MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 94-8231 8- 9 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials including foreign works under certain conditions. In addition, the United States extends protection to foreign works by means of various international conventions, bilateral agreements, and proclamations. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. The Columbia University Libraries reserve the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. U.s: Dept. of Commerce goods trade in Far East Place , D.C Date: MASTER NEGATIVE • COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY UBRARIES PRESERVATION DIVISION BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET OmGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED ■ EXISTING BIBUOGRAPHIC RECORD U.S. Dept. of xu^mmerce. ... Canned-goods trade in the Far East, by J. Alexis Shriver, commercial agent of the Depairtment of commerce. Washing- txHi, Govt, print off., 1915. tip. At head of title: Department of commerce. Bureau of fordgil md dmiMitle commerce. B. B. Pratt, chlet Special asentoaerleft-no. 02. I, C ^ttntfig and pn n oivi ng — Industry and trade. 2. U. S. — Oomm.— mSTlWwt last) 3. Bast (Far East)— Comm.— U. S. i. Shriver, Joseph Alexis, 1872- n. U. S. Bureau of foreign and domestic com- merce (Dept of commerce) ui. Title. 15—26101 library of Oongress [a39jl] RESTRICTIONS ON USE: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA HLM SIZE: REDUCTION RATIO IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA IB IIB DATE RLMED: /^'^l"^^ INITIALS: TRACKING # : FILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES. BETHLEHEM. PA. Ca) "ill 3 3 0) cr rn JglMB ^^^^ o ^^^1 ^^^^^^^ 5 O X M C/> 00 M iii||p3hi' 13' 00 o m 0^ O M2 O i j Cll mm <3 1^1 ^307 Ui> 3 Cofannlria Wlm\}tttttp LIBRARY School of Business DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MBEAO OF raiEial m doaestic oomaa E. E. PRATT, Chief SPECIAL AGENTS SERIES-No. 92 CANNED-GOODS TRADE IN THE FAR EAST J* ALEXIS SH RIVER Ow a tre k l Afmt «f ' Dipwttwat of O mmmm WASHINGXpif ■ ' GOVEKIIMEia PRlNtlNCi Of FICfi ; : ' 1915 ABBinOlf All 0OPIB8 mucAsioir Mir m nocuEXD ntov PRINTOra at H Gum PBR GOFt CONTENTS. Letter flfiiibiiiiltil.... S CSiiioA , 7 Introduction 7 Present natural demand for canned ioodA. ....... 8 Restaurant life in China ID Methods of an English company. - • H The sole-agency question : 12 Successful American methods 14 CJhinese canning factories 17 Importance of establishing American brands M Suggestions for developing trade 21 Chosen 25 Manchuria and Siberia 26 Japan — 28 Intiodnction - 28 The li^ttieae home 28 JapeiMB food and meals 30 QoTemmeal aid to canning industry 38 Pue-food regulations 87 Oan4nakingiactoiiei.......... 4i Pkinc^Md canning centers 48 Crab-canning industry. 47 Salmon industry SO The Hiroshima factoriss 58 Trade in foreign canned goods 58 Market for condensed milk 60 Conclusions 62 Siam 82 Introduction ■ 62 The papaya and its uses 64 Straits Settlements 64 Introduction - 64 Canned salmon 65 Trade in condensed milk 66 Direct r e pre s e ntation 68 Batdi East Indies. 68 Oeykm..... 70 Philippines. - 72 Noteson the tiide in Egypt 74 • m 8 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. DEPAmTMENT OF OOMMEBOB, BUBEAU OF FOBEION AND DOMESTIO COMMEBOB, 'Washington J December 1, 19H. Sir: There is submitted herewith a report by Commercial Agent J. Alexis Shriver on the canned-goods trade of the Far East, with notes on the trade in Egypt and a report by Consul A. A. Williamson, of Tansui, Taiwan (Fomosa), on the canned-banana industry of Taiwan. This monograph may be considered as sappknmtary to "Foreign Trade in Canned Goods/' publidied as Spemal Consular Reports No. 54, and "South American Trade in Canned Goods," published as Special Agents Series No. 87. Respec^ully, E. E. -Pratt, Chi^ aj Bwreau, To Hon. WnxEAM C. EbdfieuIi Seerdary of Oommme. * 5 CANNED-GOODS TRADE IN THE FAR EASL CHINA, nfrBODircTioN. The early traders from Europe and America were obliged to confine their interchange of commodities with China to Canton, and it was not until 1842, as a result of the treaty of Nanking, that five such treaty ports were opened to foreign trade. The number of such cities has since been increased to 48, and the demand for a greater number is constantly being urged by foreigners. At some of these treaty ports, as at Shanghai, there are reserved areas not subject to Chinese authority, known as the international settlements, and in these the representatives of the various nations dwell under the jurisdiction of consuls from their own< countries. This is known as ^'extraterritoriality" and is the outcome of the treaties betweiMi 17 different nations aiid China. It can be seen from this statement that only a small portion of Qiina Is so far really open to foreign trade, but steady progress has lieen made in the last naif century and we seem now to be on the threshold of changes that will create new trade difficult to measure. Under present conditions what amounts to practically a 5 per cent tariff on imports and also on exports from the treaty ports consti- tutes the custom charges for entry of goods into a treaty port with the privilege of reshipment to other treaty ports without additional payment. By a further payment of one-half of the rate of the ad valorem tariff, that is, approximately 2 J per cent surtax, goods destined for interior points not treaty ports are exempt from the "hkin," or local, tax. As yet this provision of the treaties is some- what uncertain and goods destined for interior points may be held up at various points for the collection of this hkin tax on goods moved through the interior, this tax corresponding to the "octroi" of European countries. Time and increasing trfuie will probably overcome ^s condition of affairs, howevw. The American trade with China is carried cm by tlie wholesale merchants who live in these treaty ports. The bulk of the whii|s» sale trade in eumed foods is handled oy such merchants in Shandtiai and Hongkong, who sell to the retail merchants in those cities aim in other treaty ports. Practically no canned foods go beyond the treaty ports except to the missionaries, and these are usually purchased through the retail merchants in the treaty ports. The retail busi- ness in the treaty ports is carried on largely by English or French houses that are chiefly department stores carrying a large variety of f^,ommodities needed by the American and European elements in those treaty ports. In the more distant treaty ports this business is carried on by Parsees or Chinese retail merchants. The more f 8 oiSto^£jraf e^'"'!?;?^^^ ^^g^g^d t« limit tiSeir d"wription iwtlMto'som? extent^ hv*n *'T''',/°''/\°' ?«>°»« importing hoiM«. l«tlS»^lSS11^„ i- ^ u^^''^^ *" lai^e f<>^tut^(Tom^e^^;Zr^^^'^ houses represent mani goods. The oldest md^t SSS^ jn practically every Une of ness also act asfu>^A^^L^V^*' ^^^^ import busi- their own, s^> iSM'^ariSyT^'^^^T • ^'^'^".^ sales, particularly of canned foodl^^iSLSll^t^ their time the for such articles and nracticiJlVn;' t^JT^ natural demand real exploitation*^ ^ptSus^ whi^&ere.asnuJlzn«giaofp„.fitary^ nEsmn matoul demand fob cammed ioods. h^n^SS ^^V^^^, «^ ^ '^t"''' '^'^^ de^^^'id that The use rf^^ foJS kKilf "'"'f- exploitation in China. A^^SiS^ I^^S^K^tllS V,?- «'«°'«''t toms for laii tKirL-SJ-^ retuins of the Chmese Mantime Cus- fXw? • population was 155,778, distributed m Hatinnlitj. American Austro-Hnn ga ty' Belgiui Bnudlian British Banish Batdi ' Otrman.. Hangariao " Italian..... • ; Wkma, m 17 2 eos 9 113 I at' Persona. 8,470 385 291 22 10,256 2»5 192 1,925 a, 758 20 NatloDaUly. Japanese , Korean *'** Norwegian ... r r * * PortugiMBe..."** Russian Spanish Swedish !!.'!!* Nontreaty powers. TWaL....... l,ltt 48 8 57 118 « 1 4 %9m Hongkoni ^ a ^S^SA f^^^^ ^J^^^ that there m%itmk lartS^lT^^i^ ^""^ ^^^^^ entering itaolf: m otto pomto aad do not go into China OAKHBD-OOCm IBABB HT THB FAB BAST. f 1008 mi ma fkh: Salmon- China Hongkong Canned fish, oUmt thaa Mimon or ibeUflsli — OIlllMfri . •«...••..••....*•••...• Honglwif.. Oysters- China Hongkong Shellfish, all oMiar— China Hongkong JUI other fish and fish products— ClUna.. Fruit: Dried apples— Chhia Hongkong Qiwn or ripe apples— Chhia. Hongkong Dried apricots- China Hongkong Dried peach»-> Chin». , Hongkong Prunes— Chfaia , Hongkaac Raisins- China Hongkong.... sTanoUMr Fruits. . toed- Chfaia Ilonfjkong Canned fruits- China _ Hongkong huils prepared ot green, ripe, or , an Honey: China Hongkong. liiats Omed beef- China Hongkong. Canned pork- China Hongkong. AD other eamand meat products- China Hongkong.. Batter: China Hongtrailg. Oieese: China Hongkong Condensed milk: China ^. Hongkong fflrup: China HongkaBg Vigetabtas, canned: China. Hongkong An other, including pickles and sauces: China.... Hongkong Total- China.. 12,154 13,367 4m 978 942 4S3 889 1,430 106 28,199 900 1,181 7,846 8,193 140 3,329 1,883 1,894 1,388 12,098 4,181 24.689 9,318 1,545 191 810 2,191 8,642 779 6,875 6,734 1.319 18.987 87,034 39,145 202 128 21,232 88 12,450 3,752 84,887 9,707 964 746 917 555 811 203,414 139,196 90,810 11, 96 28,199 1,187 7,855 12,291 345 194 134 8 3,448 1,468 1,837 1,483 10,783 3,561 20,606 6,971 376 88 907 84 8,024 3,881 771 916 4,104 6,732 522 12,420 17,006 57,294 22,343 7U 84 13,708 8,099 4,116 2,752 82,688 12,284 764 182 78 18,048 888 43,886 2,207 1,273 6,164 11,621 151,653 137,799 481 166 S8 2,980 1,188 1,746 3,807 11,541 1,414 15,183 t,m m m 633 334 7B0 3,388 2,731 406 9,627 12,967 351 12,031 17,032 28,734 1,218 64 14,103 10^083 3,314 1,577 12,867 7,362 1,239 189 397 102 265 10,199 887 9,tt7 3,382 1,871 6,900 11,965 740 418 325 4,525 1,887 2,520 1,563 9,659 1, - 13, 8^916 219 74 849 238 2,167 155 810 8,918 8,616 254 9,310 18,984 27,354 5,435 819 ITS 17,477 9,409 3,501 2,794 ii2,a'io 140,898 117.062 96,017 84.340 17,115 1,509 1,188 674 105 415 10,339 461 1. 2,761 i,r~ 6,888 13,185 1,297 638 445 4,788 3,188 3,351 3,996 14,125 I. 23,973 11,878 317 1,406 442 1,663 6,014 157 3,654 11,141 9,690 168 18,668 17,«U 94,014 13,203 485 11,164 19^809 8,042 2,569 217,115 131, " 218,079 I 848,367 86,760 49.360 1,481 256 744 122 544 19,831 490 2,678 1,116 10,211 16,812 2,569 801 107 7,464 1,864 4,393 4,309 4,041 810 22,709 13,700 1,760 1,748 817 140 1,578 3,727 19,364 9,572 83 15,823 14,579 91,211 13,083 618 28,468 11,907 11,467 2.705 387,492 83,i 17,3 1,861 1,905 •77 WW ■ 1,806 3»W6 11,136 1^186 1,183 1,698 466 w 6,180 1,111 5,900 2,087 3,443 24.000 4,800 3,007 116 3,844 23,901 5,897 177 13,849 5,300 91,890 8,731 572 38,505 6«'038 10,407 'MA 350,985 MA atM a^OOB 71363**— 16 2 10 049MHSKKXIIS TBASm OT XKB Wm BAST. This ^jm m average of $362^54 per amnuii fop the last three of 24,000, excluding the Japanese and Ruslians, wouW ttXa^ capita expenditure of httle more than $15 for American canned fo6d8 ^oimt sinip-HMirely a amaU The statistics of the Chinese Maritime Customs are not s6 arranged that a^y satisfactory comparison can be made with the total ua- K 1^^*^^''''^'.^' canned foods imported into China from ^ut as a matter of course foreigners in China de- mand the product of their native countries. This is evident from E*'!^!^^ I^^^^^ ^^^^^d foods found S TO retail gFOO^ stocks of the stores of the princioal treatv nnrt^ ieHW do not indicate that any quantitvTc^^^^^^^^^ l»i|lit by the Chkese themselves. Personal observation and in- qmnes confirmed the mipression that canned foods are not sold to many of the native Chmese, vet that there is some demand for certain Ann nnT?*^ ^^^^ Chinese (about 500,000 m nimiber) who have taken up residSce in the inter- national settlement of Shanghai. Although those sections of tK- ternationd settlement of Shanghai occupied entirely by Chinese furnish ample evidence of the retention of most of the dnnese cm- toms, yet it is noticeable that many western customs have crept in- t^t"^ ^''^^''^.u^^''''^ ^ ^ tendency to adopt western dish^ that indicates that progress m this direction could be made if Amflsi- can methods of advertising and exploitation could be used. SBSTAURANT UFB IN CHINA. . The r^taurant is one of the most familiar sights in China. The smplest form consists of two stands suspended From the extremities of a bamboo carrying pole slung across the shoulder of a half-naked cooue and moved about from customer to customer, alwavs readv imd much patromzed. One stand contains a smaU charcoal fire ^^Z^^ tomnorary restaurant set up al fresco, with more or iMjMrmanent rough board tables and benches. These are some- tomes provided with awmngs op huge umbrellas and are patronized by the coolie class. Coolie cooks are employed. Next ibove this type comes the permanent opoa-front r^urant occupying the ^imd floor of a house on some impcHrtant Chinese thoroughfare The stoves or open hearths, with the pots op other cookmg utensUs are usuaHy on tie street front, attractmg the Chinese by thi odors oi frymg foods. The dark mtenors of these restaurants are fitted with tables and benches, and the cook-waiters, or in the better daaa of audi r^taurants the waiters, serve the meals to an ever-present eroiNB ine Uunese restaurant par excellence, however, is much superior tdl any of the above. It is a large two-story building with a carved ot h^hly ornamented front and well calculated to attract attention. The ground floor is occupied by the kitchens, as a rule in full view and possibly by a store for the sale of food. A broad stabwav usuaUy covered entirely with beaten brass plates, leads to the second mff, an an-angement not unfamiliar to those who patronize the i^ese chop^uey restaurants in the larger American cities T^^^ ^« second-etQiy imaurants m crowded during the busy hours. OAinnm-GooDs tbaob m tbm vab sast. The Chinese entertain at these restaurants, not at home. IMnner parties are fi*equently given, and the dinnors are often of great length, running up to as many as 40 to 60 different courses. The restaurants are primarily for men, although it is not imusual in the higb-class restaurants of the intemation^ settlement of Shanghai to see entire Chmese fandlies dining together on the porticos. This, however, is the result of foreign Innuence among the wealthy Chinese who have gathered in Shanghid and who luive adopted many western customs; it is not sanctioned by the Chinese generally. In fact, it is the rule throughout China that the women remain at home, and although the men dine out more frequently than at home, the women and children of the family remain in their ^'compoimd" and prepare their own meals. At the restaurants, the cooks and other attendants are always men. The dishes served at the better-class restaurants are usually un- famiUar to the American. Shark fins, bkd's-nest soup, pigeon eggs, bamboo shoots, abalone, duck with orange peel, melon seeds, preP- served eggs, lychees, caramboles, and a long list of others seem more or less strange, and yet the majority of the dishes are relkhed by by those forei^ers who can overcome thrir prejudices, and many of the combinations of foods and sauces are exceedingly palatable. The desire for ereat variety is the feature that may lead to a more extended use oiAmerican canned foods in the restaurants. Already peas and asparagus have hem introduced and are much liked. A favorite dish is a mixture of small shrimps and peas — an exceedingly tasty preparation. If Ammcan methods of advertising could fa»e employed to induce the proprietors to use a number of American canned products on their menus or as ingredients in some of their dishes, an extensive trade might be established in certain Unes. Canned com and tomatoes might have such an outlet. The former could be eaten as easily with chopsticks as peas, while tomatoes • could be used in sauces and as an ingredient in many dishes. Salmon has already had some sale, and judging from the avidity with which it is bought by the Chinese coolies on the rubber estates on the Malay Peninsula, it should have a much larger sale in China proper. The Chinese eat with chopsticks and also with their fingers when necessary, and a small flat porcelain spoon is always to be found at each place at a Chinese table. The courses are served in a plate placea in the midcUe of the table, from whidi each person belpB mill- s'. Frequently Uie host picks over the contents of the diah to find the daintieat morsd, whidi he offers to his guest as a mark of polite- ness. The method of s^vfng mMtIs differs greatfy from that of the Japanese, the use of tables and chairs being universal in China. The food flJso differs greatly from the Japanese, for although chopsticks are used and the Food is cut up so that it can be handled easily, thero is a wide difference in the general charact^ of the food and its prep- aration. METHODS OF AN ENGLISH GOBiPANT. That western foods may be introduced by means of these restau- rants and the various tea nouses is being amply demonstrated by the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co., an Engl^h corporation. This company, by establishing its own branch oJice and force in Hong- kong, with plans to estaDliah similar branches in other large treafy IS GAinTED-GOODB TSADE IK THE FAB EASY. ports in China, has begun a campaign to familiarize the Chinese with the use of milk. In Canton, Swatow, and other southern cities the company hm been introducmg condensed milk through these same restaurants and tea bouses. In the wanner sections of southern China Ihev have been demonstraihiff soccessfullj the rrfreshing qualities oi ice cream made from condensed milk. Ihey have also ■ 1 The force in Hongkong has opened a branch store in Canton where supplies are always available and from which a vigorous campaign of education is bemg carried on throughout that section of southern China. Small boats make excursions up the rivers and canals dis- tributing literature in Chinese, httle souvenirs, and even miniature cans of milk with full directions for use in Chinese characters. Adver- tising matter is posted now in many parts of China, more particularly dong the railroads. * The company s main office in Hongkong, in one of the best office buildings in the city, consists of four large rooms, and the office force comprises about 10 mon, including the Chinese shroffs and inter- prets. In one of these rooms there is a large showcase containing the different brands of milk in attractive form. Here the Chinese are afforded a "look see" and supplied with mformation, as weil as sach souvenirs as fans, iiilere, ana erai docks hewing an advertise- nflnl of the condpan j. THE mUM-AmSCY QUESTION. It has been shown that the present market for American canned foods in China depends largely on the natural demand by the small number of foreigners and that the sale of such goods to Chinese them- selves has not mm seriously attempted. Tms condition of affairs can be accoimted for to some extent by the fact that the importers selling canned foods in China have no spe^ inducement to attempt such exploitation even if they are fiiiaiiaiJly able to do so. American inns have not always been willing to mier Into a contract for a pmod of yeaiB with any one commission agent fiMr a sols agency, whereas many European nouses do make these long-period contracts. The sole nemm has its advantages and disadvantages. The agent asks himsen wny he should endeavor to push an article unless he has a sole aeency assured for a number of years. Unless he has a sole agency, ne argues, any of his competitors can buy the same article, and if they wish can so change the market that his profits may be materially lessened or even turned into a loss. Unless he can control the market price he is never sure of a profit or at least the percentage of profit necessary in order to do business in the East. Hence he decides that goods are not worth pushing unless he has control of the market for a sufficient number of years to justify his efforts