GOLD-BEARING REGIO# BETWEEN THE LIMPOPO AND ZAMBESI RIVERS. PREPARED FROM MR. BAINES’S JOURNALS By ROBERT JAMES MANN, m.d., p.r.g.s., p.r.a.s., ETC., ETC. WITH A MAP. [^Read before the Royal Geographical Society of London^ • March 13, 1871.] Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/accountofmrbaineOOmann SKETCH MAI- OF BAINKS' UOliTF.S BETWEEN THE LlMHOl'O A^fl) ZAMBESI RIVERS UmhMta. vtl i!> ./u^ tfflo «ira/ute Bitls 4060 Otnhiffi Um-Bat yfalei' ff> the 'ZoTnbai'' ^SleiOce dtU fan ftApril W70 vi 2 June oktini/hnA- Shostonp' tp KiiH n; 0:^1^' \ MaJeapans Foa rt r^eiXaco'S Dri ft E^ip EutZf^ tSmMav H-ooa Flaine JIolFoattm' i^ae Ftynte^ MnuUtts&y Scale of Statute Miles feet ahove tiie. LotuLyn .Puhbs/utB fhr the Jniimnlof the B^-aJ (ieoprnfihieal Society' by .Wm .Vi«rw AlhemoHeStreet N EXPLORATION / OF THE GOLD-BEARING REGION BETWEEN THE LIMPOPO AND ZAMBESI RIVERS. At the close of the year 1868 arrangements were made by a small association of gentlemen in London for carrying out a careful exploration of the district between the Limpopo and Zambesi rivers, in South Africa, which had then recently been visited by the German traveller Carl Mauch, with a view_ to determine its actual character and value as a gold-bearing reo-ion. Mr. Thomas Baines, the gentleman already so favour¬ ably known to the Royal Geographical Society for his travels in Southern and Central Africa, and for his very clever illus¬ trative sketches and paintings of African life and scenery, was appointed to take charge of the expedition of the association. The party left England in the steamship Asia, on the 19th day of December, 1868 ; passed through the colony of Natal in the month of February, 1869; and, having traversed the Oranp River Sovereignty and the Transvaal Free States, entered the region more immediately forming the object of their explora¬ tion, by crossing the Marico River frontier of the Tiansvaal States. The party consisted of four Europeans—Messrs. Baines, Nelson Jewell, and Watson—of whom one, Mr. Nelson, was an experienced mineralogist, long conversant witli all matters relating to mining for gold. They travelled with two waggons, and native servants. After procuring lettem of commendation to the native chiefs from the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, Mr Baines painted the Royal arms of England upon his waggons, in imitation of the impression upon the large seal 5 ^ • 2 l)AiNE8’.s' E.rj)loration of the Gold-hearing Region which he was able to exliibit ou the Lieutenant-Governor’s credentials; crossed the JMaclontzie Itiver, and entered the Makalaka country, within the 22nd parallel of south latitude, and therefore beyond the northernmost stretch of the Limpopo Itiver. The party subsequently passed the higdiest ground forming the actual watershed between the Limpopo and Zambesi system of rivers, and encamped on the Kumalo River (also called Ihena Indoda), the tirst named tributary of the Zambesi; and, leaving one waggon there in reserve, iMr. Baines and IMr. Nelson travelled on with the other thi'ough the idatabele country, until, on the 3rd of September, they were close to the 17° 30' parallel of south latitude, amidst old IRashuna diggings for gold, upon the Muzisanlie River, a tribu¬ tary of the Umfuli, whicli falls into the Zambesi River a little to the west of the 30th meridian of east longitude, being at this spot within 120 geographical miles of the main channel of the Zamhesi, both to the north and north-west, and within 200 geographical mdes of the trading settlement of Tati, on the north-east. On account of reasons which will be presently told, the party retraced their steps from this point. They returned as far as the IMangwe Rivei', near to the southern IMatabele frontier, in the neighbonrhood of which place Mr. Baines has since remained. The chief value of the Journals is unquestionably the very exact description they give of the entire stretch of country, from the Marico—here the main affluent of the Limpopo—to within a hundred miles of the channel of the Zambesi, a course running through the heart of the gold-bearing region, and for 250 geographical miles very nearly following the central line of watershed between the great rivers. In order to render the geographical characteristics of this elevated gold-bearing region more readily intelligible, a brief sketch of the general contour of the land of this part of South Africa will be useful. From the 29th parallel of south lati¬ tude, near to where it is intersected by the 2-lth meridian of east longitude, the Great Orange River runs approximately westwards to the Atlantic Ocean for 400 geographical miles, forming the frontier of the British territory of South Africa through its entire extent. To the eastward of this point the Orange River forks, until the end of each branch of the fork is barred by the Drakenberg Range, or rather ledge, of mountains. The land between the two branches of the fork, which are the Vaal River on the north, and the Orange River on the south, is the Orange River Sovereignty, and the country of Moshesh, which has been quite recently taken under the hetween the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 3 Seawards, or eastwards, NoitWHs ?L ^ 1 is the colony of Natal. iNoitiiwards, the Drakenberg Mountains push up the channel of the Limpopo Kiver into a broad horse-shoe sweep in Te mtenor of which lies the Transvaal Republic, bouSll.th! lards and eastwards by the Limpopo for some 300 miles. Tlie thf completed southwards by t ie Lait Elver, whose sources almost mingle with those of he Marico, which runs down into the Vaat some 70 Tiles above the confluence of that stream with the Orano-e River Diamond Region lies as a kind of basin botThe distance upwards along both the Hart River and Vaal River, and downwards alono- th? main channel of the Orange River. As the Orange River the between the Orange River and the Vaal River, the 1 ansvaal State lies mainly between the Vaal and Hart Rivers seaward coast region northwards of Natal, and seawaid of the rransvaal Drakenberg, is occupied bv tbp S of^'thTD^T Kafirs. Where the noJtliern tZ Lrtb I es Limpopo the furthest to alono thfo'"*^ broadly from east to west almost its m‘X bl—S!^tis";S“ Mauch first visited this region he made his way into it by crossing the Limpopo, near the north-eastern corner the Transvaal, and by then traversing obliquely the wild district to the north of the great river. The more easy and natuial route is that which is commonly taken by the elephant- hunters and which was followed by Mr. Baines on this occa¬ sion. It runs from Potchefstroom across the Magaliesberg and nearly due north to the point where the Notuaui River enters the Limpopo. By crossing the Marico and Notuani Rivers the western, or outer side of the Limpopo is at once taken,’and the great nyer in this way so outflanked that it has not to be crossed. The route then runs through Setcheli’s and Matien’s country until it reaches the Macloutzie River, a large aflluent + Kimpopo, joining the main stream, where it bends off to the east, to make its great transverse bend, just without the 22nd parallel of latitude. Immediately after the Macloutzie is crossed, the Makalaka Fie7T b; to BriSAT,er“^^ 4 1'atnes’s E.v])loration of Ike Gold-bearing Region country is entered; and here the route climbs directly to the main line of watershed which runs from south-west to north¬ east, and constitutes the higli backbone that lies between the Limpopo and Zambesi. For nearly 2U0 miles it hugs the small streandets that form the head-waters of the affluents of the Limpopo: that is, so far it keeps just on the Limpopo side of the c(‘ntral ridge; then it passes to the Zambesi side, and engages itself nith the sjuall streamlets that form the head¬ waters of the affluents of the Zambesi, and continues among them so far as this exploration was carried. This great ridge is very lofty in ])laces; there are heights upon it that are more than 70U0 feet above the sea-level. From the region of the trop!