. 
 
 ‘ ■ 0 
 
 
 w. •' 
 
 In* '•>r*^*’**T !*£+'.•: <■ ' ‘ ' ■•> a: .' rrv&V * « *• 
 
 
 
 " . ' 'db 
 
 ##3 wJSB®ss 33 
 
 Jwrf 
 
 . 
 
 w f: ; 
 
 »r 
 
 
 off 
 
 >» <£Pj*z$?u 
 
 gfaS$gS 
 
 &£&£ *V1 
 
 Ji#Si 
 
 kf ; -.v .•*-. ** 
 
 .•»• A. •lix v.;>, 
 
 ••» v -.'-v ■ ■• ■ ,M«I 
 
 *T - (Jjg 
 
 $&>; -■ r : >s> 
 
 ' ,!'* A •“>- ■„ ^-‘iA■• • . . .■wJF, 
 
 Wm 
 
 \ -" i V»? ‘ . X^^Vr 
 
 - • T .<V ■',• .,’.*■ 
 
 - i: •,'-.,.-<:• • -*,-.i 
 
 »v ^* •-,-, 
 
 $Sf &S 
 
 ’ -i^; 
 
 v.tSS ‘.- 5f- '••>'- . •>* 
 
 <; |#£fcn 
 7 > ,Si ■ / ; 
 
 5&0K Jffl 
 
 • *' '* !*>• . |>V. 
 
 I«t ! ''?m.>vX‘ r ' t.*'tt ! V -.'•’' ■ 
 
 *v■■'■■■ - : . ■-.. \ j . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ACTIVITY AT YALE 
 
 ’ .* 'Pt \ j’ ” \ .■•. v N ‘^ f j ''■ ' ; , v'“«-. ;v„7■'•v,*v-r.->,-Ay 
 
 ffp Vol. Ill, Part IV 
 
 ,:< JckF 0"#}:; *-V; ' Vy 
 
 - i -: ■ 
 
 ^raafi®6s‘W»v®,!fcS; Y ■■. -3 • 
 
 >>ss3fttW tfiy*-;-;<a4, * 
 
 ^<v^‘ «*- ' y.V.T-5;5 - 5- V ••.*.» .•■«?,. . . v,>-.. |i/r, 
 
 - - . 
 
 r 5jwwr< 
 
 YALE IN CHINA 
 
 ■ • '• 1 *\ k-M, «. 4 ' • ‘ -‘ ' 
 
 ■ ri i j i , ■ I ■ i v rt 
 
 ,-™,’ :, * - Awia- -V.W5 a ■’ >mS ^' .<'(<>51 ■. ’ '■■■ • t; ■ .■* " 
 
 .. •<■■'.■ ; •■' •;.■ ■, ■ . 
 
 ^-•:-.; r ,-: ■ ; :•■:. -*y ?;VA ,.v^; vV >: 4 4^''.v^ 2S~. 
 
 W. H.SALLMON 
 
 ■«aoHr 
 
 ***■ 
 
 ■;■ : • ■; ,;.\o- ; o 
 
 -. •. - •■?'. •'•*>-<•..: -''.,0.*,: , ■ • "0 - •;■£ Vi; ■> .. . :v> - 
 
 Sf. aS^A'vv-^ . 5•v*.-^ «' -.- ••.. *• .' 
 
 
\ ' ■'‘fj ,\ \ ,cV V* ’ -y* 
 
 i■ • > WM^'i 41 ®^ '"t. 
 
 (Ht 
 
 rawt* v '>>' '* U' 'V ‘\ •.. i/T 5$ 1 * 
 
 .vuc-. }?> ♦/*' • -'pf. a'i •*. 
 
 s- 3 s|| 
 
 ‘ 4& -*■ - >■ V frt r. >4 *„ 
 
 •'* . J" ^r.^*, Mpagga? 
 
 •> * ; > • ‘ ;;->?J «fm 
 
 i • $ 5 * : ■' #'■ 
 
 ■ v r. -•> '; SfefaSA? ,4-«-'4V;«.'.’j;..:r* v-j. - <V.,^;.i! 
 
 - ■ -m ■-j&g gR r•* &*$ 
 
 ■ ' ' / • ^**r*i-*%• .>v A,r .£& * K •■*••'»’ .-'t •*% vj-jjfc 
 
 • vi • . :‘J3SltS!SULV f> 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 YALE IN CHINA 
 
 71 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 YALE IN CHINA. 
 
 A Christian Educational Mission in the heart of 
 the Middle Kingdom. 
 
 At the Northfield Summer Conference some years 
 ago, Mr. Dwight L. Moody, introducing Professor 
 Henry Drummond to about five hundred students, said 
 “Now do your best, Drummond, for every man before 
 you counts for ten!” This statement expresses the 
 conviction which moves those who are interested in 
 modern missions in the East, that to influence deeply 
 and permanently these ancient civilizations, their future 
 leaders of thought and action must be moved to think 
 and do the best of which they are capable. Professor 
 Drummond was addressing selected lives, many of 
 whom are to-day standing in the front rank of leader¬ 
 ship in various activities and whose influence is count¬ 
 ing some ten, some fifty, and some an hundred fold. 
 If, in an atmosphere permeated with Christian teach¬ 
 ing and example, we can give the youth of China the 
 educational advantages they are seeking, we may be 
 raising up men, who in commanding positions, will 
 turn the materialistic tide of national life in that 
 country towards Christian ideals. 
 
 73 
 
74 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 The missionary spirit which has characterized Yale 
 since the founding of the college in 1701 was focused 
 in 1902, when the Yale Foreign Missionary Society was 
 organized and incorporated under the laws of the State 
 of Connecticut. The object of the Society as stated 
 in the Constitution is “the permanent support and 
 direction of a mission or missions on the foreign fields, 
 to be manned and controlled by Yale men and to be 
 known as ‘The Yale Mission.’ ”* 
 
 Other American institutions of learning, through 
 voluntary and organized contributions, had supported 
 individual missionaries, but none had ever undertaken 
 the daring experiment of manning and supporting a 
 separate mission of its own. The idea was born in 
 the minds of a few members of the Student Volunteer 
 Bands of 1898 and 1900 at Yale, who had attended the 
 Ecumenical Conference at New York in 1900, and 
 that same summer the stirring news of the martyr¬ 
 dom of Horace T. Pitkin ’92, at the hands of the 
 Boxers in North China had inspired them with the 
 determination that Yale must see to it that his blood 
 had not been shed in vain. The wisdom begotten of 
 experience was displayed in making the movement 
 from its inception voluntary, non-sectarian and educa¬ 
 tional. As a voluntary association of Yale graduates 
 and undergraduates it does not commit the Corporation 
 of the University by its actions, nor draw from or 
 encroach upon its funds. Yet from the beginning, it 
 has enjoyed the cooperation and advice of University 
 officers. As a non-sectarian body not laying stress 
 upon any peculiar creed, it has enlisted among its sup- 
 
 * The Chinese characters “Ya-li”, the name given to the College 
 in China, imply the College of the Elegant Proprieties. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 75 
 
 porters and in its corps of workers men of different 
 denominations, has secured the interest of the various 
 missionary societies and has commended itself to 
 thoughtful Chinese. As an educational enterprise 
 seeking to meet the avowed need of China for trained 
 leadership, it has escaped much of the suspicion with 
 which officials and literati view evangelistic missions 
 and has secured the aid of men at home who cannot 
 be induced to subscribe to church missions. 
 
 It was natural that China should be selected as the 
 field of operations, for no American university is so 
 favorably known there as is Yale, whose sons have 
 long been devoted to the welfare of the Chinese 
 people. Peter Parker ’31, first secretary of the Ameri¬ 
 can Legation in China, and later American Com¬ 
 missioner to China, founded at Canton the first 
 hospital in the empire, which is still in existence. 
 Samuel R. Brown ’32 started the first higher school 
 of western learning in China and gave the initial 
 impulse to that scholastic movement which is revolu¬ 
 tionizing the land. Yung Wing ’54 introduced west¬ 
 ern machinery to the empire and organized the 
 Educational Commission which brought numbers of 
 young Chinese to New England in the seventies to be 
 educated and return to serve their own country. And 
 space would fail if we should tell of that long line of 
 Yale pioneers who have cured diseases, built railways, 
 written books, organized commerce and in varied ways 
 have given and are increasingly giving of their best of 
 mind and heart to help China to help herself. 
 
 In the year of its organization, 1902, the Society 
 commissioned the Rev. J. Lawrence Thurston ’98 to 
 go out to prospect for a location for the proposed 
 
7 6 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 mission. A home was purchased for Mr. Thurston 
 and his wife in Peking and they settled there to learn 
 the language, and to ascertain by contact with the 
 missionaries and by correspondence, the neediest, most 
 available and most strategic city. After less than a 
 year of service, Mr. Thurston developed an illness 
 which compelled his return to America and resulted 
 in his death. But, before he passed to his reward, the 
 seeds of interest which he had already sown bore fruit 
 in a remarkable invitation from the missionaries of the 
 province of Hunan. The missionaries of ten different 
 societies and denominations in conference at Changsha, 
 the provincial capital, on June 19 to 21, 1903, passed 
 the following resolution:— 
 
 Resolved, That the conference extend a cordial invitation 
 to the Yale University Mission to establish an educational 
 center in Changsha. It recommends the societies working in 
 Hunan to entrust the higher education in the province in 
 science, arts and medicine to this mission, and also to work 
 as far as possible in primary education on lines that con¬ 
 form to the plan of higher education that might be adopted 
 by the Yale University Mission. The conference would also 
 recommend the Missions to consider the question of entrust¬ 
 ing theological education to the Yale University Mission, but 
 does not feel able to give any indication of what the result 
 of such consideration will be. The conference heartily wel¬ 
 comes the prospect of having University Extension and 
 special work for the Literati carried on in Hunan. 
 