in intro- diidn^ them. Otherwise it is best for him to accept such orders as come m and on which he is sure of his profit. On the other hand the manufacturer may run a great risk in con- tracting for a long-term sole agency with a firm that for some reason does not or can not push his goods properly: and if he is not well acfisainted with his afints he may find lumsen tied up with some one Interested in kiting him off the market than in developing his .CANNED-GOODS TBADE IN THE FAB BAST. trade. To guard against such contingencies, therefore, the manu- facturer frequently endeavors to fix the minimum amount to be taken by the agent each year, and in some cases (principally in the case of jJngUsh manufacturers) offers a bonus on a slidmg scale when the whole year's business exceeds the certain fixed amount. The greatest difficulty arises in such cases as the following: An American firm of canned-food manufacturers will appoint an agent, say, in Shanghai, to sell goods throughout Giina. This agent will have a branch omee in Hongkong or will appoint a subagent fat that city to represent hhn in southern Oiina, and will send bis repreeen- tative or go himself to Hankow, Tientsin, and other important treaty ports to take orders and sometimes to appoint subagents. After working for possibly a year, during which tune he builds up a trade for that particular line of goods or brand and establishes the name and quahty of the goods on the market, he is surprised to find that one of his customers nas purchased from another source the very goods he is handling. In some cases these goods are sold at a lower price than the origmal agent can afford to sell them. This under- selling may come about in two ways : The goods may be purchased directly by a competitive importer who desires to obtain the agency for this brand oi goods and who undersells the original agent to obtain that agent's trade and also to show the American manufacturer his ability to make greater sales than the original agent. Of course, such a condition of affairs Is easily possible where the American manufacturer Is willing to receive ordeiB from any one in China rather than depend ndiolly upon the original agent. The shortBightedness of sudi a course Is obvious, yet the writer found several cases of this very diaracter. The original agent faUs short in his sales, may even have goods en route on which he will make less than his r^ular commission, and, beoomii^ dis- gusted at the lack of protection given him, accepts only such ot&fs as come to him unsoficited. The agency is transferred to the compeMtor, who undersold him with that end in view. Underselling may come about in another way. The manufacturer may give a sole agency for China to some one, as in the foregoing case, and yet this sole agent will find the goods of this manufacturer coming on the Chinese market in competition with himself. Inquiry brings forth the fact that these goods have been purchased through some San Francisco or New York house, although the manufacturer states that he has no knowledge of selUng such goods to San Fran- cisco or New York houses for export to China, and claims that he is not In a position to protect the agent agaiast such competition. The outcome of this, as in the other case, IS a change of agents, and eventually another change as soon as a new importer undermines the trade of the second agent. The writer found one well-known American canned food in Hong- kong that had been handled by so many agents that the only one who cared to handle the line was a Chinese merchant. As there is competition from England in this line of canned food, and an active agent well protected by the English manufacturers, the American article has only a slight chance of remaining on the market at all. Direct deaUng with the Chinese merchants in the treaty ports who cater to the trade of the missionaries and other foreigners is not regarded favorably by the foreign merchants in the treaty ports for the reason that a Chinaman can afford to mU goods at 15 to 20 cmti moht per case, as he can Uve on a very smaU profit, wbmw the foreign merchant claims that it is necessary to make 5 or even 10 per cent profit. Some merchants acting as agents state that thev ^IfLwiT? l^^j},? ."^^^ they can control tLe market in such ii mmnOT that the Chmese retail grocers are ^rced to purchase the rtiSi^^^ sufficiently high to enable the foreign ^ocor to get The EngWi canned46od concerns seem to take the view that the ^a^^ f * ^ ^ long-term contract is the most TS^i^^f^'w^^f^^^ ^"^^^ " canned-food busi- ^SfJL^^ ^ Tf^ ? five-year contract and a sole agencv, IrJT^ ^- commB^ sold in liis temtoiV TZt^ir^i'^T a oommission on them, and 80 coatrollii^ the sale at home that goods eaa not be bought there for shipment to Ohma with^^^ 11^ agent b allowed 60 to 90 days' credit on the goods, by wfaM me^Tle ciS extend credit to some of his clienta in Ghinii. This question of sole agencies has, erf eourae, two sides. Tlie American manufacturer hesitates to tie up for a long period with an nf^llifll^ Tv.^^ ^^^Y^ ^ cTiiiia is almost a necessity if a thoroughly satLsfactory understanding is to beroaiAed Unl^ the prospective business is large, the manufacturer iisua% fcrmdi a faip^ can not afford to spend the time and money neeenaiy SUCGBSSFDL AMBUCIAII MBraODa fr^^ ^^^t f7®*xT^t ^i^* estimated at 4,278,352 square miles (The area of the United States and Alaska is 3;57i;492 sqmre^T) A census of the kind taken in western nations has never been attempted S-. T*' and the nearest approf.ch to a rehable estimate is probably the census of households (not individuals) taken by the Chinese Itoistr^ of Litenor m 1910. Assuming 5.5 persons to a household H 1^ ' H * census m various parts of the country was found fJ^nJlo popuktion toUls 331,00(),0(;o, including Tf^*Wr* ^^"^ P50«>fJ>k population of Tibet. (Population of thf 93,402,151 in 1910.) This vast ^untry is as yet krgely unknown to the outside world, but the te^J^^''%^T ^ ^^^g 10 y^rs have ^ and the proposed means of communication, together 3J!L!r ^^^^''jy opened, wiU bring about muck ^eater changes. In the end trade with the West wiU be established t&oueh- out the country. This will not come about suddoily, but whenfte prejudices are overcome the Httle trade now carried on with the present treaty ports wiU seeni as trifling as the limited amount erf trade done m the early days of the ''factories" in Cwiton. mind the area, population, and the prejudices to be 0ver^e, it will be easier to comprehend the very remarkable fK?Sf T a ?Ll^n^ ^1^^ ^^^i^^^ doing business in China^ toe Stwidard Chi Co., the British-American Tobacco Co., and the f^Z.^"^ Machme Co. At the outset these companies entered ^VlSHwfkL'^J?^^^ agency system. It soon became eviaeni mm %m buamess aid not grow, and mvestigations by capable 16 representatives of eachi firm convinced them that there was a broader fidd in China than could be had through the agents in the treaty ports, who were busy with a hundred different lines of goods and who usually lacked the capital and trained force necessary to reach out after the ref,l Chinese business. They found the ' ' compredor " system, and they decided to go beyond it. A description of this system is neces- sary to show how it limits the extension of sales to the native Chinese. Americftns, Englishmen, and Germans going to China to establish import and export business find at the outset a barrier to intercourse with the natives in the kngur^ge i.nd in the customs of the country. The foreigner may know his own business and the people he represents at home, but he does not know how to transact business with the Chinese or even how to converse with them. To overcome this diffi- culty the compredor cr.me into existence. He is a Chinaman, speak- ing what is known as "pidgm" English (coirupticm of "boaneas" Enghsh), a strcnge mixture of Enghsh with Gimese accent, Potte- gueia, and Chinese, and the principal means of oommumcatidn between foreigners and the omnmerciri Chinese. The coinpredmr is usuf.lly a man of good finr.ncif.l standing who handles business with other Chimjnmi, uad he is to some extent in partnershin with the foreign import and export merchant. All sfies to Chinese are referred to him. He passes upon their credit, makes the sales, col- lects the money, and simply r.ccounts to the foreign partner, who knows little or nothing of the Chinese end of the business, just as the compredor knows nothing of the American or European end of the business. In ffxt, erxh keeps a separate set of books and the com- predor often em'^loys his own shroffs, clerks, and salesmen. In one office it was expL jned that the shroff would spend an afternoon at a tea house or restaurant, meeting there the Chinese with whom he expected to transact business, and generallv returning with orders to his superior, the compredor, for approval. Usually this approval guarantees payment. The shortcoming of this system is that the extension is left entu'ely to the Cliinese. It can hardly be expected that natives who have never lived outside the sphere of (%inese con- servatism would possess that push and energy in developing busing that has brought success to the American at home and abroad. Realizing this state lemented by a tank on the top of the buflding and a large covered cistern. Many of the preparation tables have marble tops and those with wooden tops are frequently scrubbed. The copper cookmg caldrons, of German manufacture, are kept shining. The two processmg retorts were made in Shanghai after German models. The plant employs about 80 men regularly 365 days iu the year (Sunday not being observed by the (Siinese). A few women are employed occasionally. The men are used to all sorts of work, and it is unusual to find women dom^ the work that falls to the lot of western women; for example, all the cooks in restaurants, tea houses, and street cookshops are men, as are the room servants in hotels! There seems to be no class of work with which the Chinese man is not famihar; he even sews and embroidei-s, and his ability to do laundry work is well known to Americans. The average wage paid these men is about $10 gold per month, with board, which the manager stated costs about $2.50 gold per month per man. There is a remarkable atmosphere of satisfaction and cheerf uhiess mmmg the men, and although that ia one of the prominent Chinese eharacteristice it must be rem^bered that the wages of these men and the treatment accorded them are decidedly above the standard in Chma. Many of the men must be expert m several lines of work and mmg to go from one character of work to another, ae occasion re- quires, yet they have steady employment and better than the usual conditions. It is possible to keep this force at work all the year by packing a great variety of products, by puttmg the men to work m the can-making department during the slack periods, and by using them in the biscuit department. In fact, about 18 of the 80 men employed are now kept at work in this new biscuit department. The activities of the factory are supplemented by a wholesale and retail store situated in Nanking Road, the principal business street of the international settlement of Shanghai, from which goods are distrib- uted to all parts of China and to the Straits Settlements, the Philip- jnm, and even to the United States. CANNED-GOODS TRADE IN THE FAB BAST. 19 TSB CANNIKO VAOTOBT. The products of the canning factory include all scnrts of fruits, vege- tables, fish, and shellfish, and a great variety of meats, fowl, and game. Material is abundant and is dehvered at the factory at very low prices, the countrjr surrounding Shanghai and that along the great Yangtze River being among tne most fertile sections of China, with a rooderate climate and long growing seasons. The total output during 1912 was about 1,100,000 cans of all sorts, the principal prod- ucts beinor meat, fowl, and fruits. There was a daily average pack of over 3,000 cans, and the capacity of the plant will be much increased when the new addition has been completed. Only a few of the fruits packed are famihar to Americans— pears, plums, peaches, apricots, and apples. Among the purely Chinese fruits may be mentioned lychees, loquats, myricas, carambolas, rose apples, kumquats, ginger, bitter melon, and a number of others. Of the famihar fruits, the pears and the apricots are more nearly like the American products^ althoi^h they are lacking in flavor and size and can not compare with the Califoniia fruits. Ine cans are smaller than usual in America, a 1 -pound can being the standard size. The pears seemed entirely too hard, but it was explained by the manager that American pears were too. soft for the Obnese palate; in his own words, the Chinese '''like to chew what they eat." He cooks his fruit at a low temperature in order to retain as niueh of the hardness as possible. Fruita are put up in two styles— one with sirup and the other wilkh a very hght sirup or entirely without sirup. The receipt for sirup calls for 10 pounds of sugar to 100 pounds of water, although for very green fruit as much as 12 to 15 pounds of sugar are used. After receipt at the factory the fruit is washed in hot water and then peeled and pitted if necessary. Desire was expressed to find machinery for this work as well as for other processes of canning and can making. So far all purchases have been made through the German representatives of a Berlin house, who, being on the ground at Shanghai, have kept in touch with the requirements. After peehng, the cans are filled by hand, sirup added, and cans capped. . The processing is done in the closed steam retort at about 225 F. for 8 minutes. The cans are then vented, resoldered, and after a second processing for a shghtly longer period at the same tonperature are cookd either in cold water or in a cold-storage room installed for that purpose. This cold-storage plant is the usual ammonia appa* ratus <^ Qerman manufaetuie. One of the fruits not gemimSkj known in America, but which makes a i-ather attractive canned fnut, s(»newhat resembling the plum in appearance and flavor, is the loquat. Thirty thousand oana ol this fruit were packed in 1912, the packing period lasting from three to four weeks, beginning about the middle of June. T\ua fruit is found in many parts of Chma and is a favorite with the Chinese. The cost of raw material dehvered at the factory is $2 gold per 100 pounds for the best quality. The completed product sells at $5.10 gold per case of 48 one-pound cans at the company's salesrooms in Shanghai. The lychee is slightly smaller than the ordinary plum and as canned has a whitish transparent flesh, with a shghtly acid yet insipid taste. Although a favorite with the Chinese, foreigners must acquire a taste for it. so OAMrnmB-QOom xbadb m Tsm wam msf • The myncas are small round fruits, somewhat larger than a laiffe strawberry, with a rough surface and a small pit. The flavor is not unlike that of the raspberry, and the berry and juice have a purpUsh tmge. Foreigners have difficulty in acquiring a taste for this fruit- in fact, few of ther fresh and cooked fruits eaten by the Chinese are liKecl by the foreigners living in the East. ^^e meats, fowl, and game packed are largely put up in sauces or witli TegvsiaMes, and many such preparations are very good. The pnce list on page 22 gives an idea of the great variety of products packed by this company. Nearly all the meat is put up packed in mmH (approxmiatefy l-roand) cans, while the fowl is packed whole m oval cans large enou^ to hold whole fowl. The very best of the products of this character is th6 golden pheasant, which is reallv fKcellent m spite of the lard m which it is cooked. It is rwnarkable that the natural flavor of this delicious game has been retained to such a dcCTee and that the appearance and texturo should be so pleasmg. This and other varieties of game, such as woodcock, snipe quail, and nee birds are abundant and cheap m China. ' The nianager was particularly anxious to learn the proper method of packing these products to please the foreign palate. Golden pheasants cost 15 to 20 cents, American currency, each at the factory and smpe and woodcock 5 to 10 cents. Last season 10,000 golden pheasants were packed at this factory, and a much larger number could have been put up had there been a demand outside of the Chinese market. In processing fowl and game in the larger oval cans, a temperature Of about 250** F. is maintained for 70 minutes for the first treatment- then, after venting and resoldering, a second processing follows at the same t^perature for 20 minutes. For the smaller (1-pound) meat and game cans, file flrst processing is done at 240** F for 40 minutes, and the second cookimg, after vwiting, takes 20 minutes at the same temperature. The ducks put up with wioue sauces or vegetables are sold over a large area, many going to &igapore. At the rear of the property are arranged large sheds in which the poultry IS kept and fattened. A large brick-hned pond adjoins the duck sheds. Duck and goose livers, both whole and chopped are also packed in special sauces and find quick sale. ' The variety of fish canned is large, but not of particularly good quality. The abalone is much hked by both the Chinese and Japan- ese. A product of good flavor is the scallop in chicken sauce. The scallop is apparently similar to that found in America and the flavor is well preserved by the addition of the chicken sauce, which is in reality chicken broth. Crab meat is also canned, but not very suc- eessfiilly. 