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AUTHOR: 
 
 AHN 
 
 ? 
 
 FRANZ 
 
 JL M JL. JL^ .M^^j m 
 
 ANN'S FIRST LATIN 
 
 BOOK 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 DA TE : 
 
 1879 
 
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 PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 BIB LIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TA RCFT 
 
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 Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 
 
 877.32 
 /.h6 
 
 Ahn, Fran2 L e, J^bann Franz, 1796-1865. 
 
 ... AIm\s first Latin book. By Dr P TTpnn 
 E. Steiger, 1879. ^ * ^'^^'^' 
 
 vi, 182p. 19- (Steiger's Latin series) 
 
 New York, 
 
 1. Latin languagc-Composition and exercises. 
 
 I. Henn, Peter. 
 
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 . ^ Qt' ' ^''V7rMM^0^'n- ^ ^^^^-o01 ^ ^ ': ■ "^X:-^J^'''^^ ' <L; 
 
 
 
 ATIX'S 
 
 j^UfST LATIN BOOK. 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr P HENN. 
 
 >'E\V YORK: 
 
 E. S T E I C E R & C 0. 
 
 j,- wi«<i I J" II"" ViL*' 
 
 
 
 '*. 
 
?77 5 ^ 
 
 
 L 
 
 y" 
 
 <dii.<&^ 
 
 /^h& 
 
 (Cnlumlita Mtttopriiitu 
 ICtbrary 
 
 ffirttrii CuttitrjiiUni cTluittiaii 
 
 BORN 1835-DlED 1903 
 
 FOR THIRTY YEARS CHIEF TRANSLATOR 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 LOVER OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE 
 
 HIS LIBRARY WAS GIVEN AS A MEMORIAL 
 
 BY HIS SON WILLIAM S. THOMAS, M. D. 
 
 TO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 A. 0. 1905 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 Special attention is invited to 
 the Exercises in this vohime; they 
 are made abundant that tlie teacher 
 may use few or many according to 
 his judj>;ment or other circumstances. 
 
 The Vocabularies contain every 
 Latin and Enghsh word occurring in 
 the Exercises. 
 
 \ 
 
 SPSlpBffpifijBj^r;?*]** 
 
 r!^ti^A^4i^kiL^A 5'ii J ,: 
 
 i?i!aiaBlagafi 
 
Steiger's Latin Series. 
 
 I 
 
 
 AHK'S 
 
 FIRST LATIN BOOK 
 
 e 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr. P. HENN, 
 
 — ♦— »■ 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 E. STEIGER, 
 
 1879. 
 
REQUEST. 
 
 t 
 
 The undersigned, in his efforts to secure the gieatest 
 possible correctness in his educational publications, will feel 
 obliged for the suggestion of improvements. 
 
 JE. Steiger^ Publisher. 
 
 Copyright, 1879. by E. Steioer. 
 
 ^*^ 
 
 Ko 
 
 r 
 
 Prftjs of 
 E. Steujer, N. Y. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Special attention is invited to the following remarks explanatory 
 of the system of instruction adopted in this Latin Course, and 
 particularly in the present volume, the First Latin Book, 
 
 Competent and very experienced authorities on the study of Latin 
 have repeatedly adverted to the fact that the custom of tasking the 
 beginner with a great mass of grammatical detail, introducing even 
 scientific etymology and comparative philology into a mere school- 
 book, must be considered a serious burden and harm to a young 
 learner. Less of theoretical completeness and accuracy, and more 
 of sound practical knowledge, and at the same time a greater famil- 
 iarity with the classic authors, is the tendency of our time, especially 
 in America, and it is with due attention to these views and aims 
 that the present Course has been prepared. 
 
 The main object of the First Latin Book is twofold : first, to 
 provide ample means for practice in Pronimciation, and secondly, 
 to enable a beginner to fix the Declensions thoroughly in his 
 memory, to learn their usage by translating simple sentences as 
 soon as he commences the study of the language, and to accumu- 
 late gradually a store of useful words. 
 
 Without entering into the discussion as to the best method of pro- 
 nouncing Latin, it may be permitted to urge the great advantage and 
 importance of knowing the phonetic system, either Roman or Conti- 
 nental. As this is an accomplishment which can only be taught orally 
 and acquired by practice, the First Latin Book contains in its in- 
 troductory pages a systematic collection of reading-lessons— exhibit- 
 ing Latin words of every-day use, with their meanings, and illustrat- 
 ing at the same time Accent, Division into Syllables, and auantity 
 —which, in consequence of their practical arrangement, may be used 
 with equal advantage for teaching either the Roman or the Conti- 
 nental Pronunciation. Closely based upon this part of the book, and 
 possessing its chief features, are the Beading-CJiarts, which will 
 be found of great service in class-instruction, even to those perhaps 
 who think it most advisable "to leave Latin pronunciation as it is." 
 
 m 
 
 3907 IS 
 
— IV — 
 
 In the Paradigms given in this book not only accent, syUabifiea- 
 tion, and quantity have been properly indicated, but also the inflec- 
 tional endings are marked by bold type, thus keeping constantlv be- 
 fore the pupil what is essential and what is accidental in everv word. 
 Moreover, to fix the Declensions thoroughly in his mind, three of the 
 nail Charts exhibit all declensional endings, and as they are in- 
 tended for permanent display on the wall, thev cannot fail to make 
 an indelible imi)ression on the learner's mind. 
 
 In the Vocabularies, Special as well as General, a new feature 
 lias been introduced, which will, it is believed, greatly facilitate the 
 mastery of the earlier ditficulties of the language. It will be observed 
 that in these Vocabularies declinable words are printed so as to show 
 the changeable part of the nominative, and the manner of chan-in<r 
 the same so as to form the genitive, when a noun, or the different 
 gender-endings, when an adjective. Thus, virtus, -fitis means : re^ 
 place the us b^/ fitis to form the genitive; and pulchc^r, -rtl, -rfim- 
 rejjlace the er hi/ rjl, rum to form the gender-endings. While 
 most other attempts to denote inflectional changes are liable to mis- 
 take or mere guess -work and confusion, with our expedient one 
 single remark on the part of the teacher effectually removes difii- 
 cuhics of this kind. And not only is this the ease, the essential 
 elements which enter into the formation of the genitive and gender- 
 endings being thus made prominent and constantly kept before the 
 eyes, will enable the pupil to overcome almost insensibly one of 
 the greatest difhculties in Latin grammar, a result which can hardly 
 be attained by any other practice, and least bv giving all the inflec- 
 tional forms in full. The Vocabularies are complete as re-ards 
 the words occurring in the rirst Latin Book. "^ 
 
 ^ The Exercises for Translation, Written and Oral, are fairly with- 
 m the capacity of school-children; they are progressive, and even 
 interesting, the more so as they embrace a considerable number of 
 sententious quotations capable of applicotion to every-dav occur- 
 rences of life. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 The Alx)1iahet Roman Names of the Letters page 1 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 Roman Method. 
 
 1. a, a. Long Syllables 2 
 
 2. e, e. Accent « 
 
 3. 1, i; y, f. Syllabiflcation, Capitals 4 
 
 4. o, o. Syllabijication continued \\ 5 
 
 5. u, ii. Short Syllables ...W^...... 6 
 
 6. ae, oe, au, eu. Diceresis 7 
 
 7. t, th, rh Q 
 
 «• «■;• ::;::::;:;;;::;:::::::;: I 
 
 9. gr, J 9 
 
 10. cli, sell -^Q 
 
 Continental Method. 
 
 11. Its difference from the Roman Method 10 
 
 English Method. 
 
 12. Sounds of the Vowels ami Liphthongs u 
 
 13. Sounds of the Consonants 22 
 
 14. Syllabification and Accent 13 
 
 TRANSLATION (Oral and Written). 
 15. 16. First Declension. Nouns in a. Present of the First 
 
 Conjugation: amare i^ 
 
 17. 18. First Declension continued. Present of the' Auxiliary 
 ess(^, and of the Second Conjugation: haberg. Gen- 
 eral Rules of Gender jq 
 
 19. 20. Second Declension. Nouns in us and um 20 
 
 21. 22. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions in vis 
 
 ^j lui^ '94 
 
 23. 24. Nou7is in er, ir, fir 27 
 
 25. 26. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions iner! 
 
 ^? wm 29 
 
 II 11' ^ff'fi^'^^^^J^^-tire^ ^"^econd Declension completed'.'. 31 
 "• ^^^r D^clmsion. Masculine and Feminine Nouns. 
 
 -^1 Qo ^r ^^^ ''' ""• ^''^^^''^ ""^^^'^ ^^'^'''^ Conjugation: legere 33 
 ^1. 6^. J he same subject. Present of the Fourth Conjugation: 
 
 ser\ ire nf- 
 
 33. 34. Nouns in 6t 07 
 
35 
 
 . 36 
 
 37 
 
 38. 
 
 39. 
 
 40. 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 47. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 51. 
 
 52. 
 
 53. 
 
 54. 
 
 55. 
 
 36. 
 
 57. 
 
 58. 
 
 59. 
 
 60. 
 
 61. 
 
 62. 
 
 63. 
 
 64. 
 
 6'). 
 
 06. 
 
 67. 
 
 68. 
 
 69. 
 
 70. 
 
 71. 
 
 72. 
 
 73. 74. 
 
 < .), t b. 
 
 t t. 
 
 ra 
 
 79. 
 
 80 
 
 81. 
 
 82. 
 
 fi3. 
 
 84. 
 
 V ') . 
 
 .^6. 
 
 >7. 
 
 88. 
 
 SO. 
 
 90. 
 
 :>i. 
 
 92. 
 
 93. 
 
 94. 
 
 95. 
 
 96. 
 
 97. 
 
 98. 
 
 99.100. 
 
 — VI — 
 
 Kowis in OS p^g^ 39 
 
 Nouns iji er and er 4]^ 
 
 JS^ouns in as; Imperfect and Perfect of ess^ 43 
 
 Nouns in is 45 
 
 The same subject; Pluperfect and First Future of essg 49 
 
 Nou7is in es and 6s 59 
 
 Nouns in s 2cith pi'eceding consonant 53 
 
 Nouns in X ^r^ 
 
 Nouns in lis and aus 53 
 
 Neuters of the Third Declension. Those in 6, ai, ar. . 60 
 Adjectives of the Third Declension: gr, is, g; is, e. . . 63 
 
 Adjectives in x and s icith preceding consonant. .' 65 
 
 Neuters in en. Irregular Adjectives of one termi- 
 nation * /JO 
 
 Neuters in us ^O 
 
 Neuters in ur. S^me ivords of peculiar injiection. ... 72 
 
 Greek Nouns. Imperative of the First Conjugation. . . 74 
 
 Fourth Declension. Imperative of the Second Conju- 
 gation -Q 
 
 Fifth Declension ^9 
 
 Pronominal Adjectives: solus, unus, alius, etc. Imper- 
 ative of the Tliird Conjugation 81 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives §3 
 
 The same suhjert. Imperative of the Fourth Conju- 
 gation *. gg 
 
 Irregular and Drfcctive Comparison 89 
 
 Cardinal Numerals 93 
 
 Ordinals, Disfrihutives, Numeral Adverbs, Multiplica- 
 
 tives and Proportionals 95 
 
 Personal Pronouns and ipso ]oo 
 
 Demonstrative and Determinative Pronouns 103 
 
 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 106 
 
 Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives 109 
 
 Prepositions governing the Accusative 113 
 
 Prrpo.^-itions governing the Ablative 115 
 
 Prepositions governing the Accusative and Ablative. . . 116 
 Adverbs, Primitive, Derivative; their Comparison. . . .118 
 Some Conjunctions ^21 
 
 VOCABULARIES 
 of all the words occurring in this book: 
 
 Latin-English 125 
 
 English-Latin ^55 
 
 P 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 As the Latin language is now written and printed, 
 its Letters are twenty-five. It has all that belong to 
 the Enghsli alpliabet, except w. Tlie alphabetical 
 names now most generally used in Bnglisli schools, 
 are the English. Yet, it is probable that in the an- 
 cient spelHng of Latin the letters were named in the 
 
 following 
 
 manner : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 ah 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 em 
 
 b 
 
 B 
 
 bay 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 N 
 
 en 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 kay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 T> 
 
 day 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 pay 
 
 e 
 
 E 
 
 '^y 
 
 
 
 q 
 
 Q 
 
 koo 
 
 f 
 
 F 
 
 eff 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 R 
 
 er 
 
 S 
 
 G 
 
 gay 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 ess 
 
 h 
 
 H 
 
 hah 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 T 
 
 tay 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ee (voivel) 
 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 00 (vowel) 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 ee {consonant) 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 00 (consonant) 
 
 k 
 
 K 
 
 kah 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ix 
 
 1 L 
 
 el 
 
 y Y ipseelon 
 z Z tsaytah 
 
 L The Vowels are: a, e, i, o, u, y. All other 
 letters, except the aspirate h, are consonants. Orig- 
 inaliy, i and u w^ere used both as vowels and as con- 
 sonants, and supplied ihe place of j and v. 
 
 2. The Diphthongs are: ae, oe, au, eu. 
 
 3. Double Consonants are: x=cs or gs, z=ds. 
 
k 
 
 o 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 The Pronunciation of Latin is different in differ- 
 ent countries. In the United States, general usage 
 is now strongly in favor of either the Reman or the 
 Continental Method, the difference between these two 
 not being very considerable. Many persons, however, 
 prefer to retain the English Method, which has been 
 the prevaihng system of pronunciation among En- 
 glish-speaking scholars for the last two or three 
 centuries. 
 
 1. 
 
 Roman Method. 
 
 1. As a general rulo, each simple vowel is either 
 long or short, but always confined to the same sound, 
 find never employed to represent another. 
 
 2. Towels marked thus: a e i 6 ii y are long: 
 marked thus: a e i 6 vi y are short. A long syl- 
 lable is reckoned equal to two short ones. 
 
 3. a (long a) sounds like a in father; a (short a) 
 like a in idea. 
 
 4. Most of the Consonants are pronounced as in 
 English; for Exceptions see below, 7—10. 
 
 5. A syllable is long, if its vowel is long in itself, 
 as in sol, the sim. or if its vowel, naturally short, is 
 followed by j, x, z, or any two consonants, provided 
 the second is neither r nor 1; thus the a of ap'tiis,//, 
 is short in itself; the first syllable, however, becomes 
 long by its vowel being followed by the two conso- 
 nants pt. But if the second of the two consonants 
 
 I 
 
 — 3 — . 
 
 is either 1 or r, a preceding vowel, naturally short, 
 remains always so in prose. In verse, however, such 
 vowels are common, that is, they may be used as either 
 long or short (~), thus: tenebrae, darkness, 
 
 bar' ba mal' va vas srd a' la pax fax la' na 
 
 the beard mallow a vessel salt a wing peace a torch wool 
 
 flam' ma a' ra pra' ta 
 
 a flame an altar meadows 
 
 ra' pa 
 
 a turuip 
 
 ha' sta 
 
 a spear 
 
 a' stra 
 
 stars 
 
 sa' xa 
 
 rocks 
 
 a' da mas 
 
 blat' ta 
 
 a moth 
 
 ra' na 
 
 a frog 
 
 ma' la 
 
 apples 
 
 squa' ma 
 
 the diamond the scale (of a fish) 
 
 a' mans 
 
 loving 
 
 a' qua ar' ma 
 
 water arms 
 
 a ba 
 
 a bean 
 
 a nas 
 
 a duck 
 
 dam' na 
 
 damages 
 
 da' ma 
 
 a fallow-deer 
 
 a ra' tra 
 
 plows 
 
 map' pa 
 
 a napkin 
 
 fa' ma 
 
 fame 
 
 fal' lax 
 
 fallacious 
 
 far itis lam' pas par pal' ma man da' ta 
 
 spelt right a light equal the palm (of the hand) orders 
 
 ra' pax pa' va fa' ta lar' va ha' ma ab' bas 
 
 rapacious a peahen calamity a spectre a fire-bucket an abbot 
 
 tam' quam pa' lam Spar' ta mas' sa 
 
 as much as openly Sparta a lump 
 
 2. e 6 
 
 1. e (long e) sounds like a in made; e (short e) 
 like e in met, 
 
 2. Words of two syllables are always accented on 
 the first, as : la' na, loool. 
 
 Words of more than two syllables are accented 
 on the last but one {penult), if that is long, as: man- 
 da' ta, orders; if it is short, then on the last but 
 two {antepenult) f as : a' da mas, the diamond. 
 
— 4 — 
 
 ser' ra pes ve' na fa' mes mens se' nex sel' la 
 
 a saw afoot a vein hunger the mind an old man a seat 
 
 men' sa pa' ter ma' ter fra' ter ta ber' na fa' ber 
 
 a table a father a mother a brother a shop a smith 
 
 ven' ter a' le a de' a ta bel' la rex stel' la 
 
 thebellj a die a goddess a tablet a king a star 
 
 fre' na an ten' na re' mex pe' des ha be' na 
 
 bridle a sail-yard a rower a foot-soldier a thong 
 
 tes' se ra pel' ta se' ta ma' ne ser' pens 
 
 a die a small shield a bristle in the morning a serpent 
 
 t «-' 
 
 >* t •^ 
 
 ~f w 
 
 .^ _, - ' ^ 
 
 pen na a' per al ta' re se men pa pa' ver 
 
 a pen a wild boar a high altar seed the poppy 
 
 her' ba pa' le a a re' na ma' re mem bra' na 
 
 an herb chaff sand the sea a parchment 
 
 fe ne' stra plia r? tra pla te a 
 
 a window a quiver a street 
 
 3. i I y y 
 
 1. i and y (long i and long y) are pronounced 
 like i in machijie; 1 and y (short i and short y) like i 
 in holiest. 
 
 2. A single consonant between two vowels is 
 joined to the latter, as: sT' tls, thirst. 
 
 3. The first word of every sentence, proper names 
 of every description, and adjectives derived from 
 proper names, should begin with Capitals, 
 
 vf ta sT' tTs sa' ni tas fe' bris ra' vTs in' fims 
 
 life thirst health a fever hoarseness a babe 
 
 fe' mi na pa' ri es a' bi es pT' la pa' nis 
 
 a female a wall a sUver fir a ball (for playing) bread 
 
 — 5 — 
 
 Britan'nia If be ri If bra mate'ria py' xTs 
 
 (Great) Britain children apimd matter a box 
 
 diade'ma ar' b! ter ti'lTa lin' ter trire'mis 
 
 a diadem an arbiter a lime-tree a boat a trireme 
 
 en' sTs 
 
 VI a 
 
 li mes 1 ter h ne a ra dix 
 
 a sword a way a limit a journey a line a root 
 
 syl' la ba ly' ra pa' ti na f i' IT a in fa' mi a 
 
 a syllable a lyre a pan a daughter infamy 
 
 im pe di men' ta a' ri es mi ni' ster in sa 'ni a 
 
 l^ggagQ a ram a servant insanity 
 
 im pT' e tas fi' des i ra pi' per 
 
 impiety faith anger pepper 
 
 4. o 6 
 
 1. o (long o) sounds like o in holy; 6 (short o) like 
 o in oheij. 
 
 2. Of several consonants coming together between 
 two vowels, those which can be used to bemn aLatin 
 word, go to the next syllable, as: men' sa, a table; 
 tem' plum, a temple; ca' stra, a military camp. 
 
 3. Compound words must ])e divided into th(^ 
 words which compose them, as: post' ea, afterward. 
 But if the former part has dropped its termination, thc^ 
 compound word is to be divided like a simple word, 
 as: ta met' sT (contracted from ta'men et'sT), although. 
 
 mors vox me mo' ri a in' do les do' lor tT' mnr 
 
 death a voice memory talents pain foar 
 
 pi' ni o vT a' tor mons tl' ro bT blT u pO' la 
 
 opinion a traveler a mountain u beginner a bookseller 
 
 ro' ta o' ra sol te' mo a' qui lo ton' sor 
 
 awheel a coast the sun the tongue (of a cart) the north wind a barber 
 
— 6 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — r 
 
 va' p5r im pe ra' tor te' per le' o ar' bor 5 If va 
 
 Bteam a commander-in-chief tepidity a lion a tree an olive 
 
 mar' mor vT' o ]a frons or' do cor am' pho ra 
 
 marble the violet the forehead order the heart an amphora 
 
 er' ror por' ta for' nix ol' la so' ror ne' pos sors 
 
 an error a gate an arch a jar a sister a nephew a lot 
 
 sar' tor pro' ra por' ro op po' no do' mi na 
 
 a tailor the prow forward I oppose a mistress 
 
 ^. 
 
 U U 
 
 1. fi (long u) is pronounced like oo in hoot, u 
 (short u) like oo in foot, 
 
 2. iia, lie, iii, uo preceded by n<? are pronounced 
 wa, tve, wiy wo; as: lin' gua, lin cjwa. The same 
 rule applies to the words: suadeo, suavTs, suesco, 
 and their derivatives. 
 
 3. A vowel before another vowel or h is short, 
 as: vi' a, a imy; nl' liil, nothing. 
 
 u nils hu' me rus pul mo' nes vul' nus mu' IT er 
 
 one the shoulder the lungs a wound a woman 
 
 pu er fun da men' tum mu' rus pu' te us lu' dus 
 
 a boy a foundation a wall a well a play 
 
 fru' stum a' nu lus fa' mu lus a lum' nus sul' fur 
 
 a bit a finger ring a servant a pupil sulphur 
 
 e mo lu men' turn su' tor vo lu' men nu' me rils 
 
 S^iii a shoemaker a volume a number 
 
 e' qiius e' qua e qui ta' tus ar ma men ta' ri urn 
 
 a horse a mare cavalry an armory 
 
 sta' bii lum pa' bu lum con sue tu' do nu' bi lias 
 
 a stable food a custom cloudy 
 
 r 
 
 All' gur rus lin' gua 
 
 lightning the country the tongue 
 
 san' guTs sue' sco 
 
 blood I become used 
 
 lu' na sua' vis sua' de o 
 
 the moon sweet I advise 
 
 0. 
 
 ae oe an eii 
 
 1. ac is pronounced like ai in fair; oe sounds 
 nearly like o in world or like e in meixy; au like ou 
 in house; eii occurs in very few words as a diphthong, 
 and is then pronounced like oy in hoy. 
 
 2. To denote that two successive vowels, which 
 might otherwise be taken for a diphthong, are to be 
 pronounced separately, the diaeresis ( •• ) is placed 
 over the second vowel, as: poeta, a poet. Still, when 
 the marks of quantity are affixed to the vowels, as in 
 this Course, we can do without the diasresis, thus: 
 poeta. 
 
 3. All diphthongs are long, as: foedus, a treaty, 
 
 4. A vowel formed by contraction is long, as: nil 
 (from iiThTl), nothing, 
 
 au' ris tae' di iim poe' ni tens e' pu lae moe' m a 
 
 the ear tediousness repenting a banquet city walls 
 
 nau' ta 
 
 a sailor 
 
 foe' dus 
 
 a treaty 
 
 laus fraus aes poe' na prae sT' di um 
 
 praise a fraud brass punishment a guard 
 
 au xT' IT a au' ster ae' stas tau' rus 
 
 auxiliary troops the south wind the summer a bull 
 
 foe' num ae ra' rT lim a lau' da Eu ro' pa po e' ma 
 
 hay the treasury the lark Europe a poem 
 
 a' er hae' dus fau' stus au lae' iim eu ri' pus 
 
 the air a kid lucky the curtain (of a theater) a strait 
 
— 8 — 
 
 f w 
 
 ae ter nus a moe nus sae pe re us prae ses 
 
 eternal delij^litful often the defendant a president 
 
 au di tr/ ri um tro pae' um Da' na e Me ne la' us 
 
 a lecture-room a trophy Danae MenelauB 
 
 r. t th rh 
 
 t has the same sound as t in English, hut is never 
 aspirated, th and rh are pronounced like t and r 
 sim[)ly. 
 
 qua ti o stul ti ti a pa ti en ti a ti ti o ra ti o 
 
 I shake folly patience a fire-brand reason 
 
 sa pi en' ti a mix' ti o con stan' ti a sol stT' tT um 
 
 wisdom a mixture constancy the solstice 
 
 lae tl' ti a 
 
 joy 
 
 pu e ri' tl a in fan' ti a nup' ti ae 
 
 f J ^* ^' 
 
 pre tl um 
 
 price 
 
 boyhood 
 
 infancy 
 
 a weddinc 
 
 in ten' ti o o' sti um be' stT a na' tT o 
 
 an intention a door a beast a nation 
 
 coin bu' stT o pa' stT o stru' tliT d ar' rha po' tT o 
 
 a burning 
 
 a pasturing 
 
 an ostrich 
 
 a pledge a drink 
 
 the a' trum tlie sau' rus pa la' tT um Mil tT' a des 
 
 a theater a treasure a palace Miltiades 
 
 rhe da' rT us quae' stT o tho' rax in du' tT ae 
 
 a coachman a question the breast a truce 
 
 8. c 
 
 This letter is hard and sounds, in all situaliuii.>, 
 like ky as : Cicero = Kikero. 
 
 ere' ta pec' ten scam' nuni con cla' ve la' crT ma 
 
 chalk a comb a bench a room a tear 
 
 ca' put o' cu lus ceil tu' rT o coe' lum cae' des 
 
 the head the eye a captain heaven a murder 
 
 see' lus cT' bus con cT' IT um cal' ce us f i du' cT 3, 
 
 a crime food a council a shoe trust 
 
 -y _- 1 
 
 f x^. 
 
 SO cT' e tas cT ca' trix neu' ter su per cT' IT um 
 
 society a scar neither (of the two) the eyebrow 
 
 lec tl' ca of fT ci' na coe' na spe' cu liim ceu 
 
 a litter a workshop dinner a looking-glass as if 
 
 dis ci pu lus cy a nus ci tna ra la ce ti ae 
 
 a pupil the blue-bottle the cithara wit 
 
 
 .' „ ^ 
 
 cy lin' drus cer vi ces eye nus 
 
 a cylinder the nape (of the neck) a swan 
 
 9. g j 
 
 1. g has always the same sound as g in get; when 
 doubled, it has the hard sound of gg in dagger. 
 
 2. j is pronounced like y in you. 
 
 ge na ju gu lum ai gi tus ge nu je cur jus 
 
 a cheek the collar-bone a finger the knee the liver right 
 
 fT gu' ra gau' dT um ju' ve nTs te' gu lae ju' dex 
 
 a shape joy a youth tiles a judge 
 
 I w 
 
 reg num bl' gae ag' ger an' gu lus ge' mT ni 
 
 a king dom a pair of horses a dike an angle twins 
 
 ag' nus ju' ba mag' nus ju cun' dus pae da go' gus 
 
 a lamb the mane great pleasant a pedagogue 
 
 jus ju ran' dum Ja nu a' rT us pu' gTl in ju' rT a 
 
 an oath January a boxer injury 
 
 jeju mum ne go ti um vi gi li a num ju stus 
 
 a fast-day a business a watch-tower just 
 
 .' ? „-> '-' >•' 
 
 'mm t W V^ 
 
 I X'-' 
 
 vir go pa gi na re gi na ja nu a ju men turn 
 
 a maid a page a queen a door a beast of burden 
 
— 10 — 
 
 20. ch sch 
 
 ch is always hard, like the English k; sch is equiv- 
 alent to sk. 
 
 sac' cha rum ma' chT na tra chi' a sto' ma chus 
 
 sugar a machine the wind-pipe the stomach 
 
 char' ta ar chT tec' tus pul' cher chi rur' gus 
 
 paper an architect beautiful a surgeon 
 
 chor' da A rach' ne a cha' tes A chil' les 
 
 a string Anichne the agate Achilles 
 
 ca chin' nus con' cha ich neu' mon coch' le ar 
 
 a loud laugh a shell the ichneumon a spoon 
 
 e chid' na e' cho pul chrT tu' do drach' ma 
 
 an adder echo beauty a drachm 
 
 ma' stT che o' chra sche' da ll' chen scho' la 
 
 mastic yellow ochre a sheet of paper lichen a school 
 
 schis' ma pa' scha cho re' a An ti' o chus 
 
 a schism Easter a dance in a ring Antiochus 
 
 Continental Method. 
 
 11. 
 
 In the pronunciation of the vowels, the Con- 
 tinental Method is identical with the Roman. As to 
 the pronunciation of the consonants, in which it 
 more nearly coincides with the English Method, the 
 following letters deserve special notice. 
 
 1. t before i (short i) with another vowel, has 
 the sharp sound of th in thin; when preceded by 
 another t, s, or x, or when i is long (i), and in 
 Greek words, t retains its original sound, as: mix'- 
 ti 0, a mixture. (7.) 
 
 'it 
 
 41 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 — 11 — 
 
 2. c before e, i, y, ae, oe, eii, is pronounced like 
 ts in nets; in every other position it is hard, like the 
 Englisli A\ ci before a vowel has nearly the same 
 sound as ti in the same position, and they are some- 
 times interchangeable. {S,) 
 
 3. ch, equivalent to aspirated k (kh), has a hard 
 guttural sound like the German d> or ch in the 
 Scotch word loch. — sch is pronounced by the succes- 
 sive utterance of s ch. Neither of these sounds (ch 
 and sch) has an equivalent in English, and they must 
 be learned from the lips of a teacher. {^0,) 
 
 En2:lish Method. 
 
 As a general rule, those who prefer to retain the 
 English Method, should read a Latin sentence Jws^ as 
 if the words were English^ carefully observing the 
 directions which follow^ especially the Rules of Ac- 
 cent {14, 3.), and bearing in mind that there are no 
 silent letters. 
 
 12, Sounds of the Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 
 1. Yowels have their long English sounds, as mfate, 
 me^ jnne, no, tube, type, in the following situations: 
 
 at the end of a word, as: dom' T ni, masters; cor' nu, 
 a horn; le' 6, a lion; 
 
 before another vowel or diphthong, as: De us, (?o6Z; 
 vi' a, a way; ja' nu a, a door; 
 
 when ending an accented syllable, as: pa' ter, a 
 father; dS' dit, he gave; vi' viis, living; so' lus, alone; 
 ly' ra, a lyre. 
 
— 12 - 
 
 Exceptions: a unaccented has the sound of final a 
 in America; as: men' sS, a tdhle. In tlbT. to thee, and 
 sTbl, to one's self, final i has its short sound. 
 
 2. Vowels have their short English <=ounds, as in 
 fat, met, pin, not, tub, symbol, when lollowed by a 
 
 consonant in the same syllable, as: mag' nus. great: 
 ^'^' g^, I fashion; cor' pus, a body: mens, the mind. 
 Exceptions: post, after, is pronounced as the same 
 word in English; the termination es like tlie English 
 word ease, and the termination os like ose in morose. 
 Exam])les: a' ves, birds; pu' e ros, boys. 
 
 3. The Diphthongs ae and oe are pronounced as e 
 would be in the same place; an like mv, and en like 
 €W, as: poe u^, punishment; a\i rum, (/old; EurG'pa, 
 Europe; Cae' sar, Caisar. 
 
 iS* Sounds of the Consonants. 
 
 The Consonants are pronounced, in general, as in 
 English. The following, however, deserve special 
 notice: 
 
 1. c and g are soft (like s and j) before e, i. y, ae, 
 and oe, and hard in other situations, as: cen' tum, a 
 hundred; ci' vTs, a citizen; ca' do, I fall; ge' nu, the 
 knee; gra' num, a grain. 
 
 2. eh is hard like k, as: clio' rus, a choir. 
 
 3. The consonants c, s, t, immedi|^tely preceded 
 by the accent, and standing before i, followed by an- 
 other vowel, are aspirated, c, s, and t taking the 
 sound of s/«, X that oiksh. as: so' ei us (so' she us), a 
 companion ; Hel ve' ti a (Hel ve' shi a), Switzerland.— 
 c following an accented syllable has also the same 
 
 1 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 13 — 
 
 sound before eu and yo as: ca du' ce us (ca du' she- 
 us), a herald^ s staff, — t preceded by another t, s, or 
 X, has its hard sound, as: o' sti um, a door) mix' ti o, 
 a Tnixture. 
 
 14:, Syllabification and Accent. 
 
 1. After a vowel with the long sound (or diph- 
 thong), consonants are joined to the following vowel, 
 as: ma' tres, mothers; au dl' vi, I heard. 
 
 2. After a vowel with the short sound, a single or 
 double consonant is joined to such vowel, as: gen' e- 
 ri, sons-in-law ; rex' T, / ruled. Two consonants should 
 be separated, as: bel'lum, a war; mun'dus, the world; 
 and of three or more consonants, the last, or if a 
 combination of b, p, c, g, d, t, with 1 or r, the last 
 two are joined to the following vowel, as : tem' plum, 
 a temple; con' tra, against. 
 
 3. The following are the principal Rules of Ac- 
 cent of the EngUsh Method: 
 
 Words of two syllables are always accented on 
 the first syllable. 
 
 Words of more than two syllables are accented 
 on the last but one {penult), if that is long, as: 
 ami' cus, a friend; if it is short, then on the last but 
 two (antepenult), as: dom' i nus, a master. 
 
— lA — 
 
 — 15 
 
 TRANSLATION (Oral and Written). 
 
 15. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 men' s3., a table 
 
 men' sae, iaJ)lef^ 
 
 Gen. 
 
 men' sae, 0/ a table 
 
 men sa' rum, of tables 
 
 Dat. 
 
 men' sae, to a table 
 
 men' sis, to tables 
 
 Ace. 
 
 men' sa,in, a table 
 
 men' sas, ^<7/>^e.s* 
 
 Voc. 
 
 men' s3,, table 
 
 men' sae, tables 
 
 Abl. 
 
 men' sa, icith a table 
 
 men' sis, ici/Zi /a^/e^- 
 
 1. The Latin, like the English, has two Numbers; 
 the Sin^ar Number denotes one, the Plural, more 
 than one. 
 
 2. There are six Cases in Latin: the Nominative, 
 Genitive, Dative. Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. 
 
 The Nominative is the case of the subject, and 
 answers to the English Nominative. 
 
 The Genitive may be translated by the English 
 Possessive or by the preposition of. 
 
 The Dative may usually be translated by the 
 preposition to or for, but sometimes it corresponds 
 to the English Objective. 
 
 The Accusative nearly corresponds to the English 
 Objective. 
 
 The Vocative is the case of direct address. 
 
 The Ablative may usually be translated by the 
 prepositions /ro;n, hy, ivith. 
 
 3. The formation of the several cases is called De- 
 clension. There are five Declensions in Latin, dis- 
 tinguished by the endings of the Genitive Singular. 
 
 I 
 
 Latin nouns which have ae in the Genitive Singular, 
 are of the First Declension. 
 
 4. The Latin has no Article; therefore mensa may 
 be rendered a table, or the table, or simply table, ac- 
 cording to the connection. 
 
 Like mensa declhie the following nouns: 
 
 India, -ae, India puelia, -ae, a girl ^ 
 
 patria, -ae, one's native land;, victoria, -ae, a victory ■ 
 
 home 
 gemma, -ae, a precious stone, 
 
 gem 
 Roma, -ae, Rome 
 rOgina, -ae, a queen • 
 Italia, -ae, Italy 
 acjuiia, -ae, an eagle 
 pirata, -ae, ajnrate • 
 Ora, -ae, tlte coast • 
 insula, -ae, an island ' 
 nauta, -ae, a sailor, seaman- 
 
 fuga, -ae, a flight 
 discli)uia, -ae, a (female) * 
 
 pupil 
 magistra, -ae, a (few.ale) ' 
 
 teacher 
 dlligentia, -ae, diligence ' 
 luseinia, -ae, the nightingale * 
 umbra, -ae, a shade, shadow • 
 silva, -ae, a wood, forest 
 rosa, -ae, a rose • 
 
 \i 
 
 vioia, -ae, a violet • 
 historia, -ae, history, a story • 
 
 * 
 
 a ma' re, to love, like 
 Present, a' mo, I love, am loving, do love 
 
 a' mas, thou lovest, art loving, dost love 
 a' mat, he loves, is loving, does love 
 a ma' miis, we love, are loving, do love 
 a ma' tis, you love, are loving, do love 
 a' mant, they love, are loving, do love 
 
 5. There are four Conjugations distinguished from 
 each other by the Infinitive endings. Verbs whose 
 Trifinitive ends in ar^, as: amare, to love, are of 
 the First Conjugation. The Present is formed by 
 changing are of the Infinitive into o, as : ama'r^ — 
 a' mo. 
 
 6. The pronouns /, thou, we, you are not usually 
 expressed in Latin, as the endings of the verb show 
 
~ 16 — 
 
 the person and number. Remember that thou is 
 mostly confined to solemn discourse, and that in 
 ordinary English you is used for the second person 
 both in tlie singular and plural. 
 
 To conjugate a Latin verb negatively or inter- 
 rogatively, no Auxiliary is required, as in English, 
 thus: non aniG, / do not love; amas? do yua\ve? 
 cur non amas? why do you not love? 
 
 Form the Present Indicative of the following 
 verbs which are conjugated like amar^: 
 
 devastarg, to devastate ' laudarg, to praise , 
 
 fugarC, toputtojiight' dcloctarg, to delight * 
 
 nimtlarg, to announce ' narrarg, to tell • 
 
 obtemp^rarg, to obey . 
 
 i 
 
 cQr, why est, is nOn, not ot, and 
 
 India est patrla gemmarum. Roma est reglna ItalTae. 
 AquHa silvas aniat. Finitae oras insillae devastant. Nautae 
 cur non fugatis piratas ? Puellae nautarum victoriani et fu' 
 gam piratarum nuntiant. Discii)rilae obtemperant magistrae. 
 MagK>txa landat discipularum diligentiam. Luscinia amat 
 umbram silvae. Rosae et violae delectant puellas. Magistra 
 puelhs historian! narrat ; historia delectat puellas. 
 
 Some more nouns of the First Declension: 
 
 rana, -ae, a frog 
 
 terra, -ae, the earth, land 
 
 sphaera, -ae, a globe 
 
 nva, -ae, the grape 
 luna, -ae, the moon 
 Stella, -ae, a star 
 via, -ae, a tcay, road 
 meOia, -ae, an inhabitant 
 agrlc(3ia, -a«, a farmer, 
 
 husbandman 
 amlcltia, -ae, friendship 
 gloria, -ae, glory 
 vita, -ae, life 
 
 Pennsilvania, -ae, Pennsylvania 
 
 iilauda, -ae, a lark 
 
 nuntia, -ae, a (female) messenger 
 
 aurora, -ae, the morning, dawn 
 
 aqua, -ae, icater 
 
 SIcIlia, -ae, Sicily 
 
 Europa, -ae, Europe 
 
 CrCta, -ae, Crete 
 
 '-4 
 
 — 17 — 
 
 Write the following verbs of the First Conjuga- 
 tion m the Present Indicative: 
 
 observard, to observe monstrarg, to show 
 
 obscQrare, to obscure, eclipse 
 
 sunt, are 
 Puellae amant uvas. Nauta observat lunam et Stellas. 
 Luna et stellae nautae viam monstrant. SicilTa est insula 
 Europae. Sicilia et Creta sunt insulae. Incolae insularum 
 sunt nautae. Incolae Pennsilvaniae sunt agricolae. Amici- 
 tia est gloria vitae. Ranae sunt incolae aquae et terrae. 
 Terra est sphaera. Historia est magistra vitae. Alauda 
 nuntia aurorae est. Terrae umbra lunam obscurat. Fu^ra 
 nautarum incolas insularum delectat. Puellae, cur non oV 
 temperatis magistrae ? ; i^ uu 
 
 ^^. Britannia, -ae, Britain 
 domlna, -ae, a mistress 
 ancilia, -ae, a servant-girl 
 vituperare, to blame 
 intefdtim, sometimes 
 
 schoia, ^ae, a school 
 saplentia, -ae, wisdom 
 filia, -ae, a daughter 
 peninsula, -ae, ajoeninsula 
 poeta, -ae, a poet 
 
 planta, -ae, a plant 
 
 the ^r^ttfend"'" ^'""'^ '' ^''^ '^^'''''''^ ''' ""^ -"^--' ^^^ 
 
 Britain is an island of Europe. The inhabitants of Britain 
 aresea„,en. The mistress does not praise the servant-S 
 she blames the servant-girl. Life is sometimes a schooT of 
 wisdom. Nightingales like the shades of the forest. I ten to) 
 
 ZT%l''':''''Vr'r- ^-°P-- peninsula. iSil 
 MO cts. The moon delights the poet and the farmer. Roses 
 and violets are plants. Girls like roses and violets. 
 
 pa rare, to jjrepare 
 pluma, -ae, the feather 
 concha, -ae, the shell 
 
 arare, to plow 
 corona, -ae, a crown 
 parsImOnia, -ae, frugality 
 
 .■p?«'rsr sr, ."s, * ""■ ""-'■ -. - ». 
 
 f 
 
-- 18 — 
 
 Farmers love (their) daughters. The girls are preparing 
 the table. Feathers and shells delight a sailor's daughter; 
 precious stones delight the daughter of a queen. The husband- 
 man is plowing. Husbandmen, why do you not plow the 
 land? The girl shows the way to the husbandman. An 
 island is the native land of sailors. Friendship is the crown 
 of life. The life of farmers is the school of frugality. 
 
 Present. 
 
 ha be' re, to have 
 
 hii' beo , I have 
 ha' bes, thou hast 
 ha' bet, he has 
 ha be' nius, ive have 
 ha be' tls, you have 
 ha' bent, they have 
 
 17. cs' sC, to he 
 
 sum, lam 
 Cs, thou art 
 est, he is 
 sil' mus, ice are 
 e' St IS, you are 
 sunt, they are 
 
 1. The verb esse, to he, is quite irregular; it is 
 the only auxiliary verb in Latin, but it is also used 
 as a j)rincipul verb. 
 
 2. Verbs whose Infinitive ends in er6, as: liabe- 
 rl\ to have, belong to the Second Conjugation. The 
 Present is formed by changing ev6 of the Infinitive 
 into eo as: habere — liabeo. 
 
 Write the following verbs of the Second Conjaga- 
 tion in the Present Indicative: 
 
 placere, to please, be pleasing to timbre, to fear 
 
 3. There are, as in English, three Genders: Mas- 
 culine. Feminine, and Neuter. The gender of Latin 
 nouns, in many instances, is to be determined by 
 their signification, according to the following 
 
 General Rules. 
 a. Masculine are the names of males, rivers, 
 winds, and months, as: nauta, a sailor; Rheniis, the 
 Rhine; notus, the south wind; Aprills, April, 
 
 I 
 
 — 19 — 
 
 b. Feminine are the names of females, coun- 
 tries, towns, islands, and trees, as: vircrg, a maid; 
 Aegyptiis, Fgijpt; NeapolTs, Naples; Rhodus, Rhodes; 
 pTrus, a pear-tree. 
 
 c. Neuter are: all Indeclinable N"ouns, terms or 
 phrases used as nouns, and words quoted merely as 
 such, without reference to their meaning, as: nihil, 
 nothing; scire tuum, thj knowledge; hoc dm, this 
 (word) diu. 
 
 4. Tlie gender of nouns not determined by their 
 signification, is to be ascertained by their termi- 
 nations, according to Special Rules of Gender for 
 the several declensions. 
 
 5. Xouns of the First Declension ending in a, 
 are feminine. Nearly all the exceptions are such as 
 are masculine by their signification, according to the 
 (General Rule abovr' mentioned (3 a.) as: nauta, a 
 sailor; also Hadria, the Adriatic, 
 
 Point out the masculine nouns of the foUowino- 
 list: "^^ 
 
 ula, -ae, a icing 
 p('<Tiniii, -ae, money 
 cnluinba, -ae, a dove 
 ij^aliliia, -ae, a hen 
 laboriire, to icork 
 si)Ina, -ae, a Ihorn 
 nebula, -ae, a fog 
 
 formica, -ae, an ant 
 ngura, -ae, a shape 
 vacea, -ae, a coiv 
 scriba, -ae, a clerk 
 poena, -ae, jmnishment 
 pTgiitia, -ae, laziness 
 inopla, -ae, want 
 
 AquHa ha])ct alas. Filiae agricolae habent rosas. Re^Tna 
 l^oronam babet. Puclla pecmiTam habet. Columbae et m- 
 ^ina<3 alas habent. FilTae agricolae laborant ; tiliae agricolae 
 sunt ancillae. Laudamus diligentiam agricolarum. Puella 
 iiahet rosam. Rosa puellae placet magistrae. Rosa habet 
 spinas. Uvae et violae dclectant puellas. Nautae tirnent 
 
20 — 
 
 — 21 
 
 nebulam. Formlcae habciit roglnaiii. Teiru ba])('t fi^^nlram 
 si)]ia(Ta(\ Agricolac^ liabent vaccas, C()luinl)a- • i galllnas. 
 Ilistorla est magistra sapieutiae. Scriba liabct mensani. 
 Poena pigritiae est inopia. 
 
 ]S. vTtil nistTca(-ae-ae), covn- mras, outdoors' 
 
 luxuria,ae, /«./•?//•?/ [ftylife tains% -ae, rcpaiallon, fame 
 
 causa, ao, a rausr iii«ulcstia, -ae, viuih'st}/ 
 
 proct'lUi, -a<N rf .storm leiuiiiil, iu\ a iroman 
 
 pluvia, -ae, rain epistuUl, -ae, a letter 
 
 ubi, where exspectare, to wait for 
 
 A country life is the teacher ot* frugality, l.uxiiry is the 
 cause of want. Roses and violets are pleaMnu to the girls. 
 Seamen do not fear storm and rain. Where are the girls? 
 They are outdoors, they are telling a story to the farmer's 
 daughter. Frogs are inhabitants of water and land. The 
 reputation of modesty is the crown of women. Tlu^ clerk has 
 a letter. Doves have wings. Why do you not wait for the far- 
 mer's girls? Why do you not work? AA'e praise the farmer's 
 diligence, and we blame the clerk's laziness. The teacher 
 blames (her) i)Ui)ils. Modesty is the glory of girls. 
 
 UK 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 yoc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 tlrr vl us, a river 
 tlu' vl 1, of a rirer 
 flu' vl o, to a rirer 
 flrr VI uni, a rirer 
 flu' VI e, rirer 
 flu' vi o, with a rirer 
 
 Singular. 
 
 tec' I fun, a rooj 
 tec' IT, of a roof 
 li'c' to, to a roof 
 tec' tuiii, a roof 
 tec' tfiiii, roof 
 tec' to, with a roof 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 flu' vl 1, rivers^ 
 flu VI 6' rum, of rivers 
 flu' VI IS, to rivers 
 flu' VI OS, rivers 
 flu' vl T, rivers 
 flu' VI is, with rivers 
 
 tec' ta, roofs 
 
 tec to' rum, of roofs 
 
 tec' tis, to roofs 
 
 tec' t&, roofs 
 
 tec' ta, roofs 
 
 tec' tis, with roofs 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1. Latin nouns whose genitive is i, are of the 
 Second Declension. In the nominative they end in iis, 
 ^r, ir, ur, um. Those ending in fiiii are neuter, the 
 rest are mascuhne. 
 
 2. The following are General Rules applying to 
 all Declensions: 
 
 a. In ])oth numbers the A'ocative is the same with 
 the nominative, except in the singular of nouns in 
 us of the Second Declension. 
 
 b. Xeuter nouns have the nominative, accusative, 
 and vocative alike in both numbers, and these cases, 
 in the plural, always end in a. 
 
 c. The dative and ablative plural are always alike. 
 
 Like fluvTus and tectum decline the following 
 nouns: 
 
 domlntis, -i, a master^ lord 
 mundtis, -i, the world 
 annus, -i, a year 
 morbiis, -i, a disease 
 unimiis, -i, the mind, soul 
 discipultis, -i, a scholar, 2)^fp^^ 
 gl(5bus, -i, a globe 
 ventOs, -i, ivind 
 ^quiis, -i, a horse 
 5culus, -i, an eye 
 horttis, -i, a garden 
 Janiiarius, -i, January 
 
 caelum, -i, the heaven, sky 
 auriim, -i, gold 
 ferriiin, -i, iirm 
 nietallum, -T, a metal 
 mitiiim, -i, a beginning 
 vitium, -i, a vice, fault 
 signiim, -i, a sign 
 insectum, -i, an insect 
 pratiim, -i, a meadow 
 mendaciiim, -i, a lie 
 furtiim, -1, theft 
 aedlficium, -i, a building 
 
 ripa, -ae, the bank {of a stream) arcere, to keep off 
 musca, -ae, a fly saglnare, to make fat 
 
 ubique, everywhere 
 
 Ubi est dominus caeli ct tcrrac ? Ubique. Fluvius habet 
 ripas. Aurum est nietallum. Aurum et fcrrum sunt metalla. 
 Vitium est morbus animi. Yitia sunt morbi animi. Nautae 
 
oo 
 
 ■/l 
 
 -- 23 
 
 observant signa caeli, lunam ct Stellas. INIodestTa est initium 
 sapientTae. Terra habet fi-uram globi. Formica est insec- 
 tum Musca est insectum. Fornileae et miiscae sunt msecta. 
 A<'-ricr.lae ha])ent hortos et prata. MendacTuni est initiuni 
 flirt i. Tectum aediticTi areet pluvTam et ventum. Oeulus do- 
 mini saglnat equum. JanuarTus est initium anni. 
 
 20. plumbum, -i, lead 
 argeiituiii, -i, ailver 
 NIlus, -1, the (river) Nile 
 Aegyptus, -i, Enypt 
 aniTcfis, -i, a friend 
 acervus, -i, a heap 
 frunientriiii, -i, corn 
 aniiit, -oruni (pi), arms- 
 instriimentfiin, -i, an imple- 
 ment 
 
 bolliim, -T, rear 
 invHlia, -ae, envy 
 vTnuni, -I, wine 
 Dfinublus, -i, the Banuhe 
 GermauTa, -ae, Germany 
 Rh^nfls, -T, the Rhine 
 perlculuiii, -T, danger, peril 
 tabula, -ae, a slate 
 stiliis, -1, a pencil 
 
 The farmers have gardens, hens, doves, cows, and horses. 
 Silver is a metal; lead is a metal; gold, silver, and lead are 
 metals. The moon and tbc stars arc signs of heaven. The 
 Nile is a river of Egypt. A friend loves (his) frieml. Heaps 
 of corn delisrht the farmer. Arms are implements of war. 
 Envy is a vice. The farmer has corn and wine. The Lord 
 of heaven and earth is everywhere. The Danube is a river of 
 Germany. The Danube and the Rhine arc rivers of Germany. 
 Farmers fear the dangers of war. Scholars have slates and 
 pencils. 
 
 Of 
 
 Adjectives in fis, a, fim. 
 
 bonus, bona, bonura, good 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Ttl. 
 
 b5' niis 
 bo' ni 
 bo' no 
 bo' niini 
 
 bo'ng 
 bo' uo 
 
 /. 
 b5'na 
 bo' nae 
 b6' nae 
 bo' nSm 
 bo' na 
 bo' ua 
 
 71. 
 
 bo' niim 
 
 bo' ni 
 bo' no 
 bo' iifim 
 bo' num 
 
 bo' no 
 
 
 m. 
 
 
 n. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 biV 111 
 
 bo' nae 
 
 bo' n3. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 l)o no' rum 
 
 bo ml' rfiiii 
 
 1)6 no' riim 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ))(V ins 
 
 b(V Ills 
 
 1)6' nis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 l)o' nos 
 
 bo' uas 
 
 b6' na 
 
 Voc. 
 
 1)6' ni 
 
 bo' nae 
 
 b6' na 
 
 Abl. 
 
 bo' uTs 
 
 bo' nis 
 
 bo' nis 
 
 ])eeline in the same manner: 
 
 soduliis, Si'duia, sPduliini, busy 
 
 tinildus, tiinlda, timldiim, timid 
 
 rotundfis, rotunda, rotundiim, round. 
 
 odorils, odora, 6d6rum, fragrant 
 
 clarus, clara, clarum, bright, clear, famous 
 
 iCicidiis, iCicida, lucidiim, shining 
 
 aniriils, ardila, arduum, arduous, stt^cp 
 
 umbrosiis, unibrosa, unibrosiiin, shady 
 
 garruliis, garruia, garrulfini, garrulous 
 
 mode' stiis, mode' sta, mode' stiini, modest 
 
 beat us, beata, beatiini, happy, blessed 
 
 albtis, alba, albiiiu, white 
 
 fiilvus, fulva, fulvum, yellow 
 
 mult lis, multa, multiim, much, many 
 
 magnus, magna, magnum, great, large, big 
 
 parvus, parva, parviim, little, small 
 
 liumanfis, humana, hfimaniim, human 
 
 obnoxius, obnoxta, obnoxium, subject, lialjle 
 
 vCrQs, vera, verum, true 
 
 semplter' nus, semplter' na, sempiter' num, everlasting 
 
 necessarlus, necessaria, necessarliim, necessary 
 
 Singnlar. 
 
 Nom. nau'ta lac'tiis, a merry sailor 
 nau'tae lae'tT, of a merry sailor 
 nau'tae lae'to, to a merry sailor 
 nau'tam lae'tum, a merry sailor 
 nau'ta lae'tg, merry sailor 
 nau'ta lae'to, with a merry sailor 
 
 Gen 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
.^ 'U — 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. nau'tae lae'li, merry sailors 
 
 Gen, nuuta-'riiiu laeto'rum, of merry sailors 
 
 Dat. nau'tis lae'iis, to merry sailors 
 
 Ace. iiau'tiis lae'tos, merry sailors 
 
 Voc. nau'tae lao'ti, merry sailors 
 
 Abl. nau'tis lae'tis, ivilk merry sailors 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. cue 'nil mn'dica, a moderate dinner 
 
 Gen. coe'nae mn'dk-ae, of a moderate dinner 
 
 Dat. coe'nae niu'dlcao, to a moderate dinner 
 
 Ace. coo'nain nnVdicain, a moderate dinner 
 
 Voc. coe'iia ino'dlca, moderate dinner 
 
 Abl. coe'na mo'dica, icith a moderate dinner 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. coe'nae ni»')'dT(*ae, n}odrrate dinners 
 
 Gen. coena'rriiii nin(ilea'rfnii, of moderate dinners 
 
 Dat. eue'nis nnVdicIs, to moderate dinners 
 
 Ace. coe'nii.s ni»')'ilicas, moderate dinners 
 
 Voc. coe'nae nuVdleae, moderate dinners 
 
 Abl. coe'nis mO'dlcis, with moderate dinners 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. tec 'turn ariuiii, a high roof 
 
 Gen. tec'ti al'ti, of a high roof 
 
 Dat. tec 'to al'to, to a high roof 
 
 Ace. tec'tuni artiiin, a high roof 
 
 Voc. tec'tuni al'tfiiu, high roof 
 
 Abl. tec'to al'to, with a high roof 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. tec't3< al'til, high roofs 
 
 Gen. tecto'runi alto'ruiii, of high roofs 
 
 Dat. tec 'tis al'tis, to high roofs 
 
 Aec. tec'tS, al'ta, high roofs 
 
 Voc. tec'tS, al'tit, Oliigh roofs 
 
 ■ Abl. tcc'tis al'ti.s, IV it h high roofs 
 
 Decline in the same manner: 
 
 puCta cliirus, a famous poet fluvius latiis, a broad river 
 formica scdiila, the busy ant colluiu longuni, a long neck 
 
 
 — 25 — 
 
 1. Adjectives in us, a, lim are declined in the 
 masculine and neuter like substantives of the Second 
 Declension, and in the feminine like substantives of 
 the First. 
 
 2. Adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles 
 agree with their nouns in number, gender, and case. 
 
 3. In Latin the attributive adjective usually fol- 
 lows its noun. When emphatic, the adjective is 
 placed before its noun. 
 
 4. Tlie dative and ablative plural of dea, a god- 
 dess, and filTa, a davghter (First Declension), end in 
 abils instead of is, to distinguish them from the same 
 cases of deus, a god, and filius, a son (Second De- 
 sion). 
 
 5. Proper nouns in ius omit 6 in the vocative, 
 as: Antonius, Anthoug, Antoni; filius, a son, and 
 genius, a guardian angel, make also fili and geni. 
 The possessive metis, my, has mi, and Deus, God, 
 has Deus. In the plural nominative and vocative, 
 deus has dii or di; genitive: deorum; dative and 
 ablative: diis, dis (deis). 
 
