CONCISE EXPOSITION OF THE DOCTRINE OF ASSOCIATION;’ BY ALBERT BRISBANE/ TENTH THOUSAND. NEW-YORK: J. S. REDFIELD, CLINTON HALL. ■ 1847. ASSOCIATION. ASSOCIATION is the SOCIAL DESTINY uf Mail—is the true and natural system of Society, predestined for him by the Creator, and will, when established upon earth, secure to him that happiness for which he has so long sought in vain, and the elements of which exist in and around him—in the beautiful cre¬ ations of material Nature, and in the noble i faculties and sentiments with which God has i endowed him. ; This true and natural System of Society j cannot he established at once; it must be a j gradual work, and before it can become uni- ! versal, the truth and goodness of its Principles ; must be demonstrated practically and upon a i small scale. For that reason a commence- ; ment must be made with a single Association, \ which will show its immense advantages— i show the happiness and prosperity which it s will secure to man, and lead to a general adoption. ' We shall explain the laws and mechanism ; of this single Association, which is the germ j or primary element of the System of Society { which we advocate, as the village or town- j ship is the germ or primary element of the > present.System of Society. A county, as we ! know, is composed of townships, a state of counties, and the United States of states; thus, the United States is but a repetition of townships. Now, if the township be falsely organized—that is, if the families composing it, live according to a false system; if there be conflicts of interests, opposition, discord, waste and poverty among them, then the whole body politic, composed of these falsely organized townships, will contain all their defects, and discord, injustice, poverty, and the numerous evils which they engender, will exist universally. But if we can organize the townships rightly, so that unity of interests, concert of action, vast economies and general riches will be attained, then, in spreading these rightly organized townships, and ren¬ dering them general, a Social Order will bo gradually established, in which peace, pros¬ perity and happiness will be secured to all. The great and primary object which we have in view is, consequently, to effect the establishment of one Association, which will exhibit practically the great economies, the riches, the order and unity of the system, ami serve as a model for, and lead to the founding of others. We shall explain the laws and mechanism of this one Association, and we will remark that in so doing, we shall explain the whole System of Society which we seek to establish, tlie same as in explaining the physiological laws of one Individual, we explain those of the whole Human Race. The system of Association which we pro¬ pose to lite world, is not the plan or scheme of an individual; it is not the invention of mere human reason, like so many political systems which have been established, from the Republic of Lycurgus down to our modem Democracies. It is deduced from and based upon universal Principles, and is the applica¬ tion to the social relations of Mankind of the laws of Order and Unity, which govern the Universe. Fourier discovered the laws of UNIVER¬ SAL UNITY, or the laws which’ govern Creation in its live grand Spheres or Move¬ ments, which are: 1st, the Material Movement, or the laws which govern the movements of the heavenly bodies, or univer¬ sal Matter; 2d, the Akomal, or the laws which regulate the distribution and influences of the imponderable fluids on the kingdoms of Creation—animal, vegetable and mineral; 3d, the OitoANic, or the laws according to which God distributes forms, properties, co¬ lors, flavors, etc. lo all created tilings; dth, the Instinctual, or the laws according to which God distributes instincts and passions; and lastly, the Social, or the laws which govern the succession and mechanisms of the societies of intelligent Beings throughout the Universe. From a knowledge of these laws of Uni¬ versal Unity, Fourier deduced the true and natural system of society, destined for Man, and which, when realized in practice, will produce social Order and Harmony upon the globe—a reflex of the Harmony which reigns in the Universe. Throughout his works, he declares that he gives no system or plan of his own; he claims the merit only of having discovered the system of Nature, which will secure to Mankind as many blessings as the false social Institutions, set up by human rea¬ son, have entailed upon them miseries and misfortunes. “ The Social Order,” sire the London Pha¬ lanx. (a Magazine devoted to the cause of Association,) “ deduced from the Science of Universal Unity, is based oa the three pri¬ mary Unities which compose the f Unitv of Man with God j in-true Religion. UNIYEFSAL I Unitv of Man with Wi: J :n ‘ m, “ Sn ‘ w I Unity of Man with I\a- ! ture, ia creative Art { and Industiy. -In practice, it resolves itself into the Mo¬ ral, the Artistic, and the Scientific spheres of action.” “In Morals, friendly unity, conjugal unity, family unity, and hierarchal unity.” “In Art , scenic beauty, musical harmony, nutritive excellence, fragrant purity, and com¬ fortable homes.” “In Science, critical understanding and well-founded hope, inventive energy and ge¬ nuine faith, variety of information, liberty of conscience, toleration of opinion, and true cha¬ rity in action.” “ This is what we wish to realize in Uni¬ tary Combination; and both Faith and Science say, ‘It can be done; and shall! and soon!”’ Before concluding these general remarks, let ns particularly request the reader not to confound the system of Association, discovered by Fourier, with the trials made by the Sha¬ kers, Eappiies and others, nor with the system devised by Mr. Owen. The views of the latter have excited in the public mind the strongest prepossessions against the magnificent pro¬ blem of Association, and raised up most se¬ rious obstacles to its impartial examination. The errors of individuals, however, should be carefully separated from so grand and impor¬ tant a subject, and to condemn Association because Air. Owen has advocated a commu¬ nity of property or attacked religion, shows a want of impartiality and discrimination which no reflecting mind, we hope, will be guilty of. NECESSITY OF A SOCIAL REFORM. investigation of the system, which we advo¬ cate, be entered into. If we look around us, we see numerous Par¬ ties, laboring isolatedly to carry out various reforms—political, administrative, currency, abolition, temperance, moral, &c. Ac.—which proves, First, the depth and extent of the evil that preys upon Society, and Second, the ne- cessitv of a fundamental Reform, which will attack that evil at its root and eradicate it ef¬ fectually, instead of lopping off a few branch¬ es. If the plan of such a reform has really been discovered, how worthy of the candid examination of every being, whose Soul burns with a desire to see poverty and misery ban¬ ished from tire earth, and wtiio feels a sacred pride for the happiness and elevation of his To meet and disarm fears and suspicions which may arise in the conservative Mind, we will hasten to state that the reform wo con¬ template, although fundamental in its charac¬ ter, is not destructive, but constructive; it will not tear down, but build up; it will respect what is true and good in Society, and will change quietly and by substitution, what is false "and defective; it will violate no rights. ; it will not impoverish the Rich to enrich slightly the Poor; it will mu change the victims of poverty and misery, but will improve and elevate the condition of a!!, without taking from any. It can moreover be tried on a small scale, and it will only spread, when practice has shown its superiori¬ ty over the present system. Unlike political reforms, which, to effect the smallest change of poliev, agitate and often convulse a whole country,’ and array one half of the People against the other half, it will not affect a space as large as a township and but a few hundred persons, and will not extend beyond these nar¬ row' limits unless its advantages —practically demonstrated— excite a strong and general approbation in its favor. To show the necessity of a Social Reform, we will glance at the misery which exists upon earth; its extent, depth, and intensity prove that political and other partial reforms can effect but little permanent good, and that recourse must be had to new and thorough When new views and principles are put ibrth, they invariably meet with the opposi¬ tion and condemnation of the great majority of men, no matter how good or We they may be, or how important the results which they promise to realize. Against this procedure we protest, and, in behaff of suffering Humani¬ ty, we ask that preconceived notions and pre¬ judices as well as hasty criticism befora time laid aside, and an impartial and conscientious HUMAN MISERY. If we look abroad over the earth and exam¬ ine the condition of the Human Race upon it. HUMAN what ilo we see? A spectacle at which the ' soul shudders. A large majority of our fellow- creatures are slaves, serfs or poor hired la¬ borers, toiling from fear of the lash or fear of want to obtain a miserable subsistence, or to produce the means of supporting a favored lew in luxury and idle ease. Discords and hatreds are rife among them, and the darkest selfishness benumbs their hearts and renders them indifferent to each other’s misery. There are millions upon millions of beings, who are now suffering every variety of physical wretch¬ edness and moral wo; there are hearts that arc tom with care and anxiety—bodies that are worn out with overburthening toil; there are multitudes of miserable wretches immured in gloomy prisons and dungeons, expiating by suffering and ignominy, crimes into which they were plunged by poverty, ignorance and other circumstances over which they had no control—far less culpable in many cases than the false Society which exposed them to be¬ come outcasts and criminals; there are other multitudes of beings buried in dismal and suf¬ focating mines, toiling in the bowels of the earth with the dim lamp, the pick-axe and the wheelbarrow for their only companions; there are members of the human family, who, at this moment, are mounting the bloody scaf¬ fold, where the soul, amidst awful horror and despair, is to he tom hv violence asunder from the body, and launched into an unknown fu¬ ture. All these varied woes and miseries ex¬ ist, and there arc living, feeling Souls that must undergo them! The affections and sympathies of the heart are also outraged and violated; there are pa¬ rents who see their offspring exposed to pri¬ vations -which they cannot alleviate, or led astray by the temptations, vices and crimes of a’ false Society, and ingulfed in ruin. There are broken friendships, disappointed loves, thwarted ambitious, and other mental sufferings which tongue cannot tell and lan¬ guage cannot depict. The surface of the Earth is in as miserable a condition as the Race upon i t. Vast deserts and marshes, which generate pestilential winds and miasmatic exhalations—thesource of the most frightful diseases, such as the plague, the cholera, the yellotv fever, &c., and wild forests and plains, inhabited by nox¬ ious reptiles, and savage beasts cover at least three-fourths of it. The portion which has been brought under cultivation is but miser¬ ably cultivated, and parts are devoted to the worst of purposes; here we see regions ex¬ hausted in the production of noxious plants, like the poppy and tobacco, which are grown to furnish mental vacuity and idleness with the means of a momentary occupation and excitement: there districts planted with grain —not to sustain life—but to be converted into a poisonous liquid, which may afford to de¬ graded masses a brutal exhilaration with its at¬ tendants, folly, disease and death. Besides, whole regions have been devastated by fire and sword, and remain in a neglected state— monuments of the folly and madness of nations. Such is the spectacle which a general view of the condition of the Earth and the Race upon it, presents! Does it not call for some great Reforms ? It will be declared perhaps that our remarks are exaggerated, but it is not so; they are in fact far below' the truth. If the extent and depth ofhuman Misery are not felt and heeded, it is because men are so occupied with their own little projects and interests that they can¬ not lend a thought to the higher concerns and interests of Humanity, and because in our so¬ cieties of selfish Individualism and narrow Nationality, no universal and generous sympa¬ thies fur Mankind, no sentiment for their col¬ lective -welfare—a sentiment -which Christ so strongly inculcated—are aroused and cherish¬ ed in their hearts. We will sustain what we have said upon the subject of human misery by a few' statis¬ tical details, which prove that exaggeration In France, out of a population of thirty- three millions, Iwentv-iwo millions have, upon an average, hut six cents a day each to defray ail expenses—food, lodging,’ clothing and education. What general and abject des¬ titution and nrnorance must exist in such a state of things! If we examine the condition of Great Brb tain, which is the richest Nation on the globe, we. shall be astonished at the little wealth ■which she comparatively possesses. In 1S12 there tvere in England, Wales and Scotland, as the returns of the income-tax showed, hut 152,000 persons possessing an income of above £50, or g240, a year; and only GOO above £5000 a year. Mr. Colquhoun calculates the present number of persons of independent for¬ tune in Great Britain—that is, of persons who can live without daily labor—at 47,000, and including bunkers, merchants and others who unite profits of business with interest of pro¬ perty, 00,000; making, with their families, 300,000 persons who are at their ease. To so small a number is the -wealth of Britain con¬ fined ! On the other hand, there are 1G,S00,000 persons living by their daily labor; the pau¬ pers, criminals and vasrants alone amount to 1,S00,000. What a picture of collective po¬ verty docs this great Nation, which levies commercial tribute on nearly the whole globe present! In Ireland, out of a population of 8,000,000 every third person experiences, during thirty weeks of the year, a deficiency of even third- rate potatoes. In Sicily, an island so highly favored by soil, climate and position, the condition of the people is frightful. Count Gasparin, Peer ol France, in speaking of the present state of its Agriculture and the poverty of the peasantry, says: “ When the crops are had, or the prices of’grain are low', so that the landholders re¬ quire less labor, the misery of the country becomes intense: without means of subsist¬ ence for the winter, it is not a rare thing to find peasants starved to death in the fields with grass in Mr mouths, from which they HtBIAX had vainly endeavored to draw nourish- “In London, one-tenth of the whole popu¬ lation are paupers, and 20,000 persons rise every morning without knowing where they are to sleep at night. (If we add to the pau¬ pers, the thieves, pickpockets and vagrants, the number of outcasts and destitute amounts to 230,000.) In Glasgow, nearly 30,000 per¬ sons are every Saturday night in a state of brutal intoxication, and every twelfth house is devoted to the sale of ardent spirits; in Dublin 60,000 persons passed, in. one year, through the fever hospital .”—Alison on the Principles of Population. “ The number of persons charged with se¬ rious offences, is in England five times greater than it was thirty yeats ago; in Ireland six times, but in Scotland tweutv-seven limes.” -Ibid. Pauperism, vice and the repression of crime, cost England about thirty millions of pounds sterling a year—equal to ihe whole Interest of the national debt. Could a Social Order be established which would even do away with the grosser kinds of vice and crime, what an immense national economy it would be! In eminent English physician, Dr. Eobert- soa, sums up as follows the evils that oppress the working population. “ Too early employment—too long employ¬ ment—loo much fatigue—no time for relaxa- time for-care of health—exhaustion — intem¬ perance—indifferent food — sickness—prema¬ ture decay—a large mortality .” The same geatfeman, speaking of the agri¬ cultural population, says:— “ There is another and a very large portion of the community, whose state, though often boasted of, is not, in my opinion, more favor¬ able to the preservation of perfect life and body than that of the manufacturing Poor. I mean the Laboring Poor of the agricultural districts. Their extreme poverty and their constant la¬ bor so influence them that a majority—I am sore I speak within bounds—have never the enjoyment of health after forty years of age. A thousand limes in ihe course of dispensary practice, I have felt the mockery of prescribing medicines for the various stomach complaints to which they are liable, and which are the product of bad food—insufficient clothing- wearing toil—and the absence of all hope of anything better in this world.” “ The peasants home is not the abode of joy, or even comfort. No ‘children run to lisp their sire’s return, or climb his.knees the envied kiss to share.’ The children are felt to he a burthen, ill-fed, ill-clothed, and lying on beds worse than the lower animals; they are ragged or clothed by charity; untaught or taught by charity; if sick, cured by charity; if not starved, fed by charily.” Dr. Kay gives a description of the population employed in the cotton factories of Manches¬ ter, Leeds, Glasgow, and other large manu¬ facturing towns, which shows a state of thing s truly frightful. “ The population,” says he, “ is crowded into one dense mass, in cottages separated by narrow, unpaved and almost pestilential streets, in au atmosphere loaded with the smoke and exhalations of a large manufac¬ turing city. They are engaged in au em¬ ployment which absorbs their attention, and unremittingly employs their physical energies. They are drudges who watch the movements and assist the operations of a mighty material ( force, which toiis with an energy ever uncon- • scious of fatigue. The persevering labor of i the operative must rival the mathematical | precision, the incessant motion and the ex- 1 haustless power of the machine. * 4 4 | * * * Having been subject to the pro- j longed labor of an animal—his physical energy i wasted, his mind in supine inaction—the Ar- I tisan has neithermoral dignity, nor intellectual \ nor organic strength to resist the seductions of ; appetite. Domestic economy is neglected— i domestic comforts are unknown. A meal of ■; the coarsest food is prepared with heedless • hasie, and devoured with equal precipitation. ! Home has no other relation than that of shelter > —few pleasures are there—it chiefly presents { to him a scene of physical exhaustion, from } which he is glad to escape.” j The following is an extract from an accoun ! given of the Glasgow poor by an intelligen 1 observer, Mr. Symonds, the Government Com f missioner for examining into the condition o. | the hand-loom weavers :— | “ The wynds of Glasgow comprise a flue- ! mating population of from 15,000 to 30,000 • persons. This quarter consists of a labyrinth I of lanes, out of which numberless entrances ] lead into small square courts, each with a J dunghill reeking in the centre. Revolting as j was the outward appearance of these places, j I was little prepared for the filth and drstitu- j tion within. In some of these lodging-rooms. ! (visited at night,) we found a whole lair of | human beings littered along the floor, some- f times fifteen or twenty, some clothed ami ; some naked—men, women, and children, hud- ! died promiscuously together. Their bed con- ; sisted of a layer of musty straw intermixed ! with rags. There was generally little or no ) furniture in these places; the sole article of I comfort was a fire. Thieving and prostitution ! constituted the main sources of revenue of this ; population.” \ If we had space to enter fully into a descrip- t tion of the condition of European populations. S we could present statistical facts that would ' reveal a depth and intensity of misery that is ' appalling to contemplate. ! We hold up these pictures of desperate am! | brutalizing wretchedness, that those, who ne- I ver reflect upon or examine into the subjeet, may for once see what their poor and suffer¬ ing fellow-creatures are enduring, in countries the most Civilized and Christian. It will be declared by a majority of persons that the People of the United States at least are well off, and if so, why trouble themselves with other countries? it is considered per¬ fectly right and natural, as well as Christian. HUMAN MISERY. in have no feeling but fot those immediately connected With us; but the truth is, that the People of this country are not so well off as the press and political leaders would persuade them: an immense amount of poverty, suf- ! ferine vice and crime exists, which is gra- fering, vice and dually increasing, and which should urge them \ to action, instead of remaining satisfied with ! useless and selfish comparisons. ; If the mass of the population in the United f States is better off physically than in Europe, j it is because there is an immense extent of i soil and a thin population, and because raa- 1 chincry cannot be, or at least has not yet been, applied to agriculture, in which a Vast amoun t of labor is required. But we are moving on¬ ward to the misery of the old World; our present prosperity is temporary, and the great object which we, as a People, should have in view, is to take advantage of our favorable position, and effect peacefully a Social Reform before we sink into the poverty and ignorance in which Europe is plunged. We have no statistical details of misery in the United Slates, but we will hazard a few general remarks, which we think are far be¬ low tire truth. Leaving three millions of slaves, or one-sixth of the population of the country, out of the account, there are of the remaining fifteen millions of beings, not less than three or four millions in a state of com¬ parative or extreme destitution. We are confi¬ dent that this is not an over-estimate, although the number of actual paupers and habitual beggars may not exceed half a million. But when we add to these the vast army of con¬ firmed drunkards, who, with glassy eyes, burning brows and shaking knees, are reeling on the downward road to ruin, with their de¬ pendent wives and children, subsisting from hand to mouth, Heaven only knows how—a daily repetition of the miracle of the loaves and fishes, save that the baskets of fragments are omitted—the wives and children of habi¬ tual idlers, loungers, reprobates and criminals —the families of the crippled and diseased— of poor widows and persons out of employ¬ ment, and the aggregate of human suffering from absolute want "is frightful. Who can estimate it ? What are the Statesmen of the world doing to remedy these complicated evils and mise¬ ries, which afflict all Nations ? In Ireland, O’Connell and his party wisli a National Parliament, believing that it would be a remedy for the intense wretchedness in which that unfortunate country is plunged. In England they have a National Parliament, and what does it do for her millions of over¬ worked and famishing operatives, whose suf¬ ferings are not exceeded by those of any other population of Europe? In France the Liberal Party is laboring to estnlisk universal Suffrage and an unrestrict¬ ed Eiibe' ty of the Press, indulging in the de¬ lusive hope that the right of voting will secure to Masses, who have an income of but six cents a day, prosperity and happiness. In the United States, we have universal Suffrage and the Liberty of the Press, and as they have not secured happiness to thePeople, other schemes and projects, equally as impotent, occupy the attention of political Leaders. The Democratic Party advocates a specie currency and the abolishment of moneyed corporations, contending that such measures would give regularity to Industry, open a broad field to individual exertion, and bring about a state of general prosperity. In France, they have a specie currency and’ no banking system, and the general poverty of the people proves that such measures can by themselves effect The Whig Party, on the other hand, advo¬ cates the establishment of a national and local Banks, a paper currency and an extended credit system. In England they have a na¬ tional and local Banks and an immensely ex¬ tended credit system, and no where are the “ poor sons of honest Industry” so effectually robbed of the fruits of their labor, and so sunk in industrial and financial bondage and servi- Thus Politicians and Statesmen, in different countries, are laboring to carry out partial re¬ forms which have been tried practically else¬ where, and which, as experience has demon¬ strated over and over again, can effect no great and permanent results. Political reforms operate merely on the sur¬ face of society; they .cannot go to the root of'' social Evil, and eradicate those deeply seated Miseries, which result from repugnant and ill-requited labor, from an unjust distribution ' of profits, from false and anarchical compe¬ tition in trade and industry, and from social institutions, which violate and outrage in ty hun Let Politicians be called upon to say whe¬ ther their wisest measures, their plans the best matured, would, if fully and faithfully carried out, remedy a tithe of the manifold and complicated Evils which exist, and which blight the existence of so many of our fellow- creatures. Would they give food to the Hungry? shelter to the Houseless ? clothes to the Un¬ clad? Would they give occupation to the destitute Seekers of employment ? education to the Child that is growing up in ignorance ? Would they relieve the toil-worn Masses from the drudgery and anxieties that arc wearing them out in body and soul ? Would they correct the abuses of the present repug¬ nant, ill-requited and degrading system of Labor, and the industrial tyranny which it entails upon the Multitude? Would they check the extortions, monopolies and frauds of trade, and the tricks and injustice of the law ? Would they prevent ruinous Compe¬ tition from reducing wages to starvation pint, and obviate the frightful effects of machinery, which works against instead of for me Mass? Would they do away with vice, crime and drunkenness, and the temptations and causes of despair, which seduce men into them ? In short, would they correct effectu¬ ally any of the materal miseries which are OTSAS MISE2ES. entailed upon the Poor, or alleviate the moral , woes and afflictions which shroud in gloom I the existence of so many of the Rich, who are > freed from want and worldly care ? ! No, they would do nothing of the kind; < and it is as evident as that the sun shines in S the heavens, that a Social Reform only can j effect those fundamental changes, which are j required to remedy the intense and compli- I cated Evils which now prey upon all classes j of society. j Alen of talent and genius, who are devoting ! your energies to political, administrative and j other minor Reforms, examine the grand ques- i non of a Social Reform—so much more vast, j and so much more pregnant with great re¬ sults! Why waste your powers upon ephe- j meral projects, which, if carried out, will \ effect but little good, and will soon be forgot- | ten—sinking into oblivion your names and I your efforts 1 In fifty years hence, how small ‘wffl the question ofaimb-treasury or national j bank appear, and who will remember the men that frittered away their day and hour j in discussing it ? When the broad field of a j Social Reform, which spreads out so tar be- 1 yond the narrow field of political reform, lies \ open before you—when a Reorganization of j Society, which is the grandest undertaking j that any Age can offer, calls for your efforts, j how can you consent to labor for minor and j secondary reforms, which disappear for the j most part with the day that brings them forth? t If a Social Reform can be effected which j wfildignifylndostryandrenderitattractive— > increase immensely production or real wealth ! —secure abundance to the Poor and perma- j nent prosperity to the Rich—extend the re- \ fining and elevating influence of superior j education to all—widen the sphere of intel- > lectnal existence, and combine the pleasures j of Art and Science and social Life with the pursuits of uselul Industry, how desirable j would be the result, and how worihy of the j persevering efforts of men of pure motives j and exalted ambition! ! The mind of Alan has not yet elevated itself ! to the Idea of undertaking with intelligence j and foresight a Social Reform, but the Age is I sufficiently prepared for this grand Idea to j warrant its being broached and discussed. I The World has run through and accomplished those various minor and preliminary reforms— political, legislative, judiciary, Arc.—which first occupy the attention of men, and there is nothing now to prevent them from compre¬ hending, that it is not changes in the Govern¬ ment, and Administration, or on the surface of society that are required, but a fundamental Reform in the social Organization itself Let us now turn from these general consider¬ ations, and cast a glance at the condition and tendency of things in onr own land. The history of the United States proves practically and beyond the possibility of de¬ nial. that political and administrative refrains cannot secure to the People Happiness and Social Elevation. We have enjoyed a long period of peace; the best talent of the coun¬ try has been devoted to Politics; various par- ties—^Federal and Democratic—have had the ascendency; different policies—Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian—have been carried out; the labors of from thirteen to twenty-six Slate Legislatures, of a National Congress and an unshackled Press, have been devoted to the work ofimprovemenl, and after all, what great results have been attained ? Are the People happier? are they more elevated, morally and socially? have they pleasing and encouraging prospects before them? are they moving onward toward some high Destiny which excites enthusiasm? No, far from it; real Evils, sucli as collective poverty and depen¬ dence, anxiety for the future, fluctuations in trade and iu industry, and instability in politi¬ cal policv, have increased and with marked rapidity.' It is true that Commerce has been greatly developed and extended, but it has been in so incoherent and disorderly a manner that vio¬ lent revulsions have every- few years taken place, which have plunged the country at each period into the greatest distress, and entailer, ruin upon all classes of society. Besides, Com¬ merce prospers in proportion to the amount of profits which it draws from productive In¬ dustry—from agriculture and manufactures, so that its prosperity is a very deceptive sign of public welfare. It is true, also, that great internal Improve¬ ments have been carried out, but how inju¬ diciously and wastcfully have they been pro- secuied 1 A. majority of them are unfinished and pay no returns, and many of the Slates that have undertaken them, have become bankrupt—causing the ruin of thousands of individuals, who loaned them their money. The great achievement of the country is its progress in Industry-, which has been most rapid; vast forests have been cleared, towns and cities built, immense lines of roads made, vessels and steamboats without number con¬ structed, and the resources of the country wonderfully developed.—But this great move¬ ment is not to be ascribed to political and legislative action, but to the fact that the en¬ ergies of the People, instead of being wasied in war, or repressed bv military power, as has been the case in all other countries, have been directed to practical Improvements and the development of Industry. This great industrial Progress is worthy of the highest praise and excites admiration, but while it has taken place, Social Evils, as we said, have increased and with surprising rapid¬ ity. Onr anarchical commercial and finan¬ cial system, together with free competition, whicli is exceeding in intensity and relentless- ness all bounds, are engendering universal dis¬ trust, antipathy, selfishness and antagonism in society, and contaminating all the practical affairs of life with fraud, injustice and double dealing. Competitive strife among the Laboring Classes, which arrays them in hostili ty Ugainsi INDIVIDUAL PI each other, and machinery in the hands of the few which works against them, are gradually reducing the price of wages and prolonging the time of toil, and these and other circum¬ stances prognosticate for then poverty and dc SS5 dependence. Their condition has already become more precari¬ ous; the difficulty of obtaining employment is greater, and the means of living more un¬ certain than ever. The Mechanic and Labor¬ er can no longer look forward as in former years with the hope of securing a home for old age, hut consider themselves fortunate if they can satisfy present exigences and obtain the’means of subsistence for the day. While this change in the Social condition of the Masses has been going on, frauds and revulsions in trade and finance have become more frequent, more sweeping and unforeseen, spreading ruin among the Rich, and rendering them extremely insecure intheir possessions. Our whole system of Commerce and Indus¬ try has become a round of killing cares, ha¬ rassing anxieties, disgusts, hopes blasted, and unforeseen reverses and ruin. The business world is an arena of conflicts, overreaching and fraud—a school for the most callous self¬ ishness and duplicity; its spirit has rendered business tact, craft' and petty cunning the most important of qualifications—made the practice of truth and justice impossible—de¬ graded the higher faculties of the mind—sunk tiie pursuits of Art, Science and useful Indus¬ try below the mere ability of money-making— set up wealth as the standard of excellence trad respectability, and rendered its acquisition a mania, to which all the higher and more noble aims of life are sacrificed. Such are results which are growing out of the present system of Society, as it is advan¬ cing to maturity. With the spectacle of them before us, should we remain satisfied with the political, administrative and other partial re¬ forms, which occupy public attention, or un- iertake a SocialReform, which will ciadicate it once the numerous evils which the present false organization of Society engenders? I respect the dignity of lluma: good of the. Whole, without being violated or constrained. J. Muiuon. , the most ardent Love among Men 'Fourier. As we cannot explain at once the whole of the system of Association, and as a great many prejudices, aroused by the promnlya- tion of agrarian and atheistical doctrines, may be imputed to us, we deem it important to make the following explicit declarations. 1st. Association will maintain Individual Property, and extend its right and the means of acquiring it to every member of society, so that no one will be subjected to galling pecu¬ niary _ dependence. The petty tyranny, or vexatious control of the individual over the in¬ dividual, which exists so generally at present, and which is the most odious and repulsive of all tyrannies, is owing to the fact that the great majority of persons possess no property in their own right, and are as a consequence pecuniarily dependent. We may safely esti¬ mate that not one person out of ten'holds property at present, so that as a general Individual Property does not exist. Assc tion, with its immense economies, its great productiveness, and the guarantee of the choice of occupations and constant employ¬ ment, will enable every one to attain fortune, or at least a handsome competency. IV. Association will maintain the Family and Marriage Ties; for they exist in the moral Nature of man, and any system which would destroy them, betrays an utter ignorance of his nature and true social principles. Those ties arc now often outraged and broken hv jarring discords, by quarrelsome ignorance, monotony, tyranny! drunkenness and other vices inherent in the present system of Socie¬ ty ; but Association will correct these evils and give to the Family Union a purity, elevation and harmony, which it now rarely possesses. We condemn the system of Isolated House¬ holds, but not Marriage, which is an institu¬ tion separate and distinct from our present domestic arrangements. People suppose that the marriage tic could not lie maintained in Association, and would be dissolved if it were not confined to the isolated household,—that is, if each family did not live in a separate house by itself. ' This is a superficial error: do we not see that families can live in tents, cottages, boarding-houses or palaces without the marriage tie being dissolved? Why then can it not exist in Association ? Some Reformers have attacked Marriage, and attributed to it from mistake the numer¬ ous evils engendered by the system of isolated households. They have been guilty of a great error, and have been frustrated by it in all, their efforts at reform. So far from Marriage being the cause of those evils, it is itself de¬ graded and contaminated by the system of isolated households; and to such an extent that it may almost lie said, the isolated household is the tomb if Love. It will be i reserved for Association, with its riches, its complete moral and intellectual development I of beings, the enjoyment of the arts and scien- \ ces, and its freedom from monotony, and pet- i ty domestic cares and anxieties, to refine and ; elevate Marriage. The isolated household produces disagreements, engenders antipa- ) tines, and deadens all enthusiasm. ! We are well aware that great defects are to be found in the family and marriage Ties, | as they now exist: the former leads as a gen- ECOXOHIES OF 1SS0CUTI05. eral rale to the most contracted and repulsive selfishness, and the latter is in the most of cases a mere worldly, sensual connection. But then we do not wish to destroy, but to pre¬ serve and elevate them, for we feel absolutely certain that the parent will always love the child and the child the parent, and that intel¬ lectual love will invariably lead to chastity and fidelity. 3d. Association, mil respect sacredly the Religious Sentiment, and preserve religions Worship, which is the external manifestation of that Sentiment in the human soul. . ! Some reformers have attacked Religion, j and in so doing have filled the minds of peo- j pie with a dread that any great plan of Social j Reform will be connected with Infidelity. Let us point out briefly why they have com¬ mitted this error, as it will probably be the best way of proving that we shall avoid it During the course of our false societies; . which pervert almost every thing true and good. Religion has at times been greatly per¬ verted and abused, and has produced gigantic evils. The horrors perpetrated in religious wars and persecutions, the atrocities of the Inquisition and other outrages committed in the name of Religion are certainly appalling to contemplate. Struck with these abuses, and believing them inherent in Religion, some reformers have wished to abolish it; they have not had the perspicuity to separate the abuses of Religion from Religion itself—to sep¬ arate the effect of sectarian Fanaticism, act¬ ing upon ignorant and deluded minds, from true Religion and the high and exalted senti¬ ments connected with it, but have wished to blot out the religious principle in Humanity, and sever the connection between it and the Divinity. Fourier was guided in his researches by genuine, or as he terms it, integral Faith in God and the universality of his Providence, and he sought to discover the laws of Order and Harmony which govern the Universe, in which he succeeded, and he has given to the > world a Social Order deduced from and based i upon those laws. This Order is essentially j religious in its character, first, because it is ; based upon laws and principles which have their origin in Divine Wisdom, whereas all past and present societies are based upon ar- ■ binary laws, devised by humanReason,—that is, bv Legislators and Philosophers; and, second, because its aim is to unite and con¬ nect men in bonds of peace and harmony, and establish that Brotherhood among Mankind, which was the desire of Christ. Fourier has, in three of his works—Theory qf Universal Unity; The New Industrial World, and False Industry —devoted a con¬ siderable space to proving scientifically the Immortality of the Soul, which he has done m the most conclusive manner, and in The New Industrial World, he has shown the perfect coincidence which exists between the practical aims and tendencies of Christianity and Association, and has proved that the former can only be realized in practice in a Society based upon £ Union of the individual with the collective Interest, Concert of Action, Attractive Industry and Social Unity. These remarks are general in their charac¬ ter;—practically we will state, that in Associa¬ tion the most perfect Freedom of Opinion will exist, and a true sentiment of Tolerance be in¬ culcated. Every individual will enjoy his re¬ ligious opinions' precisely as he wishes and without restriction. The Association will build a Church, and if there are persons who entertain particular religious views, the Asso¬ ciation will furnish them halls, where they can render thanks to the Creator of the Universe as they feel and judge proper. Association will establish no new sect or creed: it will, with the aid of its system of attractive industry', its vast economies and a i superior practical and scientific education, ren- j der Wealth and Knowledge universal, so that ’ All may be elevated to worldly comfort and moral d%nity. In such a state'of tilings, the religious Sentiment will have every chance of a universal and noble development, which is impossible in societies, in which poverty, ig¬ norance, conflicts of interests, and repugnant toil, harass and degrade nine-tenths of Sian- kind. The practical organization of Association has no more to do with the religious belief of people, than the building of a block of house? or a large hotel has to do with the creeds of those who are to inhabit them. We aim a: establishing a Social Order in which Man will find abundance, knowledge and the moral and material enjoyments which his nature re¬ quires. In his religious belief and opinions, he will enjoy unrestricted liberty. ECONOMIES OF ASSOCIATION. No part of the system of Association pre¬ sents greater claims upon general approbation than its Economies. The almost universal desire of Men is to attain fortune, or a! last a competency; and as Economy is one of the two great avenues that lead to riches and worldly comfort, the descriptions which are given below cannot fail, we think, to interest the Reader, and predispose him favorably towards the System which is to secure abnn- j dance to all, and sweep Want, with all its 1 degrading and harassing influences, from so- We extract these descriptions from Fou¬ rier’s large work, entitled, Theory of Univer¬ sal Unity. We see here and there a few' examples of Association, referable to instinct or accident merely, which should have led to farther inv li¬ tigations. The peasants of Jura, in Switzei land, finding that the milk collected by a single family will not make a cheese which is very much esteemed, called gruyire, unite and bring their milk daily to a common depot. where notes are kept of the quantity deposited > rent obstacles, but investigate the immensity by each family; and from these small collec- of the economies of Association in the smali- tions a large and. very valuable cheese is j est details. made, which is divided pro rata among those > Instead of a hundred milk-men who lose a who contributed to it. hundred days in the city, one or two would be We see Association in some countries intro- substituted, with properly constructed vehi- duced also into minor details of rural Eco- cles for performing their work. Instead of a noiny—into a common oven, for instance. A hundred farmers who go to market, and lose hundred families composing a hamlet, know in the taverns and groceries of the city a that if it were necessary to construct, keep in hundred days, three or four to manage and repair and heat a hundred ovens, it would oversee, with as many wagons, would take cost in masonry, fuel and management ten their place. Instead 'of three hundred kit- times as much as one oven in common—the chens, requiring three hundred fires, and economy of which is increased twenty and wasting the time of three hundred women, thirty fold, if the village contains two or one vast kitchen with three fires for preparing three hundred families. food for three different tables, at different It follows, that if Association could be ap- prices, for the various classes of fortune, would plied to all the details of domestic and agri- be sufficient; ten women would perform the cultural operations, an economy on an average same function which now requires three of nine-tenths would result from it—indepen- hundred. dent of the additional product, which would We are astonished when we reflect upon arise from the saving of hands, employed in the colossal profits which would result from other functions. We do not, therefore, exag- these large Associations. Take fuel alone, gerate in stating that domestic Association on which has become so expensive—is it not the smallest scale, say of four hundred per- evident, that for cooking and the warming of sons, would yield a Product six times as great rooms, Association would save seven-eighths as that which is now obtained from our pre- of the wood and coal which our present sys- sent system of incoherent, isolated, piece-meal tem of incoherent and isolated Households, and disassociated cultivation. wastes and consumes ? Certain classes—soldiers for example—are The parallel is equally glaring, if we corn- forced from necessity to resort to the Econo- pare theoretically or in’imagination the cul- mies of Association.’ If they prepared their tivation of a domain in Association, overseen scanty meals separately, as" many soups as like a single farm, with the same extent of there are individuals, instead of preparing for country, cut up into little farms, and subjected a large number at once, it would cost them a to the caprice of three hundred families, vast deal of time and trouble, and they Here one family makes a meadow of a sloping would not be as well served, although the piece of land, which Nature destined to the outlay would be increased three-fold. Sup- vine; there another sows wheat where grass pose a Monastery of thirty Monks had should grow; a third, to avoid buying grain, thirty different kitchens, thirty different fires, clears a declivity which the rains will strip and every thing else in the same ratio; it is of its soil the following year; while a fourth certain that, while expending six times as and a fifth misapply the soil in some other much in materials, cooking implements and way. The three hundred families lose their hire of servants, they would be infinitely time and money in barricading themselves worse served, than if there was Unity in their against each other, and in law-suits about household Organization. ' boundary lines and petty thefts; they all How has it happened, that the Politicians avoid works of general utility, which might of the present day, so immersed in their mi- be of advantage'to disagreeable or detested nutc calculations’ and economies, have not neighbors, and individual interest is every thought of developing these germs of social where brought in conflict with public good. Economy, and of extending both to rural and The civilized World talks of Economy and city populations some system of domestic As- System: what system does it see in this in- sociation, examples of which we see scattered dustrial incoherence, this anti-social confu- here and there in our present state of society? j sion ? How has it happened that, for thirty Could not some mechanism, in which landed centuries, it has not been discovered that As- and other property would be represented by t sociation, and not cultivation carried on by stock, divided into shares, be discovered, that j isolated households, is the destiny of man, anil would induce three hundred families to form < that so long as he is ignorant of the theory an Association, in which every person would j of domestic'Association, he has. not attained be paid according to the three following quali- j his destiny ? fications— Labor, Capital, Skill? No Eco- f _q_ oomist has directed his attention to this im- ; portant problem:—nevertheless, how great j economies in granaries, cellars, fuel, would be the profit in case one vast granary j transportation, etc. or barn, well managed and overseen, could be j — substituted in the place of three hundred We are astonished, as we before observed, little barns, exposed to rats, weevil and fire! when we pass a few moments in drawing a As the problem is solved and Association is j picture of the enormous profits, which would discovered, we must not be stopped by appa- j result from an assemblage of three or four hundred families, inhabiting one vast Edifice, in which they wonld find suites of rooms and tables at various prices, covered communica¬ tions, varied functions—in short, every thing that could abridge, facilitate and give a charm to Industry. In going into details, we will first examine the advantages of Association in Granaries and Cellars. The three hundred granaries or bams, which three hundred farming families require, would be replaced by a vast Granary, divided into special compartments for each kind of grain, and even for each variet v. A11 the advantages of dryness, ventilation and locality, could be observed and attended to— advantages which the farmer cannot now think of; for often his house and hams are badly situated for the preservation of his pro¬ duce. A Community of eighteen hundred persons wonld always make choice of the most favorable location in every respect for their Edifice or rural Palace and ont-houses. The expense of walls, doors, frame-work, machinery, precautions against fire, insects! fee. of a vast granary, w-ould not cost one- tenth part of what three hundred bams, at best but defectively constructed, now do. Ten doors and windows onlv would be necp==nrv there, where, with the present system, three hundred are required, and every thing else in proportion. It is above all in precautions against nve and other accidental waste, that the become colossal. All measures of public se¬ curity are impracticable with three hundred families, some being too poor to take neces¬ sary precautions, others too careless or indif¬ ferent. We frequently hear of a whole town haying been consumed by the imprudence of a single family. Precautions against rats, Ac., become also illusive, because there is no joint action between these families. If by great care one farmer destroys the rats in hk granaries, he is soon assailed bv those of the neighboring bams and fields, that have not been dear«l of them, for the want of a system of general’ co-operation, impossible with the present diversity of interests. Association gives rise" to important econo¬ mies in operations which are now deemed productive: for example, three hundred farm¬ ing lamilies send to market, not once, but •wenty times in the course of the year: if a few chickens or pounds of butter "are to be sold, a day is lost in town; this amounts for the three hundred families to an aggregate loss of sis thousand days’ work, without in¬ cluding the expense of wagons, which is twenty-fold that of Association. In the lat¬ ter Order all these products would be sold in large quantities, as sales and purchases would take place only between Associations of eighteen hundred persons. By avoiding the complication of sales, the wast e, for example, of sending three hundred persons to market, to make three hundred separate negotiations, instead of a single one, is obviated, and we simplify and economize an important branch of operations \ If one Association sells five thousand bushels ! of wheat to three others, the care of milling | and storing does not extend to nine hundred I families, but only to three. Thus after hav- > ing saved in the sale of the produce, ninety- ! nine-hundredths of the distributive labor, this i economy is repeated in its preparation for use. i It is consequently an economy of ninety-nine- 5 hundredths twice repeated: and how many ; will take place of this magnitude! 