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AUTHOR: 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 BROWN, JOHN NEWMAN 
 
 I 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 i 
 
 EPITHETS IN VERGIL'S 
 
 AENEID 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 DA TE : 
 
 1906 
 
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 m 
 m 
 
I 
 
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 87\T. 
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 BroTOi, John J<ewman, 
 
 tli ' ' T.i"'^ TT"" ''•°™ • Chicago Se 
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 BY PPPLIED IMPIGE, INC. 
 
CHARLES KNAPP 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 in candidacy or tha Oagwe ol llaater of Arts. 
 
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tlm iBaln pMtfMe In oonslderlng tlio eplth^ste of tha Aanoid 
 frill be (1) tp ntta tha diff«Mm« ginoral typMp (2) to dlsouss 
 briefly th« ro-^rticulax naturo aiJ4 Vilno of o«oh noymrmto tfpi fith 
 probablo subdivisions , (3) to tabcili.is so far as oay bo posslbla all 
 ths saDos whsrs thi!>ss splthots ooouss 
 
 It should bf3 said in ths outaet that in any olassif loation that 
 uiay bo arranged dlffloulty will bo iinoount^rod in gottinr: olaa»- 
 out divisions, 6om<% opithota might bf^plas od tmdsr oithor of tM 
 1:yp«s ana thi foeUin^r, 1b fraquontiy so Labiguouo tlmt it 1b dlffi* 
 oult to state poaitivcly to vhich they raaily baiong, but I shall 
 have oocaaion to oail attcintion to ^ hla j>oint latM# 
 
 - Crr^-c^^-cv^tJo^-wW?-'' ^^Ui^^i^, 
 
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 ■aturaiiy in any g^'^raral diaOKS ion of tho apithata hera usad 
 by ?oxsil| tlMiM •pplying to Aanaas will fall in the aoBt frocinmt 
 position, anvi roquiro a oor.Gidarablo anount of attention, and| for 
 this rsason, 1 bogia tho siibjdot wliih the considaration of this 
 olaea. 
 
 Suoh apithate as •fidus Aohatas'^ "Pius Aansis* and parhaps 
 ^alta Pora*, '>to.| are oallod •oonv*mtional*, i*t«t ussd predoul* 
 imntly in a forrml manjiori without ubaoiute regard for tha roai 
 
 iiituation, |^, ftjLJx..^^^^^^^^^^^. 
 
 Atsnoau io oallsd firsts *viruin* , Xlna 1| thtsn ^Inaignaa platato 
 viruKi», line 10| •Aonaas^ in lino 0JJt 128, 170, 180; and^E2u of 
 Boole 1\ ho 10 oallod •plus* and thaiioo ho io oallod liy thin and 
 other 3pithotJi In varying iroportlon to tha nd of ths poam. Ho 
 is tf^fnTT^6. to as •Atnoas* slKrly, without oplthdt on» hundred and 
 iixty soven tlras^and for tha bonaflt of those who »ay wish to 
 aOBzpara th<3 Inistanoea whors O] ithstii aro uood with thosci whni« 
 thay are not, w® tshali j^ivo thaod iJi full. •Aanaas* ooaurs 
 
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 m^u m, UB, bo, 160/ Sii, 4si; 4se, 4;i, bud. s44. 575. 
 
 see, 617, 631, 643, 667, 709, 715t 
 
 Book III ua<id only onoo and tlimt with 'Pat or,* 
 
 Book IlXt 41, 97, 388* 
 
 Book IVi 74, 117, 1/JJ, 180, 192, 0iO, S79, 304, 529, 564, 671 
 
 Book Yt 1, 44^00^ 129^ aaS^ 301, sei, 485, 675, 531, 708, 741, 
 ^55, 004, 809, 850. 
 
 Book Vlt 40, 15C>» lis, 210, aM» id., ^91, 317, 224, 467, 475, 
 539, 548, 569, Ste, 685, 7,0o, 711, 860, 
 
 Book VII t 255, 107, 884, 86S, £!«», S88, 310. 
 
 Book Vlllt li, 67, rS, 126, 182, 178, 188, 208, 3il, 380, 463, 
 ♦35, 496, D53, 586. 
 
 Book II: «, 61, 97, 177, If®, BZ6, 241, 448. 
 
 Book Z: 25, 48, 65, 81, 85, 147, 217, 329, 887, 311, 313, 338, 
 MS, 404, 511, 530, 566, 578, gf^, 037, 647, S40, 656, 6C.1. 769. 776 
 737, 786, 808, 809, 616, 063, 87S, B"4, 896. 
 
 Bock nt 2, 86, T8, 95, 180, 28:!, 889, 442, 446, 811, 908. 
 
 Book XII- 65. lOB. 195, 323. SSa, 384, 399, 426, 481, 491, 505, 
 K!6, 540, 554, 580, 026, 654. 078, 74^, 760, 77iJ, 7tS, 687. 919,939. 
 
 •Pluo lonaas* it laaa twanty tim'B mm folium i 
 
 St 820, 306, 3T8t Tfx 393| T: Zt, 286, 41«, 685 J VIi S, 1T6, 
 832» Vlll 5t Vint 841 IX, 25 } Xt 591, 7G3, 836f XItl70| Xllf 
 175, 511. 
 
 •Pat^r Aona&6* oer-ure tironty tlaM «• fol.*.., Xt 580, 699t 
 Hi 8; im 54S, 7161 Vi IS), 348, 461, 545, 700, MTf 7Xn,29, 
 116, 6061 IX, 1721 XX,172. 184, 904, XI1| 166, 440, 697. 
 
 •Itata daa" o«our« only tan tl;::««| J,, 682, 816 j 11,889, XII 1 
 8t4, 485t tVt 360| Vl 383, 474. 70»| 7IIX| 68) 
 
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It i» oaXlod "magiiiisf/ f lV0 ticioi, ^DarOanua* four, 'teta s&n-* 
 £;ula« (iivum'i "laagnaBms* , dux Trolai.uft* ^ "bonus* , 'Ingdnfl*^ dto.» 
 los; than four tiiu^Q o&ohi t^mKlng Ir all nlnaty^iiivon uses with 
 nylthet. 
 
 Thus it will ba 8o m that out of th^ two hundrsd and sixty-four 
 tiiios Aonaa?j ie reforr;d to, apitT>^3l» ara \isod in thirty-six p'^r cent* 
 of thorn, and •pluB* ooTurs in only tight per oont. of tha wholo, and 
 of ali the oasaa irticrt ipltheta oocur, •Plus* and "patar* oocur only 
 about onoa in thirtean, and "nate dia* Just half aa ofton. 
 
 Tha epithet "piuB* , hcwavar, oai'rias greater weight than any 
 of the others, though it occurs oo saioh loss fr^qujntly than w» 
 fihould ou' ose. The first time ii Is used is In Book I after the 
 stOTiQ when the i;hi|>0 have bom drawi. into the quiet rcoeso amd 
 the sailors, after a haarty aal of vanison and wine, have stratohed 
 thoiaseives upon the grasBj then ttiii* ^gin to bawail tha los« of 
 their frionda and eaiociaiiy jLoa« tha •piuis Aenaas*. Just before 
 thie Aaneao had oliabed upon tha rocks and anxiouiily soanned the 
 aea for traoae of hii^ friends, but Vargil calls hiir. simply •Aenaas*, 
 In th3 naxt instanoe, I, 305, ha lie fj awake »revolvi«g Hmy thin^,s* 
 8Lnd detonrJning that on the morrow lie would find out upon what shore 
 they had oome. This hau nothing %i do with •plotas* neoessarlly, 
 yet he Is called •pius Aeneas* in tliis conneotion. In I, 378, 
 followinr- olosely the abova aituaticn, Tonus inejte hln and inquires 
 his naae and country. He answars, "sui& pius Aeneas* etc., (Cf« 
 Odyssey, IX, 19) amd says further thfit he is seeking his country, 
 Italy, Kara the epithet is soiiiswlAt mora appmpxiate to the thought 
 
 flis othor situations axe siisilai to those aboye fiTeii« fiys o i 
 th® twenty refer to funeraa rites ard grief for friends j six refer 
 dlvsetly to prayers to tha godis and the fulftllnoiit of dsstiayi ons 
 
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 Is used wh«r« tio trlee to maka paa«« itftar the brcilcen treaty with 
 lAtiimB* »nd IJvandor, wtion ho 1© iBouxiiiiig th© doMh of PailaSf 
 forooaats the panalty tumiis ia to psjf at tha handa of the •plus 
 itnea©*; and aoven a<ia« to tova no op-iolal losal sirnifloaneo. 
 
 Now it night bo urged that slnoe this sipltliet hae not always a 
 loeal slgnifloanoo, it 19 bald and Int] xopriata, but this objootion 
 Is not ^3(>iind, ovan with amy oonvtmtloriaX arith^st. In tha beet 
 oharaotorlaationst t^mf davloea are rasortod to to produce rdoognis- 
 abXe f^tureo, oven though these features aay not be always ; iod- 
 izidiit, Wa Am^rloan©! for Iristanoo, Imva shown a pardonable fondnooe 
 for a.iiyinc optthate to our grant vmrriors, even thoush the oc-neo- 
 tion bo v^ry trita and inooii»lstant# It would be vsty inaocurate 
 ar.d unfair to aay that "i iua* Is an iJMipiropriate and outworn ax- 
 
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 pie© ion, unless IS ooiild rid our own spseoh of the tendenoy to the 
 U£JO of the oilthet, thoxigh, of ooursi't o^^^ higher forms of lltorature 
 do not contain oo moh of It* 
 
 the awarage atudont do^a not t'^M. more than the first six bock© 
 Si: the Aeneld, henoe »0ats the splthit »viU0« only elsfsn tliaso at 
 tJis ©oet, ^^et tie usually thin|{e of A^aieoa in somiootion with this 
 word, 80 that thare naiBt be some fortie either in tlie situation or 
 in the epithet to or3ate thia i»|«esaiont The fact iBf the whole 
 poe^ is so ful-. of this thing that w«) \mconBciou«ly raoognifte in 
 nearly all tliat Aenoa^* dooe^this iuldlng irinciple of hlB life, 
 rsprouentod iBf »pius», and ?/hQtlvjr h<i Is dSBorlbed by thio to our 
 Silt isfUSt ion or not, hB la evidently wtet Tergil Intended him te %s*^ 
 a heroic exaiapla of the Boran idea O!^ •pletaB.^ 
 
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 A teacher of Yorgil waw aakod rooenfcly. as a test of thia |>oint, 
 how Eiany tlneB "piua^ ooourrad in th) first six books* She re- 
 plisd that ona hundred would be a safe ei?ftiiaat0» 
 
So far a© not or is conoomod in V^rg*^'® mbo of •yiuis*, tho 
 ef * ot 13 pm»^ti«aily tli« sano thro^itotitt Xn nlxto-in of th?5 
 tif'iTity ti «n it Ifl uoed» it stands in flm eamn fo^ltion near th« 
 fiTBt of the lina— -aa naar in faot as pOBeibluN- *pr306dr3i by movm 
 Bonosyllabla , ao *tur*, or •at*, fh<ife is aorie «vidanoo tiiat this 
 plaoinf: of tha ot ithot niaar tho begiiiiiiiig of tho lino is intondad 
 to throw spooial ^mpkaiiia on tho epitaot or on th» pariaonaiity of tho 
 haro, for this la an aaiiy ocotoination aad oouXd bo i;iac«d lator in 
 tho lina, Tli<3 oonnoctivoE. "turn*, <ito»| usua.-«y bogin a now turn 
 In the axproatiion and ofton show Mmmm rtOii\g to an oooanion r 
 
 parod for by what prooadoi/ \ 
 
 tho fact that this ooMO mmx tto first of tho line doo© no* 
 SLT^xm that tho firet pool t ion io mor« prominant than the last, 
 l>eomtiS3 tho longth of tha ByllabXos is auoh tiiat it would ba rathat 
 diffioult to arrange for •! itio Afmoao* to oIdoq th« line. •fiduo 
 AchatoB* ixnA sova^ai othor opttliots fall uniforr^y at tuQ last of 
 tho V roe. 
 