 Accordingly its declension is as follows: , 
 
 Singular. VlxaaX, 
 
 Nom. Do' us, God 
 Gen. De'i, of God 
 Dat. Do'o , to God 
 Ace. D6'um, God 
 Voc. Dg'fis, OGod 
 Abl. De' 6, with God 
 
 di' i, di, gods 
 
 d6 o' rum, of gods 
 
 di' is, dis (de' is), to gods 
 
 de' OS, gods 
 
 di' i, di, gods 
 
 di' is, dis (de' is), with gods 
 
— 2G — 
 
 AmerTcS., -ac, America quasi, af( if^ so to speak 
 
 quTs, v}ho? quid, what? tompliiiii, -T, a temple 
 
 clamar€, to cry praesldirim, -I, a support 
 
 mSdlcus, -T, a physician 
 
 A genitivo bolongini^ to a noun with an adjoctivo, usually stands 
 between these two words, as: parvus agricolae tilTus. the farmer's 
 little son. 
 
 Alanda est lacta. Formica est scdilla. Coluniba est timida. 
 Terra est rotunda. Rosa est odora. Luna est clara. Stollae 
 sunt lucTdae. Via est ardua. Silva est iinibrosa. Silvam um- 
 brdsam anulnuis. Kauae sunt garnllae. ruellao sunt mo- 
 destae. Beati sunt aixricolae. Argentuni album, aurum ful- 
 vum est. America multos fluvTos magnos hal)ct. Quis clamat, 
 mi fili? Parvus Antonius clamat. Quid clamas, Antdni? 
 A'ita humana multis inor])is obnoxTa est. Vera amicitla sem- 
 piterna est. ^lundus est quasi tenii)lum Dei. recunta est 
 necessarium vitae praesidium. Magistra liliribus medici histo- 
 rlam narrat. 
 
 22» juoundiis, -S, -liin, iileasant saepr, oftoi 
 
 durfis, -5,, -fiiii, hard mule' stiis, -il, -fun, irouble- 
 nunirTiis, -T, a number some 
 
 ignntus, -a, -lini, iinknoivn equiis, -T, a hu/ ,^t' 
 
 amoeniis, -a, fiiii, charming ambuliire, to take a xralk 
 
 dOniini, -T, agifl est, there is ; sunt, there are 
 
 in, in, is followed by the ablative, in answer to the question 
 ichere? 
 
 cum, icith, governs the ablative. 
 
 Roses and violets arc fragrant. The earth has the shape 
 of a large globe. My son, modesty is a sign of wisdom. Rain is 
 necessary to the plants of the garden. The life of a busy farmer 
 is pleasant. Doves are timid. Iron is hard. To farmers iron 
 is a necessary metal. The number of stars is unknown. The 
 banks of the Rhine are charming. Gifts of friends are pleasant. 
 
 • 
 
 — 27 — 
 
 The Danube is a great and broad river of Europe. Flies 
 are often troublesome to horses. In America there are many 
 great rivers. The farmer takes a walk with (his) sons and 
 daughters. 
 
 Nom a' ger, afield 
 
 Gen. a ' gri, of a field 
 
 Dat. a' gro, to afield 
 
 Ace. a' griiiu, afield 
 
 Voc. a' grr, field 
 
 Abl. a' gro, with a field 
 
 Nom. a' gri, fields 
 Gen. a gi'o' riini, of fields 
 Dat. a' gi'is, to fields 
 Ace. a' gi'os, fields 
 Voe. a' gi'T, fields 
 Abl. a' gris, ivith fields 
 
 Singular. 
 
 pu' ^r, a boy 
 pil' e ri, of a boy 
 pu' e ro, to a boy 
 pu' e riini, a boy 
 
 pu' ^r, boy 
 
 pu' e ro, luith a boy 
 
 Plural. 
 
 pil' e ri, boys 
 pu 6 ro' rGm, of boys 
 pii' e ris, to boys 
 pu' e ros, boys 
 pu' e ri, boys 
 pu' e ris, ivith boijs 
 
 1. Most of tlie nouns in er drop the e before the 
 r, like ager. ^^uch are: 
 
 magister, -ri, a teacher, master culter, -ri, a knife 
 libCr, -ri, a book aper, -rl, a wild boar 
 
 A few, however, retain the e throughout, as: 
 puer, pueri. These are: 
 
 gener, -i, a son-in-laiv puer, -i, a boy 
 
 sneer, -i, a father-in-law 
 Liber, -T, Bacchus 
 
 vesper, -i, ei^ening 
 lT])eri, -oruiu, children 
 
 and the compounds in f^r and ger, as: 
 Lucifer, -i, the morning-star armiger, -T, an armor-bearer 
 
 2. The only words in ir and ur are: vir,-i, amaii, 
 with its compounds, as: levTr, -i, a brother-in-law, and 
 the mascuHne of the adjective satur, -a, -um, sated. 
 
— 28 — 
 
 attentfis, -S, -fim, attentive noviis, -&, -um^ neiv 
 
 Justus, -a, -uiii, just panel, -ae, -&, few, a few 
 
 probus, -it, -fun, uprujht, r/ood vetuslus, -S, -uni, old 
 
 sorditlus, -a, -fini, dirty ego, /— tii, ///o?/, you 
 
 iinlversa natura (-ae -ae), the sevei-iSs, -&, -fun, stj^ict, severe 
 
 universe ' Indus, -i, a play 
 
 negotiuuK -T, an oecupation 
 
 Mark: lllx'iM, children — libri, hooks. 
 
 TIio nominativca 0*1:0, /, tu, thou, you, iiOs, //•<•, vOs, you, are 
 expressed witli the verb only tor the sake ofempliasis, as: 
 
 e^o scribo, tu legis, I am writing, you are reading 
 
 Boni liberi soduli ct attonti stmt. Dens amat viros justos 
 ot probo?. Ma<rister narrat piieris initium belli. Libri inulto- 
 rum j)uerr)riiin ^ordidi .^unt. Agricolae araiit agros. Medicus 
 soceruni ct levirum exspcetat. Beata est vita puerOruin. Disci- 
 pfili obteini)eraiit niagistro. Cultri sunt instrunieiita virorum. 
 Universa natilra nuiitiat ^lorlam Dei. Discipilli habent libros 
 novos, patiei habent votustos. Ego sum laetus puer, tu es 
 sovCtus magister; ego amo ludos puerurum, tu amas libros et 
 ueirotia virorum. 
 
 '^4:. soniiius, -1, sleep 
 
 pr-rleulosiis, -4l,-(ini, dan- 
 gerous 
 nirdiis, -ft, -iiui, had 
 
 exemplum, -1, an example 
 noxius, -ft, - uiu, injurious 
 semper, always 
 lldils, -ft, -Qm, faithful 
 
 The books arc the gilt of a friend. Sleep is necessary to 
 men, women, and children. \Vc praise a just and upright 
 mati. The plays of boys arc sometimes dangerous. A friend 
 loves the children of (liis) friend. Bad examples arc injurious 
 to bovs. The morninix-star delights the farmer. Boys have 
 books, slates, and pencils. Good books arc good teachers. 
 An upright man is always a faithful friend. The teacher 
 pra^-"-' the great diligence of the little boy. Farmers like 
 gaiuLii^, meadows, horses, cows, and doves. A modest boy is 
 pleasing to (liis; teacher. AVild boars love the shade of the 
 forest. 
 
 > 
 
 or 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 m. 
 
 nr ger 
 ni' gri 
 nP gro 
 nr griim 
 
 nl' gvr 
 nV gro 
 
 ni' gri 
 
 nl gro' riiiii 
 
 ni' gris 
 
 — 29 — 
 
 Adjectives in ^r, a, um. 
 
 nig^r, nigra, nigrum, hlack 
 
 Singular. 
 
 / 
 nV grft 
 ni' grae 
 nP grae 
 
 ni c. 
 
 nr gros 
 np gri 
 
 nr gris 
 
 Nom. ir ber 
 Gen. ir be rl 
 Dat. Ir be ro 
 Ace. ll' be riim 
 Voc. 'll'bgr 
 Abl. li' be ro 
 
 ' 'i:rftiii 
 
 nP grft 
 nP gra 
 
 Plural 
 nP grae 
 ni gra' rum 
 nP giis 
 nP gras 
 nP grae 
 nP gris 
 
 liber, libera, llbOrum, free 
 Singular. 
 IP be rft 
 IP be rae 
 IP be rae 
 IP be rftm 
 IP be rft 
 IP be ra 
 
 Nom. li' be ri 
 Gen. li be ro' rum 
 Dat. li' be ris 
 Ace. Ii' be ros 
 Voc. II' h^ ri 
 Abl. IP be ris 
 
 Plural. 
 IP be rae 
 ll be ra' rum 
 IP be ris 
 li' be ras 
 IP be rae 
 ll' be ris 
 
 n. 
 
 nP grum 
 
 nP gri 
 nP gro 
 nP grum 
 nP griim 
 
 ni' gro 
 
 ni' grft 
 nl gro' riim 
 nl' gris 
 ni' grft 
 nP grft 
 nP gris 
 
 IP b6 rum 
 IP be ri 
 li' be ro 
 IP be rum 
 IP be rum 
 li' be ro 
 
 IP be rft 
 ll be ro' riim 
 IP be ris 
 IP be rft 
 IP be rft 
 li' be ris 
 
 1. Adjectives in er, a, um are declined in the 
 masculine and neuter, like substantives of the Second 
 Declension, and in the feminine, like substantives of 
 the First. 
 
-^ 30 — 
 
 2. Most adjectives in er, a. fim drop the e before 
 the r like niger. Examples are: 
 
 aeger, aoc^rft, aoiri-iiin, sick 
 
 crebrr, crC'brS., crrhi run, frequent 
 
 ruber, rubi'i% rubiTiiii, 7rd 
 
 piilchrT, pulchrji, pulclirfiin, hmaiijalj fine 
 
 sinistr-r, sinisti'il, sinistiTiin, left 
 
 pi^^rr, xnv^yix, plirrrini, lazn 
 
 iiitt'iiC'r, iiitC'grjl, iDtOgrum, ichAe^ entire 
 
 3. A few adjectives in er, a, um retain the e 
 throughout, hke iTber. These are: 
 
 asper, as[)r'ril, aspriTini, rough 
 lactT, lacrrii, lacriTun, torn 
 niTsrT, inlsrrii, inist'iTiin, wretched 
 prosper, prospera, {jrosprTuni, prosperous 
 t^ner, tr'nera, tr'UriTiiii, tender 
 dexter, ilext(e)ra, dext(e)ruin, right 
 
 and the compounds in ler and <^er, as: 
 
 fraglter, IVrigitera, trugifeniiu, fruit-hearing^ fruitful^ fertile 
 lanlger, irinTgerS, lamgeriiin, wool-hearing^ Jleecy 
 
 In like manner is declined sa' ttu', sa' tura, sa'- 
 turuiii, sated. 
 
 y 
 
 prOvorbluiii, -T, a proverb prosper^ fortfina (-ae, -ae), 
 
 noeere, to do harm, injure good fortune 
 
 gena, -ae, a cheek cyenfis, -i, a swan 
 
 oriirimeiitiiiu, -T, an ornament corvus, -i, a raven 
 
 Puer est acgcr. ruclla est aogra. Yerum provcrbTum cct: 
 Via gloriae verae est aspcra. Vita luimaiia intordum niisera 
 est. Vonti aspuri et crebrae i)luviae noceiit plantis teneris. 
 ;Multi discipuli habent libros vetustos ct laceros. Geiiae ru- 
 brae puU'hriiin sunt piierdruin oniamcntiim. Poena discipiili 
 pigri justa est. Ala sinistra eolunibae est lacora, ala dextera 
 est integra. ]\Iulti agri non sunt IVugilori. Prospera IbrtCina 
 amici delectat amieum. Cycni habent plumas albas, corvi ha- 
 bent nlumas ni^ras. 
 
 — 31 — 
 
 20, iTlTiim, -1, a lily folluin, -T, a leaf 
 
 sacer, -ra, -rum, sacred })leiiiis, -a, -lim, full 
 universus, -a,-um, all together, whole 
 
 Many boys arc lazy. Tn the garden, there arc red roses 
 and white lilies. To good men the temple of the Lord is sacred. 
 The former's horses are black. The roads of the island are 
 rough. The leaves of roses and lilies are beautiful. The sky 
 is full of beautiful stars, and the earth is full offender plants. 
 Lazy boys do not like a strict teacher. The books of many 
 boys are torn and dirty. The children have red pencils. The 
 example of a lazy boy is injurious to the pupils all together. 
 The swan is white, the eagle is black. Books torn, old, and 
 dirty, are a sign of laziness. Tender girls fear the rough 
 plays of boys. 
 
 27, mefis, mea, meiini, my nost^r, nostra, nostrum, oar 
 
 tufis, tiia, tuilm, thy, your vester, vestra, vest rum, your 
 6UUS, sua, suiim, his, her, its suiis, sua, suiim, their 
 
 1. Possessives are declined as adjectives of the 
 First and Second Declensions, meus has in the voca- 
 tive masculine mi. AVhen referring to one, your will 
 be translated by tuus, -a, -iliii; when referring to 
 more than one, by vester, -ra, -rum. 
 
 2. Of nouns ending in fis the names of towns, 
 islands, and trees are feminine, as: populus, a j^op- 
 lar, etc. {17, 3); also: 
 
 alviis, -1, the helly 
 cuius, -i, a distaff 
 
 humiis, -i, soil 
 vaniiils, -1, a ran 
 
 and a f(^w rxreek words of frequent occurrence, as; 
 
 diphthongus, -i, a dij)hthong methodiis, -i, a method 
 paragraphus, -i, a paragraph dlalectus, -i, a dialect 
 
— 32 — 
 
 3. The following in us are neuter: 
 
 pelagus, -T, the sea vTrfis, -i, pui<,un 
 
 vulgus, -1, the crowcJy rabble 
 
 their accusative, as of all neuters, is the same as 
 the nominative, but they have no plural. 
 
 profundGs, -si, -fini, deep 
 It^cundus, -a, -fun, fertile 
 acfitus, -a, -fmi, sharp 
 po[)ulus, -1, a poplar 
 fagiis, -i, a beech 
 fx'unus, -T, a fruit-tree 
 doctus, -a, -fun, learned 
 
 tr'ter, - rit, -rfini, shameful, foul 
 liuinidfis, -a, -fini, moist 
 iiR-trtfis, -il, fun, u)icertain 
 gaudifini, -i, ji,i/ 
 vTprra, -a<\ n riper 
 mortlter, -a, -fmi, deadly 
 bestia, -ae. " animal, a beast 
 
 Diphthongi semper sunt longae. Naiitae pelil.iriis profun- 
 (luiu non timont. Aegyptus focunda est. Ciilter mens iion 
 est acutu?!. POpulus est alta, fagiis est umbra«^a; in silva sunt 
 fagi altae; in horto .^unt ponii frugiterai rosae rubrae. 
 Multi discipuli nostrae scholae aegri sunt. Magistri nostri sunt 
 arnici nostri. Agri vestri sunt frugitr'ii. .Magistri tui sunt 
 docti. Vitla nostra tetra sunt. Ubi est magistor tuus, mi fill? 
 Humus non semper est humtda. Puellae nostrae seholae sunt 
 attentae et modestae. Anni nostrae vitae sunt incerti, gaudia 
 caeli sempiterna sunt. Virus viperae multis bestlis mortilcrum 
 est. 
 
 28, proc(^rfis, -a, -fini, tall 
 VR-InfLs, -1, a neighbor 
 verbfini, -i, a word 
 ulmfis, -T, an elm 
 robustus, -a, -iim, strong, 
 robust 
 
 valTdfis, -a, -fini, healthy 
 iinbeoiiliis, -a, fmi, weakly 
 avus, -T, a grandfather 
 villa, -ae, a country house 
 ampins, -a, -fun, roomy 
 oi)])idfun, -1, a town 
 
 Good scholars love their teacher; a good teacher loves his 
 scholars. Many plants like a moist soil. Tall poplars are an 
 ornament of roads and gardens. My neighbors are upright 
 men. Your books are torn; our books are beautiful. Teachers 
 like the modest words of their scholars. The horse is faithful 
 
 *) 
 
 •'f 
 
 I 
 
 
 — 33 — 
 
 to his master. The beech and the elm are shady. The boys 
 of our school are strong and healthy; few are weakly. My 
 grandfather's country house is roomy, and the garden beauti- 
 ful. Your teachers are your friends. Our towns have good 
 schools. My son, why do you not take a walk with your 
 friends? Your teacher's method is good. -My friend's chil- 
 dren are sick. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 h(V mo, man 
 
 hu' mi Ills, of man 
 
 h(y ml 111, to man 
 
 ho' ml nein, man 
 
 hu' mO, man 
 
 ho' mi ue, ivith man 
 
 Singular. 
 
 le' o, a lion 
 
 le 0' iiis, of a lion 
 
 le o' 111, to a lion 
 
 le 0' nein, a lion 
 
 le' o, lion 
 
 le o' ne, ivith a lion 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. ho' mi nes, men, pteople le 0' nes, lions 
 
 Gen. ho' mi niiin, of men 
 
 Dat. Ii6 ml' ni biis, to men 
 
 Ace. hiV mi nes, men 
 
 Voc. ho' mi lies, men 
 
 Abl. ho mi' 111 bus, with men 
 
 le o' iiiini, of lions 
 16 o' 111 bus, to lions 
 16 0' nes, lions 
 16 o' nes, lions 
 le 0' ni bus, icith lions 
 
 1. Latin nouns whose genitive ends in is, are of 
 the Third Declension. Their nominative ends in 
 
 a, ^, i, 5, y, c, 1, n, r, s, t, and x. 
 
 To decline a word properly, in this Declension, 
 we must know how its genitive is formed. 
 
 2. Certain nouns ending in 6 form their genitive 
 by changing 6 into inis. Thus we have: 
 
 homO, -inis, mail turbo, -inis, a whirlwind 
 
 nemo, -inis, nobody Apollo, -inis, Apollo 
 
 and nearly all the words in d5 and gd, as: 
 
 ordo, -inis, order imasjO, -inis, an image 
 
 consuetudo, -inis, custom, habit pulcliritudO, -inis, beauty 
 
 Mark: car6, ineat; carnis (contracted from cari- 
 nis), gen. plur.: carnium. 
 
— S4 -~ 
 
 3. All other words ending in 5 change 6 into onis, 
 to form the genitive, as: led, leonis. a lion. Ex- 
 amples are: 
 
 pavo, -oiiTs, ax>earock uquTIo, -oiiTs, the nortliu'lml 
 
 pulinO, - oiiTs, a huuj putio, -dnTs, d (Irinl'fli)rf) 
 
 also a few in do and «;6, nanielv: 
 
 harpui^o, -oiiTs, a rji^npple-hook pracdo, -oiiTs, a rohher 
 cuiiicdo, -oiiTs, a (jIuUoh lii,^o, -oiiTs. n mnftocTc^ spade 
 
 le' ge re, to read 
 
 Present. !('' go, 1 7*ead, am read big ^ do read 
 
 le' gls, thou readM^ art reading, dost read 
 le' git, he reads, is reading, does read 
 le' gi iiiiis, ?r^' read, are reading, do read 
 lo' gt tis, ?/o?i ?v'rt<7, are reading, do read 
 le' giiut, tlieg read, arc reading, do read 
 
 Yerbs whose Infinitive ends in ere, as: leger^, 
 to read, belong to tlie Third Conjugation. The Present 
 is formed 1)y changing ere of the Infinitive into o, as: 
 letrere - 
 
 lego. 
 
 The following verbs are conjugated like l^^gere: 
 
 discere, to learn acuere, to sharpen sei'Ihere, to write 
 
 crescere, ^ grow spargere, to cast, scatter rdr're, to eat 
 
 (iTvInfis, -a, -fiiii, divine alter, -a, -fim, second 
 
 Juxtil (with aceus.), near to iiatunl, -ae, nature 
 
 bonuiii, -T, a good, possession postuliire, to require 
 
 radficus, -it, -xim Jmil cibus, -T. food 
 
 Leones sunt domtni silvanim. [Nfulta insccta honiiiiTbus 
 molosta sunt. Antmi honiTnum sunt divlni. Pueri discunt 
 historlam AmerTcae. Pdpuli altae saope juxta ripas lluviOrum 
 crcscunt. Pueri acilunt stilus cultro. Pavo i)ulchras penuas 
 liabot. Homo est dominus terrae. Somnus homlni necessartus 
 est. Popilli procerac non raultam unibrara spargunt. Puolla 
 pulchram epistulam scribit. Pulchritude est bonuni caducum. 
 
 M 
 
 I* 
 
 h 
 
 35 
 
 Deus amat hommcs. FolTa sunt quasi pulmSnes plantarum. 
 Consuetudo est altera natura. Puellae tenerae timent aquilo- 
 nem; aquHo est ventus asper. Homo amat hominem. Natura 
 homtnis et bestiae postulat cibum et potionem. Homines 
 edunt carncm. 
 
 30. Carol lis, -T, Cliarles 
 valet ndo, -iiiTs, health 
 opinio, -oiiis, an opinion 
 
 stnltiis, -a, -iim, foolish 
 ordo, -inis, order, a row 
 hinnido, -iiiis, a swallow 
 
 Some more verbs of the Third Conjugation: 
 
 vendere, to sell laedere, to hurt 
 
 bibere, to drink 
 
 vivere, to lire 
 
 What arc you reading, Charles ? I read the teacher's new 
 book. The beasts of the forest fear the lion. The north wind is 
 a rough wind, injurious to health. The beautiful feathers of the 
 peacock delight the boys. Our friend often blames the opinions 
 of foolish people. Rows of good books delight my grand- 
 father. Bovs and girls like swallows and larks. Who does 
 not like swallows and larks! The farmer sells a peacock to 
 (his) neighbor. The souls of men are images of God. The 
 farmer's sons live in the woods. Man is the beauty of the 
 world. An upright man fears nobody, hurts nobody. Men 
 drink water and wine. 
 
 31. ser vT' re, to serve 
 
 Present, ser' \1 o, I serve, am serving, do serve 
 
 ser' VIS, thou servest, art serving, dost serve 
 ser' vit, he serves, is serving, does serve 
 ser \^' mfis, ive serve, are serving, do serve 
 ser \V tis, you serve, are serving, do serve 
 ser' vi uiit, they serve, are serving, do serve 
 
 1. Verbs whose Infinitive ends in ire, as: servire, 
 to serve, belong to the Fourth Conjugation. The Pres- 
 ent is formed by olianging ire of the Infinitive into 
 io, as: servir^ — servio. 
 
— 30 
 
 3*7 
 
 The following verbs are conjugated like servirfi: 
 
 Crudlre, to instruct r)boc(lTre, to obey 
 
 2. As a general rule, nouns of the Third Declen- 
 sion in 6 are masculine; those, however, in (16, g6, 
 J.6 are feminine. 
 
 Exceptions. The following in cl6, g5, 15 are mas- 
 line: 
 
 onlo, -iiiTs, a ron\ order soptontrlo, -onTs, the north 
 canlo, -luls, the hinge (of a wind 
 
 door) vos|)(TtIlTf>, -ciiiTs, a bat 
 
 ITi^o, -oiiis, a mattocky spade pfipTlio, -ciiiTs, a biitterfly 
 
 hiirpfi^o, -oiiTs, a grappje-hook j)rii::io, -oiiTs, a dagger 
 
 niiirgO, -iuis, a margin^ brink seli)iu, -onTs, a staff 
 
 ?(lerC, to eat 
 coetiis, -3*, -iim, rooked 
 tt'i-rts, -3., -fun, wild 
 crutlfls, -a, -uiu, 7-aw 
 populfis, -1, a people 
 orTii;6, -iuTs, origin 
 obscuriis, -3, -iim, obscure 
 intlnltus, -3., -liin, endless 
 
 sulltudo, 
 
 mnltltrido, -Tills, a multitude 
 scM'iiif), -oiiis, a talk, eonversa- 
 foodus, -3, -fiiii, ugly [tion 
 euro vitrilin3 (-iiis -ae), veal 
 ani^ustiis, -3, -fiiii, narroio 
 latils, -3, -uiii, broad, icide 
 crCM lulus, - a, -iim, credulous 
 servus, -i, a slave, servant 
 -luis, solitude 
 
 Homines edunt carncm coctam, bestlae ferae edunt carnem 
 crudam. Multdrum populorum orlgo est obscCira. Morborum 
 est infmlta multitiido. Sermo puerdriim interdiim stultus est. 
 Papiliones sunt pulchri, vespertiliOnes sunt foedi. Caro vitu- 
 llna tenera est. Leo est robiistus. Valet udo prospera est do- 
 num Dei. Mea tabula habet niarginem an^irustuin, tua tabilla 
 margmein latum habet. MultitQdo credilla est. Multae bestlae 
 serviunt hominibus. Solitude paueis hominibus jucunda est. 
 Magistri pueros erudiunt, servi dominis serviunt^ liberi magi- 
 stris oboediunt. Leo est fera bestia. 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 
 32, amloiis, -3,, -ttm, friendly 
 doniTciliiim, -T, an abode 
 baber^, to deliver 
 oratio, -oiiTs, a speech 
 superbiis, -3, -liiii, proud 
 honestiis, -3,, -fun, honest 
 
 actlS, -onTs, a deed 
 externiis, -a, -tini, external 
 perltiis, -3, -um, experienced 
 ornfitfis, -3;, -fun, adorned 
 herb3, -ae, an herb 
 testudO, -iiiis, a tortoise 
 
 sapldiis, -3, -uni, savory 
 
 Swallows are friendly to the abodes of men. Bad men often 
 deliver fine speeches. In our garden, there are many beautiful 
 butterflies. Peacocks are proud. The neighl)or's sick son 
 fears the rough north wind. An honest deed is the sign of an 
 honest mind. The feathers of the proud peacock delight the 
 boys. External beauty is not everlasting. Pleasant is the 
 talk of an experienced man. The brink of the river is adorned 
 with many plants and herbs. The margin of my book is 
 broad, the margin of your book is narrow. My grandfather 
 lives in the solitude of an island. Tortoises have savory 
 meat. 
 
 ,33. 
 
 Norn. c5' lor, a color 
 
 Gen. CO lo' ris, of a color 
 
 Dat. CO lo' ri, to a color 
 
 Ace. CO lo' rSni, a color 
 
 Voc. c6' lor, color 
 
 Abl. q6 lo' r€, with a color 
 
 Singular. 
 
 mar' mor, marble 
 mar' mo ris, of marble 
 mar' mo ri, to marble 
 mar' mor, marble 
 mar' mor, marble 
 mar' mO rd, with marble 
 
 Floral. 
 
 Norn. CO lo' res, colors 
 Gen. CO lo' rum, of colors 
 Dat. CO lo' ri bus, to colors 
 Ace. CO lo' res, colors 
 Voe. CO Id' res, colors 
 Abl. CO lo' ribtis, with colors 
 
 mar' mi) r3,, kinds of marble 
 mar' mo nlni, of kinds ofm. 
 mar mo' ri bus, to kinds ofm. 
 mar' mo r3,, kinds ofm. 
 mar' mo r3,, kinds ofm. 
 mar mo' ri hH^, with ki^ids ofm. 
 
 1. Nouns in or form their genitive by changing 
 or into oris. They are altogether masculine. Only 
 
38 
 
 arbor, a tree, is feminine, and has arboris. The fol- 
 lowing are neuter: 
 
 marrnor, marmons, marble 
 ae(iuOr, aequOris, the sea 
 
 ador, adorts, spelt 
 cor, cordis, the heart 
 
 Their accusative, as of all neuters, is the same as 
 the nominative. 
 
 2. Like color decline tlie followinG; words: 
 
 timftr, -oris, ffar 
 praeceptdr, -oris, a teaeher 
 aiictdr, -oris, an author 
 au(llt5r, -oris, a hearer 
 Orator, -oris, a speaker 
 lab6r, -oris, labor^ work 
 creator, oris, a ercator 
 past6r, -oris, a shejthrrd 
 
 amor, -oris, love 
 
 sapor, -oris, taste 
 
 oilor, -oris, smell 
 
 clamor, - oris, a shoutj noise 
 
 vr'iiator, -oris, a hunter 
 
 lioiior, oris, an lionor^ office 
 
 calor, oris, fteat 
 
 ardor, oris, a burning heat 
 
 error, -oris, an error 
 
 ratio, -onis, I'eason, under- 
 
 staniUng 
 gratfis, -li, -uiii, pleas inr/ 
 prctlosiis, -a, -uni. precious 
 
 aetcrniis, -li, -uni, eternal 
 eri^ri (with accus.), toward 
 |)rirus, -3., -iiiii, pure^ clean 
 
 m'{{\\(\ . .m^'qur', neither. . .nor 
 
 Timor DoniTni est initlum sapiontiac. Praeceptores eru- 
 diunt pucTos. Deus est auctor rationis. Attenti auditores 
 oratorlbus p:rati sunt. Yestri laboros molest i sunt. Nautac 
 non timent profundum ac([uor. Marmor est ^jretiosuni. Ar- 
 borcs nostri horti sunt altae et rruiz:it'i''rar. Creator niundi est 
 actcrnus. Alaudac pastoribus et agricolis jueundac sunt. Dei 
 erga homines amor infinltus est. Vita pastorum molestis la- 
 borlbus libera est. Aqua pura noque saporem habct, neque 
 odorem, noquo colorcm. Clamor pucrorum molestus est. Agri 
 et silvac delect ant venatorem. 
 
 34:, varlus, -3., -iim, various densiis, -S., -iiin, thick^ dense 
 per (with accus.), through sursum, on high 
 
 II 
 
 f4 
 
 II 
 
 -~ 39 — 
 
 Speakers like attentive hearers. A great work is often the 
 beginning of great honors. Heat is sometimes troublesome to 
 men. The feathers of the peacock have various colors. Work 
 is the cause of true honor. Hunters like field and forest. The 
 trees of a thick forest keep otf the burning heat of the sky. 
 The colors of the peacock arc beautiful and various. The 
 shepherd shows (to) the hunter a road through the forest. 
 Many roses have a pleasant smell. On high (your) hearts! 
 The noise of the boys is great. Human understanding is sub- 
 ject to many errors. In our forests there are fine trees. 
 Beautiful butterflies are the joy of boys. Diseases Df the heart 
 are always dangerous. 
 
 3o, 
 
 
 Sbgol 
 
 Gir. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 flos, a flower 
 
 
 dOs, a dowry 
 
 Gen. 
 
 tlu' ris, of a flower 
 
 
 do' tis, of a dowry 
 
 Dat. 
 
 flo' ri, to a flower 
 
 
 do' ti, to a dowry 
 
 Ace. 
 
 11 o' rem, a flower 
 
 
 do' teni, a dowry 
 
 Voc. 
 
 flos, flower 
 
 
 dos, dowry 
 
 Abl. 
 
 110' re, 10 all a flower 
 
 
 do' te, with a dowry 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. flO' res, flowers 
 Gen. flo' rum, offloicers 
 Dat. tlo' ri biis, to flowers 
 Ace. flo' res, floivers 
 Voc. tio' res, flowers 
 Abl. llo' ri bus, loiih flowers 
 
 do' tes, dowries 
 
 do' tiim, of dowries 
 
 do' ti bus, to dowries 
 
 do' tes, dowries 
 
 do' tes, dowries 
 
 do' ti bus, with dowries 
 
 1. Nouns ending in os form their genitive by 
 changing os into oris or otis. Thus, we have: 
 
 OS, Otis 
 
 OS, oris 
 
 flos, floris, a flower, blossom 
 
 mos, moris, custom, manner 
 
 ros, roris, dew 
 
 lepos, leporis, charm, wit 
 
 OS, oris, the mouth 
 
 gios, gloris, a sister-in-law 
 
 dos, dotis, a dowry 
 cos, cotis, a grindstone 
 nepos, nepotis, a grandchild 
 rhinoceros, rhinocerotis, a rhi- 
 noceros 
 sacerdos, sacerdotis, a priest 
 
40 — 
 
 41 — 
 
 The following are irregular: 
 
 custos, custodTs, a r/iiard, watchman, keeper 
 
 OS, osais, a bone; genitive plural: ossTttm 
 
 bos, bo VIS, an ox; plural, nom.: boves; gen.: bofim; dat.: 
 
 bobiis 
 
 or bubfis 
 
 2. Nouns ending in os are masculine, except 
 dos, a dowry, and cos, a grindstone, which are femi- 
 nine; and OS, the mouth, and os, a hone, which are 
 neuter. 
 
 ^ephantus, -i, an elephant Btomachiis, -i, the stomach 
 
 raruar^, to change at, hut, on the contrary 
 
 non solum . . . sihI etlam, not triforifim, -i, clover 
 
 onh^ . . . hvt also pabulum, -T, feed 
 
 h6m5aeg6r (-iuis -ri), a sick sor6r, ^oris, a sister 
 
 person Qul, he who — piugere, to paint 
 
 Odores et colorcs florum varTi sunt. Elcpbantus babet ossa 
 magna et robusta. Uonores mutant mores. Floros non solum 
 pulchritudine sua, sed etlam grato odore delectant homines. 
 Os rubrum non semper signum bonae valetudinis est. Furus est 
 ros caeli. Multi llores habent odorem jucundum. Odor florum 
 molcstus est hominibus aegris. Saepe cibus ori gratus, at sto- 
 macho noxTus est. Oculi boum magni sunt. TrifolTum est 
 pabidum equorum et boum. Leones, equi et boveS habent ossa 
 robusta. Agricolae agros equis et bubus arant. Tater meus 
 delectat amicos lepore sermonis sui. Dos sororis meae non 
 est magna. Qui pingit florem, non pingit floris odorem. 
 
 30. diversiis, -il, -um, different focnum, -i, hay 
 
 minister, -n, 
 minister 
 
 a 
 
 servant, uxor, -oris, a wife, consort 
 
 Many flowers like the pure dew. The customs of peoples 
 are diflerent. Our grandfather loves his grandchildren. 
 Priests are God's servants. Good boys have good manners. 
 Our neighbor has many oxen. My grandfather has an attentive 
 keeper of his country house and his gardens. Trees have 
 
 'I 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 various blossoms. The flowers of our garden are beautiful and 
 have a pleasant smell. looses are beautiful flowers. Hay is 
 pleasing to the oxen. Grindstones are hard. Great rivers 
 have many mouths. The color of bones is white. The bones 
 of lions, oxen, and horses are robust. The farmer's lazy son 
 loves the shade of the dense trees. Your friend has a busy 
 wife. 
 
 37. 
 
 Nom. an' ser, a goose 
 
 Gen. an' se ris, of a goose 
 
 Dat. an' se ri, to a goose 
 
 Ace. an' se rem, a goose 
 
 Voc. an' ser, goose 
 
 Abl. an' se re, ivith a goose 
 
 Singular. 
 
 pa' ter, a father 
 pa' tris, of a father 
 pa' tri, to a father 
 pa' trem, a father 
 pa' ter, father 
 pa' tre, with a father 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. an' se res, geese 
 Gen. an' se riiiii, of geese 
 an se' ri bus, to geese 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc, 
 Abl. 
 
 an' se res, geese 
 
 an' se res, geese 
 
 an se' ri bus, with geese 
 
 pa' tres, fathers 
 
 pa' triiiii, of fathers 
 
 pa' tri bus, to fathers 
 
 pa' tres, fathers 
 
 pa' tres, fathers 
 
 pa' tri bus, with fathers 
 
 1. Nouns ending in Sr and er add is, to form the 
 genitive, as: anser, anseris; ver, veris, spring; those 
 ending in t^r, also imber, a shower, and the names 
 of months in Mr change ^r into ris, dropping the 
 e before the r throughout, as: pater, patris. 
 
 Examples are: 
 
 passer, -is, a sparrow 
 m filler, -is, a ivoman 
 agger, -is, rampart 
 tubSr, -is, a hump, hunch 
 verber, -is, a hlow 
 
 mater, -ris, a mother 
 frater, -ris, a hrother 
 imber, -ris, a shower 
 linter, -ris, a hoat 
 September, -ris, September 
 
 The following are irregular: 
 
 later, lateris, a tile 
 iter, Itineris, a journey, way, 
 march 
 
 Juppiter, Juvis, Jove 
 
 aer, aeris, the air 
 
 aether, aetheris, the upper air 
 
-- Vl 
 
 -.* 
 
 — 43 — 
 
 A few have ium, instead of um, in the genitive 
 plural, namely: 
 
 irn])rr, a shower, unhvuun ntrr, a leathern mrh; utrmm 
 
 lintr.r, a boat, WuWuun vonter, the hell if, vcMitriiim 
 
 2. Nouns in er an. I er are niascuhne; hnter, a 
 hoat, \< feminine, and the following are neuter: 
 
 (•ridaviT, -IS, a corpse, dead bod,/, spinthOr, -is, a bracelet 
 
 inywv, -IS, pepper [carcass tubor, -is, a hump 
 
 (Mcor, -IS, a chick-pea H^^'r, -is, a teat 
 
 itrr, ituirris, a journey vGr, -is, sprimj 
 
 papavOr, -is, the poppy (vorbcr, -is), a blow 
 
 malum, -i, an evil 
 stultitia, -ac, folly 
 cura, -ae, care 
 innumriTis, -a, -um, 
 ofncium, -1, a duty 
 repr'tltiO, -onis, a repetition 
 struUfim, -i, study 
 
 [less 
 number- 
 
 lacrrare, to lacerate 
 propter (with acciis.), on ac- 
 count of 
 fivciuentia, :i<\ frequency 
 iiijru'undus, -a, - um, T)ivkas- 
 
 ant 
 circa (witli aceiis.), around 
 
 fossil, -ae, a ditch 
 
 The time of an action is donoted by tho abhitive, as: vcrc, in 
 spriny; hieme et acstate, in ivinter and summer. 
 
 Multoruiu nialonini stultitia mater o=^t. Curac patriim et 
 matrum ina-iiac sunt. Aiisercs habent louga colla. lloves 
 vcrls sinit iniiuniOri. A(^r huniTdus causa multorum morbo- 
 rumest. Ansercs magni sunt, passeres parvi. Tor anujenum 
 est- verc itinera -rata sunt. Pater et mater aniant hberos 
 suos Yir et midier habent diversa officia. Frater amat fra- 
 trom et sordrem. Imbres lloribus et herl)is saepe noxii sunt. 
 RepetitTo est mater studidrum. C<H-vi lacerant eadavera ho- 
 ramum et bestiarum. Britanntae caehim propter nnbrium fre- 
 quentiam injucundum est. Circa oppidum sunt aggcres lati et 
 fossae profundae. 
 
 3S» piscatSr, -oris, a fisherman auctumnus, -i, the autumn 
 
 pier unique, commonly amoenus, -S, -tim, delightful 
 
 rustieus, -T, a country-man r^gio, -onis, a country, region 
 
 dare, to give temperautia, -ae, temperance 
 
 The necks of guu&e arc long. A brother loves his brothers 
 and sisters. The noise of the little si)arrows is often great and 
 troublesome. AV-j like the beautiful spring. Fishermen have 
 connnonly small boats. Country-people have many geese. 
 The brother gives a llower to his sister. The duties of men 
 and women are ditferent. Laziness is the mother of many 
 vices. Journeys are pleasant in spring and in autumn. The 
 noise of geese is not pleasant. Who does not like beautiful 
 spring and journeys through delightful countries? A good 
 boy loves (his) father and mother. A mother's heart is often 
 full of cares. A good son is the joy of (his) father and mother. 
 Human life is a troublesome journey. Temperance is the 
 mother of good health. In spring the violet is the queen of 
 tlowers. 
 
 30, Singular. 
 
 Norn, ae' tas, an age 
 
 ae ta' tis, ofaji age 
 ae ta' ti, to an age 
 ae ta' tern, an age 
 ae' tas, age 
 ae ta' tCj with an age 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ae ta' tes, ages 
 
 ae ta' turn, of ages 
 
 ae ta' ti bus, to ages 
 
 ae ta' tes, ages 
 
 ae ta' tes, ages 
 
 ae ta' ti biis, ivlth ages 
 
 Xouns ending in as change as into atis, to form 
 the genitive, iiy: aetas — aetatis, an age; anas, duck, 
 has anatis. They are all feminine. Examples are: 
 
 securitas, -atis, security 
 paupertas, -atis, poverty 
 voluntas, -atis, t?ie will, a wish 
 llbcrtas, -atis, liberty, freedom 
 varietas, -atis, variety 
 sanitas, -atis, health 
 cupiditas, -atis, passion 
 frCigalltas, -atis, frugality 
 
 Veritas, -atis, truth 
 calamltas, -atis, misfortune 
 lellcltas, -atis, happxiness 
 aestas, -atis, summer 
 voluptas, -atis, ^;/easwr<? 
 socletas, -atis, society 
 diflTlcultas, -atis, a difficulty 
 civitas, -atis, a state 
 
 vanitas, -atis, vanity 
 
Gen. PI. assium 
 mariuni 
 
 — 44 — 
 
 The following, which are irregular in the forma- 
 tion of the genitive, are masculine: 
 
 Norn, as, an as (Roman coin) Gen. assts 
 
 mas, male mans 
 
 vas, a surety vadts 
 
 adamas, a diamond adamantts 
 
 616phas, an elephant eiephantis 
 
 There is only one neuter: 
 
 Norn, vas, a vessel, Gen. vasis, PI. vasS, vasorum, 
 of the Second Declension. 
 
 — 4- 
 
 o 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 g'ram, I was 
 6' ras, thou wast 
 6' rat, he was 
 € ra' raus, ive were 
 $ r^' tis, you were 
 6' rant, they were 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fu' 1, / have been, was * 
 
 m i' St!, thou hast been, wast 
 
 fil' it, he has been, was 
 
 fii' 1 mus, we have been, were 
 
 ITi i' stis, you have been, were 
 
 fu e' runt, they have been, were 
 
 ad (with accus.), to nummiis, -i, a com 
 
 venlrS, to come niinins, -&, -iliu, too great, too 
 
 vinciilflni, -i, a bond much, overgreat 
 
 Romaiiris, -a, -fun, Roman libldO, -iiiis, desire, lust 
 
 aurt-fis, -a, -fun, of gold, golden 
 
 To, wlicu it implit's motion, must be translated by ad with the 
 accusative. 
 
 Adamas est dnrus. Tor orrdrcs ad veritritom, per oalami- 
 trites vcnlmus ad telicitatem. Acstate calor niultis agricolis 
 molestiis luit. Parva voluptas sacpe causa est inagiiac cala- 
 mitatis. Soeietatis humanae vinculum est ratio et oratio. As 
 Romrums erat parvus iiummus. Diversae aetates habent di- 
 versa officTa. Discipuli pigri semper magnas difficultates ha- 
 bent. IJellum devastat oppTda et civitates. Agricola multos 
 anseres et multas anatcs habet. Nimia securitas initium 
 
 calamitatis est. Homo liberam vohmtatem habet ; bestiao 
 libidinibus obtemperant. Paupertas homlni probo non est 
 dura. Multae voluptates aetati puerorum nocent. Yas aure- 
 um pretiosum est. 
 
 40. contemner e, to despise 
 ruTna, -ae, a ruin 
 bC^nenduni, -T, a benefit 
 lingua, -ae, a language 
 inter (with accus.), among 
 
 dlgestlo, -oiiis, digestion 
 ad (with accus.), ivith regard to 
 cariis, -a, -iiiii, dear 
 mlciire, to glitter 
 parere, to submit 
 
 Many people like foolish pleasures. The duties of ditferent 
 ages are different. In summer, work is troublesome to many 
 men. An upright man despises vanity. Great liberty is 
 often the ruin of great states. Difficulties sharpen the dili- 
 gence of a busy scholar. Poverty is sometimes a benefit. 
 There is a great variety of languages among men. Diges- 
 tion is necessary with regard to health. Passions are dis- 
 eases of the mind. Liberty is dear to the peoples of the New 
 World. In summer the trees are adorned with leaves and 
 blossoms. The precious diamond glitters. Frugality is the 
 mother of good health. An upright man submits to reason, 
 not to passion (pi.). 
 
 * The Perfect is otten used with the force of the English Imperfect. 
 
 41. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom 
 
 a' vis, a bird 
 
 la' pTs, a stone 
 
 Gen. 
 
 a' VIS, of a bird 
 
 la' pi dis, of a stone 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a' vi, to a bird 
 
 la' pi di, to a stone 
 
 Ace. 
 
 a' vem, a bird 
 
 la' pi deiii, a stone 
 
 Voc. 
 
 a' vis, bird 
 
 la' pis, stone 
 
 Abl. 
 
 a' ve, ivith a bird 
 
 la' p! de, loith a stone 
 
 
 % 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 a' ves, bij'ds 
 
 la' pi des, stones 
 
 Gen. 
 
 a' vi iim, of birds 
 
 la' pT diim, of stones 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a' vi bus, to birds 
 
 la pi' di bus, to stones 
 
 Ace. 
 
 a' ves, birds 
 
 la' pi des, stones 
 
 Voc. 
 
 a' ves, birds 
 
 la' pT des, stones 
 
 Abl. 
 
 a' vi bus, ivith birds 
 
 la pi' di bus, with stones 
 
 i 
 
— 46 
 
 1. The majority of nouns ending in is, form their 
 genitive in is, with an equal number of syllables. 
 They have the nominative and genitive singular alike, 
 and are declined like avis. Examples art^: 
 
 aiiiiiis, , a ricer 
 a pis, , a hee 
 aui-is, , the ear 
 cants, , a dog 
 cIvTs, , a citizen 
 elassls, -, the navy 
 col lis, , a hill 
 fr-lTs, , a rat 
 ITiiTs, , an end 
 host IS, -, an enemy 
 i«^nis, -, Jire 
 
 meiisls, -, nonth 
 TiatalTs, - , a hirthdrnj 
 lu'ivTs, ^ a .ship 
 uvis, , a sheep 
 pants, -, bj^ead 
 piscts, - , rt Jish 
 llirrts, -, a tifjer 
 vallts, -, a valley 
 vernits, -, a worm 
 vostls, -, a dress, clothing, gar- 
 ment 
 
 2. S(mie nouns ending in is, increase in the 
 
 genitive, that is, they have more .^\llal)les in the 
 
 trenhive than in the nominative. The connnonest of 
 
 tiiem are : 
 
 lai>Ts, lapTdts, a stone Us, litis, a cpiarrel 
 
 cinis, cinci'ts, ashes sanguis, sanguinis, blood 
 
 pulvis, i)ulverts, dust glis, gllrts, a dormouse 
 
 vumis, vOmerts, a j^loicshare 
 
 3. The following have im in the a'^'^n^ative singu- 
 lar instead of ^lu : 
 
 a. All Greek nouns in is, and the names of 
 livers and towns in is, as: basis, basim. (i />^^^^/^^• TT- 
 l)ei-is,TTl)erim, the Tiber; Ner4)olis, Xerii)r)lini. AV/yyA.s\ 
 
 b. anmssTs, amussiiii, a mason^s rule 
 ravTs, ravtiii, hoarseness 
 
 sitis, slttiii, thii'st 
 tussts, tusstm, a cough 
 VIS, vim, force 
 
 
 i 
 
 — 47 - 
 
 4. The following have im or ^m in the accusative 
 singular; but im is regarded as preferable. 
 
 febrts, febrini or fcbrem, a fever 
 puppts, pui)])tin or puppeni, the stern 
 restis, rcstiiu or rcsteiii, a rope 
 turris, turrtiii or turrem, a tower 
 sccuris, securim or sec u rem, an axe 
 
 5. Nouns havhig im in the accusative, have i in 
 the ablative, as: sTtis, sTtim, sTti. Those having im 
 or em in the accusative, have commonly i in tlie ab- 
 lative, as : puppis, puppem, puppim. puppi. 
 
 6. Xouns in is having the same number of 
 syllables in the nominative and genitive singular, 
 form the genitive plural in ium, as: avis, avis, 
 avium. The onl}^ exceptions are: canTs, a dog; 
 caniim; panis, bread; panum; juvenTs, a yormg 
 man, a youth; juvenum. 
 
 7. Nouns increasing in the genitive, have um in 
 the genitive plural, as : lapTs, lapTdTs, lapTdum. Ex- 
 ceptions are : lis, a quarrel; litium, and glTs, a dor- 
 mouse; gllrium. 
 
 Mark the special paradigm of vis, force, power, 
 strength. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn, vis, force 
 
 Gen. — 
 
 Dat. — 
 
 Ace. vim, force 
 
 Voc. vis, force 
 
 Abi. vi, hy force 
 
 Plnral. 
 
 vi' res, forces, strength 
 vr rt iim, of forces 
 vV rt bus, to forces 
 vr res, forces 
 vr res, forces 
 vr ri bus, with forces 
 
— -18 — 
 
 sTtiis, -3,, iiiii Tid, sifuafe on 
 prop^ (with accus.), near \1ire 
 i<;nivomfls, -S, -iiin, vomiting 
 Vesuvius, -1, Ve.suvius 
 vTirllantia, -ae, watchfulness 
 terror, -oris, terror 
 ivcoptru'uirnn, -i, a receptacle 
 quando, irhen? 
 Februarlus, -i, February 
 
 vlvere piscibils, to lire on fish 
 Citilitas, -atls, usefulness 
 lit, rt.9, like^ such as 
 praeda, -ae, prey 
 ancora, -ae, an anchor 
 finnare, to strengthen, hold (fast) 
 contra (with arcus.), against 
 rr'fVTjxr'rare, to cool 
 fh'irfis, -a, -um, clear 
 
 Miilti honiTiies vivuiit avtliiis ot piscTbuP. Classis Britan- 
 norum ha])f't magnum nuinrTuin navTum. UtilTtas apTum 
 ma^na est. AquTlao, corvi, ^ralllnac, ansrro.=? et anates sunt 
 aves. Fonnlcae ro<rTnam habont, ut apc^. Vita homlnuin 
 aquam ct ignom postuhit. Avos silvarnm 'A })i.-^cos fbiviorum 
 praeda lioniTiniin sunt. Ancora navem llrniat contra vim ven- 
 tnniiii. rulniones rctVi«rcrant i<an<i:uincin. Propter fcbrini et 
 tussini nuilti discipuli in schohi non fiierunt. Propter ravini 
 verba oratoris non clara erant. Pvonia .^ita est ad Ti])erim. 
 Prope Neapolim i.u'nivr>nnis Vesuvius est. A'igilantla canum 
 saepe terror praedonuiii esi. ('or est receptacillum sanguinis. 
 Mense Januarlo Ihitris ni( i natfdis est; (piando sordris tuae 
 natrdis est, Carole? S«jroris nieae natfdis est mense Februarlo. 
 
 42. lrlii:idus, -a, -um, cold magnanlmltas, -atis, magnayii- 
 
 rr'nirdifim, i, a remedy mity 
 
 contra (with accus.), f>r a (with abhit.), from 
 
 nOtus, -a, -fun, known soHci'tla, -ae, skill 
 
 uiTriis, -ft, -uin. wonderful 
 
 Cohl water is a good remedy Ibr cough and hoarse- 
 ness. Dogs are the' guards of sheep. The usefidness of 
 dogs and cats is known evervwhere. The liunters were dirty 
 with dust and bh)od. The citizens praise the magnanimity of 
 the enemies. God is the creator of heaven and earth, of tire, 
 water an<l air, of men and beasts, of birds, fishes, insects and 
 worms, of stones and metals. In the l)lood of men there is iron. 
 J>ones are food for dogs. In summer, boys are commonly 
 free from cough. My father's birthday is in the month (of) 
 January. Fire is the cause of heat. The skill of bees and 
 ants is wonderful. 
 
 49 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 4t3, Pluperfect, 
 
 fil' S mm, I had been 
 fii' e ras, iJiou hadst been 
 fu' 6 rat, he had been 
 fu 6 ra' miis, we had been 
 fu 6 ra' tis, you had been 
 fu' e rant, they had been 
 
 First Future. 
 6' rO, I shall be 
 6' ris, thou ivilt be 
 6' rlt, he ivill be 
 6' rl mils, ive shall be 
 6' rl tIs, you ivill be 
 6' runt, they will be 
 
 1. Nouns in is not increasing in the genitive, are 
 feminine ; but to this, there are many exceptions. 
 The following are mascuHne: 
 
 pants, -, bread 
 
 I)iscis, -, a fish 
 
 crinis, -, Jiair 
 
 finis, -, an end 
 
 ignis, -, fire 
 
 orbis, -, a circle 
 
 amnis, -, a river 
 
 canalis, -, a channel^ canal 
 
 collis, -, a hiir, 
 
 natalis, -, a birthday 
 unguis, -, a claiVj talon 
 annalis, - annals 
 fascis, -, a bundle 
 axis, -, an axle, axis 
 funis, -, a rope 
 ensis, -, a sword 
 fustis, -, a club 
 vermis, -, a worm 
 
 mensis, -, a month 
 
 2. Nouns in is increasing in the genitive, are 
 masculine; a few, however, are feminine. These are: 
 
 cassis, cassldis, a helmet cuspis, cuspldis, a sptear 
 
 tj^annls, tyrannldis, tyranny 
 
 Also YiSj force, pi.: vires, strength, is feminine. 
 
 vincere, to conquer 
 sua, by its oum 
 potestas, -atis, power 
 nonnullT, -ae, -3,, some 
 significarg, to indicate 
 futurus, -Sr, -iiin, about to be, 
 
 coming 
 tempestas, -atis, a storm. 
 
 Americanus, -3, -um, Amer- 
 
 ican 
 asiniis, -i, an ass 
 rariis, -Si, -iiin, 7^are 
 exigims, -a, -iini, small 
 escS-, -ae, food 
 Parius, -a, -um, Parian 
 Stiam, alsOj too, even 
 
 ! 
 
— 50 — 
 
 YerTtas ma.irnam vim habct, et vincit sua vi ot potostute. 
 Yermes hortis noxTi ^^uut. Xonmillae aves significant futu- 
 ram tcmpcstatem. Civcs Americani libcri sunt. Aures asi- 
 norum longae sunt. Apes sedulae sunt pueris bonum cxcm- 
 plum. Yeri amlci rarae avcs sunt. Multae avcs, ut hiscinia 
 et alauda, delectant auros hominum. PatrTa nostra multas 
 valles fru.2:itoras habct. Yiros antnii divcrsae sunt. Finis 
 vitae nostrae inccrtus est. .Ma<rnis exigili sunt i)isccs piscn)us 
 esca. Marmor Parlum est lapis (birus et prctiosus. InitTuni 
 prosperum ha])ct sacpe niiseruni lincni. Sanguis avium et 
 pisclum ruber est. Etiam niali homines saepe pulchras vestes 
 habent. Pulvis et umbra sumusi 
 
 d4, calTdfis, -a, -fim, varm 
 celeritas, -at is, mvifiness 
 primus, -a, -iiiii, (he first 
 
 cOtidTanus, -a, -um, flnthj 
 custOdia, -ae, iccUvh^ watchfid- 
 mox, soon — nunr, noiv [ness 
 
 America has largo and deep rivers. A true friend is a 
 rare bird. Men have red and warm blood. Diamonds are 
 hard stones. The swiftness of many dogs is great. There 
 are black and whit(^ sheep. The blood of fish is cold. God 
 gives (to) men (their) daily bread. The farni(n- praises the 
 watchfulness of his dogs. The teacher show.- , . ihe lazy boys 
 the busy bees and ants. Fire is necessary to the life of men. 
 January and February are the first months of the year. Our 
 country has high hills and charming valleys. The lUiine is a 
 broad and deep river. Dust is injurious to the eyes. Great 
 is the force of habit. Mv friend, vou have been a bov, now 
 you are a youth, and you will soon be a num. A black swan 
 is a rare bird. The girls have beautiful garments. 
 
 45. 
 