1 It is to he remarked that the economies l of Association are almost always, like those ! above, of a compound nature, which, to the > saving in selling, adds that of storage and ; and the expense of their con ! pairs saved. Thus, an expem t itself unproductive, is ease to distinguish from I restore Profit, which arises from'increased production in any branch of Industry; the former kind of profit being the least understood in the present order, we will make use of an example in illustrate it. Hirer Fish: this source of product is thc- more precious as it requires no care, and as its rapid multiplication is not prejudicial to the crops, like that of game. How great would be the abundance offish, if there were a general understanding to suspend fishing at \ certain periods, and leave a sufficient quantity ; in each stream for re-prrduction! Such Con- | cert of Action is one of the results of Associa- j tion. Persons, expert in the matter, say, that i upon an average of years, twenty times as j many fish would he taken in all small streams, t if people wonld agree to fish only at proper i seasons, so as not to exhaust the slock, and | take but a quarter of the pains i:i destroying otters and muskrats, which they r.nw do in j despoiling the streams. Such would be the policy of Association, which, to the product j of rivers, would add that of reservoirs, with currents for preserving distinct species. , Positive Profit consists in the increased product obtained by active Industry. We have in the present Order a very considerable - quantity of positive Riches, from which we ,night tew a double or treble profit; such are j forests, which require to he cleaved of the su¬ perabundance of trees that choice their growth. In certain other branches, we. have too much j positive Wealth. Compared with the quan¬ tity of grain and wine produced, we have a .real manv more hams and casks than are i necessarywe could reduce the number ti thirds, if vast granaries and large tuns a vats only were used. Thus real lliches often ' consist in a diminution of the positive product. NON-PRODUCERS. One of the greatest sources of economy Association will be the return of Non-l’ro- duccrs-t’nat is, of idlers, loungers, persons engaged in useless occupations, the idle rich, etc!. u> Productive Industry. This result can¬ not lie attained without a system of Attractive Industry, which will render the pursuits of Agriculture and the mechanical Avis pleasing and honorable—and Industry cannot be ren¬ dered Attractive except in Association. What is tiie number of persons actively engaged at present in producing? Not One- Tiiiiid of the population. Two-Thirds pro¬ duce nothing, and the labor of the producing Third is, ior want of good implements, work¬ shops and manufactories, and a scientific sys¬ tem of agriculture, most miserably applied. All must live from the scanty product of the Producing Third, and out of it the expenses of Government, the profits of Commerce, Fi¬ nance, the Law, etc. must lie paid. So long as this slate of tilings continues, Poverty will lie the lot of four-fifths of the population, and the only remedy is to establish a system of Attractive Industry, which will induce the present host of Noil-Producers to take part in productive Industry, and add to the wealtli of Society. To show that two-thirds of the po¬ pulation produce nothing, wo add below a list, which we extract from Fourier, of the Non- Producing Classes in the present Social Order. List of Non-Producers in the present Social Order. 1st Division. 1. Women. 2. Children. 3. Servants. 2d Division. 4. Armies. 5. Fiscal Agents and Police. 6. Manufacturers in part. 7. Commerce do. 8 Useless Transportation. Principal Classes. Persons engaged in positive Destruction. Persons engaged in negative Production. First Division—Domestic Non-Producers. 1. Three-quarters of the Women in cities, and half of those in the country, produce no¬ thing, as they are absorbed in unproductive domestic occupations, which are to he consi¬ dered useless, as they grow out of the present system of isola ted households. Their labor is estimated in political economy at only a fifth of that of men. .. ., _ .ring to their mischievousness and want : of skill. 3. Three-fourths of Servants, whose labor s rendered necessary by the present domestic , ^implication, particularly in kitchens. In I Association, thirty cooks'would do infinitely better the work which now requires three hundred. Second Division—Social Non-Producers. 4. Armies and Navies, which, besides ab¬ sorbing a very large poriion of the public re¬ venue, divert from productive labor the most robust of tiie population, and predispose them to depravity by forcing them to sacrifice in a parasitic function years which they should employ in acquiring skill ami ability in Indus¬ try, for which they lose all taste in a military life. The mass of men and machines, called j an Army, produces nothing while waiting to i he employed in destroying, j 5. Fiscal Agfatp.— What a quantity of i hands does the Custom-House alone absorb! ! To these we may add tax-gatherers, inspec¬ tors, ami tiie army of clerks employed in the complicated administrations of States and Ci¬ ties. How many could return to productive Industry in the Combined Order, in which each Association would pay, like a single indivi¬ dual, its taxes! 6. A full half of Manufacturers may be considered relatively unproductive, owing to the vast quantity ofbadly manufactured goods, (A shoemaker who makes a pair of boats that rip at tiie end of tiie week, is relatively unproductive, for. although lie has labored, he has produced nothing of value, and might as well have been idle. This observation applies to an immense quantity of poor manufactures, which do no service.) Perfection in this de¬ partment of Industry would reduce tiie waste of manufactures to one-half or three-quarters of what it now is. 7. Nine-tenths of Merchants and other Commercial Agents. In the Combined Order a system of wholesale Trade, which would he carried on direct between Associations and would be performed by Commission Mer¬ chants, employed by the Associations, would replace the present incoherent system of com¬ mercial exchanges, and avoid the enormous complication of little sales and purchases, which now take place between isolated fa¬ milies. 8. Two-thirds of the Agents or Teaxspok- taiioj hy sea and land.—To the waste of a j complicated system of conveyance, is to be i added that of hazardous transmission, parti- ' cularly by sea, where imprudence, want of skill and bad vessels increase shipwrecks ten¬ fold. Third Division—Accessory Non-Producers. 9. Legal, Accidental or Secret Idlees ; persons who are inactive from the want of j work or for the purpose of amusement Take i useless holidays and celebrations, political - meetings, etc.:’what an immense loss of time i do they cause! They can be much reduced j when useful occupation and industry are more ' attractive. The waste arising from accidental stop¬ pages of work, should also be taken into account If the Overseer is away, the Work¬ men stop; if they see a man or a cat pass, they all turn to look—leaning on their spades and gaping for diversion; forty or fifty times a day they lose in this way five minuu.%. Their week’s wotk is hardly equal to four full days. How much waste and idleness forwant of "Attractive Industry! 10. Coxtroveetists and Sophists ; to whom are to be added all those who read them, and take part at their instigation in party- quarrels and unproductive intrigues. The list of Coatrovertists and Sophists is much greater than would at first be supposed. Let us take jurisprudence, as an example, which appears an excusable branch. Suppose Association were not to produce a twentieth part of the law-suits which we now have, and that to settle them, it employed means as expeditious and simple as ours are compli¬ cated and protracted—it follows that nineteen- twentieths of the members of the bar are parasitic Non-producers, as well as jurors and witnesses in attendance. (The vast amount j of Talent now engaged in the Law, would j have in the Combined Order a noble, honor- j able and lucrative career in the Arts and ! Sciences opened to it.) 1 11. Idle Rich —people passing their lives i in doing nothing. Add to them their ser- | vants and employees, for all classes who j serve non-producers are themselves unpro- i ductive. 12. Outcasts— persons in open rebellion against the laws, morals and industry'. Such . are public women, vagrants, beggars, rogues, | brigands, etc., the number of which lends less 1 than ever to decrease, and the repression ol f which requires the maintenance of an army \ of constables and police officers, who are i equally unproductive, besides the expense of > jails, penitentiaries and galleys. Add to these, persons engaged in lotteries and gambling- houses, which are true social pests. Principal Classes. Persons engaged lx Positive Destruction. Such are Annies actively engaged in war, and i Monopolizers who cause artificial famines, t which are of frequent occurrence in some ’ countries. j Persons engaged in Negative or Useless i Production : they are excessively numerous. < The labor of a workman, useful in appear- > ance, is often merely regal ice —if empluved, i for instance, on a fence or wall, which is not ; positive product; he produces, not only no- thing for the present, but constructs a work I which will cause a future expense. As As- i sociation would not require a hundredth part | of the walls and fences which are now neces- ! saiv, they are to be considered relatively un- ' productive. There are a great many other ! useless works, such as bridges and edifices 1 which fall down, and roads that have to be I laid out anew and made over. < If we can find means to induce all these > non-producing Classes to take part in produc¬ tive occupations, we may safely calculate that, ! with an appropriate application of the labor ■ of different ages and sexes, the product or - real wealth of society can be increased three- | fold,—in which case, with a just Division of j Profits, Poverty can te banished from the PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OP ASSOCIATION. PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ASSOCIATION. Is it not surprising Unit the Political Order has alone Iicpu the object of study, while the In* dust) ini Order, incomparably more essential to the happiness of Mankind, has been ulinost entirely neglected ? A. Tami&iur. NUMBER OF PERSONS. Tiie proper number of persons for an Asso¬ ciation is about Eighteen Hundred, or, if we suppose six persons on an average to a family, three hundred families. This number is not chosen arbitrarily, but is based upon tile num¬ ber of distinct Characters which we find in Man, and which compose the full scale of human Character. It is only in large Asso¬ ciations of eighteen hundred persons, that all varieties of talents aud capacities, as well as the proper capital, skill and knowledge, can he combined, which are necessary to secure a perfect prosecution of Industry, and the Arts aud .Sciences. If the members of an Association arc of different degrees of fortune, of different cha¬ racters, tastes and talents, and possess varied theoretical and practical acquirements, the easier it will be to associate and harmonize them. Diversity in these respects will, in a (rue system of Association, he a source of Concord, Union and Harmony. _ For an Association on a small scale, four or live hundred persons, or eighty to a hundred families, will be sufficient; but this is the smallest number with which an Association can he organized, in which the Harmonies of the system—moral, material and social- can be sufficiently developed to show its im¬ mense superiority over the present organiza¬ tion of Society,—in which Industry can be rendered Attractive, vast Economies intro- j duced, and the Passions usefully employed < and rightly directed, These conditions cannot be fulfilled, and ' Social Harmony cannot be attained in small ! Associations of two or three, or even twenty | or thirty families; eighty families or about j four hundred persons, at least, are necessary. All Harmony is based upon a variety of l elements properly combined, and the science < of Association teaches us that the smallest i number of individuals, or elements of Social Harmony, with which the essential parts jf the mechanism of an Association can be or¬ ganized, is the number we have here given. Small Associations of two hundred persons, or about forty families, could be established, which would offer great advantages, as re¬ gards economy, profit, material comfort and a judicious application of labor and capital, over the present system of Isolated Families; but the mechanism would be so much reduced, and so incomplete, that it would afford hut few of the charms and advantages of a large Association. A great many persons will wish to form small and incomplete Associations; they would do better to combine their means and form a large establishment. To show the importance of iloing so, we will state that it is only in large Associations that the following essential conditions can he fulfilled. 1. Dignifv Industry and render it Attractive. 2. Eii'ect'great Economies, which, in large Associations, are four-fold what they are in small ones. 3. Establish a great variety or occupations, in Art and Science and Industry, suited to the tastes, talents and capacities of both Sexes and of all Ages, and offer to every one conge¬ nial spheres of activity. , 4. Secure to every person congenial and pleasing social relations, and the choice of sympathetic characters; avoid all forced con¬ tacts, and absorb any individual antipathies in collective affinities. ; o. Combine Capital sufficient to prosecute Industry, and particularly Agriculture, which is the main branch of it, upon a vast and scientific scale, and to give to every tiling connected with them—to the fields, gardens, workshop?, tools, implements and working dresses—convenience and elegance, without which Industry cannot he rendered attractive. 6. Organize the mechanism of the Groups and Series, without which the Passions—now so discordant and rebellious—cannot he use¬ fully and legitimately employed, and harmo¬ niously developed. 7. (jive to children a complete moral, in¬ tellectual and physical development, which is only possible in large Associations, where In¬ dustry is rendered Attractive, and the Arts and Sciences are extensively cultivated. Let these conditions he fulfilled, and the advantages of Association will be found so immense, that the isolated Household, with its cares, waste and monotony, will be aban¬ doned at once. THE DOJIAEt.—LOCATION. THE DOMAIN. f Foe a large Association, a tract of land ; containing about six thousand acres, or three i miles square, will be necessary. For a small j Association of four hundred petrous, fifteen < hundred acres will be sufficient. The surface S of the soil should be undulating and adapted i to a varied cultivation, and a small stream of j water should, if possible, flow through it. If t the heavier branches of Agriculture, such as i the growing of grain and the raising of flocks, i are not prosecuted in a small Association, and ) gardening and the cultivation of fruit are made J the principal Agricultural pursuits, a some- ; what less quantity will answer. j In the centre of the Domain, the Association < would erect a commodious and elegant Edi- : fice, capable of accommodating comfortably \ the members, with spacious and convenient ; suites of apartments, separated by division ; walls, and at different prices, to suit the for- : tunes of the inhabitants, and storehouses, i granaries and other necessary outhouses in , the vicinity. The Edifice, rising in the midst i of the finely cultivated fields and gardens of I the Domain, would present a beautiful spec- j tacle of architectural Unit)-, in comparison j with which our present little and isolated j constructions would appear most insignificant ; and discordant. j LOCATION. Is organizing the first Association great < advantages would be secured by locating it in j the vicinity of a large city—that is, within a t circuit of twenty or thirty miles. This is _ important, and for various reasons; we will j mention two. j 1st The Association should have a conve- 1 nient market for its lighter agricultural pro¬ ducts—such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc. j which cannot be transported far, and the cul- j tivation of which is more attractive than the j growing of grain or the raising of flocks, which would have to be almost exclusively attended < to, if the Association were located in the far \ west. Later, as the system spreads, and as ! groups of Associations are formed near each < other, means will exist of extending attrac- j tion to all theheavier branches of Agriculture; j bnt in the commencement, care must be taken j to select those branches which are in them- j selves the most attractive and pleasing, and j which will afford occupations to both sexes j and all ages. The ready sale which fruit, j vegetables, poultry and similar productions j command in cities’ would render an Associa- < tion near one much more profitable than if 1 located in a thinly settled region: and large ; profits will alone induce Capitalists in the be- i gitming to invest their funds in Association, j and aid with their means the spread of the j 2d. The Association could, if situated near a large commercial town, obtain all facilities, such as machinery, tools, implements, etc., with ease and at any time required; if located far in the interior, it could not, but would have to purchase them at the commencement, which would more than counterbalance the cheapness of land. The Association should also be near a large city to be at once ge¬ nerally known, and lead to a more rapid imitation. CONTRAST BETWEEN ASSOCIATION AND THE PRESENT SOCIAL ORDER. If we wish to picture to ourselves in ima¬ gination an Association established and in operation, we must imagine spreading out before us a fine Domain, covering an area of three miles square, beautifully and scientific¬ ally cultivated, diversified with gardens, fields, fruit-orchards, vineyards, meadows and wood¬ lands; in the centre a large and elegant Edifice, with spacious and commodious out¬ houses, combining architectural beamy with convenience and economy; fine (locks, teams and implements greeting everywhere the eye, and an intelligent and prosperous Population engaged from Attraction in the care and cui- tivaiion of the whole. The Useful and the Beautiful would be in every way united: the loveliness of Nature would be heightened by the works of Alan; and the charms of So¬ cial life and tbe pursuits of Art and Science and useful Industry, would be in everv way combined. Would not eighteen hundred persons, united in an Association, prosecuting with order and economy all their industrial and business ope¬ rations, and dividing equitably the product of their Labor and Talent—each receiving a share according to the part which lie or "she lias taken in creating it—live much more in accordance with the dictates of wisdom, than if they were divided into three hundred fami¬ lies, inhabiting as many isolated little tene¬ ments, as lonely in general as they are incon¬ venient, with poor farms and workshops, poor flocks, tools, implements and machinery, and without the charm of varied social relations, —without Art, Science and other intellectual enjoyments, which give to human existence its elevation, and constitute the true life ol Man? We leave the reader to answer the question himself. To furnish more data for forming an opi¬ nion, let us contrast more minutely the man¬ ner in which three hundred families now live, and the manner in which they would live in Association. The contrast will show us the immense superiority of Association, as regards Economy, and Unity of action and interests over the present System. Three hundred families require at present three hundred separate houses, three hundred kitchens, three hundred kitchen (ires, three hundred sets of cooking utensils, three hun¬ dred women to do the cooking—and if they are farming families—three hundred little farms, three hundred hams and sheds, three hundred teams, innumerable walls and fences, equally as complicated All ,t!i itile !, id labor attendant upon pro¬ ants of a family, such as marketing and keeping up te through'with three bull¬ in' the three hundred fami- s same detail as lor an as- 2cn hundred persons, except aisle; instead of three hundred md three hundred iires, it will have four ur live large and convenient kitchens, with as many fires, by means of which, not only the cooking can he done, hut the entire Edifice warmed; instead of three hundred little fire-places and cooking-stoves, and as many sets of cooking utensils, it will have its extensive kitchen ranges, its large boilers ami ovens, and machinery on the largest scale and the best that can he invented for facili¬ tating culinary operations; instead of three hundred women to do the cooking, it will have a few experienced cooks, engaged by turns every other day; instead of three hun¬ dred poor'teams, half the time idle, it will have merely the requisite number, and of the best quality; instead of the immense number of walls and fences now required, it will have a few extensive hedges; and instead of making all its sales and purchases at retail, paying in prefits to trailers one-half of the product of its e them at wholesale, and in labor, it will make th the m i To what immense Economies would Asso¬ ciation give rise! What a source of Riches it would be! Wo live in an Age, the all-ab¬ sorbing desire of which is wealth. If men would but add sentiments of justice and phi¬ lanthropy to their greedy strife after money, they would see, that it is only in Association that their wishes can he satisfied, and that all can attain prosperity. If people would associate, economize and apply their talents and energies in a judicious manner, they could produce wealth 'in abun¬ dance, and escape want and anxiety; whereas in striving to wrest from each other by fraud, over-reaching and other unjust means the little that is produced under the present false and repugnant system of Labor, ninety-nine out of a hundred live amidst cares and per¬ plexities, and die in poverty and destitution. If we descend to minute details, we shall be surprised at the immense saving which Association will ellect—not only in time and money, but ill useless and repulsive drudgery. Three hundred families require at present upon an average six hundred fives. In an Association lour or live large fires only would lie necessary, and one-twentieth part of the fuel, which is now consumed, would he suffi¬ cient; by means ol tubes or other apparatus the public halls, saloons, reading-rooms, li¬ brary, etc. could be warmed, so that a few parlor fires in the private apartments only would he required, which could also be heated by the same process, if desired. Here is an economy of nineteen-twentieths in fuel, to which is to he added the saving of a most re¬ pulsive drudgery. Three hundred poor ser¬ vants must rise at present every morning, even in the depth of winter, to light the lives; in ail Association, on the contrary, the large iires would not be left to 20 cut over night, so that in the morning it would only he necessary to charge tiie furnaces, which could he done with little trouble from properly constructed coal receivers. The night watch would, before retiring, attend to this duly. Ey this means three hundred servants would be saved one of the most repugnan: and diriv occupations that lias now to be performed. What can be more revolting than to see a female servant, shivering with cold on a winter’s morning, scraping coals and cinders with her bare hands With the present system of isolated house¬ holds, three hundred families must devote every week or two a day to washing, which amounts in the course of the year, for the three hundred families, to ten or twelve thou¬ sand days’ work. Three hundred women have to spend, in dirty kitchens and over hot iires, one day out of the seven in toiling at the wash-tub. Association will avoid also this useless and repulsive drudgery. It will have a large wash-room, fitted up with every convenience and supplied with proper machinery, to which the dollies, collected and assorted once or twice a month, will be carried and put into different vats, where with the aid of a clean- heavier and plair or large rollers w lighter kinds, so girls, having a lg, mangles to do the i groups of w . tonne occupation,woull devote themselves, as required, to it. The inventive Genius of Man has never been directed to the constructing of machinery for performing kitchen and other household work upon a large and economical scale, be¬ cause it has not been required, and could not be used in the isolated household. It is only in large Associations, where every thing would CONTRAST BETWEEN ASSOCIATION THE PRESENT SOCIAL be done upon a Tast scale, that such machi¬ nery could be employed, and domestic labor ■with its aid immensely abridged. Household work is now carried on in the radest manner that can be conceived; it is as much below what it could be, as travelling in scows, pushed along by poles, is below jour¬ neying in elegant steamboats. Still the vast majority of persons cling from habit to the isolated" household, when, if they would exa¬ mine its mechanism with impartiality, they would see that it is the source, not only of waste and poverty, but, to a great extent, of discord and selfishness. The system of Isolated Families is the foundation upon which all past and present Societies have been based. As the system is essentially defective, so are the Societies which have heea founded upon it. We must reform the basis before we can erect a good superstructure, or a true Social Order. To show the radical imperfection of the system of Isolated Households, we will add two lists of defects, which it engenders; we extract them from Fourier. The reader may find some of the criticisms harsh, but the strong prejudices and prepossessions which we have to contend with, render them ne- tures and. Domestic Labor, which should be united, and prosecuted combinedlv. 12. Discord, antipathy and distrust between the different Classes of Society, resulting from isolation and the separation of all interests. 13. Conflict of the Individual with the Collective Interest. The above defects are mainly industrial in their character: those contained in the fol¬ lowing list are more of a moral and social Defects of the System of Isolated House- 1. Smallest possible Association:—a single family without capital, credit or extended relations, and often without the necessary im¬ plements of Industry. 2. Labor without rivalry —prosecuted alone the entire day through, without variety or change. 3. No variety in occupations; no elegance in the organization of Industry—in the distri¬ bution of the fields and gardens, in the fitting up of the manufactories and workshops—cal¬ culated to please the Working Classes. 4. No system for developing the talents and faculties of Children, and for giving them an industrial Education. 5. ^Misapplication of the labor of Sexes and Ages; misapplication of talents and capaci¬ ties, and bad adaptation of crops to soils, and of cultivation to localities. 6. Complication in labor, obliging a single individual to execute every part and detail"of a work. 7. Absence of Economy in hands and in machinery. 8. Reciprocal ftauds and larcenies. 9. Want of a just system of Remuneration, guarantying to all—to the Woman and the Child as well as to the Alan—a share of the general Product, proportioned to the part which each take in creating it. 10. False and anarchical Competition; op¬ position of like branches of business and in¬ dustry, instead of association and emulative 11. Separation of the three primordial branches of Industry—Agriculture, Manufec- 1. Absence of liberty and variety in Occu¬ pations and Relations, which is the primary source of repugnant Industry. 2. Absence of unity in Plans, and in their execution. 3. Ruin of the Children by the death of the Father. 4. Inconstancy of individuals in their un¬ dertakings, and neglect or abandonment of works commenced. 5. Health undermined from excessive labor. 6. Bad care and early mortality of Children. 7. Unjust partiality for Favorites. S. Conflicts ofheterogeneous Ages. | 9. Richer branches of families despising the 1 poorer branches. I 10. Forced union of incompatible Tastes ' and Characters. 5 11. Hatreds embittered by perpetual Con- ! 12. Slavery of the Mass from the care of ; large families. y 13. Universal Distrust and Selfishness. ; Any plans of reform—any measures or efforts > which have for their aim the social elevation j and the happiness of Mankind, and rMch air y not based upon a Reform in the si/stcm of i Isolated Households and the present rcpvp < nant sijstem of Industry, will prove in prac > tice abortive and useless. y Politicians and Reformers in all sphere > have yet to comprehend—for they seem not j to be aware of the fact—that so long as dis- j union, anarchy, strife, conflict of interests. ' fraud and injustice, exist in the foundation if : Society—that is, in the household System and ; in Industry, disunion, anarchy and conflict wiS i exist also in the other departments of Society ; —in politics, religion and social relations. 1. { reform ia Industry and in the system of Isn- > and intellectual development of Mankind and j their spiritual regeneration cannot he effected \ so long as their interests, efforts and aims are t not associated and harmonized, and Industry. J which is the means by which they st pleasing, attractive and honorable. They who wish to introduce justice, equal ity, liberty, order and morality into society and who endeavor to do so by operating on the political power or government, or byre- ! higher aims of the enlightened statesman, the commending merely good precepts, may he conscientious reformer and the philanthropist, compared to men who are striving to build cannot he attained, the roof of a house, before having laid the To prove this important point—so necessary foundation. If we wish to introduce those to be understood—more clearly, we will add <,reat principles into the social existence of a table of Contrasts between combined Indus- JVIanliind, we must first organize the founda- try and Association, and competitive Industry tion of society rightly—that is, the industrial and the system of isolated Households, and and domestic system’s. Until this be done the the results of the two. GENERAL CONTRAST. The Combined Industry of Association will The Competitive Industry of Civilized So- operate— doty operates— ly large assemblages of persons in m s, applying a group of workmen of a 1. By the smallest assemblages of persons in works and in households. 2. By occupations of the longest duration and the greatest monotony. 3. By the greatest complication, requiring RESULTS Of Combined Industry. 1. General Riches. 2. Practical truth in all relations. 3. Ileal Liberty. 4. Permanent Peace. 5. Equilibrium of Climate. 6. General system for the prevention of diseases which are artificially produced. 7. Opening offered to all ameliorations and improvements. Of Competitive Industry. 1. Collective Poverty. 2. Fraud and Imposition 3.0, r sion. 5. Derangement of Seasons. 6. Diseases artificially produced, such as the plague, cholera, yellow lever, etc. 7. Circle of error and prejudice, without any opening for improvements. General Confidence. General Suspicion. Unity of Action. Duplicity of Action. TI-IE EDIFICE. vie with each other, an Association -would build a large and regular Edifice, combining the greatest elegance and comfort with the ^The Edifices of Association will conform to j a certain extent to one general plan, which Fourier, by long study of the subject, has deduced from tlie wants and requirements— domestic as well as social, public as well as private—of Man, and which is suited in every wav to the individual and social life of a bodv of eighteen h undred persons; the greatest va¬ riety, however, in style and architecture will | exist, according to the tastes of a people, cli- j mate and location. We will describe the Edifice of a large The Edifices of Association must differ \ Association of eighteen hundred persons: a very widely from the dwellings of onr present | small Association will of course be first esta- Societies, which are suited only to isolated Wished, but if the reader has the general plan families, between whom very few social rela- } and arrangement of a large Association pre- tions and no concert of action exist. Instead < sented to him, he can form an idea of the of the mass of separate little tenements which i Edifice of a small one, as it is merely a reduc- compose our towns and villages and cover our j tion from the former, farms, and in which the greatest waste, in- j The Edifice should consist of a centre, wings convenience and for the most part deformity, j and sub-wings, and offer the greatest variety IE COEEIDOES OP. COVEBED COJfflUNICATIOXS. of form, and the finest combination of masses for architectural effect. The square or oblong form should be avoided, as it is both monotonous and heavy. The centre of the Edifice should be the most striking and elegant part of the building, and would be reserved for public purposes and i From the centre, the Wings would project at right angles, and the sub-wings would fall off to the right and left from the main wings. The projecting wings and centre would form a spacious area cr square, where large assem¬ blages could be held and celebrations take place. To avoid siring too great an extension to the building, it should be three stories high, and rest upon a spacious basement. In the basement would be located the kitchens, store¬ rooms, some workshops and public halls, etc. The centre of the Edifice will be reserved, as we said, for public purposes; it will contain the Dining-Halls, Council-Rooms, Library, Eeading-Eooms, Lecture-Rooms, Saloons for social unions and the Exchange. An Asso¬ ciation, however small, must" have its Ex¬ change, where the members can meet to dis¬ cuss their industrial iaterests, concert meetings of the grouts and series, and transact a variety of business. From the centre of the Edifice will rise a tower which wiil overlook the Domain, and communicate, by signals and other means, with ail parts of it. A lame and opulent As¬ sociation would have an Observatory, which would be placed in this tower. The Church would be a separate building m order to give it size; it should be situated near the mam Edifice aud communicate with it by a covered corridor. In a small Associa¬ tion, the Church could be incorporated in the main building. The Manufactories and Workshops, or ia the language of Association, the Halls of Industry, would be located in one of the ex¬ treme wings. In a small Association, they might he situated in a separate buildinj, as the wings would not be distant enourrh from the centre to prevent the noise from incom¬ moding the inhabitants. The public Halls would he distinct in their appropriations for different purposes; thev would, with a few exceptions, consist of "a number of contiguous saloons, so as to admit of subdivisions in all social unions, meetings, etc. A ball or banquet forms at present but cue assemblage, without subdivisions: this confusion will not take place in Association; there would not be, to choose the mode of eating as an example, one vast hall, where all the members, old and young, would dine together; on the contrary, a large Association would have several public banquet halls. One for persons extremely advanced in age. Two for children. Three for tables of the first or cheaper pace. Two for tables of the second or middle price, j One for tables of the third or higher price. These different prices are established to suit different tastes, degrees of fortune anil the desire of economy; variety is a source of concord, when people possess’ full liberty to choose and the means of doing so. In a small Association, three dining-halls would be sufficient: one for children, ami two for tables at different prices; this degree of va¬ riety at least should he observed. Adjoining the public saloons, small dining-rooms should be fitted up, where parties or groups could eat apart from the large tables. It will hap¬ pen daily that parties of friends will wish to dine by themselves: they can do so in these rooms, where they will be served in the same manner and at the same price as at the lane tables. It will he very little additional trouble to serve meals in them, and as such a distri¬ bution of dining halls will promote greatly freedom of choice, and add to individual liberty and comfort, it should not he neglected. Peo¬ ple can, if thev wish, dine also in their private Oxe of the most convenient and beautiful features in the material arrangement of the Edifices of Association, will be a large ami spacious Corridor or enclosed Portico, which will wind around one entire front of the build¬ ing, and will form an elegant covered com¬ munication, which will iead to, and connect all parts of the Edifice,—the public halls and saloons, the exchange, reading-rooms, private apartments, halls of industry, etc. The Edifice of an Association may he com¬ pared to a town under one roof, and it must have an avenue or public way, corresponding to a street, which will form a means of com¬ munication with all quarters of the building; this avenue is the Corridor or enclosed Portico, which, in a lame Association, should he about twc-nty-four feet wide; by means of it, the inhabitants could, in the depths of winter, visit each other, go to parties, public assem¬ blies, concerts, lectures, etc. without knowing whether it snowed or rained, or whether it was cold or blustering. What an advantage, what a source of com¬ fort it would he to have, instead of an open street, exposed to the hot sun in summer and to the cold in winter, and which is always either dusty or muddy, a spacious and elegant Corridor, forming, besides a most convenient and comfortable mode of communication, a delightful place of promenade, a place for exhibitions of works of Art and Industry, and useful for other public purposes! How much unnecessary disease would also he avoided by such covered communications, for we may safely estimate that one-half of colds, consumptions, pleurisies and rheumatisms, is the result of exposure and sudden changes ot temperature: What an economy also in car¬ riages and iu the various means of protection, ■such as cloaks, furs, umbrellas, overshoes, etc. to which we must now resort to protect ourselves against the weather in going from our houses into open and exposed streets! If people would hut reflect with impartiality upon the immense economies, the comfort and con¬ venience, the saving of time and sickness, which would result from the combined and scientific system of architecture of Association, they would be enthusiastic in their admiration of it, and would condemn utterly our present defective and unhealthy system of building. The Corridor of a large Association should be, in the centre of the Edifice, about twenty- four feet wide, and in the wings eighteen. In a small Association, such as would be first established, it could be much narrower. It would pass along on a level with the first story or on the top of the basement, and not ; upon the ground, as some openings for ear- I riages must be left through the basement. The Corridor could be placed on the outside of the building, and the top would form a terrace for the second story, or it could be en¬ closed within the outside walls of the Edifice, and the roof would project over it. In the latter case, it would he the height of the entire nuilding—that is, three stories; and the win¬ dows which lighted it should he high and spacious, like those of a church. The doors of the public halls and private apartments would open upon it, as the outside doors of : our houses now open into the street; flights of steps would lead from it to the upper sto¬ ries. In a large and opulent Association, with what elegance could its corridors be fitted up! what an ornament they would be! and what a field for the display of the genius of To pass a winter’s day,” says Fourier, “ in the Edifice of an Association,—to visit all parts of it without exposure to the incle¬ mency of the weather,—to go to balls and parties in light dresses without being incom¬ moded by the cold, without knowing whether it rained or stormed, would be a charm so new, that it would he alone sufficient to render our residences and cities detestable. If an Edifice, like that of an Association, were erected in our Societies and adapted to the usages of the present mode of living, the con¬ venience alone of covered communications, wanned in winter and aired in summer, would give to it an immense value. Its rents, for the same quantity of space, would lie double those of our present houses. “ If the civilized World, after three thousand years of study and practice in Architecture, iias not yet learned how to construct comfort¬ able and healthy residences, it is not very surprising that it lias not learned how to di¬ rect and harmonize the Passions. When men fail in the smallest calculations in the mate¬ rial order, it is not surprising that they sliouli fail in important calculations in the moral o- spiritual order." explanation of the ground plan. j G—Garden enclosed within the central - range of buildings: it would contain the A—Avenue passing between the main Edi- green-houses and form a winter promenade, fice and the store-houses, granaries and other j a, e, o, « —Court-yards between the diffe- out-houses. ! rent ranges of buildings; they are about a S—Public Square, formed by the centre and hundred feet wide, ornamented with trees and projecting wings of the Edifice. j Shrubbery, and crossed by Corridors. EDIFICE. P, P, P—Large portals or entrances to the Edifice. C—The Church. E—A large Hall for musical representations and festivities. B, C, D, F—Granaries, store-houses and other out-buildmgs. To avoid giving too great a length to the Edifice, it must be composed of a double range or line of buildings, encircling the court-yards— a , c, o, and the garden—G. The broad dark line does not represent the foundation walls of the Edifice, but the entire width of a range of buildings: it is intended, together with the light dotted line around the inside, which is the Corridor, to represent a width of seventy-two feet. Around the inside of the Edifice winds the spacious Corridor or enclosed Portico, which we have described: the reader will see that it forms a belt, encircling all parts of the hnildiiig and uniting them in a whole. The ranges of buildings which enclose the ; garden—G, will he reserved for public pur¬ poses. They will contain the Council-Rooms, Reading-Rooms, Library, Exchange, Public Halls, Banquet-Rooms, Saloons for parties, social unions and public assemblies, and some of the higher-priced Apartments. The open spaces left between the parallel ranges of buildings should be from a hundred ro a hundred and twenty feet wide; they would form elongated court-yards, traversed by corridors, and should be planted with or¬ namental trees and shrubbery; in Associa- . tion the useful and the beautiful must be in' every way combined. The noisy workshops would be located in the basement of one of the extreme wings; their noise would be lost in this distant part of the Edifice, and would not incommode the inhabitants. Play-grounds for children would occupv the court-yard of the same wing; such a place would be necessary, particularlv in winter. A portion of the wing opposite the one de¬ voted to noisy occupations, would contain the suites of apartments reserved for travellers and visitors. The Edifice of an Association of the largest description would be about twenty-two hun¬ dred feet in length; with these dimensions the grand sqnare could be twelve, and the wings each fire, hundred feet long. As we descend to smaller Associations, the size of the Edifice could he much reduced, and tor an Association of four hundred persons, a comparatively plain building would answer the purpose. The gardens should, if practicable, be lo¬ cated behind the Edifice, and not behind the granaries and other ont-honses, near which the fields of grain had better be placed. This distribution must, however, be regulated by localities. The square or garden—G, wonld be planted with evergreens and would contain the green¬ houses; it could in winter he enclosed, so as to form a beautiful promenade, where flowers and foliage would charm the eye and perfume the atmosphere. What a source of pleasure and health would a winter garden of this kind ‘ be!—and how many similar improvements over the present mode of living could be in¬ troduced into Association! Let 3Ian apply the principles of combina¬ tion and unity to Architecture,—to the con¬ struction of his dwellings, and the greatest improvements in household arrangements,— affecting health, comfort and convenience, can be introduced. For instance, the Edifice of an Association could, by means of proper ap¬ paratus connected with the large kitchen fires, be warmed throughout in the most efficient, cleanly, comfortable and economical manner, and so as to avoid all danger of conflagrations. JVo such convenient, safe and economical 1 system can be introduced into the separate ' dwellings of isolated families: the same num¬ ber of families that would form an Association must now incur the expense and undergo the incalculable trouble of keeping up several hun¬ dred little fires. The Edifice could he supplied with water with enual convenience and eeonomv: nines, containing hot and cold water, could he conveyed into all the private apartments, supplving each abundantly, and with baths in addition, if required. What a source of health and cleanliness 1 and what a savin; in the complicated labor of carrying water dailv to all the rooms of the Edifice!" This beautiful and economical system would also be introduced in the mode’of lighting. A small gas apparent-, the expense of which would be trifling, could be fitted up, and with the refuse stuff from the kitchens of an ciiv or greasy nature, the entire Edifice—its pub¬ lic 'halls' and saloons, as well as its private t apartments-could lie brilliantly lighted. S What economy in oil and candles,'and what ! a savin? of time and trouble in cleaning and | trimming daily hundreds of candlesticks and lamps! : In the isolated household, these and nume- i reus other advantages, so important and desi- ; rahle. and so productive of economy, comfort ; and health, cannot be attained. So long as 1 the present isolated mode of living continues, | waste, dirt, drudgery and disease must ueees- i sarily exist, and to aD immense extent. The greatest defects and inconveniences are t connected with our separate dwellings and S our present mode of ..tiding. We will point j out a few, which v, ill serve as suggestions, i and direct the reader in examining the sub- s ject critically for himself. 1 Separate dwellings are, first, very expensive on acc- tint of the immense number of useless kitchens, ce ,! ers,garre .-. in terr.r' and external [ walls, chin...