■'v^ - NnTI. 
 
 MANUAL 
 
 Of the Board of Foreign Missions of 
 the Presbjrterian Church 
 in the U. S. A. 
 
 
 REVISED—1927 
 
 156 FIFTH AVENUE 
 NEW YORK 
 
MANUAL 
 
 Of the Board of Foreign Missions of 
 the Presbyterian Church 
 in the U. S. A. 
 
 REVISED—1927 
 
 156 FIFTH AVENUE 
 NEW YORK 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 "S 
 
 in 2018 with funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
 https://archive.org/details/manualofboardoffOOpres_0 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 HIS Manual is for the guidance of the missionaries and 
 
 officers of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Pres¬ 
 
 byterian Church in the U. S. A. It is not a formal 
 contract between the Board and the missionaries, but it states 
 the regulations, policies and methods which experience has 
 shown to be essential to efficient conduct of missionary work 
 and to harmonious cooperation between all those who are 
 engaged in it. 
 
 The edition of 1922 having become exhausted, the Board 
 has now incorporated the amendments and official interpreta¬ 
 tions that have since been adopted together with some neces¬ 
 sary explanatory matter. A just administration and equitable 
 treatment of all missionaries render special privileges to in¬ 
 dividuals inadvisable. The regulations are believed to be 
 sympathetically appreciative of the missionaries’ position and 
 work, and requests for exceptions are usually embarrassing 
 to all involved. All concerned are expected to familiarize 
 themselves with this Manual and to recognize that observance 
 of its provisions is for the best interests of the work. Experi¬ 
 ence has shown that confusion and misunderstanding may arise 
 from neglect of its provisions. 
 
 The appointment of new missionaries is not deemed effective 
 until the Board has received their signature to a "Manual 
 Acceptance Card’’ which reads as follows; 
 
 “I hereby acknowledge the receipt of a copy of the 
 Board’s Manual giving the rules and regulations which 
 govern the missionaries in their work and in their relations 
 to the Board. I have carefully read it, and I promise 
 compliance with its provisions, believing that I can labor 
 cheerfully and happily under the direction of the Board 
 and in conformity with the system which it finds necessary 
 in order to maintain its extensive and intricate work 
 
I understand, however, that this Manual is neither a 
 contract nor a final expression of the Board’s principles 
 and rules, but that it is subject to such amendments as the 
 Board may, from time to time, deem to be for the best 
 interests of the cause.” 
 
 The spiritual aspects of the missionary wmrk are of course 
 entitled to the foremost place in the thoughts and aflfections of 
 all who engage in it. It is therefore not in any undervaluing of 
 these high views that this Manual deals so largely with the 
 details of organization and administration. 
 
 4 
 
OBJECTIVES AND FORMS OF WORK 
 
 A. THE AIM OF FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 1. The supreme and controlling aim of Foreign Missions 
 is to make the Lord Jesus Christ known to all men as their 
 Divine Saviour and to persuade them to become His disciples; 
 to gather these disciples into Christian churches which shall 
 be self-propagating, self-supporting, self-governing; to co¬ 
 operate, so long as necessary, with these churches in the 
 evangelizing of their countrymen, and in bringing to bear on 
 all human life the spirit and principles of Christ. 
 
 B. RELATIONSHIPS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 
 BOARD AND MISSIONS 
 
 Action of the General Assembly of 1922 
 
 2. “The commission ‘Go ye into all the world, and preach 
 the Gospel to the whole creation’ (Mark 16:15) was given 
 to the w'hole Church, and the work of evangelizing non- 
 Christian nations is the responsibility of all Christians. ‘The 
 Church itself is the first Missionary Society.’ 
 
 “The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 U. S. A., acting on behalf of the whole Church and in ac¬ 
 cordance with the provisions of its Constitution, conducts 
 the work of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church by 
 a Board appointed for that purpose. 
 
 “The Board of Foreign Missions is the agent of the General 
 Assembly for organizing, supporting and administering the 
 work of Foreign Missions. It is amenable to the General 
 Assembly, and reports its proceedings every year for review 
 and approval. It has complete supervision of ■ the whole 
 Foreign Mission Avork of the Church, subject only to such 
 
 So. 3 
 
 5 
 
directions as may be given from time to time by the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 “The missionaries on the field are representatives of the 
 whole Presbyterian Church. Ordained ministers are subject 
 to the jurisdiction of the Presbyteries of which they are 
 members in all matters pertaining to their ministerial stand¬ 
 ing. As missionaries, in common with all others appointed 
 by the Foreign Board, they are necessarily under the direction 
 and control of the Board as the agent of the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 “The Missions are the agents of the Board of Foreign Mis¬ 
 sions for organizing and administering the work on the field. 
 Their powers are delegated by the Board, with the approval 
 of the General Assembly, and are defined in the Board’s 
 Manual. They regularly report all actions to the Board for 
 review and approval. The Mission is not a permanent in¬ 
 stitution. It is a necessary organization in the first stages 
 of evangelization, but aims to build up as soon as possible 
 an indigenous Church, which shall be self-propagating, self- 
 supporting and self-governing, and prepares and encourages 
 the native Church to complete the work of evangelization in 
 the mode best suited to its own national genius.’’ 
 
 C. FORMS OF WORK 
 
 The Board deems all methods and forms of missionary 
 service legitimate in so far as they contribute to the realiza¬ 
 tion of the aim stated in Article 1. At the same time 
 it recognizes that questions of proportion and relation of 
 various methods will have to be determined in the light of 
 varying conditions. 
 
 Evangelistic or Church Work 
 
 3. In the direct evangelistic or church work, the aim is: 
 
 (a) To convey the Gospel to the people as quickly and 
 effectively as possible by preaching, teaching, evangelistic 
 
 6 
 
institutional enterprises, personal work, distribution of litera¬ 
 ture, the example of the Christian life, and the influence of 
 the Christian home. 
 
 (b) To instruct in the Word of God and lead into saving 
 relationship with Christ those who have become interested 
 in the Gospel message. 
 
 (c) To co-operate in organizing converts into churches and 
 in providing for their spiritual oversight and nurture, 
 that they may be developed into faithful and efficient Chris¬ 
 tians, filled with zeal for the glory of God and the salvation 
 of men. 
 
 (d) To co-operate with the Church in promoting such 
 practical forms of service for the welfare of individuals and 
 society as will adequately express the spirit of Jesus Christ 
 and the social teachings of His Gospel. 
 
 (e) To co-operate with the Church in seeking out and 
 training men and women of special promise for leadership 
 in the various kinds of evangelistic work carried on by the 
 Mission or the Church. 
 
 Educational Work 
 
 4. The aim of missionary education on the foreign field is: 
 
 (a) The nurture of the children of the Christian community 
 and the training of those fitted for Christian leadership. This 
 objective, which is essential to the missionary enterprise and 
 which cannot be adequately met except by missionary educa¬ 
 tion, involves the training for efficient participation in family, 
 community, vocational, church and state life. Evangelization 
 is primary and essential to this, but evangelistic methods are 
 not sufficient for its accomplishment. Secular education is 
 not adequate because it does not prepare for efficient Christian 
 participation in social life. Even missionary education will 
 not meet the need unless it has a thoroughly socialized cur- 
 
 7 
 
riculiim and supplies specific training that is both Christian 
 and efficient. 
 
 (b) The evangelization of non-Christians. In some coun¬ 
 tries missionary schools furnish an important means of at¬ 
 tracting young people to come under Christian influences, 
 often including classes not ordinarily accessible to the evan¬ 
 gelist, and aflording opportunity through prolonged contact for 
 thoroughly setting forth the Gospel by word, example, work 
 and personal friendship. 
 
 (c) The leavening of non-Christian society. Through 
 some who may not confess Christ in the school, or who may 
 never confess Him, Christian ideals may yet be brought to 
 bear on non-Christian society that its evils may be abated, 
 its spirit influenced, and the winning of others to faith in 
 Christ facilitated. 
 
 Medical Work 
 
 5. Medical work is not merely a key to open the door into 
 non-Christian communities, but an integral part of the mis¬ 
 sionary enterprise. 
 
 (a) Generically, the aim of medical missions is an integral 
 part of the aim common to all forms of missionary work, 
 that is, to lead people to Christ and to organize them into 
 churches and train them to self-propagation, self-support and 
 self-government. 
 
 (b) Specifically, the aim is: (1) The relief of suffering; (2) 
 Training a national Christian medical profession; (3) Removal 
 of superstition regarding causes of disease; (4) Preventive 
 medicine—public health; (5) To do these things in the name 
 and spirit of Christ so as to strengthen the evangelistic work. 
 
 While everything possible should be done to alleviate suf¬ 
 fering and save life, at the same time the physician and nurse 
 should aim to multiply their powers through the training 
 of doctors and nurses, thereby establishing in the country 
 an indigenous Christian medical profession. The accomplish- 
 
 8 
 
ment of this purpose requires medical schools and hospitals, 
 training- schools for nurses, the creation of medical literature, 
 and facilities for training in medical research and in the pro¬ 
 motion of public health. 
 
 The duty of medical missionaries is not limited to the treat¬ 
 ment of diseases that have developed. They are the health 
 and sanitation officers of their respective stations with respon¬ 
 sibilities for the prevention of disease. 
 
 The medical care of the missionaries and the institutions 
 under their control is one of their chief responsibilities, 
 and this service properly rendered can be utilized to increase 
 greatly the efficiency and prolong the service of the entire 
 missionary body. 
 
 Social service by the medical staflf should also be advan¬ 
 tageously used for the removal of ignorance, poverty and 
 vice, and undoubtedly is one of the most eflfective methods 
 of evangelization. 
 
 Both physician and nurse ought continually to manifest 
 fervent loyalty to the Lord Jesus Christ in order that His 
 spirit may permeate the entire work and that the seed sown 
 in loving service may yield a rich harvest of souls. 
 
 Literary Work 
 
 6. In the literature and publication department, the aim 
 is to prepare and widely circulate in the vernacular the Bible 
 and other books, tracts and periodicals for the nurture and 
 improvement of Christians and the pupils of Christian and 
 other schools, together with literature suitable for apologetic 
 and evangelistic purposes; and, wherever practicable, to utikize 
 the native press as a means of disseminating Christian truth. 
 
 9 
 
THE MISSIONARY FORCE 
 
 A. CLASSES 
 
 7. (a) Regular missionaries are all missionaries ordained 
 
 or lay, men or women, under full appointment by the Board 
 for life service and subject to the obligations and entitled to 
 the privileges set forth in the Manual. Wives of regular 
 missionaries are included. 
 
 (b) Special term missionaries are missionaries appointed for 
 a fixed term by the Board and supported either by the Board 
 or by some institution or department of its work. Such 
 missionaries are responsible to the institution or department 
 in which thej'^ are employed and are not entitled to outfit or 
 home allowance, but only to such provision as is specified 
 in the terms of their engagement. (Cf. Article 22.) 
 
 (c) Affiliated missionaries are persons who are not under 
 full appointment by the Board or subject to the Manual, 
 except as stated below, but have been designated by the Board as 
 affiliated missionaries on satisfactor}^ evidence from the Mission 
 concerned as to their Christian character and helpful relations 
 to the Mission. They may attend Mission meetings and 
 participate in the counsels of the Mission without vote, unless 
 by special action of the Mission and the Board. Affiliated 
 missionaries may be temporarily supported in whole or in 
 part by the Board, or may be otherwise supported or be self- 
 supporting. When supported in whole or in part by the 
 Board, their work shall be under the supervision of the 
 Mission, and subject to the provisions of the Manual. 
 It is not expected that persons of other denominations will 
 apply to be affiliated missionaries of the Presbyterian Board, 
 if their own denomination has work in the city where the 
 person resides. Appointment as affiliated missionary of the 
 Board shall be understood as only for the duration of residence 
 
 10 
 
on the field in the cooperating relationship with missionary 
 work which led the Mission to recommend the appointment, 
 and such membership shall automatically lapse on permanent 
 departure from the field. It shall be the duty of the Mission 
 concerned through its Executive Committee to report such 
 departures to the Board. In the event of a return to the field, 
 it shall lie within the discretion of the Mission and the Board 
 to restore the former status. 
 
 There are missionaries under each of these three mutually 
 exclusive classes who are self-supporting as to salary, travel 
 and all other financial allowances, but whose obligations and 
 privileges are the same as those of other missionaries of their 
 class. Other friends on the field maj% at the discretion of 
 the Alission, be invited to sit as corresponding members of the 
 Mission at a given meeting. 
 
 B. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 
 Moral and Spiritual 
 
 8. Candidates for appointmen! as missionaries should be 
 of marked Christian character and culture, with deep conviction 
 as to the essentials of the Faith and a strong desire to serve 
 Christ, already made evident by Christian work at home. A 
 small number of such candidates is preferable to a greater 
 number lacking in earnestness and spiritual qualifications. 
 These requirements are also essential in the case of special 
 term candidates. 
 
 Educational 
 
 9. Other things being equal, the higher the educational 
 qualifications the more efficient the missionary. A full college 
 course plus Biblical and technical training is ordinarily 
 required. Married women, as a rule, shall have the same 
 qualifications as are required of single women. 
 
 11 
 
Application 
 
 10. Persons desiring appointment as missionaries are ex¬ 
 pected to answer a series of personal questions as to health, 
 preparation and Christian experience; to submit certificates of 
 church membership; and to undergo a medical examination 
 by a physician designated by the Board. They are also ex¬ 
 pected to write a letter giving a sketch of their lives; their 
 Christian development; their motives in seeking missionary 
 appointment; the content of their Christian message; and to 
 furnish any other information which the Board ought to have 
 bearing upon their appointment. Names should also be fur¬ 
 nished of those who can speak of the candidate’s qualifications. 
 Candidates should correspond with the Candidate Department 
 wliich, upon request, will supply regular forms of application. 
 
 Justice and kindness alike require that testimonials should 
 be full, discriminating and impartial. They should be sent 
 directly to the Board by those writing them, and will be 
 regarded as confidential. Personal interviews with a repre¬ 
 sentative of the Board are expected. 
 
 Age 
 
 11. Candidates as a rule should not be over thirty years 
 of age. Only in special cases will candidates who have children 
 be considered for appointment as missionaries on account of 
 the additional expense and health risks involved, and the 
 lessened freedom for language study in the first years on the 
 field. 
 
 C. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 
 For Evangelistic Work 
 
 12. In addition to the requirements in Article 10, men seek¬ 
 ing appointment as ordained missionaries will be required to 
 furnish testimonials from their college and seminary professors, 
 or something equivalent, as to their literary and theological 
 attainments; also recommendations from their Presbyteries 
 
 12 
 
as to their standing and qualifications for missionary service. 
 Without such recommendation of Presbytery, no ordained 
 missionary will be commissioned. Women seeking appoint¬ 
 ment for evangelistic service should, in addition to the re¬ 
 quirements mentioned in Article 9, have at least one year 
 and if possible two years in a training school for Christian 
 workers. It is expected that these candidates will have had 
 some e.xperience in personal evangelistic work. 
 
 For Educational Work 
 
 13. Those seeking appointment for educational work should 
 present testimonials not only from the colleges and normal 
 schools in which they have studied but also concerning their 
 experience and capabilities as teachers. 
 
 For Medical Work 
 
 14. Those desiring appointment for medical work (both men 
 and women) must be graduates of grade “A” medical schools, 
 must furnish recommendations from medical professors and 
 others as to their professional attainments, and must have at 
 least one year of hospital work in an approved institution. 
 Medical missionaries should take either The National Board or 
 d'he State Licensing Board examinations before going to the 
 field. 
 
 Nurses should be graduates of approved nurses’ training 
 schools and should have some further experience in their pro¬ 
 fession. They should have a State License carrying the degree 
 of R.N. 
 
 For Industrial, Business and Other Work 
 
 15. Other unordained persons applying for appointment are 
 required to furnish similar testimonials as to character and 
 Christian experience, and also testimonials bearing on their 
 qualifications for the special form of foreign missionary work 
 proposed. 
 
 No. 4 
 
 13 
 
Missionary Wives 
 
 16. Wives are missionaries uniting with their husbands 
 in missionary service. It is expected that they will learn the 
 language and, so far as is consistent with their strength and 
 household duties, take part in missionary work. All wives 
 of men seeking appointment, or women expecting to become 
 wives of missionaries, are expected to furnish the information 
 outlined in Article 10. 
 
 In view of the serious embarrassment to the work on the 
 held, and disappointment to supporters at home, which would 
 he caused by the marriage of single women soon after 
 their arrival on the held, they should, before marrying there, 
 consider the exigencies of the work for which they were 
 appointed. An unmarried missionary, before marrying on the 
 held, if expecting to retain Board appointment, should see that 
 the hance, or hancee, submits the information to the Board 
 required in Article 10 for applicants in America. Where 
 women leave the Mission to marry, the same rules apply as 
 in other cases of withdrawal from the Mission (Cf. Article 29). 
 
 Candidates on the field 
 
 17. Except in cases of candidates whose papers were approved 
 prior to their departure for the field and women missionaries 
 of other evangelical churches who are to marry regularly 
 appointed members of our own Missions, the Board prefers 
 to adhere to the policy of making regular appointments for 
 permanent missionary service from persons who are in the 
 United States in order that the Board may have the same 
 free opportunity to form an independent judgment on the 
 basis of its own investigation and conference that it has in 
 dealing with the applications of other candidates. When a 
 candidate is or has been on the foreign field the Board invari¬ 
 ably requires the opinion of the Mission where the candidate 
 is known, but the Board deems it inadvisable that this opinion 
 should be influenced by the pressure of local and temporary 
 
 14 
 
need or of personal relations with one who is on the field 
 Therefore, save in rare and exceptional circumstances, any 
 question of regular appointment of a person resident on the 
 field as a member of a Mission should be deferred till the 
 candidate has returned to America when the Board will, if 
 desired by the Mission, consider the question on its merits in 
 the usual way. If there are questions regarding the term of 
 service, furlough or salary adjustment, recommendations con¬ 
 cerning such adjustments should be made by the Mission prior 
 to appointment by the Board. 
 