 Norn, nu' b?s, a cloud 
 
 Gen. nu' bis, of a cloud 
 
 Dat. nu' 1)1, to a cloud 
 
 Ace. nu' beni, a cloud 
 
 Voc. nu' bCs, cloud 
 
 Abl. nu' be, ivith a cloud 
 
 Singular. 
 
 ml' li'S, a soldier 
 mi' li tis, of a soldier 
 ml' li ti, to a soldier 
 mV II tern, a soldier 
 mi' les, soldier 
 ml' 11 te, ivith a soldier 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. nQ' bes, clouds 
 Gen. nu' bi iini, of clouds 
 Dat. nu' bi bus, to clouds 
 Ace. nu' bes, i^louds 
 Voc. nu' bes, clouds 
 Abl. nu' bi bus, with clouds 
 
 ml' 11 tes, soldiers 
 
 ml' 11 tilm, of soldiers 
 
 ml \V ti biis, to soldiei^s 
 
 ml' 11 tes, soldiers 
 
 mV 11 tes, soldiers 
 
 ml li' ti bus, ivith soldie7's 
 
 1. Nouns ending in es change es into is, to form 
 the genitive. They have the same number of syl- 
 hibles in the nominative and genitive, and are de- 
 clined Hke nubes. Nouns in ^s increase in the geni- 
 tive, changing es into itis, and are decUned hke 
 miles. Examples are: 
 
 lames, -is, hunger 
 eludes, -IS, defeat 
 vulpes, -is, a fox 
 caodes, -is, a slaughter 
 srdes, -is, a seat 
 
 comes, -itis, a companion 
 gurges, -itis, a ivh irlpool 
 merges, -itis, a sheaf 
 llmSs, -itis, a (C7*oss-)path^ lim It 
 pedSs, -itis, afoot-soldier 
 
 tuques, -itis, a rider ^ horseman^ horse-soldier 
 
 2. The following nouns in es and es are excep- 
 tions, increasing in the genitive, in different ways: 
 
 abies, -etis, the silver fir 
 aries, -etis, a ram 
 paries, -etis, a ivall 
 interi)res, -etis, an interpn^eter 
 seges, -etis, a crop 
 tCges, -etis, a covering 
 quies, -etis, rest 
 
 pes, pedis, afoot 
 conipes, -edis, a fetter 
 quadrupes, -edis, afourfooted 
 
 animal^ quadruped 
 liGres, -edis, an heir 
 merces, -edis, a reward 
 obses, -idis, a hostage 
 
 praeses, -idis, a president 
 
 3. All nouns in es, having the same number of 
 syllables in the nominative and genitive, have iiim 
 in the genitive plural, like nubes. But strues, a heap^ 
 
 14 
 
62 
 
 vates, a prophet, sedes, a seat, have um, thus: struum, 
 vatum, secliim. Those iii es and es increasing in 
 the genitive have um, Hke miles. 
 
 4. All nouns in es, having the same number of 
 syllables in the nominative and genitive, are femi- 
 nine; those in es andes increasing hi the genitive are 
 mascuhne, except the following, which are feminine: 
 
 racri^es, -itis, a shenf 
 seije.s, -etis, a crop 
 teges, -etis, a covering 
 
 mcrces, -edis, a reward 
 
 (lines, -etis, rest, and Compounds 
 
 compes, -eclis, a feller 
 
 optlmiis, -a, -fim, best 
 CMKiuil, ae, a (female) cook 
 aviiiiis, -T, a miser 
 in (with accus.), into 
 vTdere, to ,see 
 
 pollere, to drive away 
 ater, -ril, riiiii, UacK', dark 
 intt'r (with accus.), between 
 j)rnl)us, -a, -um, good 
 iinj)r61)us, -3,, -um, bad , ivicked 
 
 horrcum, T, a granary, barn conscTentia, -ae, conscience 
 portare, to convey, varnj ccrliis, -a, -um, certain, sure 
 
 Fames est optima cocpni, Sanguis qiiadnipudiim, avium 
 et piscium est ruber. Avfirus noii videt <raudium heredum. 
 Luna est comes terrae nostrae. Gurgitcs saepe parvis navibus 
 periculosi sunt. Abies est arbor alta ct procera. Agricola 
 mergites in horreum portat. Ventus pclUt atras nubes. Clades 
 hostium magna erat. Atrac nubes nautis non sunt gratac. In- 
 ter nostrum et vestrum agrum angustus limes est. Canes sunt 
 fidi comltes dominorum siinrum. Vir probus saepe improbum 
 heredem habet. Bona conscientTa mercedem certam habet. 
 Nubes atrae sunt causa tempestatum. Agricolam delectant 
 pulchrae segetes. LeOneSj feles, canes, oves, vulpes sunt 
 quadrupedcs. 
 
 4:6* famuliis, -T, a servant astutus, -a, -um, cunning (adj.) 
 
 nOttis, -a, -um, notorious calliditas, -atis, cunning (subst.) 
 
 — 53 — 
 
 A good servant is a faithful companion of his master. 
 Horses, oxen, cats, dogs, sheep, and foxes are quadrupeds. 
 The slaughter of the soldiers was great. There are often dark 
 clouds in the sky. Nature requires work and rest. Hunger 
 and thirst are troublesome. Foxes are cunning. The cunning 
 of foxes is notorious. The American silver fir is a beautiful 
 tree. Fourfooted animals have red blood. The seat of life is 
 in the heart. The arms of foot-soldiers and horsemen are 
 different. The proud peacock has ugly feet. Geese are white; 
 the feet of geese are red. Obscure words require an inter- 
 preter. Sons and daughters are the heirs of (their) fathers 
 and mothers. 
 
 47. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn 
 
 urbs, a city 
 
 pars, apart, side 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ur' bis, of a city 
 
 par' tis, of apart 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ur' bi, to a city 
 
 par' ti, to a part 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ur' bem, a city 
 
 par' tem, a part 
 
 Voc. 
 
 urbs, city 
 
 pars. Opart 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ur' bS, with a city 
 
 par' t6, with apart 
 Floral. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 ur' bes, cities 
 
 par' tes, parts 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ur'bltim, of cities 
 
 par'tiiim, of parts 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ur' bi bus, to cities 
 
 par' ti bus, to parts 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ur' bes, cities 
 
 par' tes, parts 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ur' bes, cities 
 
 par' tes, parts 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ur'bibtis, with cities par' ti bus, with parts 
 
 1. Nouns ending in bs, ps, and ms, change s 
 final into is, to form the genitive, and are decHned 
 hke urbs, urbis. A few, however, are subject to a 
 shght variation of the preceding vowel. These are: 
 
 adeps, adipis, lard auceps, aucilpis, a fowler 
 
 and those ending in ceps, as: princeps, principis, a 
 chief. 
 
— 51 — 
 
 55 
 
 2. All nouns ending; In Is. rs, and ns change s 
 final into tis, to form the genitive, and are declined 
 like pars, partis. Such are: 
 
 mors, -tls, death 
 infiins, -tis, a babe, child 
 ars, -tis, art 
 
 gens, ^tis, a irlbe^ peojile 
 Irons, -tis, the forehead^ brow 
 pi'ircns, -tis, a parent 
 
 Only three have dis, in the genitive, namely: 
 
 frons, frondts, foliage 
 glans, irlandis, an acorn 
 juglans, juglandis, a icalmit 
 
 3. Monosyllables in s, preceded by a consonant, 
 have iuiii in the genitive plural, as: urbs, nrbiiim. 
 To this there is only one exception, viz.: (ops), help, 
 pL: opes, opuin, icealih. Nouns of two ore more 
 syllables in ns or rs have connuonly iriiii, as: adu- 
 lescens, a youth, adrdescentiuin. Only parens, a 
 parent, has more usually parentum. 
 
 4. Nouns ending in s preceded by a consonant 
 are feminine. As excM'ptions, masculine are: 
 
 (lens, -tls, a tooth i)ons, -tts, a brhVje 
 
 Tons, -tis, a sj^rlng, source adeps, rulipis, laj'd 
 
 mons, -tls, a mountain oriens. -tis, the eat^t 
 
 oceldens, tis, the west 
 
 defensor, -oris, a defender 
 aetornltas, -iitis, eternitii 
 oertiis, - a, -fiiii, fixed 
 sereniis, -a, -iini, cheerfuh 
 
 serene 
 post (with aceus.), behind 
 antt^ (with aceus.), before 
 aeerbiis, -S, -ilni, bitter 
 
 oppositus, -S, -uni, opposite 
 
 sed, but 
 
 hura, -ae, an hour 
 
 I)lr'l)s, -IS, the common people 
 
 aeeeptiis, -ft, -Gm, agreeable 
 
 ingeniuiii, -i, character, diS' 
 
 position 
 arsjuere, to reveal 
 
 MilTtos sunt nofensdros nrlmim et civTum. InvidTa est fons 
 iiiultorum maldrum. Mors est finis vitao nostrao. Menses 
 sunt partes anni, annus est jiars aeternitatis. Ossa infantlum 
 tenera sunt. Somniis < >t imago mortis. Multae gentcs sedem 
 certam non li about. Doiii hominis frons semper serena est. 
 Post altos niontes i)rol\in(lae sunt vallcs. Virus multdrum 
 serpentTum homiuTlius mortilerum est. Films probus est gau- 
 diuui parentum. Nemo ante mortem bcatus. Liberi amant 
 parentes suos. Infans fuisti, nunc puer cs, mox juvenis eris. 
 IIoniTni improbo mors acerba est. Oriens oppositus est occi- 
 denti. Mors est certa, sed mortis hora incerta. Contra vim 
 mortis non crescit herba in hortis. Intcrdum etTam viri mali 
 plebi accept i sunt. Opes liominis ingemum arguuut. 
 
 48, ITehT'tia, -ae, Switzerland avarltiil, -ac, avarice 
 hienis, -IS, winter [did plurlmfis, -a, -uni, most 
 
 splendidfis, -ft, -fun, spjrn- simtlitudo, -luis, resemblance 
 
 In America there are many high mountains. Rome and 
 Naples are ^reat cities of Italy. The teeth of dogs are white, 
 liard, and sharp. Switzerland has hi.i2:h mountains, and de- 
 lightful valleys. In winter our trees have neither leaves nor 
 blossoms; in autumn the foliage of American forests is splendid. 
 The air is warm in summer, cold in winter. Envy and avarice 
 arc the sources of many evils. Sleep is the brother of death. 
 An hour is a small part of a year. Children have tender bones. 
 Most spriuf^s have cold water ; the water of some springs is 
 warm. Good sons arc the joy of (their) parents. The resem- 
 blance of death and sleep is great. A long winter is trouble- 
 some to farmers. In the mountains there is the origin of 
 many springs. 
 
 49. Singnlar. 
 
 Norn, dux, a leader 
 
 Gen. du' CIS, of a leader 
 
 Dat. du' cT, to a leader 
 
 Ace. dil' cem, a leader 
 
 Voc. dux, leader 
 
 Abl. du' ce, with a leader 
 
 Plural. 
 
 du' ces, leaders 
 du' cum, of leaders 
 dil' ci biis, to leaders 
 
 du' ces, 
 dil' ces. 
 
 leaders 
 leaders 
 
 du' ci biis, with leaders 
 
56 — 
 
 5Y 
 
 Singular. 
 Norn, ju' (lex, a judge 
 Gen. ju' di CIS, of a judge 
 Dat. ju' di ci, to a judge 
 Ace. ju' di eeiii, a judge 
 Voc. ju' (lex, judge 
 Abl. ju' di ce, iL'lth a judge 
 
 Norn, rox, a kuig 
 
 Gen rO' gis, <>/« king 
 
 Dat. n"' u:T, ^o a king 
 
 Ace. rC i;eiii, a king 
 
 Voc rex, king 
 
 Abl. re' ij^e, ?(;<7/^ a king 
 
 Pltfral. 
 jQ' dl ces, judges 
 ju' dl cum, of judges 
 ju dr ci bus, to judges 
 ju' dl ces, judges 
 ju' dl ces, judges 
 ju dr ci bus, icith judges 
 
 re' ges, A'^??/7.<? 
 
 re' giiin, of kings 
 
 rC gi bus, to kings 
 
 r6' ges, kings 
 
 re' ges, A//jf7.s' 
 
 rC gi bus, with kings 
 
 ^ 
 
 1. Xoiins ending in x form their genitive by 
 changing x either into cis or ^is. The great ma- 
 jority of tliem change x into eis, as dux, ducis. 
 Examples are: 
 
 pax, pacts, peace 
 cornix, coi'iileis, a crow 
 radix, radU'ts, a root 
 pix, pTcis, pitch 
 
 vox, vocis, a voice 
 lux, lueTs, light 
 falx, faleis, a sickle 
 nierx, inercis, ware 
 
 2. Xouns in ex follow the same rule, but change 
 at the same time the e before the x into i, as: ju- 
 dex, judicTs. Examples are: 
 
 cortex, cortleTs, a hark vertex, verticis, a top 
 
 3. There are a few nouns in x which cliano:e x 
 
 into g:is, like rex, regis. These are: 
 
 lex, legris, a hiw conjux, conj Tigris, a husband or 
 
 grex, grcjjis, a flock wife 
 
 (iVux, iVujps), usually pi. : frug:es, rrug:iini, fruit. 
 
 4. The following are quite irregular: 
 
 I 
 
 Bix, 111 VIS, snoio 
 nox, noctis, the night 
 
 senex, senis, an old man 
 supellex, supellectllis,/ttrni^wre 
 
 5. As a rule, nouns in x have um in the genitive 
 plural, Hke dux and rex. Yet monosyllables in x 
 preceded by a consonant, have iilm, as: arx, a citadel, 
 arcium. Likewise: nox, noctium; nix, nivium. 
 
 C. Nouns in x are feminine. The majority of 
 those in ex are masculine, so that only a few are 
 feminine, namely: 
 
 lex, ir^g-is, a law nex, necis, a murder 
 
 su})ellex, supellectilis, furniture 
 (prcx, precis), usually i)l. : preces, precfun, a prayer 
 
 The following in ix also are masculine: 
 
 calix, calleis, a cup fornix, foriilcis, an arch 
 
 phoenix, pboeuu-Ts, the phenix 
 
 bellTcosus, -a, -iini, icarlike mutatkl, -onTs, a change 
 
 pernoctare, to stay all night nuTcator, -oris, a merchant 
 
 ^ong firraiis, -a, -iini, firni 
 
 sanctus, -a, -iim, sacred grando, -inis, hail 
 
 secare, to cut glaber, -ra, -rum, smooth 
 
 Lux est vitac imago, nox mortis. Luna comes noctis est. 
 Pax longa gcnti bellicdsac molcsta est. JiulTccs sunt inter- 
 pretos legum. ConsuctudTiiis magna vis est ; pcrnoctant ve- 
 natores in nive. Cortex vetustarum arborum est durus et 
 aspcr. Leges civitatis bonis civibus sanctae sunt. Agricola 
 acnta falce segetem secat. Pastores sunt custodes gregum 
 suorum. OfficTa sonum et juvenum diversa sunt. Boni cives 
 legibus civitatis obtemperant. Leo est rex quadrupedum. 
 Luna varlas mutationcs lucis hal)et. Bonae merccs laudant 
 mercatorem. Arl)orcs vetustae longas et robustas radices ha- 
 bont. Xubes sunt causa pluvTae, nivis et grandinis. Non- 
 nullac arbores glabrum corticem habent. 
 
 «70, maturus, -a, -um, rljye tegere, to cover 
 
 lentus, -a, -um, tenacious pretium, -T, a p)rice 
 manere, to last In (with ablat), on, upon 
 
 vernus, -a, -um, belonging to spring^ in spring 
 
— 58 — 
 
 The roots of old trees are deep and strong. The love of 
 money is the root of evil. A ripe crop requires sharp sickles. 
 Many crows have a long life. Pitch is l)lack and tenacious. 
 The knvs of the Romans were severe, hut just. Fire is the 
 cause of light, heat, and color. Snow in spring does not last. 
 Winter covers the fields with snow. Young men and old men 
 have diiferent duties. The teacher praises the boy's clear 
 voice. Good shepherds are good watchmen of their flocks. 
 Good wares have always tlieir price. On high mountains, 
 there are eternal snows. The laws are sacred to just judges. 
 
 1. 
 
 Norn, vir' tus, virtue 
 
 Gen. vir tu' lis, of virtue 
 
 Dat. vir tu' ti, to virtue 
 
 Ace. vir tu' tern, virtue 
 
 Voc. vir' tus, virtue 
 
 Abl. vir tu' te, ^vith virtue 
 
 SiDgalar. 
 
 fraus, n fraud 
 frau' dls, of a fraud 
 Irau' dl, to a fraud 
 frau' deiii, a fraud 
 fraus, fraud, 
 fra u ' de, iv ith a fra u d 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. vir tu' tes, vi?iucs 
 Gen. vir tu' tfiiii, of virtues 
 Dat. vir tu' ti bus, to virtues 
 Ace. virtu' tes, virtues 
 Voc. vir tu' tes, virtues 
 
 frau' {]efi^ frauds 
 
 frau' (lum (-1 fini), of frauds 
 
 frau' (IT bus, to frauds 
 
 frau' (les, frauds 
 
 frau' des, frauds 
 
 Abl. vir tu' ti bus, with vi?iues frau' di bus, icith frauds 
 
 1. A few nouns in us change us into litis, or 
 fidis, to form their genitive. These are: 
 
 virtus, -fitis, virtue, valor juvcntfis, -utTs, youth 
 
 salus, -UtTs, safety, welfare scncctus, -utis, old age 
 servitus, -utis, slavery palus, -fulTs, a bog^ swamp 
 
 inciis, -lidis, an anvil 
 
 tellus, earth, has telluris, pecus, a head of cattle, an 
 uiuiual, peciidis, and Venus, the goddess Venus, 
 Veneris. 
 
 i 
 
 — 59 — 
 
 ^lark the following names of animals which, by 
 their termination, belong to the same class: 
 
 mus, murTs, a mouse; genitive plural: uuirTum 
 
 Icpus, leporTs, a hare 
 
 grus, gruTs, a crane 
 
 sus, suis, a swine; dative plural: subus (instead of suTbus) 
 
 2. Of the nouns belonging to this class, only mus 
 and lepus are masculine; all the rest are feminine. 
 
 3. Tlie oidy two nouns in aus, viz.: laus, laudis, 
 jjraise, and fraus, fraudis, a fraud, are feminine; fraus 
 has fraudum or fraudium in the genitive i)lural. 
 
 es, he thou 
 
 e' sto, thou Shalt he 
 
 c' sto, he shall he 
 
 Solus, -ii, -lini, alone 
 caufis, -a, -iiiii, hoary 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 e' ste, he ye 
 
 e sto' te, ye shall he 
 
 sun' to, they shall he 
 
 tranquilliis, -a, -um, calm 
 houcstfis, -a, -um, honorahle, 
 
 honest 
 uiuriis, -T, a wall 
 fnndamcntum, -i, a foundation 
 falsus, -a, -um, false 
 studlosus, -a, -um, studious 
 
 index, -Teis, a mark 
 nulliis, -a, -iim, ??o, vot any 
 invius, -a, -um, impassable 
 laborTosus, -a, -lim, lahorious 
 praemTiim, -i, a rorard 
 
 In pace est salus populorum, non in bcllo. Nemo sempi- 
 ternam juventutem habet. Yirtutis tuae non tu judex es, sed 
 Deus. Oves sunt pecudcs lanigerae. Canes sunt hostes timi- 
 dorum leporum. Feles sunt hostes parvorum murium. Virtus 
 sola purus fons verae laudis est. Pueri modesti sunto. Cani 
 crines sunt indices senectutis, non sapientiae. Virtuti nulla 
 via invia est. Laboriosae juventutis praeniTum tranquilla et 
 lionesta senectus est. Muri mures non arcent. Virtus est 
 fundamentum verae salutis hominum et civitatum. Sues sunt 
 pccudes sordidae, sed sapTdam carnem habent. Vir honestus 
 veram laudem amat, falsam laudem contemnit. Fratres sunto 
 amici. Virtutis studiosus esto. Virtutis via angusta est. 
 Leporis timidi aures sunt longae. 
 
I 
 
 — GO — 
 
 32» M (with aopiis.), to 
 seniire, to maintain 
 univoi'sfis, -il, -liiii, tchole 
 just It IS, -ae, justice 
 desIdCrare, to want 
 
 pestlfTT, -S, -flm, pestiferous 
 tribuc^ro, to aicarcl 
 lactiis, -5-, -fiiii, joyful 
 inagts, more, better 
 ninrosiis, -3,, -fun, morose 
 
 iiidustria, -ae, indiLntnj 
 
 Few come to old npro. The virtue of (one's) parents is a 
 great dower. 15e ^ood, boys, and you will be blessed. Rouf^h 
 and steep is the road to virtue. Kin<>:s do not always maintain 
 the welfare of the citizens. Men are the lords of the whole 
 earth. Justice is a virtue, the mistress and queen of virtues. 
 The teacher's praise is pleasinfr to the scholar. True virtue does 
 not want any nnvanl. Near Rome, there were })estiferous 
 swamps. Hie virtue of the citizens is the safety of the state. 
 Men award praise and houor to a just and upright judge. We 
 like joyful youth better than morose old age. Industry and 
 modesty are the virtues of youth. Swine are dirty and ugly. 
 Boys shall 1)0 studious of virtue. The farmer has a faithful 
 keeper of his animals. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 rC ti a, nets 
 
 rC ti iini, of nets 
 
 rC ti bus, to nets 
 
 re' tl a, nets 
 
 re'tta, Ovets 
 
 re' ti bits, with nets 
 
 a nT mfi' IT a. animals 
 
 h uT ma' 11 fun, ({f animals 
 
 a uT ma' It bus, to animals 
 
 a nl ma' li j\, animals 
 
 a nl ma' IT a, animals 
 
 a ni ma' IT bus, with animals 
 
 cal ca' rT a, sjiuy^^^ 
 
 eal ca' rT uni, ofsjiurs 
 
 cal ca' rT biis, to sjjurs 
 
 cal ca' rT it, spurs 
 
 cal ca' rT a, spurs 
 
 cal ca' ri btis, ivith spurs 
 
 .'i. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 re' tT', a net 
 
 Gen. 
 
 re' tTs, of a net 
 
 Dat. 
 
 re' tl, to a net 
 
 Ace. 
 
 re' tc, a net 
 
 Voc. 
 
 re' te, net 
 
 Abl. 
 
 rC' tl, \rith a net 
 
 Nom. 
 
 a' nl mal, an animal 
 
 Gen. 
 
 a ni ma' ITs, of an animal 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a n! ma' li, to an animal 
 
 Ace. 
 
 a' ni mfd, an animal 
 
 Voc. 
 
 a' ni mi'd, animal 
 
 Abl. 
 
 a m mil' \\ with an animal 
 
 Nom. 
 
 cal' car, a spur 
 
 Gen. 
 
 cal ca' rTs, of a spur 
 
 Dat. 
 
 cal ca' li, to a spur 
 
 Ace. 
 
 cal' car, a spur 
 
 Voc. 
 
 cal' car, spur 
 
 Abl. 
 
 cal ca' li, icith a spur 
 
 |S 
 
 n 
 
 — 61 — 
 
 1. Nouns in ^ change e into is, to form the geni- 
 tive, as: rete, retis. 
 
 Those in al and ar form the genitive by changing 
 al and ar into alis, aris, as: animal, animaUs^ 
 calcar, ealcaris. 
 
 The following nouns are dechned in the same 
 manner: 
 
 mare, -is, the sea, ocean 
 a 1 tare, -Ts, an altar 
 cuhlle, -Ts, a lair 
 conclave, -Ts, a room 
 
 vectTocal, -alls, fa,r, income 
 cochlear, -ilrTs, a spoon 
 exemplar, -iirTs, a model 
 
 heprir, liver, makes its genitive hepatis; far, com, 
 f/ram, has farrls, and the plui'al fai-ra; mel, hoiie?/^ 
 lias mellTs, and the ])lural iiiella; fel, r/((I/, has fellTs,' 
 hut is without a plural. 
 
 ^2. Xouns in e. Til, and ar, as well as fcl and 
 mSl, are neuter. 
 
 3. Xeuters in e, al, and ar have i in the ablative 
 singular, iiiin in the genitive plural, and ia in the 
 nominative, accusative, and vocative i)lural. Those, 
 however, with a (short a) in the genitive, have ^ in 
 the ablative, as: nectar, iiedar, nectare; liepar, liver, 
 hepate; also far, corn, has farre. 
 
 4. The following mascuhnes in 1, which form their 
 genitive likewise by adding is to the nominative, de- 
 serve special notice: 
 
 sol, sOlTs, the sun 
 sal, salTs, salt 
 
 consul, consulTs, a consul 
 piigil, piigilTs, a pugilist 
 
— 62 
 
 — 63 — 
 
 rota, -ae, a icheel cavils, -a, -iim, concave, lioUow 
 
 ferretis, -S, -iim, iron argent rfis, -il, -uin, .sZ/rcr 
 
 aptiis, -a, -fun, fit^ adapted flavus, -a, -fmi, yclhnc 
 
 convenient cupla, -ae, abundance 
 
 opTfex, -lets, a mal'er Brutus, -^i, Brutn.^ 
 
 salsus, -a, -full, mlt ColiatTiius, -i, CoUaiinus 
 
 Rotao calcarlum forreos dontcs liabcnt. Maria sunt domi- 
 cilla pir^ciuiii. Nautae et piscatdres retla liabcnt. EquTtes 
 aurca calcarla liabcnt. Mira nonnulloruiii aninialTuin sollcrtia 
 est. Sal cquis, bubus, ovTbus apt us est. Maria sunt profunda. 
 Apes opitlccs mcllis sunt. Maris ac^ua salsa est. YectigalTa 
 civitati necessaria sunt. Cochlear est cavum. Etiam aurea 
 calcarla ferreos dentes habent. Calcarla argentea et cochlearia 
 argcntea non sunt rara. Sol est causa caldris. In niari sunt 
 multi pisces. Mel ])urum ilavuin est. Lepdres sunt timida 
 animalta. Parsiinonia niagnuin vectlgal est. Judex csto Ju- 
 stus. Agricdla liabet nuignani copiani niellis. RetTa vena- 
 tdruin avTbiis periculdsa sunt. In silvis sunt cubilTa vul- 
 pium et lepdrum. Brutus et Collatlnus primi consiilcs Roma- 
 ndruin fuerunt. Bonum exemplar semper magnam utililatem 
 habet. 
 
 55. 
 
 54. amruTis, -a, -uni, hitfrr 
 stiniulare, to prick' vp 
 Moxicaniis, -a, -fuu, Mcj:- 
 ican 
 
 sOrTc('iis, -a, -uiii. silken 
 auetorltas, -at is, autJtoritfj 
 ddniosticus, -a, -fun, domestic 
 Icvare, to allay 
 
 The sun drives away the night. The seas are full of fish. 
 My room is large. Gall is bitter; honey is sweet. Good 
 salt is white and hard. Models of virtue arc rar(\ The horse- 
 man pricks up his horse with sharp spurs. The sun is the 
 world's eve. The l)lood of manv animals is red. Some fisher- 
 men have silken nets. Silver spoons are dear. Pure honey 
 is a pleasant food. The deep sea is the abode of fishes. Mexi- 
 can horsemen have commonly silver spurs. The sun is large; 
 the moon is small. High mountains arc the altars of God. 
 The authority of the Roman consuls was great. Hens, ducks, 
 geese, sheep, cows, oxen, and horses are domestic animals. 
 The shades allay the heat of the sun. 
 
 i 
 
 Adjectives in ^r, is, e, and is, 6. 
 
 ac^r, acrls, acre, sharj^j keen 
 Singular. 
 
 / 
 a' cris 
 a' cris 
 a' cri 
 a' crein 
 a' cris 
 a' cri 
 
 Norn. 
 
 a' cer 
 
 Gen. 
 
 a' cris 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a' cri 
 
 Ace. 
 
 a' crem 
 
 Voc. 
 
 a' cer 
 
 Abl. 
 
 a' cri 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 m. 
 a' cres 
 a' cri iiiii 
 a' cri biis 
 a' cres 
 a' cres 
 a' cri biis 
 
 Plural. 
 
 / 
 a' cres 
 
 a' cri iim 
 
 a' cri biis 
 
 a' ores 
 a' cres 
 a' cri bus 
 
 
 n. 
 
 a' 
 
 ere 
 
 a 
 
 cris 
 
 a' 
 
 cri 
 
 a' 
 
 erg 
 
 a' 
 
 ere 
 
 a' 
 
 cri 
 
 
 n. 
 
 a' 
 
 cri a 
 
 a' 
 
 cri iim 
 
 a' 
 
 cri bus 
 
 a' 
 
 cri a 
 
 a' 
 
 cri a 
 
 a' 
 
 cri biis 
 
 Singular. 
 m. & f. 
 Nom. tri' stis 
 Gen. tri' stis 
 Dat. tri' stT 
 Ace. tri' stem 
 Voc. tri' stis 
 Abl. tri' sti 
 
 trlstis, triste, sad 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fi- m. & f. 
 
 tri' ste tri' stes 
 
 tri' stis tri' sti iim 
 
 tri'sti tri' sti biis 
 
 tri' ste tri' stes 
 
 tri' ste tri' stes 
 
 tri' sti tri' sti biis 
 
 n. 
 tri' sti a 
 tri' sti iim 
 tri' sti biis 
 tri' sti a 
 tri' sti a 
 tri' sti biis 
 
 1. Certain adjectives of the Third Declension have 
 in the nominative singular three different forms, one 
 for each gender— others two, the masculine and' fem- 
 inine being the same — others but one, the same 
 for all genders. Those of three terminations end in 
 ^r, is, ^, and are decHned hke pater, avis, mar^, re- 
 spectively. All drop the e before r in declension, 
 except celer, cel^ris, celere, swift, which retains it! 
 
— G4 — 
 
 -- 65 — 
 
 Like acer are declined: 
 
 terroster, terrcstns, terrcstre, terrestrial 
 pfiluster, palustns, piilustre, swampy 
 celeber, cc'lebris, celr'br«5, famous 
 alacer, alucris, alacre, livebj, yay 
 
 2. Those which have two forms, cud in is, ^, and 
 are dechned hke acris, acre. Examples arc: 
 
 suavTs, -6, sweet, pleasant iiistal)Ilis, -e, unstemh/ 
 
 dulcTs, -e, sweet 
 brevis, -e, ,^h<)rt 
 oiiiiiis, -e, all, every 
 sTinilTs, -e, like 
 aiiricilis, -e, (lijjienlt, hard 
 utilis, -e, useful, salutary 
 iiisaiiril)ilTs, -e, ineurable 
 fragllTs, -e, fray He, frail 
 
 huiiillTs, -e, low 
 niortalTs, -e, mortal 
 salritarTs, -e, heueflvial, whole- 
 some, salutary 
 viridis, -6, green 
 lac ills, -e, easy 
 lor t IS, -€, bra re 
 sei)tentrTr)nrilTs, -e, northern 
 
 3. As a rule, adjectives in is, e, and er, is, e form 
 llicir ablative singidar in i, llie nominative, accusa- 
 tive, and vocative ][)lural neuter in ia, and the geni- 
 tive plural in iuui; cclcr, sioift, has celerum. 
 
 tarn . . . quani, so . . . as maxTmfls, -ft, -um, greatest 
 
 recortlatlo, -oiiTs, remembrance contrarius, -a, -um, contrary 
 praeteritus, -si, -fliii, past cervus, -i, a stag, deer 
 
 Tigiieus, -5, -fun, of wood caiuia, -ae, a tail 
 
 avis i)aliistris (- -), a bird of a swamj^, wader. 
 dulcTs, sweet (to the taste); suavis, siceet (to the senses in general) 
 Pavonis vox non est suavis. Vita brcvis est, ars lon^ra. 
 JiistitTa iiuitor oinnTiim virtutum est. Nihil morti tani simile 
 est, quam somnus. Aestate iioctes sunt brevos. Suavis est 
 recordatio praeteritoruui nuiloruin. liatio est prima omnium 
 virium animi. TuC'ris etlam difficilis labor utTlis est. Senectus 
 est morbus insanabilis. In septcntrionnli AmorTcae parte lon- 
 gae hiemes et breves aestates sunt. Pontes lignei fragnes sunt. 
 MaxTmum anTmal terrcstre elephas est. Omnis felicTtas incerta 
 est et instabilis. Navi fragili omnes venti contrarii sunt. 
 Colics sunt parvi et huniTles montes. Cervus est ccler ct timt- 
 
 
 M 
 
 dus. Columba est timida et ccleris. Aves palustrcs habent 
 longa coll a et breves caudas. Suaves odores florum placent 
 omnibus hominibus. Non omnis via brevis est facTlis. 
 
 36. mYenior, -oris, an in veritor tuguriiini, -i, a cottage 
 personare, to sound, ring testis, -, a wittiess 
 through benigmtas, -atis, kindness 
 
 The inventors of arts are famous. Every beginning is 
 ditheult. Sleep is like (to) death. Many animals are use- 
 ful to men. Cats are enemies of all l)irds. Ail seas have 
 fish. In the northern part of America, there arc many useful 
 animals. Pure air is beneficial to the health of men. All 
 children like sweet honey. Horses and cows are domestic 
 animals; all domestic animals are useful. God is the father of 
 all men. The sweet voices of birds ring through the green 
 forest. A low cottage is sometimes the abode of happiness. 
 All parts of the world are witnesses of God's wisdom and 
 kindness. Sweet milk is pleasant to children. Deer and hares 
 are swift animals. Iron is a useful and necessary metal. All 
 men are mortal. In winter the nights are long; in summer 
 the nights are short. Brave men do not fear dangers. 
 
 S7. 
 
 Adjectives in x and ns. 
 
 felix, hajjpy, fortunate prudens, prudent^ sensible 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat 
 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voe. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ft5' lix 
 
 1^ \V CIS 
 
 le ll' cT 
 
 fe 11' ceiii neut f^' lix 
 
 It^' lix 
 
 1(3 \V ci k fe \V e« 
 
 ft5 \V ces neut. f^ ll' ci d* 
 
 f^ 11' ci lini 
 
 1(5 W ci bus 
 
 fS W ces neut. 1^ li' ci H 
 
 ft \V ces neut. ft 11' ci ^ 
 
 ft ir ci bus 
 
 pru' dens 
 
 pru den' tis 
 
 pru den' ti 
 
 prCi den' teni neut pra' dens 
 
 pru' dens 
 
 pru den' ti & pru den' te 
 
 Plural. 
 
 pru den' tes neut pru den' ti ^ 
 
 pru den' ti um 
 
 pru den' ti bus 
 
 pru den' tes neut pru den' ti 3, 
 
 pru den' tes neut pru den' ti & 
 
 prQ den' ti bus 
 
— 66 -- 
 
 1. Adjectives of one termination have the same 
 forms in all genders, except that in the accusative 
 singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and voc- 
 ative l)iural, the neuter is distinguished from the 
 masculine and feminine. The commonest of them 
 are those in x and in s with i)receding consonant. 
 Tiiey are declined like substantives of the Third 
 Declension. 
 
 2. As a rule, adjectives of one termination have 
 either i or c^ in' the abkitive, but to tliis there ai-e 
 many exceptions. The neuter of the nomhiative, ac- 
 cusative, and vocative pUa-al ends in ia, and the 
 genitive in ifiin. 
 
 In hke manner dechne: 
 
 ferox, -o€is, fierce^ unconirol- 
 hihle 
 
 fallax, -ficis, fnUariouSj treach- 
 erous 
 
 etrieax, -ficis, elficieiit 
 
 atrox, -ocis, atrocious 
 
 sapiens, -tis, 2cise 
 patens, -tis, open 
 dllii^ens, -tis, diUgevt, careful 
 drimeus, -tis, mild 
 
 mendax, -acts, lying 
 irKjuax, -iieis, hquacious 
 rai)ax, - iicis, rapacious, of prey 
 velox, -ocis, fleet 
 siini)lcx, -Ms, simple 
 duplex, -Ms, double 
 
 vehemens, -tis, impetuous, vi- 
 olent, severe 
 potens, -tis, migldy 
 iugens, -tis, hwjc, immense 
 
 hostilis, -?, hostile 
 inlnileus, -a, -um, unfriendly 
 niiseria,, -ae, misery 
 aestimatio, -oiiis, an estimate 
 praeceptum, -i, a precept, rule 
 proeUum, -i, a battle 
 
 post (with accus.), after 
 tcn-ibilis, -e, terrible 
 si)ectaciiluiii, -i, a sight 
 campus, -i, afield 
 nierees, -edis, icages 
 turpis, -e, shameful 
 
 dol5r, oris, pain; dolor dentium, tooth-ache 
 
 I 
 
 — 67 ~- 
 
 Tlie adjective is often used as a noun, the noun with which it 
 agrees being understood, as: boni, the good; or to be supplied men- 
 tally, as: bona, good things, property. When so used, masculine 
 adjectives denote persons, neuter ones things. 
 
 Scrmones sapientTum pueris utilTa sunt. Malta animalia 
 ferocia sunt et hominibus hostilTa. Yoluptas fallax est ct ini- 
 mica virtuti. Felicibus vera miseriiirum aestimatio difficTlis 
 est. Longum est iter per pracccpta, breve ct efficax per exem- 
 pla. Post proelium atrox terribllc speetaculum crat in patenti 
 campo. Dominus diligenti famulo duplTcem mcrcedem tribuit. 
 Luxurta omni actfiti turpis est. Judices iion semper clemen- 
 tes sunt, sed semper justi et probi sunto. Magna est auctori- 
 tas virorum sapientTum et prudentTum. Amicus meus aeger 
 est vehementi dolore dentium. Homines mendaces saepe sunt 
 loquaces. Sunt non solum aves rapaees, sed etiam pisces 
 rapaces. 
 
 ^8, Alexander, -ri, Alexander 
 docllis, -e, docile 
 crederS, to believe 
 tardus, -&, -iiin, slow 
 
 fit, like 
 
 vltarS, to shun, avoid 
 vuln^rare, to wound 
 sagitta, -ae, an arrow 
 
 i 
 
 Laws arc useful to the citizens. The fox is a beast of prey. 
 Lions are fierce and strong animals. Birds of prey have sharp 
 talons. Alexander was a great and mighty king. Kobody is 
 always happy. America has many fierce animals. Young 
 men are uncontrollable; old men are wise. The conversations 
 of wise men are useful to docile boys. Nobody believes (to) a 
 lying boy. Lions are beasts of prey. America has immense 
 mountains. Stags are fleet; asses are slow. The life of farm- 
 ers is simple, like nature. The teacher's precepts are useful 
 to a diligent boy. A sensible man shuns the talk of the lo- 
 quacious multitude. The happy mother loves her children. 
 Elephants, dogs, and horses are prudent animals. The hunter 
 wounds the fleet stag with an arrow. 
 
— C8 
 
 50, Singular. 
 
 Nom. car' men, a porm 
 
 Gen. car' ml Ills, of a poem 
 
 Dat. car' ml iil, to a poem 
 
 Ace. car' m^n, a poem 
 
 Voc. car' men, poem 
 
 Abl. car' mi ne, iclth a poem 
 
 Plnral. 
 
 car' ml n3., poems 
 
 car' ml niiiii, of poems 
 
 car mi' ni biis, to poems 
 
 car' mi n3,, poems 
 
 car' mi nil, poems 
 
 car ml' ni biis, leith poems 
 
 Omen, -Tills, an omen 
 fulmeu, -iiiis, a thunder-bolt 
 grfimeii, -tins, grass 
 llumSii, -iiiTs, a river 
 
 1. Nouns ending in eii form their genitive bv 
 changing ^n into iiiis, us: carmen, carmiiiis. They 
 are neuter; a few, liowever, in ^u and en, not having 
 ni before these endings, are niascuhne. These are: 
 
 (r6n, rCnis) usmillypl.: renes, lien, lieiiTs, the milt, sjyieen 
 rCniiiii, the kidnei/s si)len, splCnis, the miltj spleen 
 
 pectSu, pcctliiTs, a comb 
 
 Like carmen decUne: 
 
 cacClmeii, -iiiTs, the top 
 t^gum^ii, -Tills, a cover 
 nOmCn, -Tills, a name 
 iQmgii, -TiiTs, liyht 
 
 2. Some adjectives of one termination, although 
 dechned, in general, like nouns of the same endings, 
 undergo various modifications in the formation of the 
 genitive and of sevei'id other cases, ^fark the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 Nom. Singular. 
 dlv^s, rich 
 dCs^s, indolent 
 compos, possessed of 
 v^tus, old, ancient 
 d^g^nfr, degenerate 
 pauper, 3X>or 
 flb^r, fertile 
 mfmor, mindful 
 par, equal 
 clcur, tame 
 vTgil, watchful, alert 
 bipes, ttoo-footed 
 
 Gen. Singular, 
 divitis 
 desidis 
 
 Abl. Singular, 
 divite 
 d^sTdg 
 
 Gen. Plilral. 
 
 dTvltftin 
 
 desidfiin 
 
 com pot IS 
 veterTs 
 
 compotS 
 vet erg 
 
 compotfini 
 veteriiiu 
 
 dOi'enerTs 
 
 dCgenerg 
 
 degeneiTiiii 
 
 paiiperTs 
 fiberTs 
 
 pauperC 
 ub^ri 
 
 paupeiTiiii 
 tiberuiu 
 
 memorTs 
 
 m^mori 
 
 memorfun 
 
 paiis 
 cIcurTs 
 vTgilTs 
 bipedTs 
 
 pari 
 cTcuri 
 vTgili 
 blpMfi 
 
 parTum 
 
 Cicurtim 
 
 vlgilttm 
 
 bipedttm 
 
 — 69 — 
 
 3. Most adjectives of one termination prefer i in 
 the ablative singular. A few, however, have only 6 
 in general use, as: pauper, jooor, paupere, and those 
 in ^shicreasing in the genitive, as: dives, rich, dlvM. 
 
 4. The neuter of tlie nominative, accusative, and 
 vocative plural ends in ia; only vetus, old, has Vetera. 
 
 5. The genitive plural commonly ends in iilm. 
 But those which have only e in the ablative singular, 
 retain the termination uni. (See list al)ove.) 
 
 gratfls, -a, -um, thanlfal 
 circa (with accus.), near, about 
 frOquens, -tls, frequent 
 intra (with accus.), ivithin 
 tutus, -a, -um, safe 
 Hispania, -ae, Spain 
 
 Virgo, -TuTs, a virgin, maid 
 
 tradere, to hand down 
 
 iners, -tis, shthful 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, void (oj) 
 
 Ct, even 
 
 implumTs, -c, ivithout feathers 
 
 Cacumma montmm saepc sunt umbrosa. AnTmus gratiis 
 bcneficioruni mcmor est. Circa fluinma frcquentcs nebulae 
 sunt. Testudo intra tegumen tuta est. In Hispania multae 
 virgines argenteos pectTncs habcnt. Ilistoria tradit nomlna 
 celebrium virdrum. Nautac amant lumen lunac. FulniTna 
 sunt terribilia et cclerTa. Incrti viro omnis labor difficTlis est. 
 Vita pauperum non omni voluptate vacua est. Perlti naiitae 
 certa omTna habcnt tempestatis futurac. Pares la])r)r(\s pos>tu- 
 lant parcm mercedem. FilTi degcneres non sunt nieniores pa- 
 rentum sudrum. lIomTncs divTtcs non sunt omnes fellccs; ho- 
 mines pauperes non sunt omnes miseri. Ilabet ct musca sph^- 
 nem. Yeteres Komani fuerunt fortes. Homo est animal im- 
 plume, bipes. Pauperum coenae non sunt gratae divitibus. 
 Magna flumina portant magnas naves. 
 
 f 
 
 00. s^pulcrum, -T, a grave 
 communTs, -e, common 
 mendlctts, -i, a beggar 
 
 illuminare, to illumine 
 obrutus, -a, -um, covered 
 expers, -tis, without share 
 
_ 70 — 
 
 W-c like ol.l ^\w, but ^^o do not like old bread. The shep- 
 hord-s do<cs are watchful. The life of the rich has many pleas- 
 ures, or all animals without feathers n. an alone is t^O;^ot«L 
 In the grave the poor (man) is e(i»al to the rich. Iherc arc 
 Sid and tame ducks. Death is common to the r.ch and th 
 poor the vouM- an.l the old, to kings and beggars, loui 
 Etc has-a be;utiful con.b in her hair. The names o the 
 ica rivers of America arc known to all d.hgen scholars 
 The -iris arc reading poems. The shining sun dlummcs all 
 in;.) with its light. In winter the tops of the lulls are 
 coven-d with sm.w. The n.oon and the stars are the lights 
 of the ni-ht. Animals are without .share of reason and speech. 
 Bovs bc'n.indful of your duties. A good beginning is always 
 a good omen. 
 
 01. Singular. 
 
 Norn, cor' pus, a body 
 Gen. cor' i)6ris, of a body 
 Dat. cor' pon, to a body 
 Ace. cor' pus, a body 
 Voc. cor' pus, body 
 Abl. cor' pore, with a body 
 
 Norn. 6' pus, a icork 
 
 Gen. 6' pc ris, of a work 
 
 Dat. o' pc ri, to a work 
 
 Ace. o' pus, a work 
 
 Voc. o' pus, work 
 
 Abl u' pc re, ic'dh a work 
 
 Norn, jus, rhjht, law 
 Gen. jTi' ris, of rifjht 
 Dat. ju' ri, to rUjht 
 Ace. jus, rUjht 
 Voc. jus, right 
 Abl. ju' re, icith right 
 
 Plural. 
 
 cor' pn rS,, bodies 
 
 cor' pu rum, of bodies 
 
 cor 1)0' ri bus, to bodies 
 
 cor' po ra, bodies 
 
 cor' po rS,, bodies 
 
 cor po' ri bus, with bodies 
 
 6' IK' ra, works 
 
 o' pe rum, ofwo7'ks 
 
 u pe' ri bus, to works 
 
 o' po ra, works 
 
 o' pc ra, irorks 
 
 u pc' ri bus, icith ivorks 
 
 ju' ra, rig Ids 
 
 jn' Him, of rights 
 
 ju' ri bus, to rights 
 
 ju' ra, rights 
 
 ju' ra, rights 
 
 ja' ri bus, with rights 
 
 Nouns of two or more syllables, ending in us, 
 change us either into oris or eris, to form the genitive, 
 as: corpus, corporis; opus, operis. All monosyllables 
 
 — 71 ^ 
 
 'J 
 
 which have a long u, form their genitive in uris, as: 
 jus, juris. They are all neuter. Examples are: 
 
 frigus, -5ris, cold 
 tempiis, -dris, a time 
 Iltiis, -oris, a shore 
 deeiis, -oris, an ornament 
 noiniis, -oris, a grove 
 
 munQs, -(^ris, an office^ gift 
 geniis, -eris,-« kind^ race 
 oniis, -Sris, a burden, load 
 sidiis, -eris, a star, consteUa- 
 
 sceltis, -gris, a crime [tion 
 pectus, -dris, the breast, heart crus, -iiris, the leg 
 vulnus, -eris, a wound rus, -uris, the country 
 
 gravis, -6, heav7j, hard 
 iinmortalis, -e, immortal 
 fcsstis, -a, -Qm, weary (of) 
 pul)licus, -a, -iim, jniblic 
 seutire, to feel 
 
 dr-lerS, to destroy 
 tenuis, -e, slender, thin 
 (le (witli ablat.), of 
 tauriis, -i, a bull, ox 
 aratdr, -oris, a plowman 
 
 OnumerarS, to reckon up 
 
 ConscientTa mala grave onus est. Corpus hominis mortale, 
 animus immortalis est. Omnis homo habct sua jura. Itiiiere 
 et frigore et vulneribus fessus erat miles. Munus pu})licum 
 patri mco est magnum onus. Multa genera ludorum non sunt 
 aptajuventuti. Hirundines veris tempore videmus. Pauper- 
 tas multis hominibus magnum onus est. Non sentiunt viri for- 
 tes in proelTo vulnera. Tempus delet omnia opera homlnum. 
 Vulnera sunt fortium militum decora. Multa genera arborum 
 frugifera sunt. Crura celerum animalmm tenuTa sunt. Vita 
 et mors jura sunt naturae. Nauta de ventis, de tauris narrat 
 arator; enumerat miles vulnera, pastor oves. Sidera sunt 
 opera Dei. Homo improbus timet poenam scelerum suorum. 
 Tempus sencctutis hiemi similis est. Hieme amamus urbem, 
 aestatc amoenum rus. tempora, o mores I 
 
 62. 
 
 m^moria, -ae, memory omnipotens, -tis, almighty 
 
 mens, -tis, the mind in pectorg ejus, in his breast 
 
 sanGs, -a, -iim, sound, healthy scriptGs, -a, -lim, written 
 
 bracchium, -i, the arm ilbi . . ibi, where . . . there 
 
 arenosiis, -a, -dm, sandy camelGs, -i, a camel 
 
"TO 
 
 In summer groves arc shady and delightful. The stag has 
 slender legs. Memory is a divine gift. A sound mind in a 
 sound body is a great benefit. The time of our life is short. 
 Modesty is the greatest ornament of youth. Brave soldiers 
 do not fear wounds and death. The feet and arms are parts of 
 the human body. No kind of worms has bones. In the sea 
 there are many kinds of tlsh. Poverty is often a benefit, not 
 a burden. The shores of many seas arc sandy. Heaven, 
 earth, and all the stars are works of Almighty God. Mod- 
 erate cold does no harm to a sound body. The wounds of 
 my brother are dangerous. Kven in calamity, the breast of a 
 good man is firm. The law of man is written in his breast. 
 Times change the customs of men. Where the law is uncer- 
 tain, tliere is no law. The camel carries great burdens. There 
 are many kinds of tame animals. 
 
 6Vy. Singular. 
 
 Nom. gut' tur, the tJrroat 
 
 Gen. gut'turis, of the throat 
 
 Dat. gut' tu li, to the throat 
 
 Ace. gut' tur, the thntal 
 
 Voc. gut' tur, throat 
 
 Abl. gul' tu re, iriUi the throat 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. gut' til la, the throats 
 Gen. gut' tu rum, (fllie throats 
 
 gut tu' ri bus, to the throats 
 
 gut' tu rii, the throats 
 
 gut' tu rti, throats 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 rO' bur, an oal'j strength 
 
 rO' bu ris, of an oak 
 
 rO' bo ri, to an oak 
 
 rO' bur, an (tak 
 
 rO' bur, oak 
 
 rO' bo re, with an oak 
 
 rO' bo ra, oaks 
 rO' bo rum, of oaks 
 rO bo' ri bus, to oaks 
 rO' bo ra, oaks 
 rO' l)o ra, oaks 
 
 gut trr ri bus, with the throats ro bo' ri biis, vith oaks 
 
 Kouns ending in fir form their genitive either 
 by adding is to the nominative, or changing ur into 
 oris. Such are: 
 
 fulgur, -IS, lightning 
 suli)liur, -is, sulphur 
 murmur, -is, a murmur 
 
 ebiir, -dris, ivory 
 j{^cur, -dris (j6cm6ris), the 
 liver 
 
 — 73 - 
 
 I ' 
 
 I 
 
 They are all neuter: the following, however, 
 which form their genitive like fulgur, are masculine: 
 
 tuitur, -is, a turtle-clove 
 vultilr, -is, a vulture 
 
 furfur, -is, bran 
 fTir, -is, a thief 
 
 For the neuters in or and ^r, which are declined 
 in similar manner, see 33 & 37, 2. 
 
 Mark the followhig neuters of peculiar ending 
 and inflection: 
 
 alec, alCcis, pickle 
 lac, lactis, milk 
 
 aes, aeris, hrass^ copper 
 caput, capitis, the head 
 
 ctTebrum, -i, the brain gignerS, to bring forth 
 
 c5rusciis,-a,-fim, /a,s7iin(7;ful- sonus, -i, a sound 
 
 gura corusca (-iim -orum), rivils, -i, a brook 
 
 flashes of lightning sententta, -ae, an opinion 
 
 avolare, to fly away alSrg, to feed 
 
 suppeditare, to furnish latrO, -onis, a robber 
 
 The dative is used with esse, to be, to express the possessor of 
 something, as: est puero liber, (a book is to the boy) the boy has 
 a book. 
 
 Omnes quadrupedes habent in ore dentcs. Nubes sunt 
 causae pluviae, nivis, grandinis et fulguris. Magnum leoni 
 robur est. Sedes animi neque in corde, neque in cerebro est. 
 Fulgura corusca oculis hominum saepe noxia sunt. Vul- 
 tures rapaces avolant. Albi elephantorum dentes pretiosum 
 ebur suppeditant. Guttura avium gignunt sonos jucundos. 
 Pulmones sani, sanum cor, sanum jecur sunt fundamentum 
 valetudTnis. Vultures lacerant cadavera hominum et bestia- 
 rum. Timidi turtures domicilia sua in silvis habent. Jucun- 
 dum est murmur rivorum. Lac est cibus infantium. Vetus 
 proverbium est: multa capita, multae sententiae. Bracchia, 
 pedes, et caput sunt partes necessariae corporis humani. 
 Agricolae alunt furfure sues. Vigilantia canum saepe terror 
 furum et latronum est. Conclavia Romanorum ornata erant 
 auro et ebore. 
 
— U — 
 
 04, sitQs, -3,, -Gm, placed 
 
 cOpia, -ae, abundance; mag- 
 na cop la, a great deal 
 mittgrS, to send 
 purgarS, to pur iff/ 
 
 dev5rarg, ^o devour 
 quia, because 
 tribunal, -alls, a tribunal 
 lugubrTs, -6, plaintive 
 tacitus, -a, -iliii, 6't7e??^ 
 
 The beasts of the forests fear the lion's strength. The 
 lungs are placed near the heart and the liver. Vultures and 
 eagles are birds of prey. Farmers have a great deal of milk 
 and honey. In summer sweet milk is pleasant to children. 
 The aya?,, ears, and mouth are parts of the head. India 
 sends ivory. Lightnings purify the air. Elephants have 
 large heads, broad feet, and little eyes. The time of youth 
 is like (to) spring. Lions do not devour the dead bodies 
 of beasts and men. Nobody loves his country, because it is 
 great, but because it is his. The tribunal of an upright 
 judge is the terror of robbers and thieves. Babes drink 
 milk. The plaintive voice of the turtle-dove announces the 
 spring. Old age comes with silent foot. The cunning of 
 thieves is otten great. 
 
 65, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 po 6' ma, a poem 
 
 p6 e' ma tis, of a poem 
 
 p6 e' ma li, to a poem 
 
 p6 e' ma, a jioem 
 
 po C ma, poem 
 
 pu e' ma te, with a poem 
 
 Plural 
 
 po C ma ta, poems 
 
 po 6' ma tiiiii, of poems 
 
 po e ma' ti bus, to poems 
 
 po 6' ma ta, poems 
 
 po 6' ma ta, poems 
 
 p5 C ma' ti biis, with poems 
 
 Most Greek nouns of the Third Declension are 
 entirely regular; a few, however, retain certain pe- 
 culiarities of the Greek. 
 
 1. Neuters in m^ change a into atis, to form the 
 genitive, as: poema, poematis. In the dative and 
 ablative plural, they have commonly is instead of 
 
 iO 
 
 ibus,thus: poemStis (instead of poematibus). Decline 
 in the same way: 
 
 ar5ma, -tis, a spice aenigma, -tis, a riddle, an enigma 
 
 2. Greek words in is have the accusative in iiu 
 and the ablative in i, as: basis, a basis, brisim, busi. 
 
 3. The Greek accusative of the Third Declension in 
 a, is very often used instead of the Latin accusative 
 in ^m, as: aer^l from aer, the air] aethera from 
 aether, the (upper) air, 
 
 4. The feminines in o have usually the Greek 
 genitive in us, thus: echo, an echo, echus, of an echo. 
 
 Imperative (First Conjugation). 
 a' ma, love thou a ma' te, love ye 
 
 a ma' to, thou shall love a ma to' te, ye shall love 
 
 a ma' to, he shall love a man' to, they shall love 
 
 The Imperative Active of almost all Latin verbs is 
 found by dropping re of the Present Lifinitive; thus: 
 
 Infinitive. Imperative. Infinitive. Imperative, 
 
 amarg, to love ama, love thou legere, to read legg, read thou 
 hkher^j to have hkhej have thou audire, to hear auOi, hear thou 
 
 sederS, to sit 
 
 coquiis, -1, a (male) cook 
 
 condire, to season 
 
 festlnare, to hasten 
 
 lente, slowly 
 
 orl)Ts terrarum, the whole earth 
 
 Oraciiluiii, -1, an oracle 
 
 fundameiitum, -i. 
 
 caro bourn, beef 
 emere, to buy 
 constantia, -ae, constancy 
 Crudltus, -a, -um, educated 
 poesis, -, poetry 
 immensiis, -a, -uin, immeas- 
 urable 
 the foundation 
 
 Aenigmata pueris grata sunt. Patria mca est mundus. 
 Coqui cibos sale, pipere et simillbus aromatis condiunt. Cor- 
 pus quasi vas est animi. Festina lente ! Roma, Italiae urbs 
 potens, caput orbis terrarum fuit. Oracula obscuris acnigmatis 
 
— 76 — 
 
 similTa erant. Tirtutem ama, vitTa vital Caro bourn est cibus 
 paiipenim ct divTtuni. Mercatores vasa et supellectTlem ven- 
 dunt, cbur et aos eiiiunt. Fundamcntum virtatum constantia 
 est. Onirics honilnes enidlti ainant poOsim. Breve et mole- 
 stum est iter per vitam cadricam. Immensasunt itinera siderum 
 per altuni aethera. In multis poematis laudem magnorum vi- 
 rorum leglnius. 
 