'ihe Chinese crab is similar to the American crab found 9mm the AHaaMc coast, and is not so large as the Japanese crab. m mmimt 18 used on the interior of the cans and there has been therefore, much discoloration of the crab meat. ' Hie most interesting of the flsh products are duurks' fins, one of the best known of Chinese delicacies. One-pound cans sell for tl.85 to $1.10, American currmcy, per can retail, according to quality. This product has been packed by the Tai Foong Co. for three yeais. One thousand cans were packed the first year, and there has been an annual increase of 1,000 cans. There are good prospects of a still more rapid growth in the future as the people inland find that this OANXTEO-OOOBS IBADE IK XH£ FAB EAST. 81 highly prized dehcacy can be purchased in cans. The sale of canned shark nns indicates that there are some Chinese who can afford to purchase canned food when it suits their taste. The sliark fin is a gelatinous substance requiring considerable preparation for the table. The first boihng alone requires 10 hours. As served by the Chinese it resembles tough strings of gelatin and has no very distinctive flavor. Foreigners can not understand the esteem in which this food is held by the Chinese. All the cans used at the Tai Foong factory— 1,100,000 a year- are made by the ordinary force at convenient times. The portion of the building given to this department is overcrowded and not so arrange^^ as to save labor or time in handling. This space will be rearrangeiBi when the new building is completed, and the manager is desirous m purchasing as much automatic machinery as he can find. This should be. an opportunity for the sale of some can-making: machln^y. Correspondence may be carried on in English witii L. S. Chuck, m care of the Tai Foong Canned Goods Co. OLtd.), 515 Nanking Koad, Shanghai. The present machinery was furnished by a Boriin house through its Shanghai representative. The electric motors, one 8 horsepower and one 10 horsepower, are rented from the Shanghai Electric Co. They are both of English manufacture. The power is transmitted through countershafting affixed to the ceiling, operating 18 machines in the can-making department and 3 machines in the biscuit department, as well as ike lathe and small tools in the repair shop. There is a separate machine for each step in making the cans, and there are few modern labor or time saving attachments. A catalogue of an improved American rubber-ring press was shown the manager and aroused great enthusiasm and a determination to improve on the slow method now used in the factory by the purchase of an American machine. The machme shop adjacent to the can-maMng section contains a very complete ou^t of Qerman tools, including a lathe, drill, emery wheel, and other necessary tools. Cupboards around the room contain dies of all sorts in good ord^ and carefully greased. All steel used in repairs or otherwise is purchased from Germany, as the steel to be had in Shan^aa is said to be too soft. All tin used in the manufacture of cans is purchased in England at the following prices: Best quality No. 1 coke, per box of 112 sheets, 20 by 28, 200 pounds, dehvered at Shanghai factory, $9.25, American currency; a poorer quality of lighter tin, per box of 112 sheets, 14 by 20, 90 poimds, delivered at the f actory at Shanghai, costs approximately $3« BISCUIT DBPABTMBNT. The biscuit department occupies three large rooms and the space required by the ovens. It has been in existence three years and in that short time has far outgrown the equipment with which it started. One thousand pounds of biscuits are manufactured daily, but as this does not meet the demand, a new and much larger oven is being constructed. After obtaining bids and plans from (Germany the manager decided that the oven could be constructed at half the ammmommm trnm m tbm wm mm, OBtimated cost if Chin^ wm woAde at Hankow md worked up in fehanghai were used. The onginal plans were need, bat the work has been carried on without outside aid. It is an antomatic oven. 45 by 10 feet and 20 feet high. It has two fire boxes at the base! Ihe iron chimney, on which bids had been received from GennaitT . supervision of the factory manager. , llie biscuits are made in about 1 different sizes and are packed m tm boxes, round, square, and oblong, the most popular size bein? the roimd one-pound can 5i inches high and 4 inches in diameter Ibese boxes are hned with parchment paper and are neatly labeled, llie flonr used is half Amencan and half Chinese. The butter used 18 Australian. Tie smOmmy m German, and consists of a dough mixer, one cnttHj^ madme, and one rotting machine. These are aU power- operated machmes. The dough mixer is much too small and the eompanj desues to replace it with a larger and more modem type. 9TORE AND SALES DEPARTMENT. The store and sales department, while not large, is well located and compares favorably with first-class grocery stores in western cities. I he signs and wmdow display are calculated to attract attention, and the arrangement of the shelves and show cases inside the store is effective. The clerks "are, of course, all Chinese, but many of them speak English, and all are neat, attentive, and accommo- Hatmg lhat the foreign trade is catered to is evidenced by the use of English on the signs, labels, and price lists. The labels abo bear an lOustration of the product in each case, and each article is assigned a number, which is printed on the can and corresoonds to the number on the price list. ^ There is a good retail trade in Shanghai and a rapidly increasing busmcas with ttie Chinese restaurants, but the largest part of the trade 18 done wil^ othw parts ieadB%eons.. StewM^ceoos. Awabl Spieed awabl. TtTRTLE. Roasted turtle. Stewed turtle.. BKI Boms. Fried rioeUrds.. l^iiQediiMbiids. HAM. Ham (hashed) Ham Ham (whole) Fried quails Crab's flesh Spiced kidney and liver. Conpoy with dtidnn saoee Mushroom with chicken sauce Mushroom, bamboo shoots, and cab* Price per can, HMeix- 10. 2S .30 .SS .35 .35 .40 .30 .38 .45 .45 .40 .25 .35 .45 .25 .35 .22 .30 .60 .35 .90 .35 .35 .25 .30 .25 .45 .45 .65 .35 .35 .35 .50 .45 .35 .60 •.45 .flO .35 .30 .40 .35 .35 No. 83 33 35 32 69 85 52 51 104 54 105 102 SS 87 88 89 90 91 02 03 94 95 96 07 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Products. Price per can, HAM — continued. Mushrooms , B4MBOO SHOOm. Bamboo shoots (fresh) Bamboo shoots (fresh) Bamboo shoots and shrimp eggs. Spring bamboo shoots . Roasted bamboo shoots. FHUITS. Caramlxda Lychees... Loquats... Pineapples Myricas . . . Shantung Bitter nviTS. Preserved neoa plnm. . . Preserved foquan Preserved ktnnquats Preserved rose api^ Preserved ginger Preserved green melon... Preserves (combination). DBBD tKUITS. Dried peaxdies Dried apricots.... Dried apples Dried rose apples . Dried ptan.. . SATraAOB. Baked fine sausage . . . . Baked pig's sausage. . . Baked umgoe sausage . Baked sheep's sausage. Corned ham sausage... Smoke ham sausage Smoke ox sausage Smoke tongue sausage. Smoke liver sausage .. . Smoke ox fine sausage . Cocoa nut biscuits, IHb. tin.. Cocoa nut biscuits, 2-lb. tiii|.. Cocoa nut biscuits, 2Hh. tm . Chocolate biscuits, IJ-lb. tin . . Chocolate biscuits, 2-lb. tin. .. Chocolate biscuits, 2|-lb. tui., Almond biscuits, IHb- tin.... Almond biscuits, 2-lb. tin...., Almond biscuits, 2Hb. tin..., Combimition, 1-lb. tin Combination, IJ-lb- tin , Fruits biscuits, 1-lb. tin Fruits bi8oaite,Mb. tin |0.lf .SS .IS ,n .17 .as .ao .as ■ 215 .so .50 .50 .65 .SS .90 .7S 1.00 .50 .70 1.00 .so .10 .4S .80 » Per pound. The sale of the Tai Foong products in China need not necessarily injure the prospects of increasing the sales of American canned goods: in fact, it may result in broadening the field for canned goods of all kinds. Chinese stores handling canned goods always cany the American product as well as the Chinese. OMSfmrn-omm ttum m shb fab east. 'IIIIIP IfMi Hie Inception of tiie caimiiig factory at Amov, China, which fell Ibeea desmbed in the report, ^'Rneapple-Canmng Industry of the World" (Speml Agent Series No. 91), no other Cffinese canning factones approach this factory in modem methods. The oneiS Amoy has ample capital and has shown a dedre to reach a hich standard by sending to America for a sup«int«ident. It intt p-obably take an important place among the canning factories of China m the near future. The remaining Chinese canneries, of which the Sek Be Co., of Swatow, described more fully in the canned- pmeapple report, is a fair example, are not of a character to inspire great confidence m the products put out by them. Combined, toey will produce a considerable quantity of canned goods packed to suit Chmese tastes, and in this way a knowledge of canned foods in China iwll be widely spread. mrOSTANGE OF ESTABLISHING AMERICAN BRAN0S. It is necessary for the American manufacturers of canned foods to i^hze the ne^ty of early establishing their "chops,'' or brands, in Oiiiia. TlieCliinese attach great importance to the chop. They are coraerFatiTe and do not readily deeeri a brand that has been tried and fonnd satisfactcny. Fo more striking example of this miwillin^- neea to accept a new chop can be cited than the ezpmence of a cer- tam Shanghai hnporter. He had developed some sale for camied saipwin among the Chinese and had sold a certain brand of American sahnon. This brand had an ordinary label depicting a sahnon with Its tail turned up, and when the new shipment arrived with the labels showing a salmon with its tail turned down the Chinese rdPused to accept, saying "No belongee same kind fish." This experience em- phasize^ the absence of Chinese characters on American canned goods pving mformation as to the contents. It was perfectly natural for the Chinese to judge of the contents of the can by the only feature of the label that was intelligible to them, i. e., the picture of the sahnon, and the change to a fish that was not the same as that on the label with which they were familiar was ample reason, viewed in this hght, ™ refusal of the shmment. Such mattei-s as this are worthy of caielnl obaerration and stndy by the American manufacturer of canned foods. Snch matteis have not been neglected by the repre- Sfsntatiyea of Ameciean manufacturers of" other lines wno have de- iwqped large sake for their goods m SIK3CSSrfI0NS Km DEVELOPING imABB. If a real Oiinese busmess in canned foods is to be developed, American methods of exploitation seem an absolute necessity. An adequate organization, gradually increased to cover a territory larger than the United States, is as much a necessity in China as it would be in America, and at the head of such an orojanization should be a man of the highest cahber and thoroughly familiar with China and Chinese life. Results must not be expected immediately, but with a proper force in the field and an effective campaign of education, an immense business in canned foods throughout China can be built up in certain lines. ^ Just what lines those are can not be determined without ejcperiment; two are certainties — condensed milk and canned sdmon. OANNED-GOODS lEADE IN THE FAB EAST. Peas and asparagus should find a ready sale and experience and study will determine what additional lines can be deyeloped. The unex- pected often happens in trade. The demand in Java and the Malay Peninsula for canned muscat grapes from California is an example. There is practically no sale for such a product in the American market, and yet there is a good and growing demand f«r it in the countries mentioned. Smnjaf opportunities no doubt exist in CSiina. No broker or mani^Hllilii* oi canned goods in America would think of bdng witlu>ut a sampling room. Goods to be sold aro opened for tiie inspection of the purchaser. The Chinese are not different in desiring what they call a ''look see." In matters con* cemiii^ the sale of new^ productsi ||i |ih nuld have more than a '^look Show and sampling rooms ani a necessary adjimct to increas- see ing sales among the nauve classes, and the branches of such an organization as that suggested could easily estabhsh such rooms. These branches could carry a small stock of goods upon which retailers could draw without waiting for shipment of goods iJFom America. That such an organization for the extension of American canned foods presents difficulties from the home end are evident. The canned-food business of America is divided among 3,168 manufac- turers, and many are of the opinion that foreign export does not interest them. The majority of them are not prepared or individually justified in undertaking foreign export on a large scale, because it calls for steady supply, expert knowledge, and constant study. ThefO are, however, several large manufacturers of canned foods in the United States who could enter this field along the lines suggested, although it would be better for all concerned if a cooperative plan could be devised by which al could take part. CHOSEN (KOREA). Since Korea was annexed by Japan it has naturally become year by year more Japanese. The large number of Japanese who nave become residents of Chosen have had their influence upon the natives. The Koreans themselTes are not progressive, ana although the Japanese have made wonderful progress in the prinin. Here the offices and a laree force of Fussians conrected with the railway nre locPted. As Har- ""L^^^ ^^r^"^ I'^^^y ^"^^ ^ 7 Russians to prt Arthvr, now m the hands of the Japarese 1 elow Clianffchun it mpjiiPtant center. The exte sion of the railway Unes Wow Muleien to Tientem and Pekmg in China and also through Chosen to Fusan, gmng through oonnectlors by water to Tsuruea Jamn, will continue to nmke Harbm a growing city ' The entire city built by the PusMins is -ew and sul stontial in mat contrast to the '-tive Chi ese city. The ir liabitanto are prac- teally all Kussians. Tnere are about 10 Americans, conrected for the most part with the British-American Tobacco C6., the I ter- national Haryester Co., and ore or two other corcerus that reatise the ^ ecessity of direct represe tation on the ground. The canned foods sold in Mai churia are coLsumed pri* cipaUy by the Kussians m the cities along the railways and at poi» te afonff the Sungan Eiyer. Most of such foods are of Russian and Fre..ch ongin CANNED-GOODS TBADB IN THE FAB EAST. Seyeral large Petro^ad (St. Petersburg) houses haye branch stores in Harbin and also in Yladiyostok, and orders for these houses are placed through the main offices in Petrograd. In some cases they sell to the smaller retail houses managed by Chinese. Pepresenta- tiyes of Russian uid French &ms haye introduced their goods by meanfi of kaydtng salesmen, and some American canned goods are sold by the agents in Shanghai, who occasionally make a trip through China and as far north as Harbin. On account of the short growing season and the long winter, the demand for canned yegetables and fruits is greater than for other lines; milk also has a good sale. The transportation facilities from America are not satisfactory, and the closing of the ports of entry by freezing early in the winter calk for the adyance stocking of goods for the entire winter. One merchant in Mukden complained bitterly of the treatment accorded him by one American firm with whom he nad placed an order for his winter s supply, because the firm had shipped one-third at the time ordered and promised the remaining two-thirds within one or two months. The closing of the ports by freezing weather, howeyer, preyented the deliyery of the remainder of his order at the time it was needed. The trade in Harbin, as well as YUidiyostok, which redistributes to Kamchatka and other points in Siberia, can not be handled from America direct. A repreaentatiye horn shanghai or some other point can best direct the business with this section. Siberia has a heayy import duty on canned articles, except condoised milk, that practically preyents importation of most canned goods into this section. This is shown by the following list of es^rts from the United States to Sibaia: Articles. 1908 1909 1910 ^ 1911 1912 1913 lil4 FfBh: 165 351 41 $394 S144 tl3 18 Canned fish other than salmon or iheUfish . 8232 87 t9 33 32 Fruit: / 7,727 18,567 11 1,919 47 716 44,603 2,691 835 1,088 1,656 15 75 7,655 as 2i2 9^518 i7 S4ft Mtet: 641 548 0M All other canned BWat pilldliets 86 35,601 862 3 945 31,294 497 187 2,147 55,156 334 157 47 84,153 430 299 115 145,056 313 143 109 U5l053 ml The tariff in Siberia wiU preyent any great increase in sales of Anierican canned foods in eastern Siberia, alihough the climatic con- ditions and large number of military and railway officials create a fairly good demand, now supplied by the canning establishments of Odessa and Simferopol in southern Russia. In Manchuria the trade can be increased to some extent because the tariff is Chinese, while the influence at the principal cen ers along the railway is Russian. Credit conditions, howeyer, call for a certain amount of knowledge that can be best gained by yisits of representa- tives. 28 mMmwrn-mom tMim in the fab east. iNnomicnnoH. The great progress made by Japan as a world power and com- mercial nation has led Americans to think of the Japwiese as havii^ adopted western customs to a much greater degree than is actuaOv tne case. The Japanese have been most wise in their attitude toward western civihzation; they have sent their young men to every foreiim country to study and observe modern hf e and inventions in th^e countries; they have employed American, English, German, and otfier foreign experts to come to Japan to erect manufacturing plants and to help^ tmm them at home the most successful methods of western natioiis: but only those features have been adopted that Umd satiafactonly mto Japanese life or are necessary to the country m Its deTelopment as a world power. Tl6 dianges are most noticeable in education, in the adoption of modern western myentions, and to some extent in dress, but there has not hem the change in the home life of the masses that many westerners have been led to believe. A study of Japanese home life and hoiwekeeping will throw Hc^ht upon that phase of the subject treated in this r©port-4lie adoption of western c^st^ms m mat^^^ food, more parficularly cann^ food. Of the 52,985,000 inhabitants of Japan proper only about 5 per cent may be classed as weU to do, and even these share that spuit of economy which pervades the nation. Nowhere in the world is there so much happiness derived from the simple Ufe. It will be well to outhne m a general way a typical home of the Japanese middle class, so that it will be easier to judge of the probabilitv of changes sW this hne and of the prospects of a market for Ameiican cwned goods among the masses of Japanese. tHB JAPANESE BOMS. A number of causes have affected the siae of the Japanese house ^ich seems much too small for a comfortable haMtati^ in the evil of the foreigner. In the first phice, the people themselves are smaE the average height of the Japanese male adult being 5 feet U inches and that of the female 4 feet 9i mches. As it is the usual custom to sit on the floors upon cushions, with the legs bent beneath, great ff'^K . A r'if ^ 'f 'i''^ irable. The low ceilings may also be attributed to the lack of any heatmg systems other than the small char- coal brazier known as the "hibashi." The frequencv of earthquakes throughout Japan has been a largely contributing cause, as well and the question of expense in a country where economy rmma supreme has also had a powerful influence. The smallest of Japanese houses, in the closely buHt sections of the citoes, are only 9 by 12 feet, but of course these are for the poorest classes only. Nearly aU houses are built of wood. InTokvo for e^aple, onlv about one-eighth of the houses are built of other matenal, and Tokyo is the capital and principal citv of Japan Japan^ houses may therefore be thought of as light wooden struc- tures of one or at most two stories. The houses of the better classes me always stirfoiinded by a small inclosure, with a garden and a OAHriTED-OOOPS TRADE Df THE JTAB BAST. 29 porch. Sliding lattice screens, which extend from 1^ floor to the ceihng and are covered with thin translucent paper, serve as both doors and windows. At night and daring storms a series of solid screen doors, on the outside edge of the porches, are drawn out of a sort of doset to inclose the paper screens and to protect the house « and its occupants from Intrusion or from the weather. If the extmor of the house appears modest to the western eye, the interior gives the impression of extreme simplicity. The paper- covered screen sliding doors are used not only to form the outside walls, but also the partitions between the rooms. The floor is covered with thick matting laid in sauares or mats. These mats are always of one size — 6 by 3 feet — ana the area of a room is spoken of not by feet and inches but by the number of mats. Rooms are usually four, six, or eight mats — that is, about 3 or 4 yards square. The mats are really mattresses, about an inch and a half thick, covered with matting and bound around the edges with coarse hempen cloth. There is absolutely no furniture in the room except a few flat cushions upon which to sit in the eastern fashion. In an alcove is hung the only decoration in the room, a painted scroUy or "kake- monOi with some handsome ornament of porcelam containing flowers or a bronse on a low stand placed in front of it. liiree^mm houses are common among the artisan elass, and a five-room house may be %ekm as the fflnaUest in which a man of the middle class would live. The average size of the houses occupied by this class is seven to eight rooms, andto a certain extent the size of the house fixes the class to which the occupants belong. As the rooms do not ddffer greatly, they can be used mdiscriminatelv for different purposes. The only exception to this rule is the Idtchen. The differences between Japanese and American kitchens is so great that a comparison is difficult. The heart of the kitchen, the kitchen stove, IS httle more than a hearth. Charcoal is the fuel generally used, and a wooden frame built over the hearth and covered with plaster, with one or more holes in the top, in which are placed the rice pot, soup pot, or pot for heating water, constitutes the main stove. A skylight in the roof allows the escape of smoke or gas. In some of the better-class houses the stove is more substantial, having a chimney and other features less calculated to spread fire. The main rice stove is generally supplemented by a smaller hearth built of plaster, stone, or sometimes of iron, holding a pot for other purposes than cooking rice or heating wator. The smaU pieces of chaicoai used as fuel rest on an iron grate immediately below the bottom of the pot and are handled bv long iron rods called ''fire chopsticks." The beUows consist of a hollow bamboo tube, throu|^ which the charcoal is blown to cause it to glow. The pot can tie replaced by a frying pan with a large handle or even bjr a grate upon which broiling may be accomplished. The inconvenience of such cooking suggests the possibihty of selling fireless cookers among the Japanese. The kitchen implements are crude. Large wooden spatulas or spoons, a few knives, wooden bowls, and mortars and pestles for pounding soft objects may be hsted as the most important accessories, and there is a dresser containing most of the china used for serving. The sink for washing is usually made of wood, with bamboo pipes for drainage, and next to the sink are placed large porcelain jars tiiat contain the water needed for washing. In prac- 04]fini>-G00B6 TBABE IN THE FAE EAST tealy mmv ktcliai will be found a smaU shrine to the rice eod Wore wMch are placed daily oflFerings of rice and flowers ' No special rooms m set aside as dining rooms or bedrooms. All meals aro served on Mt^e individual trayl with legs about 6 inch^ K^r f !t ^I?"