 If unexpected death, resignation or ill-health of a missionary 
 creates an emergency in important work for which some imme¬ 
 diate provision should be made, and if, in the judgment of the 
 Mission, a suitable person is available on the field, the Board 
 will consider a request to provide, if available funds permit, 
 a financial grant to enable the Mission to employ such person 
 for temporary assistance for such period as may be necessary. 
 This statement should not be considered applicable to ordinary 
 furlough absences. The Board appreciates the serious inter¬ 
 ruption of the work which they involve; but in view of the 
 large number of annual furloughs and the limited funds that 
 are available, it would be quite impracticable to adopt the 
 policy of making special appropriations for furlough substitutes. 
 
 Missionaries From Other Denominations 
 
 18. Missionaries of other denominations who seek appoint¬ 
 ment by the Board shall present with their applications testi¬ 
 monials and letters of clearance from the Board of the 
 denomination with which they have been connected. 
 
 D. CANDIDATES AFTER APPOINTMENT 
 
 Special Study of Designated Field 
 
 19. New missionaries, immediately after their assignment, 
 should study the history and religious, social, educational 
 and other conditions of the field to which they are appointed. 
 
 15 
 
Conference With Out-going Missionaries 
 
 20. A conference for new missionaries is held annually in 
 June, in New York, and, unless specially excused, all new 
 missionaries under appointment are expected to attend it. The 
 Board regards this Conference as essential in order that new 
 missionaries may be advised regarding policies and methods 
 of missionary work, and in order also that personal relations 
 of fellowship and mutual interest may be established between 
 the Board and the missionaries. Detailed information will 
 be sent by the Candidate Department on appointment. If a 
 new missionary, with the approval of the Board, sails for the 
 field prior to the June Conference, the Board, although with¬ 
 out commitment, will consider providing for his or her attend¬ 
 ance at the Conference during the first furlough. The Board 
 pays necessary expenses for travel and entertainment of regu¬ 
 larly appointed missionaries, except that the travel expense 
 of wives and fiancees residing west of the Mississippi River 
 are paid only east of a Mississippi River point. The Board 
 does not pay traveling expenses to the Conference of special 
 term or furloughed missionaries, but is glad to have them attend 
 if they can pay their own traveling expenses in which case 
 the Board will provide entertainment at the Conference. 
 
 Designation of Field and Specialization 
 
 21. Designation of field is usually made at the time of 
 appointment but is sometimes subsequent to it. Preference 
 of a candidate for a particular field is always considered, but 
 cannot invariably be determinative since the Board must give 
 due consideration to a proper distribution of available re¬ 
 enforcements, the relative needs of the various Missions and 
 the adaptations of candidates to the places then calling for 
 reenforcements. Candidates, however, will not be assigned 
 to fields other than their choice without their consent. So far 
 as practicable, care is taken to assign persons to the field for 
 which they seem to be best fitted, and where they will be 
 
 16 
 
likely to accomplish most in the service of Christ. Assignment 
 is to a Mission, save in exceptional cases where a station or 
 institution or other specific work is designated. But in all 
 cases new missionaries are under the control of the Mission 
 of which they are members (Cf. Article 32 sq.) 
 
 To reach the highest degree of efficiency specialization is 
 highly desirable, and a missionary will ordinarily be assigned 
 to the kind of work to which he has been appointed and for 
 which he has prepared, unless emergencies shall require tem¬ 
 porary assignment to other work, or in case the Mission shall 
 find, after a reasonable period of observation on the field, 
 that the new missionary is better fitted or more needed for 
 some other work. 
 
 Special Term Appointments 
 
 22, While appointment should ordinarily contemplate service 
 for life, and preference will be given to such candidates, ap¬ 
 pointments for limited periods may be made of unmarried 
 persons who, while desirous of serving the Master in the 
 foreign field, are not yet able to enlist for life. They are not 
 voting members of the Mission but work under its direction 
 or that of the institution with which they are connected. 
 Study of the native language is not required but is frequently 
 desirable. 
 
 Ca) The number of short term teachers should be kept in 
 due proportion to the number of regularly appointed mission¬ 
 aries who should always form a large majority of the total 
 number sent out; other things being equal, the preference 
 being given to candidates for regular appointment. 
 
 (b) Except for a few individual institutions which have 
 their own rules, when the contract is five years, the Board or 
 institution will pay necessary traveling expenses both ways 
 and the authorized field salary for first term missionaries. 
 When the contract period is three years, traveling expenses 
 are paid one way or, if both ways, the Board will expect an 
 
 17 
 
equivalent reduction in salary. For contract periods of less 
 than three years, no travel will be paid by the Board, and 
 field salary will ordinarily be provided by the Candidate or by 
 the institution concerned. 
 
 (c) Outfit and freight allowances are not paid to short term 
 teachers but only to missionaries under permanent appoint¬ 
 ment. 
 
 (d) Appointments will be limited to unmarried missionaries 
 as the Board cannot undertake to provide travel, salary and 
 house accommodations for families of short term teachers. 
 
 (e) Candidates should be persons of some maturity of 
 Christian character and experience as teachers, or young people 
 whose motives and other qualifications are such as to justify 
 expectation of helpful service in a missionary institution and 
 the hope that they may become available later for regular 
 appointment. 
 
 (f) Where the Board is expected to pay traveling expenses, 
 the requests from the field must be high enough in the annual 
 lists of desired reinforcements to bring them within the total 
 number that can be sent to a given Mission or country in a 
 given year, inasmuch as the payment that the Board makes 
 must be a charge upon the fund set apart for reinforcements. 
 
 E. JUNIOR MISSIONARIES 
 
 Committee of Guidance on the Field 
 
 23. Each Mission shall appoint a Committee of guidance 
 of the studies and other activities of its junior missionaries 
 during the first term so as 
 
 (a) To give each one the benefit of the frequent counsel 
 of those of mature missionary experiences regarding adaptation 
 to climate, questions of social customs, courses of reading, etc.; 
 
 (b) To enable and encourage the young missionary to 
 find the task for which he is best fitted; 
 
 (c) To enable the Mission and the young missionary to 
 reach a common conviction concerning the specific plans for 
 
 18 
 
postgraduate study which should be carried out during the 
 first furlough. 
 
 Language School and Study on the Field 
 
 24. A mastery of the language or dialect in which a mission¬ 
 ary is to labor is an indispensable qualification for permanent 
 missionary service. 
 
 Exception to this rule is made by definite action of the 
 Mission and Board only in rare cases and where the special 
 service to which a missionary is assigned is rendered in English. 
 Even such missionaries can increase the efficiency of their 
 general service by a knowdedge of the language. 
 
 After reaching the field, unless excused by Mission action, 
 new missionaries should spend their first year in language 
 study, in a language school if possible, and the second year 
 in the study of the language at the Station to which they are 
 assigned. Except in rare cases, and by special action, nothing 
 should be allowed to interfere with the securing of a good 
 working knowledge of the language, and the Board urges 
 that the requirements concerning this matter in the Manual 
 be carefully followed. 
 
 Each Mission is required, through the faculties of the 
 language schools or through competent Mission committees, 
 to examine all new missionaries at the close of the first, second 
 and third years of their service, and at such other times as the 
 Mission may deem wise, as to their knowledge of the native 
 tongue. 
 
 The Board expects each Mission strictly to enforce these 
 articles of the Manual and, in reporting to the Board on each 
 missionary toward the close of the first term of service, to 
 state the degree of proficiency that has been attained in lan¬ 
 guage study, and, in particular, whether the required language 
 examinations for the three years’ course have been satisfactorily 
 passed. The Board will cooperate with the Mission in en¬ 
 forcing the rule and it will take the report in question into 
 
 19 
 
consideration as an important factor in determining whether 
 missionaries should be sent back to the field after their first 
 furlough. 
 
 Language Committee 
 
 25. Each Mission should appoint a Language Committee 
 as one of its permanent committees. It should be the duty of 
 the Committee to: 
 
 (a) Determine which language a new missionary should 
 study; 
 
 (b) Prescribe courses of study in conjunction with the 
 faculty of the language school in its locality; 
 
 (c) Guide all new missionaries in their study; 
 
 (d) Conduct the examinations referred to above. 
 
 Personal teachers shall be provided for all new missionaries 
 for study after leaving the language school, for such time as 
 may be determined to be necessary by the Language Com¬ 
 mittee, not exceeding five years of actual language study unless 
 by special authority of the Board. 
 
 Length of First Term of Service 
 
 26. The duration of the first term of service on the field 
 is five years, except in certain fields for which other terms 
 are authorized. (Cf. Article 82.) 
 
 Study During First Furlough 
 
 27. Continued preparation on the first furlough shall be the 
 general rule for young missionaries. 
 
 Committee on Guidance During Furloughs 
 
 28. Inasmuch as the first furlough is considered a part of 
 a missionary’s preparation, and should, therefore, be devoted 
 primarih'- to study, a special committee of the Board will 
 supervise the study of such missionaries. In the case of sub¬ 
 sequent furloughs this Committee shall be expected to give 
 such advice as may be asked of it regarding furlough study. 
 
 20 
 
(a) Natur'e of Study: The Board expects that bona fide 
 graduate study will be undertaken, in branches best calculated 
 to prepare the missionary for the work he is to do on the field. 
 
 Well in advance of the furlough, there should be careful 
 consultation with the Mission, or its appropriate Committee, 
 regarding the courses to be taken,—the result to be com¬ 
 municated promptly to the Board’s Furlough Study Com¬ 
 mittee. The missionary will consult with the Board’s Com¬ 
 mittee before deciding finally upon courses or the place of 
 study. 
 
 (b) Amount of Study: At least two-thirds of the furlough 
 time, or eight months out of the twelve, are to be given to 
 bona fide study, otherwise the furlough is shorter. 
 
 (c) Place of Study: This is to be determined only after 
 consultation with the Board’s Furlough Study Committee. If 
 the Board is to meet travel expense, the institution should 
 be near the missionary’s home in order to reduce cost to a 
 minimum. However, highest efficiency is not to be unduly 
 sacrificed. 
 
 The Board will, if requested, pa}'^ travel expense either to 
 the home of the missionary or the place of study approved by 
 the Board, whichever is farther from his field. (Cf. Art. 77.) 
 
 (d) Financial Aid: Where necessary and in order to cover 
 additional expenses of books and tuition, the Board may make 
 a grant not exceeding $200 in the case of first furloughs and 
 $150 in subsequent furloughs; the missionary may apply to the 
 Furlough Study Committee for this grant. The obligation 
 to give eight months of the first furlough to actual study holds, 
 whether this grant is drawn upon or not. If the first furlough 
 is not devoted to study for further preparation under the 
 direction of the Mission and the Board, the regular furlough 
 rules as to length of furlough shall apply. (Article 82b.) 
 
 (e) Furlough Extension: Ordinarily the furlough cannot be 
 extended on account of study. Where it is impossible to com¬ 
 plete the required eight months of study during regular fall, 
 
 No. 5 
 
winter and spring terms, a course in Summer School should 
 be taken. 
 
 When credit in the form of a Master’s or Doctor’s degree 
 is sought, the regular first term furlough should be arranged 
 by the Mission before the missionary leaves the field so as to 
 include the necessary study. Only when the Board, on recom¬ 
 mendation of the Mission, regards a degree as indispensable to 
 the missionary’s highest usefulness may a brief extension of 
 furlough be granted without allowances. 
 
 (f) Public Speaking: The missionary on this first furlough 
 is here primarily for study. On the other hand it is de¬ 
 sirable both for the sake of the missionary and for the 
 sake of the work, that he should come in as close contact 
 as possible with the life of the home Church, and that 
 the home Church should know him in order to follow him 
 the better with its interest and prayers. Accordingly, 
 at least one month of the furlough should be reserved for a 
 possible visit to supporters and for such campaign work in the 
 home Church under the direction of the Home Base Depart¬ 
 ment of the Board as may be possible. 
 
 F. WITHDRAWALS FROM THE SERVICE 
 
 29. If a missionary shall retire from relationship with the 
 Board for any cause other than failure of health, before com¬ 
 pleting the normal term of service in his Mission, the total 
 expense for out-going and home-coming travel (plus any outfit 
 allowance for that term) shall be pro rated between the 
 Board and the missionary; i. e., the Board will provide such 
 proportion of the cost of round trip travel (and outfit) as the 
 time spent during that term in field service bears to the 
 shortest regular term in that field, and the missionary shall 
 provide the remainder. If, under special Board authorization, 
 a field treasurer advances Board funds to help a missionary 
 to meet his own share of such travel expense, the missionarj' 
 
 71 
 
 t 
 
shall give him a signed promise to reimburse the Board upon 
 the above basis ordinarily within one year. 
 
 If a missionary, prior to having completed one-half of the 
 shortest regular term of service m his field, shall withdraw 
 from the Board and remain on the field, the Board shall be 
 proportionately reimbursed on account of outgo travel (and 
 outfit allowance) for that term. 
 
 In all cases of withdrawal for any reason notice should be 
 sent to the Mission and the Board before informing friends 
 and supporters in the home Church. The Board will notify 
 supporters and make any financial adjustment with them. 
 
 The Board’s grant for travel shall be available only when 
 the departure from the field is within the time limit set by 
 the Board, not exceeding six months from the Board’s accept¬ 
 ance of the resignation. 
 
 The furlough and home allowance have always been under¬ 
 stood as “looking both ways;’’ i. e., the first part relates to 
 field service already rendered, and the latter anticipates further 
 field service after furlough. If a missionary on furlough does 
 not return to the field for reasons other than ill-health, a re¬ 
 tiring allowance will be made equivalent to a home allowance 
 for such period as may be equitable, not exceeding 
 one-half of the furlough period reckoned from the date of 
 arrival, any over payment to be returned to the Board. The 
 Board should be advised as early in the furlough as possible 
 regarding any serious doubts which a missionary may have 
 about continuance in service. 
 
 The question of filling vacancies caused by death or with¬ 
 drawal will be considered on the basis of their relative import¬ 
 ance as compared with other reenforcement needs. The 
 financial support of a deceased or resigned missionary is seldom 
 available for a successor; donors often choose another object. 
 Moreover, all appointments must be financed from the sum 
 set apart in Class III of the regular appropriations for the 
 year in which the new missionaries go to the field. This 
 
 id 
 
fund provides for a certain number of new missionaries, in¬ 
 cluding those who are to fill vacancies. New missionaries 
 that are desired to fill vacancies should therefore be placed 
 in the preferred lists of requests for reenforcements in such 
 order of precedence as the Mission may adjudge proper as com¬ 
 pared with other desired new missionaries. 
 
 30. The Board reserves the right to recall missionaries or 
 revoke their appointment. If requested in writing by the mis¬ 
 sionary concerned, the reasons are to be of record and may 
 be submitted to the General Assembly with the minutes of 
 the Board. 
 
 MISSIONS VOTING ON THE RETURN OF MISSION¬ 
 ARIES TO THE FIELD 
 
 31. The Missions shall report to the Board in advance 
 of the first furlough of each missionary, regarding his or 
 her competency for further service, any deficiencies in train¬ 
 ing which might be remedied, such special abilities as are 
 worthy of cultivation, and the particular type of service for 
 which the missionary seems peculiarly fitted. Any decision 
 adverse to further service should be made known to the 
 missionary concerned in ample time before leaving for fur¬ 
 lough and full opportunity given for explanation and 
 consultation. 
 
 (a) The object of such action by a Mission is the highest 
 welfare of the work and a Mission should act in the most 
 conscientious as well as kindly way. 
 
 (b) Only missionaries that have been in the service at least 
 three years should vote on this question. If this would limit 
 the qualified voters to a minority of the Mission the qualifying 
 period should be reduced until a majority of the members 
 of the Mission could vote. 
 
 (c) Whatever method of voting is used, a return to the field 
 is justified only if a majority of all the missionaries qualified 
 to vote definitely express themselves in favor of such return. 
 
 24 
 
(d) In all cases, final decision rests with the Board. 
 
 (e) The Board suggests some such method of action as 
 the following: 
 
 The Mission’s Executive Committee shall vote upon the 
 return to the field of each missionary about to go on furlough. 
 If the Committee be unanimous for or against the return of 
 a missionary, such action might be accepted as conclusive if 
 a Mission had so previously empowered its Executive Com¬ 
 mittee. If unanimity is lacking, or if a Mission desires to act 
 itself on each case, the Committee shall make recommenda¬ 
 tion to the Mission and shall secure (a) a circular ballot from 
 each voting member, or (b) a vote at Mission meeting. In 
 the case of subsequent furloughs, if the Mission does not 
 contemplate the return of a missionary to the field, this fact 
 should be made known to him officially several months, if 
 possible, before leaving for furlough; otherwise the Board 
 may assume that the Mission desires his return. 
 
 25 
 
ADMINISTRATION AND ORGAN- 
 IZATION 
 
 Action of the General Assembly, 1922 
 
 A CONSTITUTION OF THE MISSION 
 
 32. “In general a Mission consists of all foreign mission¬ 
 aries under appointment by the Board within specified terri¬ 
 torial limits. No missionary shall have a right to vote until 
 after at least one year’s service in connection with the Mission 
 and until he or she shall have passed the language examina¬ 
 tions appointed for the first year (Manual, Article 24) and shall 
 have been assigned to definite work. The married women 
 missionaries are subject to the provisions of Article 24 of the 
 Manual.” 
 
 B. POWERS OF THE MISSION 
 
 33. “The Mission has the general care and supervision of 
 all work within its limits. In all field matters it has the right 
 of initiative. The Board may also exercise the right of initia¬ 
 tive in conference and agreement with the Mission. All 
 questions of Mission policy and method, and of expenditure 
 within the budget of the Board for the Mission, are subject 
 to the decision of the Mission, but the right is reserved to 
 the Board of supervisory action and authority where any 
 problems involve relations with other Boards and denomina¬ 
 tions, or relations and interests wider than those of any par¬ 
 ticular field, and where fundamental questions of mission 
 policy affecting other Missions or the relation of Missions 
 and Governments are concerned. 
 
 “In the exercise of such supervisory authority, however, it 
 is the policy of the Board not to engage in new union work 
 within the territory of any Mission if such work is against 
 
 26 
 
the judgment of the Mission, unless directed to do so by the 
 General Assembly. 
 
 “Among- the matters recognized as distinctly within the 
 functions and powers of the Mission are the following: 
 
 (a) The assignment and supervision of the work of indi¬ 
 vidual missionaries. 
 