 (SO. tniiious, ^i, n trunk diu, for a long time, long 
 
 ruiiius, -T, (I branch orilre, to pt^nj 
 
 actus, -jI, -uin, finished aspcra, -oruiii, difficulties 
 
 m\m- mus, -a, -uni, supreme astruiii, -i, a star ^ 
 
 emindere, f<> pour forth synihnlum, -i, a s^ijmbol 
 
 fellcitas, -iltis, prosperity saxuni, -i, a rock 
 
 tuk'riire, to endure ln^nOrare, to honor 
 
 A fine riddle is often ob?cure. Not all spices have an 
 agreeable smell. Trees have a trunk and bark, roots, branches, 
 foliage, blossoms. Finished lal)ors are pleasant. The welfare 
 of the people is the supreme law. Autumn pours forth fruits. 
 Prosperity has many friends. Children shall love their par- 
 ents. Camels endure thirst for a long time. Birds like the 
 air, fish the water. To love (one's) parents, is nature's su- 
 preme law. I»ray and work! Through dimcidties to the 
 stars! Rich qx-ople) have a great deal of furniture. Ye shall 
 love your father and mother! Turtle-doves are a symbol of 
 love and friendship. The earth has mountains with forests 
 and herbs, rocks and metals ; valleys with meadows, flowers, 
 and grasses ; seas, rivers, and brooks, beasts and men. Honor 
 thy father and thy mother ! 
 
 07, Singular. 
 
 Norn, fnic' tus, fruit 
 
 Gen. f nie ' t us, offru it 
 
 Dat. true' tuT, to fruit 
 
 Ace. fruc' tuiii, fruit 
 
 Voc. true' tus, fruit 
 
 Abl. fruc' tu, with fruit 
 
 Plural, 
 fruc' tiis, fruits 
 fruc' tu uni, of fruits 
 fruc' ti bus, to fruits 
 fruc' tiis, fruits 
 fruc' tus, fruits 
 fruc' ti bus, with fruits 
 
 — 77 — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom cor' nii, a horn 
 
 Gen cor' nils, of a horn 
 
 Dat. cor' nu (ui), to a horn 
 
 Ace cor' nu, a horn 
 
 Voc cor' nii, horn 
 
 Abl cor' nil, with a horn 
 
 Plural, 
 cor' nii a, horns 
 cor' nil liin, of horns 
 cor' ni biis, to horns 
 cor' nii 3,, horns 
 cor' nu a, horns 
 cor' ni biis, with horns 
 
 1. Latin nouns whose genitive ends in us, are of 
 the Fourth Declension. The nominative of mascuUne 
 and feminine nouns ends in us, as: fructus, /rz^^Y; and 
 of neuters in u, as: cornu, a horn. The following 
 may be used as exercises: 
 
 sensiis, -iis, sense 
 visiis, -us, sight 
 audltiis, -iis, hearing 
 gustiis, -iis, taste 
 tactiis, -iis, touch 
 ol fact iis, -iis, smell 
 mOtus, -iis, motion, emotion 
 flucttis, -iis, flood, wave 
 
 cant iis, -iis, singing, a song 
 obit iis, -iis, death 
 aquaeductiis, -iis, an aqueduct 
 nutiis, -iis, a nod 
 magistrattis, -iis, a magistrate 
 adventiis, -iis, a coming, an ar- 
 g^lii, -iis, (icy) cold [rival 
 g^uu, -iis, the knee 
 
 2. Some words form their dative and ablative 
 plural in ubus instead of ibus; these are: 
 
 acus, aciibiis, a needle artfis, artiibiis, a joint 
 
 areas, arcubiis, a bow partus, partiibiis, birth 
 
 lacus, laciibiis, a lake portus, portiibiis, an harbor 
 
 I)ecu, peciibtis, cattle tribus, trlbiibiis, a tribe 
 
 quercus, querciibiis, an oak v6rQ, vembtis, a spit 
 
 speeds, spgcubiis, a den 
 
 3. domus, a house, is declined thus: 
 
 Nom. 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 Singular. Plural 
 
 d6' miis, a house do' miis, houses 
 
 do' mus, of a house do' mil iim, ) -, 
 
 1., - ' , r, 1. _, ^ ' } of houses 
 
 do' nil, at home [house do mo' rum, j 
 
 do' mu i & do' mo, to a do' mi biis, to houses 
 
 do' miim, a house, home do' miis & do' mos, houses 
 
 do' miis, house [home do' miis, houses 
 
 d5' mo, with a house, from do' mi btls, with houses 
 
— 78 — 
 
 4. Most nouns of the Fourth Declension in us 
 are masculine. The following are feminine: 
 
 aciis, -us, a needle 
 
 domus, -lis, a house 
 
 Idus, -uum (plur.), the Ides 
 
 manus, -us, the hand 
 porticfls, -us, a gallery 
 tribus, -us, a tribe 
 
 The few words in u are all neuter. 
 
 Imperative (Second Conjugation). 
 
 ha' be, have thou ha be' t€, have ye 
 
 ha be' to, thou shalt have ha be to' t€, ye shall have 
 
 ha be' to, he shall have ha ben' to, they shall have 
 
 caelestTs, -5, heavenly; arc us 
 caelestis, the rainbow 
 
 rostruui, -T, a beak 
 
 perniciOsus, -Si, -Qm, perni- 
 cious, destructive 
 
 adhfic, as yety up to this day 
 
 exercerS, to exercisCy practice 
 
 ferC', almost 
 
 cotldiG, daily 
 
 b6n6 moratiis, -a, -ihn, well- 
 bred 
 lavarfi, to wash 
 in (with ablat.), upon 
 nastSs, -1, the nose 
 rarO, seldom 
 homines pauperes, poorj^eople 
 
 Omne animal sensus habet. Cervus acrem visum habet. 
 Areas caelestis varTos colores habet. America multos portus 
 habet. Pauperum hominum domus humiles et exiguae sunt. 
 Arma bestiarum sunt cornua, dentes, ungues, rostra. Vehe- 
 mentes animi motus maris fluctlbus sunt similes. Gelu ovibus 
 perniciosum est. Alaudae cantus gratus est agricolis. Ante 
 obitum nemo felix erit. Aquaeductuum Romanorum rulnae 
 adhuc in Italia sunt. Exercete cotidie memoriam I Nemo fere 
 scribit manu sinistra. In silvis altas quercus videmus. Li- 
 beri bene morati nutui parentum obtemperant. Lavate manus 
 vestrasi Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso. Manus manum 
 lavat. In domibus divitum Romanorum splendidae porticua 
 erant. Ego semper fere domi sum, tu raro. 
 
 — 79 — 
 
 68. T6n6tTae, -arGm, Venice magnetictts, -3,, -iim, ma^neiic 
 
 Eboraciim Noviim (-1 -i), New spectarg, to look 
 
 York ad (with accus.), toward 
 
 custos,-odTs, a guardian septentriOnes, -tim (plur.), (the 
 
 formldare, to dread seven stars near the north 
 
 Indifls, -T, an Indian pole) the north 
 
 litc^rae, -artim, learning quinque, five 
 
 Many nonns want the singular, especially many names of towns; 
 in other nouns, the meaning of the plural is different from that of 
 the singular. 
 
 Venice and New York have beautiful harbors. The mag- 
 istrates are the guardians of the laws. Lions do not dread 
 the horns of bulls. In the northern parts of America, there 
 are many great lakes. Eagles have a keen sight. In lakes and 
 rivers, there are many kinds of lish. Our hands are adapted 
 to various labors. Wild beasts often have their abodes in 
 caves. The Indian gives (to) his son a bow and arrow. The 
 roots of learning are bitter, the fruits sweet. The father's 
 coming delights the children. The colors of the rainbow are 
 beautiful. The magnetic needle always looks toward the 
 north. Frogs live in swamps and lakes. Man has five 
 senses : sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Boys, your 
 hands are dirty ; why do you not wash your hands ? 
 
 69. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn 
 
 . dr es, a day 
 
 res, a thing 
 
 Gen. 
 
 dr e'i, of a day 
 
 rS' 1, of a thing 
 
 Dat. 
 
 di e' i, to a day 
 
 r6' T, to a thing 
 
 Ace. 
 
 di' em, a day 
 
 rSiii, a thing 
 
 Voc. 
 
 dr es, day 
 
 res, thing 
 
 Abl. 
 
 di' e, with a day 
 
 re, with a thing 
 PlnraL 
 
 Norn. 
 
 di' es, days 
 
 res, things 
 
 Gen 
 
 dl e' riini, of days 
 
 re' rum, of things 
 
 Dat 
 
 dl e' bus, to days 
 
 re' biis, to things 
 
 Ace. 
 
 dr es, days 
 
 res, things 
 
 Voc. 
 
 dr es, days 
 
 res, things 
 
 Abl. 
 
 di c' bCis, with days 
 
 re' bus, with things 
 
— 80 — 
 
 1. Xouns which have ei or ^i in the genitive from 
 es in the nominative, are of the Fifth Declension. They 
 are all feminine, with the exception of dies, a day, 
 which is masculine and feminine in the singular, but 
 masculine only in the plural. The compound meri- 
 dles, midday, noon, is masculine only, but does not 
 occur in the plural. Examples are: 
 
 fades, -ei, the face [arje series, -ei, a .series 
 
 efflu^Ies, - el, a Ukenens^ an im- superfTcTes, -ei, a surface 
 
 8pes,^-^T, hope Hdes, -^i, faith 
 
 glades, -ei, ice [ance progenies, -ei, offspring 
 
 species, -ei, a shape, appear- res, -gi, a thing, affair, event 
 
 2. Of all the nouns of the Fifth Declension only 
 two are complete in the plural, viz.: dies and res. 
 
 3. The e of the genitive and dative ending ei is 
 long, when preceded by a vowel: as: di-e-i, and short, 
 when preceded by a consonant, as: fi-d6-i. 
 
 fliixus, -a, -fim, fleeting 
 prlmariris, tt, -fun, primarij 
 iiltimils, -a, -uni, last 
 res adversae (plur.), adversity 
 solatium, -i, consolation 
 
 usfis, -iis, 7fse, usage 
 baculiim, -T, a stick, staff 
 tract us, -a, -um, broken 
 longitudo, -inis, length 
 oi*tiis, -lis, rising 
 
 accuratiis, -a, -uiu, accurate 
 
 Res humanae sunt fluxae et fragOes. Frons, ocilli, nasus, 
 OS sunt primariae partes faciei humanae. Hicms nive tegit 
 campos et tlumina glacTe. Spes est ultimum adversarum re- 
 rum solatium. Usus est optimus rerum humanarum magister. 
 Solis etiigiem in fontibus et lacubus videmus. Fratribus inter- 
 dum mira est similitQdo facierum. Baculum integrum in aqua 
 fracti speciem habet. Longitude dierum et noctium diversa 
 est aestate et hieme. Dies sunt partes annOrum et mensium, 
 
 — 81 — 
 
 horae sunt partes dierum. Ortus solis est initium diei. hu- 
 merus dierum vitae humanae saepc exiguus est. In omnibus 
 rebus ordo accuratus esto. 
 
 70. in (with ablat.), on [day illustris, -^, remarkable 
 
 dies fcstus (-ei -i), a holi- vultfis, -us, the countenance 
 
 f'veiitus, -us, a result vocarg, to call 
 
 stultus^-T, a fool Socrates, -Is, Socrates 
 
 narratiO, -onis, a narrative hilaris, -6, cheerful 
 
 The beginnings of all things are small. On the surface of 
 the earth there are mountains, valleys, seas, lakes, rivers, 
 brooks. Time is a precious thing ; time is money. An hour- 
 is a part of a day, and a day is a part of a month. The face 
 is a part of the head. In summer, the days are long, and the 
 nights are short. Our hopes are uncertain and treacherous. 
 Wisdom is the mother of all good things. Boys like holidays. 
 The result is the teacher of fools. Faith is the sister of jus- 
 tice. God is the author of all things. History is a narrative 
 of remarkable events. Lions dread the face and countenance 
 of men. Parents love their offspring. The last hour of the 
 day calls the weary men to rest. The mind of Socrates was 
 even on (his) last day of life cheerful and calm. Good order 
 is the foundation of all good things. 
 
 4 1. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 m. 
 
 /. 
 
 77. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 so' Itis 
 
 so'ia 
 
 SO' liim, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 so ll' us 
 
 so ll' Gs 
 
 bO li' us 
 
 Dat. 
 
 so' IT 
 
 so'li 
 
 so' ll 
 
 Ace. 
 
 so' him 
 
 so' lam 
 
 SO' liim 
 
 Voc. 
 
 so'le 
 
 so'ia 
 
 SO' liim 
 
 Abl. 
 
 so' lo 
 
 SO' la 
 
 sO'lo 
 
 alone 
 
 I 
 
 The plural is regular like that of bonus. 
 
 These nine adjecUves of the First and Second 
 Declensions form their genitive singular in ius, and 
 
— 82 — 
 
 their dative in i; moreover, uter and neuter drop 
 the 6 before the r: 
 
 Nominative. Genitive, 
 
 alias, -a, -ud, another iiijQs} 
 nuHus, -a, -um, ?jc>, not any, no one nullius 
 
 S(3lus, -a, -iini, alone sOlius 
 
 totus, -a, -Oin, ichole totius 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, «7?2/ uJJius 
 
 anus, -a, -rtni, o/?g unius 
 
 alter, -a, -uni, the other (of two) alterius 
 
 ut€r, -ra, -rum, ivhivh (of two) utrius 
 
 neuter, -ra, -rum, neither ncutiiOs 
 
 rilTus has rilTucl iu the neuter; and in the genitive 
 alius (contracted for rili-ius), but the dative is rdii. 
 
 alius is^ often repeated, alius . . . alius, one . . . 
 (inother; alu . . . niiT, soyne . . . others, as: alTud dlcTt 
 alTud facit, he says one th'ng, he does another; alter is 
 repeated where only two things are referred to, as: 
 alter legTt, alter ludit, the one reads, the other plays. 
 
 Dative, 
 alii 
 iiulli 
 soil 
 toti 
 iilil 
 iiiii 
 altrTi 
 utrl 
 neutii 
 
 Imperative (Third Conjugation). 
 16' Q^,read thou \^> ^i t6, read, ye 
 
 16 gi to, he shall read le gun' to, they shall read 
 
 oppon€r6, to oppose 
 defender^, to defend 
 fortiter, bravely 
 servTr€, to be a servant, slave 
 perndus, -a, -Gm, perfidious 
 vix, hardly 
 
 fld^m haberg, to (have) trust 
 angulQs, -i, a corner 
 natus, -a, -um, born 
 divltlae, -arum, riches [than 
 nihil allud quam, nothing else 
 comltas, -atis, courtesy 
 
 Multi hommes vitTa aliorum vident, sua non vidcnt. Canis 
 fidus pare soil domino siio. Rebus adversis opponite vii-tQ- 
 tern I Julius homlnis vita per omne tempus curis libera est. 
 Conjuges et liberos fortiter defendite, cives 1 Alii gloriae ser- 
 viunt, alu pecuniae, ^^ulla societal est fellurn et murium. 
 
 
 — 83 — 
 
 Perfidus homo vix ulli fidem habet. Virtus sola est fons vitae 
 beatac. Pater mens est mcrcator; mercatori nullum aliud 
 negotium, nulla alia vita placet. Non sum uni angulo natus; 
 patria mca totus mundus est. Cives obtemperanto legibus. 
 Nullius hominis divitiae certae sunt. Amicitia multorum ho- 
 minum nihil aliud est quam comitas. Nullum animal est pars 
 altcrlus animalis. 
 
 2* numquam, never 
 nOblscum, with us 
 nobis, to us 
 
 speculum, -T, a mirror 
 sine (with the ablat.), without 
 hodie, to-day 
 
 c616brar6, to celebrate 
 ab omnl parte, in every respect 
 tantum, only (to be placed after 
 the word to which it belongs) 
 siimere, to take 
 in (with accus.), into 
 
 We are never alone, God is always with us. The examples 
 of others shall be to us like mirrors. There is no safety with- 
 out virtue. My brother is a soldier, he likes no other life, no 
 other occupation. Love virtue, despise pleasure, my friend I 
 To-day the whole city is celebrating the birthday of the 
 father of our country. To the wise (man) alone the true 
 power of virtue is known. The life of no man is blessed in 
 every respect. Many things are troublesome to the one and 
 pleasant to the other. Some fruits are sweet, but injurious; 
 others are bitter, but beneficial to health. Some animals live 
 only one day. Take no bad book into your hands, boys! 
 Good laws are useful to the whole state. A king is master of 
 his land; God is the Lord of the whole world. 
 
 73. 
 
 m. &f, 
 Nom. du' rl or 
 Gen. du ri o' ris 
 Dat. du ri o' ri 
 Ace. du ri 0' rem 
 Voc. du' rl or 
 
 dQriSr, duriGs, harder 
 
 Singular. 
 
 n. 
 dtl' ri us 
 dQ ri o' ris 
 dCl ri o' ri 
 dQ' ri us 
 du' ri us 
 
 Abl. du ri 0' rg & da ri 0' ri du rl 0' re & da rl o' ri 
 
— 84 ~ 
 
 m. & f. 
 Norn. (IQ ri (")' res 
 Gen. (In ri 0' mm 
 Dat. (In rl 0' rl bus 
 Ace. (in rl 0' res 
 Voc. dn rl (■>' res 
 Ab!. dn rl 0' ri bus 
 
 Plural. 
 
 i\. 
 dn rl 0' ra 
 dn rl o' riiiii 
 dn ri (")' rt biis 
 dn r! 0' r& 
 dn ri (")' r3. 
 dn rl 0' ri bus 
 
 Adjectives have tliree de^^rces of Comparison: tlie 
 Positive, tlie Comparative, aiid the Superlative. 
 
 1 . The i)()sitive dei!:ree is expressed by the adjec- 
 tive ill its simple form, as: durus, hard, 
 
 2. Tlie comparative degree ends in ior for the 
 masculine and feminine, nnd in ius for the neuter, 
 and is formed ])y chan<j;ini!; the genitive ending i or is 
 of the positive, into ior, ius, thus: 
 
 Positive. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 excelsus, hhjh 
 
 cwc-elsi 
 
 excelsior, excelsTfis 
 
 iTbt^T, free 
 
 lllx^'ri 
 
 llhi^'rTor, llbC'rius 
 
 pulclier, beautiful 
 
 puIclirT 
 
 pulclii-ior, pulchrTus 
 
 fict'T, sharp, keen 
 
 fu tTs 
 
 acrtor, acrius 
 
 It' vis, li(jht 
 
 lr'\Ts 
 
 l(''vTor, ir'Vius 
 
 sfiij^jix, sar/ae to us 
 
 sai^acTs 
 
 saijjaeTr)r, srii;acTris 
 
 Tthm's, slothful 
 
 IiiertTs 
 
 IiHMtTor, Inert Ius 
 
 prndeiis, 2)rudent 
 
 prndiMitis 
 
 I)rn(leiiti6r, i)rndeniTus 
 
 3. Comparatives are of tlie Tliird Declension, and 
 are dechned hke durior, durius. 
 
 4. The comparative may often be transhited bv 
 too or rather witli the positive, especially when oile 
 of the things c(mipared is omitted, as: brevTor, rather 
 short; audacTor, too hold, 
 
 5. The superlative ends in issimiis, issima, issi- 
 
 miim, and is formed by changing the genitive 
 
 — 85 — 
 
 ending i or is of the positive, into issimus, issima, 
 issinium, thus: 
 
 I^ositive. Genitive. Superlative. 
 
 pr?tl(-)sris, valuable prc^tlosT pretiosissTmfis 
 
 dlligens, dilhjent dlllgentis dillgentissimiis 
 
 G. Superlatives are declined like bonus, -a, -urn 
 of the First and Second Declensions. The superla- 
 tive often expresses a high degree of quahty, as: 
 mons altissTmus, a very high mountain. 
 
 qu(j . . . eo, the . . . the 
 quain, than 
 
 c^'tvn, -ae, -a, the rest, other 
 udnlatIO, -oiiTs, flatter-y 
 maliis, -i, the mast 
 
 mombriim, -i, a member 
 apttis, -a, -iim ad, fitted for 
 vap6r, -oris, vapor, steam 
 ol(''um, -1, oil 
 
 delphliiiis, -i, a dolphin 
 
 Aurum utHe est, utilTus fermm. SenTbus difficilTor est 
 morum mutatlo quam juvenibus. DiligentissTmi discipuli sunt 
 niagistris carissimi. Quo diligentiores sunt discipuli, eo ca- 
 riores sunt magistris. Adamas durior est quam ferrum ; fer- 
 rum durTus est quam cetera metalla. Sonus tardior est quam 
 lux. Nihil in amicitia perniciosTus est quam adulatio. Om- 
 nium arborum altissTmae sunt abietes et ad males navium 
 aptissTmae. Nihil est dulcTus quam lux veritatis. Columbae 
 timididrcs sunt quam anseres. Nigrae vulpes rarissTmae sunt. 
 A^entorum frigidissTmus est aquHo. UtilissTma hominum membra 
 sunt manus. Elephantus est omnium animalTum terrestrium 
 prudentissTmum. Vapores aquae leviores sunt quam aer. Oleum 
 levius est quam aqua. Dies sunt aestate longiores, hieme bre- 
 viores quam noctes. Scnsus nonnullorum animalTum acriores 
 sunt quam homtnum. Romam, urbcm ItalTae clarissTmam, lau- 
 dant poetae. Vclocissimus piscTum est delphlnus. Litter'arum 
 radices amarae sunt, sed fructus jucundissimi. Excelsior I 
 
 74. aquatlciis, -S, -fmi, aquatic minus, less 
 
 bombyx, -ycis, a silk-worm fortnnatiis, -a, -fim, fortunate 
 
 prndentia, -ae, prudence 
 etiurn, still (to be placed before the comparative to which it refers) 
 
— 86 — 
 
 Of all pains tooih-ache is the most troublesome. Nothing 
 is sweeter than friendship. No aquatic animal is swifter than 
 the dolphin. The most useful of all insects are bees and silk- 
 worms. Dogs are more sagacious than cats. Gold is a more 
 precious metal than iron, but iron is more useful than gold. 
 Care is swifter than the wimU, Time is a very precious thing. 
 Nothing is more certain than death, nothing less certahi 
 than the hour of death. The time of youth is more precious 
 than gold and silver. In Europe, spring is the most delight- 
 ful time of the year; but in America, autumn is more pleasant 
 than summer and spring. The hare is a very timid animal. The 
 children were more fortunate than (their) parents. The poor 
 are often hapi)ier than the rich. Camels carry very heavy loads. 
 In winter time (time of winter) the days are rather short. 
 Iron is more useful than gold and silver; it is the most useful 
 of all metals. Learning is valuable, prudence is more valuable, 
 and virtue more valuable still. 
 
 '^^' Imperative (Fourth Conjugation). 
 
 ser' VI, serve thou ser vi' tg, serve ye 
 
 ser VI' to, thou shall serve ser vT to' te, ye shall serve 
 
 ser vi' to, he shall serve ser vi uu' to, they shall serve 
 
 1. Adjectives in ^r add rimus to the positive, to 
 form the superlative, as: 
 
 pulch^r, beautiful pulcherrimtis, most beautiful 
 
 acfr, sharj), keen acerriiiius, sharxjest, keenest 
 
 v5tus, old, makes veterrimfis, and maturus, r/^e, 
 maturrimus and maturissimus. 
 
 Six adjectives in iUs form their superlative by 
 changing the ending is into limus, as: facilTs, facil- 
 limus. 
 
 These are: 
 
 facilis, easy, facillimfls difficilis, difficult, diflneillimiis 
 
 similis, like, simillimas dissimllXs, unlike, disslmillimus 
 
 gracilis, slender^ graciUImus humilis, low^ humiUimus 
 
 — 87 
 
 3. Compound adjectives in dicus, ficus, and v6- 
 lus form their comparative and superlative by chan- 
 ging us into eiitior, entissimus, as: 
 
 b^nevolus, benevolent bfn^volentior b^ngvolentissimus 
 
 b^n^flctis, beneficent beneflcentTor b^ne^fleentissimas 
 
 raagnifictis, magnificent, magnlficentiSr magnlficentissimus 
 grand 
 
 In like manner are compared: 
 
 eggnus, needy 
 prOvIdus, provident 
 
 egentiSr 
 provide 11 tidr 
 
 ^gentissimiSs 
 
 prOvIdentissimtts 
 
 4. Adjectives not admitting terminational com- 
 parison, are: 
 
 a. Those in us preceded by a vowel (except those 
 in quus), as: Tdoneus, suitable; noxiiis, hurtful; but 
 antlquus, old, ancient, antlquior, antlquissiinus. 
 
 b. Many derivatives in alis, ills, etc., as: morta- 
 
 iTs, mortal. 
 
 Such adjectives form the comparative and super- 
 lative, when their signification requires it, by prefix- 
 ing the adverbs magls, viore, and maxTme, most, to 
 the positive, as: 
 
 dubuis, doubtful mSgis dubius maxime dublus 
 
 5. Other adverbs are sometimes used with the 
 positive, to denote different degrees of quality; such 
 are: valde, admodum, very; inprimis, in the highest 
 degree, as: valde dilTgens, very diligent. The particle 
 per, united with the adjective into one word, has the 
 force of very, as: perdifficilis, very hard. 
 
 The comparative is modified by multo, much, far, 
 by far ^ as: multo doctior, hy far more learned; and 
 
— 88 — 
 
 — 89 -. 
 
 the superlative by loiige, hj far, as: longe pauper- 
 riinus, hy far the poorest. The English still with a 
 comparative is either omitted, or translated by etiam; 
 and even with the comparative and superlative is vel, 
 as: etiam doctior, more learned still; v^l doctissTmus, 
 even the most harmed. 
 
 6. The English than after the comparative is ex- 
 pressed by quam. Sometimes quam is omitted, and 
 the ablative is used with the comparative, to express 
 that with which something is compared, thus: 
 
 nihil est amabilTus qiiaiu j 
 
 virtus 
 nihil est amabilTus virtute 
 
 nothing is more lovely 
 ( than virtue 
 
 ac€r, -ris, -re, 'pungent, keen optabilTs, -5, desirable 
 
 emendare, to amend, imjyrove facttini, -i, a deed 
 
 salubSr, -ris, -rS, aalubrious iniinlciis, -i, an enemy 
 
 audirg, to hear custodire, to guard 
 
 Avaritla omnium vitiorum tcterrlmum est. Omntum florum 
 pulcherrlmus est rosa. Dcus est pater benevolentissTmus et 
 beneficentissTmus. Liberi saepc sunt parentlbus simillimi. 
 Piper multo acrlus est quam sai. Utilisslmi labores saepe diffi- 
 cillimi sunt. Yituperare lacillTmum est, emendare difficillTmum. 
 Nihil est magnificentius quam caelum. Homines pauperrtmi 
 non semper sunt miserrimi. Yinum est jucundTus, sed non 
 salubrius quam aqua. Yultures acerrimos habent oculos. 
 Itinera antlquis temporibus difficillTma erant. Homines divi- 
 tissTmi saepe non sunt benevolentissimi. Lux omnium rerum 
 celerrTma est. Aer ad vitam maxTme necessarius est. Audlte, 
 judices! Aqua est res utilis^Tma et pernecessaria. Virtus 
 pulcherrimum homlnis decus est. Bona valetudo optabilior 
 est quam divitiae. Sunt facta verbis difficiliOra. Amor ini- 
 micOrum nostrorum longe diflQcillima virtus est. Gives urbem 
 custodiunto. 
 
 
 76, validus, -a, um, strong [able nScessTtas, -atis, necessity 
 
 commodus, -a, -uiii, comfort- consTlmm, -i, advice 
 
 navlgatid, -onis, navigation simia, -ae, a monkey 
 
 iiiventiini, -T, an invention vllis, -g, of little value, vile 
 
 Tlie eagle's eyes are very keen. The swiftest animals are not 
 always the strongest. The legs of stags are very slender. Our 
 neighbor's house is grander than ours, but less comfortable. 
 Air is lighter than water. The most beautiful part of the 
 human body is the face. Bad men are much more miserable 
 than the poor. Siij^ht and hearing are by far the keenest of 
 the senses. You are very like (to) your brother. Summer 
 time is the most fitted for navigation. The inventions of 
 necessity are older than (those) of pleasure. Boys shall obey 
 (to) the advice of wise men. The monkey is an animal very 
 like (to) man. Lions arc fiercer than dogs. The way will be long 
 and very rough. There is nothing more beautiful, nothing 
 more lovely than virtue. The works of God are most magnifi- 
 cent. Silver is of less value than gold, gold than virtues. 
 
 77, 1. The following adjectives have different words 
 for expressing the diff^erent degrees of comparison: 
 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative, 
 
 bonus, good mellor, better optimus, best 
 
 malus, bad pejor, worse pessTmiis, worst 
 
 magnus, great major, greater maxTmus, greatest 
 
 I)arvus, little minor, less, le^s,^r niinlmus, least 
 
 ph'is, more plurlmus, most 
 
 multils, much 
 
 plus, more, is thus declined: 
 
 Singular. piural. 
 
 Nom. plus 
 Gen. plu' ris 
 Dat. — 
 Ace. plds 
 Voc. — 
 Abl. — 
 
 plu' res 
 plu' ri um 
 plu' 11 bus 
 plCl' res 
 
 plu' ra (plu' rl a) 
 ph"i' ri iini 
 plu' ri bQs 
 
 plu' ra (ph"i' rl a) 
 
 pla'ribtis plu' ri bus 
 
 complures, several, very many, is declined like plures, 
 
— 90 — 
 
 2. Mark the degrees of the two indeclmable ad- 
 jectives: 
 
 nCquam, icorthless n^quTur nequisslraus 
 
 frugl, frugal frui^aliOr frugalissimus 
 
 3. The following adjectives have two irregular 
 superlatives: 
 
 Comparative, 
 exterior, exterior 
 
 — 91 — 
 
 Positive, 
 exterus, outward 
 
 inf^rus, below 
 
 post(»rus, following 
 
 supfrus, above 
 
 infi^rlor, inferior 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 ( extrCmus ) , 
 
 J. , , }- extreme 
 
 { (oxtiraus) ) 
 
 \ y lowest 
 
 [ Tin us ) 
 
 ,^ ^, , . ( postrfraus ) last. 
 
 post(?rior, posterior ^ ' ^. ^ r , . \. 
 ' ' ( post urn us ) latest 
 
 ^ ^ ^^ . ( suprCmus ) highest, 
 
 supfTior, superior - - ^ 
 
 ( summus ) supreme 
 
 4. The following adjectives are defective in their 
 comparison: 
 
 T. Positive wanting. 
 
 Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 citrTior, 77iore on this side, nearer citlmus, most on this side, nearest 
 
 intrTior, inner intlmus, innermost, intimate 
 
 prior, prior, former primus, foremost, first 
 
 proplor, nearer proxliiius, nearest 
 
 ull(^rIor, ulterior, farther nltlmus, furthest, last 
 
 odor, swifter ocisslmus, swiftest 
 
 potior, preferable potisslmus, most important 
 
 (let?rI6r, worse cU^terrlmus, worst 
 
 II. 
 
 Positive, 
 dl versus, different 
 falsils, false 
 inclutus, renowned 
 invltus, unwilling 
 novus, new 
 saet^r, sacred 
 vCtus, old 
 
 Comparative wanting. 
 
 Superlative, 
 diversissimus, most different 
 falsisslmus, falsest 
 inclutisslmus, most renowned 
 invltisslmus, most unwilling 
 novissimus, newest 
 saoerrlnius, most sacred 
 vSterrlmus, oldest 
 
 III. 
 
 PositJTO. 
 juvenls, young 
 sgnex, old 
 alacer, gay 
 longinqiius, far 
 proi>inqiiris, near 
 pSpularis, popular 
 salutaris, salutary 
 
 Superlative wanting. 
 
 Comparative. 
 jOnior, younger 
 senior, older 
 alacrlor, gayer 
 longinqulor, fartlier 
 propinqulor, nearer 
 piipularlor, more popular 
 ealutarlor, more nalulary 
 
 anxiinim, -I, help urtlca, -ae, a nettle 
 
 Bona yalctado melTor est quam map.ae divittae. Quo 
 majus est pencu um, eo proplus est plerumque auxillum Dei 
 \ irtus summum bonum est. Camelus major est quam equus'; 
 elephantus est maxim.m, omnium animallum Lrrestrlum 
 Sap.entia optnna magistra est. riurlmae stellae sunt soles.' 
 Plunma ct maxima sunt in mari animalla. Anates anseribus 
 mmorcs sunt. Pulmones cordi proximi sunt. Fortis miles in 
 ponculo prmius, in fuga ultlmus est. Aer inffirus est denslor 
 
 aestatc Sol multo major est quam terra. Homines pauperes 
 saepe habcnt mcimrcs mores quam homines divltes. Canis 
 Major et Cams Minor sunt sidera caeli. Cura odor est quam 
 ociss.mus ventus Vita humana habet plures dies jucundos 
 quam tnstes. Plurlmae civitates Amcrlcac sunt libciae Ur- 
 ticae proxima saepe rosa est, 
 
 78. impentas, -a, -Om, ignorant hSnSr, -oris, an office 
 
 The better part of man is immortal. The greatest city in 
 Italy IS Naples; the greatest city in America is New York 
 1 he Ignorant rabble is the worst interpreter of truth Men 
 
 n e.]v T 1? ""'"''* "'■"'• '" ^""*°^ "'« l^°«r arc the most 
 needy. Nothing is more necessary to men than air and water. 
 
 The innermost nature of things is not known to men. Charles 
 
 Lth't^\f '" *'' '^'^'^'"■■^- ^'^^ •"°«'^ '« -"^'^ "'^-er ^Z 
 earth than the sun. Heat is sometimes more injurious to the 
 
 plants than cold. Nothing is more doubtful aid f«il tha^ 
 
 mmm 
 
— 92 - 
 
 human life. The glory of the Roman people was greatest in 
 war. The shorter the rules, the better. By far more men are 
 poor than rich. Even the worst men praise virtue. The 
 springs of some rivers are on the highest tops of the mount- 
 ains. The most worthless men have often the highest oflQces. 
 
 79. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 IG 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 
 Cardinals. 
 
 I 
 
 uniis, Tinft, nniim 
 
 II 
 
 dud, (luae, du6 
 
 III 
 
 tres, trX& 
 
 IV 
 
 quattu6r 
 
 V 
 
 quinqug 
 
 VI 
 
 sex 
 
 VII 
 
 septum 
 
 VIII 
 
 octo 
 
 IX 
 
 novgm 
 
 X 
 
 decern 
 
 XI 
 
 uiulecim 
 
 XII 
 
 duodecirn 
 
 XIII 
 
 tredeciin 
 
 XIV 
 
 quattuordecTm 
 
 XV 
 
 quindecim 
 
 XVI 
 
 sedeclni 
 
 XVII 
 
 (lecem et septeni 
 
 XVI 1 1 
 
 (hlodevlgintl 
 
 XIX 
 
 undevTginti 
 
 XX 
 
 vii;inti 
 
 XXI 
 
 um'is et vlgintl or vlginti unus 
 
 XXII 
 
 duo et vlginti or vTginti duo 
 
 XXUI 
 
 tres et vlginti or vlginti trOs 
 
 XXX 
 
 trlginta 
 
 XL 
 
 quach'aginta 
 
 L 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 LX 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 LXX 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 LXXX 
 
 octOginta 
 
 XC 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 c 
 
 centum 
 
 CI 
 
 centum H fmus or centum Hnus 
 
 CO 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -ft 
 
 CCC 
 
 treceati, -ae, -fi 
 
 „ 
 
 ' 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 2000 
 
 5000 
 
 6000 
 
 10000 
 
 50000 
 
 100000 
 
 1000000 
 
 CCCC 
 
 Dor 10 
 
 DC 
 
 DCC 
 
 DCCC 
 
 DCCCC 
 
 M or CIO 
 
 MM 
 
 100 
 
 lOOM 
 
 CCIOO 
 
 1000 
 
 CCCIOOO 
 
 CCCCIOOOO 
 
 — 93 — 
 
 "quadringenti, -ae, -3, 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -3, 
 
 sexcenti, -ae, -^ 
 
 septingenti, -ae, -3, 
 
 octingenti, -ae, -3, 
 
 nongenti, -ae, -3, 
 
 mille 
 
 duo milia 
 
 qumque milia 
 
 sex mllTa 
 
 decem mllTa 
 
 quinquaginta milia 
 
 centum mllTa [mllla 
 
 d^cles centena mllla or d^clGs centum 
 
 Norn. 
 
 rr nfis 
 
 Gen 
 
 u ni' us 
 
 Dat. 
 
 u' ni 
 
 Ace 
 
 u' ntlm 
 
 Voc. 
 
 u' ne 
 
 Abl. 
 
 u' no 
 
 Nom. 
 
 rr ni 
 
 Gen. 
 
 u no' rilm 
 
 Dat. 
 
 u' nis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 rr nos 
 
 Voc. 
 
 11 ' ni 
 
 Abl. 
 
 a' nis 
 
 uniis, una, unum, one 
 
 Singular. 
 
 u' n3 
 u ni' us 
 u' ni 
 Ti' nam 
 
 fi'na 
 u' na 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fi' nae 
 u na' riini 
 
 u' nis 
 fi' nas 
 u' nae 
 
 Q' nis 
 
 Ti' num 
 u ni' us 
 u' ni 
 u' niim 
 u' nuni 
 ti' no 
 
 u' n3, 
 
 u no' rum 
 
 u' nis 
 u' na 
 u' na 
 u' nis 
 
 duo, dfiae, duo, two 
 m. / 
 
 N. du' o du' ae 
 
 G. dil o' rum du a' riim 
 
 D du o' bfls du a' bus 
 
 A du' OS, du' 6 du' as 
 
 V. du'6 diVae 
 
 A. duo' bus dua'bus 
 
 n. 
 du' 6 
 
 du o' riim 
 du o' bus 
 du' 6 
 du' 6 
 du o' biis 
 
 tres, trla, three 
 tres 
 
 tri' um 
 trl' bus 
 tres 
 tres 
 trl' biis 
 
 trl' a 
 trl' iim 
 trl' bus 
 trl' a 
 trl' a 
 tri' bus 
 
 ambo, ambae, ambo, both, is declined like duo. 
 
— 94 — 
 
 1. Cardinal Numerals express number in its sim- 
 plest form, and answer the question how many? 
 The three first are declined; the rest, as far as one 
 liundred, are indecHnable. Ilundreds, as: ducenti, 
 trecenti, etc., are dechned Hke the plural of bonus. 
 
 The phu'al of finus occurs only with such nouns 
 as have no singuhir, as: una castra, one camp; unae 
 nuptlae, one marriage. 
 
 2. In the sinnjular mille is an adjective; in the 
 phiral it is a substantive and takes the genitive as: 
 millr niTlTtes, a thoumnd soldiers; duo mllTa mllTtum, 
 two tlioasaud soldiers. 
 
 digitus, -1, afimger 
 
 const ar6 ex (with ublat), to 
 
 consist of 
 tam, so 
 
 in (with abhit.), among 
 disclpulus, -1, a disciple 
 Christfis, -1, Clirist 
 prOditor, -oris, a traitor 
 
 hobdumSs, -iidis, a week 
 vel, or^ even 
 satis ad, enough for 
 litt^ra, -ae, a letter 
 AngliciTs, -a, -flni, English 
 attendCrS, to pay attention 
 qiiSt? how many ? 
 rectissimC, quite right 
 
 In humrmo capTte sexaginta tria sunt ossa. Habemus duos 
 ocfilos, duas aures, duo bracchta, unum os, decern digttos, tri- 
 ginta duo dentcs. Homo constat ex dufibus partibus, antmo 
 et corporc. Vis unlus non tam magna est quam duorum. In 
 duoderim discipulis Christi unus erat prodTtor. Mille pc- 
 dites et tria milla cquitum erant in urbe. Arnus habet duo- 
 dec im menses, quinqua^inta duas hebdomades, trecentos sexa- 
 ginta quinque dies. Septem vol octo horae satis sunt ad 
 somnum; somnus duarum vel trium horarum non satis est. 
 Yiginti sex litteras lingua Anglica ha])et. Attende, mi filil 
 Quot menses habet unus annus? Duodecim. Quot hebdoma- 
 des habet unus mensis? Quattuor. Quot dies habet unus 
 annus? Trecentos sexaginta quinque. Quot horas habet unus 
 dies? Quattuor et viginti. Qiiot dies habent tres anni? Mille 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 
 
 -- 95 -^ 
 
 nonaginta quinque. Quot horas habet unus annus? Octo mi- 
 lla septingentas sexaginta. Rectissime, mi Carole I Homo 
 trium litterarum: FUR. 
 
 80, tempus annI, a season supgrT5r, -tis, upper 
 
 Solon, -Is, Solon infT'rI5r, -lis, lower 
 
 saeculiim, -i, a century plures, -&, many, several (op- 
 
 aut, or posed to ilniis) 
 
 artiis, -mini (pi.), the limbs 
 
 We have two eyes, and two cars, but one mouth. Many 
 works arc difficult for one man, but easy for two. Two lights 
 of heaven, the sun and the moon, illumine the earth. A bee 
 has four wings and six feet. There are four seasons: spring, 
 summer, autumn, winter. The month (of) January has thirty- 
 one days. Solon was one of the seven wise (men). The world 
 is the work of one God, not of many. A century is the 
 time of a hundred years ; a year is the time of three hundred 
 and sixty-five days; a month is the time of thirty or thirty-one 
 days; February, the shortest month of the year, has commonly 
 twenty-eight days. How many bones are there in the human 
 body? In the head there arc LXIII, in the trunk LI II; in 
 the upper limbs LXVIII; in the lower limbs LXIV. Many 
 animals have more than four feet. Twenty days are four hun- 
 dred and eighty hours. Two friends are one soul in two bodies. 
 
 
 81. 
 
 
 
 Ordinals. 
 
 
 1st, 
 
 prlmfis, -a, -iim 
 
 (pri6r, 
 
 -us) 
 
 14th, 
 
 quartus dc^rlmfis 
 
 2nd, 
 
 secundGs, -&, -um. 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 15th, 
 
 quint us declmus 
 
 3r(l, 
 
 tertlus 
 
 
 
 
 16th, 
 
 sextus declmus 
 
 4th, 
 
 quartiis 
 
 
 
 
 17th, 
 
 Septimus declmus 
 
 5th, 
 
 quint us 
 
 
 
 
 18th, 
 
 octavus declmus or duo- 
 
 6th, 
 
 sextus 
 
 
 
 
 
 dSvTccsImus 
 
 7th, 
 
 septimiis 
 
 
 
 
 19th, 
 
 noniis declmus or undG- 
 
 8th, 
 
 octavus 
 
 
 
 
 
 vlcCsimus 
 
 9th, 
 
 non us 
 
 
 
 
 20th, 
 
 vTcesimus or vlgesimiis 
 
 lOtli, 
 
 dCcimus 
 
 
 
 
 21st, 
 
 unus et vlcesimus or 
 
 11th, 
 
 undeclmiis 
 
 
 
 
 
 vIcGsimus prim lis 
 
 12th, 
 
 duodc^cimus 
 
 
 
 
 22nd, 
 
 alter et vicesim us or 
 
 13th, 
 
 tertlds declmus 
 
 
 
 
 
 vlcesimus secundus 
 
— 96 — 
 
 23rcl, tertTus et vIcGsImus 
 
 30tb, triceslmus or trlgesi- 
 miis 
 
 40th, quadriigOsTmus 
 
 50tli, quIruiuagOsImus 
 
 60tli, sexagt'slnuls 
 
 70th, sei)tuagC'Siinri3 
 
 80th, octog(^sIinus 
 
 90th, noriagC'sTmus 
 
 100th, ceiitCsiiiius 
 
 101st, centesTmus (et) primus 
 
 200th, ciricontCsTnius 
 
 300th, treceiiteslinus 
 
 400th, quadringentSsimiis 
 
 500th, quingenteslmus 
 
 600th, sexcenteslmus 
 
 700th, septingentesinius 
 
 800th, octingentCsimus 
 
 900th, nongenteslmus 
 
 1000th, millcsimus 
 
 2000th, bis millOsimus 
 
 3000th, ter milleslmus 
 
 10000th, defies milleslmus 
 
 lOOOOOth, centres millesimus 
 
 1000000th, deeies ceutlCs mille- 
 slniiis 
 
 1. Ordinal Numerals denote a series, and answer 
 the question, v:hlch one in the series? They are all 
 adjectives in us, a, uiu; except prior, prius, first, 
 wliich is used instead ot* primus, when only two things 
 are spoken of; alter is often used for secundiis. 
 
 2. Between iicelfth and twentieth the smaller num- 
 ber is usually put first without ^t; from tioentieth up- 
 wards the larger precedes without ^t, or the smaller 
 with et; but instead of primus and secundus, unus 
 and alter are often used, as: alter et vIgesTmus, the 
 twenty'second. Ordinals with pars, part, may be used 
 to express fractions, as: tertia pars, a third part, a 
 third, 
 
 3. Time ichen is put in the ablative. In place of 
 our Cardinals the Latin employs the Ordinals, to de- 
 note the dates of years and hours of the day, as: 
 anno millesTmo octingentesTmo septiiagesTmo nono 
 post Christum natum, in the year 1879 after the birth 
 of Christ; octava hoiTi, at the eighth hour (at eight 
 o'clock). Quota hora est? What o'clock is it F Tertia 
 hora, three o'clock. 
 
 — 97 — 
 
 V 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Dislributives. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 singuli, -ae, - 
 
 ■&, one by one 
 
 22. 
 
 vlc6nl bini 
 
 2. 
 
 bini, -ae, -&, 
 
 two by twOj etc. 
 
 23. 
 
 vicenl temi 
 
 3. 
 
 terni (trini) 
 
 
 30. 
 
 trieeni 
 
 4. 
 
 quaternl 
 
 
 40. 
 
 quadragCnl 
 
 5. 
 
 quini 
 
 
 50. 
 
 quinquagCnl 
 
 6. 
 
 senl 
 
 
 60. 
 
 sexagCni 
 
 7. 
 
 septeni 
 
 
 70. 
 
 septuageni 
 
 8. 
 
 octoni 
 
 
 80. 
 
 octOgeni 
 
 9. 
 
 nOvenI 
 
 
 90. 
 
 nOnagGnl 
 
 10. 
 
 deni 
 
 
 100. 
 
 centeni 
 
 11. 
 
 undeni 
 
 
 200. 
 
 ducCnl 
 
 12. 
 
 duodeni 
 
 
 300. 
 
 tr^cGnl 
 
 13. 
 
 term dGnl 
 
 
 400. 
 
 quadringeni 
 
 14 
 
 quaternl deni 
 
 
 500. 
 
 quingCnl 
 
 15. 
 
 quInI deni 
 
 
 600. 
 
 sexceni 
 
 16. 
 
 senl deni 
 
 
 700. 
 
 septingeni 
 
 17. 
 
 septCnl deni 
 
 
 800. 
 
 octingeni 
 
 18. 
 
 octOnI dCnl or 
 
 duodevIcCnl 
 
 900. 
 
 nongeni 
 
 19. 
 
 novCni deni or 
 
 • undevIcCnl 
 
 1000. 
 
 singula mllia 
 
 20. 
 
 viceni 
 
 
 2000. 
 
 bina mllla 
 
 21. 
 
 vlcem singuli 
 
 
 3000. 
 
 terna mllia, etc. 
 
 4. Distributive Numerals answer the question: how 
 many at a time ? and are often best rendered by add- 
 ing to the cardinal each or apiece; they must be used 
 whenever there is a repetition expressed or implied, as 
 in the multiplication table, thus: bis bina, twice two. 
 Distributives are declined like the plural of bonus. 
 
 Numeral Adverbs. 
 
 1. s6mdl, once 
 
 2. bis, twice 
 
 3. t6r, thrice 
 
 4. quat^r, four times^ etc. 
 
 5. quinquies 
 
 6. sexies 
 
 7. septies 
 
 8. octiSs 
 
 9. novies 
 10. d6cies 
 
 11. undecles 
 
 12. duodecies 
 
 13. terdecles (tredgciGs) 
 
 14. quaterdecTes (quattuordecies) 
 
 15. quinquiGsdecies (quindeciGs) 
 
 16. sexlesdecies 
 
 17. septlesdecies 
 
 18. diiodevicies (octiGs d^ciGs) 
 
 19. undevIciCs (nuvICs decles) 
 
 20. vicies 
 
— . 98 — 
 
 21. 
 
 st^mt'l ^t vTcTgs 
 
 22. 
 
 bis et vieies 
 
 23. 
 
 ter et vIciGs, etc. 
 
 30. 
 
 trIcTGs 
 
 40. 
 
 (iiiadragiOs 
 
 50. 
 
 (luinquiiglGs 
 
 60. 
 
 sexugiGs 
 
 TO. 
 
 septuugiGs 
 
 80. 
 
 OCtUiL^lGS 
 
 00. 
 
 nOnagiGs 
 
 100. 
 
 centiGs 
 
 200. 
 
 ducentlGs 
 
 300. 
 
 trecentlCs 
 
 400. quadringentlGs 
 
 500. quingeDtiGs 
 
 600. sexcentiGs 
 
 700. septingentiGs 
 
 800. octiiigenties 
 
 900. nongCDtiGs 
 
 1000. milIGs 
 
 2000. bismillGs 
 
 3000. t^rmlllGs 
 
 10000. (iGcTGs mlllGs 
 
 100000. centiGs mllIGs 
 
 1000000. mlliGs mlliGs 
 
 2000000. bis milies mllIGs 
 
 5. Numeral Adverbs 
 often F Being adverbSj 
 clinable. 
 
 Multiplicatives. 
 
 siini)lex, - icls, ,sinyle 
 duplex, tv'ofold, douhle 
 trtplex, thret'Jold, triple 
 qiiadruplex, fourfold 
 quincuplex, Jivefold 
 septemplex, sevenfold 
 dGcenq)lox, tevfoJd 
 cent uplrx, liu n dredfold 
 
 answer the question: hoiv 
 they are altogether inde- 
 
 Proportionals. 
 
 simplfls, -a, -urn, simple 
 duplus, twice as great 
 tnplils, three times as great 
 qiiad^nq)ias, four times as great 
 sei)tuplus, seven times as great 
 octuplus, eight times as great 
 dGcuplus, ten times as great 
 centuplils, a hundred times as 
 great 
 
 6. Multiplicative Numerals answer the question: 
 how manijohl? They are adjectives in ex, icis. 
 Proportional Numerals answer the question: Jioiv many 
 times as (jreat? and are adjectives in iis, a, urn. 
 Of either class there are only a few in common use, 
 and the proportionals are found mostly in the neuter. 
 
 7. ^lark the following nouns compounded with 
 numerals : 
 
 bienniilm, -T, the space of 2 years blduiim, -T, the space of 2 days 
 triennium, the space of 3 years trldaum, the space of 3 days 
 quadneiiuiilm, the space of 4 years quatrlduum, the space of \ days 
 
 — 99 — 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 redltils, -us, a return 
 annuntlarg, to announce 
 December, -ris, December 
 aestiis, -uuiii (pi.), the tide 
 affluere, to flow 
 
 r^m^arg, to flow back, ebb 
 adultiis, -a, -um, grown up 
 apud (with aceus.), with, among 
 October, -ris, October 
 jam, already 
 
 p^r (with accus.), for 
 triple major, (by threefold larger) three times as large 
 
 Primae hirundtnes amoenum veris reditum anniintiant. 
 December est duodecTmus anni mensis. Aestus maris bis at: 
 fluunt et bis remeant vicenis quaternis horis. Ilora est vice- 
 sinia quarta pars diei et octies millesTma septingentesima pars 
 anni. Unus homo habet unum caput, unum os, duas aures, 
 duo bracchia, duos pedes, duas manus. Homines habent sin- 
 gula capita, binas aures, bina bracchta, binos pedes, binas 
 manus. Adulti habent denies tricenos bInos, adulescentes 
 v'icenos octonos. Bis terni sunt sex. Ter quatcrni sunt duo- 
 decim; quater quini sunt viginti. Octies triceni sunt ducenti 
 quadraginta. Aer octingentles levTor est quam aqua. Apud 
 Romanos October octavus anni mensis crat, nunc est decTmus. 
 Quota hora est ? Hora octava vel nona. Plurimi discipuli 
 jam per triennium vel quadriennium in schola fuerunt. Mensis 
 est duodecTma pars anni. Semel et vicTes viceni singuli sunt 
 quadringenti quadraginta unus. PlurTma insecta senos pedes 
 habent, alia octonos, alia centenos et plures. America triplo 
 major est quam Europa. 
 
 82. Carolus Magntis (-1 -i), 
 Cliarlemagne 
 impgratdr, -oris, an em- 
 peror 
 
 tantum, but 
 
 November, -ris, November 
 in (with ablat.), on 
 dorsum, -i, the back 
 
 What o'clock is it? It is ten o'clock. The master gives (to) 
 the boys four books apiece. The end of the Thirty years' war was 
 in the year 1648. Charlemagne was emperor in the year 800 
 after the birth of Christ. The last day of the year is the 365th. 
 Gold is nineteen times heavier than water. Some insects have 
 a hundred feet each. A bee has four wings and six feet. Bees 
 have each four wings and six feet. How many arc twice two? 
 
— 100 — 
 
 Twenty-five times 241 are 6025. Your brother has three chil- 
 dren ; your sisters have each two children. We are but once 
 boys. In ancient times November was the ninth month of the 
 year ; now it is the eleventli ; December was the tenth, now it 
 is the twelfth. p]i<?ht times eight are sixty-four; nine times 
 nine are eighty-one; ten times ten are one hundred. Twice two 
 thousand are lour thousand. Many camels have each one hump 
 on the back j others have two. 
 
 83. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 e'go, / 
 
 
 tu, thou 
 
 Gen. 
 
 me' 1, oj me 
 
 
 tu' I, of thee 
 
 Dat. 
 
 nil' hi, to me 
 
 
 tV bi, to thee 
 
 Ace. 
 
 me, me 
 
 
 tc, thee 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 tfi, Othou 
 
 Abl. 
 
 mO, from me 
 
 
 te, ftvm thee 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 nos, ice 
 
 
 vos, ye or you 
 
 Gen. 
 
 no' strum ) 
 no' strl ( 
 
 of us 
 
 ve'stram . ^ 
 ve' stri j 
 
 Dat. 
 
 no' bis, to us 
 
 
 vo' bis, to you 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nos, us 
 
 
 vos, you 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 vOs, ye or you 
 
 Abi. 
 
 no' bis, from 
 
 us 
 
 vo' bis, from you 
 
 1. Tlie Personal Pronouns of the first person are: 
 ego, /, iios, ice; of the second person: tu, thou; 
 vos, ye or you. The nominatives: ego, tu, nos, vos, 
 are commonly expressed with the verb for the sake 
 of emphasis or contrast only, as: ^g6 scribo, tu 
 legTs, / am writing^ thou art reading. 
 
 2. The Reflexive Pi'onoun is: suT, sTbT, se, with the 
 possessive suus, sua, suum, his^ hei\ its, their (own). 
 
 — 101 — 
 
 Plural 
 
 sii'I, of tJiemselves 
 sV bi, io themselves 
 se, tlwmselves 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. su' I, of himself herself itself 
 
 Dat. Si' bi, to himself herself, itself 
 
 Ace. se, himself herself itself 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. se, with himself herself itself se, with themselves 
 
 3. The syllable met is annexed for emphasis to 
 all the personal pronouns except the genitive plural 
 and tu. To the latter te is added for the same pur- 
 pose, thus: tut6. The genitives nostrum and ves- 
 trum are used partitively and in connection with 
 omnium, of all, as: nemo vestrum, no one of you. 
 