-.ys, fire-places, cisterns, sinks, PRIVATE APARTMENTS. ^^eTfettireirwhieh they require. (We j which we live? Look at its architectural call them useless, because m Association a lew constructions; they will answer the question, larm; ones would replace them.) Second, _ Iu its isolated little Dwellings, well walled m-eat cares and vexations are attendant upon j in, and well secured bv bolts and bars,—you overseeing and managing them, to which are have the symbol or typical designation of'the to be added the trouble and losses arising from distrustful, selfish spirit ol the isolated family, the carelessness and faithlessness of servants. exposed to danger and encroachments from Third there are no proper places and convc- without, and disassociated in interests with niences for the healthy exercise and sports, < the rest of the world. -■•il the useful occupation of Children, and In its irregular and incoherent Cities, with they are, for these and other reasons, entirely unsuited to them. Fourth, there is no conve¬ nient and economical mode of heating them, and supplying them with water. Fifth, they absorb, in’onc ceaseless round of petty domes¬ tic cares, the time and attention of Women, who by this means are debarred from taking part in' active and productive pursuits, ami are forced to lead a conlined life which entails upon them physical Debility and Disease, with their consequences—lassitude, frcifulness, list- lessncss, melancholy and mental prostration. Sixth, they are unhealthy, as they have no covered communications' to protect people their houses of all forms, sizes and colors, and of all materials and modes of construction,—• you have symbols of the separation and con- iiict of all interests, and the evidence of the ab¬ sence of all unity and concert of social action. In its Jails aiid Penitentiaries, in its Dun¬ geons, Scaffolds and Guillotines,—you have symbols of the crimes which result from the moral degradation of man, and the frightful In its Poor-houses and lunatic Asylums,— you have symbols ofthepovertyauddestitution which exist, ami of the moral disease which results from maddening violations of human from exposure in going from their warm rooms iato the open air; they are particularly so in cities, where there is nut a free circula¬ tion of air, and trees and abundant foliage to purify the atmosphere, and where the mias¬ matic exhalations of innumerable sinks and foul gutters must he inhaled by the inhabi¬ tants.’ In the country, on the other hand, they are lonely amt solitary. As regards economy in construction, the contrast between a large and regularly planned Edifice of an Association and a mass of three hundred irregularly constructed houses, is most Three hundred separate houses require at least a thousand unnecessary walls, five or six hundred chimneys, twelve to fifteen hun¬ dred fire-places, stoves or grates, a thousand or more stair-cases, three or four thousand little windows and doors, hundreds of pan- tries, coal-vaults, wells, cisterns, sinks, and other constructions and fixtures, which cost in the aggregate a vast amount and require con¬ stant repairs. The Edifice of an Association, on the other hand, would save a great number of walls; it would require but a few large chinmcrs. a few grates or fire-places, and a comparatively small number of wells, cisterns, coal-vaults and similar fixtures;—its doors and windows would be large and airy, its stair-cases spacious and convenient, and while everything was upon an extended scale and beautiful, it would be methodical, economical and comfortable. They who can divest themselves of the prejudices and influence of habit and custom, must perceive the immeasurable superiority of the combined and unitary system of Archi¬ tecture of Association over the ino ,herent, isolated and fragmental constructions of the present social Order. The Spirit of a Society is stamped upon its Architecture. And what is the Spirit of the Society in nature. In its Forts, Fortifications and Navies,—you. have symbols of the hatreds and dreadful strife of nations. In its confined and filthy Workshops and Manufactories,—you have symbols uf the re¬ lentless and merciless spirit of gain. In its dens of Drunkenness, its Gambling- houses and other haunts of vice, and, descend¬ ing into details, in its Stocks, Whipping-posts, Treadmills, etc.,—you have symbols of the j various degrees and shades of violence, dis- i cord, depravitv and crime, which darken the social existence of mankind. Yes, the Spirit of a Society is stamped upon its Architecture. Do not the inanimate constructions which surround us proclaim the want of a new So- | cial Order?—Do they not speak to us in a language not to he misunderstood, of the falseness of Society, and the urgent necessity of a great Social Deform ? And when every thing is thus combined to prove the subver¬ sion of all principles of truth, of order, of jus- i lice and harmonv in the social World, why ; cannot men of intelligence see it,—see and he convinced of it, so that they may labor to lift Humanity and themselves out of the social ; quagmire in which, with apathetic resigna- i tion, they now live? PRIVATE APARTMENTS. Pkofi,r are apt to imagine that if eighteen, or even four, hundred persons wrere to live to¬ gether in one Edifice-no matter how large and commodious—the privacy and retirement of domestic' life would he destroyed, and in¬ dividual liberty and independence lost. This is a very great error: domestic privacy will be fully'preserved in Association, and those who love retirement, will be able to enjoy it j to the full extent of their desires. The charms PRIVATE APARTMENTS. of domestic privacy and the pleasures of social | life must be in every way combined. Man ! requires them both, and with alternations < from one to the other, as his feelings at dif- \ fereat times may dictate ! As regards living in one Edifice, let us ask, < cannot a person who has the means of taking j a suite of rooms in a large and well-kept ho- ; tel, like the best in cur cities, and who can ; dine in his own apartments or at the public s tables as he wishes, live privately and enjoy quite fully the pleasures of domestic life? ) How infinitely superior is this mode of living ; to that in which ninety-nine hundredths of \ the population now live! How much prefer- ! able to inhabiting, for example, lonely dwell- \ mgs, like our farmers, distant from neighbors ; and cat off from the enjoyments of social and j public life—or to living ia confined and wise-’ ; table tenements iu cities, like the working : classes, harassed by all the cares, troubles and vexations of the isolated household! The residence rf an Association would, : however, be infinitely more pleasing and : agieeable than that of the best managed ho¬ tels. The Edifice, surrounded bv extensive and beautiful fields and gardens, would com¬ bine all the advantages, resources and enjoy¬ ments of city and country life, and avoid the disadvantages of both. It is very true that hotels are is many re¬ spects disagreeable: they are noisy: smoking and drinking are carried on in them, and they are occupied by persons who for the most part are idle "and are strangers to each other, and a tone pervades them which is repulsive to many: they are besides entirely uusuited to children. In an Association, on the contrary, all these defects would be obviated: order and quiet would be maintained in those parts of the Edifice appropriated to the private residences: occupatioa would be universal, and idleness and the lassitude ana vicious habits which it engenders, would not exist: the children would be usefully and agreeably employed, and the freest range for healthy sports and pleasures would be provided for them, so that they would occasion no disturbance. All these advantages will give Association an incalculable superior¬ ity overall our present moles of living—over the hotel as well as the isolated household. Besides the example of hotels, we see per¬ sons of rank and fortune bavins apartments and residing in palaces, like 'Windsor Castle or the Palace of the Tuileries. Is the privacy of domestic life destroyed because other per¬ sons are living in the same Edifice? Certainly not: why then should it he in an Association ? With these preliminary remarks, we will proceed to describe the arrangement of the pri¬ vate apartments. Part of the first and most of the second and third stories of the Edifice will he reserved for the private apartments. • They will vary in size and price to suit single persons or families, the fortunes of people and the desire of economy. .There would he small apartments for single persons, conasting of a angle room with an alcove, and large apartments, consisting ol parlors, drawing-rooms, sleeping-rooms, a li¬ brary, etc. The rents would vary according to the size and location of the apartments. This variety must exist in Association in order to satisfy all tastes and different degrees oi fortune; if a rich person wishes to economize in rent and take a small apartment, lie can do so: and if a person in moderate circum¬ stances is willing to pay more for his rooms and economize in some other way, he also can do so. Care must be taken not to locate all the cheaper apartments in one pari of the Edifice. There must be a regular alternation of higher and lower priced suites of rooms, so that by the side of one—the rent of which is fifty dol¬ lars a year, there may be located another, the rent of which is a hundred dollars a vear,— thus, 850—100, 60—120, 80- 1G0,10O-200, 150—300, in an increasing progression. This will prevent any pari of tl?c Edifice from being lowered in public estimation. The private apartments will be separated bv division walls, so that no noise can be beard from one to the other. People can, by this means, live as isolatedly in the Edifice of an Association as they now do in cities, where the houses touch, and are separated only by walls. Thev could, in fact, live more retiredly in Association than they now can in cities. Individuals, having a taste for retirement, could take apartments in one of the extreme wings of the Edifice: they would not be in¬ truded upon in their rooms, and ill the more distant parts of the building, few persons would be passing, so that there would he no noise or confusion": the windows of the apartments would look out upon the fields and gardens, ; where quiet would reign, and beautiful scenery : would greet the eve—and not upon the back i yards of other bouses, where the private oc- ! "cupalicns of families are seen, or upon narrow ■ streets, where passing crowds, the din of carts ; and the screams of street-venders, confuse the • mind and stun the ear. | The entrances to the private apartments ! will be from the large Corridor, instead ol s from an exposed and dirty street, as at pre- I The private apartments will he rented by • the Council to the members, and the rents I will be paid annually at the time of the ge- j nerai settlement. } Ho restrictions of any kind will be put upon j individual liberty: people can rent such apart- i ments as they wish, and have their private ' libraries, collections of paintings, baths, etc. ? in them as they now can in their houses; i they can give parties, receive the visits of < friends and enjoy the family circle as freely ; as at present. The difference between Asso- < ciation and the present social order in this I respect is, that the former will extend these ! and other advantages, now limited to a very i few, to all; and should there be some persons j who cannot go to the expense, for example, j of private libraries or baths, there will be | public libraries and baths, which will he open ARTISTS. to them, so that not a single pleasure, enjoy¬ ment or privilege will be shut out from any member of an Association, no matter how moderate his fortune may be. TO ARTISTS. [W e have endeavored throughout this pam¬ phlet to divest our descriptions of everything that might appear overcharged or imaginative, and to confine them to the most obvious and practical views; hut before leaving the sub¬ ject of architecture, which throws open so rich a field to the imagination, we cannot refrain for once from entering the realms of ideality, and presenting to the reader a glowing and brilliant sketch of the Architecture of the Fu¬ ture. Jt mnv appear extravagant to, and dis¬ please some minds, but it will please others —the ardent and enthusiastic, who hope for Mankind a Destiny of grandeur and exaltation on this earthand as our object is to interest as many persons as possible in the great cause for which we are laboring— the moral, in¬ tellectual AND PHYSICAL ELEVATION Op THE Human Race— we must appeal to men of dif¬ ferent spheres of thought and sympathy. The sketch which we give, we translate from a beautiful description of the architecture of Association by Victor Coxsiderant, one of the first and most ardent disciples of Fou¬ rier and principal Editor of the Paris Phalanx. We extract it from the part of his description in which lie appeals to Artists.] Artists! Artists! you, men of brilliant ima¬ gination, of hearts of poetry, here is a new . and noble sphere open to you. What are you j doing in this prosaic world? do you feel your¬ selves at ease in the industrial and commercial society which surrounds you? What do you gain bv imprisoning your aspirations in its stale and monotonous existence? The calculated parsimony of the merchant, the narrow caprices of some parvenu of fi¬ nance, the strict economy of the impoverished descendant of an antique race,—all that suits not art, all that opens no field to imagination and conception! There is no longer any source of wealtli but in commerce, and commerce does not love art. The money-making—the industrial and commercial spirit of the age has smothered the genius of art. It is dying in lithography. What have you to do ? there &re no more cathedrals to build; the age calls for no more vast and noble constructions, to oe ornamented with statues and large paint¬ ings, to be adorned with sculptures and fres¬ coes; there is no more canvass to be covered, - 110 mo™ marble to be sculptured. Our wood and plaster constructions, our papered walls have replaced them all ... . Do you wish that Architecture should rise again ? Bring forth anew the conditions which encouraged and sustained it formerly; make a new concentration of the will of Humanity. And it will not be this time a concentration i operated around a single point—political or religious: it will be the powerful and harmo- f nious fusion of all the elements of the human | will; it will be a universal concentration, a complete association of all the faculties and of all the passions; it will be Humanity united in its force and in its wholeness; and the ar¬ chitecture which will grow out of this com¬ plete and unitary combination will, itself, be as complete and unitary. It will not be alone the cathedral or the town hall, the college, the theatre, the city ] or country residence, the chateau, the manu- i factory, the exchange, or other of our isolated j constructions. . . It will be them all at once; ! all collected, combined, united into one, form¬ ing a whole with the contrasts and the thou¬ sand harmonics of a world! Such will be the architecture of the future.—Compare the Pha¬ lansteries, (the technical name given by Fou¬ rier to the Edifice of an Association,) compare the cities and the capitals, deriving from the principle of Association—compare them with our villages, our cities, our capitals, deriving from the principle of isolation and disunited effort: compare them and pronounce. “But this is too beautiful,” say wondering simpletons; “this is loo beautiful and cannot lie realized. They are crazy, they who pre¬ tend it can; they have been reading fairy tales.” Well, as we are on this subject, let us dis¬ cuss it for a moment. I could prove rigo¬ rously that the Phalansteries of a high state of Social Harmony—that the Phalansteries growing out of the opulence of the Combined Order, when that Order has taken possession for some time of the earth, will leave far be¬ hind them in magnificence, in brilliancy, in color, in richness, those immense cathedrals, surcharged liv a treble portal, with shafts and with stone fret-work—those cathedrals, every stone of which was stamped with the im¬ press of art, and the windows, the arches, the columns and walls of which were, on the in¬ terior and exterior, relieved by the most lively colors—vermilion, gold and azure, vying in splendor with the high altar and the stole of the officiating priest—For tints it was. And behold the monuments with which Europe was covered in three centuries! Be¬ hold what a single principle of union brought forth from amidst general disorder! behold what the religious sentiment has had the power of extracting from the midst of a fa¬ mished society! If these things have been produced in the midst of social chaos, think of the wonders which will follow social har¬ mony ; think of it, and logic will go farther than vour imagination, and you will not find forms and colors enough to represent to your mind the bright and resplendent future of the transfigured globe. The palaces of the Associations, artists, the rural pavilions, the kiosks and bowers with which their rich fields will be besprinkled, the monumental cities and the capitals of the globe—behold, artists! what is well worth the prosaic constructions and contracted au- cmtectmal works of our societies. . . . There will be wanted bold arches uniting massive walls, cupolas, towers and up-shooting spires; your genius will he at ease in those grand lines, the forms and movements of which you will have to combine. There will be wanted portals to the palaces of the Associations, from which seven horses abreast can pass out with ease; there will be wanted windows broad and open, by which the sun can enter into the house cf man to distribute liberally life and color; there will be wanted corridors, bal¬ conies and terraces, where the population of the Phalanstery may spread out and form around it bright garlands with its thousand heads of women and joyful children... There will he wanted pictures on the walls of its corridors and saloons, ornaments for its large workshops, frescoes for its halls of the sacred drama, and on its vaulted ceilings, frescoes and sculptures; statues at its portals and on its large stair-ways, statues on its entablatures and among the trees cf its shady gardens, or¬ namented spouts at the angles of its cornices, heads of bronze for its steam engines, marbles for its basins, altars for its temples, and a thousand works of art to cover and adorn it worthily. There, do you see, it will he necessary to harmonize water, fire, light, granite, and the metals: art will have in its'large hands all these elements to combine; it will be a cre- Thea orchestras of a thousand parts, choirs of a thousand voices; hymns and poems sung by masses; ballets danced by populations.... For the Combined Order, with its system of unitary education, will raise every man to the dignity of Artist, and if evert- man is not a poet or a composer, every man at least knows how to execute his pari in the whole, each man is a note in the great concert. And who would take upon himself to affirm that God has not given to each one of his chil¬ dren a head which thinks, a heart which beats, ears which love harmony and fingers to produce it, a voice for song and eyes for color, without permitting—without wishing that one day all this should be so. Say, ar¬ tist'. say,poets! feel you not there the destiny of man ? Say, in all these wonders of social harmony do yon not feel the stamp of the beautiful and the true, the type of which exists in your souls? Say, is'all this false, and is the true to be found in the contracted and prosaic life, works and constructions of the present—in the narrow, trading spirit, in the conflicts and discords of civilized society ? Say, does not this suit yonr imaginations and your hearts better than a pyramid of Egypt, built by a people fed on onions and crushed under the weight of stones, or the palace of a Nero, or even the column of Vendome, built of bronze that kills in battles? Yes, yes, it is the destiny of Humanity to he rich and happy, to embellish its planet, to make it, with the thou¬ sand rich and varied creations upon it, a resplen¬ dent dress which will not render it ashamed in the celestial ball, where it occupies in the luminous round the place of honor beside the sun! Yes, when Humanity will move in its power and live according to its law, we shall see many other wonders developed under the influence of human power combined with the vivifying power of the globe, and what I have said is but poverty and littleness... The des¬ tiny of man is there, onward! But let us stop... I forget that these words are pronounced in a world of pain and misery, where six thousand years of suffering have blighted the hearts of men and dried up in them all sources of hope. Evil has infiltrated itself into the very marrow of their bones, and has consumed even desire. All the dreams —all the hopes of the future are limited at present to the conquest of a cheap government, administered according to the constitution!... MODE OF LIVING AND PUBLIC TABLES. Association will, in the mode of living, avoid all confused minglings of persons on the one hand, and monotonous uniformity on the other: it will secure to every person perfect liberty, and the choice of the privacy of die mestic life and the sociability of public life, with changes from one to the other, as the feelings may dictate. It will, perhaps, be supposed that the in¬ habitants of an Association will all eat toge¬ ther at one common table; this is a great mistake. Association will avoid any such monotony or sameness: it will combine va¬ riety with order and refinement, and will establish as great a diversity in its domestic and social arrangements as there are diver¬ sities of tastes and inclinations in men, so as to open the broadest field to individual liberty and the freedom of choice. If we were to seat all the members of an Association at one common table, we should he certain of displeasing them at the end of a week. The Combined Order must oiler to every’ person, first, the privilege of dining at the public tables, in the small dining-rooms adjoining, or in his own apartments; second, the choice of company and changes of com¬ pany ; third, the choice of a cheaper or dearer mode of living, as fortune or the desire of economy may require or dictate. Man dislikes uniformity; he is only satisfied when the greatest variety exists, and he pos¬ sesses the right and liberty of following his tastes and inclinations. People possess at present scarcely any liberty of choice, and very little variety in their mode of life; they have but the uniformity of the isolated household, MODE OF LIVING AND PUBLIC TABLES. except occasional parties and the interchange of the visits of friends, and this general uni¬ formity, together with the forced union of uncongenial or antipathetic characters, render : life but too often a scene of fatiguing mono¬ tony, of dissatisfaction, contention and sul- ^ In°a large Association, there will be tables at three different prices: in a small Associa¬ tion, tables at two different prices may be sufficient, although the greatest variety m this respect is desirable. There will be large dining halls for the different priced tables, and by the side of these large halls, there will be small dining-rooms, handsomely fitted up, where parties of friends can dine’by themselves. By this arrangement, a pleasing variety will be offered to the members, and every one can choose his company and vary it as lie may desire. Besides this variety, which is infi¬ nitely greater than that now enjoyed by the rich even, families can take their repasts in their private apartments—in which case, how- over, they will have to pay a slight additional charge, as an additional trouble and expense The mode of living in Association will, as we see, guaranty perfect freedom of choice; and individual Liberty, instead of being re¬ stricted, will be greatly extended. So far from there being any confused minglings, forced contacts or monotonous uniformity, that va¬ riety will exist which will allow of the nicest and feelings. Persons can dine 1 public or private,—at the large tables, in the small rooms adjoining, or with their families in their own apartments; they can dine one day with one set of friends, another day with another set; they can invite or he invited, and enjoy the Privacy of domestic life or the Socia¬ bility of public life, precisely as may suit their tastes and inclinations;—and this liberty will exist for all without exception. This Variety may displease some persons who have been drilled into the Monotony of our present mode of life, and they will be ready to exclaim against it, as they were be¬ fore ready to exclaim against the idea of all eating together at one common table, but in spite of present prejudices and habits, Asso¬ ciation must observe two rules: it must put no restrictions upon individual liberty, where that liberty does not degenerate into license, or annoy others; and it must avoid in every way sameness and constrained contacts. Some advocates of absolute Equality will object to tables at different prices; their radi¬ calism misleads them: unless we can establish a perfect Equality of fortunes and Uniformity <’ r lastes, there must be different priced tables, apartments, etc., and variety in the general mode of life. The tables will not, however, vary greatly in price, and the cheaper ones will be supplied with all that the Association produces, so that there will be very little dif- Jcrence in the fare. Ifa wealthy person wishes to economize, and dine at the cheaper tables, he can do so; and if a person in moderate circumstances prefers expending more for his living and economizing in some other way, lie will possess the same liberty. There will he, besides, a constant interchange of invitations between members dining at the different ta¬ bles, o that the difference of prices will pro¬ duce no inequality and establish no difference of classes. A principal object of this arrange¬ ment is variety, without which, freedom in the choice of company and social relations is When Association, with its vast Economies and its system of attractive Industry, becomes general, and its powerful means of production are properly applied, fortune or an abundance will bcsecured toall, and the scourge of poverty will no longer exist; and when Man is mo¬ rally and intellectually elevated, and high and noble Pursuits engage his attention, instead of the present grovelling Strife after money, then the mere possession of riches will not confer rank and distinction as at present; genius, ta¬ lent, natural character, useful services, and proficiency m Industry and the Arts and Sci¬ ences, will be the avenues to honor and con¬ sideration in Association. What a contrast would there he between the mode of living in Association and the pre¬ sent Social Order! llow do the vast majority now live ? They eat in the same way, and with little or no’variety in food or company, day after day the year through; they see their wives obliged 'to drudge continually in miserable little kitchens and at a round of menial labor: there is no elegance in their houses, furniture or other objee s, which sur round them; the kitchen and parlor are often one, and they are frequently without a sulli- | ciency of tlie poor food upon which they subsist. So live the mass in their isolated Households in civilized Society, and they who uphold this system of things, fear that in As¬ sociation the Individual will be merged in the Mass, and the liberty and dignity of Man will be lost:—how prejudice can blind people! The Rich, who can employ servants to do their household and menial work, and escape the drudgery of domestic Labor, are of course better off; but after all how monotonous,— often how discordant anil miserable is their life in the isolated Household, and what du¬ plicity is often resorted to in order to present to the world an exterior, which gives the lie to the private reality! The mechanism of Association will, in every way, be adapted to Man, and secure to him the fullest personal liberty. They who love privacy—can dine in their own apartments; they who love sociability—at the public ta¬ bles ; they who wish the exclusive company ! of friends’-in the small dining rooms;—anil with changes and alternations as the feelings may prompt. There is no legitimate taste or desire, whether temporary or permanent, that cannot be satisfied; and all these advantages will be enjoyed without the care, the trouble and the expense of the isolated household. And as it is in the mode of living, so is it in DIAWNAEY OBSTACLES TO ASSOCIATION. the selection of pursuits and occupations, in the choice of pleasures and social relations, and in all things else in every sphere of life. There will be no tyranny or dictation—no control of the individual by the individual— no disciplining by monastic rules and regula¬ tions—no violation of individual will for the pretended good of the community—no subjec¬ tion of man to arbitrary systems;—but liberty and independence—the satisfaction of all le¬ gitimate tastes and inclinations, mill variety and change in order—unrestricted personal freedom, when it does not degenerate into license—free choice in occupations and social relations—no sacrifice of the individual to the mass—and adaptation of the social Organiza- IMAGINAEY obstacles to asso¬ ciation. Unity of Interesls-Unity of Education-Unity upon which Social*Concord and Harmony in ust When the idea of Association is discussed, j a majority of persons feel towards it, at I first, instinctive dislike; the idea of forming | any close connection with their fellow-men, is j repulsive to them. Let us explain some of ; the causes of this prejudiced feeling, and show : that, as it is the result of false social in¬ fluences, it is ill-founded and may be removed, and in its place a true and noble sentiment of Union and Brotherhood awakened. 1st Wherever there are assemblages of per¬ sons at present, we find either strict discipline,' as in armies, monasteries and manufactories: or rude disorder, as at public meetings, elec¬ tions and in mobs. As strict discipline and rude disorder are both repulsive to the human feelings, and as people imagine erroneously that one or the other must exist in Association, they recoil with an instinctive aversion from such contacts, and cling to the privacy of the isolated household. 2d. Free Competition in Trade and Indus¬ try, and the envious rivalry, opposition, over¬ reaching, fraud and injustice to which it gives rise, engender endless misunderstand¬ ings, quarrels and discords among men; hence repugnant feelings and antipathies are aroused, and it appears impossible to them to associate and live in peace and union together. But free competition—that selfish strife or war in Commerce and Industry which now exists— •will be replaced in Association by Unity of Interests and Concert of Action, and as man is a social being, he will, when the causes of discord and disunion, which now divide So¬ ciety, are done away with, regard Association as the true order of Society. 3d. The Mass are now poor, dependent, and have too many favors to ask—which render close contacts disagreeable. The want, also, of refinement in habits and manners among them, repels the more polite and educated. who think of Association only as an order of things in which they will be brought into contact with the poor and unrefined. But the Hass will be rendered independent in Asso¬ ciation, by its system of combined attractive Industry', and will be refined and elevated by the social advantages which they will enjoy. 4th. Differences in the tastes, habits, man¬ ners and customs of people—resulting from the isolation in which they live and differ¬ ences of education—and the coarseness, bru¬ tality, drunkenness and other defects and vices, which exist unfortunately to such an extent at present, render the society of individuals in a vast many cases obnoxious, loathsome, and often perfectly insupportable to each other. These features of a false Society will not exist in Association, for there a system of Universal Education—one and equal for all— i and a high standard of, and unity in, habits, manners and morals, will be established. nth. Society is now split up into numerous sects and parties in Church and State, and party and sectarian Dissensions add to the flames of discord and disunion, and make coil- ! cord and unity—and consequently association, appear utterly impossible. The want, also, of a true standard of Morality, based upon a scientific knowledge of Human Nature, and comprehensive enough to embrace all the spi¬ ritual Phenomena of man, gives rise to reci¬ procal criticisms and condemnations of tastes, inclinations and manifestations of passion, and increases the repellant iorces at work in so- 6th. The long continuance of depravity, vice and crime upon the earth, leads people to suppose that they are inherent in the Nature of Man, and will always exist; they believe that these characteristics of past and present Societies can, under no circumstances, he era¬ dicated, and that they will be transferred into Association. The idea of corning in contact with vicious and depraved beings, excites ab¬ horrence, and Association is condemned from an idle fear, which has no foundation in reality. The error of the World—and a groundless, superficial one it is—is to suppose that these innumerable causes of Discord and Division, which now separate men and repel the idea and desire of Union and Association, arc im¬ mutable and eternal, and can under no Order of things, and with the aid of no new social Combinations, be removed. Men are without Hope for the future—without Faith in man: firm in the belief that what is, always will he. and that what lias not been, never can k, they live under the dominion of blighting pre¬ judice—of a fatal resignation to evil, which kills desire and paralyzes action. An Examination into the doctrines of Asso¬ ciation will show that all the objections which may be urged against it, are imaginary and groundless, and arise from a want of under¬ standing of the subject, and false conceptions regarding the nature of man and social des¬ tiny. The error which the world now • . t tains so generally that Selfishness a -_-, Discord are natural and unchangeable, and that wood Will among men and Social Har¬ mony are impossible, will be dissipated:— with the universal education, the universal independence and elevation, which the Com¬ bined Order will secure to mankind—will come new social feelings, a new faith and new views upon all subjects. ELEVATION AND REFINEMENT OF THE MASS. Whenever the subject of Association is broached, the sensitive imaginations of people —of “ sterling Democrats” even—are haunted with visions of degrading alliances and mean intercourse: their sensibility is shocked at the idea of association with those whom chance lias placed in an humbler sphere of life than themselves. Although this exclusive sensi¬ tiveness docs not sit very well upon the shoul¬ ders of men professing principles of “ Demo- cracv and Equality,” we can forgive the inconsistency between their doctrines and practice, because it originates in a true senti¬ ment, if they did not blindly attempt to sus¬ tain their prejudices against their humble fellow-men, by crediting the monstrous dogma that “ one portion of the Human Race were made for hewers of wood and drawers of wa¬ ter for another portion,” or in other words, that the great majority of Mankind must be sunk in Poverty and Ignorance, and condemned to a repugnant round of toil and drudgery to minister to the ease and enjoyment of a fa- As wc said, we could tolerate and forgive the injustice of the sentiment of exclusiveness, if it.was placed simply upon the ground of the true and natural instinct of a cultivated mind to shrink from the contact of that which is coarse, rude or vulgar; hut when it is at¬ tempted to shelter it under the monstrous falsehood that the Mass can never be elevated and refined, and that they were made to be drudges, we cannot help denouncing it in terms which such ignorance and selfish pride deserve. But as we are not disposed to waste time and space, we will confine our remarks to plain reasoning, to satisfy sincere and unpre¬ judiced minds that there'is nothing to fear in Association from a contact with coarse, ig¬ norant and vulgar persons, while in the pre- ; sent state of society this contact is constant i and unavoidable. i It is a mistaken idea of People to suppose < that in Association there will be an indisCri- i ruinate herding of all sorts of persons in one establishment, without any regard to moral t or personal fitness, and that then, because i there exists social equality, there will he re- ! pugnant connexions. We know perfectly well that Association, when its immense advantages are once proved j by practical experiment, will spread most ra- ( pidly; still, in the formation of Associations, i People will come together from various cir- ! cumstances of equality and similarity in con- | ditioii,—such as Fortune, Sank, religious ! Opinions, etc., and in no case is it contcm- | plated to mar the comfort and harmony of a Community by the introduction of gross in¬ congruities of character, habits ami manners, i The great body of Mankind are uneducated, :nd coarse in hotly and in mind; it will he the work of lime to elevate them to a standard in (Ianners ami Intelligence, that will fit them for refined social intercourse. But Association, with its superior system of Education, its sys- j teiii of honorable Industry, and other means j of improvement ami refinement, will elevate j rapidly the Mass, and the first Generation | bom and brought up in Association will have j cast oil' all traces of tiie ignorance, coarseness i and vulgarity now entailed by a false Society i upon the multitude. \ We are well aware that in the mean lime, ■ social Equality cannot lie established between i a low and ignorant populat ion, and refined and intelligent persons. The favored Classes will, as soon as Association is established, make it | their pride and ambition to provide the means for the gradual Elevation of their less favored fellow-men, lmt they will not he called upon to sacrifice their feelings and comfort in pro¬ miscuous association. j We have made these general remarks to j show that people need not fear that Associa- lion will disturb all their notions of propriety in social intercourse by thrusting them among a rude and heterogeneous Mass. If then, in the organization of the first As- i sociations, people of Taste and Refinement have nothing to fear from the contact of, and intercourse with, Ignorance and Vulgarity, they need have nothing to fear for the future. No one will he fool-hardy enough to deny that the thorough education, the enjoyment of worldly comforts, the freedom from care, de¬ pendence and harassing toil, and the other advantages which Association will secure to all, will soon change the Character of the rising generations, and make them fit asso¬ ciates for the most timid of our exclusives, who are now afraid of contaminating inter¬ course. The least reflection must satisfy us that independence, education, intellectual de¬ velopment, moral training, enjoyment of the arts and sciences, and extended social inter¬ course, are only necessary to elevate the whole Human Race to that noble standard which God intended thev should attain. STSIEJI OF PEOPESTr. Asa proof that the Mass can be elevated to j a high standard of refinement and intelligence, > we have hot to remember that the polished ! and aristocratic Classes of Europe are de- ; scendants of the rudest and most barbarous j Ancestors. How many of the Generals and \ Marshals made by Napoleon rose from the i peasantry, who, without the opening offered j them by the French Revolution, would have > remained rude and uncultivated boors? As- ! sociation will be a new and grand opening for ■ all Mankind! But without going so far for our proofs, let j us look around in our own Country. We find i that many of the first families are descendants ; of the dregs of European populations, a por- \ tion of whom were transported to setile the j early Colonies. Look at our first Men,—look at the Leaders of the fashionable circles in j our cities: many of them, who make the j greatest pretensions to, and who really pcs- j sess refinement and intelligence, are removed i but one generation frem persons who filled ! the humblest walks of life—tailors, shoe- j makers, hostlers, hucksters, etc.: and if so j much has been done to elevate and refine j people in so short a time, under circumstances S which were not the most favorable, what j may not be expected from Association in its ; effect upon the rising generation, when with- > out exception every Child will receive a supe- : rior practical and scientific Education—will | he blessed with Fleniy to supply its physical - nature, with Attractive Industry to strengtheu : and invigorate its frame, and with all the in- finences of the Fine Arts, and of pleasing and ; extended sccial Relations, to refine and elevate ; its mind ? j When the Mass are thus elevated to the ■ noble standard of ln:e Humanity, when a high t tone is given to the feelings—and moral and : intellectual elevation is secured to all, who ; then can fear that their “ respectability 7 ’ will j suffer from a contact with them ? : And after all, what is the Elevation,—the j Respectability of our false Societies ? It is a :• tame and enervating refinement, which rises J scarcely above a little delicate nervousness of : body—soft and effeminate manners—affected : politeness and sickly sentiment; it is the ex- ; elusiveness of pride without merit; tire low ■ ambition and anti-social spirit of caste without \ real dignity. All this is destined to sink into \ utter insignificance before the elevated senti- • meats and manners to which Association will ; give rise—before the noble pride, the true and l flunk sociability of persons fully educated and ■; developed, and exalted by the feeling of being * members of a noble Race—of a great Brother- { hood, who have in their collective capacity i a high Destiny to fulfil upon the earth and ( elsewhere. j Look at Humanity!—examine the condi- t tion of nineteen-twentieths of the members i of the great familv of Man upon the Globe j —destitute, half-famished, ignorant and de- S graded, and say whether the idea—the timid 1 fear that a Social Reform is fraught with t danger to the interests of the world, is not a j mockery upon common sense—upon sound judgment, and whether the spirit of social Conservatism, which exists so generally at present, is not utterly incompatible with broad and comprehensive views upon political and social questions, and with true and generous sympathies for Mankind ? Look, and answer. SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. "With regard to the system of property of Association^ we shall have numerous preju¬ dices to combat and errors to rectify. The false principles of a community of property which have been promulgated, and connected unfortunately, to some extent, with the noble doctrine of Association, lead people to suppose that every system of Association must he based upon similar principles. We must correct this false view, and show that in the Combined Order all individual Rights—the fundamental one of which is the Plight of Property—will be sacredly respected and strictly preserved. The system of joint-stock or sharehold Pro¬ perty of Association is one ofits most beautiful practical features, and will, when the highly important results to which it leads are under¬ stood, excite admiration. We will point out a few cf those results, which will he partially elucidated as we progress in our explanation. 1st. Effect a Unity of tire individual with the collective interest, so as to render the interest of the Individual the interest of the Mass, and the interest of the Mass the interest of the Individual. This Unity must be esta¬ blished before we can conciliate private wel¬ fare with public good, and produce concert of aciion, and geueral good-will and union among 2d. Render real Estate moveable property, saleable and convertible at will and without loss into a cash capital. 3d. Prevent the numerous and ruinous liti¬ gations and law-suits, whicli norv grow out of bad titles, foreclosures, boundary lines. 4th. Unite the interests of Labor and Capi¬ tal. which are now divorced and in conflict, and prevent the unjust and tyrannical control which the Few, who own the land, workshops and other means of production, now exercise over the destitute Multitude, who must beg the privilege of working on and in them. 5th. Secure an efficient, uniform and scicn* SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. tific system of Cultivation, and its continuance from generation to generation, and guaranty the prosecution of works and improvements commenced. 6th. Enable Mankind to put in practice those cardinal precepts of Truth and Justice laid down bv Christ,—such as: “Love thy neighbor as thyself;” “ Do ye unto others as ve would wish that others should do unto v 0Uj ”_prccepts which, in the universal Con¬ flict of the individual with the collective inte¬ rest that now exisls, and in the envious strife and opposition which reign throughout all the ramifications of business and industry, can he acted upon to but an extremely limited ex¬ tent. The interests of men must he asso¬ ciated, blended and harmonized, before the social Svmpathies can be developed, and the commandments of Love and Brotherhood can he carried out in practice. Let us now enter upon our subject. The lands, edifices, Hocks, implements, ma¬ chinery and other property of an Association, —that is, its personal and Veal Estate—w ill be represented bv stock, divided into shares, like the capital of a bank or railroad. There is no reason why this description of property should not form the capital of a stock- company or an association, and he represented by vouchers or shares, as mines, manufac¬ tories, railroads, canals and all varieties of joint-stock property, or as moneyed capital in¬ vested in banks and insurance companies, now are, and every owner of stock he paid interest upon his shares. By this means a reorgan¬ ization or remodelling of the present system of property could be ell'ected without disturb¬ ing a single vested right. Vested rights in property cannot be touched without under¬ mining the fabric of society, and producing injustice, confusion, and, perhaps, bloodshed; they are sacred and must remain inviolate. People in Association will not own little farms or separate workshops and manufac¬ tories as at present; they will own stock in an Association, and will be joint proprietors of the entire domain and of all the workshops and manufactures. By this means the land cannot be cut up and sold, and the system of cultivation and general management changed with every change of owner: the stock, how¬ ever, which represents it, can be sold, which is the same thing for the holder. If a member wishes at any time to leave the Association, lie can do so'; he can retain liis stock and receive interest upon it, or sell it and obtain in cash its current value. If no other member can purchase it of him at the time, the Association, which will keep a re¬ served fund on hand for the purpose, would do so, and pay him interest for the part of the year which had expired. By rendering real estate Sharehotd Pro¬ perly, we make it saleable at will, and convert¬ ible^ into a cash capital without loss or delay. This is an immense advantage, and one which is not possessed at all at present. If a person now owns lands, which he wishes to dispose of, he must wait, for months, often years, be¬ fore he can find a purchaser, or sell at a ruinous sacrifice. In Association, on the con¬ trary, he could dispose of his stock at a day’s notice and for its full value. How will the interest be paid upon the shares ?