*^* "^**> whichever room may be occupied at the time and placed in front of each person seated on me floor. Likewise, to prepare a bedroom a matlms and bed cover- mg are taken from the closete where they are kept during the dav Trt^f^^ r ^""^ '^'^P?^? purposes on the floor of liny room desirod^ l^rom the Japaiiese pomt of view, an American house, on account of me excess of furmture and ornaments, partakes too much of the nature of a museum or curiosity shop. JAPANESE FOOD AND MEALS. • l^^t^L^^?**^^ ^ Japanese, and it holds as important ^J^^ m^ does in western countries. No other foodstuff stairfa^ao high m popular esteem, and the fact that the me md has stones all over Japan indicates the importance of rice !!in;f V, ^^^^^^f^^t^f*^*^^ Barley, mUet wheat, and buckwheat are raised in Japan and flour m^e from these grains is used in making cakes andT as an ingredient in many dishes. ^ Soy, a sauce made from soya beans, has an important place in Japanese meals. This sauce is exported to Englantfin lar^e quanti- ti^ and is used there as the basis for the well-known Worisester- shire sauce. Soy sauce, which is somewhat similar to the Worcester- shire sauce, IS an invariable side dish at every meal and neariy everv article eat^ is first dipped into the smaU bowl of a|i||ja|^ on every pother article of food univereaUy popular is the Japanese pickle, made pnJMipaUv of garden vegetables, especially the large Japanese radteh. Cucumbers, plants, smafl turnips, and greens of various sorts go to make up this apparently vital accessory of Japanese meals. U 18 made hy pickKng the various articles in salt with a paste of dow- -GooDS TRAsm nr the fab east. sometimeB are served in a bowl of aMghUy flavored water called soup by lae Japanese. Ameicans are coming to know the canned crab meat isaporuM mm Jftpan and also tbe shrimp and prawns, which bid fair to rivid the crab meat in popularity. An account or the catching and can- ning of these crustaceans will be found in the section 6t this report dealing with canning houses. YHiile there are quantities of cnibs of different varieties, the two important kinds are found only in certain localities in Japan, and these are remarkable for their immense aze. Some of the crabs of Hokkaido and the Kunijiri Islands measure as much as 6 feet from tip of claw to tip of claw. Of these huge crabs the meat of the claws alone is eaten; the remainder is used as ferti- hzer when dried. The shrimp, especially the very small varieties, are dried and form a sort of relish or side dish much in favor. The krger prawns, called ''ebi," are roasted or fried and dipped in soy. Tm lobster, which is in reahty a large crawfish, is very abundant on the western coast and in Chosen. The cuttlefish and octopus are VOTV common articles of food, and when fried are not unlike the softrshell crabs of the eastern coast of America in taste. They are more often boiled, however, and served in a bowl of slightly flavored water. The cuttlefish is dried in large quantities and canned to a certain extent f c»r the use of Japanese in foreign lands. WOWh Ann 6A]fB. The fowl and game used comprise aU of the domestic fowl known in America. Eggs are freely used, mostly in the form of a tough iVSieiette. Such game as the crane, swan, heron, wild goose, ducfe, peasant, quail, pigeon, woodcock, snipe, lark, water rail, and even the sparrow are occasionaUy eaten, although the old Buddhist objec- tion to taking a life still persists in some sections of the country. Except for the smaller birds, which are eaten in the fingers, the absence of knives and forks at Japanese meals makes it necessary to prepare the meat before serving so that it can be eaten with the chopsticks. Consequently, such food is usually cut m small sHces and served in the thm watery 4W||bo favored in the Japanese cuisine. This feature should be of interest to those {banning to export canned .goods to Japftn.' U8S OF CHOPSTICKS. The use of chopsticks is general, except among the most well-to-do classes, who have adopted European knives and forks and to some extent European cuisine. SmaU bowls of china or lacquered wood are the usual table equipment. After the various solid portions of the food have been lifted to the mouth with chopsticks the liquid remaining is sipped from the bowl. In the case of rice, which would be tedious to pick up grain by grain, the bowl is often raised to the mouth and the rice shoveled or pushed in with the chopsticks. It is also customary to pour a httle tea into the rice bowl after it has been nearly emptied, and in this way the few remaining grains of lice are washed down as the tea is drunk. It is evident, therefore, ihat prepared foods that can be broken and eaten with chopsticks are more desirable than those requiring a knife and fork. OAZTHED-QOODB FAB BAST. 88 At public places the chopstidm at each meal must be new; ifaii is indicated by the fact that the chopstidEB axe made from me piece of wood and axe left joined togethw, as were matches at one lime in the United States. These new chopsticks are incased in a thin paper envelope, sealed at the end, and bearing Japanese characters advertising eiwer the hotel or some firm that has furnished them free to the propxietor for the sake of the pubHcity thus gained. Toothpicks, which are freely used by all Japanese at meals, are also inclosed in envelopes that frequently bear advertising matter. A Japanese mineral water called "Tansan" is frequently advertised in this manner. Match boxes bearing the advertisement of a Euro- pean brand of condensed milk are also found. The foregoing general outiine of the usual Japanese meals makes no pretence of describing the dozens of preparations of beans, vege- tables, and fish commonly consumed, but is given merely for the pur- pose of conveying to those not famiUar with Japanese fife an idea of the great difference between meals as served in Japan and those to which Americans are accustomed. FBOIIKI Am SWBET8. Fruits and sweets are much liked bv the Japanese, but axe iiaiii% eaten between meab, although with tne advent of oumed frotts their use at nmls is increadng. The apple is grown in the northern island of Hokkaido and is sent all oyer Japan, out is consumed principally in the cities. Its use is growing and there should be a laxger field for the Ainerican apple, which surpasses the Japanese in color, size, and quaUty. Onmges are brought from the southern islands of the Japanese group, and the mandarin seems to have the greatest popularity. Great quanti- ties of these are sold in small baskets or bags along the railways, and it is rare to see a Japanese starting on a journey, or in a tea garden, or even at the theater, without a few oranges or some other refresh- ment to be eaten between meals. The shaddock is also very common. The cumquat is found generally in season and is beingcanned most satisfactorily in southern Japanese canning houses. TThe loquat, a fruit introduced from China, is not so much of a favorite as m that country, but is found in many places. Its large pits leave but Httle flesh to be eaten and the pomegranate is open to the same objection on account of the quantity olm^ seeds. The inneannle is growing in Umr, and is imported fr|||Phiwan (Foimosa). A eansiderahli portion of the fruit raised there is canned and exported to Ji^an lB that form. (For further details see 'Tineapple-<3uining Industij ^ the World,'' Spedal Agents Series No. 91.)i The canned pineapple m found in nearly every shop in the larger cities of Japan> ana al many of tiie nulway stations, but the product isprindnaUy Foimosan, as only a few of the largest ^ceries in the prmdpaf dties, catering to the trade of 'the foreigners m Japan, carry the Hawaiian pineapple. Bananas also come from the tropical sections of Japan and are favored. In Taiwan this fruit is dried and packed in cans (see p. 35). Figs are eaten in the fresh state and are sometimes dried, but do not form unportant an item as in other sections of the Eask mmmwihmom xbabs or nHHpiAffr. The peach of Japan differs considerably from that of America. It m pointed at the top, and is lacking in flavor, although often attractive in color. It is largely raised and canned in the western part of the main island of Japan, near the town of Nagano, where considerable fruit of other sorts is also canned, such as plums, strawberries, and cherries. These fruits do not compare favorably in quality with the American product. The edible cherries have only lately been intro* duced, for although cherry trees are grown all over Japan, they are cultivated for the blossoms, the fruit rarely maturing. The same is the case with the Japanese plum, the flowers of which are hi<'hly prized. The plums are hard and inferior, and are often pickleJ in Yin^ar or preserved in perilla leaves. The average price per barrel formckled plums is about $3.25 United States currency. Native pears are not the equal of the best American varieties, and liiey are not canned to any extent, although this might really improve Hie flavor. Foreign peais have oeen introduced and in 1911 there were 321,977 trees of tliis character. In addition, there wm 7,130,762 ixem of the native varieties. Probably the best and one of the best Mked of ^mmmm fruits is the persimmon, which is not only reliriied In a fredi state but is pitted and dried. The fruit is, of courae, much laiger than the wild American variety, and often attams the size of a peach or a smaU apple. Among all classes of Japanese the drbd persinmion, with sometimes a little sugar added, is prized as a sweet- meat. Small bamboo sticks, or skewers, thrust through a dozen or two dried persimmons are sold evervwhere to children and others for a few sen (sen equals half a cent). According to Government reports, there were 9,566,102 persinmion trees in bearing in 1911. file laige Japanese chestnut is likewise much eaten in Japan. Hour is made from the pounded nuts and used in making cakes and confections. The nuts are also candied by boiling in sugar. As^froits and sweetmeats are usually eaten between meals, the occasion fw the continued munching of these dainties must be un- demtood. An explanation of the custom of tea drinking in oriental counties, which custom assumes such vital importance in the daily Me irf the Japanese, will demonstrate howfiequently there is an excuse for offering some sBj^ht refreshment with the tea. Hie (mental earlj learned that drmking water ahoold be boiled as a safeguard ||inist the attacks of such diseaaea as t^frphoid and cholera. No imdefstanding of the germ theory was necessary to lead him to tids conclusion, and it is almost impossible to determme when the drinking of boiled water originated. Tea drinking was introduced into JapS about the eighth century, and its use by all classes dates from the sixteenth century, according to some authorities. Tea as taken in Japan is merely boiled water slightly colored with tea leaves and leallv is only a pleasant form in which to take the water. PoBteness, which plays so important a part in all phases of Japa- nese ofe, requires that no caller, whether at business house or home, ^bi^l carry conversation beyond the first greetings until tea has been iNrared and drunk. At social calls, cakes, fruit, or dainties of some MMTt are alwavs offered with the tea, and if the guest does not partake il m azpected that the solid refreshments will be taken along to be eaten ai home. They are usually wrapped in paper and handed the f*?^ •Lt® «P»»tM>ii of the call IWa custom of taking some iamty wiMi Hie tea » earned out Inm and tea houses along the OANNED-GOODS IBADE IN THE FAB BASt. 35 roadside and among all classes; even the jinrikisha cooUes frequently stop to drink tea at the Uttle inns and usually eat some trifle at the same time. It can be inferred that the food eaten between meab forms an important item of the total consumption. Sales of American crackeis and small cakes might be effected if they could be intro- duced generally and could be made to appeal to the Japanese taste. That it is possible to appeal to the taste of the Japanese witii foreign cakes is shown by the popularity of spcmge cake. There is no sweet- meat more popular or more generally used than this foreign cake, whidi was introduced more than three centuries ago by the Spaniards. OAHinsn BANANAS. (Oontnl A. A. WflUamfoo, Tilmii (lonnon).} The canned Taiwan bananas are put up in flat tins measuring about 9i inches by 7 inches by 1 inch, and are dried, or desiccated. The cans are imported from Japan and have a In'ass finish, with a picture on the cover representing a bunch of green bananas on the tree against a deep-red bac^round. The cover beus the name in Japanese diaracters and in English (incorrect but sufficient). This canning of bananas is a new industry hen and, altiiou^ it is starting in a small way, it promises to grow into something bi^ later on. At present the factory employs some 24 hands, 20 of which are girls employed in preparing the bananas, and 4 are men employed m sealing tins. The drying process aims at preserving the natural flavor of the fresh fruit and is fairly successful m doing so; but it was found impracticable to boil or heat the product in the tin to create a vacuum, and the head of the factory states that he found it necessary to invent a new machine to create the vacuum without heat. The fresh fruit is, however, dried by heat. The prepared product re- sembles the fresh banana in shape, but is dark brown in color and considerably smaller in size. The manager states that it takes 10 pounds of fresh bananas to make 1 pound of the prepared product. The tins are sealed by hand and are opened by a key that unwinds a wire passed around the tin under the soldering. This oblong shape was adopted in deference to Japanese custom, which decrees that presents to Mends, etc., shall be wrapped in thick \ddtepaper and tied wi^ a special sort of string called ''mizu-hiM. '^ Tne preset selling price^ retaO, is 1 yen ($0,498) per tin. The man m charge of tne factory states that from 500 to 700 tins are sold dtaty for local consumption, and that he ha8.3!eoeived numerous offers from firms that desire to export the goods as agents. If this business proves as successful as is at present indicated, the factory will have to be enlarged within a short time, wben new equ^ ment will be required. If American manufacturers make any sort of machinery that might be used in this process, it might be well to send out word and have catalogues, etc., sent to this consulate, which will be glad to see that they reach the proper persons. The following is a translation of an article in the Taiwan Nichi Nichi Shimpo of December 20, 1913: The Taiwan Buss an Kabushiki Kaiaha (tire Fonnosan Producta Co.) of Ka-Keifushu- pd, Taihoku city, has recently opened the sale of canned bananas. The product has been fKVorably received in Japan, and the company is retting order after order. At Msent dozens of woricers are ^gaged day and ni^it, and the capacity of the cumefy il mm» l&fiOO tiM a imailli. Tb^BmffamOo. ^mmm)^ el YMmm, hm i«plM 86 to tlie company for the sole agency, offering to export the tinned bananas to foreign coiintriM, uid tekiiig 100,000 tins per mmfk. The demand has grown so large that ^e company can not fill so many orders in its present condition. The process of preparing canned bananas has been invented by Mr. Shibakawa, m director of the company, and the bananas in cans retain their fine natural flavor. mmmmsm im to canning indosttbt. Tke Japanese Go^iemmeiit, which has done so much to foster and eii€Ounige the introduction of modem methods in every Une of industry, has not n^lected the encouragement of canning among the Japanese. Although probably no other country in the world has estabhshed schools of canning, Japan has a number of such schools located in different sections of the country. These schools were started primarily as fishery institutes, because of the importance of that industry. The canning and curing of fish is really the basis for that study, yet the students are also taught the methods of canning other products; there are 36 different kmds of food on the hst of the Kyoto Ken Institute. The course at this inslitute iBcludes can-makmg methods and inspection of provisions and endeavors to igipttrt a Uioroui^ knowledge of all matters con- nected with the camnng industry. Eadi instiiate k divided into two branehes — a training school and an experimental station — somewhat along the Mnes of American Slate agricaltuml colleges. Lectureis are sent ont to different near-by points and occasionally exhibitions am arranged by the ahimni under tlis snpemsion of the scbool. •The Kyoto Fisheries Institute, one of the six oiganized by the various local governments and assisted by the central Government, is located at Miyazu in Tango County, m the Province of Kyoto. Its location at a point where the warm and cold currents of the Japan Sea meet affords the opportimity of studying those varieties of fish belonging to both currents. Tlus institute was established in 1899 \xj the governor of Kyoto Province and did not grow rapidly until the Russo-Japanese War, when it received orders to help supply the Japanese Navy with canned fish. From the start thus made, in spite of a fire that destroyed the buildings in 1907, the institute has grown and while yet small is doing exc^ent work. Since its inau- guration 415 students have taken Uie courses off^^. The following iiiowB idiat a large proportion of the students have been interested k the canning features of the course: Fidiing and canning course combined, 60; fishing course, 87; canning course, 266; pisciculture^ 2; total, 415. It is an interestmg fact that about 50 per cent of the cost of upkeep is covered by sales of articles canned by the students. Qf tlie tofw cans of different products packed annually, 30,000 cans are jmi>- chased by the army and navy, and the remainder is sold on the open market. Free tuition is given, but students are obliged to pay their board, which amounts to $2.75 per month, and extras amount to about 75 cents per month. The age of students is from 16 to 22 years. The course is of one year's duration. The canning shop of the