(*s it runs, in a north-easterly course, to within the 19th j)arallel of south latitude, where it attains its most marked elevation ; it then turns directly to the east, following the general course of the Limpopo and Zambesi, midway between them, until, at 150 miles from the coast of the Indian Ocean, where it looks down over Marico and Sofala, it iingers out exactly as the salient spur of the Drakenberg dues in the colony of Natal, and gives rise to a series ot secondaiv coast-rivers which enter the sea between the mouths of the Ijim])opo and Zambesi. From the commencement of the eastward bend, at the spot marked in Fetermann’s maj) as the Mato])po Berg (in all probability more correctly the Intaba Matoppo), another branch of the elevated ridge runs n|)wards to the north-west, extending in that direc¬ tion, al<.)ng the westward side of the Valley of the Zambesi, quite to the Mossamba Mountains, and to the spot where the Congo begins its westward flow to the Atlantic. This high land, extending from the neighbourhood of IMarico upwards to the Mossamba IMountains, and downwards to the Kalahari Desert, and the mid-channel of the Orange liiver, and so determining the course of the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers, is obviously the key to the physical geography of this southern segment of the great African continent, and therefore, on this ground, a feature of surpassing geographical interest. From the Ti'opic southward, the highest upheaving of the African land lies within 150 miles of the Indian Ocean, stretching through the Drakenberg, the Stormberg, and the Nieuveld Berg, almost to St. Helena Bay; giving the long course of the river-drainage almost from ocean to ocean, from east to west. But above the Tropic the case is exactly reversed ; the summit- elevation of the line of watershed lies within 300 miles of the Atlantic, and the long course of the river-drainage, almost IVom ocean to ocean, lies from west to east. The course of the Zambesi extends in this direction more than 1200 geographical between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 5 miles. Beyond, and within the 15th parallel of south latitude, trom the region of Lake Nyassa, through the chain of Kili- mandjaro and onward to the Abyssinian mountain-system, the rule of the eastern highlands again becomes established, as if m continuation and grander development of the Drakenberg; but the Zambesi cuts a miglity gap in the otherwise continuous eastern chain, and establishes the one great exception to the leading rule, dhis gap is made immediatelv to tlie north of tile high tract which was the immediate object of Mr. Baines’s exploration, and wliich is, therefore, an object of concentrated geographical interest. On his way up the Matabele country, Mr. Baines paid a passing visit to Matjen, the chief of the Bamangwato tribe, ut his chief kraal, called Shoshong. The general northward route was deviated from, in order to do this, by about 10 miles, the path leading westwards through a broad valley tilled with rii)e corn rippling in the breeze. On leaving Shoshong, Mr. Baines’s party moved on to the Macloutzie Eiver, which was crossed on the 7th of June, and on the following day reached the Tati Eiver. They found here several parties of diggers at work, for the most part in shafts between 40 and 50 feet deep, which had be.-n formed through hard rock by boring and blasting. There were heaps of broken quartz piled round the mouths of the pits, and there were slight traces of gold in some of the quartz fragments ; but t le diggers were mainly aiming at reaching some deeper and 1 idler lode, Ihe latitude of the spot on which tln^se miners were found at work is 21° 20' 20" s. The Eiver Tati is the second feeder of^ the Eiver Shashi, w hich flow's into the northern stretch of the Limpopo near to Zout{)ansborg, days’ sojourn among the miners at the Tati, Mr. Baines once more started towards the north, and, alter five days’ travel, reached the Eiver Maiigue, where an Engiishnuin, named Lee, resides, and acts as the accredited agent of the Matabele tribe. On the follouing day he came to Manyama’s place, which is the first outpost of the Matabele country. _ Between the Macloutzie and the Mangwe Eivers the country IS occupied by a tribe of people known as the ]\rakalak'a, who also extend along its affluents and down the Shashi Eiver to its confluence with the Limpopo Eiver on the Transvaal frontier. Allusion is frequently ma le in Mr. Baines’s narrative to Kafirs of this tribe, but no mention is anywhere made of a supreme or v(ny powerful chief. The Makalaka obviously stand in the position of entire subjection to tludr [)owerful neighbours on the noith, the 5[atab('h“, who have been essentiall v an aoo’ressive (i IxviNi'is’s Exploration of the Gold-hearing Region and warlike tribe during the rule of Umseligase ; and, curiously enough, the IVlatabele seem to have derived this warlike spirit from the Zulu tribe, which has been the great focus of aggressive energy on the south-eastern coast of the African continent. An old Matabele told Mr. Baines of four well-known instances of independent warlike tribes formed by offshoots from the Zulus in the time of Chaka. Umseligase’s case was one of these. He went off from the Zulus with a considerable following, and founded the IMatabele tribe in the position it now occupies upon the high grounds between tlie Limpojx) and Zambesi. The Amazetu, who are found towards Lake Nyassa, were spoken of as another instance. They took their name from Umsitu, a Zulu or Amaswase chief, who crossed the Zambesi in that direction. On the Gtli of July Mr. Baines started, with Mr. Lee and the two messengers, who were of thej rank of indunas, or head-men, for Um-Numbata’s place. TheMangwe Biver is the last affluent of the Limpo])o which is passed upon this route.* They accord¬ ingly came, after traversing about 12 miles, upon the central line of the watershed which divides the Limpopo and Zambesi system of rivers. They halted on the exact crest, in a poort between hills formed of immense blocks of stone. The aneroid barometer at this spot was standing at 24'64 inches, and the boiling-point of water was at 204‘i° Fahrenheit. Comparing the pressure of the air with the mean pressure at my observa¬ tory in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, derived from a series of eight years’ observations, namely, 27'893 inches, this would give an approximate elevation for the pass of 2957 feet above my observatory, and 5052 feet above the sea-level. Tlie ground was commonly crisp with frost during the night at this part of the journey, the jieriod being the early jDart of the month of July. The greatest cold observed at night was 24*5°; more frequently the night temperature stood between 31° and 32°. The temperature of the day generally rose somewhere between 06° and 74°. The passage of the crest was made close to a large lull, wLicli was spoken of as Matopola, and as Nogobhe’s place. The latitude was fixed at 19° 42' 49" south. The pass IS about 80 geographical miles, a little east of north, of the 'I’ati Liver. On the 8th of July, Mr. Baines reached the Kumalo Biver, the first distiuct affluent of the Zambesi. The route now ran nearly parallel with the crest of the watershed, but just on the Zambesi slope, so that the head-w'aters of all the tributaries * This is incorrect, as the Shashaui is crossed about 17 miles north-east of the Mangwe ; it is the last affluent of the Limpopo.