MASTER NEGA TIVE NO . 92 -80491 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code ~ concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: ACLAND, SIR ARTHUR HERBERT DYKE TITLE: A HANDBOOK IN OUTLINE OF THE PLACE: LONDON DA TE : 1882 COLUMBIA UNIVEKSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Master Negative # Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record I < ■ 942 Ac6 Gir 13th bart, Acland, Arthur Herbert Dyke, 1847- 1926. A handbook iu outline of the political history of Eng- land to 1881. Chronologically arranged, by Arthur H. Dvke Acland ... and Cvril Kausome ... London, Kiving- tons, 1882. xii. 287 p. 19^™. Restrictions jn Use: 1. Q,. lirit.— Hist.— Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Ransomc, Cyril, 1851- joint author. Library of Congress DA32.A18+ 2-6746 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA REDUCTION RATIO: FILM SIZE:___3j5^_Cl2!l IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA (^lA) IB IIB DATE FILMED: 'kS-i2]lJ^ INITIALS tyi^A..^^ RLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODDRIDGE, CT \1X c Association for information and image IManagement 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 K* Centimeter ii 7 iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilii 8 10 n 12 Inches I'T^I'i i'l'^l'i l'?'l'i l'',''l' Tl'fl'1^?l'l'1^'.'l^Tl^T'.''l''.h'' 13 14 15 mm mjmjlmjimimii 1.0 LI 1.25 3.2 US, ■iiUlx I 3.6 I mil 4.0 1.4 "-IIIM IIIM 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 T ii MRNUFfiCTURED TO fillM STflNDFIRDS BY APPLIED IMRGE. INC. itfej^- •il °*w l-'-r. a:- ^ ' ■^ \ ySil*ai£ak«»«:i!^i'**'^^^^^^^^ mt IWilBMMW' 'ipi} ?^6 ill th^ ©Itu of %Uw llarh library. This book is due two weeks Irom the last date stamped below, and it not returned at or before that time a fine of five cents a day will be incurred. A HANDBOOK IN OUTLINE OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND A HANDBOOK IN OUTLINE OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND TO 1881 Clironoloffitallp arrangcli BY ARTHUR H. DYKE ACLAND, M.A. STEWARD OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD AND CYRIL RANSOME, M.A. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LITERATURE AND HISTORY, YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS RIVINGTONS WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON MDCCCLXXXII • i PEEFACE. [c-46] It is hoped that this little book may be found useful to those who are interested in English Politics, and to the general reader of English His- tory and Political Biography. It may tend to give clearness and exact- ness of outline where, for those who have not unusually good memories, there may be an occasional haziness. As a companion to larger books, it may supply in a small space information which is not always readily at hand. We believe, also, that those who are specially interested in the politics of the last half century, may find here, within moderate limits, an adequate statement of the more important facts. The method of arrangement alone can be called original. The facts are the common property of all who read or write about history. To verify these facts, however, a good deal of trouble has been taken, and in the very many cases where historians differ as to their account of an event, or as to the date given for it, we have tried, by going to the sources of history, to ascertain the truth. Except where we have through inad- vertence made absolute mistakes, it may be assumed that both the form of expression used and the date assigned have been chosen after some careful study, though in a work of this kind it has not been possible to explain the reasons of our choice. The right-hand page alone of Part I. contains the continuous outline of events arranged in chronological order. On the left is a selection of foreign and colonial events, as well as various notes and quotations, to the number of which the reader may add considerably, in the blank spaces, by notes and observations of his own. The Summaries which are contained in Part II. are collections of events arranged for clearness' sake, in their own connection, under various selected heads, such as 10U686 PREFACE. PREFACE. " Parliament," ** Ireland," " The Corn Laws." With a few exceptions, these events have been already mentioned in the General Outline. Many may differ from us at various points about our selection or omission of events. Our general principle has been to keep clearly in view, as our main object, the development of the political history of England, and especially the growth of the English Constitution. We have omitted therefore, with reluctance, but for clearness' sake, many social, literary, and other facts of great importance in their bearing upon the general growth of the nation. We have been led also to believe, from the encouragement ijriven us by various teachers, and from use made in teaching of part of the work privately printed, that the book may be found useful as a kind of syllabus, or outline for building upon, in lecturing and class-teaching. It would apj>ear that of late oral teaching by means of simple lectures has gained ground, as a method of instruction, in our Public Schools and High Schools, in preference to the method of only asking questions upon a previously prepared portion of a text-book. For many reasons it might be desired that the course of history- teaching in higher schools should be wider than it is at present, that it should be more European, less insular, and that ancient, mediaeval, and modem history should be taught as parts of one continuous whole. The outlines of '* world history" may be taught very early in the course of a child's education, first in their simplest form, conveying perhai>s little more than an idea of the distance of events from one another. As time goes on these outlines may be more and more filled in. That the value of such a system is considerable, the results of much of the higher school teaching in France and Germany show. Eut in any case it would seem that the method of teaching the whole outline from the beginning, and steadily and systematically filling in that outline in its various parts, is to be preferred as a method to that of stimulating interest in various isolated portions of the history, vi without being first sure that the general outline of the ^' before and after " has been grasped. While a multitude of histories of persons and periods, excellently written, are put into the hands of young people, the dry bones of history are rather at a discount. The old unintelligent schoolroom drill, which involved learning strings of dates, had, with many disadvantages, at least some advantages. And a boy or girl may be better prepared to take an intelligent interest in history in the future if they know, so that they will never forget them, the dates of the Kings of England, of some leading events, and of the Prime Ministers from Walpofe to the present time, than if they have been prematurely interested in the detail of special periods, to the exclusion of a knowledge of the general out- lines. If the outlines have been insisted on and intelligently taught, the interest in private reading of history, for its own sake, will be increased rather than lessened. At present English history is the only part of modern history which is largely taught in schools. One of the main advantages for teaching purposes of English history is its continuity. If this continuity is lost sight of it is a great disadvantage to the learner. The grammar, or continuous outline of English history, may be taught while the memory is fresh and strong, and on this foundation the knowledge of the whole constitutional and political history may be gradually built up. Our aim, however inadequately carried out, has been to keep this principle of con- tinuity in view; not to encourage "cram," except so far as this some- times misused word may include accurate and well-arranged knowledge. The present book, of course, could only be used by the higher forms in schools. Should it be thought desirable, an abridged form, on exactly the same method, would be published, and a third form simpler stdl. In this way, the same plan being preserved, the pupil would advance from the simplest outline, not to a new book, but merely to one containing additional facts surrounding the old facts, and thus confusion of ideas would be avoided. Vll PREFACE, It may be said that all abstracts of history should be made by pupils themselves, but the use of a book like this, by way of grammar or for reference, in no way precludes the pupil from making abstracts of his text-book or of larger books, which, when independently done, will often be of more use than any ready-made analysis. At the risk of apparent presumption, it has seemed well to explain as clearly as we could the way in which, as it appeared to us, this book might be made useful in the teaching of history. We have to acknowledge the useful criticisms of Mr. ^^^atson, Fellow of B.X.C., Oxford, and Mr. York Powell of Christ t ^arch, Oxford, and also the help of Mr. Beaven of Preston, Lancashire, who has generously placed at our disposal many of the results of his learned studies in English political history, but who is in no way responsible for any erroi-s that we may have made. We shall be grateful to any one who will take the trouble to call our attention to any mistakes which may, notwithstanding a good deal of care, have crept into the book. Sejpiemher 1881. vU EXPLAI^ATIOIfS. PART I. GENERAL OUTLINE. RioHT-HAND Page. '■ * tte year"/™!" '"" '"™ """'l"™'! '■"» «"' P»ge for Prime Ministers at 2. Differemes of i„pe. Many of the more important events an.I the name, of very lew exents ot great importance are n arm ca vitals FvpM^ Jhi^ a.7e:dTiScf,;r "'"' •^"-'"""o- Hi A i;e't-..„t:"^L:'S ■'" ^th" OutlSrio 'tir'r" "™*^'"' ''-■"^ '*,'!" °<^'=»'«.•"'•« in the course of a s^eUon'oTa'sum^'i.^.y :'n;;;:'"' '""""^ "' "" ?"'"' "''''' " ^•'"""ary or Lkft-hand Pack. IsSo TThn ' ^''''^•" "I'/\1707, a,Kl purely I'rish eveX oJli/i p lo Four blank paffes are left at the eiid of the General Outline for the insertion of .nrh current events as thereader nu,y think of sufficient importanTt7tZt7 PART IL SUMMARIES. A complete list of Summaries will be found in the Table of Pnnfan+c « a i at the bef^innin? of Part ir Ao „ i ^" "'^^ J^^-o^e oi Contents, and also xi ^ t\ LIST OF GENEALOGIES GIVillSr IN THE NOTES TO TAET I. »> »» »» »» »> >» >» »» III Genealogy of the Early English Kings Danisii Kings Norman I)ukes Norman Kings Kings of the Scots to Ah'xander III. Kings of France to Philii* IV'. Counts of Anjou English Kings from Henry II. to Henry 11 English Kings from Henry ill. to Henry 1 Claims of Balliol and IJruce Genealogy .of Kings of Scotland from VZOi] English Kings from Edwanl III. French Kings from Philip VI. Claim of Edward III. .... Genealogy of John de Montfort The Yorkist Line ..... Genealogy of tlie Warrennes and Arundels The Lancastrian Line .... Genealogy of the Dukes of Burgundy ,, tlie iJeanforts ,, the Woodvilles ,, the Statlbnls .... „ the De la Poles ,, Charles V. . ,, the Tudors .... ,, the Poles .... ,, the Howards .... ,, the DuiUeys and the Sydneys ,, tlie Suffolks .... ,, the Guises .... „ French Kings from Henry H. to Henry IV ,, Darnley .... ,, Henry IV. William III, „ the Russells „ the Stuarts .... ,, the Churchills and Godolphins Pedigree to illustrate the War of the Spanish Succession Genealogy of the Carterets and Granvilles ,, the Fox Family „ the Grenvilles and Pitts ,, the House of Hanover „ the Bentincks and Cannings „ the Napiers .... zii of England PAGE 4 12 14 16 18 20 22 22 34 40 42 44 46 46 46 50 52 52 58 60 64 66 68 70 70 74 76 76 76 78 80 80 80 82 114 116 120 124 134 1|4 164 198 PART I. GENERAL OUTLINE. ri. 0^ I [Notes.] i^u^ f '♦ FOREIGN c. 450. St. Patrick con- verts the Irish. c. 500. The Scots invade Caledonia, and expel the Picts from the west. 529. Benedict founds his monastery at Monte Cassino. 590. Gregory the Great becomes Pope. 632. Mohammed (bom 571) dies. ROMAN EMPIRE. B.C. ^^ 54. 30. A.D. 43. 50. 61. 78-84. 81. 121. 211. 306. 401. 410. C«sar s first invasion of Britain t^aesar s second invasion of Britain Augustus becomes Emperor of liome '^^"Sil^ ^-^^^^ ^' ^on. by Suetonius Paullinus. Death of ancfForth" "^ ""^ ^^'*' between the Firths of Clyde ^"'S^^JJ:^!^ ^^^^"^ ^^*-- the mouth of the Tyne and g^n^il^i^^^ from their alljgiance. ^^^onus releases the Britons [400—655] ENGLISH, c. 400. ^449. ---477. ^495. 520. --- 547. -577. "597. c. 600. 603. 607. 617. 627. 633. 634. 635. 642. 655. The English begin to settle in Britain. ' S: kS; :l fee\t\^«-- ^y f He and his son Cissa. Arthur defeats hTlSsh at S,^^-^"^^^ ^"^ ^'' ««» Cynric. ""t :^S?^^ JU; 11^^ «~r^e the West Welsh from Conversion of EthelbSrt KW nf ^'^^ Cirencester. melUrt issues the fr^E^^^^^^ f ^^*' by Augustine. SuDremflo^ oV tIt ^\«i ^'«*'^, come ^o^rw ^o «6^ Defeat of the Sco?s b^^^th^lf^fK^^-^^^^^^^^ia. Dagsastan ^ J^^^elfrith, Kmg of the Northumbrians, at lT^ot2:tUZ^^^^^^ ^^vide the North Welsh terSi?! 1/^^;^':^^ '^" E"^^^-^ except Kent. KingTsw^^^^^^ "^"^^^'"^^^ ^^-t-ity at Lindisfarne, under BlfH^" ^A? "' *^^ conversion of Wessex r <; 1 !l ^.1 [Notes.! (a) GENEALOGY OF THE EARLY ENGLI^^H KINGS. Egbert. I Etbelwulf. Ethelbald. Etliell)ert. Ethelred I. Alfml. Edward the Elder. Athelstan. Edmund L Edred. Edwy. Edgar, Edward the Martyr. Ethelred the Unready in. (1) Eltriva ; (2) Emma of Nonuandy. (1) Edmund Ironside. (2) Edward the Confessor. Edmund. Edward. Edgar Etheling. Margaret Matilda m. Henry I. FOREIGN. 718-755. Boniface, the English "Apostle of the Germans," follows up the earlier work of Irish missionaries in Germany. 782. Alcuin, the English- man, joins the court of Charles the Great. 795. Invasion of Ireland by the Northmen. 800. Charles the Great is crowned emperor. 843. Union of Picts and Scots under Kenneth II. [661-851] ENGLISH. 661. —664. --668. 681. 685. 687. 688. 728. 731. 737. 752. 755. 757. 774. 777. 779. 786. 787. 796. 802. 825. 826. /827. 836. 837. 839. 847. 851. Wulfhere, King of Mercia, ravages Wessex. Conference of Welsh and Roman priests at the Synod of Whitby Ihe Konian ritual and time for keeping Easter are adopted. Arrival of Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, who organizes the National Church. Wilfrid driven from the archbishopric of York, converts the South Saxons. Egfrith, King of Northumbria, is defeated and killed by the Picts r» 4.1 ??; ?, , *^® Supremacy of Northumbria. Death of Cuthbert, Bisliop of Lindisfarne ^"^^^. Ine becomes King of the West Saxons, and 'puhlhUs his laws. Ine dies at Rome. vi\® X^'ien-^We Bede finishes his History ; and dies, 735. ±.thelbald ot Mercia ravages Northuml)ria. Cuthred, King of the West Saxons, defeats Ethelbald at Burford. 6igebert, Kniy of ]\ essex, is deprived of his throne by the Witan. nff 1 T^. Supremacy of Mercia. Utta becomes King of Mercia. Otfa defeats the men of Kent at Otford. Offa defeats Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington. Olia makes his dyke, from the Dee to the W^e, to protect Shrews- bury and his other conquests from the Welsh. Egbert, heir to the throne of Wessex, driven into exile by Brithric takes refuge with Charles the Great. PW^tL'^J"'^'^'' .111 archbishopric with the leave of Pope Hadrian. J? irst Invasion of the Northmen. Death of Oli'a. EGBERT, 802-839 (37 Years) (a). Egbert becomes King of the West Saxons. Egbert defeats the Mercians at Ellandun. rvu . .^ Supremacy of Wessex. 1 he men of Kent, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia submit to Egbert. ° Egbert conquers the Mercians, and the Northumbrians submit to him. [Jsee iSnmmary : Gradual Union of England into One KuKjdom, p. 259.] Egbert defeats the Northmen, West Saxons, and West Welsh at Mengest s Down, on the Cornish side of the Tamar Egbert IS succeeded by his sons, Ethelwulf in Wessex as ovar- ii u i"^'- ^*^^ls*a» as underking of Kent, Sussex, and Essex. Higbert dies, and is succeeded by his son Ethelwulf. ETHELWULF, 839-858 (19 Years). Ealstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Osric defeat the Northmen at the mouth of the Parret. Ethelwulf defeats the Northmen at the battle of Ockley in Surrey » (I [Notes.] FOREIGN. (a) Feme nfWe on the Lea, ami alonj: the L»a unto its source, tlieii rit;ht to Bedford, tht-u upon the Ouse unto Wutliny Street." 872. The Northmen come from Ireland and ravage Scotland. 87(>. Hollo, the North- man, overruns >sor- mandy. 6 [855-905] ENGLISH, 855. 856. 858. 860. 865. 866. 867. 868. 870. 871. 872. 875. 876. 877. 878. 879. 880. c. 890. 893. 897. 901. 905. in The Northmen for the first time remain over the winter Sheppey. Ethelwulf on his return from Rome marries Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks. Ethelwulf is succeeded by his son, Ethelbald. ETHELBALD, ETHELBERT, AND ETHEL- RED I., 858—871 (13 Years). Ethelbald is succeeded by his brother Ethelbert. The Northmen sack Winchester. The Northmen ravage Kent. Ethelbert is succeeded by his brother Ethelred. The Northmen passing from East Anglia take York. The Northmen take Nottingham. The Northmen defeat and kill Edmund, King of East Anglia. The Northmen invade Wessex. Battle of Engletield, Northmen defeated. Heading, „ victorious. Ashdown, ,, defeated. Basing, „ victorious. ,, Merton, ,, victorious. Ethelred is succeeded by his brother Alfred. >» Alfred retreats ALFRED, 871—901 (30 Years). Battle of Wilton, Northmen victorious. Peace between the Northmen and the West Saxons. Peace between the Northmen and the Mercians. Halfdene, the Northman, ravages Northumbria. The Northmen apportion Northumbria. The Northmen apportion Mercia. The Northmen under Guthrum invade W^essex. to Athelney. Battle of Ethandun, English victorious. Peace of Chippenham (or Wedmore) {a). England north of Wat- ling Street is ceded to the Danes. The Northmen apportion East Anglia. Alfred i-iHues his laws. The Northmen defeated at Louvain, passing from Boulogne, ravage England again, assisted by the new Northmen settlers. [Much lighting all over England for four years.] Alfred builds a new fleet and stops the invasions. Alfred is succeeded by his son Edward the Elder. EDWARD THE ELDER, 901—925 (24 Years). Ethelwald, son of Ethelred I., rebels, and flies to the Northmen of Northumbria. Ethelwald is killed in battle with the Kentishmen. 7 [Notes.] (rt) This was the district often known as that of the Five Burghs (Leicester, Lincoln, Nottinyluini, 8tiuufonl, and Derby). (h) Athelstan, thronj^h tlie niavrfapfes of his sisters, is brother-in-law to Cliarles tlie Sinij^c, Kin<^ of the West Franks, Lewis, Kifi)^ of the Lower nur;;nn» »♦ ^^'"^ cS;r!^' ^'^^^ '^ *^^' ^^^''^^"^' «^«*^^ «^ Edward, fortifies War with the Northmen renewed. tidward recaptures London. Edward fortifies Hereford and Witham EthelHeda fortifies Tamworth and Stafford. fortifies Warwick. defeats the Welsh. captures Derby. Leicester surrenders to Ethelfleda, and the men of York make a trwLIex' '"• ''^ ""'^ '' ^^"^^'«^^^^- ^^1-ciatannted Edward captures Bedford. East Anglia and Essex submit to Edward subm'"^("r '''""'""'• "'' '^''''''^ '"""' "* "'o dumber The N<,rth Welsh seek Edward for lord ''"trtih'i^ta wf"^' ""' ■'^'™*'"''^-''« ^^■<''* '^'>»"- Edward Edward is succeeded by Athelstan. ATHELSTAN, 925-940 (If, Years). The Cornishmen Scots, South Welsh, and Northumbrians swear faithfulness to Athelstan at Earnot """jiians snear Anlaf,with Northmen from Ireland, joined bv ron«fnn*J,,« ir r Athelstan {b) is succeeded by his half-brother Edmund. EDMUND, 940-946 (6 Years). Edmund conquers Cumberland and gives it to Malcolm kina of Scots, on military tenure ^•»i^"im, King ot Edmund is succeeded by his brother Edred. Eise of Dunstan. EDRED, 946-955 (9 Years). ^"^""linfl'" v?'^"^'^. ^y ?^^y ^^^^ «f Edmund), whose younger brother Edgar is underking in Mercia. >ounger EDWY, 955-959 (4 Years). Dunstan is banished. ^ £S^inl« n"*^ ""' J>°1'' ^"^'^**« ^°^ ^h«os«3 Edgar to be king in his own right, who recalls Dunstan ^ 9 i ) < , t i-l [Notes.] 10 FOREIGN, !m2. Otto the CJreat, King of GeniKiny, is crowned Kmperor at Rome. 1175. The Danes, now separated from tlie other Northmen of Norway and Sweden, have to do homage to the Fjuperor (Jtto II. 084. Brian P>oru becomes supreme king in Ire- lam 1. lOU. The Northmen are defeated at the battle of Clontarf, the turn- ing-point of their con- quests in Ireland, but tlie death of Brian Boru plunges the country in- to anarchy. [959-1016] ENGLISH, 96(>. 973. 975. 979. 980. 988. 991. 99f 1000. 1002. 100.3. 1007. 1008. 1011. 1012. 1013. 1014. 1015. 1016. EDGAR, 959-975 (IG Years). Edwy dies, and Edgar is chosen king of all the English Dunstan Edgar's Prime Minister, becomel Archbishop of Canterbury. He assists the monastic revival. ^ Pacihcation of England l)y Edgar Edgar (lividesNorthumbria and grants Lothian to Kenneth, King of Scots, to be held by him as his man. ' ^ I he tnumph of Edgar at Chester. {^^il-rs Ordhmnr, oj th. Hundred and other Laws, 959-975.1 Edgar IS succeeded by his son Edward. ■' EDWARD, 975-979 (4 Years). [Struggle of the secular clergy and the feudal lords of the south of England against the monk.s and the yeomen of the north 1 l^dward ,.s munlered. Ethelred, his half-brother, is chosen king at the age 01 ten. * ETHELRED II., 979-1016 (37 Years). ^^^^n,T^f''''^.v,*?^/^^. Nort^"ien begin again, and con- tinue for thirty-six years. Dunstan dies. Battle (.f Maldon Northmen victorious, Danrndd paid {ten lhou.^Uid pou,uh) hy decree of th' W if a:n, for the fir. t time. Sweyn King <.f the Danes, and Anlaf, King of the Norwegians, attack Loudon receive money (sixteen thousand poun-"" '• '" (laur. of Waltheof. Henry, Earl of iluntingaon. 1089. Robert .of ^o^- mandy quarrels with his brother Henry, and imprisons him. Malcolm IV. II \ William the Lion. Alexander II. I Alexander III. David, Earl ofllnn- tinydon, anc«sti>r of Bruce and Bal- liol. ! King of Norway m. MargJiret Maid of Norway. (6) Charter of Henry I. heiresses and widows ^^ *"^"*"[':" ,n\''*^ Tenari^ 1093. Malcolm Canmore kiiled, and is succeeded by Donald Bane. 1088. 1089. 1090. 1091.. 1092. 109.3. 1094. 1096. Robert of Nor- mandy goes on the tirst crusade. . 1097. Donald Bane is de- posed, and Edgar is es- tablished on the throne of Scotland by his uncle, Edgar Ethelmg. 1099. Jerusalem is taken by the Crusaders. A Christian kingdom is founded there. 1095. 1096. 1097. 1100. A general survey of England is ordered by William. It is taketi by inquest. Each hundred and township appears by repre-^ sentative jurors. Domesday Book, the residt of the survey, is produced. At William's great court at Salisbury all the landhoUlers of Enn- land swear allegiance to him. William makes war upon Philip, King of France, and burns Mantes. William dies. Robert succeeds to Normandy. [By an undated charter of this reign spiritual jurisdiction is separated from the secular courts of law, and assigned to separate spiritual courts.] WILLIAM IL, 1087—1100 (13 Years). Bom c. 1060. William hastens to England, and is elected king by the influence of Lanfranc. Rebellion of Normans, headed by Odo of Bayeux and Roger Earl of Shrewsbury. William appeals to the English, and sup- presses it. ^ Lanfranc dies. The see of Canterbury is vacant four years. W illiam makes war on Robert in Normandy. William grants land in Wales to any one who vnll take it, and in consequence a war of conquest goes on for many years. Treaty between William and Robert arranged by the barons. Malcolm of Scotland, in alliance with Edgar Etheling, invades England (o). W^illiam compels him to do homage. William takes possession of Cumberland, and settles peasants from Hampshire there. Anselm becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. Ranulf Flambard becomes justiciar, and helps William in his work of systematic extortion. William refuses to give Anselm the temporalities of his see William, fighting with Robert, sends for 20,000 men. Flambard collects them at Hastings, deprives them of their journey money, dismisses them, and sends the money to the king The rebellion of Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland,* and Norman nobles is crushed. Robert pledges his duchy to William for money to go on a crusade Anselm, unable to bear the wickedness of William, retires to Rome W illiam is killed in the New Forest. HENRY L, 1100-1135 (35 Years). Bom 1068: Married i ^^®®' MatUda of Scotland. 1 1121, Adela of louvain. Henry is chosen king, and crowned. He grants a charter (b) Rauulf Flambard is arrested. 19 'i [Motes.] FOREIGN. U^\ The election of bishops is to he in the hands of the ^^ U.apteS%nt hehl at ti.e King's O-urt ; l>o <-onse- crlt on?.; the hands of the arch .sh*.]. ami bis^H.i. and the temporal estates are to he conferred b> thi kinK'- (M GENEALOGY OF KINGS OF FRANCE T( ► PHILIP IV. Hu};h Capet. I Robert. I Henry I. I Philip I. Louis VI. I L«mis \ IL Mar^ret m. Henry, son of IMnlip (lI.)'AnK..stu«. Henry II. of England. ^^^^.^ ^,jjj Louis IX. Philip III. Philip IV, Robert, Duke of Chr- numt, ancestor ot the Uourbons. Charles, Count of V alois. ancestor tif the house of Valois, (r) Stephen's Charter. of them are to be punished. 20 [1100-1138] 1107. Edgar of Scotlaiul dies, and is succeeded by Alexander. 1108. l^liilip of France dies, and is succeeded by Louis VI. (the Fat) 1 1 1'2'2. The Concordat of Worms between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V. 124. Alexander of Scot- land dies, and is suc- ceeded by his brother David. 1137. Louis VI. dies, and is succeeded by Louis VII. 1138. Defeat of David I. ofScotland(1124-1153), who administers the northern counties till the end of his reign, his son Henry having received the earldom of Northumberland from Stephen. ENGLISH, 1100. 1101. 1102. 1103. 1104. 1105. HOG. 1107. \\m. 1114. IIIG. 1117. 1118. 1120. 1121. 1123. 1125. U26\ 1128. 1131. 1133. 1135. 1136. 1138. Anselm is recalled. ^Tanr^"''^^ MatUda, daughter of Malcolm of Scot- llobert comes to England and claims the crown, but the Endish Roberrof 2:ieL/ 'T\^ '' 'T'"'' ^"^ l^-b^rt withdraw^ xfcooert ot Belesme rebels, and is expelled from Endand llreH of BelT*' ""^ '""T "--titLre, and leaSgU^^ breaks out.""" ^"""^' '^"^ received in Nonnandyf war u7J/ ^fn}^^ Flemings in Pembrokeshire. 'thl'r^t'i^^ ^^ ^^^^"^'^^^' ^''' ''--y -^^-« the Anselm and Henry ag^ree on terms (a). Roger of Salisbury becomes justiciar. He organizes the Anseir d^el? "^' '"""^^ '''' ^""^'^ ^' ^-^-i-- Henry's daughter, Matilda, marries tlio Emperor Henrv V ;;^"KaSr.!"an^a=trtL^;r "■'"' *'-"- ^"^- -' Henry defeats at Brenville his rebellious barons and Louis of trance, who with Robert of Flanders and Fulk of Amou ha« supported William, the son of Robert ^ ' wTcfli" "-i^^.f;.^"^ ?^"^y ^«t»rns to England. His son WiUiam is drowned. Henry marries Adela of Louvain. ''"'' by Cou° t wX»^ ^ '*™'" "' '^'"-»- -" "f I'-'bert. Ie.l Henry, the emperor, husband of Matilda, dies. Matilda marries Geoffrey of Anjou '''"ad^ aIs?."'"'' '" '^^'"'"^ "^ «■-- '» FUuders, is Fealty is again sworn to Matilda ^ T^vll^tXr' ""'^ "-^ ^' ^''^ *" ^^"*^^^^' ^^^ f^^lty *g-i" Robert of Normandy dies in prison. Henry dies. STEPHEN, I135-I154 (19 Years). Bora c. 1094; Married, 1124. Matilda of Boulogne. tlti: ^7^^t ^'°^''"' ^^' ^"^^*^' ^^ ^°^-^'^'^^- ' ''''''relnytt^^^^^^^ "^'"^^^ ^^^ ^' «-^^ I" throwsoff his David of Scotland, uncle of Matilda, defeated at the battle of the Standard, near Northallerton. 21 4'' '; tr [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF COUNTS OF ANJOU. Ermengard, heiress of Anjcm, m. the Count of Gatinais. I Geoffrey. Fulk. Fulk, King of Jemsalein. I Geoffrey Plantagenet. Henry II. of England. Geoffrey, i (h). Foreign Dominions of Henry II. Normandy and Maine, from his mother. Anjou and Touraiue, /fo»i hisjathtr. Poitou, Saintonge, , Limousin, yfrom hts wife. Guienne, Gascony, (c) GENEALOGY OF ENGLISH KINGS FROM HENRY IL TO HENRY IIL Henry II. I Henry. Ricliartl I. Geoffrey. Arthur. lohn. I Henry III. Richard, King of tlie Romans. 22 FOREIGN. 1147. Second crusade preached by St. Ber- nard. 1151. The Irish Church is organized by a bull of Pope Eugenius III. 1152. Frederic Barba- rossa becomes Emperor (tolltK)). 115.3. David of Scotland dies, and is succeeded by Malcolm IV. Adrian IV., Nicholas Breakspear, Pope, 1 1 54- 1159. 1154. Adrian I\. be- stows Ireland upon Henry II. by the bull Laiidahiliter. 1159. Double election to the Papacy, Alexan- der III. and Victor I\ . [1139-1163] ENGLISH. 1139. 1141. 1142. 1147. 1151. J 152. 1153. 1154. 1155. 1156. 1157. 115S. 1159. 1162. 1163. Stephen arrests the Bishop of Salisbury (the justiciar) ^ncX) ^'Th^^r^^^Vr^ his nephe'^Sthe'^shorof Mo*r 7u i^® P'^^^^P ""^ ^^y' another nephew, is banished Matilda and her brother, Kobert of Gloucester, land it Portsmouth Civil war begins. Stephen is captured at Lincoln. Henry, Bishop of Winchester, papal legate, brother of Stephen vexed by his conduct to the bishops, joins Matilda. ^ ' .Matilda IS acknowledged as queen, but soon estranges her sup- porters. Kouts of London and Winchester ^ l.obert of Gloucester is captured and exchanged for Stephen De'aiho/ P^r^Tf^^ ^"^"^^' ""^ ^«^^P^«- ^he leaves England. Death of Robert of Gloucester. Many warriors join the crusade 1^0^ ^*"^^' ^''^™"' ^"^^ ^^ Normandy and Count of ^^T^.,T^r ^l^^^O'- 9^ Guienne, divorced wife of rpu u u . ' *^^ acquires her provinces. h^l -P^i i"'^ t? associate Eustace, the son of Stephen, with nim m the kingdom. ^'"thi Tr^I?^n5 w^'i?"^ renews the war. Eustace dies, and by Oct. ^teKTef '^"''"'^'"'^ Henry is made heir to the throne^ HENRY II., 1154-1189 (35 Years) (a). Bom 1133 ; Married, 1162, Eleanor of Guienne (6). ^'''chlrteJ" ^'^ ^^""^^ "' England, is crowned, and issues his Thomas Becket becomes chancellor. Henry resumes the royal demesnes, 'and destroys many of the newly built castles. ^ Henry, on the Continent, drives his brother Geoffrey out of Anion Henry causes Malcolm King of Scots, to ^,v^ up the northern counties and do homage for the earidom of Huntingdon dilifhte^T^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ''''' ^' '- --^'-^^ -^t ' th; Henry's first expedition against Wales. Henry goes to France for live years. The queen and the young Prince Henry represent him in England. Henry negotiates I marriage for his son Henry with the daughter of Louis Henry claims Toulouse in right of his wife, and, accompanied by the King of Scots, makes war on the Count of Toulouse Henry remains on t^ie Continent till 1163, partly engaged in a quarrel with the King of France. b e ^ *" Scutar/e (a payment in money instead of military service) is first regularly imtituted. ' o jl,ov Thomas Becket is elected Archbishop of Canterbury. He resigns the chancellorship. ^ On Henry's return a quarrel ensues between him and Becket on a matter of taxation (probably the exaction of Danegeld). 23 [Notes.] (u) THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON. I Disputes about advowsoiis and presentations to be -> crinl^ilu^^^i^^^e S by the kind's courts, unless - ^ejust\'e sends the case to the e.rlesiust.cal ••omts and clerks thus convicted are to be punished as 3. No lrier"gyman to quit the realm without the consent of I Vpil^Hls^lSmi ecclesia-stical c peUnn all duties and attend the Kings Court with the other tenant.s-in-chiet. „, i^,*« ♦,. fikp 7 Flections of archbishops, bishops, and abb/ of presentjnent is ordn-ed in criminal cases. General visitation of Emjland by two rustlers. Henry is absent from England for four years. 1" rederic Barbarossa proposes to Henry to support the anti-pope. "German^'*"^ daughter's marriage with Henry the Lion of Louis VII. of France, who supports Pope Alexander IIL, gives shelter to Becket. ° Peace is concluded between Louis and Henry Henry returns to England. All the sherifis are removed (ofiicers ot the Exchequer being substituted), and an inquiry made into their accounts. * ^ Henry, the king^s son, is crowned in England by Roger, Arch- bishop of \ork. Becket and Louis VIL are indignant. Henry hastens to be reconciled with Becket, who returns to bisho Is excommunicates Roger and the other opposing Becket is murdered at Canterbury Henry goes^over^ to Ireland, and his supremacy is acknowledged Henry leaves Ireland for Normandy, and there submits to the Thnrh^irBele^^^ ^^^^'^"'^^ "^^ ^^^^""^ ^--^^ ^' Henry the younger flies to the court of Louis of France. Queen Eleanor tries to join him, but is taken and imprisoned during the rest of the king's life. ^ General league against Henry by the king's sons (Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey), Louis of France, the Count of Flaii- ders, the King of Scotland, the Norman barons, and others. Henry defeats the French and Bretons in Normandy The Scots invade England. It v!"^r*'r'!i*?v^rf?^"^' ^«^,4««s penance at Becket's tomb. The English and Welsh remain faithful. William the Lion, King of Scotland, IS captured at Alnwick, and the insurgent baront n^Jw^f r^^'%?"* ^^''''- o^"Sh Bigod and other rebels sub! «,. {07l-t~ 262^^^^^^ ''''''''' ""'''' «'^^ '"'^'^^ Peace is niade, and Henry returns to the Continent. W ilham the Lion is set free on condition of doing homage for the kingdom of Scotland, and the castles of Lothian aFe placed in English hands (by the Treaty of Falaise) ^ [Notes.] m FOREIGN, [1175-1192] ENGLISH, ia\ "Their work was to hear all suits that were brought *^ iK-fore the king, not only <'n"»"-'^l ^'"^ cml. . . «ii tiio >»iminess in fact, winch came at a laitr •?"ri"rberrtteCn«rts..f'Ki„g-8 B«,cl,, Kxd.e.iuer, Kx^!;i,r br,nr hra"™!.y exUtC .. a special aei>artmeut since Henry I. 1 180. LouisVII. of France (lies, and is succeeded by Philip Augustus. 1 1 87. Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. 1189. Third Crusade. (?*) hUl of Crusades. First Crusade, 1095-lOW. Second Cnisade, 1147-1149. Third Crusade, 1189-1192. Fourth Crusiide, 1204. Fifth Crusade, 1210-1220. Frederic II. goes to Jerusalem, 112.^. {Sixth Crusade, 1248-1254. Seventh Crusade, 1270. Albigensian Crusade, 1208-1229. 1190. Henry VI. Emperor (to 1197). 1175. 1176. 1177. 1178. 1179. 1180. 1181. 1183. 1184. 118(). 1188. 1189. 1190. (<•) -The establishment of the corporate character of the citv under a mayor marks the victory of the com- muU piindple over the more ancient shire orgam- Sn It also marks the triumph of the mer- cantile over the aristocratic element" (St^s). 1191. 1192. Henry retunis to England, and remains two whole years. 1 lie Ah8i:x of Northampton. It gives instructiom to itinerant mtice^, whtch are carried out by six detachments of justices sent on circuits. Tnhn f "^f M "^"'^ '^^"^^*^^^^*^*^^^"^g«^«icilyisarranged. John, 8(m of Henry, is nominated Lord of Ireland. Henry arbitrates between Castile and Navarre A selection of Jive judges (a) is made from the Curia Hegis, out of which are afterwards developed the Courts of Kimfs Bench ami common Pleas The highest appellate jurisdiction is reserved to the king in the Ordinary Council. Bichard de Lucy (who has been justiciar for twenty-five years) retires, and is succeeded by RaniUf de Glanvill Henry goes to Normandy and of the remaining nine years of his reign ThP T.f//"/ V° ^"^-^ ^^i^ "^ *^"^'^^"^ "^ four different visite. miS '^ '^ to regulate the national fyrd (or War between Henry's sons. Their revolt against him. Henry, eldest son of the king, dies. CpnlW ^i' ^^ •'"'''' ^"^ '''•^'•^''^' ^^'' nmnagement of the royal forests. iTColtrey, the king s son, dies. Saladin tithe. First tax upon personal property. Heniy is expelled from Touraine by his son Richard and Philip of r n l""^"^^^' ^^'? ^""^ abetted by John. Henry dies. {By the Great Assize established in this reign recognition by jury in Civd cases is allowed {as a substitute for trial by battle)!] RICHARD I., 1189—1199 (10 Years). Bom 1157 ; Married, 1191, Berengarla of Navarre. Richard receives investiture of Normandy, and comes over to England, wliere he is crowned. Hi. Ipltr I'^^'T"" *i'' ^T ^'^"^ ^"« engagement with Henry 11. ^ nl4 ^^^^""^ """^y ^° ^^^^^ o^ce for two months ^"^pi^Tl l^rtte^^^^"^^' *^^ chancellor, becomes justiciar and John, brotlier of Richard, receives a large grant of land. TM^nv n A^''^.' ^""''^ '''' *^^ *^^^^ ^^"«ade, reaches Messina. Glanvill and Baldwin, the archbishop, die in the Holy Land Queen Eleanor leaves England for Sicily, and tokes Berengaria of Navarre, whom Richard marries in Cyprus Richard arnves at Acre. July 12. Acre is taken. Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, and John combine with the barons against Longchamp, who is expelled, and retires to Normandy, and IS succeeded in the government as justiciar by Walter of Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen. ni^di^r ^""^ '^'''■P^'"**^^^^ ^^ ^»^«° ^ fi"t legally recog- Oct. 9. Richard sails from Acre, and on his way home is seized w ■'I [Notes.] FOREIGN, [1193-1205] ENGLISH, (a) Richard I.'s Ransom. 1. Aid 20s. on the knights' fee. prnwn 2 TallaKe on t.>wns anunding for their own l«y'";'.f l^^ the crown, the right of electing their own bailitts, and in >J>ine instances of electing a mayor; and the re- co.n, t"oi of their merchant guilds by chart..r, and ^f'tl e r -raft guilds by charter or fine The com- bination of the several elements thus denote.1 was ^. Vt the close oftSieperiod (the reign of Henry VII.) the -'' 'tv;iSiT<;^nstituVion of a town is « «1-J.-X",e!y of mavor aldermen, and ctmncil, with preustiy SL.nednu.ulH.rs and orga.iization, not in.leed un.- fon.1 but of the same general conformation ; possess- ing a n?w diaracter denoted by the name of corixmi- SniiWrs definite legal m-nse; with lK>wen, varymg in the different communities which ha>e htt.i mmlified by the change, and in practice susceptible of wide variations" i^tubbs). (c) COUNTS OF BRITTANY. Allan Fergant. 1 Conan III. I Bertha. I Conan IV. Arthur. 1197. Philip of Suabia (to 1208) and Otto IV. (to 1215) become rival Kings of Germany. 1198. Innocent III. be- comes Pope (to 1216). 1195. 1197. 1198. 1199. 1200. 1204. Fourth Crusade. 1202. 1203. 1204. 120r>. by Leopold, Duke of Austria, and handed over to the Emperor Henry VI. . John does homage to Philip of France for Normandy. MuharcVs ransom is raised bij Jive different kinds of taxes (a)'. Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, Glanvill's nephew, succeeds Walter of Coutances as justiciar. Richard is set at liberty. He comes back to England, and raises more money by sales and extortion. He is crowned a second time. He goes to Normandy in May, and is reconciled to John, and does not return to England again. He engages in a series of wars with Philip of France till his death. Hubert Walter by his hea\^ exactions excites the discontent of the poorer citizens of London, led by William Fitz-Osbert. hichard budds Chateau Gaillard on the Seine above Rouen. >y/. JIiKjh,^ Bishop of Lincoln, refuses to pay money to support the var in France, considering himself hound to render military service in Enifland only. Geoffrey Fitz-Peiter succeeds Archbishop Hubert as justiciar. Acnrucafic is assessed before hiir/hts elected in behalf of the shire. Richard is mortally wounded at Chaluz, and dies. JOHN, 1199-1216 (17 Years). Born 1167 • Married ^ ^^®^' H^) and Summary: Laws, Codes, and Charters up to 1215, p. 262.] John collects mercenaries under Falkes de Breaut^. Pandulf, the papal legate, excommunicates the chief leaders of the barons. Archbishop Langton goes to Rome. Innocent disallows the Great Charter, excommunicates John's enemies, and suspends Langton. The barons offer the crown to Louis, son of Philip of France. [The first preserved national record in French belongs to this year.] i! I ■J: [Notes.] FOREIGN. [1216-1232] ENGLISH. r<0 From this time the Archl.ishops of Canter mr> on r^p ^^ pointment always beron.e *' ^''^f ' "2^. .