- 
 
 I 
 

 
THE 
 
 HINDER MORAL PRECEPTOR 
 
 OR 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 PERSIAN GRAMMAR, 
 
 AS THE 
 
 HINDOOSTANEE SCHOLARS’ SHORTEST ROAD 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE, 
 
 OR 
 
 VICE VERSA; 
 
 RENDERED AS PLAIN AND EASY AS POSSIBLE, 
 
 THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF 
 
 SIXTY EXERCISES IN PROSE AND VERSE; 
 
 INCLUDING THE CELEBRATED 
 
 PUNDNAMU OR ETHICS OF SHUEKH SU.UDEE 
 
 IVith a Hindoostanee literal Version, and an English Metrical 
 Paraphrase of each Poem: comprising in Part II a large English 
 and Hindee-Persic Vocabulary, which is also reversed for 
 the immediate use of the Students in these two most 
 essential Languages during the future Progress 
 of every Orientalist in British India. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 BY JOHN BORTHWICK GILCHRIST, LL.D. 
 
 “ biruo damuni ilm geer oostoowar, 
 
 “ ki ilrnut rusanud bu dar col qurar.” 
 
 learn sterling knowledge first, and then complete the plan! 
 which forms at last, an honest, wise, and useful man. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR BLACK, KINGSBURY, PARBORY, AND 
 ALLEN, LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
O' 
 
 Printed by Cox and Baylis, 
 ttreat Queen Street, Uncolu’s-Inn- Fields. 
 
HINDEE MORAL PRECEPTOR; 
 
 OR 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 OF 
 
 PERSIAN GRAMMAR; 
 
 IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 
 by the author, 
 
 to THE FOLLOWING HINDOOSTANEE AND PERSIAN 
 STUDENTS, VIZ.— 
 
 Messrs. 
 
 BROWNE, 
 
 JACOB LE GRAND, 
 
 CANDY, G. 
 
 WOOD, 
 
 CANDY, T. 
 
 WALKER, 
 
 ROWSELL, 
 
 PATERNOSTER, 
 
 DORIN, 
 
 MONTGOMERY, 
 
 UDNY, R. 
 
 GOLD, 
 
 LAVIE, 
 
 ELLIS; 
 
 As a particular and permanent token of esteem and regard for excellent 
 ta.euts, properly applied to the two most useful languages of 
 British India. 
 
 Hmdoostanee and Persian Lecture Room, 
 London, \2th January 1821. 
 

 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 
preface. 
 
 many people will be inclined to accuse me of pre - 
 sumption, for this attempt to exhibit the rudimentai 
 principles of persian grammar, after the elegant 
 elementary nosegay, long since presented to the public^ 
 by the great orientalist Jones, and the more recent in¬ 
 valuable work on this theme, by the most accomplished 
 eastern scholar of the present day, the amiable lums- 
 den. to this last writer i may safely refer, for his can¬ 
 did sentiments on the flowery performance of his pre¬ 
 decessor, which, in the present advanced stage of 
 asiatic literature, has lost much of its pristine worth 
 and utility, for every student of the persian tongue,, 
 who is more bent on reaping the solid fruits of practi¬ 
 cal instruction from any grammar, than upon merely 
 sipping the blossoms of a poetical garland, however 
 sweetly perfumed or harmoniously strung, had it 
 been my intention merely to encroach on this depart¬ 
 ment of oriental lucubrations, my first essay would 
 have undoubtedly been, either a condensed view of the 
 one author’s voluminous work, or an expanded exhi¬ 
 bition of the other’s splendid plaything for alluring 
 babes and sucklings into the study of a roseate tongue, 
 through the medium of a foreign but thorny character, 
 the persi-arabic alphabet, my object is, however,, 
 very different, and this field is still left open to those 
 who have the best right to cultivate it, undisturbed 
 by me, for their own private benefit, or the public 
 
r 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 advantage, as there is still more to perform in my own 
 immediate walk of orientalism, than i can well overtake. 
 
 having commenced my professional career with com¬ 
 municating rudimental instructions in the persian, as 
 a concomitant acquisition with the hindoostanee lan¬ 
 guage, many years ago, and all the subsequent in¬ 
 stitutions of this kind having positively emanated from 
 the successful experiment then made on myself, as 
 their foundation or corner-stone, no man alive has a 
 better right to proceed in the same tract of useful em¬ 
 ployment. in this way i can put it easily in the power 
 of tolerably expert hindoostanee students to distin¬ 
 guish theirselves also, by a little longer toil, as excel¬ 
 lent proficients in the persian, or vice versa ; though 
 there are many solid reasons for giving a preference, 
 at starting, to the most general speech, by land and 
 sea, of all the eastern tongues, but which need not be 
 recapitulated in these sheets, after all that has already 
 been advanced in the preceding volumes. 
 
 it may be alleged with safety, advantage and truth, 
 to every hindoostanee linguist who shall seasonably 
 take up this object, iS incipe dimidium facti estcoepisse , 
 super!,it dimidium , rursum hoc incipe et efficies J” nor 
 is this observation less applicable to the persian learn¬ 
 er, though he may have reversed the order of his pur¬ 
 suits, from the accidental want of proper counsel at 
 their commencement, when we duly estimate the com¬ 
 parative difficulties of both languages, they are pretty 
 equally balanced, for although the hindoostanee pro¬ 
 nunciation is infinitely the most arduous task of the 
 two, there is a facility of verbal conjugation in this, 
 which the persian cannot boast: besides a more ex- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 r 
 
 plicit mode of pronominal construction, than we ge¬ 
 nerally meet with in the latter tongue, on the whole, 
 however, we are constrained to acknowledge, that 
 the total absence of sexual terminations, of aspirated 
 consonants, and harsh dentals, independent of gram¬ 
 matical peculiarities of the hindoostanee, gives a de¬ 
 cided preponderance, among juvenile scholars, to the 
 more classical and fascinating speech of persia, which, 
 having once acquired, makes them too prone to despise 
 and neglect the most indispensable for india of local 
 accomplishments, that ought as much as possible to 
 go hand in hand, when leisure and opportunities can 
 thus unite the utile duld y on the fertile fields of orien¬ 
 tal literature. 
 
 researches of a congenial nature, so far from retard¬ 
 ing, commonly accelerate the progress of each, and 
 the persian in this respect may be considered as a spe¬ 
 cies of philological amusement from the severer applica¬ 
 tion, which the hindoostanee must generally require, 
 until its puzzling prolation has become perfectly easy 
 and familiar to the learner, who is afterwards more 
 able to surmount all future obstacles by boldly over¬ 
 coming them in his first efforts at once, this alone is 
 a very cogent motive for the precedence which the 
 hindoostanee has obtained, in my scheme of lectures 
 and study for both tongues. 
 
 a selection of short and simple stories is inserted 
 immediately after the rudimental principles in page 
 28 of this volume, that the reader may proceed directly 
 from theory to practice, with the aid of part ii. as a vo¬ 
 cabulary, in which every word will be so clearly explain¬ 
 ed, that a mere novice may readily translate all the prose 
 b 2 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 f 
 
 exercises into his mother tongue, between which and 
 the persian he will gradually discover a concidenee in 
 phraseology, construction, and syntax, which cannot 
 be accidental, any more than the close affinity every 
 where visible of saxon or old english with oriental 
 vocables. 
 
 when the learner has sedulously gone through these 
 preparatory themes, those in verse which follow will 
 soon appear facile in the extreme, by a slight trans¬ 
 position of the words in each line; a process that 
 gives immediate insight to the metrical collocation of 
 sentences, and the grammatical rules on which they 
 are founded, so few indeed, as to become quite fa¬ 
 miliar en passant to every mind properly bent on the 
 subject in question, there are two very good me¬ 
 thods of acquiring any foreign language, one by com¬ 
 mencing rigidly with its very first principles, and as¬ 
 cending gradually to the practice of speaking, reading, 
 and writing it with certainty, ease and propriety; the 
 other by the almost opposite, but more agreeable 
 plan of descending, while reading short, amusing les¬ 
 sons or stories, to the first rudiments, as they must 
 be soon developed, in this view of them, to every at¬ 
 tentive scholar, in my humble opinion, the first 
 scheme is best adapted to the capacity, energy and lei¬ 
 sure of school boys, who have not perhaps yet acquired 
 that extensive and accurate idea of general grammar, 
 in its application to every tongue, which would qualify 
 others, at more advanced periods of life, and surround¬ 
 ed with other avocations, to profit most by the second 
 system of study. That the last system, in relation to 
 ■the persian, is best calculated for those hindoostanee 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 6 
 
 scholars, who will probably avail theirselves of my 
 present labours, there can be little doubt; i have 
 therefore kept this idea in view, through the work, 
 now submitted, with all deference, to their protection 
 and encouragement, as a specimen of the easiest 
 persian poetry, the whole of su,udee’s celebrated ethics 
 has been inserted, after careful collation with, and 
 correction from, gladwin’s and other copies of these 
 poems, now rendered more complete than any yet 
 submitted to the public, including a paraphrase of the 
 whole, in verse, by myself, whether the public will 
 smile on my humble poetic attempt or not, is a ques¬ 
 tion which time only can resolve, if this should proye 
 much against my muse, she can plead some mitigation 
 of censure, by republishing the following notes, dis¬ 
 patched with her first and last essay, on the sublime 
 moral effusions of the oriental bard, to one of the Cal¬ 
 cutta prints, the reader will permit me to premise 
 them by declaring, that when some abler pen than 
 mine has fairly done su,udee ample justice, i shall 
 cheerfully submit to the fate, which waits on all such 
 miscarriages, and quietly consign my own hapless 
 abortion to the flames. 
 
 “ i have often wondered, that the purest and most 
 unexceptionable of all the works attributed to the im¬ 
 mortal su.udee, viz. his pundnamu or moral instruc¬ 
 tions , have not yet appeared in english verse, the 
 world are certainly indebted to gladwin, one of our first 
 and most indefatigable orientalists, for a very faithful 
 version of the whole in his persian moonshee, which 
 cannot be very difficult to clothe in a poetic dress, if 
 sufficient leisure and ability are possessed by those 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 1 
 
 who might attempt such a task, though i am very far 
 from pretending to either one or other of these requi¬ 
 sites, i have been induced, with considerable diffi¬ 
 dence, to submit one essay of my own in that way, 
 merely as a stimulus to some abler pen, to rescue, in 
 good time, the excellent performance of su,udee from 
 so feeble a hand as mine, in the present augustan 
 age of oriental literature, i hope this invitation will 
 not prove entirely fruitless ; nay, i flatter myself we 
 shall soon perceive your poet’s corner occasionally 
 graced, as before, with the vivid effusions of the 
 eastern muse.” 
 
 “ a period of some months has just elapsed since i 
 presumed to intrude my paraphrase of gladwin’s tran¬ 
 slations from su.udee on the notice of the public in 
 your useful paper, i have now the pleasure to submit 
 the last of the whole to the candour and indulgence of 
 the community, which will be much more inclined to 
 pardon errors than tardy in detecting them: for we in¬ 
 variably find, that in matters of literature the capacity 
 to discriminate is accompanied with a corresponding 
 liberality of sentiment and criticism, had i been ori¬ 
 ginally aware of all the difficulties which presented 
 theirselves in the course of my attempts at a poetic 
 version of the pundnamu, it is most probable that it 
 would still have been left by me, as one of the english 
 desiderata in persian literature, my efforts, however 
 lame they appear, may still excite competition among 
 the many classical scholars in this country, who have 
 cultivated an acquaintance with the language of persia, 
 and who will doubtless feel interested in exhibiting 
 the moral verses of su,udee, to much greater advan- 
 
PKEKACK. 
 
 V 
 
 tage than i have yet done, should so desirable an 
 event really prove the result of my labours in your 
 poet’s corner, for some time past, my aim will be fully 
 accomplished, as the humble but persevering means of 
 exciting that excellence in others, which i myself can¬ 
 not attain, independent of idiomatical and other ob¬ 
 stacles, which were to be encountered in the persian 
 bard’s ethicks, i felt the full force of that endless repe¬ 
 tition and tautology, which is a very prominent feature 
 in most oriental productions, and in none more so 
 than in the pundnamu itself, however monotonous 
 the eternal recurrence of words may prove to european 
 organs of hearing in their compositions, it would 
 almost appear that the asiatics generally consider it 
 rather a beauty than a blemish or defect, this senti¬ 
 ment is supported from the whole circle of persian li¬ 
 terature not being able to boast of one appropriate 
 term for tautology, as far as i have yet had it in my 
 power to ascertain by consulting the literati of this 
 capital on the word in question, my investigation has 
 been more successful among the hindoos, who i find 
 use a compound not unlike our own, viz. poonurookti 
 from poonuh, again , and ookti, speech, they also 
 consider tautology as much a fault in writing as we do, 
 and accordingly avoid it, unless the word repeated 
 bears another meaning; then, indeed, the play upon 
 words possesses charms too irresistible for any indian 
 to forego, flowing from combinations among them 
 that tickle their fancy and ears with a jingling jumble 
 of sense and sound. 
 
 “on the whole, it will, in all probability, be granted, 
 that oriental taste in the belles lettres is at least some 
 
A 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 centuries behind our own. even so long ago as the 
 inimitable Shakespeare’s days the recurrence of a word 
 seldom was more than a quaternion, as in these well 
 known lines very pertinent to our present theme. 
 
 - “ last scene of all, 
 
 “ that ends this strange eventful history, 
 
 “ is second childishness and mere oblivion, 
 
 “ sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing.” 
 
 in dryden’s noble ode on alexander’s feast, the repe¬ 
 tition, when properly rehearsed, gives an expression 
 and energy to the sentiment, which most men may 
 feel but few can describe, none but the brave, none 
 but the brave , none but the brave deserve the fair. 
 
 “ if the intelligent reader will duly examine all the 
 reiterations in that sublime production of the english 
 bard, i believe he will perceive a similar reason; but i 
 question much if any orientalist could defend, on the 
 same principles, the yuke of su.udee recurring no 
 fewer than sixty-four times 'in a poem of only forty- 
 eight lines.” 
 
 when the translations were all finished, on com¬ 
 paring mr. gladwin’s copy of the pundnamu with my 
 own, inserted here, i was greatly surprised to find that 
 there was a considerable difference, not only in the 
 arrangement of the couplets, but also in the words of 
 both, copies; nay mine contained three whole poems, 
 not to be found in gladwin’s at all, though the natives 
 insist that they really belong as much to the pundnamu 
 as any other in the collection, some slight alterations 
 and transpositions of certain poems, lines, and words, 
 may be perceived in my amended copy, which i trust 
 will be deemed rather improvements than blemishes; 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 1 
 
 and although the motives for these emendations may 
 not now prove self-evident, i certainly do recollect 
 that their propriety was seriously weighed and admit¬ 
 ted at the time by all the native literati on the spot, 
 who were as desirous as myself to have one full authen¬ 
 tic transcript of the pundnamu pro bono publico. 
 
 the celebrity of this system of ethics, or moral in¬ 
 structions in the schools of the east, is so universal, 
 that one cannot help wondering at the great variety in 
 the transcripts, which are scattered over india, no two 
 of them being procurable exactly alike, the division 
 and relative situation of the poems now presented to 
 the public differ considerably from gladwin’s, and in 
 general seem much more proper than his, as any 
 scholar will perceive by an attentive comparison of 
 both works, it must at the same time be granted, that 
 his arrangement of the couplets in each poem was, 
 generally speaking, the most judicious of the two, and 
 has consequently been often preferred in this emenda¬ 
 tion of the whole, the former very unnecessary heads 
 and chasms in the poems have been totally overlooked in 
 both versions, for such obvious reasons, that they can¬ 
 not merit any further notice on the present occasion, 
 if any orientalist will yet favour me with other read¬ 
 ings, corrections, additions, &c. to render su.udee still 
 more perfect, they shall be published with suitable ac¬ 
 knowledgments in the third edition of this work, 
 should it ever prove popular enough for that purpose, 
 some few years hence, on the whole, the reader will 
 perceive the literal translation in prose, very close to 
 the original, though in a few places of the paraphrase 
 in english verse, the deviations are considerable; but 
 c 
 
!♦ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 these i leave entirely to the liberality of the ingenuous 
 scholar, from a conviction, thathewillin the generality 
 of instances admit the necessity, and will thence, i 
 confidently hope, be induced to make ample allowance 
 for every freedom of this nature in the present work. 
 
 had any arguments been wanting to demonstrate the 
 absolute necessity of conferring some stability on 
 oriental literature by the typographic art, none could 
 be more convincing than the present circumstance, of 
 the most popular little work in india, being subject to 
 the accident just detailed, of which i had not the smal¬ 
 lest conception, till it was too late to be altogether ob¬ 
 viated, as i could have wished, in my first edition of the 
 kureema, which it is vulgarly called from the first word 
 of the book, these omissions have at last been effectu¬ 
 ally remedied, and the intermediate want of a hindoos- 
 tanee and english dictionary will be supplied by the 
 extensive vocabulary for both persi-arabic and hindee 
 vocables, which will compose the second part of the 
 present undertaking, as an experimental prelude to my 
 projected scheme of a lexicon, upon a new and econo¬ 
 mical plan of my own, which shall exhibit the nutri¬ 
 tious wheat of an original dictionary, divested of the 
 tares and chaff that uselessly swell out the common 
 collections of words, beyond all rational bounds, with 
 two or three thousand vocables at command, and a 
 competent idea of grammar, every scholar of common 
 industry and penetration possesses the means of in¬ 
 creasing the amount to any number without consulting 
 a dictionary, the mere exertion to learn words, on 
 the elliptical method recommended and fully illustra¬ 
 ted in the guide, gives opportunities of intellectual in- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 II 
 
 vestigation that could not otherwise occur ; and, what 
 is of far greater consequence, the meaning of every 
 word, thus found out by the student, becomes partly a 
 discovery, which is accordingly cherished with greater 
 affection in the mind, as a creature of his own. that 
 misconceptions will at times occur, nay, that every 
 effort to learn the true sense of the word will now and 
 then prove abortive, i am not so fool-hardy as to deny; 
 still every body who fairly makes the experiment, 
 must find, that such an accident will be rare indeed, if 
 he will carefully analyze the drift of the context, where 
 the vocables coming under discussion are used, there 
 cannot be a great many useful words, in any language, 
 whose signification is not in general very evident from 
 the tenor of the sentence or speech in which they ap¬ 
 pear. let us illustrate this by two familiar examples, 
 which every intelligent reader may extend, reverse, or 
 modify as he pleases. “ when rushk is excited among 
 emulous scholars, application and proficiency will be 
 the result.” “ every man from tupssoob is apt to con¬ 
 ceive his own language, country, or religion the best.” 
 little philological acumen or thought will be requisite 
 at once to determine that rushk must signify emulation , 
 competition , ambition , fyc., nor can tu,ussoob well be 
 mistaken for any thing but prejudice, prepossession, 
 &c. under circumstances like the above, which the 
 learner may multiply ad libitum , let me earnestly en¬ 
 treat of him always to refer to the english words in my 
 large english and hindoostanee dictionary, that he may 
 conceive right, and in all probability this will prove a 
 complete confirmation of his own discoveries, i have 
 been the more earnest on this head, because the spirit 
 
tr 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of procrastination, which is so apt to fetter youthful 
 energies in every climate, too often broods with self- 
 complacency on the non-existence of a reversed dic¬ 
 tionary, as an excellent apology for the want of exer¬ 
 tion wherever that evil genius takes entire possession 
 of our faculties and wheedles us from the acquisition of 
 the hindoostanee or any other useful pursuit, the 
 procrastinators, who fondly hope to make great pro¬ 
 gress the moment that i publish my reversed diction¬ 
 ary, will then be as far removed from activity of mind 
 as they are now; so they may take my word for it, that 
 their progress in hindoostanee will after all be very lit¬ 
 tle advanced by the expected work, especially if in the 
 mean while they have neglected the long catalogue of 
 common words, at the end, and in various other places, 
 of the guide. 
 
 the general rule that delays are dangerous, will pro¬ 
 bably admit of one salutary exception in this case, as 
 the consequences will probably be, that, at one-half 
 the bulk and price, a very complete radical lexicon on 
 such philosophical sound principles, will be formed, as 
 will almostbid defiance to future improvementandcom 
 petition in this walk of oriental literature, as every word 
 in this work will be found in its subjoined vocabulary, 
 which embraces the whole of the story-teller and guide 
 also, none of my students, who take the large english 
 and hindoostanee dictionary with them on board ship, 
 can be much distressed for the reversed volume, be¬ 
 cause the grand object of a practical colloquist is rather 
 to learn the hindoostanee of the most essential terms 
 •n his mother tongue, than to follow an opposite course, 
 after having been some months at least in the east. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ir 
 
 where he can, till properly supplied, always procure a 
 viva voce explanation of every vocable from his native 
 teacher; whence his proficiency in speaking fluently 
 will be constantly increasing, and thus keep pace with 
 his diligence as a reader of oriental books. 
 
 before the reader proceeds further he should turn to 
 pages 46,47,48,1 lOand 127 ,for their contents properly 
 belong to this portion of our labours, though introduced 
 there to obviate objections which might have been 
 started, had they not been thus anticipated, on the 
 delivery of each sheet, as the appropriate text for suc¬ 
 cessive lectures to the persian class, instead of sool- 
 tan in the 5th line of page 107 many prefer shuokut and 
 nazneenan, in the 10th line for mooshkboyan. 
 
 the mode introduced many years ago by myself for 
 the punctuation of sentences in the oriental languages, 
 and their division into paragraphs or sections, has, i 
 flatter myself, paved the way for a new era, in both the 
 chirography and typography of the east, which had 
 long remained in their pristine state of confusion and 
 obscurity, i have even gone so far as to enforce the 
 principle, observed in our printing, which preserves 
 words distinct from each other, by joining the letters 
 of each, as closely as possible, and interposing spaces 
 between distinct vocables alone, though the oriental 
 types are not yet too well adapted to this great im¬ 
 provement, i have nevertheless given ample specimens 
 of it, in the story-teller and in this publication, for the 
 information of the reader, to prepare him for this ex¬ 
 cellent expedient, in all our future works, as they will 
 exhibit every individual word as separate and detach¬ 
 ed, as these appear in the books and writings of the 
 western world, that the lazy indians and their con- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IP 
 
 ceited abettors will declaim against this beneficial in¬ 
 novation, is very probable, but a similar outcry has 
 been the concomitant obstruction of every discovery or 
 reformation, among the sons of adam, since the crea¬ 
 tion of the world to the present day; i cannot there¬ 
 fore expect more indulgence than my predecessors in 
 similar walks of improvement and reform, nor shall i 
 feel less sanguine of ultimate success, than the most 
 fortunate of them have done, when the practical 
 utility of my past, present, or future labours has had 
 time to be diffused among the best judges of their 
 merits, i despair not of converting those even, who, 
 on a superficial view of the subject, would he the first 
 to oppose every attempt of the kind, from one re¬ 
 flection, i cannot avoid deriving the most heartfelt sa¬ 
 tisfaction, and it is this, that if my efforts to facilitate 
 the acquisition qf hindoostanee and persian, through 
 the medium of an improved typographical system, 
 prove successful, all the oriental languages may, and 
 probably will, derive much advantage in the same de¬ 
 partment, which has hitherto proved the grand stum¬ 
 bling block, against a rapid progress in the eastern 
 tongues, to all europeans who have devoted their time 
 to such pursuits, those scholars who have properly 
 studied the several alphabets in the story-teller, will 
 readily comprehend the nature of the present observa¬ 
 tions ; and although the transition from this easy and 
 practical scheme of exhibiting the hindoostanee or per¬ 
 sian tongues to the common very inaccurate method, 
 may at first prove somewhat troublesome, a little ex¬ 
 ertion will soon overcome every obstacle, because the 
 knowledge or experience previously gained must insure 
 a beneficial and cheering result. 
 
contents. 
 