 4. The preposition cum, with, is joined to the ab- 
 lative of these pronouns, as: 
 
 mecGm, loithme nOblsctlm, with us 
 
 tecGm, with thee vOblscilm, with you 
 
 seciim, withUm(self) secum, with tliem (selves) 
 
 Nom. ip' s5 
 Gen. ip si' tls 
 Dat. ip' si 
 Ace. ip' stlin 
 Voc. ip' s§ 
 Abl. ip' 80 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself herself^ itself 
 
 Singular. 
 
 ip' sa ip' Slim 
 
 Ip si' tu ip si' iis 
 
 ip' si ip' si 
 
 ip' sam ip' slim 
 
 ip' sa ip' Slim 
 
 ip' sa ip' so 
 
 Nom. ip' si 
 Gen. ip so'rtim 
 Dat. ip' sis 
 Ace. ip' SOS 
 Voc. ip' si 
 Abl. ip' sis 
 
 EuraL 
 ip'sae 
 ip sa' rtlm 
 
 ip' sis 
 ip' sas 
 
 ip'sae 
 ip' sis 
 
 ip'sa 
 
 ip so' rtim 
 ip' sis 
 
 ip'sa 
 ip'sa 
 ip'sis 
 
 5. The pronoun ips6, ipsS, ipsiim makes the word 
 to which it is added, more emphatic. In English, self 
 
— 102 — 
 
 with the personal pronouns is used both reflexively 
 as: the hoy praises himself, and to denote emphasis, 
 as: the boy himself is present. In Latin the former 
 would he translated: puer se ips^ hiudiit, and the 
 latter: puer ix)se adest. 
 
 dllTixere, to love 
 fub^r, -rl, a smith, architect 
 br'nii^qiiis, -a, -iim, favorable 
 fiDa, together 
 
 intt^r St', among themselves, with 
 each other, one another 
 
 res public^ (-ei -ae), the com,- 
 monwealth, state, republic 
 
 pugiiarC, to fight, contend 
 
 Ego sum discipulus; nos sumus discipuli; tu es magister 
 noster. Omne animal se ipsum dillgit. Omnia animalTa se 
 dillgunt. Veritas se ipsa delendit. Victoriarum omnium prima 
 et maxima est se ipsum vincere. Conscientia est vox Dei in 
 nobis. Homo ipse fortunae suae faber est. Veritas semper 
 mihi grata est. Omnes homines sunt benigni judlces sui. Ego 
 et tu et frater mens una ambulanms. Virtus et vitia semper 
 inter se pugnant. Lusciniarum cantus nos delectat. In me et 
 in te et in nobis onmibus est animus immortalis. Pueri in horto 
 nobiscum ambulanto. Parentes mei mihi tam cari sunt, quam 
 tibi tui. Vos omnes parentlbus vestris estis cari. lies futu- 
 rae nobis ignotae sunt. Deus amat nos, ut pater liberos suos. 
 Rei publlcae salus vobis cara esto. Pancm nostrum cotidianum 
 da nobis hodio I 
 
 84, n6 nnus quIdCm, not even nosoSre, to Jcnow 
 
 one, not a single commOduui, -i, p7^ofit 
 
 omnia sua, all one* s property 
 
 The Dative expresses that to or for which any tiling is, or is 
 done, as: non scholae, sed vitae discimus, we learn not for the 
 school, hut for life. 
 
 ^ You are reading, but I am writing. We all love you, my 
 friend. In thee, Lord, is all our hope and safety I Thy father 
 is dear to thee, mine to me. Wise men do not praise them- 
 selves. A true ti-iend will be with you in the time of danger. 
 
 — 103 — 
 
 The girl writes the letter with her (own) hand. The good live 
 not for themselves, but for all. The study of ancient languages 
 is useful to us. Nobody of us will always be happy. My brother 
 is very like (to) me. Our country is dearer to us than life. The 
 city itself is small, but it has some large and magnificent build- 
 ings. Know thyself! Your brother Charles has not a single 
 friend, he loves only himself and his profit. '^ I carry all my 
 property with me " were the words of a wise man. We all are 
 subject to death. I am poor, you are rich, but we are both 
 happy. Spring is more pleasant than winter. The better part 
 of us is immortal. Bad boys are always fighting with one 
 another. 
 
 83, hic, haec, hoc, this (of mine) \\\^, ilia, illud, that (yonder) 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 / 
 
 n. 
 
 ni. 
 
 / 
 
 n. 
 
 N. 
 
 hic 
 
 haec 
 
 h5c 
 
 11' le 
 
 il'la 
 
 il' lud 
 
 G 
 
 hu' jus 
 
 hu' jus 
 
 hu'jus 
 
 11 W us 
 
 il li' us 
 
 il \V us 
 
 D. 
 
 hu' ic 
 
 hu' ic 
 
 hu' ic 
 
 il'll 
 
 il'll 
 
 il'll 
 
 A. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 11' iiim 
 
 il' lam 
 
 il' lud 
 
 V. 
 
 h!c 
 
 haec 
 
 h6c 
 
 il' le 
 
 il'la 
 
 il' lud 
 
 A. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 hoc 
 
 il'lO 
 Plural. 
 
 il'la 
 
 il'lO 
 
 N. 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 il'll 
 
 11' lae 
 
 il'la 
 
 G. 
 
 ho' rum 
 
 ha' rum 
 
 ho' rum 
 
 il lo' rum 
 
 il la' rum 
 
 il lo' rum 
 
 D 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 il' lis 
 
 il' lis 
 
 il' lis 
 
 A. 
 
 hOs 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 11' los 
 
 il' las 
 
 il'la 
 
 V. 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 il'll 
 
 il' lae 
 
 il'la 
 
 A. 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 il' Us 
 
 il' Us 
 
 il' lis 
 
 iste, ista, istiid, that (of yours), is declined like ille. 
 
 1. The Demonstrative hie, this (of mine), is used of 
 that which is near the speaker, and often forms a con- 
 trast to ille; iste, that (of yours), points out that 
 which is near the person spoken to, and ille, that 
 (yonder), designates that which is remote from both. 
 
— 104 — 
 
 In reference to two objects previously mentioned hic 
 . . ille may be translated by the latter . . the former, 
 or the one . . the other, iste often also expresses con- 
 tempt, as: iste homo, that fellow, and ille is also used 
 of what is well known, as: Medea 'm^that welUhiown 
 Medea. 
 
 IS, 6a, id, he, she, it; that 
 
 Singular. 
 
 / n. 
 
 6' a Id 
 
 e'jiis ejus 
 
 S' am i(j 
 
 
 7n. 
 
 Nom 
 
 IS 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ejus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 6' I 
 
 Ace. 
 
 e' urn 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 e' 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ri, e'T 
 
 Gen. 
 
 e 0' rum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 i' Is, e' Is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 e' OS 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 V Is, e' Is 
 
 6' a 
 
 6'0 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Idem, 
 
 Nom 
 
 . r dem 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ejus' dem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 e r dera 
 
 Ace 
 
 e un' dem 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 e 0' dem 
 
 Nom. 
 
 1 r dem, (^ r dem 
 
 Gen. 
 
 e run' dem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 6 IS' dem, ils'd^m 
 
 Ace. 
 
 6 OS' dem 
 
 Voc. 
 
 — 
 
 Abl. 
 
 els' dem, T is' dem 
 
 6' ae 
 
 
 6' a 
 
 6 a' rum 
 
 
 6 o' rum 
 
 ris, ^''is 
 
 
 I'lS, 6' Is 
 
 6' as 
 
 
 6' a 
 
 ris, e'ls 
 
 
 ris, 6' Is 
 
 eadem, Idem, 
 
 the 
 
 same 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 6' a dem 
 
 
 V dem 
 
 ejus' dem 
 
 
 ejus' dem 
 
 e r dem 
 
 
 e i' dem 
 
 1^ an' dem 
 
 
 r dem 
 
 6 a' d(5m 
 
 6 C dem 
 
 Plural. 
 e ae' dem g' a dem 
 
 6 a run' dem g o run' dem 
 
 e IS' dem, 1 Is' dem e Is' d^m, i Is' d(^m 
 
 e' a dem 
 
 e as' dem 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 — 105 — 
 
 2. The Determinative Pronoun is, ea,Td, that, is often 
 used as a personal pronoun (lie, she, it, they, etc.) of 
 the same gender with the noun for wliieh it stands, 
 as: liabeo multus ITbrus, eos lego ITbenter, I have 
 many books, I read them ivith pleasure. The suffix 
 dem is annexed to Is, forming Idem, ericl^in, idem, 
 the same. 
 
 3. The Possessives his, her, its, their correspond to 
 suiis, -a, -um, when they refer to the subject; if they 
 refer to any otluM* Avord, they are expressed com- 
 monly by the genitive of is, ea, id, thus: 
 
 Magister venit cum I'lllG meo et aiiilco suo, the teacher 
 comes with my son and his (the teacher's) friend, 
 
 Magister venit cum filio meo et ejiis amlco, the teacher 
 comes loith my son and his (the son's) friend. 
 
 quam, how 
 
 tenuis, -e, thin 
 
 sceieratus, -a, -um, ivlckedy 
 
 criminal 
 domicilluin, -i, a home 
 
 elegans, -tis, elegant 
 praeclarus, -S, -iiin, celebrated 
 Delphiciis, -a, -uni, Delphic 
 cognoscSre, to know 
 ex (with ablat.), from 
 
 e Is' dem, 1 Is' dem e Is' dem, j is' dem 
 
 que, and (to be appended to the word) 
 
 Hacc domus ilia, arbore altior est. Invidia est comes 
 gloriac; hoc est connnunc vitlum in magnis liberisque civita- 
 tibus. Quam varii sunt colorcs hiijus florisi Aer in his mon- 
 tlbus tcnuTor est quam in valin^us illis. Omnes sceleratos eadem 
 poena exspcetat. Tides istum virum cum puero ; is est pater 
 mens, puer est ejus films, frater mens. Tides istud aedifi- 
 cTum cum horto, id est domicilTum mcum; liortus ejus est amoe- 
 nus. Incola istlus domus clegantis est vir divitissTmus. Pater 
 laudat filTum et dat ei li])rum pulchruni; simTli done eum saepe 
 dclectat. Officia hominum non omnibus temporilous eadem 
 sunt. Tir sapiens non glorlani virtutis, sed virtutcm ipsam 
 
— 106 — 
 
 amat. Finis hujus vitae est initium illlus vitae acternae 
 Pastor ejusque canis sunt fessi. Isti homtni mendaci non redo 
 Praec arum est illud praeceptum oraculi DelphTci: Xo'ce te 
 ipsum! Deum co^nosclmus ex operlhus ejus Omnes ^pueri 
 scholae nostrae eosdem libros leguiit. ^ 
 
 ^^' dLS'o^^^^ ^'"-^'"^ '"^^^'•' -^^'^^ '^-'^^^or, writer 
 
 disphcerg, todi.pl.ase in,ontor, with pleasure 
 
 addictQs, -a, -uni, devoted 
 
 This book is useful. These books are useful. In this book 
 there are many leaves. In this world there is nothing perfect 
 Our Ide IS a short jourr.ey; the beginning of this journey i^o^ 
 birthday, its end is death. That friend of yours is a very 
 learned man This opinion pleases (to) me, that displeases (tj 
 me. Some beasts are wild, others are tame; the latL are the 
 companions of men, the former live eommo;iv in foreL My 
 brother IS a most elegant writer; I read his books with pleai^ 
 ure. I have a faithful friend ; I am devoted to him. The^ame 
 things are not pleasing to all men. Cows are domestic an^ 
 mals; their useftilness is very great. Not all flowers have the 
 ame colors. The feet of the peacock (pi.) are ugly, bi^ its 
 (their) feathers are most beautiful. The children of t lie ^oo 
 are not always themselves good. The source of all pleasWs 
 IS in ourselves. pit^abuica 
 
 87. 
 
 Singnlar. 
 N. qui quae quod 
 
 G- cQ'jus cu'jus cu'jus 
 cul cui 
 
 quum quod 
 
 qui, quae, qu5d, who, which, that 
 
 D. cul 
 
 A quern 
 V. — 
 
 A. quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 Plural, 
 
 qui quae quae 
 
 quo' rum qua' rum quo' rum 
 
 qui' bus qui' bfis qui' bus 
 
 quos quas quae 
 
 qui' bus qui' bus qui' bus 
 
 1. The Relative Pronoun is qui, quae, quod, who, 
 w/iich, that; It agrees with its antecedent in number, 
 
 - 
 
 — 107 — 
 
 gender, and person, but the case depends upon the 
 construction of the relative sentence itself. Examples: 
 
 puer, qui legit, discit, the boy puella, quain vides, scribit, the 
 
 tcho reads, learns 
 puella, quae legit, discit, the 
 
 girl ivho reads, learns 
 puer, quern vides, legit, theboy 
 
 whom you see, is reading 
 
 girl whom you see, is writing 
 eg-o, ({ui scribo, / who write 
 aumial, quod currit, the ani- 
 mal which runs [write 
 nos, (lui scribimus, ice who 
 
 The Vocative is wanting in Relative, Interroga^ 
 tive, and Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
 The Relative Pronoun, often omitted in English, 
 must always be expressed in Latin. 
 
 The preposition cum, with, is appended to all 
 forms of the ablative, as with the personal pronouns, 
 thus: quocum, quacum, quibus'cum, with whom. 
 
 m. 
 
 
 /. 
 
 n. 
 
 Substantive. quls? 
 
 who? 
 
 
 quid? what? 
 
 Adjective. qui? 
 
 
 quae? 
 
 quod? ivhich? \two)! 
 
 Subst. and Adject, uter? 
 
 
 utra 
 Singular. 
 
 utrum? who? which (oj 
 
 Nom. quis? who? 
 
 
 quid? 
 
 what? 
 
 Gen. cu'jus? whose? 
 
 
 cu'jus 
 
 ? of what? 
 
 Dat. CUT? to or for whom? 
 
 cul? tc 
 
 ► or for what? 
 
 Ace quem? whom? 
 
 
 quid? 
 
 what? 
 
 Abl. quo? from or with whom? quo? from or with what? 
 
 2. The Interrogatives qui, quae, quod? which P and 
 quis, quid? who, what? are decHned like the Rela- 
 tive. The former is always used as an adjective, and 
 the latter as a substantive; only the masculine quTs 
 
— 1U8 — 
 
 occurs sometimes as an adjective. (For tlie declen- 
 sion of uter see 71.) Exami)les: 
 
 quis venit? ivho is coming:^ ijui vir ve.iit? tchat (kind of a) 
 
 quid times? lohal do you fmr? vian is coming? 
 
 quod pcrciulum tiuies? vhcd danger do you fear? 
 
 To all Interrogatives the particle nam (literally 
 for) may be appended for tlie sake of emphasis, an- 
 SAvering to our English pra>/, as: quidiiaiu 5gls? 
 j)rmj, icJiat are you doimj? 
 
 3. The Compoimd Relative Pronouns: 
 quTcunque, quaecunque, qModcunque| whoever, loMch- 
 quisquTs, quidquld ^ ever, xohatever 
 
 are declined in the same manner as the simple 
 words; cunque is invariable; of quisquis both parts 
 are dechned, but it is generally used in these two 
 forms only: quisquTs, tvhoever; quidquld, whatever. 
 
 \ 
 
 migrans, ^tis, migratory 
 appelljiro, to call 
 (iPnilgnlrg in, to remove to 
 Idem quT, the same as 
 ^gens, -tls, needy 
 dorraire, to sleep 
 
 r^creare, to refresh 
 
 sors, -tls, a lot 
 
 contentus, -a, -um, contented, 
 
 satif<Jied 
 pracstans, -tis, excellent 
 novi (lit. of new), news 
 
 ddulescens, -tis, a young man, a youth-, ivhen a youth 
 
 Animal, quod sanguTncm habet, cor habet. Aves migrantes 
 appelamus oas, quae auctumno et vere in alias tcrra^ demi- 
 giaiit Ka animaliaceleria sunt, quibus suntlonga crura. Lepo- 
 re> habent binas aures, quae capite longiOres sunt. Idem dies 
 qui finis est hujus vitae, est initlum vitae aeternae. Nemo 
 nostrum idem est in senectQte, qui fuit adulescens. Id quo3 
 Set O r ^^"^Pf J-"^'^""^ ^^^t. Egens is est, qui non satis 
 habet. Qui nomen bonum contemnit, virtutem contemnit. Quid 
 
 -^ 109 — 
 
 est dulcTus quam mel ? Quod metallum est utilissTmum? Homo, 
 qui dormit, curis et doloribus liber est. Somnus recreat eos, 
 qui fessi sunt laboribus. Felix est, qui sua sorte contentus est. 
 ^'on qui plurimum habet, sed qui minimum desiderat, divitis- 
 sTmus est. Quid est optabilius sapientla ? quid praestantTus ? 
 quid bomini melius? Quidquid discis, discis tibi, non prae- 
 ceptori. Quod malum gravius est bello ? Quid est novi ? 
 
 to sing 
 
 ita, est, (so it is) yes 
 canere j 
 cantarc j 
 
 omnia, all ihingsj every thing 
 praeditus, -a, -um, en- 
 dowed 
 
 88. ambulare, to icalk 
 fertills, -e, fe7Hlle 
 quoque, also 
 duleisslme, my dear 
 interest inter (with accus.), 
 the)'e IS a difference hrfirren 
 
 The great river which you see, is the Ehine. The fields 
 through which we are walking, arc very fertile. (He) who con- 
 quers himself, is a brave man. (He) who always carries all his 
 property with him, is not wise. Happy is the teacher whom all 
 (his) scholars love. All animals which have blood, have also 
 hearts. Those who are most faithful to th(3ir friends, are most 
 dear to us. What animal has greater strength than the elephant? 
 What are you writing, my dear ? A letter. What book are you 
 reading? AVhat is more excellent than virtue? What is the 
 difference between the good and the wicked? In yonder trees, 
 which adorn the neighbor's garden, there are many birds sing- 
 ing. The songs which we hear, are pleasant to us. Pray, what 
 are you doing, my dear? Are you writing? Yes, I am writing 
 a letter to my friend. There is a God in Heaven who sees every 
 thing. Those who are endowed with virtue, are alone rich. 
 
 89. allquTs, aliqua, aliquld, aliquod, some, some one 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 /. 
 
 
 Nom 
 
 a' 11 quis 
 
 a' 11 qua 
 
 a' 11 quid 
 
 Gen 
 
 a li cu' jus 
 
 a li err jus 
 
 a li cu' jus 
 
 Dat 
 
 a' 11 cul 
 
 a' li cul 
 
 a' li cul 
 
 Ace 
 
 a' 11 qu6m 
 
 a' 11 quam 
 
 a' li quid 
 
 Voc 
 
 —• 
 
 — 
 
 ___ 
 
 Acl. 
 
 a' li quo 
 
 a' li qua 
 
 5,' li quo 
 
 n. 
 
 a' li quod 
 
 a' li quod 
 
— 110 — 
 
 Gen. a li quo' rilm 
 
 Dat a li' qui bus 
 
 Ace. a' li quos 
 Voc. _ 
 
 Abl. a II' qui bus 
 
 Plural. 
 a' IT quae 
 a 11 qua' rum 
 a li' qui bus 
 a' IT quas 
 
 a' 11 qua 
 a IT quo' rum 
 a \V quT bus 
 a' li qua 
 
 a IT' quT bus a IT' qui bus 
 
 quldam, quaedam, qulddam, quoddam, some one, a certain one 
 
 Singular. 
 
 771. 
 
 Norn qui' (jam 
 
 Gen. cu jus' dam 
 
 Dat. CUT' dam 
 
 Ace. quen' dam 
 Voc. _ 
 
 Abl. qu(V dam 
 
 Nonn. qui' dam 
 Cien. (|uo run' dam 
 Dat. qui bus' dam 
 Ace. quos' dam 
 Voc. — 
 
 Abl. qui bus' dam 
 
 / 
 
 quae' dam 
 
 en jus' dam 
 cur dam 
 quan' dam 
 
 qua' dam 
 
 Plural, 
 quae' dam 
 qua run' dam 
 qui bus' dam 
 quas' dam 
 
 n. 
 
 quid' dam 
 cu jus' dam 
 cui' dam 
 quid' dam 
 
 quO' dam 
 
 quae' dam 
 quo run' dam 
 qui bus' dam 
 quae' dam 
 
 quod' diim 
 
 quod' dam 
 
 quTbus'dam quT bus' dam 
 
 In the declension of quidrim, m passes into n be- 
 lore d, as: quendam, etc. 
 
 1. The following are Indefinite Pronouns: 
 
 allquTs, mmeone, anyone, alTquid, something, any thina 
 aliquis, allqua, aliquod, some, any ^ 
 
 something - as an adjective: a certain, some 
 quispiam, some one, any one, quidpTam, something, any thina 
 quispTam, quaopTam, quodpTam, some, any ^ ^ 
 
 quisquam, anyone, quidquam, any thing (In negative sentences) 
 quisque quaequ^ quidque, quodque, each one, e^er^ onf-- as 2 
 
 ac^ective; each ^ ^^ ^" 
 
 — Ill — 
 
 quTvIs, quaevis, quidvis, quodvis ^ any one, any thing you 
 
 quTlIbf^, quaolibet, (luidlTl^ot, quodlTbet f please 
 
 — as an adjective: any, any one you please. 
 
 unusquisqur', unaquaequc, uniimquidque, uniimquodque, each 
 one, every one — as an adjective: each. It is used only in the 
 singular, and ])oth unus and quisqu^ are declined: gen. unius- 
 CLij usque, dat. uiiicuuiuc, and so on. 
 
 They are all declined like the Interrogatives, ex- 
 cept alTquTs, which has in the feminine singuhar and 
 the neuter plural alTqua. They take quid in the 
 neuter, when used substantively, and quod, when 
 used adjectively; quisquam, anij one, is almost al- 
 v/ays a substantive, and used in negative sentences. 
 
 The prefix TilT in aliquis and its derivatives is 
 generally rejected, when 
 
 si, if, ne, lest, nisT, if not, num, whether, quo, the, 
 precede, as: si qua sede sedes, if you sit on a seat. 
 
 2. The following are Indefinite Adjectives: 
 
 ulliis, -a, -iiin, ayiy 
 null us, -a, -lim, no 
 nonnuUiis, -S, -uiii, some 
 
 alTiis, -3,, -iid, another 
 
 alter, -3,, -um, the other (of two) 
 
 neuter, -ra, -rum, neither 
 
 To ullus and nullus the corresponding nouns are: 
 nem5(-mis), nobody, and nihil (indeclinable), nothing. 
 (For the declension of the Indeiinite Adjectives see 71.) 
 
 Mark the following Pronominal Adjectives: 
 
 Demonstrative. Relative, 
 
 talis, -e, such qualTs, -€, such as 
 
 tantiis, -a, -um, so great quantus, -a, -iim,a5 great 
 
 tot, so many quot, as many as 
 
— 112 — 
 
 con- 
 
 Interrogative. Indelinite. 
 
 qnalTs, -e? what? of what sort? ullquantus, -a, -uni, some 
 
 quantiis, -a, -uin? hoic great? siderahJe ' 
 
 quot? how many? uliquut, some 
 
 Of these tot, quot, alTqiiot are iiulecliiiable, the 
 rest are declined like adjectives. They are called 
 Correlatives, when used in pairs, so that one refers or 
 answers to the other, as: 
 
 tails . . . qnfilTs, such . . . as; Hh> . 
 tantus . . . (|iiantus, ,90 great . . . as 
 tot . . . quot, so many . . . as 
 
 like 
 
 4. The neuters tantum, so much, quantum, how 
 much, alTquantum, somewhat, multum, much, nihil, 
 nothing^ quid, alTquTd, somefhing, anything, are used 
 as nouns and followed by the genitive, as: quantum 
 voluptatTs? hoio much (of ) pleasure? 
 
 praobere, to give 
 natlO, -oiiTs, a nation 
 
 Oviiiii, -T, an egg 
 
 taiiuiuam, so to speak 
 alter Tdeni, another self 
 ^ ^ insitfis, -a, -fini, inborn 
 
 Ulcere, to say (,„ao, those things ichich 
 
 aiitem (follows the word which docere, to teach, instruct 
 
 It connects), hut c (with abl. and only before con- 
 
 molestia, -ae, trouble sonants), of 
 
 antea, before elTgere, to pick out 
 
 ^ Quantum voluptatis virtus praobot! Quacdam nntioncs 
 piscTbus et ovis avium vivunt. 8ui cimiuc mores maxTme 
 placent. Suae quisque faber est tbrtnuao. Suum culque! Stul- 
 torum mos est, quidm)et dicere. Quo quis est melior, eo mo- 
 destior est. Quot arbnres sunt in horto vestro? UnicuTque 
 pi^ritia turpis est, maxTme autem adulescentTbus. Quodvis 
 animal sensus habet. Cujusvis homlnis vita quasdam mole- 
 stias habet. Qualis nunc est valetudo tua ? Talis nunc est, 
 quahs erat antea: nequo melTor, noque pojor est. Verus amicus 
 
 — 113 — 
 
 est tamquam alter idem. Culquc nostrum amor vitae insTtus 
 est. Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. Quae nocent, 
 decent. E duobus malis minus, c duobus vitiis neutrum elige. 
 Quidquid honestum est, utile est. Qualis rex, talis grex. 
 
 90. unquam, ever pertinere ad, to belong to [ration 
 
 quaerere, to look out for humanitas, -atis, humanity] culti- 
 
 There are some animals which live only one day. As is 
 the master, so are the scholars. The beauty of the sun is to- 
 day as great, as it has ever been. How great is the power of 
 conscience ! Youth is a certain part of life. (He) who teaches, 
 learns. The master gives to each of the boys a beautiful 
 book. Children are not always such as their parents are. 
 My troubles are not so great now as they were before. I write 
 this letter to some one of my friends. Of what sort is our 
 mind? The manners of some young men are not pleasing to 
 us. Every body looks out for his own profit. Certain animals 
 have a very long life. Every body loves his parents, and to 
 every body his i)arents are dear. All the arts which })elong 
 to cultivation, have a certain common bond. 
 
 01. The following Prepositions are used with the 
 Accusative: 
 
 ad, to, at, toward 
 
 adversils, adversum, against, 
 
 toward 
 ant(^, before 
 apud, at, with, near 
 circa, circum, around 
 circiter, about, near 
 CIS, citra, on tliis side of 
 contra, against, opposite to 
 erga, toward, urito 
 extra, ivithout, beyond 
 infra, under, beneath 
 int^r, between, among 
 intra, within 
 juxta, near, beside 
 
 ob, for, on account of 
 
 penes, in the poicer of 
 
 per, through, by, during 
 
 pone, behind 
 
 post, ajter, behind 
 
 praeter, j^ast, beside, except 
 
 prope, near 
 
 propter, on account of, close by 
 
 secundum, after, next to, accord- 
 ing to, along 
 
 supra, above 
 
 trans, across, over, beyond 
 
 ultra, beyond, on the further 
 side of, past 
 
 versus, toward 
 
— lU — 
 
 versus, toward, follows its ca«e, as: orientem versus, 
 toward the east. 
 
 m*<]rrare, to migrate^ remove Txllt, digs 
 
 navlt^atlo, -oiiTs, a sailing puti'us, -i, a icell 
 
 ambulatio, oiiis, a icalk inr'tii.s, -lis, fear 
 
 se convert ere, to turn sT, it] when 
 
 sen'Tius, -3,, -liiii, Jai7% dear viilere, to he well 
 
 \m\H'i'iiun, -1, empire (over) tenr-brae ilruin, darkness 
 
 curare, to attend to prOiius, -a, -iiiii, prone 
 
 With ImjX'rativos m" must be used for not^ as: ne crede men- 
 daci, do not believe a liar. 
 
 Caelum, non animuni mutant, (|ui trans mare migrant. Ju- 
 eundissTma navigatlo juxta torrani, aml)idatTo juxta mare. 
 Terra circiim axem sc convert it. Omnia animalia secundum 
 Tiaturam vivunt. Intra lunain omnia sunt cadilca. Yenit post 
 pluvTas una serena dies. Penes J)eum imperlum totlus mundi 
 est. Sui)ra iios multitudlnem stellarum videnius. Pauci ho- 
 mines supra nonaginta annos vivunt. Non utilis est somnus 
 post coenam. Ante meridiem curamus negotla m)stra, post 
 meridiem aml)ulamus per prata et silvas. Juxta tluvium pu- 
 teum fodit stultus. Propter metum multi homines leglbus pa- 
 rent. Pueri si valent, ultra septem boras ne dormiunto. Post 
 tenebras lux! Juniores ad labores! Homines divltes prope 
 urbem magniflcas villas halu^nt. Homines pronidres sunt ad 
 voluptatem quam ad virtQtem. Sieilla contra Itallam sita est. 
 
 02. volare, to flu niniioculus, -a, -fun, one-eyed 
 
 vohmtiis, iitis, thegood-ivill caeciis, -a, -uiii, blind 
 
 fulu'ere, to shine res doinestTctl (-ei -ae), a 
 
 natiir?, to swim household thing 
 
 The birds are th ing through the air. The girl is calling 
 the children to dinner. Against death we have no weapons. 
 Children shall be thankful unto their parents and teachers. 
 Sailing near the shore is dangerous. Physicians have reme- 
 dies against diseases; against death they have no remedy. 
 Your good-will toward me, and mine toward you are equal. 
 Roses shine among lilies. There is a great variety of 
 
 — 115 — 
 
 languages among men. During night wc sec the stars. There 
 were many holidays with the Romans. Fish swim throuo-h 
 the water. Among the blind the one-eyed is king. To live 
 according to nature is the best life, but many men live against 
 nature. The teacher praises these scholars on account ol'^their 
 diligence; he blames those on account of their laziness. The 
 women commonly attend to the houses and household thino-s 
 the men to the occupations without the house. "^ ' 
 
 9J. The following Prepositions are used with the 
 Ablative: 
 
 ?, } ^ ^Sj ff^omy down from, concern- 
 
 ab yfrom, away from ing 
 
 ^^^ ' 6, ex, from, out of 
 
 absque, ivWiout, hut for prae, for, before, in compart- 
 
 clam, without the knowledge of son ivith 
 coram, in presence of pro, for, instead of 
 
 ^™^ ^^*^^i sine, without 
 
 tenus, as far as, up to 
 
 The Prepositions a and e are used only before 
 consonants; ab and ex before vowels and li, some- 
 times also before consonants, and abs before te, thee, 
 thus: abs te, from thee; tenus, up to, is placed 'after 
 its case, as: pectoribus tenus, up to the breast. 
 
 decunls, -a, -urn, glorious impudens, -tis, impudent 
 
 ^'^\~^^' «^^«i/ gratia, -ae, thanks 
 
 laudabilis, -e, ijraiseworthy verum, hut even 
 aegrotans, -tis, diseased transitfis, -ils, a passage 
 
 hberarS, to (set) free, deliver delTberare, to deliberate 
 
 tollere, to take away 
 
 Magna cum voluptate avium cantum audimus. Sine virtiite 
 nemo beatus est. Tuti estis, si Deus est vobiscum. Mors pro 
 patria decora est. Nunquam tuti lusus cum leonibus fuerunt 
 Sine virtute nihil est laudabHe. Jucundum milii est cum ami- 
 CIS per campos et silvas ambularc. Mors aegrotantes ab omni- 
 bus malis Iiberat. Impudens est, qui pro beneficio non gratiam 
 
— no — 
 
 verum morcCMlcm postulat. Xihil ex omnTlms, quae vidOmu?, 
 maiiet. Facilior est a virtute transitiis ad vitia, quam a vitlis 
 ad virtutem. Homini cum Deo siniilitudo est. Cum amico do 
 minimis maximisque rel)us deliberamus. Plus a medico quam 
 a morbo pericilli. Si Deus nobiscum est, quis erit contra nos? 
 Solem e nmndo tollunt, qui amicitiam c vita tolhint. E pluri- 
 bus unum. 
 
 OJ:, Atlaiiticiis, -il, -uiu, At- 
 lantic 
 divider^, to aeparate 
 moii, t(> die 
 dubluiii, -1, a dnuht 
 l>Te3,, -lie, the mafjpii' 
 certare, to compete 
 
 ut . . . sic, as . . . so 
 culture, -ae, culture 
 non est, there is no 
 tiiticiini, -i, icheat 
 inilT'S,, -ae, chaff 
 dlmlalrC, to fight 
 congruerC, to agree 
 
 No man's lite is without pain. The Atkintic ocean separates 
 America from Europe. It is sweet and glorious to die for (one's) 
 country. Without doubt virtue is more excellent than gold. 
 To fly without wings is not easy. The magpie is competing 
 with the nightingale. As a field without culture, so is the 
 mind without learning. There is no wheat without chalT. The 
 citizens fight tor their country, fu* freedom, and the laws. De- 
 liver me from a bad man, from myself! (Out ) of all the animals 
 which live with us, dogs arc the most faithful. Nobody lives 
 without the help of God. The deeds of men do not always 
 agree with their words. Notliing witlKnit great labor I Peace 
 (be) with you! Witliout virtue there is no friendship. A dog 
 is small in comparison with an elephant, and large in com- 
 parison with a mouse. 
 
 95. Prepositions witli the Accusative and Ablative: 
 in, with the accusative: 
 
 1. into, on, to, answering to the question: ivhiiher? 
 
 
 2. ar/ainst. 
 
 ^ IIT — 
 
 in with the ablative: m, 07i, answering to the ques- 
 tion: where P 
 
 mh, with the accusative: 
 
 1. under, answering to the question: iclilther? 
 
 2. toward, about, in approximative statements of 
 time, as: siTib hiemeni, toivard winter. 
 
 siil), with the ablative: under, answering to the (ques- 
 tion: where? 
 
 super, wdth the accusative: ahove, over; with the ab- 
 lative : concern ing, 
 
 subter, with the accusative: under, heneath, answer- 
 ing to both questions icliither and where? 
 preposition seldom occurs with the ablali\ 
 is generally little used. 
 
 This 
 and 
 
 mitis, -e, mild 
 
 acles, -ei, the (line of) battle 
 
 V(^nCnuni, -i, ajx/ison 
 
 latere, to be concealed 
 rupes, -is, a rock 
 cantans, -tls, singing 
 laudans, -tis, prai6'i/if; 
 
 fluSrS, to flow 
 caelum, -i, the open sky 
 habit are, to dwell, lodge 
 allGnus, -a, -fiiu, of others 
 terguui, -i, the back; a tergO, 
 
 behind 
 California, -ae, California 
 
 evularS, to fly up 
 
 Multae aves ante hiemem in calidiores regidnes migrant. 
 Non omnes res videmus, quae sub oculos nostros veniunt. 
 Non omnes fluvTi qui in liac terra sunt, in oceanum Huunt. Sub 
 caelo vivere militibus molestum non est. Quaedam bestiae sub 
 terra, pisces in aqua habitant. In hortis variae arbores et varii 
 flores sunt. In California hiems mitior est quam apud nos. Sub 
 terra est magna rerum utilium multitudo. Praeter horti nostri 
 murum rivus fluit. Aer in monte purissTmus et saluberrimus 
 est. Aliena vitia in oculis habemus, a tergo nostra sunt. In 
 hoc mundo omnia mortalTa sunt praeter aminos hominum. Nihil 
 sub sole novi ! Non sentTunt viri fortes in acTe vulnera. Sub 
 melle venena latent. Aquilae nidos in altis rupTbus habent, 
 
— 118 — 
 
 hirundincs sub tectis domorum. Homo doctus in sc semper 
 divitias habet. Cantantes ct Doum laiidantes alaudae in aera 
 evulant. In primis nummis imago crat pecudis. 
 
 Mel in ore, ver])a lactis, 
 
 Fcl in corde, fraus in factisi 
 
 00. triiere, io hold mhuerC^ to remain 
 
 lin-ua, -ae, the tonfjue surdldiis, -a, -fim, shabby 
 
 dfl)ere, to oice; debeO, / pallloluni, -i, a coat 
 ought, 7nusty should rOijerg, to creep 
 
 condere, to hide 
 Bonoatli tlie eartli there are many useful things. I hold a 
 letter in my hands. Over our heads there are numberless stars. 
 AVar is oflen eoneealed under the name of peace. Where are 
 the boys? They are walking in the garden. It is not pleasant 
 to all to live in the city. The nightingale does not always 
 remain in the same land. Death is shameful in flight, glorious 
 in victory. Toward winter many birds migrate into other 
 lands. In a free state the tongue ought to be free, and the 
 mind. Nobody should be a witness in his own cause. There is 
 often wisdom under a shabby coat. An upright life is the road 
 into Heaven. Birds tly under the clouds, fish swim in the water 
 and worms creep upon the earth. Many ])irds hide their heads 
 under their wings, when they sleep. There is nothing new 
 under the moon. Even under a golden roof there lodgeslcare. 
 Nothing in man is so frail as memory. 
 
 97. 1. Primitive Adverbs express the most general 
 eirciimstances which usually modify the meaning of 
 verbs, and answer to the questions: how? lohen? 
 where? whither? :Mark the followino-; 
 
 J 
 
 ubu where 
 
 Ibi, there 
 
 satis (sat), enough 
 
 valdO, very much, very 
 unquam, ever 
 nurKjuam, never 
 delnd^, next 
 
 dtn, for a long time 
 
 tiim, then 
 postr^a, afterwards 
 deniquO, finally 
 hodle, to-day 
 eras, to-morroio 
 quotannls, every year 
 saepe, oflen 
 
 — 119 — 
 
 
 " 
 
 vita jQcunda, a pleasant life 
 actl6 hOnesta, an honest deed 
 Oratio pulchra, a fine speech 
 vita misera, a wretched life 
 
 jiieunde vivo, I live pleasantly 
 h5neste ago, / act honestly 
 pulchre dico, I speak finely 
 mis6re vivo, / live wretchedly 
 
 2. The majority of Derivative Adverbs are formed 
 from adjectives in the following manner: Adjectives 
 of the First and Second Declensions (ending in iis 
 and ^r) form the adverb by changing the genitive 
 ending i into e. 
 
 Adverb, 
 lente, slowly, leisurely 
 recte, rightly, correctly 
 llbere, freely 
 pulchre, finely 
 
 bonus, good, makes bene, well; maliis, bad, makes 
 male, badly. 
 
 3. Adjectives of the Third Declension form their 
 adverbs in ter, changing the genitive ending is into 
 it^r; only those in ns, change the genitive ending is 
 into ^r: 
 
 Nominative. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 lentils, slow 
 
 lent! 
 
 rectus, right 
 
 recti 
 
 liber, free 
 
 llberi 
 
 pulchc^r, fine 
 
 pulchri 
 
 Nominative. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 Adverb. 
 
 eeler, fast 
 
 celeris 
 
 c^lfTiter, fast 
 
 M\x, happy 
 
 ftllcis 
 
 ft^llciter, happily 
 
 fortis, brave 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortiter, bravely 
 
 libens, willing 
 
 in)entis 
 
 libenter, willingly 
 
 patiens, patient 
 
 patientis 
 
 patienter, patiently 
 
 dlligens, careful 
 
 diligentis 
 
 dllTgonter, carefully 
 
 elegans, elegant 
 
 dlOgantis 
 
 el^ganter, elegantly 
 
 4. Sometimes particular cases of adjectives supply 
 
 the regular adverbs. Such are: 
 
 rarO, rarely impung, with impunity 
 
 tuto, safely e6t6rum, for the rest 
 
 eitO, quickly, soon nimis, nimlum, too much 
 
 tacll^, easily primum, first 
 
 di3icil6, with difficulty tantum, only 
 
— 120 -^ 
 
 5. Adverbs derived from adjectives are generally 
 compared like tlieir primitives. Their comparative 
 is like the neuter comparative of the adjective; the 
 superlative is formed from the superlative of the ad- 
 jective by changing fis into e. Examples: 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 Positive, 
 clarr', hriijhtly 
 
 \m\i\ well 
 lacilr*, easili/ 
 
 Comparative, 
 clarlus, more brightly clarissTmC, most 
 
 brightly 
 mr'lTus, better 
 
 faclllus, more easily 
 
 optima, best 
 lacilllm?, most easily 
 
 carefully 
 patlentissTin^, most 
 patiently 
 
 i\iUi;tmtvr, carefully am^ontms, more carC' dllTirentissTm^ most 
 
 fully 
 patlenter, j^dHently patientlus, more pa- 
 
 tiently 
 
 Notice also the following: 
 
 ilTfi, ftr a long time diutlus, longer 
 sacpr, qrlen saopTus, oftener 
 
 prnpr, near pmpTus, nearer 
 
 (liutissTm{^, very long 
 saopissTm?, oflenest 
 I)roxim?, nearest 
 
 t). Tiie adverb usually precedes the word it limits, 
 but fere, (ilmost^ stands between the adjective and the 
 noun, as: onuies fere homines, almost all men. 
 
 navtiiiire, to sail 
 vrruin, -T, the truth 
 anipliils, further 
 putrldus, -a, -uiii, rotten 
 
 reg^r?, to govern 
 amitt^rg, to lose 
 tamr'n, hoiverer 
 judTcare, to judge 
 
 Non satis c^t vivere, debemus bene viverc. Soncs raro 
 vitaiii mutant. Tuto navi^ramus, si marc tranquillum est. 
 Boni i)urri ])raocopta parentum ct magistrorum dibVenter ob- 
 servant. Vitate pnidenter pericilla. Modestia puerum valdc 
 ornat. Bis dat, qui cito dat. rulchrum est verum dicere, 
 pulchrlus est libenter audlre. Domus hominum divitum ele- 
 ganter ornatae sunt. Ubi libcrtas, ibi patria. Yerbum sa- 
 pienti sat. Nunquam alTud natura, aliud sapientia dicit. 
 
 , 
 
 — 121 — 
 
 AmplTus oculis quam aurTlnis crcdmius. Cito maturum, cito 
 putridum. Ubi cadaver, ibi et erunt aquTlae. Deus mundum 
 sapicntissTme regit. Yitam tuam non minus patriae quam 
 parcntibus dcbes. Homo immum infans est, deinde puer, tum 
 juvenis, postea vir, denlquc sencx. Cervi coniila quotannis 
 amittunt. Saepissime filii patribus similes sunt, saepc etiam me- 
 liores, multo tamen saeplus pejores. De aliorum vitlis etvirtu- 
 tll3us rectlus quam de nostris judicamus. Hodle mihi, eras tibi. 
 
 OS. civis, - a fellow-citizen lacrima, -ae, a tear 
 
 currSre, to run arescere, to dry 
 
 falco, -oiiis, the hawk it^rum, a secortd time 
 
 negl^gere, to neglect acantliis, -idis, a goldfinch 
 
 To live well is to live happily. Camels endure thirst more 
 patiently than horses. My brother was longer in Italy than in 
 Spain. You do not write well, my son, you must write much 
 better. Fight bravely, fellow-citizens, you are fighting for your 
 country. Stags run faster than dogs. Hawks fly very swift 
 and very high. Why do you run so fast, my children? Why 
 do you not walk more leisurely? We never neglect virtue with 
 impunity. It is easy to write, but it is not easy to write well. 
 Good children obey most willingly (to) their parents' wish. 
 A sick person should carefully observe his physician's precepts. 
 Avaricious men commonly live worse than poor men. A tear 
 dries soon. Nothing dries sooner than a tear. Dogs run fast, 
 hares run faster, stags run the fastest. You must write this letter 
 a second time, my son. The lark sings more sweetly than the 
 goldfinch, but of all birds the nightingale sings most sweetly. 
 
 99. et 
 
 qu6 
 atqu6 
 
 ac 
 
 also 
 
 and 
 
 6tlam 
 qu6qu6 
 
 nf <l"^ I and not 
 n6c i 
 
 6t . . ^t, both . . and tum . . tum, not only . . but 
 
 n6qu6 . . nequ6 ) ^^.^;^^^ ^ ^^^ also;while so too 
 nSc . . nee i non modo . . sed etiam, not only 
 
 . . but also [. . but also 
 
 m6d5 . . modo, now . . now 
 
 I. 
 
 nunc . . nunc, now 
 
 now 
 
 nOn tantum . . s6d ^tismijnotonly 
 
122 — 
 
 at que, cnid, is used before vowels and consonants; ac, 
 and, is used before consonants only, que, and, 
 is appended to its word, as: pater filiusque,' 
 father and son. 
 
 vel ) 
 
 aiit . . aut ) ^.,j 
 
 ,, ..J. either . . or 
 vel . . vel ) 
 
 V(5 
 
 I 
 
 or 
 
 sTv? (seu) f 
 
 sive . . slv6, whether . . or 
 
 aut, or, excludes the alternative; vel or ve gives a 
 choice; ve is affixed to another word, as: plus 
 minusve, ?nore or k^s. 
 
 verum 
 verO 
 
 aut em 
 
 1^ but 
 
 at, hiity on the contrary 
 tam^n, ijet 
 cGterum, but still 
 atqul, but rather 
 
 autem^and vero are placed after the first word, as: 
 hic autem vir, bat this man. 
 
 nam ) 
 
 eulm j 
 
 c PT^ 
 
 quia, because 
 diim, while 
 tarn . . quam, as well . . as 
 
 enim is placed after the first word, as: hic enim vir, 
 for this man. 
 
 pluvlus, -jI, -um, rainy 
 Africa, -ae, Africa 
 
 igna\iis, -S, -um, sluggish 
 sedulltas, -atis, industry 
 
 caprea, -ae, a (wild) goat, roe nObilis, -€, noble 
 
 ursfis, -1, a bear 
 terrere, to frighten 
 possulere, to j^^ossess 
 deserere, to desert 
 dOsIuere, to cease 
 accedere ad, to go near 
 
 igiiubllis, -g, ignoble 
 cuprum, -1, copper 
 argentiim vivum (-i-i), quick- 
 silver 
 tyrannus, -i, a tyrant 
 suspectus, -a, -ilm, suspected 
 
 The ablative expresses that by which any thing is or is done, as: 
 Concordia res parvae crescunt, by union small endeavors grow. ' 
 
 
 i' 
 
 «i 
 
 — 123 — 
 
 Florcs noil taiitiim pulchritudiiie, sed ctiam odore tsuavi ho- 
 mines delect ant. Justitiam cxcrcere debemus turn factis, turn 
 verbis. Aer nunc pluvlus est, nunc serenus. Justitia virtus est, 
 omnTuiu virtutum domiiia ct reglna. In Africa nee apri, nee 
 cervi, iiec capreae, iiec ursi sunt. Sapientcni ncquc paupcrtas, 
 nequc mors, neque vincula torrent. Avarus iionpossTdet diviti- 
 as, sed divitiac possTdcnt cum. Is nunquam amicus tuus fuit, 
 ipii te deserit, quia vera amicitia nunquam desinit. Dum stulti 
 A'itaiit vitia, in contraria currunt. Acccditc ad apes ct forniT- 
 cas, ignavi, ct discTte sediilitatem. Metalla sunt vel nobilia, 
 vel ignobilia. No])ilia metalla sunt argentum atquc aurum, 
 ignoljilla aes seu cuprum, plumbum, argentum vivum. Tyraii- 
 nis amici quoque suspccti sunt. Mors tarn juveni ante oculos 
 esse debet quam seni. 
 
 100. lupus, -4 aivolf persona, -ae, a person 
 
 superbirg (with ablat.), to peterg, to strive for 
 
 be proud of 
 rOd^rS, to slander 
 vIvGs, -a, -tim, living 
 mortutis, -a, -um, dead 
 Caesar, -is, Caesar 
 
 corunare, 
 
 Latintis, -a, -um, Latin 
 aequtis, -a, -iim, level 
 mOtiis, -us, motion 
 salirS, to leap 
 adjuvarfi, to help 
 to crown 
 
 Several animals live both in water and on land. Thief 
 knows thief, and wolf knows wolf. Those are fools who are 
 proud of beauty or wealth. Envy slanders not only the living, 
 but also the dead. The tiger fears neither the lion nor the 
 elephant. Either Caesar, or nobody. War with vices, but peace 
 with persons. We often lose certain things, while we strive for 
 uncertain (ones). The Latin poets call the sea ^^acquor," 
 because it is level. The motion of animals is difierent: either 
 they walk and run, or they fly, or they swim. The rich as well 
 as the poor must die. While the cat is sleeping, the mice leap. 
 While we are well, we easily give good advice to the sick. Man 
 is to man either a god, or a wolf. Not only fortune helps the 
 brave, as it is in an old proverb, but much more reason. I shall 
 praise you, my son, if you will be good and diligent. The end 
 crowns the work. 
 
I 
 
 — 125 — 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 VOCABULARIES 
 
 of all Latin and English words occurring in the Eeading-Lessons, Ex- 
 amples, and Exercises, with their special meanings as used in this book. 
 
 1. LATIN AND ENGLISH YOCABULARY. 
 
 Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-faced type, 
 so as to indicate the manner of forming the genitive and the gender end- 
 ings, and to show the infinitive endings. 
 
 The - simply added to a noun indicates that the genitive is like the 
 nominative. 
 
 (m,), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 The signs of quantity are given, unless the syllable is long by position 
 (i, 5), or contains a diphthong (6*, 3). 
 
 A. 
 
 a ) (with ablat.), from, away 
 al) ) from 
 
 al)bas, -iitis (m.), an abbot 
 ables, -etis (f.), a .silver fir 
 abs (with ablat.), from, away 
 from [for 
 
 absque (with ablat.), without^ but 
 ac (only before consonants), and 
 acantliis, -idis (f.), a goldfinch 
 accederg ad, to go near 
 acceptiis, -a, -iiiii, agreeable 
 accriratiis, -S, -iim, accurate 
 acer, -ris, -re, sharp, keen,pwn- 
 acerbiis, -a, -iiiii, bitter [gent 
 acerviis, -i (m.), a heap 
 achates, -ae (m.), the agate 
 Achilles, -is (m.), Achilles 
 acTes, -ei (f.), the (line of) battle 
 actio, -oiiis (f.), a deed 
 actfis, -a, -iiin, finished 
 acuere, to sharpen 
 actts, -us (f.), a needle 
 acutiis, -3-, -um, sJiarp 
 
 ad (with accus.), at, to, with re- 
 gard to, toward 
 adamas, -aiitis (m.), a diamond 
 addictiis, -a, -iini, devoted 
 adeps, -ipis (ni.), lard, fat 
 adluic, as yet, up to this day (time) 
 adjuvare, to help 
 admodum, very 
 adolescens, -tis (m.), sec adu- 
 
 lesccns 
 ador, -is (n.), spelt 
 adrdatio, -ouis [t), flattery 
 adulesccns, -tis (m.), a youth, a 
 
 young man; when a youth 
 adultiis, -a, -iiin, grown up 
 advcntiis, -us (m.), a coming, 
 
 an arrival 
 adversiim, advcrsus (with accus.), 
 
 against, toward 
 adversus, -a, -uni, adverse; rCs 
 
 adversae, adversity 
 acdif icium, -i (n.), a building 
 aeger, -rS,, -rflm, siclc; homo 
 
 aegSr, a sick person 
 aegrotans, diseased 
 
 
— 126 — 
 
 I 
 
 Aegyptus, -i (f.), Egypt 
 aeiiii,qna, -tls (n.), a riddle, an 
 
 enigma 
 aequnr, -is (n.), the aea 
 acHiuus, -a, -uiii, level 
 aer, arris (in.), the air 
 aerai-Iuiii, -i (n.), the treasury 
 aes, acrls (n.), 6ra.s\v, copper 
 aestas, -atls (f.), //^e siunnier 
 aestlmatIO, -oiils (!'.), a/i estimate 
 aestfis, -uum (pi., m.), ^/^e ^^'cZt^ 
 aetas, -atis (f.), a/i «(/(; 
 aeteniitas, -alls, (f.), eternity 
 aeteniGs, -a, -uin, ^<er/2«/ 
 aetlier, -eris (m.), the upper air 
 alllaere, to floiv 
 Africa, -ae (f.), yl/Wca 
 aggr, -ri (m.), afield 
 ug^re, /o (Zo, /o rtc^ 
 agger, -is (in.), a dike, rampart 
 
 agiius, -i (m.), a /«//i6 
 
 agrlcOht, -ae, (m.), a farmer^ 
 husbandman 
 
 ala, -ac (f.), a it'i>?<7 
 
 alacer, -ris, -re, //rr??/, r/ay 
 
 idaiula, -ae (f.), « /arA; 
 
 albfiS; -a, -iiin, lulute 
 
 ulCa, -ac (f.j, a cZic 
 
 alC'C, -is (n.), picA7(? 
 