—it will be asked. We will explain the manner. One quarter of the total Product or Profits of the Association, after taxes, repairs and some other expenses are deducted—that is, one quarter of the amount realized by the sales of its products during the year—will be reserved lor this purpose, and paid as a divi¬ dend to the stockholders. The oilier three quarters will be paid to those who perform the labor. We will illustrate this division by an example. Suppose an Association—the lands, edifices, Hocks, etc., of which are valued at §500,000— grows grain, fruit and vegetables, raises ani¬ mals and manufactures a variety of objects in the course of ihe year, which, when sold, amount to §200,000. Of this stun §50,000, or one quarter, would be appropriated to the payment of interest upon the Stock, which in this case would be ten per cent. The re¬ maining §150,000 would be paid to those who performed the Labor. The §150,000, or the sliau paid to Labor, would not he put into a common fund, out of which all the members—the skilful as well as the unskilful, the active as well as inactive—will receive an equal share: on tht contrary, every one will be remunerated ac cording to the time he has devoted to work, and the skill with which he has worked. AVe will explain fully hereafter this system for the division of profits. In awarding to Capital one quarter of the profits, we do not give it, it must he home in mind, twenty-live per cent, interest; u-e gioe it Iwenly-fiec per cent, of the product, whaterer it may be. This proportion can be varied somewhat, if experience proves it to he wrong. A person on entorimr an Association finds ! everything prepared '-r him; the fields and j gardens are laid out. under a line state of j cultivation, the workshops and manufactories i are handsomely fitted up, and teams and iin- I plemcnls in abundance are provided: for the privilege of working under such advantageous circumstances, lie gives to those who, by their Capital or Labor, have organized the Asso¬ ciation, one quarter of ihe product of his skill and activity. This proportion will, we think, he found just, ami satisfy the Laborer. Capital in Association will he safely and profitably invested—which, on the other hand, will satisfy the Capitalist: it will be safe, be¬ cause it will he invested in productive real < estate, which cannot be stolen, wasted or i squandered; and it will he profitable, because | it will receive one quarter of the product of I the labor of a large body of men, who being supplied with every means of production, and whose efl'orts being skilfully and judiciously directed, must necessarily produce a vast deal'. HODE OF INVESTIX& CAPITAL IS ASSOCIATION. MODE OF INVESTING CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. Faos Foueiee. j All lands, machinery, implements, fumi- | tnre, or other objects brought by members j into the Association, are appraised at their j cashvalue,andrepresen;ed,as wellas themo- \ neyed capital paid in, by transferable shares, > which are secured upon the personal and real j Estate of the Association—that is, upon its ) domain, edifices. Hocks, manufactories, etc. j The Council transfers to each person the va- j lue in shares of the objects which he has \ famished. A person mav he a member with- l out being a stockholder, or a stockholder ! without being a member. The annual profits of the Association are, after the inventory is taken, divided into three unequal portions, and paid as follows: Seven-twelfths to Laboe. Three-twelfths to Capital. Two-twelfths to practical and theoretical Knowledge— or to Skill. The Council, which has charge of the finan¬ cial departm e.nt. advances to those members who do not possess any capital or fixed pro¬ perty. food, clothing and lodging for a rear. No risk is run in making ibis advance, i'cr it is known that the product of the labor, which ; each individual v,fill perform hv attraction' ; ar ELEASUSE, will exceed in amount the ad- j vances made to him: and that the Assceia- ' tion, ou balancing its accounts at the yearly ; settlement, will be debtor to the members to ; whom it made the advance of a HixratDi. > This Minimum, or sufficiency of worldly S goods, will comprise: " \ Meals at the tables of the first price. j A decent dress, and working costumes; he- j sides all implements necessary to their indus- j trial occupations. ; A room and bed-room for each individual, ; and admission to the public halls and saloons, ! and to all places of amusement. ' Men most opposed to Association, will be ; Capitalists and Landholders. We will enter I consequent!v into a short examination of the ; mode of employing and investing capital in j Association, and of the value of real estate in j this new order. The advantages which As- s sociaiion offers in these respects, merit the ■ attention of those two classes, whose interests > suffer so much from the frauds, revulsions and j revolutions of civilized Society. j After a life spent in making a fortune, new j difficulties and anxieties arise in preserving \ and guarantying it to children, who, after the j ■ death of the father, are so often the victims | of frauds and bankruptcies, or of faithless or ! careless guardians. These dangers will cease { the moment Association is organized, and this S advantage, it strikes us, is among the first to S be pointed out. t Lai.’., in the Combined Order, will not be j owned without a guarantee of product, as is so often the case at present. An Association, cultivating a domain, becomes security to th e capitalist who owns stock, (which is the same as owning the land and'edifices, as they arc mortgaged to secure it,) and in case of da¬ mage by the elements or other accidents, the stockholder is sure to receive a minimum rate of interest, which is guarantied to him by the entire Association and by those of the district around. In Combined Order, the Associations will insure each other against suclt losses. To hear people talk, it would be supposed that they possess fine domains, superb landed estates.' But what interest do those estate; yield ? Hardly three per cent., after deductin’ taxes, delays, thefts, accidental damages and law-sciis, which at present cannot lie avoided, for, according to the adage, “ who lias soil lias . turmoil. - ’ There are, besides, years when ) there is a complete failure of crops, and the j landholder receives nothing, which must he ; taken into account. i If Capitalists understood the system of As- | sociaiion, they would feel no repugnance in ; investing their property in the partnership cf 1 an Association. Are they not at present in , copartnership with each of their tenants? In ; the Combined Order the entire Association i> in copartnership with them and becomes thei, tenant. All its lands, edifices, (locks and ma¬ nufactories are mortgaged to secure their stock. Will they obtain any suclt security ia the present system? Will’ they see a Ik- dred families pledge themselves collectively to guaranty them an income from their lauds! To this security is to be added another ad¬ vantage, which is unknown at present, ar.d which our financiers would never have suc¬ ceeded in realizing; it is the power of render¬ ing real estate transferable property, which can be converted at will and without loss into a cash capital. Every Association will, when called upon, buy its shares at the valuation of the last in¬ ventory, with interest for the part of the year which has expired. Thus, did a capitalist possess hundreds of thousands, lie could realize his fortune at a moment's notice, and without loss or expense. If an Association had not funds on hand to purchase the shares of a large stockholder, the Council of the district or province in which it was situated, would advance the money and take the stock, which in Associa¬ tion is considered as the best of investments. An Association can in no case become bank¬ rupt, or carry off its lands, edifices, manufac¬ tories and flocks, as could be done with the capital of a bank. As regards damage by the elements, collective and reciprocal insurances will exist. Conflagrations will be reduced to almost nothing, owing to the precautions which can be taken in the construction of the edifices of Association, and in their supervision. A minor will run no risk of losing his pro¬ perty, or of being wronged in the management of the principal or income: the administration of it is the same for him as for the other stock- UNITY OF INTERESTS, ETC. yite^ni^nheri' 5 stock in divers Associa- tions, the stock is registered on their hooks; it bears the same interest for him as for others, and can under no pretext he transferred for him until he is of age, when he can dispose of it as he chooses. An Association in a body, directed by its Council of experienced and practical men and by the advice of neighboring Associations, will not, like an individual, he exposed to impru¬ dent speculations; and if any industrial opera¬ tion, like the establishment of a new branch of manufactures, the working of a mine or any other expetiment, he hazardous, care will be taken to divide the risk among a number of Associations, consult well beforehand, and cover the risk by insurance. As to frauds, UNITY OF INTERESTS, best manner, and every branch of manufac¬ tures prosecuted with the greatest skill and judiciousness; the better all this is done, the larger will be the interest which each indivi¬ dual will receive; and as the desire of large dividends will exist in Association as at pre¬ sent, there will be, as a consequence, a general desire on the part of all the members to ren¬ der the Association in the highest degree pro- Not only will every individual wish that all brandies of Industry should be prosecuted in tlie best possible manner, but he will wish that the edifices, tools, implements, (locks, fences, etc. should he carefully taken care of and preserved from injury or damage, for if any damage were done to them, the expense of repairs would have to he deducted from the general product, which would lessen the interest which he, in common with the other stockholders, would receive. What each individual Member will wish, the entire Association will wish, and from this Unity of Interests will result a concert of action in prosecuting all branches of Industry and a perfect unanimity of feeling in all tem¬ poral affairs and interests. No one can promote his own prosperity without promoting at the same time the pros¬ perity of all those around him, and no one can injure his neighbor without injuring himself. It is only in joint-stock Associations, where each individual is interested in the entire ca- We will briefly explain the means by which j Associa lion will effect a perfect Unity or Iden- > titv of the individual with the collective Inte¬ rest. Unless we can render the interest of the j Individual that of the Whole, and the interest of the Whole that of the Individual—or, in other words, unless we can establish Unity in the sphere of worldly interests, we can never introduce practical Truth and Justice into the relations of men, nor attain those higher Uni¬ ties in Church and State, after which more advanced minds—side of strife, dissension and controversy—are beginning to aspire. Let us explain how this primary Unity will he at¬ tained. The interest upon the stock of the members of an Association, will not be paid out of the product of this or that part of the domain, or out of this or that branch of manufactures, but out of the total product of the entire do¬ main and all brandies of manufactures. As a consequence, every individual owning stock, if it he but a single share, will wish that every portion of the soil should he cultivated in the pital invested, that a perfect Union of interests can he established, and Man can be made to desire truly and ardently the welfare and pros¬ perity of his fellow-man. From this solidarity —this reciprocal and mutual dependence, wifi result a unity of fcelins, which will soon ex¬ tend from pecuniary affairs to political, reli¬ gious, and other spheres of society. In such an order of things how easy will it be to real¬ ize practically the precept—“ Do unto others as you would that others should, do unto you !” In fact, the practical operation of As¬ sociation will lead to it, as the present system of Society leads to a conflict of all interests and to universal antagonism and enmity. And when a body of persons, perfectly united, are working for each other’s welfare, ; how easy will it be also to put in operation that other precept—“ Love thy neighbor as thvsclf!" Man is not naturally selfish—far from it: to love—taken in its widest sense—is the first want of his nature. To bestow the Sen¬ timents of friendship, paternity, Jove and other social affections causes a Happiness as great to him who gives, as to him who receives, j If men are now selfish, if they sacrifice the i love of God and the neighbor to worldly | ends and material wants, it is because they i are poor—harassed by cares and anxieties, j and because a thousand conflicts and discords i divide them, fill their souls with bitterness, and smother the higher feelings of their na¬ ture. But men are miserable when the higher and nobler Sentiments and the social Sympa¬ thies are not satisfied, and instead of finding. DIPOSSIBILnT OF ANT TTRASNT OF CAPITAL K ASSOCIATION. as the majority now hope, happiness and a Paradise in their eager and exclusive strife after worldly goods, and in their worship of selfish materialism, they sink for the most part into a social Hell. What a contrast between the system of Industry, and parricularly of Agriculture, of Association aud that of the present Social Order! Suppose the lands of an Association were cat up into little farms, each cultivated and managed separately by a different owner or family, instead of being represented by stock, preserved in a body cud subjected to a unitary system of cultivation: what would be the consequence? The different families would, in the first place, be perfectly indifferent as to the manner in which all the other farms aronnd them were cultivated, because they would receive no part of the product; their interests would be restricted to their own little plots of laud. In the second place, the con¬ tiguity of numerous separate farms won!:! lead, as we see by experience, to misunder¬ standings, quarrels and lew-suits—growing out of trespasses, petty thefts, breaking down of fences, boundary lines, bad titles, competi¬ tion in the sale of products, and other causes, so that in time marrv of them IMPOSSIBILITY OF ANY TYRANNY OF CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. he siad to see ti fortunes befall ti those engaged in or the ni-ht of cultivating the Soil for the and'tjevcl-.pmeiit, any more than he simuhl be cirlude.1 from the light of the suit or from tin almuifhcre. | It is often asked, whether one or more ca- | pitalists will not become owners of the stock i of an Association, and exercise a tyrannical The Council of Industrv-thi P :e of endless and selfishness. How beautiful in comparison is the system of associated or skarelold Pro¬ perty of Association, which, while it main¬ tains individual rights in property, produces Unity of interests and action, good will among men, and concord and harmony in Society! How repulsive is the spectacle which So¬ ciety now offers to the man who loves justice— who loves generous dealing between man and his fellow-man! Discord, coufiict and envious strife are rife among ali classes aud indivi¬ duals—private interest is arrayed in opposition to public good—every maws hand is raised against ms neighbor—distrust and hatred fill the world—and duplicity, over-reaching, ex¬ tortion and fraud contaminate and degrade the daily relations and transactions of the vast majority. In Commerce and Industry, oppo¬ sition and warfare are universal, and their revulsions, ruin aud anxiety kill more—and in a more lingering manner—than the cannon or the bayonet in the warfare of bloodshed. But men are so accustomed to the moral atmo¬ sphere of discord, strife and selfishness in which they now live, that this state of things appears natural, and blinds them to the ne¬ cessity of a Social Reform. If they could, however, he made to see Society as it is—see its deformity and falseness, they would recoil with disgust from it, and exert every nerve to establish a true and just Social Order in its shall be pursued, the c grown, the branches of shall be prosecuted, wher most talented an Association, wil : a far more jud ^operty-but : the Association, a ; panies: a stockholder in a railroad cannot, Lr | example, alter the direction or tear up a par! I of the track equal in value to his slock, c: j prevent travellers from going over the road, i —and this restriction is found advantageoss | to all. | Capitalists will possess in Association very i great advantages: their money will be safely | invested; they will be exempt from the frauds, DIPOSSrBILITY TYRANNY OF CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. revulsions and the numerous accidents of bu- j details and minutiie, and see that nothin" was siness, which ruin upon an average three wasted or misapplied. The great majority of fourths of them; they will be relieved from persons would feel no inclination for such a the anxiety and the trouble of constant super- careful supervision, but as they would see the vision, and as the profits of Association will be importance of it, for little wastes lead to large large, they will receive a liberal interest on losses, they would feel indebted to those who their money. J attend to such details and relieved them of But Capitalists in Association will not wish to } the task. In Association Selfishness will ic exercise any dictation or tyranny; they would S rendered Social, and be made to serve the disgust their fellow-men by such a course, i interests of the whoie; at present, it is ex- who, being secured the Ritrht of Labor or of clusiee or individual, and leads to the plun constant employment, would be pecuniarily dering of the Mass, independent, and would not submit to any “ The spirit of compound or associated Pro- imposition: should capitalists, however, en- pertv,” says Fourier, “will he one of the most deavor to exercise any tyranny, the members j powerful means of conciliating the interests could move off' in a body and leave their pro- < of the members, richer and poorer, of an As- perty unproductive;—and, besides, any nrbi- j sociation. If a person possessed but a single trary dictation on their part would derange j share of stock, lie becomes a joint owner of the operations of Industry, decrease produc- ! the entire Association; he can say, our lands, tion, and lessen as a consequence their profits. our edifices, our forests, our manufactories, The Tyranny of Capital, one of the last relics \ our flocks,—every tiring is his property; he is of tyranny, and the most repulsive, will be ! interested in the whole estate, real and per- swept from the face of the earth bv Associa- j sonal, of the Association.” tion! j “ Tf a forest at present is cut up or injured If it be feared by some persons dial a few j by marauders or storms, a hundred peasants individuals in an Association will monopolize j look on with indifference. The forest is aim- tlie stock, and exercise an absolute control, it j pie property; it belongs to the rich landholder is very confidently asserted by others that the < alone; they rejoice at what may be of injury selfishness of men, and their rapacity to ac- > to him, and endeavor clandestinely to inercase quire wealth, will lie insurmountable obstacles ‘ the damage. If the Hoods wash away the to social Union and Concord. Let us answer { soil upon the banks of a stream, three quarters this objection. : of the inhabitants own no land upon it, and The reader will hear in mind that the into- ! laugh at the damage; they are glad often to rest upon the capital or shares will be paid ont i see the patrimony of a rich neighbor injured, of the lolal product of the Association, so that ! whoso property is simple, deprived of ties with no one can desire large profits for himself i the mass of the inhabitants, in whom it in- without desiring the same for all the other spires no interest.” members. > “In Association, where all interests will be Suppose then that there are some extremely combined, and where every person will be a avaricious persons in an Association, wiio are ! co-iiitercsied partner, be it only for the portion very desirous of accumulating wealth: what ’ of the profits assigned to Labor, every one means will thev have to employ to attain their j will desire the permanent prosperity of the end? They will have to see that all parts of i entire Associa lion. Thus, from personal inte- titc domain are cultivated in the best manner j rest, good-will will become genera) among —all branches of manufactures prosecuted ju- i the members; and for the reason that they ilieiously—that the edifices, implements, nia- ! do not work for wages or a salary, but are cliinery,’etc. are not injured, and that no waste \ co-partners, knowing that any damage done, takes place. This is the policy which they ! were it to the value of but twelve cents, will will have to pursue. They cannot, as a con- < take one half from those who, not being stock- sequence, promote their own prosperity with- ! holders, receive only the part of the dividend out promoting at the same time the prosperity ■ allotted to Labor.” of all ihe other members; their thirst for gain It will, no doubt, he dreaded by many minds will not lie satisfied, as at present, at the ex- > that if in an Association there are persons who pease of their fellow-men, hut will, on the j possess much capital or fixed property, and contrary, conduce to their welfare. Bv this others who possess little or none, or, in other means individual selfishness will be neutral- words, if there arc richer and poorer indivi- ized, and made to subserve the good of the duals, differences of class or caste, with their whole. j odious distinctions and their repulsions and , Under the present condition of things, the discords, will arise, which will dissolve the injury done to others by extortion or fraud, is ! social compact. individual gain; but in Association, where the S This dread is groundless: Association, with interests of the Individual and those of tiie its system of Am active Industrv and its Alass are identical, no one can add to his own vast Economies, will produce so much, and so • store without adding to that of the rest of fill the world with wealtii, that the question •the community. will he how to consume it all! When abun- If there were in an Association some of dance and refinement are secured to all. the ■ those very parsimonious persons, who are now I possession of more or less wealth will be a Ntioked upon with dislike, they would be found j very minor consideration. “All will behappy ‘quite useful. They would attend to all minor j in proportion to their health and spirits to TJM05 OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. enjoy the pleasures of both temporal and spi- ! ritual Excellence, which will be abundant and j to spare, in endless change and diversity;” j and all will be honored and respected in pro- < portion to talent, genius, merit and useful \ services to Humanity. ! Let Association guaranty, as it will, equal j chances of a superior industrial and scientific j Education to all children;—and the right of > Labor, or a free and unrestricted choice of < occupations, with the profits and honors of the t same, to the grown person; let a broad field < of action, with proper social aid and encou¬ ragement, be thrown open to all, and there will be no longer those gross contrasts be¬ tween poverty and wealth, between intelli¬ gence and ignorance, which now exist,—but universal elevation and the enjoyment by all of even - worldly blessing, based, however, upon various and graduated degrees of fortune on the one hand, and infinite diversity of talents, capacities and shades of genius on the other. “ The richer a man is in the Combined Or¬ der, the greater are the duties he imposes on himself in spending his own income, for he is neither able nor inclined to spend it on him¬ self alone when individual and collective inte¬ rests are identical; and if he were inclined to spend his money foolishly instead of usefully, he would he deemed a 'simpleton by all his friends and neighbors, and discarded from the pleasures of society and friendship as an ani¬ mal of an inferior intellect, whom nobody would waste their time upon in social inter¬ course of an inferior order. “In external wealth or property, as it is termed, it matters not how rich or poor a man or woman be: the only riches of import¬ ance to all persons are the active powers of soul and body, health and vigor to enjoy the infinite diversity of temporal and spiritual hap¬ piness—the possession of external wealth con¬ ferring liberty of action in proportion only to the duty and responsibility of direct manage¬ ment, responsibility to social sanction only, and good sense, but not to arbitrary laws and institutions.” UNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. Wbii can isolated sud teljiless Labor do araiast learn es of Capital and powerful Monopoly? Capital and Labor are now divorced in interest and are in opposition, and Capital controls—often exercises an absolute tyranny over Labor. Capital is held by a small mi¬ nority, while the laboring multitude, deprived of its possession, are, for the most part, the dependent hirelings, the menial subjects of capitalists. This unnatural relation must be remedied, and means found of uniting Capital and Labor in the same hands—that is, of ren¬ dering Capitalists Producers, and Producers Capitalists, so that there may no longer be dictatorial tyranny on the one ade, and slavish subjecuon on the other. To attain this important end, we must, in the first place, render Industry attractive— make its pursuits avenues to fortune, rank and honor in society, as the military life or career, politics, banking, commerce and some of the professions now are, so that all classes will engage in them with energy, ardor and pleasure; and, in the second place, we must establish a just and equitable division of pro¬ fits, so that those who have no property may acquire it easily, if they desire, and become capitalists in various degrees of wealth. As- sociation will fuKU these two important con¬ ditions, and unite Labor and Capital in the same hands. To show the important results which will grow out of this friendly union of the two great productive Powers of society, which are now in hostile conflict, we will suppose that in founding an Association those who are to live in it furnish the capital for its organization. 1st. As Capitalists they will desire the most judicious and economical application of their money in the building of the edifice of the Association; but as members of the Associa¬ tion, they will also wish that it should be so constructed as to be convenient, comfortable, healthv and even elegant in its arrangements. These "divers interests acting together will pro¬ duce strict justice, and be attended with the happiest results. There will be no extravagant waste and misapplication of money on the one hand, and no disregard of general comfort from a narrow spirit of parsimony on the other, which wouW consult pecuniary interests alone, and sacrifiS’ to them convenience, health and elegance. What is the effect of capital acting for its own exclusive benefit ? Capitalists disregard entirely the comfort and health of those who are to inhabit the buildings which they con¬ struct, and consult pecuniary interests alone. In their own dwellings they may he liberal in their expenditures and make all beautiful around them, hut the buildings which they erect to rent to others, they crowd together in the smallest space and build of the coarsest and cheapest materials, without regard to the con¬ venience and health of the .tenants. In our cities we see blocks of miserable houses, crowded together iu narrow alleys with con¬ fined yards which scarcely admit of a circula¬ tion of light and air, cr serve for domestic purposes, with damp cellars, ill-ventilateJ apartments, unfinished garrets, narrow, emot¬ ed and rickety stairways, and every defect which avarice can devise to save a penny,- none of which the Capitalist cares for, bt cause he is not to reside in the houses, am knows that there are always those who, from economy or necessity, must occupy them and pay him his rent, with all their wretched aid vexatious inconveniences. Such is the result of Capital separated froi Labor in regard to the construction of the it sidenceof man! 3d. The Founders of an Association, as Ct pitalists, will wish to obtain good rents as a: interest upon their capital, but as resident union of capital and and tenants who pay those rents, they will j desire to adjust them fairly and equitably. Here, again, there will be an equilibrium of interests productive of the best results^ At present, the landlord or capitalist is con- j stantly striving to force up rents, which in our cities is done most effectually; and the great j body of tenants seem to labor for little else than to pav their rents. 3d. The'Founders of an Association, as Ca¬ pitalists, will build the manufactories and j workshops, and fit them up with proper eco- j nomy; but as Laborers or Workmen who will occupy and be engaged in industrial pursuits | in them, they Will desire them to be in every j way adapted to health, comfort and conve¬ nience, and they will construct them large and airy and make'them complete and agreeable in every respect. How will the beautiful Halls of Industry, which they would build for themselves to work in, replete with every convenience, contrast with the gloomy, dirty and ill-ventilated workshops and manufacto¬ ries which Capitalists now erect—not to work in them themselves, but for the laboring ) Classes, who are forced by their dependent j poverty to work wherever they can find la¬ bor, and submit to all the inconveniences and repugnant conditions connected with it. Uncontrolled License is now conceded to those who possess capital, no matter how monstrous and infamous the abuses which esult from the manner iu which they employ ■t,—and this license is decorated with the ’lame of Liberty, and extolled as such. 4th. The Founders, asCapitaiisls, will wish a liberal interest on their investment; but as Producers they will also desire to have Labor fully and justly rewarded. This union of in¬ terests will secure a just division of profits, so that the Capitalist will receive a fair dividend upon his capital, and the Laborer a fair reward for his efforts. At preseut capital owns and controls the products of industry, and absorbs the profits—leaving to the laboring mass a pittance barely sufficient to supply their phy¬ sical wants. 5th. The Founders of an Association, as 1 Capitalists, will use the utmost care and dis¬ crimination in the establishment of schools, libraries, scientific collections, etc. etc., so that the money for these purposes shall not be improperly expended; but as beneficiaries of their advantages, and participators in the in¬ tellectual pleasures and improvements which they will afford, and as parents who will de¬ sire to secure to their children the best and most complete education, they will not be parsimonious or mean, but liberal and gene- tous in their appropriations to these objects. The few examples which we have pre¬ sented to the reader, ate sufficient to show te immensely important and valuable results, nd the perfect concord and justie/:, which will Sow from the uniun of Capital and Labor in the same hands. How desirable is it that this union of the two great productive Powers of ; society should be effected, and the strife and - poverty, and injustice and misery which ...: now entailed upon the great majority of man¬ kind, in consequence of the division of Capital and Labor, should be swept from the Earth! To the Producing classes we say: Unite and associate! combine your means and your labor, and you will become strong! You are now poor and dependent—often helpless and miserable, because you are divided and live isolatedly and separately; your labor is badly applied ; a large share of the product goes to the capitalist or employer, and the part which you obtain is -wasted in vour separate house¬ holds ! Without ties of close fellowship and union among yourselves, you are divided in interest and alienated in feeling;—you war with each other hy Free Competition, and strive selfishly to wrest from each other the labor which the capitalists or employers require;—you are mutual enemies, anil cut down wages and lengthen the time of toil until you impose upon yourselves a bondage worse than that of the slave. You must unite and combine your efforts and your means; if you will do so, you can obtain the land upon which to locate, and by your labor, you can build edifices, manu¬ factories and workshops, and furnish them with implements and machinery. You will then own the Soil which you cultivate, and the Machinery with which you work—and owning these and reaping the fruit of your labor, you will no longer have to contend with your two terrible and powerful enemies:— 1st. Reductive and ruinous Competition. 2d. Monopolized Machinery, or, machi¬ nery in the hands of capitalists, which work3 against instead of for you. In Association, you will be the masters of your time and persons—now at the disposal of those who can hire you; you will lay down just and equitable laws for the regulation ol your industrial affairs and interests—enjoy the product of your labor—choose such occupa¬ tions and pursuits as suit you—sell your pro¬ ducts to the greatest advantage, not being obliged to dispose of them at a given lime and at a sacrifice—purchase your goods a*, wholesale and at first cost—settle all misun¬ derstandings by arbitrations of friends, instead of resorting to the expensive trickery aud in¬ justice of the Law—give to your children a su¬ perior and thorough education—and achieve, finally, your independence and social eleva- “Ye toiling Millions! oppressed Victims of honest and most honorable Industry! when will you learn to know that Labor is the source of Wealth, and that monopoly alone, or leagues of capital in different degrees of‘legal’ or ‘il¬ legal privilege, deprive you and your chil¬ dren of both health and wealth, and knowledge aud morality; and that your only remedy con¬ sists in moral courage to assert the rights of Labor as an element of the social compact, and entitled to a due share of that which it pro¬ duces for the good of all, aud not alone the vantage of ft few?” Union, Association, Concert of Action SCIESTtnC FOtTXDATIGX 0? THE SYSTEM OF PEOPEKTY. UTS! BE TOCS aiotio: let those charmedTTords j this problem can be solved, but before so - be inscribed upon your banner, and they trill j doing, tee trill make an extract from the derate you from poverty, suffering and servi- : Pams Phalanx— the Organ of the doctrine of tude, to wealth, happiness and liberty! I Association in France—which sets forth in a | very clear light the Eight of Man to the Soil: | “ The Human Eace were placed upon the ! earth to lire and to develop the high life j implanted in them. The Eace are conse- : fluently the Usufructuaries of the surface of \ the globe. This right of Usufruct, belonging 1 to tire Species, is the result of the relation i which exists between the Human Eace and | the Earth.—The destiny of the Species is to 1 lire and accomplish its "development, and the : function of tiie latter is to furnish to the Spc- ' -’—'ly and collectively, the means God intended all the Creations in the ani- : 1 mal, vegetable and mineral Kingdoms, as well i c as the light of the sua and the vital atmo- ; c sphere, for universal use: they are necessarv j to the Existence, Happiness and Development - c This is the collective and original Eight of ; le hj nT .... c. right of the Eace is the riiht of each Iudivi- i dual. : The question of the Eight of Property in¬ volves the consideration of two rights, which i form the two constituent parts or elements of \ that great and fundamental Eight. Let us j enter into a brief explanation of this important j subject, which is now involved in so much ] obscurity, and endeavor to offer a clear and j definite solution, which we trust will satisfy j both the Conservative and the Reformer. j God has triven the earth to the Human j Race and to all successive generations of the ! Race, and not to some to the exclusion of the others: and the human Species, in their col- t lective and individual capacity, have a full and indisputable right to the Usufruct of the earth—or right of using and cultivating its j surface for the purpose of creating the means i of existence and happiness. (Usufruct signi- j fies the use of the soil without the absolute j ownership of it: Usufructuary is an individual ( invested with the right of Use without the j exclusive Ownership. We consider the Hu- < man Eace as the Usufructuaries of the Globe.) { The earth is the joint Property of the hu- j man famik, and no member of that family I should be excluded from the Usufruct of the soil or the right ol obtaining a livelihood from it, any more than he should be excluded from the light and air. This is the original and natural right of all men, and it can in no case he legitimately confiscated or superseded by any other. But to every Being belong exclusively the objects which he may by his Labor and Ta¬ lent produce or create, and he has a right to the absolute ownership of them, and can dis¬ pose of them as he wishes. To base the Eight cf Property upon a true, just and equitable foundation, we must devise a system which will secure to the Eace the Eight of Usufruct of the earth, and to the In- diridnal the product of his labor and intelli¬ gence. We will explain the means by which and development, ider the if Property, as it is ■d nations, the com- atire Species has the excluded in lit of Usu¬ fruct to ills joint property or common stock by the picseni system of property, this exclu sion would of itself constitute an attack upon the original and natural Eight, and the system of Property which authorized it, would cer¬ tainly he unjn=t and illegitimate. “ Any man who, coming into the world in a civilized Society, possesses nothing, and limit the earth confiscated all around him, could lit not say to those who preach to hint a respect for the distill" System of Property—alleging as a reason, the respect which is due to'thc sacred Rights of Property—could lie not say: ‘ Let us understand each other and distinguish things. I agree with you that the Eight of Property must be revered and preserved, and desire most ardently to respect it with restart! to others, upon the just condition that other.; respect it with regard to me. Sow, as a member of the human Species, I have a right to the Usufruct of the Soil, which is the com¬ mon property of the Species, and which Ma¬ ture has not, as I know, given to some to the exclusion of the others. In virtue of the sys¬ tem of Property, which I find established oa coming into the world, the common stock is confiscated, and perfectly well guarded. Your System of Properly is consequently based upon the spoliation of my Right of Usufruct- and of the Right of all those, and the number is large, who are in the same position with me. Do not confound the Right of Proper¬ ty with the particular System of Property which I find established by your factitious Eight, and agree that you reason very badly when you ask me, in the name of the Right of Property, to respect a System of Property which begins by spoliating me and denying the principle. Find some other reason than that of the Eight of Property to induce me to adopt your System; for the "legitimacy of the Eight of Property, which you are imprudent enough to invoke against me, is precisely what arms me legitimately against you, who'do not SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION OF THE SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. appear to suspect that you are my spoliators, and against your artificial Right, whicli^pre¬ tends to sanction the usurpation of which I am the victim.’ “ The present system of Property is conse¬ quently illegitimate, and is based upon a fun¬ damental spoliation. How could it be other¬ wise in a Social Order, which has but just emerged from the warrior Period, and under a system of Legislation which can hut be a modification of the old Right of conquest. “ The sentiment of this illegality has led some theorists to the idea of an equal division of the soil. But it is easy to see that this system, which would he still a confiscation of the earth, and would take from the individual jiis Right of Usufruct of the common Property, would not possess the merit even of being conformable to the natural Right, in as much as each individual could say: ‘Idonot accept this little corner of land, which you wish to force me to lake in exchange for my natural Right; I do not want the ownership of this little patch, and I claim the Usufruct of the common property.’ “ The first principle, consequently, to be laid down is, that the Usufruct of the earth be¬ longs to each individual of the Species: it is a natural, imprescriptible Right, and of the same nature as the right to the sun and to the air; for man, to accomplish his existence, re¬ quires the fruits of the earth as much as he requires light and air. We will suppose this point well understood. To comprehend, in the next place, the principle upon which in¬ dividual Properly should be based and have a legitimate existence, we must understand the fundamental Principle of the Eight ofPro- perty. It is this: “Every Han possesses legitimately the object which his Labor or his Intelligence— or in more general terms—which his Activity has created.” “ This principle is incontestable, and it is well to remark that it contains implicitly the acknowledgment of the Plight of nil to the Earth. In effect, as the earth was not created by Man, it results from the fundamental prin¬ ciple of Propel ty that the earth—the common stock given to the Species—cannot in any manner bo legitimately the exclusive property of such or such individuals, who have not created that property.” We have consequently two kinds of Pro¬ perty to consider, and two rights, correspond¬ ing to those two kinds of Property, to secure. 1st. The Earth, in its original and unim¬ proved state, which is the joint Properly of the Species. 2d. The Improvements upon it, which are the work of the Labor and Intelligence of Man, and belong to the individuals who made them. These Improvements consist in clearings, drainings, dikings, etc., in towns, cities and edifices of every description, in roads, bridges, canals and aqueducts, in vessels, steamboats ! and other water craft, in tools, implements j and machinery, in flocks and domestic animals > of every kind, in workshops and manufacto- t ries, in furniture, in works of art and science, and in accumulated cash capital. These Improvements constitute the capital j of the world; they are the works of particular i generations and individuals, and arc the legi¬ timate property of those who made them, or ! '/ those to whom they have bequeathed or disposed of them; for every individual has the right of disposing of what is legitimately his as he wishes. J These two kinds of Property—the Earth J and the Improvements;—cannot he separated, ■ and the great question is to devise a System | of Property, by means of which the right of j the human Species to the Soil, and the right of < the Individual to the Product of his labor and ! intelligence, will be fully maintained. This j is perfectly impossible in the present system j of Society; the earth goes with the improve- i meats, and becomes the exclusive property of | those who own them, ami the original Right j of Man to the soil is confiscated. | It is only in Association, with its system of i Shnrehold Properly, that this difficulty can ;. he overcome, and both kinds of property pre- i served, and both rights respected. To explain | this clearly, we will suppose an Association S of eighteen hundred persons residing on a do- 15 main of six thousand acres, under a high state i of cultivation, and provided with all improve- j mcnls necessary to the comfort of man, and j to enable him to apply his labor efficiently. ! The increased value given to the soil by cultivation and the improvements, will be re¬ presented by Stock divided into shares, which j will lie private property, and will be owned ! by those who are entitled to them. \ ' They who hold the Stock will not possess I the absolute Ownership of the soil, manufac- ; tories, etc., and be able to exclude the other | members front working on or in them. On ! the contrary, every member will have the full I right of cultivating the soil, and of using the 1 improvements necessary thereto; so that the j original Right of Man to the Usufruct of the ! earth will he respected, j The other right—the right of the Individual | to his improvements, will be secured by itemu- i lierating him fairly and liberally for the use of - them; he will receive one quarter of the pro¬ duct of the labor of those who, in cultivating the soil, enjoy the great advantages and faci¬ lities which the improvements must necessa- rilv afford. We said that every Individual should possess the absolute Ownership of the objects which he by bis labor has created, and it may appear a restriction to represent the improvements by Stock, instead of surrender¬ ing them to the entire control and disposal of those who made them; but when objects, created by the labor of individuals, become permanent improvements, the right to them must be somewhat modified, otherwise the original right of man to the Usufruct of the earth would be destroyed. But Association \ so modifies this right as to render it far more 40 ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. advantageous than the absolate possession of the improvements themselves, for by repre¬ senting them by stock the individual is. paid for the use of them, which is all he can under any circumstances expect or desire, and he is saved the trouble of supervision, and the dan¬ ger of losses by fire, thefts, trespasses, etc. Association will secure to every member of the human family the right of Usufruct of the earth, and to every individual the right of \ private Property. How impossible to conci¬ liate and secure these two natural flights in the present social Order! and how east' and simple the means by which it will be effected in Association! The improvements made by t human labor are represented by stock, which j is held by those to whom they legitimately belong—which secures the right of indivi¬ dual property. Under this system of indi¬ vidual property, there is no bar to the right of Usufruct, and the fields, gardens, work¬ shops and manufactories, with the use of tools, implements and machinery, can be thrown j open to all the members of the Association, i and the fullest right of cultivating and working j in them is extended to every person without ! restriction. > We have spoken only of the objects created j by human labor, which have become improve- \ ments; whatever the individual may produce j that is of a moveable and saleable character, j and is not fixed or permanent on the land, he i can dispose of freely and in any way he thinks 1 proper. One quarter, however, as we have ! explained, is deducted to pay the interest upon > the stock. This deduction is made for the j following reason: Man is entitled to the Usu- ; fiuct of the earth, it is true, but only in its ; original and rude state as received from the ! hands of the Creator, and not with the im- j provements upon it; if the improvements en¬ able him to produce a vast deal more than he j could have done without them, they may be i justly considered a joint source of production, j and entitled consequently to a share of the ! product; this share should, we estimate, be j about one quarter, hut this proportion time > and drcumstances may somewhat modify. In a state of Nature, before any regular so¬ ciety is constituted, we find that man enjoys the fullest right to the Usufruct of the Earth. The Savage can hunt and fish and gather fruits—that is, use the forests and streams for his advantage, and enjoy whatever he may by his efforts obtain. In a true system of Society these natural rights should not be abridged, as they are in the Barbarian and Ci¬ vilized Societies, but greatly extended—which they will be in the Combined Order. Not only will that Order secure to all the right of Usu¬ fruct of the earth, hut the right to it under a high state of cultivation and with every im¬ provement necessary to enable Man to apply his labor and intelligence in the most efficient manner and to the greatest advantage. In Europe the Soil was usurped and confis¬ cated by military Chiefs or the Great Barons after the downhill of the Roman power and the invasions of the Barbarians: they entailed it upon their descendants, in whose possession it has with some exceptions since remained, and succeeding Generations have been robbed of their right of Usufruct of the earth. In the United States, the Soil has been taken by the Government, and is being sold out in small parcels to individuals. Although a funda¬ mental human Right is violated by this usur¬ pation, still it cannot he complained of, for Society not being so organized as to admit of the es’tablishment of a true System of Pro¬ perty, it must be taken bv some one, and it is better, perhaps, that it should be by Govern¬ ment than by squatters or others. In concluding our observations upon this subject, we will remark that Politicians and men of Science have not yet discovered the theory of a true system of Property; and had they discovered it, they could not have applied it with the knowledge of social principles now possessed, or in the present system of Society. Now when they see that the Science of Asso¬ ciation offers, not only an explanation of the most abstruse social principles, but the means of realizing them in practice, should it not command the attention of all earnest and thinking minds? ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. LABOR—the source of all material riches and temporal comforts, of health and vigor, and the means by which man fulfils his function of Overseer of the Globe—Labor! which is now repulsive, repugnant and de¬ grading— can, we assert, be dignified and ennobled, and rendered honorable and at- TRACTIVE!! Repugnant Industry is the fundamental cause of the majority of Evils which afflict Mankind; it is the cause of Poverty and Self¬ ishness—of Debility and Disease—of Slavery and Servitude—of Fraud, Speculation and In¬ justice—of a misemplovment and non-employ¬ ment of the Faculties and Passions—of social Discord, and a bad Cultivation of the Earth. This great practical truth has not been dis- covered, because men have not carefully ana- and drag out an existence of physical suffer- lyzed social Evils and traced out their primary ing and discontent. The Faculties and Pas- causes. , . s ' on . s > teing left comparatively inactive and Man, considered as a being subject to phy- having no field for development in the noble sical Wants and as a Consumer, starts falsely sphere of Industry, seek for outlets in frivo- in his career. He requires the products of lous and pernicious pursuits—in drinking, Industry—he requires its riches, and the va- gambling, and other kinds of debauchery and ried means of comfort and enjoyment which dissipation. Thus disease, and misemploy- it procures, but. he wishes to avoid the toil ment and perversion of the Faculties and Pas- and the drudgery of producing them. sions are also results of Repugnant Industry. This duplicity between the End and the If we take a general survey of Social Evils Means —between the object desired and the and examine their causes, we shall see that a labor of obtaining it, is the result and mon- majority of them have their source in Repug- strous anomaly attendant upon a false and nant Industry! unnatural system of Industry, and the irntne- It may be asked, why it is that the happi- diate cause of a part of the evils enumerated ness of man is so intimately connected with above. In earlier Societies, when all power Industry? Why the Creator has made its was vested in the Sword, a few enslaved the exercise a condition of his temporal welfare? mass and forced them to toil in bondage, that It would require much space to answer this they might escape the burthen of labor and question, as it involves a solution of the pro- live in idle ease. In modern civilized Socie- blent of the Destiny of Man on Earth—a sub¬ ties, in which the power that controls Indus- < ject which to “mere practical minds” might try and the laboring Mass is vested in Capital, appear extravagant and visionary—but the numberless and complicated are the commer- “ fact” is evident and speaks for itself, which cial schemes and speculations, the leagues of is sufficient, that Repugnant Industry, which privilege and monopoly, the deceptions, frauds, divorces man from creative Labor, is the pri- impositions, extortions and plans of direct and : maty source of Social Evils, indirect plunder, which are resorted to lor the Let Attractive Industry—the grandest purpose of obtaining the products or riches practical conception of the human Mind—be of Industry, without undergoing its repulsive realized in practice, as it will be by the me- burthen. chanism of the Groups and Series in Associa- Thus we see that ancient Slavery and mo- : tion, and the greatest and most beneficent dern Fraud have their origin in Repugnant results will follow! It will develop the ener- Industry. gies of Mankind, and regenerate them physic- Again, man must satisfy the wants of his ally or corporeallyit will secure Riches, or physical nature; he must eat and be clothed, ; an abundance of worldly blessings and cont¬ end he must have a house to shelter him; if forts to all, and sweep the scourge of Indigence tiiese primary wants are not satisfied, he pe- from the earthit will eradicate Selfishness rishes. But they can be satisfied only by the ; by freeintr man from physical privations and products of Industry, and as Industry is re- sufferings, and from harassing anxieties of pugnant, and all avoid it who can and produce mind—without which the social sentiments consequently nothing, and as they who cannot i and feelings cannot expand and develop tliem- avoid it, work with apathy and disgust and : selves freely;—it will replace disease and de¬ produce but little, Poverty, as a consequence, bility, with their depressing and melancholy is general, and the great majority suffer all influence, by health and vigor and elastic joy; the evils of physical privation. —it will give freedom to the Victims of bond- This destitution and physical suffering smo- age and servitude of every kind, for none will tlier the friendly feelings and social sentiments, want dependent fellow-creatures to toil for “ the love of the neighbor,” and the higher them, when Industry is rendered attractive, aspirations of the heart, and engender that and its exercise has become a primary source material or sensual Selfishness which now of happiness;—it will open a new and vast exists so generally in Society. The world career to the Genius and Energy of Man, and looks upon Selfishness as the main cause of employ usefully the Passions, the activity of evil, but Selfishness is, to a great extent, the which is now lost in monotonous idleness, or result of privation, of the non-satisfaction of misdirected in false spheres of action;—it will the physical wants, and the constant strife render all men voluntary Producers, and do which is necessary to provide for individual ; away with the wish and necessity of specula- welfare—which in turn are the results of the tion, fraud, over-reaching, extortion and every general Poverty that now exists—and this ge- variety of plunder, direct and indirect, to oh- neral Poverty is itself the result of Repugnant tain without labor the riches of Industry;—it Industry, so that Repugnant Industry is the 1 L cause of Poverty and Selfishness. Again, they who can live without labor, by living on the labor of others, and escape the . repulsive and oppressive burthen of our false beat into the ploughshare, and the spear into system of Industry, and pass their time in the pruning-hookand that “ the wilderness idle ease, are, for the want of healthy and and the solitary place shall be glad for them; active occupation, oppressed by lassitude and and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as ennui, and afflicted by debility and disease, the rose.” 6 ion of the Globe, and the embellishment of ts surface, and will fulfil literally the prophe- Ips nf Serinture. that “ the sword shall be atteactite narosmv. ■WHT E IXDTTSIRY EEFOGXAXT? The idea of rendering Ixdustey Attrac¬ tive, is so entirely new, and so opposed to all views hitherto held in regard to it, that we need not be surprised if it should be declared a delusive hope, a vain aspiration and a chimera of the imagination. But it is not so—it is a simple bat noble Idea, founded in truth, and may be easily rendered a practical reality. How can we reconcile the idea of Industry being naturally and inherently repugnant, de¬ grading and brutalizing, with the goodness rad wisdom of the Creator, when it is, as we see, the first want of Han, the essential condi¬ tion of his Existence and Happiness? It is the circumstances under which Indus¬ try has been prosecuted, that have impressed the world wiih the erroneous opinion that it is naturally and inherently repugnant. But a slight examination of these circumstances will account for this false and fatal belief. It has in all past times been prosecuted by Slaves, Serfs and hired Menials, and this has cast a stigma upon it, and made it appear in the eyes of the world dishonorable and degrading:—it has, under every mode of prosecution, been connected with poverty, ignorance and degra- dation, which are all revolting to the feelings of man—and these things, so abhorrent to the instincts of the soul, have been confounded with Industry itself, when, in truth, they are the results of the fise modes in which it has been exercised:—it has always been ill-re¬ quited or unrequited:—it has been prosecuted in dirty workshops and manufactories, amidst dust or filaments, or in lonesome fields with exposure to the hot sun or to the rain:—it has been prosecuted through long, monotonous and dreary hours, day after day and year after year, with bnt little relaxation, and little variety and change:—it has brought neither honor, rank nor wealth to the Laborer, who has ever been subjected to the rapacity of masters and em- plovers, hut it has wasted his strength and brutalized his mind in slavish Drudgery, aud placed him in the lowest rank in the scale of social hierarchy. All these circumstances have been connected with Industry, and is it sur¬ prising that it should be viewed with repug¬ nance and abhorrence, when these are consi¬ dered necessary and unavoidable conditions of its exercise? But may not Industry be prosecuted in an entirely different manner from that in which it now is, and ever has been ? Hay not an Or¬ ganization be given to it which, differing in every way from the false and vile modes hi¬ therto employed, will strip it of its loathsome and repugnant accompaniments, and in lieu of them connect with it pleasing, honorable and noble incentives? Unquestionably, and in confirmation of the fact, we will adduce a few comparative illustrations. What should we think of our most highly prized pleasures—halls, operas, concerts, etc. —if the same conditions, now connected with Industry, were imposed upon them? Suppuse ! a hall or an opera were held in a dirty and ! gloomy room—that the guests were badly | dressed, rude in their manners and coarse in | their language, would it be attractive or agree- | able? And suppose, in addition, that they had to attend it daily, and dance or listen to music for twelve or fourteen hours with j scarcely any intermission, would they not sink ! under the oppressive burthen and declare it a 1 dreadful and insupportable task? And ye;, | when all these causes of repugnance and dis- i gust, and others worse still, are connected with | the exercise of Industry, how can we expect j it to be agreeable and attractive—or even sup¬ portable ? We cannot; and it is evident that an entirely new Organization must be given to Industry, and new conditions and circum¬ stances connected with it, before it can he dignified and rendered attractive. But balls and operas are agreeable—and why ? Because they are held in elegant places, j with company gay "and polite, and beautilully j dressed—because Music and the sister Arts S lend their charm and enliven the scene—be- ! cause the social Feelings are called out and i wake up enthusiasm in the soul—and lastly. | and above all, because they do not last Ion; > enough to fatigue the senses and become mo- j notonous and oppressive. j These are a few of the reasons why halls, > operas and parties are agreeable, and are at- \ tended with delight. Sow, if Industry were > conducted under similar conditions, could it not S be rendered equally as attractive? It could, | and, in fact, far more so, when all the incen- ! tives applicable to this noble activity, so vast > and comprehensive in its range, embracing ! the whole field of Nature, Art and Science, S are brought to bear. > We will point out a few of the conditions J which must be connected with Industry to | render it attractive. The fields and gardens. | which the whole population of an Association j will be more or less engaged in cultivating, j must be beautifully laid out and embellished j —the workshops and manufactories elegantly | fitted up ar.d decorated, and everything con- | nected with thc-m clean and perfect—the tools, j implements and machinery of the best quality. ’ labor-saving and convenient—the dresses tasty | and comfortable—theworkmen polite and well J educated, and united in their respective occu- > pations by similarity of taste, by friendship. ! sympathy of character and identity of int crest: —the profits of labor awarded to the Producei | —rank and honors conferred upon those wk t distinguish themselves by proficiency and use ful services, and finally ,"variety ix occur.!- tioxs, so that Labor need not become irksome f and oppressive from monotony, long continued j exertion and fatigue. | We find various minor indications in So j ciety which tend strongly to confirm the idea j that" Industry' may be rendered attractive. | Take fox-hunting for an example; it is a la 1 borious and even dangerous pursuit, and yet, ? from the incentives connected with it, it is ex- j tremely attractive, and for the wealthy even, i who possess every means of enjoyment that connected frequently with the most disagree- • able circumstances, such as requiring attention !. on a cold winter’s night, and yet the members j of the Fire Companies devote themselves to t their duties with great energy and devotion, j and without any compensation. This effect i is produced entirely by the manner in which the labor is prosecuted, or in other words, the j organization which is given to it. The mem- ! hers of volunteer military Companies, boat J Clubs, etc., go through a great deal of laborious j work in drilling, practising, etc., which they do from attraction, for they are neither con¬ strained to do it, nor are they paid for it- j the onlv means in the opinion of the world of inducing people to work. Many of our ■. plays—cricket, bowling, etc.—which are la¬ borious, are attractive merely on account of the emulation or rivalry connected with them, and the slight expansion they afford to the social feelings. j Commerce and Banking, which rank at present among the most honorable pursuits, because they are the two principal avenues to Fortune,'have been looked upon by the world, until within a century or two, as quite mean and contemptible occupations. There is nothing whatever in the nature of their pursuits to render them more honorable and ; attractive than the commonest employments ! of life, hut they have become so, because they lead to fortune—which, in this money-making Age, possesses the highest claim to Bank and Distinction. But, as a conclusive proof that Industry can he rendered attractive, let us look at War and Carnage; this hideous and monstrous work of bloodshed and destruction, naturally so repul¬ sive to human nature, has been rendered _ honorable and attractive by the organization ‘ which has been given to Armies and the in¬ centives which have been connected with it. Now if these incentives—such as music, uni¬ forms, banners, rivalries of masses, corporate enthusiasm, honors, fame, rank and power, the smile of beauty, the chant of the poet and the blessing of the priest—have rendered Carnage attractive, may we not suppose that ifapplied to the great work of Production, they would render Industry attractive ? Who can doubt it? And let these incentives and all the resources of Art and Science he directed to the organization and prosecution of Indus¬ try as they have been to War; lot it throw fortune, and men will seek with avidity and ardent enthusiasm its exercise as the means of attaining those desires of the human heart. The mighty energy which could thus be di¬ rected to Industry, would increase Riches im¬ measurably, and secure abundance and ease to all. Sweep from the earth the scourge of In¬ digence, with its blighting influences—igno¬ rance, dependency and degradation—which smother so frightfully the faculties and ener¬ gies, and the higher aspirations of Man, and GROUPS AND SERIES. Three different Systems ofLabor have been established up to the present time upon the earth. 1st. Suvf.ry It was almost universal in Antiquity, hut exists to a very limited extent in modern civilized countries. It had its ori¬ gin in a social period of war and carnage, when Industry was in a rude and undeveloped state—that is, when implements, machinery, i and other facilities for prosecuting it were not | invented, and its exercise was extremely dif- | (icult. Constraint and violence under their l rudest forms were necessary to force man to | labor, and the institution of slavery was en¬ gendered by the combined influence of the j dominion of brute force or the military power, ’ and repugnant Industry. 2d. Serfdom, or Feudal Bondage:—It was universal in Europe during the first and mid¬ dle Ages, and still exists in Russia, Poland and Huntrarv. Seridom may be considered as a transitional system between the direct or personal dependence of Slavery and the in¬ direct or pecuniary dependence of the Wages system. ' 3d. Hired Labor, or Labor for wages:— This system is the one now generally exist¬ ing among civilized nations, and has replaced Slavery and Serfdom. Under the first system, man belongs to his fellow-man with unqualified possession: un¬ der the second system lie is connected with the soil as a fixture, and the right of the master is not absolute: under the third sys¬ tem, he possesses a corporeal liberty, hut being without capital—that is, without soil to cultivate or manufactories in which to ■work, lie must sell ids time and labor to, and become the dependent hireling of, those who own those means of production, and can em¬ ploy him. Under the two first systems, corpo¬ real punishments are the constraining means made use of to force Man to labor: under the last system, want and starvation are substi¬ tuted in their place. In no age cr country have Statesmen and Philosophers endeavored to effect aa industrial Reform—a reform m those three false systems of Labor, and to establish the natural system of Industry in their place; they have looted upon Labor as an element of an inferior order in the social Organization,—as something se¬ condary and unworthy of attention, and suf¬ fered the Mass to be the victims of the false and oppressive systems which accident and ignorance have established. To the genius of Fourier is due the disco¬ very of the true and natural system of Industry —the associative and attraetiVe system, which is destined to replace the false and repugnant systems that now east, and sweep indigence, servitude and dependency from the earth. Let us now proceed to explain the means by which Industry will be rendered Attractive —that is, the organization which will be given to it, or the system by which it will be pur- s sued to Tender its exercise pleasing and en- j ticing. Fourier terms the system the Serial j Mechanism, or the mechanism of the Groups ; and Series. We will commence by simple \ and elementary explanations of the nature and 1 organization of the Groups and Series, which S will not show at once how Industry' can be j dignified and rendered attractive, but which ; must be understood to see how those great ! aids can be attained. \ A Group is a body of persons united from • a taste for any occupation, whether of Indus- j try, Art or Science, and who combine for the ; purpose of prosecuting it. ! _ Fire companies, volunteer military compa¬ nies, boat clubs and hunting parties offer examples of imperfect Groups; thev possess some of the characteristics of regular Groups, such as identity of taste for the occupation, corporate spirit, emulation, and often sympa¬ thy of character between the members. j Afufl Group should be composed of at least ; seven persons, and form three divisions or j three sub-groups, the centre one of which f should be stronger than the two wings or ex- j tremes. A Group of seven persons will for- S nish the three following divisions: 2-3-2 (two persons at each wing and three in the centre). Each division would be engaged with some department of the wort with which the Group was occupied. In a Group regularly organized, the ascend¬ ing wing should be stronger than the descend¬ ing wing, and the centre stronger than either. We will give examples of two Groups, one composed of twelve, and the other of sixteen f Ascending wing ... 4 Group of 12members,! Centre.5 ( Descending wing .. 3 The object of these divisions will be ex¬ plained hereafter. A Series is distributed in the same manner as a Group: the Series are composed of a number of Groups, as Groups are composed of individuals, and operate upon Groups as Groups upon individuals. A Series must con tain at least three Groups—a Centre and two Wings: twenty-four persons is the least num¬ ber with which a Series can be formed. The central Group should be stronger than the two Groups of the wings. As there will be a strong emulation between the centre and the wings, and as the wings will unite in their efforts to excel the centre, the latter must be more numerous in order to be able to vie with, and equal the influence of the wrings. The ascending wing will be occupied with the heaviest branch of a work, if the Series be engaged in manufactures, and with the largest variety, if engaged in the cultivation of grains, fruits, vegetables or flowers; the centre will be occupied with the most elegant and attrac¬ tive branch or variety; and the descending wing with the lightest and smallest. We will explain practically what we have here said bv some examples, as it will he the best means of making the subject understood. Suppose in an Association three varieties of some species of a peach or pear are cultivated; a Group tvould be occupied with each variety, and the three Groups united would form a Series of peach or pear Growers. The Group engaged in the cultivation of the finest and most beautiful variety, would form the centre of the Series; the Group occupied with the coarser variety, the ascending wing; and the Group occupied with the smaller and most delicate variety, the descending wing. If we suppose a large Series, consisting of twelve or more Groups, engaged in the cultivation of three distinct species of peaches, instead of three varieties of one species, the ascending wing would probably be engaged with clings, the centre with rare-ripes, and the descending wing with fall peaches. The members of an Association will choose freely the Groups which they wish to join; they'will consult their own tastes, and no dic¬ tation or control will be exercised by the As¬ sociation. The members of a Group will hE equal, associated partners, united from a taste for the occupation in which they engage, and prosecuting it for their joint account and ad¬ vantage. There will be no employer or master at the head of the Group; no control of the individual by the individual, as the system of hired Labor will be done away with; the members will choose the most skilful or ex¬ perienced as Officers of the Groups and Series, to whom titles like that of President and Vice- President, or Foreman and Assistant Foreman, will be given. When a Series is regularly organized, and the different Groups are engaged in the culti¬ vation of their favorite varieties or species, or the manufacture of their favorite objects, then will a strong emulation be aroused between them; they will vie with each other in giving to their productions the greatest perfection, and in endeavoring to prove their superior usefulness, advantage or beauty. The wings will unite in their endeavors to excel the cen¬ tre, as singly they could not hope to vie with it; the centre, on’the other hand, will have to 4o withstand the united efforts of the wings and balance the value or elegance of their produc¬ tions by the superiority of its own. These emulative rivalriesand other incentives, which we will point out later, and which the Groups and Series will call out, will give a powerful attraction to Industry, and do away with that apathy and disgust, which we now see con¬ nected with it—prosecuted as it is, monoto¬ nously, solitarily and without change. The emulation which will exist between Groups and between Series in Association will be noble and friendly, and will replace the en¬ vious and hostile rivalry, called free competi¬ tion. Various causes will prevent any hostile feelings from growing out of the emulation of the Groups and Series: it will, in the first place, be corporate and collective, as it will J exist, between Groups animated by a noble | corporate feeling, and not between individual and individual. In the second place, every person will belong to several Groups, and will he engaged at "different.times in different Groups; there will, consequently, he alterna¬ tions or changes from corporate Rtvalrv to federative Union—that is to say, if two per¬ sons are engaged at one lime in different Groups as rivals, by a change of occupation they are brought together in the same Group as friendly co-operators. In the third place, each Association will vie with other and neigh- t boring Associations in giving perfection to their branches of Industry and the Arts, and al¬ though the Groups and Series in each will be animated by corporate rivalry, and endeavor to carry away the palm from each other, they will be united as one man in their endeavors to excel the Series of other Associations. A full Series should contain seven Groups: with this number each wing could contain two Groups, and the centre three. A Series thus organized would elicit much stronger emula¬ tion and give a greater degree of zest and attraction to its pursuits, and, as a conse¬ quence, greater perfection to tire branch of Industry in which it is engaged. We will j recur again to apractical example to illustrate ! this, and choose a Series engaged in some agricultural pursuit. The ascending and de¬ scending wings of the Series, instead of being composed of a single Group occupied with the i cultivation of but one variety of a species—say j of a fruit or vegetable, would be composed i of two Groups occupied with two varieties of the same species, and the centre of three Groups, cultivating three varieties of the same or another species. In a Series of three Groups there will he emulation only between the two wings and the centre, but with seven Groups, there will be emulation, not only between the wings and the centre, hut between the two Groups of each of the wings and the three Groups of the centre: the emulation or rivalry will be raised a degree, and instead of being'simple will be compound. The Groups of each wing, as well as the wings themselves, will be rivals, but they will be united in their endeavors to sur¬ pass the centre. The three Groups of the centre will emulate each other in giving to their favorite varieties the greatest perfection, but they will he united in turn to excel the wings. The more closely the varieties and species resemble each other, and the greater the hesitation and indecision which are ex¬ cited on the part of judges as to which variety or species the preference should he given, the stronger will be the emulation of the Groups, and tlie greater the zeal of each to obtain a marked superiority. Thus, in a Series properly organized, there will be Emulation between the Groups of the centre and wings, and Federation between the Groups of the wings to excel the centre, and between the Groups of the centre to excel the wings, and then a general federation be- \ tween all the Groups of the Series to excel I the Series of the surrounding Associations. But why not leave the Series, with their emulation and corporate enthusiasm aside, it will be asked by persons who dread whatever appears complicated and minute in its details, and pursue a simpler method 1 The reason is, because it is only by emulation, corporate en¬ thusiasm and other incentives, which the Se¬ ries call out, that Industry can he rendered attractive; if we do not employ these means, we shall always have Repugnant Industry with its fraud, misery and injustice. From the preceding remarks the reader will be able to form an idea of a Series with its Groups;—we will define it once more. A Se¬ ries is a league or union of several Groups, as a Group is a union of several individuals, dis¬ tributed in an ascending and descending order —that is, with wings and a centre, united from an identity of taste for an occupation, and applying a special Group to each branch of the work, or each variety of the species with which it is engaged. If the Series is cultivating tulips or pears, wheat or potatoes, it must form as many Groups as varieties of tulips or pears, wheat or potatoes, can he cul¬ tivated upon the lands of the Association. The Groups of a Series must be occupied | with varieties of a Species, and not with dis¬ tinct Species. Emulation could not exist be¬ tween three Groups breeding the Flanders horse, the Arabian horse and mules—or culti¬ vating cling-stone peaches, rare-ripes and fall peaches. Judges would say that they were too dissimilar to allow of a’ comparison, and would give at once a preference Jo one or the other; as a consequence, emulation could not be called out. A large Series might be en¬ gaged with distinct species, in which case it would apply the Groups of the centre and wings to different varieties of each Species. Between Groups breeding three varieties of the Arabian horse, or even three colors if there were not varieties, or cultivating three kinds of the cling or rare-ripe peach, there would be a strong emulation, because differences of opi¬ nion as" to-superiority, and preferences for this or that variety, would be elicited. We will give examples of the distribution of a few Series. With the aid of these ex¬ amples, persons who are acquainted with 46 _lr branches of Industry can easily di- ; vide their operations or functions into three or more pans, and apply a Group or a Series ; of Groups to them. : ■When a Species does not afford varieties : enough for a Series, then Species which closely : resemble each other must be taken. Centre .. 5 Groans cultivating 5 varieti D -v V 3 r r ] t ° )f the ] - | cultivate, and each Group would divide the work which it had to perform into different parts, and apply a sub-group to each pari. Every individual would choose the Group and the kind of work which he preferred. The members of the different Groups would choose the officers of the Series and of their respec¬ tive Groups, make laws for their government, and regulate their interests as they thought proper, and without interference from ant- quarter. In the Groups there will be no Employers or hired Laborers; the members will, as we said, be equal associated partners, who will establish their own by-laws and regulations, elect their officers, and divide equitably the product of their labor, each receiving a share proportioned to the part he has taken in cre¬ ating it. Every Group will be an independeir body, and will’be controlled by no power: j: will receive with deference the opinions of the Council of Industry, but it will not be obliged to follow them, as it will be considered the most capable of conducting its branch of In¬ dustry. Thesystem ■Inch it him or blood "horse. A Serbs semmfiuhiriag mis. Asc. IV.. 2 Groups manufacturing 2 qualities of the Centre .. 3 Groups manufacturing 3 qualities of the Desc. tV.. 2 C-mnps mMuiactcrmg 2 qualities of die abated, and between the Desc.tr.. 2 Groups occupied with the iady apple. How will the Series he formed ? it will he asked. Br voluntary unions of individuals, who, having a taste for some occupation, as¬ sociate for the purpose of prosecuting it. Sup¬ pose thirty persons i:i an Association are fond of the peais, and unite for the purpose of cul¬ tivating a pear orchard: they would organize themselves into a Series, divide into Groups, and form the centre and wings: the Groups would then select the different varieties of the species of pear which the Series intended to the privilege of toiling, and whose wink a word they must obey; they are ordered about like beings without a will; the kind of work they shall pursue is pointed out, without re¬ gard to health or inclination ; the time they shall devote to labor is prescribed; they are. in many large manufactories, forbidden to speak to each other, and are rung up by a : bell in the morning like animals. To add ; humiliation to subjection, they must go on a | Saturday night and beg degradingly their pay. ; as if the scanty- stipend they received, wa- ! more than a requital for the labor which they \ had given. We have here the example of at :• industrial bondage as intense and galling a* ! the political bondage of the vilest despotism: | What a mockery to talk to the Laborin' j Classes of the Liberty and Equality wiiick j they enjoy, when in all their industrial pur- j suits, which occupy the three-fourths of their I time, the most repulsive tyranny exists! j This industrial bondage, this tyranny in la- I bor will cease to exist in Association. In the S Groups and Series perfect Liberty will be so- j cured; the Workmen will be their own mas- j ters; they will fix upon their working hours, i choose their occupations, divide the profits of | their labor, and govern in every way their i own affairs. Thus Liberty will be extended I to Labor —which is the greatest and most im¬ portant conquest that the toiling millions can now achieve! Every person m Association will belong to several Groups, engaged in some pursuits at one season of the year, and in others at ano- they wish to them; but even in the Arts and ! dustrial and scientific Education that Society Sciences, the Groups can be quite extensively j can give. applied: Chemistry, Astronomy, Medicine, { 2d. The Right of Man to Labor or constant and all Sciences which require continued re- ! Employment. search and experiments, could be prosecuted j Man was placed upon the earth to live, and far more successfully by Groups than by iso- j to develope the high moral and intellectual lated individuals. Some departments of lite- j Powers—the rich and varied Faculties and rary labor, such as the composition of die- j Talents with which he is endowed—for his tionaries, encyclopedias, etc., would be per- j individual happiness and that of the Race, formed by Groups; even in painting, they j and to make the earth a scene of a high and could he applied to a considerable extent; j exalted spiritual Life. Now Education and as a proof we know that Raphael had his Labor are the means by which these great works laid in by his pupils, and parts of his ends are attained; they are the means of Ex¬ pictures, such as architecture, musical instru- j istence and intellectual Development, and if meats and other accessories, were often exe- < the Right to them be not secured to Man, lie cuted by other artists. : grows up an ignorant and undeveloped being, If an individual were engaged in some iso- \ without any guarantee against poverty, pri- lated occupation, he would not be prevented vation and wretchedness, from taking part in different Series. An Ar¬ tist, for example, will rarely wish to be occu- Table of the Natural Rights of Max. pied with his Art more than six hours a day, I. Right of collecting and gathering fruits and particularly if he is enthusiastically devoted other products of Nature, to it, and applies himself with ardor; he will -• R;sJ*t of Pasturage, have an abundance of leisure, and, when not J ^“ n 1 t , ?=; engaged in his favoriie occupation, he can 5) Infernal Federation, take part in the active pursuits of Industry'. . 6. Freedom from Anxiety. The refreshing exercise of the body will ">■ External Appropriation (of objects out of the give him vigor and health, so necessary to ; horde or clan), strengthen the intellect and give brilliancy to ; pivotal Ri„ht. the imagination: and in the lovely scenes of 3 nature he will find tvpes of Harmony and Eeauty, infinite in variety and number, which These Rights, except the Minimum, are to the’poet and the painter are endless sources possessed by Man in the savage State: a true of inspiration. A landscape painter, for exam- Social Order should secure him at least the pie, belonging to some of the Agricultural equivalent of them—which Civilized Society Series, will have constant opportunity to study does nor can not. the forms, colors and characters of the trees, : As we are engaged in general and cursory plants and flowers, and all the incidents of the remarks upon the Series, we will touch very landscape; he will have living Nature before briefly' upon the question of a division of pro him for a teacher, and when he returns to the fits, reserving a more complete explanation canvass, his mind will be filled with true for another place. images, and refreshed bv the loveliness of the Suppose the labor of a Group is estimated scenes with which he has mingled. at the end of the year, when the general set- in an Assxiation admission to the Series tlement takes place, to he worth $6000. This will be open to all the members without ex- sum will be divided into three unequal parts, ception. The only condition that will be re- as follows: quired is, that the applicant shall possess Three-twelfths, or $1500, will he appro- capacitv and an inclination fur the branch of : priated to the payment of the interest upon Industry with which the Series, to which he the Stock of the Association. The Members or she applies for admission, is engaged; this 1 of the Group will receive as laborers no part is necessary to the success, reputation and : of this sum. (They may, however, as stock- prosperity of the Series: it could not admit holders.) We will remark that the Associa- lnkewarm members or persons incapable from tion for this $1500 furnishes the Group with accident or other causes, but this will be a land, teams, implements and everything ne- rare exception. Admission to the Series being cessary to the prosecution of its branch of guarantied, as a general rule, to every indivi- ; Industry. dual, it follows that constant Occupation and Seven-twelfths, or $3500, will be paid to a choice of Pursuits icill he extended to all. manual Labor. Association will thus secure to Man his pri- ;■ Two-twelfths, or $1000, to practical and man- and most important Eight— the Right theoretical Skill or Talent. of Lasor or Constant Employment— which : Thus the members of the Group will re¬ in the present system of Society he does not ceive nine-twelfths of the whole amount, or possess. ' " S4500. The $1000, or two-twelfths, will be di- Politicians and Statesmen, in their contro- ; vided among the Officers of the Group and the versies about the Rights of Man, have over- most experienced and skilful Members, who, looked entirely his two fundamental and pri- ; by their knowledge, render the Labor of the mary Rights," without which all the others Group much more productive than it would avail him almost nothing. They are: be, if it were not directed by superior Skill. 1st. The Right of the Child to the best in- j The $3500 allotted to manual Labor, will f Minimum, or ample sufficiency 1 of food,lodging,clothing, etc. be divided among all the Members, the Ofli- j cers as well as the o: Iters, according to the J time they have worked. If a member has j been absent six months, or one-half the work¬ ing time of his Group, he will receive but j one-half of a full share; if three months or one quarter of the time he will teceive but one quarter of a share. The Secretary of the Group will keep a hook and mark the absence of any member at the meetings; if a person misses even a day, it will be noted, and at the yearly settlement a proportionate deduction will he made. Thus every one will be paid ' according to his Labor—according to his Skill i —and according to the amount of Capital in- \ vested in the stock of the Association. In the formation and distribution of Scries, the three following conditions must be strictly observed: 1st. Compact scare among Groups. 2d. Short imrahon of occupations. 3d. Parcelled exercise in occupations and We will firs; examine the third condition, which consists in dividing caclt branch of work or induslrv into as many parts or divi¬ sions, as it wifi admit of. A Sub-group is applied to each division of the work, or to caclt of its minor functions. Let us take as an example the cultivation of a fruit, vege¬ table or (lower; it will answer as a model for other occupations. The Group cultivating it has a diversity of functions to perform, which we will divide ! into three categories. i Tillage: to dig, hoe, manure and water the earth, are so many different functions, i with cadi of which some members are occu- j pied, but not the entire Group, as a portion ) of the individuals composing it would have ' no taste for the exercise of all these functions. ; Moveables and Ulcnsi/s: care of tools and l implements, arrangement and setting of awn- j ings, care of the pavilion and tiie working j dresses, which are deposited in it. (Each j Series lias a pavilion near tire grounds it cul¬ tivates.) Gathering and Reproduction: gathering and care of the fruits, vegetables or lluwers, collecting and preserving of seed, classifica¬ tion and labelling of varieties. Accessory Function: providing refreshments and oilier minutite. Here are at least a dozen distinct functions. No member would wisli to attend lo them all; he will only choose one or two, or three at the most: it will he neces¬ sary consequently to form a dozen Sub-groups, devoted to each of these different occupations. As Attractive Industry requires a minute di¬ vision of labor—being always parcelled and never integral—we should he certain of ia- figuing and disgusting the members, if each of them had to attend to, and oversee the 7 whole of these different functions; but the Group, if composed of only twelve persons, could easily form several sub-groups, each consisting of three, four or five individuals, with an inclination for one or more brandies of the work. (The same individual may take a part in several Suit-groups, occupied conse¬ cutively.) Let us examine how t his Parcelled Exercise, or minute division of Labor, will excite love and enthusiasm for Imlusnv, and give perfec¬ tion lo all branches of work. Each one of ihc Suh-groups will be ani¬ mated by a strong passion for the parcel or branch of Industry, which it lias chosen, and I will devclopc in its exercise the dexterity and : intelligence which a fiivcritc and attractive j qiience is, that each of the Suh-groups will j depend upon theothers giving lo their branches the greatest degree of perfection; each will say to the Olliers: We will take the great- esi possible cave of the part or parcel which we have chosen; take the same care of yours, and the whole will he perfect." The greater the extension which is given to this Parcelled Exercise, applying each indivi¬ dual to functions which lie prefers and in which he excels, the greater will be the con- S fidence, charm ami friendship, which will I Why is labor such a task in civilized So- j ciety, even in case it is naturally attractive? J It is because the master or principal is obliged < to oversee every part of the work. Tin's is a common complaint of florists forced lo em¬ ploy, for the laborious part of the work, hired hands, wito neglect or pilfer the seed and ’ roots, if the care of planting and gathering is confided to them, ami who, so far from taking any interest in the worlr, drag it along slowly so as to be occupied a few days more. Thus it happens that a man, who wishes to culti¬ vate fruit or (lowers, becomes disgusted; he is aided awkwardly even by those hired per¬ sons who are well disposed; Ills agricultural pursuits become for him a source of cave and vexation, besides involving the risk of thefts, There is an instance of a man who died of despair, because all the fruit of a garden, which he had cultivated himself, was stolen in one night, just as it was ripening Compare with the disgusts of this system of fiauils, which forms a part of civilized So¬ ciety, the pleasures of Industry exercised in parcels and wilt friendly associates, in an or tier of things where thefts and frauds are im¬ possible; compare with the vexatious condi¬ tion of a civilized agriculturist, the pleasures and satisfaction of the several Suh-groups, each of which, sure to excel in its favorite branch, depends upon the others to give to their parts or parcels respectively that degree of perfection to which it carries its own; and decide after that, whether civilized Industry is compatible with the nature of man, who complains with reason that it is an abyss of deception, anxiety and misfortune. This system of Parcelled Exercise will be a GROUPS AND SERIES. source of great perfection and elegance in In¬ dustry. Each of the Sub-group will strive to prove to the others that it is a worthy co- operator, and they will vie with each other in giving the greatest neatness and elegance to everything connected with their branches of work—to the tools, implements, awnings, working dresses or uniforms of Industry, to the workshops, stables, etc.; hence will arise individual contributions among all the richer members of Groups for the purpose of em¬ bellishing and beautifying all branches of In¬ dustry, and of communicating to its exercise a refinement and charm that will excite a strong enthusiasm for it. [We see some ex¬ ample of this corporate Snirit—this lore of corporate elegance in Annie, Fire Compa- nie and Boat Clubs; it will be universal in the Groups and Series in Association, and will induce the wealthy to take as much pride in ornamenting and decorating their branches of Industry as they now do in decorating their residences. The love of elegance and display will become corporate in the Combined Or¬ der, whereas at present it is exclusively per¬ sonal or indiriauah] Parcelled Exercise will connect with Indus¬ try a double charm:—it will, first, charm the Senses by the elegance and displav which it will give to all brar.c cond, charm the Mind by the eathusiasm which it will excite in each Sub-group, de¬ lighted to be able to pursue its favorite branch of work or function, with the certainty that the others will be exercised by intelligent col¬ leagues. With the aid of Parcelled Exercise, or a minute division of Labor, we shall see a ma¬ jority of women have a taste for domestic occupations, for which they feel at present a repugnance. A woman who does not like the care of children, will lake part in a Group devoted to some branch of sewing; another who detests cooking, may have a taste for the preparation of sweet-meats; she will join the Group occupied with this department, in which she may excel and become the pre¬ siding officer, having nothing to do with other branches of kitchen occupations. Women, in their household work, now meet oalv with trouble and vexation; and men, in their busi¬ ness, with frauds and disgust. Vo wonder that all have an aversion lor occupations, which it is their natural destiny to fulfil. COMPACT SCALE AJIOXG GROUPS. The principal effect of the Compact Scale m the mechanism of the Series, is to excite i emulative rivalry between Groups, cultivating species near enough alike to excite hesitation and indecision in the opinion of judges as to superior excellence, and admit of active efforts on the part of Groups for superiority. We will not see three Groups cultivating three varieties of a species of pear or other j fruit agree; these Groups, devoted to similar < varieties, are rivals, who differ in taste and j in their pretensions. This emulative rivalry will always animate Groups occupied with j | varieties or kinds very nearly alike in the ani. mal, vegetable and mineral Kingdoms; the j Compact Scale with the emulation it pro- ! duces, must be extended to all occupations < of Science, Fine Arts, Manufactures, and in I fact to all our relations. | These emulative rivalries cannot take place | between Groups occupied with distinct varie- ; ties—between Groups, for example, eulti- | vating the pippin and the bow apple. There i exists between these two kinds of apples too great a difference to cause any hesitation on the part of judges; they would say that both were good, but not near enough alike to ad¬ mit of comparison; consequently, emulation and corporate spirit trill not be aroused be- veen the two Groups engaged in their cuili- development to the passion of Emulation—of canting all products to a high degree of per- fection-of exciting an extreme ardor in all branches of work, and a great intimacy among the members of each Group. SHORT OCCUPATIONS. We examine this condition Inst, because it is the means of sustaining the other two. Without a frequent change of occupations, it would be impossible to keep alive the enthu¬ siasm and emulation which arise from a Parcelled Exercise in Industry, and from Com¬ pactness of Fcnle. It prevents satiety and j monotony, and varies occupations before their ; continuance produces slackness and disgust. ! Short occupations of an hour and a half or ; two hours at the most, would enable every : individual to take part in several occupations during the course of the day, and vary them ; by joining other Groups the day following. ; This method is the desire of a powerful pas- : sion implanted in man, which impels him to i Variety and Change, and to the avoiding of : excesses—a defect which is constantly attc-n- ; dam upon all occupations in civilized Society. ; A labor is now prolonged for six hours, a ban- . quet for six hours, a hall during the entire ; night, at the expense o! steep and health. ■ We insist upon the importance of change ■ and the necessity of short and varied occupa¬ tions. This principle condemns entirely the present system of Industry: let us examine its effects in a material and an intellectual or passional point of view. Materially Short Occupations produce an equilibrium of health, which is necessarily in¬ jured if a man devotes himself for twelve liours to a uniform labor, such as weaving, sewing or writing, or any other which docs not exercise successively all the parts of the hod}', all the faculties of the mind. In case of a continued application to one occupation, active labor, like that of agriculture, is inju¬ rious as well as sedentary labor, such as of- XCHES OF INDUSTRY TO BE PROSECUTED. Gee duties; one overburthens the members 1 and viscera; and the other vitiates the solids j and fluids. _ . . i Tlte derangement is increased if this ac- j live or sedentary labor be continued for en- ; tire months and years. We see in many j countries an eighth of the laboring popu- j Sation affected with hernia, besides fevers, \ produced from excess of labor and bad food, s Divers kinds of manufactures, like chemicals, ! glass, steel and oven cloths, cause the death j of the laborer, simply from their protracted j exercise. He would be exempt from danger, : if the condition of Short Occupations were applied to those branches, and if they were carried on for two hours at a time, and only two or three times a week. The rich classes, for want of this diversity of occupations, fall into other diseases, like apoplexy and the gout, which arc unknown to the poor laborer. Obesity or excess of flesh, so common anions' the rich, denotes a radical vice in the equilibrium of health—a system contrary to nature in occupations as well as in pleasures. The health of mail is promoted by this perpetual variety of functions which, exercising successively all parts of the body, all faculties of the mind, maintains ac- : tiviiy and equilibrium. . Intel t-toTtr ally, Short Occupations pro- j mote the accord of characters which are na¬ turally antipathetic: for example, A and B are two persons of incompatible tastes, but it happens that among a large number of Groups which A frequents, there are a third iti which his interests coincide with tlmse of B, and in which the tastes of B, although opposed to his, are of advantage to him. The same is the case with the. tastes of B as respects A. Consequently, without friendship existing be¬ tween them,' they are courteous to and esteem each other. Thus interest, which separates friends at present, will unite even enemies in the Com¬ bined Order; it conciliates antipathetic cha¬ racters hv indirect co-operation, which arises from connections and changes of functions, produced by short occupations. Jt is with the aid of a Passion in Man which has been most condemned—the love of change—that we shall solve those problems which have so long baffled human wisdom. What an error has been committed in not going into a calculation of the importance of Short Occupations in Industrv and all other pursuits, ami the results which they would produce! Wo must he blind to Nature and to palpable evidence to deny this want of change and variety, which we see so essential even in material matters. Any enjoyment which is continued for too long a time, be¬ comes an abuse, blunts the senses and destroys its pleasure; a repast continued for hours will not be terminated without excesses; an opera of four hours duration will end by becoming insipid to the hearer. Periodical variety is a want of the soul as well as of the body.