 Page 
 
 sixty-one rudimental principles, ... 1 to 28 
 
 prospectus of persian verbs. 26 
 
 thirty-four stories, anecdotes, &c . 28 to 44 
 
 poetical exercises or poems, with hindee translations in 
 prose, and paraphrases in english verse, on the fol¬ 
 lowing themes :— 
 
 address to the almighty, &c. 49 
 
 beneficence and liberality. 52 
 
 humility, condescension and politeness. 56 
 
 arrogance. 60 
 
 knowledge . 62 
 
 parsimony. 65 
 
 bad company, &c. 67 
 
 justice . 70 
 
 oppression. 7 3 
 
 contentment. 75 
 
 avarice. 78 
 
 piety and devotion . 81 
 
 satan and sinners. 84 
 
 mystic love and wine . 87 
 
 constancy and loyalty. 89 
 
 thanksgiving and gratitude.«. 91 
 
 truth. 93 
 
 falsehood . 95 
 
 patience . 97 
 
 fate and destiny . 99 
 
 instability of fortune, &c. 106 
 
 a few amatory odes, &c. with an english paraphrase to 
 
 each . 116 to 127 
 
 part ii forms a large supplement, containing an extensive hin- 
 dee-persic and english vocabulary, with an english reversion 
 to complete the small vocabulary attached to the guide, and 
 will be published with all convenient expedition. 
 
errata. 
 
 Page 
 
 after should, insert p, after 2 insert 3, and for 3 
 
 between 6 and 10 insert 7, omitting 800.. 9 
 
 for jumu read jamu. 12 
 
 for t read this .. 1/ 
 
 for benee read beenee—xvi .. 34 
 
 for deguran read deeguran—xx .. 36 
 
 for or ezha,e read o rezha,e—xxxiv .. 44 
 
 for 54 read . 45 
 
 for aseeri read useeri—xxxv . 49 
 
 for akas read ukas . 51 
 
 for our read uor . 55 
 
 for goozeen read goozeen . 57 
 
 for khula,iq read khula,iq .. ib. 
 
 for J and read . 58 
 
 for me read men .... 59 
 
 for j second stanza, read J ... 61 
 
 for read in stanza third U- .... ib. 
 
 for ust uz, some copies have amud for qitu read 
 
 qitu.i ........ 63 
 
 for read Jwi fifth stanza. ib. 
 
 for read third stanza ... 70 
 
 for meekushee, eleventh line, many prefer mee- 
 
 koonee..... 78 
 
 for jale read kutoree .. 79 
 
 after kubhee add nu... 80 
 
 for zia.ut read zita.ut ... 81 
 
 for j<s read jta ninth stanza ... 82 
 
 9 9 
 
 for jsf read y*~ fourth stanza . 94 
 
 for ue pisur some read be sumr .. 95 
 
 for bequrar read be wuqar . ib. 
 
 for shuetan read shue ( ateen ... 98 
 
 f° r itf read ................................. 108 
 
rudimental principles of persian grammar, 
 
 for those students only, who have already made 
 considerable progress in the grand 
 popular speech of all india. 
 
 1. hindoostanee and persian pronunciation 
 assimilates so completely in british india with 
 my hindee-roman orthoepigraphy, that, after 
 what has appeared on this subject in the story¬ 
 teller and guide, further remarks would prove 
 mere repetition, those only shall therefore ap¬ 
 pear in these pages, which have been omitted 
 in the former works. 
 
 2. although the ancient sound of u in bud bad , 
 was probably as in our rose-bud , we must con¬ 
 cede, that the modern persians give this short 
 vowel the equivocal power displayed in rose bed 9 
 but no such vowel as this e existing among the 
 hindoostanees, they invariably retain the zubur 
 u with its pristine accent only, bud, therefore, 
 cannot be either bed , or pronounced as, though it 
 means, had , nor can but become bet , bat ; and it 
 is curious enough, that the old verb bud-na 
 or but-na means to bet , among the hindoos. 
 
 3. our e in there seems once to have been so 
 prolated in persian, as their letter be (bai) still 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 indicates ; but this also has often been, since the 
 arabian conquest of that country, generally or 
 locally changed to ee, which has not, however, 
 prevailed in any part of hindoostan to the pre¬ 
 sent day, the e of unity like slier tiger , being 
 still thus distinguished there from the pronomi¬ 
 nal and abstract ee heard in sheer milk. 
 
 4. o on similar grounds of innovation and 
 locality has been frequently superceded by oo, 
 w 7 hile this on the other hand is sometimes so 
 permutable with a, that it is no easy matter to 
 say always which of these vowels is the most 
 correct in khoondun khandun to read , moondun 
 mandun to stay , and nan noon bread; among 
 imperatives in oo this reciprocity will yet appear, 
 however extraordinary the system may seem to 
 us, a very general practice, read page 6. 
 
 5. the persi-arabic alphabet in page xciv of 
 the story-teller, being common to the persian and 
 hindoostanee languages, need not be repeated in 
 this place also, because no person unacquainted 
 with that preliminary volume can consult this 
 with the smallest advantage, it being, in fact, 
 with me a secondary or subsequent step in these 
 twin pursuits, through the various courses of my 
 lectures on the two most requisite asiatic tongues. 
 
 6. certain observations, either exclusively per¬ 
 sian, or which do not appear in the previous text 
 books, will now be found, duly arranged in sub- 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 3 
 
 sidiary paragraphs under this number 6 : thus the 
 35 of the 32 letters which have their literal 
 names, terminating in a or e, as ba, pe, are call¬ 
 ed musrooree content , pleased perhaps with their 
 binary lot, while 14 are termed mulfoozee ver¬ 
 bal, or triliteral words, as seen, sheen , lam, which 
 simply denote s, sh , l, the remaining 3 symbols 
 meem, noon , .waw, are considered muktoobee 
 orthodox , classical? and muqloob moostuwee 
 parallel moulded ; see page cv of the story-teller. 
 
 u, i, oo, are named hurukat, pi. of hurukut 
 motion, and the consonants affected by them be¬ 
 come mcotuhurrik moveable , opposed to scokoon, 
 quiescence , sakin or zudu quiescent . 
 
 muddu and kusheedu are applied to the long 
 broad a, which, with o,oo, e, ee, w, y, comes under 
 the epithet illut infirmity, tuuleel infirm, con¬ 
 trasted with hurfi suheeh, a correct, firm letter 
 or consonant, thus contra-distinguished from the 
 more permutable vowels. 
 
 muddu is moreover applicable to long oo and 
 ee. ee,oo, tazee or urubee are so discriminated 
 from e, o, farsee or ujumee, over and above then- 
 other epithets in the story-teller. 
 
 u as a vowel point is congenial with a, i with 
 ee, and oo with oo, though ulif or humzu never¬ 
 theless succumbs to the zer and pesh in the way 
 explained under the persi-arabic alphabet, see 5. 
 when any of the letters, viz. u b or u &c. are 
 b 2 
 
4 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 regulated by the ' they are called muftooh, with 
 muksoor, and with ’ muzmoom, and they will 
 be denoted so, u u, i i, oo cp, bu, bi, boo. 
 
 u sometimes is an unmeaning prefix of prepo¬ 
 sitions, u-bur on, u-be without, u-ba with , occa¬ 
 sionally liable to transposition, usmundur sumun- 
 dur salamander, uskundur sukundur alexander. 
 this happens to i likewise, situm istum violence , 
 shikum ishkum belly, u changes to yu, urmu- 
 ghan yurmughan rarely, a used for u, implies 
 imprecation, meeram may i die, meaning i may 
 die, meerad may he die, meerud he may die; bu- 
 wud bad may he be, buwu-d he may be, and ru- 
 wad for ruwud he may go, with others of this 
 description, v. 4. 
 
 as an affix, a denotes increase , excess, bus-a 
 very much , khoosh-a very glad, it is the abstract 
 particle in puhin-a breadth, duraz-a length, but 
 redundant in gooft-a he spoke. 
 
 the prepositions bu, bur, seem superfluous in 
 bu-sur bur, bur ab undur, bu durya dur, though 
 somewhat resembling upon the head, below the 
 water, within the sea, instead of on, in, but the 
 postposition ra looks much more so in bura,e 
 khooda ra on account of god, as khooda ra, for god, 
 alone might answer, were not this perhaps similar 
 to our own idiom for god’s sake, which apparently 
 requires the addition of sake to make the sense 
 complete. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 5 
 
 whenever double letters occur medially, both 
 must be very distinctly prolated, as ulbuttu cer¬ 
 tainly, should be thus sounded, ul-but-tu, that the 
 hearer may clearly perceive the t closing the 
 middle syllable, and commencing the next also : 
 an observation peculiarly applicable to the letter 
 r from the mouth of an englishman, in mookur- 
 rur repeated , but appertaining of course to every 
 other consonant: thus qissu story. 
 
 the letters h, d, r, s, s, t, u, having in the 
 persi-arabic no peculiar marks or points, are 
 named mcohmulu or ghuer munqootu, contrasted 
 with their conformous kh, z, z, sh, z, z, gh, 
 termed munqootu, mco.ujumu, because they 
 are pointed, and will be found so in the story¬ 
 teller. 
 
 characters peculiar to persia, are said to be 
 farsee or ujumee, opposed to those properly 
 arabic urubee or tazee, and the h, besides being 
 the ha ( e huwwuz, has the epithet mooduwwur 
 circular , to distinguish it from the h, ha,e 
 hcottee, ghuer munqootu or moohmulu. 
 
 d as a euphonic, is evident in budo, budan, 
 budeen, instead of bu-o, bu-an, bu-een, and will 
 as such be met with in most of the persian infini¬ 
 tives, as formations from the pristine root or im¬ 
 perative. 
 
 the change of j to zh, and k to g, is exempli¬ 
 fied in guzh doom from- kuj doom crooked tail , 
 or scorpion. 
 
6 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 after what has been previously inculcated in 
 this and its congenial works on the permutation, 
 elongation, and elision of letters, not only in 
 the immediate series of each, but where the 
 affinity is still more remote, amplification here 
 would rather be a rehearsal on former ground, 
 than any thing recent or useful at present. 
 
 two congenial consonants, or vowels even, 
 meeting either etymologically or by chance in 
 persian, makes one of them the subject of eli¬ 
 sion : thus, neem mm , half a hundred weight, is 
 pronounced nee-mun , and bud-tur, zood-tur be¬ 
 come butur worse, zootur quicker . 
 
 the casual junction of two short vowels, or 
 a long and short, thus produces a considerable 
 change also in many persian vocables, which 
 will best account for kooja ust where is he ? nu 
 ust is not, mu-uzma instead of -uzmoo don't try , 
 altering to koojast, nest, neest, meeyuzma, me- 
 uzma, mee,uzma, miyuz-ma. see 4, on the per¬ 
 mutation of a and oo. 
 
 7* the subsequent view of the literal mode of nu¬ 
 meration, called hisabi joommul and ubjud , from 
 the first unmeaning word of the series, contrast¬ 
 ed with the roman and digital figures, will con¬ 
 vey a good idea of this device in its application 
 to particular dates for epitaphs, &c. or the dis¬ 
 crimination of consonous characters, as the 
 short vowels or diacritical points u, i, oo, are not 
 reckoned letters, they have no numerical power, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 7 
 
 therefore the-blanks opposite medial u and 
 
 oo, in the scale below; and the tushdeed or 
 double symbol being visible as one letter only 
 in the persian characters, it can imply no more 
 in their roman substitutes. 
 
 i . e 1— i 
 
 ii . c* 2— r 
 
 iii .<-• 3— r 
 
 - c - 
 
 iv . cl 4— f 
 
 v . cr 5— c 
 
 - c - 
 
 vi . 3 6— 'l 
 
 -— 3 - 
 
 - c -- 
 
 vii . n 7 — v 
 
 viii ... *cr 8— a 
 
 - 8 -- 
 
 ,x .9— 
 
 x . % 10—1 ♦ 
 
 XX ... 0— r ♦ 
 
 xxx ... 30—r* 
 xl. 3 40— f* 
 
 - s - 
 
 1 . a 50— c* 
 
 lx. « 60 —V 
 
 lxx ... < 70 —v 
 lxxx... ^ 80 —A* 
 - a - 
 
 xc.-i 0 90 —V 
 
 c .ua 100—( 
 
 - c - 
 
 cc. -* 200 — r ♦ ♦ 
 
 ccc ... j”. 300—r♦ ♦ 
 
 cccc ... r- 400 —f * - 
 
 d . :c/5 500— $♦* 
 
 dc. E 600—"1 ♦ ♦ 
 
 _ s*r_ 
 
 cr 
 
 - c - 
 
 dec ... in 700 —v♦ ♦ 
 
 dccc... -n 800—A* ♦ 
 
 - c - 
 
 cm ... :n 900—^ * ♦ 
 
 m. % 1000-1 ♦♦'* 
 
8 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 the epitaph lately written on the unfortunate 
 wuzeer ulee’s tomb at Calcutta, and which ap¬ 
 peared in the asiatic register for august, 1820, 
 exhibits the words wa,e duregha, alas and alack 
 a day l in that conspicuous, fanciful style, so 
 necessary to stamp them the chronological index 
 of his decease, in the year of the hijra 1232, 
 thus:— 
 
 on similar principles, any 
 given sum or date may be 
 formed by the prominent 
 word or sentence intro¬ 
 duced for such a purpose, 
 from which the mere diacri¬ 
 tical points u, i, oo, and one 
 of two reduplicated letters 
 are carefully excluded, 
 though the initial u, as ulif, 
 alif, ilifyoolif, never loses itsinherent power, being 
 the^r^, forest , foremosty symbol in most nume¬ 
 rical series or alphabets, to stamp the digit 1 one ! 
 on various tongues, from the cabalistic preced¬ 
 ing jingle of senseless sounds, the common aspi¬ 
 rate h is termed ha,e huwwuz, in opposition to h 
 or ha,e hoottee the arabian more guttural aspira¬ 
 tion, and others are in like manner distinguished, 
 when this becomes absolutely necessary in any 
 
 w equivalent to b 
 initial u or a... 1 
 
 e or ee. 10 
 
 d . 
 
 r . 200 
 
 e or ee. 10 
 
 gh . 1000 
 
 a or u. 1 
 
 liiirpp sal 1232 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 9 
 
 disquisitions, where the kafi kulmun is to be 
 contrasted with the qafi qurshut, and so on: 
 should ch, o, oo or uo, zh, e, ue or y, g, ever 
 occur numerically it will be thus; % 6, 3, 10, 
 800, 20, as the persian or vowel substitutes of 
 b, j, w, z, ee, and k, in the foregoing table. 
 
 the following verses on the celebrated avicen- 
 na, mark the respective places of his birth, edu¬ 
 cation, and death, in the most concise manner 
 that such a perverse species of anagram can well 
 embrace; had his name alone answered the pur¬ 
 pose, the conceit would have been more con¬ 
 sistent and complete. 
 
 mujmu ool fuzl boo ulee seena—dur shuju amud 
 uz udum bu wujood. 
 
 dur shusa kurd kusbi joomlu cploom—dur tukuz 
 kurd een juhan pidurood. 
 that form of excellence boo ulee seena sprung 
 from nonentity into existence at shuja ; in shusa 
 he studied the cyclopaedia, and at tukuz he took 
 leave of this world, i shall subjoin a paraphrase, 
 which if not possessed of the original stanzas* 
 entire rhyme, has preserved as much as possible 
 of their obvious reason, thus: 
 from nature’s womb booseena’s genius sprung, 
 in shuja* s lap, this child of science grew, 
 whose beams from shusa fired that youthful tongue, 
 which bade the world at tukz, too soon, adieu ! 
 c 
 
10 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 the letters of the first place give 373; the 
 second 391 ; and the last 427 of the hijra, in 
 
 this numerico-literal way. 
 
 Bli' 300 
 
 sh 
 
 300 
 
 t 400 r 
 
 j 3 
 
 s 
 
 90 
 
 k 20 \ 
 
 o 70 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 -1 
 
 in none of which 
 the vowels point u 
 can have any power, 
 being here invisible. 
 
 birth 373 education 391 and death 427 years of the hijra. 
 
 8. having no desire to reiterate what has al¬ 
 ready been enforced in those volumes that natu¬ 
 rally precede this, we may pass the inherent and 
 visible articles, as old acquaintances, merely re¬ 
 cognizing, en passant , the e of individuality or 
 unity, both as a or the , according to circumstances. 
 
 bur undaz bekh-e ki khar awurud ; 
 durukht e bupurwur ki bar awurud. 
 extirpate the root that produces a thorn, 
 but nourish a tree on which fruitage is borne. 
 
 9. nouns and declensions, without a know¬ 
 ledge and use of their pre- inter- or post-positions 
 previously obtained, must be difficult in all lan¬ 
 guages, but nearly the whole that exist in the 
 persian having already been acquired in hindoo- 
 stanee with their various acceptations, we need 
 only refer to page 80 of the guide, and the sub¬ 
 sequent compound postpositions, among which 
 pesh before , and pus after , with all the rest, will 
 appear in regular succession, buhr, bura.e for, 
 on account of duroon, unduroon within, furod 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 11 
 
 beneathy soo,e towardSy miyan between puhluwee 
 near , jihut for t bunabur on account of t and per¬ 
 haps one or two more excepted. 
 
 10. there are only two postpositions in the 
 whole persian tongue that assimilate in every 
 thing else, but situation with our prepositions , 
 and these are ra toy for y or merely the accu¬ 
 sative sign, and a, ya, of that of the voca¬ 
 tive, which is both pre or post at times ; while i, 
 e, ofy is truly neuter, by being an interfix en¬ 
 tirely, and a perfect nonentity till produced by 
 the juxtaposition of the nouns that require it, 
 and even then, this curious inter-position is gene¬ 
 rally the invisible index to our o/'rarely ’s. 
 
 11. on the above principles the persian nouns 
 are even more simple than the english, being 
 subject to no other accident beyond the affix of 
 plurality; an, yan, gan, iyan, for animated, and 
 ha for inanimate substantives, occasionally with 
 some reciprocal laxity in the rigid observance of 
 these discriminations, either on one side or the 
 other, thus making an and ha the property of 
 both. 
 
 12. the arabic plurals common to both persian 
 and hindoostanee, are fully stated in the guide, 
 pages 197-9, and if not hitherto acquired ought 
 to be learnt forthwith. 
 
 c 2 
 
12 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 13. when euphony is the object, y or g become 
 the interfixes ; whence dana-y-an for dana-an 
 sage-s, bundu-g-an for bundu-an slaves , and thus 
 we may account for the vulgar jat in namu-jat 
 epistle-s from namu-y-at instead of the regular 
 namu ha, which would have been namu-gan, if an 
 animal, see the guide, page 199, h and 1 being 
 almost vowels, mah and sal have also mahiyan 
 months , saliyan years , a remark that may pro¬ 
 bably admit of still greater extension. 
 
 14. persian plurals, on the foregoing grounds, 
 are much less difficult than some of ours that are 
 formed by the mutation of medial and final 
 vowels or consonants, in man , foot , mouse , calf 
 pea , fish , die , penny, and the en still extant in 
 brether-en , buradur-an brothers , Vine, oxen , 
 guwan cows , leaving sheep and some others out 
 of sight entirely. 
 
 15. I sing.> pi. s2 sing.-, pi. r 1 sing. ^ pi. s 2 sing, 
 n. murd / I jamu I I man j I garment 
 
 g. i-rnurd I I -jamu I I of-man’s I I -garment’s 
 
 d. bu-murd \ an / -jumu \ ha / to-man \ men. / -garment 
 a. tnurd-ra j J jamu- | 1 man j I garment 
 
 v. ya-murd I j -jamu I | o-man! I I -garment 
 
 a. uz-murdj v. -jamuJ '-from-man-' V-garment 
 
 these examples have only one state, singular and 
 plural, and give a concise view of the declen¬ 
 sion of nouns, adjectives, andpronounsatonce (a 
 few pronominal anomalies excepted), there being 
 properly speaking neither a second state nor 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 13 
 
 adjective form of persian nouns, as in the hin- 
 doostanee. the uz bu and ra, like the ko and 
 se of the latter tongue, reciprocate as ablative 
 dative and accusative signs, and often like it, 
 have no ostensible meaning in english. 
 
 16. adjectives in that capacity, as frequently 
 happens in hindoostanee, have no plural termina¬ 
 tions, but used substantively, they also are, in 
 this respect, pluralised by an : nek murdan good 
 men, nekan, the good ; yet when the natural 
 position is transposed, i or e, must intervene: 
 murdani nek good men , moo ( e soofued white hair, 
 shah-i -juhan implies king of the world , juhan 
 shah world's king , a form generally restricted 
 however to proper names. 
 
 17. the representatives of nouns in their first, 
 second, and third persons, run thus: rnun i, me ; 
 ma we, us, to or too thou, thee ; shooma ye, you, 
 o we or wu he, she, it, him, her ; eshan eeshan 
 oshan they, them . a second or bondfde plural 
 is formed by the common affixes an, yan, and 
 ha, so ma-yan we, us, shooma-yan ye, you ; 
 eshan-an they, them ; or ma ha, &c.; exactly 
 following their constituents in these plural signs, 
 and they all are like them aptotes entirely, having 
 only one state or case in each number. 
 
 18. for mun-ra me to- me, mura is preferred; 
 and this occurs also with too-ra to thee, thee, for 
 to- or too-ra. v. 24. 
 
14 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 19. in a conjunctive state um, m, for mun, 
 i, me; eem, man, we, us, t, ut thou, thee ; eed, 
 tan ye, you, sh, ush he, him, &c. nd, mid, shan, 
 they, them, become their respective pronominal 
 affixes to words in general, but those in italics 
 rather belong to the class of verbal pronouns, 
 and will appear among the tenses of verbs, to 
 discriminate their persons singular and plural. 
 
 20. such contracted pronominals often supply 
 the want of persian possesives; thus, sur-um my 
 head, for sur-i-mun, the head of me, tun-ut thy 
 body, tun-i-to, the body of thee, dust-ush his 
 hand, dusti o the hand of him, &c. as well as the 
 objective, khcodaya ruhum bidih-ush, or o-ra 0 
 god inspire him with pity, bud um amud it was 
 unpleasant to me, for mura bud amud. 
 
 21. with active verbs these affixes seem to 
 represent the objective and its postposition ra in 
 this extraordinary way: dadum ush i gave 
 him, deedum ut i saw thee, as a sort of gram¬ 
 matical short-hand extensively applicable, in lieu 
 of mun ora dadum, mun tcora deedum and 
 similar examples. 
 
 22. these pronominal particles are often met 
 with attached indifferently to the words in a 
 sentence: kcojat joyum or toora kooja joyum? 
 where shall i seek thee ? which, considerable ex¬ 
 perience in the language only can render pro¬ 
 gressively easy to the learner. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 S3, the demonstratives, &c. een (sometimes 
 im) this, and an that , with ki who, chi which, 
 what, hurki huranki whosoever, hurchi whatever, 
 khcod khwesh or khweshtun self, have nothing 
 remarkable about them, being declined by pre¬ 
 inter - and ^oppositions, like all other nouns in 
 their relative, interrogative, reflective, and vari¬ 
 ous other capacities, see 17, 18. 
 
 S4«. koodam which, who, is no doubt a com¬ 
 pound of ki um, lei dum, or ki adum what ens, 
 breath, or man; hech some thing, nothing, re¬ 
 sembles the hindoostanee kcochjh, and, nega¬ 
 tively, is not unlike the french persome; kus 
 means any, kus-e any one, some one, a person ; 
 and khood self, is introduced exactly as upna in 
 hindoostanee.—see the dialogues, page 117. 
 bu-d-o, bu-d-eshan on the common principles of 
 euphonism are substituted for bu-o, bu-eshan, 
 extendible tobu-d-an, bu-d-een and their plurals 
 likewise, in which, and an, een, &c. the final n 
 or n is frequently adopted indiscriminately, v. 
 page 5 towards the bottom. 
 
 25. chund several, some, many, much, how 
 many ? 8$c. choon how, what way, what, why; 
 kue when, how long; kcoja where ? whither ? 
 when, what; koo where ? aya is there ? 8?c. are 
 classed, some of them rather ambiguously among 
 
16 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 pronouns, a fact which nothing but great expe¬ 
 rience in persian can either vindicate or recon¬ 
 cile on many occasions with our occidental ideas 
 of such expressions. 
 
 26. the demonstrative an has a peculiar pos¬ 
 sessive use in expressions of this nature, and is 
 considered more elegant than the commoner 
 phrase thus: een kitab uz ane mun ust, bears 
 the bell from een kitabi mun ust, this is my book . 
 