 In noarly ovoary oooOy it la tliO author hii.*.4ilf who oa.^s Aanoa© 
 •liiiat Wfl^ could oaoiiy oca why it oculd not bo uood in tiO Yooativopb 
 btjt th?>r« io no ap^aront roaaon ^Thy cth :r ohar ctoro in tha bock 
 should not oal. him tio. As a uiatter of faot, only thr^i sp^ak 
 of hira thuat ^tallUH at tlio gmmu^ V,4ia| AlJt.oe, as tlio tfro 
 yc;uths aro starting fror: tha fortr^fif to Inform Aanoab of tha up- 
 rifting of T\irmiB, IX,S5'' i and by !^ar dor, XI , 170. 
 
 Blngiaarly anonglii •Pat^r Aonaaii' ii5 liood oxaotly as nany tiaoo 
 ait •Plus Aon^ao* and in exactly tho i^aaio r^^^ition with r«iforcnos 
 to the aatar, all exoapt two of tha lnonty casoe falling Roar tho 
 firet of tha v roO| wldoh baglna naoiiSBaxily with a monosyi^labla , 
 ail was tho oaoa with •piua*. this (p>itliot, too» ia uotd by tho 
 
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•.uthor and rarely. If ©Tor, by iiny charaotor an eclated irlth laneaSp 
 
 ta the flmt instance, 1, 8SC, iharti Aanoas and Aohataa are 
 Cfcnooaled by a cloud whllo their atc^ry la b^lnr; told to Dido, Voi^ 
 gll hln©6lf spoaka of lilr; a* •p«atar Aentjaa*, \Mt whan iohatao ad- 
 dvear^oa hln Ir. tlio noxt inataiitf h^ oaiie hiii. •nato doa* inetoad ©f 
 •pat(jr*» In the sooond situation, Dido Is taatad, nady to haar 
 111© 8tory? aha 16 oaliad •ro^lna*, ha, •Pator Aon^as*. Tlie third 
 and fourth InBtanota are pr*ctlaa^i>^ ropatitiona of the aaoond, but 
 a greater varioty la found in BooK V» Uotj it is •Pat^r Aon ris« 
 tlMlt orcots t]v3 i^oai for the boat rivoe, or xronounoas verdlot at 
 tho close of the foot race. Bnte-.ius had ap^ken of hiia as •piue 
 
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 , btit '7hon the boxing rjatoh lietw^m D^tan and !5ntallu3 be- 
 ©erioua, it was 'pater Aanaap* who put an end to It. *?ater 
 AeneiB* natndB Erytidee to call ABOajiltie to na)re r'^ady for the boya* 
 cavalry display j than when the woman liava sot fire tc the ship* 
 and •] iua Aanoas* has prayed to Jup itor tc put out the fire, 'pater 
 Aenaass*, fjcnewhat ditiheartered by tliiir r>artial aielortuiie, ooneldera 
 whether he shall go on or abide thexe. 
 
 This tersi as woi™ as •piu8' raoait far r.oro to the Roman tliBM 
 it oan to us booauae their institutlcna w ro dlf '"erant. Two sit-» 
 
 uatlons art) IntaroBting anoiigh to nstei in II, 184, Aenaas and 
 
 ■i 
 tarohon ber^ln th5 burial of thr^ir djal, and though on sirailar oeoa- 
 
 slons, he ime usually •piuo*, he is here called 'pater', but in 
 
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 Ib this oonneotlon a elKilar referenoe amy be aade with regard 
 li •pins' wliioh il.ustratss th6» situation wilt H, 17B\ 
 
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 .fy 
 
 -'»,'} 
 
 .ft 
 
 '•iV (' V 
 
 
 4 
 
 t . 
 
 - " tiK 
 
 •X'* .: 
 
 ^'^^ '^^' ■- '' P-«^'- *'^t0'f!ft] 
 
 .Ct. m 
 
 '-toaot ,o/rif,» 
 
 <t<>-it n 
 
 * -^t 
 
 '^^'^ i'-.-Ui Iff* ■■••, .:::v.feo 
 
 W V'iif* 
 
 I • 
 
 
 ■■■#■•€ «ir O't JIA0 ft 
 
 :« !£■' 
 
 ^'X «Jt,v;^j- 
 
 Mi# Stf ^«icC 
 
 ■*t &.« .\.ijr 
 
 ••Ive 
 
 
 
 *^fi'. 
 
 
 .«INMlA .IMTrAiA .ft' 
 
 f, 
 
 '^AH^J .4v' 
 
 J3t. 
 
 
 
'V'V!'--4i>> 
 
 m^\ 
 
 
 fhiP line might ba takan an a baslu for an ojcplanation of tha goii«- 
 oral idda of "pius^-^iaighty in dwoxd iuad pietaa. 
 
 Hie father was oalldd •patar Anghlica* luitil hia iiait>|:. than X 
 Aonsaui b^gan to bo oaliact •imt«r*— -not bofor«. ^ In Bock ?| whioh 
 is Itivotoa tolho gaata In honor of Ancii^o»| Aoaaaa i& oallM •pater* 
 
 indisorlrrateiy and a groator nuxabcfX of times than in any two be ka 
 olftovhare. 
 
 •Patar Aeftiaa* is tiood in oonnooti w with Dido, though not In 
 Bock IV, ;^hil<*. •plus" i© nerciT ui»ad with her, «xo«rt whan Aeneas 
 ie r/x^^in,rix\^, to l<5ava in obaiionoo to the divinitiao. 
 
 Next in imi ortanoa to tho two eptttiets above r:ivon, ie •nate doa* 
 whioh oooiiTB to:, timoa—- juat half as aauny tii.<iiS«^-<Mcid noarijr all of 
 the ton oaaeif ooaur In tho first bXm. bookei twios in Book I, onoa 
 
 in Book II, twio^ in Book III| onoe in Book IV, and thtae tl: Ov 
 Book V, It ooouxis only oiio« af t ^r thia, in Book VIII. 
 
 tn six inetano:?* ot;t of the ton,*nat« daa» begins tho 
 three fal. In the aaoond foot and the other in the thiird, 
 fall toward the last part of the linoi ae 
 •pluB* and •pater** 
 
 in 
 
 nctiooi in regard to 
 
 He lo eallod by this naue always in the vooatlve and necessarily 
 by B me oharaoter in the book, simh as Sntel'^tis, Aolmtee, Heotor^s 
 Orhcst, and even Dido, fhe natar is r ^sponsible for this vooativa 
 use doubtless > for •natua doa* would be an unusual oocbination andf 
 ualosB the words could be separatod, whioh is not oomui i with ir^ 
 f^rtant opltliota, its use would have to be avoided* lot only are 
 theso r; ithoto raroly separated but thif also pxdosde their ncuna, 
 whioh oottpiitates this use &tili Miro« 
 
 fli|i: :|tf.tuatiiiil^'' in partiaulai' are no saora striking and ap ropriate 
 
, *:|^^fm"';-f * 'ft'?--' r->-- nt*^.t¥%^ 
 
 • tj y OiX-* 
 
 ■*, --niJiitt ml' tiffin tiiil- •ifflp 
 
 >* '■ 
 
 
 5; »■. r- -: A 
 
 
 '*.-;:■ 
 
 -.-.I, jr 
 
 f^^i^O ,^ i..'.i; 
 
 iji tr~ ~ 
 
 Oil* 
 
 Ai t . 
 
 t 
 
 {«3f'vO0 JC 
 
 ii;*ci.i*o 
 
 .n ^^oa fii ©oi,o ,111 :. --H. ,^ (.1.;.; ,,ii mm, mk 
 
 0^ 
 
 ■•t i^^TR t<>©> jj„ai 
 
 '«t I A ••trft 
 
 ^•c 
 
 -*» a*- , t/' . . ' 
 
 
 •ii<i/t i^aja •v 
 
 •IpirXa iwiifiif 
 
 '«JL X j9ib' is X nfl 
 
 ci»A t< 
 
 'j$ «i« 
 
 
 'Si. ^» ' ;• . 
 
 V -9 .\ 
 
 ■-.'. llf tilt :- ' ::^ 
 
 tOiv a A, ^Oi:U ^l^^til/' 
 
 mB Xiao tc« U>^ioHA %fi ot t»v> gg^ jit| ^nt^ 
 
 ,OTOi£ .*,iti tiiv ^tittlt ••tar ^^ -■■•■"-;©■ lte:JWlf 
 
 iii 'lA£jit4lhMl!i 
 
 iitiiij|l« «ifl 
 
with thlc, than irlth tht ttlieT epithoti , iKtnoa, 'W9 tflMll not glv« tlmi 
 In dlttail. T!mi SMond u»#f I, 015^ pt^n^ntB a oontrmet, r>erhaf0 
 intentionally, 
 
 *Quifi5 ta nate dda por tanta parimila oausa inaaoultur?* 
 
 Tha mxt| II, R80, ie sciMiihat aiciilari mm Trc?y la biimlpc, 
 Haotor adviaaa tha •goaaoaa toorn» Ac^naaa to fiaa* laarly all 
 
 tho oth^r oaaaa rof^r to prophaoiaa and ar? thue fairly aipropriata* 
 
 •Troluc HoroB* is uaad tire tlraai.- lot not until Book VI , whan 
 
 IWM iMotti Dido in tha world balow ajrd in toary adcirtiaeau hex. 
 
 It i:*ay hm well to not« he»r9 that ha la moro oft an aiokan of by eona 
 
 apithat iM; lyin^; hie frcjan daaaant» ir ooimoction frith Dido, tlym 
 
 other^rlfic— nairor with •pius», ae hae already baan notioad, Vergil 
 
 poai ibly f at that betwaan Wmm and Oaxtliage thirfi wae not only da9«» 
 
 raoo 
 tiny, but a proudar ^^rtsntagw, iro-lyini! i r- Jtidlo^* fha other 
 
 ue>E cf »?roius horoe* aro in battle ejltuationa, an^i aro Tory aptly 
 
 uaad* Tha rofaranoae xro» YI, 45i> V3II, 530| X, 5d4| XI, 8661 
 
 XII, 502, 
 
 This oplthat always oaiwia at tho md of tha ilno ana ia always 
 
 In tlia noaiinativo caea. Ha ia also oa-iiad •Troa Amias^ and 
 
 •TrciuQ A;moa8« fliro tiiijaa, Othor nauae suoh as> "Trojanua dwtt* 
 
 **Da2'danua* , ^to,, which I ahal^ not notioa hara^ ara ua«d oocaaloixal^y 
 
 ^/'. 
 
 'yn 
 
 *Ingan8* which le tiaad twlMi haa looe looal aigaiflaanoa in both 
 
 Ihrandar, VIXI, 567| iti taking: "Iii^^ana Aaftaas* to a vary 
 MbaXl (mngiista) and hu^jtbla dwelling whioh affords a contSMl tt Uli 
 dignity oft ha guaaty and in Bool: VI, 12 5 1 Charon drl^M tilt lafgf 
 of Eiawn hide to the landing whtra It^gioans undor th« wiAght* as 
 it radaifw tbs iNMly of Hngans Aonaat},* 
 
 lhii« tha aplthots of kmmmB mm mwf IbpotI ant ,, thay <to not 
 oon«ftituta fir on tli« ptmtfT part of Hi iMsraonal, ©omrantlonal 
 
.11 • J %■ 
 
 .r 
 
 ^Jc^.f^.. 
 
 «•-•*' 
 
 i^fo 
 
 • »> 
 
 T« ! 
 