 Tilere, to feed 
 
 Alexander, -ri (m.), Alexander 
 
 allOnus, -a, -iiiii, of others 
 
 allquanlus, -ii, -uin, some^ con- 
 siderable; uliquantum, some- 
 tchat 
 
 allqiiis, alTqua, alTquId, aliquud, 
 some oncy somcj any one; 
 rdlquTd, something^ any thing 
 
 aliqiiOt, some 
 
 alius, -fi, -iliu, another; alius . . . 
 alius, one.., another; ulu,,. 
 
 all!, some. . .others; nihil aliud 
 quam, nothing else than [tar 
 altare, -is (n.), a high altar, an al- 
 alter, -a, -fim, second, the other 
 (of two)] alter et vIcC'Slmus, the 
 twenty-second 
 altCr Idem, another self 
 altiis, -a, -iiiii, high 
 alumnus, -i (m.), a pupil 
 alviis, -i (!'.), the belly 
 ainans, loving 
 amare, to love, like 
 amarus, -d, -iini, bitter 
 am bo, -ae, -o, both 
 ambulare, to take a icalk, to icalk 
 ambulatlo, -ouis (1.), a walk 
 America, -ae (f.), America 
 Amc^rlcanQs, -a, -uiu,American 
 amicltia, -ae (f.), friendship 
 amlcQs, -i (m.), a friend 
 amicus, -a, -um, friendly 
 amittere, to lose 
 amuis, - (m.), a river 
 amoenGs, -a, -uin, delightful, 
 
 charming 
 amdr, -oris (m.), love 
 ixn\\)\\\\s, further 
 amplQs, -a, -um, roomy 
 amussis, - (f.), a mason's rule 
 amphora, -ae (f.), an amjyhora 
 anas, -atis (f.), a duck 
 ancilia, -ae (f.), a servant-girl 
 ancora, -ae (f.), an anchor . 
 Angllcus, -a, -um, English 
 angrilus,-i(m.), an angle, a corner 
 angustiis, -a, -um, narrow 
 animai, -alis (n.), an animal 
 aulmus, -i (m.j, the mind, soul 
 annalis, - (m.), annals 
 annCilus, -T, a finger-ring 
 annuntlarg, to announce 
 aiuiOs, -i (m.), a year 
 
 127 
 
 
 ans5r, -Is (m.), a goose 
 ante (with accus.), before 
 ant^a, before 
 
 antenna, -ae (f.), a sail-yard 
 
 AntlOchus, -i (m.), Antiochus 
 
 antlqufls, -a, -um, old, ancient 
 
 AntOnlus, -i (m.), Anthony 
 
 aniilfls, -i (m.), a finger-ring 
 
 aper, -ri (m.), a wild boar 
 
 apis, - (t'.), a bee 
 
 Apollo, -iiiis (m.), Apollo 
 
 appellarc, to call 
 
 Aprllis, - (m.), April 
 
 apt us, -a, -um ad, fit, adapted, 
 convenient, fitted for 
 
 apild (with accus.), with, among, 
 at, near 
 
 aqua, -ae (f.), ivater 
 
 aquaeductus, -us (m.), an aque- 
 duct 
 
 aquatlcus, -a, -um, aquatic 
 
 aqulia, -ae (f.), an eagle 
 
 aqullo, -onis (m.), the Jiorth wind 
 
 ara, -ae (f.), an altar 
 
 Aracline, -es (f.), Arachnc 
 
 ariire, to plow 
 
 arator, -oris (m.), a plowman 
 
 aratriim, -i (n.), ajolow 
 
 arbiter, -ri (m.), an arbiter 
 
 arb5r, -is (f.), a tree 
 
 arcere, to keep off 
 
 archltectus, -i (m.), an architect 
 
 arcus, -us (m.), a bow; arc us 
 caclcstis, a rainbow 
 
 ardor, -oris (m.), aburningheat 
 
 arduus, -a, -um, arduous, steej) 
 
 arena, -ae (f.), sand 
 
 arenosus, -a, -um, sandy 
 
 arcscere, to dry 
 
 argcnteus, -a, -um, silver (adj.) 
 
 argentum, -i (n.), silver; ar- 
 gentiim vivum, quicksilver 
 
 argiiSrS, to reveal 
 arles, -etis (m.), a ram 
 arma, -orum (pi, r.), arms 
 armamentarium, -i (n.), an 
 
 armory 
 armlger, -i (m.), an armor-bearer 
 arOma, -tis (n.), a spice 
 arrha, -ae (f.), a pledge 
 ars, -tis (f.), art 
 artus, -us (m.), a joint; artus, 
 
 -Gum (pi., m.), the limbs 
 arx, -cis (f.), a citadel 
 as, assis (m.), an as (Roman coin) 
 asIiiGs, -i (m.), an ass 
 aspc^r, -a, -Gm, rough 
 aspera,-orGm (pl.,n.), difficuUies 
 astrGm, -i (n.), a star 
 astutGs, -a, -Gm, cunning 
 at, but, on the contrary 
 atcr, -ra, -rGm, black, dark 
 AtlantlcGs, -a, -Gm, Atlantic 
 atquC, and 
 atqui, but rather 
 atrox, -ocis, atrocious 
 attendere, to jyciy attention 
 attentGs, -a, -Gm, attentive 
 auceps, aucupis (m.), a fowler 
 auctor, -oris (m.), an author, 
 
 writer 
 auctOrltas, -atis (f.), authority 
 auctumnGs, -i (m.j, the autumn 
 audire, to hear 
 auditor, -oris (in.), a hearer 
 audltOrIGm, -i (n.), a lecture- 
 
 room 
 audltGs, -us (ra.), hearing 
 aulaeGm, -i (n.), the curtain (of 
 
 a theater) 
 aureGs, -a, -um, of gold, golden 
 auris, - (f.), the car 
 aurOra, -ae (f.), the morning^ 
 
 dawn 
 
— 128 
 
 — 129 — 
 
 aiiriini, -i (n.), gold 
 austSr, -ri (m.), the south wind 
 aut, or; aut. . .aut, either. . .or 
 autem (follows the words which 
 
 its connects), hut 
 auxIllQiii, -1 (n.), Jielp; auxTlTil, 
 
 -orum (pi, n.), auxiliary 
 
 troops 
 avrirltiil, -ac (f.), avarice 
 uvarus, -i (ra.), a miner 
 uvis, - (f.), a bird; avis palustris, 
 
 a bird of a sivamp^ leader 
 avoIarS, iojfy away 
 aviis, -1 (m.), a grandfather 
 axis, - (ra.), an axle, axis 
 
 B. 
 
 bacrilfim, -i (n.), a stick, staff 
 
 basis, - (f.), a basis 
 
 bt'aliis, -3,, -liin, happy^ blessed 
 
 belllcosiis, -a, -uni, warlike 
 
 bclliim, -i (n.), war 
 
 bene, xcell 
 
 br'nr'ficiriin, -1 (n.), a benefit 
 
 benr't'iciis, -3, -uin, beneficent 
 
 bcnC'Voliis, -il, -lint, benevolent 
 
 bcnignltiis, -iitis (f.), kindness 
 
 bcni«|Cniis, -a, -\iu\, favorable 
 
 bcstiil, -ae (1'.),^ beast, an animal 
 
 bll)ere, to drink 
 
 bil)lio{)r)lil, -ac (m.), a bookseller 
 
 biduum, -1 (n.), tlte space of 2 
 
 days 
 biennTuin, -i (n.), the space of 3 
 
 years 
 blirac, -arum (pi., f.), aptair of 
 
 horses 
 bini, -ac, -&, two by tico, two 
 
 at a time; bina mllla, two 
 
 thousand by two thousand 
 bipes, -ctlis, two-footed 
 
 bTs, twice; bis ft vIcTi5S; twenty 
 two times; bis mlllgs, tivo 
 thousand times; bis mlliCs 
 mllles, two million times; bis 
 millCsimiis, -S, -uni, the two 
 thousandth 
 
 blatttt, -ac (f.), a moth 
 
 bombyx, -yeis (m.), a silk-worm 
 
 ))oniiiii,-i (n.), a good, j^ossession 
 
 IxHiiSs, -3., -uni, good 
 
 bos, bo vis (m.), an ox 
 
 braocMOm, -i (n.) K,,^^^^ 
 
 bracliiuin, -i (n.) ) 
 
 ])rcvis, -e, short 
 
 BntaimTa,-ae (f.), (Great) Britain 
 
 Brutus, -1 (m.), Brutus 
 
 C. 
 
 cachinniis, -i (m.), a loud laugh 
 cacumeii, -Tins (n.), the top 
 cadaver, -Is (n.), a corpse, dead 
 
 body, carcass 
 cadere, to fall 
 
 caducOrts, -1 (m.), a herahVs staff 
 cadCuTis, -a, -fun, frail 
 ca(M*ils, -a, -uiii, blind [ter 
 
 caodes,-Ts (f.), a murder, slaitgh- 
 caclcstls, -5, heavenly; arcus 
 
 caclcstis, the rainbow 
 caelum, -1 (n.), heaven, the sky, 
 
 the open sky 
 Caesar, -Is (in.), Caesar 
 crdamitjis, -iitts (f.), misfortune 
 calcftr, -jiris (n.), a sjmr 
 calceiis, -i (ra.), a shoe 
 calldus, -a, -urn, warm 
 Cidlfornia, -ae (f.), California 
 calix, -Tcls (ra.), a cup 
 callTditas, -atis (f.), cunning 
 cal5r, -oris (ra.), heat 
 cumelfts, ^1 (ni.), a camel 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 campiis, -i (ra.), afield 
 canrdis, - (m.), a channel, canal 
 canere, to sing 
 canis, - (ni.), a dog 
 cantans, singing 
 cantarc, to sing 
 canttis, -us (m.), singing, a song 
 caniis, -il, -fun, gray, hoary 
 ciipvv^, -ae ({'.), a (wild) goat, roe 
 capiit, -itis (n.), the head 
 cardo, -iiiis (in.), the hinge (of a 
 carmen, -iiiis {n.), a poem [door) 
 caro, carnis (W), meat; caro 
 bo uni, beef; cfiro vltCdlna, veal 
 Caroliis, -i (m.), Charles; Carolils 
 
 Mai^nus, Charlemagne 
 cariis, -3, -urn, dear 
 cassis, -idls (f.), a helmet 
 castr3, -oriim (pi., ii.), a mili- 
 tary camp 
 caudii, -ae (t*.), a tail 
 causil, -ae (!'.), a cause 
 cavils, -a, -urn, concave, hollow 
 cclcber, -rls, -re, famous 
 celebriire, to celebrate 
 cclcr, -IS, -e, swift, fast 
 cOlcrltas, -iitis (f.), swiftness 
 cclerltrr, fast 
 
 centeni, -ae,-a, a hundred by a 
 hundred, a hundred at a time 
 centesTmus, -a, -um, the hun- 
 dredth; ccntGsImus (ct) i)rlmus, 
 the hundred and first 
 centiOs, a hundred times; centies 
 mlllC's, a hundred thousand 
 times; centics millCsTmiis, -3, 
 -lim, the hundred thousandth 
 centum, a hundred; centum 
 
 mllla a hundred thousand 
 centuplex, -icis, a hundredfold 
 centupliis, -3, -tim, a hundred 
 times as great 
 
 ccntfirTo, -onis (ra.), a captain 
 cercbriim, -i (n.), the brain 
 ccrtarg, to compete 
 certiis, -3, -iim, certain, sure, 
 
 fixed 
 cervices, -lim ([)1., f.), the nape 
 
 (of the neck) 
 cervus, -i (in.), a stag, deer 
 cetcii, -ae, -a, the 7\'.st, other 
 cetcruni, for the rest, but still 
 ceu, as if 
 
 cliarta, -ae (f.), paper 
 chlrurgiis, -I (in.), a surgeon 
 chorda, -ae (f), a string 
 chorcS., -ae (f.), a dance in a ring 
 chorus, -i (m.), a choir 
 Christiis, -i (m.), Christ 
 cibiis, -1 (m.), food 
 cicatrix, -icis (f.), a scar 
 cictT, -is (n.), a chick-pea 
 Cicero, -ouis (ni.), Cicero 
 cTcur, tame 
 
 cTnTs, -eris (in.), ashes 
 circa (with accus.), around, near, 
 
 about 
 circiter (with acciis.), about, near 
 circuin (with accus.), around 
 cTs (with accus.), on this side of 
 clterior, -lis, more on this side, 
 
 nearer 
 cTthara, -ac (f.), the cithara 
 cTtiniiis, -a, -um, most on this 
 
 side, nearest 
 cito, quickly, soon 
 dtra (with accus.), on this side of 
 civis, - (in.), a citizen, a fellow- 
 citizen 
 clvitas, -atis (f.), a state 
 clades, -is (f.), defeat 
 clam (with ablat.), without the 
 
 knowledge of 
 clamarg, to cry 
 
— 130 — 
 
 1 
 
 — ISl — 
 
 clamdr, -oris (m.), a shouty 
 noide 
 
 clarC, hrirjMy 
 
 clarissImO, mo,^t brightly 
 
 clurius, more brightly 
 
 cirirQs, -a, -uui, bright, dear, 
 famous 
 
 classis, - (f.), the navy 
 
 Clemens, mikl 
 
 cochIe£lr, -arts (n.), a spoon 
 
 coctus, -tl, -uiu, cookeil 
 
 coelestls, -e, heavenly; arcils 
 coelestis, a rainbow 
 
 coelilm, -1 (n.), heaven, the sh'y, 
 the open sky 
 
 coena, -ae (f.), dinner 
 
 cognoscCrd, to knoiu 
 Collatluus, -T (m.), Collatinus 
 col lis, - (m.), a hill 
 colluiii, -1 (n.), the neek 
 color, -oris (ra.), a color 
 columba, -ae (f.), a dove 
 colQs, -1 (f.), a distaff 
 combust To, -onls (f.), a burning 
 comedo, - ouis (m.), a glutton 
 comes, -itis (m.), a companion 
 cOmltiis, -litis (f.), courtesy 
 commodiim, -i (n.), j^rofit 
 commodus, -it, -urn, comfortable 
 communis, -e, common 
 compes, -cHlis (f), a fetter 
 comi)lures, -a or-ia (pL), sever- 
 al, very many 
 compos, -dtis, jyossessed of 
 concha, -ae (f.), a shell 
 conclllfnn, -I (n.), a council 
 conclave, -is (n.), a room 
 condere, to hide 
 condir^, to season 
 conf^ruerg, to agree 
 conjux, -fio-is (m.), a husband; 
 
 (f.), a wife 
 
 conscientia, -ae (f.), conscience 
 
 consIlIOm, -i (n.), advice 
 
 constantia, -ae (f.), constancy 
 
 constare ex (with ablat.), to con- 
 sist of 
 
 consult iido, -inis (f.), custoin, 
 habit 
 
 consQl, -is (m.), a consul 
 
 contemner^*, to despise 
 
 contentus, -a, -iim, contented, 
 satisfied 
 
 contra (with accus.), against, for, 
 opposite to 
 
 contrarius, -a, -um, contrary 
 
 sC converters, to turn 
 
 copia, -ae (r.), abundance; 
 maujna cOpIa, a great deal 
 
 co(iua, -ae (f.), a (female) cook 
 
 coquus, -i (m.), a (male) cook 
 
 cor, cordis (n.), the heart 
 
 coram (with ablat.), in presence 
 
 of 
 cornix, -icis (f.), a crow 
 cornu, -us (n.), a horn 
 corona, -ae (f.), a crown 
 coronarS, to crown 
 corpiis, -oris (n.), a body 
 cortex, -ieis (m.), a bark 
 coruscils, -a, -mn flashing; ful- 
 gura corusca, flashes of light- 
 ning 
 corvus, -i (m.), a raven 
 cos, cOtis (f.), a grindstone 
 cotldianus, -a, -um, daily 
 cotldiG, daily 
 eras, to morrow 
 creatdr, -oris (m.), a creator 
 crObSr, -ra, -rum, frequent 
 crCdSre, to believe 
 crCduliis, -a, -um, credulous 
 cresc€re, to grow 
 Crcta, -ae (f.), Crete 
 
 crSta, -ae (f.), chalk 
 
 crinis, - (m.), hair 
 
 crudiis, -a, -iim, raw 
 
 criis, -Gris (n.), the leg 
 
 ciiblle, -is (n.), a lair 
 
 culter, -rl (m.), a knife 
 
 cultura, -ae (f.), culture 
 
 ciim (with ablat.), ivith; mecilra, 
 icith me; tOciim, with thee; 
 secum, ^oith him (self); nObis- 
 cum, ivith us; vobiscum, luith 
 you; secilm, ivith them(selves); 
 quocilm, with ivhoni 
 
 cui)idTtas, -atis (f.), passion 
 
 cuprum, -1 (u.), cojyper 
 
 cur, ivhy 
 
 ciira, -ae (f.), care 
 
 curare, to attend to 
 
 currerS, to run 
 
 cuspis, -idis (f.), a spear 
 
 custodia, -ae (f.), watch, watch- 
 fulness 
 
 custodirS, to guard 
 
 custos, -odis (m.), a guard, 
 watchman, keeper, guardian 
 
 cyanGs, -i (m.), the blue-bottle 
 
 cycniis, -i (ra.) 
 
 cygnus, -i (m.) 
 
 cylindrus, -i (m.), a cylinder 
 
 D. 
 
 dama, -ae (f.), a fallow-deer 
 damnilm, -i (n.), damage 
 Dauae, -es (f.), Danae 
 Danubius, -i (m.), the Danube 
 dare, to give 
 de (with ablat.), of, from, down 
 
 from, concerning 
 dea, -ae (f.), a goddess 
 dGb^o, / ought, must, should 
 Uebere, to owe 
 
 a swan 
 
 decern, ten; d$c5m St septgm, 
 seventeen; decern mllia, ten 
 thousand 
 
 December, -ris (m.), December 
 
 decemplex, tenfold 
 
 dectes, ten times; deciOs mlllCs, 
 ten thousand times; deeles ccn- 
 ties milleslmiis, -a, -um, the 
 millionth; decles milleslmiis, 
 -a, -iim, the ten thousandth 
 
 decimiis, -a, -um, the tenth 
 
 decoriis, -a, -iim, glorious 
 
 decupliis, -a, -iim, ten times as 
 great 
 
 deciis, -oris (n.), an ornament 
 
 dGfendere, to defend 
 
 defensor, -oris (m.), a defender 
 
 degener, -is, degenerate 
 
 deindg, next 
 
 d6lectar€, to delight 
 
 delere, to destroy 
 
 dGlibc^rarg, to deliberate 
 
 Delphlcus, -a, -tim, Delphic 
 
 delpiilnus, -i (m.), a dolphin 
 
 dGraigrare in, to remove to 
 
 deni, -ae, -a, teyi by ten, ten at 
 a time 
 
 dSniqug, finally 
 
 dens, -tis (m.), a tooth; dolor 
 dentlCim, tooth-ache 
 
 densiis, -a, -iim, thick, dense 
 
 dGserere, to desert 
 
 desSs, -idis, indolent 
 
 deslderare, to want 
 
 deslnere, to cease 
 
 deterlor, -iis, ivorse 
 
 deterrimiis, -a, -iim, worst 
 
 deiis, -i (m.), a god; Deus, God 
 
 devastare, to devastate 
 
 dSvorare, to devour 
 
 dextSr, dext(g)ra, dext(6)riim, 
 right (opposite to left) 
 
— 132 - 
 
 flTaduma, -tis (n.), a diadrm 
 dialectus, -i (f.), a dialect 
 (Ilcere, to my, to speak 
 dies, -el (m. and r. in tlic sing., 
 m. in the i)lur.), a day; diGs 
 festils, a holiday 
 ditriclle, icitk difficulty 
 difncllis, -e, difficult, hard 
 diincultiis, -litis (f.), a ditficulty 
 dT-(\stlf>, -onis (f.), diycsiion 
 digitus, -T (ni.), a finger 
 drir<rrns, diligent, careful 
 dTlTi^enter, carefully 
 dlir^'cntia, -ae'(f.), diligence 
 diligent issTmG most carefully 
 dlligentlus, more carefully 
 dlllg^re, to love 
 dimlcare, to fight 
 diphtfiongus, -I (r.), a diphthong 
 disrere, to learn 
 
 discipilia, -ae (f.), a (female) 
 pupil 
 
 disclpillus, -T(m.), ajmpil, schol- 
 ar, disciple 
 displieere, to disjilease 
 dissimilis, -e, unlike 
 din, for a long time, long 
 dlfitissImC, very long 
 dl at Ills, longer 
 dlversQs, -a, -fun, different 
 divds, -Ttis, rich 
 divider^, to separate 
 divlnus, -a, -uni, divine 
 divitiae, -arum (pi., f.), riches 
 doeere, to teach, instruct 
 ducllis, -5, docile 
 dootus, -a, -ilni, learned 
 duldr, -ilris (m.), pain; dulor 
 
 dentlum, tooth-ache 
 domestlciis, -&, -Qni, domestic; 
 
 res domestica, a household 
 
 thing 
 
 doral, sec domiis 
 
 doraTcilIuiii, -i (n.), an abode, a 
 
 home 
 domlna, -ae (f.), a mistress 
 duniinOs, -i (m.j, a master, lord 
 donius, -us (f ), a house; dOml, 
 at home; domum, home; dumo, 
 from home 
 donuni, -i (n.), a gift 
 dorniire, to sleep 
 dorsum, -i (u.), the hack 
 dus, dutls (f.), a dowry 
 draelinul, -ae (f.), a drachm 
 duhlum, -T (n.), a doubt 
 dilbius, -a, -um, doubtful 
 ducenT, -ae, -a, two hundred by 
 two hundred, two hundred at 
 a time 
 ducentesinius, -a, -um, the two 
 
 hundredth 
 ducentl, -ae, -a, two hundred 
 dilcenties, two hundred times 
 dulcTs, -e, sweet (to the taste); 
 
 dulcissime, my dear 
 dura, ichile 
 dud, -ae, -6, two; duo mllla, two 
 
 thousand 
 duudecles, twelve times 
 duudeoim, twelve 
 du^decTmus, -a, -uni, the twelfth 
 duodOni, -ae, -a, twelve by 
 
 twelve, tivelve at time 
 duodevlceni, -ae, -a, eighteen 
 by eighteen; eighteen at a time 
 duodevlcesimus, -a, -um, the 
 
 eighteenth 
 driodGvIoies, eighteen times ^ 
 
 duodevTgintl, eighteen 
 duplex, -Ms, double, twofold 
 duphls, -a, -um, tivice as great 
 durfls, -a, -iim, hard 
 dux, duds (m.), a leader 
 
 — 133 — 
 
 (witli ablat. and only before 
 consonants), from, of, out of 
 
 Ehnracum Novum, -i -i (n.), 
 Xew York 
 
 M)ur, oris (n.), irojy 
 
 r-cliidna, - ae (t*.), an adder 
 
 echo, -us ({'.), echo 
 
 edere, to cat 
 
 efTlcax, eificient 
 
 eirigles, -ei (f.), a likeness, an 
 image 
 
 eirundere, to pon r fn'th 
 
 egens, needy 
 
 Ggeniis, -a, -um, needy 
 
 ego, / 
 
 f'legans, elegant 
 
 eleganter, elega n ily 
 
 elephantiis, -T (m.), an elephant 
 
 elephas, -autis (m.), an elephant 
 
 elTger*", to pick out 
 
 CMnendare, to amend, improve 
 
 enierc, to buy 
 
 emolumentum, -i (n.), gain 
 
 C'nlni, for 
 
 ensis, - (m.), a sword 
 
 enumerare, to reckon up 
 
 eo (with comparatives), the; quo 
 
 . . .eo, the. . .the 
 
 epTstoia, -ae (f.) 
 
 epTstula, -ae (f.) 
 
 eprilae,-arum (pi, f.), abanquet 
 
 etpia, -ae (f.), a mare 
 
 ecpies, -Ttis (ra.), a rider, horse- 
 man, horse-soldier 
 
 equltfitiis, -lis (m.), cavalry 
 
 ecpiiis, -T (m.), a horse 
 
 erga (with accus.), toward, unto 
 
 error, -oris (m.), an error 
 
 erudire, to instruct 
 
 erudltiis, -a, -um, educated 
 
 a letter 
 
 esca, -ae (f.), food 
 
 esse, to be 
 
 6t, ami, even, too; Ct...St, both 
 
 . . . .and 
 etiam, also, too, even; (before the 
 
 comparative to which it refers) 
 
 still 
 eurlpiis, -T (m.), a sti^ait 
 Europa, -ae (f.), Europe 
 eventiis, -lis (m.), a result 
 evolare, to fly up 
 ex (with ablat.), /row., out of 
 excelsiis, -a, -um, high 
 exemplar, -aris (n.), a model 
 exemi)lum, -i (n.), an example 
 exercere, to exercise, praxitice 
 exiguiis, -a, -um, small 
 expers, without share 
 exspectare (better than expec- 
 
 tare), to wait for 
 exteridr, -fls, exterior 
 externus, -^, -iim, external 
 extt'rtis, -a, um, outward 
 extimus, -a, -iim, extreme 
 extra (with accus.), without, 
 
 beyond 
 extrCmiis, -a, -iim, extreme 
 
 F. 
 
 frd)a, -ae (f ), a bean 
 faber, -ri (m.), a smith, architect 
 facetiae, -ariim (pi., f.), wit 
 ITicies, -ei (f.), the face 
 facilG, easily 
 facllis, -e, easy 
 fiicTlius, more easily 
 facillTme, most easily 
 factiim, -i (n.), a deed 
 fagiis, -1 (f.), a beech 
 falco, -onis (m.), the hawk 
 fallax, fallacious^ treacherous 
 
— 134 ^ 
 
 falsQs, -a, -tim, false 
 
 falx, -els (r.), a sickle 
 
 nima, -ae (t'.),/ame, reputation 
 
 tames, -Is (K), /di</i^er 
 
 laiiiuliTs, -i (m.), a ^-tvrrt??^ 
 
 tar, larris (n.), .v/>t^//, co/vi, grain 
 
 las (indeclinable n.), /-///^^ 
 
 fascis, - (ni.), a 6«/ /*(//(> 
 
 nuuiii, -1 (n.), calamity 
 
 laustus, -a, -uin, luchj 
 
 fax, fuels (f), a /o/r/i 
 
 febris, - (f.), ayet-er 
 
 FebruarUls, -i (ni.), February 
 
 fecundOs, -a, -uin, /'c/VZ/e 
 
 fel, fellrs (n.), fjall 
 
 lelicltas, -atis (f.), happiness, 
 prosperity 
 
 fellelter, happily 
 
 fells, - (f ), a cat 
 
 mix, happy, fortunate 
 
 leniina,-ae (t), a female, woman 
 
 fenesti-a, -ae (f.), a window 
 
 ferO, almoH 
 
 lerox, -ocis, fierce, uncontroll 
 able 
 
 ferrefis, -it, -flm, iroyi (adj.) 
 
 ferrum, -I (n.), iron 
 
 fertllis, -€, fertile 
 
 ferfis, -a, -uin, ?/,<//(? 
 
 fessQs, -a, -ilin, freary ^oj? 
 
 festuiiire, to hasten 
 
 fcstus, -a, -iini, festal; diOs 
 
 festus, r/ holiday 
 fides, -ei {q, faith; fidem babOre, 
 
 to (have) t?'ust 
 fidueia, -ae (f.), trust 
 fidus, -a, -Qm, faithful 
 fi.irfira, -ae (t.), « s?iaj)e 
 filra, -ae (f), rt daughter 
 flliiTs, -1 (ra.), rt son 
 finii:?r6, to fashion 
 Hnls, - (m.), ari e;^^ 
 
 firmarC, ^o strengthen, hold (fast) 
 firnius, -a, -urn, timi 
 _ flanima, -ae (f.), /,?/>,e 
 llavus, -a, -uin, yellow 
 llos, -oris (m.), rt>o?rer, blossom 
 1 uetus, -us (ni.), a/ooc/, icave 
 tluere, ^(;/^y/r 
 llunien, -luls (n.), a river 
 i\\\\\ns, -T (m.), a river 
 lluAus, -a, -uni, Jleeting 
 
 foedus, -erls (n.), a treaty 
 
 loedus, -a, -urn, uqly 
 
 fuenuni, -I (n.), hay 
 
 folium, -T (n.), a leaf 
 
 fons, -tis (ni.), a spring, source 
 
 loras, outdoors 
 
 forniiea, -ae (f), a^ a^,^ 
 
 fornildare, to dread 
 
 fornix, -Tcls (ni.), an arch 
 
 fortls, -5, brave 
 
 fortlter, bravehf 
 
 fortnna, -ae (V.), /or/^/^?^; pro- 
 
 spera lortuna, good fortune 
 fortunatus, -a, -xunjurtunate 
 fossa, -ae (f),a rf//r/i 
 fraetus, -a, -fun, broken 
 ft'agllis, -e, fragile, frail 
 frat(5r, -rls (ni.), a brother 
 fraus, -dls (r.), a fraud 
 frcna, -orum (pi., n.), a 6nYZ/e 
 Irequens, frequent 
 freciuentia, -ae [l), frequency 
 frliridfts, -a, -fun, cold 
 fri-ils, -oris (n.), cold 
 frons, -ells (f ), foliage 
 frons, -tls (r.), the forehead, brow 
 fruetils, -us (m.),//-;//^ 
 frn^-alT5r, -us, inore frugal 
 frfigalisslmas, -a, -uni, most 
 frugal 
 
 frutjailtas, -atis (q, frugality 
 
 — 135 — 
 
 frugT, frugal 
 
 fr uglier, -a, -fun, fruit-bearing, 
 fruitful, fertile 
 
 framentiini, -i (n.), corn 
 
 frustum, -1 (n.), a bit 
 
 (frux, frugls), usually pi. : frCiges, 
 -um {q, fruit 
 
 fuga,- ae (f), a flight 
 
 iugare, to imt to flight 
 
 fulgere, to shine 
 
 fulgur, -Is (n.), lightning; ful- 
 gura corusca, flashes of light- 
 ning 
 
 fulnien, -inls (n.), a thunderbolt 
 
 fulviis, -a, -um, yellow 
 
 fundanientiim, -i (n.), a foun- 
 dation 
 
 fTmis, - (m.), a rope 
 
 fur, -is (m.), a thief 
 
 furfur, -IS (m.), bran 
 
 furtum, -1 (n.), theft 
 
 fustis, - (m.), a club 
 
 futi'irus, -a, -um, about to be, 
 coming 
 
 G. 
 
 gallTna, -ae (f), a hen 
 garrLlliis, -a, -iim, garrulous 
 gaudiiim, -i (n.), joy 
 gelfl, -iis (n.), (icy) cold 
 gemini, -oriim (pi., m.), twins 
 gemma, -ae (f), a precious 
 
 stone, gem 
 gena, -ae (f ), a cheek 
 gener, -i (m.), a son-in-law 
 goniiis, -T (m.), a guardian angel 
 gens, -tis (f ), a tribe, people 
 genii, -lis (n.), the knee 
 genus, -^ris (n.), a kind, race 
 Gerraania, -ae (f), Germany 
 gignerS, to bring forth 
 
 glaber, -ra, -riim, smooth 
 glacles, -ei (f), ice 
 glans, -dls (f ), an acorn 
 glls, gliris (m.), a dormouse 
 globus, -i (m.), a globe 
 gloria, -ae (f), gloi^y 
 glos, -oris (f.), a sister-in-law 
 gracilis, -e, slender 
 gramen,-iiiis (n.), gy^ass 
 grando, -inis (f.), hail 
 graniim, -i (n.), a grain 
 gratia, -ae (f), thanks 
 gratils, -a, -iim, pleas i ng, than k- 
 gravis, -e, heavy, hard \ful 
 
 grex, gr^gis [m.),a flock 
 grus, gruTs (f), a crane 
 gurges, -itis (m.), a whirlpool 
 gustiis, -iis (ra.), taste 
 gutta, -ae (f ), a drop 
 guttur, -is (n.), the throat 
 
 H. 
 
 habCna, -ae (f), a thong 
 habere, to have, to deliver; fl- 
 
 d(^m habere, to (have) trust 
 habitare, to dwell, lodge 
 Hadria, -ae (f), the Adriatic 
 haediis, -T (ra.), a kid 
 haraa, -ae (f), a fire-bucket 
 harpago, -oiiis (ra.), a grappAe- 
 
 hook 
 hasta, -ae (f ), a spear 
 hebdomas, -adis (f ), a week 
 Helvetia, -ae (f), Switzerland 
 hSpar, -atis (n.), the liver 
 herba, -ae (f ), an herb 
 heres, -edis (m.), an heir 
 hic, haec, hoc, this (of mine), the 
 
 latter; hie ill6, the latter 
 
 — the former^ the one the 
 
 other 
 
— 136 ^ 
 
 hlems, liTemTs (f.), winter 
 hilaris, -g, cheerful 
 liirundO, -iuis (f.), « .viraZ/oi^ 
 Ilispania, -ae (f.), .S^a^n 
 
 historic, -ae (f.), /u-6-^.ry, a ./ory 
 
 liOiiiO, -inTs (111.), man; a man, a 
 Vermn; istd Iioini, thatfelloio: 
 huDiTnes (pi.), p^o/^/e 
 
 huncsto, /.om^v//y [o;.^^/,, 
 
 H)n6r, -oris (m.), an honor, 
 lionorare, to honor [oifire 
 
 lior^, -ac (f.), an hour; octliva 
 
 hora, at the eighth hour (at 
 
 eight o'clock); quota IiOra est ' 
 
 v'hat o'clock is it? 
 Jiorreflni, -i („.), a granary, 
 
 barn 
 hortils, -i (m.), a garden 
 liostllls, -€, ho,stile 
 Iiostis, - (m.), an enemy 
 
 Iiunianltas, -atis (f.), /;,,,;,,, ,,,7^/, 
 
 cultivation 
 hfiMianQs, -a, -fmi, /,,/;,,a;i 
 uimr'i-ils, ~i (ni.), /A^' ,v/.oi^Wer 
 Iiriniulfls, -a, -run, 7;i(^i^.^ 
 liumllls, -g, /o?(; 
 liurnQs, -1 (f.), iioil 
 
 I. 
 
 TbT, /;^^rr; ubL.TDi, where... there 
 K'Imoumon, -duls (m.), M^. ich- 
 ^^' «^^ ^** [/i^^^mo^i 
 
 uleni, (Vulcm, klem, /A^ .s'rt;/ie; 
 
 ul^'iii qui, the same as 
 Muiirfis, -a, -ilm, .vM//rt6/g 
 Idus, -aOm (pi., f), fTi^ 7(7^5 
 ignavfis, -a, -fim, sluggish 
 Ignis, - (111.), jire rfl,.^ 
 
 ignivomOs, -a, -iSi„, vomiting 
 
 ignobllls, -c, ignoble 
 ignotfis, -a, -fun, unknoicn 
 ille, illa, illuU, that (yonder), that 
 well-knoicn, the former; MedOa 
 ilia, that well-known Mcdca 
 illunilnare, to illumine 
 illuHtrls, -e, remarkable 
 imago, -Tills (f.), an image 
 iinbCriJlus, -a, -uiii, ^ceakbj 
 iinbdr,-rls (m.), « shower 
 iinnionsus, -a, -um, immeasur- 
 able 
 
 imniortalls, -d, ///j;,ior/rt^ 
 iiiipedriiicnta, -oriim (()!., n.), 
 
 higgage 
 inipfTator, -oris (m.), « ^om- 
 . '^^'i^^^^^'^-in-chief an emperor 
 imprTltus, -a, -fun, /^no7Y//^^ 
 ini])^ririiii, -T („.), ^,,,^,,y^ ^^^.^, . 
 
 nnpT^tas, -atts (f.), ,>,;,,v/y 
 
 Jii^plriinls, -5, ,n7/io,^^ feathers 
 I iniprmirs, see iiii)rrmrs 
 
 improbus, -a, -ilni, bad, wicked 
 
 inipudens, impudent 
 
 iiiipuiif^, icith impunity 
 
 rniOs, -a, -flin, lowest 
 
 m (with accus.), into, on, to, 
 against; (with ablat.) in, on 
 vimn, among ' 
 
 incemis, -a, -mn, uncertain 
 inclutiTs, -a, -n,n, nv^o^a^c^^Z 
 incoia, -ae (m.), an inhabitant 
 ineus, -ridls(f.),^,ia;,,.,7 
 index, -leis (m.), « mark 
 India, -ae (f.), //^Zm 
 Indifls, -1 (ni.), «,, (.hnt-rican) 
 Indian ' 
 
 indoles, -Is (f.), talents 
 industria, -ae (f.), i.itZ^.v/ry 
 indutlae, -arfun (pi., f.), « truce 
 iners, slothful 
 infamia, -ae (f.), f;,/',,;,,^ 
 
 137 — . 
 
 infans, -tis (m. and f), a babe, 
 
 child 
 infant la, -ae (f.), infancy 
 interior, -lis, inferior, lower 
 inlT'i'iis, -a, -lim, below 
 int'Iiniis, -a, -tim, lowest 
 inflnltiis, -a, -fini, endless 
 intra (with accus.), under, be- 
 neath 
 ingonliini, -i (n.), character, dis- 
 
 j)osition 
 ingcns, huge, immense 
 Tnlmlcus, -i (m.), an enemy 
 ininilcus, -a, -fun, unfriendly 
 Tnltiiiin, -i (n.), a beginning 
 injucundiis, -a, -iim, unpleas- 
 ant 
 injuria, -ae (t'.), injury 
 inniinierus, -a, -iiui, number- 
 less 
 luopia, -ae (f.), want 
 inprlnils, in the highest degree 
 insanalnlls, -e, incurable 
 insania, -ae (f.), insanity 
 insectuni, -i (n.), an insect 
 insitus, -a, -uni, inborn 
 instabilis, -e, unsteady 
 instrumentuin, -i (n.), an im- 
 plement 
 insula, -ae (f.), an island 
 integer, -ra, -riini, ichole, en- 
 tire 
 intentio, -onis (f.), an intention 
 inter (with accus.), among, be- 
 tween; inter S(5, among them- 
 selves, icith each other, one 
 another 
 interessS, to be between; interest 
 inter (with accus.), there is a 
 difference between 
 interclum, sometimes 
 interior, -lis, inner 
 
 interpres, -etis (m.), an inter- 
 
 p)reter 
 intlniiis, -a, -uiu, innermost, 
 
 intimate 
 intra (with accus.), within 
 inventor, -oris (m.), an invent- 
 or 
 inventiim, -i (n.), an invention 
 invldia, -ae (f.), envy 
 invltiis, -a, -iim, unwilling 
 inviiis, -a, -iim, impassable 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsuni, himself, her- 
 self itself 
 Ira, -ae (f.), anger 
 is, 6a, id, he, she, it; that 
 iste, ista, istud, that (of yours); 
 
 iste homo, that fellow 
 ita est, (so it is) yes 
 Italia, -ae (f.), Italy [march 
 Iter, itlnerls (n.), a journey, way, 
 itCruin, a second time 
 
 J. 
 
 jam, already 
 janiia, -ae (f.), a door 
 Januarliis, -i (m.), January 
 jeciir, -dris (jeciiiorls) (n.), the 
 
 liver 
 jejunliim, -i (n.), a fast-day 
 juba, -ae (f.), the mane 
 jucunde, pleasajiily 
 jucundiis, -a, -iim, pleasant 
 judex, -icis (m.), a judge 
 judicare, to judge 
 juglans, -dis (f.), a walnut 
 jugCiliim, -i (n.), the collar-bone 
 jumentum, -i (n.), a beast of 
 
 burden 
 junior (without n.), younger 
 Juppiter (Jupiter), JovTs (m.), 
 
 Jove 
 
— 138 
 
 tear 
 
 jus, juris (n.), righf, Jaw 
 jusjurandum, jurisjurandl (n.), 
 
 an oath 
 justltia, -ae (f.), justice 
 Justus, -a, -uiii, just 
 juvenis, - (m.), a youth 
 juvenTs (without n.), young 
 juventus, -utis (f.), youth 
 juxta (withaccus.), near tOj beside 
 
 labCr, -oris (m.), Jaho?', work 
 
 labOrare, to work 
 
 labOriosiis, -&, -fun, laborious 
 
 lac, lactis (n.), milk 
 
 lacer, -&, -iiin, torn 
 
 laceriirC, to lacerate 
 
 lacrlinS, -ae (f.) ) 
 
 lacryma, -ae (f.) j 
 
 lacus, -fis (m.), a lake 
 
 laederS, to hurt 
 
 lactitia, -ae [^^ joy 
 
 laetiis, -3,, -uiii, merry ^ joyful 
 
 lamp^s, -adis (f.), a light 
 
 lana, -ae (t'), icool 
 
 laiiTger, -3., -um, icool-bearlng^ 
 
 fleecy 
 lapis, -1(1 IS (m.), a stone 
 larvS, -ae (f), a spectre 
 later, -Is (m.), a tile 
 latere, to be concealed 
 Latlnus, -a, -uni, Latin 
 latrO, -oiiTs (ra.), a robber 
 latus, -a, -uin, broady wide 
 laudabllis, -e, praiseworthy 
 laudans, praising 
 laudare, to praise 
 laus, -dis (f.), praise 
 lavare, toicash 
 IcctlcS, -ac (f.), a Utter 
 lOgere, to read 
 
 Icnte, slowly, leisurely 
 
 Icntiis, -3, -fim, tenacious, sloiv 
 
 1^0, -onis (m.), a lion 
 
 lepos, -oris (in.), charm, wit 
 
 lepiis, -oris (ni.), a hare 
 
 levari, to allay 
 
 levlr, -1 (m.), a brother-in-law 
 
 10 vis, -e, light 
 
 lex, It^gts (f.), a law 
 
 llbens, willing [ly 
 
 ITbenter, with pleasure, willing- 
 
 LIl)er, -1 (m.), Bacchus 
 
 liber, -ri (m.), a book 
 
 liber, -a, -um, free 
 
 libere, freely 
 
 llberiire, to (set) free, deliver 
 
 llberi, -oriiiii (pi., m.), children 
 
 llbertas, -atls (f.), liberty, free- 
 dom 
 
 libido, -Inls (f.), desire, lust 
 
 libra, -ae (f.), a pound 
 
 lichen, -Is (m.), lichen 
 
 lien, -Is (m.), the milt, spleen 
 
 \ignv\is,-&,-xiin, of wood, wooden 
 
 llgO, -onIs (m.), a mattock, a 
 spade 
 
 lllluin, -1 (n.), a lily 
 
 limes, -Itis (m.), a limit, (cross-) 
 path 
 
 lIno3,, -ac (f.), a line 
 
 lingua, -ae (f.), the tongue, alan- 
 guage 
 
 linter, -ris (f.), a boat 
 
 lis, litis (f.), a quarrel 
 
 lltera, -ae (f.) 
 
 littera, -ae (f.) 
 
 llterae, -iiriim (f.), ) , 
 
 ^...^ - - /A > learning 
 
 litterae, -aniin (f.) ) ^ 
 
 lltus, -oris (n.), a shore 
 
 longe, by far 
 
 longinquiis, -a, -um, far 
 
 longltudo, -Inls (f.), length 
 
 a letter 
 
 — 139 -^ 
 
 longiis, -a, -iim, long 
 loquax, -acis, loquacious 
 lucidus, -a, -uin, shining 
 Lucifer, -i (m.), the morning- 
 ludus, -i (m.), a2)lay [star 
 
 lugubrls, -e, plaintive 
 Ifimen, -Inls (n.), light 
 luna, -ae (f.), the moon 
 lupus, -i (m.), a wolf 
 
 luselnia, -ae (f.), a nightingale 
 
 lusfis, -us (m.), a play 
 
 lux, lucls (f.), light 
 
 luxuria, -ae (f.), luxury 
 
 lyra, -ae (f.), a lyre 
 
 M. 
 
 machlna, -ae (f.), a machine 
 
 magis, more, better 
 
 magister, ~ri (m.), a teacher, 
 master 
 
 magistra, -ae (f.), a (female) 
 teacher [trate 
 
 magistratus, -us (ra.), a magis- 
 
 niagnanimltas, -atis (f.), mag- 
 nanimity 
 
 niagnGtlcus, -a, -iim, magnetic 
 
 magnincus, -a, -um, magnif- 
 icent, grand 
 
 niagnus, -a, -um, great, large, 
 
 majdr, -us, greater Ujig 
 
 male, badly 
 
 malGm, -i (n.), an evil 
 malum, -i (n.), an apple 
 malus, -a, -um, bad 
 mfdus, -1 (m.), the mast 
 malva, -ae (f.), a mallow 
 mandatum, -i (n.), an order 
 mane, in the morning 
 manere, to last, remain 
 mantis, -us (f.), the hand 
 "lappa, -ae (f.), a napkin 
 
 mare,^-is (n.), the sea, ocean 
 margo, -Inls (m.), a margin, 
 
 brink 
 marmor, -Is (n.), marble 
 mas, marls (m.), a male 
 massa, -ae (f.), a lump 
 mastlche, -es (f.), mastic 
 mater, -rIs (f.), a mother 
 materia, -ae (f.), 7. alter 
 maturus, -a, -f.m, rij)e 
 maxImG, most 
 
 maximus, -a, -iim, greatest 
 me, me, from me 
 mecum, with me, ivith myself 
 mOdlcus, -1 (m.), a physician 
 m(?r, of me 
 
 mel, mellis (n.), honey 
 mellor, -tis, better 
 melius (adv.), better 
 membrana, -ae (f.), a parchment 
 membrum, -i (n.), a member 
 memor, -Is, mindful 
 memoria, -ae (t), memory 
 mendaclum, -1 (n.), a lie 
 mendax, -acIs, lying 
 mendlcus, -i (m.), a beggar 
 MenelaOs, -i (m.), Menelaus 
 mens, -tIs (f.), the mind 
 mensa, -ae (f.), a table 
 mensis, - (m.), a month 
 mercator, -oris (m.), a merchant 
 merces, -edis (f.), a rewara, 
 
 wages 
 merges, -Itis (f.), a sheaf 
 merldles, -ei (m.), 7nidday, noon 
 merx, -cIs (f.), ware 
 
 met (annexed for emphasis to per- 
 sonal pronouns) 
 mgtallGm, -1 (n.), a metal 
 mOthodiis, -1 (f.), a method 
 mettis, -us (m.), fear 
 m^us, -a, -iim, my 
 
— 140 — 
 
 Mexicanus, -&, -flm, Mexican 
 
 mlcare, to glitter 
 
 migrans, migratory 
 
 mli^rare, to migrate^ remove 
 
 mill!, to me 
 
 miles, -itis (m.), a soldier 
 
 millet^, a thousand titnes; mlliOs 
 
 nilliC'S, a miVioa times 
 iiiilh', a thousand; iiiTlTa, thou- 
 sands ; dOalva ccntOna mil la or 
 (ImOs centum mllid, a milliun 
 millOsImus, -a, -uiii, the thou- 
 sandth 
 Miltlades, -is (n.), MiUiades 
 minim lis, -ft, -liiu, least 
 minister, -rl (m.), a servant^ 
 
 minister 
 mlndr, -us, less 
 minus (adv.), h'ss 
 mlriis, -it, -iiiii, wonderful 
 mlsrr, -a, -uin, wretched 
 mlsOrr, wretchedhj 
 miseria., -ae (f.), misery 
 mltis, -d, mild 
 mitt ere, to send 
 mixtio, -oiiis (f.), a mixture 
 modestltt, -ae, inodrstg 
 modostiis, -it, -fiiii, modest 
 modlciis, -tt, -iiiii. moderate 
 mudn. . .mudo, now. . . )iow; nOn 
 modo. . .sOd rtiam, not only. . . 
 hut also 
 moenia, - liin (pi, n.), city walls 
 molostia, -ae (f.), trouble 
 molcstus, -a, uiii, troublesome 
 munoculus, -a, -uiii, one-eyed 
 mons, -tls (m.), a mountain 
 monstrare, to show 
 mOratils, -3,, -fun, mannered; 
 
 b^ne mOratus, icell-bred 
 morbus, -i (m.), a disease 
 
 morl, to die 
 
 morosGs, -S, -tlm, morose 
 mors, -tis (f.), death 
 mortalls, -€, mortal 
 mortlft^r, -3,, -uni, deadly 
 mortuiis, -d, -Giu, dead 
 mos, morls (m.), custom, manner 
 motus, -us(m.), motion, emotion 
 mox, soon 
 
 nullRT, -is (f.), a woman 
 multitudo, -iiiTs (f.), a muttituae 
 multo, much, far, by far 
 multits, -a, -iiin, much^ many; 
 
 multum, much 
 mundiis, -i (m.), the ivorld 
 munus, -6rTs (n.), a)i qpice, gift 
 murmur, -Is (n.), a murmur 
 muriis, -i (m.), a wall 
 mus, muris (m.), a mouse 
 muscS,, -ae (f.), ajfy 
 mutiire, to change 
 mutatio, -oiiis (t*.), a change 
 
 N. 
 nam, for 
 nam (appended for the sake of 
 
 empliasis to interrogatives), 
 narriir^, to tell [pray 
 
 narratio, -oiiis (f.), a narrative 
 nasus, -1 (m.), the )iose 
 nritrdis, - (m.), a birthday 
 natjire, to swim 
 nfitlo, -ouis (f.), a nation 
 niitaril, -ae (f.), nature; uni- 
 
 versa natura, the universe 
 natiis, -a, -fun, born; post 
 
 Christum natum, after the birth 
 
 of Clirist 
 nautsi, -ae (m.), a sailor, seam.an 
 navTgare, to sail 
 navigiitlo, -onis (f.), navigation^ 
 
 a sailing 
 
 — 141 
 
 navTs, -(f.), a shij) 
 n«', not, lest 
 
 n<'... quidem, not even; nC unus 
 qnldem, not even one, not a 
 single 
 Xr-apolis, - (f.), XajAes 
 nrhula, -ae (t'.), a rfog 
 
 nr,', and not; nee nCv, neither 
 
 .... nor 
 nrcessarius, -3, uiu, necessary 
 nrcessitas, -atis (f.), neeessify 
 nectar, -is (n.), nectar 
 neglcgerS ) 
 negllgere ( ^'' ''^'J^*^^^ 
 ncgotlum, -i (n.), a business, 
 
 an occupation 
 nemO, -ims (m.), nobody; nemo 
 
 vestrum, ??o one of you 
 ncmus, -oris (n.), a grove 
 ncpos, -Otis (m.), a nephew, 
 
 grandchild 
 nc(iuam, worthless 
 nctiue, and not; ncqur. . .uoquc, 
 
 neither. . .nor 
 ncquior, -lis, more ivorthless 
 iicquisslmus, -S, -uui, most 
 
 ivorthless 
 neuter, -ra, -rum, neither (of 
 
 the two) 
 nex, nceis (f.), a murder 
 niger, -ra, -rum, black 
 iiilill, nothing; nihil aliud quam, 
 
 nothing else then 
 Xilus, -1 (m.), the (river) Ni^-^ 
 nlmis, too much 
 nlmlum, too much 
 nimlus, -a, -urn, too great, too 
 
 much, over great 
 nisi, if not 
 nix, nlvis (f.), snow 
 nobllis, -g, noble [with us 
 
 nobis, to 11.9, from ns; nobiscum, 
 
 nocere, to do harm, injure 
 nomeu, -inis (n.), a name 
 non, not; nOn est, there is no; 
 mix sOUmi....scd etiam, not 
 only. . .but also; nOn modo. . . 
 sed etlaiu, not o)dy. . .but also; 
 non taut uni. . .scd etIam, not 
 only. . .but ahv 
 nonageni, -ae, -a, ninety by 
 
 ninety, ninety at a time 
 nonageslmus, -a, -um, thenine- 
 nonagI(' s, n i neiy t i mes [t ieth 
 nonagiiita, ninety 
 nongeni, -ae, -a, ni)ie hundred 
 by nine hundred, nine hundred 
 at a time 
 nongenteslmfis, -3, -um, the 
 
 nine hundredth 
 nongenti, -ae, -a, nine hundred 
 nongentles, nine hundred times 
 nonnulli, -ae, -a, some 
 noniis,-a,-um, the ninth; nfmus 
 
 dccimus, the nineteenth 
 nos, ice, us 
 noscerC) to know 
 nostSr, -ra, -rum, our 
 nostrl, nostrum, of us 
 nr)tus,-i(m.), the south wind 
 notus,-a,-um, known, notorious 
 novem, nine 
 
 November, -ris (m.), November 
 novOni, -ae, -a, nine by 7iine, 
 nine at a time; novOnI dOnI, 
 nineteen by nineteen, nineteen 
 at a time 
 no vies, nine times 
 novles decles, nineteen times 
 novus, -a, -um, new; novi (lit. 
 
 of new), news 
 nox, noctis (f ), the night 
 noxliis, -a, -um, injurious, 
 hurtful 
 
— 142 — 
 
 iiui)es, -Is (f.), a cloud 
 
 nublliis, -ft, -iini, cloudy 
 
 null us, -ft, -uiu, no, not any^ not 
 
 one 
 T)um, whether 
 iifmirTus, -1 (m.), a number 
 nminiiiis, -T (m.), a coin 
 iiuiiKiiiruii, sec miiuiuain 
 nunc, /?<>«/'; nunc. .. .nunc, now 
 
 .... now 
 nuiKjuani, never 
 nuFitlu, -iie (f.), a (female) mes- 
 
 ,senf/er 
 nuMtlar?, to announce 
 nuptiiie, -arum (pi., f.), a iced- 
 
 diuij, marriatje 
 nuffi.s, us (ni.), a nod 
 
 O. 
 