^nUe " Iloes not predude the send.ni? ot legates a latert from Rome. 1216. Fifth Crusade. July. Death of Innocent Ill- Confirmation of the Order of Dominican Friars (1216) and Franciscans (1223) by the Pope. 1221. Joan, sister of Henry III., marries Alexander II. of Scot- laud. 1223. Philip Augustus dies, and is succee. I2.->. 1226. 1227. 1228. 1229. 1230. 1231. 1232. 32 John marches as far as Berwick, and subdues the northern barons. Maij 21. Louis himself lands in England, and captures Win- chester. Almost all the baix)ns desert John. The King of Scots comes to Dover to do homage to Louis. John marches north to cut ofi* his retreat, and dies at Newark, October 19. HENRY III., 1216-1272 (56 Years). Born 1207 ; Married, 1236, Eleanor of Provence. Henry is crowned at Gloucester, and does homage to the legate. Yike im-mamnt continual Council {whence arose later the Privy Council) attending the kiny dates its importance from this time.] William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, is elected regent. The Great Charter is republished, with the omission of the clauses about taxation and the national Council. Louis maintains himself in the eastern counties. M(i)/. Battle of Lincoln. The king's party victorious. Au'j. Hubert de Burgh destroys the French fleet. Treaty of Lambetli. The departure of Louis is arranged. The Charter of Forests deals with the abuses of the forest-laiui Death of William Marshall the regent. Peter des Roches, Pandulf, and Hubert de Burgh act as the kuig's guardians. Resistance to the king's guardians. Pandulf resigns his commission. \V illiam of Aumale is brought to submission. Langton obtains a promise from the Pope, that as long as he lives no other papal legate shall be sent (a). Falkes de Breaut(:', at this time sheriff of six counties, falls, and with him the influence of foreigners brought in by John. Expedition to France. (]Jascony is secured to the English. The Pope's demand for the revenue of a prebend in every cathe- dral, and an equal contribution in every monastery, is rejected Hen^ declares himself of age to govern, and continues Hubert de Burgli as justiciar, who administers for five years. Peter des Roches goes to the crusade, and stays away four years One of the series of petty wars against the Welsh, who throughout this reign support the opposition barons. Death of Archbishop Langton. The Pope, Gregory IX., levies a tenth of all property, which tlie barons resist, but the clergy liave to grant. Henry goes to France, marches to Poitou and Gascony, where he receives homage. Return of Peter des Roches. Fall of Hubert de Burgh, the last great justiciar [Twenty-six years of bad government under Henrv follow.] ^ Peter des Roches obtains influence, and the Poitevins beein to receive oflices. ° Opposition formed, hesided by Richard Marshall, second son of the late regent. 33 II [Notes.] FOREIGN, [1233—1256] ENGLISH. 1235. Henry III. 's sister nian-ies the Emperor Frederic II. («) GENEALOGY OF ENGLISH KINGS FROM HENRY IIL TO HENRY IV. (1) John 111. Isabella of AngouKnie. ^ ' in. (2) Hugh de la Maiche. Henry HI. m. Eleanor of Provence, sister of Sancia of Froveuce. Riclianl.King of the Ro- mans, ni. Sancia of Provence. Eleanor ni. (1) Williiuii Marshall. (2) Simon (le Montfort. Isabella m. Kniperor Frederic IL E«lwarU I. Margaret ni. Alexander III. of fcjcotland. Edmund, F-'\rl ol Lancaster. 1 241 . Defeat of the Mon- gols at Liegnitz. 1243. Innocent IV. Pope (to 1254). 1245. Council of Lyons. Edward IL Edmund, F^rl Thomas, Earl of Kent. of Lancaster. Edwanl III. J*^".l"n , I (I) SirT. Holland. I (2) The Black Prince. Henry, Earl of Laiu'Aster. I Henry, Duke of Lancaster. Edward. Black Prince, m. Joan of Kent. Richard II. John of Gaunt m. Blanche, heiress t»t Lancaster. Hi iiiy IV. 1248. Sixth Crusade. 1249. Alexander II. oi Scotland dies, and is succeeded by Alex- ander III. 1251. Alexander 111- marries Margaret, daughter of Henry III. r^54. Alexander I^ • 'Pope(to 12()1). Death of Conrad IV. 1233. 1234. 1236. 1237. 1238. 1240. 1241. 1242. 124.3. 1244. 1246. 1247. 1248. 1250. 1252. 1253. 1254. 1255. 1256. •> ( Richard Marshall IS declared a traitor. Peter des Roches denies his right to be tried by his peers. Richard takes refuge in Sthe'poitevlns ^^^""^ ^^ ■^"''^^' ^""^ ^^'^^^^ *^^ ^'"^ Richard Marshall is killed by treachery in Ireland. Edmund Rich Archbishop of Canterbury, insists upon the dis- nussal of Peter des Roches. The king marries Eleanor of Provence. Her uncle, William of En land Provencals, obtains great influence in The king's extravagance forces him to ask for a large grant. A qrantofa thirtieth of movables is made. Cardinal Otho arrives as papal legate, and continues the papal ^eo^le^^^' ^^^^^ ^^^^^ irritation among clergy and Henry marries his sister Eleanor (widow of William, eldest son of ^,•,..1 iZ ^^lY'^f 1!' H'.^ late regent) to Simon de Montfort (a). Simon de Montfort, in disgrace with the king, leaves England for two years. ° Boniface of Savoy, the queen's uncle, is chosen Archbishop ot Canterbury, and consecrated 1245. Peter of Savoy, an- other uncle, is made Eari of Richmond. Loss of Poitou. Expensive expedition of Henry to Gascony in support of his step- father. Indecisive battles of Taillebourg and Saintes. Henry returns, followed by a new band of Poitevins. ^f'^ ^^rh Urons and bishops, induding Cornwall, ch Montfort, Urossektc (Bishop of Lincoln), and Cantilupe (Bishop of Wor- cester) meet in parliament, and demand control over the appoint- ment of ministers. Similar demands and complaints are made by parhaments m following years. At the Council of Lyons the English complain that 60,000 marks a year go into the hands of the Pope and the foreigners. Heno^ s half-brothers including another William of ?alence, and Lthelmer (made Bisliop of Winchester) arrive in England. Simon de Montfort assumes the government of Gasconv. 'fJ^om the del- """"' """'^ *^'^ ^""^^ ^^^""^^ ^"°' ^ ^^^^* "^^^«y A writ is issued for tU enforcinrj of Watch and Ward and tJw. Assize of Arms. In return for a grant Henry confirms the charters for the sixth time r^l'l ^;;^"''^"* j'l,{'^^';^^'^*f *"i^ % royal ivrit of two kniqhts of tJie shire. The crown of Sicily having been refused by Richard, the king's brother, is accepted from the Pope by Edmund, the king's son, then nine years old. ° The Pope, with Henry's name and credit, makes war in Sicily. larliament again demands the appointment of ministers, but is refused. ' ^^^ kniZholT'''^ i^^o^r^;/ of £20 a year (trc forced to receive The claim to ynnates'' is first made in England by Pope Alex- ander IV. for Jive years. ^ Z' c^o, 35 > 1 ( ll nil [Notes.] (a) "The king was helplessly in debt; when he retuniefl from Gascony he had siH..nt 350,000 nmrks now 140 000 more were gone, and it was calciilaleU ii;ai since liis wasteful days bci^au he had tliiowu away 1)50,000 marks" (Stiibbs). (b) Provisions of Oxford. 1. X temporary committee of twenty-f«mr is api»ointed to reform grievances in Church and State. 2. A iKjrmanent body of tifteen is t(. act as council to tiie 3 Tlie fifteen are to hold three annual parliaments and to communicate with a body of twelve representing the barons. . . i- • i 4. Another bo«ly of twenty-four is to negotiate hnancial aids. (c) Provisions of Wc-itminatcr. These cml.mly the grievances of the l«irons stated at Oxford, and mainly coneern the administration ol justice and local government by the sheritts. {(l) Mise=misa— a capitulation or arbitration. (c) By this new arrangement the council of nine replaced the council of tifteen, and also took into their hands the apiHuntmeiit to all offices of State which had formerly been iu the king's hands. FOREIGN. 12r>7. Richard, Henry's brother, is cliosen King of the Koii\ans. (/) The Dictum, of Kenilworth. 1 Re-established Ilenrj' in his full authority. 2: Proclaimed an amnesty for the rebels ou payracut of U. Annuired the Provisions of Oxford, and the conditions reeentlv forced on the king. , , ... 4. Provkled that the king should keep the charter which Le had freely sworn to. 1268. Death of Conradin and end of the Hohen- staufen. 1270. Seventh and last Crusade. Louis IX. dies, and is succeeded by Phihp III. [1257—1272] ENGLISH. 1257. 1258. 12.-)9. 1261. 1262. 1263. 1264. 1265. 1266. 1267. 1268. 1271. 1272. The ^"ll^^ill*^®?'^^"^^^^^^^**^** ^"s debts to the Pope amount to 1.^0,000 marks (a). The clergy grant 52,000 marks. Simon de Montfort quarrels with William de Valence, the king's halt-brother, and assumes the leadership of tlie Opposi- The Mad Parliament meets at Oxford and presents its grievances A committee of twenty-four is chosen to reorganize the govem'- ment. It draws up the PROVISIONS OF OXFORD (h\ Many foreigners leave Pingland. Henry and his son Edward (aged nineteen) swear to accept the provisions. * In accordance with the Provisions of Oxford, the four kniqUs of each shu'c j.resent their complaints aqahist the sltcrifs. Ihe slowness of .the council of fifteen in proceeding With reforms causes a qiiarrel between Simon de Montfort and Richard of Llare, Earl of Gloucester, head of the barons. The provisional government makes a treaty of its own with France. Ihe i'rovisions of \\ estminster are agreed to by the king Ic) Henry receives from the Pope absolution from his oath to accept the Provisions. * The Earl of Gloucester dies, and his son Gilbert (aged nineteen) the new earl, takes the side of de Montfort. Henry refuses to confirm the Provisions, and the quarrel is referred to St. Louis of France. By the Mise of Amiens (d) St. Louis sets aside the Provisions \\ ar breaks out. Battle of Lewes. The barons are victorious, and the king and Prince Edward give themselves up by the Mise of Lewes. *^ Be .Afontfort, Gloucester, and Stephen Berksted, Bishop of Chi- chester, arc elected to appoint a council of nine to manage the government (e). ° A jHirtirwient meets, to vhlch arc summoned two huefhts from each county and Jor tJic first time representatives from duties and boromfhs. auarrel between de Montfort and Gloucester. Prince Edward escapes, and defeats de Montfort s 'son at Kenil- worth. Battle of Evesham, Simon de Montfort is defeated and killed. The Dictum of Kenilworth (/) restores the government to the king. In the Parliament of Marlborough the Provisions of Westminster are renewed by the king and re-enacted as a statute. Pnnce Edward takes the Cross and goes on the Crusade in 1270 Death of Richard, King of the Romans. Death of Henry. [By the end of this reign the staff of Curia Regis judges is broken up into three distinct bodies for the Courts of Exchequer, Kina's Bench ami Common Pleas.] 87 =^ \ ^mw. [Notes.] FOREIGN, [1272-1290] ENGLISH, 1 '^7'^ (rt) StatnU o/ WiiltniyxsUr I. 1. Regulated the freedom of elections •V Fixed the occasions iii.d the rates <.f aids and reliefs. 3] Regulated the law of wreckage and other matters. 1273. 1274. 127.-). 1277. 1278. (6) Mortmain means the holding of land " in worf im wmnw,' i.e. by a corporation. 1282. The Sicilian Ves- pers. 1279. 1282. 1283. 1284. The Maid of Nor- way, granddaughter of Alexander III., is de- clared heiress to the Scottish throne. 1285. Philip III. dies, and is succeeded by Philip IV. (Le Bel.) 1286. Death of Alex- ander III. of Scotland. 1284. 1285. 1286. 1289. 1290. 38 EDWARD I., 1272-1307 (35 Years). Bom 1239 ; Married \ ^^^*' Eleanor of CastUe. / 1299, Margaret of France. Edwarcl is proclaimed king in his absence. The Archbishop of chaiLuoT"' """ J.'overnment with Walter de Merton as The barons in perpon, and the counties through their represents- tives, swear allegiance to Edward ^ ctn"^ ^'^^ ^''' ^"^^' chanceUor) is ap^pointed Edward settles a commercial dispute with Margaret, Countess of I Flanders, and returns to England ^ countess ot ■^TU Statute of IFrstmuiHter I. {a) is passed. Llewellyn having refused to swear allegiance to Edward, and having planned a marnage with the daughter of Simon de Montfort wLrVreXouV''"*''''''''^' *^' disturbances of the last reign] '"'^ Sct^^^sn^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^"^"^" ^^^p« ^^'y ^"^1-- -^ «- 3 ^^^^Si^ t^:^ 1 1!;^ *^ ^^--^ ^or his English ^^"knd. "'^'''' ^^^^a^ito" are issued to inquire into titles Uy (> e/ /I P Yr^^ ""^ ^"^''^^ '"''' compelled to be hiufhtcd. s^ statute of Mortmain {b) (or de reWjiosis) to check the bestowal of estates on religious foundations. hIs ^brnZr n'^'^t ""^ 1 ^\^^°- . ^^^^^"yn goes to the south. His brother David, who has been on the English side and has deserted it, raises the north. Tlie kinfs treasurer is sent rouwl to negotiate separately with tlie countus and boroughs for a subsidy. u o ui^ Llewellyn is killed on the Wye. Two provincial councils, containing representatives from both cUrqv and laity, meet at York and NortJmmpton, aiid make varies ^^"^ eUcutrd"^^"^' •'"'"'^^"'"^'^ ^y *^^ assembly of Shrewsbury, and , he Statute of Wales settles the administration of the country. Ike Skitute of Westminster 11. is passed, co7itaining the clause ^^ De k^m i^^'^'l' fWf^ foiu^M entails, and oth^r importaiU clauses. i 3 Th€ Statute of JVindiester re-enacts tlm Assize of Arms, and regulates ine miiitia. Edward goes to Gascony for three years. Edward mediates between France and Aragon Edward returns to England, and banishes and fines the judges for corruption of justice. ^ ^ All Jews are ordered to leave England. The Statute of - Quia Emptores " is passed to prevent subinfeudation, 6 '^^r^ ^^^^^u^.-.^^ -*-^«^ the prfrmunientes clause) to bring the heads of the chapters, the arch.leacous. one proctor for th.^ clergy of each cathedral, and two for the clerg>- of ■{ C^mmons^w'vL are issued to the sheriff, onlering threlfection and return of two knights from eueh shire, two citizens from each city, and two bur- gesses from each Iwirough. [From 1295 onwards .ludj^and ^^^^'^;' ,'^^'J'llZ''[nm onlinary (or pennauent) Council have been sum- mone«l to Parliament (the Commune Coneihum of Se Three Estates), not as members of Parhameiit, but as assistants and advisers.) • It is found very difficult to induce the clergy to attend M an Estate in Parliament; an.l from the middle of tlu fourteenth century their grants are made, as a rule, in Convocation. •* (c) Confirmatio Cartannn. 1 The charters of libertv and of the forest are con finned, and all judgments against them are to be voitl. •' The recent exactions are not to be made precedents. s" No aids, tasks, or prizes are to be taken but by the common assent of the realm, and for the comniou pn.tit thereof, saving the ancient aids and prizes due and accustoyned.* , . . , „ 4. The maletote of wool, a toll of 40s. a sack, is to be discontinued * In the " De tallagio non conce«lendo," probably an nuauthorized abstract of the Conllnnatio Cartarum, this reservation is omitted. 1290. Death of Margaret of Scotland. 1294. First alliance be- tween Scotlainl and France laud. against Kiig- 1295. Members for coun- ties are sent to the Irish Parliament. 1290. Boniface VIII. publishes " Clericis Laicos," which forbids the clergy to pay taxes to tlie secular power. Balliol's kingdom is treated as a forfeited tief, and John, Earl of Warrenne, appointed by E IIL I Philij. IV. Charles of Valois. I Loais X. Philii» V. Charles IV. Isabella n>. Philip V I. Edwartl 11. I I I Edward III. John 11. John I. d. 1316. Joan, Queen of Navarre. I Charles the Bad. («•) These concessions were — 1. Tliat the accounts should be audited by autubbg). (rf)(l) Marie of Limoges m. Arthur, m. (2) Yoland of Dreux ^ '^ Duke of Countess of Brittany. Moutfort. John IIL, Duke of Guy, Brittany, d. 1341. John. Count of Montfort. FOREIGN, [1327—1348] ENGLISH. 1328. Cliarles IV. of France dies, and is suc- ceeded by Philip VI. («). 1 321). Robert Bruce dies, and is succeeded by David Bruce, aged seven. 1331-1338. English and Irish in Ireland are ordered to submit to the same law, and only English otticiala are to be api)ointed. 1332. Battle of Duplin. Victory of Edward Balliol, who is crowned king, but has immedi- ately to fly from Scot- land. Jeanne m. Charles of Blois. 1341. Burgesses appear sitting in the Irish Par- liament. 1343. The Ottoman Turks begin to form settle- ments in Europe. 1345. Jacob van Arte- veldt killed at Ghent. 1327. 1328. 1.329. 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333. 1.334. 13:«. 1336. i:538. 1.330. KUO. \U\. 1^6. 1347. 1348. 46 Mortimer.] Henry, Earl of Lancaster, holds the first place in the standing council appointed for the king. Sept. 21. Murder of King Edward II. Peace concluded with Scotland at Northampton. The complete independence of vScotland is recognised. Edward marries Phillippa of Hainault. Edward does ligmage for his lands in France. Execution of the Earl of Kent for a supposed plot against the government. Edward, supported by Henry of Lancaster, arrests Mortimer. His fall and execution. Edward again goes to France to do homage. T/wj kiiiijhLs of the shire are first definitclij recorded as deliberating a/utrt from the lords and t/w jn'elates, and in the next year as sitting by themselves ivith the citizens and burgesses. An order for tlie collection of a tallage on fhs royal dc7nesne is issued^ 'probably for the last tinic, tlic jioiver of levying it being once uwre and finally abolished in BMO. Invasion of tlie Scots. Siege of Berwick and battle of Halidon Hill. Victory of the English. Balliol is reinstated. Balliol's second expulsion from Scotland. Edward and Balliol invade Scotland. Philip promises help to the Scots, and invades Gascony. Edward takes the title of King- of France (Jj), Beginning of the war with France. The French attack Portsmouth {June) and Southampton {Octo- ber). Ivlward embarks for Flanders. [Edward is in alliance with tlie states on tlie north-east of France.] Edward invades France unsuccessfully. Edwartl returns to England. Heavy taxation. Jane. Edward defeats the French fleet at Sluys. Truce for a year. Nov. Sudden return of Edward to England. Dismissal of Robert Stratford, chancellor, and other state officers. Robert Bourchier, the tirst lay chancellor, is appointe*!. The king having accused John Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, of wasting his money, orders him to answer in the Court of Exchequer. The Lords insist that a peer must be judged in full Parliament and before his peers. Edward consents, and concedes the further demands of Parliament (c), but in October repudiates the concessions. Edward supports the claims of John de Montfort to the duchy of Brittany {d). July. Edward invades Normandy and advances to Paris. He crosses the Seine and retreats toward Calais. Aug. 2^. Victory of Crecy. Oct. 17. Defeat of the Scots at Nevill's Cross. Capture of David II. { Surrender of Calais. I Tha separate equitable jurisdiction of the CImnceUor in the Court of * Chancery is from this time definitely recognised. 47 mr m [Notes. ] (a) Tliis statute, which attemi)t« to fix the amount of wa"os and forbivin« of alms to sturdy Ix'K- gaA, was contlrnied «)r amended by enactmeut« m I'i'A, 1302, 1368, and other years. ih) StaMeof Piovims.—AW iKTsons receiviu« papal pro- visions are to l»e lialde to impris<>iim«'nt, and uU the preferments to whieh tl»e Pope nomiuuteH are to lie forfeited for that turn to tlie king. (c) St'itHte ofTrmitnH8.-\t^ objert wns to i>rfvent— I. The compa-ssiuKof tlie death of the king, queen, t.r their eldest son. , , ., '' Uncertainty as to the legitimacy «>f the royal family. 3" Levying war against the king, or assisting Ins enemies 4. Mutilation of the eoin, or munltrmg the kings high t.rtleials in the di.sehai-ge of tlieir duty. on Statute 0/ Prfi?»iTtM lie. —Tlie name '* Pr.emunire" is taken fn>m tlie oi.ening wonl in the sheritrs writ of sum- mons to the lwanl gave up all claim to the crown of France, and to the hereditary domains of William tlie C'onciueror and the house *>f An.j«>u. He retained the dominions of Queen Elean«>rof Ouienue. the dowry of Queen LsaU'lla, and the districts of Calais and Guisnes. if) This statute has to be renewed in 1371. "The wean- some eoiitest so long continued f».r the maintenance t»f this branch t>f the prerogative comes thus to an end" {Stubbi). „) TheStntuteofKillennyforXmXe— _ ,. , ... 1. Marriages or intercourse VK.'tween the English colouists and the Irish. •' The u.se bv Englishmen of the Irish language, r^*. The adoption by Englishmen of Irish laws, customs, or mauiiers. (/i) The Stvnrts.-Thf familv name of the dynasty was Allan or Fitzallan, but they got tlieir other name from their hereditary othce of lligh Steward. (j) From this time tonnage and poundage becomes a regular parliamentary grant, and ultimately the re- cognised i>rovision for the safeguard of the sea. (j) The king was to remain under the care of his mother. The goveniment was to be carried on by a council. fn)m whieh the king's uncles were exclude0. Philip VI. of France ilies, ami is suc- ceeded by John II. 135G. The* ♦Golden Bull" issued l»y the Emperor Charles IV. 13r»8. Meeting of the testates (ieneral. The Jac(iuerie in France. i;i(il. Lionel, Edward's Bon, who IumI manied the heiress of William de I iurgli , Earl of U Ister, goes to Ireland as Lieu- tenant. i:u;4. John II. of France dies, and is succeeded l>y Charles V. 1. *«»(). Statute of Kil- kenny (ei-t Stuart (the Steward) (A). 1377. Gregory XL re- turns to Rome from Avignon. On his death beinns ** the Great Schism." 1378. Urban VI. Pope in Rome. Clement VIL at Avignon. 1380. Charles V. of France dies, and is succeeded by Charles VL 1349. 1351. 1352. i:3o3. 13r)G. 1360. 1362. 1364. 1367. 1369. 1370. 1372. 1373. 1374. 1376. 1377. 1379. 1380. The Black Death. The first Statute of Labourers (a). T}ic first Statute of Provisors, to prevent encroachments by the Pope on patronage (/>). [In this year begin a series of petitions again.st the usur])ed jurisdiction of the Privy Council.] The first Statute of Treasoiis (c). TJic first Statute of Pranmnirc, to prevent usurpations of juris- diction by the Pope {d). The Black Prince marches ifrom Bordeaux to Bern. Sept. 19. Victory of Poitiers, and capture of John II. E«lward l)esieges Paris. Peace of Bretigny [e). Enactment tluit no suhsi(bj should he set on vjool h]j the merchants or an II other body without conserd of Parliament (/). The English language is ordered to be used in the law courts. John 11. of France dies at the Savoy. Expedition of the Black Prince to help Pedro of Castile. The JJlack Prince is summoned to Paris on account of his heavy taxation of the Gascons. Queen Philippa dies. Renewal of the war. Invasion of Gascony by the French. Massacre by the English at Limoges. Defeat and capture of the Earl of Pembroke by the Spaniards. John of Gaunt s disastrous expedition from Calais to Bordeaux. Tonnaije a/ul poundage is formally granted by Parliament for two years {i). Loss of all French dominions, except Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. John of Gaunt is at the head of the administration. The Good Parliament, sujrported by the Pdack Prince and Williaiii of Wyhham, impeaches Lords Latimer and Neville, Alice Perrers, and others. [This is the first instance of an im/Hachment.] June. The Black Prince dies. John of Gaunt returns to power. He throics into prison Peter ik la Mare, the Speaker of the Good Parliament. Wickliffe is cited to appear at St. Paul's. June 21. Death of Edward III. RICHARD II., 1377—1399 (22 Years). ,— * «» — 4 ^ ^ 1381, Anne of Bohemia. Bom 1366 ; Married j ^gg^^ Isabella of France. The French ravage the south coast. Peter dc la Marc is released from prison, and elected Speaker of Richard's first parliament. Appointment of provisional government (J). Walmorth and Philipot are appointed treasurers of the parliamentary grant. A graduated poll-tax is imposed. An additional poll-tax is imposed. 49 D A ■ [Notes.] m (a)_TIIE YORKIiiT UNE. I I Lionel of Clan>iicf. \ E(lmun»l, Dukf »)f York. Philipi>a 111. Etlinnm! Mortiiiior, i^rl of March (gi\'at->;raml- »on of Rogff MortiiiH-r, who was exfcuteil V6oi)). ElizatH'th m. Rojyer, Eari of Htiiry Hotspur. March, tl. 1398. f-iilnmiul, Earl of March, d. 14--'4. Anne ni. Richard, K-arl of Cauiltridj^f. Richan . Duke of York. Etlward, Dukt- ofYork(.dd«T son), killeilat A;rincourt. Edwanl IV. George, Duke Richanl III. Elizabeth ni. of Clare nee, John de la Tolv. Edward V. RichanI, Elizalnth, ni. Duke of York. H t-nry V 1 1. (b) John de la Pole, Edmund, exeeutetl Richard, kilKd killed 1487 1513. 1J25. •♦In our land of Ireland," wrote Richard II,, "there are three kinds of i>eople — wild Irish (our enemies), Irisli relK'ls, an«l oln-dient English. To u.s and our cotuicil it appears that tlu- Irish rebels have rebelletl in consequendSs''app*:a[:f loty RiclLd decide that the couuc.l .s The ^Appellant (the Uuke of Gloucester, the Earls of Arundel, Der V Nottingham, and Warwick) take up arms. B.attie of Eadcot Bridge' Be Vere, Duke of Ireland, is defeated. Fall of the court party. ...«,• 4. BicS takes the government into his own hands; he rules apparently well tor eight years. ReconcTh^tZ of tl.e Lords Appellant to the kmg. '"'tcksiastical lawyers are fina ly stopped^ TliA gmU Statute of Prcjcmuiurc. (See a.d. 13o3, note. ) Death of the queen. , ^ . ., ,.. debate (c). 51 Ik 11 i m [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF THE WAllRENNES AND ARUNl)EL8. William do Warrenne, m. Gundre. IL Richard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, behea7. Thomas, Archbishop of t'aiittrburj'and t'lian- ccllor, /ewjp. Henry IV'. Tlioma.s, Earl of Arundel Elizabeth m. Thomas Mow- and Surrey, d. 1415. bray, Duke of Norfolk. Marj.'aret m. Sir Robert Howard. (Ancestors of the Dukes of Norfolk.) (b) THE LANCASTRLVN LINE. Blanche m. John of Gaunt ni. Katharine Swynford. ofCastille I I Henry IV. John, Earl of Somerset. Canlinal Beaufort. (1) Henry V. m. Katharine m. (2) Owen John, Duke of of France. 1 Tudor. Somerset. Henry VI. Edmund Tudor, m. Margaret. Earl of Rich- mond. Henrj- VII. 52 FOREIGN. 1397-1403] ENGLISH. 1397. 1398. 1399. 1400. The Emperor Wenceslaus, brother ill-law of Richard II. is deposed. UOO. 1401. 140*2. Timour defeats the Ottoman Turks at An- gora. 1402. 1403. brother, Arch])ishop of Canterbury, banished (a). AA arwick is imprisoned for life. ParUament of ShrewsW^^ the ^^ ParUameut. (2) (U-aaU customs to the. kui'jjor hjc. (S) Debates its aathorltii to euihtc^i of Us manhcrs. Richard, virtually absolute, rules a|'l>itranly. Quan.1 between H--^J^^--^^^ Fe,. riill'th ^Of loh^^^^^^^ His estates are seized by Richard, f 2 ^T:^?rno^t^e of Lancaster, lands at Raven- '''''s^ufX^m^^^ V>y the Percies and joined by the Duke of York (the rogent) and the mass of the people. Richard returns froin Ireland and «"7^'": f ^^p^^.^^ resigns the Sept, 29. Richard, a prisoner in tlic lower, resigxxo Sent ''.'o^u-liament meets, accepts the resignation and after hear- ^ ing the articles of accusation, deposes the king. HENRY lY., 1399-1413 (U Years) (7>). \ 1380, Mary de Bohun. Born 1366 ; Married j ^^^3^ jq^j^ ^f Navarre. The Acts of Richard's last parliament are annulled. The Acts of the Merciless Parhament are re-estabhshed. SmoiTit^S^of Rutland, Huntingdon, Kent, and Salis- bury-betrayed by Rutland and easily suppressed. tlcn by'he kh.g an.Ahe Prince of Wales. Invasion of Ma„?ef SXg„t"S- ^Constantinople, visits Henry. seeking help auainst the Turks. massed hv the ^^\trLTnd?irrat°r^o^P^in^Tl^H.W Exec^onViUiam Sawtre by royal writ [the first exeeution for The S1n::Kngl^r"^i - defeated at HomUdon HiU The'^ing^mXr- Henry Beaufort, his half-brother, chan- cellor. 53 ill [Notes.] FOREIGN. [1403-1414] ENGLISH. 1^ 1404. Philip of l'>ur- giindy dies. His son John begins to (juarrel with liis cousin of Or- leans for the llegency of France. 1400. Robert III. of Scotland dies, and James I. (then a pri- soner in England) suc- ceeds. 1407. Murder of Louis, Duke of Orleans, at the instiiration of the Duke of Burgundy. 1400. Council oC Pisa fails to end the "Great Schism. " 1403. 1404. 1405. 1406. 1407. H* 1408. 1400. 1410. 1411. 1412. 1413. is unable to pay them his debts). TT^fc,r.iir Rattle of Sh^ewLbury. Victory of Henry ; death of Hotspur ?he L^toi^^^^^^^ i^'ales and burn towns on the coa.t, in this and the next year. mo...lnvvPr The French king n.akes a ^-f^;'^^:^^^^^ six hisUops^ nvM llcmh <^^ ^/"' ^r<-'^''^ '-'^'1''^'^ ^f^'"" i \Tt;l '^nrcat and continual hrnh and srrni ruinmoiicrs to be /ns (jra^v lun^ K,7 ■' [In UO(i ana 1410 .. sin.ilar request is made^] ?^ -:?b;^aSr-e^>SC^f^tJ^^o. tUe ^"Tari ^£ Mar.h. xLy are captured a"'} «;;ec^^^^^^^^^ ITnsuoeessful expedition "Henry agrunU^^^^^^^ ^,_^ Tlie ComMons insist upon a pmi^i """.V,i.,htia never contested iimnts. [From this time onwards tins riylit is ne\er i, by the Lancastrian kings ] r.,t„y,wnH onlii to originate :;„'«/: S::;":I//V:r'^i:^hbisifop Amndel becomes The'StfNoHhutbSd ^ rebels, is defeated at Bramham Moor, and kdled. Sir Thomas Beaufort becojnes chancellor. Retainers are prohibited by 1 arliament lor Ar„.ll"i>ecomes chancellor again i-tead "^^^homas Beaufort, and Prince Henry is removed from the CounuL «-?ec:n«^aiiirw^^^^^^^^ Death of Henry. HENRY v., 1413-1422 (9 Years). Bom 1388 : Mairled, 1420, Kathaxlne of France. Henry Beaufort. Bishop of Winchester becomes chancellor instead df Arundel. Archbishop of C^^terbury^ ^^^ '^-'^^T^X^^^Z^T^n:^^l^:^^f■>^V^ *- the UU. MeetTnToVdisaffected Lollards summonedat St. Giles' Fields. » new statute is passed against the Lollards. 55 54 ri [Notes.] (a) The "Great Council" (Mapnum Concilium ropis ot reKi'i), '1 fonii of tho nutional Gcnt-nil Assembly which had surviv*-*! from tlu; time before the in- ferior clerjry and the Commons were summoned, may be considered either an a si»rt of enlarjicd Privy Council, or as the House <»f Lords (or niag- nates) sitting; o»it of Parliament. It was not unfrequeiitly summoned by the Plantapenet kin^s after 1205, for i»uri»oses of deliberutiuu and advice. W^ Kt^OLvJl ttu oJlS mv FOREIGN, [1414-1422] ENGLISH. 1414-1418. Council of Constance ends the • * Great Schism. " Pope Martin V. unanimously elected (nominated by the IJishop of London), Condemnation and burn- ing of Huss. 1414. 1415. 1416. 1417. 1418. Massacre of the Orleanists in Paris. 1419. Assassination of John, Duke of Bur- gundy, by the party of the Dauphin. Philip the Good succeeds him. 1422. Charles VI. dies, and is succeeded by Charles VII. 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. 1422. 56 It is aarerd Ini P.n-Uamcnt and the king that statutes shall he made withont alteration of the petitions on which thaj are ^'^^'^^ The property oi priories belonging to foreigners is confiscated to the CWn by Parliament. Chichele succeeds Arundel as x\rchbishop of Canterbury. ^ ., ^ . ^ «^n " r^^ i« i^ Honry claims the French crown. A ' Great Council [a) is 1^ summoned, and resolves that war shall begin. Meeting ot the troops at Southampton. „ ,. ^ i ^riwTo^^v. A conspiracy to place Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, on the throne is discovered. -, T^ i «f The Earl of Cambridge, father of Richard, afterwards Duke of York,^ind br<.the?-in-law of Mortimer, is executed with others. Henry lands at Le Havre, Bedford, his brother, actmg for him m «/ England. «- Sept. Capture of Harfleur by siege , ^ , . Oi "" Henry sets out on his march towards Caais. ■ 5a. Battle of Agincourt. English victorious Death . of Edward, Duke of York, and capture of Charles, Duke of Orleans. Nov Henry returns to England. Siffismund, King of the^'Romans, visits England to mediate t between Englalul and France, and to heal the " Great Schism. ^ Heniy allies himself with John, Duke of Burgundy Henry (now in alliance with towns on the east and north-east of t France) returns to France, and captures many towns m Normandy. The Scots invade England. Sir John Oldcastle is captured and executed. . ;i +1,^ Martin V. becomes Pope at Council of Constance and ends the ^schism. During his papacy he " provided as many as thir- teen bishops in England m two years. ] t^A^(i^ ^ Henry continues his captures in Normandy. Rouen is taken (1419). C' Henry allies himself with Philip Duke of Burgundy ' Treaty of Troyes; Henry to be regent during Charles Vi., ins , father-in-law's life, and king after his death. , Henry returns to England with his new queen, Katharine The Duke of Clarence, his brother, is defeated and slain at Beaug6 by the French with the help of the Scottish contingent. Henry returns to France, and captures Dreux. *^ Henry captures Meaux, falls ill, and dies. HENRY VI., 1422— [dethroned] 1461 (39 Years), [died] 1471. Bom 1421 ; Married, 1446, Margaret of Anjou. The Council authorize Gloucester to summon a parliament. Henry V. '8 will is set aside by Parliament, a^ without binding force. 57 [Notes.] FOREIGN, [1422-1435] ENGLISH. 1422. 00 GENEALlKiY OF THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY, John II., King of France. 1423. Charles V. Philii». Duke of Hur- guM.ly, "l. 140i. Charles VI. Louis. Dnke John ' ;.Sj;;;«l;; ;;;[;: ' .J 1 «ii— 1404-1411'. il. 1407 Anne ni. John. Dnke of UciUtjnl. Philip the Goo.1. Duk.- of liurgundy, 14ll>-14ii7. Charles the Bohl, Duke r»f Uurgunily, 1407-1477. 1424. Humphrey of (Uoueester irritates the Duke of Burgundy by trying to get possession of the property of hia wife, Jac(pioliue of Hainault. James I. returns to Scot- land. 1424. 1425. 142U. Mary ni. Maximilian of Austria. 1429. /<mersi't, exe- cuted 14G;!. Fdniund. exe- cuted 1471. John, killed at li'wkes- Itury 1471. FOREIGN. [1435-1450] ENGLISH. 1435. U36. James I. of Scot- laud iiuirdcretl, and is succeeded ])y his sou, Jauies II. (six years old). 1440. Discovery of i)rint- iug l)y ( luteuberg. 1436. 1437. 1440. 1442. 1443. 1444. 1445. 1447. JiilD- The Duke of York is appointed Lieutenant in Ireland. 144'; 1448. 1449. (M Practically, however, both at this time an.l onwar.ls. Cimvocatiou usually follows the i-xami-le (»t tli.- M Commerty by the intiuence of the peace party in spite of the opposition of Gloucester. the representative of the family. wdlKm de la.' A truce is concluded with France, negotiated by ^ lUiam cle Pole Earl of Suffolk. [See (?e/imZo.7//, p. 68.J and ehar-ed with h gh treason, Fobniary lb. «.e is 1°"^^" STad, F^'ruary 23.° This leaves Richard of York heir apparent. ^S^ES^^t^ftt^rt'^Strot Somerset. 1448) is appointed, AnjoutdTaine\~iven np the garrisons which are set free, ravage Brittany and capture Fougeres. ponnupr -^li^nriitt^^^^^^^ in the north only Honfleur, Bayeux, Caen, and Cher- War^bS'U with Scotland and a truce i^s made The Commons attempt to tax the clerepj, hut the kmgrcfeis tti.ir vroZal through the Lords Spiritual to Convocation (6). UnDomarity of Suffolk and his ministers Moleyns, Bishop of ^^^MchestC Ascough, Bishop of Salisbury, and Lord ^ay. Jan. Murder of Moleyns ^t Portsmouth Rv;, Suffolk is impeached, puts himseit on tne King s me?cy He is banished for five years, but is over- taken and beheaded, May 2. May. Rebellion of Cade. June. Ascough is murdered in Wiltshire. 61 ill I [Notes.] FOREIGN. [1450—1461] ENGLISH, UoO. 1453. Conquest of Con- stantinople by the Otto- man Turks. 1451. 1452. 1453. 1454. 1455. 1459. Tlie Irish Parlia- ment declares Ireland to be independent of English legislation. 14(»0. James II. of Scot- land dies, succeeded by James III. 1456. 145S. 1459. 1460. 1461. Charles VII. of France dies, succeeded by Louis XI. 1461. Juhi. Cade enters London and beheads Lord Say. Fif'iit on London Bridge. The insurgents are driven out, terms are ° accepted by them, but Cade, continuing the insurrection, is killed. The Duke of York returns from Ireland to England. The Duke of Somerset returns from Normandy to England. A proposal is made in the House of Commons to declare York heir to the throne. ^ Loss of Bordeaux and Bayonne. ,. . , r a + York collects an army, and demands the dismissal of Somerset. Somerset and the king force York to swear allegiance. Defeat and death of Talbot at Chatillon. Final loss of ^ France. [:^ee Summary : The Handral Years' War hctiveen Enqlaml and France, p. 262.] All Freiich possessions are lost except Calais. The Duke of York arrests Thorpe, the Speaker of the Commons In the neH parliamrnt thcij assert their privilege in his behalf, but he re/nains in prison. Henry falls ill, and becomes unable to govern. Oct. Birth of Prince Edward. nee. Somerset is imprisoned. , , ^ ^ Bichard, Duke of York, is appointed by the Lords to a limited protectorate of the realm without prejudice to the riglits of the Prince of Wales. He makes his brother-in- law, Salisbury, chancellor. , Henry recovers. York is dismissed. Somerset is released, and with his friends returns to power. The Duke of York, Salisbury, and his son Warwick take up arms to protect the king, really against Somerset. First ])attle of St. Albans. Death of Somerset. Capture of Henry. ^, , . , The king recovers from another short illness. The queen and the Lancastrians intrigue with Scotland and France. Eeconciliation between the two parties at St. Paul's. The queen's attempt to arrest tlie Earl of Sahsbury brings on the battle of Bloreheath. Yorkists victorious. Panic at Ludlow. Fhght of the Yorkists. In the Parliament at Coventry York and his friends are attainted. Jiih/. The three Yorkist earls, March, Salisbury, and Warwick, cross from Calais and win tlie battle of Northampton. The king is taken. The queen flies. , t, v York claims the throne and is made heir to Henry by Parlia- ment. The queen raises forces. . , «. i Dec. Battle of Wakefield. Lancastnans victorious and YorJt killed. Salisbury is taken and is executed at Pomfret. Feb. 3. Edward, Earl of March, fights against Pembroke at Mortimer's Cross. Yorkists victorious. Feb 17. The queen tights against Warwick at the second battle of St. Albans, and sets the king free, who retires to the north. Lancastrians victorious. . Edward comes to London and is declared king. 62 [Notes.] FOREIGN. [1461-1475] ENGLISH. 1461. (rt) GENEALOGY OF THE WOODVILLES. John, Duke of m. J.icqiu'tta of in. Richard Woodville. 1464. Bedfora. Luxemboun; I I I Antony, Lord John, exe- Elizabeth \\\. Edward I\ Rivers, exe- cuted 1409. cuted 1483. J Edward V. Elizabeth. Katharine m. Sir W. Conrtcnay, Henry Courtonay, Manniis of Exeter, executed 153'J. I Edward Courtenay, i)roposed as husV)and fur Queen Elizabeth, d. 1500. 1465. Law is so far in abeyance in Ireland that the Irish Parlia- ment declares it lawful for any free man to kill a thief, or suspected thief, and deliver his head to the govern- ment. 14G7. Charles the Bold succeeds his father, Philip the Good, as duke of Burgundy. 1465. 1468. 1469. 1470. 1471. 1474. 1473. 