 27 . the persian verbal system, though not so 
 simple as the hindoostanee, comes nearer it in fa¬ 
 cility than perhaps any other, being founded upon 
 the most radical portion of the verb, which always 
 appears to be the second person singular of the 
 imperative, or the aoristits most congenial mood, 
 whose final ee is convertible with a or 00 occa¬ 
 sionally, e, ee, in conjugation are peculiarly in¬ 
 terchangeable, the 2d person singular excepted, 
 to which ee more immediately belongs, v. 3, 4. 
 
 28. three expedients exist in human language 
 to harmonize it with the organs of hearing and 
 speech, but on opposite grounds, one being syn¬ 
 cope or elision, the other elongation, by insert¬ 
 ing particular letters which are pleasant to those 
 nations who introduce them on certain occasions, 
 as a, t, and the third device is the ordinary per¬ 
 mutations of n to m, 00 to f and this last to 
 b, &c. v. the story-teller page cxlix. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR, 
 
 17 
 
 29. we must in some measure assume the ex¬ 
 istence of such a verb as un to be, exist, live, 
 breathe , of which u, the first letter in the alpha¬ 
 bet, would prove the imperative be, 8$c. in the 
 most immaterial sense imaginable, addressed to 
 a spirit or essence divested of its corporeal tene¬ 
 ments, as merely the vivifying principle of being 
 or existence in the abstract. 
 
 30. by a species of induction, we connect 
 this u with the speaker or first person, who af¬ 
 fixes m instead of the infinitive n, whence um i, 
 am, have, either as a singular pronoun, or a ver¬ 
 bal affix to every first person and tense of verbs 
 in this language, but this um to avoid hiatus, 
 often becomes yum, wum, hum, num, &c. 
 
 31. the radical or imperative u, seems absorb¬ 
 ed in the ee, yee, thou, art, hast, also the second 
 personal affix singular in every tense, and equiva¬ 
 lent to our est, while ud, ust, he, is, is exactly 
 the latin est in most examples, or the english is, 
 s, and eth, according to circumstances. 
 
 32. in the plural, ee is merely substituted for 
 the singular u, eem therefore means we, are, 
 have, or simply indicates the first person pi. uni¬ 
 versally, as the second, by affixing d to the sin¬ 
 gular ee becomes eed, you, are, have, and thus 
 
 n.b. in page 9, after should read p, after 2 insert 3, for 3 substitute 
 7, omitting 800 entirely. 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 HUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 likewise becomes an unlimited second person 
 plural of every tense. 
 
 33. the third person plural und is not less 
 general and particular in its application also, 
 with some affinity to unt , ant, enl, int, in latin 
 verbs, though in english we have judiciously 
 curtailed the signs of plurality most completely, 
 and trust entirely for discrimination to the pro¬ 
 nouns or subjects of all the tenses, even in the 
 copula are, be, were, §c. 
 
 34>. an intricacy and confusion among the 
 pronominal affixes of verbs, when compared with 
 the prefixed pronouns, seems to pervade most 
 tongues, from which the persian is by no means 
 exempt, and it appears peculiarly defective in 
 the third person singular ; this would naturally 
 enough have been ut, ud, yud, of which ust is 
 only a euphonic modification. 
 
 35. the third person singular of preterite verbs 
 always terminating in d or t, is the true reason 
 why ud or ut he, she, it, are here alone subject 
 to complete syncope, though the plural in this 
 very person continues regularly enough in und, 
 poors-ud he asks, goy-ud he says, poors-und they 
 •ask, goy-und they say, pcorseed (ud) he asked, 
 gooft (ut) he spoke, poorseed-und they asked, 
 gooft-und they spoke. 
 
 36. on the preceding foundation we may 
 safely erect this pronominal and verbal frame, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 19 
 
 which will fit all tenses. 
 
 moods, 
 
 and voices, in 
 
 the persian 
 
 structure of verbs in 
 
 their one con- 
 
 jugation. 
 
 
 
 
 37. m, 
 
 um, yum, wum. 
 
 i, 
 
 am, have. 
 
 ee, 
 
 yee, 
 
 thou, 
 
 , art, hast, 
 
 ud, 
 
 ut, vud, wud, 
 
 ust, he. 
 
 is, has. 
 
 eem. 
 
 yeem, vveem. 
 
 \ 
 
 k are 
 
 eed. 
 
 yecd, weed, 
 
 ye. 
 
 01 
 
 Uild, 
 
 yund, wund. 
 
 they, ' 
 
 i have. 
 
 all supposed to spring from the invisible, spiritual , 
 obsolete u and un ; whence shad-urn i am glad, 
 shad-ee thou art glad, 8$c, boodu-um i have been , 
 boodu-ee thou hast been , and so forth. 
 
 38. the transition from entity in the abstract 
 seems to have produced, as in the hindoostanee, 
 a something more real, having the breath of 
 life; an idea perfectly compatible with the con¬ 
 version of un to hu-un , husun , and the euphonic 
 result hustun to breathe , exist, fyc. similar to hona , 
 esse , stare , or spirare , but more used as the sub¬ 
 stantive verb or copula only, hu-st-um i am, and 
 so on as follows. 
 
 39. 1. hust-um. -eem. 1 without the 
 
 2. hust-ee. -eed. > euphonic letter 
 
 3. hust— -und. J t would be 
 
 hus-um. -eem.“j which dropping fhu-um. -eem. 
 hus-ee. -eed. \ it’s euphonic s, < hu-ee. -eed. 
 
 hus-ut. -und.) would become Lhu-ud. -und. 
 
 here the syncopy of d, t, in the third person 
 of hustum singular, is founded on the same prin- 
 
iiUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 20 
 
 ciple with 35 which satisfactorily accounts for 
 this slight irregularity in the third person sin¬ 
 gular of all persian preterites only. 
 
 40. we now come from the first symbol u, to 
 another still more substantial verb than hu-un , 
 flowing from the secondary b of many tongues, 
 which would of course be bu-un convertible to 
 boo-un, and euphonised to boo-d-un to be , for¬ 
 merly i presume be-en, as per page 164 of the 
 guide which see. 
 
 1. boo-um. eem. I by a very \ buw-um. . eetn. I i, thou, 
 
 2. boo-ee. eed. / natural pro- \ buw-ee. .2 eed. /he, tee, ye, 
 
 3. boo-ud. und. /cess change to 1 buvv-ud, ® nod. / they, be. 
 
 41. euphonised infinitives by dropping n, 
 leave the past participle like boodu been , and 
 convert that infinite particle n in regular succes¬ 
 sion to m, ee, &c. as repeatedly exhibited above, 
 not excepting the following preterite bood he 
 was. 
 
 42. all continuative tenses called imperfect 
 have the prefix mee or humee which denote 
 continuation as particles perhaps from mandun 
 manere, to remain , but the affix e forms a kind 
 of potentials or conditionals. 
 
 1. bood-um. eem. ) i,was, i boodum-e. boodeem-e. \ i, might, 
 
 2. bood-ee. eed. \ igc. we, / bood-e. boodeed-e. \ would, could, 
 
 3. bood—. und. j were, fyc. f bood-e. boodund-e. » igc.be. 
 
 while with the prefixes the meaning is, i was then 
 imperfectly , and the present of all verbs, but 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. ' 21 
 
 hustun and boodun, is formed from their aorist 
 thus:— 
 
 -shum-um. -eem- \ i, thou, ( -poors-um.eeni. \ i, thou, 8fc. do, 
 mee-shuvv-ee. -eed. S Sfc. / uiee-poors-ee. eed dost,ask,or am, 
 -shuw-ud. -und.\ am. / -poors-ud. und. \ art, asking. 
 
 43. it is singular enough that motion towards 
 the speaker in both persian and hindoostanee is 
 commanded by the letter a only, whence a-na and 
 a mud-un in each, signify to come, approach, an¬ 
 ciently a un, for the mud here is clearly a 
 euphonic interfix per principle 24, or a combina¬ 
 tion of an am-dadun to grant, give a locomotive 
 ear to the speaker, and dadun itself is merely the 
 euphonous substitute for du-un, da-un, de.un, 
 de-na, da-re to give, hand v. 45. 
 
 44. the verb &mudx\w to come, viewed in its 
 true light instead of proving an irregular or ter¬ 
 rific bugbear at the very threshold of the acci¬ 
 dence named amud-namu seems perfectly simple, 
 because a-un or a-yun the original or hypotheti¬ 
 cal infinitive, very naturally inclines to the fol¬ 
 lowing formation of tenses by the pronominal 
 affixes in both numbers. 
 
 a-yum. -yeem. i . ^ 
 
 a-yee. -yeed. > 
 
 J J ( come. 
 
 a-yud. -yund. \ 
 
 in the aorist implying generally if, map, should, 
 S$c. as a species of conditional form, and with 
 
22 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 the prefix be, bi, bu , or boo, rather a future than 
 any other tense. 
 
 -a-yum. yeem. ^ i, thou y $c. 
 mee -a-yee. yeed. \ do come, am 
 
 -a-yud. yund. \ coming, #c. 
 
 amud-um. -eem. ^ i, thou, cowc, is equally 
 amud-ee. -eed. > evident from the artificial 
 amud—. -und. \ a-mud-un as per 41 and 42. 
 
 45. how far the notion of giving, dividing, 
 may be connected with du-st hand , or do /wo 
 is a question which time will yet decide ; in the 
 interim however, we shall assume, that du, da, 
 de, di, imply handl give! du-un, da-un, are the 
 natural infinitives, euphonised by the interfix in 
 da-d-un; whence dad-um, -ee, i gave, thou 
 gavest , must now be much plainer than our ab¬ 
 surd a, b, c, and as the du before un would be a 
 hiatus, we cannot say dumm ; nor could du, di, 
 be expressed in persian letters without the silent 
 h, duh, dih ; no wonder if we find the aorist and 
 present tense are mee-dihum, &c. in the com¬ 
 pound and simple forms. 
 
 dih-um. -eem, J i, thou, he, fyc. give , 
 dih-ee. -eed. > may give , if, should, 
 dih-ud. -und. \ *we, ye, they, give. 
 
 when we know that duhum, dihum, doohum, 
 might have all been used indiscriminately for the 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 23 
 
 same thing, from the constant transposition of 
 one vowel point to another. 
 
 46. as the foregoing hypothesis, will moreover 
 reconcile the most eccentric verb in the whole 
 language, when applied to dee-d-un to see , one or 
 two additional postulatory propositions will suf¬ 
 fice for all the rest, dee-un, bee-un to two , in 
 latin w-de give two , i. e. the pair of most per¬ 
 spicuous organs of the body to any object, 
 whence dee-c? un (bee-r/-un) to see t and their re¬ 
 spective derivatives, deed-um, -ee-, —, -eem, 
 -eed, -und, *, thou, 8$c. saw. mee-been-um, -ee, 
 -ud, -eem, -eed, -und, i, thou, fyc. see. 
 
 47. kur-un, kee-un, koo-un, kur-na, kee-na, 
 kur-d-un, crea-re, all proceed from some modi¬ 
 fication of kur, cur, hand, to hand, act, make, do, 
 to two , i. e. to use both hands in action, r, n, 
 and d, are the euphonies whence kurd-um, ee, 
 —, -eem, eed, und, i did, made, and mee koon- 
 um, ee, ud, eem, eed, und, i do, make, if thou 
 do, 8$c. 
 
 48. boo-fi?-un and bash-eec?-un not only signify 
 to be, but to bide, dwell, stay, they so far resemble 
 tha was, and the obsolete tha-na to stand, re¬ 
 main, besides performing the office of hona to 
 be, bus-na to stay, and furnishing abad inha¬ 
 bited, thus leaving our own abide, abode, be, as 
 radical landmarks between the english and per- 
 
24 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 sian tongues, among hundreds more, not less 
 conspicuous to reason’s etymological eyes, which 
 can thus trace a connection between our own 
 was, and bash, bus, of the east. 
 
 49. whatever imperfection may attach to the 
 above verbs, shoodun to be, become, go, depart, is 
 regular enough for all intents and purposes as an 
 auxiliary; more especially in the passive of every 
 transitive, which, to be complete in both voices, 
 requires the aid of khwa-st-un to will or choose ; 
 and tuwan-ist-un to can or be able also, whose 
 entire conjugation and formation will be found 
 in the table hereafter, and in 55 where those ir¬ 
 regulars are discussed. 
 
 50. the insertion of a, with or without a con¬ 
 traction of the infinitive, forms causals and tran¬ 
 sitives from intransitives or actives thus -rusee- 
 dun to reach , rusanee-dun, rusandun to convey, to 
 cause arrive, purwur-dun to cherish , purwuradun, 
 purwuraneedun to cause to cherish, though there 
 are many instances of one verb having, as with 
 us, both a neuter and active signification, sokhtun 
 to burn, amokhtun to learn or teach, in which, 
 and all such discriminatives, we and the hindoo- 
 stanee seekhna, sikhana, &c. have an evident ad¬ 
 vantage over the corresponding persian terms. 
 
 51. the mere elision of un from any infinitive, 
 leaves the third person singular of the preterite, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 25 
 
 which is often a significant noun, so dad he gave, 
 dad gift , deed he saw, deed sight, furokht he sold, 
 furokht sale: in like manner the dropping of 
 eedun leaves the imperative, which may be a 
 noun also, as runj grief, turs fear, whence runj- 
 eedun to grieve, turs-eedun to fear. 
 
 52. taking the hypothetical infinitives ut-un, 
 ud-un, us-un, &c. which are enumerated in the 
 subsequent prospectus for granted, we thus 
 have a clew to the ad, at, list , of the preceding 
 principles by the natural contraction of us-ut, 
 ud-ud, ut-ut, to ust, &c. the third person plural of 
 the whole is nevertheless und, to which by affix¬ 
 ing u, the active participle, with a slight varia¬ 
 tion, ind-u, end-u, yind-u is evidently formed, 
 but ziad-u alive, seems a euphonic substitute 
 for ziyundu, zee-ind-u agreeably to principle 
 28, q. v. and no doubt applicable enough to 
 several other examples of this kind. 
 
 53. preceding grammarians have given from 
 eleven to thirteen classes of irregular impera¬ 
 tives, which, i think, may easily be reduced to 
 two or three at most by the subjoined canons. 
 
 54. by simply rejecting the euphonic inter¬ 
 fixes d, t, with their various modifications of ad, 
 eed, md, st, ist, from the existing infinitive, the 
 hypothetical or pristine form with its natural 
 root as its imperative, is found merely by drop- 
 
26 
 
 RUD1MENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 ping un: when the radical final is oo, kh, f, sh, 
 these are successively converted to cl, z, b, o, r ; 
 thus azmoo, azma, amokh, amoz ; yaf, yab; ruf, 
 ruo ; goof, go, dash, dar, but dissyllable roots are 
 often excepted, like khurash, where the sh is 
 unchangeable. 
 
 55. every verb which cannot come under 
 the above principle, belongs to this by the sub¬ 
 stitution of n, nd, h, for s , st; s or sh for kh, n 
 for r, rd for sht , with an occasional slight change 
 in the medial vowel of the imperative. 
 
 56. the following irregulars may be consider¬ 
 ed as useful specimens of the whole, agreeably to 
 55 in their proper order, bust, bund; shikust, 
 shikun ; tuwanist, tuwan; khwast, khwah ; 
 shinakht, shinas; furokht, furosh ; gusht, gurd ; 
 kur, koonj moor, meer j pookh, puzj khas, 
 khez; those in principles 39, 40, 43, 45 and 
 46 inclusive, but for a complete view of the 
 whole, with their corresponding hindoostanee 
 infinitives, the new theory of the persian verbs 
 must be consulted, for the most ample inform¬ 
 ation that i have yet been able to give on this 
 interesting theme. 
 
 57. the synopsis of persian verbs in all their 
 different forms and combinations, after a pre¬ 
 vious and careful perusal of the principles from 
 page 16 to 24 inclusive, will become almost 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. T/ 
 
 self-evident to the attentive scholar, who is well 
 enough acquainted with the active and passive 
 conjugation of the verbs to ask, to be, to have,, $c. 
 in his mother tongue. 
 
 58. persian adverbials are so congenial in 
 their formation with those of the hindoostanee 
 tongue, that they can seldom prove trouble¬ 
 some to the orientalist, who has commenced his 
 studies with that most useful language: those 
 persi-arabic adverbs not already inserted in the 
 guide, will be found in the vocabulary annexed 
 to these sheets, and the substitution of bu khoo- 
 bee or similar expressions, for khoobee se fyc. 
 meaning with ‘propriety , instead of properly , is 
 so simple and easy a process, that any student 
 of the most ordinary capacity can be at no loss 
 in this department of the grammar. 
 
 59. the composition of derivative nouns, ad¬ 
 jectives and verbs, assimilates so much with the 
 hindoostanee mode, that a reference to pages 148, 
 150, 169, &c. in the guide will greatly facilitate 
 the acquisition of this subject in persian also, 
 and the words omitted there, will be found in 
 the vocabulary: kurdun to do, make, awoordun 
 to bring, dashtun to have, to keep, sakhtun to 
 
 form, furmoodun to order, khqprdun to eat, zudun 
 to strike, boordun to bear, to carry, numoodun to 
 show, gU5htun, gurdeedun to become, amudun 
 e 2 
 
28 
 
 IIUDIMENTAL TltlNCIPLES 
 
 to come, deedun to see, giriftun to to/re, to fegw, 
 yaftun to find, resemble kurna, fyc. 
 
 60. the prepositions dur in, within, under, bur 
 on, above, upon, pesh befiore, pus, wapus behind, 
 after, back, baz again, back, furod down, below, 
 respectively form the following infinitives, dur- 
 amudun to enter, dur-yaftun to understand, 
 bur-amudun to ascend, pesh ruftun to precede, 
 wapus-dadun to return, baz-dashtun to withhold, 
 to keep back, furod-amudun to descend, like 
 bheetur-ana, &c. in hindoostanee, or to come in, 
 to go down, fyc. in our own tongue. 
 
 61. syntax and grammatical construction in 
 persian admit of so few rules, which are not 
 common to english and other occidental lan¬ 
 guages, that a little practice in construing and 
 translating the following short stories and poeti¬ 
 cal exercises, will at once convey an adequate 
 idea of this portion of grammar, especially when 
 illustrated, as it will be, by references to their 
 respective principles or by occasional remarks. 
 
 i. hikayuti uwwul. 
 
 shukhse murtubu.e bcozoorg yaft, doste bura ( e 
 tuhniyut peshi o ruft, an shukhs poorseed kees- 
 tee o chura amudu,ee ? dosti o shurmindu gur- 
 deed o gooft, mura nu mee shinasee dosti qu- 
 deemi to um bura,e tuuziyut nizdi to amudu 
 urn, shooneedu um ki kor sha)du,ee. the word 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 29 
 
 shukhs-e a person, and dost-e a friend, in the 
 foregoing story illustrate principle 8 so far, while 
 murtubu.e boozoorg rank high, and dostiqudeem 
 friend old in like manner elucidate 16, though 
 the i or its substitute e is seldom visible in the 
 persian characters, except as a humzu after a 
 final u, as in murtubu above, the compound 
 prepositions pesh before , nizd beside , near, are 
 distinguished from the simple bur on, dur in, 
 by requiring the interfix i similar to the hindoo- 
 stanee ke, re, ne. 
 
 ii. hikayuti doyum. 
 
 roze padshahe mui shahzadu, bu shikar ruft, 
 choon huwa gurm shood padshah o shahzadu 
 lubadu,e khoodra bur doshi muskhuru.e niha- 
 dund. padshah tubussoom kurd o gooft ue 
 muskhuru bur to bari yek khur ust, gooft bulki 
 doo khur. the learner may remark a laxity of 
 grammatical usage in lubadu,e khoodra own 
 cloak , instead of lubadha.e khoodha ra in the 
 plural, which would be more consistent with the 
 spirit of the joke in this anecdote; for we can 
 hardly suppose the king and prince had only one 
 cloak between them, this example however 
 shows, that the rigid rules of general grammar 
 are occasionally dispensed with in all languages, 
 particularly in the substitution of the singular 
 
so 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 for the plural in every part of speech, or vice 
 versa among eastern nations. 
 
 iii. hikayuti siyoom. 
 
 muskhuru.e ba zune shadee kurd, bu,ud uz 
 chuhar mah zuni o pisr za.eed, shuohur ra gooft, 
 een pisr ra chi nam khwahee dasht? gooft, 
 puek, chura ki rahi nuh mah dur chuhar mah 
 tue kurd. 
 
 iv. hikayuti chuharoom. 
 
 padshahe ba wuzeer khoorma mee khoorud, 
 tookhmi khoorma nizdi wuzeer mee undakht, 
 bu,ud khcordun wuzeer ra gooft, bisiyar khwar 
 hustee zeera ki tookhmi khoorma bisiyar peshi 
 to coftadu und. wuzeer gooft nu, juhan punah 
 bisiyar khwar hustund ki nu tookhm goozash- 
 tund nu khoorma. the verbs hustund and goo- 
 zashtund are here in the plural, being applicable 
 to juhan punah majesty , in the third person sin¬ 
 gular, introduced for shooma you y which would 
 not be respectful enough from the minister, 
 whom the king nevertheless only thou’s, as a 
 matter of course. 
 
 v. hikayuti punjcom. 
 
 shukhse peshi yek nuweesindu ruft o gooft, 
 khutte binuwees, gooft pa,e mun durd mee- 
 kconud, an shukhs gooft toora ja,e firistadun nu 
 meekhwahum ki chooneen opzr mee koonee, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 SI 
 
 juwab dad, ki een sookhconi to rast ust, lekin 
 hurgah ki bura t e kuse khutt meenuweesum tul- 
 beedu mee shuwum bura ( e khwanduni an zeera 
 ki deegur shukhs khutti mun khwandun nu mee- 
 tuwanud. 
 
 vi. hikayuti shushcom. 
 
 shukhse khutte mee nuwisht, murde beganu 
 nizd o nishust o turfi khutt meedeed, an shukhs 
 dur khutt nuwisht ki murde beganu o uhmuq 
 nizdi mun nishustu ust o khuttra meekhwanud, 
 uz een subub hech raz numeenuweesum, an 
 murd gooft, mura uhmuq mee pindaree chura 
 raz numee nuweesee khutti too nu khwandu um. 
 nuweesindu gooft ugur khutti mun nu khwandee 
 chigoonu mu,uloom kurdee ki chooneen nu- 
 wishtu um ? while the preter imperfect in the 
 hindoostanee is composed of the present parti¬ 
 ciple and past auxiliary, this tense in persian 
 consists of the verbs perfect tense, and the 
 imperfect or present prefix mee, whence mee 
 nuwisht, likhta tlia, was writing , and meedeed, 
 dekjita tha, was looking; the hindoostanee, 
 therefore, in this instance assimilates more with 
 the english than the persian, though the latter is, 
 on the whole, more congenial in grammar and 
 idiom with our mother tongue. 
 
 vii. hikayuti huftoom. 
 
 zisht roo,e peshi tubeeb ruft o gooft, bur zish- 
 tureen ja,e mura doomle shoodu ust duwa bidih. 
 