mstitute is equipped with modem can- makmg machmery and other apparatus used in the operations of canning. The museum attached to the institute not only has a good coEection of specimeiii of aquatic products but also sample cans of CAKKED-OOOnS XBABB TR THE FAB BAST. fT canned goods from America and Europe, as models for demonstrating methods of canning in other countries. The institutes endeavor not to lose touch with the graduates and cooperate in assisting and adr vising them in getting a start in the canning business. The regulations promulgated on April 1, 1901, in regard to the control of articles of food, containers for such food, and the methods of ma.nuf aoture are very broad in respect to the powers given the authorities. QOVBBNMBNT BaOULATEONB. Article 1 of these regulations prohibits the manufacture, sale, gift, use, or possession of such foods or utensils used in the preparation or canning of foods as may produce danger to the pubHc health. Article 2 provides that the authorities can take, without payment, samples for examination from any manufacturer or storekeeper at any time. , Article 3 provides that those fading to complv with the orders of Hie officers within the time specified can be fined not less than 20 vcaa ($10) and those who resist the officials in the performance of tneir duties may be imprisoned for not less than a month. Article 4 stipulates that faflnie to comply permanently mth such orders may be punished bv imprisonment for not less than aproar. Bribery m connection with sudi inspections wiU be treatedraider theprovirions of the (aiminal code. T& provisions rdating to food containers and utensils follow: Artide 1 provides that the provisions shall cover all utensils used for eating, drinking, cooking, in the preparation of food. Abo vessels for keeping, storing, or measuring foodstuffs. Article 2 pronibits the manufacture or repair of such utensils with materials containmg lead or an alloy containing more than 10 per cent of lead. Article 3 prohibits the use of solder containing over 20 per cent of lead and tin plate with over 5 per cent of lead. Solder containing not over 50 per cent of lead may be used in canneries for the outside seams of cans and for closing vent holes in cans. Article 4 prohibits the manufacture of eating and drinking utensOs coated with hora (a kind of enamel) or yuyakn (a kind of lacquer) in which arsenic or lead may be detected aftw boiling for 30 minutes ui water containing 4 per cent of acetic add. Hiis r^ulatbn appliSB to repairing as well as manufacture. Arode 5 states that trade-marks or some other identification mark that will not easily be removed from the metal should be affixed bj manuifacturers or importers, although importers for the present may paste their own labek on goods iniported or use some identification mark in place of stamping the mark on the metal. Article 6 stipulates that eating or drinking utensils manufactured MMMflM or repaired in contrav^tion of articles 2-5, can not be sold, stored, or ^Siibited with the purpose of sale, and that metallic eating and drinking utensils without the identification marks provided in artide 5 likewise can not be sold, stored, or exhibited with the purpose of sale. BS ciAiriiBt>-aooi>8 tbads m tm fah east, ArtMe 7 provides tkat eating or drinkiiig utensils made or repaired wiMi oopp«r or its aloys nmst not be used when the parts comiog in ooiitact with the food liaYe lost their original huster or have bsoome divested of the oiigmal coating. The remaining articles deal with the laws under whidi the aiithoi>- ities may piooeed to euforoe the above-meiitioBed xegulatbns. mmxMDo QOTXEHMXHT Mmxjjjm^m. The local branches of the Government are also taking an iMStive interest in the endeavor to standardize and regulate canning as may be gathered from decree No. 75 of the Hokkaido Government regu- lating and supervising the canning of crab meat, promulgated on October 1, 1911. Article 1. Persons desiring to engage in the canning of crabs must m^j for a permit from the governor of Hokkaido, through the office of the distnct in which the factory is to be located. Artide 2. Factories manufacturing canned crab for export must make their factories conform to the following conditions: a. Hie ground floor or space used for Uie preparation of crab meat must be cemented, paved, or boarded and well drained. ft. Factories must be fitted with boilers, steaming kettles, and wooden tubs (factories established prior to the issuance of these rules may temporarily use the duect-heating steam kettles until the boilers are obtamed). «. Steam kettles (direct-heating steam kettles included) should be fitted with pressure gauges and safety valves. (Direct-heating steam kettles should also be supplied with glass water-level gaug^J d. Double-seaming apparatus for closing cans must be used (fac- tories estabhshed prior to the issuance of these rules may temporarily continue to solder tops upon cans until double-seaming mAiCt^^ t v^ can be obtained). Article 3. The pressure gauges on steam kettles must be tested annually before beginning operations and the differences of reading posted m conspicuous places near the kettle; gauges showing mark- edlv incorrect readings must not be used. Article 4. Apphcants for the establishment of new factories must lifnish the following particulars accompanied by a plan of the factory : (1) Situation of the iactory; (2) equipment, macninery, and accessories (kind and number of steam kettles, driving machines, and can-making machines); (3) thA method by which water is supphed; (4) kinds and estimated amount -€KioijB cbaub ik the fab east. •iii 20 minutes after veiitiiigy at a pressure of 4 pounds, as measuxvd on the steam gaiige. - 18. liiiieral acids or acelio add should not be employed. 19. Wlnen tlie ordinary ketde ia employed, a tub should be fixed and on its top a Hd with a hols should be applied. 20. CSsos, after sterilizalion is fimahedi should qusekfy be put into oold water and cooled. 21. Yent holea ffl w u M be ss small sa Bosdble. BXHJBS OF XHB HmOSBIllA GANinBBS' 017ILD. Guilds such as the one quoted above are numerous in Japan. They correspond to our canners' association in America, but with Government backing and supervision they exert a stronger influence over their members, as may be seen from the rules and regulations of the Hiroshima Canners* Guild (Kanzume-Seizo Dogyo Kumiai), which follow. The objects of the guilds are stated to be to rectify improper commercial habits and to promote the interests of the camiing mdustry by the cooperative enorts of all those en^ gaged in the business. By article 8, the guild, in order io aoeompish the objects set f ordi, imdertakoi the following items: 1. AdTancementol the artof cammifaiidtl^ iii^ttiodi pertainin|^ to the industry. 2. Standardization of shapes and contents of cans. 3. Collection of samples produced both at home and abroad for reference of the trade. 4. The dispatch of inspectors to Taiious pdnts of the world when regarded as necessary. 5. Kendenng facilities for exhibiting articles at world's fairs, exhibitions, competitive shows, etc. 6. Responding to the inquiries of the gOYemmental offioss and offering opinions thereto. 7. Supervising laborers, employees, etc., and investigating methods of encouraging and protecting them. 8. Settlmg commerdal quarrels between members and arbitrating^ comn requested to do so. 9. Membero must inform the president of the guild (stating full details) iriien an employee is discharged on accoimt df improper behayior. The president and aunmittee accordingly may, if the evidence warrants, prevent the reem|doymait of sucn person by any other member of the guild, or may cancel such prohibitioii ttod so notify the members. Members are obliged to expose in a prominent place at the entrance of their places of business a sign showing that they are members of the guila. Members can not refuse to act as officers, if elected, nor resign after election except on account of illness or old age. The principal officials serve without pay, but the clerks and inspectors receive salaries. Article 26 provides for the standardization of cans and solid contents. Breach of rules and delay in paying dues result in fines varying from 5 yen (12.50 gold) to 100 yen (WO gold). CANNEn-GOODS TBADE IN THE PAR BAST. 41 A system of rewards and pensions to employees of long standing or those deserving of special commendation is provided for throng the committee of &» gudd. Arbitration is also undertaken. BBGULATIONa OF YOKOHAMA MABINX-fBOiyilOTa mBIK The marine-products guilds (of which there are 220) are of mueh importance at the principal points of exports, as Yokohama and Kobe. The main object of these guilds is to examine the manufacture cl marine products imd to make inquiries respecting markets ior their sale. The regulations of the Yokohama guild for the examination of ma- rine products for export, adopted March 10, 1913, show the anxiety of the Japanese to maintain a standard for their goods. At one time the variation in quality of canned crab threatened severe loss to the better class of canners, hence the adoption of these new rules: Article I. There are 13 kinds of fishery products for export that are to be examined by this guild, but for the time being 5 of them only, that is, canned crabs, shrimps, salmon, trout, and abalone, are sub- ject to examination. The 13 kinds are aa foUowa: Gannusd crabe, canned shrimps, canned salmon, canned sslmon trout, canned aba- lone, dried abalone, dried trepang, dried cutttefiah, dried shrimps, gelatine (kanten), seaweeds (kombu), cut seaweeds Qdsami komlm), ahell ligaments. Artidle 11. Members of the guild can not sell or export (to Taiwan and Chosen inclusive) tiiose articles that are subject to examination and yet not examined, and can not export (to Taiwan and CSioeen inclusive) those goods that are rejected in examination. Article HI. Examination is held in the place fixed by the guild, but by the request of owners of articles subject to examination it may be held on the spot where such articles are stored. In such cases the expense must be borne by the owners. Article IV. Those who apply for examination shall pay the fee fixed by the guild, said fee to be collected at the following rate, irre- spective of the goods passed or rejected in the examination: Canned crabs and shrimps, 4 sen per case: canned salmon and salmon trout, 2 sen per case ; canned abalone, 2 sen per case. • Article Y. Those who apply lor examination should send in a writ- ten application for the guild office three days before the examinatioii will be made. Artide YL Examinations will be made in the order of receipt of appli- cations, but whm it is deeemd necessary the chief and examiners, without waitingthe applicant's request, may make the examination. Article VII. When me goods are passed, one . certificate will be issued for the whole lot and the mark provided for in Article XX will be stamped on the outside of each case. If requested for each indi- vidual shipment, however, separate certificates can be issued. For those articles rejected in the examination, the mark provided for Utt- der Article XX will be stamped on the front of each case. Article VIII. When examination is to be made, it is necessary that two examiners and the applicant concerned shall be present. Article IX. The guild is provided with more than two exandners and a certain number of assistant examiners and inspectors, all of whom wiU be m^et apfioiiited or aasigned to duty by the ohi^ of the guild. Article X. When dimtifllection at the examination is felt, appli- eation for reexamination can be made. When such application is presented and the chief of the guild deems it necessary, other examin- ers shall perform the examination, and sometimes officials may be present, if at the reexamination the preceding one is found to be right and just, the examination fee will be charged anew. Article XI. Examination is made as to the packing, outside a|>- pearance of cans, and their contents. As to the contents of cans, if deemed necessary, warm-room examination Qieat tests) or chemical examination will oe made. Article XII. Examination of the outside appearance of cans is made in conformity with the examination standard; that is, more than 3 cases out of the lot of each 50 cases (in proportion when leas than 50 cases) of one and same kind are unpacked, and when ewm one can is found faulty the packing must be renewed and be subject to reex- amination. Article Xm. Examinatbn of the contents of cans is made accord- ing to the examination standard; that is, cans are opened in the folr lowing ratioi and if eyen one can is found faulty exactly the same eKammation will be lepeated, and if the same fault is found the whole lot shall be rejected: Not more than 5 cans out of less than 50 cases of one and the same kind; not more than 10 cans out of 50 to 100 cases; not more than 20 cans out of 100 to 500 cases; not more than 30 cans out of more than 50 ) cases. Article XIV. When the packing is incomplete and does not com- ply with the examination standard, examiners may order repacking. Article XV. When articles were manufactured for test purposes and bear the testimonials from the Government offices^ they may not be subject to the examination regulations. Article XVI. The applicants must inform the guild office as to what steps are to be taKen in disposing of the rejected ^oods. Article XVll. With respect to the disposal of the rejected oqodB, examiners can at any time inspect stores or warehouses, and wiken it is considered that something is wrong the chief of the guild will be informed. In such cases the chief of the guild takes the steps noted undar Article XVm. Article XVill. When members of the guild sell or export (to Tai- wan and Cliosen indusiye) the goods that are subject to examina- tion and yet not examined, or export (to Taiwan and Chosen indu- siye) the goods rejected in the examination, they are fined, through the decision of the official meeting of the guild, and the penalty is in conformitywith the Article 75 in the rules of the guild. Article XIX. The examination standard fixed by the guild is as foUows, but names and inside quantity of canned ''hanasaki kani," "zuwai kani," and **ke kani," which are different from ordinary kani (crabs), must be clearly described on the top of the case. When names and quantity of contents, as above mentioned, are not stated, examiners will describe them and then make the examination. The following is the examination standaid for canned crabs and shrimp (momme » 0.008267 pound) : IBABt. Signs and on cans. Outside Qiniar.... CoDfeenli... Reaotkm Injorioos matter. fUWAI Aim n XAML Signs and on cans. Oatskle appearance of Sh^M of otu.. Quality Contents.... Reaction Injurious matter. Material for cans. novT. Signs and on cans. Outside cans. Quality.. •iipeanDoe f Contents. Reaction Injurious matter. IbtvM for cans. (ABALOHS, BT&). Signs and on cans. Ootiide Complete and in conformity with reK" ulations. Roll-closing or outside fitting cans; good; soldering and shape of cans complete. Ferfoct meats, clear c(dor, innate flavor. S(flid crab meats: Over 105 momme for 1-lb can; over 50 for Hb. can. Shrimp: Over 50 momme for 1-lb. can; over 25 momme for ^Vo. can. alk^ine. Neutral or None Tin plate " charcoal " or lacquered and complete quality; more than 95 pounds per case for 1-lb. can; more than 90 pounds per case for i-lb. can. ICaterial for cases; thickness of end pieoes more than 6 bu (0.739 in.); uieimess of top, bottom, sides, more than 5 ba (0.596 in.); well dried, good quality, and no knots; securely Bejected. good que piekM. Complete and in oanfbrmfty wiUi rag- ulations. Roll-closing or outside fitting cans; good; soldfldng and tibafib of tMs complete. ^1 OULs; 3 Sim 3 bu in diameter (3.93 in.), 1 sun 8 bu high (2.14 inO; small oans, 8 son in dtanieter (Ml ta.), 1 sun 5 bu high (1.789 in.). Perfect meats; clean color; innate flavor. Big oans; solid meats, over 80 momme (0.682 lb.); small cans, solid msKtB, ov«r 40 momme (0.331 lb.). Neutral or wBakaUcsltee None Tin plate "charcoal" or lacquered and complete quality; more than 95 pounds per case for 1-lb. can; more than 90 pounds per case forj-lb. can. Material rar cases; thickness of end ftieces more than 6 bu (0.739 in.); hickness of top, bottom, sides 5 bu (0.596 in.); well dried, good quality, and 00 knots; aeeiifelj9«BM Ck>mplete and in eoa io ra aliy wtta the regulttUoni. Oood;soldning and fliluq^ of cans com- plete. PerlBct meats; clean color; innate Solid meats, ovw 105 momme for 14l>. can (0.869 lb.); over 50 mtmm» tot Hb. can (0.414 lb.).. Neutral or Mk alkaline None ' Tin plate ' charcoal " or I. G. or lac- quered and complete qoaliWi'more ttum 95 pounds per ease for 14d. oan; more t&n W poondi par oaaa for i-lh. can. Material for cases; thickness of end pieces more than 6 bu; thickness top, bottom sides 5 bu; well dried, good quality, mi m knots; aacnmly quality, pM^eo. Complete and in ooofwmity with reg- ulations. Gtood; solderiof mA ihva of oompleta. Inoomplete and not in ooofarmUy with regulations. Inside fittin'^, rusty or expanded cans; incomplete soldering; damaged shape of cans. Meats spoiled; discolored; stale, offen- sive odor; female or youn,^ crabs. Solid crab meats: Less than 105 mcunme fbr 1-lb. can: teas than SO momme fat Hb. can. Shrimp: Less than flO momme for 1-lb. can; less than 25 momme for 1-lb. can. Acid or strong'alkaline. Contahied. Not having the stated weight and in* o(miplete quality. Not usin;; the stated ItomA, ing incomplete. bMomplete and not in eonmity wHk regulations. Inside fitting, rusty, or expanded jnns; incomplete! of cans. Not] m Meats spoiled; discolored; stale. sive odor; female or young crabs. Big cans, solid meats less than momme; small cans, aolid than 40 momme. Acid or strong aUrallHli. Contained. ^ , ^ ^ Not having the stated mli^t and in- oomplete qoali^. Not U8in£ a stated board and packing ineomplete. Incomplete and not ii eoalBnttity wfHi regulations. Expanded and rusty cans; mcomplete soldering; damaged shape of caos. SpoUed meata; diMolQioa. I sive odor. Containing leaa Acid or stn Contained. Not having the stated complete quality* Not usmg stated mmiltr i^A PMkfeig incomplete. Inoomplete and not in conformity with regulations. ided and rusty cans; inoompleti 44 OAKNEB-GOOBS TBADE IN THE FAB BABT. IfUjiotoa. EUt 8HXLL8 (ABALONIf BCC)— oonUBiiod. C w^lotoforai; good «olaf * elMr Joke, imuito fltovW' Solid meato om40moinine(0.3311b.) for 141k eMI. Spoiled, cflMiBiv odor, vtn turbid Juice; nMmatwCared from dried tar shells, strongly acid. Not having the stated weight Contahied. Not having stattd iitiiSlt and faeoai- plato anilllr. Not nsing the stated qnlllff MMlfMiE- ingincrax^te. IfMwial lor etmi.. ...... Tin plate "charcoal" or IC or lao- qaered and complete qjcaUtj over SO pounds per caw. Material for cases; thickness of end pieces more than bn; top, bottom, tides more than 5 bu; well dried, good^yaU^, and no knote; securely The can containing meat of over 60 momme in weight is called ''heavy," that of 50-60 momme ''light," and that of 40-50 momme "lightest" Jmicfe XX. J^ds, size, and impressioiis of the stamps and ooliiis of the ImpieeBioiis aie §xm hj the guild. CSiM-afAXING lACTOBIBa Many young men from the Government schools of canning start into the caafiitis business for themselves. Beginning, as a rule, witii small capital, the plants established in this way are naturally primi- tiw and are in some cases nothing more than a small shed attached In #ie house of the owner. In such cases practically the only equip- ment is secondhand machinery of the hand-operated type for making ems, im manufacture of cans is at present an aroolutely neces- sary part of all canning factories in the outlying districts, it is not unusual to find the factories of the larger centers manufacturing their own cans also, in