05 O "* '^ rt is = •" ^T*5S ^Ji^ '/^ ^/ f ^ It^^s'^l^^^^^^'^ ' WILSON'S ANATOMY. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with -funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/systemofhumananaOOwils a^^^^^ A SYSTEM HUMAN ANATOMY, GENERAL AND SPECIAL. BY EEASMUS WILSON, M.D., LECTURER ON ANATOMY, LONDON. SECOND AMERICAN EDITION, KDITED BY PAUL B. G O D D A R D, A. M., M. D., LECTURER ON ANATOMY AND DEMONSTRATOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES ; PHILADELPHIA MEDICAL SOCIETY, ETC. ETC. '"'•BEfv r 5r,. WITH OVER TWO HUNDP.ED ILLUSTP.ATIONS BY GILBERT. FROM THE SEC0>;D LONUOJV EDITION. *"y' PHILADELPHIA: LEA AND B L A N C H A R D. * 1844. i »'*» v/ ^ ^ g Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1842, by LEA AND BLANCHAK.D, in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of llie United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. C. Shermnn, Prinler, 19 St. James Street, TO SIR ASTLEY PASTON COOPER, Bart., F. R. S., MEMBER or THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, ®l)l3 Ulork IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, IN ADMIRATION OF HIS GREAT AND ACKNOWLEDGED GENIUS ; AND OF HIS SPLENDID AND UNWEARYING LABOURS m THE CAUSE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH EDITION. The favourable reception which my recent Work on Practical and Surgical Anatomy has received, both from the Profession and the Press, commands my first attention and grateful remem- brance on again presenting myself to public notice as an aspirant for honours in the field of Medical Science. On the present occasion, I submit the Anatomist's Vade Mecum to the Members of the Profession, with the fullest assurance that they will find it to be a complete system of descriptive Anatomy, recording in its pages, in a clear, precise, and perspicuous style of expression, every important detail of human structure, and the most modern and valuable discoveries and researches in the Science of Ana- tomy. To the established practitioner it is a matter of great impor- tance that he should be possessed of the means, during the few spare hours which he can abstract from his anxious and respon- sible duties, of easily and agreeably refreshing his acquaintance wfth that science which is the acknowledged basis of all safe and skilful medical practice. Of this application of my present labours I have not been unmindful, in composing the Anatomist's Vade Mecum ; and I sincerely trust that the work will prove to be the instructive and interesting companion of his important practical avocations. The Student of Medicine, from the first moment of commen- cing his labours in the study of Anatomy, must be made aware of the absolute necessity that exists for clearness of thought, ex- actness of language, and a rigorous arrangement of ideas. He must feel confidence in the knowledge which he possesses, and he will then exhibit that confidence in the decision by which all B PREFACE. his actions will be characterized. As a text-book for illustrating in a precise method the materials of instruction, this work is especially designed ; and the severity and inflexibility of order have not been departed from in treating of a single branch of the subject." Among the modern investigations of great interest of which I have availed myself, I may particularly enumerate those of Sir Astley Cooper, Kiernan, Henle, Goodsir, and Searle, in addition to the important observations of other excellent anatomists. My thanks are especially due to Sir Astley Cooper, who, with his usual urbanity, has furnished me with much useful informa- tion, and has permitted me to emblazon my pages with the flatter- ing patronage of his name. I have regarded this condescension of so distinguished a surgeon and physiologist as a sacred trust reposed in my hands, and I have exerted myself to render my labours not unworthy, of such gratifying confidence. I hope I may be permitted to say that the Engravings are beautiful examples of a most instructive and valuable art. The advantages of such illustrations in a demonstrative science cannot be too highly appreciated. The mode in which the Engravings have been printed, — a distinct branch of art in itself, — will not pass unnoticed by those who are acquainted with the compli- cated process and extreme care which are necessary to the production of the delicacy and force of effect of such graphic illustrations. In conclusion, it gives me much pleasure to express the obli- gations which are due from me to my friend and late pupil Mr. Oliver Thomas Miller, of Her Majesty's Navy, for the patient and industrious perseverance with which he devoted his time and ability during the summer months to assist me in the prose- cution of my labours. 