 
 Ijl*." .*., I 
 
 yiii; r. 
 
 ail' f 
 
 tt#IS.f1fllll' 
 
 ^ Wf f ^ N *• 
 
 <«?'..->.. 
 
 ».;j..- 
 
 4n 
 
 ,"F 
 
 
 ^5^ 
 
 
 .r- » 
 
 i>njft 
 
 .U 
 
 
 i*i.v jior ,iv tei:i*. iiefi 
 
 ., , % 
 
 'qt 
 
 «. .-..I 
 
 r*'("vr^ T 
 
 \i f»*i* ftft 
 
 •n ^^Kj" 
 
 i^'*» 
 
 «t .1 jt 
 
 ■■*-^^t PTtl^ ^HKeii^A fc-, 
 
 « ' 
 
 •» 
 
 t-^SR 
 
 'e-'^Jfc* c 
 
 • II9S.II9 
 
 
 ^-14 
 
 
 .»rr^«-r-.^ ijut^ j^ f^^ Hiititiwtjl iff 
 
 
 C"' 
 
•pithQtai tliciQgh n& QtMt flMt fftxttcm Imi mm mmf mm Mm It €11 
 also bo f ciind that th«^itliot» In this wmm wmmam aere uA affoat 
 Iht general tone of the poan ctor*: tlmn tlid otharSf iiUoli I0 eoet 
 Xiliely the roa0onthAt both taach. am tmt Rtuciantis of VarglX have tlio 
 iiaproc;;ion tliat •pitae'p for oxanploy to imio4 wuch nor^ fveipio&tly 
 tlan It rea:.ly ie. 
 
 I ahall noif notice liirlefly tho other charaotora to whoci oplthatB 
 are aprllad^ 
 
 Jiino l8 uo^d wlthciit eylthat twenty tlrrjaei forr tirita In Bock I, 
 in Bool: II,.ono« in III, onoo in IV, twl^a In V, oboq in VX, four In 
 TZIf four In X, and tTfios in Xlll Bha ie spoken of with oplthtt 
 twdnty-nlno tixaaB, aa foliowot 
 
 •Saeva Jvmo», thr© - tii^oat Blc.J, 4| II, 6X2; VII, 592, 
 
 •A«pora Jiino*, ono«s 3k* I, 279* 
 
 •Hagia Juno*, four tlciaat I, 445; I¥,XX4 | VII, 458f X, 68* 
 
 •Atrox*, onoot I, Q'jZ. 
 
 •Ini rxia», I, GG81 VII, 2DB, 
 
 •Bona*, I, 784« 
 
 •Magna*, III, 437; IV, 4;. 
 
 •Pronuba*, IV, 166# 
 
 •llaxlna*, IV, lll\ VIII, 84 j X, 685 • 
 
 •Satumia Juno», IX, S, IX, 748, IX, 802, X, 760, XIII, 156| 
 and •Satumia* alono In I, 23# 
 
 fthd is oallad •interpraa ouriirum st oonaoia Ivoio^, XV, 608| 
 •Jiino aiimipotane*, IV, 693 1 •InfQ:ma*, VX, 15S| •Sativa Jovlo oon* 
 iunj:^, VII, 287 1 •Magna Jovia ooniunx*, Vllf 308. 
 
 In Qightaon out of tho twonty-<»ninfi oaea* with @pititilitii^ Juno 
 faXXQ at tho oIoM Of %lm XiiKif aiKl In thu Xw^ity it ooaaa noax 111* 
 
 • ^ 
 
 flxat aa a ruXo, though mor^ f ro«<lg« t» ahoiqc^ in thii^ Wmn in tha 
 
*»t«* 
 
 ami mBm^iSi^ f^m -si^itf^ 
 
 '^3tH0 f 
 
 f ,*ft'' 
 
 mt mi •iilA 
 
 n 
 
 .'t d . *■ ««« ■■ ™fc 4,1., 
 
 q|P ■"•"T ■■PI 
 
 
 «i' 
 
 I as. 
 
 •rr 
 
 t I 
 
 ^^•vi 
 
 ^h^ #Hil? '"■ *-: ■"'•' 
 
 ^ Clf: 
 
 % <» :'i.*. 
 
 I?'" 
 
 *', •••■. .r«,>»i 
 
 4W «i onxrii 
 
 MWi'^^ 
 
 • 
 
 **• ft ..., ,. ^., 
 
 •■•If If 
 
 
 A I Mil 
 
 J 
 
 -sy^*^'^ 
 
 :<- 
 
 c 
 
 i ^i ..• •. ' ..■.if 
 
 ' 'j $t»;. 
 
 
 •J 
 
 • ■■■ ?*X t •/ * 
 .9M .X :^ ,rT;; j^g,,,^ ,^f| ,^«iia.|3ij8i» 
 
 
 
 
 f *^>'^:« 
 
 •IWi AflliJlf* t^'SS ,11? ,«s,ai/i 
 
 v.-lt J 
 
-lO* 
 
 lunean opit hoist. 
 
 thd situations aro iiuoh with mfvmxtiQm to tho parlloular iioanii^s 
 tliat th« of dot ^K prod\io#d by thosa apithats is Kor- looal ihnm it 
 tho au@ with any of tha others, and tho worde boxtlar isore olostlf 
 on an aajdotival Bonao, Ttiis i3 ••leoially tru© of such «ir£j»^ 
 alone a^ •saova Jimo", »ati:ojs; Jvuio", ato,, In thd oaso of 
 •CJatumla Jujio», "IfctxiEa Juao» ana sluiiar woruu, th© affort to 
 •nd thb lias hanaoniouBly la evident, aa thooa words fora a vary 
 agraoabl9 ocr^binationt 
 
 In tho Dido ©rithoto, UKfiri yfoj ruch ths 
 
 tlMiMdl 
 
 neods.arily fdwsr oassst She ie rcfarred to aixtstm tit.tfs with- 
 
 
 ft 
 
 otit or ithot afti thsss ocaiir in Boolcps 1 and IV. 
 
 She i8 apoVon of nwith apithdt nii ataan tiiassi and aight liffartmt 
 tvithott> ara usau, ai» followot 
 
 •Slaoni.1 Dido", I, 446; 1,613} D, S66| XI, 74. 
 
 •Puioharrlraa Dido", I, 496 1 IV, 292. 
 
 •PhoanlOLia Dido», I, 670; VI, 45C, iax. o^Uusl^JAj TV "3 M & 
 
 9 
 
 ^Ur^^irTg. ^y 
 
 InfJL^ Dido*, I, 749; IV, G6, 410, 5£9, 5J)6; VI, 456^ 
 
 •llisca», IV, GiO| V, 3. 
 •Mifiorrim Dido", IV, Ii7, 
 
 •Optiwi Dido*,IV.-u£l.4 
 
 Candida Dido", V, o7jlf» - i^J^-^' 
 
 In tha thirty-fivti oaaas with an^ without apithot, Didc falls 
 in tha last foot savantaan timas and at tha first , thras tiiassf ttis 
 rast ara soattarad in diffsrsnt posit ioni, throuehcut tlia voraa. 
 
 lulus is taliad Aaoanliu; about as of tan as ha i® oallad lulus, 
 and Tery fsw othar nan^as mm apjliad to hini. Bs ie oailad 
 •parvus IuIub" only In Bool. II, and praotioally no other na»!.a fox 
 him ts BSad in this boelt, 111111 may be aithar a tara of af faotion 
 
1*-^ 
 
 *«l4«\ 
 
 ^ ?' 
 
 ' '%ff '4» 
 
 ■ :■ *" . 
 
 ^ ' ' W JiVttJii:* 
 
 4,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••i>S« 
 
 
 ,- „*.■ 
 
 
 "It 
 
 Al^ 
 
 ■■•:l ,•■''»„ ,* 'S* * 4 „.'"',^ % ., 
 
 .fc'ClJli''lr'f . ' '' 
 
 
 •-"..•••-.-■ Xf© #; 
 
 ftl ttl 
 
 ■ """^ ffl; Ik. '*' ' ^', ■'•' "gi^ 
 
 
 n;^- 
 
 it W ft Jl 
 
 j#« ei* 
 
 i 
 
 xq\ « ., 
 
 . -*t4 Oj i>;^XU. • :Jt 
 
 6. . 
 
 
 
 * ^1 
 
Bt U "parvuB* in II, Iln^J^ SM, 674, •??» 710 and 7«if •piiohor 
 IllXU0* VII I 1075 IX, 293, 310; •dulots lulus" I, Mi} •la«tua» 
 17, 140| •aurgan» Iulae» VI, 364t Xf 5S45 •■•••♦isMi* HI, 110, And 
 •llaertjna* XXI, 399 • Ho i& oailed laoaniua in I, 267, 3401 W^l 
 n, 59Gt III, 3 '0, 464? IV, B4, 130, S74, B>4| ▼, 507, 067$ VII, 
 B8Bt IX, 250, 858, 62;], 636, 646, 649, COa; X, 47, SMi t06| XII, 
 
 108/ 
 
 thax« ara flf ty-oight oasos In cdl, whoro I\ilu3 la roforrad to , 
 tfonty-four of j»hioh ara Aooaniuii, liwanty as lulus without apithotf 
 and thi roj^t v;lth apithat. In arron of thaea oasas, "Asaduaiua* 
 iM^in^ tho lino} in thirty-two, lulus* in various oaaa forsn^clota* 
 %h& lin-i, and theoe without apithat , 
 
 tlior ; are itany epithata of tha '^iduui Aotataa* typa which I 
 shall now note briafly, hofora paaoilng to tha opithata which do 
 not a^: ly to oarsoaa* 
 
 fha apithat jixat nenticnod ie probably tha MSi tEtr^mj oaaa of 
 the oonventionai typa, as ita looal «aaning in wary Blight axoopi 
 3is it iispliaB in a ganordl «ay tho ohtiaf characteriotioo cf the 
 
 parfton,, 
 
 Aotetao in ttf^nticned twanty-ona tiaoa as fol^owat •?llw» 
 Achat ©•, Book 1, 188t III, 1581 VIII, 521, SSt} X, Sai| XII, 384| 
 •►fortis Achataa*, 1, ISO, 579| •Ra|:idufi» whioh is vaxy appropriata 
 as ha ie boing aont on a miaaion by Aanaaa, is uaad l| 644} "Mag* 
 ima Aohatao* i© uo«d in X, 344 • He is rafar¥a4 to without ai^ithat 
 in I, 174, Z12, 459, 513, 581, 656, 696} III, 555; VI, 54i VII, 4M| 
 XII, 459. 
 
 In absolvtaly all tiMMl fftiMt *i%lii» irith or without apittit, 
 •Aohat08* cloocjs tha liilOf thou|;li in a vory few imitiuioae tha 
 
 —^■^- "T- ii j. i I , II . i nm iii ii i^ mww ii ^ ■^|py^«||w « <wi » ii> » » i | i >, |ii! m|. i l 
 
t^liit 
 
 'OiSiiPissi''i:e"% 
 
 T' "T 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ * 
 
 • ^ 
 
 o 
 
 \|4ih 
 
 HJ, 
 
 !■ |»i.*»' ...- . »;1- 
 
 •m4 «n + - •?■ 
 
 ^Jl 'T "'f' 
 
 Biif 
 
 
 1 i h r 
 
 
 .|,»: t« 
 
 yf9t^ 
 
 "« 
 
 H .idijlp ■••i 
 
 '•• tj 
 
 V t * 
 
 
 t 4. *, I, S 
 
 a.. :|2 1*1: '"■: ■ "■*• *-f-^^*-*r>§L «0it 
 
 dMJI#i3fti VO'* 7" 
 
 V- .. 'ti ifipiiit umitX Hit ■SffMiltt *«.. 
 