spite of the fact wkt caurmaking fMstories an in flodstence in Tokyo and Osaka. The principal work of these can-making factories consists in litho- ^phing labels directly on the sheet tin and in lacquering the sheet tin for the protection of the contents, leaving the manufacture of the cans themselves to the individual factories. The largest can-making establishment of the three located in the city of Tokyo finishes annually 3,000,000 cans. At these can factories sanitary cans, made with German or Japanese double-seaming apparatus, are the only type manufactured. It was stated that not more than 10 per cent of the smaller canning establishments in Japan that manufacture their own cans own double-seamer machines. In many factories the older types of hand-soldered cans are made. This apphes, how- ever, to gooos sold largely in Japan and not to a great extent to those for exports , Attention should be given to the difference between the size of cans manufactured for Japanese home consumption^ in fact even for those for ejqport, and the usual size of Ammcan cans. The econom- ical habits m the Japanese prechide any demand for cans containing more than can be consumedat a meal, ocmaequentity the 2-pound and 3-pound cans of American manufacture are r even CANNBD-GOODS TBADB IN THB PAB WUm. 45 one-fourth pound is much more favored by the Japanese. Crabs, shrimps, and salmon for export are generally put up in flat J-pound and 1-pound cans 3.65 incnes and 4i inches in diameter and 1.9 inches and 2} inches in height, respectively. The pineapi>le is about the only product put up in 2-pound or 3-pound cans. The height and diameter of pmeapple cans are as follows: Four inches hig^, 3.4 inches in diameter, contents 3 J pounds; 3.7 inches high, 3.2 inches m diameter, contents 2§ pounds ; 3.7 mches high, 2.9 inches m diameto^ contents 2 pounds. The Japanese fruits and v^tabies are rarely packed in cans containing more than 1 pound, and the cans are modeled on the Frendi or Beteium types, being about 4 mdies t^l and 2.75 inches in diameter. There is a variety of cans found m the different factories, but greater effort toward standardization in ihm respect is being made by the guilds, especially for export In makmg an effort to sell American canned foods among the masses of Japanese the preference for cans of smaU size should be borne in mind. The price for manufactured cans delivered at the factories in the city limits of Tokyo, or f. o. b. for shipment, are 2.8 sen (0.014 cent) for 1 -pound plain cans of the sanitary type in orders of not less than ' Most of the cans are sold with the labels lithographed upon the tin in one or more colors, although paper labels are also used, espe- cially upon articles for export to America. There are a number of factories that confine their work to the lithographing of labels imon the sheet tin, to be shipped to the canner for the further worE of cutting and making mto cans. The labels are so arranged on the sheet as to cause the least possible waste in cuttings These labels are usually of Japanese design, but generally have the nao^ of the contents, manufacturer's name, and other data in both Japanese and English. They are executed in one or more colors, altnough those of three colors are the standard. Cans made with labda litho- graphed upon them cost, for the standard three-color 1-pound siii 3.9 sen (0.0195 cent) each, in not less than 5,000 lots. This includes the designing of the label and making of the stone, as well as all other details of manufacture. To large jconsumers this price is shaded from 0.1 to 0.2 sen per can. Those canners making their own cans pay the following prices for lithographing the labels on the sheet tin: One color, 1 sen (i cent) per sheet; two colors, 2.3 sen; three colors, 3.4 sen; four colors, 4.2 sen. The smallest order accepted is for 5 cases of tin of 112 sheeta each. LACQUERED CANS. About 10 per cent of the cans manufactured on lithographed sheet tin are lacquered on the inside. These are used chiefly by the canned- crab packers. The lacquer mostly used is of Japanese manufacture and known as "yei sei kanzaL" it is a comparative^ new product, the invention dr Prof. Kmiichi Mi^azaki, instructor ol the fisherjf expeann^t station of Tokyo, which is under the Department of Agri- culture and Commerce of Japanese Government. After experir menting with various lacquers for the interior of cans for a number of years, he succeeded in making a lacquer about three years ago that he claims will succes-fully withstand the heat necessary for processing aiiy character of canned foods without any tendency to crack, aoftent 46 c^z^rritX' say^'if half c^Mi zpr^. ^lea by him m Japan iindiir tkl ^^^^ Jacquer has been n^f which has of hJS^K. 1 f*^^ wooden racks fn ii^i i ^ ^*ter is kept mnaPAL cjonma cbntbu. «-Bed crab, BlSS^'^jJ^STi. ^^SjOoi^S?'?^; «e western coast Temment statistics, employing 2^672 male and 3,762 female workers, and having an output as fol- lows: Beef, 6,659,695 cans, valued at $631,880; fruit, 3,184,420 cans, valued at $203,867; fish and shellfish, etc., 15,338,083 cans, valued at $1,156,508; miscellaneous, 7,769,814 cans valued at $493,027; total, 32,952,012 cans valued at $2,485,282. This is an increase of approximately $300,000 in three years. The daily average wages paid by these factories is as follows: For boys under 14 years of age, 8 to 11^ cents; for girls, 6 to 8 cents; for men, 21i to 50 cents; and for women, 12i to 17i cents. This is for a working day of 10 to 11 hours. It was stated in the Hiroshima factories that these wages were higher than fonnerly and that they were steadily advancing. The wages vary ccmsiderably according to locality, the higher rates being for labor m the dyes ii impertanoe. The branch ofwe Tagasu Canning Co. in Oboaen pays 15 oeata a day for skilled male lalxMEerB and about 7^ to 9 cents for women. Tin is pnichaaed ehie% in England and costs $8.35 to $9 f . o. b. Kobe per box of 112 sheets 24 by 28 inches each. IC charcoal aver- ages $8.76 f. o. b. Kobe, and IC coke $8.50 f. o. b. Kobe. The com- ment made by the owners of the large factory that furnishes goods for the Japanese Navy was to the effect that, judgmg from trials of American tin plate used several years ago, the amount of tin on the plate is not sufficient nor evenly applied ; English tin plate is con- sequently preferred. This factory uses about 750 cases of tin plate per year at its plants. Solder costs 4 yen per kwan (24 cents a pound). Paper labels cost $1.15 per 1,000 in orders of not less than l^^O. GR4B-GANNING INDUSTRY. The exportation of crab meat from Japan has been increasing rapidbjTy as indicated by the following expert statistics given by Uie Japanese Qovernment: Tens. 1909 .ITTMHi-.:. 105»828 $176,017 1910 . . jH^Bl ; 201,732 364,395 i9u:::...jiiJ^Bfcifc.' ■ • • IMS. J Of this output, by far the largest proportion comes from the Kuril Islands nearest the island of Hokkaido, the principal factories being located on the island of Kunajiro (or Kimasniro). The factories on the western coast of the island of Sakhalin follow as second in impor- tance, and the region along the western coast of the main island of Japan, including the Provinces of Tango, Echizen, Wakasa Tamba, and Tajima, is me newest and smallest of the crab-canning sections. 48 OAKSXIHX>OI» IBAin W THE FAB BAST, J^vm^t'&TV?'^^'^ oo^st of Japan is SKSTLS^^'k^** Hokkaido and SakhaliS, the ,t to the seyere weather e^peSHnX^SSLml^^T^feZ?? brng IS done at a d stance c? 12 to 40 milMnff S« } i a depth of 50 to 130 fniCoB '^^ZS^^^^^f^l^^^f^ nets, and are troUed behind boa4 They'^lSe^l^p^dTS having an open mouth about 10 feat in len.»fh^ sacK-enaped bags supphed wit^' a string of wSn stn> e'LhTLJ^to J^hul^the ig^LtatetsTflhSt^^^^^^^ »o:fi:ttir ^ ^ point^whrr^;?!^- The fishing is done to a lai^e extent in a verv Drimitivn «iftn„n, SLt"^«7L' '^V* A* '"'^S, each boS SXSKS toHi^ 4." mast that can be used when the CTfeSofc tooitoB» The fiahermen depend to a lai^e extent upon °he TiM iM^ ^ anangements for drawing in the rone attftHho,? tlfo net nu&ea Uiis maiE varv anvnni T>«rt;^.i=>i • ^ aitacned to the when ihe distance toXlalSg JfotiSs ^ 55««JU7 to pay ont tha Una a^^wt ^e ne i'r^consfderd' canning Mtabhshments are not operated reeularlv eron An^„ sewon Crabs caught in this sect^weighTto 32 JZ^S At Taisa, a town of about 4,800 inhlbitante in X (wl; «t 2,000158868 of 48 cans each per annum. The work Am. b tiii naS OAirHn>-af * ™»* P«* ^ ««» J^^^^^d general Inqukv waT^o ^, 'J^T^^S' P^P^' ^ *^ i^teSior is tomhfe with&e^^U,e crah ^^^'i^"" Imd been mudi stated that four ve^J« ^ JI section, and it was this h«l bLn" S?^eX fh.r n7'^/°'lf'''*'^"»'»'« but tlJS which is in n^tT^^luJolotZJ^ "^^^^ "Skakusan," of 3 n.om.KMroielZ'LPH V"'" ''^"^ t'^*' proportion One of the Taisa f^S .J^wfc ^'""'",'"6 to no momme cans. Quarts) of watT 1 to rt^ToS^lkf "^"""^-^ 3 sho (4.764 fcWS pound) of^ if TW J.^°if "^K-'" '^".'^ 20 momme mommi^cans and 3mommeL?mS2tli*^ """V^* "^"^l 80- that in the island of^aS^^^tlJuSS' ¥ to prevent the blacSHf rt^f?^ ^ a preservative Ibrfidden by tle'SH^thl tef'HoSdrwtn" ^ proportion of the crabs are canned The «5K?#L!IIT-**** iMSely through Kobe, the price bein^ M M ^^"^ ^ •"/'^'^^ monane (0.66 pound) cans inH «fi iq L*^*^ P« ewe of 80- P«nnd) cans. Wi.^ « cLTto ."^ &UMON INDUSTltY. iJ^e^eSr^ KaSte ^ ^'^^opod within the & M^5n£?t£^t^JS±!^^^ Sa'^'^li"' «nd in the into two classesrS.lhr;^£?XSf bv th^ '^'^''^^^ on the idand of Kyu.shu^nd Da Nagasaki territory in China. Si Auch S-e morl or le^^l suotori^Jnr,**^ ^Zh^ P"^ to observe ^"Cl of the fishery hSlitaS7fa1^o^5"i'£«^^ * g^^"^*^ who was int^erested ^ set^ &h^S ^r^' in Slubetsu and Bekkai, ^e^^^m^SM^^A^^ facton^ kter Idzumi Shozo also starf^!i?*NSS £2Sk£f three canners were the onlv nmdm^M fnr;^ OAWOTD-OOODS IBAin OT XH» »AB aAST, ^mnlovees as well as among tlie gMiwal consumers at points not dk&1n^r««*^ast wTd as a^ult the. number of cannmg TacS to Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands, and m Japanese Sakhalin llV^^Ln^addSto. whUe some of the canners of Japan(^e crabs wSn thrpa^fanTof salmon and white trout^ in addition to melt '.^le West proportion of the pack of fish in these Japa- S2 Horiee hL b^n white trout, however, and as there has been ^J^dSTcomplaint about the irregularity of the quahty and ^ C wSned thereby, the Hokkaido local government has ^mtly ta^"? the subject and allowed only the facton«. to Ste that comply with certain regulations and bave »^««»* ^"ment. In tllis way it is hoped to f««t greater unrf^t^ mial tv and to maintain a better reputation for tiieprodiM5t. lto ^der and larger of these factories have adopted eome Amencaa . machines o modem type, but the smaUer and newer plants have r.un with irZfficient etc., in some cases the only eqmp- mlnt belli "training gained' in the fisheries espermient station ""The foUowing table shows the approximate output in 1«12 of the cann«8 of Japanese white trout and sahnon in Hokfcaido and adj acent a^r(wiVthe exception of 730 cases of red salmon packed by Kuroye Koyato, at H&odato, the output is white trout): Canners. Fujino Shirobei Nemuro Kanzumo Kaisha Usugori Katsusaburo AoiiodaSholcai Marusan-gumL Kamoshlge Shoten • - ■ Itsutsuboshi Kanzumo Kaisba Nakanobu Kinosuke Idsumi Shozo Shimazaki Shoten.. Aoyama Shoten... •••«•.....• SLosUsihi Sboten.. Location. Nemuro... ...do ...do Hakodate. Nemuro... ...do ...do...... « • sdio* • « • • • ...do ...do ...do ...do Cases. 30,000 10,124 8,562 5,000 3,550 3, 100 3,000 2,067 1,488 1,305 1,000 970 Canners. Kuroye K^yata.-... Uosbjno Sh 'ten Osumi Shoten Mikami Shiten Kyodo Sh )kai Iparashi Kyuzabiiro. Yamamoto Sh >ten. . Hara Shoten Okamoto Shoten. . . . Total. Hakodato. Nemuro... ...do .do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. 'Hie f oMowing figures stow the approximate 1912 output of manu- facturers on i£ aand of Sakhalin, all of whom are Japanese: Aka- saka Ichisaburo, at Aomori, 6,000 cases of white trout; Sasano Yei- Sd^i, Tnakodate, 3,000 cases of white trou|; Oguma Ko^^^^^^ at Hakodate, 620 cases of white trout; Fukui Jujiro, at Hakoda^^^^ 500 cases of white trout. The output of canned crab meat wa^ about 6,000 or 7,000 cases, so that the total output of the cannen^ was about 17,000 cases (810,000 to 820,000 pounds , valued at ^42,500. FoUowinff is the 1912 output of the manufacturers ^A^!^^ and Niffiefsk: Denbigh /co., l^«t^^^*^« 53,000 cases, of which 35,000 were red satoon 10,000 and 8,000 white trout; Nippon Shokuslun Ksisha, with headquar^ at Tokyo, 8,200 cases of red salmon; Tsuteuim Sh^^^^^ head- quarter at Niigata, 6,200 cases of red sabnon; Minald & headquarters a^VUiU^tok, 5,000 cases of red salmon; Sakai Sadsr kichi? with headquarters at Hakodate, 2,400 eases of red saW: Takaiiashi SukeaSichi, with headquarters at Niigata, ,700 ca^^^^ red sahnon: Hakama Shin-ichiro, with headquarters at Isiigata, 700 cases of red salmon; Nakanobu Kinosuhe, Ogawa Gomei Kaiaha, and 62 OAHXD^OOOOS XBAIM at SSB MB MtBS. 2l£S5*il^'l,S^7^ ^1'^"^^^^^^ Hakodate, 800 c«e8 of «d Umm ^ *^ (3,744,000 pounds), yfimdS, VlSi^^SS L^-' *" ^,°|!o-R"««'an firm, with he«Unii»t« MlmT^^ ^^t" ^ at Kamchatka, started thepSSS already describe? ^ESt ^, k""" Japanese factories plant mth modem mSSL £1^ ^ invested to start the plant indiwibwiTdrtSS telnt'*"'^"^"* ^^^^ ^'^^ the - ine product put out by Denbigh & Co is attrarUrr^ ir, „ md has aoparenUy been satisfaJtoi? t^'^^ Z tZ^ shipped, although in qual^ it is ^fhanTSfJ^J? ?u ^^^"^ sahnon. Of that exoortol to BWlES^P^ Wfenor to the American Italy and othr«,unS^ ^ reexported to of ^ISZt'^jL^w'S'lfea^fc ^Jfe^tft^* ^'it n-^^y an abund^ of ml sSon a^i Kamchatka, where they can find the mm of these Japanese factories and nrohflhl v iVo I ^y^™**- »*X JT^^" 1 Co. planned to increase thpir iqiq PMSIL impmg to produce 100,000 cases during the soiTnn 11 J ^ AmeriSm machiniiry and^^^S S i.n nnn^"'^ purchasing Thft f Atftl n.«^J^^ 1 •'^P^^^g about $50,000 in improvemenf? ine total exports were laig^r in 1912 than in iQi i h„f ft^ t manufacturers with the smMiir^W^ . . ^ Japanese Quotations early in the year for Kamchatka ssbnnn »». .v„ , $8.25 per case of 48 one-pound (flatrca^i^^ fhTr? tmut averaged about SS-SO^er caTe o 48Tn™d cJ^'"??^^*! output of red salmon and Japanese white txS?f^?n u mra^aseof about 30 per cent oveM Oir Of fT^^ 1912 showed ao the bug^ pmportio^n hrLT s ^ 'to E^ltf^f P^***' The portions of the Japanese packliot di^Ss^ ^ ^ ''T *° J^P«" have C been dkJSS oi. Ibe white trout of Japan and Sakhalin trnp« m^<.iil * '''IPOsed •*Tti^^*^.'^-*^«^ bv the JapatseTavy ""^y ine cost of salmon m Kamchatka is said to ho oK^„t c fish The estimated cost of pack^ i i follows ner c^- M°„f i^U>k'Z('X'£^S'J^:^^^ 'ihettTaf cost per case is thus $3.12. """^f^y usea. ine total average "I^,** •^*P*" 4-S wmte to 5 cents e«rh and the estunated cost of manufacture ner easAh t9on ? ? ? l ' rate from Hakodate to England of 37i ^n^r »». a makes a very satisfactorv product M n^JrvT? " "^m«£'ca and tray. After bemg sorted waaht^A iwi P"»'«»^ nwiTwed at the fac- off, they are thrown Tto ,^ onen k^ttl^ ^'/k",*^"'"^ sterns picked frait seims soft-from 3 tTs Tnut^ -nf ^t*^ tbe ~^4inch«mheightand 2f inX"t diam^^^^ Pb««d in (0.45 pound) «rf this fruit are placed in ea^Han ^fhlt"**"™? to witiim one^ialf inch of iha t^r^ ♦iT , . ^ ^ siruped ing to the filwdn^forite • ^ *^ ^ abSr sTin^^^tllToVU^ ^ mereed again for one or two'minnS vented, resealed, im- finally iiiTmei^ed in I KfS^to ' P'*^^ ^^fle.' and MUSHB0OM8. i*iis"i"Lr;i^ror%i?et[=^^^^ « gathered under the' pin^ i^;^."^TeTtdk k ^A;,Lr2 1^^^^ ounnnxKMiDS xbasb nr thb fab hasi. 55 dismeter and th« eap about 6 inches. Only those not fuUy fa*"^^^ Seused. Those wSned at Hiroshima come largely from the Tamba district in the southwestern section of the mam island of Japan, and must be deUvered to the cannery on the day they are gathered The first operation is to peel off the skin from the cap and stalk. After grading into three sizes, they are boded in an open kettle ior 30 minutes at 212° F., after which they are placed m .a vessdof fresh cold water, where they are aUowed to remain otot nigjit. J^ey then placed in the ca^ and the cans are ^^^"^^^S^^^^ in the closed process kettle and cooked at 22|» F. for 20 mmutes, when the temperature is raised 235.5° F. «nd .the proc^ing^ tinued for 40 liiinut^s, after which the cans are immediately vented, resoldered, and allowed to cool witiiout farther proeeesmg. IfXAT, PEAS, OHBSTMOTB. Meat, with soy sauce, called "yamatomi," is processed first for 50 minutes at 228° F. in the closed process kettle and then vented, mealed, and again processed for one hour at 235^5 F. ^ , , ^^Tare pro^essel for 40 minutes at 228° F. They are not cooled in cold water after processing. _ , , Chestnuts of the large Japanese vanetv are cann^ °XJ^Z^ of the Hiroshima factories. One estabhshment packs 1,500 cases of 4 dozen cans each. They are culUyated Ittfgely m the Tamba district near 1 firoshima. They are packed m l-poulid cans abnost exclusively. Chestnuts cost 20 8«i pw aho (6.3 cents per quart) deUvered at the factory. At the factory; the bulb are removed by hand and the meate are placed m large kettles of waraa water the temperature of ^ich is raised to the boihng point. The boiUng is aUowed to contanue for 30 minutes, after which the water is drained off and the meats are then steeped overnight in shghtly warm 30 ner cent sugar sirup. In the morning they are placed m the cans, wvered wifli a 3.5 per cent sugar sirup closed and processed for 30 minutes at 228° F., vented, sealed, and reprocessed for 40 minutes at 228° F A large proportion of the canned chestnuts are labeled with paper labels, altfiough there are some put up in cans with labeb Ethopi^hed on the tins. The best quahty retail at 12i cents per Gfm. BAMBOO SHOOTS. The bamboo shoots canned vary from 3 to 6 inches in diameter, the smaller ones being of better quality. One concern stated that it packed 700,000 cans annually. At the factory the shoots are wadied and boiled for 30 minutes m an open kettle. The outer leaves, or sheaths, are then removed until the tender mner seotion erf the sprout is reached. These are sorted as to size and quahty, out into proper sizes, and placed in cans Water is poure( into the cans to within an inch of the top, and the cans are then closed and placed in the closed process kettle and heated at 235.5 b . for 50 minutes to one hour. They are then vented, resoldered, and once more placed in the closed process kettle at the same temperat^ for 20 minutes, after which they are cooled in cold water. Ihe woody texture and lack of flavor of this eastern vegetable are not relished by the majority of foreigners who try it, yet among the Orientals it is highly favored. 56 €AKiniH}0€ID6 THABB IH THE FAB BAST. SHBIMP, PBAWNB, AND LOB8TBB. Cnistaceams abound in the Japan Sea, along the coast of GboMn (llOTea) and down the China coast into the Guff of ChihJi. I he lobster m Paknurus japonicus, in reality a large crawfish. 1 ^Ik^"^ -1*^^ Korean coast, and ranges from 1 2 to 1 8 inches in length with antennae of about the same length. The average we^ht IS 130 momme (1 .07 pounds). Lobstere are sold for 2 to 3 sea U to If cents) each. ^^^^ ^^"^^P extends from April to August and ^hme m ft ahOTt season during October and November. Thev «re caafibt at a depth of 6 t«> 10 feet in trawl nets having a spread of 10 feet with a mesli of } inch. They are caught at night only, probably beeaiise the wateiB sUHomiding Japan are so clear that objects on the floor of the sea imWttHSm whUst are as clearlv visible as they would be in 3 or 4 f eT^fSLJ e]b^4S&^ can not be caught on moonlight nights. ^ Immediately after deUvery to fihe canneries, they are bmled tor 10 namutes in an open kettle of plain water without the addilkm ol salt. After blanching they are passed to the tables wh^ women remove tlie heads and shells and other women pack the pi^nared shnmp in cans. At the best factories, the shrimp or prawim are mclosed in a thin cotton bag, which is placed in a can lacquered on lined with parchment paper. All of these precau- laons are taken to avoid the blackening of the food in the can This discoloration is supposed to be caused by the phosphorus contained m the shnmp^ and although it does not actuallv injure the product It does make it unsalable. All of the shrimp aAd prawns canned in Japan are dry-packed; that is, packed without the addition of salt '^f^.