55 Upper Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, March, 1840. PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION, Two years have not yet elapsed since the First Edition of the Anatomist's Vade Meciim was presented to the pubhc ; but that short period, brief though it is, has been most eventful as regards the history of this work. The most prominent of the events to which I allude is the de- parture from this earthly sphere of the distinguished patron of my undertaking. When he was pleased to crown my labours with his sanction, and lend to them the brightness of his name, he was in the enjoyment of perfect health ; he was still labouring in the field of Medical Science, an untiring labourer ; he was still looking forward to a long vista of usefulness and benevolent action. Now, Sir Astley Cooper is no more. It is not my in- tention, — and, indeed, if I were so inclined, I should lack the ability, — to write the eulogium of that universally esteemed and noble-hearted man. I shall content myself with remarking, that in him I have lost a kind and a warm friend, the Medical Pro- fession a distinguished ornament, and society a consolation and a resource under the torments of disease. Sir Astley Cooper was doubly emineiit ; he was great as a scientific surgeon, but he was greater as a man ; and though in his former capacity his name will be remembered as long as letters endure, his memory will survive until the human heart shall cease to vibrate to the note of sympathy and benevolence. But while I am thus humbly endeavouring to do justice to my own feelings in recording a feeble tribute towards a great debt of gratitude which I owe to the memory of Sir Astley Cooper, I do not forget that my warmest thanks are also due to my other patrons, the Medical Practitioners and Students of Great Britain, and to the conductors of the Medical Press. From the former I take this opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of numerous letters containing the most cheering and gratifying expressions ; and to the latter I am indebted for the independence of opinion, and liberality of sentiment, with which they have regarded my labours. It has been no slight source of gratification to me, that the work should have received so much attention from the profession in distant countries. The Anatomist's Vade Mecuni is to be reprinted in the United States of America ; it is at this moment undergoing translation at Berlin ; while repeated overtures have been made to Mr. Churchill for its publication in France. I have endeavoured to render the present Edition more perfect than the preceding, by entering more fully into the description of such parts as were only scantily treated in the first. I regret that these additions have increased the size of the volume, — an effect that it has always been my foremost desire to avoid ; for if a large and a verbose book be at any time a great evil, it is so to its fullest extent in a volume which is intended to record only facts, as is the case with a work on Anatomy. In the present Edition, as in the former, I have availed myself of the labours of those who have been pursuing successfully separate branches of our science. Of them, I have recorded the investigations of Mr. Bowman, of King's College, on the minute anatomy of muscular fibre; of Mr. Nasmyth, on the developement of the epithelium ; and of Mr. Curling, of the London Hospital, on the descent of the testis in the foetus. I have also contributed in this department some original researches, which I have myself made, on the minute structure of bone. The principal additions to the present Edition will be found in the chapters on the ligaments, muscles, nervous system, organs of sense, and viscera. I have appended to each muscle a sepa- rate paragraph, indicating its relations to surrounding parts; and have augmented the number of wood-cut illustrations. January, 1842. PREFACE TO THE FIRST AMERICAN EDITION. In republishing the present work, it was thought that its ori- ginal title " Wilson's