 / 
 
Il » 
 
 ',N> 
 
 \/\JS^' 
 
 M' ***" 
 
 ^ \\JiJh^' \ 
 
 mX^ 
 
 
 *< 
 
 \tM\ and MODI »»e wtmnUA* 
 
 AiMXlM 4» ••MvuB Aohllla«» to 3lMfc I* «•! Hf «•» •*«*•«• g| Jl 
 
 At1dll«3» ii 1, 30! III. Q7» •memia • H, 436} •otimtwif , 1, 4MI 
 •UrlMMMC" II, li'7 ^«<i without •pith** in I, 47D, 484, 7621 11, 
 «7B, 540» 7, S04I 71. 88, i68| III, 358, 645. This word, too, 
 •««•• alTiaya at tha lost of th« Una, 
 
 HMtor ie caUad •»«»«•• in 1, S«f •«*••*«£.• in II, OTO| •i«gl»# 
 VI, l«e, *nd •^.AxlBu.*, po» ibly for tlia sake of th^ r^tar. In ▼, 
 
 371. 
 
 Ho 1« rfiferrid to only siKht tu^.a without aplthett 11, 8T8, 
 
 23S, 5r-K, 543} III, 543| IX, 165| H, »80. 
 
 1« find •foxtia (lya«» twlao, X..!J88, 618, and 'fortia ««n««U* 
 thwe tmeet I, SJ'JJ, 610, 612. Oyaa is .pokan of in oonnaotion 
 with the boat TM* in Boe^ V .ix ticaa, but .-OTar with an apitl^t. 
 Mid Oloanthaa. thM* ti-a" ^ this book without *»ltl-t. 
 
 VMM a» tha rrinclpi'^ oas«B wtere the oonventienal apithrtS 
 ooour, aprlied to pawons, exoapt thoaa of Jup.ltor, whioh I shalX 
 »ntlon briefly. Ihooo already givan haTo boon oeufiidsrod nora 
 Klnutaly aa to tha nw...>or of ooourror.oas ana rofaraimB than «• 
 Otherwise nooeoeary, baoauaa cf th^ &mmX Kiaoonaertion as to thalx 
 uae. Won. of the« oco. r «o fraquoi.tly M U iMtraUy 0ttr <»«1. 
 
 - Jur-itar le uaad Biir.p.y, f ifty-oaa tirr.eB. but tha wfar^ncaa ar* 
 ««t aoaa«ftury. !• i" «*i-«d •'^*« .-nipotonBl usually in jvwyax., 
 aln«taan ti..a8| •Divui. patar atque honinum rex- about four tin-.» 
 •Oanitox- twelve ttoM, «• i» "l'-** ^ **»-i«^ nan.aa.auoh a. 
 
 lllf 375, ate;, twenty Mmn^ 
 
 ■ «««aiy tn prayorn the lenger ...d «ore «onorouB ph.-aaa. ax. m^. 
 but i« a ma« refa»«n«. M* word lik. -Juppitor- or •Qanitor- i. 
 
w 
 
 .1 
 
 ii a iiijipi i H I ir<p»wwfi<(|wwwww>pwwii — ii m Bii nin w i 
 
 >i>i#IMIiif:90' ftS:ji 
 
 'CKMI'" ^'£ C- 
 
 ■»» 
 
 1" (, 
 
 'iWB* ^V^^PH 
 
 •" ?5#«eH»il* 
 
 i.» ■• 
 
 rif iir f fit 
 
 <| w .^ t^:;* 
 
 ■*.. I. * iMJd* 
 
 i^Bi. 
 
 c 
 
 « 00i' , 
 
 x^ 
 
 L e ••' 
 
 V^ 
 
 
 ^1* , ^ ,+, 
 
 -K 
 
 Mi. 
 • 
 
 fX ft'.; 
 
 'iiii;iiy fni 
 
 
 ii^m^ t'Mif#iSi»»:|f 
 
 # HI 
 
 1^ 0# 
 
 r' 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 4M^ 
 
 t'ttftlMI 
 
 • 
 
 ., 
 
 -f: 
 
 ■:■? /■ 
 
 '(":' fJnim 
 
 i"' 
 
 0# 
 
 iiii 
 
 
 
 *•• 
 
 % *': 
 
 '•A . t — 
 
 '^ « *•■ 
 
 .is •»:■ 
 
 :<l- 
 
 A*. 
 
 • ¥?■ 
 
 Mi'% i''«i 
 
 
 (»#4«I 
 
 ""* * 
 
 110001; 'fQM 
 
 • 
 
;i 
 
 
 I ahull now notiM tte orit^^t& hich do imH Apply to ptmons 
 erttiJ^cly, or mrelfi mnd are »«MiMiariX| different in nattf ways. 
 Though thoy do not in all oaaoe oonf Drm to oiur Oitfliiitioii of 
 •oonventlonal*! ©til-, their oo:«ron rsowrrtnoe pmk^s thi© al&dsiti^ 
 •at Ion adsiiGs^iMe. 
 
 ftrei-ail vrordi ©ocur In thie cc iaotiont suoh a» •antiquua^i 
 •alttin*, •oeleiie^i and •votuat* then Vergil oa.lB a thing •high*, 
 It Is oarly always high* but tlio aaat iiiglit bo amid also of *iiua* 
 01' »pator iioncafc**, but whotl-or or net thent oharaot«ri8tl#§ ar* the 
 soot ircninsnt in thtj situation ic ancthcr qvastiont So whon ho 
 •poalLO of »tlio wtiio cf lofty Ec a*, ho is not vlosoriling tho 
 city tay cioro than he Ib doooribing Aonoaoi y:if the ganoral imjroa^ 
 fiion oonvsyod ie ono of •tatolir.eso. He often oail© thinga •old^ 
 that arc* not old, booaimo cf his fondnoiss for the use of thoao 
 •oonv^^rtional* words. 
 
 ■• vaoa •antiqiuis^ thirtycight ti&ioof uiiualjy of ac o land or 
 city, though ho apo&l'^s of »anoi*int oare*, fVlIi 365), •anolant luoo* 
 Itlf 580), or •aroiont nar.o*, cto. indlsorimlnataly. Dido bo# 
 imila to hor sistor in IV, 431 , that Aaneaa lias bc5trayad thair 
 •mnoiant v?edlcok» (ocnitigiaa antiquum) and Dro«'^» of har first htiaband 
 aa hor •anoiont huoband* in IVp 468t Many of thaoo oaeoa, hoi^- 
 ovor, will bo found very appropriate and should xjoseibly not bo oilU#A 
 oonTontionai, but for ccnyaniiinaeiir ooiipaxdaoasi ate, I ©hall givs 
 idl tho rof#ronfiMiB tog uthox, Thej aroi 
 
 BooK I, 12, 376, 531, 6156, 642. 
 
 XI, 137, 188, 363, iSi, 7U, 74S. 
 Ill, 15, 96, 131, 164, 542, 
 
 XV > ain» 4S1, 4M| tail MKu 
 
 T» 606, 666. 
 
Mm 
 
 mmmm 
 
 ^i^n 
 
 \^_^y^ — K,#»l>s-»J- \ . ^ 
 
 ■■iMi> 
 
 ,> (i 
 
 '113 l^Jlill' 1 
 
 ill i9U ■&" r.^.- 
 
 
 ffWfc 
 
 .M. i%1 
 
 I 
 
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 XX, 647. 
 
 X, 719, 
 
 XI, 3x6, 540, BBl, 
 
 XII, 547, BS9, 897t 
 
 •Altup.» in xsMt with irarions woTJa fyc 
 
 c^mtalna and c it loo 
 
 trm to mAl^ dotalXs# It occur® ons hundred and flfty-ono tlisoOf 
 ftR fola.Owst BOCK I. 7, 34, 61, D5, 309, 4':7, 4^9, 6BCt 11, tf Mf 
 
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 «19, 448, 464, 6S5t IH, r>^;^i 619, 644, iffe, 67g, 678, 681f XT, 
 W, 151, 187, 23C, 265, c45, 443, 574, ov. , 666, 6©1| V, 12, 45, 175, 
 MO, ^43, 261, 443, 5?.i, 54.'^ 5t>8, 7S7, 7Si5, f©^, 841f VI, 9, 41, 
 179, C37, 310, 3: 3, 436, 500, SHJ), 599, 003, 787, 8361 VII, 3, 25, 
 M, as, 95, 108, 141, BOO, S75, 362, 413, 363, 674, 736, 786 1 VIIX, 
 87, 115, 321, 395, 4*^:3, 461, 541, 691, 692| XX, 81, 169, SJJ5, 388, 
 5S0, 557, 644, 697, 699, 749, 8055 X, 63, 8(1, 101, 1S|, m6, *^46/ 
 "ta7, 374, 469, 6r!6, 653, 658, 687, 7C7,, 723, 737, 806, 850, Sfiff 
 875t XI, 36, 95, 08. 187, 2ii, 235, 2:56, 301, 4mit 4|a, 490, 6^4| 
 7ri, 736, 740, 751, 797, 817, 857, 8^...9| XIX, 11*| 181, 34'*, 29if 
 357, 474, 523, ^>46, 647, 675, 705, 7U, 787, asOf «S, 941 ♦ 
 
 "Ceisus" iii mdB uea of twanty-«iiJ tiaae, often v/ith "pip:*^ 
 0» similar vrordl X, 56, 18S» 375j i: I, S46, S93, 8tt| 670l IV, 
 39T, 8r4j V, 35, *38» VI, 805| VIII, (36, 107, 804, 560» X, U., 261, 
 MS; XI, 320; XII, 5C4. 
 
 •Vetiie* whloh c<Jonr» tTrenty-thro^ tlnae lo uB»d aOT» often with 
 psreonB or land nnrket I, £15t XX» 81S, VlSt III, 84, lo8, 18l| 
 XV, 13, 559? V, 59, 576, VI, 5^7, V3:L| VII, 177, ?.©4, £64, 7951 
 VIII, 1871 852, ?56, 500, eOO| IX, 736t IX, 182. 
 
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If a fow esiciploe tf tMh typ* Ava Mt^pwiNly it will Im found that 
 ibii mM Mfsestod i>i thd bogiimiiOG »^^ to ttltirlapfliit of tha ;• 
 v^riouo dlvlalonc i& aost trua of thcae two oiastM. fci faot, 
 aany «vwld ioubtxt^sa aljMisify 'mmmot IIim® aiasplM fts aonaaon %lr» 
 4e<3tivo3 witn very iittio r^atlo filfrrjifi^nn^ja. 
 