*^* ^ tops with double- seanuM apnaratns ftted with rubber ring gasketS^. the cans are placed m closed process kettles and piocemd at 230.6° F for 90 minutes. The cans are then Tented, reseafed, and again processed at the same temperature for 30 minutes. After th? processing is complete the cans are cooled in tanks of odd water. , TIADB IN FOSBIGN GANNBD CMKMia The imports of American canned foods into Japan can be placed in two classes^ndensed milk and canned foods of all otlier descrip- toii O^^r^^dXlTS^I'^ ^^^^ ^^/^^ ^^^2 amounted and 1407,703 wortii were from England. The imports of canned mn*^f i^f'.^JJt ^^^^ asfoUows: Vegetables and fruit, 538,010, of which $14, 227 came from the United States, $12 797 from i^m'i !5 t'i^iJlT England; canned meat, fowl, U, etc., 517,032, of which $6,496 came from FNmoe and $2,299 from Ger- many. Statistics of exports from Japan to the United States show that even mcludmg the large item of condensed milk the United States m not selling a niuch larger quantity of canned goods to Japan ihan it m buying from that country. " ^ y w-aiiw ^^"UL -.-^ ^An^ Tisr TM FAB EAST. 67 Oommsioe: Abaione Cnb mflftt . •«•••••• In ou. . ••••••••• OtibflT. •«...•••>* Hash Vegetables -•• other canned goods. Total ex- ported. Exported to United States. $160,790 $13,351 mm 7,190 209,524 76,549 156,583 92,023 43,939 41,040 51,192 19,886 1,395,009 1 588,711 H the exports of crab meat to the J^aJfeT^i^^^^^ densed milt from the I'^^it^f^^.^^^Xcte ^ov by ance in favor of Japanese ^anne^l product, x™^^ the fact that there are many "ore JapaMse condensed Sans and Americans m Japan With^W^t'" ^^.^^ Uk it is evident that the »?P9^^,™^'X^^all foreign population. States into Japan '''je P-'Sak of^SorOc^^^ These foreigners mclude officiabrf janoi^ uo ^^^^^^ dem^d resultmg from any inf ?ase m loreig f ^ handled through the present d^tnbutors^ ^^n^ed foods in Jajan, it siderablo increase in the sale of ^mencan cannea r mlt be to the J^W**! tTe jlpanesJ cln be accomjlishedly only of American canned foods to the Japanese can ^ ^ a most careful. c«np«gn j^S^^^^J'^^^"^^^^^^ the conditioaa S.%rk]SrKe5nTa!C Ju^^ in "J^J^^ anese-American Relations : ,^^,5^^ of the foreigner The primary and perhaps moat ^'<>y^^^^^ ^^Zs^heAer Japanese or and Japanese of each oth« s l"f^'?^^conte with ekch other on busine» fordgn, could not, except m the ww^ in^ncej, comer erally Chinese, as Sffi director id were «»X^lenwS?offi tL c^™i^ interpreters. The one aim ?i^f^'^^\^^^°^r^ of China, 90 that it was but done through their office^ J"'* '° S| dwelSpment of trade. The on^y alter- natural that they should be *? J^p foreigner or the Japanese, should learn naUve that one of the parti^, fXeeds and in this respect it would seem thrt the other', language, ,ttade customs and "i^'^'J^^^^ ^ do aw»y with the middle- the Japanese have taken the injtj^i'Y?.- ^XXrlsS^ in Japan in so far as many man was extended to.the ''SJ."!?"*^^,™"^ X r^^^^^ and exporters andnot of them were rimply i-t^'^^'^'^^^.'^^L^^ or no experiw^^ghul between the producers and consumers. 1 ney j^i^ge, at faragB tnd» trade and usually lacked capital u weU, oui in lae i.™— — » they could get along nicely. 58 aunm>-Q00M auam a mm vab kast. thl« f^l-^t ""^""fS » Mcessary to ratlbe that fact sevSZa?tT'\?.,'^*P*" "Konte for all Srte ofg^™" HiH in J,., * i n • Z *PP'y SO largely at present as it merc^te lacked capital and for th s reason were obliffeH to limit vafeTP'T'*; "^t"--*! outcome Zn attempt tiTe a luge variety of products with a very meaner forrp nf rnlyTC^.ttll effortB wwe directed onlv to snnnlv-in^ tf! I i ? .„„ iJn'^ ""'y .fVPPv"ig the natural demand, and SThiA'^A^^J'fi.P*''''^^'* was confined to those produTte Dmfite^Th^lL^"* favorable prospects and attractive 2£^he^fd^^^rilwVl'1'''^"'i commission mer- STmanlrfw^J^^^ method, and from the standpoint of tne muiuiacturer no more eooiumiical meUiod of making a hpffinnino. could be found, but the eooda imimImI tTkl „ u ^ beginn ng wniiU Qoii rT Brp™ Meoea to IM of a character which would seU readily. Canned foods mdy readv seUers to th« hmited amount required by the foreknm in^uLn tt,« -.^T excention has been^conden^ mUk, ^^e which thl article has found sale amon^ the Japanese the^^ fa wSv of study, and will be treated further mi in this r^rt TnTSi? ♦i arouse the interest of the commission m^di^rwm^iSSjiS canned-goods manufacturers have made sole-a™^ti«^^ certMn commission merchants for the whole of JaoS anH^H«^J- ^moi^'^r'L'f- ^r*"^ commission Si ^Z XL r'*' .h'^^ proved of much vaiue so far as the general line of canned goods is concerned Tn ^,^«T4k 1 ^ carried on. ^ ^ lUinng the last few years a certain amount of direct dealinbS andtt these stated that their business was confined n^stlfto tSrforeiim element m Japan, with a small amount ^oin- to the upper claV^ Japanese. Afl of these merchants agreed that the hith co^ oSiim h^ft^J^^. t ''^^^^ ^""^ '^'^ ^he cost of m^Zp^mt:^' contrasted with the cost of the ^^AM iratl-HlKlilft XftAHS tM TMM MABi BASt Articles. CONDKNSED MILK. Nwtle's: Tin • Dozen tins Tin DoMntim Ctmation cream: Tin Dozen tins Small tin Docen small tins Bmt brand (unsweetened milk): Liter tin — Dozen liter tins Ho-o (Japanese), per ]tin Price. to. 13 1.55 FISH. Anehovifls: ^ , In oil (French), long bottle. In salt (French), long bottle Paste (Ei«lish), 4-ounoegl«ss — Bssence (English)— Small bottle Medium bottle ........ CiYiar: ^ ^ . ^ Unpressed (American) — J-pound tin ---- i-pound tin J-pound tin Stlmon — Americani 4-ounce tin........ En^iah,4-oiinoe glass RoatfttDf 4*001100 tin. Herring: , With tomato sauce, flat oval tin. Kippered, flat oval tin Lobster: Potted (Bn^b)i 4-ounce glass. . CorM (Bi«lfdi)» small tin Salmon: . ^, Red (Alaska), 1-poond tin Boiled, Impound tki. Sardines: In oil (French)— Small tin " Iffldinmtin... I>arge tin ............... In ofl (Japanese)— Medium tin Large tin FRXnt AND FEUIT PEODUCTS. White cherries: ^ ^, Rose brand (American),2J-nomid tin Our Flag brand (American) Cutting brand (American) Getz brand (American) Japanese, 2 J-pound tin Peaches: SUmw brand, 2H>ound tin. Our Flag brand. Cutting brand . . || ||| |b>. Geti Best brandJi|lR.. Japaaaaa, ^^^oona tin Pears: . ^, Rose brand, 2H;>oand tin Our Flag brana Cutting brand • Gets Best brand Apricots: Rose brand, 2i-pound tin Our Flag brand • Cutting brand Getr Best brand Pineapple^^ ^"^V^oleTli-pound tin Whole, 2-plound tin Whole, 2Jrponnd tin. Gobii»»p«iiBd titt.. ........... 1 16| J5 .13 1.65 .07 .80 .131 1.50 .121 .67} .50 .ao .17* .371 .45 .871 1.50 .85 2.00 1.25 .22} .30 .20 .37} .22} .11} .22} .30 .50 .10 .17} .m .32} .40 •42} .25 .22} .30 .35 .40 .17} .22 J .32} .35 .42h .22} .'30 .35 .40 .22} .17} .19 .24 .39 .SB Articles. Jam: Strawijieny and apcloot (En^lab), l-poimd tin ---- Pineapple (English), l-pou^d tin.. . . Orange marmalade (BnsUsn). i- pound tin - • - . - - - - - — Soawberry, orange, and fig (Japa- nese), 1-poimd tin. — '"•••:\ — Apirieot and strawberry (French). . . Ai»pl» batter (Anarican), per tin MEAT Aim mux noniwis. Potted meats: ^ ^ ^ Ham, chidran, and toogoo (Enff* lish), i-pound tin......... Ham and beef (American), }-poand tin Turkey and chicken (American), J- pound tin Sausage: Franldarter, 1-pound tin Vienna, 1-pound tin Vienna, with tomato sauce, }-pound tin Oxford (English)— - Small tin Large tin — - ICaincer (Gkrman): 4 pieces, per tin 8 pieces, per tin Lebervviirst (German), per tin Zungenwurst (German), per tin Sardel]«n4dtMfvarai (' tie. ..,.«.,.... 'vaanABLEs. AtHaiokes (Frandi}, 1-pound tin. Ajparagus: American, 2^pound tin . V^vncli l-poond tin 3N?o«wItiii.., ...."II 10.221 .0&-.O7I • fiO .t5 .ao .an .45 .40-vl7| Articles. I BcanJS^™''*^^^^WI|l|P'^ I Baked (American)— I Small tin I Large tin ......"I Pork and beaiuh^ 1- pound tin 2- pound tin |^,2.poundtin , String, 1-pound tin , Succotash, 2-pound tin . Haricot vert (French), No. 1 ^ Flageolet (French), No. 1 Cauliflower (French), No. 1 Cetoy (French), No. 1 Mushrooms ( FimtU k i-bottle.. No. 1 bottle Choice, No. 1 tin Peas (French): Medium, 1-pound tin. Small, 1-pound^ I. Ill" I Small, ^poundtln IIIIII Very small, 1-pound tin IHH Extra small, 1-pound tin Sugar corn (American), 2-pound tin.III Tomatoes (American), 2'.-pound tin Price. ,W .10 .19 .19 .27J .25 .26 .21 .17J-.20 .30 -.^ .12J-.17J .20 .14 .25 .30 .19 .17i-.20 MARKET FOB CONI>£NSfiD MUJL ^^^^ii^i^^^.l^'^^'^ ^^^^ populations have ^^.!?^ mcretsed without one of the articles of diet that to ^rS^ iwi llteimlwy food-milk. There is practical^ no productm of milk m dUier of ihese countries, the oKudd^^ fei"^!^ ^^^^ ^ ^« form of'"^^^^^ k nn^'un^ *f w ^ no mak is produced in Japan-there IS no land that can be spared foF cattk nLmr. Why the Chinese fcri^rrf ^thout milk is morni^ult to^ ^SeSE Ihere are large sections of China too highly cultivated wStS^ densely populated to aUow the pasturage of cattle auKhWk these sections the water buffalos'^are kept as draft aSk^buTK ruriTer"' "^'""^ ^ raising'SJSd^^i^^ es^Sv^Sf itenlf' ^t-'^.^.^t^nsively in the northern Provinces, S^M; tS/ 12^^ ^"""^ in Manchuria, but, strangely enough, not t^dZA.^^ T7 ^ explanation in the fise^^ St aT^t f^t !l . ^tery^h, and another in the fact ^d^ol^ the hst of Ai-* mmnM. uAu^nmp DO mvoiaea. I'or exanmle main wAfpr hTlS^Slw'^r.Sr' "^.^^ '^^'^^^'^ wa^te^, tie he ««L.rt^ * that disastrons resalts are certain to foUow. Conse- wntljr he takes fajs waUit eithw hot or, more commonly in the f L^'Sii^?**? ^^^\r^ or mfflT A Lpoffe part ♦Lir * ^7P'»«'»* of pom of aU houses and ofBms: m fact ^e teapot IS found even on the boats of the fiahSBnenT^' ' Senas' teW,iS^ OjUO[SI>-OOCID8 SBADS Dff IHS FAB BAffS, in western nations; in fact, it is not unusual to H^J^ the third or fourth year. From that age on through hfe the Jap- anese have been accustomed for centuries to live The Chinese have a somewhat different attitude toward cbw"^ for to them the boys alone are important- the P™/^^^^^ received, or, in some sections, freouently disi^ Mothers thus deprived of their girl baW ^L^S^S in other families where needed., Lar^e ^^^^^^^"^^ all over China and there is a Mgh p f «nt inortali^. ^ .^t**®^^* is made that in Hongkong|M tje English authonUc» have endeavored to keep stalstic8,'l||||| children m a thousand sumve *^^^i2^iis done without milk for centuries it would seem a difficultmattw to induce the Chinese and Japanese to use condensed miik. but when the foreigners began to import it for their own use SSTproduct seemed to appeal at once to the Japanese and also to the Chinese, although apparently not to the same extent, ihis may be accounted for by the fact that the Chmese have not changed so rapidly as have the Japanese since their contact with western nations. Condensed milk has \>ecome an important a.rticle of export from America to these two countries, and while it is astomshmg How m back into the country it has penetrated, largely on ite OTO ineilli and with only a trifling amount of advertasmg, the field oouW m developed to a much greater degree if ad^ialty nwnaged on Amen^ lines and unquestionably (especially in China, wiwje the mwjet has only been ''scratched") offera attractive retnms for such efforts. Sales are made through representatives cmp CMnnMssion ag^ts of recognized standing, either European or American, who have opened offices m some laige distributmg center. In most c^^ these farms have not been Am^an and they have usually handled all kinds of European and American manufactures from the aggregate com- missi^ on which thev have made comfortable incomes. As niost of these firms have started with very large capital, naturally they are mterested principaUv in the most profitable articles or the articles in greatest demand no matter what the country of origin. Ihey can not be expected to show any special desire to push the sale of American goods in preference to others; in fact, the American system of seUing for cash, often f . o. b. New York or San Francisco, has discouraged any attempts to handle great quantities unle^ there was to be a correspondmgly greater percentage of profit. , 'Hiis system m«es it necessary for the agents to use theu- own capital or their erecm witn the banking houses, whereas the European houses often aflmt them through hberal terms and long credit. As a pfflffectlynatural result these houses frequently prefOTed to posh Eoropean goods, although thev gladly handled American articles for which there was a natur^ demand on American terms. Such a d«nand exists for condensed milk which is used by foreigners and natives alike. America seemed bett^ equipped to furnish this article at the outset than any other oountrv, and consequmitly the business was for the greater part American. In some cases the representatives have been allowed a small advertising fund by the American manufacturer, but in the hands of a firm with a comparatively small organization occupied in selling many different characters of goods, such funds have not resulted in systematic advertising of any great value m introducmg 6fi OAHKED-GOOOS XBABB IS IHB VAS it*ffT . a pract^iDy new article to people unfamiUar with its merits. The ^K^ii' K existing commission agents in foreign countries has pobabJy been the easiest and safest way to develop the trade in the be^imng, beowse midi firms or representatives were on the ground, were ra teraA with customers, and usually paid cash, but if there i^ to be any further devdopment of this business, or even the retention ^lltr4 to bJ^tT" • comprehensive plan CONCLUSION. On account of the protective tariff imposed by iman on canned foods from foreign countnes, the low cost of food in Japan and the character of the food demanded, this market does not at present offer very attractive possibihties for the sale of Amwican canned foods in increasing quantities. The OTowth of the business in condensed milk m eFapan warrants the behef that there might be a chance for other products, possibly cakes, crackers, American cereals, or other foods suited to the Japanese meals. Smaller packages for the Japanese would undoubtedly be more popular, and some information m .fapanese characters on the label should facilitate the sale in the more remote sections, although this is not so important as in China No ham would he done by the use of such labels, however, in addition to the ongmal label. Wyapiiers with receipts for cooki4 printed in Japanese diaractero might possibly he helpful. ^ Am adv^ising canapaign by an Individual packer would probably 11L# il^ k study of the products that might be pushed and of the Ameiican ideas in advertising that could he adapted to Japanese conditions will suffice, and if the combined efforts of several mannfactureis of such artictos could be joined in exploitmg such goods the effort mii^t be justified. The mults of the camnaign started by the Anglo-Swiss Milk Co. by the estftUish. ment of branch offices in Japan ndB be interesting in Uiis connection. INTRODUCTION. Judging from the followiM statistics of exports of canned foods from the United States to Siam, the market is not one of great possibilities, and yet the busmees m canned goods is much greater thwi American exports mdicate: Canned salmon Canned fish, other than salmon or shei]fi^ Oyatere Canned fruits..... , All other preserved mvmptmA fluU Canned beef Cioaiidporl: All o^er canned meat prodiwte. . .','.'.'.'.'.'.1" Condensed milk Canned vcjgetables '. '. l. . . All other, including pickles and sauces. . . . l ' I9W 3 la m m m 6 2.464 15 190» tl,02S 1 6S6 m 100 623 nt 4 5 155 480 905 399 mi SI47 1,043 01 ITS 627 224 2,371 356 907 ins 85S 313 635 1,615 704 901 1013 u 483 230 1,323 507 481 iW 1914 too 19 631 OM 030 m ouurmio-GOODS tbade in thb wmm bast. 68 As many merchants, particularly the Chinese purchase goo^^ Singapore, the foregoing table does not show aU t^e in^rte from the United States, particularly m the case of canned a^n*^- The supphes of canned foods are furnished largely by European manufacturers, and the greater proporUMi is wld m ^^^^^^ capital and principal city, having 630,()(W inhj^itante, where ticallv all of the Weigners in Sam reside. The wealthy class of SiamiBse and also a large number of Chinese "St.Ti^' pJ^^T S gt)wing^quantities. There are approximately 200,000 Chmese m G^is'are purchased by large unporting houses dealing in every chwacter of commodities, and these firms are German, l^^nglish, or Danish, Siam bemg the only far eastern country where the Danes exert any great mfluence. A large Danish company (the East Asiatic Co.) operates a Ime of vessels between Siam and Denmark and owns andoperates the largest wholesale and retad department store in Bangkok. The supply of groceries carried by this hoi^e Talmost entirely of European origm, and only those American products r.ro in evidence that are manufactured by firms who have sent representatives from America to ftabksh agencies m^^^^ East The Enghsh and other European firms that control ttoa marKej for canned foods regularly send traveling sj^esmen to hold the trade. One of the representatives of an Bnrfirii ^m stot^ that he had made this far eastern tnp annually for the last 10 years. The Alio lo Swiss Condensed Milk Co. has practicdly absolute control of tiiis market, and with an agent oti the, ground is mtrench- ing itself securely. A large amount of advertising is m evidence all of the street-car liies of Bangkok carrying signs adi^ertismg the Milk- maid Brand." . a • i« • u^,^ An encouraging sign of American progress in certain lines is shown by a typewriter Mmpany that has built up a large busing by manu- SctuSm»cWD« ''itt Siamese characters. Although Enghsh la eenena^ spoken and read among the higher classes, it is necessary to use the native languages to reach the masses in Siam. In the case of canned foods, no large market is likely to be devel- oped outside of Bangkok itself. In order to obtain a larger propor- tion of the business tSere and to increase the use of canned foods from the United States, the representatives of American firn^ wUl be obUged to visit this section periodically. The possible f^}^ f ^J particular products at present would hardly justify ttie top to S»m klone, but if there were a representative in Singapore l«r a number 01 canned-food manufacturers of different ImM, hA could covot aU off the countries for which Singapore is a dfttnbutang base. That the Siamese recognize the value ol cannfld foods may be mf erred by the establishment of a factory for caniung SiameBe frmto in Bangkok. A description of this factory has been given m tia report on canned puieapples (Spedal Agoats Series, No, 91). ^ factory is probaUy Oie first to attempt the canning of the mango, papaya, Jai* fmt, durian, dbampoo, and some other pimdy troplai frJdto. Jams, diutaeys, and other preparations have been manufactured in India and at other pmnts, but the succms attained in m»ely canning sudi fruits as the mango and papaya ^lU probably opm iMMder &Ma for libase froitB, whiA we too penshabte to ship in the fresli siftle. The canned papaya in particular should meet with success. THE PAPAYA AND ITS USES. • % papaya, or papaw, tree has always been a favorite ^reaWMt dish with trayelers in tropical r^ons, genendly as much for lis digestive qualities as for its lusciousness. It contains a diges- tive ferment, papam, which has long been known favorably as an alternate