 (b) Liberty of transfer from one object to another of 
 appropriations for the conduct of native work on the field. 
 
 (c) Distribution of undesignated grants. 
 
 (d) Determination of all regular and emergency furloughs 
 in accordance with the regulations of the Board on Terms 
 of Service and Furlough. 
 
 (e) Organization of the Alission and determination of the 
 powers and duties of its various committees. 
 
 (f) Special rights delegated to Councils, as in China and 
 India. 
 
 (g) Use in the work of funds earned by members of the 
 Mission. (Cf. Article 74.) 
 
 (h) Use in the work of money accruing from the rental 
 of property on the field. (Cf. Articles 51 and 58.) 
 
 “All requests requiring the action of the Board should be 
 accompanied by the action of the Mission upon them. Tours 
 of exploration or any unusual work should be undertaken only 
 with the advice of the Mission. 
 
 “The successful application of the principle of self-govern¬ 
 ment on the field in harmony with the Board’s responsibility 
 to the General Assembly for the whole Foreign Missionary 
 enterprise of the Church requires the cordial co-operation 
 of the Board and the Missions and the exercise in the highest 
 degree of mutual patience and forbearance, so that the work 
 may be promoted in heartiest agreement and unity. If, how¬ 
 ever, differences arise between the Board and a Mission which 
 cannot be adjusted satisfactorily by conference, appeal may 
 be made to the General Assembly. Mission minorities and 
 individual missionaries also have the right of appeal in all 
 
 27 
 
matters of their concern. Rut the right of appeal should not 
 he resorted to except for grave reasons, and the controversial 
 spirit should be guarded against as injurious to the work 
 and contrary to the true spirit of Christ.” 
 
 C. GENERAL POLICY 
 
 34. The home Church and field force should be steadily 
 held to consideration of the whole task and the full objective 
 set forth in Article I of this Manual. 
 
 Each Mission should take steps to secure such contact of 
 all its workers with various forms of evangelistic work to 
 keep them sensitive to its essential place in the total 
 enterprise, and should make definite inquiry as to the relation 
 of its entire program to the defined objective. 
 
 The objective of immediate advance should be in those 
 forms of work which are directed toward a more adequate 
 native leadership. Institutions, agencies and activities which 
 develop such leadership should be established or strength¬ 
 ened immediately and primarily. The general principles should 
 be applied according to conditions that obtain in particular 
 fields. 
 
 Due consideration in plans for expansion should be given 
 to those lands or areas for which our own Church is chiefly or 
 wholly responsible; which occupy strategic points for world 
 witness; and in which emergency opportunities exist. 
 
 Subject to manifest Providence, our widely extended existing 
 work should be strengthened rather than new work under¬ 
 taken. with the expectation that from the central points wide 
 and constant itineration will be undertaken. 
 
 Survey 
 
 35. (a) At least once in five years each Mission shall 
 appoint a committee to make a thorough survey of its work 
 in all departments, to assure itself and the Board that the 
 resources of the Mission are being used to the best advantage, 
 a sufficient sum of money for this purpose to be included in 
 Class VI. 
 
 28 
 
(b) The Board expects that such frequent and thorough 
 supervision of the work shall be exercised by each Mission 
 as will secure to it knowledge of its progress in the execution 
 of the policy and regular expansion to meet new situations. 
 This survey and policy may be made and executed by field 
 Councils decisions where such organizations exist, and wherever 
 possible the survey should be made by personal visitation rather 
 than by written questionnaire. In cases where union work 
 is involved, or where fields of other churches overlap, the survey 
 should be made in cooperation with other denominations. If 
 deemed advisable, the Board will consider the possibility of 
 supplying to each Mission one or more workers from other 
 fields to assist in the survey and in the discussion of the 
 proposed policy. 
 
 36. The Board plans that each Mission shall be visited 
 by an officer of the Board at least once in seven years. 
 
 Station 
 
 37. A Station is a place where missionaries reside and 
 from which organized work extends throughout an adjacent 
 area within limits prescribed by the Mission. The personnel 
 of the Station consists of all the regular missionaries appointed 
 by the Board and located within the limits of the Station. 
 The Mission determines what missionaries shall be voting 
 members of a Station in conformity with the principles of 
 Article 32. Each Station shall have control of the missionary 
 work within its field, under the direction of the Mission. Sta¬ 
 tions can be established or discontinued only by action of the 
 Board after consultation with the Mission concerned. The 
 force assigned to a Station should, if possible, include at 
 least one missionary of experience. 
 
 D. ORGANIZATION 
 Essential Principles 
 
 38. The important duties of a Mission demand that its field 
 organization be properly defined and coordinated and that its 
 
 No. 6 
 
 29 
 
field administration be wise and efficient; this responsibility 
 rests upon the Mission and should be faithfully fulfilled. The 
 best form of Mission organization includes in the largest 
 practicable measure the following features: 
 
 (a) Participation either directly or by delegation on the 
 part of all who are properly qualified. (Cf. Article 32.) 
 
 (b) Departmentalization, covering the larger phases of 
 Mission interests. 
 
 (c) An Executive Committee. 
 
 Mission Policy and By-Laws 
 
 39. Each Mission may adopt such by-laws and rules for 
 the conduct of its business as may seem wise and consistent 
 with the policies and methods of the Board. It should elect 
 its own officers, whose powers in general are those exercised 
 in similar organizations. 
 
 Each Mission should 
 
 (a) Have a clearly defined policy. 
 
 (b) Make provision, through conferences, surveys and 
 reports, to familiarize all members with the Mission policy 
 and to acquaint the Mission as to the extent to which its 
 policies are being carried out. 
 
 (c) Have adequate supervision by properly constituted 
 authorities. 
 
 Annual Meetings of the Mission 
 
 40. The Mission should meet at least once a year and be 
 governed by the usual rules of our Church judicatories, so far 
 as applicable. It should keep regular minutes of its pro¬ 
 ceedings, copies of which are to be sent to the Board soon 
 after each meeting with indications of actions requiring Board 
 decisions. Covering letters should deal with important matters. 
 On questions involving requests for appropriations, the ex¬ 
 penditure of funds and the location, transfer or retirement 
 of missionaries, a two-thirds vote shall be required. In all 
 other cases, unless covered by special rule, a majority shall 
 
 30 
 
decide. Traveling expenses to Mission meetings shall be met 
 (unless under peculiar circumstances) only for those who 
 are voting members and those who have not completed their 
 first year of service. 
 
 Executive Committee and Powers 
 
 41. For the careful, continuous and well balanced organiza¬ 
 tion and conduct of a complex and difficult work, each Mission 
 shall appoint an Executive Committee of limited size which 
 
 (a) Shall be representative and responsible with ample 
 authority to coordinate, supervise and promote the policy and 
 program of the Mission and the activities of missionaries 
 individually and collectively; should be of such personnel, size 
 and representative nature as will result in the fullest confidence 
 of the Mission and the highest efficiency of the work; 
 should possess all the power essential for efficient administra¬ 
 tive and executive authority. Harmonious teamwork is indis¬ 
 pensable and the Executive Committee should effect it. 
 
 (b) Should have, preferably for full time service in the 
 larger Missions, an Executive Chairman or Secretary assigned 
 to general supervisory and administrative duties, his election 
 to be subject to confirmation by the Board. Such officer 
 should conduct the official correspondence of the Mission and 
 its Executive Committee with the Board; 
 
 (c) Should meet as frequently as the interests and progress 
 of the work demand; 
 
 (d) Should give prompt publicity to its actions, with such 
 provision as the Mission may deem necessary for reconsidera¬ 
 tion after protest. 
 
 Secretaries, Mission and Station 
 
 42. Each Mission and each Station shall choose a Secretary, 
 to be changed as seldom as possible, the names to be reported 
 to the Board, whose duties shall be to receive and keep files 
 of all official correspondence; to receive and distribute all 
 report forms and see that they are, in proper form and season. 
 
 31 
 
returned to the Secretary of the Board; to see that all com¬ 
 munications addressed to the Mission and Station have proper 
 reply; to forward the statements called for in Article 40; 
 to make special effort to see that all official letters 
 from the Board sent to the Mission are seen by each missionary; 
 and to perform such other functions as shall be assigned by 
 the Mission or Stations. 
 
 The Secretary of the Mission may also be Secretary of the 
 Executive Committee, the election in any case to be reported 
 to the Board and to be subject to its approval. (Cf. Article 41.) 
 
 Treasurers, Mission and Station 
 
 43. Mission and Station Treasurers should be appointed in 
 accordance with Articles 49 and SO. 
 
 Committees 
 
 44. Each Mission should appoint the following permanent 
 committees and such other permanent and occasional com¬ 
 mittees as may be needed: 
 
 (a) Executive Committee 
 
 (b) Property Committee 
 
 (c) Language Committee 
 
 (d) Auditing Committee 
 
 (e) Committee on Guidance of New Missionaries 
 
 Field Councils 
 
 45. In countries or regions where several Missions have 
 kindred problems, the formation is recommended of a Field 
 Council whose Chainman or Secretary (in certain cases both) 
 with adequate office staff should be released from rela¬ 
 tion to a particular Mission in order to enable him to give 
 himself wholly to field supervision and counsel. 
 
 As it is the definite policy of the Board, in so far as com¬ 
 patible with its charter and its responsibility to the General 
 
 32 
 
Assembly and to donors, to allow the greatest possible degree 
 of self-government to the Missions through the regularly 
 constituted Mission bodies, in countries where a Field Council 
 exists the Board will delegate to such a Council all practicable 
 routine and administrative matters with such a degree of 
 finality as to relieve the Board Secretaries at the home base 
 and to secure prompt decision on the field. 
 
 In view of the divergent interests among the fields, the 
 determination of matters to be delegated resides with the Board 
 in conference with the field concerned. 
 
 In addition to such powers as may otherwise be delegated 
 to a Council are the following: 
 
 (a) Distribution of undesignated funds between the con¬ 
 stituent Missions. 
 
 (b) Use of such sums as the Board may place in its hands 
 for emergency matters. 
 
 (c) Employment on the field of temporary workers 
 
 (foreign) within limit of appropriated funds (Mission or 
 
 Council). 
 
 Field Councils and their constituent Missions in conference 
 with the Board shall make necessary rules to govern their 
 mutual relations and responsibilities. 
 
 Reports and Letters 
 
 46. (a) Each Station shall prepare at the close of the 
 
 Mission year reports, both statistical and general, of the 
 
 various departments of its work, and submit them to the 
 
 Mission at the annual meeting. Each missionary also shall 
 prepare a brief report of his or her labors during the year, to 
 be submitted to the Mission. All these reports should be 
 reviewed by the Mission and forwarded without delay to the 
 Secretary of the Board, with the Mission’s judgment thereon. 
 
 In addition to the station, institutional and personal reports, 
 the Mission should designate one of its members to prepare 
 a general narrative survey of its whole work for the calendar 
 
year in such form that it can be made the basis of the Board’s 
 printed annual report to the General Assembly and the home 
 Church. 
 
 Missions may close their statistical year at such time as 
 may be most convenient for them, having in mind the require¬ 
 ment of the Board that all reports, estimates and statistical 
 information must reach the Board not later than February first. 
 Statistics should be on the blanks furnished by the Board. 
 
 Correspondence with Board Secretaries and Treasurer 
 
 (b) It is desirable that individual missionaries and Secre¬ 
 taries of the Board should correspond fully, frankly and fre¬ 
 quently, for mutual helpfulness in the prosecution of the work. 
 
 Correspondence pertaining to the respective departments 
 of the Board should be forwarded on separate sheets and 
 ordinarily under separate covers. 
 
 The correspondence of the Mission and its individual mem¬ 
 bers, including official minutes, estimates and requests for 
 reinforcements, property, furloughs, appropriations, furlough 
 rent, and all other matters requiring action by the Board, 
 should be addressed to the Board’s Secretary for the Mission. 
 Thus business matters will be handled by one office and when 
 necessary referred to the proper departments. 
 
 The men Executive Secretaries conduct the official cor¬ 
 respondence with the field Councils and the Missions in a 
 designated area, and have special responsibility for men’s 
 work, including institutions for men and boys, and the personal 
 correspondence with all men missionaries in such area or areas. 
 
 The women Executive Secretaries have special responsibility 
 for women’s work in a designated area or areas, including 
 institutions for women and girls, and the personal correspond¬ 
 ence with all women missionaries in such area or areas. 
 Later adjustments may be made which will include official 
 correspondence with individual missions. 
 
 Correspondence with the Treasurer’s Office should be on 
 
 34 
 
separate sheets, according to the following rough outline: 
 (1) travel, (2) purchase and shipment of goods, (3) adjustment 
 of accounts, (4) such other matters as relate to the Treasury. 
 
 (c) All requests for new missionaries, new property or 
 for funds for use in the work must have the approval of the 
 Mission or its Exccnitivc Committee, and Field Council where 
 one exists. Rccpiests unaccompanied by such action will 
 be referred back to the field for proper consideration. 
 
 Letters for Supporters 
 
 (d) Every man missionary supported by a church or group 
 of churches or by Sunday Schools, is expected to write to 
 his supporters at least three times a year, mailing either the 
 original or carbon copy to the Bureau of Foreign Information 
 of the Board. 
 
 (e) Every woman missionary is assigned for correspondence 
 to a woman correspondent in the District to which she is 
 related. This correspondent is known as her District Foreign 
 Correspondent. Women missionaries are expected to send each 
 j^ear at least three letters, one of which may be a copy of 
 their personal report, to their District Foreign Correspondent. 
 These letters are sent by the District Foreign Correspondent 
 to the Board where they are duplicated and one copy sent to 
 each society and other supporters concerned. 
 
 The Publicity Department and the Department for Specific 
 Work depend largely upon these letters for information that 
 it sends out through many channels. Their contents are used 
 not only for the supporters of the writers and the supporters 
 of Station work, but in composite Station letters, leaflets, 
 “Women and Missions,” and other forms of publicity. 
 Importance of Correspondence 
 
 (f) The Board impresses upon both men and women the 
 urgent necessity of faithfully sending letters of vital interest 
 in order that supporters of specific work, whether of mission¬ 
 aries or Stations, may be supplied with fresh information and 
 the Church at large may be kept in touch with the needs 
 
 35 
 
and progress of the work. These letters should include in¬ 
 cidents of human interest, accounts of the work and its 
 spiritual character and results. Unless such letters are received 
 hy supporters of specific work their interest may wane and 
 their gifts diminish. 
 
 Subjects to be Avoided 
 
 (g) 'I'hese letters should not deal with matters of Mission 
 business or make appeals for money for particular objects 
 unless specifically approved by the Board. They should urge 
 the increased support of the regular work which the Board, 
 on behalf of the Missions, underwrites in advance in the 
 regular appropriations. They should be constructive, avoid 
 fault-finding, criticisms and divisive subjects. Except as they 
 write to their Foreign Secretary of the Board, all missionaries 
 are urged to refrain from criticism of native peoples and national 
 policies, as any letters sent to other than Board officers may, 
 without the Board’s knowledge, get to the public press and 
 may be interpreted as voicing the attitude of the Board. 
 Photographs 
 
 (h) Photographs portraying life and action are desired 
 from every Station. They should be printed on glossy 
 paper and accompanied by sufficient text for captions. 
 
 E. LITERARY WORK AND PRINTING 
 
 47. Literary work, such as the translation and the prepara¬ 
 tion of religious and educational books for use on the field, 
 .should be undertaken only with the consent and by appoint¬ 
 ment of the Mission. 
 
 Writers or copyists may be provided for missionaries em¬ 
 ployed by appointment of the Mission in literary w'ork, where 
 such are needed, the expense to be met by the Mission within 
 its regular appropriations. 
 
 48. No printing establishment or press shall be erected 
 without the sanction of the Mission and Board, and no printing 
 establishment shall be used for private work or for missionary 
 publications, except under authorization of the Mission. 
 
 36 
 
FINANCE 
 
 A. TREASURERS 
 
 Mission Treasurers 
 
 49. (a) The Mission shall elect a Treasurer at its annual 
 
 meeting, or when a vacancy occurs; the election to be reported 
 to the Board and to be subject to its approval. 
 
 The Mission Treasurer shall carefully preserve all deeds of 
 Mission property and other legal papers not transmitted to 
 the Board (in Stations where this is not practicable the Mission 
 may assign this duty to the Station Treasurer); keep in official 
 books, procured at the Board’s expense and to be the property 
 of the Board, clear and correct accounts of all receipts and 
 payments, secure vouchers for the latter, and keep files of 
 all official correspondence belonging to his department. His 
 books must be open to the inspection of any member of the 
 Mission at any reasonable time. 
 
 (b) The Mission Treasurer is the agent of the Board for 
 the distribution of the amount appropriated for his Mission, 
 and is responsible to the Treasurer of the Board for all funds 
 forwarded to him. Mission Treasurers will secure the funds 
 needed for the work of the Mission by selling drafts drawn 
 on the Treasurer in New York, as the forms sent to the Mis¬ 
 sions in blank from New York indicate, these drafts to be 
 signed by the duly authorized Treasurer of the Mission and 
 a person authorized by the Mission to countersign. These 
 drafts shall be sold only in such amounts as shall be needed 
 in the immediate future to finance the regular work and prop¬ 
 erty and building operations, d'hey are not to be sold in 
 large amounts with the intention of depositing the proceeds 
 in local banks to await expenditure at some indefinite time 
 in the future. Limited working balances should be kept in a 
 bank or other safe depository approved by the Mission. 
 
 No. 7 
 
 37 
 
Appropriations for current expenses and appropriations for 
 Class IV and disbursements against these two classes of ap¬ 
 propriations respectively are to be kept separate at every stage 
 of the accounting, so that all drafts issued for Class IV needs 
 should be marked clearly in the space on the left end of the 
 draft “Property Account” or “Class IV” so that the New 
 York Office caii, clearly identify such drafts. Immediately on 
 the sale of drafts notice should be mailed to New York 
 advising the Board Treasurer of such sale, giving the amount, 
 the rate at which it was sold, and the object for which it was 
 sold. Entries in the books in New York are made from the 
 notifications received from Mission Treasurers that the bills 
 of exchange have been drawn. It is necessary, therefore, 
 that the notifications of the sale of these drafts be mailed 
 promptly. 
 