 By JL ii-idtiirtf^iaa di^itu^t, Ur^.j^a oaa wtiiah l»jfliii« •<»»• faatiixo 
 #f atn ooj3ot into pr^min^notj for pi«1ureaqu*a aff^att tor tmupls 
 In YII, 8, th'3 .aoon ie oal^ad •oandidii iuna», o? in VII| U^$ ■xa4p' 
 lantis lur^i^*, throwing al^ tha foroc of ths id®*! into m piotuff 
 of ihi^ itom ivlTh th*jH^ r<3atnr«0 in pi^tuafaatius n>minuna«» 
 
 fhadd dpitlAtft fall fmtvrally ixito a^avami awMlvlaionat tho»i 
 of tli^ 'ijvovo tyr»j Xi^fox to tiio 'DriiilJmt ap «i«iniii» of an obj«90t5 
 »o»o d^.>not<:i :rur.^ oalor| sJcr; 3 piotxiro mioa mmn^n ms wav«« in notion 
 a»^d ot: JXij donot'^ 3hai>e uoraly. Of tbn iatt^T aiiMia|jr*f ind tte 
 f#iioat '.lasofti Bi^cl: IT, iim 51, *a\i:firaia alvur^* r^f*irxiiig to tlio 
 .%0dy of the wooden horso agaiaiit ^ItJh tooooon fraxlad bio m:^%x. 
 •Ouxvic cariniii* in II, 179, la ovld mtly of Koaoxla infludiioa if 
 not vldi )£ ^dcrtion, a» ie alu© •otJnraa piip:>«s'» ia ?I, 4, though tho 
 ilaa it! i;it lAdod tc be ioturontua A3id not dasoxiptiira. In Book 
 1X1,' :a, iB •3iirv6 litoro* wMoh oooiura alio in aon§ f'>rr. in I1I| 
 aiS, nil :>45, X, 635 and lii U| 134j Of tha mvm t/r*^ i.i •ouxva 
 T<ili4* l"" II, 74B5 '(^urrarj nsowx ?»• ^fll, 1S4^ 
 
 fa hwa alao •our^ia oavirniB*, :CII, 074? •ourvato guT^ita*, 
 III. 561; •ourtaa faloan,*, VTI, 179| and •c^rvo .icxn^i*, VII, 4S7;and 
 515. AnothiT of thaad ahapa apith-jta is •ptlllwia maala^ wliloli is 
 alwiytt u«ed in thig particular form. In III, 253, it da :Oriba» 
 tlMi alar^ of tha hatftlt bb thay iwodp down UKor the tal^laa of 
 iameas and Me ^ontpanionB . In II, 564, fiim\;a dtpridi^Cymia fox 
 
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 tiring to mmvm hi: ^ olteblrig a iiti:» aa though ho could do M| 
 •llk# Jovas amor boaror with orook«<l clawtit^ xl, 723, dacatthM 
 a faioontg, ana XII, 850t an a«gla«& olawa* (ti^npaM Ikaiiyfatti 
 «^li« Bagio»: *' Be olap© the orag with orockad har.dfsf ©tcj 
 
 Another stylo of thd piotiiraaque tyr# ia faanti in ©uch ervreaaiaM 
 M •tha goldan •tare*, »thii ^limmxing aoca», ^tc,, wlitrs a hffjM^Md 
 briixi.;...af^: i» s€v,ght for rather thar. a ^osarlftlTO invoivinij <iclor 
 
 ■ 
 
 or.Bh&pa, aj3 already nontionod, Thv^ rar^o of adjciotivof^. thua iiaad is 
 not larg«> yot tha affect va lea* |n II, j7S m brnvt »con:raao flaai 
 ■•*• raferring to the tlmoB darting fro. Urn ciy^bUilJ of tho nUtm 
 of Trltonia whon It ams profanddi in II, ^,c , th« -%yo» cf Oasaandrat 
 Prlto's virrAn dauchter , a© ahc was ilrasi^ed alou- In th-i fsaoV of 
 Troy, trer-j •ardnntla Itirrdna'—ralaad lo hoav^m in rain. 
 
 The aworcl 1b often spoken of as •rriashinr/ ^m 5t ia abcut to 
 bw u&Qd ae an instrument of doath, txnxi as it raaat a*^ ear to the mm 
 uv0n vThom It is to ba used. In II, 333, it ia •mmmM oorufioo* mtm 
 when Panthdus, tailing Aenaan the ata^se of affairti and th^ doom of 
 Troy, eaya that •the ^d^.^d eword tflth .^it taring ^int ntandn roady at 
 thf) gato for dealing death.* A uliuraax use ia in II, 6F>Si, wh^r<% TfW^ 
 rhus drawa hie •fi.aminii Bword» (oorustjun. enaora) to Blay PriaH, 
 
 Amox ia apokan of a»*Ghlning» (fiixgenj^) thoiigh not always in 
 Imttle. Tl.e ©word my hava been alviaya aliaatlitd whan not in uaat 
 whf.la th.T armor shona even cut cf bat11a« Once the nhme adjeotive 
 rafore to a youth in battlei cciatw^o, end eeToml tiiiaa •fih.tning 
 arrior* iu used in the funcr -.1 oomnorjJoa of a dead here. 
 
 tlie reforonoeo to the ab^s aret •fulgontibus arai»a II, 74fi| 
 ?I, ?>17, VI, 661 1 XI p 188 1 •fulgaxitia arma* VI, 490 1 Tly ©• f)wT9 is 
 
 alsa »A®ra laiaantia* in II, 754, and •ardontec olli^aB* In tha 
 
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 flM stara arc •aiiXM fttitM^ in lit 4if | and 11^ iiit %|9l.la 
 aitlantlbtis^i XT| 4iE| Yl, 79f| H, aotg and 'aatra ignua* in I?, 35i^| 
 '^(jaiMllda luna* and •railantao iunaa* haro air, idy \m<m oitod. 
 
 ffha lightning i® •mloantia fulnijia"* In Xlt TS:'« 
 
 •f word d<^nctlng color lauoh migitt bo saM (aao Am. Phil, Jour, 
 vol, IV, pp. X-CO), biit only thoao which iiava imrtioular pioturoaqpii 
 bearding wll. bo not load horo# 
 
 In • Qualle aio© aootatt^ nova pai florea rura«, 1,430, tho 
 pioturt) nioana an muoh from a poetio itandi oint, If not morO| tlmn tho 
 •iJidlOt In X, 469, • nivaio voiia* ropr nont© tho tonte of 
 Bteoua, 8o!LO epithot of ahMLpo oould luivo boon appliodp but tho oQlm 
 ia . oro prominent, aoroolaliy undor tho oirotuaotanooB, 
 
 Whim Aonaas Btanwlii lorth fro .. the oloud by whioh ho liai; hQnn 
 conooalod bofoto hie introduotion to Dido, tho light i© oaio^od 
 *Xii8»n puiljpwm* (I, 59u), In thie oar>o tho attaiapt io r.Ado to 
 boighton tho color^pioturc wh^^jro oolcr io not noco0t>arily involvod, 
 bi;it tho of f :ot io not bad, 
 
 POBpibly ono of tho prottioet of the xiotureoqiia oi^ithote io 
 whor^ tlio opithot oxproesos an aotior though tho r iotiiro io in oolori 
 
 vn, 9, 
 
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 noo oandida our sub 
 
 Uma nagat aplonaot tronttlo tmh lumino pontus«* 
 
 Iflio moon is r.ot tromiilous, but tho mcon iihiriOii! v?hito on tho oavoo wbilltl 
 
 It 
 
 tromblo giving a vory lioturouqiio ofioot. f 
 
 W^find aloo •lumino fulvo" in VI], 76, whioh probably rafexB to 
 tlio dolor of ordinary flacioo. In Ul, 640, tho floliio a» clothod 
 With •shoony light* (linina purri\irdO,) 
 
 •PiirpurouB flos* oomars in varloio foMO in V,'77t, VI. B84| XX, 456 
 
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 XXIi 413, and •oxoooo aoantho", I, 64 0| ^oandida lilia* fl, 708| and 
 
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 Tharo aro seT'3ral apith«t» of th|» piotuSMiiMi mlox tjxm Ffdch 
 ffilght alBO bo rdgA9d0d M •••©•ntlal^ { but tho ap ttal ti^ aio to 
 tho ayt5, ana the fo ling 1© uiore for tha plotiiru tta.r for (Mi o&a«a» 
 tial ctuality conoelvadi by tht rdnd» for iiiatanoo, "th© tavny 
 llon^.V^iiO'f gold^t 9tQ,, Thi fommr oocurs In II, 7£'X » fulviqut 
 iQOnea*, •fxilvia loonia polXlft*, Vlll, 85^1 and •fuxvuir. X#w«i^ la 
 17, i59. •flavum" ap liod to goltl ooours fr quantiy; I, 592, VII, 
 X, 134| XI, 776> •lasplde fiilva* uocuru In IV, seit •fuiva liar#iMi* 
 In VI, 643; XII, ?^76! Ill, 74i| Htrdult© iforo a llon«a and OmytiUI 
 a iroXf'G nvm with tho iwhita ta^^th* , "doiitibua ftiliis* »tili in tha 
 
 iMiadi VII, 6C7, and XI, mU 
 
 In IV, G'^7, A a drirjo tha •biacik blood* (atrci) oruoraa) froa tit 
 trounds of her dying oiotor with her roboj tha ground was apokoii of 
 £iftex the olaughtar by i^nryaiua and MlBtus a» stalnod with •biaok 
 p;ore* (atro omore, IX, 335) and in another battlo soane, •atar 
 onior*^ poura forth freely, 
 
 fretu and branohoe ar© •le^ify* or "green* aa tha Msa umf lm% 
 The be'3B hang from a •id^ify bcigli* (raiuO froiiujivtti) if: Vilt ©7, and 
 in vll, jlS7, Aonaaa bind® hlo tcimpLie with a laafy bcugh. SiailAir 
 •zpvaaeioiia aro in VX, ^15, and III, tuU •viridi oiiva*, V, 4Mt 
 •virivtanti ^auxo* V, 539| •ilioo aijaa* IX, 4B1| •fiava oxiva* V, 309? 
 aaA •viridooqua harbas* in V, 330. 
 
 In 'raara ▼olivolnia, torraacpia l^aantoa*, Book I, 2*^4, is an a»» 
 aspld of a ilotur«, aa it appaarad to ,lovai f«f it la a^mowhat broad 
 for th3 ordinary vlaw. 
 
 In hla aplthat of tlia Mat forgil oftan uaaa il«tura»«iua tdMSt 
 in nany oaaaa aotion la Inpllad^ •Ilti«* la uaad fre^iaiitly, l«it ^ 
 •toal4 IM nottaad alaairtiara. Wf flaA •twiOuM m^ot* In III, X6f | 
 
;3; liftilwi calf '"''^'^ attii ••M^: 
 
 
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 ;;jj^"T 
 
ti a gonoral Qpithotf ^aaonaoe i)tiitof occntm la XIX» lOif viMni iona&s 
 ta aiiilr «wmrlng bfy th© gods that diwi tlvr i *YitxM uiida* VII, 15t 
 •irada ©aonxxa* VII, 198| •vada iivida* (tha Styx) VI, 320| •apuaantla* 
 tr«na» IV, 155; ••pumosm wicia* VX| x74| •aiirgontibuB imdla* VI, 3Mt m 
 and •itor liqiiiOmn* in V, 2^7 ara piotur0»<iu« apithotei dxoopt probab|f 
 th« laot. j5 , ^ .4^-a-^.^ Jt:t5L<'vo 
 
 than V^rglX aays that Aonaaa fcxind and aaoritiMt a «iiitQ •#«» lia 
 vm»m a pxaln, uppootio daaorlptlYO adjaotlva, imt in XI, X9it whoa 
 
 liei »ayo that Aon., as and Tarahon, at tlii fuMzal of thoir trlantof 
 
 / 
 •lay ruony •brietly owlne^ ( sac tyo rose tie issue jj) ho ia aaylmt afiMlthiiig 
 
 about tilt %m\xm which ie not necesaajy for tie to taow in ordar to 
 
 understand Vtet iB rnaant, a»d which j.o not plot tiro aqua in this con- 
 
 nootion, •Farr^aa vox" VI, ons, doen not involve eight and could not 
 
 bo picture Bqiiet it dai^nda rartiy u] (n th:> iimgination or lodgoa 
 
 with tho irmginatlon eomd alaioont, i^jotioaily ax rasnod by whioh 
 
 Vm idoa ray bo daf init^iiy Xooatod, Titaa© and aiRiXar epithets IV^ 
 
 oall doeoriitivo. They neoasaarily invclvj 2;iny foaturo© of otiior 
 
 epithato and it io only liy folic ing tho nioaninga that thoy can be aef- 
 
 amtod, A bristly boar flying bofors tlu^j hunters would ba |:iotur* 
 
 eaq^io; •vdiito 30?r« in tho aeneo used bofore waw i&^raly a nodi tying 
 
 adidctivo, and yot if al,. aowB wore vhito and ona of another Icind were 
 
 an ixupoBoibij^ity, I ohould oall •whlt^" an •eanential ^ithet.« 
 
 A dei.^oriitiv*3 epithot rmy invclvs an eo entlal idaa, mc •tortoa 
 funoof , IV, 575; an idoa of ■agRituda a© "vauta oharybdie^ , VII, 3|8» 
 •▼aato aothara*, V, 821, or •oaoimn : rof undum* , I, 58. or aituatiOA 
 aa •noete ail«nti«, VII, B7, and there riay even be a tranaforr^noa 
 cf tha idea for deBoriptiWii effoot, aa in 'nox mnida", V, 73at 
 