— [Kd.] between the Limpopo and Zamhed Rivers. were passed in succession. On the 12th of July, Mr. Baines crossed the Flamba Baioi River, a name translated as SSof ™ “t”- “ affluent of M p’” Toooyo.K'vor the junction of which with the Zambesi J r Baines had visited m 1862. He reckoned tl.nt he was now theieloie, within about 130 miles of having completed the entire journey across Africa. ‘ I-,*?" 1 *''®.^.“', of Umbigo was readied a little short of the Im-Pembis River. From tids a direct course made ii^ d^eT® ¥'**1,°'' !o'vn. Arrangements were then made, in due form, for the visit to the cliief. The chief in treating with Mr. Baines, only required that, before leavimv fOTud®""*'^"’ ‘® ‘ ''®*"™ "''“f *'o had On the 7tli of August, Mr. Baines and Mr. Nelson resumed dav‘»^r™,®^ ?'“® "“SS®"’ on nortliwarS lay altei day crossing in succession numerous affluents of le Zambesi, which are all duly named in the Appendix. The country passed consisted sometimes of stretches of sand, or of bale rock, enclosed by rounded hills of granite, with vast sd'ditose '“S"'® i ot otlier times, quartzose and schistose locks appeared m naked r.iggedness upon the surface. htin ® n'll‘ ®‘' “ Granted continually with gentiv undu- rod-°wh f J ’ I? *®'‘ «"‘’cessive ridges of quartzose lock, witii sha ow valleys lying between, sometimes gay witii lobeas in full bloom, at other times covert'd with Bauhinias papilionaceous jilants 4 or 5 feet high (looking in this staoe very much like regularly pl.mted vines), and at others with scatte ed Mimosas. The granite ridges and hills were occa- s onally of whitish or grey bare rock, but in some places densely clothed with forest trees interspersed with tioweriiig aloes and Euphoibias, among- which the Candelabra Spurge was of fre- quent occurrence. The gulleys were almost always verdant hidh ^ different kinds, ranging from 16 to 20 feet gh. Ihe general range of the country traversed vas found to be at an elevation somewhere between 3000 and 4000 feet. Some of the rivers passed were exceedingly picturesque ami beautiful, he water coursing freshly along ovel- alternite rock and sand, the high banks being bordered by gras.sy knolls and clad with tiees that overhung the stream, and the sides of the channel and fjuieter pools being covered with water-lilies^ the Uzwezue River, which was crossed on the 21st of Auo-nst was especially marked as being of this beautiCul character ‘ ’ 8 Baines’a’ Flxploration of the Gold-hearing Region On the 3()th of August (in company with Mr. Hartley), they crossed tlie Inzinghazi Hiver, and Mr. Baines encountered the Starus Buck, or sable antelope, for the first time, and soon after reached the Ganyana River. On the 1st of September, ]\rr. Baines started with a Masluina chief, named Amakoonda, who took him through a group of hills over tlie Chingasora rivulet, another beautiful mountain-stream, and then through extensive corn-fields, and up a toi-tuous path to a kraal, or village, standing high among peaked and jagged rocks of grey conglomerate. On the 3rd of September they started due east from this kraal, and, in one hour’s travelling on foot, with surface-indications of quartz continually increasing by the way, came into a district containing numerous ohl workings for gold. In one pla(;e there was a large bank or heap of quartz pebbles, with a great number of holes, from 3 to 4 feet in diameter, and from 5 to 10 feet deep. They returned by another route and another idashuna kraal, and the next day visited a still more extensive group of workings on the Ranyamatimba River. From this, until the 17th of September, the time was occupied by both IMr. Baines and Mr. Nelson in examining and exploring the country in all directions. At the extreme point of his exploration Mr. Baines was in lat. 17° 35' south, which very nearly corresponds with Karl Mauch’s farthest advance in this direction in 1867. Mr. Baines has no doubt that, at this spot, he was within 50 miles of the Luenja, and other affluents of the Zambesi, in which the Portuguese wash alluvial deposits for gold. On September 21st, they recrossed the Sarua (or Sologozan), and on the 23rd again pitched their camp just beyond the Umfuli. i\lr. Baines and Mr. Nelson now spent some days in making a hnore careful examination of a group of old workings for gold which ]\Ir. Hartley had pointed out to them on the Simbo River, between it and the Sarua, 2 or 3 miles to the north of the Umfuli River. This, on the whole, contained the most in¬ teresting specimen of the old native workings. The latitude of this spot was found to be 18° 10' south, and the longitude about 30° 50' east. The height above the sea-level was estimated at 3525 feet. The workings, in this instance, were on a somewhat elevated hill, in two distinct ledges, or reefs, of quartz, 500 yards asunder, which cropped out to the surface of the ground for a direct extent of between 400 and 500 yards. For this entire length the veins have been, more or less, broken up and worked, the best and richest specimens of the quartz having been removed, and the poorer specimens lelt behind as refuse. The refuse fragments have been thrown back u[)on the reefs as 9 between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. the work advanced along them, so that tliey are now entirely hidden by the debris. The fragments are scattered in heaps of various sizes, sometimes from 15 to 20 feet across. The deepest pit is probably not more than 8 feet deep; but all the pits have ail accumulation of the broken fragments at the bottom, so that the exact depth cannot be ascertained unless the shafts lire carefully cleared of the debris. It is perfectly manifest, trom the appearance of the surrounding heaps, that the pits were dug deeper in some places, where the richest specimens of rock were found, than they were in others. Trees have grown in several of the pits, but the largest observed was not more than 5 indies in diameter. Mr. Nelson felt confident, from all the facts which came under his notice, that these workings could not be more than from 150 to 200 years old. They were certainly made by the Mashuna Kafirs, a tribe which occupied the spot before Unise- ligase came and drove them lurther towards the Zambesi River, and towards the east. One old Mashuna told Mr. Baines that he could remember digging for gold having been carried on by his people on some of those very spots. All hunters and traders who have had intercourse with the Mashunas agree in describing them as a friendly, peaceable, industrious, and ingenious people. Ihey make fine iron from the magnetic iron-ore, grow cotton, construct^ rude textile fabrics, and in many of these particulars are certainly in advance of the surrounding tribes. They have now, however, no certainty of life or property, because gangs of Matabele warriors continually sweep through their settlements, stealing cattle, sheep, and goats, and killing the people, or taking them away with them as captives. The development of the ]\lashunas has been effectually checked by the irruption upon them of the Matabele under Umseligase. It is certainly very wonderful that these Kafirs, so destitute of tools and me¬ chanical aid, should have been able to extract gold from this adamantine rock. Mr. Nelson states that the work was effected by fiist breaking the quartz into small pieces, and picking out such scales of the bright metal as could be seen. The ffau"- ments weie then placed in holes about 5 or G inches deep and broad, formed in granite or other hard rock, and round, hard boulders, of suitable size, were then rubbed round and round upon them ; and the silica and lighter particles were afterwards washed aw’ay from the gold, either in clay bowls or in cavities hollowed out in wood. How they contrived to break the quartz away from^ the solid hard reef, still remains the heart of the mystery. There is no doubt, howa^ver, that the want of effective tools always })rt!vontcd them from jienetrating into the quartz veins to anv material depth. 