 Building funds are not to be drawn unless the appropriation 
 or appropriations for a building are sufficient to complete the 
 building or a unit of the building, where the program is a 
 large one. At the -time of requisition against special appro¬ 
 priations for property, the Station Treasurer should certify 
 to the Mission Treasurer on the basis of action by the Property 
 Committee, that the appropriation of the Board is sufficient 
 to complete the building or a unit of the building for which 
 requisition is made, and should further certify that the amount 
 drawn by the requisition is for early use for the purpose of 
 the appropriation. 
 
 No funds of the Board shall be loaned under any circum¬ 
 stances. There is no warrant for assuming liabilities on behalf 
 of the Board without its actual consent, and it is within 
 its proper right to repudiate any such obligations. The 
 acceptance of funds for deposit, and the investment of 
 the same in any form of security, must be avoided. The 
 advancing of funds for building purposes, or in behalf of 
 any individual, however urgent might appear to be the neces¬ 
 sity, is unwarranted. 
 
 38 
 
The principle of this Article is to be strictly construed, 
 there being no authority for disbursements beyond the limit 
 of appropriations, except in cases for which the Manual 
 provides. 
 
 (c) The Mission Treasurer is also the agent of the Board 
 to enforce any rules governing the use of revenue derived 
 from such sources as tuition fees, medical fees, press earnings 
 and premium on exchange. Such funds should be paid to him 
 and by him reported to the Treasurer of the Board. 
 
 The Mission Treasurer shall also examine and audit travel 
 accounts presented by missionaries upon their arrival on the 
 field, calling attention to any items incorrectly entered. 
 
 (d) The Treasurer of the Board may require from time 
 to time concise statements of the condition of the Mission 
 treasuries with summary of receipts and disbursements, but 
 the full detailed statement of the Mission must be rendered 
 once each year. 
 
 The general control of these funds is intrusted to the Mis¬ 
 sion, subject to the direction of the Board, but the funds 
 must be used substantially in accordance with the appropria¬ 
 tions as made, and can in no case exceed the amount without 
 special authority being obtained. 
 
 The Mission Treasurer may require from institutions oper¬ 
 ating under the Mission direction stated reports of their 
 financial condition. 
 
 Institutions in which the Mission shares with other Missions 
 the responsibility for the management are expected to furnish 
 the Mission Treasurer with a copy of their annual financial 
 reports. 
 
 The balance sheets of all institutions should show not only 
 receipts and disbursements but also the assets and liabilities 
 of the said institutions at the close of their fiscal year. 
 
 (e) It is the policy of the Board to install trained men or 
 women as Treasurers or business agents wherever necessary 
 for Missions or for combinations of Missions, to be located at 
 
 .19 
 
central points, and to centralize all business and accounts 
 of the district to be served, so far as that is feasible. 
 
 (f) It is the policy of the Board to provide business offices 
 with suitable equipment, including typewriters, adding ma¬ 
 chines, and safes, where this equipment is needed for efficiencj", 
 economy and safety. When these items cannot he covered 
 out of the regular appropriations, they should he placed among 
 requests for property and equipment (Class IV). 
 
 50. Station Treasurers shall he annually appointed by each 
 Station, or, where the Mission shall prefer, by the Mission, 
 and the names reported to the Board, save in those Missions 
 where the Board provides for the discharge of these duties 
 by the Mission Treasurer. They are the financial agents of 
 the Mission for their several Stations, with powers and re¬ 
 sponsibilities in their respective spheres similar to those of 
 Mission Treasurers. They must submit reports to the Mis¬ 
 sion Treasurer, as he does to the Board Treasurer, such reports 
 to be open to the inspection of members of the Station, and 
 to be duly audited by a committee of the Station. 
 
 B. ESTIMATES AND APPROPRIATIONS 
 
 51. Each Station shall prepare a careful estimate of the 
 probable necessary expense of its work for the year beginning 
 on the 1st of April following the date of annual meeting. These 
 Sltation estimates shall be submitted to the Mission or its 
 Executive Committee for detailed consideration and recommen¬ 
 dation, as the Board requires the judgment of the Mission or 
 Executive Committee on all estimates of each Station. In 
 recommending appropriations for new work, such as the send¬ 
 ing out of new missionaries, the purchase of property, erection 
 of buildings, etc., the Mission shall indicate the order of their 
 importance. 
 
 Missions should accompany all requests for new propert}' 
 or new missionaries, with a statement of the reasons, even 
 though they have been set forth in previous correspondence. 
 
 40 
 
All estimates for new property should be so comprehensive 
 as to avoid the necessity of requests for additional funds to 
 complete these items. Screening- for residences, hospitals 
 and dormitories should invariably he included, and heating 
 plants in climates having cold winters. 
 
 The estimates should indicate first what is needed for the 
 work of the ensuing year, the amount not to exceed the grant 
 of the year, preceding that for which the estimate is made, 
 and, secondly, if more is required, how the Mission would 
 spend the desired increase. 
 
 Any anticipated income from rents of properties on the 
 field shall be included within the annual Adission estimates 
 of receipts on the field. Any necessary expenditures for rent 
 shall be a first charge against such income. 
 
 The estimates should he forwarded to the Secretary of the 
 Board and will be acted upon as promptly as possible. Pending 
 such action, and unless notified to the contrary prior to April 
 first,' the Mission is authorized to proceed with necessary 
 expenditures at the rate covered by the regular appropriation.s 
 for the preceding year, and the Treasurer will remit accord¬ 
 ingly, but the Mission may not enter upon advanced expen¬ 
 ditures without authority from the Board. 
 
 In order to simplify the financing of the necessary expendi¬ 
 ture for language study by missionaries during their first term 
 of service, in so far as possible the required funds may be 
 made available in advance through Class 1 of the regular 
 appropriations and the Missions and the field Councils are 
 authorized to make transfers within these appropriations for 
 language study for any one fiscal year. 
 
 Inasmuch as the work on the Mission field should, as soon 
 and as fully as possible, devolve upon the national Christians, 
 they should clearly recognize their natural and desirable re¬ 
 sponsibilities for its maintenance and growth. In preparing 
 estimates, the entire local Christian program should be sur¬ 
 veyed. The Church in the field should be consulted and 
 
 41 
 
encouraged to undertake the largest personal and financial 
 share of which it is capable. The Mission should request the 
 Board in America to provide only the force and funds that 
 are needed for the remainder. 
 
 52. In case any work is partially supported by receipts 
 on the field, these receipts shall be carefully estimated and 
 stated. The total estimated cost shall also be stated. Only 
 that amount necessary to make up the difference between 
 cost and field receipts shall be asked from the Board. It 
 will not be feasible for the Board to make additional appro¬ 
 priations for such work, toward the close of the fiscal year, 
 on representations that estimated field receipts have fallen 
 below expectations. However, the usual privilege will apply, 
 that transfers of unused appropriations for other items in the 
 appropriations may be made up to the end of the fiscal year. 
 
 A Mission shall conduct its operations within the total 
 amount of field receipts plus Board appropriations in Classes 
 IV-X inclusive. Classes IV and V are not transferable. A 
 balance in a Mission’s account of the year shall be carried 
 forward into the new fiscal year. A balance for new property 
 or repairs shall be used according to Board designation. A 
 balance in Classes VI-X shall be used by and at the discretion of 
 the Mission in its work in addition to its other receipts for 
 the new year, with the understanding (1) that Board approval 
 shall be secured before any obligation is incurred for new 
 property or for recurrent expenditure, and (2) that the Board 
 shall consider on its merits any exceptional case such as a 
 large saving from the stoppage of work. Care should be 
 exercised by each Mission in estimating its anticipated field 
 receipts, and the Mission must assume full responsibility for 
 any deficit. In order to avoid a deficit, the aim should be to 
 underestimate field receipts and to carry any unexpended sur¬ 
 plus over into the following year. On the other hand, the 
 accumulation of large surpluses should be avoided. Money 
 raised on the field and gifts sent from America not through 
 
 42 
 
the Board hut directly to missionaries should not be put in 
 Column B. The object of Column B is to show contributions 
 from native sources, and the Board and all students of Missions 
 examine that column to see what progress is being made in 
 self-support. Article 54 indicates the procedure that should 
 be followed when missionaries receive gifts from America for 
 missionary work. 
 
 Liberty of Transfer 
 
 53. The Mission is at liberty to make necessary transfers 
 in the annual appropriations, as sent by the Board: (1) 
 inside individual Classes V-X; (2) between classes VI-X 
 within Stations, excepting Medical. Class VI; (3) between 
 Station appropriations Classes VI-X. 
 
 Each Mission is responsible for bringing its expenditures 
 for the year within its appropriations. Any overdrafts in¬ 
 curred will be charged against the appropriation for the ensuing 
 year. 
 
 It is, of course, expected that the Mission will take into 
 due consideration any association of particular objects with 
 special givers in America and will not needlessly disturb 
 such relations; but if in the judgment of the Mission the 
 interests of the work are seriously involved the Board will 
 support the Mission in assigning such objects their propor¬ 
 tionate share of any reduction, and the Board will take up 
 with the givers at home any difficulties which may arise. 
 
 Special Appeals 
 
 54. Missionaries on furlough in their addresses and appeals 
 should stress the items in the guaranteed regular appropriations 
 and such property needs as are in the current approved list 
 of the Board or especially approved by it. Property items 
 not secured in a given year should be continued on the list 
 until funds are secured. Omission of an item from the list indi¬ 
 cates that it has been provided or is no longer deemed necessary. 
 
 43 
 
Funds for other ol)jects proffered to missionaries without 
 appeal may be accepted when approved by the Mission and 
 by the Board, provided such funds cannot, after earnest effort, 
 be secured for the current budget. 
 
 In loyalty to the interests of the entire work, missionaries 
 in seeking funds for property and equipment should try to 
 secure first those items that appear high in the list of the 
 Mission, approved by the Board, except in countries where 
 there is a Council Preferential Property List. In such cases 
 effort should be directed to secure first those items which 
 are high in the Council List and approved by the Board. 
 
 It is the desire of the Board that the estimates should be 
 so complete as to preclude applications from the field to 
 churches, Sunday schools, societies or individuals for special 
 gifts. Such applications involve unjust discriminations m 
 favor of some Missions and missionaries, subordinate the judg¬ 
 ment of the Mission to private judgment, interfere with the 
 regular income of the Board, and if right for one are right 
 for all, and so militate against the purpose of the Church in 
 the establishment of the Board. 
 
 All money not paid through the Treasurer of the Board, but 
 received for the work by missionaries from churches or other 
 organizations or from individuals, should be reported to the 
 Board through the Mission Treasurers. Wherever consistent 
 with the will of the donor, such gifts should be applied to the 
 regular budget of authorized expenditures for the year until 
 this has been wholly met. But if this is not allowable, the 
 Board considers it but just to the Church, and to the givers 
 themselves and to the work as a whole, that all gifts going 
 out to the field should be reported to the Mission Treasurer, 
 and the Mission Treasurer should make report to the Board, 
 showing; 
 
 (a) All gifts passing through his hands for special pur¬ 
 poses. 
 
 (b) As far as possible, all gifts not passing through his 
 
 44 
 
hands but received and expended by individual missionaries 
 for the work. 
 
 The Board determines annually and in detail how the total 
 share of the Board in the benevolence budget of the Church 
 shall he distributed. It urges upon the churches and all other 
 donors as the primary obligation that portion of its budget 
 which the Board has definitely assumed by guaranteed appro¬ 
 priations. Contributions for the balance of the budget should 
 be deemed secondary to these guaranteed appropriations. 
 All amounts for objects within the budget may be credited 
 to the churches on their apportionment under the budget, 
 but credit cannot be given on church, presbyterial or synodical 
 apportionments by the Board or by the General Council for 
 gifts for objects which are outside the budget allotted to the 
 Foreign Board, and which have not been approved and in¬ 
 cluded by the Board under that budget. Such gifts are not 
 subject to tax for the Board’s share of the expenses of the 
 General Council, or if taxable, the tax must be deducted from 
 the gift and not be a charge on the Board’s undesignated gifts. 
 All gifts within the budget, unless otherwise specified by 
 donors, constitute a part of tbe total receipts of the Board. 
 
 Special Appropriations 
 
 55. After the estimates are sent to the Board, special re¬ 
 quests for grants cannot be entertained, except in extraordi¬ 
 nary circumstances. When sucli cases arise during the year, 
 calling for extra appropriations, they should be submitted to 
 the Mission or to the Executive Committee of the Mission, 
 who will forward the request to the Secretary of the Board 
 in charge of the correspondence, with the proper recom¬ 
 mendation. 
 
 Exchange 
 
 56. Appropriations as made by the Board, in Classes I to 
 IV, will be made in United States currency. Those in Classes 
 V to X will be made in the currency of the country, except 
 
 -15 
 
in certain special cases where depreciation of the local currency 
 renders necessary keeping the accounts in gold. 
 
 Mission Treasurers will pay salaries and children’s allow¬ 
 ances in local currency, at an average rate of exchange, rules 
 for determining this rate to be formulated by the Mission 
 Treasurer and the Mission. 
 
 The understanding is that the missionary is to have what¬ 
 ever the gold salary produces in native currency and that in 
 addition, when the gold dollar is producing less than the normal 
 rate the Board will guarantee a fixed rate, approximately the 
 normal rate, on such part of the salary as is used on the field 
 and therefore affected by exchange. On the portion of the 
 salary expended outside of the country, the deduction is to 
 be made in gold amounts, inasmuch as no question of exchange 
 is involved. Charges going out to the field against salary 
 accounts should be deducted either in gold amounts or at 
 the arbitrary rate fixed by the Board. 
 
 C. PROPERTY 
 
 General Rules 
 
 57. No property is to be purchased or sold, or any build¬ 
 ing erected for the Board without its sanction. None of its 
 property is to be mortgaged or assigned for any debt. All 
 property given or purchased for its use shall be at once trans¬ 
 ferred to it, or be held in trust for it by a properly executed 
 document. 
 
 Gifts on the field or from sources outside of the Board’s 
 Treasury for the erection of buildings on the property of 
 the Board, or for enlarging or improving buildings already in 
 use, or for acquiring new property, should be reported to the 
 Board, and before these gifts are expended full plans of the 
 improvements contemplated should be submitted to the Board 
 for its approval. 
 
 If missionaries spend moneys of their own in the purchase 
 of land, enlargement or erection of buildings for missionary 
 
 46 
 
purposes, they must understand that they have no claim upon 
 the Board for special reimbursement. 
 
 Title deeds of all properties are to be duly recorded in the 
 way required by the government within whose territory the 
 Mission is located. 
 
 All Stations should forward promptly to the Board, upon 
 the blanks furnished for such purpose, all details of new 
 property acquired, or buildings erected, so that the Board’s 
 files may be kept up to date. 
 
 Competent architects should be secured for all buildings of 
 a value of $1,000, or more, or the approval by the Board of 
 suggested plans be secured. When arrangements cannot be 
 made to have plans drawn by an architect, report to this effect 
 should be made to the Board. 
 
 Upon completion of a building, report should be made by 
 the Mission Property Committee to the Mission and the Board 
 as to how satisfactory the architect, plans, construction, etc., 
 have been. 
 
 Photographs and plans of these buildings and diagrams of 
 the land should be sent with the property blanks. 
 
 Missionaries, of course, will not in any way involve the 
 Board in property or financial obligations, without its consent. 
 If they do they must be held personally responsible for the 
 amount. 
 
 Sale or Rent of Property 
 
 58. Property not in use and not likely to be needed for 
 missionary purposes should be disposed of as soon as a 
 fair price can be obtained. Sales are to be authorized 
 by the Mission and its Property Committee on terms approved 
 by them and confirmed by the Board. The proceeds of such 
 sales should be credited to the Board and reported at once. 
 Where property unused by the Mission cannot be sold, it 
 should be rented as advantageously as possible and the pro¬ 
 ceeds and their use under Article 33h, reported to the Treas¬ 
 urers of the Mission and the Board. The character of the 
 
 47 
 
tenant and the proposed use of the property should he carefully 
 considered. (See Articles 33h and 51.) 
 
 When rental of Board property on the field is foreseen at 
 the time of making the annual estimates, it shall be included 
 in Column B as receipts on the field. If the income is not 
 foreseen, it shall be applied as receipts on the field toward 
 the appropriations in Column C and be so reported to the 
 Board Treasurer. In the use of rental income, a Mission 
 shall give preference to any necessary repairs on Board 
 property. 
 
 59. Each Mission shall, at its annual meeting, appoint a 
 Property Committee, without whose approval and that of 
 the Mission or its Executive Committee no plans shall be 
 adopted or any land purchased. This Committee shall have, 
 or shall arrange for, general supervision of the erection of all 
 buildings. It shall also be responsible for keeping the expen¬ 
 ditures within the funds available. Copies of all plans approved 
 by this Committee shall be forwarded as soon as possible 
 to the Treasurer of the Board. 
 
 Repairs on Property 
 
 60. Each Mission shall make provision for repairs on prop¬ 
 erties, so as to keep all buildings in satisfactory condition. 
 .Appropriations for repairs shall be non-transferable, and if 
 unused, are to be retained in the repairs account of the Mission 
 (Class V.) 
 
 All repairs on buildings shall be included in the general 
 estimates, and no major repairs, enlargements or alterations 
 involving expense shall be made without the concurrence of 
 the Mission or the Property Committee and, if amounting to 
 more than $500, the sanction of the Board. 
 
 Insurance 
 
 61. Save for exceptional buildings for which the Board 
 approves special insurance, the Board undertakes to carry its 
 owm insurance on its Mission properties in a fire and marine 
 
 48 
 
insurance fund in New York, setting aside such annual sums 
 as practicable for this purpose. It has not yet been possible 
 to set aside an adequate sum for this purpose. Pending its 
 completion, replacements of destroyed properties may have 
 to be regarded as within the quota allotted to each Mission 
 in the Board’s approved property list. The Board will give 
 sympathetic consideration to such requests and will try to 
 arrange for prompt rebuilding. A Mission should report to 
 the Board its judgment as to the relative importance of such 
 replacement as compared with other property needs inasmuch 
 as it does not necessarily follow in every case that a destroyed 
 building should be replaced with money available for more 
 pressing needs. Whether a replacement should be wholly or 
 partially made from the Fire and Marine Insurance Fund, 
 or whether special appeal should be made for it, will be deter¬ 
 mined at the time by the Board. 
 