32 " RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 tubeeb bur roo,e o nuzur kurd o gcoft durogh 
 meegoyee, roo ( e to mee beenum bur an hech 
 dcDmul neest. 
 
 viii. hikayuti hushtoom. 
 tubeebe hur gah bu goristan ruft chadur bur 
 sur o roo,e khood kurd, murdooman poorseedund 
 ki sububi een cheest? gcoft uz mcordugani een 
 goristan shurm meekoonum zeera ki uz duwa,e 
 mun moordu und. 
 
 ix. hikayuti nuhcom. 
 
 durweshe tuqseeri boozoorg kurd, peshi hub- 
 shee kotwal bcordund, kotwal hookm kurd ki 
 tumam roo ( e durwesh siyah kooneed o dur tu- 
 mam shuhr gurdaneed. durwesh gcoft, lie 
 kotwal nisfi roo.e mun siyah koon, wugur nu 
 humu murdoomani shuhr khwahund danist ki 
 hubshee kotwal hustum, kotwal uz een scokhoon 
 khundeed, o tuqseeri durwesh mu t af kurd. 
 
 x. hikayuti duhoom. 
 
 nuqashe dur shuhre ruft, o an ja peshu,e tuba- 
 but ughaz kurd. bu ( ud chund roz shukhse uz 
 wutuni o dur an shuhr ruseed o ora deed o poor- 
 seed ki hala chi peshu meekoonee ? gooft tuba- 
 but. pcorseed chura? gooft uz bura.e anki 
 ugur dur een peshu, tuqseere meekoonum, khak 
 an ra meeposhud. 
 
 xi. hikayuti yazduhoom. 
 sha ( ire miskeen peshi tuwungure ruft o choo- 
 nan nuzdeeki o nishustki miyani sha ir o tuwun- 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 33 
 
 gur uz yek wujub ziyadu tufuwoot nu bood. 
 tuwungur uz een subub burhum shood o roo,e 
 toorsh kurd o pcorseed ki dur miyani to o khur 
 chi tufawoot ust ? gcoft bu qudri yek wujub, 
 tuwungur uz een juwab bisiyar khijil shood o 
 oozr numood. 
 
 xii. hikayuti doo ( azduhoom. 
 
 guda,e bur durwazu,e tuwungure ruft o soowal 
 kurd. uz undurooni khanu juwab ainud, ki 
 beebee dur khanu neest. guda gcoft, paru.e 
 nan soowal kurdu boodum beebee ra nu khwas- 
 tum, ki chconeen juwab yaftum. 
 
 xiii. hikayuti seezduhoom. 
 shukhse uz uflatoon poorseed, ki sal ha ( e bisi¬ 
 yar dur juhaz boodee o sufuri durya kurdee, dur 
 durya chi uja.ib deedee? ujub humeen bood ki 
 uz durya bu kinaru sulamut ruseed um. 
 
 xiv. hikayuti chuharduhoom. 
 shukhse bisiyar mooflis bood uspe dasht, anra 
 dur ustubul bust, lekun turfe ki suri uspan 
 meeshuwud doomi o kurd o munadee dur dad ki 
 u,e murdoomani tumasha.e ujub bibeeneed ki 
 suri usp buja,e doom ust: humu murdoomani shuhr 
 jumu shoodund. hur shukhse ki durooni ustu¬ 
 bul bura.e tumasha ruftun meekhwast uz o un- 
 duki nuqd meegirift, o ora rah meedad. hur ki 
 dur an ustubul meeruft shurmindu uz anja baz 
 mee amud o hech nu meegooft. the word 
 
 F 
 
34 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 turuf-e in the above story implies the side, not a 
 side, which, and the examples in page 28, confirm 
 principle 8 so completely as to render all farther 
 illustration needless. 
 
 xv. hikayuti panzduhcom. 
 roze shukhse bu khood meegooft ki hurchi dui 
 zumeen o asman ust humu bura.e mun ust mura 
 bisiyar boozcorg khooda afreed. dur an usna 
 pushu,e bur beenee.e o nishust o gooft tooia 
 chooneen ghooroor nu shayud, zeera ki hurchi 
 dur zumeen o asman ust, khooda bura,e to 
 afreed. toora bura,e mun. nudanee ki uz to 
 boozoorgtur um? roze here means rather one 
 day than a day, and may thus have something of 
 a numerical instead of an indefinite power, 
 
 xvi. hikayuti shanzduhoom. 
 shukhse ba bukheele dostee dasht, roze bu- 
 kheel ra gooft, ki hala busufur meeruwum un- 
 gooshtureeje khood bu mun bidih anra ba khrod 
 khwahum dasht, hur gah ora khwahum deed 
 toora yad khwahum kurd. juwab dad. ki ugur 
 mura yad dashtun meekhwahee, hurgah un- 
 gooshti khood khalee benee mura yad koon ki 
 ungooshturee uz fulan khwastu boodum, nudad. 
 
 xvii. hikayuti hufduhoom. 
 durweshe nizdi bukheele ruft o cheeze soowal 
 kurd, bukheel gooft. ugur yek scokhconi mun 
 qubool koonee hurchi bugoyee khwahum kurd. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 35 
 
 durvvesh poorseed an sookhoon cheest: gooft gahe 
 uz mini cheeze mu khwah, deegur hurchi bu- 
 goyee bikoonum. the e of cheez and gah here 
 imply some, any, in this story, and frequently 
 occurs with these acceptations in persian. 
 xviii. hikayuti hushduhoom. 
 shukhse dur khwab ba shuetan moolaqat kurd 
 yek seele bur roo,e o zud o reeshi ora girift o 
 gooft ue muluoon dooshmuni ma hustee o bura.e 
 fureb daduni ma murdooman reeshi duraz mee- 
 daree, choon seele deegur bur roo.e o zud bedar 
 shood o reeshi khoodra dur dusti khood deed, 
 shurmindu gurdeed o bur khood khundeed. all 
 the verbs which are formed like gurdeed became, 
 and khundeed laughed, are alike in the third 
 person singular of the preterite and the second 
 plural of the aorist, as in hindoostanee the se¬ 
 cond and third singular of the latter are the same 
 as the preterite plural. 
 
 xix. hikayuti noozduhcom. 
 shere o murde dur yek khanu tusweeri khood- 
 ha deedund. murd sher ra gooft, meebeenee 
 shoojauti insan ki sher ra tabiu kurdu ust. sher 
 gooft; mcosuwwiri een insan ust, ugur sher moo- 
 suwwir boode een chooneen nu boode. 
 
 xx. hikayuti beestoom. 
 
 kooze ra gooftund meekhwahee ki pooshti to 
 rast shuwud ya pooshti deegur murdooman hum- 
 f 2 
 
36 
 
 RU DIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 choo pcoshti to kooz gurdud ? gooft meekhwa- 
 hum ki pccshti deegur murdooman kooz gurdud 
 ta uz an chushm ki deguran mura meebeenund 
 mun anha ra bi beenum. 
 
 xxi. hikayuti beest wu yukoom. 
 nabeena ( e dur shubi tar chiragh dur dust o 
 
 sooboo bur dosh giriftu dur bazar meeruft. 
 shukhse uz we poorseed ki ue humuq roz o shub 
 dur chushmi to yeksan ust, uz chiraghi toora 
 fa,idu cheest? nabeena khundeed o gooft. een 
 chiragh bura.e mun neest, bulki bura.e toost, ta 
 dur shubi tar scoboo.e mura nu skikunee. 
 
 xxii. hikayuti beest wu doyum. 
 shukhse dustari durweshe girift o goorekht, 
 
 durwesh bu goristan ruft o nishust. murdooman 
 ora gooftund ki an shukhs dustari toora bu tu- 
 rufi bagh boord dur goristan chura nishustu.ee o 
 chi mekoonee ? gooft o neez eenja khwahud 
 amud, uz een subub eenja nishustu um. 
 
 xxiii. hikayuti beest wu siyoom. 
 padshahe danishmunde ra tulbeed o gooft 
 meekhwahum ki toora qazee,e een shuhr koonum. 
 danish mund gooft la t iqi een kar nuyum. pad- 
 shah poorseed chura? juwab dad. ki anchi 
 gcoftum, ugur rast gooftum mura mu,uzoor 
 darud. o ugur durogh gooftum, pas durogh 
 go ra qazee kurdun musluhut neest. padshah 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR, 
 
 37 
 
 qozri danish mund pusundeed o ora mu.uzoor 
 dasht. 
 
 xxiv, hikayuti beest wu chuharoom. 
 roze sha.ire tuqseere kurd, padshah jullad ra 
 furmood ki rooburoo,e mun ora bukoosh, larzu 
 dur undami sha,ir ooftad. nudeeme ora gooft, 
 een chi na murdee o be jigureest! murdan gahe 
 een chooneen nu mee tursund. sha.ir gooft ue 
 nudeem ! ugur to murdee, biya bu ja,e mun 
 binsheen, ta mun bur khezum. padshah een 
 luteefu pusundeed o kliundeed o tuqseeri o mu.af 
 furmood. jullad ra furmood ordered the execu¬ 
 tioner , ora bukoosh kill him , ora gooft said to 
 him , with many such examples, in the preceding 
 and subsequent stories, confirm the truth of 
 principle 1.5, relative to ra ; and similar cases, 
 affecting uz or bu y will readily occur to the 
 attentive scholar, on whose mind 9 and 10 also 
 have already made a due impression ; if not, he 
 should once more refer to them both in pages 10, 
 11. in story xxviii. the words “bu hindoostan 
 “ ruseed,” may be rendered simply, he reached 
 India, and on the same principle “ bu o dad,” 
 is he gam him or to him. 
 
 xxv. hikayuti beest wu punjcom. 
 shube qazee dur kitabe deed ki hurki suri- 
 khoord meedarud o reshi duraz uhmuq meeshu- 
 wud. qazee suri khoord dasht o reesh bisiyar 
 
38 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 duraz, ba khgod gooft ki sur ra boozoorg kurdun 
 numeetuwanum lekin reeshra kotah khwahum 
 kurd. miqraz tulasli kurd, na yaft. nachar 
 neemi reesh ra dur dust girift. o neem nizdi 
 chiragh board. choon moo,e ra atush girift 
 shoo.ulu bur dusti o ruseed, reesh ra gcozasht, 
 humu reeshi o sokhtu shood. qazee bisiyar 
 shurmindu gurdeed bu sububi anki liurchi dur 
 kitab bood bu isbat ruseed. 
 
 xxvi. hikayuti beest wu shushoom. 
 danishmunde dur musjid mee nishust o bu 
 murdooman wu t uz meegooft. shukhse dur an 
 mujlis hur roz meegeereest. roze danish mund 
 gooft ki sookhooni mun dur dili een shukhs bisi¬ 
 yar usr meekoonud uz een subub mee geereed. 
 deeguran an shukhs ra gooftund ki dur dili ma 
 sookhooni danish mund hech usr nu meekoonud 
 chigoonu dil daree ki meegeeriyee? gooft bur 
 sookhooni danishmund nu meegeeriyum bulki 
 yek khusee purwudu boodum o ora bisiyar dost 
 dashtum. choon khusee peer shood moord. 
 hurgah danish mund sookhoon meegoyud o 
 reeshi o mee joombud, khusee.e mura yad mee,a- 
 yud zeera ki o hum eenchooneen reeshi duraz 
 dasht. by principle 24 the reesh i o meejcom- 
 bud is shaking his heat'd, should have been reeshi 
 khcpd, as in hindoostanee it would certainly be 
 “ upnee darhee hilata hue 5 ’never ooskee: but 
 
 [ 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 39 
 
 whether this apparent deviation from the rule 
 generally laid down in both languages be ever 
 admissible in correct persian composition, is a 
 point which i cannot yet take on myself to deter¬ 
 mine so positively, as i might do in the popular 
 speech of hindoostan, with little fear of con¬ 
 tradiction. 
 
 xxvii. hikayuti beest wu huftoom. 
 roze moorgha bur durukhte nishustu bood, 
 padshah ora deed o bu haziran gcoft ki eenra 
 bu teer khwahum koosht. teer o kuman ra 
 girift o teer bur moorgh undakht o khuta kurd, 
 mcorgh pureed, padshah bisiyar khijul gurdeed. 
 s’nukhse bura ( e dufue khijlut gooftun girift ki 
 padshah uwwul mcorgh ra kooshtun khwast, 
 kooshtun meetuwanud, lekin bur jani o ruhm 
 kurd o qusdun khuta numood. a species of 
 compounds, if not inceptives, are created in per¬ 
 sian by the verb giriftun to take , following the 
 infinitive, as gooftun girift began to speak , and 
 so far congenial with kuhne luga , that the in¬ 
 flection of the hindoostanee infinitive from na 
 to ne is the only difference j the persian un 
 admits of no such change. 
 
 xxviii. hikayuti beest wu hushtoom. 
 umeer tuemoor lung choon bu hindoostan ru- 
 seed o mootriban tulbeed, o gcoft, uz bcozoorgan 
 shooneedu um ki dur een shuhr mcotribani kamil 
 
40 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 und. mcotribe na beena peshi padshah hazir 
 shood o surod aghaz kurd. padshah bisiyar 
 khoosh gurdeed o nami o poorseed. gcoft nami 
 mini duolut ust. padshah gcoft, duolut hum 
 kor meeshuwud. o juwab dad. ki ugur duo¬ 
 lut kor nu boode bu khanu.e lung nu amude. 
 padshah een juwab pusundeed o inam bisiyar 
 bu o dad. 
 
 xxix. hikayuti beest wu nuhoom. 
 durweshe bur dcokani buqale ruft o dur khu- 
 reedun shitabee kurd, buqal durwesh ra doosh- 
 nam dad. durwesh dur khushm shood o paposhe 
 bur suri buqal zud. buqal peshi kotwal ruft o 
 nalish numood. kotwal durwesh ra tulbeed o 
 poorseed ki chura buqal ra zudee? durwesh 
 gooft ki buqal mura dcoshnam dad. kotwal 
 gooft ki u,e durwesh! tuqseeri boozcorg kurdee 
 lekin fuqeer hustee, uz een subub tcora siyasut 
 numee koonum, biruo husht anu bu buqal bidih 
 ki suza,e tuqseeri to humeen ust. durwesh yek 
 roopiyu uz jebi khcod burawoord o dur dusti 
 kotwal dad o yek paposh bur suri kotwal zud, o 
 gcoft ugur chooneen insaf ust husht anu to bigeer 
 o husht anu anra bidih. 
 
 xxx. hikayuti seeycom. 
 shukhse peshi durwesh ruft o si suwal kurd. 
 uwwul anki chura meegoyee ki khooda humu ja 
 hazir ust? hech ja na meebeenum, binooma 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 41 
 
 koojast ? doowum anki insan ra bura,e tuqseere 
 chura si yasut meekoonund ? hurchi meekconud 
 khooda meekoonud, insan ra hech qoodrut 
 neest o be iraduti khooda hech nu meetuwanud 
 kurd o ugur insan ra qoodrut boode humu karha 
 bura.e khaod bihtur kurde. siyoom anki khooda 
 shuetan ra dur atushi doozukh chigoonu uqoo- 
 but tuwan kurd zeera ki surishti o uz atush list, 
 o atush dur atush chi usur khwahud kurd? 
 durwesh gilookhe boozoorg bur suri o zud. an 
 shukhs giriyan peshi qazee ruft o gooft, uz fulan 
 durwesh si suwal kurdum, bur suri raun choonan 
 gilookhe zud ki suri raun durd meekoonud o 
 hech juwab nu dad. qazee durwesh ra tulbeed 
 o gooft, chura gilookh bur suri o zudee o juwabi 
 suwali o nu dadee ? durwesh gooft ki an gilookh 
 juwabi sookhcon i ost. meegoyud ki durd dur 
 sur darud, binoomayud kooja ust ta mun khooda 
 ra ba o binoomayum, o chura peshi huzrut nalishi 
 mun numood? hurchi kurd khooda kurd, be 
 iraduti khooda ora nu zudum, mura chi qoodrut 
 ust? o surishti o uz khak ust, uz khak chi¬ 
 goonu ora runj ruseed? an shukhs shurmindu 
 gurdeed. qazee juwabi durwesh bisiyar pusun- 
 deed. 
 
 xxxi. hikayuti see wu yukoom. 
 doo zun dur tide munazu.ut meekurdund o 
 guwah nu dashtund, hur doo peshi qazee ruftund 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 o insaf khwastund. qazee jullad ra tulbeed o 
 furmood, ki een tifl ra doo paru kcon o bu hur 
 doo zun bidih. zune choon een sookhoon shu- 
 need khamosh mand o zuni deegur shor o furi- 
 yad aghaz kurd ki bura.e khcoda tifli mura doo 
 neem mukoon. ugur choon een insaf ust tifl ra 
 nu meekhwahum : qazee bu yuqeen pindasht ki 
 maduri tifl humeen ust. tifl ba o sipcord o zuni 
 deegur ra taziyanu zudu rand, zune denotes 
 one of the women , opposed to zuni deegur the 
 other woman , and thus proves the remark under 
 story xv. to be well founded. 
 
 xxxii. hikayuti see wu doyum. 
 shukhse peshi padshah ruft o gooft, dee shub 
 murde uz fuoji padshahee bu zor dur khanu,e 
 mun amud o ba kuneez i mun zina kurd, pad¬ 
 shah furmood ki ugur an murd baz dur khanu.e 
 to be,ayud huma dum mura khubur koon. shubi 
 doowum an murd baz amud o dur khanu,e o ruft, 
 sahibi khanu padshah ra khubur dad, padshah 
 shumshere dur dust girift o bu o ruwan shood, 
 choon bu khanu,e o ruseed uwwul churagh ra 
 koosht o bu,udi an an murd ra bu qutl rusaneed 
 o baz churagh tulbeed o roo,e an murd deed o 
 khooda ra shcokr kurd o sahibi khanu ra gooft, 
 hur tu,am ki een wuqt dur khanu t e to muojood 
 bashud biyar. sahibi khanu tu t am awoord, pad¬ 
 shah bisiyar bu khooshee khcord, sahibi khanu 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 43 
 
 pcorseed ki ue khoodawund ! bu chi subub uw- 
 wul churagh ra kooshteed bu,udi uz an an murd 
 ra o choon roo.e an murd deedeed khooda ra 
 shookr kurdeed o tu.am be wuqt khoordeed. 
 padshah furmood ki pindashtu boodum ki siwa.e 
 pisri mun kuse ra chccmeen qoodrut neest, uz 
 een subub uwwul churagh ra kooshtum ki ugur 
 roo,e pisr khwahum deed uz shufuqut ora koosh- 
 tun nukhwahum tuwanist, choon kooshtu shood 
 churagh tulbeedum o roo,e o deedum o khooda 
 ra shookr kurdum ki pisri mun neest o an wuqt 
 ki uz mun insaf khwastee ba khood gooftum ki 
 ta an murd ra nu kooshum hech nu khcprum uz 
 an wuqt hech nu khoordu boodum uz een subub 
 sukht goorsinu boodum o tu.am be wuqt khoor- 
 dum. 
 
 xxxiii. hikayuti see wu siyoom. 
 zune peshi qazee ruft o gooft ki fulan murd 
 ba mun bu zor zina kurd, qazee an murd ra 
 tulbeed o poorseed ki chura abroo,e een zun 
 rekhtee ? murd inkar kurd. qazee furmood ki 
 duh roopiyu jirmanu ba een zun bidih, murd 
 nachar bu moojibi hooknd qazee zur bu zun 
 dad. choon zun beroon ruft qazee murd ra fur¬ 
 mood booruo o nuqdi khood uz zun baz geer. 
 murd choon een hookm yaft duweed o hurchund 
 khwast ki roopiyu uz zun bu zor bigeerud 
 nutuwanist. zun peshi qazee baz amud o urz kurd 
 g c 2 
 
44 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 ki an murd roopiyu uz mun bu zor meegeerud 
 hunoz nu dadu um ugur murzee.e huzrut ust 
 bidihum. qazee gooft, murd ki nuqd ra bu zor 
 uz to giriftun nutuwanist be ruza t e to chigoonu 
 ba to zina kurd ? to durogh go yee bcoruo zur 
 bu o biscopar o baz een chconeen iftira mukoon. 
 xxxiv. hikayuti see wu chuharcom. 
 dur shuhre umbari poombu bu doozdee ruft, 
 poombu furoshan shikayut bu padshah bcordund, 
 padshah hurchund ki tujussoos furmood doozde 
 ra nu yaft. umeere urz kurd ki ugur furman 
 bashud doozdan ra bigeerum. padshah hookm 
 dad. umeer bu khanu ( e khrad ruft o khrord o 
 bcozoorgi shuhr ra bu buhanu.e ziyafut tulbeed. 
 choon humu murdooman jutnu shoodund o nish- 
 ustund, umeer dur an mujlisruft o bur roo,e an 
 murdooman nuzur kurd o gooft chi huram zadu 
 o be uya o uhmuq murdooman und ki poombu 
 doozdeedu und or ezha^ poombu dur reeshha.e 
 eshan ja kurdu ust o dur mujlisi mun amudu 
 und. chund kus human wuqt reeshha ( e khoodra 
 uz dust pak kurdund o mu t uloom shood ki an- 
 han doozdan und. padshah bur hikmuti umeer 
 afreen o tuhseen numood. 
 
 the hindee-persic scholar who shall have stu¬ 
 died the preceding sheets with due care, will 
 now feel his self competent also for the perusal 
 of the subsequent pages with great advantage. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 45 
 
 and as every word will be found duly explained 
 in the annexed persi-arabic and english vocabu¬ 
 lary, no learner, of ordinary talents or applica¬ 
 tion, can therefore be at a loss to render the 
 whole into his native tongue; nor will he fail, 
 during such a process, to acquire very consider¬ 
 able knowledge of, and experience in the most 
 useful rules of persian grammar, the prose les¬ 
 sons or themes will pave the way for the exer¬ 
 cises in verse, which are for the most part very 
 easy, and to preserve the connection between 
 them, the numbers xxxv. &c. are continued 
 throughout, as this will also prove advantageous, 
 in the event of references hereafter from any 
 portion of this persian rudimental work. 
 
 these previous acquisitions will greatly facili¬ 
 tate every future attempt to read that language 
 progressively, either in the easiest or most diffi¬ 
 cult characters, from the reformed method adopt¬ 
 ed by myself to the shikustu or broken hand, so 
 common in the epistolary correspondence and 
 judicial documents, or legal papers of british 
 india, where constant practice alone can teach 
 even an expert linguist to decipher such pro¬ 
 ductions with facility, whatever claims he may 
 otherwise have as an oriental scholar, on the 
 contrary, a very superficial acquaintance with 
 persian, as a classical pursuit, is requisite for 
 
46 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 the rapid perusal of such manuscript produc¬ 
 tions, by those who are in the daily habit of at¬ 
 tending officially to written petitions, warrants, 
 and other public vouchers of this class j i would 
 consequently advise every student to cultivate, 
 as soon as possible, both the scientific and 
 mechanical proficiency, so requisite, in certain 
 situations, to every accomplished orientalist, 
 desirous of distinguishing his self as an expert 
 speaker and reader of eastern tongues; to which 
 it may prove very beneficial likewise to add the 
 knack of writing them in their several appro¬ 
 priate characters, whenever this can be conve¬ 
 niently done. 
 
 a retrospection to the preface will show the 
 utility of the following poetical exercises, em¬ 
 bracing a system of ethics in persian, which is 
 so universally adopted in the asiatic seminaries 
 of learning, and contains such a number of ex¬ 
 cellent words, that i have been induced to ren¬ 
 der the whole first into hindoostanee prose, and 
 afterwards into english verse ; the former as 
 literally as the two languages would admit, and 
 the latter so close to the spirit of the original, 
 that the real sense is seldom if ever sacrificed to 
 the mere sound or rhyme of the english version, 
 unless where the deviation was indispensible. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 47 
 
 to furnish the greatest variety of common 
 words, a considerable number of those most 
 familiar among the hindoos and uneducated 
 mcosulmans have been preserved in the hindoo- 
 stanee translation, because there are few indeed 
 in the pund namu itself which are not in con¬ 
 stant use by the learned natives in their verna¬ 
 cular speech. the hindee-persic learner will 
 thus have an excellent opportunity of laying in 
 a double stock of hindoostanee vocables, for the 
 expansion of his mind as a thoughtful scholar, 
 instead of these being a dry heavy load on the 
 memory; whence, without incessant cultivation, 
 they gradually drop off, altogether unproductive 
 of those good fruits, that must ever be the result 
 of pleasing and well regulated studies in every 
 literary field, either at home or abroad, in the 
 ordinary affairs of life, as well as in matters of 
 greater importance, connected with pacific di¬ 
 plomacy or belligerent negotiations, it will 
 sometimes prove of great moment to conciliate 
 and convince a hindoo prince, statesman and 
 agent by introducing those terms only, which 
 may flatter his vanity most, from their being 
 selected out of his vernacular tongue or its learn¬ 
 ed source, the sunskrit, not less his boast and 
 pride than the qooran is the glory of moohum- 
 mud s followers; the scholar will therefore avail 
 
48 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 his self of this circumstance, and model his con¬ 
 versation, in cases of this nature, so as to gain 
 his point by the suaviter in modo at least. 
 
 every poem of the pund namu or moral in¬ 
 structions, is inserted in the roman character, 
 as a prelude to its rehearsal, through the medium 
 of the correspondent persi-arabic symbols, that 
 the transition from the one to the other may not 
 prematurely expose the beginner to a deteriora¬ 
 ted pronunciation, nor to those difficulties at the 
 commencement of a new and strange dialect, 
 more especially when taught in the uncouth garb 
 of letters, which are often at best a species of 
 hieroglypbical figures. these literal symbols 
 generally appear so formidable to the great 
 majority of eastern tyros, as to make seven out 
 of ten relinquish such objects, in absolute des¬ 
 pair or disgust, which would not have been the 
 case, had they been carefully inspired with some 
 relish for local accomplishments by any practical 
 facility and conscious benefit from their acquisi¬ 
 tion at first, by the method that has long been 
 preferred by myself, and which is continued in 
 these pages, i have the satisfaction to believe, 
 from positive experience, that of ten pupils who 
 start upon my principles, seven at least are in - 
 spired by immediate.success to proceed so far 
 in the way of colloquial and literal proficiency. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 49 
 
 as to secure in future both attention and perse¬ 
 verance, through all their oriental pursuits, either 
 as expert linquists or profound scholars, 
 xxxv. bis millah hir ruhman ir ruheem. 
 pund namu,e shuekh suudee. 
 khitab bu khooda o bu nufs. 
 kureema bu bukhsha.e bur hali ma, 
 ki husteem aseeri kumundi huwa. 
 nu dareem ghuer uz to furiyad rus, 
 too,ee asiyan ra khuta bukhsh o bus. 
 niguh dar ma ra zi rahi khuta. 
 khuta durgoozar o suwab urn nooma. 
 zuban ta boowud dur duhan ja,e geer, 
 suna.e moohummud bcowud dil pizeer. 
 hubeeb i khcoda, ushrufi umbiya, 
 ki urshi mujeed ush bcowud mcottuka. 
 scowari juhan geer yek ran bcoraq, 
 ki boogzusht uz qusuri neelee ruwaq. 
 chihil sal opmri uzeezut goozusht, 
 mizaji to uz hali tiflee nu gusht: 
 humu ba huwa o huwus sakhtee, 
 dume ba musalih nu purdakhtee. 
 mukoon tukiyu bur opmri na pa.edar, 
 mu bash u ( emin uz bazee.e roz gar. 
 
 the immediate transition from ma ra us , in the 
 fifth line of the preceding poem, to um me, in 
 the sixth, shows either the common license of 
 poets, or that the singular and plural numbers 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 HU DIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 are, as stated in ii. page 29, of very promiscuous 
 use in the persian. 
 