Anatomist's Vade Mecum," would lead to an incorrect appreciation of the nature and extent of the work ; the term " Vade Mecum" being in this country usually applied to small and concise manuals. The present work is, as its Anie- rican title implies, a complete System of Human Anatomy, brought up to the present day, and although it is written in a curt and concise style, nothing is omitted which can be deemed important by the student or the general practitioner. In some points its author had not described parts and struc- tures with sufficient accuracy, and had evidently neglected the contributions to the science from this side of the water ; these deficiencies I have endeavoured to supply by notes and addi- tional illustrations. Some few alterations of names have been made in the Irody of the work, where the author's names were too English, and not in common use in the United States. The illustrations are by far the most beautiful which have ever appeared in any anatomical work, and much praise is due Mr. R. S. Gilbert of this city, for the masterly and spirited manner in which he has copied them. The originals were designed and executed expressly for this work, by Bagg, of London, whose reputation in this branch of art is deservedly high. I have long been convinced that the day would come in which it would be useless to present to the public a work on science, c Xiv PEEFACE. unless it was accompanied with numerous and exact illustrations, as the road to the mind is so much shorter and easier through the eye, than any other avenue. This fact has been appreciated by the student of anatomy for some time, and although numerous splendid works have appeared, there has been none which gave so many and exact views at so low a cost, as the present. Paul B. Goddakd. Philadelphia, October, 1842. PREFACE TO THE SECOND AMERICAN EDITION. The very rapid sale of the first edition of this work, is evidence of its appreciation by the profession, and is most gratifying to the author and American editor. In preparing the present edition, no pains have been spared to render it as complete a Manual of Anatomy for the medical student as possible. A chapter on Histo- logy has therefore been prefixed, and a considerable number of new^ cuts added. Among the latter are included some very fine ones of the nerves, w^hich were almost wholly omitted from the original work. Great care has also been taken to have this edition correct, and the cuts carefully and beautifully worked, and it is confidently believed that it will give satisfaction, offering a further inducement to its general use as a Text Book in the various colleges. Philadelphia, July, 1844. CONTENTS CHAPTER T. Definition — Ciiemical composition of bone — Division into classes .... Structure of bone Deveiopement of bone The skeleton .... Vertebral column ... Cervical vertebrce . . - Atlris — Axis Vertebra piominens ... Dorsal vertebrae ... Lumbar vertebrse ... General considerations Deveiopement Attachment of muscles Sacrum Coccyx ..... Bones of the cranium . - - Occipital bone ... Parietal bone .... Frontal bone .... Temporal bone . . . Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone ... Bones of the face . . . Nasal Superior maxillary Lachrymal bone . . . Malar bone — Palate bone Infurior turbinated bone - Inferior maxillary ... Table of developements, articula- tions, &.C. . . . Sutures OSTEOLOGY. Regions of the skull - 75 Base of the skull . . . 79 37 Face . ,. - 80 38 Orbits . . - 81 41 Nasal foss£E . . - 82 42 Teeth . . . . 83 43 Structure . . - 85 44 Deveiopement - . - . 86 44.45 Growth - . . - 89 46 Eruption . . . - 90 46 Succession . . - 91 47 Os hyoides - . . - 91 47 Thorax and upper extremity - 92 48 Sternum — Ribs . . . 92 48 Costal cartilages . . . 94 49 Clavicle— Scapula . . . 94.95 50 Humerus . . - 96 50 Ulna . . . 98 50 Radius . . - 99 53 Carpal bones . . . - 100 54 Metacarpal bones . . - 104 56 Phalanges . . - 105 60 Pelvis and lower extremity . - 106 64 Os innominatum . . - 106 65 Ilium — Ischium . . - 106 65 Os pubis - . . . 108 65 Pelvis — Its Divisions — Axes 68 — Diameters . . - 109 68 Femur . . . 110 71 Patella— Tibia . . - 113 71 Fibula . . - 114 Tarsal bones . . . - 115 73 Metatarsal bones . . - 118 74 Phalanges . . - 120 Sesamoid bones . . . - 120 CHAPTER II. THE LIGAMENTS. Forms of articulation - - - 122 Synarthrosis — Amphi-arthrosis — Diarthrosis - - 122.123 Movements of joints - - - 124 ' c2 Gliding- — Angular movement Circumduction — Rotation General an.tomy of articular structures 124 124 124 CONTENTS. Cartilage — Fibro-cartilage - 124 Ligament — Synovial membrane 125 Ligaments of the truxk — Ar- rangement ... 