 RELATION OF PROPERTY TO CHURCHES IN THE 
 
 MISSION FIELD 
 
 62. It is desirable that the national Churches should provide 
 their own buildings on land acquired and owned by the 
 Churches. Where native contributions enter into property 
 owned by the Board, it is desirable that there should be clear 
 understanding as to the equities of all interested parties. In the 
 case of hospitals and schools where native contributions as a 
 rule are the results of the earnings of the institutions or are 
 government grants, there should be perfectly clear recognition 
 that the title is in the Board, and that unless specified in the 
 gift and agreed to by the Board, no condition or lien limits the 
 right of the Board to dispose of the property and use the 
 proceeds as it thinks best. 
 
 (1) All property provided l)y the Board is Iield by it in 
 trust for the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. in its foreign 
 missionary undertakings, save where the funds came from the 
 field, in which case the Board deems itself trustee for the 
 
Church or the people of that field. The fact that the Board 
 has expended in a field the money given by the Church in 
 the U. S. A. does not create a binding presumption that it was 
 or will be a donation to that field. (2) The Board must judge 
 with regard to each piece or classification of property whether 
 its transfer to the Church or other agency in the field is 
 possible and advisable, and, if so, what terms of transfer would 
 best fulfill the purpose of the donors and the trust responsi¬ 
 bility of the Board. (3) Where property has been bought in 
 whole or in part by the Church in the Mission field, and is 
 held by the Board, the Board will regard such property, or 
 the Church’s equity therein, as a trust, and recognize that 
 such property or equity should be turned over to the Church 
 whenever it is practicable and desired, or, if it is sold, that 
 the proceeds should be used in the Christian cause in the 
 country concerned. (4) Where the property has been pur¬ 
 chased by contributions from America, the Board must regard 
 it, as a general rule, as held in trust, not for the Church in 
 the particular country in which the money was first spent, 
 but for the whole enterprise which the Board is incorporated 
 to carry on. The Board will have to determine in each 
 particular case whether the property or its proceeds should 
 be turned over to the Church in the field, or reinvested in the 
 work there, or should be transferred to some other field where 
 the Board’s responsibility under its charter is still unfulfilled. 
 
 PROPERTY LISTS AND APPEALS 
 
 63. The Board’s Annual Property List in Relation to Mis¬ 
 sion and Council Lists. It is the Board’s custom to issue its 
 property list in the early fall. Missions and Councils should 
 make special effort to submit their lists to the Board prior 
 to August 15. 
 
 A. Basis on Wliicii the Property List Is Prepared by the Board 
 
 The Board’s Approved Property List takes into considera¬ 
 tion the following factors: 
 
 50 
 
(1) Allotment of the Total Amount. The total for property 
 for which the Board can make appeal in any given year is deter¬ 
 mined by the Foreign Board’s share of the total Benevolence 
 Budget approved by the General Assembly which the Church is 
 asked to provide. Within this budget there must be included the 
 support of missionaries, maintenance of native work, Mission 
 and Station expenses, administrative and promotional costs, all 
 of whicK ordinarily total more than 80%, and approved property 
 needs. It is clear, therefore, that the amount for which the 
 Board can give credit within the Approved Benevolence Budget of 
 the Church for any given year is definitely limited. 
 
 (2) Allotment to Each Country. In determining this consider¬ 
 ation is given to— 
 
 (a) The amount granted by the Board during the preceding 
 year in the regular appropriations for each country, i.e.. Column 
 C of the Mission Estimates. If a like amount for property is 
 manifestly inadequate, then the Board’s Property Committee seeks 
 to arrange for a more equitable allotment, and the amounts 
 requested by the Mission in Column A (i. e., the total needed for 
 authorized work) are considered as a partial guide. (b) The 
 average of actual receipts for property items received by each 
 country for the preceding five years, (c) Any unusual conditions 
 in any field. 
 
 (3) Items are selected from the Missions’ and Councils’ lists 
 in the preferential order noted below. 
 
 B. I’refei ential Order of Items 
 
 Property lists should be prepared in the following preferential 
 order: 
 
 n) UiDiiet Balances required on property items still needed 
 and approved by the Board and for which approximately one-half 
 has been appropriated by the Board or otherwise secured. 
 
 Missions and Councils should include in their property requests 
 
 51 
 
to the Board all items on which there are unmet balances, whether 
 the sums still required have been pledged or not. 
 
 (2) Necessary Repairs on existing properties for amounts over 
 $500. By necessary repairs is meant a repair which if not made 
 would cause a serious deterioration of the property. All repair 
 items over $500 should be separately classified and not grouped 
 with alterations, improvements, additions or equipment. 
 
 Each Mission shall make provision for repairs on all properties 
 so as to keep all buildings in satisfactory condition. Appropria¬ 
 tions for repairs shall be non-transferable and if unused are to be 
 retained in the repairs account of the Mission. If the Mission 
 cannot at once include under present appropriations all that is 
 needed for repairs, it should assign as much as possible for this 
 need from the first increases granted by the Board in the guaran¬ 
 teed appropriations. 
 
 (3) Irnmediatciy Needed Residences to house missionaries on 
 the field or under appointment for whom no other suitable ac¬ 
 commodation can be provided. The Board desires to make every 
 effort to preserve the health and efficiency of the missionaries 
 and their families by providing suitable housing, and instructs 
 the Missions to place high in their property lists actually needed 
 residences. 
 
 (4) The remaining property items are those next highest on 
 the official lists sent from the field. Desired replacements of 
 destroyed property should be listed here unless the Mission 
 regards a particular replacement so essential as to merit a higher 
 place among the Prior Items. 
 
 Emergency Items. If, during the course of the year, after the 
 property list has been submitted, emergency items arise, they 
 should be officially presented to the Board, which will give them 
 sympathetic consideration. Such items must displace a like amount 
 elsewhere in the list of the Mission or Council concerned. Advice 
 as to what item should be displaced is desired by the Board, other- 
 w'ise the Board must use its discretion in substitutions. 
 
 52 
 
I*Toi>erty Needs of Cooperntive Krite-rjirlse’S 
 
 In order that the Board may have a clear understanding of a 
 Mission’s opinion as to the relative urgency of our Presbyterian 
 responsibility for both denominational and union enterprises, it is 
 essential that all requests for property for both types of work 
 he included in the same preferential list, indicating the relative 
 order of importance in the mind of the Mission, so that the 
 Board may be advised to what degree that need is urgent as 
 compared with other local Presbyterian obligations. 
 
 I). The Amounts for Wlilch CoiineiLs and Missions May Make Appesil 
 
 for Property' 
 
 The annual property list of each Council and Mission should 
 be made out on a conservative and practicable basis so as to 
 conform to the plan the Board is compelled to follow as outlined 
 in Section 63 (2-a.) Missions and Councils should not publish 
 or circulate such secondary requests as “Groups B and C,” 
 “A2 Dockets,” “Other Requests,” etc. These should be sent in 
 manuscript form to the Board. 
 
 K. Knumeration and Identification of Proi>ertj' Items 
 
 In presenting property items for appeal in the Board’s official 
 list, it is necessary not only that the preferential order should be 
 shown, but each item should be designated also by a Permanent 
 Identification Number to locate it in subsequent annual lists and 
 in the records of the Mission, Council and Board. Detailed in¬ 
 structions may be secured from the Board. 
 
 The permanent official property file of the Board is kept in its 
 Treasurer’s office. It is essential that in this office there be a 
 complete file of photographs of all properties owned by the 
 Board together with blue prints if such are available, if not, a 
 rough sketch of floor plans of all buildings. As soon, therefore, 
 as a new building is completed photographs and plans should 
 be forwarded to the Board’s Treasurer. Any photographs sent 
 to the Board’s Department for Specific Work or to the Publicity 
 
 53 
 
Department for publicity purposes do not take the place of those 
 required by the Treasurer’s Office. 
 
 F. Dpisig-iiatiiis: Anioiints Still Rp-qiiired for Fronorty Items for 
 Which Some Fniuls Are In Hand 
 
 Tlio Missions in preparing their approved property lists shall 
 state, in cases where sums liavc been appropriated or otherwise 
 secured toward an object: 
 
 First, the total amount rct|ucstcd by the Mission, including any 
 increases, if such, on the original estimates. 
 
 Second, the total amount in hand for the item and from what 
 sources, if not received by appropriation from the Board. 
 
 Third, the total amount of the appropriations received toward 
 the object. 
 
 Fourth, the net amount still required at the time the list is 
 prepared, this being the sum for which the Board makes request. 
 
 G. Description of Items Listed 
 
 In order that intelligent and forceful solicitation may be made 
 among prospective donors it is essential that adequate description 
 accompany each property item listed. 
 
 H. Time Limit for Authorized Property Appeals 
 
 All requests in property lists are understood to lapse with the 
 issuance of a later Mission list unless they are renewed in the 
 later list. 
 
 I. Solicitation of Property by Furloughed Missionaries 
 
 Wherever a Mission desires that furloughed missionaries should 
 bs given permission to appeal for special property items during 
 their furlough it will be necessary for the Mission to see that 
 these items are placed sufficiently near the top of its preferred 
 list to bring them within the Board’s authorized Property List 
 for all the Missions. 
 
 J. Appeal and Gifts for Items Far Down on 3IissIon 
 
 Property Lists 
 
 When missionaries approach prospective donors in the home 
 churches about property items that are far down on their Mission’s 
 
 54 
 
list or not on it at all, money which might otherwise have been 
 obtained for objects higher on the Mission’s list and included on the 
 Board’s list is probably diverted. This frequently causes em¬ 
 barrassment at home and trouble on the field. When prospective 
 donors consult the Board about rc(|uests of this kind, the custom 
 is, in loyalty to the Mission concerned, to advise that the gift be 
 made for one of the objects that is on the Board’s list and that 
 the Mission has voted to be of primary importance. Sometimes 
 this advice is heeded, to the disappointment of the missionary, 
 and sometimes it is not. In the latter case the Board must 
 appropriate the gift for the object designated, or send the funds 
 by Board Money Order, or refuse the gift altogether; the result 
 being that a Mission often gets what it considers of secondary 
 importance, while a primary need remains unmet. All practicable 
 power and discretion should be vested in the Mission on the field; 
 but missionaries who make appeals as above are really nullifying 
 this just principle of democratic Mission administration. 
 
 K. No Credit for Gifts for Objex-ts Outside the Board’s Budget 
 
 Because of apportionments which have been made, churches 
 sometimes demand credit from the Board for all gifts con¬ 
 tributed by their members for Foreign ^lission objects, whether 
 such objects are within the Board’s approved budget or not. 
 Many donors assume that the fact that a missionary appeals for 
 an object insures its being credited on their local church’s ap¬ 
 portionment of the Benevolence Budget. Credit cannot be given 
 on church, presbyterial or synodical apportionments by the Board 
 or by the General Council for gifts for objects which are outside 
 the budget allotted to the Foreign Board, and which have not 
 been approved and included by the Board under that budget. 
 
 L. To Wliom Appeal Should Be Ma<le 
 
 Care should be taken in soliciting funds for property not to 
 divert money which is accustomed to be sent to support mission¬ 
 aries or station work. It is for these primary needs that the gifts 
 of churches are ordinarily applied and for which they receive 
 
 55 
 
credit on their Foreign Missions quota of the Benevolence bud¬ 
 get. Gifts for property should ordinarily be secured from indi¬ 
 viduals. 
 
 M. R<»i>m-ts on lOxppiulitiiro of Api)ro^>riations niul on ProRress of 
 
 Construction 
 
 In order that tlic Board may always have available accurate 
 and adequate information about all its property holdings and that 
 the Missions’ property needs may be best promoted, the Board 
 directs: 
 
 First —That each Station treasurer send annually on March 
 31st to the Board treasurer on the blanks provided for the 
 purpose, a report on each separate piece of property acquired 
 during the fiscal year just closing, the lands purchased or build¬ 
 ings erected. 
 
 Second —That treasurers of the Afissions in their quarterly re¬ 
 ports to the Board state all the disbursements that have been 
 made against special appropriations for property, which report 
 in the past has been required only in the annual report of the 
 Alission treasurer. It is necessary for the Board to be in a position 
 to advise donors throughout the year exactly as to the expen¬ 
 diture of their money. 
 
 Third —That each Station also report to the Board’s Depart¬ 
 ment for Specific Work on the blanks furnished by that depart¬ 
 ment for the purpose, detailed information needed regarding the 
 progress of construction. Three such blanks will be furnished 
 for initial, intermediate and final reports. 
 
 D. MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 Money Orders and Certificates of Credit 
 
 64. The Treasurer of the Board is authorized to make 
 purchases for missionaries and for institutions under the charge 
 of the Mission. All charges, including freight, shall be charged 
 against either the personal account of the missionary or the 
 account of the institution thus served. Care should be taken 
 
 56 
 
to make orders in the name of the institution and not of the 
 individual missionary, w'hen the purchases are for the account 
 of the institution. The Treasurer shall require some form of 
 order for these purchases in the name of the missionary or 
 the institution. The Treasurer on the field through Avhom 
 this amount must be collected shall have cognizance of the 
 obligation assumed and to this end should countersign all 
 orders thus forwarded to the Board, a duplicate of the order 
 being filed with him. These purchases arc for Mission work 
 and for missionaries’ personal needs, and the privilege of 
 making such purchases is not to be extended to those not 
 directly associated with the Missions. 
 
 The Board’s Treasurer may receive and transfer to the field 
 funds handed him for the private use of missionaries and, 
 in turn, pay upon authority funds transferred to him by mis¬ 
 sionaries. For this purpose Mission Treasurers are authorized 
 to issue certificates of credit, which shall only be made for 
 actual value received, and shall not transmit such funds by 
 negotiable drafts payable through banks. Charges and credits 
 for Institutions on the field where arbitrary rates apply to 
 salaries are to be figured at the current rate of exchange. 
 
 Auditing Committee 
 
 65. The books, balance sheet and annual report of the 
 Treasurer of each Mission are to be audited by a committee 
 of not less than two persons appointed for such purpose by the 
 Mission or by its Executive Committee. This Committee 
 shall audit the accounts of the Mission Treasurer as soon as 
 possible after April 1st in each year. 
 
 In auditing the accounts the Committee is expected not 
 only to exanfine the footings and vouchers for each payment 
 but also to report whether the disbursements under appropria¬ 
 tions have been made in accordance with the vote of the 
 Mission and the Board. The audit should include an examina¬ 
 tion of the cash on hand and certification that there is actual 
 cash on hand to the amount reported to the Board. 
 
 57 
 
Also all records of the Treasurer should be reviewed by 
 this Committee so that it can certify that everything is being 
 done in accordance with the instructions of the Mission and 
 of the Board as outlined in the Manual, and that all trans¬ 
 actions affecting the credit of the Board are reported to it. 
 
 The report of this Committee of the Mission certifying 
 that such auditing has been made and the results thereof 
 should be presented to the Mission (or Executive Committee) 
 forwarded to the Treasurer of the Board, and incorporated in 
 the minutes of the Mission. 
 
 \ 
 
 58 
 
SALARIES, ALLOWANCES, FUR¬ 
 LOUGHS, ETC. 
 
 A. SALARIES 
 
 66. Salaries of missionaries vary in different countries, ac¬ 
 cording to the expense of living. They are determined by 
 the Board, after correspondence with the Missions. A place 
 of residence is provided or rent paid. Missions, in making 
 assignments of their members, should be sure that living 
 quarters are available adequate to the maintenance of health 
 and efficiency. The Board desires, as soon as practicable, to 
 provide a fund in the regular appropriations of each fiscal 
 year from which essential and emergency residences in regu¬ 
 larly occupied stations may be provided, in response to official 
 Mission requests setting forth the emergency need. Children’s 
 allowances are stated in Article 68. The salary of an un¬ 
 married missionary, man or woman, is usually sixty per cent, 
 of the salary of a married man. A missionary working on 
 the field while his wife temporaril}'- resides in the homeland 
 with Board and Mission approval receives the salary of an 
 unmarried missionary and his wife the usual home allowance 
 of a single missionary. 
 
 In case of the death of a missionary, or a child of a mission¬ 
 ary, the salary or allowance is continued for one month from 
 date of death. 
 
 The field salary begins, as a rule, on the arrival of the 
 missionary at his Station and continues until he leaves his 
 Station to return to America or on the termination of his 
 connection with the Board. 
 
 In the case of a missionary left a widower or widow with 
 children and keeping house, the salary is especially arranged 
 in view of the circumstances. 
 
 59 
 
Graded Salaries 
 
 67. In most fields the salaries are uniform, in a few others 
 the Missions have preferred to have salaries graded according 
 to length of service. The length of missionary service shall 
 be computed for graded salaries and other matters on the basis 
 of the actual total period under support of this Board as a regu¬ 
 lar missionary, excluding any other missionary service unless 
 there is, ordinarily at the time of appointment, specific Board 
 action to the contrary. The length of service of a married 
 couple is determined by that of the husband. 
 
 Children’s Allowances, Travel, Etc. 
 
 68. An allowance of $200 a year is now made for each child 
 under ten years of age and $300 for the next eleven years, the 
 payments for the last three years not to be made for children 
 who are self-supporting or are married or leave school for 
 other than health reasons. Children’s allowances are computed 
 not in fractions of months but in full months from the first 
 of the month in which the birth occurs, the increase to be 
 computed from the first of the corresponding month ten years 
 later. The allowance for children of new missionaries shall 
 begin with the date of leaving home on the outward journey. 
 This grant terminates when the missionary ceases to be con¬ 
 nected with the Board, but in case of death of a father in active 
 service the children’s allowances are continued to the age 
 limit above indicated. (But Cf. Article 87.) 
 
 The Board cannot provide children’s allowance for adopted 
 children. 
 
 The Board defrays the expense of the journey of the children 
 of missionaries to America up to the time that their allowance 
 ceases, the total number of single trips not to exceed five, 
 but it does not engage to meet the expense of their return 
 to the field after the age of sixteen unless they go out as mis¬ 
 sionaries under appointment of the Board. 
 
 In fields where the full term is but five years or less, thc 
 
 60 
 
Board will consider requests for six or seven trips for the 
 children of missionaries, if circumstances warrant them. 
 