 61) (with aeons.), /or, o?? account of 
 obrMliro, see oboedire 
 ohitus, -lis (ni.), drath 
 ohiioxius, -ft, -uni, subject^ liable 
 uhocdlre, to obey 
 obi'fitu.s, -ft, -uni, covered 
 obscui'jiro, fo obsrin^e, eclipse 
 o))scririis, -ft, fun, obscure 
 observaro, to observe 
 obsos, ulTs (m.), a hostage 
 obtiMnpersire, to obey 
 (>ecT(l(Mis, -tis (m.), the west 
 nclirft, -ao (IV), yellow ochre 
 rMMor, fis, swifter 
 rK-issiiiifis, a, fmi, swiftest 
 (K-tavus, -ft, uni, the eighth; 
 octavus (lecTnn'is, the eighteenth 
 octlf'S, eight times; octles deelfs, 
 
 eighteen times 
 oetiuirr'nT, -ae, -ft, eight hun- 
 dred l)y eight hundredj eight 
 hundred at a time 
 
 octingcntfslmtls, -ft, -(im, the 
 
 eight hundredth 
 
 octingenti, -ae, -ft, eight hun- 
 dred 
 
 oetingentTOs, eight h u ndred times 
 
 octo, eight 
 
 October, -ris (ni.), October 
 
 octogeni, -ae, -ft, eighty by eigh- 
 ty, eighty at a time 
 
 octogOsTmiis, -ft, -iiiu, the eigh- 
 tieth 
 
 oct ogles, eighty times 
 
 octoginta, eighty 
 
 octoni,- ae,- ft, eight by eight, 
 eight at a time; octoni dcnl, 
 eighteen by eighteen^ eighteen 
 at a time 
 
 octupliis, -ft, -fiiii, eight times 
 as great 
 
 oculils, -1 (m.), the eye 
 
 odor, -oris (f.), smell 
 
 r)doru.s, -ft, -um, fragrant 
 
 ofTicTnft, -ae (('.), a workshop 
 
 oinduin, -I (n.), a duty 
 
 oleum, -T (n.), oil 
 
 olfaetiis, -us (m.), smell 
 
 olivft, -ae (t), an olive 
 
 ollft, -ae (f.), a jar 
 
 omen, -Tnis (n.), an omen 
 
 omnTpotens, aim ighty 
 
 onints, -e, all, evei^j ; omnift, 
 -iiiui (pi., n.), all things, every 
 thing; omnia sua, all one's 
 property 
 
 oniis, eris (n.), a burden., load 
 
 opit'ex, -Tels (ni.), a maker 
 
 6j>InIo, -oiiTs (f.), an opinion 
 
 oppldum, -1 (n.), a town 
 
 opponerS, to oppose 
 
 opposltiis, -ft, -uni, opposite 
 
 (ops), opts (t'.), help; opes, 
 6i)uni (pi., t\)j wealth 
 
 — 143 — 
 
 optabllls, -€, desirable 
 
 optlme, best^ in the best manner 
 
 optimtis, -&j -thUj best 
 
 opus, -dris (n.), a work 
 
 orft, -ae (f.), a coast 
 
 Oraculuin, -i (n.), an oracle 
 
 orare, to pray 
 
 Oratio, -ouis (f.), a speech 
 
 orator, -oris (ra.), a speaker 
 
 orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis 
 terrarum, the whole earth 
 
 ordO, -inls (m.), order., a row 
 
 orlens, -tis (m.), the east 
 
 orlgo, -mis (t*.), origin 
 
 ornamentiini, -i (n.), an orna- 
 ment 
 
 ornatGs, -ft, -flni, adorned 
 
 ortils, -lis (m.), rising 
 
 OS, Oris (n.), the mouth 
 
 OS, ossis (n.), a bone 
 
 ostliini, -1 (n.), a door 
 
 ovis, - (f.), a sheep 
 
 Ovum, -i (n.), an egg 
 
 P. 
 
 pabulGm, -I (n.), food, feed 
 paedagOgils, -i (m.), a pedagogue 
 paeniusulft,-ae (f.), see peninsulft 
 paglnft, -ae (f.), a page 
 palara, openly 
 palat iGm, -i (n.), a palace 
 paleft, -ae (f.), chaff 
 palllOluni, -i (n.), a coat 
 palmft, -ae (f.), the palm (of the 
 
 hand) 
 pal lis, -iidis (f.), a bog., swamp 
 paluster, -rls, -r5, swampy; 
 
 avis palustrls, a bii^d of a 
 
 swamp, wader 
 panis, - (m.), bread 
 papavgr, -is (n.), the poppy 
 
 papiliO, -onis (m.), a butterfly 
 
 par, paris, equal 
 
 paragrapliGs, -i (f.), apai^agraph 
 
 parare, to prepare 
 
 parens, -tis (m. and f.), a parent 
 
 parerd, to submit 
 
 paries, -etis (m.), a wall 
 
 Parltis, -ft, -iim, Parian 
 
 pars, -tis (f.), a j^art, side; ab 
 
 onnii part^, in every respect 
 parsImOnlft, -ae (f.), frugality 
 partus, -lis (m.), birth 
 parvus, -ft, -iim, little, small 
 I)ascha, -tis (n.), Easter 
 passer, -is (m.), a sparrow 
 pastIO, -onis (f.), a jiasturing 
 pastor, -oris (m.), a shepherd 
 patens, open 
 
 pat^r, -ris (m.), a father 
 patlens, patient 
 patlenter, patiently 
 patlentlft, -ae (f.), patience 
 patientissImG, most patiently 
 patlentlus, moi^e patiently 
 patlnft, -ae (f.), a pan 
 patrlft, -ae (f.), one's native 
 
 land; home 
 pauci, -ae, -ft, few, a few 
 pauper, -is, 2^^or 
 paupertas, -atis (f.), poverty 
 pavft, -ae (f.), a p)eahen 
 pavO, -onis (m.), a peacock 
 pax, pads (f.), peace 
 pecten, -inis (m.), a comb 
 pecttis, -dris (n.), the breast^ 
 
 heart 
 pc^cu, -lis (n.), cattle 
 pecanift, -ae (f.), money 
 p6ciis, -iidis (f.), a head of cattle, 
 
 an animal 
 pgdSs, -itis (m.), afoot-soldier 
 pejOr, -fis, worse 
 
— 144 -^ 
 
 pelu.irfis, -1 (n.), the sea 
 pellC're, to drive aivcn/ 
 pelta, -ac (f.), a small shield 
 penes (with accus.), in the x>ow- 
 er of 
 
 peninsula, -ao (f.), a j)eninsula 
 penna, -ac (I'.j, apcn^ feather 
 IVnnsilvunia, -ae (f.), PennsyU 
 
 vania 
 per (witli aecus.), through^ for, 
 
 by, daring 
 per (united witli the adjective in- 
 to one word), very 
 I)crdilllellis, -e, very hard 
 perteetus, -a, -uiii, perfect 
 l)ertii(iris, -a, -ilm, perfidious 
 pr-rleulosus, -a, -fiin, dangerous 
 prTlcrduin, -1 (n.), danger, j^^'ril 
 perltus, -a, -uiii, experienced 
 pernlelusus, -a, -ilin, perni- 
 cious^ deMructive 
 pernoetiire, to stay all vight 
 
 long 
 persona, -ae (f.), a j)crson 
 persniiare, to sound, ring 
 
 through 
 pertlner*^ ad, to belong to 
 pes, ixulls (m.), a foot 
 pessuniis, -a, -fiiii, u'07'st 
 pestllrr, -a, -uni, pestiferous 
 prtcre, to strive for 
 pliareti-a, -ae (t"), a qitirer 
 phoenix, -TeTs (ni.), the phenix 
 I>Tca, -ae (f.), tJie magpie 
 pTi2:er, -rjl, -ruin, lazy 
 pii^ritla, -ae (t.), laziness 
 pila, -ae (f.), a ball (forx)laying) 
 I)ini,^ere, to paint 
 piper, -IS (n.), pepper 
 plrata, -ae (m.), ajnrate 
 pirfis, -1 (f.), a j)ear-tree 
 piscutor, -uris (m.), a fisherman 
 
 piscTs, - (m.), a fish 
 pix, picTs (f.), pitch 
 plaeere, to pjlease, be pleasing to 
 planta, -ae (f.), a plant 
 plfiiea, -ae (f.), a street 
 plel)s, -is (f.), the conunon people 
 plenfis, -a, -xmi, fall 
 I)h' runique, com mon ly 
 ph'inia, -ae (f.), a feather 
 phinibuin, -i (n.), lead 
 plrirlmiis, -a, -iini, most 
 plus, pluris, more; plures, -S 
 or -ia (pL), many^ several 
 (opposed to unus) 
 pluvia, -ae (f.), rain 
 pluviiis, -{I, -iim, rainy 
 poenia, -tis (n.), a poem 
 poena, -ae (f.), punishment 
 l)oenitens, repenting 
 pnesTs, - (f.), poetry 
 pnetj\, -ae (m.), a p>oet 
 pomus, -i (\\), a fruit-tree 
 pone (with aecus.), behind 
 pons, -tis (m.), a bridge 
 pupularTs, -e, popular 
 poprdfis, -1 (m.), a people 
 pOprdus -i (f.), a p)oplar 
 porro, forward 
 l)ortil, -ae (t), a gate 
 portiirS, to convey^ carry 
 I)ortTcris, -fis {{'.), a gallery 
 portiis, -lis (m.), a harbor 
 I)Ossidere, to possess 
 post (witli accus.), behind, after; 
 postC'hristum natuni, after the 
 birth of Christ 
 postea, afterwards 
 postei'Tor, -lis, posterior 
 posteriis, -a, -fun, following 
 I)ost renins, -S, -fim, last, latest 
 postCilare, to require 
 postumus, -a, -um, last, latest 
 
 — 145 — 
 
 potens, mighty 
 potest as, -atis (t*.), power 
 pOtiG, -ouis (f.), a drink, drink- 
 ing 
 potidr, -lis, preferable 
 potissTmiis, -a, -uin, most im- 
 
 j)ortant 
 prae (witli abUit.), for, before, in 
 
 comparison ivith 
 praebere, to gire 
 praeceptor, -oris (m.), a teacher 
 ^vdiQCQ\)ivi\n,-\{\\.),aprecept,rule 
 praeclarus, -S,, -lim, celebrated 
 praedil, -ae (f.), prey 
 praeditiis, -S,, -iim, endowed 
 praedO, -oiiis (m.), a robber 
 praelliiiu,-! (n.), see proeliuni 
 praemiiim, -i (n.), a reward 
 praesSs, -idis (m.), a president 
 praesidluni, -i (n.), a guard, 
 
 support 
 praestans, excellent 
 praeter (with accus.), pas^, beside, 
 
 except 
 praeteritus, -il, -iim, past 
 prattim, -i (n.), a meadow 
 pretlOsiis, -S,, -iim, jirecious, 
 
 valuable 
 pivtiiim, -1 (n.), aptrice 
 (prex, precis), usually pi.: preces, 
 
 preciim (f.), a prayer 
 prlinariiis, -&, -iim, j^rimary 
 ])rlinuni, first 
 
 prlniiis, -il, -fim, the first, fore- 
 most 
 priiicops, -ipis (m.), a chief 
 ])rT6r, -iis, j^^^i^^^^^i former 
 pro (with ablat.), for, instead of 
 probiis, -Si, -iim, upright, good 
 procella, -ae (f.), a storm 
 procerus, -a, -iim, tall 
 proditdr, -oris (m.), a traitor 
 
 proeliiim, -i (n.), a battle 
 prSfundfis, -a, -iim, deep 
 progenies, -ei (t'.), offspring 
 prOniis, -a, -iim, prone 
 prope (with accus.), near 
 propinquus, -li, -iim, near 
 proi)idr, -iis, nearer 
 proplus (adv.), nearer 
 propter (with accus.), on account 
 
 of close by 
 l)rora, -ae (W), the prow 
 prosper, -3,, -iim, prosperous; 
 prospera fort una, good fortune 
 pi-overbiiim, -i (n.), a proverb 
 prdvldiis, -a, -iim, provident 
 proxime (adv.), nearest 
 proxlniiis, -3, -iim, nearest 
 prudens, prudent, sensible 
 prudentia, -ae (f.), prudence 
 publlciis, -a, -iim, public; rCs 
 
 publica, the commonwealth, 
 
 state, republic 
 puelia, -ae (f.), a girl 
 piler, -i (m.), a boy 
 l)uerltla, -ae (f.), boyhood 
 pugll, -is (in.), a boxer, pugilist 
 l)UgIo, -oiiis (in.), a dagger 
 pugnarc, to fight, contend 
 pulcher, -ra, -riim, beautiful, 
 
 fine 
 pulchre, finely 
 
 pulchrltudo, -inis (f.), beauty 
 pulmo, -oiiis, (in.), a lung; pul- 
 
 mones, the lungs 
 pulvis, -eris (m.), dust 
 })uppis, - (f.), the stern 
 purgare, to purify 
 puriis, -a, -iim, pure, clean 
 puteiis, -i (m.), a well 
 putrldiis, -S, -iim, rotten 
 pyxis, - (f.), a box 
 
— U6 — 
 
 Q. 
 
 quaarag^ni, -ae, -a, forty by 
 
 f'^^^U', forty at a time 
 (iurulrag«\sjriiri.s, -a, -iiiii, the 
 
 fortieth 
 flurulrui^qCs, forty times 
 (luadrrinintd, forty 
 qurKlrlLMiiiiuin, -i (n.), the space 
 
 of 4 years 
 qiiadririi^-eiiT, -ae, -a, four hun- 
 dred by four hand red J four 
 hundred at a time 
 quadrin.i^^entr'sTinus, -S, -liin, the 
 
 four hundredth 
 quctariiiiroiill, -ae, A, four 
 
 hundred 
 qufi(lnnirentiOs, four hundred 
 
 times 
 quadrupes, TmITs (in.), a ftur- 
 
 footed animal^ quadruped 
 qiuldruplex, -Tels, tourfohl 
 quiulruplus, -a, - fim, four times 
 
 as great 
 qua€% see qui 
 
 quaecuiKiue, see quicunque 
 quaerere, to look out for 
 qnaestio, -oiiis (f.), a question 
 quails, -e, such as; what. . . ? of 
 what sort? tails. . .qufdls, such 
 ■ . .as; like, . .like 
 quando? lohen ? 
 quantum? how much? 
 quant us, -S, -uiii, as great; how 
 great ? taut us . . . quant us, so 
 great. . . as 
 quartfis, -a, -um, the fourth; 
 quartus ileclmus, the four- 
 teenth 
 quasi, as if so to speak 
 quater, four times 
 quaterdecles, fourteen times 
 
 quaterni, -ae, -a, four by four, 
 four at a time; quaterni deni, 
 fourteen by fourteen, fourteen 
 at a time 
 
 quatIO, / shake 
 
 (luatriduam, -i (n.), the space of 
 4 days 
 
 quattilOr, /ojtr 
 
 (luattuurdeclOs, fourteen times 
 
 quattunrd(Vini, fourteen 
 
 que (to be appended to the word), 
 and 
 
 quercfis, -us (f.), an oak 
 
 (lul, quae, (juod, who, which, 
 that; qui, he ivho; quae, those 
 things which 
 
 quia, because 
 
 quieunqu?, quaecunque, quod- 
 cu iKiu e, ichoe ver, ich iche ver, 
 whatever 
 
 quid ? tvhat? 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quod- 
 dam, some one, a certain one 
 
 (lules, -etts (W), rest 
 
 quIlibet,quaeinK^t,quidin)r't,quod- 
 
 llbet, any one, any thing you 
 
 please 
 quincuplex, - Teis, fivefold 
 quiiideeles, fijleen times 
 (iuindecim, fifteen 
 quingCni, -ae, -a, five hundred 
 
 by five hundred, five hundred 
 
 at a time 
 quingentOsimfis, -a, -um, the five 
 
 hundredth 
 quingenti, -ae, -&, five hundred 
 quingentiGs, five hundred times 
 qulni, -ae, -^, five by five, five at 
 
 a time; quinl ^^\n, fifteen by 
 fifteen, fifteen at a time 
 quinquageni, -ae, -^, fifty by fifty, 
 fifty at a time 
 
 - 141 — 
 
 quinquagOsimfls, -a, -iSni, the 
 
 quinquagiOs, fifty times [fiftieth 
 quinquaginta, -fifty; quinquagiuta 
 
 mllia, fifty thousand 
 quinque, five; quinqu^ milla, five 
 
 thousand 
 (luinciUR'S, five times 
 (luin(iuIesdCcj(^s, fifteen times 
 (luintus, -a, -um, the fifth; quin- 
 
 tus decinius, the fifteenth 
 quls? quid? who? what? 
 (iuis|)lam, some one, any one; 
 
 (luidpIam,,90??ie^/< i ng,any th i ng 
 quisplam, quaeplam, quod])Iam, 
 
 some, any 
 quisquain, any one; quidquam, 
 
 any thing (with negatives) 
 (iuis(jue, quaeque, quidciue, quod- 
 
 que, each one, every one; as an 
 
 adj(H*tive: each 
 quiscpils, quidquld, whoever, 
 
 whichever, whatever 
 quivls, ({uaevls, quidvis, quodvTs, 
 
 any one, any thing you please 
 quo (with comparatives), the; ([m 
 (luocjue, also [. . .^o, the. ..the 
 i[mt ? how many? as many as; 
 
 tot. . .quot, so many as 
 quotannls, ei-ery year 
 quotldianiis, see cotidlanus 
 cuotldic, see cotldiG 
 
 R. 
 
 radix, -ieis (f.), a root 
 ramus, -i (m.), a branch 
 rana, -ae (f.), a frog 
 rapa, -ae (f.), a turnip 
 rapax, rapacious, of prey; animal 
 
 rapax, a beast of prey 
 raro, seldom, rarely 
 rartls, -a, -idaw, rare 
 
 ratio, -oiiTs (f.), reason, under- 
 standing 
 ravis, - (f.), hoarseness 
 receptaculflm, -i (n.),a receptacle 
 r^cordatm, -ouTs (f.), remem- 
 reer(^are, to refresh [brance 
 reete, rightly, correctly 
 reetissImC, quite, right 
 rectiis, -a, -iim, right 
 redltus, -iis (in.), a return 
 refrigerarS, to cool 
 regere, to rule, to govern 
 regina, -ae (f.), a queen 
 regiO, -oiiTs {i\),a country, region 
 regnum, -i (n.), a kingdom 
 remeare, to fiow back, ebb 
 reinediflm, -i (n.), a remedy 
 remex, -igis (in.), a i^jwer 
 (ren, renis), usually \)\.: reiies, 
 
 -lim (m.), the kidneys 
 repere, to creep 
 
 rei)etiti5, -onis (!'.), a repetition 
 rCs, rei (f.), a tldng, affair, event; 
 res adversae, adversity; res 
 publ lea, /// e co m m o n wealth, 
 state, republic; res domestica, 
 a household thing 
 restis, - (f.), a rope 
 retg, -is (n.), a net 
 rdus, -1 (m.), the defendant 
 rex, rGgis (m.), a king 
 rhedariiis, -T (m.), a coachman 
 RhenGs, -1 (m.), the Rhine 
 rhrnoe(5ros, -otis (in.), a rhi- 
 Rhodiis, -1 (f.), Rhodes [noceros 
 rlpa, -ae (f.), the bank (of a 
 rivfls, -1 (m.), a brook [str^eam) 
 robOr, -Oris (n.), an oak; strength 
 robustiis, -a, -iim, strong, robust 
 rodSrg, to slander 
 Roma, -ae (f.), Rome 
 Romanus, -a, -um, Roman 
 
— 148 — 
 
 ms, rorTs fm.), rlev^ 
 njsa, -ae (f.), n rose 
 rostrtini, -i (n.), a hrak 
 rota^ -ae (f), a irheel 
 rutundus, -a, -uin, round 
 rubor, ril, ruin, ml 
 rulna, -ae (f.), a ruin 
 rapes, -Is (f.), a rod- 
 rus, rurTs (ii.), the countru 
 riisticiis, -T (m.), o rountn/-mnn 
 rust lefts, a, uiii, rural, ru.siic; 
 vita rusticd, country life 
 
 S. 
 
 saoflirirum, -i (ii.), sugar 
 siicer, r;!, rum, sacred 
 Siiconlos, -Otis (ui.), a priest 
 saeculuni. i (u.), a century 
 saopr, ofien-^ saopTus, oftcncr- 
 
 saepisslnu", oflenc^t 
 Silica X , saijac io u s 
 Raii'Tiiar*", to make fat 
 Ka.i;itta, - ae (f.), an arrow 
 sal, sails (in.), salt 
 salTre, to leap 
 salsus, -a, -fun, stdt 
 sal niter, ris, re, salubrious 
 sal us, -utTs (1'.), safety, welfare 
 salutarTs, -e, beneficial, whole- 
 some, salutary 
 sanctus, -si, uni, sacred. 
 sauu'uls, sano-uinis (m.), blood 
 saultiis, -iitls (f.), health 
 sanus, -a, -uni, sound, healthy 
 sapidus, -a, -uui, savory 
 sapiens, -tis (m.), a wise man 
 sapiens, irise 
 
 sapientia, -ae (f.), icisdoni 
 Scipor, -oris (m.), taste 
 sartor, -oris (m.), a tailor 
 sat, satis ad, enough for 
 
 satur, -ft, -ftni, sated 
 saxftm, -T (n.), a rock 
 scamnftni, -i (n.), a bench 
 sceleratus, -ft, -um, wicked^ 
 
 criminal 
 scelus, -eris (n.), a crime 
 scheda, -ae (f.), a sheet of paper 
 scliisnia, -tls (n.), a schism 
 sehnUt, -ae (f.), a school 
 scTpIo, -onis (m.), a staff 
 scrlbjl, -ae (ni.), a clerk 
 scrlhere, to write 
 scriptus, -a, -um, written 
 so, himself herself itself one's 
 self; ivith himself herself it- 
 self one's self; themselves j 
 with themselves 
 seeare, to cut 
 
 sec u 1 um , -i (n. ) , see saoo uliim 
 sec uni, with himself herself it- 
 self one\<i self themselves 
 
 secundum (with accns.), aftei^, 
 next tOy arroi'diny to, along 
 
 secundus, -a. -um, the second 
 
 seeurTs, - (f.), an are 
 
 seeurltas, -atis (!".), security 
 
 sed, but 
 
 sedecl^s, sixteen times 
 
 sedeclni, sixteen 
 
 Si' d ere, to sit 
 
 sedes, -is (t*.), a seat 
 
 sr-di'ditjis, - atis {{'.), industry 
 
 sedillus, -il, -um, busy 
 
 se£:es, -etis (f.), a crop 
 
 sella, -ae (f.), a seat 
 
 semel, once; semel ct vicies, 
 twenty-one times 
 
 sfMueu, -inis (n.), seed 
 
 semper, always [lasting 
 
 semi)Iternus, -a, -ilin, ever- 
 
 senectfis, -utis (f.), old age 
 
 senex, s^nls (m.), an old man 
 
 — 149 — 
 
 I 
 
 Senex, senis, old 
 
 Si'iii, -ae, -a, six by six, six at 
 a time ; sen! deni, sixteen by 
 sixteen, sixteen at a tunc 
 
 senior, -lis, older 
 
 sensfts, -lis (m.), sense 
 
 sententia, -ae (f.), an opinion 
 
 sentire, to feel 
 
 septem, ,^er(?/i; decern etseptem, 
 seventeen 
 
 September, -ris (m.), September 
 
 S(^|)templex, -leis, sevenfM 
 
 sei)tOni, -ae, -a, seven by seven, 
 seven at a time ; septOnl dOnl, 
 seventeen by seventeen^ seven- 
 teen at a time 
 
 septentrlO, -oiiTs (m.), the north 
 wind; septentrlones, -um 
 (pi., m.), (the s<wen stars near 
 the north pole) the north 
 
 septentrionfUis, -e, northern 
 
 septlds, seven times 
 
 septlesdecIOs, seventeen times 
 
 sei)timus, -a, -um, the seventh; 
 septimiis declmus, the seven- 
 teenth 
 
 septingOni, -ae, -a, seven hun- 
 dred by seven hundred, seven 
 hundred at a time 
 
 septingentesimus, -a, -um, the 
 seven hundredth 
 
 scptingenti, -ae, -a, seven hun- 
 ^^red [times 
 
 septingentles, seven hundred 
 
 se|)tuagr'nT, -ae, -a, seventy by 
 seventy, seventy at a time 
 
 septuagGsImiis, -a, -iim, the j 
 seventieth 
 
 septuagles, seventy times 
 
 septuaginta, seventy [as great 
 
 soptuplus, -a, -um, seven times 
 
 Sf^pulcrtlm -i (n.) ) 
 
 sepulchriim, -i (n.) | ^ ^^^^^'^ 
 
 serpniis, -a, -ftm, cheerful, 
 
 serene, fair, clear 
 sericeils, -a, -iim, silken 
 series, -ei (!'.), series 
 sermo, -oiiis (m.), a talk, conver- 
 sation 
 serpens, -tis (m.), serpent 
 serra, -ae (f.), a saxo 
 servare, to maintain, save 
 servTre, to serve, to be a servant, 
 
 slave 
 scrvltfis, -utTs (f.), slavery 
 servus, -i (m.), a slave, servant 
 seta, -ae (f.), a bristle 
 seu, or; sen. . .sen, whether. . .or 
 s^verus, -a, -uia, strict, severe 
 sex, six; sex mllTa, six thousand 
 sexageni, -ae, -a, sixty by sixty; 
 sixty at a time 
 
 ^Gxk^&mm\H,-Si,-VL\\\,the sixtieth 
 sexaglOs, sixty times 
 sexaginta, sixty 
 sexceni, -ae, -a, six hundred by 
 
 six hundred; six hundred at a 
 
 time 
 sexcenteslmils, -a, -ftm, the six 
 
 hundredth 
 sexcenti, -ae, -a, six hundred 
 sexcentles, six hundred times 
 sexles, six times 
 sexlesdecles, sixteen times 
 sextus, -a, -ftm, the sixth; sextus 
 
 declmus, the sixteenth 
 sT, if lohen 
 sibi, to himself, herself, itself 
 
 one's self; to themselves 
 Slcllia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
 sidfts, -6rTs (n.), a star, constel- 
 signlflcare, to indicate [lation 
 signftm, -1 (n.), a sign 
 silva, -ae (f.), a ivood, forest 
 simia, -ae (f.), a monkey 
 
— 150 — 
 
 sTniTlls, -e, like 
 
 sTiiiilitrHiO, -Tins(f.), resemljJance 
 simplex, -icis, simple, single 
 siiiiplu.s, -a, -uiii, simple 
 siiiG (with abliit.), without 
 singull, -ae, - a, om^ by one, one 
 at a time; singula nriJiu, a 
 thousand by a thousand, a 
 thousand at a time 
 sinister, -ri\, -ruiii, lejl 
 sTtis, -(f.j, thirst 
 situs, -a, -fun, situate, placed 
 sive, or; sive...slve, whether... or 
 sOcer, -1 (in.), a father-in-law 
 socu'tas, -litis (i'.), society 
 sucius, -i (m.), a companion 
 Srx-rutes, -Is (ni.), Socrates 
 sol, -Is (m.), the sun 
 soiatlfiiii, -1 (n.), consolation 
 solertra, -ae [{.), see solh^rtia 
 solltrido, -inTs (W), .solitude 
 sollertia, -ae (f.), skill 
 Solon, -IS (m.), Solon 
 solstltiflni, -T (n.), the solstice 
 soliis, -a, -iim, alone 
 sonmfis, -1 (m.), sleep 
 sunns, -1 (ni.), a sound 
 sonlidns, -ft, -fnn, dirty, shabby 
 soror, -oris (f.), a sister 
 sors, -tis (f.), a lot 
 spargere, to cast, scatter 
 Sparta, -ae {{'.), Sparta [ance 
 species, -ei (f.), a shape, appear- 
 spectaefiirnn, -i (n.), a sight 
 spectare, to look [mirror 
 
 speculnni, -i (n.), a looking-glass, 
 specfts, -lis (m.), a den 
 spes, spel (f.), hope 
 sphaerit, -ae (f.), a globe 
 spina, -ae (f.), a thorn 
 si)inth(}r, -is (n.), a bracelet 
 splcn, -is (m.), the milt, spleen 
 
 splendidfis, -a, -iim, splendid 
 squama, -ae (f.), the scale (of a 
 stabuiuin, -i (n.), a stable [flsh) 
 Stella, -ae (f.), a star 
 stUQs, -1 (ni.), a pencil 
 stimulare, to prick up 
 stomaehus, -i (m.), the stomach 
 strues, -IS (W), a heap 
 strutliio, -onis (m.), an ostrich 
 studidsus, -a, -uni, studious 
 studlnni, -i (n.), study 
 stultitia, -ae (!'.), folly 
 stultus, -i (m.), a fool 
 stultns, -a, -urn, foolish 
 suadere (suaderej, to advise 
 siluvis (suuvisj, -e, sweet (to the 
 
 senses in general), j^leasant 
 sub (with accus.), under, toicard, 
 about; sub hlemem, toicard 
 winter; sub (with abl.), under 
 subt^r (with accus.), under, be- 
 neath [used 
 suesc^re (suescgrg), to become 
 suT, of himself herself itself 
 
 one's self; of themselves 
 sulfur, -is (n.) ) 
 sulphur, -is (n.) j *"^-/^^'^^^ 
 sumere, to take \preme 
 
 summns, -a, -lini, highest, su- 
 sCipellex, sripellectilis (f.), furni- 
 ture 
 sCiper (with accus.), above, over; 
 silper (with abhit.), concerning 
 siiperbire (with ablat.), to be 
 proud of 
 
 superbOs, -a, -iim, prowcZ 
 silpercilliini, -i (n.), the eyebroio 
 superHcIes, -ei (f.), a surface 
 sup(^ri6r, -iis, superior, upper 
 sup?rtis, -a, -iim, above 
 Slipped itarg, to furnish 
 sfiprii (with accus.), above 
 
 — 151 — 
 
 
 
 suprCmiis, -a, -iim, supreme, 
 sursilm, on high [highest 
 
 sus, sills (f.), a swine 
 suspectus, -a, -iim, suspected 
 sutor, -oris (m.), a shoemaker 
 suns, -a, -iim, his, her, its, their 
 
 (own); omnia sua, all one's 
 
 property 
 sylluba, -ae (f.), a syllable 
 symboliim, -i (n.), a symbol 
 
 T. 
 
 tril)elia, -ae (f.), a tablet 
 taberna, -ae (f.), a shop 
 tabrila, -ae (f.), a slate 
 tacltiis, -a, -um, silent 
 tactiis, -us (ni.), touch 
 taedlum, i (n.), tediousness 
 talis, -6, such; talis. . .quails, 
 
 such., .as, like. . .like 
 lam, so ; tain . . . quam, so .. .as ; 
 
 as well. . .as 
 tamen, however, yet 
 tame t si, although 
 tamquam, as much as, so to speak 
 tantum, only (to be placed after 
 the word to which it belongs), 
 but; non tantum... sed etlam, 
 not only. . .but also 
 tantOs, -a, -um, so great; tan- 
 tus . . . quant us, so great . . . as; 
 tantum, so much 
 tardus, -a, -um, slow 
 taurus, -i (m.), a bull, an ox 
 te, thee, from thee; you, from you 
 te (annexed for emphasis to tfi) 
 tectiim, -i (n.), a roof 
 tecum, ivith you, yourself] with 
 
 thee, thyself 
 t6g5r6, to cover 
 t^ges, -etis (f.), a covering 
 
 tOgiiia. -ae (f.), a tile 
 tegumcn, -inis (n.), a cover 
 tellus, -iiris (f.), earth [a cart) 
 teniO, -onis (m.), the tongue (of 
 temperantia, -ae (f.), temperance 
 tempestas, -atls (f.), a storm 
 tempi iim, -i (n.), a temple 
 tempiis, -oris (n.), a time; tem- 
 
 pils anni, a season 
 tcnebrae (in verse tenebrae), 
 
 -arum {{'.), darkness 
 tenter, -a, -iim, tender 
 tenere, to hold 
 tenuis, -e, slender, thin 
 teiiiis (with ablat.), as far as, up 
 to; pectorlbus teniis, up to the 
 breast 
 tepdr, -oris (m.), tepidity 
 ter, tJirice; ter cH vIciSs, twenty 
 three times, three at the time; 
 t6r mines, tht^e thousand 
 times; ter milleslmiis, -a, -iim, 
 the three thousandth 
 terdecles, thirteen times 
 tergiim, -i (n.), the back; a ter- 
 
 go, behind 
 terni, -ae, -a, three by three, 
 three at a time; tenia mllia, 
 thj-ee thousand by three thou- 
 sand, three thousand at a time; 
 ternldeni, thirteen by thirteen, 
 thirteen at a time 
 terra, -ae (f.), the earth, land; 
 orbis terrarum, the whole earth 
 terrere, to frighten 
 terrestgr, -ris, -re, terrestrial 
 terribilis, -e, terrible 
 terrSr, -oris (m.), terror 
 tertlus, -a, -um, the third; ter- 
 tius decimus, the thirteenth; 
 tertlus et vicesimus, thetwenty- 
 tess^ra, -ae (f.), a die [third 
 
— 152 ~~ 
 
 tostudo, -Tills (f.), n torfois-e 
 ti'ter, - ra, -rum, s/tamrfKl, foul 
 thviitrfun, I (!!.), a theater 
 thr'sjmrus, -i (in.), a treasure 
 thorax, iIcTs (m.), the tjreast 
 Tihrrls, - (m.j, the TUjcr 
 tib!, to thee 
 tii^ns, - (in.), a tirjer 
 filiji, ae (f.), a lime-tree 
 tirnerc', to fear 
 iMiiidus, a, fun, timid 
 tlFMor, oris (ni.), fear 
 tiro, -oiiTs (in.), a ber/inner 
 tnio, oiiis (in.), a fre-Ijrand 
 tnlr-i-iire, to eiulure 
 U)\\vri\ to tal-e airay 
 tonsor, - oris (in.), a harlter 
 tnr, so mat} I/: tnt . . .(pint, .so luf(f))/ 
 lotus, -41, -uni, v'hofe [. . .r/.v 
 tracliia, -ae (f.), the wind-pipe 
 lrruir»re, /o Ar/;?r/ down 
 
 tran(|uillus, -a, -um, calm 
 
 trims (with accus.), across, over, 
 het/ond 
 
 transit us, us (ni.), a passage 
 
 tivcfMiT, -ae, -a, three hundred 
 hf/ three hundred, three hun- 
 dred at a time 
 
 trecentrsinius, a, (ini, the three 
 hundredth 
 
 trrcenti, -ao, -il, three hundred 
 
 tr(VontT(^s, three hundred times 
 
 trrMkVR^s, thirteen times 
 
 tmlr^cini, thirteen 
 
 trt^s, trla, three 
 
 trlbuer^, to award 
 
 tribunal, -alls (n.), a tribunal 
 
 trHms, -ris(f.), a tribe 
 
 trior-nl, -ao, -a, thirty by thirty, 
 thirty at a time 
 
 tricoslmus, -a, -ilm, the thirtieth 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 triflf's, thirty times [da>/s 
 
 trl(h'ium, -T (n.), the space of 
 trlennlum -i (n.), the space of 
 trltoliuni, -1 (n.), clover [yeaj's 
 trT2:rsIinus, -a, -lim, the thirtieth 
 trl«,^inta, thirty 
 trlnl, -ao, -jt, thiy^e by three, 
 
 three at a time 
 triplex, Ms, threefold, triple 
 triplus, -a, -um, three times as 
 yreaf; trtplo major (by three- 
 fold laryer) three times as larye 
 trlroniis,— (f.), a trireme 
 tristis, -e, sad 
 tritlcuin, T (n.), wheat 
 troi)a('Uiii, -1 (n.), a trophy 
 tnincfls, -1 (m.), a trunk 
 tu, thou, you, Othou, you 
 
 tabor, -Is (n.), a hump, a bunch 
 
 t Mi^n'irlilm, -T (n.), a cottage 
 
 tuT, of thee 
 
 tuni, then;t\im. . .tnni, not(mly... 
 but^ also; irhile...so too 
 
 tnrl>o, -TnTs (in.), whirlwind 
 
 tnrj.Ts, -e, shameful 
 
 turris, - (f.), a tower 
 
 turtilr, -IS (m.), a turtle-dove 
 
 tnssTs, - (f.), a cough 
 
 tfitd, safely 
 
 tutus, -a, -ilni, safe 
 
 tuiis, -a, -liui, thy, your 
 
 tyrannis, -Tdis (f.), tyranny 
 
 tyrannus, -i (m.), a tyrant' 
 
 V. 
 
 ub(ir, -is (n.), a teat 
 
 ubt^r, fertile 
 
 ubi, whei^e; ub! . 
 
 ublqui^, everywhere 
 
 iillfls-a, -flm, any, any one 
 
 ulnius, -i (f.), an elm. 
 
 ibi, where 
 [ . . there 
 
 153 — 
 
 
 ulterl5r, -lis, ulterior, further 
 iiltlmiis, -a, -lim, last, furthest 
 ultra (with accus.), beyond, on 
 
 the further side of 2^ast 
 umbra, -ae (t*.), a shade, sJiadow 
 umbrdsus, -a, -um, shady 
 um(iuam, see unquain 
 iHifi, together 
 undocIOs, eleven times 
 undeclin, eleven 
 
 undi'^clmus, -a, -iim, the eleventh 
 undGnT, -ae, -a, eleven by eleven, 
 
 eleven at a time 
 undevIcOni, -ae, -a, nineteen by 
 
 nineteen, nineteen at a time 
 und('vlceslmus, -a, -um, the 
 
 nineteenth 
 und("vTclOs, nineteen times 
 undcvifrinti, nineteen 
 uuicuTs, - (in.), a claw, talon 
 univorsus, -a, ~nm, all together, 
 
 whole; unl versa natura, the 
 
 vniverse 
 uiKiuam, ever, at any time 
 fiiius, -a, -um, one; unus et vl- 
 
 or'slmus, tlie twentu-tirst 
 unusquisque, unaquaeque, ununi- 
 
 (luidque, uiiumquodciue, each, 
 
 one, every one 
 urbs, -is (f.), a city 
 ursiis, -1 (m.), a bear 
 urtica, -ae (f.), a nettle 
 risus, -us (m.), use, usage 
 lit, as, like, such as-, fit. . .sTc, as 
 
 . . .so 
 uter, -ris (m.), a leather^n sack 
 ut5r,-ra,-rum, which (of two)? 
 
 who? 
 utllis, -€, useful, salutary 
 utilitas, -atis (f.), usefulness 
 uva, -ae (f.), the grape 
 uxor, -oris (f.), a wife, consort 
 
 V. 
 
 vaeca, -ae (f.), a cow 
 vacuiis, -a, -lim, void (of) 
 valde, irry, very much 
 valere, to be ivell 
 valet udi), -inis (t'.), health 
 valldus, -a, -iim, healthy, strong 
 vallis, - (f.), a valley 
 vanltas, -atis (f*.), vanity 
 vanniis, -i (f.), a van 
 vapor, -oris (m.), steain, vapor 
 varietas, -atis (f.), variety 
 variiis, -a, -iim, various 
 vas, vadls (m.), a surety 
 vas, -is (n.), a vessel 
 vates, -is (in.), ajirojdiet 
 v^ (annexed to the word), or 
 veetigai, -alis (n.), tax, income 
 vehemens, -tis, impetuous, vio- 
 lent, severe 
 
 vel, even; or; vfl. .vol, either, .or 
 
 velox, -ocis, fleet 
 
 vena, -ae (f.),.a vein 
 
 vOnator, -oris (m.), a hunter 
 
 vendere, to sell 
 
 venCMiiim, -i (n.), a poison 
 
 Yenetlae, -ariim (pi., f.), Venice 
 
 venire, to come 
 
 venter, -ris (m.), the belly 
 
 ventiis, -i (m.), wind 
 
 Yeniis,-eris {t),the (goddess) Vc- 
 
 vOr, -is (n.), spring [nus 
 
 verber, -is (n.), a blow 
 
 verbiim, -i (n.), a word 
 
 vCrTtas, -atis (f.), truth 
 
 vermis, - (m.), a worm 
 
 verniis, -a, -um, belonging to 
 spring, in spring 
 
 vero, but 
 
 versus (with aceus. and following 
 its case), toward; orientem ver- 
 sus, toward the east 
 
— 154 — 
 
 vertex, -Ms (m.), a top 
 venl, -us (n.), a .spit 
 veruin, -i (n.), th(^ truth 
 veruin, but eve.n^ hut 
 verfis, -a, fun, true 
 vesper, I (m.), ereniurj 
 vespertllio, oiiis (iii.), a hat 
 vest^r, -ra, liiu, ii<nir 
 vestis, - (f.), a iln\s,s, cloth imj, a 
 vestrl, vesti-fiiii, of you [{/armrnt 
 Vesuvius, -T (in.), Ve.suriu.s 
 vetiis, -eris, (>/(/, anrimt 
 vrtustus, -a, -fun, oh I 
 via, ae (f.), a way^ road 
 viator, -oris (m.), a trardrr 
 vieeiil, -sie, -a, twenty by tu-en- 
 ty^ twenty at a time; vler'ni 
 sinorui^ twenty-one hy twenty- 
 onej twenty-one at a time; 
 vleOiiI bliiT, twenty-two by 
 ticenty-twoy twenty-two at a 
 time; vTeCnT teriiT, twenty- 
 three hy twenty-three, twenty- 
 three at a time 
 vleesTmiis, a, -tim, the twen- 
 tieth; vleCsiiiiiis prim us, the 
 twenty-flr.st; vieesimus seeun- 
 dus, the twenty-second 
 vIeiCs, twenty times 
 vTeluus, -i (III.), a neighbor 
 vletoria, -lie (f.), a victory 
 vldere, to see 
 
 vT<,q-sinuls,-a,-uni, the twentieth 
 viii:Il, watchfuh ah'rt 
 vli^llantia, ^ae (f.), watchfulness 
 vlglllariuni, -i (n.), a watch- 
 vi<,dntr, twenty [tincer 
 
 vIlTs, -«, of little value, rile 
 villa, -ae (f.), a country house 
 vine^re, to conquer 
 viuculOm, -i (n.), a bond 
 
 vinuui, -1 (n.), trine 
 
 vIOia, -ae (r.), a violet 
 
 vipera, -ae (t'.), a viper 
 
 vir, -1 (111.), a man 
 
 vir^O, -inis (f.), a maid, virgin 
 
 vlrldts, -e, (/reen 
 
 viruls, -fitis (f.), virtue, valor 
 
 virus, I (II.), J to i so a 
 
 vis (without i^eiiit.) (f.), force, 
 
 poorer; vires, Tuni (pi. I'.j, 
 
 forces, strength 
 VlsilS, -us (ill.), sight 
 
 vita, -ae (f.), life; vita rust lea, 
 country life 
 
 vltare, to shun, avoid 
 
 vltluni, -i (m.), a vice,fiult 
 
 vltrdlnus, a, fun, of a calf, 
 vituline; earo vlti'dlna, veal 
 
 vltuprrjire, /o blame 
 
 vlvc^re, to live; vivere ])isen)us, 
 to live on fish 
 
 vlviis, -a, -liin, living; argeii- 
 tuin vivuiii, quicksilver 
 
 vix, hardly 
 
 vOhis, to you, from you 
 
 vdbiscuin, with you 
 
 vneare, to call 
 
 volare, to fly 
 
 vnlfmieii. This (ii.), a volume 
 
 vtMuutas, -atis (f.), the ivill, a 
 
 wish, the good-will 
 voluptas, -atis (f.), pleasure 
 voniis, -eris (m.), a plowshare 
 vos, ye or you, ye or you 
 vox, voeis (f.), a voice 
 vultrus, -i (n.), the crowd, rabble 
 vulnerare, to wound 
 vuliius, -eris (n.), a wound 
 vulpes, -is (f.), a fox 
 vultur, -IS (m.), a vulture 
 vulttis, -us (m.), the countenance 
 
 — 155 — 
 
 2. ENGLISH AND LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 an abbot, abbas 
 
 071 abode, domicilium 
 
 about, circa, circiter, sub; about 
 to be, futurus 
 
 above (prep.), super, supra 
 
 above (being above), superus 
 
 abundance, copia 
 
 according to, secundum 
 
 on account of, ob, propter 
 
 accurate, accuratus 
 
 Achilles, Acliilles 
 
 an acorn, glans 
 
 across, trans 
 
 to act, agere 
 
 adapted for, aptus ad 
 
 an adder, echidna 
 
 adorned, ornatus 
 
 the Adriatic, Iladria 
 
 adverse, ad versus 
 
 adversity, res adversae 
 
 advice, consilium 
 
 to advise, suadere 
 
 an affair, res 
 Africa, Africa 
 
 aftet^, post; secundum; ajter tlie 
 birth of Christ, post Christum 
 iiatum 
 afterwards, postea 
 against, adversum, ad versus, con- 
 tra, in 
 the agate, achates 
 an age, aetas; old age, senectus 
 to agree, congruere 
 agreeable, acceptus 
 the air, 8ier',the upper air, aether 
 
 alert, vigil 
 
 Alexander, Alexander 
 
 all, omnis; all one's property, 
 omnia sua; all things, omnia; 
 all together, uni versus 
 
 to allay, levare 
 
 almighty, omnipotens 
 
 almost, fere 
 
 alone, solus 
 
 along, secundum 
 
 already, jam 
 
 also, etiam, quoque 
 
 an altar, ara; a high altar, 
 altare 
 
 although, tametsi 
 
 always, semper 
 to amend, emendare 
 America, America 
 American, Americanus 
 an American Indian, Indius 
 among, apud, inter, in (with abl.) 
 an amphora, amphora 
 an anchor, ancora 
 ancient, antiquus, vetus 
 and, ac, atque, et, que (append- 
 ed); and not, nee, neque 
 anger, ira 
 an angle, angulus 
 an animal, animal, bestia, pecus 
 annals, annalis 
 
 to announce, annuntiare, nuntiare 
 another, nVm^; another self, alter 
 an ant, formica [idem 
 
 Anthony, Antonius 
 Antiochus, Antiochus 
 an anvil, incus 
 
 [y ^Mft'aftBidM^gLiaftM n 
 
— lo6 — 
 
 any, quisplam, iiUus; rtri}j..you 
 please^ quivis, quilibet; any 
 onCj aliciuis, quisi>icim, quis- 
 quam; any one youplea.^e, i{\\\- 
 vis, ([wxWhQi] any till ny, aliciuid, 
 quidpiani, qui(I(iiiam;r//?///////jr/ 
 you please, (luidlibet, quo(]lil)et, 
 quidvis, quod vis; at any tinie^ 
 
 Apollo, Apollo [unquam 
 
 an appearance, species 
 
 an apple, malum 
 
 April, Aprilis 
 
 aquatic, aquaticus 
 
 an aqueduct, aquaeductus 
 
 Arachne, Araclino 
 
 an arbiter, arbiter 
 
 an arch, fornix 
 
 an architect, architcctus, Aiber 
 
 arduous, arduus 
 
 the arm, bracchium, brachium 
 
 an armor-bearer, arniii^er 
 
 an armory, armamentarium 
 
 arms, arm a 
 
 around, eirea, eircum 
 
 an arrival, adventus 
 
 an arrow, sagitta 
 
 art, ars 
 
 an as (Roman coin), as 
 
 as, ut; as far as, tenus;«.s' if, ecu, 
 quasi; as many as, quot; as 
 much as, tamquam; as.. so, 
 ut . . sic ; as icell . . ^.s-, tam . . 
 quam; as yet, adhuc; the same 
 
 ashes, cinis [as, idem, qui 
 
 an ass, asinus 
 
 at, ad, apud; at eight o'clock, octa- 
 
 Atlantic, Atlanticus [va bora 
 
 atrocious, atrox 
 
 to attend to, curare 
 
 to pay attention, attendere 
 
 attentive, attentus 
 
 an author^ auctor 
 
 authority, auotoritas 
 the autumn, auctumnus 
 auxiliary troops, auxilia 
 avarice, avaritia 
 to avoid, vitare 
 to award, tribuerc 
 away from, a, ab, abs 
 an axe, securis 
 an axis, axis 
 an axle, axis 
 
 B. 
 
 a babe, infans 
 
 Bacchus, Liber 
 
 the back, dorsum, tergum 
 
 bad, improbus, malus 
 
 badly, male 
 
 a ball (for play in ff), pila 
 
 the bank (of a stream), ripa 
 
 a banquet, epulae 
 
 a barber, tonsor 
 
 a bark, cortex 
 
 a barn, liorreum 
 
 a basis, basis 
 
 a bat, vespertilio 
 
 tlie (line of) battle, acies 
 
 a battle, j)roelium, praelium 
 
 to be, esse 
 
 a beak, rostrum 
 
 a bean, faba 
 
 a bear, ursus 
 
 a beast, bestia, animal; a beast of 
 
 burden, jumentum; a beast of 
 
 prey, animal rapax 
 beautiful, pulcher 
 beauty, pulchritudo 
 because, quia 
 a bee, apis 
 a beech, lagus 
 beef, caro boum 
 before (prep.), ante, prae 
 
 — 157 — 
 
 before (adv.), antea 
 
 a beggar, mendicus 
 
 a beginner, tiro 
 
 a beginning, initiura 
 
 behind (prep.), pone, post 
 
 behind (adv.), a tergo 
 
 to believe, credere 
 
 the belly, alvus, venter 
 
 to belong to, pertinere ad 
 
 below (being below), inferus 
 
 a bench, scamnum 
 
 beneath, infra, subter 
 
 beneficent, beneticus 
 
 beneficial, salutaris 
 
 a benefit, beneficium 
 
 benevolent, benevolus 
 
 beside, juxta, praeter 
 
 best (adj.), optimus 
 
 best (adv.), oi)time; in the best 
 
 manner, optime 
 letter (adj.), melior 
 better (adv.), melius, magis 
 between, inter 
 beyond, extra, trans, ultra 
 big, magnus [avis palustris 
 
 a bird, avis; a bird of a swamp, 
 birth, partus; after the birth of 
 
 Christ, i)ost Christum natum 
 a birthday, natalis 
 rf bit, frustum 
 bitter, acerbus, amarus 
 black, ater, niger 
 to blame, vituperare 
 blessed, beatus 
 blind, caecus 
 blood, sanguis 
 a blossom, flos 
 a blow, verber 
 the blue-bottle, C3'anus 
 n (wild) boar, aper 
 (I boat, linter 
 a body, corpus 
 
 a bog, palus 
 
 a bond, vinculum 
 
 a bone, os 
 
 a book, liber 
 
 a bookseller, bibliopola 
 
 bo7-n, natus 
 
 both, ambo 
 
 both.. and, et..et 
 
 a box, pyxis 
 
 a boxer, pugil 
 
 a bow, arcus 
 
 a boy, puer 
 
 boyhood, pueritia 
 
 a bracelet, spinther 
 
 the brain, cerebrum 
 
 bran, furfur 
 
 a branch, ramus 
 
 brass, aes 
 
 brave, fortis 
 
 bravely, fortiter 
 
 bread, panis 
 
 the breast, pectus, thorax; vp to 
 
 the breast, pectoribus tenus 
 a bridge, pons 
 a bridle, frena (pi.) 
 bright, clarus 
 brightly,c\arQ',more brightly,c\ti~ 
 
 rius; most brightly, clarissime 
 to bring forth, gignere 
 a brink, margo 
 a bristle, seta 
 Britain, Britannia 
 broad, latus 
 broken, fractus 
 a brook, rivus 
 a brother, frater 
 a brother-in-law^ le\ir 
 the brow, frons 
 Brutus, Brutus 
 a building, aedificium 
 a bull, taurus 
 a bunchy tuber 
 
— 158 — 
 
 a bundle^ fascis 
 
 a burden^ onus 
 
 a burning, combustio 
 
 a burning heat, ardor 
 
 a bu.Hines.% negotium 
 
 bu.vj, sodulus 
 
 buty at, autcm, sed, vero, vcniin; 
 tantuin; but even, veruin; but 
 for, absque; but rather, x\U\\\\\ 
 but still, eeterum 
 
 a butterflif, [)apilio 
 
 to buy, eniere 
 
 by, per; close by, propter 
 
 C. 
 
 Ccfisar, Caesar 
 
 calamity, fat urn 
 
 California, Calitbrnia 
 
 of a calf, vituliiius 
 
 to call, appellare, vocare 
 
 cahn, tranquil 1 us 
 
 a camel, eamelus 
 
 a (military) camp, castra (i)I.) 
 
 a canal, canalis 
 
 a captain, eenturio 
 
 a carcass, cadaver 
 
 care, eura 
 
 careful, diligens; carefully, dili- 
 genter; more carefully, diligen- 
 tius; most carefully, diligenlis- 
 
 to carry, portare [siuie 
 
 to cast, si)argere 
 
 a cat, felis 
 
 cattle, pecu; a head of cattle, 
 
 a cause, causa [pecus 
 
 cavalry, cMiuitatus 
 
 to cease, <lesinere 
 
 to celebrate, celebrare 
 
 celebrated, praeelarus 
 
 a century, saeculum, secuhim 
 
 certain, certus; a certain one, 
 quidam 
 
 chaff, palea 
 
 chalk', creta 
 
 a change, mutatio 
 
 to change, mutare 
 
 a channel, canalis 
 
 character, ingenium 
 
 Charlemagne, Carolus Maguus 
 
 Charles, Carolus 
 
 charm, lepos 
 
 charming, amoenus 
 
 a cheek, gena 
 
 cheerful, liilaris, sercnus 
 
 a chick-pea, cicer 
 
 a chief princeps 
 
 a child, int'ans; children, liberi 
 
 a choir, chorus 
 
 Christ, Christus; after the birth 
 of Christ, i)ost Christum natum 
 Cicero, Cicei'o 
 a circle, orbis 
 a citadel, arx 
 the cithara, cilhara 
 a i'itizen, civis 
 
 a city, urbs; city walls, moenia 
 a claw, unguis 
 clean, i)urus 
 clear, clarus, serenus 
 a clerk, scriha 
 
 at eight o'clock, octava hora ; 2ch(U 
 o'clock is it ? quota nora est ? 
 close by, propter 
 clothing, vest is 
 a cloud, nul)es 
 cloudy, nubihis 
 clover, tri folium 
 a club, fust is 
 a coachman, rhedarius 
 a coast, ora 
 a coat, palliolum 
 a coin, nuramus 
 
 cold (noun), frigus; icy cold, gelu 
 cold (adj.), frigidus 
 
 — 159 — 
 
 the collar-bone, jugulum 
 
 Collatin us, Collatinus 
 
 a color, color 
 
 a comb, pecten 
 
 to come, venire 
 
 comfortable, commodus 
 
 a coming, adventus 
 
 coming, futurus 
 
 a commander-in-chief, imper- 
 ator 
 
 common, communis; the common 
 Xteople, plel)s 
 
 commonly, plerumciue 
 
 the common weaUh, res publica 
 
 a companion, conies, socius 
 
 in comparison ivith, prae 
 
 to comjnie, certare 
 
 concave, cavus 
 
 to be concealed, latere 
 
 concerning, de, super 
 
 to conquer, vincere 
 
 conscience, conscicntia 
 
 considerable, {di(iuantus 
 
 to consist of const are ex 
 
 consolation, solatium 
 
 a consort, uxor 
 
 constancy, constantia 
 
 a constellation, sidus 
 
 a co7isul, consul 
 
 to contend, pugnare 
 
 contented, contentus 
 
 contrary, contrarius; on the con- 
 trary, at 
 
 convenient for, ai)tus ad 
 
 a conversation, sermo 
 
 to convey, portare 
 
 a (female) cook, coqua 
 
 a (male) cook, coquus 
 
 cooked, coctus 
 
 to cool, refrigerare 
 
 copper, aes, cuprum 
 
 corn, far, frumentum 
 
 a corner, angulus 
 
 a corpse, cadaver 
 
 correctly, recte 
 
 a cottage, tugurium 
 
 a cough, tussis 
 
 a council, concilium 
 
 the countenance, vultus 
 
 a country, regio 
 
 the country, rus; a country 
 
 house, villa; country life, vita 
 
 rustica 
 a country-mail, rusticus 
 courtesy, comitas 
 a coiner, tegumen 
 to cover, tegere 
 covered, obrutus 
 a coveriyig, teges 
 a cow, vacca 
 a crane, grus 
 a creator, creator 
 credulous, credulus 
 to creep, reperc 
 Crete, Creta 
 a crime, scelus 
 criminal, sceleratua 
 a ci^op, seges 
 a cross-path, limes 
 a crow, cornix 
 the crowd, vulgus 
 a crown, corona 
 to crown, coronare 
 to cry, clamare 
 cultivation, humanitas 
 culture, cultura 
 cunning (noun), calliditas 
 cunning (adj.), astutus 
 a cup, calix 
 the curtain (of a theater), au- 
 
 laeum 
 
 custom, consuetudo, mos 
 to cut, secare 
 a cylinder, cylindrus 
 
~ IGO — 
 
 D. 
 
 a dagger^ pugio 
 
 daily (adj.), cotidianus, quoticii' 
 anus 
 
 daily (adv.), cotidie, quotidic 
 
 damage^ damnum 
 
 iJanaej Danae 
 
 a dance in a ring^ chorea 
 
 danger^ perieulum 
 
 danger ou,% periculosus 
 
 the Danube, Dauubius 
 
 dark J ater 
 
 darkness, tenebrae 
 
 a daughter, filia 
 
 the dawn, aurora 
 
 a day, dies; the space of ^ days, 
 biduum; the space of 3 days, 
 triduum; the space of A days, 
 (lUiitriduum; to-day, liodie; up 
 to this day, adhuc 
 dead, mortuus; a dead hody^ 
 
 cadaver 
 deadly, mortifer 
 a great deal, majjcna copia 
 dear, carus; my dear, dulcissime 
 death, mors, obitus 
 December^ December 
 a deed, actio, factum 
 deep, profundus 
 a deer, cenus 
 defeat, clades 
 to defend, defendere 
 the defendant, reus 
 a defender, defensor 
 degenerate, degener 
 to deliberate, deliberare 
 to delight, delectare 
 delightful, amoenus 
 to deliver, liberare, habere; to 
 deliver a speech, urationem 
 habere 
 
 Delphic, Delphicus 
 
 a den, specus 
 
 dense, densus 
 
 to desert, deserere 
 
 desirable, optabilis 
 
 desire, libido 
 
 to despise, contenmere 
 
 to destroy, delere 
 
 destructi ve, perniciosus 
 
 to devastate, devastare 
 
 devoted, addictus 
 
 to devour, devoraro 
 
 dew, ros 
 
 a diadem, dladema 
 
 a dialect, dialectus 
 
 the diamond, adamas 
 
 a die, aiea, tessera 
 
 to die, mori 
 
 different, diversus 
 
 difficult, ditficilis; very difficult, 
 
 I)erditticilis 
 a difficulty, ditTicultas; difficul- 
 ties, aspera; with difficulty, 
 
 digestion, digestio [iJlitticile 
 
 digs, fodit 
 a dike, agger 
 diligence, diligentia 
 diligent, diligens 
 dinner J coena 
 a diphthong, diphthongu^ 
 dirty, sordid'is 
 a disciple, dis^ioulus 
 a disease, morbus 
 diseased, aegrotans 
 to disjilease, displicere 
 dispos it ion, I ngeuium 
 a distaff, cokis 
 a ditch, fossa 
 divine, divinus 
 
 to do, age re; pray, what are you 
 doing? quidnam agis ? to do 
 harm, nocere 
 
 — 161 — 
 
 docile, docilis 
 
 a dog, canis 
 
 a dolphin, delpliinus 
 
 domestic, domesticus 
 
 a door, janua, ostium 
 
 a dormouse, glis 
 
 double, duplex 
 
 a doubt, dubium 
 
 doubtful, dubius 
 
 a dove, columba 
 
 down from, de 
 
 a dowry, dos 
 
 a drachm, a drachma 
 
 to dread, formidare 
 
 a dre^'^s, vestis 
 
 a drink, potio 
 
 to drink, bibere 
 
 a drinking, potio 
 
 to drive away, pellere 
 
 a drop, gutta 
 
 to dry, arescere 
 
 a duck, anas 
 
 during, per 
 
 dust, pulvis 
 
 a duty, officiura 
 
 to dwell, habitare 
 
 E. 
 
 each, quisque; each one, quisque, 
 unusquisque; M;i//i each other, 
 
 an eagle, aquila [inter se 
 
 tJie ear, auris 
 
 the earth, terra, tellus; the whole 
 earth, orbis terrarum 
 
 easily, facile; more easily, faci- 
 lius; most easily, facillime 
 
 the east, oriens 
 
 Easter, pascha 
 
 easy, facilis 
 
 to eat, edere 
 
 to ebb, remeare 
 
 echo, echo 
 
 to eclipse, obscurare 
 
 educated, eruditus 
 
 efficient, etiicax 
 
 an egg, ovum 
 
 Egypt, Aegyptus 
 
 eight, ocio', eight at a time, octoni; 
 eight by eight, octoni; eight 
 times, octies; eight times as 
 great, octuplus; eight hundred, 
 octingenti; eight hundred at a 
 time, octingeni; eight hundred 
 by eight hundred, octingeni; 
 eight hundred times, octingen- 
 t\es;the eight hundredth, octin- 
 gentesimus 
 
 eighteen, duodeviginti; eighteen 
 at a time, duodeviceni, octoni 
 deni; eighteen by eighteen, 
 duodeviceni, octoni deni; eigh- 
 teen times, duodevicies, octies 
 decies 
 
 the eighteenth, duodeviccsimus, 
 
 octavus decimus 
 the eighth, octavus 
 the eightieth, octogesimus 
 eighty, octogmta, eighty at i; time, 
 octogcni; eighty by eighty, oc- 
 
 togeni; eighty times, octogies 
 either . . or, aut . . aut; vel . . vel 
 elegant, elegans 
 elegantly, eleganter 
 an elephant, elephantus, eleplias 
 eleven, undccim ; eleven at a time, 
 
 undeni ; eleven by eleven,\m(iQm j 
 
 eleven times, undecies 
 the eleventh, undecimus 
 an elm, ulmus 
 emotion, motus 
 an emperor, imperator 
 empire (over), imperiura 
 
— 162 — 
 
 an end, finis 
 endlefiSy irifinitus 
 endowed, praeditus 
 to endure, tolerare 
 an enemy, host is; inimicus 
 EnglUh, Anglicus 
 an enigma, aoni^ma 
 enough, sat, satis; enough for, 
 entire, intei^or [satis ad 
 
 eni^y, invidia 
 equal, par 
 an error, error 
 an estimate, aostimatio 
 eternal, aoternus 
 eternity, acternitas 
 Europe, Europa 
 even, et, etiani, vel 
 evening, vesper 
 an event, res 
 ever, unqiiam, iimquam 
 everlasting, sem[)iteriius 
 every, oninis; everyone, quisqiie, 
 iinusquis(iiie; every thing, oni- 
 everywhere, ubi(iue [nia 
 
 an evil, malum 
 an example, exem{)lum 
 excellent, praestans 
 except, |)raeter 
 to exercise, exercere 
 experienced, peritus 
 exterior, exterior 
 external, extern us 
 extreme, extimus, extreiuus 
 the eye, oculus 
 the eyebrow, supercilium 
 
 F. 
 