10 J>AiNEs’.« Exidoration of the Gvld-bearing Region Mr. Nelson, after mature consideration, came to the con¬ clusion that this ])articnlar sett was the most promising that he had examined. It was therefore determined to endeavour to arrange with Um-Numbata for a grant of the right to crush for gold at this spot. Certain boundaries of ground were agreed upon, indicated in the north and east by the line of the river 8imbo and by a chain of small hills, and in other directions by large ant-heaps with trees growing out of them, which were marked. The IVlatabele guide was then called, and tliese beacons and boundaries were pointed out to him as defining the ground which it was intended to ask from the chief. It was considered a very important point that there was an unlimited abundance both of wood and running water contained upon the actual ground. 'file rock enclosing the quartz veins was found to be gneiss, and a mixture of talcose and ehloritic slates striking about north-east and south-west, and dipping at an angle of from 70'’ to 80°. What stratified rocks could be examined through¬ out the entire district, were so hardened and metamorphosed that it was exceedingly difficult to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion regarding their geological age. Mr. Nelson, however, inclined to refer them to the Lower Palaeozoic epoch. The (piartz veins were so buried in the fragments produced by the workings that it was altogether impossible to ascertain their breadth below the surface of the ground ; but this was certainly very considerable. Mr. Nelson found silver-bearing galena disseminat(‘d through the auriferous quartz; and this was the only spot in which this was the case in any of the extensive explorations made. Fragments of quartz rock were taken iudiscimninately from the refuse of the workings at various })laces, and six of these have been since submitted to careful assay in England. Two specimens taken from one of the veins yielded at the rate of 0’825 and 1-950 oun-'cs of gold per ton. Four specimens taken from the other vein yielded 0-975, 3-125, 3-500, and 8-150 ounces per ton. From one choice piece of (piartz, behniging to this second vein, Mr. Nelson procured gold at the rate of 00-75 ounces, and silver at the rate of 17-1 ounces per ton. Under the circmnstances in which this exploration 1 a 1 to be made, it was found to be quite impracticable to do more than take fragments of the rock lying ready to hand on the surface; and it must be understood that these were all of the character of refuse which had been cast aside as valueless by the native workmen. There can be no doubt that the pieces selected by the IMashunas for the extraction of gold were of much richer character than the average range of these specimens, 11 beticeen the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivei's. and that the substance of the quartz reefs, if they could have been got at, would have yielded rock of a similarly high value. iiough the entire extent of this high region, granite seems to form the backbone, or foundation, of the ridge of the water¬ shed. It IS, in many places, intersected with felspathic green¬ stone, and IS associated with gneiss and hornblende schist in various forms of diversity, and with a hard rock, containing comminglings of talc and quartz. There is also connected with le escarpment of the granite a dark-coloured slate formation, about a mile across, in many places standing almost perpendi¬ cularly, and forming high bluffs on both sides of river channels, ilie slate band also forms regular high mountain ridges that can be seen for a long distance. It is this slate formation that IS tlie principal seat of the quartz veins, which run in sometimes as much as 75 feet wide. Mr. Iselson remarks that it is here exactly as in California,— no gold IS found along the main central line of the granite • the gold occurs where the stratified rocks trench upon the great granitic axis. This explains the presence of gold among the affluents of tlie Limpopo on one side, and among the affluents ot the Zambesi on the other side, of the leading crest of the watershed. The river-courses are commonly paved with green¬ stone boulders, black iron sand, cornelians, agates, jasper, chalce¬ dony, hornstone, and. flint; and amidst these deposits there are otten traces of alluvial gold. In most of the cases which came under notice the quantity was small; but Mr. Nelson was of opinion that it was very likely to be found in larger quantities 111 deeper parts of the river-bed. The River Changani seemed to him to be one of the most promising rivers for the extraction of gold from alluvial deposit by washing. R is perhaps worthy of note that the gold-yielding districts of feouth Africa seem to be very much in the direction of a nieridiaii of longitude. Small traces of gold have been found m Natal along the lower portion of the southern rivers, especially m the channels of the Umyinto and Umtwalume. Traces have also been seen in the Valley of the Tugela, near the junction of the Buffalo River. If a line be drawn directly north from the former of these positions, it passes through the latter; and this line, continued on still northwards, actually strikes the gold- bearing regions of the Sim bo, those of the Tati being but a little farther towards the west. About the beginning of April, after his return to the Ti-ans- vaal, Mr. Baines found an opportunity, on the occasion of starting upon his first official visit to No-Bengule, after his installation as chief, to make his knowledge of the geo-raphy 12 Baines’a- Exploration of the Gold-bcarinr/ Re;-v-v' IgP?irA- .; •‘.'^{^ - ' ' V‘S--• ■■' * . r i -i ^-.?‘' -V‘-i ^v;. »;■«' ■ -*;''■ ’i ’ •v’p.y.' HR KU(.Ia »‘Vrj'- . ■ '■ ; -J-'-1 i ■ ^ ’k- ' dSA^-i^T vjswa., •■-^ . ;• ’(V- h t^-' /ri ^ -a* I if ■ p 'V u — /J?^ (V-as^^ ^ Jj l^tyx/^ ^t5“ htu^tc^ ^ /3 tcrf' ^^^ax/L /$ -/<^ (TJ^&unx A/^ 1l(l&A (iKil^Upf ipAA^^ aU iAA^/^V 0 , d-// V A>^^«-^ vVt'../^ yu^ ^ - ■> W^cUX<^^-Ct- 'bb’V'C^AJ t-% Udc/^ £c^riA }z // ^^'^<‘^/Urtnnry ^u^^^yh^x4)utQ ^ 2 b" ZO bV <- / A ^^ , . J *•> L>/ ^ / // c'^f ^ tj M IaxJca h-/ ^ 2, 4 *K f T^Mtr.^/a *At/ 2 rA-^^ W fi % t l.^^/i^^ /t:’4y/f /5 , /C 4 // yf ^kZfA’^u ^ ^ ^ ^'tA-yC, \/1 if / 2> ^ ^ 2 ' 5 ^^i-r/l^r^>‘' '^ ■'^c^'L-^V-*'t i) 55* / c3 / c/^ 7/ / ^Cf /^f //^r 4> // 2. /