 The provisions of this Article indicate the extent to which 
 the Board feels able to provide for the maintenance and educa¬ 
 tion of children. 
 
 69. Homes for the children of missionaries are provided 
 in the United States, through the generosity of Christian 
 friends. Inquiries concerning these homes should be addressed 
 to the Home Base Department of the Board. 
 
 Outfit, General 
 
 70. Outfit allowances are granted to new missionaries to 
 assist toward the purchasing of articles for the furnishing of 
 homes and necessary equipment for service. A grant of $250 
 is made to unmarried missionaries and $500 to a man and wife. 
 In the Africa Mission the grants to individual missionaries for 
 outfit allowances are one-half these amounts. In this Mission, 
 the Board appropriates the other half of the outfit allowance 
 to the Mission for each missionary, with the understanding 
 that it is to be expended for heavy furniture which shall 
 become the property of the Mission. 
 
 Since some necessary articles can be obtained to equal or 
 better advantage on the field thus saving freight, and since 
 the new missionary is better able to determine after arrival 
 on the field what is really needed, experienced missionaries 
 advise limited purchasing before sailing and retaining more 
 than half of the outfit allowance until after reaching his 
 destination. Any unused portion may be drawn prior to the 
 end of the fiscal year following the year of arrival. 
 
 Outfit, Medical 
 
 71. Medical missionaries going to stations where there 
 are established hospitals are allowed a sum not to exceed 
 $50 to provide a personal medical equipment; to those going 
 to stations where there are no hospitals, an additional allow¬ 
 ance for surgical outfit, not to exceed $300, is made after 
 
 61 
 
approval by the Board's Secretar}' for the Mission and the 
 Medical Secretary. On withdrawal of missionary physicians 
 from service with the Board, all such outfits shall be reported 
 to the Board and turned over to the Station Treasurers to be 
 held subject to the Board’s instructions. 
 
 On the removal of a medical missionary from one Station 
 to another the medical outfit shall remain for the successor, 
 unless the medical work is to be closed or unless there is no 
 outfit at the Station to which removal is made, in which case 
 the Mission shall determine the use of the outfit. 
 
 Medical Allowances 
 
 72. (a) Bills on the field for medical, surgical and one- 
 
 half dental expenses, including prescribed medicines, when 
 incurred under proper field and Board regulations, should be 
 met within the regular appropriations. Each Mission should 
 include in Class VI of its estimate sheets a definite amount 
 covering ordinary needs of this kind; it thus becomes un¬ 
 transferable and will constitute a medical fund carried over 
 from year to year. 
 
 (b) A special term missionary may, if desired by the 
 Mission, be granted medical but not dental care, the expendi¬ 
 ture to be kept within the medical allowance of the regular 
 appropriation of the Mission. No expenditure is to be in¬ 
 curred for affiliated missionaries except by specific Board 
 authorization. 
 
 (c) Bills of missionaries on furlough in excess of $25 per 
 year for single missionaries and $50 per year for a family, 
 for medical, surgical, oculist and one-half dental charges, 
 when incurred by prior advice of the Board, will, upon request, 
 ordinarily be met by the Board. The financial responsibility 
 of the Board begins after the individual has spent a total of 
 $25 (or the family $50) in one furlough year for medical, 
 surgical, oculist (not optician) and dental expenses combined. 
 Thereafter, one-half dental and all other medical expenses 
 
 62 
 
 / 
 
are chargeable to the Board upon the proper authorization of 
 the Medical Secretary. The Board is not responsible for 
 medical expenses incurred without its advance approval, except 
 in emergencies which do not permit prior consultation. 
 
 Missionaries on furlough who are staying at a hospital or 
 sanitarium are to pay one dollar per day toward any charge 
 by the institution, including special nursing, irrespective of 
 and in addition to the regular quota of $25 for a single person 
 or $50 for a family. If, however, the stay is solely for 
 purposes of examination, and the charges are strictly examina¬ 
 tion charges as distinguished from board and room, the mis¬ 
 sionary will not be expected to pay anything toward them. 
 
 In sending statements of medical expenses to the Board, 
 the dates of the various items involved should be given and 
 the name of the member of the family for whom the charge 
 was made. Bills for such expenditures should be made out 
 to the missionary concerned and not to the Board. 
 
 Medical Regulations 
 
 73. At Stations where medical missionaries are laboring 
 under commission from the Board, they are regarded as the 
 physicians of the missionary families connected with the 
 Board, to render service to them without charge, and the 
 Board does not engage to be responsible for expense incurred 
 in seeking medical aid elsewhere. Medical missionaries shall 
 be the health and sanitary officers in their respective stations 
 and shall have the right of initiative in raising questions of 
 individual hygiene or general sanitation. They are explicitly 
 authorized by the Board to study these matters in the Mission 
 and stations. The Medical Secretary of the Board is expected 
 to cooperate actively in programs of preventive medicine for 
 the personnel on the field. 
 
 In Missions where there are physicians under appointment 
 of the Board, the Mission shall arrange for annual physical 
 examinations, details to be arranged by the Mission. In 
 
Missions where there are no medical missionaries, ef¥ort should 
 be made to arrange for such annual examinations by other 
 competent physicians who may be available. 
 
 Requirements as to preventive inoculations arc as follows: 
 
 (1) Vaccination for smallpox at least once in four years: 
 
 (2) inoculation for typhoid-paratyphoid at least once in two 
 years, unless the individual is over fifty years of age, or has 
 had a recent attack of typhoid or paratyphoid; (3) inoculation 
 for typhoid-paratyphoid for children over ten years of age. 
 For younger children it is optional but advisable. 
 
 Furloughed missionaries with children should consult the 
 Medical Secretary of the Board regarding preventive inocu¬ 
 lations for diphtheria and scarlet fever. 
 
 When missionaries are sent home from the field either at 
 their regular furlough periods, or at other times on medical 
 advice, the Mission Secretary is instructed to secure from the 
 doctor in charge a full professional statement for the guidance 
 of the Board’s Medical Secretary. 
 
 Missionaries w'hen they arrive at home on furlough shall 
 have a thorough medical examination, and a sufficient portion 
 of their furlough is to be spent in rest and recuperation to 
 insure their return to the field in the best physical condition. 
 
 Missionaries before their return to the field after furlough 
 must have another physical examination in order to insure 
 good health on the field. It is important that these examina¬ 
 tions should be completed and the report sent to the Medical 
 Secretary of the Board in time for clearance for return to 
 the field as the Treasurer of the Board is not authorized to 
 advance final travel funds until he receives the medical clear¬ 
 ance. The Medical Secretary sends out the necessary blanks 
 at least two months before the expected time of sailing. 
 
 Remuneration for Outside Work 
 
 74. The missionary under salary from the Board is expected 
 to give his time and strength to the work of Foreign Mis- 
 
 64 
 
sions, under the general direction of the Mission and in accord¬ 
 ance with the provisions of the Manual. If, with the express 
 sanction of the Mission and the Board, he shall tem¬ 
 porarily undertake wmrk not under the care of the Board, 
 any sum of money paid for such work shall be turned into 
 the treasury of the Mission and credited to the Board, except 
 with the approval of the Mission and the explicit con¬ 
 sent of the Board to the contrary. Where the regular work 
 is a source of revenue, such as medical fees, tuition, etc., the 
 amount shall be similarly credited. This provision is not 
 intended to cover gifts for personal use or occasional remunera¬ 
 tion or honoraria, but is intended to apply to a missionary 
 who takes outside remunerative work for a period and of a 
 kind w'hich affects the work assigned by the Mission or which 
 the Mission could otherwise assign to him. (See Article 33-g.) 
 
 B. TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE FIELD 
 Journey Expenses 
 
 75. The Board pays the expense of the journey from the 
 home of the missionary to his Station, or vice versa, by a 
 direct route. If a missionary wishes to deviate from this 
 route and there be no valid reason to the contrary, he shall 
 receive a sum equal to the expense of the direct journey as 
 estimated by the Board. This sum is based upon the shortest 
 and least expensive route and is not intended to include 
 items of emergency beyond those incident to delays from 
 disarranged service. In case of deviation from the direct 
 route or delays, the additional expense of which is assumed 
 by the missionary, the time thus consumed will be taken into 
 consideration in fixing the date at which home allowance shall 
 begin or end. 
 
 The extra time spent in such travel shall be deemed a part 
 of the furlough and not an addition to it, and plans should 
 be made to arrive on the field not later than at the expiration 
 of the leave of absence. 
 
 65 
 
Indirect routes back to the field have very frequently re¬ 
 sulted in tardy arrival on the field either because of failure 
 to arrange schedules all the way through in advance, or be¬ 
 cause of unforeseen emergencies which are much more likely 
 to arise on the longer, less known and less carefully planned 
 route; also the more serious and expensive health emergencies 
 during travel have largely occurred on these indirect routes. 
 
 When traveling by an indirect route no excess baggage 
 charges or freight should be charged to the Board that would 
 not have been required had the direct route been used. 
 
 The Board desires that all missionaries should travel in 
 reasonable comfort and in ways consistent with their position 
 and service. It therefore advocates first class passage across 
 the Pacific and second class or one cabin across the Atlantic, 
 etc. 
 
 Travel accounts of missionaries traveling by other than 
 direct routes shall be rendered covering the full expenses 
 incident to the entire journey from Mission station to furlough 
 home or vice versa; and for such part of the journey as was 
 by indirect route, the Board will grant a traveling allowance 
 equivalent to the ordinary cost of route in the classes of travel 
 which were used in the indirect route. 
 
 Missionaries are free to travel indirectly where they have 
 funds of their own to meet the expenses of the additional 
 travel, but the Board cannot sanction the application to such 
 added expenses of any savings that the missionary may in¬ 
 dividually elect to effect by traveling in inferior classes. 
 
 Travel Allowance 
 
 76. Salary is not paid during travel to and from the field 
 since the Board pays all necessary traveling expenses. A 
 personal allowance of $1.50 per day is paid to each missionary. 
 This does not affect children’s allowances. It is understood 
 that this will cover such incidental items during travel as 
 laundry, pressing, barber charges, newspapers, medicines, trips 
 
 66 
 
ashore at ports of call, contributions to funds on board ship, 
 any expenditure for steamer fees that may occur in excess of 
 the maximum allowed to any missionary or family. The basis of 
 this maximum to the more distant fields shall be $10.00 for 
 a single missionary, $15.00 for a married couple and $20.00 
 for a married couple with children. 
 
 The Treasurer’s office in New York, except in a very few 
 cases, arranges for all steamship tickets, but due to a ruling 
 regarding clergy fares, it is necessary for the missionary to 
 secure his own railway transportation after arranging for 
 clerical certificates through the Treasurer’s office. 
 
 All missionaries under appointment or at home on furlough 
 who are not receiving compensation from other than religious 
 sources are entitled to clergy fare permits allowing consider¬ 
 able reduction on the regular cost of railway travel. These 
 should be secured before making any journeys at the Board’s 
 expense. 
 
 Missionaries should apply to the Mission Treasurer several 
 months in advance of their return to America for Clergy 
 Certificate application blanks so that Certificates may be 
 obtained in the States and returned to the field before the 
 journey begins. 
 
 Traveling on Furlough 
 
 77. Arrangements for the home journey should be made on 
 the most economical basis consistent with reasonable comfort 
 through the Mission Treasurer. Missionaries should obtain 
 from him copies of the Travel Manual with full detailed in¬ 
 structions. 
 
 As far as possible, tickets for the journey, with instructions, 
 should be arranged for and provided by the Mission Treasurer. 
 He is usually more familiar with the routes and rates than 
 the missionary. 
 
 All points where the journey is necessarily broken, as at 
 Hongkong and at points in Japan and England, immediate 
 
 67 
 
engagements should be made for the next stage in the journey, 
 provided engagements cannot be made in advance by post or 
 telegraph. 
 
 Missionaries in returning home must bring a regular clear¬ 
 ance sheet showing balance in personal account, if any, date 
 to which salary and children’s allowance were paid, amount 
 advanced for travel and advance made on home salary, if any. 
 As soon as possible after arriving in America they should 
 report to the Board offices. 
 
 In the case of missionaries on first furlough who must 
 spend the major part of their furlough in a place of study, 
 the Board will pay the expense of travel from the field to the 
 more distant place, whether home or place of study, with the 
 understanding, however, that when the place of study is the 
 more distant it shall be as near the missionary’s home as 
 possible, and must be agreed upon in advance of the mission¬ 
 ary’s homecoming in correspondence between the missionary 
 and. if necessary, the Mission and the Board. 
 
 Missionaries should remember that the place of study may 
 determine the destination to which the Board pays travel, 
 since it will naturally be the place in which the missionary 
 spends the greater part of his furlough; that the Board’s 
 Furlough Study Committee has been appointed to supervise 
 the study of such missionaries; and that consequently the 
 place of study should not be settled by the missionary without 
 consultation with the Committee. This does not rule out the 
 possibility of taking special courses in particular institutions, 
 attendance at which may involve unusual travel expense; 
 but the missionary should not make such arrangements on the 
 assumption that the Board will pay the travel unless it has 
 agreed in advance to do so. Such special cases will be sym¬ 
 pathetically considered by the Committee and endeavor will 
 be made to provide in some waj^ to make such study possible 
 when it is really necessary. 
 
 68 
 
Furlough Residence 
 
 78. It is desirable that furloughs be spent in the United 
 States. Any missionary wishing to spend part of the fur¬ 
 lough in a foreign country is expected to correspond Avith 
 the Board with reference to the time to be so spent and the 
 date at which the home allowance shall begin. 
 
 As the Board pays the travel expense to the home of the 
 missionary, it is necessary that the domicile be stated when 
 rendering the travel account. (Cf. Article 28c.) 
 
 The domicile shall be considered that place at which the 
 missionary spends the greater part of the furlough, and not 
 the farthest point to which he, or she, may travel in making 
 visits among relatives, friends or churches. 
 
 For missionaries whose homes, or whose furlough domiciles, 
 are not in America, the Board will pay the cost of the journey 
 to an amount not exceeding the cost of the journey from 
 their Station to New York City and return. 
 
 Baggage and Freight Allowances 
 
 79. (a) The Board pays the expense of packing and freight 
 and customs duties for new missionaries to the field Avithin 
 reasonable limits, (duties not to exceed $50.00 per person) 
 for necessary articles for personal and household use and 
 not on more than is included in the regular freight and bag¬ 
 gage allowance. The freight alloAvance for new missionaries 
 is two measured tons for a single missionary and four measured 
 tons for a married couple, except as may be determined by 
 special action of the Board. The freight allowance for Africa 
 is one-half the usual amount, namely, one cubic ton for each 
 missionary. One cubic, or measured, ton is equal to 40 cubic 
 feet. Any amount taken out beyond this quantity is at the 
 personal expense of the missionary. Requisitions may be 
 made upon the Board for money to cover the portion to be 
 paid for by the Board by a letter or memorandum sent to the 
 Board’s Treasurer in New York. 
 
 69 
 
(b) One measured ton of freight, without customs duties, 
 is allowed each adult and one-half ton for each child when 
 traveling on furlough. A freight allowance is not granted 
 unless goods are actually shipped, and an “out and out” 
 allowance for freight is made only when goods are shipped 
 by the most direct and cheapest route, in which case the 
 allowance is the estimated cost of such direct and cheapest 
 route if the quantity of freight, within the allowance, is actually 
 shipped. 
 
 (c) The Board allows a maximum of 350 pounds of baggage 
 which the missionary is entitled to carry free from his home 
 to his destination on the field, or vice versa. Many of the 
 steamship companies allow only 20 cubic feet, or about 175 
 pounds. The railroads in the eastern section of the United 
 States allow only 150 pounds, while the trans-Pacific lines 
 and railways on through trans-Pacific railroad tickets from 
 Chicago or St. Louis west allow 350 pounds. In foreign 
 countries it is usually considerably less than 350 pounds. 
 Where the transportation lines allow less than 350 pounds 
 the Board will pay excess charges, if necessary, up to 350 
 pounds maximum. 
 
 Half the above allowances will be made for each child. 
 
 (d) The freight of outgoing missionaries should be shipped 
 several months in advance of their sailing, in order that it 
 may reach the field by the time they do or soon after their 
 arrival. 
 
 All goods should be packed in stout cases or crates, as 
 compactly as possible, since ocean freight is charged for on 
 basis of measurement instead of weight, taking into considera¬ 
 tion the time, distance and risks of the journey, especially the 
 risks from water and dampness. Trunks must be boxed or 
 crated when shipped as freight. 
 
 Boxes should be numbered serially 1, 2, 3, etc., and a list 
 compiled for each box, listing old goods separately from new 
 where this is possible. In most countries old goods are ad- 
 
 70 
 
mitted free of duty and if the contents of boxes are listed 
 without showing value of old goods distinct from new goods, 
 duty is charged on old goods as well as on the new. All 
 goods, whether old or new, must have values set opposite 
 the various items. These values are necessary for Customs 
 purposes and also are the only basis of claims for insurance 
 in case the box is damaged or lost. 
 
 These lists of contents and shipping papers should be sent 
 to the Board’s Shipping Department or to the shipping com¬ 
 pany specified by the Board. The country to which the Mis¬ 
 sionaries have been assigned should be put in a letter to 
 the Board’s Shipping Department or shipping company, but not 
 marked on the freight boxes. 
 
 4 The Board cannot assume responsibility in shipping goods 
 where lists of contents with values are not furnished. 
 
 The Treasurer should be advised promptly in cases where 
 there are forwarding charges to be paid by the New York 
 Office on goods shipped other than through the Board’s 
 Shipping Department, giving the number of pieces and total 
 value. 
 
 (e) All boxes shipped through the Board are insured 
 against loss at sea or through theft. If any such losses result, 
 these should be reported as soon as possible to the Board 
 by letter. This report should show the goods received as 
 well as those lost. Shipping Companies do not ordinarily 
 insure against theft, therefore in writing to them when send¬ 
 ing lists, bills of lading, etc., state definitely that you wish 
 freight boxes to be insured .against theft. 
 
 Passports 
 
 80. Passports are necessary but the regulations regarding 
 them change so often that it is impracticable to include in 
 this Manual instructions regarding them. The Treasurer of 
 the Board will furnish all needed information, and missionaries 
 should be careful to fulfill all conditions imposed by the 
 Government. 
 