64 \At the end of Henry VI.'s reign Bills in the form of Statutes are introduced instead of petitions to get over the evils of manipula- tion or saving clauses.] EDWARD IV., 1461—1483 (22 Years). Born 1441 ; Married, 1464, Elizabeth WoodvUle. Edward advances to the north. Battles of Ferrybridge and Towton. Yorkists victorious, with very great slaughter. Margaret escapes with Henry and her son to Scotland. June. Edward is crowned at Westminster. A hill of attainder in the form of an Act of Parliament is passed against Henry and Margaret. Battle of Hedgely Moor. Margaret defeated. Kattle of Hexham. ^largaret a^ain defeated. ^ . Scjjt. Edward's marriage with Elizabeth Woodville (a), widow of Grey, Lord Ferrers of Groby, is announced. He begins to promote his wife's relations to the disgust of Warwick. Henry, the late king, is captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Marriage of the king's sister Margaret with Charles, Duke of Burgundy. [There is no Parliament for nearly four years.] The first recorded instances are found of the use of torture in England. Clarence, who has drawn off from his brother the king to Warwick, marries Warwick's daughter, Isabella Neville. Insurrection of Northerners under Robin of Redesdale. Battle of Edgecote. Rebels \nctorious. Warwick and Clarence take advantage of this to imprison the king. The king is released and a reconciliation effected. March. New rebellion in Lincolnshire defeated by Edward at the battle of Losecoat Field. Warwick and Clarence, finding that Edward has proofs of their treachery, fly to France, and are reconciled to Margaret, the late queen, by Louis XI. Sept. Warwick lands at Dartmouth. Edward flies to Flanders with his brother Gloucester, his queen taking refuge at Westminster, and Henry VI. is restored. Edward, by the assistance of the Duke of Burgundy, his brother- in-law, lands at Ravenspur, is joined by Clarence, and advances to and enters London. A2)ril 14. Battle of Barnet. Yorkists victorious and Warwick killed. Aitril 14. Margaret lands at Weymouth. May 4. Battle of Tewkesbury. Margaret is defeated and her son killed. ^^ay 21. Death of Henry VI. in the Tower. Edward makes a league with Burgundy against Louis XI. [For eight years no Parliament sUs except for forty-two days in 1478, the king liaving ohtained an income for life from his earlier Parliaments, which he supplanents by benevolences.] 65 E [Notes.] . (a) GENEALOGY OF THE STAFFORDS. Ediuund, 5th Earl of Stafl'ord, m. Aniip, danr. of Thomas, Dnke of Gloucest«'r, and {granddaughter <.f Edward 111. Humphrey, created Puke of Buckingham. Killed at Nurthampton, 14t}0. FOREIGN, [1475—1484] ENGLISH, Humphrey, Earl of Staf ford, killed at St. Al- Vans, 1455. I Henry, Duke of Buck- ingham, beheaded 14»3. I Edward, Duke of Buck- ingham, beheaded 15:21. I Sir Henr>' m. Margaret, Countess of Rieli- mond (mother of Henry VII.)., {}>) For pedigree of Henry Tudor, see p. 60. 1477. Charles the Bold of Burgundy is defeated and killed at Nancy by the Swiss. 1479. Ferdinand, wlio had married Isabella (queen of Castille since 1474) in 1469, becomes king of Aragon. 1483. Louis XI. of France succeeded by Charles VIII. 1475. 1478. 1482. 1483. 1484. M Edward lands at Calais. Treaty of Pecquigny between him and Louis XL Edward receives a pension and returns to England. Clarence, distrusted by his brother, is attainted and executed. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, on behalf of his brother the king, helps the Duke of Albany in Scotland against James III. Edinburgh and Berwick are captured. Louis XL breaks oflf the marriage contract he had made with Edward, who prepares for war. A^rll 9. Edward dies. EDWARD v., 1483 (2 Months, April— June). Bom 1470. The Council and the queen dispute for the guardianship. The Council send for the young Edward, who advances to London from Ludlow. o. j.r j j Gloucester and Buckingham (a) meet him at Stony Stratford, and send his escort. Lord Rivers (his uncle) and Sir Richard l^rey (his half-brother), prisoners to the north. . J/av4 The king and the dukes enter London. Gloucester IS ^ proclaimed Protector of the kingdom by the Council, with the support of Hastings. tt x- * Gloucester and Buckingham plot together and cause Hastings to 1)6 beheaded. , . . , • • j.i. Jam 16. The king's younger brother Richard joins him in the Tower. . , i_ j ^j? June 25. The Crown is offered to Gloucester by a body ot lords and others, and he declares himself king. Rivers and Grey are executed at Pomfret. RICHARD III., 1483-1485 (2 Years). Bom 1450; Married, 1473, Anne NevlUe. Richard makes a progress through the country and is well received. Disappearance of the young Edward V. and his brother Richard. , , / rx i Buckin) (afterwards Henry VII.), Morton, Bishop of Ely, and the WoodviUes plot a conspiracy against Richard. . The rebellion of Buckingham in Wales is a failure. He is brought to the king at Salisbury and beheaded. Henry of Richmond reaches Plymouth, but retires. A parliament is held and a statute passed abolishing the illegal 2)ractice of exacting bevevolences. 67 [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF THE DE LA POLES. William de la Pole of Kingston. Michael de la Pole. Earl of Suf- folk, minister of Richard IL, d. 1388. Minhael, restored to his earldom in layy, d. at HarHeur 1415. \ I Michael, 3rd Earl, killed at Agin- court 1415. William, Dnke of Suffolk, minister of Henry VL, iiii- I»ea(;he«l and mur- dered 1450. John de la Pole, m. Elizabeth, Duke of Suffolk, sister of d. 1491. Edward IV. John, Earl of Lincoln, killed at Stoke 1487. Edmund, Duke of Suffolk, executed 1513. Richard, d. at Puvia 1525. (6) Henry is assisted in his extortions by Morton (Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 14st) ; Chantt'llor, 1487), Empson, and Ednmnd Dudley (see Genealogy, note (6), p. 7t)). Empson was Sjwaker of the House of Commons iu 1491, Dudley in 1504. (c) At this time the colony was in such danger that orders were given to build a rampart or ditch to defend the counties of Kildare, Dublin, Meath, and Louth against the Irish. FOREIGN. 1488. James III. of Scotland dies, suc- ceeded by James IV. 1492. The conquest of (tranada from the Moors is completed. Discovery of Hispaniola by Columbus. 1494. Poyning's law pro- hibits the Irish Parlia- ment from passing any law which has not re- ceived the sanction of the English Council (c). Cliarles VIII. makes his great expedition to Italy and captures Naples ; but finds it necessary to retire to France, winning on his way the battle of For- uovo. [1484—1496] ENGLISH, 1484. 1485. 1486. 1487. 1488. 1489. 1492. 1493. 1494. 1495. 1496. 68 Death of Richaxd's son, Edward, Prince of Wales. John de la Pole (a). Earl of Lincoln, declared heir to the throne. Death of tlie queen. Richard proposes to marry his niece, the Lady Elizabeth. AiKj. 7. Henry, Earl of Richmond, having sailed from Harfleur, lands at Milford Haven. Aug. 22. Battle of Bos worth. Richard is defeated and kiUed. HENRY VII., 1485— 1509 (24 Years). Bom 1456 ; Married, 1486, Elizabeth of York. Henry goes to London and is crowned. Parliament entails the crown on him and his heirs. The son of Clarence, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, is imprisoned in the Tower. The kmg marries Elizabeth of York. Unsuccessful rebellion of Lord Lovel. Lambert Sinmel (calling himself the Earl of Warwick, son of Clar- ence), and John, Earl of Lincoln (a), land in Ireland and then in Lancashire. They are defeated at Stoke, and Lincoln killed. The queen is crowned. A new court is ' sfablished for tJic trial of po7vcrful offejiders, which is aftcnrardfi merged into the Star Chamber Court, and revives and ex'tends the old criminal jurisdiction of the Ordinary Council. Resistance in the nortli of England to the subsidy granted against France for the help of Brittany. Henry's troops which he has been compelled to send to the help of Brittany remain inactive, and Brittany is united to France by the marriage of Charles VIII. and Anne of Brittany (1491). Perkin Warbeck (calling himself Richard, Duke of York, son of Edward IV.) lands in Ireland, and is afterwards invited to the court of France. Money is raised by benevolences (6). Henry goes to France and besieges Boulogne. Treaty of Etaples. Henry receives a pension and returns. Warbeck goes to Flanders, where Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, receives him as her nephew. Poyning's law is passed in Ireland. [See Summary: Ireland^ Part I. p. 252.] Sir William Stanley is executed for conspiracy with Warbeck. Warl)eck makes a descent on Kent, but fails. He goes to Ireland and thence to Scotland, where he is received. A statute is jjassed giving security to the subject who obeys the king on the throne for the time being. The Great Intercourse, a commercial treaty, is made with Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and provides that Warbeck shall not be received in Flanders. Warbeck advances with James, King of Scotland, into England, but returns, after ravaging the country. 69 [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF CHARLES V. Maximilian m. Mary of Bur- Fenlinand m. Isabella of (Emperor). giuuly. ofAnigtm. I Castille I Archduke Philip m. Juana. Katharine. Others, of Austria. | Charles V. (h) See Genealogy of the De la Poles, p. 68. (c) GENEALOGY OF THE TUDORS. Henry VIL I I I I I Arthur. Margaret m. Henry VIII. Mary m. James IV. (1) Louis XII. I (•-) Charh's I lira.-Klon. James V. I i r ^1 Mar>', Queen Marj-. ElizaU-th. of Scots. Edward VI. FOREIGN. [1497-1522] ENGLISH. 1497. Discovery of main- land of America by Sebastian Cabot. 1498. Charles VIII. of France dies, succeeded by Louis XII. Vasco de Gama discovei-s the sea-route to India. 1513. James IV. of Scot- land dies, succeeded by James V. (2 years old). Maximilian the emperor joins the league against France. 1515. Louis XII. dies, and is succeeded by his son-in-law, Francis I. 1517. Luther publishes his theses at Witten- berg, 1519. Maximilian dies, Jan. 12. Charles V. becomes em- peror, June 28. 1522. The Turks take Rhodes. 1497. 1499. 1501. 1502. 1503. 1506. \:m. Cornish rebels, resisting the subsidy for the Scotch war, are defeated at Blackheath. Warbeck, coming from Ireland, lands in Cornwall, fails to revive the insurrection, and is captured. Warbeck, having escaped and been recaptured, is executed with the Earl of Warwick. Arthur, Prince of Wales, marries Katharine (a) of Aragon. Arthur dies, and Katharine is contracted to Prince Henry, then eleven years old. The Princess Margaret marries James of Scotland. Tlie (jueen dies. The Archduke Philip (a), wrecked in England, has to agree to deliver up the Earl of Suffolk (6), nephew of Edward IV. Henry dies. HENRY VIII., 1509—1547 (38 Years) (c). Katharine of Aragon, 1609. Anne Boleyn, 1532. Jane Se3miour, 1536. Anne of Cleves, 1540. Katharine Howard, 1540. Katharine Parr, 1543. 1510. 1511. 1512. 1513. 1514. 1515. 151«. 1517. 1519. 1520. 1521. 1522. Born 1491; Married 70 Henry marries Katharine of Aragon. Enipsou and Dudley having been pronounced guilty of high treason, are executed. Henry joins the Holy League against France. A useless expedition is made to the south of France. Suffolk is executed after seven years' imprisonment. A wj. Henry goes over to the north-east of France, and the French are defeated at the battle of Spurs. Sept. Battle of Flodden Field. Defeat of the Scots and death of James IV. Peace is made with France and Scotland, and Mary, Henry's sister, marries Louis XII. (who dies three months later, and she afterwards marries Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. ) Wolsey is created Cardinal, and becomes Lord Chancellor. Birth of the Princess Mary. Wolsey is made papal legate, with special licence from the king to accept the commission. Henry becomes a candidate for the empire. Charles V. (a) visits Henry at Canterbury. Henry goes to France and visits Francis on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and on his way to England again meets Charles V. at Gravelines. Edward, third Duke of Buckingham, is charged with treason and executed. Henry receives from the Pope the title of Defender of the Faith for having written a work against Luther. Charles V. again comes to England, and Henry sends an army against France. 71 [Notes.] («) Hitherto no Parliament, or almost none, had ever l*een held for more than ona year, and there was therefore a fresh election ftir each vear. Annual Parliaments ha«l lH.'en the general rule' till the Wars of the Koses began. (6) In the last paragraph of the petition occur the following words: '"And in case the Pope would make any ]>rocess against this realm for the attain- ing those annates, .... that it may please the king's most noble grace to ordain in this juesent Parliament that the obedience of him and the people be withdrawn from the See of Rome." (c) A congi iVelire is a letter from the sovereign to the dean and chapter of a cathedral, giving them leave to hold an election to fill the office of bishop, and ench)sing the name of the i)erson whom they are to choose, which they mu.st do witiiin twenty days, or incur the penalties of priemunire. (rf) List of Bishojirics (see also note (h), \>. 16)— 1. Sees created about the time of the Norman Conquest- Ely. Exeter. Lincidn. Norwich. Salisbury (to New Chichester. iSaruni in 1218). Carlisle. Bath. 2. Sees created at the Refonnation — Westminster (1540 to Gloucester, 1541, ) joined 1550 only). '^ • ~ "-J- - Bristol, 1542, T 1830. Sodor and Man (an old see annexed to Province of York, 1542). Oxfonl, 1545 (Osney from 1542). Peterborough, 1541. Chester, 1541. 3. Sees created since the Reformation — Riiwn, 183G. St. Albans, 1877. Manchester. 1848. Liverpool, 1880. Truro, 1S76. 72 FOREIGN. [1523-1534] ENGLISH. war in 1525. Peasants' Oermany. Battle of Pavia. Fran- cis mae continued ; (tJ) that auricular confession must be retained. The penalty for denying the first was death; for the rest forfeiture of [property for first offence, death for the second. ((0 GENEALOGY OF THE POLES. George, Duke of Clarence. Margaret, Countess m of rSalisbury, exe- cutetl 1541. Sir Richard Pole. Ed wan! , Earl of Warwick, exe- cuted 1499. Henry Pole, executed 1539. Sir Geoffrey Pole. Arthur. Edward Reginald, Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 1558. 74 FOREIGN, ITk^G. .lohn Calvin pub- lishes the "Institntio Christiaric'e Religionis. " The Anabaptists at Miin- ster are crushed. The Act of Supremacy is passed by the Irish Parliament. 1538. James V land marries Guise. of Scot- Mary of 1540. Confirmation of the Order of Jesuits by the Pope. 1541. John Calvin re- turns to Geneva and obtains great influence (dies 1564). 1542. Bee. Death of James V. of Scotland, succeeded Queen of one week. by Mary, Scots, aged [1535-1544] ENGLISH, 1535. 153G. 1537. 15.38. 1539. 1540. 1541. 1542. 1543. ir>44. f erred on him by God in the Kingdom of England than any other foreign bishop. " HENRY TAKES THE TITLE OF <* SUPREME HEAD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND," by the Act of Supremacy. Fisher and More are executed, practically for refusing to swear to the Acts of Succession (1534) and Supre- macy. Thomas Cromwell is appointed vicar-general. Katharine of Aragon dies. Benefit of clergy is now restricted by Act of Parliament, and hence- forth in the matter of jurisdiction clergy and laymen are on an equality (a). The union in matters of law, etc. , between England and Wales is finally completed. [See Summary : Wales, p. 246.] The smaller monasteries and nunneries are dissolved, and their property transferred to the crown. 3fay 19. Anne Boleyn is executed on a charge of adultery. May 20. Henry marries Jane Seymour. An English translation of the Bible is set up in the churches. An insurrection breaks out in Lincolnshire and in Yorkshire (called in Yorkshire ** The Pilgrimage of Grace "). The insurrections continue, and many executions follow. The •' Council of the North" is instituted to keep order. Oct. 12. Edward, Prince of Wales, bom. Oct. 24. The queen dies. The Countess of Salisbury, mother of Cardinal Pole, is imprisoned. The Marquis of Exeter (6) and others are executed for treason. The kiiiffs proclamations are declared by Parliament to be as valid as Acts of Parliament. All monasteries are now dissolved and granted to the king. (The Order of the Hospitallers is dissolved, 1540.) The Act of the Six Articles (c), with severe penalties for dis- obedience, is passed. Jan. 6. Henry marries Anne of Cleves. J Iff If 24. The king's marriage is abrogated by Parliament. Fail and execution of Thomas Cromwell (July 28) by bill oj attainder icithout being heard in his own defence. July 28. Henry marries Katharine Howard. The Countess of Salisbury [d) is executed. The king takes the title of King instead of Lord of Ireland. Katharine Howard is executed on a charge of immorality. Panic and flight of the Scots at Solway Moss. July. Henry marries his sixth and last wife, Katharine Parr. A treaty for the marriage of Prince Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots, is arranged with Scotland. Invasion of Scotland under Lord Hertford (afterwards Somerset) and Lord Lisle (afterguards Warwick and Northumber- land). Invasion of France by Henry in person. Capture of Boulogne. An Act is passed releasing the king from his debts (also a similar one in 1529). 75 [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF THE HOWARDS. John, created Duke of Norfolk. Killed at Bosworth, USo. Thomas, Earl of Surrey (restonnl to the dukedom 1514), won the battle of Flmlden 1613, d, 1524. I Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, d. 1554. I Henry, Earl of Surrey, l>eheadt'd 1547. I I Sir Ed- ward, Ad- mi r a 1 , killed at Brest, 1513. Edmund. I Kathar- ine m. H«'iiry VIII. I William, created L o r d Howard of Eftiiig- hum. Eliza- m. Thomas beth Boleyn, create •! Ejirl of Wi It- shire. Anne Boleyn m. Henry VIII. Thomas, Duke of Nor- folk, l)ehead»'y Henry II. Complete defeat of the Protestants by Charles V. at Miihlberg. 1545. 1546. ir)47. 1548. Mary, Queen of JScots, is sent to France. 1549. 1552. Peace of Passau. l.')50. 1551. 1552. 1553. A benevolence of not less than twentrj jtence in the pound on land and tenpence on goods is exacted. The Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Surrey, his son (a), are com- mitted to the Tower for treason. Surrey is executed. Jan. Henry dies. EDWARD YI., 1547—1553 (6 Years). Bom 1537. Hertford (now created Duke of Somerset) is made Pro- tector. An ecclesiastical visitation is directed, to order the use of English in services and to pull down images. Bonner and Gardiner protesting, are imprisoned. The Protector invades Scotland to enforce tlie treaty of marriage of 1543, and defeats the Scots at the battle of Pinkie. The newly -made treasons of Henr\i VIII. and the Act {about pro- clamations) of 1539 are repealed. Severe Acts against vagrancy are passed in Parliament. The ** First Prayer-Book of Edward VI. " is approved, and the **Act for Uniformity of Service " passed in Parlia- ment. Lord Seymour, brother of Somerset, is condemned for treason by attainder without being heard in his own defence, and beheaded. A rebellion in Norfolk and other places against those, especially the newly-made nobles, who had enclosed common land is put down by Warwick. A rebellion in Devon and Cornwall demanding the restoration of the old Liturgy is put down by Russell. The French besiege Boulogne. Somerset having lost credit during the rebellions, is forced to sul)mit to the Council and resign his Protectorship. John Dudley (6), Earl of Warwick, gains the chief influence in the Council. The Council make peace with France and Scotland and restore Boulogne. Great distress is caused by wholesale depreciation of the coinage. The Princess Mary is forbidden the use of the Mass. Warwick now becomes Duke of Northumberland. Somer- set is sent to the Tower, charged with high treason. Somerset is executed. Parliamerd enacts that no one shall be convicted of treason without the evidence of two \citnesses, who must both appear. A second Act of Uniformity and second Prayer-Book are issued. The king (sixteen years old) falls ill. Northumberland persuades him to bestow by will the succession on Lady Jane Grey (c). Jidy. Edward dies. 77 [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF THE GUISES. Rene II., Duke of Lorraiiu-. Antony, Duke of Lorraine, d. 1544. John, Cardinal, d. 1550. Claude, Dtikf (»f Guise, d. 1550. Francis, Duke of Guise, murdered 154>3. Charles. Canlinal, d. 1574. Claude, Duke of Auniale, killed 1573. Louis. Cardinal, d. 1578. Marj-, ni. James V. of Scot- land. Mary, Queen of Scots. Henry, Duke of Guise, mur- dered 1588. Louis. Cardinal, murdered 1588. Charles, Duke of Mayenne, d. 1611. 78 FOREIGN. 1554-56. Charles V. re- signs his dominions in Italy, the Netherlands, anolentate should exercise any power or authority in this kingdom ; and the queen was eminiwered to exercise her jx^wer through Conunissioners. (h) GENEALOGY OF FRENCH KINGS FROM HENRY II. TO HENRY IV. Henry II, Francis II., d. 1560. Charles IX.. d. 1574. Henrj- III., munlcred 15b9. Francis, Margaret, Duke of n). Htnry AlenQon. IV. (c) This Act ini]X)sed the oath of .sui>rcinacy on every nieml»er of the House of Coninions (and thus ex- ciudtHl Catholics from that House), but not on the Peers (see l(i7^). It also hound many others to take tlie oath when tendered to them. («0 GENEALOGY OF DARNLEY. James IV. m. Margaret Tudor m. Earl of Angus. James V. ra. Mary of Guise. Margaret m. Earl of Lennox. r Mary, Queen m. Lord Damley. of Scots. I James I. of England. Cliarles. I Arabella Stuart m. William Sejnuour. (e) In his lectures as Laublishe«l "An Admonition to the Par- liament," calling ui>on it to reform the abuses in the Churcli. (/) Henry of Navarre was a descendant in the younger branch of Rol>ert of Clermont, the fourth son of St. Louis. Tlie ehler branch U-came extinct in the i)er- son of the Constable Bourlx»n, killed at Rome in 1527. Henry's immediate ancestrj' was as follows:— Charles. Duke of Vendome, d. 1557. Antony, m. Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. Duke of Vendome, d. 1562. Charles, Car- dinal. Bour- bon,d.l590. Henrj- IV. Louis, Prince of Conde, nncestor of the Princes of Conde. 80 FOREIGN, 1559. John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva. Treaty of Chjiteau Cam- bresis between Spain and France. Henry II. of France dies, succeeded by Francis II. (A), who dies 15()0. War breaks out in Scot- land between the regent Mary of Guise and the Reformers. 1561. Mary, Queen of Scots, now a widow, re- turns to Scotland. 1565. Mary marries Darnley ijl). 15()6. Murder of Rizzio at Holyrood. Birth of James. 1567. Murder of Damley. Mary marries Both well. Mary is forced to abdicate and imprisoned, is suc- ceedetl by her son, James VI. 1568. Insurrection of the Netherlani«r?/ ; The Reformation^ ^. 1^.^ Peace is made with France. Parker is made Archbishop of Canterbury. 1560. Klizabeth sends help to the Scotch Reformers. The regent of Scotland dies, and by the treaty of Edinburgh it is agreed that the French troops shall leave Scotland. 1562. Elizabeth sends help to the French Huguenots. A severe Act is passed against Roman Catholics (c). 1563. The Thirty-nine Articles are drawn up and signed by Convocation. Arthur and Edward Pole (the last of the Yorkists) are convicted of treason and imprisoned till their deaths. [See Summat^y : York and Lancafttei', p. 264.] The advanced Protestants denounce vestments. 1564. Archbishop Parker and the queen enforce uniformity. Many of the London clergy refuse to obey, and, supported by Dudley, Earl of Leicester, leave the Church. 1566. Peace is made with France. The Commons resolve to petition the queen to marry, but are com- manded l)y her to discuss the matter no further. Fanl Wentworth mores to knoin irhether hercovimand is not against their liberties. 1568. Mary, Q,ueen of Scots, having escaped from Lochleven Castle and lieen defeated at Langside, takes refuge in England. Mary's case is investigated before a conference at York. 5lary is consigned to Tutbury. 1569. Norfolk is committed to the Tower for proposing to marry Mary. Insurrection in behalf of the old religion and of Mary under the Karls of Northumberland and Westmoreland in Yorkshire and the northern counties. It is suppressed with great cruelty. 1570. The Pope Pius V. issues a bull releasing Elizabeth's subjects from their allegiance. Cartwright, a leader of the Puritan party, is expelled from his professorship at Cambridge (e). 1571. A marriage is proposed between Elizabeth and Henry of Anjou (afterwards King of France). Parliament passes severe Acts against Romanists and against the introduction of papal bulls. The Puritans propose in Parliament alterations in religion, and Strickland, the mover, is ordered by the Council not to appear again in his place in Parliament. 1572. The Ridolti plot having been discovered, Norfolk is executed. Parliament proposes an attainder against Mary, and is forbidden to proceed by the queen. 1575. The Netherlanders offer the sovereignty of Holland and Zealand to Elizabeth, who declines. 1576. Grindal succeeding Parker, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. 1577. Grindal is sequestered from his see for declining to suppress the " Prophesyings " of the Puritans. 1580. A Jesuit mission under Campion and Parsons to reconvert England arrives. 81 F [Notes.] i (o) High Commission Conrt.— "It consisted of forty-four coininissioncrs, tw«'lve of wliom were bishops, many more privy councillors, and the rest either cU-rKy- inen or civilians. This commission, after reciting the Acta «»f Supremacy, Uniformity, and two others, directs them to inquire froni time to time, as well by the oaths of twelve >,'04m1 and lawful men as bv witnesses, anerceive any idle heads . . . which will meddle with refonning the Church and transfonning the Commonwealth, and do exhibit bills to such puriM)se, that you receive them not until they be viewed and considered l>y those who it is titter should consider of such things." I FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1581-1601] ENGLISH. 1584. William of Or- ange {})) accepts the sovereignty of Holland anil Zealand, but is assassinated the same year, and his son Mau- rice succeeds with the title of Stadtholder. 1585. Raleigh's fii-st col- ony is founded in Ame- rica (no permanent settlement). flies joins 1588. Henry III. from Paris and Henry of Navarre 1589. Henry III. of France is murdered by Jacques Clement, ainl is succeetled by Henry of Navarre (Henry IV. ). 1590. Henry IV". defeats the League at the battle of Ivry. 1592. the Presbyterian Church established in Scotland by an Act of the Scottish Parlia- ment. 159,'}. Henry IV. be- comes a Catholic. 1598. Henry FV. grants toleration to the Pro- testants by the Edict of Nantes. Treaty of Vervins be- tween France and Spain. Death of Philip of Spain. Succeeded by Philip III. 1(>00. First charter granted to the East India Company. 1581. 1583. 1584. 1585. 1586. 1587. 1588. 1589. 1590. 1591. 1592. 1593. 1595. 1596. 1597. 1598. 1599. 1600. 1601. Francis, Duke of Anjou (formerly Alen^on), younger brother of Henry III. , comes to England to negotiate as to his marriage with Elizabeth. Campion is tried for high treason and executed. Whitgift succeeds (irindal as Archbishop of Canterbury, and persecutes the Puritans. The "High Commission Court " is placed on a permanent foot- ing (a). [See note (a), p. 80.] An association is formed with the sanction of Parliament to protect Elizabeth from assassination, and a strict watch is set over Mary. Treaty between Elizabeth and the Netherlands. Leicester is sent to their assistance. Leicester is made Stadtholder. Babington's conspiracy is detected. Battle of Zutphen. Death of Sir Philip Sydney. Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, by special commission. Leicester returns without success from the Netherlands. Mary, dueen of Scots, is executed. Pope Sixtus V. issues a new bull, and proclaims a crusade against Elizabeth. He sends his benediction to the forces prepared by Philip of Spain against England. [The Marprelate tracts grossly abusing the hierarchy are circulated at this time.] Sir Francis Drake makes an expedition to Cadiz, and destroys part of Philip's annament. Tdcr JFcntirorth is committed to the Tower for submitting questions to tlm Speaker touch ivff the liberties of the House. Jifhf. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Death of Leicester. i:xpedition to Portugal to support Antonio against Philip of Spain. Death of Walsin^am. i^ f English forces are sent under Essex to help Henry IV. of France. Eleven judges remonstrate against illegal commitments by the Privy Council. A second expedition is sent to help Henry IV. Acts with penalties are passed against both Puritans and Romanists {c). Tyrone (O'Neal), assisted by Philip of Spain, rebels, and Sir John Norris is sent against him. Expedition to Cadiz under Essex and Howard. Failure of expedition under Essex and Raleigh against Spain. Philip makes propositions for peace. Death of Sir John Norris in Ireland, and defeat of Bagnal by O'Neal. Death of Burleigh. Essex is sent to Ireland against O'Neal. He fails, returns to England, and is put into custody for a time. Essex intrigues with James of Scotland, and with Romanists and Puritans. Insurrection of Essex. His execution. Spaniards land in Ireland and fortify Kinsale. Debate in Parliament on monopolies. The queen consents to their abolition. 83 [Notes.] (a) This pTOvi(le* parish, of the churchwardens and from two to four house- holders, nominate«l l>y the justices of the i)eace, as overseers of the jNwr. These jwrsons mitjht levy a rate on land an«l use it (1) to set to work indigent children and able-b<>«lied nien out of work; (2) to relieve peojde who could not work, and hail no near relatives to support them ; (:i) to erect houses of correction for vagabonds, and to put out pauper children as ajipreutices. (6) Millenary Petition.— It vf an subscribed by 825 clergy- men, and stateut to death by Act of Parliament. (c) Their protest was to the effect that " tluir liberties and privileges were the uiidt)ubtt'd birthright of the sub- jects of England : the State, the defence of the realm, the Church, the laws and grievances were proper matters for them to debate: members have liberty of speech, and freedom from all imprison- ment for sjieaking on any matters touching Parlia- ment business." (d) " A subsidy was an income tax of 4s, in the pound upon the annual value of lands, and a propeity tax of 2s. 8d. in the iK)und uiH)n the actual value of goods. Those whose lands were n<)t worth 20s. a year, or whose i»ersonal proi)erty was not worth dOs. in value, were not taxed, and the lands were rated very low" {King and Commonwealth). (e) Tonnage was a tax of Is. 6d. to 38. on every tun of wine or beer, and i>oundage of 6ti. to Is. on every pound of dry goods, except staple commodities, exported or imported. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, [1612-1625] ENGLISH. 1614. The French Estates- General meet and de- clare Louis XIII. to be of age. This is the last meeting before 1789. 1618. The General As- sembly of Scotland passes the Articles of Perth, imposing much more ceremonial. The Thirty Years' War begins. 1G19. The Bohemians choose Frederick of the Palatinate as their king. 1620. Landing of the first Puritan settlers at Plymouth in America. The Protestants are de- feated at the battle of Prague. 1621. Philip in. of Spain dies, and is succeeded by Philip IV. 1623. Several English traders are massacred by the Dutch at Am- boyua, one of the Mo- lucca Islands. 1624. Richelieu becomes first minister of France (to 1642). 1612. 1614. 1616. 1618. 1619. H)20. 1621. 1622. 1623. 1624. 1625. placed in Commission. Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester (afterwards Earl of Somerset) , becomes the king's chief adviser. Death of Prince Henry at the age of nineteen. The second Parliament of James (a), called ''Tim Addled rarlianicnty" niectSy aiid after reficsing a supply till it had dealt with the king's hnjwsition of customs^ is dissolved. Several members are imprisotied. Sir Walter Raleigh is released from the Tower, and allowed to go to South America. Somerset and his wife are tried and convicted of the murder of Overbury. Suspension and deprivation of Coke, the chief justice. Villiers, afterwards Duke of Buckingham, becomes chief favourite of James. Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, nominally for treason, in reality for his quarrels with the Spaniards. James refuses to assist his son-in-law the Elector Palatine, who has been elected King of Bohemia. Negotiations with Spain concerning the marriage of Prince Charles. The third Parliament of James meets. The Commons impeach {b) Sir Giles Mompesson for holding monopolies. Bacon, Lord Chancellor, is impeached, and deprived of the great seal. Nov. Parlia7nent reassembles, and the Cominons make a protest against tlie violaiioiis of tlieir liberties (c) . The king tears it out from their journal with his oum hand. On the dissolution of Parliament, Coke, "Pyaif Selden, and two others are imprisoned. Prince Charles and Buckingham go to Madrid, and treaties are drawn up. On their ^return to England, Buckingham procures the breaking off of the match, and thus obtains popularity. The fourth Parliament of James votes supplies, and war is declared with Spain. Monopolies are finally declared illegal in Parliament. Lord Middlesex, the Lord Treasurer, is impeached and condemned for bribery. A treaty of marriage for Prince Charles is arranged with France. March. James dies. CHARLES I., 1625—1649 (24 Years). Bom 1600; Married, 1625, Henrietta Maria of France. June. Charles marries Henrietta of France. First Parliament of Charles. The Parliament grants two sub- sidies {d), but a bill granting tonnage and poundage {e) for one year instead of for life is rejected by the king. Eight ships which had been sent to Richelieu in pursuance of the treaty with France are used against Rochelle. Parliament, adjourned from London, meets at Oxford. Dr. Montague, royal chaplain, is censured in Parliament for a work of Arminian tendencies. 87 [Notes.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 162a Christian IV. of Denmark defeated at Lutter by Tilly. (o) He had said that no snbj(»ct could refasc n tax or loan without i>enl of damnatiou. (6) Petition 0/ Ri'jht :— 1. That no Irt'enian be required to pive any gift, loan, benevolence, or tax without connnou consent by Act of Parliament. 2. Tliat no freeman be iniprisoned or detained contrary to the law of the land. 3. That soldiers or mariners be not billeted in private houses. 4. That commissions to punish soldiers and sailors by martial law be revoked and no more issued. 1628. Oof. Fall of La Rochelle and the politi- cal power of the Hugue- nots. 88 1629. The Massachusetts Bay Company formed, which founds a (second) Puritan colony in Ame- rica. [1625-1629] ENGLISH. 1625. 1626. 1627 1628. 1629. Parliament, refusing to grant supplies, is dissolved. The expedition to Cadiz, for which money had been provided by forced loans, fails to take that town or to intercept tli'e Spanish treasure fleet. Feb. Second Parliament of Charles meets, many members of the last Parliament being excluded by being appointed sheriffs, and a writ being withheld from the Earl of Bristol. Three committees are appointed— for privileges, for religion, and for the state of the kingdom. Sir Dudley Digges and Sir John Eliot impeach Buckingham on behalf of the Commons. Thei/ are sent to the Tower, hut arc released on ParUamc7it refusing to continue its business. June. The Commons continuing the impeachment of Buckingham, and refusmg to grant supplies, Parliament is dissolved. Money is collected hj forced loans, and tonnage and poundage illegally levied. Drs. Sibthorp and Mainwaring preach in favour of the king's pre- rogative. War is declared against France in the interest of the Huguenots, and money is collected by forced loans. The expedition to the isle of Rh^, off Rochelle, under Bucking- ham proves a failure. Five gentlemen (including Edward Hampden) are imprisoned (for refusmg forced loans) under a Privy Council warrant issued by royal command. Their case is argued before the judges, and decided against them. Poor men are pressed for the army and navy under martial law, and billeted on the refractory gentlemen. March. The third ParUament of Charles meets. The Commons throw the blame of all their grievances on Buckingham. By recjuest of the Commons, Mainwaring's sermons are condemned by proclamation (a). After various conferences with the Lords, the Commons, led by Went- worth and Pym, dratv iq) the PETITION OF BIGHT {b), which passes tJie Lords and is presented to the king, who after some hesitation assents to it, June. Parliament noiv grants five subsidies. June 26. Parliament is prorogued. Laud is translated from Bath and Wells to London, and becomes the king's chief adviser in ecclesiastical matters. About the same time favours are shown to Mainwaring. Preparations for a second expedition against France are made. Wentworth (afterwards Strafford) comes over tolthe side of the king, and is soon made President of the Council of the North. [See 1537.] Aug. Buckingham is assassinated at Portsmouth by Felton. lonnage and poundage are illegally collected as before. Alderman Chambers is imprisoned for non-payment of customs duties, and for insolent words spoken before the Council Jan. The adjourned Parliament meets and discusses its grievances. 89 [Notes.] (a) Rockingham Forest was extended fiom six miles to sixty. " It api>earewer" (Ranke). 90 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1629-1639] ENGLISH, 1632. Gustavns AJol- phus. King of Sweden, who landed in Germany 1630, defeats Wallen- stein at Liitzen, but falls on the field. 1633. The choice of the Lords of the Articles in the Scottish Parlia- ment is put into the hands of the bishops by Charles. During his term of office Wentworth re- formed the Irish Church and the Civil Service, made the army effi- cient, introduced the linen manufacture, got a grant of money from the Irish Parliament, and began to reclaim for the Crown large tracts of land in Con- naught with a view to colonization. 1634. Murder of Walleu- stein. 1637. The Scots resist the introduction of a new Liturgy drawn up by Laud. 1638. The Second Cove- nant is drawn up, and Episcopacy in Scot- land is condemned by the Glasgow Assembly. The Covenanters prepare for war. 1639. Aug. The Scottisli Parliament meets, for- mally abolishes Epis- copacy, and makes fresh preparations for war. Madras is acquired, first English territory in India. 1629. 16.30. 1632. 1633. 16:«. 1635. 1637. 