64 4 4 ^2. / 2. V? 5 4/4 7? 2? 7 *42 3 / C'y^ 44 2/5 4 / 4J > 44 ^ ^Sh *» <-* * 7- 4 / 7 o 4 f^7 /55f^ 7>*» icy '4. 4 / > -a, '. r Y ♦r* • ». V ySi ^ ! * "’' .'''■'' I > \ .1 I p^' * APPENDIX. 14 Baines’s Exploration of the Gold-hearing Region APPENDIX. —Eoute of the South African Gold Fields Exploration Barometric Observations by Date. Place. Trocheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. 1869 ni fur. yds. ft. in. o n May 12 .. Potchefstroom, Coulson's . . 26 43 00 Stellar Royal Hotel. * 12 P.M. To Flat. 28 3 109 0 7 26 23 0 DR 13 .. Foster’s house at Wonder 4 4 129 2 7 26 20 3 4 stars Fontein. ) > 14 .. Flat. 12 2 8 0 11 26 10 30 ) t 14 P.M. Hoi Fontein. 0 4 53 1 26 10 10 3 stars 9 » 15 .. Blaawe Bank. 10 0 102 2 1 26 2 10 DR 9 9 15 P.M. Entrance of poort. 4 4 114 0 lOj 25 59 10 9 9 17 .. Foot of Magaliesberg .. 7 3 152 0 6 25 54 20 9 9 17 P.M. Shore of Van Staadens .. 6 7 49 0 25 51 50 9 » 18 ., Over Olifant’s Nek 8 0 63 0 3 25 46 0 •• 9 f 18 P.M. 1 mile south-east of Rusten- 6 5 159 0 9 25 41 28 3 stars burg. 9 9 19 .. Past Maiden’s Kraal 14 4 40 0 H 25 30 11 1 star 9 9 20 .. South end of Pilau’s berg 11 2 161 0 10 J 25 21 20 9 9 20 P.M. North-east of Saul’s poort 14 4 34 2 9 25 11 10 •• 9 t 21 Brak Water Spruit 8 4 152 2 3J 25 6 40 9 9 21 P.M. Beer Kraal . 10 0 0 0 0 25 2 48? or 24 49 0 DR 22 .. Hoi Fontein. 11 3 0 0 4 24 49 50 22 P.M. Mimosa Grove . 6 0 196 0 11 24 44 50 9 9 22 Evg. Grassy Plain, no water 9 43 19 0 9 24 37 17 2 stars 23 .. Klip Kuil, little water .. 1 7 34 1 2^ 24 35 30 9 9 23 P.M. Limpopo or Krokodil River.. 14 2 127 1 0 24 23 0 DR 9 9 24 .. Ditto ditto 10 1 170 2 OJ 24 17 0 .. 24 P.M. Cross Marico River at its 9 2 31 0 7 24 10 58 3 stars junction with Limpopo. 9 9 25 .. Limpopo River . 7 5 88 2 6^ 24 0 50 • , 9 9 25 .. Ditto. 4 0 52 3 0 24 1 0 25 P.M. Ditto. 8 2 36 2 n 23 55 20 3 stars 9 9 26 .. Krantz draai, Limpopo.. 10 5 60 1 7 23 49 0 DR 9 9 26 P.M. Cross Notuani River, Limpopo 6 5 32 0 n 23 44 31 2 stars Carried forward 248 3 200 2 lO.L * The latitude of Macabe’s farm, taken by myself in 1850, is 26° 30' 30". between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 15 Compaot’s Expedition. Observed by T. Baines, Commanding. Calculations and R. J. Jewell, Secretary. Longitude. East. 1 1 Nature of Observation. Boiling Point. a< a O) a o B a 3 a a i Height in Feet. Remarks. i p e3 (m 0/ O 1 II 27 33 40 Lunar by 204-6 24-85 65^ 3900 Lat. obs. by E. Mohr 27 44 30 E. Molir 26° 42' 54 ". Long, obs., L) ti by E. Mohr 27° 33' 40" observed in circus be¬ hind the Royal Hotel, Coulson’s. 27 47 0 DR • • » . . 32 Mr. Mohr’s lat. is 26° 20'. 27 52 0 Wonder Fontein 1 mile • • •• 75 80 E.N.E.; house, 500yards south-east. 27 52 10 202-9 24-70 55 38 4810 The Fontein, south-west 100 yards ; the house, south-east 500 yards. 27 52 0 Meet Glasgow party. North of river, house on 27 49 40 left. Ride e.n.e. about 27 48 30 .. . . 60 68 . . , , 6 miles to Mr. Hartley’s 27 42 20 .. 204'8 25- 46 . . 39 3792 at Thorndale. 27 38 10 .. • • 75 . . • , • • Cross Hex River before 27 39 30 crossing the Nek. •• 205-6 25-25 38 35 3367 The Dorpspruit runs into Hex River. 27 40 50 27 39 0 206-3 25-65 54 64 3047 27 29 30 •• • • • • . . . . 41 • • Pass a village of Kaama- 27 23 0 yans. •• . . • • • » 31 . , , , North end of Pilan’s 27 18 30 berg. •• • • .. .. • • . . South of the heights of 27 14 20 Kurichaine or Water berg. .. . . . . . • 81 . , , , North of the heights. 27 13 50 . • 205*2 25-50 71 81 3580 27 10 40 . . . . , , 50 Lion round the cattle. 27 9 40 • • 206-3 25-50 61 50 3520 27 7 10 . . 206-7 26-50 65 95 , 2782 I mile west of river. 27 0 0 • • 45 Outspan under Haak 26 54 0 • • 206-9 26*50 64 79 . 2676 Down on west bank of 26 50 0 river. •• • • • • .. . 50 • Pass large Wellegaat 26 49 30 •• •• .. 90 Bourn. Outspan under 26 34 30 .. • 93 large tree. 26 40 40 • 207*4 26-40 73 48 2412 26 43 10 .. 207*7 • . • 2253 Beside the Limpopo. Concert of lions. IG Baines’.s Erphration of the Gold-hearing Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. m. fur yds. ft. in. o 1869 Brought forward 248 3 200 2 lOi May 27 .. Suruma Vlei. 14 7 113 2 OJ 23 36 30 DR 27 P.M. Surimane River, dry 8 1 30 1 11 23 33 0 3 stars » > 28 .. Klip Kuil or stony pool 8 3 78 1 6J 23 26 10 DR 28 P.M. South of the Kopjie 9 6 123 2 5 23 19 12 3 stars 29 .. Plain with Mimosas 6 5 143 1 n 23 14 10 , , 29 P.M. Ba-Mangwato hills 10 4 1 1 n 23 6 54 3 stars 31 .. From Ba-Mangwato hills to 7 6 209 2 7 2.3 3 0 DR round the point of hill. June 1 .. South-west of Mahalapi River 7 7 no 0 10 22 57 30 , , 9 9 1 P.M. Cross Mahalapi and Meetli rivers and outspan on flat. Cross Touani (Little Lion) 8 1 0 0 6 22 53 2 2 stars 2 .. 4 0 136 2 4 22 51 10 DR River. 2 P.M. Chakani Pans. 10 4 42 2 lOj 22 44 10 a . 9 2 P.M. On flat. Pass Limonie 7 5 73 1 22 39 50 •• J » 3 .. Lotsani River. 10 3 196 2 1 22 35 40 •• 3 .. Krantz Kopjie and pool 4 2 136 1 9 22 34 0 3 P.M. Pass Palatzie—on flat .. 9 6 155 0 8 2*2 29 0 2 stars 4 .. Sandy hollow . 7 7 156 1 3 22 26 30 DR » 4 .. Cross Seruli River. 9 1 50 2 9 22 20 47 Q 4 P.M. Pass Pan — outspan on flat .. i 3 195 1 22 15 50 3 stars 5 .. Flat, no water . 6 .5 67 0 22 10 10 a a 5 P.M, Cross Gokwe River 9 4 118 2 n 22 2 49 4 stars 7 .. Past Kachani River, outspan 10 2 151 2 8J 21 54 40 DR on flat. » J 7 P.M. Cross Macloutsie River .. 8 5 59 1 3 21 48 25 4 stars 8 .. Cross Big Sand Spruit, large 6 5 80 2 H 21 43 0 DR Haak Doom tree on north¬ east side. 9 9 8 P.M. Shashi River, north-east side 12 2 114 2 10^ 21 33 13 2 stars 9 .. Cross Tati River, outspan on 6 6 33 1 6 21 27 0 Q T. Baines bank 21 28 0 Q E. Mohr 9 9 11 .. On flat, near small Spruit ., 8 3 199 2 11 21 21 0 D R 11 P.M. Ramakohan, south-west of river 10 4 6 2 4 21 13 0 9 9 12 .. Cross Uin-pakwe . 9 5 166 0 9 21 5 59 3 stars Carried forward 1 492 1 77 2 17 continued. between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. Longitude. East. O ( // 26 44 20 26 41 10 26 37 30 26 34 0 26 32 0 26 31 10 26 36 0 26 40 30 26 4.5 10 26 48 20 26 56 0 27 1 10 27 8 20 27 12 20 27 20 10 27 26 10 27 32 0 27 34 0 27 35 10 27 37 30 27 42 30 27 45 30 27 47 0 27 49 10 27 51 0 27 52 0 27 56 30 27 58 30 Nature of Observation. DR Lunar E. Mohr DR Boiling Point. 1 Barometer. Thermometer. Maximum. Minimum. Heigh in Feet .. 76 207*2 26-35 56 • • 2518 207*0 40 2623 206*9 26-20 47A . • • • 2676 •• :: • • • * 33 . , 34 -■ -- 38 •• •• •• • • 65 206*0 25*20 62 -- •• 3154 206-9 26-6 •• -- -• 2676 206*8 26*65 82^ .. 2729 206*7 25-95 43| 39 2782 206*6 26*63 77 -- •• 2835 206*6 26*00 41 2835 206*8 26 • .50 , , 39 2729 207-1 26*37 70 .. 2591 207*2 26*85 59 37 • • 207*2 26*85 62 2518 53 at 2 A.M. 206*8 26*22 62 90 43 2729 207-0 26*22 45 1 44 2623 207*0 26-33 59 44 2623 206-8 26-10 86 2729 206*7 26-00 69 77 CO 2788 REM.iaKa. Leave Limpopo where Matclabats runs in. Swarms of locusts, full of eggs. Meet division of Glasgow party returning. Shoshoiig 10 miles w.n.w No water. One of Mr. Hartley’s horses died of the sickness. No water. Travel till 10.20 p.m. No water. Inspan at 2.35 a.m. Found a little water in Lotra down hill; 6rst mopane trees. Heavy sand. Pass a Fly Kopjie south of our road. Meet McNeil’s party. Four deaths, two cases of fever. No water. One hour and 50 minutes past Kachani River at 2J miles per hour. This river is the north¬ east frontier of Mat- jen’s province. The minimum cannot be observed when the waggon is in motion before sunrise. A large tributary of the Limpopo receives the Tati, and several other rivers below the houses of the gold-diggers. Broad sandy river. Ruins of Mashuna Kraal, rough walls of dry stone. C 5 18 Haines’.'} Erploralion of the GoUl-hearincf Recfion APPENDIX— Date. Place. ■ Trocheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. m. fur yds. ft. in. 1869 Brought forward 492 1 77 2 n i June 14 Cross Un-Kwezi River at Mak- U) 6 166 1 4 20 57 9 3 stars hobe’s. ,, 1.5 .. CrossSawpit spruit of Mangwe 20 0 15 2 8 20 44 40 E. Mohr River. and T. Baines .. 16 .. Cross Semokhie River ., 6 4 86 0 3 20 39 30 DR ,, 16 r.M. Manyama’s on a small spruit of Shashani River, granite 4 3 182 0 11 20 37 10 3 stars hills. From Ba-Mangwato hills to Many ami’s. 227 0 54 2 9 From Potchefstroom to Ba- 307 0 33 2 Mangwato hills. Total . ■534 0 88 1 n July 6 From Manyama’s. 20 37 10 Many various stars Crossing the Shashani River 11 6 109 0 8 20 30 2 1 star to top of the hill Malapola or Naghobc’s. .. 7 .. To grassy slope . 7 1 211 0 10 20 26 30 . . , , 7 P.M. Um-Vouulu’s—Inthaba Indh- 3 1 205 1 3 20 23 47 3 stars lana. ,, 8 .. Zeslashin Zangwe or tiger 5 0 207 1 2 20 21 30 , , bush. , , 8 P.M. Cross Kumalo or Roj al River 6 0 153 1 4 20 16 38 2 stars ,, 11 .. Dry Spruit . 