 Among these missionaries was Dr. Frank A. Keller 
 ’92, of the China Inland Mission, the first foreigner 
 to effect a permanent residence within the walls of 
 Changsha, and to his influence coupled with that of 
 Rev. G. G. Warren of the Wesleyan Mission was due 
 much of the intelligent enthusiasm with which the con¬ 
 ference acted. The invitation was transmitted to the 
 
Yale in China 
 
 77 
 
 Society through Mr. Thurston and was carefully con¬ 
 sidered by the Executive Committee. They recognized 
 the strategic importance of Changsha, an ancient cen¬ 
 ter of Chinese culture and conservatism, with a popu¬ 
 lation of about 250,000 in a province of not less 
 than nineteen million people. The city is situated 
 on the Hsiang river, a tributary of the Yangtse, 
 about 200 miles south-west of Hankow, and on the 
 railway which will some day connect Peking, the 
 capital in the north, with Canton, the largest city in 
 China, in the south. The committee voted to accept 
 the invitation and on October 6, 1903, sent the follow¬ 
 ing reply to the missionaries of Hunan. Though the 
 document is lengthy it is so basic and historical that 
 it demands full printing in an article which attempts 
 to chronicle all important steps in the beginnings of 
 this movement: 
 
 To The Hunan Missionary Conference, 
 
 Changsha, China: 
 
 Gentlemen: We acknowledge with profound gratitude the 
 invitation extended to our Society by your body through Mr. 
 Thurston to unite in the work of missions in China with the 
 Protestant organizations now in Hunan, and, in accepting the 
 offer made to us in so generous a spirit of Christian comity, 
 we realize with the honor conferred upon the Yale Foreign 
 Missionary Society the grave responsibilities involved in the 
 high calling thus set before us. The invitation has, more¬ 
 over, to our minds a special significance as marking not only 
 the ungrudging welcome of your own members to a new 
 society but an evident desire to introduce in the newly-begun 
 work in your province the element of cooperation with which 
 we cordially sympathize and agree. 
 
 In view of the fact that the purpose of the Yale Foreign 
 Missionary Society appears to have been somewhat misun¬ 
 derstood, through press reports in China, it is proper here 
 to advise you of the policy which with God’s blessing we 
 
78 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 hope to pursue. While the Society cannot place in the field 
 so large a number of men as has been rumored, it intends 
 eventually to send out a sufficient body of well-equipped 
 instructors to man any educational institution it may estab¬ 
 lish. It must also be definitely understood that the Society, 
 though including officers of the university and of its several 
 faculties among its most active and devoted members, is not 
 formed or operated by Yale University as such, but is a vol¬ 
 untary association of its graduates. 
 
 The aim of the Society is twofold: To establish in our 
 university an organization capable of enlisting in behalf of 
 a Christian and philanthropic enterprise the loyal interest of 
 its members and alumni; and 
 
 To direct this interest especially to the welfare of China. 
 
 From this it follows that the Society must be without 
 denominational bias, as our students here belong to all com¬ 
 munions; it is also our supreme desire to only add a new 
 force to those already laboring for the promotion of Chris¬ 
 tianity in China, not to conflict with agencies now at work 
 or interfere with plans contemplated by others. It is a con¬ 
 structive not a destructive purpose that actuates us. 
 
 With these ideas in mind it has seemed reasonable from 
 the outset of our undertaking to expect some success in 
 devoting our endeavors chiefly to teaching. A college com¬ 
 munity naturally understands and sympathizes with the 
 needs of another college and can supply its intellectual 
 requirements. 
 
 In establishing its institution of learning in China the 
 intentions of this Society are: (i) To furnish a company 
 of missionaries who are strongly and sincerely Christian as 
 well as men technically fitted for educational work. (2) To 
 assist China in her great need by raising up through such 
 an institution a body of native students acquainted with the 
 truths and accepting the spirit of Christianity; by training 
 these men as effectively as possible in scientific and advanced 
 studies to become leaders in their own country; and by 
 reproducing in the Far East the wholesome moral and social 
 influences of an American college community. (3) To 
 cooperate with the missionaries of other societies in unifying 
 and making effective the Christian schools of the province 
 
Yale in China 
 
 79 
 
 so that they may be of the highest service to the church and 
 may become an object lesson to the government schools in 
 the country. 
 
 To outline such a scheme for higher education, although 
 our ultimate “university” purpose is clear, does not imply 
 the expectation of immediately accomplishing great things. 
 We realize perfectly that it requires years to equip an edu¬ 
 cational establishment of this sort and to prepare its teach¬ 
 ers, but for our own sakes—for the reflex influence of the 
 work undertaken as a broadening and deepening factor in 
 the university at home—and for the cause of Christ and 
 civilization, we are determined to persevere. 
 
 It is our earnest hope that the missionary groups in Hunan 
 and others so far as possible, will concur in this conception 
 of the work we are asked to take up. We need their counsels 
 and prayers, and we entreat also their patience in our inex¬ 
 perience and during the inoperative years when language- 
 study and the slow work of foundation-building must be 
 our main task. 
 
 The success of such an undertaking depends largely 
 upon the ability and consecration of the working staff. 
 The representatives sent out have fully justified the 
 confidence reposed in them. The first of these, the 
 Rev. Brownell Gage ’98, and his wife, a fully qualified 
 physician, arrived in China in March, 1904. They 
 spent the first year in the study of Chinese at Hankow 
 and in laying plans for the securing of property for 
 the school at Changsha. Mr. Gage has served the 
 mission as chairman, treasurer, dean of the Collegiate 
 department and chairman of the Governing board. 
 While on furlough in 1910-11, he secured his M.A. 
 degree from Yale in the department of education, 
 finished work at Union Theological Seminary, for 
 which he received his B.D. and was ordained to the 
 ministry at a service in Battell Chapel. The Rev. 
 Warren B. Seabury ’00 joined the Gages at Hankow 
 
8o 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 in November, 1904, and in March, 1905, the three 
 moved to Changsha where, until a permanent habita¬ 
 tion could be secured, they rented quarters in the 
 buildings of the Norwegian Mission. The personal 
 charm and unusual ability of Seabury made a deep 
 impression upon official Chinese and his loss to the 
 mission by drowning, in August, 1907, was a calamity. 
 
 The passing of these pioneers, Thurston and Sea¬ 
 bury, at a time when their aid seemed indispensable, 
 was a severe blow, but their lives are yet speaking to 
 generations of Yale men in the tablets placed in 
 Memorial Hall, in New Haven, in their biographies* 
 and in their memories at Changsha, which are bracing 
 rather than depressing. Dr. Edward H. Hume ’97 left 
 medical work in India to accept Yale’s call, and arrived 
 at Changsha in July, 1905. His whole-souled devotion 
 to the practice and teaching of medicine as a Christian 
 physician and his rare linguistic gifts have made him 
 a marked man in China. In recognition of his ser¬ 
 vices, he was granted the honorary degree of M.A. at 
 the Yale commencement in 1912. In October, 1906, 
 the Rev. William J. Hail, B.D. ’04, M.A. ’06, a son 
 of missionary parents in Japan, where the name of 
 Hail is as prominent in missionary circles as that of 
 Hume in India, arrived at Changsha. Mr. Hail has 
 served the mission in the offices of registrar, bursar, 
 dean of the preparatory department and treasurer, in 
 addition to carrying, like all other teachers, a full 
 schedule of class work. He has also led the students 
 in physical drill and given some training in running 
 
 * “A Life with a Purpose” (a memorial of John Lawrence 
 Thurston), by H. B. Wright, New York, Fleming H. Revell Co., 1908. 
 
 “The Vision of a Short Life” (a memorial of Warren Bartlett 
 Seabury), by Rev. J. B. Seabury, Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1909. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 81 
 
 and thus encouraged physical development and clean 
 sport, an essential part of education for Orientals unac¬ 
 customed to the benefits of bodily exercise. In Novem¬ 
 ber, 1908, Miss Nina D. Gage, a sister of Brownell 
 Gage ’98, assumed the position of Supervising Nurse. 
 Miss Gage is a B.A. ’05 of Wellesley, and R.N. ’08 of 
 the University of the State of New York. She 
 received her professional training in the Roosevelt 
 Hospital in New York. Dickson H. Leavens, B.A. 
 ’09, arrived in Changsha in September, 1909, on 
 a three-year appointment with the understanding 
 that if recommended by the Mission he should be 
 permanently appointed and should return to America 
 at the end of that period for further preparation. His 
 salary during the three years was generously provided 
 by a classmate. Mr. Leavens’ services proved indis¬ 
 pensable, and at the conclusion of his work in the 
 Yale and Columbia Graduate Schools after receiving 
 the M.A. degree in Mathematics in 1915 at Yale he 
 resumed his position at Changsha. 
 