 V* 
 
 • u-AX) * \dJ£, C->Uai- 
 
 1 ^jSb ^ ~ y. A. 
 
 1 u~ii ^ b ■ ut) j V.y J j 
 
 « \^* j Ua>- * *\j j )A° 
 
 « jjjJo Jjj 6 Lj -j-XjU- jO JjJ Vj jj\jJ 
 
 » l&Lo Jjj ^jsr' 0 ^ - \+~A lJ>j&\ 
 
 1 iibjj' ^ " A? u!A 
 
 i uc-i.^3 j^y ” 1 ^^^ < -yyyi/ 4hC 
 
 « b ■■ j V 
 
 ijif jjj iJjV j\ ^ji b ^ ■/** y A 1 A* 
 
 iltimas kureem ko uor upnee rooh. 
 humaree halut pur kurum kur ue khooda! ki. 
 hum phunse huen laluch uor chah men. torjh 
 sivva humen nuheen hue hamee ko,ee. too hee 
 papiyon ke upradh ko chhootkara deta hue, 
 hum ko bucha pap kee puth se, ghat kee 
 chhima kur uor dhurum humen dikha. jub lug 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 51 
 
 moonh men meree jeebh ho, moohummud kee 
 tu,ureef mcojhe qubool hogee. ullah ka dost 
 uor nubiyon ka surdar, jis kee buethuk hue fu- 
 luk ool uflak. booraq pur ek jangh ho doonya 
 kee suer kee uor gcozur guya nuchhuttur pur 
 akas men. too ne chalees burns upne pyare jee 
 ko yoonhee guwaya, ki teree seerut lurkapun 
 se koochh nu phiree hue. tumam hirs uor huoka 
 men goozra hue, ek pul b.hule manooson men 
 nuheen kata, bhurosa mut rukli upnee chun- 
 chul jan pur, bhag ke khel pur koosul mut ruh. 
 
 invocation to the almighty and his ovon soul . 
 thy grace and mercy, lord, on us bestow! 
 slaves of our passions in this world of woe. 
 save thee, man boasts no other shield nor stay, 
 for thou alone canst wash our sins away, 
 from death preserve us, every crime forgive; 
 and teach thy saints a spotless life to live, 
 while solemn thoughts in fluent speech shall roll, 
 mcohummud’s praise must animate my soul, 
 truth’s dearest friend and messenger divine, 
 whose glorious rays from the emperean shine : 
 he round this globe on mighty booraq rode, 
 high as the palace of the living god. 
 alas! my soul, blind nature’s wayward child ! 
 full forty years of life thou hast beguiled, 
 virtue appalled hears vice and folly boast, 
 one hoary sinner more, whose all is lost. 
 h 2 
 
52 
 
 IIUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 in pleasure’s bark, why venture such a prize? ] 
 where rocks abound, nay storms on storms arise,) 
 and fate oft scowls from heaven’s involving skies.) 
 
 xxxvi. dur mudhi kurum o sifuti sukhawut. 
 dila hur ki binhad khwani kurum. 
 bu shood nam dari juhani kurum. 
 kurum namdari juhanut koonud. 
 kurum kamgari umanut koonud. 
 wura.e kurum durjuhan kar neest. 
 wuz een gurmtur hech bazar neest. 
 kurum mayu.e shadmanee boowud, 
 kurum hasili zinduganee boowud. 
 dili alume uz kurum tazu dar. 
 juhan ra zi bukhshish poor awazu dar. 
 humu wuqt shuo dur kurum moostuqeem, 
 ki hust afreenindu,e jan kureem. 
 sukhawut kconud nek bukht ikhtiyar, 
 ki murd uz sukhawut shuwud bukhtiyar. 
 bu lootf o sukhawut juhan geer bash, 
 dur iqleemi lootf o sukha meer bash, 
 sukhawut boowud kari sahib dilan. 
 sukhawut boowud peshu.e mooqbilan. 
 sukhawut misi ueb ra keemiyast. 
 sukhawut humu durdha ra duwast. 
 mu shuo ta tuwan uz sukhawut buree, 
 ki go,e bihee uz sukhawut buree. 
 
 binhad, in the first line, is a convenient abbre¬ 
 viation of bi nihad hath placed , with a prefix 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 53 
 
 seemingly as superfluous as the bu of shcod, 
 which follows, and unless these apparent exple¬ 
 tives be resolvable into a species of auxiliary- 
 signs, that have not been treated as such by pre¬ 
 ceding grammarians, it is sometimes difficult to 
 view them in any other light than mere particles 
 at the service of every persian poet, whose verses 
 occasionally require an extra foot or two to stand 
 on, or which might often halt without the free use 
 of such portable stilts, should the former con¬ 
 jecture prove correct, bi nihad will be equiva¬ 
 lent to nihadu ust hath laid , and bu shood to 
 shcod u ust hath become , which is corroborated 
 by the two futures of every verb like bi poorsum 
 i shall ask; khwahum poorseed i will ask; in 
 these examples bi, bu, boo, will frequently indicate 
 shall, may , &c., while khwah not less clearly de¬ 
 notes the wish or will, if my hypothesis shall 
 stand the test of time and experience, it may yet 
 lead to the deduction of the equivocal bashum, 
 bash, he', from bushuwum, bushuo, which are 
 not more discordant than bcowud, bad, and vari¬ 
 ous other transformations in the etymological 
 rules of every tongue, wuz een, in the sixth line, 
 represent o (or wu) uz een and than it, of con¬ 
 stant occurrence in verse, a slight transposition 
 of the thirteenth line so:—nekbukht sukhawut 
 ikhtiyar kconud an amiable man, liberality prac- 
 
54 , 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 Uses, renders both the sense and construction 
 quite simple and plain to those learners who 
 recollect 10 and 15 on ra as the dative or objec¬ 
 tive sign, and that the subject is frequently the 
 same with the object, as in english, “ a man kill¬ 
 ed a man.” the second last line exhibits ta 
 tuwan as a contraction of ta tuwanee while thou 
 const, which resembles the hindoostanee aorist in 
 this respect, the elision of e or ee alone being 
 requisite to change the verb from the second 
 person singular of the aorist to that of the im¬ 
 perative, thus poorsee, poochhe (if) thou ash, 
 thou mayst ash, to poors, too poochh ash thou. 
 in the foregoing poem the scholar will perceive 
 that the preposition uz has not only the various 
 forms of z, zi, but different meanings also, 
 according to the sound or sense of the verse. 
 
 Lufse 1 c 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 , j 2 o.su jin 
 
 l j\o Sj\j\ jJ \j 
 
 * (*■> J uV ^ 
 
 1 C^ ^ 
 
 < il^/>-tX-cl j 
 i |*/ 
 
 I Oy oLi) jU 
 
 I j\d sfi Jj 
 
 9 ✓ 
 
 - y* 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 1 O^c ^ t^L^U L^v^\ lLSSj &.'& 
 
 I (^V J *— jt> I ^X>j+£)\^s^ j t-nclab 
 
 i u Liu JLjj JjJ C^jUr 3 , jAfoXff J$ Jjj Cl^Ur-* 
 
 <-»^4> \j Ujjj -*& C^lsr 3 1 
 
 * S# j' ^ ^ j' uV 3 *~* 
 dan uor duya kee surah uo bukkhan men. 
 ue bolta soon ! jis ne dan jug men bichhaya, 
 juswunt kyoon nu howe duya ke des men ? fuez 
 prikasdetee hue beshtur doonya men, juwan mur- 
 dee punah men toojhe suda rukhegee. data 
 jo hue so buhcot neeka howe, uor oos kee de.or- 
 hee nit bhur poor huegee. poon sookh kee poon- 
 jee hue, duyajee ka suchcha pjhul hue. logon 
 ko muna.o copkar se, jugut ko bhur too upnee 
 dad dihish se. duya men too humeshu uchul 
 ruhe, ki pran ka kurtar bhee duyal hue. bhula 
 admee jo hue so danee hota, ki pcorcokh dan se 
 hue bhagman. kripa se sunsar ko upna kur too, 
 mihrbanee o nuwazish ke moclk men surdar ho. 
 bhiulon ka kam copkar hee hue, uor nekon ka 
 kusub bhee hue fueyazee. poon pap ka parus 
 puthur hue, our dan hur ek dookh kee uokhudh. 
 sukha se muqdoor bhur khalee mut ho, ki duya 
 ke beech too hee jeete. 
 
56 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 on the glory and praise of beneficence and liberality . 
 he, o my soul! whose generous bosom glows, 
 with love for all, who soothes another’s woes, 
 will gain by deeds humane immortal praise, 
 while peace and plenty shall prolong his days, 
 to kindness, what on earth shall bards compare ? 
 since this shows mortals bright as angels there, 
 good natured acts, in god’s heart-searching eye, 
 rise like frankincense to the vaulted sky. 
 win, o my son! each grateful breast you can ! 
 nor ever cease to be the friend of man ! 
 in every clime evince a feeling mind, 
 and prove thyself, like our creator, kind! 
 the virtuous man with pleasure freely gives, 
 and glad to help his fellow mortals, lives, 
 do thou, my child ! thus make the world admire, 
 thine honest heart, warm with celestial fire, 
 the blessed in paradise with joy will see, 
 goodness and dear humanity in thee, 
 then charity shall wash thy sins away, 
 and lead thee safe to everlasting day. 
 yes! fan that spark divine, which all may trace, 
 with rapture glowing o’er the human face. 
 
 xxxvii. dur sifuti tuwazoou. 
 dila gur tuwazoou koonee ikhtiyar, 
 shuwud khulqi doonya toora dost dar. 
 tuwazoou ziyadut koonud jah ra, 
 ki uz mihr purtuo boowud mah ra. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 57 
 
 tuwazoou kconud hur ki bust adumee. 
 nuzebud zi miirdcom bujooz murdoomee. 
 tuwazoou bcowud hoormut ufza.e to. 
 koonud durbihishti bureenja.e to. 
 tuwazoou boowud mayu.e dostee. 
 ki alee boowud payu.e dostee. 
 kusera ki adut tuwazoou boowud, 
 zujah ojulal ush tumuttoou boowud. 
 tuwazoou kileedi durijunnut ust, 
 surufrazee o jah ra zeenut ust. 
 tuwazoou uzeezut koonud durjuhan. 
 giramee shuwee peshi dilha choojan. 
 tuwazoou koonud murd ra surfuraz. 
 tuwazoou boowud surwuran ra tiraz. 
 kuse ra ki gurdunkusbee dur sur ust, 
 tuwazoou uz o yaftun khcoshtur ust. 
 tuwazoou koonud hoshmundi goozeen. 
 nihud shakhi poor meewu sur burzumeen. 
 tuwazoou mudar uz khula,iq diregh. 
 kigurdun uzan burkusheedee cboo tegb. 
 tuwazoou zu gurdun furazan nikost. 
 guda gur tuwazoou koonud kho.e ost. 
 
 oou of this poem has in hindoostan a sound 
 nearer o or oo than oo,u, as the u may be con¬ 
 sidered almost mute, though the learned persi- 
 arabic speakers there generally endeavour to 
 express it, as well as they can, with the true 
 arabian intonation, which is so very difficult 
 
 i 
 
58 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 that few of the hindoostanees ever acquire it in 
 perfection. 
 
 9 9 ^ 9 9 '* 
 
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 ue dil jo too bhulmunsee kiya kure ! tojugut ke 
 log tere khuer khwah howen. awa bhugut mu- 
 hatum ke tu,een burhata hue, jyoon sooruj kee 
 kirn chumkatee huen chandko. jo ko t ee admee 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 59 
 
 t 
 
 hue so admiyut rukhta hue, murdko siwa,e mur- 
 doomee ke koochh nu phube. mooruwwut te- 
 ree abroo ko ziyadu kure uor khoold ke ruoze 
 me toojhe juguh dewe. jis kisee kee zat men 
 shufuqut howe, tisee ko khooshee hasil hotee 
 munsub se. milunsaree bihisht ke durwaze 
 kee kconjee hue, is se teree shan o shuokut 
 ko ara,ish hue. uhliyut toojh ko alum men 
 pyara kure, munoon men too howe chaheeta 
 jee sa. jis kisee kee kho men furotunee ho, 
 ooske durje uor bura.ee ko burukut howe. in- 
 kisaree manoos ko churhatee hue, insaniyut sur- 
 daron ka singar hue. jo ko,ee boozoorg o moo- 
 tukubbir hue, cosee se mcodara buhoot khoob 
 hota hue. uql mund nuwazish kiya chahtahue, 
 phulunta dal bhoom pur jhooke hue. logon se 
 puchtate ghureeb nu'wazee mut baz rukh, ki 
 jyoon tulwar tera sur is se ooncha ho. buron 
 kee turuf se sunman bhula hue, bliikharee jo 
 adheenta kure cos ka soobha ( o to hue. 
 
 on humility , fyc. 
 
 true, o my heart! he that submissive bends, 
 among the sons of men, counts many friends, 
 good breeding, rank, with that mild grace, adorns, 
 which suns descending shed from cynthia’s horns, 
 a gentleman proves affable and kind, 
 he, in each act, displays his noble mind. 
 
 i 2 
 
60 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 by meekness^ kings are raised hereafter high 
 to thrones of glory., far above the sky. 
 manners confer a zest on social wit, 
 by polishing all coarser points from it. 
 urbanity the social world all love, 
 men civil thus, most popular will prove, 
 mild resignation is the surest road, 
 with honour crown’d, to virtue’s fair abode, 
 there, humble men of high or low degree, 
 bright stars of the first magnitude shall be. 
 politeness shines, this all mankind allow, 
 the pink of gems which deck a monarch’s brow, 
 sovereigns exalted to command a realm, 
 by condescension safely steer the helm, 
 the truly great, aware of fortunes frown, 
 bow like the fruitful branch their foreheads down, 
 seem not on earth, my friend! a haughty lord, 
 raised over all, like heaven’s avenging sword, 
 let this reflection never once prove true, 
 
 “ that beggars are much better bred than you.” 
 
 xxxviii. dur muzummuti tukubboor. 
 tukubboor mukcon zeenhar ue pisur! 
 ki roze zi dust ush dur ayee bu sur. 
 tukubboor zi dana bcowud na pusund. 
 ghureeb ayud een mu.unee uz hoshmund. 
 tukubboor bcowud aduti jahilan. 
 tukubboor ne ayud zi sahib dilan. 
 tukubboor uzazeel ra khwar kurd. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 61 
 
 bu zindani lu,unut giriftar kurd. 
 kusera ki khuslut tukubboor boowud, 
 sur ush poor ghooroor uz tusuwwcor boowud. 
 tukubboor boowud mayu,e moodburee, 
 tukubboor boowud usli bud guohuree. 
 choo danee tukubboor chura meekoonee? 
 wugur meekoonee to khuta meekoonee. 
 
 ■i 
 
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 ghumund ke dokh men. 
 e baba ghumund kubhoo mut kur, ki coske 
 hath se too nu gire sir ke bhul ek din. gyanee 
 gooman se hutukte huen, uesee chal bcodhman 
 se niralee hue. ahunkar moorukhon ka goon 
 hue, uenth muror bhugut se kyoonkur ho. 
 nukhwut ne uzazeel ko bigara, uor oose dozukh 
 men bundhoo,a kiya. jis kisee kee seerut men 
 qojub howe, ooskadimagh bliura hoo,a hue khcod- 
 
62 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 beenee se. ahumbha,o biput kee poonjee hue- 
 gee, gurubh kooban ka mool hue. toojankur 
 kyoon ukurta hue? jo,ee uesee bura,ee kure 
 to papee ho,e. 
 
 on arrogance. 
 
 in arrogance, my son ! take no delight, 
 lest thou fall head-long from its fatal height $ 
 nought can be more disgusting to the wise, 
 than pride, which none, but silly fools practise, 
 though vanity inflate her coxcomb train, 
 still worthy men all haughtiness disdain, 
 proud belzebub by self conceit was driven, 
 to hell’s abyss, with curses down from heaven, 
 an overbearing spirit must betray, 
 a head by whims and fancies led astray, 
 since baneful blossoms from an evil stem, 
 muststill produce what the whole world condemn, 
 but you who know that arrogance is wrong, 
 ah ! why be guilty of this vice so long ? 
 
 xxxix. durfuzeeluti ilm. 
 bunee adum uz ilm yabud kumal; 
 nu uz hushmut o jah o mal o munal. 
 choo shumu uz pue,e ilm bayud gcodakht, 
 ki be ilm nutuwan khooda ra shinakht. 
 kuse ra ki shcod dur uzul bukhtiyar, 
 tulub kurduni ilm kurd ikhtiyar. 
 khirudmund bashud tulubgari ilm, 
 ki gurm ust puewustu bazari ilm. 
 tulub kurduni ilm shood bur to furz, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 63 
 
 (ligur wajib ust uz pesh qitu urz. 
 toora ilra dur deen o doonya tumam; 
 ki kari to uz ilm geerud nizam. 
 meeyamoz jcDZ ilm gur aqilee, 
 ki be ilm boodun boowud ghafilee. 
 biruo dam uni ilm geer costoowar, 
 ki ilmut rusanud bu dar col qurar. 
 
 the explanation hitherto given of the line 
 digur wajib, of which there are various readings, 
 by no means satisfies my own mind, and had i 
 not been biased by preceding translators, i 
 would have conceived the meaning of the au¬ 
 thor thus : “ besides, learning is more valuable 
 than land.” instead of the common version 5 
 “ you should travel in search of it.” 
 
 
64 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 biddya ke ustootkar men. 
 admee shuruf pawe hue biddya se, nu dhun 
 nu muhut, man se. mun kee deepuk purhne 
 men luga, ki bed bina too ram ko nu puhchan 
 suke. jo ko t ee upne junumputur sebhagman ho, 
 wooh seekha chahe hue biddya uor goon ko. sya- 
 na jo hue so gyan kepeechhe pura hue kyoonke 
 wooh suda durkar hota hue. chahiye ki too 
 koochh ulungkar seekhe, ooskee tulash men 
 zuroor hue ki too ja bu ja phire. dono juhan men 
 jo koochli tera kam ho, to wooh biddya se poora 
 buna,o pawe hue. jo too mutwunt ho to bed ko 
 seekh ki un purhe ko nadanee hee ruhtee hue. 
 biddya kee anchul utul too pukur, ki yih toojhe 
 puhoonchawe junnut ke tu,een. 
 
 on knowledge. 
 
 mankind through science that perfection reach, 
 wealth, rank, and birth may strive in vain to 
 teach. 
 
 thy lamp through life for sacred truths consume, 
 and with pure heavenly light thy mind illume ! 
 scholars when led by that bright morning star, 
 advance with joy on wisdom’s radiant car. 
 the tree of knowledge rear, and wisely toil, 
 to reap immortal fruits from every soil, 
 ingenuous youth, in quest of lore profound, 
 by sea and land, this globe should travel round. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 65 
 
 learning will cheer the way, from pole to pole, 
 and for congenial spheres attune the soul, 
 be prudent, oh my child! increase thy store 
 of understanding, and all vice abhor ! 
 in virtue’s train expect with modest grace! 
 from god, in heaven, a seraph’s glorious place. 
 
 xl. dur muzummuti bukheel. 
 ugur churkh gurdud bu kami bukheel. 
 wur iqbal bashud ghoolami bukheel. 
 wugur dur kufush gunji qaroon boowud. 
 wugur tabiu ush rcobu.e muskoon boowud. 
 nu yurzud bukheel anki nam ush buree, 
 ugur rozgar ush koonud chakuree. 
 mukoon iltifate bu mali bukheel. 
 mu bur nami mal o munali bukheel. 
 bukheel ur boowud zahidi buhro bur $ 
 bihishtee nu bashud bu hcokmi khubur. 
 bukheel urchi bashud tuwungur bu mal, 
 bu khwaree choo mooflis khoorud gosh mal, 
 sukhiyan zi umwal bur meekhoorund, 
 bukheelan ghumi seem o zur meekhoorund. 
 
 ugur, gur, ur, are all familiar contractions 
 for if and combine in confirming the deduction 
 of our own conjunction from give, gif, if, viz. 
 grant, allow ; which, gurdeedun to turn, become , 
 &c. may likewise imply without any violent 
 stretch of philological license in accounting for 
 such etymologies. 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 RUDIMENTAL principles 
 
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 kunjoos kee ninda men. 
 jo aftab phirta shoom hee ke liuqq men, ya 
 qismut kunjoos kee luondee hotee; go ki coske 
 hath men dhun ungunut howe ya tumam dhur- 
 tee oos ka kuha mantee. udata ko yuhan tuk nu 
 luhta ki ko,ee oose surahta, ugurchi zumanu 
 bhee cos kee sewa kurta. koochh mut mano 
 kripin kee sumput, dalidree ke undhun kee 
 churcha kubhee mut kur. jano ki dunee rumta 
 jogee hota sookhe uor panee pur, ukas banee se 
 mu.uloom hota ki buekoonth basee hurgiz nu 
 hoga. gurchi tung dil farigh ool bal duolut men 
 ho, kungal ke burabur khurabee ka phul kha.ega. 
 data upne dhun kee puraputf pate huen, pur 
 shoom jo huen, kuoree puese ka bojh sirf 
 cothate. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR, 
 
 67 
 
 on parsimony, [hands, 
 
 were heaven’s bright spheres placed in the miser’s 
 to roll obsequious at his base commands; 
 if all the wealth of craesus were his own, 
 or this huge globe, formed the vile wretch’s 
 throne $ 
 
 though fortune were his slave, without one claim, 
 how crown her lord with fame’s exalted name ? 
 what are their hoards of gold, but dross the 
 whole, 
 
 who want that vivid mine, a feeling soul ? 
 poor sordid worms may crawl for years in pain, 
 by land or sea, and look to heaven in vain, 
 wisdom observes, “ sure nought avails his store, 
 whose aching heart is craving still for more.” 
 while men of sense wealth’s purest fruits enjoy, 
 its growing cares the miser’s peace destroy, 
 those live indeed, these life’s rich harvest blast, 
 nay daily starve and die of want at last. 
 
 xli. dur imtinau uz soohbuti jahilan. 
 dila gur khirudmundee o hoshyar, 
 mukoon soohbuti jahilan ikhtiyar. 
 zi jahil gcorezindu choon teer bash, 
 ne amikhtu choon shukur sheer bash, 
 tcora uzhduha gur boowud yari ghar, 
 uz an bih ki jahil boowud ghum gcosar. 
 ugur khusumi jani to aqil boowud, 
 bih uz dostdare ki jahil boowud 
 k 2 
 
68 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 choo jahil kuse durjuhan khwar neest, 
 ki nadantur uz jahilee kar neest. 
 zi jahil huzur kurdun uola bcowud, 
 ki zo nung i doonya o coqba boowud. 
 zi jahil ne ayud jooz ufu,ali bud, 
 ki zo nushnuwud kus jooz ufu.ali bud. 
 sur unjami jahiljuhunnum boowud, 
 ki jahil niko aqibut kum bcowud. 
 suri jahilan bur suri dar bih, 
 ki jahil bu khwaree giriftar bih. 
 