to oepsin. Among orientals, particularly in southern India and Ceylon, the digestive qualities of the papaya are so well known that the fruit is ahnost universally used, and undoubtedly with great effect, m preventing dyspepsia. There are several varie- ties of Canca papaya, and the papian varies accordingly. The Bangkok Canning Co. makes a specialty of two kinds of canned papaya—npe with sirup, like ordinary canned fruits, and green, as a vegetable, like vegetable marrow, in and J pound tins. Papain is also manufactured by this company. pie dBpstive and disintcCTating property of papain are remark- aMe. Tm milk and even fihe fresh leaves of the papaya tree will render the toughest beef tmder in two hours. Native cooks inva- riably wrap tough raw beef with ihe fresh leaves for half an hour or api)ly a small quantitv of the fresh milk directly to its surface or put a piece of tibe mm fruit into the raw curry whm the beef will not bod soft. B alarge quantity of the juice is apphed to the raw berf, It reduces It m a httle over half an hour to a pulpy mass that appeare as if It had undergone partial digestion. Papain is said to be capable of digestmg ten to twelve times its weight of egg albumen at the temperature of the human body. There are many other uses for papain. It acts gently but effectively upon the hver and bowels and "^^^n 1 remove freckles. It is frequently used by the natives of Ceylon as a soap. From its power to remove stains m clothes papam is called "melon bleach" by the Singhalese, and they use it in the waterwhen washing colored clothes, especially black, which it seems to mt^siiy. In the W est Indies it is used as a cosmetic, and is said to produce clear sating complexions. The milk or juice of the fruit is dried by the Bangkok Canning Co by their own process, and put up in 1-ounce and 1-pound bottles. SmMIB SBmJEMENm QfTBODlTCnON. file importance of the English colony of the Straits Settlements is out of ail proportion to its lize. These settlements are principallv small areas Oft or adjacent to the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malakka. The total area is only 1,600 square miles and the popula- Um m 1911 was 714|069, conaposed largely of Chinese f rom Amov Swatow, and other southern Uhina portB. The Straite SetHemmtB, of which Bingapore, on the smaU island of Singapore, at the southern extremity of tibe Malay Peninsula is the capital and principal port, derive their importance not only from their location on the chief thoroughfare for through oriental traffic- the B^icaits of Malakka - but also from the fact that the Federated Malay Slates and other independent Miday Slatea are niidAr the BiitkA qihere ol influence ana proteetioa. CA]iii»H3oo!» mmm im tm i'ae bast. 65 Th» chief exports are gutta percha, gambier pepper, ^^la mbber, ^oSct^. roices, copra, rattans, tm, and preserved Pi^^eapplo. are'rice, ci;tton, piece goods, opium, petroW, and ^^ThP imnorts of canned foods are not relatively large, and the only reSfy Sorlr/ American product of ^^^^inimipor^^ sahnon as mav be judged from the followmg table, which oont^ Sst^is of Tx Jorts Lm the United States to the Stwita SettleiiieiitB Commerce: Aftides. OMmed salmon OtiMT canned fish • Ovsters All other shellnan. - Flavoring extracts and fruit Juices Canned fruits - - • • • - " • r%- Fruits— all otlwt pwaema or prepana Canned beef v-m* An otiier canned matt pcodnett. Condensed milk SnSeJI^^g^i^'taaUdfa^'^^ and sauces. 1908 1909 1910 19U 1912 1913 1»14 $43,109 160,806 •78,285 110 $104,031 74 167,317 15 18 |U6»908 '99 14 8 980,998 fn 98 906 88 «1 15,912 544 8,715 . 1,308 7,173 3,907 806 • •<■•<■••• •••••••• 98 10,888 6 8,873 236 4,719 i,ia8 4,040 7i' 12,827 17 6,519 3,702 2,180 4,198 m i52 14,213 i?' 96,797 145 2,084 2,832 1,897 7,991 9,089 "'i9,'797' 190 210 6,570 1,883 6,437 8,886 83.883 408 46 4,330 1,603 15,296 3,081 3,979 415 1,472 4,871 1,468 CANNED SALMON. The explanation of the demand for American canned salmon is as follows- Of late rears there has been a boom m rubber p anting on the Malay ptniiS" Singapore is the chief city and Sistnbutmg ofks section, and when the question is P'^* t^^Caifs of Singapore as to why canned salmon is imported mto the htra ts &,ttte£ient8 in such quantities, the answer mvanably is: The Chi- nesecoolies on the rubber estates." This is a most important point i^nnection with" the development of a market for canned goods in China: it warrants the cooperation of every packer in the salmon Ktry inthe United States. Here is a canned food that appeals to the taste of the Chinese cooUe- the laborer and the POorly p«d laborer at that^and the statistics of American imports do tell the entire story, as heavy imports of canned sahnon are made from England Unfortunately, the official statistics do not separate cannod salmon from other fish producte but the preeraoe of "^«^^f «™g English labels of large Liverpool and London finnfl proves that Eng- knl has a share in the traSe. Undoubtedly aome of this EngbsTi salmon came originally from Amencan cannenes on t^e Pacific coast, Xough the priSe Mate of the leading retail houses of t^e Straite Set- tlements do not mention American canned salmon ^I'r^ Ji^JSh brands are of the better grades usuaUy and seU for 34 to 40 cents gold per l-ponnd etm and 19.8 cents gold per half-pound can. The iante consamption of canned sahnon by the Chinese cooU^ on the rubber estates is a matter of more than passmg interest. These coolies come in large numbers from Amoy, Swatow, and other parts of soutiiem China, as they are considered reliable for the work of clearing land for new rubber plantations and tor the cultivation of tlw yrang trees after planting. This class of labor is most saba- factory throughout tropical ooontriw, M the Chinaman is a capable iTbor Th« rh^"' «»tt««;.'?«l«'r what condition he i^obujed to labor. The Chinese also w-ts of canned salmon are greater at HongW Ae Astnbutang port for those cities, than for tSe rest of 01,^1^1 &SftS Rj£^'^"]f*'"? "'i^^y ^°rk in Singapore T^^n wT^^ "^'^ can not be so great as it would be otherwis^ norfoH.S%Zf^P*r '^^^^ be inweased at these points, it7o« China fZ ^J^t' ^5;*"^ «f will ^.preald throughout l/hina fromthm, for they are not connected bv rail with thn ha^t ccmntry. The onlv p«c^l plan of infaSdu^^ ^ImS i^to the mtenor of China isV an oream'zed campaign, aoTif this is n^bcted too long the Japanese and KamohatlSr^pa'' rf eaimM mav capture the market permanenUy. ""imm may That American salmon packers should cooperate more thorouehlv fhit nnl';i^ff}^'* "f^^? P"««- Station was Suel this competition among American exporters by a numbw of the Sffih^H^^^^Kf rP^n^'^ '"^ Singapore. 6ne im^rter ftaSd ^ ^^^'^ *^ "^"^^ * much larger profit by taking ^vm- S^™t U*"^^''^'*H''r*^i'""!- The'busine^ of th! SlT^^ ^^IJ'^'f t'^^ ^lisl^ ^''cept for those tiennan firaia that have branch oflBces in Singapore With thn loooa an Uttto mown. As the Straits Sett ements is an EnWish ^^J^^-^'l^*^ other indepeXt fhlVlwt^'T^V'^.T''*''^''^!^ influence it is only natural ^ ^ose brands of Enghsh canned goods familiar at honie should «f*T^ »* «Sfi retail houses pracTcally all tL™k^ stock bear the name of E. Morton, Cross^^A B SeU fCfcfi^ti^^^q- ^n-l^TS ^5?"^. Represents irom these tans visit Smmpore and other Far Eastern points re^i larly to make salw. The Wh, on account of dirwt Ai?Sg fS Ues afforded by the lines from the Nethorianda to jVva^S^at^ ^ made some headway in placing canned meate and condensed TRADE IN casnmsBx ^S forjSTS^S."' ^ ^ ^ *^<» aJ5^Si*r^ i^'^T ™?°'"t^ condensed milk into the ^^^^ij^*^?? "i^*^? incidentally reveals the miimportant JM^yed by the Amencan article (Straits Settlemente dollar - OAHHXD-OOCnW WBK tS THE FAB BAST. 67 V/OUUUlOS Ul W Iftllit • Singapore. Penang. C9M6t« Value, S.S.difl- lars. Value, S. S. dol- lars. CaMs. Value, 8.8.dal> tan. Biltisl) Empire: 7,100 m 920 280 1,060 188 13,320 16,805 155,705 24,271 14,775 248 100 42,833 T,350 5,000 8,251 1,400 7,400 1,024 94,564 109,262 1,380,839 128,717 85^025 1,434 500 2,368 13,454 265 2^4S Hongkong •••••••••• •••••••••• ••■•««*••• Europe: 2,431 i6,338 20 18,018 76,224 9,972 1,465 121,572 705,108 51,693 8,225 Germany United States: ^ The distribution of the reexporte of <»ndensed milk from Singapore and Penang in 1912 is shoTO m the toUe that foUows. Banpoilato— fxom Singapore. Value, Gases. Value, B.S.dol- hn. BmMK 1,904 1,761 480 5,010 2,192 676 9,271 3,507 10,695 10,638 18,513 17,8% 2,838 48,969 19,860 6,062 90,887 33,762 106,647 100,896 •••••••••• • • Malay Peoinsida: Kelantan Tttnssantt. Ij^Silwibllaa.....-. - 34,772 5,183 1,120 711 330,891 47,020 10^001 7,410 Perak • Belangor Kedah noleh East IndiaB: 38 85 2,301 708 115 58 1,381 1,000 2,446 46 4,757 6,772 685 350 888 23,484 6,883 1,076 695 14,299 11,110 23,002 475 49,070 40,754 6,758 Holukkas • • • • « ■mmmmum . Natunas... • • • *a>*Wiw«i >• Bomatra — •••••••••• • • • • • • • * 1. . ••••••• East coast of Slam * J 3»'0M •1,157 Wi0t coast of Siam The large sales of condensed milk from the north of Italy are inter- «S Wowing what opportunities there -^^e X^^/"!. ^ wh«^ Endish influence is strong. The campaign of the Ai^io- ft^(We^ed Milk Co. in Singapore has been pushed energetically, l^t tew years and the foregoing figures aroTikely to iSTS^dSabk cK before long. This company ^ m^ STj^S^tjacto with ae retail mer«Wt8 provxdmg for Ihe ewto- 68 OANKBD-OOODB taum IS TBU VAB »UU. sive handling of the Anglo-Swiss brands of milk, Bpedii diaoonate DIRECT REPRESENTATION. « cf'*^^?^**^ not expect to develop tt^tJ^^ SetUementB without an American represent atire on ttie groimd to puah the producte and to give the manuiac^ SrLSS^?."fl.*° «PP«'*^^Z^J^^t^ n^^ ance in the native stores in the mtorwr »^*'^eanned foods be as much liked .A;^^'^''^*^- bJ^^tffifrom the foUowing Setf'eTp^orfrX'Syrs'SL'^^^^^ I>«tch East Indies: Aittdet. Oysters fruit: Dned apples...... Apples, green or ripe. Dried apricots Dried peadies • Prunes Raisins •••iv'i All other fruits, green, ripe, or artea Cuined fruits — -iLiiiyiJ^tV., ^AoS«rpnpMid or pnserved fruits Wamf. Canned oew Canned pork. All other canned meat Condensed milk Gannett vegetables - jKlier, deluding pickles and sauces 1908 $11,286 6 1909 116,908 130 387 *iTi" 662 277 656 30,000 19 10 83 180 804 367 477 1,368 30,978 91 3,504 110 3,378 66 5 1910 115,920 196 8ft 276 705 372 9 233 165 157 33,858 82 U 4,990 1,015 2,883 9 601 130 1911 $17,937 390 86 848 "iii55* 70S 267 506 49,848 18 10,892 1,274 458 480 1,228 484 1912 $24,813 178 1,867 1,570 52 1,256 551 1,025 73,229 198 S 13,968 4,036 3,091 110 2,168 818 1913 831,084 162 1,498 1,424 150 1,050 351 1,043 61,062 109 41 15,638 1,288 1,232 283 1,481 8U 1814 $22,'408 i» 3,126 1,727 320 1,813 317 801 78,946 40 188 4,800 210 14,300 342 4,261 472 speaking of this trade m l.mna,wnCTBui demand in ^*^o!iXXfitlS^lSiSS^^ ^ be a possible the countiT^^ wnere w IS pwu^"«^ Ampriran Droducts not canned at ie^ ^iriXr'Se'^^^^^^ K^UWed for that company the larger portion of the Sds^ W adrertises extensively m Maky^^^^^^^ bET'i' ^ThTis notfh word a 'S&d";^ll^^^ ST^aW i^edrikV^ in«H,rtod for «« natives. In- |||wr» a4mrBKao fab bast. ducements are ^'4LSi^S?fa'ti!^.l*^ even these sales. * "»»J «n tone decrease . fiK 5"^^?* East Indies do not offer bo att»u.tS» a fieW for Amencan canned foods as do some otW P.? rw*^ countries, yet if taken within the zone of a Ztral H^*^t^F"**^ sales oKanization 0Deratini-«»Ar P'^V ^ngish. Four of (he onfy a .r^irg .Ven^ of c^^^oST^ ^^h'^ <.^^°" Amencan canned foods are fnimrl X^^^Ttc^^^- ^^^^ ^labeled iB.Ix,ndoror ^e^^oSf bTfhe Erf S large trade in Engish colonic H^a ^.k^ ? ^"PP'y * foiid are CalifonSa fmi s and'a w«n ^ZJT^ these have been pU^rby AmenfaJ^Z^T^-*'* pWdes. and T«i ed Ceylon. Ene ish firm, r?^Mi«!?l "ProsentaHvee who have to this secilon and keep h, cC tolfc-^h Th^J^V. "P"sentaliT«e 04KHEI>-a00DS TEAM W THB FAB BAST 71 cally unknown. The Mglo-Swias company has its own headq^Jf^ ters on the prindpal thoroughfafe of Colombo, and actively pushes the market. AtuKSlian fruits are makirg headway, but Eng.ish brands, such as Cross & BlackweU and C E Morion are so weU egtal>lkhed that only the superiority of the Calif orma fruit enables it to hold its own. The saUnon is principally under Eng ish labels, although some sahnon is placed through an American firm that has had a representative on the ground. The English salmon is pnnr cipallv American salmon relabeled in London and Liverpool. T£ addition to the large department stores there are about 16 or 17 native shopkeeper in the ''fettah," the native section of Colombo, but an inspection of their shelves showed only English goods. The wealth of the Singhalese and the demand on Hie estates for certain kmds of canned foods create a fairly good martnt. but American canned-food manufacturers can obtam only a smaU proportion of this on account of the s^ng Eng^iah mfh^ and natural preference for famiUar brwids of Engjsh goods. The ody method by which American toas can mcreasetheu- sales would be to have representatires visit the country at certam deEnite penods and to advercise to bettor famiUarize the people with Amencan brands. Ceylon could be very readUy canvassed by such a repre- sentative wno would also include India m his itinerary. The ci»toms returns id Ceylon include the to^.al importation of cannedfoods, amountmg to approximately S300,000 of which amount ill 679 are credited to the TJnited States. This, however, does not Ldibate the imporls viaEng and, which are credited to Great Britam. There seems to be some feeiing against American canned meats on account of the packing-house inves iga ions several years ago, and Aus'ralian frozen mea. largelv holds the market, precluding saJea of American tinned mea^s. The following import sta^isacs for 1911 show the origin of various kinds of canned foods: AftldM Hid fleaBtHH of oilfiii. Beef, tinred: Ui iled Kingdom Aus^r.ilisia United States Austria Butter, tinned: United Kingdom... British India and Bunnjt. Australasia France - Switzerland Ftth, tim ed: United Kingdom. „ British Indto and Banna. New South Wales Canada United States Pflp frim .... France Oiiiiianj • — Wygrtands Po^gai and Spaiii "f^lit, preserv ed: United Kingdom British lnd& and Burma tt^ts Settlements Iwngkong New South Wales New Zealand. Valnei. 11,985 2,606 34 SB 204 45,523 7,662 21,422 704 6 17 4,970 530 1,280 1,320 856 8 3,01)9 3,060 4,058 15 3 1,010 4S Articles and oonntiies ol origin. Fruit, preserved— Continued. Tasmai ia....... Victoria... South Austiralia United states China Forrlgn India Belgium Fra CO. ................... . Oevmany.. Netterands. — Italy Russia in Europe and Asia. Portugal and Spaia Swit^eiimd Ifillr, preserved: U!ited infdom ■ British India and Bonn.. Straits Settlements. Australisia United States Austria Franks. Germany Netherlands Italy Switzerland Mutton, tinced: United ' ingdom I AiMtralMfa — ........... Values 12,920 7,099 1 SA 8LliB' 18? 17 l» 88 8 1,477 372 218 i 160 084 483 1,825 136,966 878 l>«7 72 04SirXIH300D6 XKAIII nr THB FAB BAST. i^thl7o^ °' American canned foods into the PhilbDiMHEi iSS^c^'e/^JoT'whS^^ Sera «« in Straite S^?CenU S Ja^fj^lj^^^ enonnous aaJes in Far Eastern countripq Pw!^!, poMibihty for would be justified thPo^^ouUhk Sn oiZZ^T^^^^nl.:^ sl^rOTdS;r''fflr2i^ agencv^rtSfiZt'iK ^TCS^Sli^nv,?*^' may bTatt n>Sed o 41,035 Chinese in 1903 m tte ji«t 10 yem. Tben were sun Uttt is so familiar in the'unitTsS^' Wdl ^tLL^^'^S^ who^Lntf^i salesmen with automoMw Z A^^^ f S g^o^'e" t« make sales, all mvw^ t?n»ti9« to witch the ^iff^rent Sods used bv the sakiBineii m deakig wifli the Spanish retail groee? and ^th Z Chmaman, and no newcomer unfamliar with the t^P« «„T „ * student or obeenrer could make a sS^wXeiSr ^The jSierkan wholesale firms have tramed men tm this woA 3' tK„^!"? show, are distributing aimuaIirmoro^mrmoiSf^A,^ir ^^^^^istics goods. Thisactive^citiTaiwIflM^ASSLTT.^-^^^^^^ '""^]^^'^ islands, has P-sl.ed ilX!:u:^^^i^ZZtZ by the Caucasians m the Philippines, and the coiinmnKnn v \ ^l^f «^ natives ^S^^J^ annually. Among the artie es favored bv the nat^^ S Wood are a number of canned vegetabl^ Aed in ^^0!^^ mmientp and peppers of various^orts. %e use ofl^^^^^t of Spanish m adveitising and on the labels of f oodstX^tonZd fo^ natires is important, and this is recognized byX kree^1?^^o^^n ^^^housee. who print circulars in Spanish for the l^efiT of such State. d«rii« & last jw^nav b^ aK ^h/^^^^ ^f^J^ {igmwihQomm xeadb m tsa fab bast. 7I ««iilar to tlie ones begun in Japan, China and Siheria toobtam^^^^ markets in the remaining countnes of the Far il^t. iney aireaay dominate the others. ^ x. a ^^^««* This company must pay duty on its products, whereas Amenom condensed iiltis admitted free of duty, and yet the acUve work done by the Anglo-Swiss Co. has not been met by the Amenom nu^ ufacturera, who have not felt the necessity of backing up th«p rep- resentatives in the Philippines with funds for ad^tiamg. m Anglo-Swiss Co. has branc"h factories in Australia, .'«»'»«'^«»X^.^!f c^ be conveniently made. Inducenwnto a» given the Chm Spanish, and Filipiio merchanta to seU AngloSww )>';««i^o^y- 10 cent^ per case rebate to the CJhiiwee. 7 cents to the Spamards^ and 1 cent to the FUipinoe at the end of each ax months P?,^? they have sold no othir brands. .Thesdlca are larger to the Chmese retain merchan(« than to the Spi i i i li r ifapino, V.ifSl^ are better retaU merchanta and are a^ropnataig the reta>l tra^f 1? the PhiUppiMB as they have in Smgapore, Siam and the Dutch East Indwe. Several of the best grocery stores m Mamla are owned bT Chinese and the stock is equal to that of stores of greater pre- t^oioii tin Stag, 3-pound tin. I'.'. Tooaio pwif, 2|-|wiiiid tin Cost prices in Cairo. R et afl to. 32 10118 .18 .22 *S *8ft' *» .18 .90 .28 .86 16 .20 .13 • 17 .07 •10 .13 .17 •28 .m .80 •10 .87 .80 • 20 .35 .30 .40 .87 •80 .30 • 40 , .87 .80 .12 .17 H ITALIAN nODVOm. ii Bed cherries: J pound tin pound tliw..^ is: 21-pound tin _ Ij-poundtlu ;.."r Pears: 2H>ound tm . IffMund tin Apricots: 21-pound tin ll-pound tiBM.. Mixed fruits: 2i-pound tin, iHxMiQd tin White elierries, if-pound tin,.' ' MlrabeU plums, IHNNmd tto.;.* g^^l^oundttau^ , l^eawd^beef, l-pound tin Spiced beef l-pound tin Corned beef, l-pound tin Brawn, l-pound glass Ham and tongue, l-pound ^Lass., Cost prices in 10.22 .B .28 .U .22 .12 .22 .U .23 .13 .12 .12 .U • U .37 .37 .37 .25 >86 In discussing the best methods of increaaiDg Ameifcan canned- food exports u is necessay to note the general conditions sunoun^ the production of canne»°PO^an(» of toe «1vot iJ^ of canned foods. Advertising «^SS^*i^^f?*^^ed ^t.i fAfttiirna necMssTV to build up a real export trade m cannea roods^d^T^Snumaged byWign agents can not be so effi- goo»^^JgS.!S ^^^^^^^^ CZW A JSO*IKIIiPII|, li Wi., Pr.' IHE FAB EAST, iMd, It my mean decreaamg the size of the can to meet the require- wmmim f economical peoples, or it may involve changes in the goods thennelTes to suit the native taste. In most cases ft will be nec^- saiy to get away from the idea that anything can be crammed down the throats of prospective consumers whether they like it or not and fc?^ XT ;? doB't iL it ly need not buy It. The German system of finding out whBt the oUier feUow wants and then imjmg it for him has been an inmortant factor in bmlding up Germanya groat oipoft trade, "f-cwrm A nranber of photographs of Chmese canneries and of typical Chi- Za^^^'^I^T!^ are in ttie poenession of the Bureau o? ForeiSi •nd Domeatie Oominem and may be examined by those interested! o COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is due on the date indicated below, or at IIm expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowinf , as provided by the rules of the Library or bf ipaeial az<» rangement with the Librarian in charge. DjiTt wmmmm DJITI DUE 1 DATt ■oiHNnm DAT! DIIK j %"i!S|AUNtVERSJTY LIBRARIES 1401573 I" m NEH DECS m