 In Fu-Chun Yen, Yale ’09 M.D., the mission 
 secured its first American-trained Chinese. Dr. Yen 
 was educated in the preparatory and medical depart¬ 
 ments of St. John’s College, Shanghai, until 1903. 
 Subsequently, he had valuable professional experi¬ 
 ence among his countrymen in the Transvaal. He 
 took the full course in medicine at the Yale Medical 
 School, graduating with distinction, and, after accept¬ 
 ing an appointment to the Yale Mission Hospital, 
 he proceeded to China, via England where he took 
 work in tropical medicine for which he received 
 the degree of D.T.M. (Doctor of Tropical Medi¬ 
 cine) from the University of Liverpool in 1909. Dr. 
 
82 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 Yen arrived at Changsha in February, 1910, and 
 during the lengthened furlough of Dr. Hume, from 
 the summer of 1911 to the fall of 1913, he was in 
 charge of the hospital. By the appointment of Dr. 
 Yen the mission initiated the far-reaching precedent 
 of receiving on terms of equality Chinese colleagues 
 who have had adequate foreign training, and intro¬ 
 duced the kind of leader to whom, in the fulness of 
 time, the Yale enterprise will be entrusted. At the 
 annual meeting of the Society in 1909, before return¬ 
 ing to his native land, Dr. Yen gave his apologia for 
 devoting his life to this work. He said: 
 
 My firm belief is that China must have Christianity. No 
 matter how fast she is able to learn the sciences and the mod¬ 
 ern inventions of the West and to utilize them in the develop¬ 
 ment of the country, if the hearts of the people remain 
 unchanged, China cannot be transformed into a truly great 
 nation. The work of purifying the hearts of the people 
 must be done through Christianity. The quickest and the 
 most efficient way of Christianizing her will be through edu¬ 
 cation. It will be through just such institutions of learning 
 as the Yale College in Changsha. 
 
 Dr. Kenneth S. Latourette (B.S. McMinnville ’04, 
 and Yale B.A. ’06, M.A. ’07, Ph.D., ’09) joined the 
 staff at Changsha in August 1910. Upon the earnest 
 solicitation of officials of the Student Volunteer Move¬ 
 ment, the Executive Committee of Yale in China 
 reluctantly allowed him to spend the year previous to 
 his going to the field in traveling through the United 
 States and Canada in the interests of the Student 
 Volunteer Movement. The effects of application to 
 Chinese studies, climatic change, and duties in 
 the school so affected his health that, after an illness 
 in China, he was obliged to return to America to recu- 
 
Yale in China 
 
 • 83 
 
 perate in the spring of 1912 and has up to the present 
 been unable to resume his post. The Rev. Edwin 
 D. Harvey (Yale B.A. ’07, M.A. ’09, B.D. To) was 
 ordained to the Christian ministry, May 12, 1910, in 
 Battell Chapel by an interdenominational council called 
 by the Church of Christ in Yale University. So far as 
 is known, it was the first interdenominational ordina¬ 
 tion to take place in America. After a year's study in 
 Germany under the direction of the Executive Com¬ 
 mittee, Mr. Harvey joined the staff at Changsha in 
 October, 1911, and has served the college as secretary 
 and librarian for some years. James W. Williams 
 (B.A. Yale ’08, M.A. Trinity College 1915) accepted a 
 permanent appointment in October, 1912, with the 
 understanding that, after completing a teaching 
 engagement at the Choate School, he should pursue 
 further graduate studies in America. The multi¬ 
 plying duties of the home office, however, made it 
 necessary to draft Mr. Williams for executive ser¬ 
 vice in 1913-14. With the appointment of Mr. Amos 
 P. Wilder ’84, as Executive officer, Mr. Williams was 
 relieved and began his specialized preparation for 
 teaching in the fall of 1914. 
 
 Very truly does Dean Gage report of the faculty that 
 
 our service to China has been rendered and our reputation 
 made by the quality of our teaching force. The brightest 
 star on our eastern horizon is the fact that there is some¬ 
 thing in the purpose and work of the institution which grips 
 the interest of the kind of men we need. The best type of 
 men at Yale feel the appeal of the work we are doing and are 
 willing to come out here. When they come for a short 
 period, they are eager to remain and invest their lives here. 
 
 The first of those to reinforce the permanent staff 
 by a temporary residence was Dr. William H. Sallmon 
 
8 4 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 ’94, who volunteered to relieve the strain at Changsha 
 caused by the growth of the school and the loss of 
 Warren Seabury. He arrived there in the fall of 
 1908, and returned to America in the summer of 1909 
 where he became Secretary of the Executive Com¬ 
 mittee.* During part of Dr. Hume’s furlough in 
 America, from September 1911 to April 1913, Dr. 
 Herman C. Little, M.D. Yale ’10, assisted Dr. Yen at 
 the hospital. Dr. Little assumed charge of the foreign 
 patients and of the greater number of operations and 
 helped in the wards and clinics. Harold V. Smith, 
 B.A. ’12, and Oliver C. Morse Jr., B.A. To, accepted 
 appointments, the former for one year and the latter 
 for two years, with a view to permanent appoint¬ 
 ment, and arrived at Changsha in September, 1912. 
 Both came back to America for further prepara¬ 
 tion when their terms expired; the former return¬ 
 ing to' the staff as instructor in geology in the fall 
 of 1916. Paul S. Achilles, B.A. ’13, and S. Ells¬ 
 worth Grumman, B.A. ’13, accepted one year appoint¬ 
 ments and taught at the school during 1913-14. 
 It was Mr. Achilles who first effectively introduced 
 modern methods and ideas of athletics. In the 
 same year, the medical staff was strengthened by 
 Dr. Alfred C. Reed (B.L. Pomona ’06, M.D. Belle¬ 
 vue Medical College ’io), to serve as physician for 
 one year, and Miss Beatrice Farnsworth (R.N. Johns 
 Hopkins Training School T2), to serve as nurse for 
 two years. Four recruits, Donald P. Frary, Robert 
 S. Platt, Robert M. Scotten of the class of 1914, and 
 Harold W. Smith 1914 S. joined the ranks in that year. 
 
 * Mr. Sallmon filled this position with great effectiveness until he 
 resigned in 1914, owing to ill health. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 85 
 
 Their places were taken upon their retiring in the 
 following year by F. L. Chang 1913 S., M.F. 1915, a 
 trained forestry specialist, and A. D. Fisken and J. D. 
 Robb, both of the Class of 1915. Dr. D. T. Davidson 
 (B.A. Yale ’09, M.D. Univ. of Penn. T3, D.P.H. T4) 
 and Mrs. Davidson (M.S. Women’s College, Phila¬ 
 delphia, ’13) reached Changsha in March, 1916. Dr. 
 J. R. B. Branch (B.A. Johns Hopkins ’04, M.D. ’08) 
 and Mrs. Branch reached Changsha December 25, 
 1916. The following under appointment sailed in the 
 fall of 1916: James W. Williams, B.A. ’08, M.A. T5, 
 wife and two children; R. W. Powell (B.S. Michigan 
 Ti, C.E. Cornell ’14, and Ph.B. Yale T6) and wife; 
 Harold V. Smith (B.A. ’12, M.A. T6) and wife; 
 H. J. Dunham (ex-College of New York) who goes 
 to be Business Agent; Miss Marguerite D. Warfield 
 (Johns Hopkins Training School for Nurses ’14) ; 
 Miss Gertrude P. Carter (Hartford, Conn., General 
 Hospital ’15, and Johns Hopkins Training School) ; 
 Nelson M. Graves T6 S.; John D. Shove T6; Russell 
 H. Lucas T6. 
 
 Honorable mention should be accorded to Mrs. Law¬ 
 rence Thurston, who returned to China in 1906 and did 
 an instructor’s work in teaching sciences in the school 
 until her resignation in 1911 to accept the position of 
 prospective head of the Woman’s department of Nan¬ 
 king University; to Mrs. Gage, a graduate of the 
 Woman’s Medical College of Philadelphia, for assist¬ 
 ance in clinics and attendance upon many female 
 patients, whom it might have been otherwise hard to 
 treat; to Mrs. Hume, who rendered valuable assist¬ 
 ance with Mrs. Thurston in the work of the nurses, 
 the care of supplies and in social and religious efforts 
 
86 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 among native women; and to other wives of the 
 faculty, who have generously volunteered time and 
 services without money and without price. 
 
 These workers have not thrust themselves upon an 
 unwilling community. They have received many evi¬ 
 dences of appreciation from the literati and the 
 Provincial Government. They have recognized the 
 opportunity for service to a great nation at the time 
 of its new birth, “the greatest opportunity,” says Dr. 
 Arthur H. Smith, “any university ever had for doing 
 a matchless work for humanity.” They have assem¬ 
 bled a corps of native assistants, who, in school and 
 hospital and Christian homes, have constantly before 
 them an exemplification of the spirit of Christianity 
 and who, in that atmosphere, are rendering devoted 
 service. 
 
 The faculty and their families have been encouraged 
 and the work has received impetus from time to time 
 by the visits of Yale men. In 1904, Professor Harlan 
 P. Beach, of the Executive Committee, and the Rev. 
 Henry W. Luce ’92, together with Dr. Frank A. 
 Keller ’92, and Dean Gage, were received by the Pro¬ 
 vincial Governor. In the spring of 1905, during the 
 visit of Mr. James B. Reynolds ’84, a notable series 
 of interviews was granted to the Yale missionaries, 
 when Messrs. Reynolds, Gage and Seabury were 
 received by Tuan Fang, a famous and scholarly 
 Manchu Governor of Hunan, afterward murdered in 
 the Revolution of 1911. The Governor proffered good 
 advice, especially as to the need of a broad rather than 
 a specialized training. While visiting New Haven 
 the following year as Imperial Commissioner of China, 
 His Excellency expressed his good-will in these words: 
 
Yale in China 
 
 8 7 
 
 I am particularly interested to see Old Yale the tree from 
 which springs the New Yale in my province, Hunan. All of 
 the officials in China, including myself, look upon this project 
 most favorably, and we will do all in our power to further 
 the work. 
 