1639. Finally, Afarch 2, the Speaker refuses, by the king's order, to read a remoTistrance of Sir John Eliot on tonnage and poundage, and on religion. He said he had orders to adjourn, but was held in his chair till Holies had passed a resolution that they who make innova- tions in religion, or who exact or pay subsidies not granted by Parliament, are enemies of the kingdom. Parliament is now adjourned till March 10, and then dissolved. Meantime, on March 5, Sir John Eliot and others are sent to tlm Tower. [Eleven years of arbitrary govemment follow.] April. Peace is made with France. [About this time Wentworth, Laud, Coventry, Weston, and Noy form the king's ministry.] Knv. Peace is made with Spain. Dr. Leighton is by sentence of Star Chamber pilloried and im- prisoned for writing against prelates. Large sums are being collected from the gentry by distraint of knighthood. Sir Jomi Eliot dies in the Tower. The nobility are irritated by an inquiry into the extent of royal forests and alleged encroachments, conducted by Lord Holland, chief justice in eyre {a). The city of London is irritated by the confiscation of its settle- ments in Ulster and a heavy fine in Star Chamber for alleged mismanagement. The merchants are irritated by the grant to companies of the sole right of selling soap, starch, beer, and other articles. June. The king goes to Scotland to be crowned. July. Wentworth is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland. Aug. Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. A writ for ship-tnoney drawn up by Noy, carefully follovnng the ancic7it precedents, is addressed to maritime toivns and counties, arid on the pretext of defending the coast against 2nrates, a collec- tion is made without complaint. A neio writ of ship-money after Noy's death, extending the tax to inland towns and counties, is issued. Archbishop Laud holds a visitation, in which he endeavours to give greater prominence than before to' ritual. The judges, asked by the king, give their opinion that the king can legally order his subjects to pay ship-money if the kingdom is in danger {b). John Hampden having refused to pay ship-moTiey, judgment is given against him by a inajoriiy of the judges {after long argu- ments before them). Prynne, a barrister. Burton, a clergyman, and Bastwick, a physi- cian, are condemned in the Star Chamber for their writings; and pilloried, and have their ^rs cut off. Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, who had favoured the Puritans, is imprisoned for libel, and suspended by the High Commission Court. The king advances to Berwick. The Scots, assisted by money 91 [Notes.] (u) The Scottish anny was to be dishaiidofl ; the English fleet was to withrorugation or adjournment. A 1 ail lament must be summoned within three years from the dissolution of the last Parliament, and must with mt^it!:'"'*^'""'' '"'^''i" "">■ "^''y^ «f "« "'^'^^ting ^ithout Its own consent. I'n .vision is made for the elections being made by the i»eople iu default of the iking s issuing the writs. (c) btraffords Impi-achmrnt.-lle was accused on twentv- Fn,,LT'i r''*.'''' concerned his conduct towards tngUnd Ireland, and Scotland. The chief was liiJ of%t 1 "'ce^«^; his majesty against the mem- bersof the late Parliament, telling him "they had iriT hl^'i^^'V'^ ^""V e!'^ *»''•** his majesty having tned the affections of his jieoide, and been refused . he wa^s al««.lved from all fulel of government ami that he had an army in Ireland which he might employ to reduce this kingdom " (State Trials) The Loi-ds refuse?! to admit as evidence a paper found D) Mr Harry Vane, which supiH)rted his father's evidence on this charge. For which cause UeCom- rauus brought in a biU of attainder. * I 92 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1(>41. The Incident (or design of Charles to ar- rest Argyll and Hamil- ton) in Scotland. Od. 23. The Irish Re- bellion breaks out, and is followed by dreadful massacres and disor- ders, in which Ireland was comimted to have lost one-third of its population, and to have been tlirown back many years in trade and civi- lization. [1639-1641] ENGLISH, 1639. 1640. 1641. from France, advance to the Border, June,, The pacification of Berwick is concluded (a). The fourth Parliament of Charles meets. Pym vial-es a speech rccitiiKi the Uh(fal acts of the Crown since the last Parlia7nent. The king, on condition that he would give up ship-money, demands an immediate subsidy, and the Commons seeming likely to re- fuse, Ifarliament is dissolved, Maij 5. Convocation, having granted a subsidy, continues to sit after the dissolution, and passes certain canons. Aug. The Scots invade England, win the battle of Newbum, and advance into Yorkshire. The kiiuj siini'nions a Great Council of peers at York. Negotiations with the Scots are opened at Ripon, and tlien transferred to London. Oct. 22. The High Commission Court sits for the last time. Nov. The fifth Parliament of Charles meets (Lenthal Speaker). The Commons impeach Lord Strattbrd, who had remained in England at the king's request. Prynne, Burton, Leighton, Chambers, and others are released by Parliament and compensated. Finch, the Lord Chancellor, is impeached, but flies to Holland. The recent canons of Convocation are declared to be illegal. Laud is impeached and committed to custody. A commission is issued by the Commons to deface and demolish in churclies images, altars, and monuments. Fch. The Triennial Act is passed (/>). March 10. The Commons bring in a l)ill to exclude the bishops from the House of Lords, which is passed May 1. March 22. Stratford's trial begins in the House of Lords (c). A bill of attainder against him is passed by the Commons, April 21. May 3. The plot to bring up the anny to rescue Strafford is announced by Pym to the Commons. May 7. The Lords pass the bill of attainder against Strafford. May 10. The king consents to the attainder. The king agrees that Parliament shall not be adjourned or dissolved without its own consent. May 12. Strafford is executed. May 27. A bill for the complete abolition of Episcopacy (" The Koot and Branch Bill ") is read in the Commons. June 21. A grant of tonnage and poundage for two months ig made, which is afterwards renewed. . July. Stafutes are passed abolishing the Court of Star Chamber [and thereirith the Council of the North and the Court of Wales) and the High Commission Courts and the Khu/s Council is deprived of the pov'cr of arbitrary imprisonment and jurisdiction. [See Summary : The Council^ p. 266.] Statutes are also passed against ship-money, distraint of knighthood, and illegal custom, duties, and the extent of the royalforests is fixed. Aug. The English and vScottish armies are disbanded. Aug. The king goes to Scotland attended by a committee of the Commons. Sept. 9 to Oct. 20. Recess of Parliament. 93 II « [Notes.] («) The Grand Remonstrance consiste) The Propositions.— These propositions demanded that obnoxious counsellors Jh; dismissal ; that all the chief otlicers t>f Htate should be approved by tlie ParliainfMit, should take an oath to abion by the Council; that the laws against Catliolics be enforce*! and the liturgy be reformed ; that the regulations for the militia \ye accei)ted ; that the fortresses should be put into the hands of men approved by Parliament ; that the king's forces should be discharged ; that the five members should be secureil from further molesta- tion ; and that an alliance should be made with the Dutch. (c) Essex, fifty years of age. was the son of the Earl of Essex executed in \m\. He was divorceeace should be made in Ireland. (b) This battle brought to a close the fighting in the open field, and the Parliamentary leaders spent the next two years in capturing the strong places which still held out for the king. Cliarles wanders from place to place. (c) This Assembly consisted of ten peers, twenty members of the House of Commons, one hundred and twenty- one divines, and six deputies of Scotland. Presby- terians and Independents were present, but the Baptists were excluded. (d) 1. To reduce the army. 2. To deprive of their commands all members of the Parliament. 3. That all officers should take the Covenant. , 4. That a sixth only of the arrears of pay should be paid to the soldiers. 98 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1645. Feb. Montrose gains a victory over Arg^'U at Inverlochy. May. Montrose gains another victory at Al- (lern. Jnlij. Montrose defeats Baillie at Alford. Awj. Montrose again de- feats Baillie at Kilsyth. [1644-1647] ENGLISH. 1644. 1645. IS SeY>t. 13. Montrose utterly routed by David Leslie at Philiphaugh. 1646. 1647. Manchester and Cromwell, tries to cut ofiF the king on his return to Oxford. Oct. 27. Second battle of Newbury indecisive. The Independents bring the Self-denying Ordinance into Parliament. Jan. 1. Sir John Hotham and his son are executed for a plot formed in 1643 to deliver Hull to the king. Jan. 10. Archbishop Laud is beheaded. Negotiations (a) are opened at Uxbridge with the king, Jan, 30 ; are broken off, Feb. 21. April 3. The Self-denying Ordinance (depriving members of Parliament of civil or military office) passes the Lords. Essex, Manchester, and Waller give up their commissions. The Parliamentary army is remodelled at Windsor, and put under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax. May 10. The services of Cromwell, though a member of Parliament, are retained by Act of Parliament for forty days, and this Act is renewed from time to time. The king withdraws to Chester. Fairfax and *' the new model " advance to the siege of Oxford. Charles marches south and storms Leicester, and hesitates whether to relieve Oxford or march against the associated counties. Fairfax marches north, is joined by Cromwell with the Association horse, and totally defeats the king at the battle of Naseby, near Market Harborough in Leicestershire, June 14. (The king's baggage is taken, in which are found his letters to the queen and to the Irish rebels, which are published by the Parliament). Fairfax defeats Goring at Langport, July. Sept. 10. Bristol is surrendered by Prince Rupert. Sept. 23. Charles' forces are defeated at Rowton Heath, near Chester (b). After fruitless negotiations at various times with the Parliament, the Scottish army in England, and the Independents, Charles, finding himself disappointed of help from Montrose in Scot- land, betakes himself to the Scottish army at Newark {May 5), which retreats with him to Newcastle. June 24. Oxford surrenders to Fairfax. At Newcastle, Charles, urged by the queen, now in France, refuses to concede anything to the Parliament on the question of the militia or the Church. The Parliament having agreed to pay £400,000 to the Scots for their expenses, the first payment is made Jan. 21 (see 1644). Jan. 30. The king is ^iven up at Newcastle to the Parlia- mentary Commissioners. [The "Westminster Assembly of Divined (c), which had been sitting constantly since 1643, had by this time established Presbyterianism, which was, however, only generally accepted in Middlesex and Lancashire. ] The four ordinances are passed by Parliament {d). March 21. A great meeting of the officers is held at Saffron Walden to protest against the ordinances. 99 [Notes.] H (a) 1. Parliament was to be moved to Oxfoi-d and dissolved within three months. 2. Episcoi)acy was to be restored, but there was to l>e also comjdete toleration. 3. Bristol, Digby, Worcester, an.I Newcastle alone were to be excepted from the amnesty. 4. A reforin was to be effected in the administration ol justice, and imprisonment for debt was to be abolishetl. 5. The command of the forces by sea and land was to reside m Parliament for ten years 6. The api^,intment to all the great offices was to be in the hands of Parliament. (h) 1. Charles agreed to an amnesty for all members of the Parliament. 2. The api>ointment of ofticei-s and the command of tw/.oni'^'^f n'"'','' "^ ^••'' kingdom was to be in the hands of Parliament for twenty years The api»ointment of the chief officers of State was to be in the hands of Parliament for twenty veais Certain inembers of the Royalist juirty were re- served f..r punishment. The bishops were t<. W susiH^nde.1 and the Pres- bytenan clergy estiiblished and endowed provision- ally tor three years. 3. I (c) Tlio Commons then resolved that whatever is enacted by them has the force of law without the consent of the king or the House of Lords. The inenilH^rs ex- pelled by Colonel Pride were formally excluded fi-om Parhameut, Feb. 1, lG4y. ^ 100 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1647—1649] ENGLISH. 1647 1648. The Scottish mode- rate Presbyterian party in the Estates pass a vote that 40,000 men iinder Hamilton shall invade England in the kin^j's interest. Cond*' wins the battle of Lens. The Peace of Westphalia concludes the Thirty Years' War. 1640. Prince Charles accepts the proposals of the extreme Cove- nanters under Argyll. 1648. 1649. The Parliament passes a resolution that the army have no business to meddle with State affairs. May. The Presbyterian Commissioners from the Parliament at- tempt to disband the army. The army refuse, and arrange a general assembly of all the soldiers to meet on June 4 near Newmarket. June 2. The king is seized at Holmby House by Comet Joyce, and conducted to Newmarket. June 10. The army have a great meeting at Triplow Heath, and an interview with the Parliamentary Commissioners, at which they demand the expulsion of eleven of the Presbyterian leaders. The army march towards London and place the king at Hampton Court. They make liberal proposals (a) to the king, who rejects them, and flies from Hampton Court to the Isle of Wight {Nov. 11), and there corresponds with the Scots, the Presbyterians, and the Royalists. Royalist insurrections break out in Kent and in Wales. The fleet goes over to the side of Charles. Fairfax puts down the Royalists at Maidstone {June) and at Colchester {Aug.). Cromwell takes Pembroke Castle. Juhj 5. The Scottish army enters England, and is defeated by Cromwell at Preston {Aug. 17), Wigan, and Warrington. Sept. The Parliament enter into negotiations with the king at New- port (Isle of Wight). The king agrees to thfeir propositions {b). The army return to London and demand the punishment of the kmg. Colonel Pride expels the Presbyterian majority from the House of Commons. Dec. 6. The Indepen- dent minority (53 members) vote to bring the king to trial before a special or High Court of Justice. This is rejected by the House of Lords (12 members) (c). Jan. 20. The High Court of Justice meets. Jan. 30. The king is beheaded. THE COMMONWEALTH, 1649-1660 (11 Yeaes). [The publication of EiUn BasiliU, giving an account of Charles' life m prison, produces a reaction of feeling in his favour.] Feb. 6. A resolution is passed in the Commons that the House of Lords IS "useless, dangerous, and ought to be abolished." Feb. 7. It IS resolved that government by a king or single person IS "unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous, and ought to be abolished. " Feb. 15. A Council of State is appointed. Hamilton, Holland, and Capel are executed. Troops are ordered to Ireland. Insurrection of the Levellers, who are dispersed by Cromwell and Fairfax at Burford. May 19. An Act declaring and constituting the people of England to be a Commonwealth and free State passes, and is proclaimed. Aug. 2. Ormond is defeated by General Jones at Rathmines. 101 I 1 [Notes.] I (a) All land of the Irish in Ulster, Mnnatcr, and Leinstor is conHscatetl ami distrilmtt-d among the adven- turers, who had lent numey for the war, and the soldiers of the Republic. Innocent Papists who had hail no j)art in the rel»ellion were compensated by grants of laud in Connaught. b) Barebone's Parliament.— Ho railed from Praise-God Bar- bon, junior meml)er for the city of London. It proposed (1) to simplify the law, to abolish the Court of Chancery, to establish county courts for the recovery of small debts, to do away with imprison- ment for debt, and to i>ay the judges by salaries instead of fees. 2. To transfer patronage in the Church to congregations. and do away with tithes. 3. To register births, deaths, and marriages, and to make all marriages take place before a magistrate • to set up a register for deeds affecting land, and to provide a better system of workhouses. "Injustice to Barebone's Parliament its reforms should be compared with the course of subsequent legisla- tion. Of the reforms proposed by them, the larger number have been adopted, while others have been held advisable, if not practicable, in the present century " {King atui Con,.mo>iwealthj. 102 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1650, Montrose defeated and captured at Cor- biesdale, executed May 21. ^ Charles goes to Scotland. An army is formed in Scotland of the extreme Covenanters, exclusive of the followers of Ham- ilton and the Royalists, and put under the command nominally of Alexander Leslie, Lord Leven, really of David Leslie. 1651. Jan, 1. Charles is crowned at Scone. He gets together a new army from the followers of Hamilton and the Royalists, and takes up a position at Stirling. 1652. Cromwellian settle- ment of Ireland (a). [1649-1653] ENGLISH, 1649. 1650. 1651. 1652. 1653. Aug. 15. Cromwell lands in Ireland. Sept. 11. He storms and sacks Drogheda and {Oct. 12) Wexford. Cromwell returns to England, leaving Ireton and Ludlow in command. Fairfax haying refused the command of the army against the Scots, it is accepted by Cromwell {Junie 25), who crosses the Tweed {July 16), advances to Edinburgh, and is forced to retreat to Dunbar for want of provisions. Battle of Dunbar, Sept. 3. The Scots are utterly routed. Dec. Capture of Edinburgh. Amj. Cromwell crosses the Forth, and Charles marches into England. He is pursued by Cromwell (who leaves Monk in command in Scotland) and defeated at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3. Charles, after many adventures, takes ship at Brighton and lands at Fecamp, Oct. 17. Oct. 9. The Navigation Act, aimed against the Dutch (forbidding the importation of goods in any but English vessels or those of the country where they are made), is passed. Nov. Parliament fixes November 3, 1654, as the day of its dis- solution. Feb. An Act of oblivion of all offences committed before the battle of Worcester is passed in Parliament. May 19. The Dutch are defeated in a battle off Dover. July. War is declared against the Dutch. Aug. A bill is introduced to make the new House of Commons consist of four hundred members. All present members are to keep their seats, with a right of veto on newly elected members (Perpetuation Bill). The army remonstrate. Nov. Blake is defeated by Tromp in the Dover roads. The Parlicunent resolves that it will not proceed with the Per- petuation Bill till another conference has been held with the army. April 20. Word is brought to the officers that the Parliament is passing the bill Cromwell goes down to the House and expels the members. Cromwell and the officers appoint a Council of State (nine army men and four civilians), which sends letters to the Independent ministers to consult with their congregations and send up the names of persons fitted to sit in Parliament. From these names the Council select one hundred and thirty-nine to meet as a Parliament. July 4. This Assembly of Nominees (the " Little "or ** Bare- bone's "(6) Parliament) meets. June and July. Important victories over Tromp and the Dutch fleet. The Parliament propose to abolish the Court of Chancery, tithes, and Church patronage, and appoint a commission to reform the law. But finding they cannot carry out these measures, they resign their power into the hands of Cromwell, Dec. Dec. 16. The *< Instrument of Government," by which Cromwell is made Lord Protector with a Council of 103 [Notes.] (a) The executive government was to consist of a Pro- tector ami a Council of State. The members of the Council were, in the first instance, named in the instnimerit, for life; but on the occnm-nce of a vaeancy it was to l»e hi led up by the Protector from a list of six jiersons nominated by the Parlia- ment. The right of legisLition was vested in l»ar- liament; but the l'rotfct«»r nuKht susin-nd the coming into oi)eration of any Act for twenty days. Parliaments were to be held once in every third year; but they might not Ite dissolved till they had sat hve mr>nths. The Protectt»r was to be general by sea and Umd, but he was to decide questions (.t war and peace by the aid of his Council, an«l in case of war Parliament was to be iuunediately summoned. (b) "The capture of Jamaica marks the jieriod when the lawless rule of the buccaneers (in the plantations) began to \}e exchanged for th« rule of European governments" (Pu^M€). (c) The House inquiring why the names of certain mem- bers were not returned, is answered that the Council have nt)t refused to approve any who have appeared to them to be persons of integrity, fearing God, and of good conversation ; ami those who are not approved, his Highness hath given onler to some jH-rsons to take care they tlo not come into tlie House. (d) The executive government was to consist of a Pro- tector anl(tnatioH, l(;(i.'>.- Adventurers and soldiers save up one-third of their lantls. (h) "They declared that tliere was no lejrislative power in either or lH>th iJous«'s without the kinj;, and that the sole supreme conunan) Temple's scheme was to interi)ose a powerful Privy Council between the kin<,' and the Pariiament. Its meinbers were to be nun of weight and inttuence, aiKl their united income was not to Im less than i:300,000. In practice it was found to be too large. (c) This statute contained no now princii»le. It simiilitied and may. (h) GENEALOGY OF THE RUSSELLS. Francis, 4th Earl of Be«lfnril, d. 164L William, 5th Fat], created Duke of Be94, d. 1700. William, Lord Rus- sell, executed 1(583. Wriothesley, 2nd Duke of" JJetlford, d. 1711. Edward. Edwanl, created Earl of Orford, d. 17*27. Won tlie Uttle of 1*1 Ilogue. Wriothesley, ;inl Duke. John, 4th Duke, Secretary of ytate temp. George IIL, d. 1771. (Great- grandfather of Lord John, created Earl Russell.) 114 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1681. Surprise of Stras- burg by the French in time of peace. 1(»S3. The charter of Massachusetts is an- nulled by the king. The Turks besiege Vienna, but are repulsetl by the Pole, John Sobiesky, and Charles, Duke of Lorraine. Death of Colbert, the French minister. 1685. Argyll's insurrec- tion in Scotland com- pletely fails, and Argyll is executed. Oct. 26. Tiie Edict of Nantes is revoked, and the French Protestants and the Vaudois are very cmelly treated. [1680-1685] ENGLISH. 1680. I6S1. 1 682. Kisri. 1()S4. MiS5. In consequence of a speech by George Savile, Lord Halifax, the Exclusion Bill is rejected by the Lords. Dec. Stafford [see note (a), p. 76], chief of the Popish victims, is beheaded. Jan. The king by message declares that he never will assent to the Exclusion Bill. The Commons refuse to vote supplies. Parliament is dissolved. March 21. Charles' fifth Parliament meets at Oxford. Many of the members bring armed followers. The Commons again bring in the Exclusion Bill, Charles proposes that the government shall be carried on after his death in James' name by the Prince of Orange as regent for James. March 28. The Commons order the ])ill to be read a second time next day. Parliament is dissolved the same day, and does not meet again during the rest of the reign. Louis agrees to pay live million livres to Charles in the next three years. Nov. 24. The Government prosecutes Shaftesbury for treason, but the bill is ignored by the grand jury in London. The Duke of Monmouth makes a progress through England, assumes royal state, and touches for the king's evil. The charters of London and other towns are examined by a decree of "quo warranto," and during the next two years are remo- delled in the interests of the court. Shaftesbury goes to Holland, and dies, January 22, 1683. June. The Ryehouse Plot (a plan entered into by Rumbold and some extreme Whigs to nmrder the king and the Duke of York) is discovered. Rumbold escapes to Holland. July 21. The University of Oxford passes a decree condemning the doctrine that resistance to a king is lawful (a). July 21. William, Lord Russell (6), is tried and executed for a supposed share in the Ryehouse Plot. Essex dies in prison Dec. Algernon Sydney is also convicted and executed, unpub- lished writings of his being used for want of a second witness. Monmouth is pardoned for his late proceedings, but is banished to Holland. Rochester is made President of the Council. Feb. 6. The king dies. JAMES II., 1685—1689 (4 Yeaes). Bom 1633 ; Married 1661, Anne Hyde. 1673, Mary of Modena. James declares in a speech to the Council that he will maintain the government, both in Chui'ch and State, as by law established. [Ministry — Rochester, Lord Treasurer; Halifax, President of the Council ; Godolphin, Chamberlain ; and Sunderland, Secretary of State.] James continues to levy the taxes which had been voted only for Charles' life. He receives £67,000 from France. Titus Oates and Dangerfield, having been convicted of perjurj', are cruelly punished. Baxter, the Presbyterian divine, is severely punished. 115 [Notes.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1685-1688] ENGLISH, 1()85. 1 ()8(). William of Orange- forms tlie league of Aiigs- burt; to resist I^uis XIV. KiSO. (o) GENEALOGY OF THE STUARTS. James I., d. 1625. Henry, d. Charles, d. Elizabeth, m. Frederick 16i2. 1649. of the Palatiuate. Rupert, d. Maurice, Sophia, d. 1682. d. 1652. 1714. Ill I George Charles James II. Mary m. Wil- Henrietta 19. I. II. 1 i a m of Philip «»f Orangey Orleaus. James, Old Anne, d. Pretender, 1714. d. 1766. Mary, m. William III.," d. 1694. d. 1702. Charles Edward, Henry, Car- Young Pre- dinal, d. tendered. 1788. 1S07. 1(>87, 116 1688. Louis XIV. quar- rels with the Pope, ami invades Germany. 11)88. May 22. Parliament meets and gains the release of Danby and the Popish peers. Parliament votes the revenue of Charles II. , with the addition of a tax on sugar and tobacco. Insurrection of Monmouth, Jmie 11. He lands in Dorset- shire, takes the title of king at Taunton, is defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6, and, having been captured in the New Forest, is executed, Jxdij 15. His adherents are terribly punished by Colonel Kirke, and by Judge Jeffreys in the Bloody Assize. Oct. 21. Halifax is deprived of his office. Dec, Sunderland is made president of the Council as well as secretary. June. Sir Edward Hales having received a commission in the army contrary to the Test Act, the judges give an opinion favourable to the dispensing power of the king. In conse- quence many Romanists receive commissions in the army and Church preferment. July. A new court of Ecclesiastical Commission is set up. Compton, Bishop of London, is suspended by this court. A camp of 13,000 troops is formed at Hounslow to overawe London. Massey, a Romanist, is made Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. The chapel at Whitehall is opened for the public celebration of Romanist rites. Clarendon is recalled from Ireland, and succeeded by Tyrconnel. Rochester, having refused to change his religion, is removed from the Treasury, which is put in commission. April. The Declaration of Indulgence is published, which suspends the penal statutes against the Roman Catholics anl should receive compensation for the land they now lost. (c) The Noiyurors did not become extinct till 1805. (rf) Mutiny Bill.— Its chief clauses set forth — 1 Tluit stiinding anuies and courts-martial were un- known to the law of Eiiglan«l. 2. That on account of the special dangers of the time, no man mustered on i>ay in the service of the Crown should, on pain of deatli, or such lighter punishment as a court-martial should think sufficient, desert his colours or mutiny against his officers. " These are the two effectual securities against military power: that no i>ay can be issued to the tmops without a previous authorization by the Commons in a Committee of Supply, and by both Houses in an Act of Appropriation : and that no officer or soldier can be punished for disobedience, nor any court-martial held, without the annual re-enactment of the Mutiny Bill" (Hallam). 118 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 1689. Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia. Louis declares war against Holland. March 14. A stormy ses- sion of the Convention begins at Edinburgh. Edinburgh Castle holds out for James. Dundee (Graham of Claverhouse) retires to Stirling with troops, summons a parliament, and then retires to Blair Atliol. The Convention expels the bishops, abolishes Episcopacy, passes the "Claim of Right," and William and Mary are proclaimed, April. Dundee defeats Mackay at Killiecrankie, but is killed and is succeeded by Cannon, July 27. Mackay gains some suc- cesses, and the Higli- landers disperse. In Ireland Tyrconnel unites the Irish against the English, increases the army, disarms the Protestants, who take refuge in I.,ondonderry and Enniskillen. March. James lands in Ireland, May. He holds a parlia- ment at Dublin. (1) Repeals the Acts of Settlement and Ex- planation of 1661 ami 1665 (6). (2) Issues bad money. (3) Passes a sweeping,' Act of Attainder. July 30. Kirke raises the siege of Londonderry. Colonel Wolseley de- feats the Irish army at Newtown Butler, near Enniskillen, Aug. [1688, 1689] ENGLISH. 1688. 1689. The king in alarm restores many displaced officers, gives back the town charters, dissolves the Ecclesiastical Commission, restores the fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, and removes Sunderland and Petre out of the Council. , , , , , Oct. 19. William sails from Holland, but is driven back by bad weather. « , ,,x .-v i Nov. 2. William sails again, lands at Torbay {Nov. 5), and marches to Exeter. Danby and Devonshire get up an insurrection in the north. William advances slowly towards London. Churchill and many officers desert and bring over some of their troops. Princess Anne Hies to the northern insurgents. Dec. 8. Commissioners for James and William meet at Hunger- Dec. 10. James sends away his wife and the Prince of Wales, and endeavours to escape to France, Dec. 11, but is recaptured ami brought back to London, Dec. 12. , xu Dec. 17. James is escorted to Rochester, and leaves tHe^ kingdom, Dec. 23. x- f Dec. 19. William arrives in London and calls a meeting ot the Peers, and of those persons who have been members of any of Charles II. 's Parliaments. They recommend a convention, which is called for /aw. 22. . Jan 22. The Convention meets. After a long discussion both Houses agree to settle the throne on William and Mary, all the executive power resting with William. At the same time they sum up a statement of .lames' illegal acts, an«l claim the rights and lilierties which he has infringed, m the DECLARATION OF RIGHT. [See Summary: Parliament, Part III., 1430-1689, P- ^J-J-J William and Mary having accepted the Declaration of RigM, are declared king and queen, Feb. 13. WILLIAM AND MARY, 1689—1702 (13 Years).» „ ( Bom 1662. WlUiam, born 1650 ; married 1677. Maxy j jj^^^ ^gg^ A ministry is formed («). Twelve new judges are created. ^ Feb 13 The Convention is made into a Parliament. Ihe king s 'revenue is fixed at £1,200,000 per annum. A new oath of allegiance and supremacy is imposed on all place-holders in Church or State. Seven bishops and about 300 clergy refuse it, and form the body of " Nonjurors "(c). A regiment mutinies and marches for Scotland, but is forced to capitulate, their lives being spared. . The annual Mutiny BiU {d) is passed for the first time m con- Warirdeclared against France. The Toleration Act is passed, but a bill for comprehending certain Nonconformists ^ 119 [Notes.] (a) Bill of Rights. 1. The prt'tendecl i>ower of susitentliii;^ or dispensing with the laws is illegal. 2. Tlie late Court of Ecclesiastical Coimiiission and all other such courts are illegal. :i. Levying nioney by jtretence of ])rtrogative without grant of J'arliament is illegal. 4. Keeping a standing army in time of j>eace, unless with consent of i'arliament, is illegal. .O. Subjects have a right to jHitition the king. U. The election of members of I'arliameut ought to be free. 7. Freedom of speech and del>ate in Parliament ought not to be questioned iu any court or place out of Parliament. 8. Excessive tines must not be imposed, and jurors in cases for high treason must be freeholders. y. For redress of all grievances and for the strengthening of the laws Parliament ought to 1>e held frecjuently. 10. William and Mary are declared King and Queen of England, and all who an- Pajiistsor who shall marry a I'apist are declared incapable of possessing tlie Crown. (h) GENEALOGY OF THE CHURCIIILLS AND GO DOLPHINS. Sir Winstan Churchill, d. 1688. John, created m. Lord Church- ill 1683, EsLil of Marlbo- rough 1«>8!», Duke of Marl- borough 1702, d. 1722. Sarah, George Charles daur. of (Adnural).(General). Richard Jennings. Arabella m. Crougli, \ d. 17:i3. Francis, Anne m 2nd F^arl of Godolphin, d. 17«>0(son of Sidney, Earl of Go- dolphin, Lord Trea- surer). Charles, lird Earl of Sun- derland. Henrietta m. Thomas, Duke of Newcastle (Prime Minister temp. George II. and George III.). Mary m. Thomas, 4th D»ike of Leeds. Charles, 5th Earl, became :}rd Duke (and ances- torof present Dukes) of Marlborough. Fra.icis, 5th Duke of Leeds (Secretary of State under Pitt). 120 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1689—1693] ENGLISH. 1 (190. Calcutta is founded, and Fort William soon afterwards built. . 1691. A new East India Coninany established called "The English Company." Ginkel having taken Athlone, which com- mands the passage of the Shannon, 8t. Ruth falls back to Aughrim. He is there defeated and killed. Oct. 3. Limerick capi- tulates. An Act passed by the English Parliament ex- cludes Roman Catholics from the Irish Parlia- ment. Military execution is pro- claimed in Scotland against all clans who have not laid down their arms and taken the oath of allegiance by Ditc. 31. 1692. Feb. Massacre of (rlencoe. In the Parliament of this year, and in other Par- liaments under William III. and Anne, very severe laws were passed against the Irish Catho- lics. (See note 1700. ) 1689. 1()90. 1691. 1692. 1693. in the Church of England is postponed, and a bill for the repeal of the Test Act is rejected. Oct. Parliament meets and passes the BILL OF RIGHTS (a) as a statute. The Whigs attempt to add to the Bill for restoring the charters of towns forfeited under Charles II. and James II. a clause to exclude from office all those who had been concerned iu the surrender. It is thrown out by the Tories. The Indemnity Bill is coupled M'ith numerous exceptions by the Wliigs, and causes so violent a struggle between the parties that William is on the point of returning to Holland. Jan. Parliament is dissolved. March. The new Parliament meets, with a Tory majority. Halifax leaves the Government, and Danby (now Lord Car- marthen) takes the lead. The Abjuration Bill, to make all place-holders take an oath abjuring King James, is rejected in both Houses. Maif. An Act of (jrace from the Crown grants an amnesty exclud- " ing only the regicides and about thirty others. June. William goes to Ireland. June 30. Herbert, Lord Torrington, is defeated at Beachy Head by the French, who burn Teignmouth. This national disgrace causes great excitement, and large offers of money and assist- ance are made to W^illiam. July I. Battle of the Boyne. William is victorious. James flies to Waterford, and leaves Ireland for France. William and Lord Marlborough {b) subdue the south of Ireland : the Irish retreat beyond the Shannon. William having unsuccessfully besiegetl Limerick, returns. Godolphin becomes First Lord of the Treasury. Shrewsbury resigns. Dec. Torrington having been tried for his conduct at Beachy Head, is acquitted, but dismissed from the service by William, and is replaced by Russell. Viscount Preston is tried, and convicted of plotting against the* Government. William goes to the Continent in the summer. Marlborough, suspected of treason, is dismissed from all his offices. William goes abroad. Louis and James collect a great fleet at Brest, and an army on the coast of Normandy; to invade England. James issues a declaration which excepts great numbers of English- men from pardon in case he is successful. Mary causes this declaration to be published with notes. May. The French fleet is utterly defeated by Russell [see note (6), p. 1141 off La Hogue. Aug. 4. William is defeated at Steinkirk. The failure of an expedition against St. Malo causes a quarrel between Nottingham and Russell, who withdraws from com- mand of the navy. The National Debt is originated in a loan raised by Montagu. 121 [Notes.] (a) The SumhrlnnfJs.—'Roht'rt Spencer, Rirl of Suniler- lantl, was iniJiister to James II., and died in 170"i. His .son Charles, who married Anne, dauj,'liter of the first Duke of MarllH)rouj;h (.see \k 120), was minister under Anne and Georj^e I., an(l died 1722, (fe) Land Tftr. — This tax was nsed by the L^^m^ Parliament instead of the ancient suhsiily (see note 1(J2'>), and wasiigain resorteer- manent at 4s. in the £, and landowntTs were jter- mitted to retleem the tax by a single i>ayment. (c) Bank nf EnglnniL—€\ ,200,000 was l>orrowed from cer- tain capitalists, who in return were incorporated by Royal Charter as " Tht; Governor and Company of the Biink of Kngland," t<> trade soK-ly in bills of exchange, bullion, and forfeited pledges. (<0 Expetlition against Drest.—lt is now kn«)wn frctm the Sliuirt j>apt'i-s that MarllM)niugh himself disclosed the Englisli plans to the enemy. («) Licensing Act. — Tliis Act was first jtasseil in 1G02, and was renewed from time to time, liy it the entire control of i)rinting was ve.sted in the goveniment. Printing might only be carrieil on at London, York, ami the universities, and the number of ma.ster printers was confined to twenty. The Secretary of btiite was also emp9j. (h) Peace of Ri/wict.— France gives up all conquests made since the Treaty of Nimwegen, 1678, acknow- ledges William as King of England, and Anne as his successor. 122 FOREIGISr AND COLONIAL. [1693—1697] ENGLISH, 1693. A new charter is granted to the old East India Company. 1005. The Irish Parlia nient repeals all the Acts of James II. s Parliament of 1691. 1607. Peter the Great visits England and learns shipbuilding at Deptford. Accession of Charles XII., King of Sweden. 1608. A charter is granted to the new East India Company. Act to forbid the export of Irish manufacture*! wool to any country whatsoever passed by the Irish Parliament. 1603. 1694. 1695. 1696. 1697. The elder Sunderland (a) (now for the first time received at court) advises William to form a united Whig ministry, which is completed by 1097. Somers (a Whig) is appointed Lord Keeper. Jam. Great disaster to the Smyrna merchant fleet, which is almost entirely destroyed or captured by the French otF Cape St. Vincent. Juhj. William is defeated at Landen. New charter granted to the East India Company by the Crown. The land tax (6) of 4s. in the £, on the new valuation of 1092, pro- duces about £2,000,000. The Bank of England (c) is established. An expedition against Brest having been defeated by the French, and the general, Talmash, being killed (f/), Marlborough is again employed ; and after the death of Mary is faithful to William. The Triennial Act (limiting the duration of Parliament to three yearn, and providina ami Sicilies to France ; Milan to the Archduke Charhs. (/») A reward of £100 is offered for information against any |>riest who exercises his religions fum-tions, for which tl»e penalty is imprisonment for life. Every Papist at the age of eighteen is to take the oaths of allegiance and sui)reiiiacy, and subscrihe the declar- ation against transuhstuntiation and the worshi]) of saints, in defatilt of wliich he is incai>al>le of liohl- ing land by purchaseor inheritance, and the pro|>crty is to g4) to the next Pmtestant kin. No Caliiolic in to send his ehihiren abroad to be educated. A'.L'.