11 3 16 2 H 20 7 23 2 stars ,, 12 .. Flamba Boloi (Bath of 6 1 81 0 n 20 4 20 , , Majesty), Umkhosi or King River, south-west side ,, 12 p.m. Flat, where lion attacked us .. 7 4 104 2 m 19 58 52 3 stars ,, 13 .. To Umgnoma, Wild Olive- wood River, south-west side 4 4 0 0 0 19 56 0 • • 14 .. Past Um-Haegua’s village .. 7 3 65 0 Hi 19 51 30 •• ,, 14 P.M. Cross a spruit south-west of Bembesi River, turn east 7 6 169 1 2 19 46 45 2 stars here leaving the road going north-east on our left. 78 3 4 0 6 ,, 15 .. Umlomo’s Kraal . 6 4 129 1 4i 19 44 30 , , 15 P.M, Bleak flat, no water 3 5 53 0 H sky clouded 19 43 30 DR Carried forward 10 1 182 2 1 hHwe.p.n the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 19 continmd. Longitude. list. Nature of Observation. Boiling Point. Barometer. Thermometer. Maximum. a 1=1 a a S Height in Feet. 1 Remakks. 0 J II 28 1 20 205’8 25-70 53 3260 Granite kopjies. 28 13 48 Lunar 205-4 25*20 47 3470 Lee’s farm on ' the 28 16 20 28 19 0 E. Mohr DR 205*4 24-80 74 3470 Mangwe § mile north¬ east, winding round through granite hills. Outpost of the Matabele, 22 18 0 28 26 40 28 31 50 28 34 0 DR 203-8 203-7 204*0 24-47 24-45 24-.53 69 90 77 • • 30§ 4328 4381 4221 where travellers send forward for leave to enter the country. A granite hill. 28 37 0 28 41 0 28 44 30 203- 9 204- 2 204-4 24-35 24-63 24-75 85 78 34 • • • » 4274 1 4114 4007 Source of the river Gwaii. First water 28 49 20 •• 204-7 25-00 53 72 241 3846 flowing to Zambesi. 28 54 10 204-4 24-95 58 77 4007 No water. Horses strayed. 28 57 0 • . 204-8 25-00 50 69^ 45 Next morning, Mata- 29 3 0 204-6 24-70 73 3900 bele found and brought them back. At a scanty rill in valley 29 8 30 204-7 24-90 49 3846 beyond the village. Zong in Thaba Kraal 29 12 30 29 16 0 •• •• -- •• 67 44 onder Umbigo, 10 miles from the mission sta¬ tion at luyati. 20 1>A1NEs’a' E.ritloration of the Gohl-hearhuj Re.ijion APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheauieter. L itituile. South. 1 i Nature of Observation. m fur yds. ft. in. 0 1869 Brought forward lU 1 182 2 1 July 16 .. In-Queuquis River 3 1 95 1 4,1. 19 43 0 Sky clouded' f » 17 .. Strike the road from the 6 1 138 1 10 19 43 0 inissiou to Manpaiijeui, and outspan at dry spruit. ■ , » * 1 7 P.M. Cross Sangwe River and pass ling-eu’s Kraal. 8 5 57 1 3^ 19 42 40 1 * ’ 1 1 » » 18 .. Inyanga or Doctor’s Kraal, ^ 9 3 131 U m / 19 40 20 1 star a mile short of the village j 1 1 t 19 .. Manpanjeni or Umbanjiu .. f> 3 125 0 19 42 30 6 stars Aug. 16 .. From Manpanjeni, turn 6 5 211 1 10 19 36 0 1 star (due) N.N.w. without a road, cross spruit of Mnyami and Changani rivers, and out¬ span in grove of thorn and kookootoo-tree. m / Cross small spruit. 3 195 1 19 30 30 .. » t 7 P.M. Ditto . 2 0 165 0 8 19 29 0 1 star 9 > 9 .. Ditto. 8 6 133 0 4^ 19 23 43 ’ ’ 9 P.M. In twenty minutes strike the main road from Inyati going north-east. Cross Um- banga River and a sandy spruit, and in two hoars 4 i 9 1 6^ 19 20 25 1 star 1 1 1 1 73 1 125 0 11 from striking the road, out- span. - 10 .. From sandy spruit east of « . 19 20 25 1 star Umbanga River, granite hills on south. 19 18 50 Dm Vungu In one hour cross the U- 7 1 173 2 19 16 It) DR vungu River and outspan two hours and twenty minutes 1 1 beyond on a sand belt in Mopani forest. : 1 » ♦ 10 P.M. Cross U-Gwelo River .. 8 4 31 1 0 19 11 15 1 star » J 11 .. Cross Un Gwenya (Crocodile) 3 2 157 0 19 19 30 River. » 1 11 P.M. Wooded sand belt, no water 7 5 104 2 7 19 4 20 Clouded » > 12 .. Cross Inkokwaasi Rivulet 3 4 118 2 lU- 19 2 0 ' • 1 i ' ) 12 P.M. ' Cross Inchamba Rivulet and 15 2 126 1 29 6 21 O on 13th • outspan at old kraal. 1 1 1 Carried forward .. .. | 5 45 52 2 6 i ! between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 21 oniinued. Longitude. Last. 29 19 0 29 24 0 29 31 30 29 39 40 29 44 30 29 44 55 29 43 30 29 42 30 29 38 0 29 40 0 Nature of Observation. 29 40 0 29 42 0 29 45 0 29 .50 10 29 52 20 29 57 00 29 58 40 30 9 10 DR Boiling Point. 204-7 204-7 204-7 204-6 204-7 204-6 204-6 204-6 204-7 204•4^ 204-8 204-4 204-7 -204-8 a CQ 26-97 24-90 24*80 25-20 25-20 25-20 25-25 25-10 25-25 25-10 25-15 25-22 .a H a n 52 56 49 50 60 60 69 25-57 76 60 70 70 57 71 75 68 48i 89 72 77 ^ 46 44 40 39 43 43 41 Height in Feet. 29 55 3846 3846 3846 3900 3846 3900 3900 3900 3845 Remarks. Stick fast and unload. This is the river In- Quenquis; the mission station is 5 or 6 miles lower down. Four small rivers near this. Medical attendant to the royal family. Village of Um’Numhata, Regent of Matahili land. Inyati bears 280 (mag), about 35 miles. South of Intaba-Mad- wala, said to be ruined Portuguese houses a- bout here. Inthaba Banga n.n.e. (due). Meet Mr. S. Edwards, bound to Inyati. 3980 3793 4007 3846 3793 The Uvungu River has steep banks and sandy bed, 75 or 100 yards wide. Sandy bed, fine pools above the drift. Small river. Meet Han’s Haai, a Griqua hunter. Ughondie and other soft¬ wood trees. In a road too far to th( north. Course to the south-ea.o Nelsou sees two lions. 22 Baines’s Exploration of the Gold-hearing Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheameter. Latitude. 1 South. j Nature of Obfiervation. m fur. yds. ft. in. o 1869 Brought forward 45 5 52 2 6 Vug. 13 P.M. Cross U-Quaequae River 3 4 205 0 6 19 7 25 Cloudy, 4 stars, 1870 ,, 14 .. Matchabella Grove, no water. 9 7 45 2 0 19 1 40 . . ,, 14 p.m. Cross Im Bembis or Bembesi 4 6 77 2 1 18 58 30 1869 and 187C River. ,, 16 .. Cross Sebaque River (first 5 5 156 1 lOj 18 55 7 5 May, 1870 palms). ,, 17 .. Small river (Indhlovu or 7 10 2 10 18 51 40 Elephant). , , 17 P.M. Small river, nameless .. 4 4 77 2 2 18 49 48 1 star ,, 18 .. Cross Umyati River, broad 8 2 90 0 H 18 45 18 1 star sandy bed and steep banks. ,, 19 .. Cross Ungezi River, rapid 5 1 2 2 6 18 42 0 D R stream, rocky drift. , , 19 P.M. 5^ furlongs short of Ungezan 3 7 13 1 2 18 39 0 or Inkwazan or Little Ungezi. ,, 20 .. Cross Ungezan and several little rivers, among which is the “ Break-down ” rivulet • • 18 33 36 3 stars of 1870, and outspan at a Rivulet in grassy valley 12 5 190 2 6 18 29 56 1 star ,, 21 .. Cross Uzwezwe River .. 2 3 50 2 1 18 29 7 South side, 3 stars, 1870 , , 21 P.M. Cross mud spruit and outspan 9 4 3 1 18 22 16 2 stars in soft-wood grove, Ij mile beyond. ,, 24 to 27 About 6 miles to the north the 18 18 00 road turns more easterly, then north again, crosses 18 14 30 •• the Zinlundasi Rivulet and 1 1 the Umfuli River at Hartley drift, then turns north-west to the Sarua. ,, 27 P.M. Cross Sarua River . 27 1 194 0 10 1 18 7 40 • • , , 28 .. Cross half-a-dozen small rivu- 14 0 39 1 5^ 17 58 11 1 star lets and , 29 .. Cross Imbecla (or Rock Rabbit) River. Carried forward 165 2 111 2 3 , bettceen the Limpojw and Zambesi Rivers. 23 continued. Longitude. East. Nature of Observation. Boiling Point. Barometer. Thermometer. Maximum. a p a .a s Height in Feet. Remarks. O / II 30 11 20 204-8 25-22 60 3792 Join Hartley’s Road just 30 18 0 before crossing the river. Fine bro;id running stream. Halt for flesh of wilde- 30 20 0 • 205-4 25-25 63| 3474 beeste. Water 2 ft. 6 in. deep at 30 24 0 205-5 50 42 3420 the drift; broad low valley on each side. Buffaloes and lions 30 29 30 •• 205-5 25-60 60 • . 3420 plentiful. Tsetse not far down the river. 30 33 40 205*5 25-26 50 65 3420 Fine pool below the 30 36 0 » 205-6 25-64 54^ 7 40 3366 drift. Rugged granite hills 30 39 0 205-4 25-55 57^ - 3475 going into the trap • makes a needless half mile. 11 30 yards broad water, 30 41 0 62 i cool and clear, running into Umyati 2 miles below the road. • ■ Runs into Ungezi nearly 34 44 20 30 46 0 205-2 25-40 49 68 36 3580 2 miles below the road. On foot from Jennings’. 