 Making due allowance for Oriental courtesy, this 
 statement was prophetic of a changed attitude from 
 hostility to toleration, or even friendliness, on the 
 part of the official class, and as go the high officials 
 in the Orient, so go the people, for it is profoundly 
 true in China according to the proverb, or at least it 
 was under the old regime, that “Great men are 
 the mirrors by which the people dress themselves.’* 
 Regarding his visit to Changsha, Mr. Reynolds wrote: 
 
 I had long conferences with Gage and Seabury and wish that 
 all the other trustees of the Society could plan for a similar 
 visit. I am sure that they would without exception leave 
 the place as enthusiastic as I am regarding our opportunity 
 and the spirit and ability of the men we have chosen to 
 undertake the work. 
 
 In June, 1907, Professor Beach attended the first 
 commencement exercises of the Collegiate School and 
 delivered an address in which he explained the reasons 
 for bringing Western learning to the heart of China. 
 In November, 1907, Mr. Amos P. Wilder ’84, then 
 U. S. Consul General at Hong Kong, while journeying 
 from Hankow to Canton before the days of railroads 
 in that region, paid a visit to Changsha, which he 
 reported in glowing terms: 
 
 It is Yale at her best, this foundation in Hunan .... 
 Some day there’ll be five hundred and then a thousand, and 
 Yale will mean even more at Peking and on the Seats of the 
 Mighty, and the old saints and sages in Yale’s coronation list 
 will lie silent in their graves as if this potential thing did not 
 trace back to their dreams and faith. 
 
88 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 In 1.910, Mr. Harold Phelps Stokes ’09, of the New 
 York Evening Post, and Mr. Allen T. Klots ’09, on 
 their way around the world, pushed past modern 
 China to Changsha, brought inspiration and took away 
 golden opinions as it is hoped increasing numbers of 
 Yale travelers and globe-circlers may do. 
 
 The Gages and Seabury had reached Changsha in 
 March, 1905. It was felt that, though the study of 
 Chinese necessarily prevented them from teaching, 
 their presence in the city would accustom the inhabit¬ 
 ants to tolerate foreigners and would, in the course of 
 time, pave the way for securing property. The mis¬ 
 sionaries devoted themselves immediately to the ardu¬ 
 ous and complicated process of finding and securing a 
 suitable site and property. Negotiations through 
 mediaries and intermediaries, inscrutable to the Occi¬ 
 dental mind, resulted in the conveyance of a plot of 
 land two or three miles south of the city walls, which 
 seemed at the time to be the only available site. Later 
 developments made it seem advantageous to abandon 
 the idea of building at this place and to seek property 
 north of the city. Meanwhile, the Society received 
 from the class of 1848 a gift of $2,000 in memory of 
 the Rev. Henry Blodget, ’48, who spent forty years of 
 his life in North China, and in August 1904 the British 
 Minister handed to the Mission a fund of Tls. 38,357 
 ($24,345.78), from an indemnity payment (known as 
 the Chen Chou Fund) obtained from the Chinese Gov¬ 
 ernment for the murder of British subjects at Chen 
 Chou; the Yale Mission, because of its educational 
 character and interdenominational standing being in a 
 position to receive the money when others could not.* 
 
 * Consul General G. M. Playfair wrote under date of August 31, 
 1904: “This sum you will use exclusively for the benefit of the 
 
Yale in China 
 
 89 
 
 A gift of $10,000 gold from a Yale graduate made pos¬ 
 sible the purchase in August 1906 of buildings and 
 land on the main thoroughfare (West Monument 
 Street), in the center of Changsha, for Tls. 10,700. 
 The rambling buildings were altered to contain dormi¬ 
 tories, classrooms and chapel, and residential quarters 
 for the faculty. Here in 1906, on the 1st of the 10th 
 Chinese moon, i. e. on November 16, the opening ses¬ 
 sion of the school was held by Messrs. Seabury, Hume 
 and Hail, and three Chinese teachers, Mr. Lin, Mr. 
 Tsai, and Mr. Kao. The thirty students were selected 
 by competitive examination from fifty applicants, the 
 required subjects being Chinese classics, history and 
 literature, arithmetic and geography; also as optional 
 subjects, English, history and natural science. Dr. 
 Hume wrote of the opening as follows: 
 
 At eight o'clock on Friday morning, November 16, the 
 exercises of the school were commenced by prayers. It was 
 a very simple service externally viewed, but it was full of 
 great meaning to every one who is connected with or 
 interested in the progress of the work of the Yale Mission. 
 The exercises were conducted by Seabury. We were able 
 to sing a hymn, Mrs. Hume officiating at the little organ. 
 After prayers, each member of the Chinese and American 
 teaching staff said a few words, and we were ready for actual 
 work. 
 
 Thus Ya-li started with a larger membership and 
 faculty than Mother Yale had at her beginning two 
 hundred years ago. 
 
 The first catalog, 1906-07, a modest pamphlet of 
 
 inhabitants of the province of Hunan. You will render an account 
 of your disposal of this money to His Majesty’s Government, and you 
 will make known to the people among whom your work will be 
 carried on. the circumstances of this gift, as indicated in my despatch 
 of July 24 .” 
 
go 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 sixteen pages, states that the purpose and aim of the 
 institution is 
 
 to instruct Chinese students in all branches of modern science 
 in the most complete way .... to broaden the learning of 
 its students, build up character and train in loyalty to the 
 Empire and patriotism to the Nation. 
 
 The preparatory department is first established; the other 
 departments will be inaugurated as students appear who are 
 fitted to attend them. 
 
 In the five-year preparatory course are English, 
 mathematics, chemistry, physics, geography, drawing, 
 European and Asiatic history and Chinese classics tak¬ 
 ing the places of Greek and Latin. Thirty-five dollars 
 (Mexican) was charged each student for each of the 
 two terms for board, tuition and uniform. The toler¬ 
 ant Christian position of the institution is expressed 
 in these words: 
 
 All the Trustees in America, as well as the American resi¬ 
 dent instructors, are believers in Christian truth, and they 
 wish to make the College an illustration of true Christianity. 
 Thus the College proposes to keep Sunday and hold religious 
 exercises thereon; nevertheless, its students have full liberty 
 to follow their own religion. 
 
 There is a suggestion of Alma Mater in required 
 attendance at daily chapel at eight o’clock and at 
 Sunday worship, and the century-old New Haven 
 custom of bowing the President out is retained for 
 state occasions when “students shall bow three times 
 to the faculty members.” 
 
 The timeliness in opening the Yale School was thus 
 described by Professor Beach : 
 
 The work of the Yale institution has begun at a critical 
 point in China’s educational development. The great exodus 
 of her students to Japan has proved disappointing. Before 
 
Yale in China 
 
 91 
 
 any study of sciences or other branches can be begun the 
 Japanese language must be mastered as the medium through 
 which instruction is given. This involves a great loss of time 
 and has led many students to return within a year. This 
 short sojourn there has not sufficed to give them any ade¬ 
 quate knowledge of Western learning. On the other hand, 
 it has plunged them into a veritable maelstrom of temptation 
 to the grossest vices and has subjected them to the influence 
 of radical or even revolutionary Chinese reformers, so that 
 they return home with little useful knowledge and much 
 that is harmful to personal and national life. 
 
 The desire for western learning which swept over 
 China about this time took thirteen thousand of her 
 young men to Japan for study in 1907, but the influ¬ 
 ences mentioned by Professor Beach had reduced the 
 number to five thousand in 1909, and subsequent 
 events withdrew nearly all of these. 
 
 The two-storied buildings within the city “com¬ 
 pound” where the students were lodged, fed and 
 taught and part of the faculty lived were rebuilt and 
 enlarged from time to time until at the end of five 
 years the number under instruction had doubled and 
 in eight years it had trebled, totalling more than a 
 hundred with applicants in greater number than could 
 be received. The premises were always inadequate 
 and not entirely sanitary and gave grave concern to 
 the Executive Committee for the health of the stu¬ 
 dents, the faculty families and especially their little 
 children. The pressure for more commodious quar¬ 
 ters outside the city walls where more room and better 
 ventilation could be secured than within the crowded 
 city was emphasized by the remarkable growth of the 
 medical department. As the school had been grad¬ 
 ually and consistently developing into a college under 
 
92 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 the wise guidance of Dean Gage so the hospital and 
 dispensary had again and again burst their bounds 
 under the unquenchable enthusiasm of Dr. Hume. 
 