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 unjanon se baz ruhne men. 
 he chit jo too aqil o hoshmund hue, bewu- 
 qoofon ke sath mut buetjha chahe. nadanon se 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 69 
 
 bhagte ruhe ban sa, too mila mut ruh oon se 
 doodh uor goorh sa. jo tera sukha rachhus hota, 
 to wooh ugyanee mitr se bhula hota. go ki tere 
 pran ka bueree prubeen ho, wooh unaree hitoo 
 se buhoot uchchha howe. nirbood.hee se duor- 
 na bihtur huega, kyoonkur cos se nit sunsar 
 men uor agum kee laj hue. boore kam bin uor 
 koochh uhmuq se hota nuheen, koo buchun 
 chhoot uor cos se ko.ee nu soone. jugut men 
 ko.ee nuheen moorukh se neech hue, is liye ki 
 nadanee se koochh uesa khurab nuheen. bhoo- 
 chon kee unt age nuruk hue, kyoonke nasikh 
 kee sumaput kumtur neek hotee hue. jahilon 
 ka sir soolee pur khoob hue, ki conka puhoonch- 
 na rooswa.ee men bhula hue. 
 
 on bad company . 
 
 if prudent, o my heart! on what pretence, 
 associate still with men devoid of sense ? 
 from folly, wisdom like a dart will flee, 
 for light with darkness never can agree, 
 she rather would with savage tigers dwell, 
 than bring a fool or knave within her cell, 
 foes who are blessed with understanding's sound, 
 better than foolish friends, through life, are 
 f° un d, [scorn, 
 
 untutored brutes, from men, must meet with 
 though rich in worldly wealth or nobly born. 
 
70 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 from evil company thy soul reclaim! [shame ! 
 whence nought proceeds, my son! but vice and 
 bad words, and actions worse, from such appear, 
 whose end is fatal, as their blind career, 
 blockheads, to honour, who thus basely lost, 
 are hardly formed to grace a hangman’s post j 
 till, mad with such an ignominious height, 
 they wisely hang themselves in chains through 
 spite. 
 
 xlii. dur sifuti udl. 
 choo eezud tcora een humu kam dad. 
 chura bur ni yaree sur unjami dad ? 
 choo udl ust peerayu.e khcosruwee 
 chura udl ra dil nu daree quwvvee ? 
 toora mumlookut pa,e daree koonud. 
 ugur mu,udulut dust yaree koonud. 
 choo nuosheerwan udl kurdikhtiyar. 
 kconoon nami nek ust uzo yad gar, 
 juhan ra ba insaf abad dar, 
 dili uhli insaf ra shad dar. 
 zi taseeri udl ust arami mcolk, 
 ki uz udl hasil shuwud kami moolk. 
 juhan ra bih uz udl miumar neest. 
 ki balatur uz mu.udulut kar neest. 
 toora zeen bih akhir chi hasil boowud ? 
 ki namut shahunshahi adil boowud. 
 ugur khwahee uz nek bukhtee nishan, 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR, 7JL 
 
 duri zoolm bundee bur uhli juhan, 
 riayut diregh uz rueyut mudar. 
 mcoradi dili dad khwahan burar. 
 
 « Jjai 
 
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 nya,o kee surah men. 
 
 jo khooda ne tere dil ka muqsud diya, too 
 kyoon nuheen dad ko bu ja lawe. jo insaf sul- 
 tunut kee ara.ish hue, upne mun muzboot rukh 
 mconsifee pur. gur huqq teree yaree kure, to 
 phir badshahut ko qa t im tcojhe kure. jub kisra 
 ne rastbazee ko ukhz kiya, tub se coska bhula 
 nam bajta hue aj tuk. prithimee nya ( o se sur 
 
72 rudimental principles 
 
 subz rukh, logon ke jee ko udl se reejha. dad 
 ke subub se des ka bhula hue, moonsifee se 
 quom kee khwahish pooree hotee hue. insaf se 
 doonya men ko ( ee tu,umeer kar bura nuheen, 
 dadrusee se kuonsee bat bihtur hue ? toojhe is 
 se kya ziyadu moofeed ho,ega ? jo log kuhen 
 yih raja nya,ee hue. jo too chahe iqbal ka putta, 
 alum pur zuburdustee kee rah rok de. muya 
 moh se admee kee khatir nit rukh, nalishiyon 
 kee dooha t ee ko too scon le. 
 
 on justice. 
 
 since god, with great success, each wish hath 
 crowned; 
 
 then let this globe with noblest deeds resound I 
 on the broad base of justice, found thy throne ! 
 reign in the people’s loyal hearts alone ! 
 where equal laws each subject’s right secure, 
 that favoured realm for ages must endure: 
 thus nuosherwan for equity and truth, 
 at fame’s fair hands received immortal youth, 
 when just decrees thy sceptred might display, 
 all worthy men will bless thee night and day. 
 in kingdoms where corruption has no hold, 
 life’s sterling virtues all their charms unfold, 
 where shall we find an architect so great 
 as justice, to support or raise a state ? 
 say, what excels that king’s heart-felt applause, 
 who wisely rules as guardian of the laws ? 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 73 
 
 shouldst thou desire a monument, my son ! 
 of fortune’s smiles on earth, injustice shun ! 
 with patience hear the poorest who complain ! 
 lest those oppressed invoke thy name in vain, 
 each scornful prince, man’s judge supreme will 
 try? [sky. 
 
 and spurn them too, when suppliants, from the 
 xliii. dur muzummuti zoolm. 
 khurabee zi be dad beenud juhan, 
 choo boostani khcorrum zi badi khizan 
 mudih rookhsuti zoolm dur hech hal, 
 ki khoorshuedi moolk nu yabud zuwal. 
 kuse katushi zoolm zud dur juhan, 
 burawurud uz uhli alum fighan. 
 situm bur zueefani miskeen mukoon, 
 ki zalirn bu dozukh ruwud be sukhoon. 
 situm kush gur ahe burarud zi dil, 
 zunud soz o shco.ulu bur ab o gil. 
 mukoon bur zueefani becharu zor. 
 beendesh akhir zi tungee.e gor. 
 bazari muzloom ma,il mubash, 
 zi doodi dili khulq ghafil mubash. 
 mukoon murdoom azaree ue toond ra,e, 
 ki naguh rusud bur to quhri khooda t e. 
 
 the poetical contractions of ki, bu, bi, &c. in 
 k’atushi, b’eendesh, b’azari, resemble those of uz , 
 stated in page 54, and beendesh is like nu-ust 
 becoming neest, from bi undesh, so far changed. 
 
74 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 * j J 
 
 ~9 9 
 
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 - 9 9 o 9 9 
 
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 • jji" fcAiJ J ^1 I jJJ *>lsH ji {£ ^< 
 
 i Jili J&>- Jj l5jJ J i ck^° j)jV 
 
 » (S&2>- y^S ^JJ ^-' A-*^) li -S' 
 
 situm kee hujuo men. 
 
 dhurtee undher se yoon bula dekhe, jyoon 
 anund kee phoolwaree putjhur kee jhok se. bi- 
 dut ko ruwa mut rukh kisee soorut men, ki raj 
 ke sooruj men ghuttee nu awe. jo ko,ee unjus 
 kee ag getee men silgawe, wooh jug ke logon se 
 nikale ah o bilap. too bechare ghureebon pur 
 auba.o mut kur, ki kushtee nischue nuruk ko 
 jawe. ugur muzloom undur se ah mare, coskee 
 jot se sub khooshkee o turee jule. kum zor lacha- 
 ron pur jufa mut kur, mun men dhyan to kur 
 suket qubur pur. kungalon ko kubhee mut 
 sutaya chahe, too admiyon kee ha,e se be khubur 
 mut ruhe. ue juldmizaj too logon ko dcokh 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 7 5 
 
 durd nti de, ki uchanuk toojh pur ullah ka 
 ghuzub pure. 
 
 on oppression. 
 
 as storms destroy bright autumn’s cheerful robe, 
 so foul injustice desolates the globe, 
 such ruthless kings, as by oppression reign, 
 their empires* crescents prematurely wane, 
 when sovereigns rule with fierce tyrannic sway, 
 then sighing slaves reluctantly obey ; 
 till heaven in pity hears their piercing groans, 
 and hurls the savage despots from their thrones, 
 soon as the poor jehovah*s aid invoke, 
 with fire and sword, fate breaks the people’s yoke, 
 oppress not men ! whom you should still defend* 
 yes, think in time! how, where, such deeds 
 must end. 
 
 goad not the wretched on to fell despair ! 
 nor slight their sighs, as passing breaths of air ; 
 since these collected shall thy prospects blast, 
 and god’s dread thunders reach thy head at last. 
 
 xliv. dur sifuti quna.ut. 
 dila gur quna,ut bu dust awuree, 
 dur iqleemi rahut koonee surwuree. 
 ugur tung dustee zi sukhtee munal, 
 ki peshi khirudmund hech ust mal. 
 nu darud khirudmund uz fuqr ar, 
 ki bashud nubee ra uz fuqr iftikhar. 
 
 l 2 
 
76 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 ghunee gur nu bashee mukoon iztirab, 
 ki scoltan nu khwahud khiraj uz khurab. 
 ghunee ra zur o seem ara.ish ust, 
 wulekin fuqeer undur asa.ish ust. 
 quna.ut bu hur hal uolatur ust, 
 quna,ut koonud hur ki nek ukhtur ust. 
 zi noori quna ut bur ufroz jan, 
 ki ruoshun zi khcorshued bashud juhan. 
 
 1 ^ “ JlAriB J 
 
 i \j Julb S - Js- J& j\ Op- Ojloj 
 
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 tX*jb tXjs-i^p ~j 
 
 suntokh ke burnun men. 
 ue jan jo too hath men suntokh rukh, chuen 
 ke raj men biraje. kungal ho to ho pur iflas ko 
 mut bcora man, kyoon ke dhun mutwunton ke 
 age koochhee nuheen. boodhman kungalta se 
 lujata nuheen, pueghumbur mooflisee ka dum 
 marta tha. jo too dfiunwunt nu ho, to nu ghu- 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 77 
 
 bra jawe, is liye ki raja nu mangega chuoth 
 na daron se. duolut murid ka sobha roopa sona 
 to hue, pur guda ko bhee sona pet bhur awe. 
 ukas birt hur bitha men bihtur hue, jo ko,ee 
 bhag man ho so ukas birtee hue. suntokh kee 
 jot se mun ko cojala kur, jyoon din-kur se jugut 
 ko diya ho,e. 
 
 on contentment. 
 
 to minds, on whom content peace-beaming shines, 
 say what are crowns or all potosi’s mines? 
 supremely blest with that choice gift of fate, 
 they envy not the greatest monarch’s state, 
 thus preach the wise, who, rich in mental ore, 
 boast that our holy prophet had no more, 
 the man contented with his humbler lot, 
 dreams of no robbers near his rustic cot. 
 he, night and day, devoid of worldly care, 
 fears not that kings will call for tribute there, 
 the sons of wealth oft with its burden faint, 
 but poverty resigned makes no complaint, 
 through life, contentment is the sovereign cure, 
 for all the evils mortals must endure; 
 that intellectual lamp whose lambent flame, 
 in this world’s calms and storms, burns still the 
 same; [displays, 
 
 faith’s orient sun, which heaven’s bright dawn 
 whence souls benighted here, hail better days. 
 
78 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 xlv. dur muzummuti hirs. 
 uya moobtila gushtu dur dami hirs! 
 shoodu must la yuql uz jami hirs. 
 mukoon comr zayu bu tuhseel i mal, 
 ki hum nirkhi guohur nubashud sufal. 
 hurankus ki dur bundi hirs oftad, 
 dihud khirmuni zinduganee bu bad. 
 giriftum ki umwali qaroon toorast, 
 humu ni.umuti roobu.i muskoon tcorast. 
 bukhwahee shcod akhir giriftari khak, 
 choo becharugan ba dili durd nak. 
 chura meekushee mihnut uz buhri mal ? 
 ki khwahud shcodun naguhan pa ( emal. 
 chura meegoozaree zi suoda.e zur ? 
 chura meekushee bari mihnut choo khur ? 
 choonan gushtu.ee seed buhri shikar, 
 ki yadut nu ayud zi rozi shcomar. 
 choonan ashiqi roo.e zur gushtu.ee, 
 ki shoreedu uhwal o sur gushtu.ee. 
 choonan dadu.e dil bu nuqshi dirum, 
 ki hustee zi zuoqush nudeemi nudim. 
 mubada dili an furomayu shad, 
 ki uz buhri dconya dihud deen bu bad. 
 
 1 L^-vciVcjO 
 
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OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 79 
 
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 lobh ke dhikkar men. 
 
 ure leechur laluch kee phansee men! mata 
 uor nirboodhee hokur lalsa ke jale men. upne 
 dinon ko mut kat kuoree ke butorne men, 
 kyoonkur motee uor seepee ka bha,o suman 
 nuheen. jo ko.ee lobh ke phande men pure, 
 dewe hue upne jee ke phul pawun ko. mana, 
 ki qaroon kee poonjee teree hotee, uor sare sun- 
 sar ka bilas bhee toojhe ata; nidan to mittee 
 men milja.ega jyoon be chare dookhee. kyoon 
 kur lohoo panee peeta puese ke liye? jo ucha- 
 nuk mul met ho suke. kyoon upne tu.een 
 bigarta sone kee buorahut se? uor kis liye 
 bojh oothata gudhe kee bhant ? bheriya sa yuhan 
 
80 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 tuk hoguya uher ke peechhe, ki tcojhe purine 
 ke din kee scort nuheen. ropu,e ke roop pur 
 uesa piya hoo,a ki too deewanu o hueran hoo,a. 
 is turuh too ne mun lugaya tukke kee soorut 
 pur, ki cos kee chahut se too hoguya hue oos kee 
 niha t ee o huthuoree. kash ki wooh pajee kubhee 
 sookhee ho, jo dhurtee kee khatir dhurum butas 
 pur de. 
 
 on avarice. 
 
 why hoodwink reason with the lust of gold, 
 or let thine all for lucre vile be sold ? [wealth, 
 waste not your days, my friend! on worldly 
 nor barter, for such dross, that jewel health, 
 the wretch who lives an avaricious slave, 
 digs prematurely for his self a grave, 
 that you are rich as crmsus, people grant, 
 nay, blessed with more than avarice can want: 
 still thou must soon be numbered with the dead, 
 like those who scarce can earn their daily bread, 
 then what avail thy coffers crammed with pelf? 
 the whole, mere earth, must perish as thy self, 
 beneath its weight, why madly lose thy rest, 
 and stagger like an ass with loads opprest ? 
 or like some starving wolf in quest of prey, 
 why prowl, forgetful of the judgment day ? 
 the thirst of gain thy mind hath thus engrost, 
 that thou, poor wretch ! hast all thy senses lost. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 81 
 
 with sterling coin why still so loth to part? 
 that each appears struck reeking from thy heart, 
 which grovelling sells the hopes of future bliss, 
 for sordid dust, in such a world as this! 
 
 xlvi. dur sifuti ta,ut o ibadut. 
 kuse ra ki iqbal bashud gliGolam, 
 boowud mueli khatir bu ta,ut mcodam. 
 nushayud sur uz bundugee taftun, 
 ki duolut bu ta,ut tuwan yaftun. 
 su,adut zi ta.ut mooyussur shuwud, 
 dil uz noori ta.ut moonuwwur shuwud. 
 ugur bundee uz buhri ta t ut miyan, 
 kooshayeed duri duoluti jawedan. 
 zi a,ut nu pechud khirud mund sur, 
 ki bala nu bashud zi ta,ut hoonur. 
 puristindu,e afreenindu bash ; 
 dur uewani ta,ut nisheenindu bash, 
 sur uz juebi purhezgaree burar, 
 ki junnut boowud ja,e,e purhezgar. 
 bu abi ibadut wuzoo tazu dar, 
 ki furda zi atush shuwee roostugar. 
 numaz uz suri sidq burpa.edar, 
 ki hasil koonee duoluti pa,e dar. 
 zi tuqwa churaghi ruwan bur furoz. 
 ki choon nek bukhtan shuwee nek roz, 
 kusera ki uz shuru bashud shi ar 
 bitursud zi asebi rozi shcomar. 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
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 uggy a k ar uor tupussya ke jus men. 
 jis kisee kee cheree ruttee howe, wooh nit 
 mun men duba chahta hue. sir nikalna pooja se 
 scDhta nuheen, kyoonkur sub ko,ee dhun pawe 
 dubne se. hcolas ukasbirt se hath awe hue, 
 hirda oojala hota hue adheenta ke deepuk se. jo 
 too kumur bandfie uggyakar pur, tuo khole 
 umur sumput ke dwar ko. gyanee morta nu- 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 8S 
 
 heen sees sewuka.ee se, ki bundugee se ko.ee 
 jcogut oonchee nuheen. kurtar ka poojaree 
 horuh, numuskar kee de.orhee pur bueth ruh. 
 sunjum ke jhuroke se mconh dikha de, ki sun- 
 jumee kee juguh swurglok hue. ungohul ko 
 pubittur panee se theek rukh, ki purlue kal kee 
 ag se too buch ruhe. sut ke sees pur se pooja 
 kiya kur, uor yoonhee kuraa.e undhun utul. 
 jan ka diya silga jog se, ki anundiyon kee 
 manind tera din bhee khoole. jo.ee dhurum 
 jane o mane, durega qiyamut kee bula se. 
 
 on piety and devotion. 
 all those beneath auspicious planets born, 
 adore their maker, every night and morn, [sway, 
 by prudence taught, man owns his sovereign 
 for wealth oft crowns those who devoutly pray, 
 should fortune frown, religion then will cheer, 
 with her mild beams, submissive spirits here, 
 to god’s almighty nod be you resigned ! 
 by this, heaven’s gates are open to mankind, 
 that nought religious duties can excel, 
 the wise allow, and still perform them well, 
 to thy creator bend the suppliant knee ! 
 oh! let devotion thus be dear to thee; 
 and sound morality thy steps attend, 
 that paradise may prove thy journey’s end. 
 prepare for worship with a heart contrite ! 
 lest you be doomed to die this very night. 
 m 2 
 
84 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 for heaven, through grace, be stedfast in thy 
 prayer I 
 
 that thou mayest gain eternal treasures there, 
 with piety illumed and sacred love, 
 advance in faith to join the bless’d above ! 
 the man to whom god’s holy law is clear, 
 with dread at the last judgment will appear. 
 
 xlvii. dur muzummuti shuetan. 
 dila hurki muhkoomi shuetan bcowud. 
 shub o roz dur bundi isiyan boowud. 
 kusera ki shuetan boowud peshwa, 
 koojabaz gurdud bu rahi khooda? 
 dila uzmi isiyan mukoon zeenhar, 
 ki furda nu bashee zi huqq shurmsar. 
 kusera ki shuetan boowud yari ghar. 
 kooja rah yabud bu dar ool qurar ? 
 ugur sur na tabud zi isiyan dilut, 
 boowud usful isafuleen munzilut. 
 zi isiyan koonud hoshmund ihtiraz, 
 ki uz ab bashud shukur ra goodaz. 
 koonud nek bukht uz goonah ijtinab, 
 ki pinhan shuwud noori mihr uz suhab. 
 mukoon nufsi ummaru ra pueruwee, 
 ki naguh giriftari dozukh shuwee. 
 mukoon khanu.e zinduganee khurab, 
 bu suelabi fiuli bud o nasuwab. 
 ugur door bashee zi fisq o foojoor, 
 na bashee zi gool zari firduos door. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 85 
 
 I J J 
 
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 ■ jy tri J y }'^l ^r>^> -J'A 3 o~ii 
 
 duet kee copadh men. 
 
 ue dil jo ko,ee iblees ko manta hue, din o rat 
 pap kee phaiuk men ruhega. jis ka muhunt 
 ko,ee de,o ho, wcoh kyoonkur phir awe ullah ko. 
 he jan goonah ka qusd kubhoo mut kur, ki 
 kurtar se purlue men nu lujawe. jis kisee ka 
 dosti janee uzazeel ho, wcoh kis turuh rah 
 pawega bihisht kee. jo too udhurm ke puth se 
 upne mun ko nuphere, to be shukjuhunnum ko 
 too puhoonchega. uqlmund baz ata hue ueb o 
 joorm se, kyoonkur misree ghooltee hue panee 
 
86 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 men. bhula manoos pap se bhage hue, ki sooruj 
 kee kirn chhiptee hue gliuta se. rungrus ke 
 peechhe mut lug ruhe, ki uchanuk putal lok 
 men nu pure, upne jee ke ghur ko mut dha 
 de, kookurm uor papkar kee barh se. jo 
 too ulug ruhe rusika.ee se, junnut ke gool- 
 shun se too bahur nu hoga. 
 
 on satan and sinners. 
 
 alas, my heart! those whom the devil rules, 
 are all their lives his vile ignoble tools, 
 they follow him, and lose the narrow road, 
 to everlasting happiness with god. 
 abstain, my friend, from every wicked course! 
 lest their black record stun you with remorse, 
 for he who lives as satan’s bosom friend, 
 cannot when dead to paradise.ascend, 
 all those against their maker who rebel, 
 shall one day reach the lowest pit of hell, 
 from crimes and evil deeds the wise refrain, 
 and thus preserve theirselves from every stain, 
 god’s chosen band are always chaste and pure, 
 lest clouds of vice their heavenly light obscure, 
 each base, foul passion of the heart subdue! 
 or belzebub will also seize on you. 
 this tenement of clay shall man pollute, 
 with actions which degrade him to the brute ? 
 from pleasures gross preserve thy mental powers, 
 for purer joys in eden’s blissful bowers. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 87 
 
 xlviii. dur buyani shurab. 
 bidih saqee an abi atush libas, 
 ki mustee koonud uhli dil iltimas. 
 mue,i lu ( ul dur saghuri zurnigar, 
 bcowud rooh purwur choo lu,uli nigar. 
 biya an shurabi choo abi hueyat, 
 ki yabud zi boo.esh dil uz ghum nujat. 
 shurabe choo lu t uli roo,an bukhsh yar, 
 shurabe mcosuffa choo roo,e nigar. 
 khoosh an mue purustee zi sahib dilan, 
 khoosh an zuoqi mustee zi sahib dilan. 
 khoosh an atushi shuoqi urbabi ishq, 
 khoosh an luzzuti zuoqi us,habi ishq. 
 khoosh an dil ki darud tumunna.e dost, 
 khoosh ankus ki dur bundi suoda.e ost. 
 khoosh andil ki shuedastbur roo,e dost, 
 khooshan dil ki shood munzil ush koo.e ost. 
 