30 47 0 30 48 0 204-8 25-22 64 69 3793 Overtake Nelson here. In returning, we took a 30 55 00 30 55 30 30 48 30 205-3 25-45 70 82 50 3526 more direct route nearly south from the Sarua, reducing the dishince considerably, as will be seen further on. Called Sulagozan River, 30 40 0 205-2 25-40 77i 82 42 3580 to commemorate the killing of an old woman; also Mopanie River. Strong stream Rocky river, joins Urn I ; 1 j fuli 25 miles down. 1 24 Baines’s Exploration of the Gold-hearing Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. m fur. yds. ft. in. 1869 Brought forward 165 2 Ill 2 3 Aug. 30 Cross inzinghazi Kiver.. 7 5 162 1 7 .50 36 1 star 31 .. Ganyana River, Panjamey of Livingstone, where it joins 9 7 8 1 5 17 44 56 2 stars 182 7 62 2 U the Zambesi. Amakoonda’s Village 17 33 0 DR Old Diggings . •• 17 31 40 •• Return Journey from Sarua .. 18 27 40 DR Sept. 21 River north side. Across Simbo Rivulet to Hart- 5 4 141 2 lU 18 11 39 3 stars ley Hill, the Company’s first claim. ,, 22 .. North side of Umfuli, oppo¬ site Sir John Swinburne’s 0 7 87 1 3 18 12 30 DR digging. ,, 23 .. Cross Umfuli River below 3 6 95 0 n 18 14 0 DR junction of Zenlundasi River 18 12 16 1 star Oct. 2 A.M. Junction of new road with 5 6 142 0 2 18 19 10 DR the old. , , 2 P.M. Small stream in open valley 4 0 42 1 18 21 37 3 stars Our outspan of August, 21 1 2 25 1 18 22 16 1 star and 23. 2 sun Total by direct road .. 1 From outspan of August 21 and 23, to north side of Sarua by old road 21 3 94 1 1 27 1 194 0 10 ! Difference in favour of new road. 5 6 99 2 9 Outspan of August 21 to Uz- 7 3 200 1 11 18 29 7 South side, wezwe, north side. 3 stars between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 25 ontinued. Longitude. Nature of Boiling East. , Observation. Point a § PQ 1 Height in Feet. Remarks. a 3846 Runs into Imbeela. 52 39.53 From this camp I rode 30 39 50 30 41 20 ^ 30 17 20 ; 30 19 0 ! 30 48 20 ; 30 49 20 ; 30 49 10 CO o 51 40 30 50 40 30 48 50 30 48 0 30 47 0 DR 204-7 204-5 25-22 25-2 6 o a 0) H 60 77 80 95 204-8 205- 24-70 24-92 74 95 95 98 82 94 78 at 7 P.M. 42 48 about 35 miles north¬ west by west (due) to Amakoonda’s, a Ma- shuua chief, and saw old diggings; there is Tsetse about 10 miles bevond. 3798 3686 91 62 The new road crosses nearly south from Sarua to Simbo River, the old one goes east from 4 to 6 miles. The holes were dug by Sir John without permis¬ sion from the Matabele. Kigeliso pinnata, or pas pisa trees, north of the drift. My last ride on “ Dutch¬ man ” in chase of rhi¬ noceros. One ox died here in coming in, and my horse “ Dutchman ” died 1^ mile south in the return journey. Mata¬ bele army, returning from plundering the M ashunas,overtakes us. Saving of 2 m. 22 y. 2 ft. 8i in. by not turning out to the eastward. Moderate shower. 26 Baines’s Exploration of the Gold-hearing Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Oct 1869 . 8 1.5 15 r.M. 16 .. 19 .. 19 r.M. 20 A.M. 20 r.M. 21 A.M. Nov. 6 ,, 8 ,, 9 From north of Umyati to outspau of August 17, by rivulet. From U-Quaequae east side by road nearly due west. Cross the luchamba, to Lunda Route. Past Uu-Gwenya River, no water. Cross U-Gwelo River to west side. Total by direct road .. From U-Gwelo 200 yards on east side by northern road to across U-Quaequae. Difference in favour of direct route. From west of Umbanga River, where we met Mr. S. Edwards, August 9th, to cross Changane River, broad sandy. Cross I-zango River, broad sandy. Cross small rivulet Cross Ohlungo Route, cross Umcloutchan and another route. Cross Inzolongo River Between the hills, Piccaroon Kraal. Inyati Mission Station .. Cross In-quenquis River Cross Imbusini Rivulet.. Cross Bembesi River to our outspan of July 14. Total by direct road .. From outspan of July 14 Bembesi by Manpanjeni to Umbanga River. Difference in favour of direct Route. Trccheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. m fur . yds. ft. in. 0 1 U 7 6 183 2 0 ^ 19 7 25 1 1 « » 1 1 10 2 50 1 11 19 10 55 •• 12 0 185 1 H 19 11 30 •• 2 6 142 2 oj 19 11 15 1 star 25 1 158 2 9 3.3 4 52 1 H • • • • 8 2 113 1 •• 19 22 30 •• 9 4 50 2 0 19 27 40 •• 2 4 66 1 19 29 0 •• 3 2 186 1 0 19 30 40 6 4 154 0 3^ 19 34 0 • • 2 6 71 1 5 19 35 30 4 1 215 0 8 19 37 30 •• 6 6 203 0 10 ^ 19 40 48 E. Mohr 1 1 119 2 O 5 19 41 30 . » 3 5 195 1 9^ 19 43 10 4 7 124 2 li 19 47 0 45 6 67 1 7 73 1 125 0 11 27 3 57 2 4 between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 27 continued. .S Longitude. East. Nature of Observation. t Boiling Point. a> 8 Oi s o a o a a I Height in Feet. Remarks. 1 0 ^ M c3 "B m H S 0 4 4 t 98 60 Saving of 1 m. If. 137 y. 30 11 20 30 3 30 2 ft. 1 in. by not going into the trap. This distance may still be shortened by taking the straight road. •• 204-3 24-55 83 89 54 4060 29 53 40 .. 204-6 24-60 72 3900 B. P. 200 yards on east of 204-8 25-25 48 U-Gwelo August 10. 29 50 10 • • 205-0 24-90 71 95 53 3686 Less by about 300 yards, on account of difference in outspan place. 29 38 40 29 31 40 .. * - . • • * 93 68 29 30 0 •• •• •• •• 100 29 28 10 55 Meet Watson with 8 of 29 23 30 • * • • 59 our oxen from Inyati, to assist us. 29 21 40 86 95 29 19 0 •• .. .. 61 . • .. Very dry. No grass for oxen. 29 13 30 E. Mohr, 204-2 24-62 84 4115 The west corner of the lunar i Rev. T. M. Thomas’s house, bearing 330 ^ a mile. 29 13 0 . . 204*2 24-65 82 94 63 4115 1 Heavy rains. Rainfall i at Inyati 0-47 inch. 29 11 0 . . 204-6 24-77 71 , , , , 3900 Near Umnyakangya’s 29 8 20 1 1 1 i i ! j 83 63 j 1 village. 28 Baines’s Exploration of the Gold-bearing Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheametcr. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. 1870 m fur yds. ft. in. Apr. 8 .. From Kumalo, north side, turn , . 2°0 16 38 2 stars south of the main road, .3 4 1.5 2 0 20 19 0 D R Kaami Route, cross to south of watershed, pass Uin-thlat- lau-laylor on our left. 7 » 8 I'.M. Cross River Umthenyani. .5 5 214 0 2 20 19 30 DR > ) 8 P.M. Gibbeklaike the King Lo- 3 3 167 2 3 20 18 11 3 stars Hengulu’s new town. » > 18 .. Down the south-east face of 11 3 54 1 11 20 22 46 1 1 5 stars the mountain, crossing the Inzingwaine, to make anew kraal for the King, cir- cuitous route. > I 26 .. From Gibbeklaike to abreast 3 1 125 0 2 20 16 0 D R of the old village of Lo- Bengulu, on our left. 1 To rivulet going to Flamba 1 2 1.53 1 9 20 15 30 DR 1 Boloi River or Umkhosi. 1 > » 26 .. Stick-fast Rivulet. 1 0 198 0 11 20 14 40 I t » 27 .. Pass Umzinyati village on the 5 By estimation 20 11 0 Umkhosi or King River, on which is Slambo Boloi. 9 t 27 P.M. Cross Zizibantu River, pass 8 6 152 0 4 20 5 18 2 stars Inthaba Induna on our left, and cross rivulet. 20 6 0 •• 5 » 28 .. Cross Coeghla Rivulet and 4 7 141 2 10 20 1 0 pass north of Inzingwaine Hill, J mile. 9 9 28 P.M. Pass Elibaiue’s, on rivulet 6 2 125 2 6 19 55 30 running to Um-Bembesi. South of the Zong in Thaba 4 5 171 1 9 19 51 40 hills. f 9 29 .. Cross Bembesi south of 5 1 179 2 6 19 47 20 Zong in Thaba hills. 9 9 29 P.M. Cross In Quenquis and reach 7 6 197 2 10 19 40 48 E. Mohr. Inyati, the London Mission Crucial Society’s Station. Station. Total Kumalo to Inyati 61 2 30 2 0 by Gibbeklaike. May 9 .. From Inyati, eastward, to the south of the main road. To flat. Sokhele’s Kraal, north- 6 3 76 2 7 19 41 38 4 stars west 1 mile. Carried forward 1 e 3 76 2 7 * To be omitted in adding up.— [T. Eainks.] between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 29 continued. Longitude. East. Nature of Obaervation. O / // Dead 28 41 0 28 46 0 reckoning 28 47 30 D R 28 .52 0 D R 28 57 0 DR 28 51 0 DR 28 51 40 28 52 10 • • 28 54 30 Village ^ mile west 28 59 0 DR 28 57 0 1 •• 29 1 0 •• 29 6 30 29 8 20 29 10 30 29 13 30 E. Mohr Boiling Point. c3 m S O a O ja H 204- SO¬ TS Height in Feet. Kemakks. 