 The beginnings were modest and meagre. A letter 
 from the faculty dated at Changsha, April 5, 1907, 
 announced “A dispensary and small hospital will be 
 opened this spring by the Medical Department of the 
 Mission, to prepare the way for a medical school.” 
 A building located across the street from the school 
 was leased for six years at a rent of eighteen dollars 
 per month. This was remodelled to contain a dis¬ 
 pensary, eight beds for the more serious cases, sleep¬ 
 ing rooms for the staff, a room for classes in medicine 
 and facilities for both medical and surgical treatment. 
 During the first, seven months, from September 1, 
 1907 to March 31, 1908, 1229 patients were seen at 
 the dispensary, 40 in-patients were treated in the 
 hospital wards and 283 out-patients were seen mostly 
 at their own residences. The degree of confidence 
 shown by the natives, especially in their willingness 
 to be operated upon, was amazing. Officials advised 
 great caution in receiving very ill patients and subjects 
 for operation lest disturbances might be aroused 
 against foreigners, yet in these first months ten opera¬ 
 tions were performed under general anesthesia, twenty- 
 four under local anesthesia and fourteen without anes¬ 
 thesia. Such results indicate an opening of the eyes 
 of the understanding on the part of the Chinese to 
 the quackery of native doctors. They have never, 
 apparently, studied anatomy scientifically, know little 
 of the reasons for actions and counteractions, have very 
 little knowledge of surgery, and, as a rule, cannot 
 
Yale in China 
 
 93 
 
 set a bone. Men whose limbs could be easily healed 
 may be seen on the streets of Chinese cities as 
 permanent cripples. Many of them have probably 
 received from the native doctor plasters, or even medi¬ 
 cines to take internally, for their broken bones. The 
 cures wrought by foreign doctors, for instance on 
 paralytics and the blind, are to these people like the 
 miraculous stories of the New Testament. A man has 
 been shot by brigands or by marauding troops and is 
 paralyzed down one side as a result. The foreign 
 doctor opens his head, takes out a little piece of metal 
 and the man begins at once to walk and talk. Or, a 
 woman blind from cataract, goes to the foreign doctor 
 and receives her sight. 
 
 Important as this ministry of healing is, the Yale 
 Mission from the beginning has kept steadily in view 
 the greater need of medical education. Years before 
 the Rockefeller Commission visited China to investi¬ 
 gate her medical and surgical needs and discovered 
 that an army of foreign doctors, even if available, 
 could not solve the problem, the Yale men had reached 
 the conclusion that the Chinese must be taught to 
 heal themselves by modern methods, and not rely, 
 except for the present, upon foreign medical men. 
 The country is so vast and the need of medical men 
 so extensive that all the doctors and surgeons in 
 America could be utilized in China. Such a great 
 invasion, or even enough to make any wide impression 
 is impracticable. The solution must be the training 
 of Chinese doctors. The American Board deputation 
 to China in 1907 expressed this feeling in their report, 
 “The great medical work in China will be the training 
 
94 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 of Chinese medical men.” This has always been the 
 profound conviction of Drs. Hume and Yen, who have 
 also felt just as strongly that the scientific minds of 
 New China must be charged with the Christian spirit. 
 The medical work found favor not only in the eyes of 
 the people but also among the officials, some of whom 
 made generous contributions towards its extension. 
 The quarters were enlarged until they could be made 
 to hold no more. In six years the total number of 
 beds had been increased to 45. The total number of 
 patients treated in the hospital wards in the year end¬ 
 ing March 1913 was 400; while 14,639 out-patients 
 were seen, of whom 3,318 were classed as medical, and 
 8,552 as surgical, cases. In addition, there were 713 
 out-calls to the homes of Chinese and foreigners. In 
 the establishment of a Public Health Bureau, a Red 
 Cross Society, a city hospital, the treatment of opium 
 patients and the suppression of the pneumonic plague 
 the leadership of the Yale staff was eagerly sought. 
 
 In the riots of 1910, when much foreign property 
 in Changsha was destroyed, the Yale property was 
 defended and preserved by the good-will of the gentry 
 and the friendliness of neighbors towards both school 
 and hospital.* After the interruption of work occa- 
 
 * A free translation of the poster which saved the hospital from 
 destruction in the riots of 1910 is as follows: “The Yale Hospital is 
 truly a rented building, and inasmuch as at this crisis they have 
 abandoned it, the residents of these streets have sealed it to keep 
 it from harm. To relieve the needs of the poor, a fund for purchasing 
 rice has been started which will amount to one hundred thousand, and 
 all are gladly contributing. Having given you notice of this in, advance, 
 under no circumstances must you injure the property. 
 
 The Residents of 
 Yoh Wang Street, 
 Hsi P’ai Lou” 
 
Yale in China 
 
 95 
 
 sioned by the riots, as also after the revolution, the 
 opportunities for advance were unprecedented. A 
 more friendly feeling on the part of officials made 
 possible the purchase of a much-desired plot for build¬ 
 ing in a suitable locality, and a scheme for cooperation 
 with the Government in medical education, conceived 
 by Dr. Yen, and endorsed by the Governor, was, after 
 Dr. Hume’s return from America, furthered by the 
 latter with his contagious enthusiasm. Such an 
 unheard-of proposition brought great encouragement 
 to the supporters of the Yale work at home and 
 abroad. The third Hunan Missionary Conference 
 meeting at Changsha, June 24 to 27, 1913, resolved 
 that: 
 
 We recognize God’s leading in the friendly approach of 
 the Hunan Government to a missionary society requesting 
 cooperation in medical education without religious restriction 
 and believe that such a cooperative endeavor would offer an 
 unprecedented opportunity for exerting Christian influence 
 upon the rising generation of doctors. 
 
 They recommended that societies working in the prov¬ 
 inces cooperate in order to make it an efficient union 
 enterprise, that a cablegram be sent to the Executive 
 Committee in New Haven, ‘'urging a favorable reply 
 to the request of the Government for their cooperation 
 in medical education,” and that a letter be written 
 from the conference to the Governor “expressing 
 satisfaction at his proposal that Chinese and for¬ 
 eigners work together in this important department 
 of educational endeavor.” The Chinese proposed to 
 furnish land for the erection of medical school build¬ 
 ings and to provide the funds for current expenses, 
 except the salaries of the foreign staff, and a Yale 
 
9<5 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 graduate who had previously offered $12,500 for a 
 hospital building increased his offer to $150,000.*f 
 The development of the building program and the 
 conception of necessary outlay have been considerably 
 altered by the increased cost of materials and labor 
 and economic and social factors involved in the unfor- 
 seen and rapid changes in the New China. In a circu¬ 
 lar issued by the Executive Committee in 1904 it was 
 announced that the fund, originally about $25,000, 
 entrusted to the Society by the British Government, 
 “makes possible the erection of a recitation and faculty 
 
 * The China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation voted in 
 1915 an annual subvention of $16,200 for five years to be used in 
 engaging certain members of the faculty of the Medical School. A 
 number of these appointments have already been made. It is important 
 for Yale givers to this work to understand that this aid is exclusively 
 for medical work and new work; and is conditioned on sustained 
 support by the Yale constituency (July, 1916). 
 
 f Under the Siangya Agreement (ratified by the Governor of Hunan 
 province May 15, 1914) between the Hunan Ru-Chun Educational 
 Association and the Yale Mission, it was provided that a Hospital and 
 one or more dispensaries, a Medical School to conform to the regula¬ 
 tions of the Board of Education, a School of Nursing and a Depart¬ 
 ment of Obstetrics, and a Laboratory shall be operated under joint 
 supervision. The native Educational Association (made up of gentry 
 and literati) agrees to erect a Medical School building and a Nurses* 
 building at a total cost of about $156,000 Mexican with the alternative 
 of substitution of native official buildings; also to meet annual running 
 expenses but not to exceed $50,000 Mexican. The Mission agrees to 
 provide the Hospital and salaries of Western graduated medical teachers, 
 physicians and nurses. The Board of Managers includes ten Chinese 
 and ten Yale Mission representatives. “Since physicians have a very 
 intimate relationship with society, the teachers engaged shall in addition 
 to giving instruction in the principles of medicine lay stress on moral 
 character. Moreover they may outside of the required curriculum 
 explain and lecture on the principles of religion. But respect shall be 
 paid to everyone’s individuality of belief.” The agreement is for ten 
 years. Provision was made for preliminary financing until the opening 
 of the new Hospital (about March, 1917) and of the Medical School 
 (Fall of 1916) and it is gratifying to report that the Chinese paid in 
 $30,000 in 1914-15 and $25,000 in 1915-16 as they pledged. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 97 
 
 hall and a dormitory,” and “a fully equipped hospital 
 can be erected for ten thousand dollars.” Another 
 circular issued in 1909 pushes up the figures; 
 
 The Executive Committee is greatly desirous of securing 
 $12,000 for a hospital and instructional building for the medi¬ 
 cal department and also $9,000 for three residences for pro¬ 
 fessors. If to these sums $4,000 could be added making a 
 round $25,000 we should be fully equipped with apparatus 
 and be able to build walls about the campus and do some 
 necessary grading. 
 
 In 1911, through the help of Dr. Yen, a tract of nearly 
 twenty acres was acquired about half a mile from the 
 North gate of the city, near the new railway station on 
 the line between Hankow and Canton. This new 
 campus was purchased for about $19,500 from the 
 Chen Chou Fund. The chairman of the Executive 
 Committee wrote of the larger plans entertained at 
 this time: 
 
 Plans are prepared for a dormitory, lecture-hall, library, 
 refectory, hospital and five faculty residences, some few of 
 which are already promised either wholly or in part. Without • 
 an expenditure of about $75,000 on the college buildings, and 
 as much more on the hospital and its laboratories, it will be 
 practically impossible to leave the present buildings, and 
 consequently to grow in the least particular. 
 