 Is the nuKbor of th ae epithotc i» so large, I ©hali not attaapl 
 to diaouae the® fully i but rhall gife the exaapiea In fuDt with Vm 
 
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 tiio ifll^it iHMil mmmmth ut 
 
mt§Mmam in tho ©«|«r In mmoh tiiaf monx In tixo lanoidt 8o£.cj of 
 tl«iisi ar« mora or loae doubtful, «tioh. for iiiataBiHi, m •gentaa t0i»t«»i 
 to I, 288, but tho d#i.oxlj;tif<i f«#ii^g fa pronlmnt, if not pr^iioit* 
 nant in r-^ost of thorn. Th«y ara an folioiiiif 
 
 402 
 
 taridur. ignem 
 
 oolrjreeque aaglttas 
 oomlTni» arborlie, 
 gantorn togatarii • 
 olaraa K oonae 
 aorja raagntim 
 Btriclontibua allft 
 ro89a oorvioo 
 
 • M« 
 
 9 oadontia sidoru 
 206 VQRtarn potonfMi 
 581 oaorula ool-.a 
 360 cava uribra 
 496 arui. m.i ariuiio 
 
 
 46 iaoiills aoutio 
 198 nox umidA 
 ilO vai.ibiis iraift 
 W5 viriddm Donuaoaia 
 19} oaorulous ith^t 
 240 ajxo cavo 
 SDl aaroaa asoao 
 •pUKiaiitibua uiuia 
 
 Bock Z« 
 
 408 ftiibroaiao ooiao 
 511 itor turbo 
 555 fii£il>oaua Orion 
 Wi oplMii On rum 
 661 fyTioB^m bilinguos 
 iM ''iligarin injitf 
 693 iFiailiB aaaradufl 
 74S orrantaK lunam. 
 
 iMk ZI. 
 
 516 atra tomp^stato 
 
 590 itira luoo 
 
 D 
 
 9<s 3 oao#iiao an 
 
 Book in. 
 
 357 tiiaido aiiotro 
 405 furpuroo aznictu 
 419 litoro augiioto 
 452 oaonileis oanibua 
 450 oavo saxo 
 44S Avaxxia aon^mtla 
 510 litoro aiooo 
 inganiott Aotnam 
 

 c-.^-^6 
 
 .X iOi>ti 
 
 iA' OO ^JBlft^'CVta^ ^ 
 
 ',3 
 
 At 
 
 
 r-;fB din 
 
 eo'jl 0iifT OW 
 
 #xo tivpowKvn MS 
 
-81- 
 
 $0(1 months o^aoi 
 615 labfrntla rido 
 ^5 facito oaolo 
 
 itt hiimlXon ZtaXlam 
 
 68(1 cava aaxa 
 
 534 aalsa aatmrglna 
 
 S6 nootoEJ profiindari 
 845 Tartara trietla 
 513 undosium Aoquor 
 I8& plaaoaoe aoopulM 
 
 257 lit rj har>: 
 
 361 urrisntlVniB uitibrl* 
 453 tViTlcraralB arie 
 
 10 oa^srulau© Irabor 
 
 4>S Clara dias 
 1£3 CJaanila Boyllaque 
 lE^ nlgraa paoudoB 
 S61 ro: idui^'^ 81rriOonta 
 391 rapido our-cU 
 4a5 oeiorl aagitta 
 518 astrlB aothorlla 
 515 vaouo aaolo 
 
 5^26 XiciuldiQ miblbus 
 
 13 auroa toota 
 
 636 utro tabo 
 
 635 ';dlo aotito 
 
 Mt ..anigoraa p^otidas 
 
 693 Pl#iayriuii! undoeum 
 
 Book IV, 
 
 81 oadantia aMttM 
 
 464 ratti:; pionm 
 
 460 ladantQM aol^xa 
 
 486 ttporlforun p^apavar 
 
 490 noctiirnas laanaa 
 
 506 fronda ftmoraa 
 
 522 pXacldULi eo] onm 
 
 Book V, 
 
 614 profundum pontuB 
 5B8 irolantla aldora 
 646 Yagla nutrix 
 666 atvam faTlXlaa 
 
 tonpostaa atra 
 
 V 
 
 37 nigranai 
 
 610 niibts oava 
 819 oaflruleo ovrro 
 835 nox vmiM 
 866 aataritia Xiusiim 
 
 Book V1t« 
 
 410 oaaniXoair. fuprltt 
 462 nootoffi profuJtdam 
 
 560 fla^HBdJi torrantitou* 
 
iC' 
 
 knmy0 mMStmm. §M 
 
 ac 
 
 • ..«,! V %» * 4i 
 
 8i[ 
 
 .VI 
 
 ^ c?aii 
 
 •T 
 
 
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 ■■■fl'I'' f 
 
 lil,i'i.i.::; ,>.i 
 
 •{Xl:g'i.iM|«« £«ibjiii3 Md 
 
 .-.•«. I"' ''T' j',^ » .^''^i* .,»>,.»^ 
 
 A Jl ■^' *'* '^" '*' "^ f^' < 
 
 ,.r A.,.- >. 
 
 f Si'-s 
 
 1#0P«i «lfilj^oifj/7Jur III 
 
 ^4vi:^#ca: 
 
 
 
 ¥' 
 
 tfj 
 
 "•« 1|*>f'# 
 
 , ,#.!P' 
 
 .-Li. 
 
 1 Cvi/ 
 
 
 jy^ 
 
 «Bri' 
 
 
 / '•-», <i i. 
 
 .IV J > 
 
 
 
 ":||Wi. il' 
 
 ■A 
 
 
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 «iilil||i|! |||.Ml|p:|i. U, 
 
 Bfnfif M'WtMM 
 
 I 
 
•^Si' 
 
 £- 
 
 S21 purpuroaa veetat 
 
 80 o« rabldtuR 
 MS TontoMt aoquofm 
 401 axeangudo umbras 
 T80 vubllmdo anliiA0 
 &50 aurgontia sideta 
 725 Titania Aatra (?) 
 
 IS fteratoA ssSjran 
 17 saaidgori Buao 
 26 aurora lulaa 
 180 lanl blfrontia 
 Sfi7 frondcois mcnti)m0 
 JJ46 oaorulola orinibua 
 M^B vasta aacpora 
 702 ©llsnti fioottt 
 8ol atza palue. 
 
 ip 
 
 avnltf 
 
 S4 oaeruXaiia fli^brifi 
 IS? AothoriOB ©irt>0o 
 
 12K) rmxia Invia 
 488 oandldUi pMitora 
 IBl li^tonaa iuv jnta 
 5C2 fumfaros ign&n 
 671 aoqiio88B hianMi 
 
 8 ii id 3 ream aideiu 
 IX fdra Kartlisss 
 
 mtsm ailox 
 
 00S nivaa vitta 
 
 67^ o#iifmli« virantl 
 
 729 naiKoreo aaquora 
 
 §47 01 Irani la aora 
 
 WSM fronts laata 
 Book ^11* 
 
 767 ..Ivi.ira aot. '...a 
 
 076 CUXBU 
 
 Ido 
 
 dll oaXoros pLintas 
 74^ Uontcoad Horsaa 
 XM noctlH orionta elgiiA 
 704f pis^^iA ®t t>^acaballa ara 
 Bianaa 
 
 Book ^'III 
 
 soil oanaiO* 
 
 684; iroXatile fex*niBi« 
 
 Book 32* 
 
 40C) orooaun oubiXa 
 S9C> MXa9om aai^ittas 
 2SI» fortuna Motoite 
 7X4t Algrao haranao 
 7#<> atri vuinoris 
 
 took 3:, 
 
 IXii atra voraglna 
 5821 Tai\a# iimbrati 
 
J^ 
 
 fiiC'V ' 
 
 •mr 
 
 * ^^ff-'^r> «nT 
 
 »Anc 
 
 aJhiMiijv XX 1/^ ^^^i'T 
 
 ***r:l #iw r^ 
 
 1ft A 1 
 
 «• 
 
 ,*■ f I 
 
 •ft t««i'" 
 
 
 •■SS* 
 
T3 fao« atfm 
 479 farxo Aauto 
 74§ netemajii noatoai 
 
 11 onaori ©burmj;: 
 
 SB 
 
 orin3« 
 
 69 nollifj ylolM 
 
 69 langtiantis hyaointhis 
 W6 pace fivqiiiiitra 
 143 funoroas faoas 
 
 193 onaoo d -ocrcMi 
 
 194 fozHontos rotas 
 roi nox udida 
 
 &&a volucma flagjtttaa 
 G40 phaotyata oa^iilla 
 795 voluoras ouras 
 
 1 
 
 143 fufioraa 
 
 746 forrons soamu® 
 
 look XI« 
 
 £74 ladirlraoaie vocibuo 
 
 270 oaoiaatla oon ora 
 
 itt pMtatant i I7UJ3 armlo 
 
 298 clauac gurgita 
 
 B98 rariios armaa 
 
 186 vivida virtiia 
 
 318 dluros oolios 
 
 4I>8 Tfxiiol pur Btagna loqtiaoia oyonl 
 
 867 AathariUTi Oiymr«uiB 
 
 574 laoulo aouto 
 
 913 rojjouo Pliodbua 
 
 B7 albo orichaloo 
 
 137 oaaloBtlbua amda 
 
 167 aaatlgcrl 3U6o 
 
 100 oulido farrs 
 
 198 Jfumr bifrontom 
 
 248 lltoraas avoa 
 
 884 f^rrans Imborsf a ohow»3r of 
 darto In bii.ttla 
 
 304 rlgido «ns<i 
 
 358 Moigumants Kavoas 
 
 394 dolaras sag! t as 
 
 608 ii«rpuraoa tmiottia 
 
 Book Xll. 
 
 310 farraus aoiJEam 
 
 310 ao 
 
 450 atruffl 
 
 nootom 
 
 415 voliiorr38 Bag itaa 
 
 419 o-lorifarai;; paa< 
 
 478 ra* Ido on 
 
 598 vaoiiaa aviraa 
 683 atrl turblnls 
 518 piaoosao iamaa 
 606 f lavoo otixmm 
 663 x«i ido ourau 
 
^tittJri 
 
 r> Mi 
 
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 8 
 
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 ftiflftM^tt wnr 
 
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 ij-.^V Gx^ 
 
 
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 •# 
 
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 %• viwiiiAi a •^"■'-fii.t afttmiti tat 
 
'^ 
 
 ■v 
 
 tofinod tyi«r.^ ao hu air ady \tmn iKtod. lliiXo this mo mm% wi^ 
 dont in tho oaea of pioturaaque mOi p It wll^ bo Mm| though In 
 m Mallor Oosroet in auch ax-xo i^^ion a© "liquid I&y.08«| "wt wtoo^t 
 •tc. Thoso ffordB oall forth into rioainanoo, foaturos of an objaot w 
 which ar3 •obsouro on ao cunt of thoir obviousmaee*. Ax* lakoo 
 aro liquid and al . wwoji aro woti but wo o?o look this faaturo 
 unloae it is ado promlnontt An ad.joctiva, in tho ordinary sonoot 
 dotorminoo lafjroly tha ciasa oharactai- or loo ttion of an objeoti an 
 oplthot of ton lakas Bom; part or attilbuto of an objoot Important by 
 ovorahadowing tha whole objoot by it and whin this foaturo la ono 
 already ougi-o tod by tha ncuh,^oal] it •ooeontial,* 
 
 •Flint* is aij O0t oyronyBious with •Inrd", yot Vargil bring© this 
 out at 11 mora oloarly by aiylng •duja oiiox" in VI, 471 | oo also 
 
 •duris ofjsibus^ IX, 66* (^Oonpara the English axpraooion/'as hard 
 
 " \ 
 aa bone • J •Duro forro* CHSaure in VI, lAQ. 
 