 the face, faeies 
 fair, serenus 
 faith, fides 
 faithful J fidus 
 
 to fall, cadere 
 
 fallacious, fallax 
 
 a fallow-deer, dama 
 
 false, falsus 
 
 tame, fama 
 
 famous, celeber, clarus 
 
 far (adj.), lon^inquus; by fa?', 
 
 far (adv.), multo [longe, multo 
 
 a farmer, agricola 
 
 to fashion, fingere 
 
 fast (ac^j.), celer 
 
 fast (adv.), eelwriter 
 
 a fast-da y, j ej un i um 
 
 fat, adei)s 
 
 to make fat, saginare 
 
 a father, pater 
 
 a father-in-law, socer 
 
 a fault, vitium 
 
 favorable, benignus 
 
 fear, metus, timor 
 
 to fear, timere 
 
 a feather, penna, \)\\\mdL', without 
 feathers, iniplumis 
 
 February, Februarius 
 
 feed, pal)uluni 
 
 to feed, alere 
 
 to feel, sen tire 
 
 that fellow, iste liomo 
 
 a fellow-citizen, civis 
 
 a female, femina 
 
 fertile, fecundus, feililis, frugifer, 
 uber 
 
 festal, festus 
 
 a fetter, eompes 
 
 a fever, tebris 
 few, a few, pauci 
 
 afield, ager, campus 
 fierce, ferox 
 
 fifteen, quindecim; fifteen at a 
 time, quini deni; fifteen by fif- 
 teen, quini deni; fifteen times, 
 quindecies, quinquiesdecies 
 
 — 163 — 
 
 the fifteenth, quintus decimus 
 the fifth, quintus 
 the fiftieth, quinquagesimus 
 fifty, (\\xm(\xiiig\ni2i; fifty at a time, 
 qumquagem', fifty by fifty, qiiin- 
 quagem; fifty thousand, quin- 
 quaginta milia; fifty times, 
 quinquagies 
 to fight, dimicare, pugnare 
 finally, denique 
 fine, pulcher 
 finely, pulchre 
 a finger, digitus 
 a finger-ring, anulus, annul us 
 finished, actus 
 
 fire, ignis; vomiting fire, ignivo 
 afire-brand, titio fmus 
 
 afire-bucket, hama 
 firm, firmus 
 the first, primus 
 first, primum 
 a fish, piscis 
 a fisherman, piscator 
 fit for, aptus ad 
 fitted for, aptus ad 
 five, quinque ; five at a time, quini ; 
 five by five, quini; five hun- 
 dred, quingenti; five hundred 
 at a time, quingeni; five hun- 
 dred by five hundred, quin- 
 geni ;,^i'e/mnfZre(Z times, quin- 
 genties; the five hundredth, 
 quingentesimus; ^re thousand, 
 quinque milia; five times, 
 quinquies 
 fivefold, quincuplex 
 fixed, certus 
 
 flame, flamma [rusca 
 
 flashes of lightning^ fulgura co- 
 flashing, coruscus 
 flattery, adulatio 
 fleecy^ laniger 
 
 fleet (adj.), velox 
 
 fleeting, fluxus 
 
 a flight, fuga; to put to flighty 
 
 fugare 
 a flock, grex 
 a flood, fluctus 
 to /oi^, atfluere, fluere; to flow 
 
 back, remeare 
 a flower, flos 
 a fly, musca 
 to fly, volare; to fly away^ avo- 
 
 lare; to fly up, evolare 
 a fog, nebula 
 foliage, frons 
 following, posterus 
 folly, stultitia 
 food, cibus, esca, pabulum 
 a fool, stultus 
 foolish, stultus 
 afoot, pes 
 a foot-soldier, pedes 
 for (prep.), pro, ob, per, prae, 
 
 contra 
 for (conj.), enim, nam 
 force, vis 
 the forehead, frons 
 the foremost, primus 
 a forest, silva 
 
 former, prior; the former, ille 
 the fortieth, quadragesimus 
 fortunate, felix, fortunatus 
 fortune, fortuna; good fortune, 
 
 prospera fortuna 
 /or^i/, quadraginta;/or^?/ at a time, 
 qna^drsigem', forty by forty, qua- 
 drageni ', forty itme^'jquadragies 
 forward, porro 
 foul, teter 
 
 a foundation, fundamentum 
 four, quattuor; four at a time, 
 quaterni; four by four, qua- 
 terni; four hundred^ quadrin- 
 
— 164 — 
 
 genil'yfour Jiundred at a ilme^ 
 quadringeni; /our hundred by 
 four hundred^ quadringeni; the 
 four hundredth, quadringen- 
 tesimus; four hundred times, 
 quadringenties; four tinief^, 
 quater; four times as great, 
 (luadniplus; the spare of four 
 dai/s^ qnatriduura; the space of 
 four years, quadrit'iinium 
 
 fourfold, (luadrui)lex 
 
 afourfooted animal, ([uadrupcs 
 
 fourteen,i{U'diinovdtH'\m; fourteen 
 at a time, quatcrni deni; four- 
 teen by fourteen, (luaterni deni; 
 fourteen times, quaterdecies, 
 quattuordecies 
 
 the fourteenth, quartus deciiiius 
 
 the fourth, quartus 
 
 a fowler, auceps 
 
 afo.v, vuli)es 
 
 fragile, fragilis 
 
 fragrant, odor us 
 
 frail, caducus, fragilis 
 
 a fraud, traus 
 
 free, liber; to set free, liberare 
 
 to free, liberare 
 
 freedom, libertas 
 
 freely, libere 
 
 frequency, frequentia 
 
 frequent, ereber, Irequens 
 
 a friend, amicus 
 
 friendly, amicus 
 
 friendsh ip, amicitia 
 
 to frighten, terrerc 
 
 a frog, raua 
 
 from, a, ab, abs, de, e, ex 
 
 frugal, frugi; more frugal, fruga- 
 lior; most frugal, frugalissimus 
 
 frugality, frugalitas, parsimouia 
 
 fruit, Iructus, (trux) truges 
 
 fruit-bearing, trugit'er 
 
 fruitful, fmgifer 
 
 a fruit-tree, pomus 
 
 full, plenus 
 
 to furnish, suppeditare 
 
 furniture, supellex 
 
 further (adj.), ulterior; on the 
 
 further side of, ultra 
 further (in\v.), amiilius 
 furthest, ultimus 
 
 G. 
 
 gain, eraolumentum 
 
 gall, fel 
 
 a gallery, porticus 
 
 a garden, hortus 
 
 a garment, vestis 
 
 garrulous, garrulus 
 
 a gate, porta 
 
 gay, alacer 
 
 a gem, gemma 
 
 Germany, Germania 
 
 a gift, donum, munus 
 
 a girl, puella 
 
 to give, dare, praebere 
 
 to glitter, micare 
 
 a globe, globus, sphaera 
 
 glorious, decorus 
 
 glory, gloria 
 
 a glutton, comedo 
 
 to go near, accedere ad 
 
 a (wild) goat, caprea 
 
 God, Deus 
 
 a god, deus 
 
 a goddess, dea 
 
 gold, aurum; of gold, aureus 
 
 golden, aureus 
 
 a goldfinch, acanthis 
 
 a good, bonum 
 
 good, bonus, probus; good fort- 
 
 une, prospera fortuna 
 a goose, anser 
 
 — 165 
 
 to govern, regere 
 
 grain, far; a grain, granum 
 
 a granary, horreum 
 
 grand, magnificus 
 
 a grandchild, nepos 
 
 a grandfather, avus 
 
 a grape, uva 
 
 a grapple-hook, harpago 
 
 grass, gramen 
 
 a grave, sepulcrum, sepulchrum 
 
 great, magnus; as great, quantus; 
 how great ? quantus ? so great, 
 tantus; so great... as, tantus 
 .. .quantus; too great, niraius; 
 greater, major; greatest, maxi- 
 mus 
 
 Great Britain, Britannia 
 
 green, viridis 
 
 a grindstone, cos 
 
 a grove, nemus 
 
 to grow, crescere 
 
 grown up, adultus 
 
 a guard, custos, praesidium 
 
 to guard, custodire 
 
 a guardian, custos; a guardian 
 angel, genius 
 
 H. 
 
 habit, consuetude 
 
 J tail, grando 
 
 hair, crinis 
 
 the hand, manus 
 
 to hand down, tradere 
 
 happily, feliciter 
 
 happiness, felicitas 
 
 happy, beatus, felix 
 
 a harbor, port us 
 
 hard, difficilis, durus, gravis; t?er?/ 
 
 hard, perdlfficilis 
 hardly, vix 
 a hare, lepua 
 
 to hasten, festinare 
 
 to have, habere 
 
 the hawk, falco 
 
 hay, foenuni 
 
 he, is ; he who, qui [pecus 
 
 the head, caput; a head of cattle, 
 
 Jiealth, sanitas, valetudo 
 
 healthy, sanus, validus 
 
 a heap, acervus, strues 
 
 to hear, audire 
 
 a hearer, auditor 
 
 hearing, auditus 
 
 the heart, cor, pectus 
 
 heat, calor; a burning heat, ardor 
 
 heaven, caelum, coelum 
 
 heavenly, caelestis, coelestis 
 
 heavy, gravis 
 
 an heir, heres 
 
 a helmet, cassis 
 
 help, auxilium, (ops) 
 
 to help, adjuvare 
 
 a hen, gallina 
 
 her (own) suus 
 
 a herald's staff, caduceus 
 
 an herb, herba 
 
 herself, ipsa; se; of herself, sui; 
 
 to herself, sibi; with herself, se; 
 
 secum 
 to hide, condere 
 high, altus, excelsus ; a high 
 
 altar, altare; on high, sursum; 
 
 highest, summus, supremus; in 
 
 the highest degree, inprimis, 
 
 imprimis 
 a hill, colli s 
 himself, ipse; se; of himself, sui; 
 
 to himself, sibi; with himself^ 
 
 se; secum 
 the hinge (of a door), cardo 
 his (own), suus 
 history, historia 
 hoarseness, ravis 
 
 t 
 
— 166 — 
 
 hoary ^ canus 
 
 to hold, tenere ; io holdfastj^rmsLTO 
 
 a holtdafj, dies festus 
 
 holloWj cavus 
 
 a home, domicilium ; home^ pa- 
 tria; domiim; at homCj domi; 
 from home, domo 
 
 honest, lionestus 
 
 honesfh/, lioueste 
 
 hnnen, rnel 
 
 an honor, lionor 
 
 to honor, horiorare 
 
 honorable, lionesius 
 
 hftpe, s{)cs 
 
 a horn, cornu 
 
 a horse, equus 
 
 a horseman, eques 
 
 a horse-soldier, eques 
 
 a hostacje, oljses 
 
 hostile, hostilis 
 
 an hour, bora; at the eighth hour, 
 at ei(jht o'clock, octava hora 
 
 a house, domus 
 
 a household thing ^ res domestica 
 
 how, quam 
 
 however, tamen 
 
 huge, ingcns 
 
 human, humaniis 
 
 humanitf/, huraanitas 
 
 a hump, tuber 
 
 a hundred, centum; a hundred 
 at a time, centeni; a hundred 
 bii a hundred, centeni; a hun- 
 dred times, centies; a hun- 
 dred, times as great, centupbis; 
 the hundred and first, centesi- 
 mus (et) primus; a hundred 
 thousand, centum milia; ahun- 
 dred thousand times, centies 
 railies; the hundred thou- 
 sandth, centies millesimus 
 
 a hundredfold, centuplex 
 
 the hundredth, centesimus 
 
 hunger, fames 
 
 a hunter, venator 
 
 to hurt, laedere 
 
 hurtful, noxius 
 
 a husband, conjux 
 
 a husbandman J agricola 
 
 I. 
 
 /, ego 
 
 ice, glacies 
 
 the ichneumon^ ichneumon 
 
 icy cold, gelu 
 
 the Ides, Idus 
 
 if, si; as if, ceu, quasi 
 
 ignoble, ignobibs 
 
 ignorant, imperitus 
 
 to illumine, iUuminare 
 
 an image, effigies, imago 
 
 immeasurable, immensus 
 
 immense, ingens 
 
 immortal, immortaba 
 
 impassable, invius 
 
 impetuous, veliemens 
 
 impiety, impietas 
 
 an implement, instrumentum 
 
 most important, potissimus 
 
 to improve, emendare 
 
 impudent, impudens 
 
 with impunity, impune 
 
 in, in 
 
 inborn, insilus 
 
 income, vectigal 
 
 incurable, insanabibs 
 
 India, India 
 
 an Indian, Indius 
 
 to indicate, significare 
 
 indolent, deses 
 
 industry, industria, sedubtas 
 
 infamy, infamia 
 
 infancy, infantia 
 
 inferior^ inferior 
 
 — 1G7 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 an inhabitant, incola 
 to injure, nocere 
 injurious, noxius 
 injury, injuria 
 inner, interior 
 innermost, intimus 
 insanity,msixn\si 
 an insect, insectum 
 instead of, pro 
 to instruct, docere, erudire 
 an intodion, intentio 
 an interpreter, interpres 
 intimate, intimus 
 into, in 
 
 an invention, inventum 
 an ini'etitor, inventor 
 iron (noun), ferrum 
 iron (adj.), ferreus 
 an island, insula 
 it, id 
 
 Italy, Itaba 
 its (own), suns 
 
 itself, ipsum; se; of itself, sui; to 
 itself, sibi; tvith itself se,secum 
 ivory, ebur 
 
 J. 
 
 January, Januarius 
 
 aja7% olla 
 
 a joint, artus 
 
 a journey, iter 
 
 Jove, Juppiter (Jupiter) 
 
 joy, gaudium, laetitia 
 
 joyful, laetus 
 
 a judge, judex 
 
 io judge, judicare 
 
 just, Justus 
 
 justice, justitia 
 
 K. 
 
 keen, acer 
 
 to keep off, arcere 
 
 a keepevj custos 
 
 a kid, haedus 
 
 the kidneys, renes 
 
 a kind, genus 
 
 kindness, benignitas 
 
 a king, rex 
 
 a kingdom, regnum 
 
 the knee, genu 
 
 a knife, cuUcr 
 
 to knoiv, cognoscere, noscere 
 
 ivithout the knowledge of, clam 
 
 known J notus 
 
 L. 
 
 laboi', labor 
 
 laborious, laboriosus 
 
 to lacerate, lacerare 
 
 a lair, cubile 
 
 a lake, lacus 
 
 a lamb, agnus 
 
 the land, terra; one's native la ad, 
 
 l)atria 
 a language, lingua 
 lard, adeps 
 large, magnus 
 a lark, alauda 
 to last, manere 
 
 /a.s*^,postremus,postumus, ultimus 
 latest, postremus, postumus 
 Latin, Latinus 
 the latter, hie; the latter.. the 
 
 former, hie . . iUe 
 a laugh, cachinnus 
 law, jus; a law, lex 
 laziness, pigritia 
 lazy, piger 
 lead, plumbum 
 a leader, dux 
 a leaf, folium 
 to leap, sabre 
 to learn, discere 
 learned, doctus 
 learning^ literac, litterae 
 
— 168 — 
 
 — 169 — 
 
 least, minimus 
 
 a leathern mck, uter 
 
 a lecture-room, auditorium 
 
 left, sinister 
 
 the leg, crus 
 
 leisurely, lonte 
 
 length, loni^itudo 
 
 less (adj.), minor 
 
 less (adv.), minus 
 
 lest, ne 
 
 a letter, litera, littcra; cpistula, 
 
 epistola 
 level, aeciuus 
 liable, obnuxius 
 liberty, libortas 
 lichen, liclion 
 a lie, mcndacium 
 life, y'lia; country life, vitarustica 
 light, lumen, lux; a light, lanipas 
 light, levis 
 
 lightning, \\\hj^\\v\jlashes of light- 
 ning, fulicura corusea 
 like (adj.), similis;/i^t;. J/^t', talis 
 
 . . qualis 
 like (adv.), ut 
 to like, amare 
 a likeness, effigies 
 a lily, lilium 
 the limbs, art us 
 a lime-tree, tilia 
 a limit, limes 
 a line, linea; the line of battle, 
 
 acies 
 a lion, leo 
 a litter, lectica 
 
 little, parvus; of liUle value, vilis 
 to live, vivere; to live on fish, 
 
 vivere piscibus 
 lively, alacer 
 liver, hepar, jecur 
 living, vivus 
 a load, onus 
 
 to lodge, habitare 
 
 long (adj.), longus; for a lovg 
 time, diu 
 
 long (adv.), diu; longer, diutius; 
 very long, diutissime 
 
 to look, speetare; to look out for ^ 
 quaerere 
 
 a looking-glass, speculum 
 
 loquacious, loquax 
 
 a lord, dominus 
 
 to lose, amittere 
 
 a lot, sors 
 
 a loud laugh, cachinnus 
 
 love^ amor 
 
 to love, amare, diligere 
 
 loving, amans 
 
 low, hum ills; lower, inferior; low- 
 est, imus, intimus 
 
 lucky, taustus 
 
 luggage, impedimenta 
 
 a lump, massa 
 
 a lung, pulmo; the lungs, pul- 
 mones 
 
 lust, libido 
 
 luxury, luxuria 
 
 lying, mendax 
 
 a lyre, lyra 
 
 a machine, machina 
 
 a magistrate, magistratus 
 
 mag nan imity, magnanimitas 
 
 magnetic, magnetieus 
 
 magnificent, magniticus 
 
 the magpie, pica 
 
 a maid, virgo 
 
 to maintain, servare 
 
 to make fat, saginare 
 
 a maker, opifex 
 
 male, mas 
 
 a mallow J malva 
 
 ( 
 
 *! 
 
 I 
 
 vian, homo; a man, homo, vir 
 
 the mane, juba 
 
 manner, mos 
 
 mannered, moratus 
 
 many, multi, plures; how many? 
 quot ? so many, tot; so many 
 . . .as, tot. . .quot; very many, 
 
 marble, marmor [complures 
 
 a march, iter 
 
 a mare, equa 
 
 a mai^gin, margo 
 
 a mark, index 
 
 a marriage, nuptiae 
 
 a mason'' s rule, amussis 
 
 the mast, mains 
 
 a master, dominus, magister 
 
 mastic, mastiche 
 
 matter, materia 
 
 a mattock, ligo 
 
 nie, me;frojnme, me; of me, mei; 
 
 to me, mibi; with me, mecum 
 a meadow, pratum 
 meat, caro 
 
 a member, membrum 
 memory, memoria 
 Menelaus, Menelaus 
 a merchant, mercator 
 merry, laetus 
 
 a (female) messenger, nuntia 
 a metal, metallum 
 a method, methodus 
 Mexican, Mexicanus 
 midday, meridies 
 mighty, potens 
 to migrate, migrare 
 migratory, migrans 
 mild, Clemens, mitis 
 milk, lac 
 a million, decies centena milia, 
 
 decies centum milia; a million 
 
 times, milies milies 
 
 the millionth, decies centiea 
 
 millesimus 
 the milt, lien, splen 
 MiUiades, Miltiades 
 the mind, animus, mens 
 mindful, memor 
 a minister, minister 
 a mirror, speculum ' 
 
 a m iser, avarus ' 
 
 misery, miseria 
 misfortune, calamitas 
 a mistress, domina 
 a mixture, mixtio 
 a model, exemplar 
 moderate, modicua 
 modest, modestus 
 modesty, modestia 
 moist, humidus 
 money, pecunia 
 a monkey, simia 
 a moydh, mensis 
 the moon, luna 
 more (adj.), plus 
 moi^e (adv.), magis 
 the morni ng, aurora; in the mof^" 
 
 ing, mane 
 the morning-star, Lucifer 
 morose, morosus 
 to-morrow, eras 
 mortal, mortalis 
 most (adj.), plurimus 
 most (adv\), maxime 
 most important, potissimus 
 a moth, blatta 
 a mother, mater 
 motion, motus 
 a mountain, mons 
 a mouse, mus 
 the mouth, os 
 much (adj.), multus; how much? 
 
 quantum? so much, tantum; too 
 
 much, nimiuSj nimis, nimium 
 
— 170 — 
 
 7nuch (adv.), multo, multum; too 
 
 muchj iiimis, nimium 
 a /nuUitudCy iiiultitudo 
 a murdei'j caedes, nex 
 a munnarj murmur 
 I musty dobeo 
 'iuy, meus 
 
 a namej nomen 
 
 the nape (of the neck), cervices 
 
 a napkin^ mappa 
 
 Ndjt/f'Sj Xi'iipolis 
 
 a narrative^ iiarratio 
 
 narrow^ aiii^ustus 
 
 a nation^ mitio 
 
 one's natire land, patria 
 
 7iat((n% natura 
 
 iiaritjatiiniy uavigatio 
 
 the nai'!/, el ass is 
 
 7iear (adj.j, proi)inquus; nearer, 
 citerior, i)ru{)i()r; /tea rest, citi- 
 mus, pi-oximus 
 
 Tiear (adv.). i)ropo; nearer, pro- 
 
 l)ius; nearest, proximo 
 7iear([nv[).), ai)ud, circa, circiter, 
 
 pr()j)e; near to, juxta 
 vecessa ry, iieccssari us 
 necess ity, ncccss i t as 
 the neck, collum 
 7iectar, nectar 
 a needle, acus 
 7ieedi/, egens, egenus 
 to neglect, neglcgere, nogligere 
 a neighbor, vicinus 
 7ieither (of the two), neuter 
 Tieither. . . nor, nee. . .nee, neque 
 
 • . .noque 
 a nephew, nepo8 
 a net, rete 
 a nettle, urtica 
 
 never, numquam, nunquam 
 7iei^,novus; news,no\\ {Wi.ofnew) 
 New York, Eboracum Novum 
 next, dcinde; next to, secundum 
 tJie nig/it, nox 
 the nightingale, luscinia 
 the (river) Nile, Nilus 
 nine, noveni; 7iine at a time, 
 noveni; nine by nine, noveni; 
 nine hundred, nongenti; 7iine 
 hundred at a time, nongeni; 
 7iine hundred by nine hun- 
 dred, nongeni; nine hundred 
 times, nongenties; the nine 
 hundredth, nongentesimus; 
 nine times; no vies 
 nineteen, undeviginti; nineteen 
 at a time, noveni deni, nndevi- 
 ceni; nineteen by nineteen, no- 
 veni deni; nndeviceni; 7iine' 
 teen times, no vies decies, un- 
 devicies 
 the nineteenth, nonus decimus; 
 undevicesimus 
 the ninetieth, nonagesimus 
 ninety, nonaginta; ninety at a 
 time, nonageni ; n inety by n ine- 
 ty, nonageni; 7iinety times, no- 
 nagies 
 the ninth, nonus 
 no, nuUus; no one, nullus; no one 
 
 of you, nemo vestrum 
 noble, nobilis 
 nobody, nemo 
 a nod, nutus 
 a noise, clamor 
 noon, meridies 
 
 the north, septentriones ; the 
 seven stars near the north 
 pole, septentriones; the north 
 wind, aquilo, septentrio 
 northern, septentrionalis 
 
 — in — 
 
 f 
 
 iJie nose, nasus 
 
 7iot, non, uc; if 7iot, nm; not any, 
 nullus; not a single, ne unus 
 quidem; not even, ne. .quidem; 
 7wt even one, ne unus quidem 
 
 7iothing, nihil; nothing else, nihil 
 aliud; 7iothing else than, nihil 
 aliudquam ;?ioion/i/. . .but also, 
 non modo . . . sed etiam, non so- 
 lum . . . sed etiam, non tantum 
 ...sed etiam, turn... turn 
 
 7iotorious, notus 
 
 November, November 
 
 7101V, nunc; now. . .7iow, modo. . . 
 modo, nunc. . .nunc 
 
 a number, numerus 
 
 7iumberlesSj innumerus 
 
 O. 
 
 an oak, quercos, robur 
 
 on oath, jusjurandum 
 
 to obey, oboedire, obedire, obtcm- 
 
 perare 
 obscure, obscurus 
 to obscure, obscurare 
 to observe, observare 
 (yellow) ochre, ochra 
 an occupation, negotii 
 the ocean, mare 
 October, October 
 of, de, e, ex 
 an office, honor, munus 
 offspring, progenies 
 often, saepe; oftener, saepius; 
 
 of te nest, saepissime 
 oil, oleum 
 old, antiquus, senex 
 old, antiquus, vetus, vetustus; 
 
 old age, senectus; an old man, 
 
 senex; older, senior 
 
 an olive^ oUva \ 
 
 tium 
 
 an omen, omen 
 
 on, in, into; on account of, ob, 
 propter; on this side of, cis, 
 citra; on the further side of, 
 
 once, semel [ultra 
 
 one, unus; one at a time, singuli; 
 one by one, singuli; one... an- 
 other, alius. . .alius, inter se; 
 the one. . .the other, hic...ille; 
 one's self, se; ivith one's self, 
 
 one-eyed, monoculus [sccum 
 
 only, tantum', not only . . .but also, 
 non modo . . . sed etiam, non so- 
 lum... sed etiam, non tantum 
 . . .sed etiam, turn. . .turn 
 
 02)en, patens 
 
 openly, palam 
 
 an opinion, opinio, sentcntia 
 
 to oppose, oppouere 
 
 opposite, oppositus 
 
 opposite to, contra 
 
 or, aut, sen, sive, ve (appended), 
 vel; either. . .or, aut. . .aut, vel 
 . . .vel; v'hether. . .o?', sive. . . 
 sive, seu . . . sen 
 
 an oracle, oraculum 
 
 order, mandatum; ordo 
 
 origin, origo 
 
 an ornament, decus, ornamentum 
 
 an ostrich, struthio 
 
 the other (of two), alter; others j 
 ceteri; of others, alienus 
 
 I ought, debeo 
 
 our, noster 
 
 outdoors, foras 
 
 out of, e, ex 
 
 outward, exterus 
 
 over, super, trans 
 
 overgreat, nimius 
 
 to owe, debere 
 
 his, her, its, their own, suns 
 
 an oXj bos, taurus 
 
— 172 — 
 
 — 113 
 
 apage^ pagina 
 
 p{iinj dolor 
 
 to paint, \nn^orQ 
 
 a pair ofhorse.% bigae 
 
 a palace, palatium 
 
 the palm (of the hand) , palraa 
 
 a pan, j)atina 
 
 paper, charta; a sheet of x>ciper, 
 sclieda 
 
 a paragraph, paragra[)luis 
 
 a parchment, inenibraiia 
 
 a parent, parens 
 
 Parian, Parius 
 
 apart, pars 
 
 a pasmge, transitiis 
 ])assion, cupiditas 
 past (adj.), praoteritiis 
 jxist (|)re[>.), praeter, ultra 
 
 a pasturing, pastio 
 
 a cross-path, limes 
 patience, pat lent ia 
 patienfy patiens 
 
 2)atientl If, \rdt\enter; more patient- 
 l},\ pat ii'iit ills; most j)atienthj, 
 pat lent issime 
 to pag attention, atteudere 
 peace, pax 
 a peacock, pavo 
 a peahen, pava 
 a pear-tree, pii'us 
 a pedagogue, paedagogus 
 a pen, penna 
 a pencil, stilus 
 
 rt7)e/i//?.<?w/rt, peninsula, paeuinsula 
 Pennsylvan ia, Pennsilvania 
 a people, gens, populus 
 people, homines; the common 
 
 people, plebs 
 pepper, piper 
 perfect, perfectus 
 
 perfidious, perfidus 
 
 peril, periculum 
 
 pernicious, perniciosus 
 
 a person, homo, persona; a sick 
 person, homo aeger 
 
 pestiferous, pestiler 
 
 th e ph e n ix, ph oen ix 
 
 a physician, medicus 
 
 to pick out, eligere ' 
 
 pickle, alec 
 
 a 2^ i fate, pirata 
 
 pitch, pix 
 
 placed, situs 
 
 2)la i n t ire, 1 ugubris 
 
 a 2)1(1 nt, planta 
 
 a play, ludus, lusus 
 
 2)leasant, jueundus, suavis 
 
 2ileasanthj, jucunde 
 
 to please, plaeere 
 
 pleasing, gratus; to he pleasing 
 
 to, plaeere 
 2)leasure, voluptas; with pleas urey 
 
 libenter 
 a j)ledge, arrha 
 a plow, aratrura 
 to 2)low, arare 
 a plowman, arator 
 a 2)lowshare, vomis 
 a 2)oem, carmen, poema 
 a p)oet, poeta 
 2)oetry, poesis 
 
 a poison, venenum, virus j 
 
 2Wor, pau|)er j 
 
 a 2wplar, populus 
 the 2>oppy, i)apaver 
 2)opular, popularis 
 to possess, possidere 
 possessed of, compos 
 a possession, bohum 
 posterior, posterior 
 a pound, libra 
 to pour forthy effundere 
 
 poverty, paupertas 
 
 p)ower, potestas, \\s', in th£ power 
 
 of, penes 
 to p)ractice, exercere 
 praise, laus 
 to 2)raise, laudare 
 praiseworthy, laudabilis 
 2iraising, laudans 
 to pray, orare 
 a2)rayer, (prex) preces 
 a 2)recept, praeeeptum 
 precious, pretiosus; a precious 
 
 stone, gemma 
 preferable, potior 
 to pirepare, parare 
 in presence of, coram 
 apiresideni, praeses 
 2}rey, praeda; a beast of prey, 
 
 animal rapax 
 a price, pretium 
 to prick up, stimulare 
 a 2^riest, sacerdos 
 primary, primarius 
 prior, prior 
 profit, commodum 
 prone, pronus 
 ai)rophet, vates 
 prosperity, felicitas 
 pros2')erous, prosper 
 a proverb, proverbium 
 provident, providus 
 proud, superbus; to be proud of, 
 
 superbirc (with abl.) 
 the p)row, prora 
 prudence, prudentia 
 prudent, prudens 
 Xmblic, publicus 
 a pugilist, pugil 
 pungent, acer 
 punishment, poena 
 a pupil, alumnus, discipulus 
 a (female) pupil, discipula 
 
 pure, purus 
 
 to purify, purgare 
 
 to put to flight, fugare 
 
 Q. 
 
 a quadruped, quadrupes 
 
 a quarrel, lis 
 
 a queen, regiua 
 
 a question, quaestio 
 
 quickly, cito 
 
 quicksilver, argentum vivum 
 
 a quiver, pharetra 
 
 R. 
 
 the rabble, vulgua 
 
 a race, genus 
 
 rain, pluvia 
 
 rainbow, arcus caelestis, arcus 
 
 coelestis 
 rainy, pluvius 
 a ram, aries 
 a rampart, agger 
 rapacious, rapax 
 rare, rarus 
 rarely, rare 
 a raven, corvus 
 raw, crudus 
 to read, legere 
 reason, ratio 
 
 a receptacle, receptaculum 
 to reckon up, enumerare 
 red, ruber 
 to refresh, recreare 
 ivith regard to, ad 
 a region, regio 
 to remain, manere 
 remarkable, illustris 
 a remedy, remedium 
 remembrance, recordatio 
 to remove, migrare; to remove to, 
 demigrare in 
 
 ^ 
 
— lU — 
 
 renowned^ inclutus 
 
 repentinc/, poonitons 
 
 a repetition^ rcpetitio 
 
 the republic, res publica 
 
 reputation^ fama 
 
 to require, postulare 
 
 reaeinblancej similitudo 
 
 in every respect, ab omni parte 
 
 refit, quies 
 
 the resf^ eeteri; /or the rest, coto- 
 
 a result, eventus [rum 
 
 a return, rctlitus 
 
 to reveal, argucre 
 
 a reward, raerocs, praemium 
 
 the Rhine, Khenus 
 
 a rhinoceros, rhinoceros 
 
 Rhodes, Rliodus 
 
 rich, dives 
 
 riches^ divitiae 
 
 a riddle, aeiiigma 
 
 a rider, eques 
 
 ri(jht (noun), fas, jus 
 
 right (opp. to icrong), rectus; 
 
 (opp. to left), dexter 
 quite rigid, rectissime 
 riijldhi, recte 
 
 a thtger-ring, anulus, annulus 
 to ring through, personare 
 ripe, nuiturus 
 rising, ortus 
 
 a river, aninis, llumen, tluvius 
 a 7'oad, via 
 
 a robber, latro, praedo 
 robust, robustus 
 a rock, rupes, saxum 
 a roe, caprea 
 Roman, Roraanus 
 Rome, Roma 
 (t roof, tectum 
 a room, conclave 
 roomy, am plus 
 a root, radix 
 a rope, funis, restis 
 a rose, rosa 
 
 rotten, putridus 
 
 rough, asper 
 
 round, rotundus 
 
 a row, ordo 
 
 a rower, remex 
 
 a ruin, ruina 
 
 a rule, praeceptura; a mason'' s 
 
 rule, amussis 
 to rule, regere 
 to run, currere 
 
 S. 
 
 a leathern sack, uter 
 
 sacred, sacer, sanctus 
 
 sad, tristis 
 
 safe, tutus 
 
 safely, tuto 
 
 safety, salus 
 
 sagacious, sagax 
 
 to sail, navigare 
 
 a sailing, navigatio 
 
 a sailor, nauta 
 
 a sail-yard, antenna 
 
 salt (noun), sal 
 
 salt (adj.), saisus 
 
 salubrious, saluber 
 
 salutary, salutaris, utllis 
 
 the same, idem; ^/ie sariie as, idem, 
 
 sand, arena [qui 
 
 sandy, arenosus 
 
 sated, satur 
 
 satisfied, contentus 
 
 to save, servare 
 
 savory, sapidus 
 
 a saw, serra 
 
 to say, dicere 
 
 the scale (of a fish), squama 
 
 a scar, cicatrix 
 
 to scatter, spargere 
 
 a schism, schisma 
 
 a scholar, discipulus 
 
 a school, schola 
 
 175 — 
 
 
 \% 
 
 the sea, marc, pelagus, aequor 
 
 a seaman, nauta 
 
 a season, tempus anni 
 
 to season, condire 
 
 a seat, sedes, sella 
 
 the second, secundus, alter; a 
 second time, iterum 
 
 security, securitas 
 
 to see, videre 
 
 seed, semen 
 
 seldom, raro 
 
 to sell, vendere 
 
 to send, mittere 
 
 sense, sensus 
 
 sensible, prudens 
 
 to separate, dividere 
 
 September, September 
 
 serene, serenus 
 
 a series, series 
 
 a serpent, serpens 
 
 a servant, famulus, minister, ser- 
 vus; to be a servant, servire 
 
 a servant-girl, ancilla 
 
 to serve, servire 
 
 to set free, liberare 
 
 seven, septem ; seven at a time, 
 septeni ; seven by seven, septeni ; 
 seven hundred, septingenti; 
 seven hundred at a time, sep- 
 tingeni ; seven h u n dred by seven 
 hundred, septingeni ; seven 
 hu7\dred times, septing(Mities; 
 the seven hundredth, soi[)t\ngen- 
 tesimus; seven times, septies; 
 seven times as great, septuplus 
 
 sevenfold, septemplex 
 
 seventeen, decem et septem; 
 seventeen at a time, septeni 
 deni; seventeen by seventeen, 
 septeni deni; seventeen times, 
 septiesdecies 
 
 the seventeenth, septimus decimus 
 
 the seventh, septimus 
 
 the seventiethj septuagesimus 
 
 seventy, septuaginta; seventy at a 
 time, sei)tuageni; seventy by 
 seventy, septuageni; seventy 
 times, septuagies 
 
 several, complures, plures 
 
 severe, severus, vehemens 
 
 shabby, sordidus 
 
 a shade ) . 
 
 ashadoxv \ "•"'^'■'^ 
 
 shady, umbrosus 
 
 I shake, quatio 
 
 shameful, teter, turpis 
 
 a shape, figura, species 
 
 without share, expers 
 
 sharp, acer, acutus 
 
 to sharpen, acuere 
 
 she, ea 
 
 a sheaf, merges 
 
 a sheep, ovis 
 
 a sheet ofp)aper, scheda 
 
 a shell, concha 
 
 a shepherd, pastor 
 
 a small shield, pelta 
 
 to shine, fulgere 
 
 shining, lucidus 
 
 a sh ip, navis 
 
 a shoe, calceus 
 
 a shoemaker, sutor 
 
 a shop, taberna 
 
 a shore, litus 
 
 shoi% brevis 
 
 I should, debeo 
 
 the shoulder, humerus 
 
 a shout, clamor 
 
 to sJioiv, monstrare 
 
 a shower, imber 
 
 to shun, vitare 
 
 Sicily, Sicilia 
 
 sick, aeger 
 
 a sickle, falx 
 
 a side, pars; on this side of, cis, 
 citra; on the further side of, 
 ultra; more on this side, cite- 
 rior; most on this side^ citimus 
 
 a sightj spectaculum 
 
— 17(3 — 
 
 1 
 
 I < 
 
 sight, visus 
 
 a sign, sii^num 
 
 silent, tacitus 
 
 silken, sericeus 
 
 a silk-ivorni, bombyx 
 
 silver (noiinj, argditum 
 
 silver (adj.), ai\i>;enteus 
 
 a silver fir, abies 
 
 simple, simi)k'X, simplus 
 
 to sing, canc^ro, caiitare 
 
 singing, caiitus 
 
 singing^ cantans 
 
 single, siini)lex 
 
 a sister, soror 
 
 a sister-in-law, glos 
 
 to sit, sedere 
 
 situate, situs 
 
 six, sex; six at a time, seni; six 
 hg six, seni; six hundred, sex- 
 ceuti; six hundred at a time, 
 sexceni; six hundred by six 
 hundred, sexceni; six hundred 
 times^ sexcenties; the six hun- 
 dredth, sexcentesimus; six 
 thousand, sex niilia; six times, 
 sexies 
 
 sixteen, sedecini; sixteen at a 
 time, seni deni; sixteen by six- 
 teen, seni deni; sixteen times, 
 sedecies, sexiesdecies 
 
 the sixteenth, sextus decimus 
 
 the sixth, sextus 
 
 the sixtieth, sexagesimns 
 
 sixty, sexaginta; sixty at a time, 
 sexageni; ^' <■./•/// by sixty, sexa- 
 gcm; sixty times, sexagies 
 
 skill, soUertia, solertia 
 
 the sky, caelum, cochnn; the open 
 sky, caelum, coelum 
 
 to slander, rodere 
 
 a slate, tabula 
 
 a slaughter, caedes 
 
 a slave, servus; to be a slave, 
 
 slavery, servitus [servire 
 
 to sleep, dormire 
 
 sleep, somnus 
 
 slender, gracilis, tenuis 
 
 slothful, iners 
 
 slow, lent us, tardus 
 
 slowly, lente 
 
 sluggish, ignavus 
 
 small, exiguus, parvus; a small 
 
 shield, pelta 
 smell, odor; olfactus 
 a smith, laber 
 smooth, glaber 
 
 snow, nix 
 so, tani; so 
 
 . as, tam . . . quam ; 
 so great, tantus; so great. . .as, 
 tantus. . .quantus; so many, 
 tot; so many. . .as, tot. . .quot; 
 so to speak, quasi, tamquara; 
 while. . .so too, turn. . .tum 
 
 society, societas 
 
 Socrates, Socrates 
 
 soil, humus 
 
 a soldier, miles; a foot-soldier, 
 pedes; a horse-soldier, eques 
 
 solitude, solitude 
 
 Solon, Solon 
 
 the solstice, solstitium 
 
 some, aliquantus, aliquis, quis- 
 piam; nonnuUi, alicjuot; some 
 one, aliquis, quidam, quisi)iam; 
 some. . .others, alii. . .alii 
 
 something, aliquid, quidpiam 
 
 sometimes, interdum 
 
 somewhat, aliquantura 
 
 a son, filius; a son-in-law, gener 
 
 a song, cantus 
 
 soon, cito, mox 
 
 the soul, animus 
 
 a sound, sonus 
 
 sound, sanus 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 to sound through, personare 
 
 a soui'ce, Ions 
 
 the south wind, auster, not us 
 
 the space of 2 days, biduum 
 
 the space ofo days, tridiium 
 
 the space of 4 days, quati'iduum 
 
 the space of 2 years, biennium 
 
 the space of 3 years, triennium 
 
 the sjyace of 4 years, quadriennium 
 
 a spade, ligo 
 
 SjKiin, llispania 
 
 a sjmrroiv, passer 
 
 Sparta, Si)arta 
 
 tos2)eak,(\'n'Qve', so tos2n^ak,q\\iis\, 
 
 a sjieakei', orator [taimiuam 
 
 a spear, cuspis, hasta 
 
 a spectre, larva 
 
 a speech, oratio 
 
 spelt, ador, far 
 
 a spice, aroma 
 
 a spit, veru 
 
 the spleen, lien, splen 
 
 splendid, spliMididus 
 
 a spoon, cochlear 
 
 a spring, tons 
 
 spring, ver; belonging to spring, 
 
 in sjyring, verims 
 a sjiur, calcar 
 ({ stable, stalmlum 
 a staff, baculum, scipio 
 a stag, cervus 
 a star, astrum, sidus, Stella 
 a state, civitas; the state, res pu- 
 
 blica 
 to stay all niglit long, pernoctare 
 steam, vapor 
 stecj), arduus 
 the stern, puppis 
 a stick, baculum 
 still (with comparatives), etiam 
 the stomach, stomachus 
 a stone, lapis 
 
 a storm, procella, tempestas 
 
 a story, historia 
 
 a strait, euripus 
 
 a street, platea 
 
 strength, robur, vires 
 
 to strengthen, lirmare 
 
 strict, severus 
 
 a string, chorda 
 
 to .'<t rive for, petere 
 
 strong, robust us, validus 
 
 studiojis, studiosus 
 
 study, studiam 
 
 subject, obnoxius 
 
 to submit, parere 
 
 such, talis; such... as, (j[ualis, 
 talis. . . (lualis; such afi, ut 
 
 sugar, saccliarum 
 
 suitable, idoneus 
 
 suljyhur, suUiir, sulphur 
 
 the summer, aestas 
 
 the sun, sol 
 
 superior, superior 
 
 a support, praesidium 
 
 supreme, suminus, suprenms 
 
 sure, certus 
 
 a surety, vas 
 
 a surface, superficies 
 
 a surgeon, chirurgus 
 
 su spci -ted, su s})ect us 
 
 a swallow, hirundo 
 
 a swamp, palus; a bird of a 
 swamp, avis palustris 
 
 swampy, paluster 
 
 a swan, cycnus, cygnns 
 
 sweet (to the senses in general), 
 sua vis; (to the taste), dulcis 
 
 swift, celer; swifter, ocior; swift- 
 est, ocissimus 
 
 swi/tness, celeritas 
 
 to sicim, natare 
 
 a swine, sus 
 
 Switzerland, Helvetia 
 
a swordj ensis 
 a syllable^ syllaba 
 a symbolj symbolum 
 
 T. 
 
 a table,, mensa 
 
 a tablet^ tabella 
 
 a tail,, Cauda 
 
 a tailor,, sartor 
 
 to takSj sumere; to take away,, 
 tollere 
 
 talent^,, indoles 
 
 a talk,, sermo 
 
 tall,, procerus 
 
 a talon,, unguis 
 
 tame^ cicur 
 
 tastey gustus; sapor 
 
 taXy vectigal 
 
 to teachy docerc 
 
 a teacher, raagister, praecoptor 
 
 a (female) teacher, magistra 
 
 a tear, lacrima, lacryma 
 
 a teat, uber 
 
 tediouiinesH, taedium 
 
 to tell, narrare 
 
 temperance, temperantia 
 
 a temple, templuni 
 
 ten, decern; ten at a time, doni; 
 ten by ten, deni; ten times, 
 decies; ten times as great, dc- 
 cuplus; ten thousand, decern 
 milia; ten thousand times, de- 
 cies milies; the ten thousandth, 
 decies millesimus 
 
 tenacious, lentus 
 
 tender, tener 
 
 tenfold, decern plex 
 
 the tenth, decimus 
 
 tepid it I/, tepor 
 
 terrestrial, terrester 
 
 terrible, terribilis 
 
 terror^ terror 
 
 ITS — 
 
 than, quam 
 
 thankful, gratus 
 
 thanks, gratia 
 
 that (denionstr.), is; that (<>f 
 
 yours), iste; tliut fellow, isto 
 
 lioHio; that well-known, llle ; 
 
 tluit (yonder), iile; tJuit (reUil.) 
 
 qui 
 the (witli comparatives), eo; the 
 
 . . .the, quo . . . eo 
 a theater, tiieatruni 
 thee, the; from thec,tc; ofthee,iu\; 
 
 to thee, tibi; ivith thee, tecum 
 theft, furtum 
 their (own), suus 
 themselves,SG', among themselves, 
 
 inter sc, of themselves, sui; to 
 
 themselve.^; sibi; ivith them- 
 then, turn [selves, secum 
 
 there, ibi ; there is, est ; there is a 
 
 difference between, interest 
 
 inter; there is no, non est 
 thick, densus 
 a thief, lur 
 thin, tenuis 
 a thing, res; a household thing, 
 
 res domestica; those things 
 
 which, quae 
 the third, tertius 
 fhir.^t, sit is 
 thirteen, tredecim; thirteen at a 
 
 time, terni dcni; thirteen by 
 
 thirteen, tenii deni; thirteen 
 
 times, terdecies, tredecies 
 the thirteenth, tertius decimus 
 the thirtieth, tricesimus, trigesi- 
 
 mus 
 thirty, irhj^mta; thirty at a time, 
 
 triceni; thirty by thirty, triceni; 
 
 thirty times, tricies 
 this (of mine), hie 
 a thong, liubena 
 
 — 1T9 — 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 a thorn, spina 
 
 those things which, quae 
 
 thou, tu; thou, tu 
 
 athousand, mille; a thousand at a 
 time, singula milia; a thousand 
 by a thousand, singula milia; 
 two thousand, duo milia 
 
 a thousand times, milies 
 
 the thousandth, millesimus 
 
 three, tres; tht^ee at a time, terni, 
 trini; threeby three, terni, trini; 
 three times as great, triplus; 
 tlwee times as large, triplo 
 major; three hundred, trecenti; 
 three hu ndredat a iu7ic,treceni ; 
 three hundred by three hun- 
 dred, treceni; three hundred 
 times, trecenties; the three hun- 
 dredth, trecentesimus; three 
 thousand at a time, tenia milia; 
 three thousand by three thou- 
 sand, tenia milia; three thou- 
 sand times, ter milies; </if? three 
 thousandth, ter millesimus; the 
 space of three day.s', triduum ; the 
 space of three years, triennium 
 
 threefold, triplex; by threefold 
 larger, triplo major 
 
 thrice, ter 
 
 the throat, guttur 
 
 through, per; to sound or ring 
 through, i)ersonare 
 
 a thunder-bolt, fulmen 
 
 thy, tuus 
 
 the Tiber, Tiberis 
 
 the tide, aestus (pi.) 
 
 a tiger, tigris 
 
 a tile, later, tegula 
 
 a time, tempus; at any time, um- 
 quam, unquam; up to this time, 
 
 timid, timidus [adhuc 
 
 to, ad, in (with ace.) 
 
 to-day, hodie 
 
 together, una 
 
 to-morrow, eras [temo 
 
 the tongue, lingua; {of a cart), 
 
 too, et, etiam; while... so too, 
 tum ... tum; too great, too 
 much, nimius; too much (adv.), 
 
 a tooth, dens [nimis, nimium 
 
 tooth-ache, dolor dentium 
 
 the top, cacumcn, vertex 
 
 a torch, fax 
 
 torn, lacer 
 
 a tortoise, testudo 
 
 touch, tactus 
 
 toward, ad, adversum, adversus, 
 erga, sub, versus; toward the 
 east, orientem versus; toward 
 winter, sub hiemem 
 
 a tower, turris 
 
 a town, oppidum 
 
 a traitor, proditor 
 
 a traveler, viator 
 
 treacherous, fallax 
 
 a treasure, thesaurus 
 
 the treasuiy, aerarium 
 
 a treaty, foedus 
 
 a tree, arbor 
 
 a tribe, gens, tribus 
 
 a tribunal, tribunal 
 
 triple, triplex 
 
 a trireme, triremis 
 
 a trojjhy, tropaeum 
 
 trouble, molestia 
 
 troublesome, raolestus 
 
 a truce, indutiae 
 
 true, verus 
 
 a trunk, truncus [habere 
 
 trust, Mucisl; to have trust, flaem 
 
 to trust, fidem habere 
 
 truth, Veritas; the truth, verum 
 
 to turn, se convertere 
 
 a turnip, rapa 
 
Il 
 
 — ISO — 
 
 a turtle-dove^ turtiir 
 
 the twelfth^ diiodecimus. 
 
 twelve^ duodc'ciin; twelve at a 
 time^ duodeni; twelve by ticelvey 
 diiodeiii ; twelve ^/wir-sduodocics 
 
 ^7te ^i^?e/i^/f'^/<,vicesiiiiiis,vigesiimis 
 
 twenty, yhj!;\ni\; twenty at a time, 
 \iciiin', twenty by twenty,\\cL^ui ; 
 twenty time^, vicios; //if? twenty- 
 first, unus et virrsimiis, viccsi- 
 mus priimis; twrnty-one, unus 
 et viginti, vigiiiti umis; twenty- 
 one at a time, viecni singuli; 
 twenty-one by twmty-one, vi- 
 ceni singuli; twenty-one times, 
 scmol et vicies; the twenty- 
 second, alter et vicesimus, vi- 
 cesimus seeuiidiis; twenty-two, 
 duo et viginti, vigiiiti duo; 
 twenty-two at a time, viceiii 
 bini; twenty-tfco by twenty- 
 two, viceiii bini; twenty-two 
 times, bis et vicies; twenty- 
 tJiree, tres et viginti, vigiiiti 
 tres; the twenty-third, tertius 
 et vicesimus; ttrenty-three at a 
 time, viceni ivn\\',twrnly-thj^ee 
 by twenty-three, viceni terni; 
 twenty-three iimes,Wv et vicies 
 
 twice, bis; twice as great, duplus 
 
 twins, gemini 
 
 two, duo; two at a time, bini; 
 two by two, bini; two hioidred, 
 (lucent i ; t wo h u n dred atati m e, 
 duceni; two hundred by two 
 hundred, duceni; two hundred 
 times, ducenties; /Ae two hun- 
 dredth, ducentesimus; the space 
 of two days, biduum; the sjxtce 
 of two years, biennium 
 
 tivo million times, bis miliesniili- 
 08] two thousandjdno milia;/i6'o 
 
 thousand at a time, bina milia; 
 two thousand by two thousand, 
 l)ina milia; two thousand times, 
 bis milies; the two thousandth, 
 ])is miliesimus 
 
 twofold, duplex 
 
 two-footed, bipes 
 
 tyranny, tyrannis 
 
 a tyrant, tyraunus 
 
 U. 
 
 vyly, foedus 
 
 ulterior, ulterior 
 
 uncertain, incertus 
 
 u ncontrolhOAe, ferox 
 
 under, intra, sub, subter 
 
 u ndersta nding, ratio 
 
 2iiifriendly, inimicus 
 
 the universe, nniversa natura 
 
 unknown, ignotus 
 
 unlike, dissimilis 
 
 u n pleasant, injucundus 
 
 tinsteady, instabilis 
 
 nnto, erga 
 
 2inwillin(;, invitus 
 
 up to, tcnus 
 
 upon, in [aether 
 
 upper, superior; the up)per air, 
 
 upright, probus 
 
 us, nos; from us, nobis; of us, 
 
 nostri, nostnim; to us, nobis; 
 
 icith us, nobiscum 
 usage,use, usus 
 to become used, suescere 
 useful, ntilis 
 itsefulness, utilitas 
 
 V. 
 
 a valley, vallis 
 valor, virtus 
 valuable, pretiosus 
 
 If 
 
 181 
 
 I' 
 
 f 
 
 of little value, vilis 
 a van, vannus 
 vanity, vanitas 
 vapor, vapor 
 variety, varietas 
 various, varius 
 veal, caro vitulina 
 a vein, vena 
 Venice, Yenetiae 
 Venus, A'enus 
 
 I'ery, admodum, valde, per...; 
 very difficult, perdiMicilis; very 
 a vessel, vas [much, valde 
 
 Vesuvius, Vesuvius 
 a vice, vitium 
 a victory, victoria 
 vile, vilis 
 violent, veliemens 
 a violet, viola 
 a viper, vipcra 
 a virgin, virgo 
 vii^tue, virtus 
 vituline, vitulinus 
 a voice, vox 
 void (of), vacuus 
 a volume, volunien 
 vomiting fire, ignivomus 
 a vulture, vultur 
 
 W. 
 
 a xmder, avis palustris 
 wages, merces 
 
 to wa ?7/o?%exspcctai-c(expectare) 
 a walk, nmhwhxWo', to take a walk, 
 
 to walk, ambulare 
 a wall, raurus, paries 
 a ivalnut, juglans 
 laant, inopia 
 to ivant, desiderare 
 war, bellura 
 icare, merx 
 ivarlike, bellicosus 
 
 warm, calidus 
 
 to wash, lavare 
 
 icatch, custodia 
 
 watchful, vigil 
 
 watchfulness, custodia, vigilantia 
 
 a tvatchman, custos 
 
 a watch-tower, vigiliarium 
 
 water, aqua 
 
 a wave, fluctus 
 
 a way, iter, via 
 
 we, nos 
 
 weakly, imbccillus 
 
 xcealth, opes 
 
 weary (of), fessus 
 
 a wedding, nuptiae 
 
 a iveek, hebdomas 
 
 welfare, salus 
 
 a well, puteus 
 
 well, bene; to be ivell, valerc 
 
 well-bred, bene moratus 
 
 that well-known, ille 
 
 the west, occidens 
 
 what? (juid? quidnam? xvhat 
 o'clock is it? quota hora est? 
 of what sort? qualis? 
 
 what? (with a noun), qualis? 
 
 whatever, (luodcunque, quidquid 
 
 wheat, triticum 
 
 a wheel, rota 
 
 when? quando? 
 
 when, si [ibi 
 
 ichere, ul)i ; where . . . there, ubi . . . 
 
 whether, num; whether. . .or, seu 
 . . . seu, sive . . . sive 
 
 which, qui 
 
 which (of two)? uter? 
 
 whichever, quicunque, quisquis 
 
 ivhile, dum; while. . .so too, tum 
 
 a whirlpool, gurgcs [. . .turn 
 
 a whirlwind, turbo 
 
 white, albus 
 
 who, qui; he who, qui 
 
ISli — 
 
 who? quis? uter? 
 
 whoever^ quicunque, quisquis 
 
 wholCj integer, totus, universus 
 
 ivholesomCj salutaris 
 
 ivhyF cur? 
 
 wicked, improbus, scelcratus 
 
 wide, latus 
 
 a wife, conjux, uxor 
 
 %cild, ferus; a wild hoar, aper 
 
 the will, voluntas; the fjood-will, 
 voluntas 
 
 willing, libens 
 
 willimjhj, llbenter 
 
 wind, ventus 
 
 a window, fenestra 
 
 the wind-pipe, trachla 
 
 wine, vinum 
 
 a wimj, ala 
 
 winter, hienis 
 
 wisdom, sapientia 
 
 /r<x(',sapiens; a wise ma/J, sapiens 
 
 a wish, voluntas 
 
 tvit, facetiae (pi.), lepos 
 
 with, apud, cum 
 
 icithin, intra 
 
 without, abs(iue,sine; extra; with- 
 out feathers, \m\)\\i\ms',withoHt 
 share, expers 
 
 a witness, testis 
 
 a icolf, lui)us 
 
 a woman, femina, mulier 
 
 wonderful, mirus 
 
 a icood, silva; of wood, ligneus 
 
 wooden, ligneus 
 
 ivool, lana 
 
 tvool-bearing, laniger 
 
 a word, verbuni 
 
 work, labor; a ivork, opus 
 
 to work, laborare 
 
 a workshop, officina 
 
 the world, niundus 
 a worm, vermis 
 ivoj'se, (leterior, i>ojor 
 wo7\st, (leteri'imus, pessimus 
 ivorthless, netiuam ; more icorth- 
 
 less, ne(iuior; most wortldess, 
 
 nequissimus 
 a wound, vulnus 
 to wound, vulneraro 
 icr etched, miser 
 wretehedbi, niisero 
 to write, scribero 
 a tvriter, auctor 
 written, scriptus 
 
 Y. 
 
 ye, vos; ye, vos 
 
 a year, annus; every year, quot- 
 annis; the space of :? y('((rs, 
 bienniuiii; (he sjutcaf o years, 
 trienniiiin; the space oj 4 years, 
 quadrlenniuni 
 
 yellow, tlavus, fulvus; yellow 
 ochre, ochra 
 
 yes, ita est 
 
 yet, tamen; as yet, adliue 
 
 you, tu, vos; O you, tu, v<)s;/ro??i 
 you, te,vobis;o/vo;f, lui, vestri, 
 vest rum; to you, tihi, vobis; 
 with you, tecum, vobiscum 
 
 ivith yourself, tecum, vobisi'um 
 
 youny, juvenis; a young man, 
 adulescens, adolescens; young- 
 er, junior 
 
 your, tuus, vester 
 
 a youth, adulescens. adolescens, 
 juvenis; ivhen a youOi, adulu- 
 scens, adolesceus 
 
 youth, juventus 
 
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