 The architects, Murphy and Dana of New York, who 
 gave their services to the Society without profit over 
 expenses, worked out a plan of buildings placed around 
 a series of quadrangular courts, adapting the Chinese 
 style of architecture to modern uses in a way which 
 won approbation at home and abroad. In 1913, the 
 Committee was able to announce the gift of a hospital 
 to contain one hundred beds and provision for labora¬ 
 tory work, and so constructed as to provide for future 
 
98 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 enlargement; $10,000 from Miss Olivia Phelps Stokes 
 for a chapel to be named the Atterbury Memorial 
 Chapel; three faculty houses at $3,500 each, later 
 increased to four at $4,500 each, including one provided 
 in part by the Blodget Fund; about $10,000 subscribed 
 towards a library in memory of Warren Seabury, and 
 $18,000 promised towards a dormitory building. It 
 was estimated that $25,000 more would be required 
 to provide the minimum plant to enable the mission 
 to move from its crowded and unwholesome quarters 
 to the open country. In addition to the property and 
 funds enumerated, the Society owns two bungalows 
 and lots at Ruling among the hills on the Yangtse to 
 which the faculty and their families repair during the 
 intense heat of the summer. One of these cottages 
 was purchased with the proceeds of the sale to the 
 American Board of the house bought for Mr. 
 Thurston at Peking, and the others by specially pro¬ 
 vided funds. 
 
 A decisive step in the building campaign was taken 
 in 1913 by the employment of Mr. Stanley Wilson of 
 New York as supervising architect in charge of con¬ 
 struction, and of Mr. George W. Shipway, an engineer 
 living in China, to initiate building operations. Mr. 
 Wilson arrived at Changsha in December, 1913, and 
 the first sod in excavating for the new dormitory was 
 turned on February 28, 1914, by Dean Gage. An 
 interesting sidelight on the difficulties to be overcome 
 in working on a plot encumbered with rice ponds and 
 graves, and the spirit with which the builder under¬ 
 took his task, is contained in the following extract of 
 a letter from Mr. Wilson: 
 
Yale in China 
 
 99 
 
 Contracting for work here is a slow process, especially in 
 our case because we are asking the builders to estimate on 
 kinds of work they never have done, so that it takes con¬ 
 siderable explaining before they understand what is wanted. 
 In the store yard adjoining the office on the property we 
 have several hundred cubic yards of broken stone and over 
 100,000 brick. The stone is all handbroken chiefly by famine 
 refugees who work for three hundred cash a day. A cash is 
 about one-twentieth of a cent, gold. The bricks are made ten 
 miles south of the city and are brought down the river in 
 junks and carried by coolies to the site half a mile from the 
 river. Owing to the expense of native lumber we find it 
 cheaper to use Oregon pine, 300,000 feet of which we are 
 expecting in June. All supplies for plumbing, heating and 
 electric work, as well as the hardware, must come from home. 
 We are exciting great interest among the more progressive of 
 the contractors by our methods of doing things, the result 
 of which, we hope, will be of lasting good to the people at 
 large, as they will benefit by having their houses built in a 
 more substantial and modern way. 
 
 The continuance and enlargement of this enterprise 
 so auspiciously launched in faith and prayer depends 
 upon the immediate provision of adequate resources. 
 It will require faith and works—energetic works—to 
 keep out of debt and to maintain and increase what 
 has been established through the efforts of the Execu¬ 
 tive Committee. This committee of nine men, seven 
 of whom are members of the faculty or officers of 
 the University, have generously cooperated in the pro¬ 
 visions of ways and means. They have employed a 
 secretary-treasurer on full time, and members of the 
 staff on furlough have given their aid, the campaign 
 of Dr. Hume during his first furlough yielding large 
 results. The money required for building and the 
 
IOO 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 increase for current expenses occasioned by the extra¬ 
 ordinary growth of the work, call for the raising of 
 an endowment, and this may require the employment of 
 a Field Agent who shall devote all his efforts to the 
 cause. The Executive Committee discharges in gen¬ 
 eral the responsibilities of a Foreign Mission Board, 
 selecting and commissioning missionaries, conducting 
 the active management of the Society and preparing 
 and securing the budget. In the first year, 1902-03, 
 an initial fund of $12,225 was raised, including a loan 
 of $5,000, and $915 in annual subscriptions. This fund 
 was spent largely in sending Mr. and Mrs. Thurston 
 to China and in purchasing the residence for them 
 at Peking. The budget this year calls for $29,000. 
 
 The salaries of married men are fixed at $1,200 each, 
 and of the unmarried men and nurses at $800 each. 
 Allowances for children are at the rate of $100 per 
 year for each child under seven years of age and $200 
 for each child between seven and fourteen. An 
 allowance of $300 per year is also promised for each 
 unmarried child between fourteen and twenty-one but 
 the Society is not obligated beyond a maximum allow¬ 
 ance of $1,000 per annum for the children of one 
 family. Insurance is also granted to insurable mem¬ 
 bers, the standard being an annual premium on $10,000 
 straight life insurance in the case of a normal risk of 
 twenty-five years of age. Summer allowances are 
 added for travel to and from Ruling, at the rate of 
 $75 per annum for each family and $30 per annum 
 for each unmarried missionary. Traveling expenses 
 are at the rate of $325 for each adult going to or from 
 the field. Outfit allowances provide $500 for each 
 family, or $250 for each unmarried missionary on the 
 
Yale in China 
 
 IOI 
 
 first journey to the field, or $250 when needed for 
 refitting at the end of the first furlough. Two men 
 are secured if possible each year without salary, 
 whose allowance for board is $513, and the allowance 
 from New Haven for general expenses of school and 
 hospital, including rents, repairs, salaries of personal 
 language teachers and Chinese faculty is about $6,000. 
 This budget is paid quarterly in advance from New 
 Haven and is contributed in large part by Yale alumni 
 in annual and occasional subscriptions ranging from 
 $1 to $200.* The undergraduates, through the Chris¬ 
 tian Association, contribute from $1,200 to $1,500 per 
 year. Efforts have been made from the beginning 
 to secure the support of each missionary among his 
 classmates. While the proposition has merit and a con¬ 
 siderable amount has been raised in this way, no single 
 salary group has been completed, and it has not been 
 found practicable to rely upon the plan. The only royal 
 road to successful money-raising seems to be the 
 ordinary method of getting all the solicitor can on 
 the strength of any interest or connection which can 
 be presented. The Society cannot appeal to churches 
 which have their own missionary agencies to care for, 
 and must therefore rely chiefly upon the Yale brother¬ 
 hood. The amount required to meet the budget does 
 not come easily and, making due allowance for grow¬ 
 ing income on the field, it will increase with the 
 demand for more teachers and doctors and ordinary 
 expenses occasioned by the new buildings. In addi¬ 
 tion to what can be secured by annual pledges and 
 occasional gifts every effort must now be made to 
 interest wealthy Yale men in providing the endowment 
 
 * The total number of subscribers in 1914 was about 900. 
 
102 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 which alone can place the business on a substantial 
 basis. Several welcome bequests have already been 
 received by the Society, and it is known that others 
 are contemplated, but the time of receiving these is 
 uncertain and the present need is urgent. 
 
 Meanwhile, other funds must also be cared for. 
 The Administration Fund, started by the Treasurer 
 in 1908, is an accumulation of gifts by friends, several 
 of whom are not Yale graduates, for the expenses of 
 the home office. This fund has covered heating and 
 lighting of the office, printing, stationery, typewriting, 
 postage, cables, and most of the salary of the Secretary. 
 This arrangement which appeals to some who are inter¬ 
 ested in the executive officer and his work, and who 
 would not otherwise contribute, enables the Society to 
 send the contributions of Yale men to China without 
 reduction. In 1905 the home office was established in 
 comfortable and convenient quarters on the college 
 campus at 233 Durfee Hall without expense to the 
 Society, largely through the efforts of Mr. Arthur C. 
 Williams ’98.* Mr. Williams, who was prevented from 
 carrying out his desire to spend his life on the for¬ 
 eign field, had spent himself unselfishly at home as a 
 member of the Executive Committee from its incep¬ 
 tion and was its first assistant-treasurer. The head¬ 
 quarters are not only the office of a working 
 organization but a center where students and visitors 
 are received and introduced to the visible memorials of 
 its activities. They also serve as a meeting-place for 
 the Chinese students of the University. 
 
 * The preliminary meetings of the Executive Committee were held 
 in Dwight Hall until the formal incorporation took place at the home 
 of Secretary Stokes, 73 Elm St. Here the regular meetings of the 
 Executive Committee were held for a year or two prior to the securing 
 of quarters in Durfee. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 103 
 
 With the coming of Dean Jones and the new plan of 
 grouping college classes in adjacent dormitories the 
 rooms in Durfee were required by the college authori¬ 
 ties, who offered the present commodious offices at 5 
 White Hall. The Blodget Fund, a gift of $2,000 from 
 the class of 1848 towards the building of a Faculty 
 house, in memory of Dr. Henry Blodget ’48, amount¬ 
 ing to $2,882.08 in 1914, was raised to the necessary 
 $4,500 by the generous gift of Mrs. M. W. R. Wayland. 
 The Hoppin Fund, originally $1,456.88 from the estate 
 of the Rev. J. M. Floppin ’40, increased by interest 
 in 1914 to $1,866.07, has been designated for the pur¬ 
 chase of a bungalow at the summer resort in Ruling. 
 These two funds (Blodget and Hoppin) which have 
 been maintained separately now fall naturally under the 
 Building and Land Fund, Mr. Thatcher M.- Brown 
 ’97, Treasurer. This Building and Land Fund, opened 
 by the Treasurer of the Society with sundry specified 
 gifts in 1910-11, amounted in 1916 to $123,500 paid 
 in, and several unpaid pledges. To carry out the 
 present building program for which plans have been 
 completed to include a dormitory for 130 students and 
 two instructors, a lecture hall, a chapel, a library, four 
 houses for married professors, a hospital, a sewage 
 system, an electric lighting plant and pumping station, 
 a central well for water supply, a brick wall around 
 the property for privacy and protection, about $70,000 
 must be secured additional to the funds mentioned. 
 To these, in the not-distant future, must be added dor¬ 
 mitories and lecture halls to accommodate not less than 
 500 students, a dining hall, an administration build¬ 
 ing, additional faculty houses and a gymnasium with 
 athletic field. Two other specified funds are sepa- 
 
io4 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 rately maintained, the Joy Bed Fund, a gift of $1,000 
 from Mrs. James Joy, in memory of her husband, 
 James Joy, ’69, the interest of which goes towards the 
 support of a bed in the hospital; and W. J. Hail Insur¬ 
 ance Fund, a gift of $1,500, the interest on which, in 
 addition to $200 per annum set aside by the Executive 
 Committee, is accumulating as insurance for Mr. Hail. 
 The Yale in China Woman’s League, organized in 
 1911-12 largely through the efforts of Mrs. Edward 
 H. Hume and Mrs. Edward B. Reed, raised the funds 
 in 1915-16 for two American trained nurses, a woman 
 physician, one Chinese district nurse and three free 
 beds in the hospital. 
 