 Hight iij apokon of ao "dark* nine tii.os in tlio Arnold, aa ■nox 
 atra«, I, S9, in tho dUiioription cf tho otow whon •oablo nir:ht» 
 olto brooding o'or tho Ooop.* fho iojbo oocurs also in II, seOf ?» til 
 VI, 37S, VI, 866; X, 160 ami If, 570, fhon Aliacto vioito |umu8 at 
 Ardoa and finds hlin anjoyin:. rr; aa at iil^night, the word uarsd for 
 »dai1^» is •nigra* and tho night of olcudo which wao to ovir^-ohadov 
 tho liuntinr rarty was •opaoa", IV, 122, 
 
 In I, 141, •oarooro^ would ha-vo convtsyod ti.a idoa of ••Closdft^for 
 0|>on prison ie not a prison at all| any iior i than "dry wator* would 
 b€( watar, yot Vargli oaye "olauso oaioorti^t •Pax* would naturally 
 Ifiiply qulat, but he? says •plaolda paeo't ^% ^^^^i *^ in VIII, SMt 
 Similar to thooo ard t **plaaid£4 iUiota*i IX, Ittf ▼» iS6t •plaoidaii; 
 quiotom*, I, 6§1 and XT, 5| o bow could hardly bo thought of 
 
 > tl 
 
u« 
 
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 lis 
 
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 111 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 "eoAq Ajuicjbj^-* cfaa erf' ftfif' .i%M^ fi 
 
 •»-■' % i 
 
 m4 # ii i'Vi jytii I'M fi ^%«#tiii9? 
 
ethoar ttmn •b8nt«, but Voygll writes •tjMMBB *«<»»• In ▼, §00, or 
 •^aXldl» Tl,ribuo' in the amm llnot mai^M vlrea* otcuxa too 
 
 Tlw waves AM •XiqwidM uuda.i* III t,a60; •itaiBos f xuotuB» in T, Iff 
 tad V, 776; •viOa ttaltja*, V, IWl •fliiyiaiibiiB undia* in IX, 7U. 
 to also find •inaria uzalda*, ?, S04t •lami© -iqvldo««, If , SSi Ud • 
 »vloa llquont3a« Y, nSB and V, 776. 
 
 •Diaoi* probably ropMift tlm moat iroMncnt id^a euggtsted Hf 
 •naotaro* in I, 455, iikowi»« »fragiiirtia r:;aXXa", I, 436, "lltiiiantia 
 i!iolla», I, 4321 •urilda malla*, XT, 4a6, In II, 53. the epitlmt and 
 noun aro fror th« aamo at0R##*oa»ma oavarna©^. 
 
 mil 
 
 Othar «xampifl8 of the «»nontial apltliot are t'mmm fWaatxas , I- 
 534? •aaisur. oudor-, 11, 173J -ratitlufl torrona", II. o05; -aapriB wnt- 
 itouB", II, 3791 -oaTao a«<l«8», II, <m\ •oavc antro", III, C41| 
 •lanig^rae ov<.o-, HI, 660| •oandoro niTalo-, HI, 538; ••axo opaoo* 
 YIII, 311; •naiausmbxlfsrurj", VI, 4^3; "aarlas auras", T, 520; 
 •fturaa aothrlaa*, IV, 445, VXl, 557; "tanuer. ai:nu=» , IT, 878; 
 •longaavos sonae*, V, 715} •tami^ut itao 3on«««*, I, 58} •vol'fendis 
 BonBllJue-, I, 289! •volVontibu« anniB», I, 834; vantoeio follibu*" 
 VIII, 449; •var.lra oava*, X, 475; •lanpiuida duias*, XII, «08} also 
 
 •tonaoi foroli>a» in VIIJ, 453. i^ Jll 
 
 ^yLo^^jA^ 
 
 In »h9 epUodo relating to th« ;ari las, xH. .^n ooiuiaal thai* 
 ••ords, b\it TMtil •*y» "^^^ ***y ^'^*-' o^noaaiad •word*.* 
 
 •Hand aoaam »c Inaai faolunt teotosquo par hsx]M» 
 Dlsronunt aiuwa, at .scuta latar.tia oondunt^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Th« •hlaUB ara not •hid.ion' nur «« tto aworda •oono.alad* 
 until the eomrlotlon o' tha aot axj^awad by "ooniunf. This U 
 cocuionly oartad •prolopaia". . Th. iwrning la hardly tte .a^^o «|^7^^ 
 ms •Mllad th9 Mui dead,' but rat »r •kiiiad tha daad .mu' «» 7^; 
 
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 P^Biiagt from imU luot^a by Qmm^ U-unt«t«« tli« um of 
 olaarlyt 
 
 "So ttos# two brothora with thiix ffiiur4«z«d mim 
 Boda pMt Fior#noe,» 
 
 Jujaot If 60, »ayB to Aeolus* ? 
 
 •Xn<mt« vim vantls irul»ntrsaq\Mi obruo imp|«»« 
 iaaanlng, not thQ ol;lp« alnady «iibiargad, but ©itlwir thMa ttet 
 wara to bo sunk until sulxBargad (fuotativa), or tho»a iiliiiiiiiiA im 
 antittimtion. Aanoai* smys to DMo, II, 4, tlmt mtm lias askad Jiie 
 to rolato ho\^ tha teoak* dlstxoyad •Trolaims Qym at iaaantabiXa 
 mm^f whoraM Troy vme net •laiiiontubiie ragnijfii«» utitll thl.. griaX 
 upon tha«. Hota alao, III, 141, 3icw Siriu© bumad up the •stariia 
 flald£^,» 
 
 ▼han Moroury ap|<iarad to Aeneas: -at Oarthiia, x nding hl» dt 
 hie nagiaatad Aaatiny, I?, »M, Vergil axolaimi •cjiio niino raginaa 
 ainbiro furontoia aiidaat adfaturT* ui: ming the qwnn who wmlA M 
 •raging* whon tha nam mui toll har. m also ©iBaka of Did© aa • 
 
 •fcorlantla iSlieae*, IV, 010, whan l.e niaaiia^ not Uliaa wfho is ^ing^ 
 
 Imt T^ ^ho is about to dia, 'T^'tju^.^^UoJ^^ 
 
 Aanoaii and Latinus in Book IX »ra niakiiig an agra«aant by ifhiok 
 
 •tha qimrral Ih sattlad* lanaas states tha tafM ami iHiH t# 
 
 In 
 
 abida by thomi Latimi© atretohing forth his banda anaam by •tha 
 infernal vm9T of tha god©»*~»yij»qiK:! doim tnf^mmm^ at#« Tlia i4aa 
 of tha phanuia ie not "by tha iflifigriuil powar of tha gate*, ^l^by 
 tlia povar of thQ infernal gada«^ In auab oasaa, wliaii thMi aiiitiaf 
 batra a x^^aaning whloh balonfn to aaaia othor umm in Iha iteaaa, it 
 tt tWlad •tranafarrad* opithflt In •ai^n mUt iWttliia ^mf^^ f | 
 139, obviously tha thaiifM Is m* It mmtmrnA byt it iBlt if HjAxa 
 agraod with •sonitum^, imitoad af vitli •tuba», and ba mmM ttf 
 Bot tha sound of tha clear tru«ipat, but tha alear soundiag blast. 
 
:P 
 
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 .^- ■ ■ - ... . .^.'.- .,;:,cf iiiilii' '911 ;:fU: 
 
 
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•fi7« 
 
 ibly tto liOAt mmmm momitmtim «! tlii» tmmfmn^4. •pittet 
 iM in the u&e. 01 " f i fiii * titmigh itn u0<» i& alnoat •• 99mmn M 
 to dtprlT* it of tha oddMon atttuiUiig otlMir oute. In Book ?, 
 164t Oyms urgos Mb pilot Miino«t«i, to etiok to the ahor®, but 
 19 •toered to tha open soa Iimmim h» f#Hred th« *t>Iiiid 
 (•Moa sajm). the tocliB «»ro not blind, but thay wmm 
 to hlR as if ho woro blind, Aonaat loaviiig tho Sil^l^s omwm 
 ponders m9T the •blind dirMte* (oaooos ovontoa) whioh sho ham 
 Mig#»t«d« This ia not a p«n«r. if ioat ion but a trimafar of 
 i4M by ci;ana of tha epithat, aaA Moaiie ovantu to ifhloh Aan^aa 
 blind.* 
 
 Uiiod Alloy*) /{^:„4_ t^\.^ \ 
 
 Compare alBOt'Caroare oaaoo* 1?I, 734j •oaaoiti u»biri»» Til, 610| 
 •Caooa /nurrn:^ra» X,77; ■oaeoiUi vulmis^ X, 755| •paxiv^tibua oaaoii* 
 ▼ , 589j "oadoam nootom" II, 597| "oacioa® for«30» II, 453| •oaooi©- 
 «• lat«bri8«, III, 4ri4;and III, Z^Z% •saxis oaooia" III, 706| 
 •oaaoo later!* II, ICO) "oaooiB undia* III, 8v>0| "vada oa^ioa* X, 
 5M« (tOH^ara Inglish, **B. 
 
 •J^to obaoura* ooour© in II, 4S0, and •nox otaoiira* in ff| «it.| 
 itea thd moaning ie that objoata aro obaouro an ao ^oiait of tho night § 
 •nootdm in nommm^ IX, 166, la paxallol to our sngliQh oxpvoaaioii 
 "I aj;»nt a alaopla»« night. • 
 
 In •Xteaae aaoro da vertioa* X, ^30, it 1b doultful nlMitliot 
 Targil mf?anfi, "tho tor of fMMd lcla« or "th« aaorad tor of Ida*, 
 •M tha aamn nay bo aaid of *lfafaaa regaator* Olyzapi* in X, 4S7* 
 *Adraati pallontia iirngo** YI, 480, say »aa *^tlio pala iuaga of 
 Adraatua,* or the •irmgo of p«ile Airaatua** 
 
 *Sodaa boataa" TI, 659 » coana * arreting plaoaa of tha happf*^** 
 
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 aot, *hapvy roating plaoaa* { Ukoaiao *oaatu]a fubUa* flH$ 4X&, 
 ♦¥ot© aiiao in i^roaa "piaiiiB loac grasit iira»i**--^raat |., 
 
 
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not th. oouoh, but tha paraon. .Vlrua fortU oorpoxa- I, • 
 108, and XII, 328, doea not m,an what it actually .ays. but -fortU 
 agraos with •viruin* In waning. 
 
 The following are Boar-hat doubtful, but nay bo classed aa 
 tranaferred epithats: gelidoa fines.. VIII, 159; -latos populoe,- 
 I, 8265 nngantea popuiog" , VIl, 475j -oaeoo ieni,' IV, 2; ►oaaol 
 Ignas" in 17, 209. 
 
 Thasa oomprise all the transferred epltheta »o far located in 
 
 ieneid. . " %isi,,J^J^- ^^^.^jUutMj — 
 
 Horace epeaks of "pallida mora," aiid Vergil makae similar 
 xafarenoe to It In -frigida mors,' ato., it ia evident that 
 • uoh an abstraot thing as death could ^laye no quaUtiea by whioh 
 it could be branded, except in the rjsulte it is able to bring 
 about. Thus the above epithets ai.. called •potential* beoauae 
 they aaoribe directly to a noun that which the noun poBsesses 
 potontially and not actually. it Is not "pale death" but 
 •death tliat uakes aien pale.* In Bock IV, 385, Dido in her paaslon- 
 ato outburst against Aenuas, foroasting her fate, says:" "Cun 
 l. y>S^ . ^g . £oriB^nima reduxerit artus omribus uabra ioois adero* and ' 
 by "frigida nors* she j.oans "death ttat lakee one cold." 
 