126 Articulation of the vertebral co- lumn - - - - 126 Of the atlas with the occipital bone .... 129 Of the axis with the occipital bone - - - - 130 Of the atlas with the axis - 130 Of the lower jaw ... 132 Of the ribs with the vertubrte - 134 Of the ribs with the sternum, and with each other - - 135 Of the vertebral column, with the pelvis ... 136 t)f the pelvis - - - - 136 Ligaments of the upper extre- MITV .... 139 Sterno-clavi nlar articulat on - 140 Scapulo-clavicular articulation - 141 Ligaments of the scapula - - 142 Shoulder-joint - - - - 142 Elbow-joint .... 143 Radioulnar articulation . - 145 Wrist-joint ..... 146 Articulations of the carpal bones 147 Carpo-metacarpal articulation - 148 Metacarpo-phalangeal arlicula. tion - - - - 149 Articulation of the phalanges - 149 Ligaments of the lower extre- MITV .... 150 Hip-joint 150 Knee-joint ..... 151 Articulation between the tibia and fibula - - - 156 Ankle-joint 157 Articulation of the tarsal bones - 158 Tarso-metatarsal articulation - 160 Metatarso- phalangeal articula- tion 161 Articulation of the phalanges . 161 CHAPTER III. THE MUSCLES, General anatomy of muscle - Nomenclature — Structure Muscles of the head and face - Arrangement into groups Epicranial region — Dissection Occipito-frontalis Orbital group — Dissection . Orbicularis palpebrarum - Corrugator supercilii Tensor tarsi . . . - Actions Ocular group — Dissection Levator palpebrae — Rectus supe- rior .... Rectus inferior ... Rectus internus ... Rectus externus — Obliquus su- perior . - . - Obliquus inferior — Actions Nasal group .... Pyramidaiis nasi Compressor nasi — Actions Superior labial group ... Orbicularis oris — Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - Levator labii superioris pro- prius . . . . Levator anguli oris — Zygoma, tici . . . . Depressor labii superioris alte- que nasi Actions Inferior labial group Dissection . . . . 162 163 166 167 167 168 169 169 169 170 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 176 176 Inferior labial group — continued. Depressor labii inferioris . Depressor anguli oris — Levator labii inferioris - Actions Maxillary group . - - - Masseter — Temporal muscle 176.177 Buccinator — External ptery- goid muscle Internal pterygoid muscle Actions . . . - Auricular group - Dissection - - - Attollens aurem — Attrahens aurem - - - Retrahcns aurem — Actions - Muscles of the nkck - Arrangement into groups Superficial group — Dissection Platysma myoides Sterno - cleido . mastoideus — Actions Depressors of the os iiyoides and larynx Dissection ... Sterno-hyoideus — Stcrno-thy- roidcus . . - Thyro-hyoidcus — Omo-hyoi- dcus Actions ... Elevators of the OS hyoidcs - Dissection Digaslricus ... Siylo-hyoideus — mylo-hyoideus 176 176 176 176 177.178 - 178 - 179 . 179 . 179 - 179 179 . 180 . 180 - 180 - 181 - 181 - 183 . 183 . 183 183.184 - 184 . 184 . 185 - 185 185 CONTENTS. Genio-hyoideus — Genio-hyoglos- sus - - - - ■ . Actions .... Muscles of the tongue ... Hyo-glossus — Lingualis - Stylo-glossus . . - - Palato-glossus — Actions - Muscles of the pharynx Dissection .... Constrictor inferior ... Constrictor medius — Constrictor superior ... Stylo-pliaryng-eus — Palato-pha- ryngeus — Actions Muscles of the soft pulate Dissection . - . . Levator palati — Tensoi' palati . Azygos uviilse — Palato-glossus Palato-phiiryngeus — Actions Prsevertebral muscles ... Dissection .... Rectus anticus major — Rectus anticus minor Scalenus anticus — Scalenus pos- ticus - . . - Longus colli .... Actions ..... Muscles of the trunk Muscles of the back — Arrange, ment .... First layer — Dissection Trapezius .... Latissimus dorsi ... Second layer — Dissection Levator anguli scapulte Rhomboideus minor et ma- . j"r Third layer — Dissection - Serratus posticus superior et inferior .... Splenius capitis et colli Fourth layer — Dissection Sacro-lumbalis — Longissimus dorsi .... Spinalis dorsi Cervicalis ascendens — Trans- versalis colli Trachelo-mastoideus — Com- plexus .... Fifth layer — Dis=iection Semispinalis dorsi et colli Rectus posticus, major et mi- nor Rectus lateralis — Obliquus in. ferior .... Obliquus superior Sixth layer — Dissection Mnltifidiis spina2 — Levatores costarum ... Supra -spinales — Inter - spi- nalcs .... Intertransversales Actions .... Table of origins and insertions of the muscles of the back 186 18P 186 187 188 188 188 188 18i) 189 190 191 191 191 192 192 193 193 193 Muscles of the thorax . . . 