 The property and funds accumulated or expended 
 in the first twelve years of its existence by this purely 
 voluntary association of Yale men represent an altru¬ 
 istic out-reaching of that energy known as the “Yale 
 Spirit” which is encouraging and prophetic. The 
 assets of the Society in 1916 may be stated roughly 
 as follows:— 
 
 Land and buildings in Changsha.$120,000 
 
 Land and buildings in Ruling. 3,500 
 
 Balance in all funds and pledges.. 11,000 
 
 Total ... 
 
 Total which may be added, for hospital 
 and other buildings . 
 
 $134,500 
 
 $200,000 
 
 The administrative machinery of the Society was 
 admirably designed. The membership consists of all 
 graduates and undergraduates of Yale University who 
 have contributed during the year to its work whether 
 by funds or services. These members elect half of a 
 Council of forty members in groups of five annually, 
 
Yale in China 
 
 105 
 
 each group serving four years, the remainder being 
 a permanent body including officers of the University, 
 faculty members and alumni residing in New Haven. 
 Thus representation and advice from alumni in all 
 parts of the country and from different college gen¬ 
 erations was provided for. The Council has final 
 decision in all matters of large import pertaining to 
 the Society. Recognizing the historical connection of 
 Yale with the American Board of Commissioners for 
 Foreign Missions, and the advantages to be obtained 
 through association with a well-established, thor¬ 
 oughly-equipped and trusted missionary organization, 
 the Society elects to its Council three members of 
 the Prudential Committee of the American Board. 
 The Board on its part gives to the Society its moral 
 support and good offices, and places at the disposal 
 of the Mission its agencies for the purchase and for¬ 
 warding of supplies and funds.* The Council com¬ 
 mits the active management of the affairs of the 
 Society to an Executive Committee of nine members, 
 
 * The following is the basis of the relationship of the Mission to the 
 American Board, as set forth in the constitution. As there agreed, 
 the Yale Mission “affirms its earnest desire to labor in harmony with 
 the Board,” elects the President and two members of the Board as 
 members of its council, and sends it a copy of its yearly report. On 
 its part the American Board: 
 
 “1. Gives its hearty support to the Yale Mission, recognizing it as 
 an undenominational missionary movement, independent of any exist¬ 
 ing board, but acknowledging a connection with the American Board, 
 as provided above. 
 
 “2. Places at the disposal of the Yale Mission its agencies for the 
 purchase and distribution of missionary supplies and the forwarding 
 of funds. 
 
 “3. Will give to the Yale Mission, in case of any important difficulty 
 arising with native governments or people, the same moral support and 
 good offices with the home government, if necessary, as would be 
 brought to bear in the case of one of its own missions under similar 
 circumstances.” 
 
io6 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 men of different denominations, clergymen and lay¬ 
 men, selected at the annual meeting of the Society and 
 Council held on the evening of Baccalaureate Sunday. 
 As a matter of fact the Executive Committee does the 
 work and accepts the responsibility for its acts. The 
 meetings of the Council are formal and it would be 
 difficult at any time to assemble a majority of its 
 members to discharge its constitutional functions.* 
 
 As the Society has been fortunate in enlisting 
 the services of a staff characterized by high scholar¬ 
 ship, sound judgment, splendid enthusiasm and con¬ 
 secrated character, it has likewise been blest in the 
 quality of its leadership at home. The first two presi¬ 
 dents were, Dr. Timothy Dwight, ’49, 1903-04, the 
 revered ex-president of the University, and Professor 
 Henry P. Wright, ’68, 1904-06, for twenty-five years 
 beloved dean of the College. The present president is 
 Mr. Clarence H. Kelsey, ’78, one of New York’s lead¬ 
 ing business men and a member of the Yale Corpora¬ 
 tion. The vice-presidents have been the Right Rev. 
 Edwin S. Lines, ’72, 1902-09, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop of Newark, Mr. Amos P. Wilder, ’84, U. S. 
 Consul General at Hong Kong and later at Shanghai, 
 appointed Executive Secretary since his return to 
 America, and Mr. Ye-tsung Tsur, a graduate of Yale 
 in 1909 and at present President of the Tsing Hua 
 College in Peking. The first recording secretary was 
 Mr. William Sloane, ’95, 1902-10, chairman of the 
 Advisory Board of the University Christian Associa¬ 
 tion, followed by Professor Henry B. Wright, ’98, 
 
 * At the annual meeting held at Commencement 1916, constitutional 
 changes were effected which substitute for the old Executive Committee 
 a Board of Trustees of fifteen members ultimately to be chosen in three 
 classes of five years’ term each. 
 
Yale in China 
 
 107 
 
 1910-12, the acknowledged leader of undergraduate 
 religious activities, and Dr. George Blumer, ’07 Hon., 
 Dean of the Yale Medical School. Mr. Pierce N. 
 Welch, ’62, president of the First National Bank, New 
 Haven, and benefactor of Yale, served as treasurer 
 until his death in 1909, when he was succeeded by Mr. 
 William H. Sallmon, ’94, assistant treasurer, who 
 served as Treasurer and Executive Secretary until he 
 suffered a breakdown in 1914. Mr. James W. Wil¬ 
 liams, ’08, assistant treasurer, who had been assigned 
 to field work, was then called in to take up temporarily 
 the duties of treasurer and executive secretary until 
 the arrival of Mr. Wilder in September 1914. 
 
 The Executive Committee has had from the first an 
 able, wise and devoted chairman in Professor F. Wells 
 Williams, ’79, and he is supported by Professor 
 Harlan P. Beach, *78, professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Missions, the best-known missionary author 
 and editor in America; Professor Williston Walker, 
 ’01 Hon., a member of the American Board; the Rev. 
 Anson Phelps Stokes, ’96, secretary of the University; 
 Professors Lester P. Breckenridge, ’81 S., George 
 Blumer, ’07 Hon., Dr. J. C. Greenway, ’00, Professor 
 Edward B. Reed, ’94, and Messrs. Samuel Thorne, Jr., 
 ’96, and Arthur C. Williams, ’98. Three of the mem¬ 
 bers who have served during the formative period of 
 the mission’s affairs, Messrs. Beach, Williams and 
 Sallmon, have visited Changsha and have consequently 
 had personal knowledge of the exact situation and 
 needs, while two others have been in China. Men who 
 rendered acceptable service on the committee in the 
 earlier years were: Dean Henry P. Wright, ’68, Pro¬ 
 fessor Frank K. Sanders, ’89 Hon., formerly dean 
 
io8 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 of the Yale Divinity School, and Mr. Lewis S. Welch, 
 ’89, former editor of the Yale Alumni Weekly. The 
 office of assistant secretary, now assigned to the Uni¬ 
 versity secretary of the Yale Christian Association, 
 was formerly filled by Mr. Arthur C. Williams, ’98, 
 the Rev. D. Brewer Eddy, ’98, and Mr. William H. 
 Sallmon, ’94. There was added to the Committee in 
 1914, Mr. H. Harold Vreeland, Jr., T2 S., former 
 secretary of the Sheffield Christian Association and 
 now Registrar of the Sheffield Scientific School. Two 
 officers of the Society who have rendered valuable 
 gratuitous service from the beginning are Mr. Eli 
 Whitney, ’69, who has audited the accounts, and Dr. 
 Walter B. James, ’79, who has acted as medical 
 examiner of candidates. The administrative work of 
 the home office has been cared for by men who already 
 had their hands full, Messrs. A. C. Williams, D. B. 
 Eddy, E. B. Reed and W. H. Sallmon. In 1912-13 
 the experiment was tried of appointing a Field Sec¬ 
 retary with an office in New York to give his whole 
 time to the stimulating of intelligent interest among 
 the alumni and to the raising of funds for the budget 
 of current expenses and for building. An office 
 was secured in the Presbyterian Building, 156 Fifth 
 Avenue, and Mr. Howard Richards, Jr., ’oo S., was 
 appointed with the title of Associate Secretary to 
 work under the direction of the Finance Committee 
 consisting at that time of Messrs. Kelsey, Sallmon 
 and Thorne. Professor Beach conducted the cor¬ 
 respondence with Changsha as general secretary until, 
 by constitutional change, that office was abolished, and 
 the duties committed to the Executive secretary. 
 