 A very good illustration of this potential epithet ie in the 
 •oene in which Aonsae enters the lower world. He finds 'Griefs • 
 "avenging oares", (ultrioes curae) , and " Fals dlBeases ' . (palientea 
 Uorbi), with "trietis Soneotus" stationed at the doors. 
 
 The imagee may have looked p*4e , is Vergil epsaks often of the 
 pale uhadee of those below, but the i waning of ►pallentes aorbl" 
 ie clearly, "diseases that make pale," and likewise "tristis 
 SaooctuB," may be interpreted as "Old age that makes men sad." 
 
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 tHat liAd^i thorn happy in thoiiiii,^ wmot to th^ OMd, for 
 •uwly it oouid not be a happy honof oth^irwiao to oaltbrato th« 
 death of Anohiata m thay mtfi doing, ^h^' 
 
 l#pt«ne, Bool: I, 127 9 riilBm his fplaoidm oaput») above thtt 
 wavao and «till^ tlw stoim which tho pot^^ntial apithot 'pjiaciaiui* 
 for«d^ta, •Triatas-tima;;*, I, i;3a, ::Ay .can •ruins timt i;iako 
 aad» and hanto ia potantiali "atro Vimono», II ^ 2J;i, yoism that 
 on«^ livid. Parsons ^rho havo bo n fxightonod Ljiy raoognisa tha 
 potontUX alemant in •frigidiia horro:f«, III, it. • - . 
 
 The paradoxical epithet as tho-niwn impliafc is one whioh in f#m 
 aontradlotK ItB notm, aa •living doa^:h», oto* f^ ajuimploa of tfMl 
 oactir in the Aondid, and th -^e bordair BOie vhat on thoae nlaajlma 
 atyled •auggoatitra** 
 
 Alieoto, VII, 456, huria tho firitbrand with its l}IaoV lirht 
 •tttro IXMBina* and Oaoiia aciit/biaok riTma*, (fatxo© ignao^, VIIX, X9i» 
 In XI, 166, tho funarai firtis built liy Aonaaa and Tarohon aond forth 
 tlji^ir "bxaok iighto.* 
 
 •Oalidua aiidor*, III, I75t and •nivo aaxo*, 1, 167, might ba 
 takon as paradoxioal , and oertainly in X, 746 1 whara Marfantiua 
 ' alay© Orodaa and •dura qnioa* sattlai down nvm him* In lY. M4t 
 Bido siaakB of the •atris ignibua^ ihioh woa a ooBBcon fora of 
 paradox. •Invia via*, III. SBi, it a gcod axaapla alBO of tha para»«- 
 ioxioal epithet* 
 
 8o fax, I have attaiptad to give ai. the astosplaa iiiMtar aMh tffi« 
 lifh the following typoa» I ahall give illuat rat ions, but in moat 
 oaaaa not ail the ajwuaplat ^rtiioh oaoiir in tha Aanoidt 
 
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 .ji«iii« k^'it J. lit t"OA 'HfSM 
 
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 •ir«nta Haotoroa*, I, r:73t Thla •plti»t tlRio ofttn stands for & 
 gonitlvo, at: in ^Aoncia nutrix*, VII, 1, or ••ooptra Prlaii©!**, Vll, 
 Sf>2, T7hlf3h niaani •nuree of* or "apf^ai of* priioarlly* 
 
 Othisr exMploa aro •airta latorna", VIIIj 2^7, •arU maslstra*, 
 VIII, 44^1 •noonla PalXantea,* IX, im^ "Tyrrlt-mtimqua c-aaum*, VII, 
 4SJ •fetain^o ululatu*, IX, 477, mnd IV. 667| •A«noia pupia", 
 X, 156; •Martla our©u», XI, esii •foitroaa asmina* , >:i, S',*^! •amll#» 
 brlbua aTT.ifl», XI, 687 1 •fumineo a^cr^*, Xl, 782 j •f«ninsu« 
 olamoraia*, xi, 878} •fratoma oaridoa*, IV, 21 j •fratarna litora»« V, 
 24|»H'^otoreos awnoa*, V, 654; •por^ilaribiiB auris*, VI, fil6? "Palaaga 
 art3«, TI, idP.i "lAortla ragna«, II, '^7S. 
 
 Th« UBO of thia epithot doea not sr atiy aaoaad tha aiMiplas abovt 
 
 Tho •goo£;rax)liioaX* or itliota m d vaiy iittla daf Inltion or oxpla^ 
 nation, Tb^ ©xamploa balcir which ari praotioaliy al^ of tha aaaa 
 typa illustrato VoTgil»f5 uea cf this .(^ans of adding brevity to 
 axpxo'^.slon, i 
 
 The ■feniati ^avaa* (T on4^H8-firtr<rfeuag^r--XIIf- B7X) maant, of oouxaa, 
 ""ttm-iyayaa ^t-4Jbs^ Ionian ma a -^i4r~4h€-^cTriiBUon •Blauiia undia", III, 
 696, has tho oan« raftirsnoo tc Siolly. Of a raor« ooirpraesod ty;a 
 la •Vfjnarl Idaliaa*, V, 761, or •Idaa m Jovom", VII, 139, 
 
 fhla i-jplthat i» found a© followat •TSuboiois 0Tla», VI, 2; •Sibyoo 
 ourau*, VI, 2>o6t •Uviaaquo litora*, C, Zt •Siaulaa talluria», I, 54| 
 •Irgiyaa Htlonaa*, I, 650| •Trlnaoriii unda», III, 364| •Trlimorla 
 Aatna*, III, r.r-45 *Fhxygia Ida*, IX, 80 j •tourantia ijrva», IX, 1 ;0| 
 •Thralola. Sar^n*, VII^JOe^__^^;!^^^^ 
 
 Myth ojlogioal opith^ta a a thoaa^wiiioh jraftjr to a rayiholc i#al mi 
 
 t lota that these epithets ar^ often imad far thalr suggajtiv^ 
 i«aMiatiOQa ma wall aa gaographioal :.o#ati«tt« 
 
 — WMWWWW W i' ■ II " 
 
If 
 
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 Mt * x«al things or jxtmiwi, wi »I«tli»#o xoro*, ?, BM, o» ^IstfiMW 
 fraty^a*! Ill, 678^ Troy w^m po©: ibly r^ai| tmt •lipttmia Trola«, 
 111, 3 and II, 6J)5, imm laythologlcial. 
 
 Other i»fai«AO#« axe t »tei'iia!aiiiiit<||ie H«0attmi» If, 511 1 
 •Satujfnla Toliu0», VIII, 62^ \ ^ •Btygla carina*, VI, 3911 »Taitax«iMi 
 ouittoJaw*, VI, 395; «l.dthaou2i fiuadn*, VI, 74©| •§yolopia aajca*, X, 
 Mix *l»o •Titania astrsL', VI,_72b. , a. ^/ ^ 
 
 ?atran|mio ei ithota ooour f xtictucntiy, eoi..#tl ea alone , as 
 •Polldao*, V, BOB, or aoooc* anted by a naro, ae **Xaiiida Palimira*, Vf 
 842, Boiaatlnaa it ladana not "isona of*, but, **foilowor8 of* as ^§m^ 
 nc«ada<i* ^Moh %% ofton \iBdd, though tb® prir^ary ;:ieaBlnr ie •olilldrsm 
 of.» 
 
 "ABpMtryonladaa*, VIII, 214j "B«ii«il4dia* Tatloqua* (alao 
 ^tliologioai* VIII, 658| •Itridae^'i IT-» ©02 j »Anoliiciad«£*, I, 8t«f 
 «P<iliJUi<j», ni, 550t V, BU8J •Ataaidaa*, VI, SS> •C^cropiOa^* (alM 
 «Qrtholcgical>, VI, 2X\ •Anciii^lado* , VI, 34o|*Tydid4», I, ^7| *?lliaB>» 
 idan Halamici*, III, 3955 •Saturnia Ji;no«| M giv^sn in •oonwntional* 
 elMdt "aara-mntid© Kyaplia*, 17, ioet ftxt all good ajamtplja af 
 t55i5 use. Many contain mythologiosl ref^ronojB and e^an hiatorlaal 
 
 Bmphatlo apltlieta usually, if not alwayai coiielat of a partlolpla 
 In ^onnaotion with a noun, ao uaod flat the oaipteala ia put moria 
 tha 3plthet than th3 word with «rhioh it la uaed* •Prolapaa 
 II, 555, K«ana more of the •falling «;»£• than of Troy itself, Ste» 
 ilarly, •doaarti ooningla iraii^t II| ryftf "urbi caytaa*, II, 5431 
 ••iiniaattT. Anahiotin*, V, 6i.4| •Inaenaaii Trolaii*, II, 555 j •eroptaa wiMm^ 
 g:LniB*, II, 4131 •attiaaaa parentis*, III, 341. ?nia typot t'hmflk 
 T%xf ootanion In proae uaagSf px ts i*a te«r rarlotias ^m to naaA 
 
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 tkir« T^min awemi ipitlwts af 41fr«reiit f#litiift fwwrriiig mm 
 cr leD3 fraiuontly, wMoh I bI^xII montlm bxlaflyi Rho«lua*'| at 
 tho hand of Buryalus, 11, 54®| poure forth tho •pminilo lif#»— 
 •piurpuxoai aRiisam,* — thir^ ii •maton^mioia* ®pith0tt *Oftiia Ti4#8*t I, 
 8Wt which »ugr,Q0t» purity, 10 •siigf ostivc" aa al0O, "atra diee^, ¥1, 
 489| •oanatj rastae**, V, *?4<| "nigrl oim xacto y inoni* , IV, 514; "i)*!* 
 i«»tai. \ur.bra0«, l\\ S6| •r^gna pallida*, VIII, 344, «to. 
 
 Xr. VI, 31?., vthen the •ohllll.i^ ^aar*— ••frigiOuB annuof— is 
 ttpoke»n of f only a part of the y^aar i a wnmt which arivda tha bird* 
 Iwyond the urma to thiix suniiy ciir^fio; Thi5 is •isyivjcdocUioai* 
 opithot a« poBLiibly al^io "auroa tacta* in VI, iSi •Hiatwxioal* 
 6pith©t8 n:ontion UQm» hlBtorical fact, jid tho i:.ythoio£;ioal r»f«ap* 
 oncer; n-T.'t rade by thcsa of that ty|>0t 
 
 ^ifira is ono typo which oocurs in such forme as •Ijated iifo^t 
 or •si';3<;t lifo*, ui»od lio oit^n by V ri^i^^ ospooiaxxy iii ooj^ootion 
 with Dido, ThoiiO dciinota fociingu i^hioh plac^ or. ob^oot ontirely 
 as. it ax; ears to one partiouiar i-iirttdri, oftaii imder peculiar ooiw 
 ditionc, «&anotuB Sanatvia* ic ai^thar exampie, ©hewing a : ental 
 
 ttttitudd, not iiaorGd abaolutaly, but iioid ©aoxv^d by ttooe wti© 
 paeiod judgxa'::*nt,in tlio rjatler* •licctional* lias boon nugraBtad M 
 a olajio nATtO for cil. uuch opithotft« 
 
 Sotid tyi-Tije perhaps havo boon gi^on toe little attention in this 
 paper, but tha subjaot ia too broac. for a detailed treatment of eatll 
 (Separate division, eo I haire preferred this general diaeuesion at 
 thifi ti .0, hoping to i^ropari neparxie pav>exe on la^rtlculax pha»aa of 
 7crgil*fe use of epltliot, froa tiue to tirjs. 
 
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