-This Act was rarely carried into practice. («•) Second I'uriition 7>f(f<(/.~ Spain, Indies, Netherlands to An-hduke Charles ; Milan to France, to 1k> exchanged for Lorraine. (dl) Succea^ioii Act.- T\w Crf)wn to pass after Anne to the Kleehess Sophia and her Protestant descendants, nie sovereign not to leave p]ngland without consent of Parliament. No foreigner to holil ottice or receive grants from the Crown. Public business to be done by tlie I'rivy Council, and resolutions to l»e signed by those memlM'rs wiio advise them. No war to l»e made for the foreign dondnions of the .sovereign. JuiUjes are to receive fixed ndlnries, itnil cannot he removed except for conviction of some offence, or on the widress of (mth IlovKes of I'urlitnnent. (e) Kentish Petition- This implores the Commons "to drop their disjmtes, have regard to the voice of the I)€ople, and change their loyal addresses into bills of .supidy." (/) The lesser niini.sters were Sir Charles Hedges, Secretary of State ; Marquis of Normanby, Lord Privy Seal ; the Earl of Pembroke, Lord President ; the F:arl of Jersey, Lord Chamberlain ; Sir Edwanl Seymour, CoUiptroUer of the Household ; Sir John Leveson (iower. Chancellor of the Diuhy if I^neaster ; Howe, joint Paynjaster of the Forces; I'rince George of Denmark, Lord High Admiral ; Duke of Devonshire, Lord Steward. (f/) Met h ue n Treaty. — KniiVish wo^dlen goorouj;ht an action against the return- ing officer for rejeetin^j his vote, ami the case came by ai>peal l>efi»re the House of Lords, which the C'ommou» regarded as a breach uf jtrivilegu. ('#) The firstfruits of Ixinefices, which had l>een finally (Tinted to the Crown in l/).09, are now placed in the hands of the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty fur the augnientutiuu of small livings. .i i! ((■) rnion of England and Fcntland.— (\) Tlie title of the United Kingdom is to be Great Britain. (2) *i3!>8,000 are to be i)aid by England to Scotland, to pay off the Scottish debt, to indi-mnify the sh.areliolders in the Darien Comjiany, etc. (o) The Scotcli are not to pay any of the terminable taxes which had been granted by the English Parliament. (4) The Estab- li.shed Church of Scotland and the Scotti-sh laws and judicial procedure are to be jireserved. (5) Forty- five members for Scotland are t«) sit in the IIou.se of Commons, and sixteen i)eers, chosen at each general election, to represent the i)eers of Scotland, are to sit in the Him.se of Lonls. (6) No new Scottish peers are to be created. (rl) By this Act members of Parliament appointed to offices under the Crown which liad existed before < )ctober 25, 1705. must vacate their seats, but may seek re- election. 126 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1703—1709] ENGLISH. ment. (2) The appoint- ment of the great officers was transferred to the Scottish Parlia- ment. A bill of security was passed authoriz- ing Parliament to name a successor from the family of Sophia, Init not the one named by England, unless secu- rity was given for inde- pendence of trade and religi(m in Scotland. The la.st did not receive the royal assent. 1704. The Test Act ex- tended to Ireland. The royal assent is given to the Act of Security. 1705. It is agreed that commissioners should again meet to treat of a union between England and Scotland, Louis of Baden defeats the French at neau. 1706. Prince Hague- wins Turin. Eug(;ne the battle of 1707. I^eath of Aurung- zebe, the Moghul. 1708. The old and new East India Companies are united. (A partial union had been effected in 1702.) 1709. Charles XII. of Sweden is defeated by the Russians at the battle of Pultowa. By the Barrier Treaty the Dutch obtain the right of garrisoning a line of fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands. 1703. 1704. 1705. 1706. 1707. 1708. 1700. The Aylesbury election trial j^roduces a dispute between the Lords and the Commons (a). Queen Anne's Bounty is instituted (6). Nottingham (a Tory) leaves the ministr}^ Harley and St. John (moderate Tories) join the ministry. Au(j. Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat Tallard and Maxi- milian of Bavaria at Blenheim, on the Danube. Gibraltar is captured by Admiral Rooke and Sir Cloudesley Shovel. Somers passes resolutions declaring that after Christmas 1705 all Scotchmen are to be regarded as aliens. Importation of Scottish goods to England is prohibited. The border towns are ordered to be put in a state of defence. Sunderland is sent as English envoy to Vienna. Marlborough forces the French lines between Antwerp and Namur, but is prevented by the Dutch from fighting a battle near Waterloo. Lord Cowper becomes Lord Chancellor. Peterborough and the allies capture Barcelona. The Whigs have a majority in the new Parliament. Commissioners are again apjjointed to treat for a union between England and Scotland. Calway and the allies occupy Madrid. Peterborough saves Barcelona. Marlborough and the allies defeat the French under Villeroi at Kamillies (May), and secure all Flanders except Lille, Tournay, Mons, and Namur. Sunderland (a Whig) is made Secretary of State. The terms of the Union between England and Scotland are agreed upon. Louis XIV. makes overtures for peace. THE BILL FOR THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND PASSES THE ENGLISH PARLIA- MENT {c). [See Summary : Scotland, Part I/I., p. 250.] The allies in Spain are defeated by Berwick at Almanza. An Act is passed pjrventing the holders of pensions from the Crown, or of offices created after October 25, 1705, from sitting in Farlia- m.ent (il). Harley and St. John leave the ministry. Robert Walpole joins it as Secretary at War. The French fleet is delayed by the illness of the Pretender, who has the measles, and on sailing to the Firth of Forth to sup- port the Jacobites, is put to flight by Byng. Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat the French under Ven- dome at Oudenarde {July), and capture Lille. Minorca is captured by General Stanhope. Somers is made Lord President of the Council. Louis XIV. again treats for peace, but his terms are rejected. Tonmay is captured by Marlborough. Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat Villars at Malplaquet {Sept.), and capture Mons. Marlborough asks to be made Captain-General for life, but is refused. 127 !»t I ;:i [Notes. ] (a) Dr. Hacheverell had prlenfx'r(t. — lj*>xi\H agreed to give up— <1) to the Dutch ten fortresses in Flanders for a iKirrier; (2)to the Knijiire, IiUxemlM>urg, 8tras- bnrg, lirisach ; (.'<) t«i the Duke «)f Savoy, Exilles and Fenestrelies; (4) to Kngland, Newfoundland. Hut though he would aUow the Arehduke Charles t*» Ikj King of ^SI»ain, he refu.sed to a-ssist the allii-s to ex- |>el rhilip frttm Madrid. (i-) Torfi Administrntinn. Ilarley, Chancellor of the Ex- chequer; fSt. John and I.ord Dartmouth, JSecretarirs of State; Sir Simon Ilareourt. Ii<»rd Keeper; Ro- chester, Lord President; Dishop of IJristol, Trivy Seal; Shn'wsbur>', Lord Chamberlain; Ormond, Lonl-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1711 Harley is created Karl of Oxfonl, and becomes Lord Treasurer. In 171:?, when several changes were made, Wymlham b«'came Chancellor of the Exchequer. (lO Ocranional Conformity Act. -\ny officer, civil or mili-' tary, or any niagistrate of a coriH)ration, who having received the sacrament according to the Test Act of Charles II., shouhl during his time of office attend any conventicle or dissenting meeting, is to forfeit £40, and l>e incapable of holding any office or em- ployment in England. (The l)ill had been intro- «lHced in the years 1702, 1703, 1704, but thrown out each time by the Lords.) (f) The Treaty of Utrecht.— Vh\\\]^ of France to he. King of Spain, but the crowns never to l)e united. France if) acknowledge the Protestant successicm. Gibraltar, Minona, and Newfoundland to be held by England. English to have the right of trading in slaves to America, and of sending one ship a year to the South Seas. The Catalans are left to their fate. (/) Schism Act.— "So person is to keep a public or private .school unless he is a niemlM'r of the Church of England and licensed by the bishop. (Thirty-three peers signed a protest against the Act, including Somers, Halifax, Argyll, Nottingham, Wharton, Townsheud, and five bishops.) FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, [1710-1714] ENGLISH. 1710. 1711. Charles VI. suc- ceeds his brother as Kmperor. 1711. 171-2. 1713. Schism Act ex- tended to Ireland. Frederick William I. be- comes King of Prussia. 1714. Death of the Elec- tress Sophia, Jxun' 8. 1713. 1714. 128 Dr. Sacheverell is impeached («) by the Whigs, but escapes with a light sentence, and the trial creates a great Tory reaction. A conference is held between France and the allies at Gertruyden- berg, but comes to nothing (6). Douay is captured by the allies. Stanhope wins the battles of Almenara ane Secretary of State. Aislabie, Chan- cellor of the Exchequer. I 00 Peerage J5j77.— Only six more peerages beyond the then number (178) to be created. Extinct peerages to be filled up. New peerages to be confined to heirs-male. The sixteen representative peers of Scotland to be replaced by twenty-five hereditary peers named by the Crown. (It was supported by Sunderland, Stanhope, and Argyll, but opposed by Wali»ole and his followers, as well as by the Tories.) FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1714-1721] ENGLISH. 1715. Sejtt. 1. Death of Louis XIV. Louis XV. succeeds under the regency of the Duke of Orleans. Cardinal Dubois, minister 130 1717. Charles XIL and Alberoni intrigue with the Jacobites against England. 1718. Death of 'Charles XII. of Sweden. 1719. Alberoni is dis- missed by the King of Spain. Toleration Act carried by the Irish Parliament. 1714. 171o. 1716. 1717. 1718. 1719. 1720. 1721. Townshend, Stanhope, and Walpole become the heads of a new Whig administration (a). Jan. Parliament, which has continued six months after the late queen's death, is dissolved. The new Parliament, with a large Whig majority, meets, March. Bolingbroke and Ormond retire to France to avoid prosecution, but are attainted. Oxford is impeached and committed to the Tower. The Riot Act {h) is passed in consequence of serious riots in the Midland counties and elsewhere. The Earl of Mar in Scotland, Forster and Derwentwater in England, raise rebellions. The leading English Jacobites are arrested. Nov. Forster is defeated and taken at Preston, and Mar fights the indecisive battle of Sheriff Muir against Argyll. The Pretender comes over, but soon withdraw's with Mar. Derwentwater and others are executed. Forster escapes from prison. The Septennial Act, prolonging the duration of Parliament to seven years, but not longer, in passed. Thirty-one peers protest. Ministerial crisis. Townshend having lost favour by opposing the king's Hanoverian schemes, is removed to the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, and Stanhope becomes chief minister. The Triple Alliance is made l)etween England, France, and Holland to guarantee the Hanoverian succession. Townshend, Walpole, and Pulteney are obliged to resign their offices for opposing Stanhope (c). Oxford is tried and acquitted. A comprehensive Act of Grace is passed, and many political prisoners are released. Convocation, after the prorogation of this year, continues to be prorogued without doing business till 1850. Admiral Byng defeats the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro in Sicily. • The Occasional Conformity and Schism Acts are repealed. England, France, Austria, and Holland form the Quadruple Alliance. The Spaniards invade Scotland and are joined by some High- landers, but are defeated at Glenshiel. The Peerage Bill passes the Loi'ds, but is rejected by the Commons {d) by 269 to 177. [A statute is passed this year to enable the English Parliament to legislate for Ireland. This was repealed in 1782.] Peace made with Spain. The South Sea Company purchase from the Government part of the national debt. The shares of the company rise to £1000 each, and then fall rapidly to £135. Great ruin ensues. Walpole, who with Townshend had just rejoined the Government, restores public credit. The directors are prosecuted, and Stanhope dies {Feb. 1722). Sunderland has to resign, and dies in April 1722. Aislabie, Chancellor of Exchequer, is expelled the House. 131 [Notes.] (<0 lyalpole's Ministry.— Walixile. First Lord of the Trea- sury and Chaucellor of the Exchequer; Lords Town- shend and Carteret, Secretaries of iState ; Earl of Macclesfield. Lord Chancellor ; Lord Carleton, Lord President ; Duke of Kingston, Privy Seal ; Earl of Berkeley, First Lord of the Admiralty ; Duke of Marlborouj^h, Ordnance ; IJyng (afterwards Lord Torringtoii), Treasurer of the Navy ; Duke of Ar-^'yll, Lord Steward ; Duke of Newcastle, Lord Chamber- lain ; Pulteney, Cutft-rer of the Household. {bt Malt tax was changed Into a tax of threejience on each barrel of ah;, then the national drink of Scotland; the brewers resisted, but in the end gave way. ((•) IValpoh's Excise Scheme.— Tina was a scheme to trans- fer the taxes on tobacco and wine from the customs to the excise, i.e. instead of a customs duty levied at the \K>rt, a tax would be levied at the manufactory on the tiuantity matle, and a licence would \»e required for the sale of the articles, and the manu- factories and shops would he. liable to inspection. In his dictionary, edition 1755, Johnson defined ex- cise as "a hateful tax upon commodities, and ad- judged, not by conunon judges of pru}>eity, but by wretches lured by those to whom excise is jaid." {d) Fortheiroi»position to Walpole, Chesterfield isdismissed from his post of Lord Steward of the Household, and the Duke of Bolton and Lord Cobham are re- moved from the command of their regiments. (•) The leaders of tlie Prince of Wales' political friends, called "the Leicester House Party," were Pulteney, Carteret, Chesterfield, Sandys, Sir T. Sanderson, Lyttelton, William lltt, the Grenvilles, and Bubb Dodington, representing the opjuisition Whigs. Tlie Tory leaders were Wyndham, Shippen, Lord Pol- warth, Sir John Hynde Cotton, Fazackerley, Sir Watkin Wynn, Lt)rtl Cornbury ; and in the Lords, Gower, Bathurst, and Lichfield. 132 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1721-1737] ENGLISH, 1723. Wood is allowed to issue a copper coinage in Ireland. Great agi- tation follows, and it is withdrawn next year. Louis XV. begins to reign in person. 1725. Death of Peter the Great. 1720. Cardinal Fleiiry becomes chief minister of France. 1727. The elective fran chise completely taken away from the Irish Roman Catholics. There being no Triennial Act in Ireland, the Par liament elected thi:? year sits till 1700. 17.S2. The cohmy of CJeorgia is founded. 1733-35. War of the Pol- ish succession between Spain, France, an). Austria and Spain having concluded a treaty at Vienna against ICngland, a counter-treaty is made at Han- over between England, France, and Prussia, and hostilities go on during the next two years. Pulteney joins the Opposition. June 10. Death of George I. GEORGE II., 1727—1760 (33 Years). Bom 1683 ; Married, 1705, Caroline of Anspach. Sir Spencer Compton is proposed as Prime Minister, but Walpole keeps his place, and increases the civil list. Tlie Spaniards besiege Gibraltar without success. The first Annual Bill of Indemnity for not observing the Test and Corporation Acts is passed. The puhlkation of Parliament a ry debate.^ is declared to he a breach of pririletje {now and in 1738). Peace with Spain is made at Seville. Lord Townshend has to withdraw, and leaves Walpole's ascendancy complete. [About this time John and Charles Wesley form their society at Oxford, which is joined later by Whitfield.] By the second treaty of Vienna England guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction by which Maria Theresa is to succeed to the hereditary dominions of her father, Charles VI. Use of Latin in the courts of law is abolished. Carteret joins the Opposition. Walpole brings in his excise scheme (c) and meets with violent opposition, in deference to which he aban- dons the measure (d). Meeting of a new Parliament. Walpole's majority is somewhat reduced. Bolingbroke soon withdraws to France. Porteous riots in Edinburgh. Captain Porteous is hanged by the mob. The Prince of Wales becomes the centre of the opposi- tion to Walpole (e), 133 [Notes.] (o) By treaty the Enjjlisli ami Spanisli K«>%pninKnt.s wore allowed to sfan-h «a«h otiirr's ships fur coiitraUiml g«MMls, ami as tin* KiikHsIi w»n' roiistiiiitly trying to estJiblish an ilh-;;al tnuh- with the Si«iiiish colonics of South AiiuTiia, this right led to c«»iisUtnt illvvill between the two iiatioUH. (h) At thai time eleetion ]tefitions were tried hy a eoiii- iiiittee of the whoh- House, and were regarded purely as party questions. (c) Wilmin^rton is the same as the Sir Si>encer Comptoii who wiis aske«l by George H. to Ihj Prime Minister in 1727. IVilminfftnn'x Aftni.sfn/.- Wilmington, First Lord «»r the Treasury; Pulteney in the Cabinet witiiout oflice; Lord llardwieke. Lord ( hancellor; Samlys, ChanceUor of the Kxrhe«iuer; L<»rd Caileret, l)uk<- of Newcastle, Se«Tetarits of State; Karl of Winehil- sea and Nottingham, Admiralty; Henry I'elham, Paymaster; Duke of Grafton, Lord Chamberlain. (,n GENEALCKJY OF THE CAHTEUETS AND GKANVILLES. Sir Bevil Granville, killed at I^n.sdowne 1G4.'}. Sir John, erented Earl of Hath. Charles H.'s mess.]i.;.T from Breda to the Convention I'arlianient. I r I , , Jane ni. Sir William Leveson Grace, m. George, Tionl Gower. Carteret, d. lt)S)5. created Cotmt- ess Granville, d. 1744. air Jolin, created Lord Gower (ancestor of Dukes «.f J«)hn, Lonl Carteret, suc- iSutherland, and of the pre- ceeded as F-irl Granville sent Earl Granville). 1744, U. 17tia. Robert, 2nd Earl Granville. Louisa m. Thomas, Sophia m. William, 2nd Viscount Ejirl of Shelburne, Weymouth. Prime Minister 1782-83. Tliomas, 3rd Viscount Weymouth, created Marquis of Bath. (Secretary of State temp. George III.) (e) Pelhavi's Ministry of 1744.— Henry Pelham, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lorti Hanlwieke, Lord Chancellor ; Duke of New- castle and Lord Harrington, Secretaries of State. Duke of Bedford, Duke of Grafton, Duke of Devon- shire, Duke of Dorset, and others. Earl of Chester- field, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Dodington, Treasurer of the Navy; Sir John Hynde Cotton, Treasurer of tlie Chamber till 1746. 134 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, [1737-1744] ENGLISH. 1740. In tliis year anil 1741 ttTiible faiuiuo ill Ireland. Dinth of the Emperor Charlea VI., accession of Maria Theresa. Ac- cession of Frederick the ointed to inquire into the acts of the late ( Government. The Place. BUI, limiting the number of offices tenable by members of Parliament, is paused. England takes part in the war, and her troops, with the Hessians and Hanoverians, defeat the French at Dettingen {June 16) on the Maine. The French withdraw from Germany. On the death of Wilmington {July) "ELenry Pelham becomes Prime Minister, and Carteret loses power. Indecisive action off Toulon between the English and the French and Spanish fleets. The French fleet, which was prepared to support an expedition of Charles Edward to England, is so much damaged by a storm that the attempt is abandoned. Open war is declared between England and France. Return of Anson from his voyage round the world with over a million dollars' worth of treasure taken from the Spaniards. Carteret (who has now succeeded as Earl Gh:an- ville) (rf) leaves the ministry. The ** Broad Bottom "(«) administration is formed by a coalition under the Pelhams. 135 [Notes.] (a) GENEALOGY OF THE FOX FAMILY. Sir Stephen Fox, <1. 1710. Charles, Stephen, created Ilenrv, created Lord Holland d. 1713. F^rl of II- (PayniastcMieiieral temp. Chester. George II., III.), d. 1774. Stephen, 2nd Lord Ilollan*!, d. 1774. Henry Riehard. 3r«l Lonl Hol- land, d. 1840. Charles James Fox. (6) Neir Style. — This had hoen introteml>er. The quarter days for Government purposes were, however, to be the 5th of April, 5th of July, 10th of October, and 5th of January. (c) Lord Hardwicl'e's Marriafje Act.~An it provided that, with the exception of Jewish and Quaker marriages, no marriage should be valid unless performed accord- ing to certain formalities by a clergj'man of the Church of England, it was a great grievance to Non- conformists. 136 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1745. Election of Maria Theresa's husbcand as Emperor with title of Francis I, Treaty of Dresden, close of second Silesian war. [1745-1753] ENGLISH, 1746. Madras surren- dered to the French. 1748. Madras restort'fl by the Treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle. 1751. Capture and de- fence of Arcot by Robert Clive, and sur- render of Trichinopolv by the French (1752).^ Prime Ministers. HENRY PELHAM. 1745. 1746. 1747. 1748. 1750. 1751. 1752. 175.3. The English and their allies are defeated by the Frencli at Fontenoy. Louisbourg and the Isle of Cape Breton at the mouth of the St. Lawrence are taken from the French. October. Sir F. Dashwood brings in an amendment {to the address), claiminrj for the people the ''right to be freely and fairly rejiresented in Parliament. " Landing of Charles Edward Stuart in the High- lands. He outwits Cope. Is proclaimed at Edin- burgh. Defeats Cope at Prestonpans, September 21. Takes Carlisle, November 15 ; reaches Derby, December 4; and retreats, reaches Glasgow' December 25. Defeats (ieneral Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 17. Ministerial crisis. Ft-'b. The ministry resign because the king will not admit Pitt. Granville fails to form a ministry. The ministers return with Pitt as Vice-Treasurer of Ire- land, a few months later Paymaster of the Forces. Henry Fox (a) becomes Secretarv at War. ^ Charles Edward Stuart is finally defeated at Culloden April 16. ' Highlanders are disarmed, forbidden to wear their national dress, and the hereditary jurisdiction of the Highland chiefs is abolished and compensation given (1747). Execution of Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino. Execution of Lords Lovat and Derwentwater (Charles Eadcliffe). (Dr. Cameron executed, 1753.) [See Summary: Jacobites, p. 267. J Xaval victories off Cape Finisterre and off Ushant. The Duke of Cumberland is defeated at Laufield, and Bergen-op-Zoom is surrendered by the allies. Resignation of Chesterfield. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. All conquests made during the war are restored by both sides. France is to recognise Maria Theresa. The right of search is left unnoticed (see 17.39). Interest on the national debt is reduced to three per cent., and soon after the fourteen different kinds of stocks are consolidated into five. Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. The New Style is introduced on a motion of Lonl Chesterfield (6). Death of Henry St. John, Lord Bolingbroke. The year begins on Jan. 1, and eleven nominal days are omitted between Sept. 2 and Sept. 14. Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act to prevent clandestine marriages is passed (c). 137 [Notes.] (a) Duke of Newcristle's Afinisfn/.— Newcastle, First L«>nl of the Treasury; Lord Hanlwicke, Chancellor; Lejy^e, Chan(;ellor of the Exchequer ; Lord Holder- nesse and Sir Thomas Uo])inson, Secretaries of State ; Lord Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty; Earl Granville (Cartent), Lord President ; Lord Gower, Lord Privy Seal ; Duke of Grafton, Earl of Halifax, George Grenville; Hartin^'ton (succeeded as Duke of Devonshire), Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. (&) Duke of Devonshire's .VJnis^/-^.— Devonshire, First Lord of the Treasury; Le^ge, Chancellor t»f the Exchequer; Earl Granville, Lord President ; Earl Gower, Privy Seal; the Earl of Holdernesse and William Pitt, Secretaries of State. George Gren\ille, the Dukes of Rutland and Grafton also in the ministry. Charles Townsheud, Treasurer of the Chamber; Duke of Bedford, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. (c) Newcastle's Ministry.— Sewi-suitle, Fii-st LoM of the Treasury; Legge. Chancellor of the Exchetiuer ; Pitt and Holdernesse, Secretaries of State ; Lord Temj)le, Lord Privy Seal; Granville, Lonl I'resi- dent ; Fox, Paymaster ; George Grenville, Treasurer of the Navy; Lord Halifax, First Lord of Trade; Lord Anson, Admiralty ; Duke of Devonshire, Lord Chamberlain ; Charles Townsheud, Treasurer of the Chamber. (tion reached even to in- ferior officials who had been promoted by the late Administration. (fj) "Tlie public still looked at Lord Bute through the curtain, which indeetl was very transparent." (e) GeoTffe Grenvilh's 3/("n}\s-xehequer ; Duke «>f Marll)orougli, Privy Seal ; Earls of Ilalifax and Egremont, Secretaries of State ; F^irl (lower, Lord Chaml)erlain; EutX of Sandwich. Admiralty; Lord HoUantl (Fox), Paymaster of the Forces; liord Henley (afterwards Earl of Northington), Lord Chancellor ; also Marquis of Grauby and others. (/) General Warrant, i.e. a warrant in which no name is inserted, but the officers may arrest whom they suspect. (ff) Bedford became President of the Council, an office vacant by the death of Lord Granville. (h) Stamp Act. — A charge of so much on contracts, wills, and legal documents, levied by means of a stamp, as, for instance, a receipt stamp. 140 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. L1762-1765] ENGLISH, Prime Mini.sters. NEWCASTLE 17(i2. LORD BUTE. 17C3. Treaty of Huberts V)iirg closes Seven Years' War, and Frederick keeps Silesia. 1763. GEORGE GRENVILLE. 17&4. The defeat of the Nabob of OudhatBuxar by Munro makes Eng- land the leading power in India. 1764. 17G5. A Bribery Act is passed, in which pecuniary penalties are attached to the ojfence. War is declared by England against Spain. Newcastle resigns, nominally because Bute refuses to continue the subsidy to Prussia, in reality be- cause he is never consulted either in matters of ])olicy or of patronage (a). Lord Bute becomes Prime Minister (6). Capture of Havannah, capital of Cuba. Capture of Manilla, capital of the Philippine Islands. Preliminaries of peace are signed at Fontainebleau. Several peers disapproving of the peace are deprived of their lord-lieutenancies (c). Fox, Paymaster of the Forces, receives a seat in the Cabinet, and secures a majority for the peace in the Commons (319 to 65), though strenuously opposed by Pitt. [During this year the secret service money amounted to £82,000.] The Peace of Paris between England, France, Spain, and Portugal is signed. England keeps her con- quests in America, including Canada, and gains considerable advantages in the W^est Indies. In India, Pondicherry is restored unfortified. Unconstitutional dismissal of placemen for their votes in Parliament. Lord Bute, frightened by his unpopularity, resigns {April), and is succeeded by George Grenville, with Lords Egremont and Halifax (the Triumvirate) id) ie). Proceedings are begun, under a general warrant (/), against Wilkes for number 45 of the Noi'th Briton. He is arrested, but released under Habeas Corpus Act, on the ground of his privilege, by Chief -Justice Pratt! Wilkes is denied his privilege by Parliament, notwith- standinrj remonstrances of Pitt and a protest by seventeen peers. Wilkes and the printers obtain damages against the king's messengers for illegal imprisonment. Attempt of the king to get Pitt to join Grenville. Coalition between Bedford and Grenville, known as the Bedford ministry {y). W^ilkesis expelled from the House of Commons. Great riots in favour of Wilkes. Grenville passes an Act imposing customs duties on the American colonies, and gives notice of the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act(/i) for America is passed, notwith- standing the protests of six colonies. The king shows the first symptoms of madness. In the proposed Regency Bill his mother's name is ex- 141 [Notes.] («) The princess's name was inserte*! by the House of Com- mous iu spite of the ministers. {b) Marqiiis of Rockingham'.f Ministry. — Rockinpham, First Ix>rd (»f the Treasury; liowdfswoll. Chan- cellor of the Exchequer; Rirl of Wiuchilsea, Lord President; Duke of Newcastle, Privy Seal; Ejirl of Northinjiton, Lord Chancellor; Duke of Port- land, Lord Chamberlain ; Duke of Rutland, Master of the Horse ; General Conway ami the Duke of Grafton, Secretaries of State ; Lord E;;mont, Admir- alty; Marquis of Granby, Viscount Howe, Charles Townsheud, and otliers. (c) Duke of GraflnyCa Ministry.— Gr&ftnn, First T^ord of the Treasury ; Charles Townshend, Chaneellor ijf the Exchequer; t^irl of Northintrton, Lord Presi- dent; f^rl of Chatham, Lord Privy Seal; Lords 8helburneand (Jeneral Conway, Secretaries of State ; Ijord Camden, Lord Chancellor ; Marquis of Granby, Lord Hertford, and others. (d) At this time the corptiration of Oxford offer their t e- presentation for about .£t'>ooo, for which the mayor and ten aldermen are imprisoned in Newf,'ate, where they arran<:e the sale of their rejtresentation to the Duke of Marlborough and Lord Abingdon. («) The chief members of the Whig parties:— Bedford's Party.— Bedford, Gower, Sandwich, Weymouth, Rigby. Rockingham's Part?/.— Rockingham, Burke, Portland, Ccmway, Devonshire, Richmond, Lord John Caven- dish, Sir George Savile, Dowdeswell, Keppel. Chatham's Party.— Chatham, Shelburne, Camden, Dun- ning, Barre, Beckft)rd, Alderman Townsend. The Grfnvilles.—Tem\)\e, George Grenville, James Gron- ville. Lord Lyttelton, Sir R. Lyttelton, Lord Suf- folk, Augustus Hervey (afterwards Earl of Bristol), " Bingle-Sj>eech " Hamilton. (/) Ncn-th's Ministry.— l^ord North, First Lord of the Trea- sury and Chancellor of the Exchequer ; E^rl Gower, Ijonl President ; Earl of Halifax, Privy Seal ; Sand- wich (Dec. 1770), Rochford. and Hillsborough (Colo- nies), Secretaries of State ; Charles James Fox, a Junior Ijord of the Admiralty till 1772, and of the Trea.surj', 1773 to 1774; Hawke, Admiralty; Barring- ton, Secretary at War ; Rigby, Paymaster. [In 1771 Sandwich became First Lord of the Admi- ralty. In 1778 Jenkinson became Secretary at War.] 142 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1765-1770] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. GEORGE GRENVILLE. 17G5. LORD ROCKINGHAM. 1766. DUKE OF GRAFTON. 1767. 1768. Captain Cook makes his hrst voyage to Australia and exj>lores Botany Bay and the neighbourhood, which he visits 1770, and names Xew South Wales. Octennial Act passed for Ireland. 1769. Corsica annexed to France. 1768. 1769. 1770. Disturbances Boston. at 1770. LORD NORTH. eluded (a) ; this irritates the king against Grenville. Through the Duke of Cumberland he applies to Pitt, who will not join without Lord Temple, who is pledged to Grenville. July. The duke then goes to Kockingham, who forms a ministry {h). A Declaratory Act, stating that England has authority over the colonies both in legislation and taxation, is passed. Repeal of the American Stamp Act. Pitt strongly supports this measure, but repeatedly re- fuses to join the ministry. The House of Commons by resolution condemns all general warrants as illegal. July. Fall of the Rockingham ministry. Pitt forms a strong government under the Duke of Grafton as nominal chief, and himself becomes Earl of Chatham (c). Chatham soon falls ill, and Grafton becomes real Premier. Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, passes an Act for taxing American imports by various small customs duties (the total produce of which is estimated at not more than £40,000). Death of Charles Townshend. Lord North becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer. At the general election {d) Wilkes having been at the bottom of the poll for the city is elected for Middle- sex. Riots and disturbances in favour of Wilkes. He is imprisoned for his former libels. Chatham gets better, but leaves the government on grounds of general ill-health. Jan. The first letter signed "Junius" appears in the Public Advertiser. Feb. 16. Wilkes is re-elected for Middlesex. Feb. 17. Wilkes is declared incapable of sitting in the present Parliament by 235 to 89. March 16. Wilkes again elected for Middlesex. The election declared void the next day. April 13. Wilkes elected for Middlesex (fourth time) by 1143 to 296 for Colonel Luttrell. April 16. Luttrell is seated in the House of Commons by 197 votes to 143. Resignation of the Duke of Grafton. Jan. Lord Chatham is unable to get the Bedford section of the Whigs (?) to agree with him, and the king gives the seals to Lord North (/). Charles Yorke accepts the Chancellorship, and dies three days afterwards (probably by suicide). March. All the American import duties are removed except the tax on tea. 143 [Notes. ] (a) GENEALOGY OP THE GRENVILLES AND PITTS. Uester, Countt's.H Temple m. Richard Grenville. 1 W. Pitt, m. lliister 1 Rifhanl, 1 Georjre m. Elizabeth Kiirl of Grenville. F:arl Grenville, daur. of Chatham. Tc'mi)le, bom 17PJ Sir d. 177y. Prime Minister, 17»;3-1700*. d. 1770. ' :{rd Earl William Wyndhani. 1 Jolin, 1 William 1 Uester m. l-Iiirl of Pitt, ijtauhope. Cliatham. Prime Minister, 178;{-1801, 1804-18t)G. Georjje 1 Grenville, 1 Thoma.s 1 William Karl Temple, Grenville, Wyndham, 177y; Marquis of d. 1840. createil Buckingham, LonI 1784 ; d. 1813. Grenville, ((iran dfather of Prime Duke of Ducking- Minister, hai n. " the 1800-1807, farmers' fri.'n«l," d. 1834. wiu> d. 18»31.) (h) This allows no descendants of George II. to make a legal maiTiage without the con.sent of tlu' reigning sovereign, unless they are twenty-tive years vf age, and have given twelve months' notice to the Privy Council, and the marriage has not been i>etitioned against by Parlianmnt. To oi>pose this Act Charles James Fox gave up his place in the ministry. («:) Lord North's Regnlatinfj Act. — (1) Establishes a supreme court, with JElijah Imjtey as ehief judge. (2) Makes the governor of Bengal, Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India.* (3) Makes a new council of five, consisting of Barwell, Clavering, Moa.son, FYancis, and the Governor-General. The twenty-four directors elected by the proprietors of India stock appoint the Governor-General. * Speaking more accurately, Warren Hastings, who had been President of the Bengal Council, was made Govemor- (Jeneral of Bengal, with eeitain powers of control over the President and Council of each of the other provinces. (By the Act of 1833 the supreme Government of India is vested in a " Governor-General of India in Council," but the gover- norship of Bengal becomes ex officio one of the functions of the Governor-General of India. In 1853 power was given to apiH)int a litutenant-goveruor of Bengal.) 144 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1770—1775] ENGLISH. 1772. First j)artition of Poland between Austria, Russia, and I'russia. 177'^. The people of Bos- ton board the ships and throw the tea over- board. 1774. The governor of Bengal, Warren Hast- ings, is nia said that seventy elections depended on these officers, and that 11,500 officers were electors. 148 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 11780-1782] ENGLISH. (U 1781. HydorAli defeat by Sir Kyre Coote at Porto Novo. 1782. CJ rattan's Declara tion of llight (c) accept- ed by the Irish Parlia ment, and statute (i of George I. and the Per- manent Mutiny Act repealed by the Eng- lish. Hyder Ali dies, and is succeeded by Tijipoo Sahib. I'tMMK Ministers. LORD NORTH. 1780. I78I. 1782. LORD ROCKINGHAM. Dunning carries hia motion, <rd North issues this year a loan of £12,000,000 to defray the cost of the American war, by which supporters of the ministry make large sums of money (6).] Minorca is taken by the Spaniards. /V/y. Conway's motion for peace is lost by one. March. After other motions of want of confidence, which are nearly carried, Lord North resigns. Lord Rockingham's ministry comes into power (tl). Rodney wins his great victory over Count de Grasse in the West Indies. The civil list is divided into eight classes and regulated. Pensions from the civil list are restricted and secret pensions abolished. £72,000 is saved by abolishing useless offices. Government contractors art excluded from the Hovse cf Commons, and revenue officers (e) are debarred from voting at elections. All the former proceedings in connection with Wilkes' election for Middlesex, which had been often pro- tested against by Chatham and others, are expunged from the journals of the House of Commons. Pitt's motion for reform is rejected by 161 to 141. 149 [Notas.] (a) LordShflhurnf'sMinistnt. LoplSlionmrnc^nfterwarils Mamui» <»f liaiisdowii*'), First Lord of the Treasury ; William Pitt, Chamrllor of tin- KxclH-qiuT ; lionl faimleii, I'n'.sidfiit of tli»i t'oumil ; Diikf of Grafton, Privy S«al; Lonl CJranthatn ami Thomas Town- »h«'iul, »«M-n'tarieH of State; K«i.im1, A«lmiralty ; Duke of Rirhmoiul, OnlnaiK-e ; Loni Thtirlow, liord Chancellor; Henry Dumlus ami others. (h) GilhfrVs ylct.— This A ratalde value, to nominate three i»ersons, of whom one was t«» be chosen l»y the justices to act as a |«u«l guanlian of the |)oor instead of the oM overseers. (c) A tn-atyacknowledf^in^the indipendenceof the United States was signed hetwwu them ami (ireat I{iitain at I'aris. The same day a treaty was signed at Versailles between tireat Hritain. France, and Sjiain, by which I'ondicherryand Carical, with other posses- sions in neiiKal, were given back to France and Trincomalee to the Dutch. , , « (aV) Ihikeof Portlnwl's M/wi.s/n/.- rortlaiul. First Lord of the Treasury; Lord North ami Fox, Home and Foreign Secretaries; Lord .Tohn C'aveutlish, Chan- celh)r of the Kxchequer; Kepi»f-l, Admiralty; Vis- count TownshenU, Ordnance ; Charhs Townsheinl. Burke, Sheridan, also in the ministry. (JreatSeal ill commission. (f) For's JniUu Hill. Authority of the CNunpany to lie transferred to seven commissioners, nominated by rarliament for four years, after which time they were to t>e named by the Crown. The management of commerce to be in the hands of a committee of directors named by the proprietors. (/) put's first A/itt(s{< I/. -William I'itt, First Lonl of the Treasury and Chan«'elIor of the Kx«hequer ; Karl Gower, Lord PresiiUnt ; Marquis of Carmarthen and F^irl Temi»le(tlie latter afUr four days succeeded by Lonl Sydney), Secretaries of State ; Duke of Uich- mond. Ordnance ; LordThurlow, Chancellor ; Henry Dumlas, Treasurer of the Navy. (ij) The conrsf of the s^ntfjgle hetireen Pitt and the Oppoai- tiou, in its ihtnil, is us fn to address the king against a ilis- solution carried without a division. 