 The burdens of the executive officer became so 
 
Yale in China 
 
 109 
 
 onerous that, when Mr. Sallmon was obliged to give 
 up his work, it was realized that the time had come 
 in the development of the enterprise when a leader 
 must be found whose energies should be devoted 
 solely to the cause. It seemed providential that Mr. 
 Amos P. Wilder, ’84, former U. S. Consul General in 
 China, should be available. He is a man peculiarly 
 fitted by temperament, training and ability to add to the 
 reputation and usefulness of the work. He knows 
 China and the Chinese because of his residence at Hong 
 Kong and Shanghai, and a visit to Changsha in 1908 
 made him an instant champion of Yale’s chosen field 
 and endeavor. In view of his appointment to manage 
 the affairs of the Society, it is interesting to recall 
 his impressions of the city, the faculty and students 
 and the opportunities presented as published in the 
 Yale Alumni Weekly: 
 
 Changsha itself is a city of wealth, of political importance, 
 it is the abode of many retired officials, its government schools 
 are of high native standard; it is styled “the cleanest city 
 in China.” It is a field where a hearing is most needed but 
 only America’s best can secure it. Each teacher at Changsha 
 has a history of quality ... no ordinary men are sent out. 
 Their stories are found in the records of scholarship, ath¬ 
 letics, and literature, in the honors of professional schools 
 and in the hearts of classmates. We visited the classrooms. 
 I even made a few remarks to the young men. The Hunan 
 youth are not so finished in appearance as the Cantonese, 
 where for a century foreign contact has burnished them. 
 But there is something leonine about them—a strong sug¬ 
 gestion of silent power. A university is being built up that 
 shall offer the highest form of training to young men. It is 
 a Christian institution but broadly so. In China, many an 
 American, for the first time, realizes what a full program 
 Christianity proposes—much more than an election of one 
 of two permanent abodes. It is a promise to be led into 
 
I IO 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 all truth, and this means for China cleanliness, physical as 
 well as moral, common honesty, official rectitude, a renovated 
 home life. Money is needed for the new plant and for gen¬ 
 eral purposes. Men who know what a force in the Empire 
 is one Chinese, highly educated on modern lines, self-respect¬ 
 ing, and ambitious for his people, do not need incitement to 
 give to such a work as Yale men are doing in Hunar 
 
 It is extremely fortunate that such a man of broad 
 Christian sympathy and practical experience should be 
 chosen to rally the Yale forces and lead them in the era 
 of expansion now at hand. 
 
 It would be impossible to tabulate the influences 
 set in motion by this movement, but it may, even at 
 the risk of some repetition, be valuable to sum up the 
 more outstanding results achieved at home and abroad. 
 Starting in 1902 with a group of earnest men pos¬ 
 sessing faith in the historic continuity of the conse¬ 
 crated Christian spirit of Yale, and inspired by a 
 vision of the need and opportunity for service pre¬ 
 sented in China, the interest of an enlarging group 
 of leaders has been enlisted, who, in turn, have 
 engaged the services of a number of Yale men of 
 whom Dean Wright says, “They rank well among 
 the best men that Yale has graduated during the 
 past ten years.” The Society has kept out of debt, 
 has raised a budget averaging about $20,000 per year, 
 and has accumulated property at Changsha and Ruling 
 which is constantly increasing in value. It has con¬ 
 ducted a campaign of education which has won the 
 sympathies of more than eight hundred alumni who 
 contribute to its funds, many of whom are not inter¬ 
 ested in missions in the abstract; has introduced to 
 the undergraduates a wholesome, altruistic purpose 
 which has called forth their contributions partially 
 
Yale in China 
 
 111 
 
 supporting their representatives on the field, and an 
 entire issue of the “Yale Record” wholly kindly in 
 tone! It has advertised Yale in a way to counteract 
 in some measure the heralded misdeeds of individuals 
 or groups often magnified and discolored by yellow 
 journalism. As the pioneer in establishing an educa¬ 
 tional mission in the Far East, it has influenced the 
 students and alumni of other universities in similar 
 undertakings. Its success has strengthened the hands 
 of the churches and given encouragement to all mis¬ 
 sionary bodies at home. On its chosen field in the 
 capital of an anti-foreign province the Mission has 
 largely overcome the hostility naturally levelled against 
 foreigners who are regarded as exploiters of mines 
 and other natural resources, desecrators of graves, 
 and wholly given to self-profit, and has dissipated, 
 or even turned to friendship in the case of many 
 in high places, the prejudice which at first regarded 
 the Mission as an impertinent work of supererogation 
 or a disturbing proselytizing agency. Governors and 
 other officials send their gifts and propose cooperative 
 effort, educated literati send their sons to be instructed, 
 and wealthy gentry assist in the purchase of property. 
 These are some of the amazing things that our ears 
 have heard and our eyes have seen. 
 
 It was not found possible “to begin operations with 
 a college of the thorough-going Yale sort having 
 preparatory and collegiate courses” as the founders 
 proposed. It was necessary to begin with such stu¬ 
 dents as could be found, most of them with imperfect 
 elementary education, and take them up through the 
 grammar and high school grades, thus laying founda¬ 
 tions for the college that was to be. The foundations 
 
I 12 
 
 Yale in China 
 
 were well and truly laid. The first class to finish 
 the five year course graduated in 1911; in the three 
 graduating classes of 1911, 1912 and 1913 there were 
 eight students—while Yale college at home had only 
 five graduates in its first three classes—and in 1914 
 the Dean at Changsha was able to write an article 
 telling of the “Alumni and non-graduates of Ya-li.” 
 Extra-curriculum activities such as glee club, literary 
 society, athletics and Young Men’s Christian Associa¬ 
 tion have helped to develop team work and a spirit 
 of school loyalty. In the progress towards self- 
 support six-sevenths (in 1913) of the salaries of the 
 Chinese staff and the running expenses of the dor¬ 
 mitory and boarding departments were met by income 
 from tuition. The hospital has alleviated untold suf¬ 
 fering, has gained many and strong friends and has 
 stood in the community as a witness for Christian 
 charity which could not be gainsaid. The medical 
 department has instructed the people in modern 
 hygiene and preventive measures, has secured the 
 establishment of an isolation hospital, a tuberculosis 
 sanatorium and a Red Cross Society and has been 
 entrusted with the supervision of anti-opium treat¬ 
 ment throughout the province of Hunan, thus 
 discharging some of the functions of both a city and 
 a state Board of Health. It has given elementary 
 instruction in medicine and surgery to a group of 
 native assistants, thus laying the foundations for the 
 medical school and nurses’ school, and has set unu¬ 
 sually high standards for entrance to and graduation 
 from these schools. In conference with the Chinese 
 authorities it was determined that students should 
 be admitted to the study of medicine only after two 
 
Yale in China 
 
 113 
 
 years of collegiate study following a standard high 
 school course, and five years of true medical studies 
 were deemed a necessary preliminary to the medical 
 degree. At the entrance examinations in 1913, 961 
 candidates registered, of whom 325 were for the pre¬ 
 paratory department of the medical school, 523 for 
 the school of male nurses, and 113 for the school of 
 female nurses. 
 
 The Mission represents a ministry of service the 
 meaning of which the conservative Oriental mind 
 gradually but surely perceives. Already there are signs 
 that the leaven is slowly permeating and that the work 
 of transformation has begun. The following para¬ 
 graph from the report of the Dean in 1912 is full of 
 significance, encouragement and prophecy: 
 
 Towards the close of the term we learned that five or six 
 of the students have been greatly moved by the Christian 
 message and are on the point of applying for baptism. 
 Among the number are some of the best and most respected 
 students in the school. 
 
 The form in which the sons of Yale are delivering the 
 message of light and truth is the most appealing to the 
 Oriental—an acted parable to a parable-loving people. 
 The inner meaning of the parable, the spirit of it, is 
 succinctly and beautifully expressed in the following 
 extract from a letter written by an officer of the 
 Mission in Changsha to a friend in New Haven: 
 
 Christianity is to me a spirit rather than a doctrine,—a 
 spirit toward God and toward man, to be first conceived and 
 then gradually lived up to. And I look upon our mission as 
 an exemplification or expression of that spirit. The classical 
 expression is the good Samaritan and the prodigal son. We 
 have found a neighbor in need, in sore need of education, 
 and we take it to him as efficiently and scientifically as we 
 
Yale in China 
 
 114 
 
 can. At the same time, we find him wandering from his 
 Father, and spiritually restless in consequence. So we tell 
 him his Father is waiting to receive him. But we don’t spoil 
 our deed of service to relieve his immediate and acknowl¬ 
 edged need by insisting that he believe our message about 
 his Father, or even insisting that he listen to it. He will 
 believe it, in time, if we can only make quite clear and 
 manifest the “spirit” towards man. When he has understood 
 and accepted the half of Christianity manifested in our spirit 
 towards him,—our neighbor—he will be not far from the 
 kingdom of Heaven, and ready to believe that the same spirit 
 can be manifested toward God, and that to so manifest it 
 toward God is to arise and go to his Father. 
 
jrtttt ■' -i . ‘.v*^ v i/• Vli,% 
 
 £ 3 % 4*81 :<$? 
 
 mHrafel 
 
 Er*a®sS , » ,*&•*. t *r 
 
 .% w'ff,. ; . , ■ . '*/ *.' 
 
 
 • ' 
 
 .. 
 
 '■ • •-/•;- - '4 
 
; • 
 
 ^SlPi