— Extract from Fourier's work—" The New In¬ dustrial World.” BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY TO BE PROSECUTED. The only real Wealth isL.moR: everything elie is htiL Uie sign or abuse of it. In an .Association of four or five hundred ,,arsons, fifty Series, engaged in as many branches of Industry, Art and Science, could be established, and this is the smallest num¬ ber of Series with which an Association can be properly organized. With fifty Series the choice of a variety of pursuits can be offered to all—occupations can be frequently varied, employment at all seasons secured, and the industrial tastes, inclinations and capacities sufficiently satisfied to produce social Con¬ cord and Harmony. With eighteen hundred persons, four hun¬ dred Series can be organized, and with this number all varieties of tastes and inclinations, and all shades of talent and genius can be sa¬ tisfied, and the broadest field of action thrown open to human activity. It may appear strange that with eighteen hundred persons, we can organize four hundred Scries, while with four hundred persons we can organize but fifty: the reason is, because as we increase in num¬ bers wc increase in combinations. We hftve far more combinations wilh the number 8 than with the number 4, although the former is only double the latter. An Association is a Phalanx or a Scries of Series, as a piano-forte is a Series of octaves; ami wo can no more have social Harmony with¬ out a sufficient number of Series, than we can have musical Harmonv without a sufficient number of octaves. The Science of Associa¬ tion consists in forming, organizing and deve- | loping with accord and order a Phalanx of ; Series, and of applying them to the following seven fundamental branches of hitman Acti- vitv:—1st. Domestic Occupations; 2d. Agri¬ culture; 3d. Manufactures; 4th. Commerce; dlh. Educaiion; 6th. Study and application of the Sciences; 7th. Study ami application of the Fine Arts. To organize fifty Series, four hundred per¬ sons, ns wo said, are necessary, and this is the reason why four hundred is the smallest num¬ ber with which an Association can be rightly organized, and Social Harmony and Unity at¬ tained. An Association, in which the Groups and Series are not introduced, cannot properly be called an Association; it is an aggregation j of individuals without organization. Hence j the establishments founded by the Shakers, j Eappites, Owenitcs,e!c., do not merit properly ! We will now proceed to enumerate the 1 branches of Industry which we would recom¬ mend for a small Association in which fifty- j Series arc organized. Location and climate j will, of course, require various modifications. Manufactures and mechanics should not occupy more than a third or quarler of the | time’of the members. “Nature,” says Fou- | rier, “ has given to man a degree of attraction f or manufacturing labor, which corresponds to j a quarter of the time that he should devote to i Industry.” If the founders of an Association ! were to make manufactures the principal oc- j cnpatko, they would fail in rendering Industry I Attractive, mid would ruin their enterprise, j In establishing the first Association great care \ must be taken m the selection of manufac- ■ tores to choose those which are the most at- ; tractive, and they must be diversified in cha- ! racier, so as to be suited to different ages and j both sexes. i We may estimate that there should be in | an Association of fifty Series, about— • 5 Series devoted to the care of Animals. i 22 Series to Agriculture. i 10 Series to Manufactures and Mechauics. 4 Series to Art, Science and Education. j 6 Series to Household or Domestic Labor. ■ Series engaged in the Animal Kingdom. \ 1 Series with horses. • 1 “ “ homed cattle. ; 1 “ “ hogs. 2 “ “ poultry. ; 1 “ “ doves. 1 “ “ fish in streams, ponds and rc- : servoirs. 1 Series with singing birds and birds of ; beautiful plumage. ; The raising of singing birds in large and j elegant cages, spacious enough to contain ; bushes and shrubbery, would furnish a pleas- j mg and attractive occupation, suitable for all j ages, and valuable as a school of ornithology for children. Series engaged in the Vegetable Kingdom. \ The vegetable Kingdom furnishes species < and varieties of species of fruits, flowers and ; vegetables in great abundance: the number ; of agricultural Series which we have pointed . oat is very small, and should if possible be ■ increased. The Greeu-houses will require at j least two Series. We will laydown a few ; general instructions without entering into an • enumeration of the particular species which j might he cultivated. ! Care must be taken to cultivate as many 1 varieties as possible of each species of vegeta- i hie, rather than different species. Instead, for i example, of cultivating two varieties of the \ sugar pear, three varieties of the bergamot, ; and two varieties of the winter pear, the pro¬ per course would be to cultivate seven varie- ! ties of the bergamot alone, or of that species ; which thrives best upon the lands of the As- ; sociation. ' The Association should raise large quanti- > ties of fruit, for its cultivation is both attrac- ; live and profitable, and adapted to the labor i of men, women and children; the preserving \ of it will also famish an extTemely pleasing : and lucrative occupation for the Series of con- • fectioaers. \ The peach, the pear, the apple and the j larger fruits generally, would occupy the at¬ tention principally of grown persons of both | sexes, although children could attend to va¬ rious minor details. The currant, raspberry, strawberry and all the smaller fruits, would occupy children, with a few experienced per¬ sons as directors. “Nature,” says Fourier, “must have cal¬ culated upon an extended employment of chil¬ dren in the vegetable kingdom, lor she has created in great abundance little fruits, vege¬ tables and shrubbery, which should occupy the child and not the grown person. The greater portion of our gardens is composed of little plants, which are adapted to the la¬ bor of children. The whole system of agri¬ culture is now deranged by the exclusion of women and children from its occupations, to whom Nature assigns so important a part. Man is now obliged to abandon those branches of agriculture which are specially designed for him—the three principal ones of which are: Works of Irrigation, Care of Forests, Ctn.Trv.vnox of Grains. He cannot in the present .Social Order devote himself to the two first branches, because he is occupied in works which belong properly to Women and Children, such as the care of small domestic from which *he should lie'relieved by those Flowers should be extensively cultivated, not only because they are a source of charm in Industry, an ornament to the fields and gardens, and will furnish attractive occupa¬ tions to Groups of Florists, and others engaged in the preparation of perfumery, but because their cultivation will be an agricultural School for Children. “ The interest which Children will take in their industrial pursuits, exercised in little Groups, will early accustom them,” observes Fourier, “ to a speculating or investi gating turn of mind. Thought and observa¬ tion are vert" necessary in the cultivation of flowers. What is more difficult to raise to perfection than the jonquil, the narcissus, the tulip, the varieties of the ro=e and hyacinth ? If Nature requires so much knowledge in the care of these (lowers, it is because she wishes to accustom the minds of children, who have a taste for their cultivation, to a habit of ex¬ amination and reflection. Association will never give to the child any simple or one¬ sided instruction. It will only initiate it into one Science by combining that Science with practical notions previously acquired in diffe¬ rent branches of Industry, particularly in agri¬ culture, carpentry and masonry.” We would advise that in the first Associa¬ tion—unless it is too distant from a market for its fruits and vegetables—the heavier branches of agriculture, such as the cultiva¬ tion of grain, should receive but little atten¬ tion. The rule to be followed in the com¬ mencement is to choose the most attractive branches of Industry, or those which are natu¬ rally the most pleasing. The grand object of the first Association is to render Industry Attractive, and profit and other considera¬ tions should he made subservient to that ADAPTATION OP THE GROUPS AND HUMAN NATURE. Series engaged in Manufactures. In the choice of Manufactures, care must be taken to make a selection suited to the tastes and capacities of both sexes and all ages, and to reserve to each a part of the lu¬ crative branches. A great many details, re¬ lating to the selection of manufactures, could be given, but as they would not be interesting to readers in general, we will omit them. We recommend the following branches of Manufactures for the first Association. Attractive Branches of Manufactures. 1 Series occupied with Confectionary;— suited to women and girls. 1 Series engage in the manufacture of Mu¬ sical instrumentssuited to men, women and children. 1 Series occupied with the Dairy;—suited to men, women and children. 1 Series engaged in Cabinet-making;—suit¬ ed to men and boys. Useful and necessary branches of Manufac- 1 Series of workers in wood—Carpenters, Wagon-makers, Turners. 1 Series of workers in leather—Saddlers, Shoemakers, Glove-makers. 1 Series of workers in metals—Blacksmiths, Locksmiths, Tinsmiths. 1 Scries of workers in cloths and other stuffs—Tailors, Milliners, Hatters. 1 Series of Printers and Bookbinders. 1 Series of Goldsmiths and Jewellers. Series devoted to the Arts, Sciences and Education. 1 Series of Doctors, Dentists, Nurses. 1 Series of Teachers—This Series will in¬ clude Instructors in the different branches of Industrv, as well as in the Arts and Sciences. 2 Series devoted to Music. The Association should take great pains to have a fine orchestra. The refining and ele¬ vating influence of this most beautiful branch of harmony will, in Association, he precious, ind all those who have a taste for it should be induced to join these Series. Series devoted to Household or Domestic 2 Series of Cooks. 1 Series of Laundresses. 1 Series of Housekeepers, or persons having the care and supervision of the private apart- 1 Series engaged in a variety of minor em¬ ployments—such as supervision of the build¬ ing at night, cave of fires, baths, etc. etc. 1 Series of Pages. The Series of Pages will be composed of young persons of both sexes, under the age of fifteen, who will perform various branches of domestic service. Some of the branches will be done by hoys and some by girls ex¬ clusively, and some by both together, like | waiting upon the tables. This Series will i comprise so many members that each will be i engaged but a small portion of his or her time j in the performance of its duties. The Pages ! will serve the Association and not the Inaivi- | dual, and in this character their service will j be considered honorable, as is that of a Na- I lion, the Officers of which are proud to call themselves ''public servants.” To serve and s wait upon friends is a pleasure, and no one i feels demeaned by the act, and to serve a col- | lective or corporate Body becomes at once an honorable and elevated duly;—it is indivi¬ dual dependence and sendee only which are j repulsive and degrading, and even this kind j of service may he rendered honorable and be- j come attractive, as we perceive in the case of | pages and maids of honor in Koval families. | Isolated Groups. j There will be some single Groups, devoted j to fund ions which do not require the atten- i tion of a Series. For example: 1 Group of Book-keepers. ! 1 Group of Commission Merchants, having j the charge of the sales and purchases of the j Association. i 1 Group having the care of the library, reading-rooms, gallcrv of art and the scientific collections. " ' j There will be also some single Groups en- } gaged in industrial pursuits. 1 Group devoted to the care of Bees. J 1 Group engaged in the preparation of Per- | fumery. ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND | SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. | REASONS WHY THEY RENDER INDUSTRY AT- < We have said iliat Industry will be Attrac- < live when prosecuted by Groups and Series of Groups, but it must not be understood that the Attraction which Man will have for In¬ dustry, and the delight which he will take in its exercise, when prosecuted according to the Serial Method, ■will arise from the mere me¬ chanism or external organization of the Groups and Scries; it will noi, but from their adapt- j ation to human Nature, and the complete sa- j tisfaction which they will give to the instincts, j tastes and sentiments in Man. The Groups j and Series will allow and elicit a free and full \ expansion and development of all the true and noble passions, sentiments, attractions and in- ! stincts in the Soul, which seek restlessly some ( means of manifestation and satisfaction, and will, in opening to them outlets or a broad field of action in the useful and noble sphere of Industry, and the means of gratification in its exercise, attract Man to it, and induce him to engage voluntarily and ardently in its pur¬ suits.—Thus the Serial organization will ren- \ der Industry Attractive by directing the Pas- 54 adaptation of the geotjfs a: X) HUMAN NATUKE. sons, such as ambition, friendship, the desire of fortune and others, to Industry, and by satis¬ fying them in it? exercise. Let us explain this. Man lores Nature: there is an intimate co¬ relation, correspondency or analogy between Nature and the human Soul—or between the instincts. Feelings, Sentiments and Tastes of the Soul, and the Creations in the animal, regetable and mineral Kingdoms, in all their , infinite and varied beauty. With the fruits > and the Sowers, and the thousand-fo'd useful and lorelr products of the earth and the living creatures which inhabit it, Man is linked and conjoined in a way that attracts and attaches him sympathetically to them. He is drawn to them by a strong and mvsterious attraction, the nature of which he does not comprehend. He delights in communing and commingling with, in caring for, in cultivating rearing, de¬ veloping, perfecting and in working the thou- sand varied and beautiful creations of Mature —the fruits, the flowers, the animals and the metals—and the Activity or Labor, which is necessary to do all this, constitutes the Exer¬ cise of Industry. Now this Activity, this Labor—that is Industry, which is from its nature essentially Attractive, will become so, when its mode of prosecution does not violate essential desires, sentiments and requirements of human Naturewhen, for example, it does not violate the Social Sentiments, which re¬ quire congenial companionship, by being pro¬ secuted alone and solitarily;—when it does not violate the sentiment of Friendship, which requires sympathy of character, by being pro- nth persons whom we rd with in ot violate the passion Ambitit whic in it, if, from the manner of conducting it, the violations of the passions, as above described, did not take place. The reflecting mind must see from these general remarks, that the Repugnance of In¬ dustry does not arise from the Labor which is connected with Industry, but solely from the manner in whieh it is prosecuted, and the cir¬ cumstances attendant upon it. To show more clearly how the mechanism of the Groups and Series is adapted to the nature of Man, and will, by satisfying the Passions in the exercise of Industry, render it Attractive, we will enter into a slight exa¬ mination of some of those springs of Action We i JIan tain spirit al Among them we find: it does not violate the desi tofric or temporal comforts, wl: independence, health and the satisfaction of the material wants, by being prosecuted in a way that subjects the’Labofer to poverty, de¬ pendency and privation:—when it dees not violate "the desire of change and variety in occupations, by being confined to one kind of labor, and prolonged so excessively as to ex¬ haust body and mind. The CreaUons in me annual, vegetaote ana mineral Kingdoms, delight the Senses of man and minister to his Wants. Some with their beautiful forms and colors, charm his sense of sight: some with their delicate and fragrant perfumes, please his sense of smell: some with their luscious flavors, delight his sense of taste; some with their pliant softness, their genial warmth or refreshiag coolness, gratify his sense of touch; some produce melodious vibrations of sound, which ravish the sense of hearing;—and all serve collectively to mi¬ nister to & Comfort and Health. Thus the beautiful objects of Nature appeal to Man and entice and attract him to the wort of producing, developing and perfecting them—that is, to the great wort of Industry, and he would engage with ardor and deligtt :t. Deed, AVort or Functio the Passions, he perform; War ;eif io deal ' privations. But War > distinction, rank and fortune, and its ar- ; duous, dangerous and repulsive pursuits, be- ; come in consequence Attractive. It is Ambi- j tion, with a mixture of Party-spirit or false s Emulation, which induces the Politician to sit t tedious hours day after day in Legislative | Hails, engaged in stale formalities and trilling S controversies, and to stoop to underhanded i intrigues; but he oleins distinction by these ? which induces the Merchant to encoun ter the risks, cares and anxieties that are con nected with commercial life, but how lightly are tliev considered, as Fortune is the prize! With regard •' the influence which the Senses exercise in in iuc' -g men to act, what efforts are not ma'.- by L. d music, of painting, Thus it is evident that whenever Man, by the performance of a function or labor, can satisfy a Passion, he undergoes it willingly; it becomes a sport or pleasure, and if the pas¬ sion is intense, a charm and a delight. From the preceding observations the reader will, we trust, be convinced that if we can so organize Industry, that in its exercise the pas¬ sions, which we have enumerated, shall be sa¬ tisfied, it will become Attractive—become a pleasure and a charm, in which all will ea¬ gerly engage. Let us now show how, by means of Association and the Serial Mecha¬ nism, the Passions can he satisfied. To attract Man to the exercise of Industry, i by delighting and gratifying the Senses, the outward world, or all the material arrange¬ ments of the Association must be beautiful, j The Domain must present a charming scene j of agricultural unity and order: the fields, j gardens, orchards, lawns and woodlands, must i be tastefully ami skilfully distributed and cul- < tivated, and intermingled with pleasing diver- ! sity, and so as to combine the useful with the ! beautiful. All this can easily be done, as ! the lands of an Association would be culli- ; vated as if thev wore the property of a single j individual. The productions in the animal and vegetable kingdoms—the fruits, (lowers 1 and vegetables, the flocks and all domestic ; animals—must be of the finest species:—the i tools, implements and oilier accessories 01 in- < dustry, must be neat and convenient:—the working dresses or uniforms of Industry, tasty and handsome:—the workshops, or halls of j Industry, spacious and elegant, and decorated j with ornaments indicative of the branches of work prosecuted in them:—and music must j enliven the occupations of Industry, as it now ! enlivens our amusements, our festivities and j “Could we see,” says Fourier, “on the j beautiful domain of an Association, cultivated j with the combined skill and science of an ; intelligent population, the various Groups and i Series in activity, some engaged under co- j lored awnings, some working in scattered j companies on the hill sides and in the valley, j marching to the sound of instruments and j singing in chorus as they changed the location j of their work; then see the domain studded ! with bowers and pavilions, with their colon- j nades and spires instead of huts and hovels, t and in the centre the Edifice of the Associa- i tion rising majestically above the whole, we would believe the country enchanted—think it a fairy scene, and acknowledge that the j earth, when governed according to 'lie Com¬ bined or Divine Order, will eclipse in beauty all that our poets have imagined of the Olym¬ pic abodes.” When all these conditions of external ele¬ gance and harmony are fulfilled, so as to at¬ tract man to the exercise of Industry by charming the Senses, then the first an:! pri- II. MEANS OF SATISFYING THE MORAL AND SO¬ CIAL SENTIMENTS. Ambition. The Groups and Series will eli¬ cit and satisfy Ambition, which, when rightly developed and directed, is a noble Passion that stimulates man to the performance of all that is just, dignified and elevated. They will satisfy Ambition, because they will have, in the first place, their posts of honor—presi¬ dencies, vice-presidencies, etc.—which will be open to all and will be the reward of merit, de¬ votion and talent; and because, in the second place. Skill, Proficiency and useful Services in Industry, will be the avenues to distinc¬ tion and consideration in the world, and will constitute the highest claim to seats in the Councils and to the Offices of Association, as well as to the Legislative bodies and the higher Offices of the State or Nation;—for Government in the Combined Order will he a Government of Industry. Art and Science, having for object the development and regu¬ lation of these three great departments of human activity, and will be composed of dis¬ tinguished Industrialists, Artists and Men of Science, celebrated for their acquirements, genius and practical services, instead of wran¬ gling lawyers and ignorant demagogues, who now govern and misguide the people. Friendship —Paternity—Love. In the industrial unions of Association the greatest decorum, politeness and urbanity of manners will he observed, and hv means of the organ¬ ization of the Groups and Series, both sexes and all ages can take part together in most of its occupations; parents and children, friends and lovers will he united in the same Groups, so that these three beautiful senti¬ ments will he gratified jointly with the pro¬ secution of useful pursuits. Combine the sa¬ tisfaction of these endearing social affections with the exercise of Industry, and they will give to it an indescribable charm. How little can these conditions he fulfilled in our present rude ami false system of Industry! Emulation. The organization of theGroups and Perios will elicit and satisfy fully this pas¬ sion (now misdcveloped in envious rivalry]. There will ho, first, Emulation or friendly ri¬ valry between the individuals of each Group, then between the Groups, then between the wings ar.d centre of a Series, then between Series themselves, and then between Asso¬ ciations. These individual and corporate ri¬ valries will call out a strong enthusiasm and exaltation, and give a zest and interest to In¬ dustry of which we can now form no idea. Love of Change and Variety. Change and variety are not only desires of the human heart, but absolute wants of the body. An occupation continued for hours becomes a bur¬ then, and in the end a hateful task. If the occupations of the Series were prolonged the entire day through, as labor now is, emulation would slacken, the spirits flag, the feelings be blunted, and Industry lose all its charms. But ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND SEF.IES TO HUMAN NATURE. the frequent change cf pursuits iu the Groups and Series, will satisfy fully the love of Change and Variety, and prevent monotony and fa- The Series of an Association will he nume¬ rous, and will be devoted to a gr of branches of Industry, Art and Science- admission to which will be open to all the members. Every person will, consequently, be able to select and pursue such occupations as are suited and agreeable to his tastes and inclinations. Each one can satisfy his tastes for the care and cultivation of favorite spe¬ cies in the auimal and vegetable kingdoms —for particular branches of the mechanical arts—for scientific, artistic and literary pur- ^Withwhat pleasure and energy men pur¬ sue favorite occupations, when disagreeable and repulsive circumstances are not con¬ nected with their prosecution! How many persons of wealth and rank have a taste for mechanical pursuits, the exercise cf which they avoid because they are disreputable ami degrading. Association, by dignifying all branches of human Industry and enabling every individual to choose freelv his occupa¬ tions. will satisfy industrial Tastes and In¬ stincts. and excite by this means a powerful Attraction for Industry. Desire of Fortune. Commerce, banking, the law, speculation and various schemes of fiaud and injustice, a!! of which live upon productive industry ami absorb it? profits, are at present the main avenues io Fortune- In Association this will no: he the case: there, the avenues will be Industry and the Arts and Sciences. Industry is the great source of production or wealth, and it should, together with those pursuits which enlighten, dignify and elevate Mankind, lead io fortune. Let social Justice be done—lei productive Indus¬ try become the principal avenue to wealth and a sure means of its acquisition, and men will engage in it ardently,—and one more in¬ centive will he added to those already enu¬ merated. There are various other means—some cf an exalted character—which Association and the Serial Mechanism will pnt in play to ren¬ der Industry attractive. We will refer to one only. When in Association man shall com¬ prehend his Destiny and the purpose of his creation,—when he comprehends that he is the Overseer of the Globe and the creations upon it—that his terrestrial Destiny or the great Function assigned him upon earth, is to ppervise his planet, cultivate and beautify it, and regulate its material harmonies,— when he comprehends all this, and knows also that Industry is the Means or the In- sirtehest by which he fulfils his high fiinc- s fion and trust of Overseer, a halo will be > thrown around it, and a noble and a sacred i character will be given to it; he will then 1 look upon it as the most exalted of pursuits, j • and will feel honored instead of degraded in } devoting himself to its exercise. ' Let us sum up in a few words what we { have said at length. The Groups and Scries s are so adapted to human Nature as to allow j a free and harmonious development of the ; passions, attractions and instincts of the soul; ; and they will, when applied to Industry, ; reader it attractive, because they will adapt ; its mode of prosecution and its external ar- j rangements to the demands and iequircments i of the passions and attractions, and make its ar medium through which ! they will be satisfied. Wherever the Series d regularly organized cor¬ porations or bodies are applied to any work tease of armies, although I very imperfectly, and in a manner still mure companies, boat clubs and ! hunting matches, the function or labor is ren- ; dered pleasing and attractive, i ftetorc g this subject, we will an- ' swer an hick is frequently raised, t Some persons imagine that if Man, in Asso- ' ciaiion, is supplied with abundance and is not ; urged oa to labor by want and necessity, ; that he will sink into idleness and listless s apathy; others imagine that a low order of j equality and a uniformity of condition, without distinctions and other advantages derived from ; individual exertion, will exist, and that all in- ! ccntives and inducements to action will, con¬ sequently, be destroyed. To show the falseness of these views, let us point out briefly the difference between the springs of action which ihe present Social Order puis in play, and those which Associa¬ tion will bring to bear. The two principal and almost the only in¬ ducements to action and exeriion which now exist, are: 1st. The desire of making Mo¬ ney or acquiring Fortune; 2d. Want and Ne¬ cessity; the latter are the sole incentives of the vast majority. Ambition and oilier pas¬ sions stimulate an extremely small minority of persons, but so few that they are scarcely to he considered. In the place of these two meager springs of action—the second of which is so repulsive and degrading—Association will put in play a large number of powerful inducements to exeriion, which will act more or less con¬ stantly upon all individuals, and stimulate to the most indomitable energy. We will men¬ tion ten: the most of them will he understood by preceding explanations. 1st. Desire of acquiring Fortune; 2d. Am¬ bition ; 3d. Emulation; 4th. Corporate Spirit and Enthusiasm; 5th. Love of Nature and her material Harmonies; 6th. Satisfaction of industrial Tastes and Instincts; 7th. Satisfac¬ tion of the Social Sympathies; 8th. Impulse communicated hv public and collective feel¬ ing and action, or from being surrounded by a large and active population; 9th. Spirit of Self-sacrifice or Self-denial (for an example of this incentive, see Sacred Legion); 10th. Idea of being engaged in works of universal Utility INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS. and Importance—the highest of which is that | of overseeing the Globe. When all these incentives are brought to bear, what folly to suppose that man will be idle in Association! Instead of the simple stimulants to action of the present Social Or¬ der—the satisfaction of the material and sen¬ sual wants which, when applied alone, are low and debasing—Association will apply a high order of compound stimulants—material and moral—which, acting together, will be impellent in the highest degree, while they are ennobling and elevating. INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS. The Association will opdn on its books an account with every member individually— even with the child so soon as it begins to produce. Every person will he charged the amount of hi< or her expenditures during the j year, and credited for the amount of his oi¬ lier earnings, mid interest upon Stock. The debits of individuals will lie, first, font of rooms; second, board; third, wearing apparel; fourth, articles purchased for personal use; fifth, subscript ion to libraries, concerts, baths, etc.; sixth, cash advanced. The hooks will be balanced once a year, and a general settle¬ ment take place. In order to explain this more clearly, we will slate the account of an individual as it mav he supposed to exist. Suppose J. Jones is a member; his account may be stated thus:— J. Jo:;r.s in account with the North American baths. 25 00 Cash advanced. 250 00 Sundries. 50 00 Total Debits .... $110000 of his Account, would be paid to him in cash or placed to llis credit to be used when he wishes. In the case of minors, profits will be kept for them by the Association uutii they are of age. In Association there will be, as a general rule, no buying and selling between indivi¬ duals—the fruitful source at present of so much fraud, enmity, discord, slander and vio¬ lence. 'flic members will deal directly with the Associalion. If a person desires, for in¬ stance, to purchase a suit of clothes, lie goes i to the Group of persons who have charge of the clothing- department and lias them made, but does not pay the Group; they are charged to him on the books of the Association, with which lie will settle. Just prices will be es- j tablished for everything by the Council of i internal arrangements, and when an indivi¬ dual wishes an article for private use—a watcli or a book—lie would not have to bar- I gain for it, or be subject to the imposition | and extortion of a seller, hut would take it at the fixed price, sure of being dealt with on I fair and equitable terms, j Let the observing lilind, which lias time to ' reflect upon suclt subjects, examine the quar¬ rels and law-suits, the calumny and misrepre¬ sentation, tiie waste of time and loss of money, the antipathies, animosities and even crimes of a fcatful character, which grow out of the present system of trading, trafficking and con¬ tracting between individuals, for individual gain and advantage, and it will turn from it with disgust. All this strife and discord can be obviated in the most simple and easy man- net in Association; the individual will deal directly with the Association or the collective body, between whom no misunderstandings or quarrels can arise, as there will be no dis¬ position or opportunity to overreach, defraud or deceive, or take advantage in any way on either side. The lens of thousands of law-suits which are constantly going on in the country, with the waste of millions which they cause an¬ nually, originate mostly in litis incoherent system of individual traffic. The advocates of Law Deform, should see that the abuses and disorders of the Law are effects , and j that to reform them they must do away | with the cause— do away with the system | which nourishes and sustains them, and this is only possible with the system of whole- By merest on Slock for one year. $400 00 11 Slnre of profits in Series en¬ gaged in works of Neces¬ sity . 400 00 “ Share o'f profits in Series en¬ raged in works of Useful¬ ness . 300 00 “ Share of profits in Series en¬ gaged in works of Attrac¬ tiveness. 200 00 Total Credits . . $1300 00 $200 00 This balance of two hundred dollars, due to I. Jones by the Association on the settlement sale and direct Trade, Umly of interests. | and other measures and institutions of Asso- Association, then, will render all business matters easy and pleasant to transact, will do away with tile necessity for that mean and miserable practice of higgling and jewing on one side, and deception and extortion on the other, now common in the purchase and sale of all articles, even the smallest and most trifling; and, in the settlement of Individual Accounts, will banish the possibility of fraud and injustice (as well as the desire), and ad¬ just everything upon the most honorable and equitable terms. 3I7ISI0:< OF PEOFIIS. DIVISION OF PROFITS. At the end of the year a general settle¬ ment, as we have before stated, will take place, when the total value of all that has been produced by the Association, and consumed in or sold out of it, will be ascertained, and a division of profits made. Let us suppose that in an Association of four hundred per¬ sons, fruits, grains and vesetables have been grown, animals raised and articles manufac¬ tured, which hare sold for §400,000. Of this stim, one quarter, or §100,000. will be reserved to pay interest upon the stock, or capital in¬ vested, and the other three quarters will he paid to those who have performed the Labor. We will endeavor to explain in a clear and concise manner the system by which the va¬ rious branches of Industry. Art and Science will be paid, and how the value of each branch will be ascertained. The main point is to understand the principle upon which Labor shall be remunerated, for the payment of Capital and Skill is easily comprehended. The various branches of Industry, prose¬ cuted in an Association, will be divided into three Classes, or rather classed in three Cate¬ gories, and paid a larger or smaller dividend or share of the general product, according as they are—1st. Repugnant and Labobious; 2d. Useful ; 3d. Atteactive. 1st Class, or Class of Nf.cessitt —compris¬ ing works of a repugnant, laborious and ne¬ cessary character. ' 2d "Class, or Class of Usefulness —com¬ prising works of a useful character. 3d Class, or Class of Atteactivexesf— comprising works of a pleasing and attractive character. Each branch of Industry will he paid more or less according to the Class to which it be¬ longs. Works of Necessity, or those which are laborious and repugnant, as well as occu¬ pations which lend to strengthen social ties and maintain social Unity and Harmony, will rank in the first class and receive the largest dividend. Works which are useful and which possess but a moderate degree of attraction, will rank in the second class, and will be paid the nest largest dividend or highest price. Works which are naturally pleasing and agreeable, like horticulture, will rank in the third class, and will be paid the least As a general rule, the more attractive a branch of Industry is, the less it will be paid; and the more repugnant and laborious it is, the more it will be paid. There are some exceptions, however, to this rale: one applies to works or functions which, although attrac¬ tive, tend to maintain concord and harmony, • to strengthen the social affections and cement the bonds of union. The Series devoted to music and the culti¬ vation of flowers will come under this excep¬ tion ; it would seem, according to the rule laid down above, that they should belong to the category of Attractiveness, as they ate ex¬ tremely pleasing pursuits. Such, however, will not be the case; the cultivation of flowers requires great care and attention, and as this branch of Industry will be important in many respects, and will be, as we have explained, j an agricultural school for children, it must j rank in the category of Usefulness. The tc- ■ fining, elevating and exalting influence of i !\Iusic and some of the Fine Arts connected i with it, will be found of such high import- ; ance in producing industrial Attraction and in t maintaining social Unity, that they will pro- | hablv be placed in the first category, or that ; The three classes or categories of Neces- ( sity. Usefulness and Attractiveness, will each > be divided into three Orders, and in large As- ; sociations into five, so that there will be a 1 st, ; 2d. and 3d Order of the classes of Necessity, j Usefulness and Attractiveness. | Suppose the $300,000, which in the exam- ; pie liven above, are the part paid to Labor and I Skill, are divided among the various Series. ! the following division, to make an approxi- • mate estimate, will take place:— $1-13,000 100,000 i The three Orders of each Class will alsc | receive unequal portions: the §125,000 paid | to works of Necessity will be divided as fol- < 1st Order will receive, say. 552,000 S 2d “ “ “ “ 42,000 | 3d ,! “ “ “ 31,000 j These calculations are approximative; prac- i tical experience and observation will regulate them according to strict justice. I Each Series will be paid out of the total | product of the Association the sum which is 1 due to it, and the members will divide this j sum among themselves according to the La- S bor and Skill of each, j “ A Series,” says Fourier, “ will be paid, j not out of the product of its particular work, j but out of the total product of the entire As- < sociation, and its compensation will be in | proportion to the rank it occupies in the list ' of works or functions, divided into the three classes—Necessity, Usefulness, Attractiveness. For instance, a Series growing grain will not , receive the amount of sales of the grain it s raises; the grain will go into the mass of pro- j ducts to be disposed of or consumed in the ; Association, and if the Series engaged in its j | cultivation is considered of high importance j in Industry, it will receive a dividend of the \ first Class! The Series of grain-growers will belong evidently to tlie first Class, that of Necessity; but in this Class there are three Orders, and it is probable that the Series en¬ gaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, harlev, oats and corn, will belong to the second and perhaps even to the third Order. Ploughing, sowing and reaping have nothing repulsive in them, and should be ranked after uncleanly and repulsive works which offend the Senses, and which will be placed in the 1st Order of “It will require two or three years to clas¬ sify properly the .different branches of Indus¬ try and the Series devoted to them, and to ascertain the rank which each should hold. If some mistakes are made in the beginning, they can easily he rectified, and will lead to no serious consequences.” “ Three principal considerations are to bo observed in assigning to the Series the rank which they shall hold: “1st. Their influence in sustaining gene¬ ral Concord and Harmony, and in removing causes of disagreement, dissatisfaction anil (The great object will he to sustain Asso¬ ciation, from which so much wealth and happiness flows. As a consequence, the most precious Series will be that which —productive or unproductive —lends most efficaciously to maintain social Harmony and Unity.) “ 2d. Repulsive and laborious obstacles con¬ nected with branches of Industry.” (Such is the work of miners, of nurses hav¬ ing the care of the sick and children, and all uncleanly occupations and functions. Some branches of Industry are laborious, like black- smithing, without being repugnant; this alone will not entitle them to priority of rank.) “ 3d. The degree of Attraction which occu¬ pations excite.” (The more a work or function is pleasing and attractive, the less will be its pecuniary ta uc, am as a consequence, t s compensa “The three rules which we have here laid down, must be duly considered in estimating the class to which the differeot branches of Industry, Art and Science shall belong.” “ The cultivation of fruit trees offers us the example of a work which will be classed low, on account of the attraction connected with it. In Association the fruit orchards will he de¬ lightful places of resort; the elegance with which they will be laid out, planted and de¬ corated, the meetings of Series from neigh¬ boring Associations, the pleasure of collations served in the pavilions of the orchards, and various other eaticements, will excite in a vast majority of persons, it is easy to conceive, a taste for the work without regard to profit; as a consequence, the Series of fruit-growers will be placed iu the class of Attractiveness, and receive oie of the least dividends.” As a general rule, which we have already stated, and which is easily understood, we may say that the more a work is attractive, the less it will he paid; and the more laborious and repugnant it is, the more it will be paid. If injustice were involuntarily done to any Series, if it were ranked too iow, it would soon he perceived; there would be a slacken¬ ing of attraction on the part of its members, and tlie branch of Industry with which it was engaged, would be abandoned. When this happens it will be necessary to connect addi¬ tional incentives with it—one of which will he the assigning it a higher rank, and iu- > creasing the dividend allotted to it. Suppose, | for example, it were found that there was an | indifference for the work of cooking, and that the members of the Series devoted to it were i gradually abandoning it; measureswould have | to be taken to increase the attraction for this important occupation. The kitchens, fur cx- j ample, could be more conveniently or ele- ) gantly fitted up, the Series increased in nuni- i her and the division of labor made more minute, so as to require less time from each I member, ami a larger dividend awarded to the work. An analogous process would be applied to any other branch of Industry 'which j was found to be declining, i Practical experiments will gradually show j the Class to which each branch of Industry j should belong; if it were found that some J branches drew a large number of persons to s their exercise—more than were required— ! from the attraction inherent in them, the Se- J ries devoted to them would be lowered in i rank and paid less. Suppose Confectionary— j classed in the 3d Order of the category of j Usefulness—attracted very strongly, it would he lowered to the category of Attractiveness, 5 and receive a smaller dividend; if Cabinet- i. making—classed in the 1st Order of Useful- i ness—attracted more members than were | wanted, it would he lowered to the 2d, then s to the 3d Order of Usefulness, until some of j them left the work. By this and other means J equilibrium will be maintained in the exer- j cise of the various branches of Industry, and j the prosecution of all will be secured, j In classifying the work's and functions ol Association, many of the Professions, such as Medicine and Surgery, will belong to the first Class, or that of Necessity; repugnant and laborious Occupations, such as care of the sick and children, mining, blacksmilhing and ma- i sonry, will also belong to the Class of Neces- | sity: Works of importance to health and com¬ fort, such as cooking-, will rank in the same Class; the care of Animals will belong, no doubt, to the classes of Usefulness and Attrac¬ tiveness; Carpentry to the class of Useful- f ness; Printing probably to the same class. But few branches of the mechanical Arts would belong to tlie class of Attractiveness, as they are naturally less attractive than agri¬ cultural and some other kinds of pursuits. To all those branches of Industry and Professions, which are naturally offensive or repulsive, ar- j tificial incentives must be applied ; they must j be paid more and more highly honored, and upon those who exercise them, various privi- | leges must be conferred. DIVISION OF PROFITS. The members of an Association cannot fail being satisfied in a pecuniar}' point of view, as they will know beforehand the dividend or share of the profits, which each branch of In¬ dustry or Series will receive, and they will be perfectly free to choose those Series which they prefer. It is ia the important operation of a Divi¬ sion of Profits that we shall see the necessity of frequent changes of occupations, and of the [ members of the Association belonging to se- ! veral Series. “ If each individual,” says Fou- j rier, “ pursued but one branch of Industry; if j he was a carpenter, a gardener or a mason j only as at present, and took part in but one J Series, he would wish the Series of carpenters ; to he paid the highest, if he was a carpenter, \ and the Series of masons, if he was a mason; j but as he will belong to a large number of ; Series, he will not desire that one among j them should be exorbitantly paid, as he would < lose in others by it; his interests will be ba- i lanced and equalized, and he will, from per- < sonal interest, be induced to speculate entirely j contrary to what people now do, and advocate ; strict equity.” Besides, he will have friends < and relatives in numerous Series, whose inte- : rests he will wish respected; these various 1 considerations operating together will be prac¬ tical means, which should always be combined with moral considerations, of inducing him to desire the most just and equitable Division of Profits, and exact Justice in every respect. All the Series of an Association will hold a general meeting at the end of the year, or at the annual settlement, when a general divi¬ sion of the Product or Profits of the past year will take place, and each Series will receive that portion for its share to which it may be entitled, and which will be regulated by the three classes of Necessity, Usefulness and At¬ tractiveness. Each Series will divide among its Groups the amount awarded to it, and each Group will, in turn, divide among its members its particular share. As Necessity, Usefulness and Attractiveness are the three considerations which will be taken into account in the payment of the Se¬ ries, so Labor, Capital and Skill will be those which will be observed in the payment of In¬ dividuals. The part awarded to Labor will be divided among the members of the Groups according to the time which each has worked, and the r due of his work. As has before been stated, deductions will be made for time lost bv ab¬ sence from the Groups, and candidates for ad missi on or learners will receive but a frac¬ tion of a full share. As the members of a Group will work together, they will be able to appreciate the services and the merits of each respectively. The part awarded to Skill will be divided among the officers of the Groups, who will possess the most talent or skill, and among the older and more experienced members. In organizing the first Association, some de¬ viations from the system which we have here . laid down for the division of profits may take i place, and be continued for two or three years, until it is fairly in operation. We will men- To induce capitalists to furnish the means necessary to found an Association, a fixed rate of interest, which should be a little above the legal rate, may be guarantied to them, in the place of one quarter of the product. A great many persons will prefer a mode¬ rate certainty to the most favorable chances of a large dividend; and a certainty as re¬ gards interest may induce men of means to take stock in Association, when they would not otherwise listen to the proposition. At the end of the year, when the amount of the total product is ascertained, and before any division of profits takes place, a sum sufficiently large to pay the interest upon the investment or capital stock, will first be taken out of it and applied to this purpose. The balance, whatever it may be, will be divided among those who perform the Labor. A second deviation may take place in the mode of paying the Series. If the founders of an Association should find it difficult to classify the Series according to Necessity, Usefulness and Attractiveness, they might simply pay to each Series and to each Group, the value or amount of the sales of its pro¬ duct. Suppose, for instance, a Group of wheat- growers raises five thousand bushels of wheat, worth §6000. After deducting from this sum commissions for sales, and §1500 or one quar¬ ter to pay the interest on the Capital Stock, the balance, about 84500, would be awarded to the Group, which would divide it among its members according to Labor and Skill, j Those Series engaged in branches which are not really productive, such as nursing and teaching, would be paid at a fairly established i rate, according to the importance of their la- | bor, out of a general fund, which would be j formed by deducting a certain per centage S from the total product before any division ! took place. S This mode of division would simplify the < operation, as each Group would receive what- j ever it produced, but it would not answer for ; an Association fully established, as an equi- 5 librium in the prosecution of the different ; branches of Industry could not be maintained; those which w'ere the most profitable might be the most attractive, and all otiiers would in consequence be abandoned for them. AVe will answer two objections here, which should have been mentioned in speaking of the Series. It may be objected that the fre¬ quent changes of the Groups and Series will cause a great loss of time. They will require from five to fifteen minutes—less than a quar¬ ter of an hour upon an average—for changes in agricultural pursuits, and half that time for manufactures and other occupations in the Edifice of the Association. They who regret this loss of time, might wish to do away with sleep, because it is time wasted. The attractive Labor of Association will be ardent, and it would lead to excesses, if it were not DIVISION OF PROFITS. frequently tempered by relaxation between changes. The members of the Association will meet in the afternoon daily at the Exchange, where they will discuss and regulate various matters of interest and pleasure—among others the occupations of the Series for the following days. By this means perfect order and regu¬ larity will he preserved in all the operations of Industry. Another objection is, the size of the Do¬ main. Being three miles square, it will he too far, it will be averred, to go to the diffe¬ rent kinds of work; but we must recollect that as the Edifice will be located in the cen¬ tre, it will only be a mile and a half to the outer limits of the Domain; around the Edi¬ fice will be located the gardens, some of the fruit-orchards, the out-houses, and all branches of Industry which require daily attention. The grain fields, woodlands, etc., which require attention at certain seasons onlv, will be lo¬ cated at the more distant parts of the domain: avenues, bordered with trees and (lowers, will wind through it, and some carnages, like our omnibuses, will be in readiness to convey lire Groups to their respective positions. CAPITAL, LABOR AND SKILL. Wf. will point out briefly the reason why the Profits of Industry are divided between Capi¬ tal, Labor and Skill. It is based upon the principle that whatever is produced should be divided among the producing Powers; and Capital, Labor and Skill being the three sources of Production, or the powers that cre¬ ate wealth, they are entitled to the wealth which is produced. Let us explain this. Capital is the accumulated product of past Labor, or of Labor done. To understand this, it is necessary to know in what Capital con¬ sists. It consists in works, products and im¬ provements of all kinds, (edifices, manufac¬ tures, workshops, clearings of the soil, vessels, rail-roads, tools, implements, machinery, me¬ tals, flocks, etc. etc.,) which are the results of human Industry. In speaking of Capital in connection with Labor and Skill, we will call it what it really is, past Labor, as it will make our explanations more easily under¬ stood. When past Labor facilitates the perform¬ ance and increases the productiveness of pre¬ sent Labor, it should receive a part of its product. We will make use of an illustra¬ tion to prove this clearly. Suppose a body of men settle upon a tract of land in a wild state, which is covered with forest, and that with labor they clear it, bring it under culti¬ vation, erect buildings upon it, construct im¬ plements, rear flocks and render it productive and valuable. These improvements are the results of past Labor, and constitute Capital. When this work is accomplished, suppose a second body of men join the first, and live t with them upon the land: they find houses to inhabit, teams and implements to work with, and the soil prepared for cultivation; j with the aid of these improvements, which are the product of past Labor, they can pro¬ duce easily and abundantly from it, whereas j had they come upon it in the wild state with- i out anv improvements ami facilities for apply¬ ing their (present) Labor, they could have i produced nothing from it. Would it not be just that the new comers | should give to those who had preceded, and prepared all these facilities for them, a share of the product of their labor ? Undoubtedly, for the past Labor of the first settlers created in reality a part of the product. What should this share he ?