 71 
 
C. FURLOUGHS 
 
 81. The appointment of regular missionaries contemplates 
 service for life. Stated furloughs are in complete accord with 
 such service. Change of environment tends to preserve or 
 restore health and energy, and the presence of missionaries in 
 the churches at home increases interest in Mission work. The 
 frequency of furloughs varies with the degree of isolation 
 and climatic conditions of the fields in which the missionaries 
 work. Exigencies of the work may render necessary a length¬ 
 ening of some terms of service, and exigencies of health may 
 shorten others, the general rule being that missionaries should 
 take their regular furloughs at stated times. If exigencies of 
 the work require a change in the date of sailing on furlough 
 the change should preferably be a lengthening rather than a 
 shortening of the term. The needs of the work should be 
 considered well in advance and furloughs so arranged that 
 requests will not be made to shorten terms of service because 
 other furloughs become due at the same time. 
 
 In cases where a missionary has been on the field longer 
 than the usual term and his wife for a period shorter than 
 the usual term, or vice versa, it shall be allowable to fix 
 the minimum term at an average point for the two. Exceptions 
 may be made in cases of wives kept in America on account 
 of ill-health or for other reasons approved by the Board. 
 
 Terms of Service and Furloughs 
 
 82. (a) In every case a furlough must be approved 
 
 by the Mission and, except an 'emergency health furlough, 
 must be included in the annual estimates. The Board meets 
 travel expenses both ways for approved furloughs, unless 
 specifically stated to the contrary. 
 
 The period of furlough is in addition to the tirne required 
 for direct travel. For indirect travel see Article 75. 
 
 The Missions shall ensure that the time of leaving the field 
 is at a suitable period after the full term of service; that the 
 
 72 
 
return to the field at the expiration of the furlough shall 
 also be at a suitable season of the year; and that the furlough 
 be so timed, if possible, that the absence from the field shall 
 include at least one hot season. In this adjustment the term 
 of service shall not be shortened and the furlough will not be 
 lengthened except as specifically stated elsewhere. 
 
 In China, Chosen, Japan and Syria Missions, where 
 the term of service expires before October 1st, missionaries 
 shall be allowed to leave on furlough during the July previous 
 to the expiration of the term of service, and, in the case of 
 the twelve months’ furlough, shall return so as to arrive at 
 the port of entry about September 1 of the following year. 
 If the term of service expires after October 1st, missionaries 
 may leave the field at such time thereafter as the Mission 
 may determine, provided it be at such a season as to allow 
 the return to the field at the expiration of the regular furlough 
 in America. 
 
 In the Philippine, Hainan, Yunnan and Siam Missions, mis¬ 
 sionaries who have arrived on the field for the opening of the 
 schools in June, may leave the field on the furlough when the 
 schools close at the end of Alarch preceding the end of the 
 full term of service, returning before the opening of the schools 
 in June of the following year. 
 
 (b) After the first term of service the furlough shall be 
 used in further preparation under the direction of the Mission 
 and the Board. If the first furlough is not devoted to study 
 for further preparation under the direction of the Mission and 
 the Board, the regular furlough rules as to length of furlough 
 shall apply. (Cf. Article 28d.) 
 
 (c) No provision is made for a proportionate furlough. 
 In case a missionary must come home prior to the regular 
 furlough, the case shall be presented by the Mission to the 
 Board for special consideration. If the Board shall approve, 
 (a) the period of such absence, less one month for the annual 
 vacation on the field (if the absence from the field included 
 
 73 
 
the regular vacation time) shall be deducted from the period 
 of absence authorized for that Mission for the next regular 
 furlough, or (b) the next full term of service shall be from 
 the time of return to the field after the leave of absence. 
 During a leave of absence, all expense for travel shall be 
 provided by the missionary, and all financial allowances from 
 the Board shall cease, except that (a) children’s allowances 
 may be continued, and (b) field salary for the regular vacation 
 time (if included within the period of field absence) shall be 
 paid. 
 
 Terms of Service and Furloughs 
 
 (d) South Braail, Chile, Persia, Syria, Japan, Chosen, China 
 {excepting S. China, Hainan and Yunnan) 
 
 First term of service, 5 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent term, 7 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 6 years with a 9 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 5 years with a 6 months’ furlough. 
 
 (c) Central Brasil and Guatemala 
 First term of service, 4 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent term, 6 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 5 years with a 9 months’ furlough, 
 
 or 4 years with a 6 months’ furlough. 
 
 (f) Hainan 
 
 All terms, 5 years with 12 months’ furlough 
 
 (g) Philippines, Yunnan and South China 
 
 First term of service, 5 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent term, 6 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 5 years with a 9 months’ furlough. 
 
 (h) Siam 
 
 First term of service, 4 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 Subsequent terms: 4 years and 9 months with a 12 months’ 
 furlough; 
 
 or 4 years with a 9 months’ furlough. 
 74 
 
(i) India 
 
 1. In the Punjab and North India Missions 
 
 First term of service, 5 years and 7 months with a 14 
 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent terms, Single women, 6 years and 7 months 
 with a 14 months’ furlough; 
 
 Married missionaries, 7 years and 7 months with a 14 
 months’ furlough. 
 
 The furlough of 14 months shall be in addition to the time 
 of travel to and from the field, missionaries to leave the field 
 not earlier than May 1, and to arrive on the field after furlough 
 not later than October 1. 
 
 Missionaries may take an emergency furlough of six months 
 after five and a quarter years, this emergency furlough not to 
 be taken except wdth special sanction of the Mission and the 
 Board. 
 
 2. In the Western India Mission the term of service sub¬ 
 sequent to the first is to be six years wdth 12 months’ furlough, 
 or five years with 9 months’ furlough; the time for leaving 
 the field on full furlough shall be about the first of March 
 following the completion of term of service, and for leaving 
 the United States about the first of April. 
 
 (j) Mexico 
 
 First term of service, 3 years wdth a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent terms, 7 years wdth a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 6 years with a 9 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 5 years wdth a 6 months’ furlough. 
 
 For the hot lowland country the term shall be 3 years with 
 a 6 months’ furlough. 
 
 (k) Colombia 
 
 First term of service, 3 years with a 12 months’ furlough. 
 
 1. Barranquilla, Cartagena, and stations in the Magdalena 
 River Valley, 6 months’ furlough after three years. 
 
 (2) Medellin and Bucaramanga Station, 10 months’ furlough 
 
 75 
 
after 5 years of service, or 8 months’ furlough after 4 years’ 
 service. 
 
 (3) Bogota Station, 10 months’ furlough after 6 years of 
 service, or 8 months’ furlough after 5 years. 
 
 (l) Venezuela 
 
 First term of service, 5 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent terms, 6 years with a 10 months’ furlough; 
 
 or 5 years with an 8 months’ furlough. 
 
 (m) IVcst Africa 
 
 First term of service, 3 years with a 12 months’ furlough; 
 
 Subsequent terms, 3 years with a 9 months’ furlough. 
 
 New missionaries to Cameroun are expected to spend six 
 months in France in the study of French. This time is in 
 addition to their term of service in Africa. 
 
 Special Furloughs 
 
 83. Any other leave of absence than the furlough thus pro¬ 
 vided for must be by vote of the Board on recommendation 
 of the Mission, except where a critical condition of health, 
 certified by one or more physicians, does not admit of delay, 
 in which case the approval of the Mission will be deemed 
 sufficient; the action to be promptly reported to the Board, 
 with a medical certificate. The Board furnishes the Missions 
 with a form of certificate for this purpose, and the reception 
 and approval of these certificates, together with the judgment 
 of the Mission thereon, must precede the settling of the travel 
 account of a missionary returning to the United States, when 
 no provision has been made for such return in the annual 
 appropriation. This medical certificate must be signed by the 
 Board’s medical missionary at the Station, where there is one. 
 Where a consultation of the medical missionaries of a Mission 
 is practicable, it shall be only on the recommendation of such 
 a consultation that missionaries shall be sent home on account 
 of ill health. 
 
 76 
 
The same rules apply in cases where a serious illness of 
 children makes it necessary to bring them to the United States. 
 If a child in such circumstances is accompanied to America 
 by either or both parents, prior approval of the Mission, or 
 its Executive Committee, should be given and if time permit 
 of the Board also. 
 
 Home Allowance 
 
 84. The allowance while at home is (1927) $2,100 per annum 
 to a husband and wife and $1,200 to an unmarried man, to an 
 unmarried woman and to a wife whose husband remains on the 
 field. Missionaries may, at their discretion, draw in advance 
 one months’ home allow'ance from the Mission Treasurer 
 prior to leaving the field or from the Treasurer in New' York 
 upon arriving in the United States. 
 
 The home allowance begins when the payment of travel¬ 
 ing expenses from the field ceases and ends wdien the pay¬ 
 ment of traveling expenses to the field begins. Whenever 
 the alternative offered in Article 75 is accepted, the home 
 allowance shall begin at the time the missionary would have 
 reached his home in this country by a direct route, and the 
 same principle shall be applied when the journey is toward 
 the field. 
 
 The home allowance of widows and w'idowers with chil¬ 
 dren shall be presumptively that of unmarried missionaries 
 plus children’s allowances, with the understanding that these 
 amounts may be supplemented if this is found necessary. 
 
 Home allow'ance shall in no case exceed the amount for 
 the term of furlough as set forth in Article 82 except as 
 serious physical disability, certified to by a competent physi¬ 
 cian, may call for a longer period, or upon express consent 
 of the Board. (Cf. Article 85.) 
 
 Children’s allowance is not interrupted by travel. 
 
 An amount not to exceed $25 per month for a family, 
 toward rent, will be granted to those furloughed missionaries 
 
 77 
 
who may need such assistance. Applications should be made 
 on blanks furnished by the Board. These grants are con¬ 
 sidered in accordance with the principle that the rental allow¬ 
 ance should not exceed two-thirds of the rent that the mission¬ 
 ary is obliged to pay, provided that the amount of the Board’s 
 grant shall not exceed $25 a month and that the duration of 
 the grant shall be within the Manual limit of the furlough, 
 except when an extension is made on a medical certificate 
 of ill-health. 
 
 Extension of Furlough 
 
 85. For satisfactory reasons the furlough may be extended 
 without home allowance, except in cases of ill-health; but at 
 the end of the second year except in special cases, the connec¬ 
 tion of the missionary with the Board will be terminated. 
 Vacations on the Field 
 
 86. Such brief vacations on the field as may be necessary 
 for the best interests of the Mission force are to be deter¬ 
 mined both as to time and length by the Missions, on the 
 basis of plans submitted by them and approved by the Board. 
 
 The Board may provide for exceptional field health changes 
 to be determined by the Mission or Council, the necessary 
 expenses to be included in the annual estimates. 
 
 D. RETIRING ALLOWANCE 
 
 87. The rules regarding the honorable retirement of mis¬ 
 sionaries at the age of seventy or after forty years of service, 
 in Article 84 of the 1922 edition of the Manual and the supple¬ 
 mentary regulations and interpretations that were issued in 
 1924, and the rule regarding the orphans of missionaries in 
 .Article 68 will necessarily be changed by the application to 
 foreign missionaries of the Service Pension Plan of the Board 
 of Ministerial Relief and Sustentation, on the terms and in 
 the form agreed upon by the two Boards and approved bj' 
 the General Assembly of 1927. As the General Assembly’s 
 action had not been taken when this Manual went to press, 
 detailed information wdll be published later. 
 
 78 
 
THE CHURCH IN THE MISSION FIELD 
 
 Ideals of the Church on the Field 
 
 88. The Church in the Mission Field should aim to be¬ 
 come self-propagating, self-supporting and self-governing, and 
 should be diligent in applying the principles of the Gospel of 
 Christ to the social and moral problems of community and 
 nation. The Mission, with wise counsel and cordial assistance 
 should encourage and foster the Church in carrying out this 
 purpose. 
 
 Relation Between Missions and the Church on the Field 
 
 89. 1. The right of such a Church to independence with 
 complete ecclesiastical authority and responsibility for the 
 administration of its own affairs should be gladly welcomed. 
 
 2. This, however, need not prevent connection of the mis¬ 
 sionary with the church courts in an advisory capacity, or 
 service on committees or other service of the Church in the 
 field in any capacity, provided the desire of the Church for 
 such relationship or service is expressed by the Church itself 
 through its own ecclesiastical authorities; but any such rela¬ 
 tionship should be looked upon as temporary and as falling 
 short of the final objective, which is an indigenous Church 
 on a native basis in which the foreign missionary becomes no 
 longer a necessity. 
 
 3. Where the Church in the mission field desires it and 
 the Mission approves, ordained members of the Mission may 
 connect themselves with the courts of the Church on the field. 
 The General Assembly of 1925 answered in the negative an 
 overture asking whether a Presbyterian minister can be a 
 member of two Presbyteries, one in America and one on the 
 foreign field. Presbyterial membership on the field therefore 
 requires severance of the relationship with the Presbytery in 
 
 79 
 
the United States with which the missionary has been con¬ 
 nected. In the case of presbyteries belonging not to the 
 Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., but to union churches of the 
 Presbyterian and Reformed order on the foreign field or to 
 churches of this order which have grown out of the work 
 of our own missions into independent churches and have been 
 so recognized by our own General Assembly, it should not be 
 taken for granted that missionaries should transfer their mem¬ 
 bership from their home Church, but the matter should be 
 decided in each field in accordance with the judgment of the 
 native Church and the Mission and with regard to the best 
 interests of the Church, such course being followed as appears 
 most likely to secure the real, speedy and complete independ¬ 
 ence of the Church. 
 
 In some fields it has seemed that the best interests of the 
 Church were served by missionaries retaining their presbyterial 
 membership in the United States while working with and 
 serving in every way the independent Church on the field. In 
 other countries these churches have desired that the mission¬ 
 aries should join the presbyteries on the field. 
 
 If a missionary desires to retain his presbyterial membership 
 in America, and if the Church in the mission field desires some 
 field relationship, there is no objection to his sitting as an 
 affiliated member or assessor and sharing in the work of the 
 field presbyteries to any extent that these may desire, provided 
 that such relationship is found to be really productive or 
 more rapid and complete autonomy and self-responsibility on 
 the part of the Church, and provided also that there is clear 
 recognition that the missionary remains under the sole and 
 complete jurisdiction of his presbytery in America. Where 
 this is not the case, the field presbyteries should be encouraged 
 to do their work in full independence, and the missionaries 
 should have the status of corresponding members only. 
 
 In the case of ordained missionaries who transfer their full 
 membership to the field, or who become related to the field 
 
 80 
 
presbyteries in any partial degree, it is understood that as 
 missionaries they remain wholly under the jurisdiction and 
 control of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church 
 in the U. S. A., whose missionaries they continue to be through 
 the Assembly’s Board of Foreign Missions. 
 
 An action of the Board April 19. 1926, in reply to inquiries 
 from the Stated Clerk of the General Assembly and from 
 missionaries on the field and indicating the policy outlined 
 in the preceding paragraphs, was brought to the special atten¬ 
 tion of the General Assembly of 1926, which, on recommenda¬ 
 tion of its Standing Committee on Polity, declared it to be 
 “conforming to our Constitution and approved by past 
 Assemblies.’’ 
 
 Church Membership of Unordained Missionaries 
 
 The same principle applies to unordained as to ordained 
 missionaries, that is, they cannot be members of two churches, 
 one at home and one on the foreign field. Newly appointed 
 missionaries should leave their membership with their churches 
 in America, unless after their arrival on the field, the mission 
 aries and the native Church deem a transfer of membership 
 desirable. In either case, their relation to the Board is 
 unchanged. 
 
 Relation of the Church on the Field to the Control of Mission 
 Funds 
 
 90. 1. The right to the control and administration of 
 Mission funds inheres in the Board and the Mission, but a 
 Mission at its discretion, and with the approval of the Board, 
 may make such grants to the Church in the field for general or 
 specific purposes as it deems advisable, the Church then having 
 the power of control over and administration of such funds. 
 
 2. If deemed advisable, a Mission may with the consent 
 of the Board transfer funds or institutions or other work to 
 the Church, or to a joint Cooperating Committee of the Mission 
 and the Church, which ma}^ administer them. 
 
 81 
 
3. Such joint Cooperating Committee should be composed 
 of members selected by the duly constituted Mission authori¬ 
 ties and members selected by the duly constituted Church 
 authorities. 
 
 4. Such a plan should be put in operation primarily in 
 
 those fields where there is either a desire or capacity for 
 
 self-government which has outgrown the financial ability of 
 the Church, but it should not be adopted with the idea of 
 permanency, but as a temporary expedient looking forward 
 to and looking up to self-support and final complete control 
 by the Church on the Field. 
 
 National Leadership and Study Abroad 
 
 91. The Board recognizes the necessity of trained 
 leadership—ministers and lay workers, both men and women 
 —and that it is the duty of the Mission to start and sustain 
 
 schools for training such leaders. In all forms of work, the 
 
 Church in the Field should be encouraged from the first to 
 cooperate with a view to ultimate assumption of responsibility. 
 As higher education differs in different fields, the Missions 
 should seek such advancement as will place the leaders on a 
 footing of equality with the best thought of their constituents. 
 In exceptional cases a limited number of native leaders who 
 have availed themselves of the facilities for higher education 
 on the field may be carefully selected for study abroad, after 
 they have been sufficiently tested in active service in the work 
 for which they have been trained and have adequate knowledge 
 of the English language and provision for financial support. 
 Such workers should be set only upon official approval by the 
 Mission and by the proper body of the Church in the Field 
 and only when adequate financial support has been assured in 
 advance. It should be understood that no obligation to employ 
 these students upon return to their fields devolves upon the 
 Mission or the Church. 
 
 82 
 
COOPERATION, UNION AND OUT¬ 
 SIDE RELATIONSHIPS 
 
 A. Cooperation With Other Missions 
 
 92. 1. Cooperation should be entered into with other Mis¬ 
 
 sions of evangelical faith in any way that will advance the 
 cause of Christ. 
 
 2. Union should be entered into when practicable as a 
 natural result of cooperative ef¥ort on the field. 
 
 I 
 
 B. Cooperation in Evangelistic Effort 
 
 93. In the large centers of population, in particular, union 
 evangelistic efforts should be entered into, in the endeavor 
 to reach and evangelize the unchurched masses. 
 