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88 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 JjO £ J &T - uu~»f* ftW ^ ^ J j 
 
 mudra ke bukhan men. 
 de gundhurb wcoh ag ka sa jul, jis se sadh 
 mata hoo,a chahte huen ; wooh rut mud soonuh- 
 lee kutoree men, jo scor ko jilata huejyoon suj- 
 jun ke honth. la wooh mcol imrut sa, jis kee 
 bas se mun dookh se buche, wooh daroo de 
 sukha re juesee gal kee lalee, wooh badu ( e saf 
 jyoon pee ka roop. dhun oos mudra pooje pur 
 jo moonee se ho, bhulbi oos rus kee chahut ki 
 bueragee se ho. afreen bad wcoh ugin jo pre- 
 miyon ke luolugun men hue. moobaruk oosee 
 khatir ko hojuhan hitoo kee kamna ruhe, sha- 
 bash wooh jun ki oos kee lag men ba,ola hue, 
 uor wall wah oos chit pur jo byakcol hota hue 
 upne mitr ke mookhre pur. zihi bhee wooh hirda 
 jis ka cotara pyare ka ghur ho. 
 
 on divine love and nectar. 
 give me, angelic youth! that heavenly bowl, 
 and with thine ardour let me cheer my soul! 
 come, pour the wine! fresh from the realms above, 
 ambrosial as the ruby lips of love, 
 pure nectar fraught with bright celestial fire, 
 to kindle in the breast sublime desire, 
 that living stream of life, dear youth ! i crave, 
 which sets death at defiance and the grave. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 89 
 
 welcome its waters! as an angel fair, 
 thrice blessed! this antidote to worldly care, 
 peace to the saints ! who, warm in pious zeal, 
 glow with each wish for man’s eternal weal, 
 all hail! to them whose feeling breasts contain ) 
 the milk of human nature in each vein, [strain.) 
 and friends to serve, who every nerve would] 
 joy to departing spirits on the wing, 
 who panting rise to join their parent spring, 
 and burst with rapture from this mortal cell, 
 with light and truth through endless time to 
 dwell. 
 
 xlix. dur sifuti wufa. 
 dila dur wufa bash sabit qudum, 
 ki be sikku ra.ij nu bashud dirum. 
 mugurdan zi koo.e wufa roo,e dil, 
 ki dur roo.e janan nu bashee khujil. 
 zi rahi wufa gur nu pechee inan, 
 shuwee dost undur dili dcoshmunan. 
 mukoon be wufa.ee choo duori sipjir, 
 mu tab uz rookhi dostan roo.e mihr. 
 munih pa.e beroon zi koo.e wufa, 
 ki uz dostan mee nu yurzud jufa. 
 jooda,ee zi uhbab kurdun khutast, 
 booreedun zi yaran khilafi wufast. 
 boowud be wufa.ee surishti zunan, 
 mue.amoz kirdari zizhti zunan. 
 
 N 
 
90 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
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 hitkar kee ustoot men. 
 
 e jan puer sumbhal hitkar men ki tuka chul- 
 ta nuheen be teeka, jee ke roop ko suchuotee se 
 mut phir de, nuheen to yaron ke age luja,e. jo 
 wufadaree kee gulee se lugam ko nu phere, 
 bueriyon ke yuhan bhee juswunt ho. uchpulee 
 mut kur ukas ke pher see. mitron ke moonh 
 se moh mut uenth. panw ko mut rukh hitkar ke 
 puth ke bahur, kyoonke sujjunon ko nuheen 
 phubta undher. bichhoorna premiyon se ghat 
 hue, uor kutna conhon se prem ka oolta. chun- 
 chulahut istriyon kee bunawut hue, mut seekh 
 booree chal nariyon kee. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 91 
 
 on loyalty. 
 
 a constant heart, and sterling to the core, 
 proves royal coin, my son ! on every shore, 
 be firm and ever faithful to your trust, 
 lest god degrade you as vile, worthless dust, 
 those who are always staunch and loyal found, 
 will, by victorious foes, with bays be crowned, 
 turn not, inconstant like false fortune’s wheel, 
 nor let a brother once thy hatred feel! 
 thy steps from constancy do not withdraw, 
 for this becomes not friendship’s sacred law. 
 with objects loved, the base alone can part, 
 they, deaf to nature’s voice, hear that of art, 
 and learn, like women, fickle as the winds, 
 to pledge their faith and then forsake their 
 friends. 
 
 1. dur fuzeeluti shookr. 
 tooramal o ni umut fuzayud zi shookr, 
 toora fut,h uz dur durayud zi shookr. 
 nufs jooz bu shookri khoodabur miyar, 
 ki wajib boowud shookri purwurdigar. 
 gur uz shookri ezud nu bundee zooban, 
 bu dust awuree duoluti jawedan. 
 ziyadut koonud shookri jah o julal, 
 ziyadut koonud shookri mal o munal. 
 ugur shookri huqq ta bu roze shoomar, 
 goozaree na bashud yuke uz huzar. 
 
 n £ 
 
92 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 wule gooftuni shookr uolatur ust, 
 ki islam la shookri o zewur ust. 
 zi shookri juhan afreen sur mutab, 
 ki dur baghi deen shookri o hustab. 
 
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 goonabad kee sursa.ee men. 
 nihora tere dhun o bilas ko burha.e, wooh bhee 
 tere dwar pur kcosha.ish lawe, siwa.e purmeswur 
 kee ustoot men uor ko.ee sans mut mar, kyoon 
 kuroochithuekurtarkee shcokrgcozaree. jo too 
 ullah kee ihsanmundee men upna moonh khole 
 to hath men too lawe sumput suda. shookranu 
 burhata hue jus uor man ko, huqq shinasee dhun 
 uor durb ko udhik kure. jo de.ota ka goon abad 
 purlue tuk ko.ee kure, huzaron copkaron men 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 93 
 
 ek bhee ko,ee nu jupe. tuo bhee ooska jus 
 gana cottim hue, ki dhurum ko nihora cos ka 
 singar hue. sees mut mor bidhata ke dhun- 
 man se, ki bhugta.ee kee phoolwaree men oos 
 ka goonabad neer hee hue. 
 
 on gratitude to god. 
 
 true gratitude’s triumphant incense brings 
 on men, in time, a shower of precious things, 
 let then, my soul! god’s praise engross each hour, 
 for praise belongs to such almighty power, 
 from chanting hymns of glory never cease ! 
 as these may yet secure immortal peace, 
 to providence thy heartfelt thanks repeat! 
 for it may shed more bounties at thy feet, 
 though pious gratitude’s eternal glow 
 cannot repay jehovah all we owe ; 
 still it is meet, with grateful breasts, to raise 
 our souls to him, in songs of boundless praise j 
 and thus from earth on meek religion rise, 
 to scenes ecstatic, far beyond the skies. 
 
 li. dur sifuti rastee. 
 dila gur koonee rastee ikhtiyar, 
 shuwud duolutut hum dum o bukhtiyar. 
 nu pechud sur uz rastee hoshmund, 
 ki uz rastee nam gurdud bulund. 
 toora gur bcowud rastee dur nihad, 
 huzar afreen bur nihadi to bad. 
 
94 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 muzun dum bujooz rastee zeenhar, 
 ki darud fuzeelut yumeen bur yusar. 
 dum uz rastee gur zunee soob,h war, 
 zi tareekee.e jihl geeree kunar. 
 bih uz rastee durjuhan kar neest, 
 ki dur goolshuni rastee khar neest. 
 
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 suti kee ustoot men. 
 
 he mun jo too such ko mane, toojhe sumput 
 sathee ho uor kurm ho ( e suhayuk. sucha.ee se 
 gyanee sir nuheen phirata, kyoonke sanch se 
 jus burhta. teree surisht men ugurs idq ho 
 dhunidhun teree sakht pur howe. such chhcot 
 uor ko.ee sans mut mar, ki duhina bayen pur 
 sums hue, bhor ko jo too sidaqut ka dum le, 
 jihalut kee zoolmut se nikule. suchaee se jug 
 men ko ( ee bat bhulee nuheen ki cos kee phool- 
 waree men ko.ee kanta nuheen. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 95 
 
 on truth. [pose, 
 
 if candour's snow-white plumes thy crest com- 
 in fortune’s lap, my friend ! thou wilt repose, 
 ingenuous minds in wisdom's piercing eyes, 
 appear as gods or angels in disguise, 
 thy breast, if fair veracity inflame, 
 seraphic choirs will celebrate thy fame, 
 and on thy mind reflect truth's potent ray, 
 till the dark night of error yield to day. 
 let every word of thine be just and true, 
 forsake the wrong and still the right pursue ! 
 with conscience purer than the dews of morn, 
 the rose of virtue rear, which bears no thorn. 
 
 Hi. dur muzummuti kizb. 
 kuse ra ki na rastee gusht kar, 
 kooja rozi muhshur shuwud roostgar, 
 zi na rastee neest kare butur, 
 kuz o gcom shuwud nami nek ue pisur 
 kuse ra ki gurdud zubani durogh, 
 chiraghi dilush ra nu bashud furogh. 
 durogh admee ra koonud shurmsar, 
 durogh admee ra koonud bequrar. 
 durogh ue buradur mugo zeenhar, 
 ki razee nu bashud zi to kirdigar. 
 toora shurmsaree ncomayud durogh, 
 bu kazib duri ghum kcoshayud durogh. 
 zi kuzzab geerud khirud mund ar, 
 ki ora niyarud kuse dur shcomar. 
 
96 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
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 jhooth kee surzunish men. 
 jis kisee kee chal khotee ho.e, kyoon kur 
 buche purlue ke din? khota.ee se ko.ee bat 
 bcoree nuheen, ki isee se ue beta jus hee khoya 
 jata hue. jis ke moonh se jhooth nikulta cos 
 ke jee ka diya oojala nu hoga. bhugul manoos 
 ko chupata hue uor do dila kurta. e bha.ee 
 usut kubhoo nu bole, nuheen to kurtar toojh se 
 nu roochega. tcojh pur jhooth laj lawega, 
 dookh kee de.orhee khote ke bhugul se khcoltee. 
 syane ko jhoothe se ghin atee hue, wooh kisee 
 kee gintee men nuheen. 
 
 on falsehood. [sume, 
 
 when men their lives in falsehood’s train con- 
 say where shall be such caitiffs’ final doom ? 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 97 
 
 for what is worse than a false tongue or pen? 
 which oft defames the very best of men. [young, 
 the wretch who lies, though rich, poor, old or 
 black is his heart and venomous his tongue, 
 a liar known, still bears that hateful name [shame, 
 deep on his front, and burns with conscious 
 thy lips, my son ! let not one lie defile, 
 lest falsehoods prove thee vilest of the vile, 
 lies on their authors self-reproach will bring, 
 a guilty conscience with its scorpion sting, 
 the wise, through life, base lying reptiles shun,') 
 as they in fact from rattle-snakes would run, ) 
 concealed in grass or basking in the sun. ) 
 
 li^i. dur buyani subr. 
 toora gur subooree boowud dust yar, 
 bu dust awuree duoluti pa t edar. 
 subooree boowud kari sahibdilan, 
 subooree boowud peshu.e mcoqbilan. 
 subooree kooshayud duri kami jan, 
 ki jooz sabiree neest miftahi an. 
 subooree burarud mooradi dilut, 
 ki uz aliman hul shuwud mooshkilut. 
 subooree bu hur hal uola boowud, 
 ki dur zimni an chund mu,una boowud. 
 subooree toora kamgaree dihud, 
 zi runj o bula roostgaree dihud. 
 subooree kileedi duri arzoost, 
 kooshayindu.e kishwuri arzoost. 
 
 o 
 
98 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 subooree koonee gur toora deen boowud, 
 ki tu,ujeel kari shuetan boowud. 
 
 the word subooree of this poem has been in 
 the original copy scobooree, whence i presume 
 both are used. 
 
 
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 dheeruj ke bukhan men. 
 teree jo sathee surname ho,e hathee men dhun 
 utul awe. sadhon ka kaj suha,o hue, bhulon ka 
 ooddim hue burdasht. shikeb jan kee khooshee 
 ka durwazu kholta hue, kyoon ke boordbaree ke 
 burabur ooskee uesee koonjee kuheen nuheen. 
 teree khatir ka chuska tuhummool nibahega, 
 juese ki punditon se teeree jhunjhut khcole. 
 shikeba t ee hur soorut se bihtur hue kyoon kur 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 99 
 
 coske beech men buhoot baten huen. toojhe 
 suntokh chahut bur lawe, uor dookh o biput se 
 buchawe. khwahish ke dureeche kee talee dheer 
 hee hue, jis ke wuseele se ko.ee puhoonch suke 
 kamna ke des men. jo toojhe dhurum ho dheeruj 
 kur, kyoonkejo.ee oota.ola so.ee de.o ka ba.ola 
 hue. 
 
 on patience. [trains, 
 
 that man on earth, whom meek-eyed patience 
 beyond the grave immortal treasures gains, 
 on providence, below the virtuous rest, 
 and think, whatever is ordained is best, 
 they still submissive to god’s fiat bend, 
 and ever hail him as their heavenly friend, 
 thus resignation smooths life’s thorny way, [day. 
 through death’s dark vale, to realms of endless 
 none but the patient upon earth possess 
 the magic key of perfect happiness: 
 that charming spell against a broken heart, 
 more efficacious than the doctor’s art. 
 patience, of course, in every wish will speed, 
 when she with perseverance takes the lead, 
 if thou have faith, those virtues mild practise! 
 since hasty men are imps in human guise. 
 
 liv. dur sifuti huqqtu.ala. 
 niguh kcon bur een goombuzi zurnigar, 
 ki suqfush bcowud be sutoon oostoowar. 
 o 2 
 
100 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 sura purdu,e churkh gurdindu been, 
 dur o shumu ha,e furozindu been, 
 yuke pas ban o yuke badshah, 
 yuke baj khwah o yuke dad khwah. 
 yuke ra ina o yuke ra ghuna, 
 yuke ra buqa o yuke ra funa. 
 yuke bur huseer o yuke bur sureer, 
 yuke dur pulas o yuke dur hureer. 
 yuke be nuwa o yuke maldar, 
 yuke na moorad o yuke kamgar. 
 yuke tun doc-roost o yuke na tuwan, 
 yuke sal khoord o yuke nuo juwan. 
 yuke dur suwab o yuke dur khuta, 
 yuke dur doo,a o yuke dur dugha. 
 yuke nek khoolq o yuke toond kho ( e, 
 yuke boord bar o yuke jung jo,e. 
 yuke bur sureeri julalut umeer, 
 yuke dur kumundi huwadis useer. 
 yuke dur tunu.oom yuke dur uzab, 
 yuke dur mushuqqut yuke kamyab. 
 yuke dur goolistani rahut mooqeera, 
 yuke dur ghum o runji mihnut nudeem. 
 yuke ra fcozoon ust zundazu mal, 
 yuke dur ghumi nan o khurji ueyal. 
 yuke ra furozindu shumu i turb, 
 yuke ra zi ghum rozi ruoshun choo shub. 
 yuke tajdar o yuke baj dar, 
 yuke surfuraz o yuke khaksar. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 101 
 
 yuke shadman o yuke durdmund, 
 
 yuke kam ran o yuke moostumund. 
 
 yuke choon gool uz khcorrumee khundu zun, 
 
 yuke ra dil azoordu khatir hoozun. 
 
 yuke bustu uz buhri ta,ut kumur, 
 
 yuke dur goonuh comr boordu bu sur. 
 
 yuke ra shub.o roz moos.huf bu dust, 
 
 yuke khooftu dur kconji mue khanu must. 
 
 yuke bur duri shuru mismar war, 
 
 yuke dur ruhi koofr zoonnar dar. 
 
 yuke nek kirdar o nek i.utiqad, 
 
 yuke ghurq dur buhri fisq o fusad. 
 
 yuke alim o mcoqbil o hoshyar, 
 
 yuke jahil o moodbir o shurmsar. 
 
 yuke ghazee o chabcok o puhlwan, 
 
 yuke boozdil o soost o tursindu jan. 
 
 yuke bur duri ku,ubu oommedwar, 
 
 yuke dur ruhi koofr zconnardar. 
 
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 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
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OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 103 
 
 ullah kee tu.ureef men. 
 nihar to is sconuhle ukas ko, jis ka chhut be 
 khumblia thuhurta hue. dhyan kur is phirte 
 uflak ke khueme pur, ooske chiraghon kee ruo- 
 shunee pur nuzur to kur, ek puhroo.a to hue uor 
 ek raja, ek mange purjuwut uor ek chahe nya.o. 
 ko.ee kungal to hue uor ko.ee dhunwunt. ek to 
 jeeta jagta hue, uor ek to jata ruhe. ko.ee 
 boriye pur hue, ko.ee hue singhasun pur. ek 
 tat puhine hue uor ek puhine pat. ko.ee hue 
 kungal uor ko.ee sumputee hue. ek toubhagee 
 hue uor ek bhagman. ko.ee to bhula chunga 
 uor ko.ee hue rogee. ek to huega boorha uor 
 ek puttha hue. kure hue ko.ee bhula uor ko.ee 
 bula. ek usees kure uor ek to chhule. ko.ee 
 huega kooban uor ko.ee sooban hue. ek to 
 gumbheera hue uor ek jhugraloo hue. ko.ee 
 man kee guddee pur nath, uor ko.ee bitha.on 
 kee phansee men phunsa. ek to anund men uor 
 ekjunjal men hue. ko.ee suket men hue uor 
 ko.ee hue mugun. ek to buse hue chuen kee 
 phoolwaree men, pur sok, puchh tawa uor puris- 
 rum ek ka sathee hue. kisee ko be thikana dhun 
 howe, uor kisee ko soch hue rotee o lurkon ke 
 nibah pur. ek ko b.hog bilas ka diya julta hee 
 hue, uor ek ko suntap se din rat hee hoja.e. ek 
 
104 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 ke sir pur chhuttur, uor ek ke hath men khiraj. 
 ko.ee to sur bulund hue, uor ko.ee putit ho.e. 
 ek to nihal uor ek be hal hue, ko.ee to kam yab 
 hue uor ko.ee moohtaj ho,e. ek to phool sa 
 scokh se huns mookh, uor ek mun men dookh se 
 codas, ko.ee to uggyakar kiya chahe hue, uor 
 kisee ne upne dinon ko guwaya hue pap men. 
 dewus o ruen ek ke kur men bed, uor ek mata 
 soya pura hue khurabat men. ko.ee dhurum ke 
 dwar pur keel sa gura hue, ek to bootpurustee 
 ka june.oo bundha hoo.a. ko.ee koolwunt hue, 
 uor ko.ee sooputhee howe. ek dooba hoo.a hue 
 mudun ke sumoondur men, ek to biddya man, 
 bhula uor syana hue, ek moorukh biputee uor 
 upjus ho,e. ko.ee jue wunt chuokus uor beer 
 hue, ko.ee duraloo dheela uor geedur ho.e. ek 
 musjid ke durwaze pur as se bhura hoo.a hue, 
 uor ek dewul ke astane pur teeka diye hoo.e 
 khura. 
 
 on almighty providence and destiny . [shine, 
 behold that dome, whence orient sun-beams 
 suspended firmly by god’s will divine ! 
 cerulean vault of heaven’s revolving sphere, 
 where all the radiant orbs of light appear; [vey, 
 and, in their course, man’s chequered state sur- 
 vain transient forms of animated clay ! 
 here struts a king, there a lame beggar lies: 
 one justice craves, for crowns another sighs. 
 
Or PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 105 
 
 flushed with success, this mortal vaunts elate, 
 while o’er some loss that mourns his wayward 
 high on a throne, see a few beings raised! [fate, 
 lo! at its feet their fellow men debased : 
 these soar in turn, and those fall headlong down, 
 as stars propitious rise or setting frown, 
 one rolls in plenty, one with want is cursed, 
 the last to-day, may be, to-morrow first, 
 myriads are hourly born or die in pain, 
 where health fresh blooms, do no diseases reign ? 
 see age low bending by the side of youth ! 
 this lost in error, that reclaimed to truth, 
 some prone to curse us, some to bless inclined, 
 with hardened hearts, or breasts humane and 
 kind. 
 
 here subjects crouch, but there as rebels rise, 
 i draw a blank, while others boast their prize, 
 one meets with fav’ring, one with adverse gales, 
 you gain a sceptre, he his throne bewails, 
 hundreds the sweets of eden taste below, 
 but thousands all the bitterness of woe. 
 there are, whom millions cannot satisfy, 
 while some scarce own a bed on which to lie; 
 as fortune oft to man so blindly gives, 
 that one half knows not how the other lives, 
 though winter to the rich glow with delight, 
 the poor find summer cold and dark as night. 
 
 p 
 

 106 
 
 rudimental principles 
 
 where many pine involved in deepest gloom, 
 a few are smiling, like the rose in bloom, 
 striplings obedient there, we may behold, 
 but here are youthful shoals in vice grown old. 
 some trusty pillars of the faith remain, 
 yet graceless pagans still their badge retain, 
 in prayer, on this hand, kneels a holy friar, 
 on that, a sot dead drunk lies in the mire, 
 one man is learned, sagacious and polite, 
 another stupid, base and mulish quite, 
 bold in the front, a hero shows his face, 
 or sneaking off, some coward with disgrace, 
 saints in the mosque behold! with hope replete, 
 and prostrate fools beneath an idol’s feet. 
 lv. dur munu,i oommedi mukhlooqat o dur na 
 pa t edaree,e dconya. 
 
 uz een pus mukoon tukiyu bur rozgar, 
 ki naguh zi janut burarud dimar. 
 mukoon tukiyu bur moolk mal o hushm, 
 ki pesh uz to boodu ust buud uz to hum. 
 mukoon tukiyu bur lushkuri be udud, 
 ki shayud zi noosrut ne.ayud mudud. 
 mukoon tukiyu bur moolk o.taj o luwa, 
 ki naguh dur ayud sipahi bula. 
 mukoon tukiyu bur tukhti furmandihee, 
 ki naguh choo furman rusud jandihee. 
 mukoon shad manee bu gunj o hushm, 
 ki naguh shuwud bur suri kan udum. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 107 
 
 muk n bud ki bud beenee ue yari nek, 
 numee royud uz tookhmi bud bari nek. 
 mukoon shadmanee bujah o julal, 
 ki be khuofi nooqsan na bashud kumal. 
 busa badshahani sooltan nishan, 
 busa puhluwanani kishwursitan. 
 busa tcond goordani lushkur shikun, 
 busa shermurdani shumsher zun. 
 busa mah rooyan shumshad qud, 
 busa mooshk booyan khcorshued khud. 
 busa mah rooyani nuo khastu, 
 busa nuo uroosani arastu. 
 busa namdar o busa kam gar, 
 busa suroqud o busa gool izar. 
 ki kurdund puerahuni cpmr chak, 
 kusheedund sur dur girebani khak. 
 subate nu darud juhan ue pisur! 
 bughuflut mu bur cpmr dur we busur. 
 munih dil bur een kakhi khoorrum huwa, 
 ki meebarud uz asman sud bula. 
 chconan khirmuni cpmri shan shood bu bad, 
 ki hurgiz kuse zan nishane nudad. 
 munih dil bur een goombuzi jan sitan, 
 ki dur wue nu beenee dili shadman. 
 munih dil bur een dueri kcohnu khurab, 
 ki khalee nu bashud zi runj o uzab. 
 dur een baghi rungeen durukhte nu roost, 
 ki manud uz qufa ( e tubur zun dooroost. 
 
 p 2 
 
108 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 munih dil bur een dueri napa.edar, 
 zi su,udee humeen yuk scokhun yad dar. 
 