—that is, what portion of the product, should present Labor | give to past Labor for the aid lent to it? t The answer to this question determines the rate of interest to which Capital is entitled. 1 From our remarks on property and the divi- | sion of profits, it will he seen that we estimate j this share at about one quarter, or threc- j twelfths. ] If a Stock Company furnishes capital with j which to buy the land fur an Association, to ( erect buildings upon and slock it, those who j enter the Association will hold the same rela- j tion to the Company as the new corners did. j in the case above, to those who had prepared j and improved the wild lands by their labor, j and they should give to the Company an ! equal share of the product or profits of their j labor—that is, about one quarter. < Thus Capital or past Labor is entitled to a share of the product, because it aids and fiici- j litates present Labor in creating this product; its right to a part of the product is perfectly legitimate, and they who contest it, do not ! understand clearly the sources of produc- I We will explain in connection why Labor S and Skill should receive each a part of the ge- i neral product; to do this we will recur again j to a practical illustration. Suppose a number of persons, forming a Group of grain-growers, t are engaged in cultivating wheat. Labor, | which consists in ploughing, sowing, reaping and threshing, is the principal means of pro¬ duction, ami should receive in consequence, the largest share of the product, which we estimate at about seven-twelfths. In the Group there arc some members who, we will suppose, possess superior knowledge and skill; by moans of their directions and ad¬ vice, such excellent methods of cultivation are followed, and the Labor of the Group is st judiciously directed and efficiently applied, j that it produces a great deal more titan it would have done, had not knowledge and skill lent their aid. The members of whom we speak, may have spent years in acquiring the experience and skill which they possess, 1 and as they have aided materially in increas¬ ing the product, they should in strict justice | receive a part of the product. We estimate j the part at about two-twelfths, j To sum up— SACKED LEGION. Capital, which famishes the means, or prepares the war for producing, is the first Source of wealth. Laeos, which creates the product, is the second Source. Skill, which directs Labor wisely, judi¬ ciously and efficiently, and renders it addi¬ tionally productire, is the third Source. (Skill comprises practical experience, natural talent and scientific acquirements.) If we weigh duly the respective values of these three great Sources of Production, taking into consideration, firs:, the importance of the Improvements, which enable man to labor advantageously: second, the absolute neces¬ sity of Labor to create or produce: and third, ; the value of Skill, which direcis labor wisely s and efficiently, it will be found that the Im- J provements or Capital should receive about three-twelfths of the total product; Labor, j seven-twelfths: and Skill, two-twelfths. Prac- ; tical experience will modify these proportions, - if found necessary. j THE SACRED LEGION. \ HSAXS OF FEEFOE’rlXG UNCLEANLY AND I'.E- j FCLSIVE EEAXCHES OF WORK. 1 Tees will be in Association—if not in the j first one, at least as soon as a perfect esta- * blishment is founded—a Series which will I take upon itself, from a sentiment of Devotion : or Self-Sacrifice, and from Social Charity and | Religious Philanthropy, the performance of j those functions and works which are in them- ! selves repulsive and uncleanly, and which are j now looked upon as degrading. The repug- ; nance of such works is now overcome by pay, : and they are performed from necessity bv de- j graded classes. In Association, no c!'ass or part ! of the community must ho dosed to jit them \ for the performance of repulsiceand uncleanly j functions: as a consequence, powerful in- ! centives and inducements must be connected '■ with such functions, and their execution must j be induced by an appeal to the highest and \ noblest Sentiments in man—to Devotion and i self-sacrificing Love, so that they may be per- j formed with voluntary enthusiasm. f The Series, which will assume the perform- ) ance of uncleanly and repulsive works and ; junctions, will be called the Sacf.ed Legion. • It will rank first in public estimation and will • take precedence of all other Series. It will j be composed principally of Boys of an ardent ; temperament, from the age of nine to sixteen. : Beys have at this age, as we know, no natu¬ ral" antipathy or repugnance to dirty cr offen¬ sive contacts. To compass a trick, they will sometimes resort to the most filthy expedients without any regard to personal considerations: indeed, it maybe said that a majority of them have n taste for dirt, and this inclination will overcome any dislike for the uncleanly works which they will assume in Association, and allow them to take part freely in the Series or Corporation of the Sacred Legion, -which they will be induced to do from Devotion and social Philanthropy, and from the high honor and consideration which will be bestowed upon its functions. This Series must he numerous enough to require the attention of the members for but an hour or two every other day, and admis¬ sion must be made difficult, and"considered a signal favor. The works of the Sacred Le¬ gion will not be productive, and yet they will be considered the most valuable; for this no¬ ble Corporation, in assuming from Social Cha¬ rity and a spirit of Self-Sacrifice uncleanly and repulsive occupations, will obviate and smo¬ ther numerous causes of disagreement and dissatisfaction, prevent the debasement and lowering in public estimation of any Class, do away with the spirit of caste and false dis¬ tinction in Society, and maintain free inter¬ course and friendly union between all its members. The members of the Sacred Legion will not be degraded by the work which they will per¬ form, because they will execute it from gene¬ rous and noble sentiments and motives, which will exalt and dignify in public estimation its functions. This reference to the Series of the Sacred Legion will serve to answer the question, which will be raised in many minds, as to the manner m which all dirty or uncleanly work, and repulsive and disagreeable func¬ tions, will be performed in Association. The performance of works and functions of this class, now so degrading, will result from the action of a passion in man which has not been at all understood, but has been fully analyzed and explained by Fourier; it is tiie passion of Self-Sacrifice. This passion requires satis¬ faction as much as any passion in the human heart; it manifests itself by acts of devotion, and delights in privations and self-imposed labors and danger; for the good of others; it presents in Man what appears the strange anomaly of satisfaction and pleasure being found in discomfort, privation, and even suf¬ fering. This Passion is often exhibited at present by Sisters of Charity, who devote themselves to the care of the sick, by certain classes of Missionaries, and the Forlorn Hope in Ar- AVe find also in the Evangelists a typical example of the performance of a lowly and menial function being sanctified and exalted, and the sacred obligation of its performance inculcated by practical precept. The act to which we refer may be considered as the Type of a class of Functions and Duties, which must he performed in human societies, and the hand by which this act was performed, should sanction the work in the eyes of the Christian world. “ Jesus riseth from supper, and laid aside, his gar¬ ments ; and took a towel, and girded himself. “ After that, he pourelh water into a basin, and began to wash the disciples’ feet, and to wipe them with the towel, wherewith he was ginled. SACKED LEGION. “ Then came he to Simon Peter: and Peter sailh unto him, Lord, dost thou wash my feet? « Jesus answered, and said unto him, what I do, II,ou knowest not now; hut thou shatt know here¬ after. « Peter sailh unto him: Thou shall never wash my feet. Jesus answered him, if I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me. “ Simon Peter sailh unto him, Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head.” “So after ho had washed their feet, and had taken Ills garments, and was set down again, lie said unto them, Know ye what I have done to you ? “ Yc call me Master and Lord: and ye say well; «If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet, ye also ought to wash one another’s feet. “ For I hare ginn you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. “Verily, verily, I say unto you, the servant urenler than his Lord: neither he that is greater than he that sent him. “ If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them.”—St. John :;iii. “ The whole system of Attractive Industry and Social Harmony," says Fourier, “ would fall prostrate, if means were not found of con¬ necting powerful incentives with the execu¬ tion of all uncleanly, repulsive and distrusting brandies of work, the performance of which is now only procured by pay and the debase¬ ment of a portion of our fellow-creatures.” “If there existed in the Combined Order one single function, which was despised and deemed ignoble and degrading for the persons that exercised it, all inferior parts and duties in the different branches of Industry—in the stables, kitchens, private apartments, manu¬ factories, workshops, etc. —would soon be despised; this degradation would gradually extend from branch to brancli; a contempt for Industry would grow up again by degrees, and the result would be that those persons who produced nothing, who lived in idleness and were of no service to Mankind, would constitute as at present the puhte and re¬ spected Classes.” “It is reserved for the Sacred Legion to preserve the Social Body from tin - Contami¬ nation, by taking upon itself front generous Devotion and a spirit of Self-Sacrifice the per¬ formance of all uncleanly and despised works and functions, which it will exercise for the Mass ami not for the Individual.”' “ To the labors of this noble Corporation will be due the maintenance of general Friend¬ ship and social Equality among all Mankind, which is one of the cardinal conditions of So¬ cial Unity. The Sacred Legion will exercise the only branch of Charity which will remain to be performed in the Combined Order. There will he no more Poor to succor, no more Cap¬ tives to deliver, no more Slaves to free; the performance of dirty and degrading functions will consequently alone rema'in, and they will he assumed by the Sacred Legion, composed principally of youths,' This will be a charity of a high order, as it will prevent the social inequality and abasement of any class of So¬ ciety or portion of Mankind: it will establish that Fraternity —that free and friendly In¬ tercourse between all Classes, which has so long been the dream of politicians and philo¬ sophers.” “ The Sacred Legion will rank as tile Ser¬ vant or God in the maintenance of Indus¬ trial Unity. Preserver of Social Honor, it will crush the head of the serpent in a social sense, for it will purge from Society a venom worse than that of the viper. In assuming all filthy and degrading occupations, it will smother that Pride, which in undervaluing any of the industrial classes, would destroy general Friendship and establish anew dis¬ tinctions of rank and the spirit of caste in Society. It will be the centre of all the so¬ cial virtues, and will furnish one of the four supports (the third) on which Association will rest • “Industrial Attraction. “Equilibrium in the Division of Profits. “Friendly Intercourse between all classes. “Equilibrium of Population without unna¬ tural restraints.” “ Tlte Sacred Legion will be paid by ho¬ nors without end! "in important industrial enterprises, it will take the lead, and receive from the highest authorities the first salute. In the church its place will be at the altar, and in all ceremonies it will occupy the post of honor!” Wo will conclude this article by quoting a few remarks from the London Phalanx by Hugh Doherty, which explains beautifully the principle of Self-Denial and Self-Sacri- “ Self-Denial is the essence of Religion, the principle or bond of universal Unity. Ac¬ cording to Fourier, it is the seventh note or element of every principle of action in the soul of Man in irue development, and every Corporation or Series in associative Unity will contain a Group of votaries devoted to the service of Religious Unity and Self-Denial —tcmpoial and spiritual—corresponding to the Sabbath, or the seventh day of every week, which God lias set apart for worship and religious contemplation.” “ The law of life and universal Unity, ac¬ cording to Fourier, is this: “God distributes to his creatures their particular Attractions and Desires iu due proportion to their Desti¬ nies respectively, and the exception to this law of distribution is, that Man, while here on earth, aspires to heaven and a higher Des¬ tiny than he can here enjoy. This being the exception to the law of life which binds him to the earth in his attractions and desires, is then the link of universal Unity, which binds the soul of Man to heaven while yet on earth, and every seventh function in material and spiritual life should lie religious, and diverge from earthly satisfaction to immediate hea¬ venly aspiration as an act of self-denial and devotedness, or sacrifice of self to God and universal Unity. This is the principle which leads Fourier to organize a Group of Self- Denial in every corporation of Industrial Acti¬ vity in a united body, as well as an especial SYSTEM OF EDUCATIOK* corporation of the clergy as the Spiritual Pas¬ tors of the flock. It universalizes the reli¬ gions aspiration, and reduces it to practice as a principle of self-denial and devotedness in every sphere of action in Society; so that self- denial and religious purity will run through all the veins of social life, and purify exist¬ ence in its very source.” “This would be impossible in false and individualized Society, as it exists at present, but in genuine Associative Unity according to the principles ordained by Providence, it is not only practicable, but essential to the pu¬ rity of life, both individually and collectively. It is the bond of Universal Unity, the Chris¬ tian principle cf truth and heavenly seif-denial manifested in all Mankind, as Christ himself was manifested individually in the flesh.” GUARANTEE OF AN AMPLE SUFFI¬ CIENCY. Ax Ample Sufficiency, or the means of supplying the physical wants arid ot securing health, comfort and agreeable recreation, must be guarantied to every human being. This provision is termed by Fourier the "Minimum,” to which every being is entitled by virtue of his humanity and his existence upon the earth. It will comprise an abundant supply of food, clothing, lodging and recreation;—or more strictly defined, admission to the public tables; the possession of a good apartment; changes of comfortable and genteel clothing; the privilege of entering and using the libra¬ ries, reading-rooms, baths, etc., and the right of attending concerts, festivities, the amuse¬ ments of the Association, and social unions ( and public assemblies. ! Man without the full satisfaction of all his physical wants, without an abundant supply 1 of the material comforts which his physical j nature requires, without freedom from care • and anxiety for himself and his family for the ; present and the future, without pecuniary in- ; dependence, cannot enjoy his most precious \ rights, cannot possess perfect Liberty, for his ] time and his person are not his own, and can- j not give freedom and expansion to higher sentiments and feelings of his nature. The guarantee to every individual of a Suf¬ ficiency or Minimum, is consequently the first condition of a true Social Order. Without it, there is that frightful Uncertainty of the Fu¬ ture with its harassing cares and slavish de- I pendency, which render it necessary for every being to think exclusively of himself, to prac¬ tice selfishness and smother the generous feelings and affections of the soul. Tbe objection will be raised that if Asso¬ ciation guaranties a Sufficiency to Man, he will abandon Industry, and pass his time in idleness: he would do so, if Industry were to remain repugnant and degrading as it now is; and hence the absolute necessity of rendering Industry Attractive, so as to induce man to devote himself with pleasure to its pursuits, i and produce enough to secure to Society a j reciprocal guarantee for its guarantee of a Sufficiency—that is, a return for its advances, j “There is,” says Fourier, “no real liberty or independence, without the guarantee of a Sufficiency or Minimum. “ There is no Sufficiency, wrthout Attrac¬ tive Industry". “ There can be no Attractive Industry with i the present isolated and individual system of | Labor. “ Consequently a Sufficiency, sustained by a system of Attractive Industry", is the sole I avenue to Liberty and Independence. 1 “ To enter this avenue, we must extricate t ourselves from the present false arid incohe- > rent system of Society called Civilization, and enter into the Combined or Associated Or- j der.” i This Institution of the Combined Order— > the guarantee of a “ Minimum”—will be the j inauguration of a Social Providence in human s societies, and the practical realization of the | prayet of Christ, 'bat Humanity" should have j its “daily bread.” It will correspond to that wish as the Sacked Legion will correspond : to the act of humble devotion and charity re¬ ferred to in describing that Corporation. It could be shown that there will be in the Combined Order, institutions and practical arrangements which will correspond to or be types of all the precepts and wishes of Christ. SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN ASSO¬ CIATION. [Fhom Foueieh.] There is no problem upon which more contradictory theories have been promulgated than upon that of public instruction and its methods. To see clearly in this confusion of systems, let us first determine the object to be attained. The object of th,e Education of Association is Unity (in manners, language, habits, be¬ lief, etc.), and a complete moral, intellectual and physical Development of all beings. To attain these ends it must: First, develope combinedlv both the body and the mind: the present systems of Education fulfil neither of these two conditions; they neglect the body", and pervert the faculties of the mind and the passions. Second, it must embrace all parts of the body and all the passions of the soul, and give perfection to both. Our present systems do not perfect the body, and they vitiate the passions by selfishness and duplicity". Internal Riches or Health, and External Riches or the means of material Comfort and j Happiness, being the primary, though not the | first, wants of Man, the Education of Asso- ( datum should commence by directing the SYSTEM OP EDUCATION. child to productive Industry, which is the source of both. To do so successfully, it must destroy a shameful characteristic of civilized Society, which does not exist in the Savage state—that is, the coarseness and rudeness of the poorer Classes, and the difference between them and the richer Classes in language and manners. General Urbanity and Unity of language and manners can only result from a uniform system of education, which will give to the poor child the manners and tone of the rich. If there were in the Combined Order diffe¬ rent systems of education for the Poorer and the Richer as there are at present, the same result which we now see—that is, incompati¬ bility of classes and gross incongruity of man¬ ners, would take place. Such an effect would produce general Discord: it is consequently the first defect which the policy of Associa¬ tion should avoid; it will do so by a system of education, which will be one and the same for the entire Association, as well as for the entire globe, and which will everywhere establish Unity and Politeness of manners. People in Association will feel as much friend¬ ship for each other as they now feel indiffer¬ ence, dislike or hatred. An Association will consider itself as a single family perfectly united:—now an opulent”family cannot wish that one of its members should be deprived of the education which the others have re¬ ceived. We will remark before proceeding farther, that the maintenance of the two extreme ages—that is, of little children up to their fourth year, and of persons extremely ad¬ vanced in age or infirm, will be considered hi the Combined Order as a branch of Social Charity: the Association will, in consequence, bestow gratuitously every care upon the child until it is four years old. The Association will defray all the expenses of the nurseries where the children are taken care of. (If this gratuitous care be not extended beyond the fourth year, it is because children after that age will make themselves useful enough to pay the slight expense of their maintenance.) Tlie Series of nurses and assistant nurses will, like other Series, be paid by a dividend out u the general product. The Association will fit up in one of the wings of the Edifice large, convenient and healthy nursery-rooms, where the child will De supplied with every comfort and conve¬ nience that its tender age and well-being de¬ mand. With our present defective methods, a cradle only is provided for the child as a place of repose; in addition to the cradle, the child in the nursery of an Association will be furnished with an elastic matress, on which it can lay and roll; these matresses will be separated" by silken nets, so that the children can see but not touch each other. The rooms will be kept at the proper temperature, so as to admit of the child being lightly dressed, and to dispense with heavy swaddling clothes. The doctors will visit the nurseries daily, i As perfect Liberty in all relations will exist i 9 in Association, the Mother can, if she wishes, have her child in her own apartments, and take care of and bring it up as she desires; or she can take part in the Series of Nurses, and be with it in the large nurseries—aiding in taking care of other children, and being well paid at the same time. Association will secure to mothers all the rights that they now possess, and will, in addition, offer them the advantage of nurseries fitted up in the most complete and perfect manner, and re¬ lease them from the slavish duties which they notv must often perform. The Nurses will be in constant attendance, they will be divided into Groups, and will have their duty to perform by turns, so that they will be relieved every two hours. At no moment of the night or day must the nur¬ series be without experienced overseers, who are skilful in comprehending and satisfying all the wants of the children. The mother, if she chooses, has no other duty than to at- | tend at certain hours for the purpose of nurs¬ ing her child. This duty performed, she can devote herself to all the occupations of the Series to which she belongs. The Nurses and Assistant-nurses will re¬ ceive not only a large dividend for their labor, but they will be paid high honors; they will be considered as common mothers, and hold a high rank in all festivities. The combina¬ tion of all these inducements is necessary to organize a Series with a passion for a work so'little attractive in itself. In Association, the most opulent mother would not think of bringing up her child isolatedly in her own apartments, although she would have perfect liberty to do so. It would not receive one quarter of the care, which would be bestowed upon it in the large . nurseries; for with every imaginable expense, a Series of intelligent Nurses, whose charac¬ ters were adapted to those of the children, with a passion for their occupation, could not be procured. The richest mother, with every outlay, could not have a nursery of so uniform a temperature, with its conveniences, and the company of other children of the same character, who would mutually divert and amuse each other. It is particularly in the Education of early Infancy that we shall see how much better" the children of a person h» the most .moderate circumstances in Associa¬ tion will be educated, than can be those of the richest Potentate at present. Everything at present is so arranged as to make an infant the torment of an entire house, and at the same time a torment to itself. The child desires instinctively the arrangements and comforts which it would find in the nur- I series of an Association, and for want of them, it distracts by its cries, parents, ser¬ vants and neighbors, while it injures its own health. We will refer briefly to the first germs of intellectual Education, which will be given in Association to the child during the first and second years of its age. This primary Education, the most wealthy Classes cannot now give to their children. A great expense } is often incurred, and with no other result 1 than to pervert the character of the child, j misdirect its faculties and injure its health. j At the age of ax months, a period at which i at present not the least instruction is given to ! childr en, the greatest care will he taken in j Association to develops and refine their Senses, j and to give them corporal Dexterity; the ex- \ cludve use of one hand or arm, which renders ■ Die other awkward and in part useless, will, j for example, be avoided. A correct ear for ; muac- will also he given to children by sing- i ing trios and quartettes three or four times a j day in the nurseries, and by teaching those 1 who are old enough, to march to the sound of > instruments. Methods will also be employed > to add great delicacy and acuteness of hearing j to correctness of ear, and to perfect the other j Senses. : The profession of Nurse will, consequently, ; require numerous qualifications, and will not ; merely consist as at present in singing songs ! ont of tune, and in frightening children with j ghost stories to keep them quiet. The Nurses ; will study the means of preventing their cries, ' as calm is necessary to their health. 1 The noise of inianis, which is such au an- j noyance at present, will be very much dimi- i nished in the nurseries of ah Association. ; Those of a restless intractable character will j be less turbulent, less noisy than are at pre- ; sent those of a good-natured character. What j means will be employed to pacify them? j Will the nature of these little creatures he ! changed? No; but diversions and amuse- meats will he procured for them by placing i them in the company of children of sympa- j thetic characters. The most noisy will cease ! their cries, when they are placed with a j dozen other little creatures as intractable as \ themselres. They will silence each other by j their screams, something like those bragado- \ cios who become perfectly mild and abandon j their overhearing conduct, when they are in j the company of their equals. ' ; Other diversions which may be necessary ; will soon he discovered by the Nurses. We will here merely lay down in principle the i necessity of uniting children of sympathetic ' character. The most screaming and intract- : able will become manageable by being classed ! with their fellows, and will quiet each other S not by threats or punishments, but by the ' effect” of that corporate impression, which j softens down the most turbulent being, when ! he is broushi into contact with persons like j himself This effect, neither the father nor > the mother can produce: the child harasses i them, and harasses itself. ! In concluding these preliminary remarks, ; let us lay it down as a principle, that Man is j a b eing made for Harmony and for all hinds j of Association: God has given to every age, t inclinations adapted to the means and re- j sources of Association. These resources are j wanting in civilized Society: both the Child j and the grown Person are deprived of them; t end as the child, deprived of speech, cannot i explain its wants, it, of all ages, suffers the most by the absence of the Serial organization. Infancy being less provided with reason than mature Age, insists more strongly upon the satisfaction of its instincts—for the gratifica¬ tion of which no means now exist. It pro¬ tests by its cries against its subjection to a system’ contrary to Nature—cries which are annoying to the Parent, and hurtful to the Child. The education of Association in satis¬ fying fully the infant, will relieve the parent, and render two beings contented who are now discontented. Thus, even in early infancy, we find the pernicious action of our false sys¬ tem of Society; it engenders double Evil in¬ stead of the double Good, which Nature de¬ signed for us. EDUCATION- OF THE SECOND ORDER OF CHILDREN, FROII THE AGE OF TWO TO THREE YEARS, _We now arrive at the period, when the initiation of the child into Industry, or the awakening in it of a taste for industrial occu¬ pations, commences. Unless the development of industrial Tastes or Instincts be early com¬ menced, the whole system of Education will be a failure. As soon as the child can walk and run about, it will pass from the first Class of chil¬ dren, whom we will cal! the Learners, to the Class next in age. If the child has been brought up from its birth in the nurseries of an Association, and has enjoyed all the ad¬ vantages of its superior methods, it will be strong enough at the age of two years to join thechildrenof this class. As soon as the child enters the class of Learners, it is confided to the care of Indus¬ trial Teachers, who have the instruction of this age. They will take the child through all the workshops of the Association, and to all industrial assemblages of children; and as it will find little tools and little workshops placed alongside the large ones, where chil¬ dren at the age of three years are taught to perform some trifling branch of work, it will wish to mingle with them in their occupa¬ tions, and handle the tools; it will be easy, in consequence, to discover at the end of'a couple of weeks, which are the workshops that attract it the most, and for what branches of Industry it shows a taste. _ As the branches of Industry of an Associa¬ tion will be extremely varied, it is impossible that the child, surrounded by them, should not find the means of satisfying several of its predominant instincts; they will he awaken¬ ed by the sight of little tools, handled by children a few months older than them¬ selves. In the opinion of most parents and teachers, children are “lazy little creatures:” nothing is more false; children from two to three years of age are very active, but we must know the means and methods which Nature employs to attract them to Industry. EDUCATION. The predominant tastes or characteristics m all children, are: ' 1st. Propensity to pry into everything, to meddle with and handle whatever they see, and to vary continually their occupations. 2d. Taste for noisy occupations. 3d. Propensity to imitation. 4th. Love of little tools and workshops. 5th. Progressive influence of the older upon the younger children. There are many others, hut we will men¬ tion these five first, which are well known at present. Let us examine the application to be made of them to direct the child in its early age to Industry. The industrial Tutors will first avail them¬ selves of the propensity of the child to pry into everything, a propensity which is so strong at the age of two years. It wishes to enter everywhere, handle everything and meddle with whatever it sees. This instinct m the child is a natural incentive to Industry. To awaken in it a taste for its occupations, it will he taken to the little workshops, where it will see children three years old capable of handling little hammers and other tools. Its propensity for imitation will be aroused, which it will wish to satisfy; some little tools will be given to it, but it will desire to take part with the children a little older than itself, who know how to work, and who in conse¬ quence will refuse to receive it. The child will persevere, if it has a decided inclination or instinct for the branch of Indus¬ try. As soon as the Tutor perceives this, he ; will teach it some little detail connected with j the work, and it will soon succeed in making itself useful in some trifle, which will serve j as an introduction. I In all branches some trifling details will be j left for childhood as a means of initiation into j Industry. For the child two years old these occupations must be very easy of execution, but in performing them, it will believe that it has done something of consequence, and that | it is almost the equal of children some months older than itself, who are already members of Groups, and who wear their little ornaments and uniforms, which inspire with profound re¬ spect the young beginner. The child of this age will find consequently in the little workshops of an Association en¬ ticing occupations, which are nowhere pre¬ sented to it at present, and which will deve- lope its tastes or instincts for Industry. These instincts now cither lie dormant or are en¬ tirely smothered. MEANS OF DEVELOPING VOCATIONS, OE A TASTE FOR INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS. 1st. Charm of little workshops and little tools, graduated in size to suit the different ages. 2d. Charm of ornaments and uniforms: a feather at present often suffices to bewitch the country lad, and induce him to enlist; what then will be the power of handsome or¬ naments and uniforms upon the child in in¬ ducing it to take a part in gay and happy Groups with its equals ? 3d. Privilege of appearing on parade, and of using tools: we know how much such pri¬ vileges stimulate children. 4th. Gaiety and animation, which always accompany assemblages of children, when they are engaged in Occupations which are pleasing and attractive. oth. Propensity to imitation, or inclination to follow the example of children a little older than themselves, which is so strong in the young age, and which acquires a ten-fold I intensity when their emulation is excited by ; the exploits of Groups of children a little I older than themselves. 6th. Full liberty in the choice of occupations and in the duration of the same. 7th. Parcelled exercise, or the advantage of choosing in each branch of Industry the detail which pleases. Slh. Attractive effect of large assemblages, and influence of a regular gradation in uni¬ forms, tools, etc., adapted to merit and ages, which is the only system that charms the child and can call forth dexterity in Industry and application in Study. 9th. Emulation between children of the same class or age, between Groups of a same class or Series, and between divisions of a Group. 10th. Periodical chances of promotion to classes higher in age. lltli. Admiration for works which appear prodigies in their eyes, and which are per¬ formed by groups of older children—the only beings whom the younger ones choose as models. The combination of these incentives will develope in the child in less than a month three or four of its primary tastes or inclina¬ tions, which with lime will call out others: inclinations for more difficult branches will be awakened later. Of all the means of awakening a taste in the child for Industry, the one least known and most perverted at present, is that which we will term the Spirit of ascending Imita¬ tion, or the tendency of the child to imitate , tliose a little older than itself, to pay defer- ; ence to their views and decisions, and to con¬ sider it an honor to be associated with them in their occupations and amusements. This Spirit of ascending Imitation is per¬ nicious in its operation at present, because the amusements of a band of children left free, are dangerous or useless; they play games in which they run the risk of maiming them¬ selves, acquire bad habits and learn vulgarity of language and manners. In Association, with the incentives we have just enumerated, these same children would be led to devote themselves actively to acquiring industrial knowledge and skill. The ignorance of the true application of ascending Imitation shows the great defect of all our present methods of education. The child has no taste for the lessons oi instructions of the father, or a teacher undei _as; the child wishes to command and 3t to obey the parent The leaders whom it chorees from passion, are always somewhat older than itself; for example: At IS months, it admires the child of two years, and chorees it as its snide. At 2 years, it chooses the child of thirty months. At 3 years, the child of font At S years, the child of ten. At 12 years, the child of fifteen. This ascending deference will be greatly increased m strength, if the child sees chil¬ dren a little older than itself members of Groups, and enjoying a merited respect for their progress in Industry and Studies. The natural instructors of children of each age are, consequently, those a little superior in age. But as children are, for want of pro¬ per occupation to satisfy their love of inces- > sant activity, more or less inclined at present j to mischief, and entice each other into it, it is ! impossible to establish amontr them a grada- i tion or ascending order of useful impulses and I make each age the guide of the next younger; ; this can only take place in the Series, out of 1 which any approximation to a system of na- 5 tural education is impossible. ; This natural system of education will be t tme of the wonders which will he admired in 1 the first Association. The different Orders or < Ages of childhood and ycuth will direct and | educate each other, as Nature wishes, by the j influence of ascending imitation, which can j only lead to the good of the whole; for if the \ highest order or age, (from fifteen and a half 5 to twenty,) take a proper direction in indus- > try, in studies and morals, it will influence t and direct rightly the next younger age, (from twelve to fifteen and a half,) to which it will serve as a model. The same influence will be exercised by children of twelve upon chil¬ dren of nine; "by children of nine upon chil¬ dren of six; and thus in a descending order upon children of four, three and two yearn of age. The different ages, directed by the spirit of ascending imitation, will, although left to their full liberty, vie with each other in excellence and activity in Industry and so¬ cial Harmonies. On beholding this prodigy', it will no longer be doubted that the moral or passional powers in man, developed in Se¬ ries, are the agents of the Divinity, directing nim to his greatest good. The function of industrial Tutor is of high importance, because it acts upon a decisive epoch in the education of the younger age; if the child succeeds well in the commence¬ ment of its industrial education, it will be a guaranty of success for the entire career of its childhood. Once initiated into a few branches of Industry, it soon will be into a large num¬ ber, and at the age of fifteen it will be ac¬ quainted with the various branches of agri¬ culture, manufactures, arts and sciences, with which its own and the neighboring Associa¬ tions are engaged. Let us examine how this result will be effected. A child, were it the son of a man of the largest fortune, may at the age of three years exhibit a taste for" cabinet-making or "shoe¬ making, and wish to visit the workshops of the cabinet-makers or shoe-makers, whose pursuits will be in Association as respectable as any other. If it be prevented from visiting their workshops—if its inclination for shoe¬ making, for example, be thwarted, under the pretext that it is an occupation wanting in intellectual elevation, it will take a dislike for other branches of Industry, and will feel no interest in those studies and occupations which its parents wish it to pursue. But if it be left to commence as attraction directs— that is by shoemaking—it will easily be in¬ duced to acquire a knowledge of tanning, then of chemistry, so far as relates to the various preparations of leather, and then of agricul¬ ture, so far as pasturage and breeding of cattle have an influence upon the quality of skins. Thus the child bv degrees will be initiated into all branches of Industry, a result of its primitive inclination for shoemaking. It is of bnt little consequence how it commences, provided it acquires in the course of its youth a general knowledge of the various branches of Industry of its Association, and that it con¬ ceives a lively affection for all the Series from which it has received instruction. In the development of capacities, the same system will be applied to the third Order of children—whom we will call the Initiated — as to the second Order, the Learners, for there are a great many branches of Industry en¬ tirely out of the reach of a child of three years; and for which its tastes cannot be tested. There are branches of work which it cannot undertake before the age of ten, others before the age of fifteen. After the age of five or six, emulation alone will be sufficient to guide the child; but up to that time, means of artificial development must be employed. One means will be the em¬ ployment of all those playthings which are now useless, such as little wagons, wooden horses, etc.—playthings which Association will make use of to initiate children of three and four years into Industry. An example will explain this. George and Raymond, who are neaiiy three years old, are impatient to be admitted" to the "class next above them in age—to the class of the Initiated, who wear handsome dresses, caps and plumes, and who have a place at parades, but without taking an active part. To be admitted to this corporation, they must give proofs of skill and dexterity in various branches of Industry, and to attain this end they apply themselves diligently. These two children are too young to take a part in gar¬ dening. However on a fine morning a Tutor takes them to the gardens, where a numerous SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. assemblage of children, four, five and six years old, have just made a collection of vegetables, which they are loading upon little wagons, drawn, perhaps, by dogs properly trained. In this assemblage are two friends of George and Raymond, who have been recently ad¬ mitted among this class of children. George and Raymond desire to take part with these groups: this is refused them, and they are told that they cannot make them¬ selves useful. As a proof, to one a dog is given to harness, and to the other some ra¬ dishes to do up in a bunch; they cannot suc¬ ceed in performing the task allotted to them, and the older children reject them without pity—for children are very strict with each j other as to the manner of performing work. George and Raymond seek in their disap¬ pointment their tutor, who promises them that in three days they shall be admitted, if they will take lessons in harnessing and doing up vegetables. They afterwards see the train j of elegant little wagons depart: the groups of children put on their belts aud plumes, and forming in a column around the standard, fol- \ low to the music of their little bands. George and Raymond, rejected by this bril¬ liant assemblage, return with tears in their eyes to the Association, in company with their tutor. Arrived there, he takes them to the rooms where the playthings are kept; he gives them a wooden dog and teaches them 1 to harness it to a little wagon; he afterwards J brings them a basket of radishes and onions, made of pasteboard, and teaches them how ! to put them up in bunches; he then proposes i to them to take another lesson the following day. He stimulates them to avenge the af¬ front they have received, and holds out to them the'hope of being soon admitted to the groups which rejected them. The tutor af¬ terwards takes them to some other assem¬ blage of children, and intrusts them to the care of a second tutor, after having finished his two hours’ instruction. The next day , the two boys will wish to see the tutor again, and repeat with him the lesson of the previous day. After three or four lessons of the kind, he will take them to the groups employed in collecting the smaller kinds of vegetables, in which they will know how to make themselves useful, hnd by which they will be received as candidates for admis¬ sion. On return at eight o’clock, the signal honor of being invited to breakfast with the group, will be conferred upon them. Thus the company of older children will direct rightly two younger ones, who in civi¬ lized Society would be led by them to commit all kinds of mischief. We here see an example of the useful ap¬ plication of playthings in Association. Give a child at present a little wagon or drum, and it will be broken to pieces the same day, or if not, it will in no case be of any utility. The Association will always be supplied with these playthings, but they will be used only for pur¬ poses of instruction, and as a means of ini¬ tiating the child into Industry. If it be ji.r- mitted to have a drum, it will be to enable it to obtain admission to a band of young musi¬ cians. Playthings for girls, such as dolls, etc# will be in other ways of as much use as little wagons and drums. Critics will probably remark, that the work done by the dozen little cars, could be more economically performed with one large wagon. It doubtlessly could; but for a trifling eco¬ nomy of the kind, the advantage of an early familiarity with agricultural occupations, such as harnessing, loading and driving little wa¬ gons, would be lost, besides the more impor¬ tant advantage of exciting an interest in the child for the various branches of cultivation in which it takes a part by the performance of these little details: this interest will be ex¬ tended by degrees to Agriculture in general. It would be a misplaced Economty to neglect such means of developing capacities, and ex¬ citing an attraction for Industry. Association can alone offer to children in all branches of Industry an assortment of implements and instruments, such as little wagons, little spades and saws, graduated in size to suit all ages. This adaptation of the size of tools to the strength of the child, charms the younger age, and it will be parti¬ cularly bv these means that the propensity to imitation, which is so strong in children, can be made use of to the greatest advantage. It ' is hardly necessary to remark, that edged tools of no kind, will be entrusted to the three first orders of childhood. Various little privileges will be conferred upon the different Orders of children, and a variety of grades or ranks will exist in their industrial Groups. The desire of obtaining these distinctions as well as of beiug admitted to the privileges of the higher Orders, will be a powerful stimulus to children. The young age being but little taken up by pecuniary considerations and not at all by love, will be alone occupied with objects like the above. Every child will be impatient to rise from grade to grade and from age to age, and would anticipate the period of promotion, if it were not restrained by strict examinations. Each Order of children leaves the candidate for admission to it the choice of the branches of Industry in which it wishes to be exa¬ mined, for it is of but little consequence what groups it joins. The child has only to give proofs of capacity in a certain number of groups, which, in receiving it as a member, certify as to its skill and acquirements. The testimonials or a group are based upon prac¬ tical examinations, and no favor can obtain them, as the child must execute with skill the branches of work in which it is exa¬ mined. When children of the class of the Initiated wish to obtain admission to the class of chil¬ dren next above them, they will have to go through an examination by the class they wish to enter in regard to industrial Skill, corporeal Dexterity and mental Acquire^ 1st, They must possess testimonials of being 70 ST5TESI 0? EDUCATION'. Skilful in five groups, and Learners in seven others. * 2d. Undergo an examination in the per¬ formance of several industrial functions, such as the use of tools, driving and managing little wagons, performance of a part in the little bands of music, and lighting and covering fire with intelligence and dexterity. (There are various reasons for the performance of this last function.) 