4221 Position of town of Um-thlat-lan-laylor nearly the same as Kaami route. Boiling-point about the same. Position of the Inthaba Induna approximate. 204-2 4115 The country is tolerably well wooded from Kaami up to this. The heights of the water¬ shed become gradually more bare. At Gi bbeklaike the cattle ■were luiig-sick. 1 sent ours to stay near Ku- malo. The footpath is about 8 miles. Difference of latitude 0° 4' 35". The old village of Ban- gulu is as far on the north side of the water¬ shed as Gibbeklaike is south. Heavy rains and black adhesive mud. Inthaba Induna (hill of chief). Several chiefs were killed here for electing a king, while Umselegas was away at Zambesi. Uinnombuti declares Ku- ruman was killed here. Lo-Beuziilu was saved by a man who hid him in the shield-house by- order of Umselegas. The Zong in Thaba rebel regiment is now annihilated. Very heavy rain as we crossed the river. Mr. Sykes’ house bears north-west J mile south-west from our outspan. 29 19 10 DR 30 Baines’.v Kx])lorati(m of the Gohl-hearint/ Region APPENDIX— Date. Place. Trocheamcter. | Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. 1870 Brought forward m. fur. yds. fl. in. 6 3 76 2 7 O i it May 10 Pull through rain swamp, and outspan. 3 4 78 0 0 19 42 30 DR ,, 10 p.m. Sink in mud to the axles, break dessel boom. 04 70 1 9 19 42 30 ,, 11 .. Two hard treks through muddy soil, cross rivulet. Watson shoots a wolf. 16 68 2 6 19 42 20 .. - ,, 12 .. Muddy hill and dale, wooded country. 07 33 2 9 19 42 20 •• ,, 12 P.M. Cross from spruits of the Songwe River, and outspan by the largest pool Jing- Eus, and below it. 3 0 142 1 5 19 42 20 ,, 13 .. Cross rivulet running to Changane. 6 0 61 2 11 19 42 0 •• ,, 1.3 p.m. Pass Inyangane or the Doctor’s village, M’Sonto's, and out¬ span near it. 6 7 106 2 8 19 42 10 •• ,, 14 .. 18 .. ^ mile north of Manpanjeni or Umbanjin, on M’uyami or Black River. Total from Inyati Mis¬ sion Station to Man¬ panjeni. From Manpanjeni or Um¬ banjin, across Changani and Dumas or 'I’homas Route, is a grassy ridge with thorns. 5 6 123 2 9 35 0 102 1 4 5 7 162 0 4 19 42 39 19 42 39 19 38 50 4 stars 4 stars D R ,, 19 .. Cross Tyabensi River below islet. 24 57 8 6 19 37 10 • ' , 19 P.M. Cross Little Route. Grassy slope. Mopanies. 5 6 144 0 1 19 34 20 •* 20 .. Cross swampy valley, wooded slope. 17 61 2 5 19 33 30 • • ,, 20 P.M. Cross Little Um-Vungu, 30 yards wide. 3 4 213 0 2 19 31 40 •• 21 .. Cross Great Uin-Vungu 2 5 180 2 0 19 30 30 . . ,, 21 .. Cross last spruit of Um-Vungu 4 4 214 2 11 19 28 0 •• , , 21 P.M. Cross Umgnamo or Knife River. 0 3 30 1 11 19 27 46 4 stars ,, 24 .. Come to Makapukapa River 61 59 2 3 19 22 40 , . , , 24 P.M. Cross Makapukapa and U. Gwelo to hill H mile beyond. Carried forward 2 7 0 1 2 ! 35 5 25 0 i) ' 19 21 23 4 stars hetiocen the Lhnpopo and Zambesi Rivers. ai continued. Longitude. Last. Nature of Observation. o 1 II 29 22 50 •• 29 23 10 29 24 10 •• 29 25 10 29 28 0 •• 29 33 10 29 40 0 29 44 10 •> 29 44 30 D R 29 47 0 29 49 0 . . 29 52 30 29 53 40 29 55 30 . . 29 57 40 30 0 10 •• 30 0 50 • • 30 3 20 30 4 40 Boiling Point. Barometer. 1 Thermometer. Height in Feet. Remarks. _c Country swamped with heavy and iong con¬ tinued rains. The wag¬ gons sink nave-deep generally, and often to tlie axles. Very cold, damp and misty. Waggon-wheel ploughs up an eatable frog from its burrow: extreme length 1.5 inches. Very heavy Deurslag. From this we get har¬ der ground, country generally more or less wooded ; more bare towards the watershed 1 on our right or south, and denser in the lower country on our left or north Umbainjin or Man- panjene is Umnomba’s village, but at this date he was away at the king’s. We came here on the present occa¬ sion to buy corn and goats, and hire men for the journey. I 204-8 I 6.5 204-8 204-8 1 3793 ; Eiver-banks, black mud; I one hour making a I j drift; shower at noon ; ; gentle continued rain I ' at night. Waggons ' sink to axles in heavy I Deurslag. 1 3793 I Joins Great Um-Vungu about 6 miles below. i I 1 3793 ; Rocky rivulet, deep ; I lanes. i Past spruit of U-Gwelo. I Outspan to make a drift, i .. hitbaba Khoboli 4 or .5 miles north-west. I 32 Bainks’^ Exploration of the Gold-hearinp Region APPENDIX— Date, Place. Trocheameter. Latitude. South. Nature of Observation. m fur. yds. ft. in. o 1870 Brought forward 35 5 25 0 9 May 25 Elevated plain, grove of 7 0 183 0 10 19 15 0 . . khondjie or ughondjie-trees 1 t 25 P.M. Reach the road at Lunda 5 6 31 1 7 19 10 55 3 stars Route. » > 26 .. Cross Inchamba Route. 4 1 184 0 4 19 10 0 > > 2G P.M. Cros U-Quaequae River, and 5 4 184 2 2 19 7 25 8 stars outspan in grove 400 yards south-east of drift. Total Manpanjene to 59 2 168 2 8 U-Quaequae. July 13 From Hartley Hill cross Um- 9 7 84 0 8 18 7 52 1 star full and south-east to the hunter’s convalescent caiiip. * » 14 .. Cross sources of Zinlundasi 8 t 10 0 18 25 37 D. old camp. 14 P.M. Cross Umzweswe River near t 7 71 1 4 18 29 26 3 stars] its source. > 15 .. Cross sand spruit going north 6 4 91 1 10 18 27 0 D R > 15 P.M. Cross four sand spruits come 8 4 3 1 10 18 24 40 ti> another old camp. » 15 .. Cross mud spruit. 4 5 15 2 3 18 28 15 2 stars > 16 ,. Cross small and large spruit 9 5 7 2 8 18 35 0 DR or Umgesi. » 16 P.M. Cross small spruit, stop short 6 3 35 0 11 18 37 49 3 stars of deep spruit. > 18 .. Cross spruit of Umyati 9 7 45 2 4 18 42 49 Q > 18 P.M. Cross the watershed Umti- 7 1 49 2 8 18 44 40 1 star gesi high lands, to spruit of Umsaabie. > 19 .. Cross Poromadjen Route in 6 4 147 2 3 18 45 0 DR valley. ) > 19 P.M. Cross Kitorok and Sepowie 6 0 103 0 5 18 47 46 2 stars River and to Umtigezas village. Total Hartley Hill to 92 1 6 1 Umtigezas. Hartley Hill to Willie's grave 13 direct line e.s.e. 18 16 40 DR Down Umfuli on foot .. 25 w inding course 18 1 30 D R north-west. To extensive abandoned w’ork- 21 n early through 18 0 0 mgs. 1 N.w. by N. To workings resumed by ' CO winding course 17 31 30 . . Mas unas. N.N.W. between the Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers. 33 continued. Longitude. East. Nature of Observation. Boiiing Point. Barometer. Thermometer. Maximum. Minimum. Height in Feet. Remarks. O / n 30 4 0 Grassy open country. 30 4 0 .. Patches of mopanie ug- 30 8 0 .. hondie and other trees. Inthaba Umquaqua and sources of Ingwamyo, south-west, Inthaba Siloquamdo and 30 1 20 Siloquamdo rivulet s.E. Inthaba Sequaequae, n. 30 54 10 DR From this we pro¬ ceeded by former road going direct to Hartley Hill. On the old road, by Zin- 30 58 0 205-6 28-55 74 • • 3367 lundasi route. Probably on source of 31 2 0 205-6 3420 Zinlundasi. In returning, a lion bites 31 7 0 one ox fatally, and at¬ tacks another. Leak’s road turns north. 31 13 40 .. , , , , , , .. Thaba Enzimbe Irou 31 15 30 205-4 Sand 1 )elt heft me reac hing 3473 Mountain, s.s.E. 31 20 20 31 24 50 • . 205-3 205-1 Umg esi. 3526 3632 Samara wooded. Sand 31 31 50 204-0 4221 belt, after crossing’Um- gese. Thaba Enzimbe, w.s.w. ' 31 37 00 •• 203-1 27-90 •• •• 4703 Umyati goes south of Thaba Enzimbe. On the watershed. 31 41 30 204-7 3846 Granite hills on each ^ 31 46 20 204-3 78 45 4060 side. On rough granite hills. 30 59 10 1 1 DR W. J. 1 1 Hartley, 29th M ay, 187 ). We buy corn and pack- oxen, sheep and goats. Inscription on tree, W. ' 30 31 0 D R 206-0 1 i 1 i 3154 J. H. 29/5/70. Tsetse fly. 30 36 0 .. 1 With Mr. Hartley in vicinity of old round 30 32 0 Portuguese house. With George Wood to his camp near 1 Amakoonda’s. 5 D LONDON: Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, and Cliariug Cross.