 C. Cooperation in Educational Work 
 
 94. 1. Cooperation should be undertaken in the higher 
 grades of education, the actual stage to be determined by 
 local conditions. 
 
 2. Cooperating Missions and Churches, having delegated 
 powers to a field Board of Control, should leave to this 
 Board the decision of matters relating to the faculty and the 
 preparation of budget, and a due measure of freedom in the 
 conduct of the institution. 
 
 D. Cooperation in Press and Periodicals 
 
 95. There should be a carefully worked out plan of co¬ 
 operation or union of the presses of a given country or region, 
 and in the publication of evangelical literature. Union effort 
 is particularly urged in the publication of text books and 
 
 83 
 
general literature for schools, Sunday School helps, hospital 
 and other records, hymn books, temperance literature, tracts, 
 and other evangelistic publications, works related to sanitation 
 and social hygiene, etc. 
 
 E. General Assembly Actions Concerning Policy or Union 
 
 and Co-operation 
 
 96. The definitely established policy of the General As¬ 
 sembly and the Board concerning the policy of Union and 
 Cooperation is expressed in the action of the Board, May 15, 
 1900, and specifically approved by the General Assembly of 
 that year, as follows: 
 
 “Believing that the time has conie for a yet larger 
 measure of union and cooperation in mission work, the Board 
 would ask the General Assembly to approve its course, in 
 recommending to its Missions in various lands (in line with 
 the General Assembly’s action of 1887, Minutes, p. 23, having 
 in view building up independent national churches holding 
 to the Reformed doctrine and the Presbyterian polity) 
 that they encourage as far as practicable the forma¬ 
 tion of union churches, in which the results of the mis¬ 
 sion work of all allied Evangelical Churches should be gath¬ 
 ered, and that they observe everywhere the most generous 
 principles of missionary comity; and, further, it is voted that 
 the Board now adopt the statement of policy prepared by 
 its special Committee on Policy and Methods, and submitted 
 to many of the missionaries and approved by them, as follows: 
 
 “In the view of the Board the object of the foreign mis¬ 
 sionary enterprise is not to perpetuate on the mission field 
 the denominational distinctions of Christendom, but to build 
 upon Scriptural lines, and according to Scriptural principles 
 and methods, the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ. Where 
 Church union cannot be attained, the Board and Missions 
 w’ill seek such divisions of territory as will leave as large 
 
 84 
 
districts as possible to tlie exclusive care and development 
 of separate agencies. It is believed that in other regards, 
 also, missionary comity should be given large range; (1) 
 Salaries of native workers should be so adjusted among Mis¬ 
 sions as not to introduce an element of dissatisfaction among 
 the workers of any Mission, or to tempt them away from 
 the Mission with which they are connected. (2) Each Mis¬ 
 sion and the churches connected therewith should recognize 
 the acts of discipline of other Missions and the churches con¬ 
 nected with them. (3) In cooperative educational work, and 
 especially where the schools of one Mission train helpers 
 for other Missions, the latter should render some compensa¬ 
 tory service. (4) Printing establishments are in many Mis¬ 
 sions required by the missionary work. Such should not be 
 unnecessarily duplicated. The printing establishment of one 
 Mission should, if possible, be made to serve the needs of 
 all others in the same territory. (5) A hospital invariably 
 opens wide opportunities for evangelistic work. Until these 
 are properly utilized, it is not judicious or economical to 
 establish other hospitals, the results of whose establishment 
 will be to multiply further unutilized spiritual opportunities. 
 (6) Fellowship and union among native Christians of what¬ 
 ever name should be encouraged in every possible way, with 
 a view to that unity of all disciples for which our Lord 
 prayed, and to wliich all mission effort should contribute.” 
 
 In 1^05 the Assembly “noted with satisfaction the readiness 
 of the Board to give cordial response to appeals from the 
 Mission Stations for endorsement of reasonable union move¬ 
 ments properly conserving essential truths,” while in 1916 
 it voted: 
 
 “That the Assembly reiterate its hearty approval of the 
 Board’s policy to promote comity, cooperation and union in 
 all practicable ways, thus avoiding denominational overlapping 
 and the undue multiplication of agencies in a given field, 
 but using men and money to the best advantage.” 
 
 85 
 
F. Political Activities 
 
 97. Although the work of Foreign Missions, so far as its 
 primary aims and ultimate purposes may be realized, will 
 afifect for good all human life and will contribute to true 
 political progress and well-being, it is the general duty of 
 missionaries to refrain from direct political activities and not 
 to be involved in political movements or disputes. 
 
 G. Higher Educational Institutions (Not Union) and Their 
 Relation to Mission and Board 
 
 98. Institutions of higher learning, other than union insti¬ 
 tutions, may, at the discretion of the Mission, be related to 
 the Mission direct and not to the individual stations, and their 
 budgets may, at the discretion of the Mission, appear as 
 separate from the Station budgets in the Mission estimates. 
 
 99. Amendments 
 
 Any Field Council or Mission may suggest to the Board 
 changes in, or amendments to the Manual. 
 
 The Board reserves the right, after consultation with the 
 Missions when practicable, to modify or change the Manual 
 as the best interests of the cause at home and abroad may 
 require. 
 
 86 
 
INDEX 
 
 Paiagrapiis 
 
 A 
 
 Addresses.28 (f), 54 
 
 Affiliated mission¬ 
 ary .72 (b) 
 
 Age, of candidates... 11 
 .‘\gents, business. ..49 (el 
 
 Aim, missionary.1-6 
 
 Allowances, baggage 
 
 and freight. . . . 75, 79 
 Children .... 56, 66, 68 
 
 Dental . 72 
 
 Furlough study.... 28 
 
 Home.29, 84 
 
 Medical .71, 72 
 
 Oculist .72 (c) 
 
 Orphans . 68 
 
 Outfit . 70 
 
 Retiring . 87 
 
 Travel. 76 
 
 .Vmendments . 99 
 
 ,\nnual Meetings. 40 
 
 .‘\ppeals, property.... 63 
 
 Special . 54 
 
 Application, for ap¬ 
 pointment . 10 
 
 •Appointments, Introd. 
 
 Qualifications for..8-18 
 -Appropriations 40, 49 (b) 
 51, 52, 53, 54 
 
 Special . 55 
 
 Transfer of. 53 
 
 Architects. 57 
 
 Assembly, 0encral..2, 96 
 
 Assignment . 21 
 
 Audits.49 (c), 65 
 
 B 
 
 Baggage allowances 75, 79 
 Balances, Mission 49 (b), 
 (c), 52 
 
 Board, The. 2 
 
 and Church.88-91 
 
 and General Assembly 2 
 
 and Missions. 33 
 
 Trustee of property. 62 
 Budget 54, 63 (1), 63 (k), 
 75, 79 
 
 By-Laws . 39 
 
 C 
 
 Candidates. ..8-18, 22 (e) 
 
 Guidance . 23 
 
 Qualifications .8-18 
 
 Certificates of credit.. 64 
 
 Medical . .. 83 
 
 Children . 11 
 
 -Adopted . 68 
 
 -Allowances of, 56, 66, 
 68, 83 
 
 Homes in U. S. 69 
 
 Raragraiihs 
 Inoculation of .... 73 
 
 Travel of . 68 
 
 Trips of . 68 
 
 Church . 2 
 
 and Mission Funds. 90 
 and Mission Property 62 
 Native 1, 3, 51; 88-89 
 Relations to Mis¬ 
 sions .89, 90 
 
 Clearance Sheet. 77 
 
 Clergy fare permits. . 76 
 Colleges, medical... 5 (b) 
 Committee, Board’s 
 
 Furlough Study. . 77 
 Committees, -Audit¬ 
 ing .44, 65 
 
 Executive .44, 59 
 
 Guidance of new 
 
 missionaries. 44 
 
 Language . 44 
 
 Property .44, 59 
 
 Conference, New Alis- 
 
 sionaries . 20 
 
 Contract, Manual not a 
 T ntrod. 
 
 Cooperation .92-9o 
 
 Correspondence 40, 42, 
 
 49 (a) 
 
 with Board ....46(b) 
 with Suijportcrs.46 (d 1 
 
 Councils, Field. 45 
 
 Credits .63 (kl 
 
 Certificates of . 64 
 
 Currency, native .... 56 
 
 Customs duties . 79 
 
 D 
 
 Death . 66 
 
 Deeds .57, 62 
 
 Deficits . 52 
 
 Degrees .28 (e) 
 
 Dentistry . 72 
 
 IDeputatioi-i . 36 
 
 Disbursements . 49 
 
 Domicile on fur¬ 
 lough 28 (c), 77, 78 
 
 Drafts .49 (b) 
 
 Duties. 79 
 
 E 
 
 Education, Aim . 4 
 
 Cooperation . .. .94, 96 
 
 Institutions . 98 
 
 Missionaries . 13 
 
 Estimates ..51, 52, 54, 58 
 
 of Property.63 (2) 
 
 Evangelistic, aim. 3 
 
 Cooperation in , . , , 91 
 
 Missionaries . 12 
 
 Examinations, medical. 73 
 
 87 
 
 Paragraphs 
 
 Exchange . 56 
 
 iC-xecutive Commit¬ 
 tee .31, 41, 42 
 
 F 
 
 Fees.49 (c), 74 
 
 Steamer . 76 
 
 F'ield, designation of. 21 
 
 (Force lists.22 (f), 29 
 
 Freight . . .22 (c), 75, 79 
 Furlough, General 
 
 Rules .81-85 
 
 -Allowance . 29 
 
 Direct journey .... 75 
 Extension... 28 (d), 85 
 
 Tourney . 77 
 
 Proportionate ...82(c) 
 
 Regular .81, 82 
 
 Rent allowance. ... 84 
 
 Residence .77, 78 
 
 Special . 83 
 
 Study . 77 
 
 .Substitutes. 17 
 
 Travel .75-80 
 
 G 
 
 General .Assembly, sec 
 .-Assembly 
 
 Gifts.52, 54, , 57 
 
 H 
 
 •Health returns....... 83 
 
 (Hospitals . ..5 (b) 
 
 Charges .72 (c) 
 
 1 
 
 Industrial work. 15 
 
 Inoculation . 73 
 
 Institutions, finances 
 
 of .49 (d) 
 
 Insurance . 60 
 
 Freight . .. 79 
 
 Investments, field..49 (b) 
 
 J 
 
 .Tourney, direct,indirect 75 
 Tunior missionaries... 23 
 
 L 
 
 Language Committee. 44 
 School and study 24, 51 
 Leadership, native. .3 (e) 
 Letters, cf.correspondence 
 
 Literature . 6 
 
 Work on . 47 
 
 Lists, of force.22 (f) 
 
 of Property . 63 
 
 Loans .49 (hi 
 
 M 
 
 Manual, acceptance card, 
 Introd. 
 
 Amendments of. . . . 99 
 Exceptions .... Introd. 
 Not a contract.. Introd. 
 
Paragraphs 
 
 Travel . 
 
 .. 77 
 
 Marriage . 
 
 . . 16 
 
 Medical, aim of .. 
 
 . . 5 
 
 Allowances. 
 
 . . 72 
 
 Certificates. 
 
 ...83 
 
 Examinations . . 
 
 . . 73 
 
 ^fissionaries .. . 
 
 .. 14 
 
 Outfit . 
 
 . . . 71 
 
 Profession . 
 
 .5 (b) 
 
 Regulations .... 
 
 . . . 73 
 
 Secretary . 
 
 ... 73 
 
 .Medicine, preventive 
 
 5 (b) 
 
 Mission . 
 
 .2, 32 
 
 .■\nnual Meetings 
 
 of 40 
 
 and Board . 
 
 . . 33 
 
 By-Laws. 
 
 . . . 39 
 
 Duties of . 
 
 34, 35 
 
 Membership of.. 
 
 . . . 32 
 
 Minutes . 
 
 . . . 46 
 
 Organization . . . 
 
 38, 39 
 
 Policy . 
 
 . . . 39 
 
 Powers of 33, 49 (d), 39 
 
 Relation to native 
 
 church . 
 
 .88-91 
 
 Secretary of ... 
 
 . . . 42 
 
 Survey . 
 
 
 Treasurer of.... 
 
 43, 49 
 
 Missionaries .2 
 
 !, 7-18 
 
 Affiliated . . 7 (c), 
 
 72 (b) 
 
 .Appointed on field. . 17 
 
 Business . 
 
 
 Educational .... 
 
 . .. 13 
 
 Evangelistic 
 
 . . . 12 
 
 Industrial ..... 
 
 .. . 15 
 
 lunior . 
 
 .. . 23 
 
 Medical . 
 
 14, 73 
 
 Medical care of. . 
 
 .5 (b) 
 
 Nurses . 
 
 ... 14 
 
 Presbyterial Member- 
 
 ship of . 
 
 . . . 89 
 
 Regular . 
 
 .7 (a) 
 
 Relation of unor- 
 
 dained to church. 89 
 
 Self-supporting . 
 
 .7 (c) 
 
 Special term 
 
 7 (b). 
 
 72 (b) 
 
 
 Money orders .... 
 
 .. 64 
 
 Mortgage . 
 
 ... 57 
 
 N 
 
 
 Nurses .5 (b), 14 
 
 O 
 
 
 ftbjects, .special . . 
 
 . . . 54 
 
 Oculist. 
 
 72 (c) 
 
 Orphans . 
 
 . . 68 
 
 Outfit ..22(c), 29, 
 
 70, 71 
 
 Overdrafts . .. 
 
 .. 53 
 
 P 
 
 
 Passports . 
 
 . . 80 
 
 Permits, clergy . . 
 
 .. 76 
 
 Photographs 46(h), 57, 
 
 63 (e) 
 
 Paragraphs 
 
 Policv .. 
 
 
 Politics". 
 
 . ... 97 
 
 Powers of Mission... 39 
 
 Property, Architects.. 57 
 
 Balances . 
 
 .... 63 
 
 Board trustee 
 
 ot.. 62 
 
 Committee . . . . 
 
 ... . 59 
 
 Destruction of. 
 
 .... 61 
 
 Emergency items 63 (b) 
 
 Estimates ..51, 
 
 63 (2) 
 
 Insurance .... 
 
 .... 60 
 
 I.ist.s . 
 
 . . .. 63 
 
 Needs for . 
 
 .49 (b) 
 
 Plans . 
 
 . .. . 57 
 
 Preparation of 
 
 lists 63 
 
 Purchase of . . 
 
 .... 57 
 
 Relation to native 
 
 church . 
 
 .... 62 
 
 Rent of . 
 
 .... 58 
 
 Repairs . 
 
 
 Replacements .. 
 
 .... 61 
 
 Requests for . . 
 
 ... . 54 
 
 Sale of. 
 
 .57, 58 
 
 Press . 
 
 .16, 48 
 
 Cooperation- in 
 
 .... 95 
 
 Publications . 
 
 ..6, 48 
 
 Cooperation in 
 
 .... 95 
 
 Purchases . 
 
 .... 64 
 
 Presbyteries . 
 
 '> \ '> 
 
 Missionary member¬ 
 ship of . 8? 
 
 Q 
 
 Qua’.ifications, for ap- 
 poiiitment 8-18, 22(e) 
 
 R 
 
 Recall .30, 31 
 
 Receipts, field 52, 54, 58 
 Remuneration, outside 
 
 work . 74 
 
 Re!!ts . 51 
 
 Field . 58 
 
 Furlough . 84 
 
 Repairs.60, 63 (b) 
 
 Reports . 46 
 
 Property .63 (m) 
 
 Residences 22 (d), 63 (b), 
 66 
 
 Furlough . 78 
 
 Resignations.29, 30 
 
 Retirement, honorable. 87 
 S 
 
 Salary_22 (h), 56, 66 
 
 Graded . 67 
 
 Sanitation .5 (h), 73 
 
 Sdiools. 4 
 
 Secretaries, Board 46, 73 
 Mission and Station 42 
 Self-government ...1, 88 
 Self-propagation.... 1, 88 
 Self-support....!, 51, 88 
 
 88 
 
 Paragraphs 
 Social service 1, 3 (d), 
 4 (c), 5, 88 
 Special term mission¬ 
 
 ary .72 (h) 
 
 Specialization . 21 
 
 Station . 37 
 
 Statistics . 46 
 
 Students, field . 23 
 
 Native in America.. 9! 
 
 Study ...19, 77 
 
 Furlough . 28 
 
 Language . 51 
 
 Substitutes. 17 
 
 Survey . 35 
 
 T 
 
 Tax, on gifts. 54 
 
 Teachers, language... 25 
 Short term.22 (a) 
 
 Terms, of service 22, 26, 
 82 
 
 Testimonials, of can¬ 
 didates 10, 12, 13, 14, 
 15, 16 
 
 Titles .57, 62 
 
 Transfer, of appropria¬ 
 tions . 53 
 
 'I'ransfers . 52 
 
 'rranslalion . 47 
 
 Travel .49 (r), 68 
 
 Allowances ....... 76 
 
 Expenses of ....75, 77 
 
 Furlough .7.5-80 
 
 Manual . 77 
 
 To and from 
 
 field . 22(b), 29 
 
 To June Conference 20 
 To Mission Meetings 40 
 Treasurers, Board.... 64 
 Mission 43, 49, 50, 56, 
 63 (m), 64 
 
 Station . 50 
 
 Tuition . 74 
 
 U 
 
 Ltnion, policy of....92-96 
 
 Properties .63 (c) 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Vacancies . . . . 
 
 ....17, 
 
 29 
 
 Vacations, field 
 
 
 86 
 
 \'^accination . . 
 
 
 73 
 
 Voting. .7 (c), 
 
 22, 31, 
 
 40 
 
 X’ouchers. 
 
 49 (a). 
 
 65 
 
 )V 
 
 
 
 Widows . 
 
 
 66 
 
 Widowers .... 
 
 
 66 
 
 Withdrawals . . 
 
 _29, 
 
 40 
 
 Wives. 
 
 . . .7, 9, 
 
 16 
 
 Women, correspond- 
 
 
 ence of .. 
 
 ....46 (b) 
 
 Missionaries. 
 
 ..7, 9, 
 
 12 
 
 Secretaries . 
 
 ....46 (b) 
 
 4224 
 
•*