208 IntcrcQstales cxterni et interni 208 Triangularis sterni ... 210 Actions 210 Muscles of the Abdomen - - 210 Dissection . . - - 210 Obliquus externus ... 210 Obliquus internus — Cremaster 211.212 Transversalis — Rectus - - 213 Pyramidalis — Quadratus lura. borum — Psoas parvus 214.215 Diaphragm .... 215 Actions 217 Muscles of the perineum . - 218 Dissection .... 218 Acceleratores urinae - . 219 Erector penis — Transversus perinei .... 219 Compressor urethras . . 220 Sphincter ani externus et in- ternus .... 221 Levator ani — Coccygeus - 221.222 Muscles of the female peri. neum .... 222 193 Muscles of the upper extre- 194 mity - 223 195 Anterior thoracic region . 224 195 Dissection .... - 224 Pectoralis major - 225 195 Pectoralis minor — Subclavius 195 — Actions 225.226 196 Lateral thoracic region . 226 196 Serratus magnus — Actions - 226 197 Anterior scnpular region . 226 197 Scapularis ... . 226 Actions .... . 227 197 Posterior scapular region . 227 199 Supra-spinatus — Infra-spina- tus .... . 227 199 Teres minor — Teres major 227.228 199 Actions - . 228 200 Acromial region . 228 Deltoid — Actions . 228 200 Anterior humeral region - 229 200 Dissection . 229 Coraco-biachialis — Biceps . 229 201 Brachialis anticus — Actions - 230 Posterior humeral region - 230 202 1 nceps .... . 230 202 Anterior brachial region . 232 202 Superficial layer — Dissection . 232 Pronator radii teres - 232 203 Fle.vor carpi radialis . 232 Palmaris longus . . 232 203 Flexor sublimis digitorum - 233 203 Flexor carpi ulnaris . 234 203 Deep layer — Dissection . . 234 Flexor profundus digitorum 234 203 Flexor longus pollicis - Pronator quadratus — Ac . 235 204 tions - 235 204 Posterior brachial region . 235 204 Superficial layer — Dissec- tion .... - 236 206 ■ Supinator longus - - 236 XX COKTENTS. Posterior brachial region — continued. Extensor carpi radialis lon- gior .... 236 Extensor carpi radialis bre- vior 236 JExtensor communis digito- rum. .... 236 Extensor minimi digiti - 238 Extensor carpi ulnaris — An- coneus .... 238 Deep layer — Dissection . . 238 Supinator brevis ... 238 Extensor ossis raetacarpi pol- licis - - . .239 Extensor primi internodii pol- licis - - - .239 Extensor secundi internodii pollicis - - . .239 Extensor indicis ... 239 Actions . - - - 240 Muscles of the hand - - - 240 Radial region — Dissection - 240 Ulnar region — Dissection . 241 Palmar region ... 242 Actions 244 Muscles of the lower extremity 244 Gluteal region — Dissection . .246 Gluteus maximus ... 246 Gluteus medius et minimus - 247 Pyriformis .... 247 Gemellus superior — Obturator internus .... 248 Gemellus inferior — Obturator externus .... 248 Quadratus femoris - - . 249 Actions 249 Anterior femoral region — Dissec tion 249 Tensor vaginae femoris — Sar. torius .... 250 Rectus— Vastus externus . . 251 Vastus internus — Crureus - 251 Actions - - - .252 Internal femoral region — Dissec- tion - . - .252 Iliacus internus ... 252 Psoas magnus — Pectineus — Abductor longus - . 253 Abductor brevis — Abductor magnus — Gracilis - • 254 Actions .... 254 Posterior femoral region — Dis- section ... 255 Biceps flexor cruris - - 255 Semi-tendinosus — Semi-mem- branosus ... 255 Actions .... 256 Anterior tibial region — Dissec- tion - - - - 256 Tibialis aniicus ... 257 Extensor longus digitorum - 257 Peroneus tertius — Extensor proprius pollicis - - 257 Actions .... 258 Posterior tibial region - - 258 Superficial layer — Dissection 258 Gastrocnemius - - 258 Plantaris — Soleus — Ac tions . - . 259.260 Deep layer — Dissection - 260 Popliteus — Flexor longus pollicis - - - 260 Flexor lonjius digitorum - 261 Tibialis posticus - - 261 Actions .... 262 Fibular region - ■ - - 262 Peroneus longus — Peroneus brevis . - - 262.263 Actions .... 263 Foot — Dorsal region . - 263 Plantar region - - - 264 First layer — Dissection - 264 Second layer — Dissection - 266 Third layer — Dissection - 266 Fourth layer - - - 267 Actions - . - . 268 CHAPTER IV. THE FASCIA. General anatomy - - - 270 Fahci/f. of the head and neck - 271 Temporal fascia - - .271 Cervical fascia ... 271 Fasciac of the trunk ... 272 'I'horacic fiscia - - - 27