1784. Jan. 12. Fox's motion to go into conimittee on the state of the nation carried by 2:t2 to HCi. Lord Surrey's motiun condemnatory of the use of the king's name and of the chaJige uf ministers carried by ll>ti to 54. ^ ,. . ., Jtm. It?. Lonl Charles Spencer's motion that the continnance of the ministry in oflice is contrary to constituti»»nal jtrineiples, carried by 20o to 184. Jan. 23. Pitt's l':ast India Bill thrown out on the second reading by 222 to 214. Jan. 26. Meeting at the St. Allians Tavern tinder the i»resideiicy of Mr. Grosveuor, to promote a union of the jarties. _ Ftb. 2. Mr. Gnisvenor's motion for "an efficient, united, and extended administration," is car- ried without a division. Coke's ritler that the continuance of the ministers in office is an obstacle to such an Administra- tion being formed, is carried by 223 to 204. {Contintted on page 152.) 150 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1782-1784] ENGLISH, I'kime Ministers. LORD BOCKINGHAM. 1782. LORD SHELBURNE. 1783. Russia takes tlio (Irimea, Flood's bill for parlia- mentary reform in Ire- land is rejected. 1783. DUKE OF PORTLAND. WILLIAM PITT. 1784. Irish difficulties are remedied by the repeal of 6 George I. and the Permanent Mutiny Bill of 1781, and other concessions, whereby Ireland obtains legisla- tive independence. Death of the Marqtiis of Rockingham. Lord Shelbume, Prime Minister (a). Resignation of Fox and Burke. Pitt becomes Chancellor of the Exchejjuer. The siege of Gibraltar, which had been defended by General Elliot against the French and the Spaniards, is finally raised. England acknowledges the independence of the United States. [See Nummary : American War of /ndcpmdence, p. 266]. Gilbert's Workhouses {h) Act is passed this year. Peace between France and England and be- tween the United States and England is signed at Versailles (r), Jan. A coalition is formed between Lord North and Fox, who carry amendments on the address to the Crown, and Shelbume resigns, Feb. 21. April 2. After thirty-seven days' interval the Coalition Ministry comes into power with the Duke of Portland as nominal Prime Minister (d), PHVh resolution in favour of parliamentary reform is thrown out by a majority of 144 (293 to 149). Fox's India Bill (e) is introduced into the House of Commons and passed. George III. authorizes Earl Temple to say that "who- ever voted (in the Lords) for the India Bill was not only not his friend, but would be considered by him as an enemy. " The Lords reject the bill. The Coalition Ministry is dismissed, Dec. 18. William Pitt becomes Prime Minister, forming a government from members of both parties, Dec. 23(/). Struggle of Pitt and the king against the Opposition led by Fox and North (r/). Pitt's India Bill is rejected by a majority of eight. The Lords and the city of London support the ministry. The House of Commons address the king for the removal of ministers. A representation to the Crown to the same effect is carried by a majority of one only. The Mutiny Bill is passed. March. Parliament is dis- solved. May. Large majority for the ministers in the new Parliament. One hundred and sixty friends of the Coalition lose their seats. Pitt by the Commutation Act reduces the duty on tea and spirits to prevent smuggling. 151 [Notes.] (Contimud from page 150.) Feb. 4. Lord Etflngham carries rt'solutlonB in the Lonls conilemnatory of the coiuluct of the Coniiiions by 100 t<» 53. Feb. 18. A motion for jK)sti»oning the supplies car- ried by 208 to I'M). March 1. Fox's motion for an address for the re- moval of ministers carried by 201 to 1H<.». March 5. F<»x*s motion to postpone the Mutiny Bill if) the «th carried J>y 171 t<» lrt2. March 8. Fox's motion fi»r a representation to the king OH tin- state of affairs eairie*! by 101 to I'M). March 10. The Mutiny Bill passed without a divi- sion. March 23. Parliament dissolved. (a) Pitt's ImVta Bill. — X new department of govemment is made, called the Boanl of t'ontrol, consisting of Kix memlx'rs of the I'rivy Council, including one Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Kx- ehequer, with supreme authority over the adminis- tration of tiie Company civil and military. All business and patronage to Iw in the hands of the Company, but the Crown to have a veto in the case of ap|M>intment to the chief olHces. The Board lasts till 18.58. lionl Sydney is the first President of the Boanl, succeeded by William Grenville in 17lH)^ (5) Sinking Fund.— By this plan a sum of one million pounds, niised by extra taxes, was to J»e set apart. an«l invested at compound interest towanls I laying ofl" the national debt. Its fallacy was exposed in I8i:{. It was practically taking money out of one pocket to put it into th«^ other, the nation having to pay the cost of the transfer. (c) " He showed how the patriotism of a Nonconformist stddicr might be rewarded with penalties and pro- scription ; aneeachraent were Burke, Fox, Sheridan, Windham, Sir Gilbert Elliot, General Burgoyne, Adam, Colonel North, and Fitz- Fa trick. (/) These were — 1. That no new peers should be created. 2. That no pension or place should be grante) Each province is to have a Governor and Council appointed by tlit- Crown, and a rejin'sentative Assembly. IJut the Cluvennnent is indejiendent of the Assembly, and only responsible to the Colonial Otlice. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1789-1792] ENGLISH. 1790. Storming of Ismail by Suwarrow. 1701. A'pril Death of Miralicau. June.. Flight of the king to Varennes. Amj. Conference at Pil- nitz between the Em- peror and the King of Prussia. Oct. The Legislative As- sembly is constituted. Formation of the United Irishmen. 1792. Submission of Tippoo Sahib. A]pril. The Girondin Ministry declares war. July. Austria and Prus- sia invade France. Cannonade of Valmy. Battle of Jemappes. The disabilities of the Scottish Episcopalians are removed. Many of the harshest dis- abilities of the Irish Catholics removed in this and the next year. Prime Ministers. WILLIAM PITT. 1789. 1790. 1791. 1792. 154 Beaufoy's motion (see 1787) is again brought in and lost by only twenty (122 to 102). [A similar motion by Fox is lost next year by 294 to 105, and the sub- ject of Tests is not resumed again for nearly forty years. ] Wilberforce, Burke, and Fox support resolutions con- demnatory of the slave trade. At Stockdale's trial for a libel on the House of Com- mons by publishing a defence of Warren Hastings, Krskine eloquently defends him, and he is acquitted. William Wyndham Grenville (a) becomes Secretary of State instead of Lord Sydney (formerly Thomas Townshend). Fox's declaration of his sympathy with the French Revolution produces a coolness between him and Burke. Flood's motion for parUamentary reform is withdrawn without a dividon. Quarrel with Spain about Nootka (now called St. (George's) Sound. Burke publishes his reflections on the French Revolution. The Canada Bill divides Canada into two provinces (6). It is the occasion of the open declaration of the quarrel between Burke and Fox. Pitt fails in his attempt to prevent the Russians from encroaching on Turkish territory. Fox brings in his Libel Bill (see 1792). Mitford's bill, removing some of the disabilities of the Roman Catholics, is passed. Resignation of the Duke of Leeds (formerly Carmarthen). Grenville becomes Foreign Secretary and Dundas Home Secretary. Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave trade, supported by Pitt and Fox, is rejected by 163 to 88. The rioters of Birmingham, unchecked by the magis- trates, destroy Dr. Priestley's house. Pitt, in announcing the Budget, declares that he hopes for a durable peace. April 23. Warren Hastings is acquitted. A bill for the abolition of the slave trade passes the Commons, but is postponed by the Lords. Fox's motion to repeal some of the disabilities of the Dissenters is thrown out. Fox passes his Libel Bill, which places the liberty of the press under the protection of juries by allowing them to decide what, constitutes a libel as icell as the fact. The Society of the Friends of the People is formed to promote parliamentary reform. Thurlow has to resign (after having been Chancellor to 155 [Notes.] (a) By the Act of 17i»;{. Ciitluilics in Irclaml (not in Gre.it Britain) may hoM any conmnssion in the army ii{» to the rank of colont-l. [To remedy this tlie Army and Navy Service Bill of 1807 is introduced, see 1S07.] (ft) Pitt's Ministry as rernnKtitutrd, 1704. Pitt, First L<»r(l of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Excliequer ; Lou^hl)orou{;h, Chancellor ; Earl of Cliatham. Privy lieal ; Lonl Grenville, Foreign Sec- retary ; Duke of I'ortland, Home Seen tary ; Wiiul- ham, Secretary at War ; Dundas, Secretary for War ; Hawkesbury (afterwards Liverpool), board of Trade. [George Canning became Under Foreign Secretary in 1796, and Joint Paymaster, 1800 ; Huskisson, Under Secretary for War,* 1795 ; Castlereagh, Secretary for Ireland, 1798.) FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1792-1795] ENGLISH. 156 1703. Jan. 21. Execu- tion of Louis XVI. War declared by France against ?]ngland, hWt. I. Fall of the Gironde be gins. Au\}. Storming of the Tuileries. September massacres. >SV/>/. 21. Meeting of the National Convention. Declaration of the Re- public. Insurrection of La Vendee. Pondicherry taken from the French. Sir John Shore Oovernor- (ieneral of India (to 1798). An important Catholic Kelief Hill passes the Irish Parliament (a). Second partition of Po- land. 1704. Execution of Dan- ton. Lord Fitzwilliam becomes Viceroy of Ireland. The United Irishmen apply to France, and prepare for rebellion. Execution of IJobespierre. 1705. Third partition of Poland. First Orange Lod^'es formed in Ireland, but Orangemen had exist- ed before. Lord Camden succeeds Lord Fitzwilliam a-s Viceroy of Ireland. The Directorate estah lished. Pkime Ministers. WILUAM PITT. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. every ministry since Lord North's except the Coali- tion of 1783), and is succeeded after a few months as Lord Chancellor by Wedderburn, Lord Lough- borough. Preparations for war. Trial of Thomas Paine. He is defended by Erskine. Lord Grenville passes his Alien Act for the supervision and, if necessary, the removal of aliens. Burke's dagger scene. War is declared by England aerainst France Feb. 11. *> 6 a^i-e, England, Spain, and Holland join Austria and Prussia in the First Coalition. Fox's resolution condemning the war lost by 270 to 44. Tlie Traitorous Corresponhia, gran«Maughter of James I., d. 1714. George I. in. Sophia Dorothea of Zt-U. d. 1727. I I George II. m. Caroline of Sophia Pnn>thea in. Frt'dcrick d. 1700. Anspai'h. William I. of I'mssia. Frederick, m Prince nf Wales, «l. 1751. Aiignsta of S a X (• -C o- bui-g. William, Duke of Cunilier- land, d. 1705. Frederick II., the Great. George III. m. Char- lotte Sophia of Meeklenlmrg Stre- litz, d. 1«*20. Edwanl, Dnke of York, d. 1707. I William IIenr>-, l)uke<»fGlou- c e s t e r, d. ISO'.. George IV. Frederi<'k, III. Caroline Dnke of of Brunswick, York, d. d. ISM. Princess Char- lotte, d. 1817. 1827 Edward, Duke of Kent, d. 1820. Ernest Adolphns Augustus, Frederick, Dukf of Duke of Cumlter- Cambridge, William IV. d. 1837. Victoria. land and King of Hanover, d. 1851. I George, d. 1850. George, Dnke of King of Cambridge. Haimver, 1851-1800. (o) Corresponding Societies iJi?/.— "The series of rei»ressive measures was now com}>lete. The iM>]iular constitu- tion of England was susjiended" {May, ii. 330). (b) Tlie total sum spent in the purchase of the votes of the boroughmongers was £1,200,000. ** A great end was compassed bv means the most base and shameless " {May, iv. 332). (c) Union of Great Britain and IreJand. —Vowr bishop.s sit- ting in annual rotation, and 28 representative tem- poral j»eers electetl for life, ami 100 commoners sat in the Imperial Parliament, and free-trade was estab- lished between the two countries. Irish peers are specially allowed to sit for any English seat in the House of Commons. One Irish i>eer only can be created when three Irish peerages have becf»me extinct. This is to last till there are only 100 Irish peers. (d) By proclamation dateill are earned. Burke retires from Parliament this year, and dies 1797. The French expedition to Ireland is dispersed by a storm, and proves a complete failure. Unsuccessful negotiations with the Directorate. Sir John Jervis and Nelson defeat the French and Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14. The Bank of England stops cash payments. April. The Mutiny at Spithead is suppressed with- out difficulty. May. Mutiny at the Nore. It is suppressed in June Admiral Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet off Camper- down, Oct. ^ Fox moves for the repeal of the Treason and Sedition Acts, but IS supported by only forty-one persons. May. hoxB name is struck out of the list of Privv Councillors. ^ An income tax of 10 per cent, on incomes over £200 is imposed. Aug. 1. Nelson utterly defeats the fleet which had conveyed Napoleon and his army to Egypt, in the battle of the Nile. [There is a secession from Parliament of Fox and his friends this year, who consider Pitt's repressive measures dangerous to liberty (see 1776) 1 Sir Sidney Smith helps the Turks to hold Acre against ]\ apoleon. ° Pitt forms the Second CoaUtion. (England, Aus- tria, and Russia chief members.) The Duke of York takes command of the English ex- pedition to HoUand, and is defeated at Bergen Lord Grenville rejects Buonaparte's proposals of peace. Ihe Corresponding Societies Bill is passed {a). Lord Keith with the Austrians besieges Genoa July. THE ACT FOR THE UNION OF buiEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IS PASSED (c) [See Summary : Ireland, Part II., p. 253.1 Malta is captured from the French. The Armed Neutrality between Russia, Sweden, Den- mark, and Prussia is revived. Jan. The first Imperial Parliament of the United King, dom meets («/). ° Pitt proposes to pass a measure for the relief of the Catholics. The king opposes it, and Pitt with 159 [Notes.] (u) Pitt created or promoted more than UO peers during his miniiitry. (/#) Addingtnn's Aft/iKs/ry — Addington, First Ijord of the Treasury and t'lianceHor of the Kxcliequer ; Eldon, Lord Chancellor; Duke of Tortlaiid, I^ord Pre.sid«'nt of the Coiiinil ; Earl of Westiuoreland, Lord I'rivy % Seal ; Lord I'clhani, IIoiiu? Secn-tjiry ; Lord Hawkes- lmry(afterwanl.s Lonl LiveriM)ol), F»)reiBn Secretary ; Lord St. Vincent, First Lord of the Admiralty; VmtI of Chatham, Ordnance ; Lord liubart, Charles Yorkc, and others. (<•) In 17S2 the office of Secretary «»f State for the Colonies, first made in 17t)8, had Iwen alM)lished. From 17.S2 to 1801 the Colonial Imsiness )iad been tran.sacted at the Uome Office. ('/) Treaty of Amiens^.—iy) Enpland restores to France, S]»ain, and the Dutch all her conquests except Trinidad and Ceylon. (•_') Malta is to be restored to the Knights of St. John. (:}) The King of England gives up the title of King of France, field since tlie time ot Edwanl IIL There were other minor articles. («•) PilVs second Mi niatry. —Viti, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Eldy Viscount Castlereagh), Home, Foreign, and War and Colonial Secretaries ; Henry Dundas (l^ord Melville). Admiralty ; Duke of Mon- trose and others. (/) Lord Grenville's A/in/.s^rj/.— Grenville, First Lord of the Treasury; Fox, Foreign Secretary ; Lord Henry Petty, Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Lord Erskine, Lord Chancellor ; Lonl Sidmouth, Privy Seal ; Mr. Grey (afterwards Lord Howick), Admiralty ; Lord Moira, Ordnance ; Lord Spencer, Home Secretary ; Windliam, War and Colonial Secretary ; I^onl Minto, Boanl of Control ; Sheridan, Lonl Auckland, Lord Temj)le, Lord Chief-Justice Ellenborough, and others. [A resolution is intropain declares war against England Napoleon prepares to invade England Addington joins the ministry (as Lord Sidmouth) Nelson^sails to the West Indies in pursuit of the French Henry Dundas, Lord Melville, is accused of peculation in the navy, and is impeached. The Third Coalition is formed against France (England, Russia, Austria, chief members.) July \2. Sir Robert Calder fights the French and Spanish fleets off Ferrol. ^rencn ana Aug. Nelson returns to Portsmouth. Oct. 21. The French and Spanish fleets are defeated off r^ SfP? S-^f?^^*^' b"<^ Nelson is killed. Death of William Pitt, Jan. 23 Grenv^Ie and Fox unite to form the ministry of ** All the Talents " (/). "*^«xowy ui Fox opens negotiations with Napoleon. • I rial of Lord Melville, who is acquitted. 1j [Notes.] n (a) Berlin Decrees (1) s prisoners of war. | (6) OriJera in Co«n«7.— A series of orders were issued which prohibited all trade with French ports or ports o<'cui»ied by French troops. (c) Slave Trade.— It was abolished mainly by the efforts of Wilberforce, Clarkson, anil Zacliary Macaulay. {d) See note on 17!>3. The Act promised that all who should enter his Majesty's service should «'n.joy the free and unrestrained exercise of their religion, so far as it did not interfere with their military duties. The king refuse«l to admit Catholics to tlie staff, and to include dissenters in the provisions of the bill {May, iii. 128). (?) Duke of Portlaiurs 3fni /s^n/.—Portlanartl of Control ; Lord I'alnurston, Secretary at War ; Peel, Under Colonial Secretary. (b) The negotiations with Grey and Grenville faile declare war, ami in- vade Canada, but with- out permanent success. Napoleon invades Russia. Hi^pt. 7. Battle of the Borodino. Burning of Moscow. Crossing of the Beresina. [1809-1812] PkIME MrXISTERS. DUKE OF PORTLAND. 1809. PERCEVAL. 1810. 1811. 1812. LORD LIVERPOOL. ENGLISH, Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats Soult at Oporto and Victor at Talavera, but being unsupported by the Spaniards is obliged to retreat. A great expedition is sent to Walcheren under Lord Chatham, and proves a complete failure. Canning and Castlereagh's mutual recriminations lead to their resignation, and bring about a duel. Resignation of the Duke of Portland, who dies a tew weeks after. Perceval becomes Prime Minister {a). Sir Francis Burdett is sent to the Tower by the House ot Commons for contempt, and great riots ensue. Brand a motion for jmrliamtntary reform is rejected by 234 to 115 (also in 1812). J J May Grattan's motion in favour of the Catholics is defeated by 104 (213 to 109). Lord Wellington defeats Massena at Busaco {Sept. ), and retires behind the lines of Torres Vedras, which Massena cannot penetrate, and is forced to retreat {Nov.). The king's malady returns, and becomes perma- nent. *^ The Regency BiU, modelled on that of 1788, is passed, and the Prince of Wales becomes Regent. Ihomas Graham defeats Victor at Barossa, and Massena retires towards Ciudad Rodrigo. May. Wellington defeats Massena at Fuentes d'Onoro and takes Almeida. May Beresford defeats Soult at Albuera, but fails to take Badajos. Luddite rioters destroy much machinery in Nottingham- shire and the Midland counties. ,Tan. Wellington storms Ciudad Rodrigo. ministerial crisis. Lords Grenville and Grey (formerly Howick) refuse to join Perceval. Lord Wellesley resigns and Castlereagh becomes Foreign Secretary. April. W^ellington storms Badajos. Bellmgham assassinates Perceval in the House of Commons. After negotiations with Lord Wellesley and with Canning, and also with Grey and Gren- ville {b), had failed, Lord Liverpool becomes Prime Minister (c), June, and Sidmouth Presi- dent of the Council. Canning (c?), who in this year declares himself in favour of Catholic claims (a matter which becomes an "open question" in the mmistry), carries his motion for the consideration of the laws aflfecting Catholics by 129. Ihe United States declare war against England. The "Orders in Council" are revoked too late to pre- vent war. 165 [Notes.] (f() In the next tliirteen years upwards of 50,000 such debtors were set free from prison. (/<) Firxt Peace of Parw.— The parties wore Franco, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. France was allowed to retiiin the boundaries of 1792, with some additions. Great Britain was to keep Malt-i, but to restore all the coloiaes held by France on Jan. 1, 1792, except Tobago, St. Lucia, and Mauritius, and to restore all the Dutch colonies she hehl ex- tept Ceylon, the Cape, and |>art of (now British) (iuiana. A general congress was to meet at Vienna within two mouths to complete these arrangements. ii (c) The Holy Alliance.— The contracting parties declared their intention to conduct their domestic adminis- tration and foreign relations according to the pre- cepts of Christianity, and bound themselves to observe three points— (1) To give mutual assistance for the protection of religion, i)eace, and justice ; (2) to regard themselves as delegated by Providence to govern three branches of one Christian nation ; (3) to admit any other Powers which should declare their aaid by France. All works of art stolen by Napoleon were to be restored to their owners. 166 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1812-1816] ENGLISH, 1813. Battles of Liitzeii, Bautzen, and Dresden. The East India Company s charter is renewed, hut trade with India is made free to all. Nepaul war this and next year. (h-t. 16-19. Battle ot Leipzig. Lord Moira (Hastings) begins to act as (iover- nor-General of India (to 1823). 1814. March. The Allies enter Paris. April. Napoleon abdi- cates the Empire and retires to Elba. A European Congress meets at Vienna. 1815. Feb. Napoleon es- capes from Elba. Mtnrh. Louis XVIII. flies to Brussels. 1816. Lofd Amherst's embassy to China. Prime Ministers. LORD LIVERPOOL. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. July Wellington defeats Marmont in the battle of Salamanca, and advances to Madrid. He fails to take Burgos, and is forced to retreat. A bill is passed for the relief of insolvent debtors (a). Dissenting ministers are relieved from some penalties of the Conventicle Act, and Unitarians from other penalties in 1813. The chief clause in Grattan's Catholic Relief Bill is rejected by 251 to 247. The bill is dropped. e/MMe. Wellington defeats Joseph at the battle of Vittoria, beats Soult at the battle of the Pyre- nees {Jul)/), and storms St. Sebastian {Sept.) Pampeluna surrenders (Oc'«.). English forces join the Prussians in Holland, and fail before Bergen-op-Zoom. Wellington invades France, and wins the battle of Orthez {Feb.), and defeats Soult at Toulouse {April), after an armistice had been signed between the French and the allies at Paris. First Peace of Paris {b). The allied sovereigns pay a state visit to the Prince Regent. An expedition is sent against Washington, which it burns, but the English are defeated on Lake Champlain. Lord Castlereagh represents England at the Congress of Vienna. Treaty of Ghent, by which peace is made between England and the United States. An expedition is sent against New Orleans, but is re- pulsed (the signing of the treaty not being yet known). By a Corn Bill the importation of wheat for homeconsump- tion is positively forbidden when the price is under 80s. On the receipt of the news that Napoleon had escaped from Elba (landing in France, March 1), Wellington and Blucher take the com- mand of the allied forces in Belgium. June 16. Napoleon defeats the Prussians at Ligny, and WeUington defeats Ney at duatre Bras. June 18. Wellington and Blucher completely defeat Napoleon at Waterloo. July. Napoleon surrenders to the English at Rochefort, and is conveyed to St. Helena. Sept. The Holy Alliance (c) is made between Russia, Austria, and Prussia ; but Lord Castlereagh refuses to accede to it. Nov. Second Peace of Paris {d). [See Summanj : French War, p. 268.] May 2. Marriage of Princess Charlotte (heiress pre- sumptive) to Leopold of Saxe-Coburff. 167 ^ [Notes.] (a) 'The suspt^nsion of the Ilabtns Corpus Act forni('«l part of Lor»l Sidmouth's repressive lueusurt's in l.sl7, when it was far less defensible than in 17"J4" (May, iii. 17). (h) "A measure ec. William Hone is tried for libel. He defends himself, and notwithstanding Lord Ellenboroufjh's efforts, IS acquitted. The suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act is repealed Secret committees are again appointed. The Bill of Indemnity for those who had been engaged m arrests on suspicion or in the dispersal of meet- ings since Jan. 1817 passes both Houses, A pro- test in the Lords is made by ten peers. A motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act, supported by Romilly and Brougham, is lost by WJ to 42 Burdett's motion for annual parliaments and universal suffrage is rejected by 106 to (Burdett and Coch- rane tellers for the motion). The renewal of the Alien Bill is carried after much dis- cussion and opposition. £1,000,000 is voted by Parliament to build new churches Parliament is dissolved by the Regent without notice Birth of Princess Alexandrina Victoria (afterwards Queen Victoria). 169 [Notes.] («) The Six Acts. .\'ov. 29. Introtluced by the Lorrl Clianrpllor:— 1. An Act to prevent delay in the administration of justice in cases of misdemeanour. Nov. "29, By Lonl Sidmouth :— :J. An Act to prevent the training of persons to the use of arms and to the practice of military evolutions and exercise. 3. An Act for the more effectual i»revention and puiiisli- meiit of blasphemous and seditious libels. 4. An Act to authorize .justices of the jwace in certain disturl>ed <'ouuties to seize and detain arms colh'cted and kept for jiurposes dangerous to the public peace, to continue in force until the 25th of March 18J2. A/rf. :i. By Lord C.'ustlerea^'h : — a. An Act to subject certain publications to the duties of stamps u\Hm newsfwipers, and to make other rcfadations for restraining the alnises arising from publication of blasphemous and seditious libels. Dtc. 17. By Lord Sidmouth. Nov. 29, In CommiUis by Lor) Plunket (Grattan having died in 1820) had carried his motion for a committee by 227 to 221. The bill is supporttHl by Canning, and read a second time by 2a4 to 243. («•) It was originally proposed to give the seat to Leeds, but the county of York was substituted by the Lonls. ('0 ^^« Orenvilh Pterf j/.—Manpiis of Buckingham, Lonl Gren\nlle, Thomas Grenville, Charles Wynne, Dr. Phillimore, Sir George Nugent, tJir Watkin Wynn, William Fremantle. 170 Prime Ministers LORD LIVERPOOL. 1819. 1820. Congress at Trop- pau, afterwards at Laybach. Revolution in Spain. 1820. 1821. ^fal/. Deatli ec'n passed in 1051, IHGl, and IM'2. By tlu'ni no j^oods of any kind ini^^lit 1m' ini|)ortrd into F^nglish doniiniotis from Asia, Africa, America, Hussia, anal «)f laws which had been .so long virtually susi»en«leman Catholics are a«lmitt<'liti«'{U ottices ex<'ept those of Re<;ent, Lonl Chancellor, and Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland are oi>enfd to them. Peel said, "The credit Ih-Iotij^s to others and nf>t to me; It belonjrs to Mr. Fox, to Mr. Grattan, to Mr. Plunket, to the gentlemen opposite, and to an illustrious and rij;ht lionourable friend of mine who is now no nion'." Protests in the Lords are signed by CumlM'rland, Eldon, Sidmouth, Newcastle, Bexley, and thirty-four other I>eers. (5) The reason urge«l for this Act was that by the creation of small freeholds a large nujnber of dei)endent Vf)ters had been create«l who were subject to the influence either of the landlords or the priests. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, tl829, 1830] ENGLISH. (c) He said that the Legislature and system of representa- tion deservedly jxissessed the full and entire contl- deuce of the country. (r?) Lord Grey's Ministry. —Grey, First Lord of Treasury'; Lonl Brougham, Ii^)rd Chancellor; Lonl Althorp, Chancellor of Exchequer; Lonl Melbourne, Home Secretary ; Lord Palmerston. Foreign Secretary ; Lord Lansdovnie, President of Council ; Lord Durham, Lord Privy Seal ; Sir J. Graham, Admir- alty; Lonl Gmlerich, War and Colonial ; Stanley, Chief Secretary for Ireland; Wynn, Secretary at War; S])ring Rice an«l Ellice, Secretaries to the Treasury. Grant, Lonl Holland, Lord Auckland, Lord John Russell, Duke of Richmond. [Macaulav became Secretary to the Board of Control in 1832.1 176 1829. Settlement made in Western Australia. The Russians advance to Adrianople. France and England intervene. Treaty of Adrianople between Russia and the Porte. The Sultan acknowledges the independence of Greece. The French begin the conquest of Algeria. Ill Three 1830. Revolution Paris. Julj/ 27. The Days " begin. Arrival of Charles X. in England. Revolt and independence of Belgium. The crown of Greece offered to Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and re- fused. DUKE OF WELUNGTON. 1829. 18m LORD GREY. Feb. In the king's speech, after a reference to the dis- orders in Ireland caused by the revival of the Cathohc Association, Parliament is recommended to consider whether the disabilities of Catholics cannot be removed. Peel now resigns his seat for Oxford (Feb. 4), but stands again. He is defeated by Sir R. luglis by 146 * oxes. Feb. An Act suppressing the Catholic Association is passed. March 3 The king finding that the supremacy oath is to be altered, refuses his consent to the bill for Catholic Emancipation, but on the resignation of the Duke of W ellington. Peel, and the Chancellor, lie gives his consent in writing. March 5 The Catholic Relief Bill is carried in the Commons (a). (Third reading 320 to 142 ) Duel between the Duke of Wellington and Lord VV mcliilsea. ^^''oi^J^^^Prl^^^?^^ *^® ^°^^S. (Third reading rri / ... ^ ^^^^ Summary : Catholic Relief, p. 270. 1 Ihe Act diHfranchisitvj 40*. freehohlers in Ireland and raisnifj the qualijication to £10 is passed (b). Conne 1 is re-elected for Clare. He agitates for repeal of the Union between England and Ireland in this ana lollowmg years. [The annual Act for suspending the militia baUot is passed this year for the first time.] Feb. Meeting of Parliament. Lord John HusseWs proposal to enfranchise Leeds Bir- minyham, and Manchester is rejected 6v 188 Recution nearly broupht to a elose the long 8erie8 of contests l»etween the G^. 22 After many weeks of discussion and obstruction the Reform Bill passes the Com- mons by 346 to 234, but is rejected (Oct. 8) m the Lords by 41 (199 to 158). Several members of the House of Lords are insulted bv the mob. Lord Ebrington's vote of confidence in ministers is carried by 329 to 198 Nottingham Castle is burned down, and there are dis- turbances elsewhere. Riots in Bristol and destruction of property A proclamation is issued for the repression of political unions. ^ Cobbett is prosecuted by the Attorney-General (for f?,lJv"fi. •'''"^^"?r!'^ his writings), but unsuccess- luUy, the jury not being able to agree (a). Dec Parliament meets. A third Reform BUI is Drought in and is carried (second reading) bv 16'^ in the Commons. ^ ^ Adjournment for Christmas. Many outrages in Irelarfd this year, especially owing to the collection of tithes, which now becomes in many places impossible. ^ An Ecclesiastical Commission of this year reports on the revenues of the English Church. Jan. Parliament resumes work MarcL The Reform Bill passes the Commons. April 14. In the Lords the second reading is earned by 9 (184 to 175). Protests signed by 77 179 [Notes.] (") Tl»e National Union (on May3)state«l tl»at if the Lonls tlir»'w <»ut the bill tht-ro was ruasdn to exjit'C't that the i>aynient of taxes would cease, that other ohli- gations of s«»ciety we disrepmled, anU that the ultimate er'nsequence might In,- the utter extinction of the iirivileged onlers. ('<) This was a motion of Lord Lyndhurst that the con- sideration (»f the disfranchising clauses shouhl Ik* jH>stiM>ned till the enfmnchising clauses had Im-cii lirst considered. Lord (jJrey stated that he should consider its sticcess fatal to the measure, («■) The Re.J'onn Hill of l«y'2,— This measure disfrancliised lifty-six n«>mination boroughs which returned 111 meml)ers, took away one memWr from thirty others, and two from Weymouth and Melcombe Hegis, thus leaving vacant 14:5 seats. It gave 05 additional mem- bers to the counties, two members each to Man- chester, Leeds, Birmingham, and nineteen large towns, including the metn»i>olitan districts, anreviously iinrejiresented. In the counties coj»yholdei-s ami leaseholders for years were added, as voters, to the 40s, freeholders, and tenants- at-will i>aying £60 a year (the Chandos clause) were enfranchised. In the towns a £10 househohl fran- chise was establishwl, and the rights of fret-men to vote were restricted. (?See Aj>peitilix III.] (il) The numlK>r of memlM'rs for {Scotland is increaseil from 45 to 53, of whom 30 sit for counties, ami 23 for cities ;ind burghs. The county franchise is given to all hohhrs of jtrojierty worth £10 a year, and to some classes of leaseholders. The burgh franchise is given to all £10 Imuseholders. (•) The number of members for Ireland is increased from 100 to 105; franchise, siiiue changes as in England (but see 1821t), except that the county occupation franchise is £_'0 (reduce* 1 to £12 in 1850, when the borough franchise was reduced to £8). (/) lu 1813 private jtersons had been allowetl to trade with India. The mono])oly of the China trade is now taken from the C'om|»any. The Comiiany's commer- cial jiroperty is sold, but its dominion over India is conhrmed for twenty years. («/) Lord Grey stated that during 1832 over 9000 crimes had been committed, all connected with and growing out of the disturlK-d state of the country. (A) Two archlnshoprics and eight bishoprics were sup- pn'ssed. Many ecclesiastical incomes were reduced and many sinecures swei»t away, and a commission was apiH>inteplied to such i»uriM)ses as Parliament might direct. This, however, involving the vexed (juestion of "appropriation," was al>andoned by ministers. (/) This h)an was ultimately surrendered as a free gift. ( j) Children under nine years of age not to be employed. Women and young jtersons under eighteen not to work more than twelve hours. (A.) This grant was voted annually up to 1839, when it was increased. It was dispensed to the National Society and the British and Foreign bch(x>l Society by the Treasur}'. (/) It received a siiecial ini]>etus from the assize sermon preachetl by Keble at Oxford on the action of the Irish Church Commission iti dealing with the Irish Church. 180 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1832-1834] Pki-mk Ministers. LORD GREY. 1832. ENGLISH, 183.3. The East Lulu Company's charter is renewed. It beconus now a political bof the lanntinele-lM»dird. It unitfd jiarishes into unions, and uidon workhouses wuru su)>stituttd fur iiai-l^i workliLOihes. CO They are saceepihHl by S|tring Ri(!e, Colonial and War We<;retiiry ; C'arlish-, I'livy Seal; Auckland, Admi- ralty ; and Cuuynghaui, I'uBtniasttr-General. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, [1834, 1835] ENGLISH. (f) Lord Melhmime's Ministry.- Lonl Melbourne, First Lonl of the Treixsury ; Lord IJrouKhain, Lord Chan- cellor; Littleton. Irish N'cretiiry ; Wellesley, Lonl Lieutenant; Lord Althorj*, Cliancellor of Kx- c'hequer; Lonl Duncannon, Home .SecreUiry ; Lord I'aliuerston, F'oreign Secr»;tary ; .Spring llice, Colo- nial and War Secretary ; I'oulett Thomson, Board of Trade; Elliee, Secretary at War; Lord J. Kus- »ell. Paymaster; Sir George Grey, Under Colonial Secretary. ('0 "All the acctistome*! ground.s fordisntissinga ministry were wanting. Tliere was no immediate ditterenct! between them and tin; king, there was no disunion among themselves, nor were there any indieations that they had lost the confidence of I'arliament" (May^ i. 140). (>•) Sir Robert Peel\^ Mittistrji.—HxT R. Peel, First Lord of th f Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Lyndhurst, Loiil Chancellor ; Goulbuni, Home Secretary-; Duke of Wellington, Foreign Secretary ; Earl of Al)erdeen, War and Colonial; Sir H. Haiil- inge, Secretary for Ireland; Herries, Secretary at War ; Lord Wharncliffe, Pri\'y Seal ; Earl de Grey, Admiralty; Alexander Baring (Lord Ashburton, 1S35), Board of Trade; Lonl Haddington, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland; Praed and Sidney Herln'rt, Secretaries of the Boanl of Control ; W. E. Gladstone, Under Secretary for the Colonies, 182 1835. Lord HeytOf'hurv appointed (ioveriinr (ieneral of India l».v Peel, but the aj)point- ment cancelled 1)}' tlu Whigs, and Lord Auck- land sent out in his ])lace. Kaffir war. The eastern Erovince of South Africa ecomes independent. Colonel de Lacy Kvaiis, with English volun- teers, helps Queeu Isa- ]>ella of Spain against her uncle, Don Carlos. I'lUMK Ministers. LORD GREY. 18:i4. LORD MELBOURNE. SIR R. PEEL. 1835. O'Connell's motion for repeal of the Union is thrown out by 523 to 38. Ripon's bill for relieving the bishops of their legisla- tive and judicial functions in the House of Peers is refused by 125 to 58. The Poor Law Amendment Act is carried (on second reading) by 319 to 20 (a), Aj}ril. The monster demonstration in London by , ., trades-unionists passes by without disturbance. Connell's motion for the repeal of the Union is thrown out by 523 to 38. Ma;/ 27. Ward moves that the Church Establishment m Ireland exceeds the wants of the population, and ought to be reduced. Stanley Sir J. Graham, the Duke of Richmond, and Lord Ripon leave the Government on the Irish Church question (h). May 28. The king assures the Irish bishops, when pre- sentmg him with a birthday address, that he will defend their Church. June 2. Lord Althorp meets Ward's motion by an- nouncing a special commission of inquiry (composed of laymen) into the revenues of the Irish Church and tlie motion is lost by 396 to 120. ' The Irish Land-Tax Bill, proposing a substitute for tithes IS thrown out in the Lords by 189 to 122 ' Besignation of Lord Althorp (who did not wish the Coercion Bill to pass entire). Resignation of Lord Grey. Lord Melbourne becomes Prime Minister (r), with the previous Cabinet, including Lord Althorp, Juhf 17. The Irish Coercion Act is renewed in a modified form The Central Criminal Court is established. Lord Althorp becomes Lord Spencer. Lord Melbourne is suddenly dismissed by the king (rO, Nov. 15. ^ The Duke of Wellington acts for Sir R. Peel during his return from abroad. Dec. Sir. R. Peel forms an administration (e) Parliament is dissolved. [New charter granted to the Bank of England this year ] An Ecclesiastical Commission is issued to inquire into matters of income, patronage, and territorial divi- sions in the English Church. In the Tamworth Manifesto Sir R. Peel indicates his principles and the reforms which he desires. Fth. New Parliament meets. The Conservatives gain largely. [Estimated strength of parties— Coiwer. vatives, 273; Liberals, 380. J Various reforming bills are introduced, and the ministry IS beaten on several occasions, 183 [Notes.] (rt) Lord Mflhmtme's ^finistry.