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OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 109 
 
 • jIjJ <JliJ 
 
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 dhurtee uor junon ke bhurose ke barun 
 men. 
 
 aj se jugut pur phir tek mut rukh, kyoon kur 
 uchanuk tera jee ek din jata rube, asra nu kur 
 bhoom dhun nu pure pur, ki tere age hoo.e the 
 uor peechhe bhee howen. un-ginut dul pur 
 nu bhoole, jue se bhee labh nu ho to nu ho. 
 mut ja sumput chhutur ya jhunde pur, kyoon- 
 kur ek pul men buhootsee bipta.en awen. raj 
 kee guddee pur usoch mut ho, ek a ek jo uggya 
 awe sathee mirt bhee hue. dhun uor juleb pur 
 mut phoole too, jo uchanuk sub hee nast ho 
 jawe. boora nu kur nuheen to tera hitoobueree 
 liowe, nakaru beej se koochh bhula nu phulega. 
 too nu reejhe kubhoo bura.ee uor muhatum pur, 
 kyoon kur barh ke sath ghat bhee hue. 
 
 buhcot raja udraj se the, uor buhcot se beer 
 jo bhoom lete the. ketne soor jo kutuk mar the, 
 uor ketne bhee bagh se jo chulawe tulwar, bu- 
 hoot surw qud khoobroo chundur se, uor buhcot 
 
110 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 huen sooruj mookh scondur scogundh. ketne 
 sooroop gubroo bune the, uor ketnee bunee 
 hoo.een nu^e doolhunen. buhoot ka nam baje 
 uor sitara jagta ruhe^ buhcotse surle huen uoi 
 buhoot ko gool se gal, jinhon ne hustee kakupra 
 puhinkur upne moond ko moonda mittee ke 
 undur. 
 
 e baba prithimee ka thikana nuheen, jee ko 
 uchet ho mut oos pur plienk de. mun nu rukh 
 is baruhduree ghur pur, ki ukas se bursawe 
 suenkron mulole. buhoot log uese ruhe ki oon 
 ke jan kee poonjee oorhee gu.ee, yuhan tuk ki oon 
 ka ek putta bhee nu ruha. mut churh is jee pees- 
 ne kee chukkee pur, jis men ko.ee juna bilasee 
 nuzur nu awe. too utke mut is pooranee kothee 
 se, jo nit bhuree hoo.ee hue dcokh uor kules se. 
 is rungeelee baree men uesa ko.ee per nu ooge 
 jo kcolharee wale ke hath se buche. asra nu 
 rukh is chunchul muhee pur, yihee ek batbha.ee 
 su.udee se soodh kur! 
 
 by referring to page 47 some useful remarks 
 will be seen on the advantage of the hindee 
 prose versions of the persian poems, to which 
 we may here subjoin, that it was not always an 
 easy task to select or find appropriate terms used 
 by the hindoos for particular persi-arabic expres¬ 
 sions. this will account for the occasional ap¬ 
 pearance of such vocables which more properly 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Ill 
 
 belong to moosulman origin, especially, when 
 they are otherwise most current among the na¬ 
 tives of hindoostan taken indiscriminately, the 
 eternal tautology that pervades many, if not all, 
 oriental works in verse, however offensive to our 
 ears, seems the very reverse to those organs in 
 the east; for in various instances, where syno- 
 nimes do exist, they are excluded to make room 
 for endless repetitions of the self same word; 
 a practice peculiarly detrimental to the learner, 
 who instead of acquiring several words, which 
 actually exist in a copious language, gains one 
 only by a disgusting rehearsal of the same thing, 
 over and over again, the hinduwee translations 
 will to a considerable degree obviate this incon¬ 
 venience, while they must also tend to make 
 every hindee-persic. student an adept through 
 time in the aboriginal dialects of india, both in 
 their rustic and learned style, because an ac¬ 
 quaintance with the mutability of letters pre¬ 
 viously obtained, will soon reconcile the whole 
 with one grand source, not yet sufficiently ex¬ 
 plored. 
 
 on the prohibition of reliance upon created beings 
 and the instability of fortune or the world. 
 trust not the wheel, on which man daily crossed 
 with rack and torture, soon gives up the ghost. 
 
112 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 in royal might deem not thyself a god ! 
 states rise and fall at fate’s almighty nod. 
 do not, my son, in countless troops confide ! 
 nor on the stream of ebbing fortune’s tide, 
 on kingdoms, crowns, nor royal standards lean ! 
 mere pageant visions of life’s tragic scene, 
 boast not of sceptred royalty and sway ! 
 since death’s dread call the mightiest kings obey, 
 rest not on wealth nor power’s obsequious train ! 
 of arms, which perish, never once be vain ! 
 shun evil deeds, my son! lo ! heaven’s decree, 
 of retribution, now hangs over thee, 
 seeds truly bad, why here imprudent sow ? 
 can fruits celestial from such culture grow ? 
 place no reliance on life’s rainbow hue ! 
 pride’s baseless arch, which all must bid adieu, y 
 alas! too soon, perhaps some friend, myself or you !j 
 princes and mighty kings in days of yore, 
 heroes triumphant then, are now no more ! 
 youths fair as morn, and radiant as the day, 
 have all, like shadows, past untraced away, 
 o’er conquering armies and their champion’s 
 deeds, [steeds, 
 
 high nodding plumes, bright shields and prancing 
 brave knights, who trod the field in manly pride, 
 inspired by blooming damsels at their side, 
 oblivious time his sable wings hath spread, 
 to leave them mouldering with the nameless dead. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 113 
 
 can valour, fame, with all the graces, save, 
 or fortune’s smiles, one victim from the grave ? 
 what warrior yet hath death assailed in vain ? 
 ah! who shall count their hosts his dart hath 
 slain ? 
 
 vile earth become, myriads of beauties lie, 
 of whom no vestige now salutes man’s eye. 
 trust not this world, which sun beams just illume, 
 to shew our souls, my friends 1 life’s transient 
 gloom. 
 
 repose not here, but watch, and heaven obtain, 
 where god and virtue shall for ever reign, 
 from earth’s relentless sky, why ask relief, 
 is there one heart beneath it free from grief? 
 a crazy sphere, quite ruinous confest, 
 where all declare “bad is the very <best.” 
 whence even they are soon compelled to go, 
 sad martyrs of grim death’s unerring blow, 
 note these last words ! here su,udee’s are too true, 
 tinnit inane est, my son ! adieu ! 
 
 every ingenuous reader will candidly admit 
 the meed of unconditional praise to the pre¬ 
 ceding ethics of a moosulman poet, whose wri¬ 
 tings so far on the score of sound morality 
 would do credit to any system of religious belief^ 
 our own even not excepted, truth compels us 
 nevertheless to allow, that while su.udee may in 
 some respects be deemed the plato or socrates of 
 Q 
 
114 rudImental principles 
 
 persia, that elegant and spirited writer appears 
 often also in the more degenerate character of 
 anacreon, with so little disguise, as to make it 
 impossible for the most careless observer to over¬ 
 look the aberrations of the saint in the meretri¬ 
 cious garb of a sinner, corrupting, if not cor¬ 
 rupted, by the dissolute manners and seductive 
 education of his birth place and countrymen. 
 su,udee illustrates this remark in one of his most 
 admired stories of the goolistan, where no less a 
 personage than a grave judge is detected in the 
 commission of an atrocious crime, and the sove¬ 
 reign is called on to punish the culprit, who dis¬ 
 arms his majesty at once, by pleading the noto¬ 
 riety and general prevalence of the offence, of 
 which the magistrate was accused and convicted 
 in the same breath, what the king’s conscience 
 or feelings may have whispered to his self on this 
 trying occasion, su,udee does not explain farther 
 than a tacit acknowledgment, that this palliation 
 had the desired effect on the royal clemency, as 
 the judge certainly escaped scot free, and seems 
 even to have gained some credit for an excul¬ 
 patory presence of mind, which does not fall to 
 the lot of every common offender, when we 
 seriously reflect, that habit and fashion become a 
 species of second nature, confirmed by example 
 and tuition in particular parts of the world, we 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 115 
 
 ought not altogether to withhold our charity from 
 the individuals born and bred up under such 
 unpropitious circumstances; nor should we ever 
 forget, that the terrible crimes of liberticide, 
 patricide, perjury and venality, have also been 
 defended as venial trespasses, on the pretence of 
 their commission being not less notorious than 
 the noon-day sun, by some of the individuals, 
 among whom they were denounced, as moral and 
 political sins of the deepest die. having pre¬ 
 viously exhibited the brightest side of oriental 
 poetry, it becomes me likewise to expose its 
 darker hues, divested entirely of that cloak, 
 which the great jones and his followers have 
 thrown over their poetical versions, and who thus 
 have given them an interpretation frequently in¬ 
 consistent with the actual state of society in 
 persia and other regions of the east, where the 
 objects of love are not quite in unison with our 
 ideas upon such a tender and delicate subject, 
 in the eyes of Christians, whose creed undoubt¬ 
 edly lays the foundation of a much purer morality 
 than mcohummud’s wayward flock ever can 
 boast, we must still do them the justice to grant, 
 that many of their amatory effusions breathe a 
 spirit, not unlike the song of solomon, which 
 they defend as a species of divine love for the 
 creator only, when they admire and adore angelic 
 
116 
 
 ItUD I MENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 beauty in any of his creatures, who they conceive, 
 in this respect, are the express images of celestial 
 glory, and upon this refined sophism, they erect 
 a species of fascinating idolatry, which must in¬ 
 sensibly transport them beyond all bounds, in 
 the annexed ode, from our apparently stern 
 moralist, we may perceive the scope and ten¬ 
 dency of such rhapsodies, whether we view 
 them in the light of sacred strains, or the ana¬ 
 creontic ebullitions of a distorted fancy, when 
 su.udee has indulged in the expression of such 
 equivocal ideas, we cannot wonder at the opi¬ 
 nions of hafiz or khaqanee on similar themes, 
 though it is impossible to overlook the deistical 
 emanations of a more chaste and pious soul, in 
 the hindee-persic fragment which closes this 
 collection, to demonstrate both the intimate affi¬ 
 nity between persian and hindoostanee, and the 
 imaginary similitude of heavenly, platonic and 
 connubial affections. 
 
 lvi. u,e mah i alum-sozi mun, uz mun chura 
 runjeedu.ee ? [jeedu.ee ? 
 
 u.e shumu shub-ufrozi mun, uz mun chura run- 
 khwahum toora mihman koonum, ta jan o dil 
 qoorban koonum ; [jeedu.ee ? 
 
 ja.e to dur chushman koonum, uz mun chura run- 
 u,e jani mun, janan i mun, bur mun nigur sdol- 
 tani mun ; 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 117 
 
 yuk shub biya inihmani mun, uz mun chura run- 
 jeedu.ee ? 
 
 mun asliiqi roo.e toum, uz jan khureedari to um, 
 ta zindu um yari to um, uz mun chura runjee- 
 du.ee ? [um; 
 
 mun ashiqi deewanu um, undur juhan ufsanu 
 to shumu o mun purwanu um, uz mun chura 
 runjeedu.ee ? [du.ee; 
 
 runjeedu.ee runjeedu.ee, uz mun gconahe dee- 
 da,im gconuh bukhsheedu.ee, uz mun chura 
 runjeedu.ee ? [noon shcodum ; 
 
 bingur zi hijrut choon shoodum,surgushtu o muj- 
 choon lalu dil poor khoon shoodum, uz mun 
 chura runjeedu.ee ? [dur gurdun ut ; 
 
 gur mun bimeerum dur ghum ut, khoonum fitud 
 furda bigeerum damunut, uz mun chura run- 
 jeedu.ee? [mun, 
 
 u.e surwi khoosh bala.e mun, u.e dilburi ru.una.e 
 lal i lubut hulwa.e mun, uz mun chura runjee- 
 du.ee ? [mahi no ; 
 
 mun su.udee.e dikhwahi to, ubroo.e hum choon 
 muni yari nekokhwahi to, uz mun chura run- 
 jeedu.ee ? 
 
 i L”?" (if* ” ij* jj** «d 
 
 i cr*j^ " cr* ^ 
 
118 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 i t_? i ^^ r j \y>- jj p 6 W 
 
 ' cT 0 e)^- i ^ c r c ^ " or* c^V “ cr 5 uV *1 
 i s/ s ‘VfO lr?“ e/° “ c / 4 W cL£> 
 
 - ^ j ; uVj' " ^'P 6 jy <J^ ^ 
 
 i <-£ j\ " J *1 Jj JV. |*^ ^ 
 
 * i*! Jlwjt jjJl - -jljJc) ^ 
 
 » '-S*** s fj ir?“ cT 6 jjlA cT 8 i i ; 
 
 1 k_5^ 4 V. t ^ ^■•c j\ “ (__^ iS+ s<? j 
 
 •, ” t-5 ^fc) 
 
 - uyJS* 5 “ |*aA a> >- <^>S* j ^ 
 
 i ^^>^0 lr=*“ cr* j' •’ ^ ji JU Jj^ 
 
 ' ^ «** ^ (*r^ cr 5 J 
 
 I ^^■frp'j \j^~ t^f° ” C^Lclo ^jpP. 
 
 1 uf* tP^-j ±\ ~ ^ ur$>- )j~> iJ 
 
 i ^^'^frp'j l"?“ \j-* j\ ~ ^ CL-J JO 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 1 
 
 ' 3* (** “ p 
 
 i ]/>- j\ - Jj jl> 
 
 ah ! why, my world-inflaming fair, 
 
 art thou from me estrang’d ? 
 
 and why my night’s enliv’ning star, 
 
 is thy kind influence chang’d ? 
 
 i wish to feast my longing eyes, 
 
 then come, my charmer here ; 
 
 to thee my soul i’ll sacrifice ; 
 
 but, oh! these frowns i fear. 
 
 my dear, my life, my heart’s delight, 
 
 compassionate my case ; 
 
 and lodge with me one single night, 
 
 why low’rs that lovely face ? 
 
 and now behold thy hapless swain, 
 
 for thee his life lay down; 
 
 kind death alone can ease his pain, 
 
 yet still thou seem’st to frown. 
 
 frantic with love i stand confest, 
 
 sad index here below ! 
 
 and thou the magnet of my breast, 
 
 too hard to feel its woe. 
 
 with me thou art offended, sure, 
 
 what crime dost thou espy, 
 
 if thou could former faults endure, 
 
 why mercy, now deny ? 
 
120 
 
 KUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 lo! for thy absence what i bear, 
 
 distracted, mad, i rave; 
 
 nay, fierce desires my heart will tear, 
 
 unless thou stoop to save. 
 
 for thee, with grief, should i expire, 
 
 my blood thy head shall stain ; 
 
 i*ll haunt each shade where you retire: 
 
 but why such fell disdain ? 
 
 then say, my angel, heavenly bright, 
 
 sweet source of every bliss ! 
 
 with mellow 7 lips why tempt my sight ? 
 
 yet bar one balmy kiss. 
 
 such arches cynthia ne’er displays, 
 
 as those which grace thine eyes ; 
 
 for thee, thy victim su.udee prays, 
 
 canst thou his pray’rs despise ? 
 
 lvii. lalu rcokha sumunbura, surwi ruwani 
 keestee ? 
 
 sung dila situmgura, afut i jan i keestee ? 
 hur chumun e ki roostu.ee, nurgis i dustu bus- 
 tu.ee ; [keestee ? 
 
 qudri shukur shikustu.ee, ghoonchu duhani 
 dam nihadu meeruwee, must zi badu meeruwee ; 
 shustkooshadumeeruwee, sukht kuman i keestee; 
 ubroo.e to choo mahi nuo, boordu zi mahi nuo 
 giruo. 
 
 afut i jani mun mushuo, fitnu.e jan i keestee? 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 121 
 
 khaqanee ghoolami to, must shoodu zi jami to; 
 jam i mue bidih bu o, roohi ruwani keestee ? 
 
 i iJjj zx* “ lr! b ^ 
 j e-siT - \jUs** Uo 
 
 . * / 
 u5~***J *’*** s< - 
 
 I ^ *^ c “ c_£ Jj 
 
 " W V j (*^ 
 
 i if {J^ L^sr 1 - 
 
 i »y j idji -Jj sL y>- Jj ^ji\ 
 
 i uV ^ ^U- 
 
 1 J-* fV J L^~~* - Jj' ^UU- 
 
 i ^ iJ'UX.U ~ ^ *? ^L5^(*V 
 say, blooming form ! with bosom fair as snow, 
 high o’er our heads like some majestic pine; 
 whence earnest thou, and whither dost thou go? 
 to kill unfeeling with thy shape divine, 
 in flowery meadows if thou heedless roam, 
 each fond narcissus lifts its eyes to view 
 thy mouth, more luscious than the honey-comb, 
 or virgin rose-buds, set with pearly dew. 
 
 R 
 
122 
 
 UUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 like some keen fowler, here, you plant a snare, 
 and wanton there, with kisses raise a flame ; 
 then with portentous glance thy bows prepare ; 
 hold archer, say, what means this cruel aim ? 
 thy jetty eye-brows lunar crescents seem, 
 in beauteous arches o’er bright stars to bend, 
 whence rays like fatal arrows swiftly gleam; 
 ah ! spare me now, and to my prayer attend ! 
 khaqanee, angel! is thy captive slave ; 
 a prostrate victim of thy matchless charms ; 
 say, who art thou ? and snatch him from the 
 grave, 
 
 to clasp thee, grateful, in his longing arms. 
 
 Iviii. mootribi khoosh nuwa bcogo, tazu bu 
 tazu nuo bu nuo. 
 
 badu,e dil koosha bidih, tazu bu tazu nuo bu nuo. 
 khcosh binusheen bu khilwute chung nuwaz 
 sa,ute; [nuo. 
 
 bosu sitan bu kam uz o, tazu bu tazu nuo bu 
 but zi huyat kue khooree, gur nu moodam mue 
 khooree; [nuo. 
 
 badu bu khopr bu yadi o, tazu bu tazu nuo bu 
 saqee.e seem saqi mun, amudu janibe chumun ; 
 zood ki poor koonum sooboo, tazu bu tazu nuo 
 bu nuo. [mun ; 
 
 shahidi dilrooba t e mun, meekoonud uz bura,e 
 nuqsh o nigar o rung o boo, tazu bu tazu nuo 
 bu nuo. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 123 
 
 badi suba choo bcogzuree, bur suri koo,e an 
 puree, 
 
 qissu,e hafiz ush boogo, tazu bu tazu nuo bu nuo. 
 
 1 JS 3 ”? P P^ P “ P. V U*J*~ L rp^ e 
 • J’ J . P p p - *oj lii” Jo 6 *ob 
 
 • j\yi "i {JH***} 
 
 1 Jj J _jj ip J ip — j\ j] J ^p+>) 
 
 1 0 £ " ^ j ji 
 
 1 ji •>$> *)b' J ip - jt Ob J J *ob 
 1 c/ 4 ^ & V ^ j*-- 9 <s 
 
 ' $ J - P P -i P "r^ pji * 
 
 1 t^y° - ^yo (\ij Jo 
 
 1 Jj •> $> p j ip - y> j gjjj j pi j fjjj 
 
 ~ i^sjJ tjf j1 ~ cb«s ob 
 
 ' “i P P r? {p^ C-i—slste- mAoj 
 
 sweetest minstrel of the throng ! 
 with fresh and various notes prolong j 
 in nectar from the realms above, 
 the heart inspiring joys of love. 
 
 r 2 
 
124 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 strike the lyre with changeful tune ! 
 
 on blissful scenes from morn to noon ; 
 
 snatching kisses while we may, 
 
 soft and kind both night and day. 
 
 what is life without desire, 
 
 and wine to feed the glowing fire ? 
 
 of care, that antidote divine, 
 
 when sparkling, strong, and ever fine. 
 
 gentle boy with graceful feet! 
 
 let the grove be our retreat, 
 
 where the ruby cup may flow, 
 
 to the lute both quick and slow. 
 
 there the darling of my heart, 
 
 shall charms to me alone impart; 
 
 charms from a bewitching tongue, 
 
 ever sweet and ever young. 
 
 zephyrs at mine idol’s door, 
 
 sigh! “ hafiz loves thee more and more/’ 
 
 bid philomel, when night appears, 
 
 these words pour in that angel’s ears. 
 
 the subjoined persian rooba.ee, from the hin- 
 doostanee poet meer husun, has appeared in the 
 asiatic journal, with various translations, and the 
 version exhibited here was among the rest, as a 
 specimen to prove the english tongue being 
 equally pithy, when properly used, with any of 
 the eastern languages. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 125 
 
 lix. fariyad dila ki ghum goosaran ruftund. 
 seemeen budunan wu gool izaran ruftund. 
 choon boo t e goal amudund bur bade suwar ; 
 dur khak choo quturha.e baran ruftund. 
 
 oh my heart! the kind friends who have soothed 
 
 thy woes, 
 
 [rose; 
 
 with the fair forms of lilies and blooms of the 
 as sweet zephyrs, who came with the dawning 
 
 of day, 
 
 [away! 
 
 like rain drops sunk in earth, have all vanished 
 lx. wcoh kuonsee ghuree thee jub muen 
 lugun luga.ee ? 
 
 tun chhorta nuheen hue yek shub tupi jooda.ee. 
 uor wusul mangta hue jee moojh se moonh dik- 
 ha.ee. [sha.ee, 
 
 mun shumu jan goodazum, to soobuh dil koo- 
 sozum gurut nu beenum, meerun choon rookh 
 nooma.ee. 
 
 dooree se teree moojh ko ue aftabi alum, 
 rote hee rote goozren raten misali shubnum. 
 jis dum too moonh dikhawe, tuo hoon funa 
 muen oos dum. [gooftum; 
 
 nuzdeek een chooneenum, door an choonan ki 
 nu tabi wusul datum, nu taquti jooda.ee. 
 
126 
 
 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 1 Sr^' l t''~ > ^ (jr^ ep’ 
 
 1 ( ^&> l^>Ue 
 
 " J> “ £*♦““• e/° 
 
 ' hf^ & Ltf?“ f*^° “ ft! J cl> / ? (Vl-» 
 
 1 t <d j)S ijS^ i 6*^ 1 C ^>0 
 
 o • ^ 
 
 - Jl^c ^ ^-V 
 
 'f 4 *^ Lj ^jjb p - i-faZiS <&j*e ii j*0 
 
 - fg£ J\ j)* - ui <£^ 
 
 i ^tX>- L^JU? ,3 - C->U J 
 
 how fatal that moment one first falls in love, 
 each night to lament some dear object that’s 
 gone; 
 
 and wake in despair, as the poor turtle dove, 
 to sigh away life, while thus left all alone, 
 creator! i waste like the taper that burns, 
 in the gloom of thine absence my soul is on fire; 
 though thou art that light which triumphant re¬ 
 turns, 
 
 >.by whose lustre and rays i shall hapless expire. 
 
OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 127 
 
 o beloved ! more bright than the high risen sun, 
 mine eyes at it’s setting are bathed in fond tears; 
 as the sky overflowing with dews, lo they run! 
 till extinguished next morn, when the dawn first 
 appears. [delight, 
 
 true indeed ! if placed near thee, one dies with 
 at a distance, my heart is consumed with desires; 
 thy presence brings death with one glance to 
 my sight, 
 
 but perish i must when jehovah retires. 
 
 events that i could neither see nor control, 
 have forced me at once to publish this first part 
 of the persian rudiments, which may be of pecu¬ 
 liar service to the numerous hindoostanee students 
 who are to embark during this season for india, 
 and to whom, some acquaintance with the per¬ 
 sian language, at the present crisis, is a matter 
 of more importance than superficial observers 
 will be inclined to allow. 
 
 a person of ordinary penetration, without the 
 gift of prophecy, must clearly perceive, that the 
 bull and bear, as two political constellations, 
 will at no distant period be in malign aspect 
 with each other, on the northern frontiers of 
 british india, beyond which the scene of warfare 
 will no doubt be wisely transferred to the inter¬ 
 mediate friendly regions of eeran and tooran, 
 where an auxiliary force hostile to russia, may 
 
128 RUDIMENTAL PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 require to be advantageously directed by those 
 among our indian officers, who shall then be 
 found most conversant with the persian tongue, 
 for should the contest reach the plains of hin- 
 doostan, that circumstance alone, might be the 
 prelude of the worst consequences, to furnish 
 a seasonable supply of such efficient soldiers of 
 fortune, as may too soon be wanted, is one great 
 motive for my current exertions in the persian 
 department of my lectures, and for the imme¬ 
 diate publication of these sheets : in the in¬ 
 terim, they may be highly useful, by consulting 
 the long list of common infinitives in both lan¬ 
 guages, which are inserted in the new theory of 
 persian verbs, and by having recourse to hop- 
 kins* portable vocabulary also, until mine can 
 make its appearance, as part second of this work, 
 in the space of two or three months at farthest. 
 
 END OF PART FIRST. 
 
 Printed by Cox and Baylia, 
 
 75, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-Inn-Pields.