3d. Give proofs of corporal dexterity, by going through evolutions and exercises of dif¬ ferent parts of the body. 4th. Be examined on a scientific problem, like that of Economy of 'Means, which is a primary principle in Mature, and most intelli¬ gible to children of this age. We have avoided all arbitrary dictation as to the sentiments and opinions to be deve¬ loped in early age. We shall not incur the risk of falling into the contradictory views and theories now entertained. To ascertain a true system of Education, we have a sure guide to consult, which is Attraction. Where does Attraction (the sum or synthe¬ sis of the desire in man,) tend ? 1st To Riches. 2d. To Social Affections. 3d. To Uxitt. It is upon thee general impulses that a true system of Education should be based. Our present systems wish first to teach the child the science and principles of abstract virtue, which it cannot comprehend; whereas, following the primary and earliet tendency of Attraction, the child should he first directed to Compound Riches —that is: To corporeal Dexterity and Health—which are the source of Internal Riche. To productive Industry—which is the source of External Riches. What connexion now exists between Health and onr schools, in which the child, impri¬ soned and suffering constraint, is tormented over the rudiments of grammar or latin? Its mind is harassed and its bodv stunted. Our systems of Education are consequently opposed to Mature, for they violate the pri¬ mary requirements of Attraction, which tend to Compound Riches. Such will be the two ends of the early Education of Association. It will first initiate the child into and induce it to exercise various branches of Industry, develope methodically different parts of the body, render itself useful in various branches of work, and enable it to obtain by the exercise of this variety of occu¬ pations, possession of the two Riches— Inte¬ gral Health and Industrial Skill. The child five years old must have fully attained these two aids. Up to the age of nine years the education of the child will be more industrial and cor¬ poreal, and after nine, more moral and intel¬ lectual In early age the first object is to secure the complete action of the corporeal functions, and simultaneous development of all the organs i We have given an example of the means | of interesting children in the occupations of S Industry; we will give another of the means | of interesting them in Studies. There is j hardly any fancy more general in parents than that of having forward children; hence j our modem systems of education endeavor to { initiate the child into scientific subtilities, to teach it things at the age of six which it should not commence before the age of 1 twelve. | Association will follow the natural order | of things, which is to perfect the body before | it educates the mind. We see that nature ( produces the blossom before the fruit. Asso- ! ciation will follow this progressive method in | education, and will make use of characters as I they are, without aiming at precocity. | Compound precocity, however, will bo one i of its results; but to obtain it, children must | be induced from their early age to take a part I in Industry, which in the present system pos- \ sesses no attraction. i Studies should follow second in order, and ; a curiositv awakened by industrial occupa- ) tions should lead to them. In childhood, | study must always be connected with Indus- | try, and the practical occupations of the latter 1 must awaken in it a desire for the acquisition \ of knowledge. ! Edmund, for example, who is six years i old, has a passion for doves and violets, and < takes an active part in the groups which are j occupied with them. I To induce Edmund to attend the schools, ! resort will not he had to paternal authority J or to the fear of punishment; the hope even | of rewards should not be held out. Edmund | and children of his age, must he induced to < solicit instruction. How can this result be I effected ? By exciting their curiosity and pro- \ during an impression upon the senses, which are the natural guides of the child. The Tutor, who presides over the group of children occupied with the care of doves, and aids them with his advice, brings with him to their meetings a large hook containing co¬ lored engravings of all the various species of doves, among which are those of their Asso¬ ciation. Colored engravings are the delight of chil¬ dren five and six years old,—they examine them with eager curiosity. Under these “ pretty pictures,” is a short description of the birds; two or three are explained to the children; they wish to hear the others read, hut the Tutor informs them that he has not time to comply with their wishes. It is understood by others to whom they may apply, that they will not explain to them what they wish to know; the instruc¬ tion which they solicit is adroitly refused them, and they are told if they wish to know so many things, they have only to leam how to read ; some children are pointed out not older than themselves, who, possessing this knowledge, are admitted to the library of the younger age. The Tutor then takes away the hook con- SYSTEM OF INTERNAL GOVERNMENT. tabling the “ pretty pictures,” which is wanted jt the schools. The same means are used with the children cultivating violets; their curiosity is excited without being fully sa¬ tisfied. Edmund is piqued at the disappointment which he has met with in the groups, and wishes to learn how to read in order to gain admittance to the library, and see the large books which contain so many beautiful pic¬ tures. Edmund communicates his project to his companion Henry, and they together form the noble plot of learning how to read. This desire once awakened and manifested, they will be aided in satisfying it; but in Associa¬ tion means must be devised to induce them to solicit instruction. Their progress will be a great deal more rapid, when study is the ! effect of attraction. j We 'have here put in play one of the pre¬ dominant tastes of children—the love of co¬ lored engravings, representing objects in which j they take an interest, because they are con- J nected with their industrial pursuits. _ j This means will be sufficient to awaken in J the child a desire of learning to read. If we analyze it, we shall find four incentives—two i material and two mental—connected with it. ; 1. Material: Impatience of knowing the explanation of so many pretty pictures. \ 2. Material: The relation between these J engravings and the animals and vegetables i with which the child, from passion, is occu- j pied. < 3. Mental: The desire of admission to the •lass of children six years old, who would not receive him if he did not know how to 4. Mental: The irony of the more forward children of his own age, who, knowing how to read, ridicule him for being backward. Let these four-fold means of Attraction be applied, and the progress of the child will be as rapid as it will be slow and doubtful if re¬ course be had to present measures—to the commands of the father or a tutor, or to me¬ naces and punishments. The same system should be applied to all branches of studies, such as writing, gram¬ mar, etc. A double inducement, like con¬ certed refusals and innocent stratagems, which awaken emulation, will always be resorted to. It is only for those branches of studies, which are connected with the industrial oc¬ cupations of the child, that this compound interest can be awakened. The child, conse¬ quently, should commence its education by the ; practical pursuits of Industry. How defec¬ tive and partial are our present methods, which endeavor to make of the child a geo¬ metrician or a chemist, before interesting it in occupations which can awaken in it the desire of acquiring a knowledge of Chemistry and Mathematics, and of combining those theories with its industrial pursuits. It is, consequently, in Agriculture, Manufactures and the care of Animals, that the education of the child should commence; it enters the schools only to complete the introductory knowledge, which it has acquired in the in¬ dustrial groups to which it belongs. (Fourier has continued the subject of Edu¬ cation through the different orders of childhood and youth to the age of twenty; he has de¬ voted nearly two hundred large octavo pages in his principal work to the subject; and has treated it in the most complete and integral manner, combining the greatest minuteness of detail with the highest and most universal views. The power of grasping the infinitely great and the infinitely small, is a striking characteristic of his genius. The condensed extract which we have presented, of the edu¬ cation of children up to the age of five years, gives but an imperfect idea of the complete¬ ness of the system which Fourier has elabo¬ rated, but sufficient, we trust, to show its immense superiority over all methods of in¬ struction at present employed.) SYSTEM OF INTERNAL GOVERN¬ MENT IN ASSOCIATION. There can be in Association no individual control, dictation or tyranny. With the uni¬ versal intelligence and independence which will exist in the Combined Order, Govern¬ ment-social, civil and religious—must be the result of the collective Will, expressed by vote, and as it concerns all alike, it must be administered alike for the interests of all.* * We cannot enter into a scientific explanation of the Government of the Combined Order, for to do so, it would he necessary to explain tire true function of Government, which is a question of an intricate anil profound character: we will state, hnwcverj in general terms that it is the securing a full and harmonious Development and right direction ■s (the ments) in the in the converse of the lit and subversive Societies, and that this is directly of Government in false general repression and'subjection of the human pas¬ sions and sentiments. We have an illustration of the nature of the function of true Government in the Clergy, whose office it is to deveiope, cultivate and exalt the Religious Sentiment. In the Combined. Order there will be Officers whose functions iu re¬ gard to the other radical spiritual elements in man which there that of the Clergy in regard to the Religious Senti¬ ment. Every radical Passion, as well as the Pivotal one of Religion, will have its Institution and its Officers, and the object of all will he a complete moral, intellectual and physical development ot Hu¬ manity. In the subversive ——‘‘ •'.-' J of social discord and incoherence, called the “ Curse,” which prevails during the in- fancy or early ages of Humanity, and which is a lime of social weakness and ignorance, the passions are in a general state of false action and disorder: they have then necessarily to be repressed, subdued and controlled, and to do this is the function of Go¬ vernment. Tile religious sentiment being the high¬ est, and the tie of Unity between God and Humanity, has commanded respect, maintained its position, and performed to a great extent, although not fully, its true function, for it has had to take a part in the general work of repression and subjection. The function of Government in a false social order being mainly the repression and subjection of mis- STSIEH OF ETERNAL GOVERNMENT. The industrial and business affairs of an Association will be confided to Councils elect¬ ed annually by the members. There •null be a Council at the head of each department of general interests, composed of members best qualified to fill the various departments. The Council first in rank and importance, which we will superficially describe, will be the Council of Ixdustey. This Council will s upervi se the Industrial Interests of the As¬ sociation. It will consist of those persons who possess the most knowledge, skill and experience in the various branches of Indus¬ try, and in the Arts and Sciences. As in As¬ sociation Women will take an active part in various industrial pursuits, they will neces¬ sarily form a part of the Supreme Council of Industry. The function of the Council of Industry will not be mandatory but advisory in its cha¬ racter. It will not direct and order what shall be done, but counsel and advise with the Groups and Series as regards the direction of affairs. Composed of the heads of the Se- s ties, and the members most distinguished for t their practical and scientific attainments, the j suggestions and advice of this Council will > always be received with deference by the va- rious'Groups engaged in Industry, blit its opi- \ niou will not be binding or obligatory. For j example, the Council of Industry may, from \ various observations, inform a Series engaged j in growing grain, that such or such a time is the best for reaping; the Series will receive i with deference this advice, but it will not be i obliged to follow it, for as the responsibility j of success and the direct interest rest with j each Series, it must, of course, have the power < to consult its own wishes iu regard to its own \ branch of Industry, but as the general inte¬ rests of the Council and the Series are iden- i deal, and as Science and true Principles will s always govern the enlightened Producers of j Association, the Series will seldom differ in i opinion with the Council, and never to the ! sacrifice of important interests. i This example shows how the intelligence ; and knowledge of the Council of Industry \ will he brought to bear upon every industrial pursuit, and confer advice that will be inva¬ luable, without being dictatorial, or interfering with and superseding individual opinion and j action. Thus the workmen of every Series j in an Association will have at all times the directed and misdeveloped human Passions, it must i have Officers whose junctions shall correspond to this work. This explains the existence of the Exe- < eadoner, of the Jailor, the Sheriff, the Gens-d’annes, ; tie Bailiff, the Police-man, the Judge, and other ! Officers of Conrts, together with Legislators who ! enact criminal codes, and the Heads of Government S who supervise their execution. s The present system of Government offers us in its 5 general character a reversed image of the true sys- j tem of Government, and can he studied to advantage j We have tonctSTupon this snbject to show that j the question of Government in Association is solved \ by the social sdaice discovered hy Fourier, and that j if is based in Association upon scientific and natural j J advantage of the advice and counsel of a body of experienced men, without being subject to arbitrary control or dictation. There are general interests, however, con¬ fided to the Council of Industry, in which it will have supreme control. With a complete knowledge of the qualities and capacities of the soil of the Domain, by chemical analysis and other means, it will appropriate it to dif¬ ferent uses according to its character, and the general scenic harmony to be maintained in its distribution; it will point out, for example, where fruit-orchards and vineyards, meadows and woodlands, vegetable and flower gardens shall be located; where walls and hedges shall be placed, and the principal brandies of Industry' which shall be prosecuted; it will ascertain the value and importance of all new inventions in the mechanical arts, in machi¬ nery' and implements, new discoveries in agri¬ culture and improvements of all kinds, and introduce them accordingly, and will take measures to procure the best races of animals and the finest varieties of fruits, grains, vege¬ tables, flowers, shrubbery, etc. Iu manufactures the same general supervi¬ sion would be exercised by the Council of Industry. It will be, so to sav, the Industrial College of the Association, and will shed the light of its science and its array of talent over all the industrial affairs of the community; and at all times the Groups and Series will find it an intelligent and faithful guide to aid and direct them in their pursuits. As the Council of Industry governs and su¬ pervises the Domain and the Industrial affairs of the Association, other Councils will govern and regulate other Departments, and nowhere will individual Authority be exercised, or offi¬ cial power be oppressive. A Couxcn, of Internal Arrangements would have the management of the internal affairs of the Association, such as letting the apartments, attending to the daily supplies of provisions, etc. A Council of Arbiters, who will settle by arbitration all difficulties and differences that may arise between individuals of the Association, and judge all misdemeanors. When Association becomes general, and the system is fully carried out, this Council will be done away with, and any infraction of the laws of social Hannonv will be judged by the Corporation or Series having the maintenance of those laws. We will cite merely one ex¬ ample-cruelty towards animals, which would come before and be judged by the tribunal of the Sacred Legion. Until Association is fully established the Civil Law of the land will remain in force. A Commercial Council will effect the sales and purchases of the Association, keep the Books or Accounts, and have charge of the Treasury. The members of this Council would be required to give security for the faithful performance of their trusts and the safety of the funds confided to their care. These Councils will be elected au..ually by the members oi the Association. 1 MEANS OF SPREADING ASSOCIATION AND RENDERING IT UNIVERSAL. GENERAL GOVERNMENT. Tiie General Government of the Combined Order will, like the Internal Government of single Associations, be Representative, and will embrace and supervise all social interests and departments of human activity. There will be State, National and higher Legislative Bodies, of which the system of Government of the United States, with its State and Na¬ tional legislatures, gives a general idea. These Legislative Bodies will be grand Coun¬ cils of Industry, Art and Science, and their mission will be to develope the resources of Nations, to supervise national improvements, and to encourage and perfect Agriculture, Manufactures, and the Arts and Sciences, for which now almost nothing is done by govern¬ ment, with the exception of a few partial and indirect attempts to encourage Manufactures. The energies of Government throughout the world are at present miserably paralyzed by party spirit, and wasted in parly intrigues; the political power is unfortunately too much in the hands of selfish cliques and parties, and too much the servant of Trade, Capital, Pri¬ vilege and exclusive interests. In the Go¬ vernment of the Combined Order there will be Unity of purpose, and the intelligence and energy centered in it will be directed to the encouragemeut and development of Universal MEANS OF SPREADING ASSOCIATION AND RENDERING IT UNIVERSAL. The idea of effecting a reform in the pre¬ sent organization of Society and of establish¬ ing a new Social Order in its place, appears at first sight so vast and stupendous an under¬ taking, that it is deemed impracticable, and beyond the means and power of Man. An examination of the subject, however, will sa¬ tisfy the most incredulous and prejudiced minds that it is neither wild nor impractica¬ ble, but, on the contrary, that it is feasible and easy, and that Association offers us the means of effecting peaceably and in the inte¬ rest of all classes, a complete transformation in the social condition of the world. The whole question of effecting a Social Reform may he reduced to the establishment of one Association, which will serve as a mo¬ del for, and induce the rapid establishment of others. If one Association be established, and if is of little consequence where, which will i 10 1 prove practically to the world the immense advantages of the system, its vast economies, j its safe and profitable investment of Capital, ! and the prosperity, health and happiness which it will secure to mankind, it will spread | with a rapidity which the most sanguine j cannot anticipate. j It will be with Association as with all those j great practical improvements, which are f adopted at once and by general consent and approbation, when the immense benefits which they confer are demonstrated by ex¬ periment. The Steamboat offers among a thousand others a striking illustration of this. It was only necessary for Fulton to build one steamboat, and to prove to the world by one practical experiment the great advantages of steam navigation, and soon the rivers, the lakes and even the oceans of the world began to be covered with them. It will only be ne¬ cessary to establish one Association, and de¬ monstrate by one successful experiment the immense advantages which the system offers, and the same results will follow, except that Association will spread with infinitely more rapidity than the steamboat, because it affects directly all the interests and the happiness of mankind. An Association of eighteen hundred persons is the primary and simplest element of the social Organization which we advocate, and is to the Combined Order what the Township is to the present Social Order. What is a Township ? It is the smallest element, germ or political compact of the | State. In what does it consist, and what is | its organization? It consists in a tract of | land, varying considerably in size, but which may be estimated upon an average at about | six miles square, and upon which reside a i greater or less number of isolated families, living in separate houses, on separate farms, and with interests separate and distinct from | each other; it has its civil or political organi¬ zation, and is an independent little body poli¬ tic in the larger one of the State or Nation. The Township is nearly the same in all civi¬ lized countries: in England it is called the Parish; in France the Commune; in Ger¬ many the Dorf; in Italy the Paese; and in some parts of the United States the Hun¬ dred, but generally the Township. A State or Nation, however large, is hut a repetition of Townships, as a City is but a repetition of Houses. The United States, for example, is composed of States, the States of Counties, and the Counties of Townships; thus the United States is but a repetition of ) Townships. And as a City built of badly j constructed houses, is a mass of architectural deformity and disorder, so a State or Nation composed of falsely organized Townships, is a mass of social and political discord and in- | coherence. Now if we can, with a know- j ledge of true architectural principles, build | one house rightly, conveniently and elegantly, f we can, by taking it for a model and building | others like it, make a perfect and beautiful ) city: in the same manner, if we can, with a COMBINED knowledge of true social principles, organize i one township rightly, we can, by oiganizing others like it, and by spreading and rendering them universal, establish a true Social and Political Order in the place of the old and it the defective organization of the township that we’tnnst seek for the causes of existing social Evils and Disorder—of repug¬ nant industry, of complication and waste, of conflicts of the individual with the collective < interest, of false and envious competition, of a \ had application of later and talent, and of S poverty, destitution and snfferiug. These de- | fecis, evils and disorders being common to all < the townships of a state or nation, the result ! is universal social evil and disorder. ; An Association such as we propose, is no- j thing more nor less than a rightly organized ; township; it wi'il require a tract of land about 1 three miles square, on which about eighteen j hundred persons or three hundred families j will reside; and instead of living separately < in isolated dwellings, they will live unitedly ; in one coble edifice; there will be economy S and order, there wul be up.uv of interests, ■ concert of action, a judicious application of i labor, capital and skill, and general ease, in- j telligence and affluence. If we can substitute j peaceably and gradually Associations, or right- ; iy organized townships, in the place of the ! present Jalsay and aefeetivehj organized ; townships, we can effect quietly and easily, \ without commotion or violence, and to the ! advantage of all classes, a social transforma- < don and a mighty reform. ! By means of Association, we shall he able : to establish order, prosperity and harmony of interests and action in the primary ele- 5 ment—that is, in the foundation of society, and these characteristics being common to ; all Associations or reformed townships com- i posing the state or nation, the result will j be universal order, prosperity and social har- ! It is evident then, that the whole question j of a universal Social Reform and the esta- j blishment of a true Social Order upon the f earth, resolves itself into the right organiza- j lion of one single township. If this organi- i zatioa is known (and we declare that Fourier has discovered it), it is clear that there will J he no difficulty in reforming the present sys- \ tem of Society and establishing a true one in ! its place. " \ In concluding, let us point out briefly the ! process which will he followed in spreading j Associations and rendering them universal, j A body of men, inspired by the great idea of a socid reform, will unite,’ who will found a j first and model Association; when the world j see the incalculable advantages, which unity j of interests, truth in practice, attractive In- j dustry and a complete system of economies j secure to them, it will begin to imitate the j movement of the pilot hand; a second, a l third, a fourth, a fifth Association will be j founded, until a district of country is covered; \ we shall then see a large tract of country 1 spread over with Associations, instead of in¬ coherently organized townships. If a district can be covered with Associa¬ tions, it is certain that by spreading them, a State or Nation can be covered; and if a Na¬ tion can be covered, a Continent can he co¬ vered; nnd if a Continent, the whole Globe. The work of a universal social Reform, whi-li now appears gigantic and impracticable, will in reality be simple and easy, ami require but a commencement upon a small scale—one single Association, which will exhibit the truth in practice and convince the world by- ocular demonstration. CITIES IN THE COMBINED ORDER, j AVe have shown that Unix— 1 is contemplated by its advocates, and that the j reform which will lead to it can be effected peacefully and gradually, it any class or any interest in societv. j nc universal establishment of this new Social ! Order, renders it necessnrv tl: be provided for: the doctrine of Association would be incomplete and in not provide for universal anu collective ar¬ rangements in Society, as well as for the de¬ tails and minute arrangements of a single Association. Cities are necessary parts 01 me social machine, and we will briefly glance at thc-ir construction and arrangement in the Combined Order, for they must differ mate¬ rially and widely from Cities of the present social order. The contrast between the Cities of the Combined Order and the Cities of existing society, will be as striking and as brilliant as the contrast between the comforts and splen¬ dours of an Association or combined house¬ hold, and the inconveniences, monotony and dulness of the single or isolated household. AVhat is the general character of a City in civilized Society ? and what will it be in the Combined Order? A brief answer to these questions may convey to the reader an idea of the difference between them. A City at present is a heterogeneous mass cf small and separate houses of all sizes, shapes, colors, styles and materials, which j are crowded together without regard to ar¬ chitectural unity or design, convenience or elegance; it is cut up with irregular and nar¬ row streets, dark lanes, confined courts, and cramped yards and alleys: it has its dirly and muddy streets, that annoy the inhabi¬ tants; its filthy gutters that fill the atmo¬ sphere with noxious exhalations which arc injurious to health, and presents a scene of confusion, incoherence, waste and disorder. A City of civilized Society is a vast and crowded receptacle of human beings not con¬ nected with each other in friendly union and orderly association, but huddled together in conflicting and antagonistic aggregation. It is, for the most part, a sink of poverty, and with its isolated dwellings, the hiding placs COMMERCIAL 75 of a thousand vices and crimes. AH that our 1 civilized Cities'can boast of in regard to riches and splendor, intelligence, refinement and en- ! jovment, serves but to render the poverty, < the ignorance, the degradation and suffering, j which abound in them, more hideous and j painfully disgusting. _ _ * The cities and capitals of Association must i contrast most powerfully with those of civi¬ lized Society, and they will do so. A City in s ihe Combined Order will be a Group of mag¬ nificent Associations, disposed with order and i unity of design, surrounded by noble and ex- i tensive gardens and grounds, for the recrea¬ tion and healthy occupation of the inhahi- j tants, in which all the beauties of nature and < the perfections of art will be combined and united to charm and delight. For every twelve Associations there will he one Association which will be the Capital or i head of the twelve, corresponding in some s degree to the county town of a county. It j will be the administrative centre of the As- j sociated County, and at it will be field the J periodical exhibitions of Industry, Art and i Science, public celebrations, etc. | A District of country comprising several J Associated Counties, or about one hundred and fifty Associations, will have a larger Ca¬ pital, formed of a Group of Associations, as above described. A State composed of several Associated Districts, will have a larger Capital, formed of a Series of Associations, or of a number of single Associations arranged in Serial order. Nations and Continents will have, likewise, i their Capitals, which will be embellished and j adorned with all the resources of creative Art and Industry, and the magnificence of which can only he conceived when we consider the j wealth and power of Nations in Universal j Association, and the collective pride and inte¬ rest which they will take in all grand unitary arrangements. The science of Association teaches us the Unity of the Human Race, and that this unity requires universal unitary arrangements—po¬ litical, social and religious—corresponding to their political, social and religious Unity, with grand central Metropolises for the regulation and government of the affairs relating to these Unities. Thus the Cities of the Combined Order will be great Centres—administrative, scientific, industrial, artistic and religious- each for the region over which it presides. There, the Legislative Bodies and great Coun- t oils of Industry, Art and Science, and the great annual industrial, artistic and scientific exhibitions will be held; and there also will j he located the grand galleries of Art, the j scientific collections, the libraries, universi¬ ties, etc., upon a scale much more extensive ■ and magnificent than those of single Associa- j The Cities in the Combined Order will he j centres of collective Knowledge, which they will draw and collect in fragments from all parts of the world, and again communicate j it to every Association, each to those of the j region over which it presides, so that every new improvement, invention or discovery made of value to Mankind, may become at once universally known and available. COMMERCIAL CITIES AND COM¬ MERCE. A Commercial City in Association will, like the Capitals we have described, be composed of a Group or a Series of Associations, and when properly situated, fulfil the function of Capitals. Each Commercial City will receive the products of the different Associations of the region in which it is situated, and sell and transmit them to other parts of the world, and in turn it will receive the products of all other regions and districts, and distribute them among the Associations, of which it is the commercial centre and entrepot, as required. It will be their Factor or Commission Agent, and it will open accounts with each one upon its hooks, something as an importing or whole¬ sale house now does with country merchants; it will credit them for products received and debit them for products supplied, making an annual settlement of accounts, when balances will be paid in cash. It will have its vast warehouses, each devoted to a particular class of products or goods—to woollens, to cottons, silks, sugars, oils, spices, liquids, etc. etc.— arranged with the most perfect system.^ All trade in the Combined Order will be¬ come 'Wholesale, and will be prosecuted in the most direct and economical manner, and upon Commission, and will be under the di¬ rection of Eoards of Trade, who will be fully informed of the commercial wants of the world, and thereby be enabled to give such advice to their respective Associations as to preserve equilibrium, or proportion, between Production ami Consumption. Under these grand unitary arrangements, in which economy and practical truth will be secured by the highest collective wisdom, Commerce will perform her true function of distribution and exchange of the products of Industry, and the various evils and dis¬ orders inseparably connected with the present Commercial system, and which grow out of the uncontrolled spirit of gain and irrespon¬ sible individual action, such as overstocking markets at one time and place, and scarcity of supplies at another, frauds, adulterations, monopolies, and factitious and arbitrary prices, will all cease to exist, and ruinous fluctua¬ tions and periodical revulsions in trade, be effectually guarded against. All restrictions and prohibitions which fet¬ ter and shackle the exchange of products between Nations will be abolished in the Combined Order, and universal free trade will exist! Connected with this subject, two consider¬ ations arise, requiring a brief explanation. Free Trade, the beau ideal of one class of political economists and statesmen, will exist in the Combined Order, first, because it is just and equitable, and the true and natural law of industrial relations and intercourse; and, second, because the circumstances which now prevent its being carried out and prac¬ ticed amongst nations will in that Order be removed. Government in Association, will derive its Eevenue from direct taxation, now imprac¬ ticable, and the collection of it will be simple and easy. Every Association will pay its taxes to the General Government as a collec¬ tive body; which will be taken out of the general fund or product before a division of profits among the members is made. This will strip direct taxation of its onerous and hateful character, by releasing the individual from the assessment, and making it collective; and will render all the expensive machinery of collecting the Eevenue through Custom- Houses, Tax-gatherers, etc., Unnecessary, as dues will be paid directly into the National Treasury, without the intervention of collect¬ ing officers. Eut the great principle of Free Trade will be admissible in practice in the Combined Order, for the two following reasons 1st Every Association will prosecute ma¬ nufactures as well as agriculture, so that these two primary branches of Industry will always be combined. Thus the people’of all countries will be able to produce the great majority of the articles of consumption which they require, and exchanges will takeplacebe- twesi localities, countries and zones of those products only, which are peculiar to and are produced in the greatest perfection in each. American talent and labor, for example, can produce cloths, cottons, porcelain or cutlery, as well as French or English talent and labor; and it is the height of absurdity to transport such articles to a distance of four or five thousand miles, paying often more in trans¬ portation and profits to commercial agents than the original cost of production. 2d. Attractive Industry will establish throughout the world one uniform price for fa6or,and as a consequence one uniform price for the products of Industry. As the system of hired labor will be done awav with—as machinery and the soil will not be monopo¬ lized by the few, but will be open to all—as man will not be constrained to labor from po¬ verty and want, and as the Eisht of Labor and the choice of occupations will be secured to him, it follows that all Labor will be from the spontaneous desire of man to be active, and consequently that there will be one universal standard of value for Labor, based upon the unity of human attractions. Besides, there will be no impoverished and degraded Laboring Classes in any country, whose cheap productions, if introduced freely into other countries, where the same Classes were more prosperous and in better condition, would lower and degrade them to their own level, or break up the Industry of those coun¬ tries; there will be no necessity for prohi- bitory and protective tarifls and other com¬ mercial restrictions. Excessive production in some countries and. the prostration of Indus- try in others, will be prevented; that is to say, equilibrium will be maintained in the great work of Production, by means of At¬ tractive Industry and the equal capacities of mankind to produce. Free, or more properly named, false and anarchical Competition, is the foundation upon which Industry and Commerce are now based; and the great error is to wish to esta¬ blish universal Free Trade upon this false basis—this antagonism, conflict and disorder in industrial and commercial relations. , Thus Association will effect a great com¬ mercial reform, solve the great problems of | Free Trade and Direct Taxation, and end the political strife and antagonism which they generate—as it will all other political discords —by establishing justice, order and unity in the elementary foundations of society. It need not be feared that Commerce will be diminished in the Combined Order, by rendering manufactures universal in all na¬ tions, and making it consist of exchanges in the products of different localities, climates and zones. On the contrary, Commerce will be increased immeasurably. The poor, who now compose the vast majority of mankind, are but very limited consumers of foreign products; consequently foreign commerce's principally sustained bv the wants of a small ! minority. In Association, where all persons will possess abundance, there will not be that restricted consumption that there now is, and all will become consumers of the products of all the zones. In a Social Order which will en¬ able every individual to enjoy the comforts and delicacies of the world, a gigantic develop¬ ment will be given to commerce, and the re- 1 lations between districts, nations and conti- | nents immensely extended. PREJUDICES OF THE WORLD AGAINST ASSOCIATION. I ILmoxg the various prejudices which exist against Association, we will quote the two following from Fourier. 1st. error. Inference drawn from a small obstacle to a larger one. Since it is impossi¬ ble to associate two, three, or four families, or even ten to twelve, the conclusion has been drawn that it would be still more impossible to associate two or three hundred. The world, in this opinion, may be com¬ pared to the timid mariners, who, before Christopher Columbus, dared not advance more than six or eight hundred miles into the Atlantic, and who returned dismayed, declar¬ ing that the ocean was an endless waste, and that it was madness to venture upon it. Had some bolder navigator extended his voyage PROPOSALS FOR ORGANIZING AN ASSOCIATION. 77 twelve or fifteen hundred miles without find¬ ing America, it would have been declared that the hypothesis of a new’ Continent was with¬ out foundation. If at length a vessel, with still more temerity, had advanced westward twenty-five or thirty hundred miles, it would also have returned without success, and in that case the existence of a new Continent would have been declared a wild chimera: however, to succeed, it was only necessary to persist, push onward, and proceed a few hun¬ dred miles further. Such was the method to be followed in the study of Association. It required no other effort of genius than to persevere, go on and not be discouraged by the failure of small trials, but to continue gradually increasing them. If trials with four families failed, we should have speculated upon eight; failing with eight, wo should have speculated upon sixteen; failing with sixteen, we should have tried thirty-two; then sixty-four. Arrived at this point, success would have followed, pro¬ vided the law of the Groups and Series was discovered—which discovery is easy, when trials are made with three hundred and fifty or four hundred persons. 2d. error. The dazzling contrast between good and coil. This is an error common to Doth the Learned and the Ignorant. The Riches, Unity, and other immense results, which Association promises, disconcert the generality of Mankind, accustomed to the miseries of our civilized society. They de¬ clare that such results are chimeras; that so much happiness is not made for man; that they are illusions of Harmony, which is not possible. This contrast of a happy future with the present miserable state, has become a general obstacle to investigation, and it is the second of inexcusable inadvertencies. To appreciate its falseness, let us compare it with some other erroneous prepossession of the same kind, which experience has now dissi- For four thousand years, the world did not hope to discover a safe _ nautical guide, like the mariner’s compass ; it did not even think of searching for it, and navigators, although victims of shipwrecks, had become accustom¬ ed to consider them as an unavoidable Evil. How many among them for e want of this guide, the’ discovery of which was so easy, must have murmured against Providence! Now that we possess it, we see what dupes the Mariners of Tyre and Carthage, who were deprived of it, would have been, had they re¬ fused to believe in the possibility of such a discovery—as easy of being made then as in the twelfth century. If some Inventor had appeared among them with this inestimable guide, promising to direct vessels in the dark¬ ness of night as well as at noonday, how great would their folly have been, had they answer¬ ed, before any trial had been made, that it was impossible; that so much happiness was not made for Mariners. The present Age falls into the same puerile etTor respecting Association, declaring that it is impossible; that so much happiness was not made for Man. The scientific AVorld commits this mistake whenever speculations of use to Mankind are entered into; it aban¬ dons all search before the sage word Impossi¬ ble. _ The more an operation, the means of real¬ izing which we are ignorant of, is proved use¬ ful, the more firmly we should believe that the Creator, convinced of its utility, would have reserved measures for realizing It. This conviction would have been a powerful stim¬ ulus to investigation; but such a conviction requires an age impressed with a true hope in the Divinity, amt a profound faith in the Universality of bis Providence. And what will be the surprise of the present Age, when it sees, that Association, which it declared impossible, owing to the magnificence of its results, is precisely the order, for which God has created the kingdoms of nature, subject to our Industry, and for which above all he has made the Passions, now so rebellious against our civilized system of industrial in¬ coherence, and present social institutions. A prejudice which has at times prevented researches on Association, is the following:— families without the breaking out of discord at the end of a week, particularly among the women; what folly then to attempt to asso¬ ciate two or three hundred!" To this objection, we make the following general answer. If great Economies, Unity of interests, and Combined effort can only be realized in large Associations, and not at all in the system of isolated families, should it not lead us to infer that the Creator—two of whose attributes are Economy and Unity—has desti¬ ned man to Association, and composed his plan of Association, for a large number of per¬ sons—two or three hundred families, and not all for two or three, which from smalluess of number and inefficiency of efforts, would not raise the profits of association to a thirtieth part of what they would be in a union of from fifteen to eighteen hundred persons? Unless we believe that the Creator did not wish economy, order and unity in the social affairs of men, we must suppose that He des¬ tined us to Association, and that, if we know of no means of associating two or three fam¬ ilies, it is an indication which should lead us to conclude, as economy and reason would dictate, that He composed His plan of society for a large and not a small number. This ob¬ jection has not been made by timid theorists and opponents; they have suffered themselves to be discouraged by an apparent obstacle, which, if duly weighed, should have sustained their hopes. The present System of Society is based upon the smallest Association possible—a single Couple with their children in a separate house by themselves, which is the source of waste, conflict of efforts and interests, and general discord. Is any other proof necessary to show the falseness of such a social organization ? THE PHALAI! JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVOTED T« THE CAUSE OF ASSOCIATION AND A SOCIAL EE AND THE SOCIAL ELEVATION OF THE HUMAN RACE. Tun Phalanx will explain the system of Association, or principles of a true Soci: covered by Chahles Foobiek, and will enter upon an Exposition of the higher and n parts of his discoveries, which as yet have not been made known in this country. Political, Philosophical and Religious questions will lie discussed on the blondest gn versality and impartiality, and with reference to their hearing upon the Social interest; of mankind. ( Tiie Phalanx will enter into a frank and impartial criticism^nho present System off ; false and require reform. Searching and thorough expositions will bo made of our 1 requited and Degrading System of Industry, and our menial system of Hired Labor, Wages—of Free Competition or false rivalry and envious strife and anarchy in the field nl ( . Industry—of our complicated and wasteful system of Commerce, anil our desultory anil im] of Agriculture;—in short, every question concerning the interests ami welfare of society upon, for tlie purpose, not of exciting discontent and inflaming the passions of men, but of aw; attention to the causes of the evils which exist, aud pointing out a practical, safe and cffcctua The Phalanx will contain regularly translations from the works of Fourier, the whole designed to translate in time. The Phalanx will also contain extracts from the Paris and Lo devoted to the cause of Association, and will keep a general record of the progress of the doc itical experiments, and of all movements connected with Association. It will in narticular 1 .medium of communication between the Associations now formed and forming, and the Public ■ The Phalanx will be published at $2 per annum—$1 for six months. Subscriptions can 1 i postage through Postmasters. Address Editors of the Phalanx, or I b ° *J. S. REDFIEI Publisher and Bookseller, comer of Beekman and Nassau streets, New York.-General Dc-po