~ yMhowmo, First T.onl of tlie Treasury, Great Seal in Coimiiissioii (till ls::t>, then I'epys, Lonl t'otteiiliaiii); Lor«l Duncaniioii, Lonl Privy Seal; Si»riiig Uiee, Chancellor of the Exchequer; LonlJ. Hussell, Home Secretiiry; Lord Palmerston, Foreij,'n Secretary; Lord (Jlenelg (for- merly Charles Gnmt), War ami Colonial; Lord Hiiwick, Secretary at War; Mulgrave (afterwards Marquis of Nonuanby), Lonl-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Lord Moriteth, Chief Secretary for Ireland. {h) The corporation of London alone is exempted from the ojteratiun of this ,Vct. (c) It prtnideil for the comnuitation of tithes in kind into a rent-charjje uiM>n the land jKiyable in money, and reckoned accordinj; to the avenige price of corn for the seven preceding years. The great tithes were levietl on corn and grass, the small tithes on other ItrtMluce. liy the bill of 18:{6 commissioners were 8p{>ointed to carry out a commutation. (d) Under the Ecclesiastical Commissioners the establish- ments of some cathedrals have be»'n reduced, an). (First elections under it in A^o^^) I he Irish Tithe Bill, embodying the appropriation clauses is passed by the Commons by 319 to 282. 1 OQ **^^ appropriation clauses are rejected by 138 to 41, and the bill accordingly abandoned l^eb. A committee on agricultural distress is appointed, sits four months, and makes no report. Nonconformists are allowed to celebrate their marriaircs m their own cliapels (see 1753). June The Irish Municipal Bill having been carried in the Commons by 61, is altered by the Lords ami ultimately rejected by the Commons. The Bill for Tithe Commutation in England is passed {<-) Awj The Irish Tithe Bill having been carried in tiie Commons, its "appropriation clause" is rejected by the Lords by 138 to 47, and the bill is aban- doned. The Division Lists of the. House of Commons now begin to be published for the first time by tlie House itself. The newspaper stamp duty is reduced to one penny in this year. "^ The Ecclesiastical Commissioners are incorporated in this year {d). March. Grote's motion for the ballot is thrown out bv 265 to 153. Ajwil. Resolutions are passed about the disturbed state of Canada. The Government Church-Rates Abolition Bill being carried by 5 only in the Commons (287 to 282), is abandoned by the ministers. May. The Irish Tithe Bill (introduced for the fifth time) is afterwards dropped owing to the dissolu- tion. The Irish Municipal Bill is again defeated in the Lords. Jtine 20. Death of William IV. [The Duke of Cumberland becomes King of Hanover.] 185 [Notes.] («) " From the Restoratimi to the «l<{ith of George IV. no less than 187 eajiital ofllVnces were adtled to the criminal C(Hle. Year after year Until his untinuly death Sir Jianiuel Koniilly stni^jiled to overcome the obduracy of men in jntwer. The Commons were on his side, but tlie Lonls, under the guidance of their judicial leaders, were not t<» l>e convinced. It was computed that from 1810 to 1845 upwards «>f 14oo {lersons had sutlered death for crimes which had since ceased to be capital" (.V(ji/, iii.). (/*) The position of ministers had really l)een strengthened by the results of the e(»mmission. It was shown that the Stat*.- Cliurch included little more than one- tenth of the people, that in 150 i>arishes tlure was not one Protestant, and in 8(J0 jiarishes less than 50. Tlie Lords had taken their stand uintn a i»rinciple, and were not to be shaken. The settlement of tithes could no longer l>e deferred, and any concession from the Lonls was hoiM'less. IJut the retirement of the Whigs from a iH>sitii>n which they had chosen sis their own Itattleheld was a grievous shock to their influence and reputation. (.) The PeopU's Charter.-l. Universal suffrage. 2. Vote by ballot. 3. Annual Parliaments. 4. Payment of members. 5. Abolition of tlie property qualifica- tion. 6. Equal electoral districts. (if) The object of the bill was to suspend the constitution of Jamaica for five years in consequence of dittlculties matle by the As.sen"d>ly in connection with the eman- cipation of slaves. The bill was o]>i>osed by Uumc and the liadicals as well as by Sir R. Peel. ((?) Melbourne Ministrif reconstltiiteil in 1839.— Francis Baring, Chancellor of the Excheciuer; Marquis of Nornianby, Home Secretary ; L/ird J. Russell, Colo- nial and War Secretary ; IjalMuichere, l*Tesident of the Board of Trade; Macaulay, Secretary at War; Lord Ebrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; Sir George Grey, Judge Advocate-General. ( The bill excited much opposition, especially l>ocau8e it was suppt>8ed tliat iusi»ectiou was an unwarranted interference. 186 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1837-1840] ENGLISH. 1838. Dost Mahomine.1 receives a Russian mis- sioii at Cabul. Declara- tion of war against tlic Afghans. 1830. Capture of Can- ilahar. Annexation of Aden. New Zealand is first per- manently colonizedland included in the colony of New South Wales). Beiiinnin*; of the China AVar. 1840. Blockade of Can- ton by English fleet. Transportation of con- victs to New Soutli Wales is discontinued. A popular constitution is granted to Canada, anil thetwoCanadas united I'KIME MiNISTER.S. LORD MELBOURNE. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. VICTORIA, 1837— Bom, 1819 ; Married, 1840, Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Numerous remissions of capital punishment are carried on the recommendation of the Criminal Law Com- mission. The use of the pillory is wholly abol- ished (rt). Juhj. Parliament is dissolved. Nov. New Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties — Conservatives, 310; Liberals, 348.] Jan. Lord Durham is appointed (i overnor-General of Canada, amidst general approval. The ministers announce the placing of the Irish tithe question on a new footing, which implies the abandonment of the appropriation clauses. Tlie bill passes both Houses (A). The Irish Poor Law Act is passed. The Irish Tithes Commutation Act, commuting tithes into a permanent rent-charge, is passed. Villiers' motion to consider the Corn I^aws is thrown out by a large majority (300 to 95). An Act against non-residence of clergy is passed. The ministry having disallowed an ordinance issued by I^rd Durham in Canada, after violent attacks from Lord Brougham \Oct.)^ Lord Durham resigns and leaves Canada. [In this year the People's Charter is finally agreed upon and adopted by the Cliartists (c).] The Irish policy of ministers condemned in the Lords is approved in Commons by 22 votes. May. The Jamaica Bill {d) is carried by 5 votes only in favour of the Government. The ministers resign. Sir Robert Peel, invited to form a ministry, declines to accept oilice, on the Queen's refusing to admit proposed changes in the ladies of the bedchamber. Lord Melbourne takes office again (e). Jubj. Rowland Hill's new postage scheme (for a time a fourpenny, then a penny postage rate) is adopted as part of the Budget and passed. The Government bring in a bill to increase the education grant (first made in 1833), to place it under the con- trol of a committee of Privy C/Ouncil, and to subject the aided schools to inspection. It is carried by a majority of 2 only (/) (275 to 273). Nov. Chartist insurrection at Newport led by Frost and others. Feb. The Queen marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Ajiril. Sir J. Y. BuUer's motion of want of confidence in the Government rejected by 308 to 287. 187 It [Notes.] («) Fifty-fiKht ooriHimtion.s wtTo nlM.li^lM'd, ton wrn- rr- «-*oiistitut«M|. Any Ixironyh with : Hnl»j«M't of siu'h a<'tion has In^-n i>rint«'il unh'ss w«' hantilishcon, Vn-sitUiit of th«- lioanl of Tra- at War ; Sir K. Knat, Vioe-l'n'si.lont of lJ.>;inl of Tra«l«S Lonl WharnclittV, rn-si.hnt of Coum-il ; Duke of Huck- iniihani, Ix.nl rriw Seal ; Karl «le C.rey, I.(.r.l-Lieu- tenant of In^land ; Lonl Kliot (afterwards Karl «.f fit. Gennans), Chief Secretary for In- land; Sidney Herbert, Secretary to the Admiralty. , FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1840-1843] ENGLISH. 1841. ITon^-Kong oc<1m1 ti> Kn^l.'iinl by treaty. Tlu! treaty is (lisavowetl and war rcconiinciicts. A''"'. IiiHtiriectioii at ( 'alnil. Burnes aii'l is ciMlt'd to Murder of others. Ilong-Kong Kn^'laml. New Zealainl l)econies a separate colony. 1842. Jan. Evacuation f. Tiie allied squadron takes St. Jean d'Acre. [The barrenness of the Queen's Speech excites much dis- Cf»ntent. ] Free-trade agitation during the spring under the leadcKsljip of Cobden. Meetings at Manchester, Ivondon, and elsewljere. Mj. After a discussion of eight days on the sugar duty and the Government'.s propos?il of a fixed duty oji corn, the Sugar I)uty Bill of the ministers is rejected by a majority of ,3f> in a house of 508. A motion by Sir R. Peel of want of confidence in the ministry is carried by 1 vote (.312 to .311). The ministry advise a dissolution. ./line. Parliament is dissolved. Au'j. The new Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties— Conservatives, .3fJ7 ; Liberals, 286. 1 Ministers are defeated both in Lords and Commons by large majorities (168 to 96 in the I»rds, ?M) to 269 in the Commons). Lord Melbourne resigns. Sfjd. Sir R. Peel forms a ministry (r) . [He is jriined by seceders from Lord Grey's ministry — Lord Ilifxm, Lord Stanley, and Sir .1. Graham.] Parliament meets, Sept. 16 ; is prorogued, (Jet. 7. The Duke of Buckingham, well known to be opposed to any change in the Com Laws, leaves the Cabinet. Ffh. Anti-Corn Law league bazaar at Manchester. Peel carries his sliding scale. [See Summary : Corn Laws, p. 272.] Russell and Melbourne's amendment for a fixed duty lost by 349 to 226 in Commons, and 207 to 71 in Lords. Villiers and Brougham's amendment for total repeal lost by 393 to 90, and 109 to .5. Sir It. Peel propo.ses and carries a revision of the customs tariff, the repeal of many duties, and the substitution of an income-tax for a limited period. Lord Howick's motion for a committee to inquire into the cause of the prevailing distress is thrown out. A Government bill for compulsory education of pauper and factory children is introduced, but, being opposed by dissenters jealous of Church influence, has to be abandoned {June). 189 \\ [Notes.] (a) The Secession inclu(k'ersons attended niorning service of the Established Church, 253,482 that «>f the Free Church. (6) The Anti-Corn Law Lfoguf had l>een formed in ISf^S. L<»rd MellM)urne, then Premier, in the coiii-se of a debate in 1839 harl saiil, "To leave the whole agri- cultural interest without protection, I declare before God that I think it the wildest and made given week by week to the Goveni- lueut for publication. (*/) History of the Com Lavs vp to 1815 : - Exportation of corn was entirely forbidden previous to 143G; tlje tirst i»rohibition by Act of Parliament was in 13«i(). In 1436 exportation was pennitted when the price was below (5s. 8d. per quarter, in- creased to 10s. in 1562. Export duties of varying amounts were imjK)se3, and 1670, the last l>eing 5s. 4d. per quarter when the price was at 53s. 4«l. In 1689 the exjwrt duties were alHtlished, and a bounty of 6s. j)aid on exportation when the price was under 48s. The Act of 1773 prohibited exjKtrtation above 44s., giving bounty of 5s. below that price. In 17'.»1 the pndiibitory price was niisnl to 46s., and in 1804 to 548., the Imunty ceasing at 48s. In 1814 the bounties were abolished, and exportation penuitteil without duty. Importation was forbidden, by an Act of 1463, when tl»e price was under 6s. Sd. per quarter. In 1670 the following scale of duties was imposes! — 8s. per qr. when price is between 53s. 4d. and 80s. 16s. „ „ „ 448. and 53s. 4d. 2l8. 9d. „ ,, at 44s. and unlished work on Church and State. Sir R. Peel proposes to renew the income-tax for three years. Takes 430 articles out of the tariff of duties, and reduces the sugar and other duties. A motion in favour of the agricultural interest, and demanding protection for all native industries, is supported by ultra-protectionists, and Disraeli states that under existing circumstances a Con- servative government is an organized hypocrisy. Sir R. Peel's Maynooth Act is passed augmenting and putting on a permanent basis the grant to May- nooth College (passed in Commons by 317 to 184). Sir R. Peel founds the Queen's Colleges in Ireland for the improvement of education without religious distinction. Oct. Newman, hitherto with Dr. Pusey, a leader of the Tractarian movement, joins the Church of Rome. [The harvest for the first time since Sir R. Peel came into office is very bad. ] The Irish potato crop fails. Dec. Sir\B. Peel, proposing to his colleagues to repeal the Com Laws (rf), on the dissent espe- cially of Lord Stanley, resig-ns. 191 J [Notes.] («») Sir R. Peel's Ministry reconstituted.— In Jan. and Feb. 1846 Gladstone bt^eanie Colonial and War Secretary ; Lord Haddington, Privy Seal : Lonl EUenborough, Admiralty ; Earl of Lincoln, Secretary for Ireland ; Lonl Canning, Woods and Forests; Earl St. Ger- mans, Postmaster-General. In Fi'h. 1845 Dalhousie had become President of Board of Trade, and Sidney Herbert Secretary at War. ('«) Uwling Protectionists.— Lov\ Stanley (afterwanis Derby), LonlG. Bentinck, Disraeli, Buekingliani, Richmond, SUiuhope, Malmesbury, Newcastle, Hutland, Gran- by, Sibthorp.'Christopher, Henley, Miles, Newdegate, six)oner. Sir R. Inglis, Sir J. BuUer, George F. Young, Bankes, Lord J. Manners. (r) " He i>assearty. He had assigneostle of free-trade, whom he liad hitherto resisted " (May, ii. 213). (./) Lord John RusselVs Ministry.— Loril John Russell, First Lord of Treasury; Lonl Cotteidiam, Lord Chancellor ; Sir C. Woaration that can be made t(» the last Government will be to assist the presciit Govennnent in i)assing this law." (./) ColMlen says during the del>ate on this matter, " While the House frets over its seveni)ence in the |K)und, the iK)or are pajing twice that number of .shillings in the pound in the great staples of their consumption. For ever>' 2Us. the working classes expend on tea they i»ay 10s. of duty, for ever>' 20s. they expend on sugar they luiy 6s. of duty, on cottee 8s., on soap 5s., on V)eer 4s., on tobacco 16s., on spirits 148. . . . Both for the sake of trade and for the sake of the i)eople you nuist diminish your exi)endi- ture or increase the amount of your direct taxation." (h) Treason Felony Art.— By this, writing or speaking with a view to excite sedition was constituted a new crime called treason felony, which could be pun- ished by j»enal servitude. (0 Mitchel, Smith O'Brien, Meagher, and Gavan Duffy belonged to the Young Ireland ixirty, usually asso- ciated with the Nation newsi»aiHir, founded in 1842; but Mitchel had this year set on foot the I'nited Irishman which openly advocated re- bellion. ,^^ 192 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1845-1848] ENGLISH, 1846. Jan. Feb. Battles of Aliwal and Sobraon. Treaty of Lahore, and eud of first Sikh war. 1 847. The carrying out of the Spanish marriages under the influence of France causes coldness between France and England. 1848. Feb. Revolution in France. Abdication of Ijouis Philippe. March. He arrives in England. March. Insurrections in Austria, Italy, and elsewhere. Revolutions in Spain. Poland, Hungary, and Italy. Dec. Louis Napoleon is declared President- elect of the French Republic. Lord Dalhousie Cover- nor-Cieneral of India (to 185«). The Boers of the Orange Republic (or Free State) are forced to acknow- ledge the sovereignty of England. [The Orange Republic is separated from Eng- land again in 1853.] An attempt this year, by Order in Council, to transport convicts to the Cape of Good Hope is foiled by the colon- ists. PiiiME Ministers. SIR R. PEEL. 1845. 1846. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. 1847. 1848. Lord J. Russell faUs to form a cabinet, as Lords Grey and Palmerston will not act together. Sir R. Peel resumes office (a). Lord Stanley leaves him and is replaced by Gladstone. Great meeting of Anti-Corn Law League at Manchester £60, (KX) subscribed in an hour and a half. ' SIR R. PEEL PROPOSES THE GRADUAL ?S?S^ ^^ T^E CORN LAWS, AND CARRIES THE INTRODUCTION OF COM- PLETE FREE-TRADE IN CORN (to take tinal effect after three years). He is opposed both by protectionists (6) and by some free- traders. The bill is finally carried by 327 to 229, third reading, Sir R. Peel having frequently ascribed the mi. T?M?"'' ^^ *^® measure to Cobden and his associates (c). The biU is earned in the Lords by 47 (second reading, 211 to 164). [See Summarij : Corn Laws, p. 272.1 ' Protest signed by 89 peers. On their Irish bill demanding additional repressive powers the Government are defeated through the influence of the protectionists by 73 (292 to 219) Jiine. Sir R. Peel resigns. Lord John Russell becomes Prime Minister {d). Potato famine in Ireland, followed by wholesale emigra- tion (e). * The Government grant £10,000,000 for the relief of Ire- land. Fielden's Factory Bill, limiting the work of those under eighteen to ten hours a day and eight hours on Saturday, is passed. Parliament is dissolved. Nov. The new Parliament meets. Rothschild returned for London (the first Jew elected). [Esti- mated strength of parties — Conservative Free- traders, 105; Protectionists, 226; Liberals, 325.] [Disraeli soon becomes established as leader of the Opposition in the Commons (Lord G. Bentinck leading till his death in 1848).] Government has to ask- for a Coercion Bill for Ireland similar to that for which Sir R. Peel was turned out. It is passed by a large majority (/), [The Poor Law Board is constituted this year.] Lord J. Russell proposes a large increase of the income- tax, but has to abandon his proposal. The income- tax remains at 7d. in the pound {g). April. The Chartist meeting in London for the pre- sentation of ^h«ir monster petition, after exciting much alarm, turns out a failure. Treason Felony Act passed {h), Mitchel convicted of treason felony, Smith O'Brien and Meagher discharged without a verdict («). 193 jj [Notes.] (a) Tlie Queen's nienioraiulum to Lorri Palmerston :— " Th ' Que«'n rtMiuires, fii-st, that Lonl Palinoi-ston will distinctly state what lie i)n)iM>ses in a given case, in order that the Queen may know as distiiutly to what she is giving her royal sanction. Secondly, having once given her sanction to a measure, that it be not arbitrarily altered or mnditied by the minis- ter. Such an act she must consider as failing in sincerity towanls the Cn»wn, and .justly to Ik; visitetl by the exercise of her constitutional right of dis- nlissing that minister. She exjH^cts to Ite kei»t in- formed of what losses Int ween him and the foreign miidsters, before imiK)rtant deeisi<»ns are taken, based ui»on that interccjurse ; to receive the foreign desjiatches in good time ; and to have tlie tli-afts for her approval sent to her in sufficient tinu' to nuike herself acquainted with their etuitents before they must be sent off." (6) Un ier the influence of the League in 1852, fifty tenant- ri,'ht advocates were elected, and Crawfonl's Tenant- KJght Bill of 1852 was intrf>le, Home Secretary; Lonl Malmes- bury, Foreign Secretary ; Earl of Lonsdale, President of Council; Lord Salisbury', I'rivy Seal; Sir J. Pakington, Colonial and War Secretary; Hemes, Board of Control; Beresford, Secretary at War; Henlev, Board of Trade; F-'irl of Hardwicke, Post- master-General; Duke of Northumberland, Admi- ralty; Lord Naas, Secretary for Ireland; Lord Stanley, Under Foreign Secretary ; Lord J. Manners, Chief Commissioner of Works. (c) L(yrd Aberdeen's Ministrtj. —Lnrrl Abcnleen, First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Cranworth, Lord Chancellor ; Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lonl Palmerston, Home Secretary ; Lonl John Russell, Foreign Secretary till Feb. 1853 (sueceeded by Clarendon), then in Cabinet without office till June 1854; Duke of Newcastle, Colonial Secretary: Sidney Herbert, Secretary at War ; Sir C. Wood, Board of Control; Card well, Board of Trade; Lonl Canning, Postmaster-General; Sir J. Graham, Admiralty; Sir A. Cockbum, Attorney-General; Sir R. Bethell, Solicitor-General ; Lord St. Germans, Lord Lieuten- ant of Ireland ; Lonl Granville, President of Council (succeeded by Lord J. Russell. June 1854, on becom- ing Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster) ; Duke of Argyll, Privy Seal ; Robert Lowe, Secretary to the Board of Control. 4 196 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1851-1853] ENGLISH. 1851. Dec. 2. The con-p d'iial in Paris. 1852. Jan, Louis Xa- ?oleon installed as 'rince-President of the French Republic. Second war in Burmah. Annexation of Pegu. Dec. The President of the French is declared Emperor as Napoleon III. A constitution is given to each of six different colonies in New Zea- land. 1853. The Kaffir war is brought to a close, hav- ing lasted for two years. British Kaffraria is an- nexed. Juhj.^ Conference at Vienna. July. Russian troops pass the Pruth. Oct. Turkey declares war against Russia. Defeat of the Russians at Oltenitza. Nov. Destruction of a Turkish fleet at Sinope by Russia. Prime Ministers. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. 1851. 1852. LORD DERBY. LORD ABERDEEN. 1853. null and void, and imposing a fine of £100 on all who try to carry it into effect (a). Lord Palmerston's resignation is required by . J. Russell, on the ground of his having exceeded his authority as Secretary of State in his eommumcations on his own authority to France with r^erence to the recognition of the coup d'etat of BT r f • ; T> , ^^ Granville becomes Foreign Secretary. l^eO. Lord Palmerston carries an amendment to the bill for organization of the militia (arising out of fears of Napoleon III.) by 11 (136 to 125). Lord J. Rus- sell resigns. Feb Lord Derby becomes Prime Minister (6). A Bribery Act is passed providing for inquin/ into corrupt practices on the appointment of a commission. Crawford s bill to secure and regulate the tenant-right of Ulster, to secure compensation for improvements and to limit the power of eviction in certain cases, IS thrown out on the second reading by 167 to 57 July. Dissolution of Parliament. Sept. Death of the Duke of Wellington iVov. New Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties - Conservatives, 299; Liberals, 315: Peelites, 40.] Disraeli's Budget is much criticised, and is defeated by ,}0o to 286. Dec. Lord Derby resigns. Dec. Lord Aberdeen becomes Prime Minister formmg a Coalition ministry of Whigs and i eeiites (c). [In this and other years great improvements were ettected m the method of procedure both in Common Law and Equity.] April. Gladstone introduces his first budget. He ^mts out the use of the income-tax in case of war. He proposes to retain it for one year at 7d. in the £, and gradually to diminish it so that it will expire i^i^^^L "^® abolishes the duties on soap, reduces 133 other taxes (the total amount of proposed re- missions being estimated at over five millions), and imposes a succession duty. Union of England and France to protect Turkey against xvUssia. April. The Jewish Disabilities BiU is again rejected by the Lords. July. A conference of the four Powers, Great Britain. 1 ranee, Austria, and Prussia, at Vienna, concerning the affairs of Russia and Turkey begins. Kir-^^^ advertisement duty repeal is carried by Miiner Gibson against the Government by 200 to 169. 197 m [Notes.] (a) The powers of the Company are only continued till Parliament shall otlierwise provide. The Court of Directors is to contain six nominees of the Crown. The Civil Service is thrown oi)en to competition. Ih) Franchise to be reduced to £10 in counties and £6 (rating) in l)orouKhs. Edticational, savings-bank, and other " fancy " franchises. (c) GENEALOGY OF THE NAPIERS. Francis, 5th Lord Napier. William, 6th Lonl Nai)ier (great- grandfather of Francis, 9th Lonl Napier, governor of Madras). Charles. George m. bir Charles, Ad- miral (Acre, 1S4(>; Baltic Fhet, l«o4), d. 18lM. Lady Sarah Lennox. Sir Charles, General (conqueror of Scinde, 1843), d. 1853. Sir George, General. Sir William (author of ♦• History of Penin- sular War"), d. 18(JU. (d) " In 1801 Lonl Hobart succeelving on the Colonial Office, it was thought exiH'anl of Trade; Lonl Harrowby. Duchy of Lancaster; Lonl Canning (succeeded by Duke of Argyll), Postmaster-General; Sir J. Graham, Admiralty : F:arl of St. Gennans, Lonl-Lieuteiiant of Ireland; Sir J. Young, Secretary for Irt-lan^l : Sir A. Coikbum, Attoniey-General ; Sir R. Bethell, Solicitor-General ; Sir W. Molesworth, Commissioner of Works. , _ , On the resignation of the Peelites (Gladstone, Graham, St. Germans, Cardwell, Herliert, and Young) Sir G C. I^wis l)ecame Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Lord J Russell, Colonial Secretary ; Lord Stanley of Alderley, President of the B..anl of Trade ; Sir C. Wood, First Lord of the Admiralty ; Vernon Smith, President of Board of Control; Earl of Carlisle, Lorrt-Lieutenant of Ireland; Horsman, Secretly for Irelaufl (succeeded by Henry HerlK'rt, 1857); Bt>uverie, Vice-President Board of Trade (succeeded by R. Lowe). ^^^ FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, [1853—1855] ENGLISH, 1854. Unsuccessful siege of Silistria by the Ru« sians {May). The first Cape Parlia- ment meets. (A re- sponsible goveniment is not instituted till 1874.) Colonial and War Secre- taryships divided ami a fourth Secretary of State appointed {d). Newcastle retains the War Secretaryship. Sir G. Grey takes the Co- lonial Office. joins France 1855. Sardinia England and against Russia. March. Death of the Emperor Nicholas of llussia. Succeeded by Alexander II. The conference of the European Powers at Vienna proves a fail- ure, because Russia re- fuses to agree to any limit being placed on the size of the Black Sea fleet. Prime Ministers. LORD ABERDEEN. 1853. 1854. 1855. LORD PALMERSTON. Aug. A new India Bill is passed, the last charter of the East India Company is granted (a). [See note 1//3.] Dec. Lord Palmerston resigns, really because he does not consider the Government's policy towards Russia sufficiently decided. The English fleet is ordered to enter the Black Sea. Lord Palmerston resumes office. Fth. The tdtimatum of England and France is sent to St. Petersburg. March. A Reform Bill (b) is introduced by Lord J. Rus- sell, bid, ultimately withdrawn. Gladstone in his Budget proposes to double the income- tax for six months (this to be renewed if necessary) to meet the war expenditure. The Corrupt Practices Act, providinri for publication of accounts after parliamentary elections, and restraining candidates from paying any expenses except through authorized agents, is carried. March. The Baltic fleet under Sir C. Napier (c) is des- patched. June. War and Colonial Secretaryships divided. June. The allied armies land at Varna under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud. f^ept. The allied armies land in the Crimea. Sept. 20. Battle of the Alma. Oct. 17. The siege of Sebastopol begins. Oct. 25. Battle of Balaclava. Nov. 5. Battle of Inkerman. Dec. Parliament is assembled. Lord Derby charges the ministry with great mismanagement of the war. [The l>ad administration of the war is denounced strongly in the Times and by the public. ] Jan. Resignation of Lord J. Russell, whose views as to the presence of a War Minister in the House of Commons had not been carried out. Roebuck's motion to inquire into the conduct of the war is carried by 157 (305 to 148). Jan. Lord Aberdeen resigns. Lord J. Russell and Lord Derby are unable to form administrations. Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister (e). Gladstone, Sir J. Graham, S. Herbert, and other •* Peelites " leave the ministry. The last penny of the newspaper duty is repealed. June. Further bombardments of Sebastopol. Death of Lord Raglan, succeeded by General Simpson. July. Resignation of Lord J. Russell, who had succeeded Sidney Herbert, on notice being given of a motion expressing want of confidence in him for his action at the conference at Vienna. 199 I [Motes.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1856. Annexation of Oudh. Lord Canning Governor- General of India [Vice- roy 1858] (to 1862). Seizure of the lorcha An'ovo by the Chinese. Sir M. Seynjour bom- bards Canton. 1857. March. Treaty of peace between Eng- land and Persia signed at Paris. 200 1858. Gladstone is sent as commissioner to the Ionian Islands. Nov. The Queen of England is proclaimed Sovereign of India, Lord Canning receiv- ing the title of Viceroy as well as Governor- General. War with China resumed. [1855—1858] Prime Ministers. LORD PALMERSTON. 1856. 1857. 1858. ENGLISH. long Sept. 8. Fall and evacuation of Sebastopol. Nov. Surrender of General Williams after his defence of Kars. A committee of the Lords report against the power of the Croim to admit life peers to Parliament, which it attempted to do in the case of Sir James Parke created Baron Wensleydale. The Government yield the point. March p. Treaty of peace finally signed at Paris andl'ai^di^r''^ ^""^ Turkey, England, France, April Lord John Russell's motions involving a scheme ot national education are rejected (260 to 158) May Miall's motion in favour of Irish Church disestab- lishment rejected by 70 votes (163 to 93). Ihe education vote of this year is £451,000. A paid Minister of Education is appointed to act as Vice- President of the Council, ^i- <« vice In the Budget the income-tax is reduced from Is 4d to 7d. m the £ (proposed for three years). March. Cobden's motion condemning the violent mea- sures resorted to in the afiair of the Arrow in China, and approved by Government, is carried bv 16 votes (263 to 247). '^^'-ineu oy Lord Palmerston gives notice of a dissolution and appeals to the country. Bright and Gibson are^rejected at Manchester, and Cobden at Hudders- Ap,'il ineyr Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties-Liberals, 366; Conservatives, 287 1 Indian mutiny. Outbreaks at Meerut and Delhi • liucknow and Cawnpore. Jnv£. Destruction of the Chinese fleet. My. Death of Sir H. Lawrence at Lucknow. Ine massacre at Cawnpore Sept. Capture of Delhi. Relief of Lucknow under Generals Havelock and Outram, who, joining the garrison, await further relief. Nov. Fmal relief of Lucknow under Campbell, commander-in-chief. Death lock. Commercial panic in Englaind. Suspension of Bank Charter Act. I>ec. Parliament meets. The Bank Charter Indemnity Act is carried. Dec. Capture of Canton by English and French. In punishment for the mutiny Sepoy rebels are blown trom the guns. Orsini attempts to assassinate the Emperor of the French [There IS much irritation in France against England tor harbouring assassin refugees, and much irritation mKjL Sir Colin of Have- [Notes.] (o) Lard Derby's Ministry.- Lot*\ Porby,* First Lord of the Treasury; lionl ChelniHford,* Lonl Chancollor : Lord WalisVniry,* Pn-sident of Council; Lord Hanlwicke/ I'rivy Seal; I)isra«di,» Chancellor of the Excheole,* Home Secretary; Lord Mahnesbury/ Foreign Secntary : Lonl .Stanley" (succeede«l by Sir K. Uulwer Lytton), Colonial Secretary; Geiienil IVcl,* War SecretJiry; Lord KllenlK.rouKh,* Itoard of C<»ntrol (siiccee«led by Loni Stanley); lb nicy/ H<. an! of Trade; Sir J. TakniK'- ton,* Admiralty ; Lonl J. Manners,* Chief C<»niniis- sioner of Works; Lord Colchester, Postniaster- (jeneral; Sir F. Kelly, Attorney-(»eneral ; Cairns, Solicitor-CJeneral ; lionl Naas, Irish Seeretary ; Hardy, Under lU)nic Secn>tary ; Lonl Carnarvon, Under Colonial Secretary; Eglinton, Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland. » In the Cabinet. (h) India Bill. —The territories and jMiwers of the Cnm]»any are transferred to tlie Cn>wn. India is to Ijc jidniin- istcred by a Se«retary of State for India and a Council of fifteen niciiilM>rs. The Boanl of Contn»l is alK>lished. (c) By the year la'iO church-rates had been refused in no less than I'o'Io i>tirishes or districts. (ff) Proposed Reform /?/7i. -County and TK)rouf!h franchise to be assiniilate«l, the latter remaining as before. Loer annum to have votes, Kduc.i- tional an5 by Childers), Secretar>' to the Treasury-; Lonl Carlisle, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland (succeeded by Lonl Wode- house 1864). Sir G. Lewis became War Secretary in 1861, and died in 1863 (succeeded by Earl de Grey and Riprincii)Ie of contract, and to render any right of the tenant, either as to duration of tenancy or c«>mi>ensation, dependent on expressed or implied contract" {Quoted hy Barry O'Brien from, Finlasoii's *' Laiul Tenure," p. 106). FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1859—1862] ENGLISH, 204 I860. Capture of Pekin. Treaty with China. Garibaldi frees Sicily and Naples, who decide to join Sardinia, and in March 1861 Victor Kmmanuel is declared King of Italy by the Italian Parliament. 1861. Jan. 1. Accession of William I., King of Prussia. Bismarck be- comes his chief adviser. The Boers of the Trans- vaal form themselves into a separate state. Jan. to May. Secession of ten of the states of the American Union, who form the Confede- rate States. April. Beginning of the American Civil War. Junt. Death of Cavour. Jubi. Defeat of the Federals by the Con- federates at the battle of Bull's Run. 1862. After a long series of engagements Lee and Jackson force M'Clellan to retire be- hind the James River. Lord Elgin Viceroy of India (to 1863). Parliament resolves (on the motion of A. Mills) that those colonies which enjoy self-gov- ernment shall be re- sponsible for their own military defence. Prime Ministers. LORD PALMERSTON. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. [Cobden refuses the office of President of Board of Irade, which is offered him ] Budget. Gladstone adds 4d. in the £ of income-tax to incomes over £150. The Pha^nix Club, under 'Donovan Rossaand Stephens having become the nucleus of Fenianism, Rossaand others are tried and condemned, but released. Jan A ti^aty of commerce between France and i^ngland negotiated by Cobden, is signed. ±eb. Ihe Government scheme for remission of wine duties IS introduced. MarcX A Government Reform Bill is . introduced by Lord J. Russell, but withdrawn later ia) April A Church-Rates Abolition Bill carried in the Commons but thrown out in the Lords A Gorernment bill abolMing the paper duty is carried on the second readmy by 245 to 192, third readiiw by o«7y 219 to 210. It is afterwards rejected h, the Lords by 193 to 104. This causes r,uL excu!L^nt in the Commons, as it is practically, though not in technical Jorm, a Money Bill. Ultimately Lord Palmerston moves and carries resolu- tions which indicate that in future the Commons can guard their powers by so framing their bills i^pliWe'^ ^ '"^^"^ ^' *^^ "^'^ P--^-g An Act is passed to base the relation of landlord and tenant m Ireland on contract and not on tenure ib) The Government make no mention of re/oj-m in the royal speecfi. Locke King's and Baines's motions for the reduction of fkinl9r,ri T^i^Z^y negatived, the former by 248 to 229, the latter by 279 to 154. ^ The whole financial scheme of Government beinq embraced mone bill, the Lords are obliged to pass the abolition of the paper duty. Ten peers protest. The Church-Rates Abolition Bill is thrown out in the sidT)"^^'^^ Speaker's casting vote (274 on each Under the Bankruptcy Act of this year the imprison- ment of comnion debtors is abandoned and many debtors in confinement are set free -^^%-.Forcible seizure of the Confederate Commissioners nn fhi w .^^'?'' '^^1^'' "°^^^ ^"*i«h protection on the West India mail steamer Trent On remonstrance from England the American Govern- ment consent to restore them. Congress pass a n.r ^^^ of thanks to Captain Wilkes for the seizure. Dec. Death of the Prince Consort Gladstone reduces the duty on tea to Is. in the pound ' Central Rehef Committee for the Lancashire distress, [Notes.] (a) Lord Russeirs Ministry.— l^r*} Russell,* First Lonl of the Treasury; Lonl Cnm worth/ Lonl Chancellor; Lonl Granville,* President of Council; Duke of Ar'vll * Privv Seal; Gladstone,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; slr George Grey,* Home Secretary; Lord Clarendon,* Foreign Secretjiry; I':arl de Grey* (suc- • ceeded by Lonl Hartington*), War Secretary; Caitl- ' well,* Colonial Secretary ; Sir C. Woml* (succeeded bv F^arl de Grey), hulian Secn'tary; Milner Gibson,* Boanl of Trade; Goschen, Vice-President of Board of Trade; Lonl Stanley of Alderley,* Postmaster- General; Villiers,* Poor Law Board; Duke of Somerset,* Admiralty ; Chichester Fortescue, Irish Secretary ; W.Mlehouse, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Forster, Under Colonial Secretary; Hartingtoii, Under War Secretary ; Dufferin, Under Secretary for India. , ,, . ., Jan. 1866 Goschen* was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Monsell t)ecoming \ ice-Presi- deut of the Boanl of Trade. In the following month, on the resignati«.n of Woo,J"^'^¥J>^'''''^ CoM«^»/ Franchise Bill (by 254 to -.27) and Barnes Borowjh Franchise Bill (by 272 to 216) are thrown out. A motion of want of confidence in ministers, on the ground of their lowering the influence of England by their behaviour in reference to the Danish war IS lost by 18 in Commons (313 to 295), carried by 9 m the Lords (177 to 168). ^ The Poor Law Union Chargeability Bill is carried. Keduction of the income-tax from 6d. to4d., and of the duty on tea to 6d. in the pound. Resignation of the Lord Chancellor (Westbury) after a motion of censure passed in the House of Commons, succeeded by Cranworth. July. Dissolution of Parliament. General election. Gladstone is defeated at Oxford University. Oct. Death of Lord Palmerston. Nov. Lord RusseU becomes Prime Minister (a) [Ihe severe action of Governor Eyre in Jamaica Mils year produces later on much discussion in England He is superseded by the Government. He is prosecuted but the grand jury find no bill, and he is reimbursed for his expenses from the public funds.] /fVv. IhenewParliament is opened. Gladstone becomes leader of the House of Com- mons. [Estimated strength of parties— Conserva- tives, 294 ; Liberals, 361.] A bill suspending the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland passed in both Houses. March. The Government Reform BiU is intro- duced by Gladstone {b). After many evenings' debate the Government Reform Bill IS carried by 5 votes only (the division being J83 Conservatives and 32 Liberals against 318 Liberals and 2 Conservatives, including tellers), the small majority being chiefly owing to the secedins" Liberal '* Adullamites " (c), led by Lowe, ihe Government Distribution of Seats Bill is introduced 207 [Notes.] (a) Lard Derby's yfinistry.— "Lord Derby,* First Lord of the Treasury; LonlChelinsfonl,* Lord Chancellor; Duke of Buckingham,* President of Council; Lonl Malinesbury,* Privy Seal; Disraeli,* Chancellor of the tlxchequer; Waljiole,* Home Secretary; L<»rd Stiinley,* Foreijjn Secretarj'; Lonl Carnarvon,* CoUxniai Secretary ; Greneral Peel,* War Secretary ; Lonl Cranbourne* (succeeded as Marquis of Salis- bury 18*>8), Indian Secretary ; Sir Staftord North- cote,* Board of Trade; Lord Devon,* Duchy of Lan- caster; Loni J. Manners,* Commissioner of Works; Sir J. Pakington,* Admiralty; Hardy,* Poor Law Board ; Duke of Montros*;, Postmaster-General ; Lonl Naas, Chief Secretary for Ireland; S. Cave, Vi«-e-President of Boani of Trade ; Manjuis of Aber- coni, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Cairns (created Ijord Cainis IStJT, Earl Cairns 187S), Attorney- General ; Wanl Hunt, Secretaiy to the Treasury. In March 1867 Buckingham* became Colonial Secretary ; I'akington,* War; Corry,* First Lord of the Admi- ralty ; Duke of Marlborough,* Prrsident of the Council; Northcote,* Secretary for India; Duke of Richmond,* President of Board of Trade. lu Man 1807 WaliK»le resignetl oftice, ren\aining in the Cabinet ; Devon* l>ecame President of Poor Ijiw Board; Hardy,* Home Secretary; Wilson Patten, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. * In the Cabinet. (b) Reform Bill of 1867 (Enqlnnd).— In boroughs household suffrage was established, with a hxlge r franchise of XIO ; in the counties a €12 occu|iation franchise was established. In lM)n)Ughs returning thn-e mem- bers, each voter was only allowed to give two votes. [For retlistribution of seats see Ap2)endix III.] Reform Bills of 1868 (Scotland and Ireland) :— Scotland.— To provide seven additional seats for Scotland a further disfranchisement was effecteil in England. The Scotch occupation franchise in counties was reduced to £14. Ireland.— The borough franchise was reduced from £8 to £4. Ditraeli's Ministry.— Wismeli,* First Lord of the Trea- sury ; Lord Cairns,* Lord Chancellor ; Duke of Marlborough,* President of Council ; Lord Malmes- bury,* Privy Seal ; Ward Hunt,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Gathome Hardy,* Home Secretary; Lord Stanley,* Foreign Secretary; Duke of Bucking- ham,* Colonial Secretary ; Sir J. Pakington* (created Lord Hampton 1874), War Secretary; Sir Staffortl Northcote,* Indian Secretary'; Duke of Richmond,* Board of Trade; Corrj',* Admiralty; Lonl J. Man- ners,* Commissioner of Works ; CoU)nel Patten (suc- ceetled by Colonel Taylor). Duchy of Lancaster; Duke of Montrose, Postmaster-General ; Lord Mayo (for- merly Naas), Chief Secretary for Ireland (succeeiled by Colonel Patten) ; S. Cave, Vice-President of Board of Trade; Abercom, Lonl- Lieutenant of Ireland. In Sept. 1868 Wilson Patten succeeded Mayo as Secre- tary for Ireland, Colonel Taylor becoming Chancellor of the Duchy. * In the Cabinet. 208 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1866-1868] Prime Ministers. LORD RUSSELL. ISOG. ENGLISH, 1867. By the British North America Act, Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick are united into the " Do- minion of Canada." LORD DERBY. 1867. 1868. Abyssinian expe- dition. 1868. DISRAELL May. Commercial panic in the City. The Bank Charter Act IS suspended. 'rtn-cr *^"''%ftl^® Government is defeated by 11 (315 to i^flr^^ ^ord Dunkellin's amendment to the Th^r^J^L^"" substitute rating for rental. T is? mmistry resign [June). Lord Derby becomes Prime Minister (a). ^1 m^^"'''"''*''^*^^^^ an^ riot in Hyde Park /e6. The new Government's Reform* Bill is nr ^,^^^?^* forward by Disraeli. In^^^r'^^'^t^ ^^^^' ^^^d Carnarvon, and question. "^""^ ""^^'^ ''^ *^^ ^^^«^°^ ^i" Gladstone indicates various changes in the Gov- ernment measure which will be necessary to make IdopTed.' '"'"''"'"• ^^""'^ ^^ *^"^" ^'^ ultimately ^^'"bVSi" 73 * '"'" ^^''''''" °^ ^""'^^^ ^"^'•^g^ '' '•^i^^t^d A clause granting minority representation to "three- cornered "constituencies is inserted by the Lords Comm'or"" "' "^""^ ^"^"^' ^"^ ^^-P*^^ by the July. The Reform Bill is read a third time with- out opposition. Aug. The Reform Bill passes the Lords (protest signed by Lord Ellenborough) (6) ^^ ^Sept. Rescue of Fenian prisoners at Manchester. ftriSLTxhTdorr *' """^ ^^^^^^ p"— Dec Fenian outrage at Clerkenwell Prison, the explo- sion causing the loss of twelve lives « ^^Po Trades^nion outrages in Sheffield and elsewhere Lord Derby resigns (Feb. ). «wnere. Disraeli becomes Prime Minister (c) Gladstone moves resolutions advocating the disestab hshment of the Irish Church ^ clisestab- The Lords abandon the practice of voting by proxy ""'^'clTch"^^^^^^^ '^" '^^ *^^ ^^^"*-- ^' --P" w '^^troops''^*"''^ ""^ MagdaJa, in Abyssinia, by British Gladstone carries his first resolution (against the Government) by 65 (265 to 330). ^ Disraeli tenders his resignation, but agrees aut^ ^"^ ^^^ ^^^ constituencies if ^e June. Gladst'one^s bill for suspending the exercise of I On [Notes.] (a) Glojhtone's i/inisrry.-Gladstone,* First Lonl of the Treasury ; Lonl Hatlierley* (Page Wood), Lonl Chancellor; Lord de Cirey and Ripon* (creattnl Mar- quis of Riii4W 1871), President of Coumil ; F^arl of Kinilierley* (formerly L«)nl Wodehouse), Privy Seal ; Robert Lowe* (createil Viscount Sherhrooke 1880), Chanrellor of the Exi^hequer ; Bruce* (created Lord Abenliire 187:?), Home Secretary ; Lonl Clanmdon,* Foreign S^-cretary ; L«)rd Gnuiville,* Colonial Secre- tary; Canlwell* (created Visc(mnt Cinlwell 1874), War Secretary; Duke of Argyll,* In< I ian Secretary : J. Bright,* Board of Trade ; Lonl Dufferin,* Uucdiy of Lancaster; Lonl Hartington,'* Postmaster-Gene- ral; Childers,* Admiralty; Chichester Fort4's(ne (cn-Aterl Lord Carlingfonl 1874), Secretary fecame Presi«lciit of Poor Law B<«nl; Baxter, Secretary to the Tnasurj' ; Lef.'vn-, Secretary to the Admiralty; and Winterbotham, Under Home Secretary. In Ma>i 187-2 Childers^ succeeiled Dufferin as Chancellor of the Duchv, and in the same year I^iisdowne suc- ceeded Noi-thbnK)k as Under War Secretary. In Oct. 1872, on the resignation of Hatheriey,* Roundell Palmer (created Lonl Sell)orne), became Lord Chan- cellor. ^. , In 1873 Ripon, Childers. Monsell, and Baxter retired ; Bright* re-entereenlare) was made I'resident of the Council; Lowe,* Home Sec- retary; Ayrtf Lonls. (4) The Maynooth grant to the Catholics and the Regium Donum to the Presbyterians were commuted. (5) The fabrics of the churches and cathedrals were handed over to the new Church. (6) All private endowments given since 1660 were handetl over to the new Church. (7) The clergy and officials attached to the Church were comi>en- sated for their life-interest. (8) The remaining funds were to be applied, at the discretion of the Government of the day, to the relief of unavoidable suffering. (*') See note (a), p. 212. (-0 See note (6), p. 212. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1868-1870] ENGLISH, I8GO. Lord Mayo Vice- roy of India (to 1872). Nov. Opening of tlie Suez Canal. Meeting of the rEcnmeni- cal Council at Rome, which declares (next year) the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope. 1870. Mail. Futile in- vasion of Canada by the Fenians. Jnhj, War declared by France against Prussia. Aur^. Red River expo dition. Aur^. Right wing of the French defeated at Worth, the left at For- bach. Au(j. 14-18. Battles round Metz result in the siege of that to^vll. Sept. 1, 2. Battles roun«l Sedan result in the sur- render of the Emperor of the French and Mac- mahon's army. Sept. Proclamation oi the French Republic. Siege of Paris forme.1. Se-pt. Italian troops euttr Rome. Oci. Surrender of Metz. Oct. Prince GortschakoH issues a circular stating that Russia will n- longer be bound by the Treaty of 1856. PniME Ministers. DISRAELI. GLADSTONE. 18C9. 1870. patronage in the Irish Church passes the Commons but is thrown out by the Lords. The Irish Reform Bill is passed, reducing the borough franchise, but leaving that of the counties un- changed. No redistribution of seats is effected. Ihe Scottish Reform Bill is passed, giving seven addi- tional members and reducing the franchise in coun- ties and burghs. [/?//// 31. End of the last Parliament elected under the Reform Bill of 1832.] Nov. General election. [Estimated strength of parties— Conservatives, 205; Liberals, 393.1 Dec. Resignation of Disraeli. Gladstone be- comes Prime Minister («). March. A measure is introduced for the dis- establishment and partial disendowment of the Irish Church (6), the commutation of the JVIaynooth grant and the Rejymm Domim, and the subsequent organization of the Episcopal Church in Ireland. Second reading is passed by 368 to 250 (March), third reading by 361 to 247 {3fay) ; the second reading passes the Lords by 179 to 146 (July). Ihe United States reject the settlement of the Alabama claims proposed by Lord Clarendon and Reverdy Johnson. The shilling duty still levied upon com is abolished by Lowe's budget. The Endowed Schools Bill, founded on the report of the Schools Inquiry Commission, is passed, and the Endowed Schools Commission is appointed. The Scottish Education Bill, as amended by the Com- mons, is rejected by the Lords. Earl Russell's Life Peerage Bill is rejected by the Lords on the third reading by 106 to 77. The University Tests Abolition Bill is passed by the Commons, but rejected by the I^rds by 91 to 54. and again in 1870. O'Donovan Rossa elected for Tipperary : his election IS declared void, no felon being eligible. Feb. The Irish Land Act (c) is introduced by Glad- stone, and having passed both Houses of Parliament (second reading in the Commons by 442 fo 11) receives the Royal Assent (Aug.). * Feb. The Elementary Education Act (d) is intro- duced by Forster, and passes the second reading without a division. In committee the Cowper Temple clause is admitted by the Government, and the bill, after much opposition from the Noncon- formists, headed by the "Birmingham League," passes the third reading, and is accepted by the Lords. 211 [Notes.] (a) Msh Land Act.— By this Act— (1) Tlie Ulster Tenant Right and similar customs in other i>arts of Ire- land received a legal status. (2) New rights were conferred on tenants with reference to compensation for disturbance by the act of the landlord, except in the case of eviction for non-iiayment of rent. (;^) Comitensation was given for inii)rovements. (4) Facilities were given for the loan by Government of two-thirds of the purchase-money to tenants «le- sirous of buying their holdings from landlords who are willing to sell. (6) Elementary Edvcntinn Art.— liy this Act, while the system of Government grants to schools supp<»rt»'d by voluntary subscriptions is preserved, facilities are granted for the election, in districts wliere Bchool accomnuMlation is deficient, or where it is desired by the iniiahitants, of a scliool board, which has tiie i)owerto levy a rate and to erect and manage schools. All schools where religious instruction is given, and which receive a grant, are oblige«l to confonn to a conscience clause. By the Cowper Temple clause "all catechisms and distinctive dog- matic formularies are excluded from ratc-supi)orted schools." (c) Objects of the Home Government Association (from their resolutions) : — " It is hereby declared, as the essential princijde of this Association, tliat the objects, and the only ohjectti, contemplated by this Association are — " To obtain for our country the right anenditure ; " To leave to an Imperial Parliament the jx)wer of dealing with all questions affecting the Im]>erial Crown and Government, legislaticm reganling the colonies and other depenss,* Home Secretary; Ward Hunt,* Admiralty ; Sir Stafford Northcote,* Chancellor of the Exchequer : Lord John Manners,* Postmaster- General ; Lord Sandon, Vice-President of the Coun- cil ; Duke of Abercorn, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Sir M Hicks Beach, Secretar>' for Ireland; Sir Charles Adderley (Lonl Norton 1878), President of the Boanl of Trade ; Sclater Booth, President of Local Government BiKird ; Clare S. Head, Secretary of Local Government Board ; Hon. It. Bourke, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs; Lecame Privy Seal. In April 1878, on the resignation of Derby and Adderley, Salisbury* became Foreign Secretary; Hardy* (createec.). The Russians then are joined by the Servians and Montenegrins. They advance through Bul- garia and threaten Con- stantinople [Jan. 1878). Prime Ministers. DISRAELI. 1876. LORD BEACONSFIELD. 1877. April. Dixon's bill for the establishment of compulsory school boards is rejected by 281 to 160. May. P:ngland refuses to accede to the Berlin Note, which urges upon Turkey the necessity of fulfilling her promises of reform. May. Lord Granville's resolution on the Burials ques- tion rejected by 148 to 92. Mai/. The British fleet is sent to Besika Baj^ Aug. Disraeli is raised to the peerage as Earl of Beaconsfield. An Elementary Education Act is passed, giving facilities for indirect compulsion. SejJt. Gladstone, at Blackheath, advocates autonomous government for the Christian provinces of Turkey, and many meetings are held in the country to ex- press indignation at the Bulgarian atrocities. Sept. 21. Lord Derby writes to Sir Henry Elliot at Constantinople, ordering him to lay before the Porte Baring's report on the Bulgarian atrocities, and to demand the punishment of the offenders. Lord Salisbury attends the European Conference at Constantinople. The Conference makes proposals for reform to Turkey, which are forestalled by the proclamation of a parliamentary constitution. Failure of the Conference at Constantinople, and return of Lord Salisbury. England agrees to a European Protocol on Turkish affairs, which leads to no results. A South African Bill, to permit the colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, to form a confederation, is intro- duced and ultimately passed. April. Shaw's motion for a select committee to inquire into the causes of the demand for Home Rule is rejected by 417 to 67. Maij. Gladstone's resolutions condemning the action of Turkey in regard to Lord Derby's note of Sep- tember 1876 are rejected by 354 to 223. June. Trevcly all's motion for extending county franchise is rejected by 274 to 218 (a). July. During the debates on the South African Bill soine of the Irish members, under Parnell, begin a series of manoeuvres calculated to obstruct the busi- ness of the House of Commons, and on July 27 and 28 the House sits for twenty-six hours. Sir Stafibrd Northcote passes his resolutions to the effect that when a tmmher Juts been twice declared out of order by the Speaker, or by tlie Chairman of Com- 7nittees, a motion may be made that the member be not heard during the remainder of tJie debate, and after the member complained of has been heard in [Notea] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1878-1880] ENGLISH. (a) Treaty of San Stephano.—The chief provisions of this treaty were these: A new self-governing state of Bulgaria was created, with a ]»ort on the iEgean Sea, and Russia received au accession of territory iu Asia. (b) Treaty of Berlin.— By this treaty (1) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans,was constituted an independent, autono- mous, and tributarj' principality; (2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans(Kastern Roumelia),was rets, and to ask Parliament to make a grant for their support. 1878. March. Treaty of San Stephano(a) signed by Russia and Turkey. Freedom of the native press abolished in India. June. Meeting of the Berlin Congress, and Treaty of Berlin. Shere Ali having received a Russian embassy at Cabul, a British envoy is sent, but is stopped at the Afghan frontier {Sept.). Invasion of Afghanistan. Capture of Ali Musjid and the Peiwar heights. Flight and death (1879) of the Ameer. 1879. Outbreak of the Zulu war. Defeat of the English at Isau- dhlwana (Jan.). May. Treaty of Gim- damak signed with Yakoob Khan, the new Ameer (c). Jult/. English victory over the Zulus at Ulundi. Sept. The English envoy at Cabul, Sir Louis Cavagnari, having been murdered, the English again invade Afghani- stan. English victory at Charasiab, and entry of Cabul. Dec. Severe fighting in the neighbourhood of Cabul. Prime Ministers. LORD BEACONSFIELD. 1878. 1879. 1880. explanation, it he put to the vote icithoid further debate. Jan. 24. The British fleet is ordered to Constantinople. Lord Carnarvon resigns. Lord Derby threatens to resign. The order is countermanded. Vote of credit of £6,000,000 demanded from Parliament. Feb. The Fleet is sent to Constantinople. March 28. Lord Derby leaves the ministry. Lord Salisbury becomes Foreign Secretary. Lord Cran- brook (formerly Gathorne Hardy) becomes Indian Secretary, and Colonel Stanley Secretary for War. April. The reserves are called out, April 12. Adjournment of Parliament for Easter. April 13. Native troops from India ordered to Malta. Great agitation takes place against war with Russia. May 23. Hartington's motion condemning the employ- ment of Indian troops out of India is rejected bv 347 to 22(). •' ^ May 28. Death of Earl Russell. May 30. Secret treaty signed with Russia, agreeing to the annexation by Russia of Batoum, Kars, and Bessarabia, and the division of Bulgaria into two districts. Jmie. Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury attend the Congress of Berlin. June. Secret treaty made with Turkey, agreeing to the occupation of Cyprus by the British on a guarantee for the integrity of the Asiatic dominions of Turkey. July. Treaty of Berlin signed {h). Dec. Parliament is summoned on account of the declara- tion of war against Afghanistan. A vote of censure on the Afghan policy of the Govern- ment is lost by 328 to 227. Very severe distress iu England owing to depression of trade. The Army Discipline and Regulation Bill is passed. The Irish University Act is passed (d). The office of Public Prosecutor is created. A commission is issued to inquire into the causes of agricultural depression. Oct. The Irish Land League is formed by Davitt. Anti-rent agitation begun in Ireland. Davitt and two other leaders are arrested, but released on bail Gladstone visits Scotland and speaks against the Govern- ment. Very severe distress both in England and Ireland. In consequence of the protraction of the debates on the Address and on the Distress Bill by the Irish members, a resolution is passed enabling the House to suspend any member who has been named by the Speaker as guilty of vrilful obstruction^ and ordering ZuuL [Notes.] II FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1880, 1881] ENGLISH. In In (v) Gladstone's Af).] Goschen is despatched on a special mission to Constan- tinople. A circular is sent by Lord Granville to the European Powers proposing a conference to secure the fulfil- ment of the unfulfilled parts of the Treaty of Berlin. Bradlaugh having been elected for Northampton, and claiming to make an affirmation of allegiance in- stead of taking the oath, is allowed, after long dis- cussion, to do so on his own responsibility. Government announce their intention of not renewing the Irish Peace Preservation Act. A second Relief of Distress Act for Ireland is passed. A clause of this Act, known as the compensation for disturbance clause {c), is passed by the Commons by .303 to 237, but is rejected by the Lords by 282 to 51 {Aug.). The malt tax is abolished by Gladstone and a tax on beer substituted. Sir Wilfrid Lawson's resolution in favour of *' Local Option " is carried by 229 to 203. The Burials Bill, granting relief to Nonconformists, is carried (second reading) by 196 to 77. The Ground Game Act is passed to secure farmers' crops from the depredations of hares and rabbits. The Employers' Liability Act is passed. Great agitation in Ireland, in consequence of evictions for non-payment of rent, organized by the Land League. Many agrarian outrages. Prosecution of Parnell and others for conspiring to in- cite breaches of the law. Jan. 6. Parliament meets. In the Irish State trial of Parnell and others the jury cannot agree upon a verdict and are discharged. Protection for Life and Property (Ireland) Bill intro- duced by Forster. Feb. 2. After a sitting of 223 [Notes.] (a) IrLsh Lanrl 7?f?/.-It provicles that (l)anyexi8tinK tenant may sell his interest in his holding to the best bi.lder, ami that the purchaser actinires all the lights of tlie seller as a present tenant. (2) Every present tenant (or his assignee) has a right to apply to a court to fix a jvdicinl rent, subject to statutory conditions. This iudicial rent cannot be altered for fifteen years ; nor <»n the tenant \ye ecial safeguanls - (1) English-managed estates are exempted from the Act (2) The land- lord may object to a new tenant, and he has rights of pre-emption and resumption under conditions to l)e ludced by the court. There are also provisions for the establishment of peasant proprietors, of per- petual leaseholders on fee-farm rent, for assisting emigration, and for the beneftt of the labourers. [See notes on 1860, 1870, and 1880.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. [1881- ] ENGLISH. 1881. The English troops, advancing to the Trans- vaal, are defeated at Icing's Nek {Jan.) and MajubaHill{fV6.). March. An armistice made with the Boers, who agree to accept self-government under the suzerainty of Great Britain. March. Assassination of Alexander, Czar of Russia. Candahar is handed over to the Ameer of Af- ghanistan. Sept. Death of Presi- dent (iarfield from the wound of an assassin. Prime Ministers. GLADSTONE. 1881. Feb. Feb. forty-one hours, largely occupied by obstruction, the Speaker declares that "a new and exceptional course is demanded," and at once puts the first reading of the bill, which is carried. 3. Thirty-six Irish members, defying the Speaker's authority, are one by one suspended and removed from the House. Resolutions are carried giving the Speaker special urgency" has and Re- powers to restrict discussion when been voted in debate. March. Protection of Life and Property Bill, Peace Preservation (Ireland) Bill, passed. April. Irish Land Bill introduced by Gladstone. signation of the Duke of Argyll. April. Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Aug. The Irish Land Bill (a) passes the Commons, and after some improvement in detail by the Lords, receives the Royal Assent. The Regulation of the Forces Act and the Army Act are passed. Oct. Arrest of Pamell and other members of the Irish Land League. Proclamation of the Land League as "an illegal and criminal association." 224 225 [Notes.] FOREIGN AND _ . COLONIAL. I I. ENGLISH. Fj:ime Ministers. 2% f f 227 [Notes.] ■■ FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. ] ENGLISH Tjiime Mini.steks. ^ f f :Wi 228 229 PAKT II. SUMMARIES. SECTION A. SL'MMARIES WHICH EXTEND MORE OR LESS OVER THE WHOLE COURSE OF THE HISTORY, 1. SECTION B. SUMMARIES WHICH BELONG TO SPECIAL PERIODS. >.. 411 Section A. Summaries which extend more or less over WHOLE COURSE OF THE HiSTORY. Parliament, Part I. (Preliminary) to 1295 - - - - . IT. 1295-1430 III. 1430-1689 IV. 1689-1832 V. 1832-1881 Ecclesiastical, Part I. To 1070 - . . - - - II. 1070-1527 III. 1527-1559. IV THE ft >i »» »» »» >» ♦» >* 1559-1661. formists 1661-1881. formists The Reformation - - - - Section A, Church ; Section 13, Noncon- Section A, Church ; Section B, Noncon- Wales, 577-1543 - Scotland, Part I. To 1290 II. 1290-1603 III. 1603-1707 IV. 1707-1881 I. To 1494 II. 1494-1801 III. 1801-1881 it It ♦ > Ireland, »» )t »» » ti t> It >> Law Courts, 1107-1881 Army, 1073-1881 - PAGE 2:33 2:33 235 237 238 239 2139 241 243 244 246 247 248 250 252 252 253 254 256 257 Section B. Summaries which belong to special periods. Gradual Union of England into one Kingdom, 449-827 - - - - The Northmen in England, (1) 787-897 ; (2) 907-937 ; (3) 980-1017 - The Union of Normandy and England, 1002-1071 . . - - Struggle between the Kings and the Feudal Nobility, 1074-1174 Laws, Codes, and Charters up to the time of the Great Charter, c. 600-1215 - The Hundred Years' War between England and France, 1338-1453 York and Lancaster, 1385-1563 ------- The Council to 1641 -...---- American War of Independence, 1764-1783 - - - - - Jacobites, 1691-1807 French War, 1793-1815 Catholic Relief, 1778-1829 Com Laws, 1815-1846 India, 1600-1881 Reform, 1745-1881 232 259 259 261 262 262 262 264 266 266 267 268 270 272 273 275 Section A. SUMMARIES WHICH EXTEND MORE OR LESS OVER THE WHOLE COURSE OF THE HISTORY. PARLIAMENT.— Part I. (Preliminary) To 1295. Rki'resentation up to 1295 1070. The laws of the Englisli are declared by twelve men elected from each shire U'S5. Domesday survey is taken by inciuest each hundred and township appeals by represientative jurors. 991. 1084. 1159. 11G3. 1188. 1193. 1198, 1213. 1198. Taxation up to 1295. Danegeld paid by the advice of the Witan for the first time. Danegeld is demanded by William I. at three times the old rate. Scutage first regularly instituted. A quarrel between Henry II. and Becket on a matter of taxation, probably the exaction of Danegeld. Saladin tithe. First tax upon i»er8onal property. Richard I.'s ransom is raised by five different kinds of taxes. St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, refuses to pay money to support the war in France, considering himself bound to render military service in England only. 1215. 1254. 1205. A carucage is assessed before knights elected in behalf of the shire. First united representation of townships on the royal demesne. Four men and the reeve are summoned from each township to the assembly at St. Alban.s. ^ Four discreet men of each shire are summoned to the Oxford Council By an article of the Great Charter the assizes are to be held l>efore f<»ur knights of the shirechosen by theshire The articles of the Great Cliarter are' to be carried out by twelve sworn knights from each shire, chosen in the county court. First summons to Parliament by royal writ of two knights of the shire. A parliament meets, to which are sum- moned two knights from each shire, and for the first time representatives from cities and boroughs. 1295. first complete and model Parliament of the Three Estates. Besides the barons and prelates, one proctor is sum- moned for the clergy of each cathedral and two for the clergy of each diocese, two knights from each shire, two citi- zens from each city, and two bur- gesses from each borough. PARLIAMENT.— Part. II. 1295-1430. Structure. [For numbers of Lords and Commons see Appendix II and Appendix III.] 1322. The wages of members of the House of Commons are fixed at 4s. a day for a knight, and 28. for a citizen or burgher. 233 1215. The clauses about aids and scutages in the Great Charter give control over taxation to the Great Cctuncil. 1237. A grant of a thirtieth of movables is looo m "'*'^** ^'y ^^^ National Council. LMd. Two provincial councils, with repre- sentatives from both clergy and laity meet at York and Northampton, and make various grants. 1294. The clergy are forced to grant one-half; the barons and knights of the shire grant one-tenth ; by a separate nego- tiation one-sixth is collected from the towns. 1295. The Three Estates, in a complete Par- liament, make their various grants. r I SUMMARIES, SUMMARIES. 1332. The knights of the shire are first definitely recorded as delil)erating apart from the lords and prelates, and in the next year as sitting by themselves with the citizens and burgesses. 1406. Regulations about elections in the county court are made in Parliament, with a view of preventing the sheriff from making a false return. 1430. The election of knigiits of tiie shire is regulated, the vote being restricted to persons possessing free- holds worth 403. a year. FinanciaZ Powers. By " Conflrmatio Cartarum " the collection of any taxes without consent of Parliament is forbidden. An order for the collection of tallage is issued j)ro- bably for the last time, the power of levying it being once more and finally abolished in 1340. Enactment that no subsidy should be set on wool by the merchants or any other body without consent of Parliament. Tonnage and poundage is formally granted by Par- liament for two years, and from this time becomes a regular parliamentary grant. Walworth and Philipot are appointed treasurers of the parliamentary grant. Scutage appears nearly for the last time. The Shrewsbury Parliament grants customs to Richard II. for life. The Commons insist upon a proper audit of the accounts of their grants. (From this time the right is never disputed by the Ijancastrian kings.) The right of the Commons only to originate money grants is conceded. 1377. 1297. 1332. 1362. 1373. 1377. 1385. 1398. 1406. 1407. 1322. 1389. 1414. Legislative Powers. The principle that what concerns the whole realm must be treated by a complete Parliament is stated. The Commons now finally gain a share in legislation. The Commons pray that the Chancellor and the Council may not, after the close of Parliament, make any ordinance contrary to the common law. It is agreed by Parliament and king that statutes shall be made without alteration of the petitions ou which they are based. Judicial Powers. 1340. In the case of John Stratford, Archbishop of Canter- buiy, the Lords insist that a peer must be judged in full Parliament, and before his peers. 1876. The Good Parliament impeaches the ministers. 1386. Impeachment of Suffolk (Michael de la Pole). Privilege. 1376. John of Gaunt throws into prison Peter de la Mare, Speaker of the Commons. He is released by Richard II., and elected Speaker of Richard's first Parliament. 1397. Haxey's case. Interference by Richard II. with the Commons' freedom of debate. 1407. Henry IV. has to concede perfect freedom of deli- beration by both Houses on money grants. Relations of Parliament and King. 1310. Appointment of the Lords Ordainers. 1327. Renunciation of allegiance to Edward II. 234 Appointment of provisional government for Richard 11. m Parliament. Council of Eleven appointed for Richard IL by Par- liament The Parliament of Shrewsbury delegates its autho- nty to eighteen of its members. Parliament deposes Richard II. The Commons request Henry IV. to name twenty- two counsellors as his great and continual coun- 1 100 in,*^ B -^ similar request is made in 1406 and 1410.1 1422. The Privy Council is nominated as a Council of Re- gency for Henry VI. by Pariiament. 1386. 1398. 1399. J404. PARLIAMENT.— Part III. 1430—1689. Striicture. [For numbers of Lords and Commons see Appendix II and Appendix III.] 1539. On the dissolution of the monasteries the mitred i«ft^ rv^^ ■^u.'^^^^J''' ^** '" *h« House of Lords. 1604. The right of the House of Commons to control its , , „ <^^" elections is established. r!l* S^ Triennial Act (see note) is passed. 1049. The House of Lords is abolished The Assembly of Nominees (or* Barebone's Parlia- ment) meets. In accordance with the Instrument of Government a House of Commons is chosen, to consist of four hundred members for England and Wales, thiri;y for Scotland, and thirty for Ireland. In accordance with the Petition and Advice writs H^u^oVLordr'''*"'"'^^ '" ^"^^^^^ ^ -- The new Parliament is cho.sen, and meets in accord- ance with the ancient practice f ho^"p""r*^ ^^^ is repealed, though it is provided that Parliament should not be intermitted above three years at the most. The electmn of members of Pariiament ought to be (Sli of'SStT' '"^'' "" "^ ""''^ ''^^^^'^"^ ItJaS. 1054. Wj7. lOGl 1G64 1689 Financial Powers. '^^v,.S""T''^ attempt to tax the clergy, but the Sn^?it,^!?T n ^^'' P^oP^sal through the Lords Spiritual to Convocation. PaSiment^^^^^^**"^ benevolences is abolished by The House of Commons (of which Sir T. More is Speaker) refuses to grant the whole of a grant of money claimed by Wolsey in person. An Act IS passed releasing the king from his debts. i^"i*'''''L^'J^, ""^ """^ ^^^ ^h''^" Is. 8d. in the £ on land and lOd. on goods is exacted. JJcbate in Parliament on monopolies. The queen consents to their abolition. ^^^^^J^^'^J'^.f^ompl&m of the Book of Rates, which had largely increased the customs. i.M« Jjonopohes are finally declared illegal in Pariiament Zfn'f <^«".?f ted l,y forced loans, and tonnS^and iroQ ^P^'^'^dage illegally levied. * ioJS. Charies I assents to the Petition of Right, and Par- liament grants five subsidies. 235 1449. 1484. 1523. 1544. 1545. 1001. 1610. 1024. 11 SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES, 1629. The Speaker refuses, by the king's order, to read a remonstrance of Sir John Eliot on tonnage and poundage. 1634. A writ fur ship-money drawn up by Noy, carefully following the ancient precedents, is addressed to maritime towns and counties, and a collection ma-money. Judg- ment is given against him by a miyority of judges after long argument. 1641. Statutes passed against ship-money, distraint of knighthood, and illegal (tustoms. 1642. Axig. 1. The Comn.ons make an order for levying tonnage and poundage. Dtc. A tax on jtroperty and incomes is levied through the whole kingdom by the Parliament. 1665. Parliament grants £1,2.00,000 to be spent on the Dutch war only (see note). 1666. A committee is appointed by Parliament to inspect the accounts of naval and other offlcials. 1677. The Commons having voted a subsidy for the use of the navy, f»nler it to be paid into the hands of their own receivers. 1689. Levving money by pretence of prerogative is illegal (Bill of Rights). Legidative and Judicial Powers. 1450. Impeachment of Suffolk. c. 1460. At the end of Henry VI.'s reign, bills, in the fonii of statutes, are introduceower of sus]>ending or dispensing with the laws is illegal (Bill of Rights). 1461. 1.539. 1540. 1610. 1621. 16S9. Privilege. 1453. The Duke of York arrests Thorpe, the Speaker of the Commons. In the next Parliament they assert their privilege in his behalf, but he remains lu prison. 1571. Strickland, proposing alterations in religion, is re- strained by the Council from api)earing in Pariia- nient. ^. 1588. Wentworth is committed to the Tower for questions to the Speaker touching the lilierties of the House. 1604. First Parliament of James vindicates its privilege of freedom from arrest. 1622. On the dissolution of Parliament, Coke, Pjm, Selden, and two others are imprisoned. 1626. Many members of the last Parliament are excludeil by being appointed sheriffs, and a writ is with- held from the Earl of Bristol. Sir Dudley Digges and Sir John Eliot are sent to the Tower, but are released on Parliament refus- 236 ing to continue its business and the judges decid- ing in their favour. 1620. Sir John Eliot and others are sent to the Tower 1041. The members of the House of Lortls establish their right to record protests. 1642. The king comes in person to the House of Commons and demands the five members. 1677. Shaftesbury, Salisbury, Wharton, and Buckingham, having questioned whether the prorogation of Par- liament for fifteen months did not necessarily dis- solve the Pariiament, are sent to the Tower by the House of Lords, and Shaftesbury remains there for a year. 1C70. The king rejects the Si)eaker chosen by the House 10S9. Freedom of spee(;h and debate in Parliament ought not to be (piestioned in any court or place out of Pariiament (Bill of Right.s). Relations of Parliament and King. For eight years no Pariiament sits except for forty- two days in 1478, the king having obtained an income for life from his earlier Parliaments. During the next thirteen years Parliament is only summoned once (i.e. in the year 1523). The king's proclamations are declared to be as valid as Acts of Parliament. The first Parliament of James I. vindicates its 1474. 1515. 1539. KiOi. privileges. 1G21. Nov. The third Parliament of James I. reassembles, and the Commons make a protest against the violations of their liberties. The king tears it out from their journal with his own hand. 1G41. Nov. 22. The Grand Remonstrance passes the Com- mons by a majority of eleven, and on the next day is ordered to be printed, 1679. The Parliament resumes proceedings against Lord Danby, who pleads the royal pardon. The Com- mons address the king on the illegality of this pardon, and demand justice from the Lords. 1689. Declaration of Right, and Bill of Rights i PARLIAMENT.— Part IV. 1689—1832. Structure, [For numbers of Lords and Commons see Appendix II. i and Appendix III.] (For history of reform see the Reform Summary, p. 275.) 1094. The Triennial Act limiting the duration of Pariia- ment to three years, and providing that three years shall not pass without a Parliament, is passed. William III. gives his consent, which he had once before refused. 1695. An Act to restrain and punish bribery in elections is passed. An Act is passed preventing the holders of i^ensions from the crown or of offices created after October 25, 1705, from sitting in Parliament. Members of Parliament appointed to offices under the crown which existed before 1705 must vacate their seats, but are eligible for re-election. Property Qualification Bill for members of the House of Commons passed. 237 » 1707 1711. SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES, 1716. The Septennial Act, prolonging the duration of Par- liament to seven years, but not longer, is passe«l. 1719. Peerage Bill, limiting the creation of peers, is passed by the Lords, but is rejected by the Commons. 1742. A Place Bill, limiting the number of offices tenable by members of Parliament, is passed. 1762. A Bribery Act pass«'d in which pecuniary jtenaltit-.s are attached to the offence. 1770. Geori^e Grenville's Act gives the hearing of election letitions to a committee of thirteen members elected from forty-nine chosen by ballot, with one nonunee from each party, instead of a committee of the whole House. 1782. Government contractors are excluded from tlie House of Commons. Revenue officers are debarrerevent obstruction. Privilege. 1840. In the matter of Stockdale v. Hansard, which began in 1837, and involved a (juestion of privilege, a >>ill is passed preventing the recurrence of the diffi- culty (see note, 1840). 1860. The Lords throw out a bill abolishing the paper duty which had passed the Commons and was in technical form a money bill. In the next year the whole financial scheme of the Government is em- bodied in one bill, and the Lords are compelled to pass the abolition of the paper duty. 1875. Resolution jiassed in the House of Commons that for the future strangers be excluded not at the request of a single member, but on the vote of the majority of the House (the Speaker to retain his power of closing the House). ECCLESIASTICAL— Part I. To 1070. 597, 627, 633, 634. 635. 664, 668. 681. 6S7. 787. 900. 075. 1044. 1051. 1070. PARLIAIMENT.— Part V. 1832—1881. Conversion of Ethelbert, King of Kent, by Augustine. Archbishop of Canterbury. Conversion of Edwin by Paullinus. Flight of Paullinus from York. Aidan, from lona, introduces Christianity at Lindis- fame, under King Oswald. Birinus begins the conversion of Wessex, Conference of Welsh and Roman priests at the Synod of Whitby. Roman ritual and time for keeping Easter are adopted. Arrival of Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canter- bury. Wilfrid, driven from the archbishopric of York, con- verts the South Saxons. Death of Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne. Lichfield made an archbishopric with the leave of Pope Hadrian. Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. Struggle between the secular clergy and monks begins. Robert of Jumieges (the first Norman bishop in Eng- land) is appointed Bi.shop of London. Robert of Jumieges made Archbishop of Canterbury. Stigand is deposed and Lanfranc made Archbishop of Canterbury. (For list of bishoprics see 1070.) I Structurt. [For numbers of Lords and Commons see Appendix II. and Aiti>endix HI.] 1852. A Bribery Act is passed providing for inquiry into corrupt practices on the apix»intment of a Com- mission. 1854. The Corrupt Practices Act providing for publication of accounts after parliamentary elections, and restraining candidates from paying any expenses except through authorized agents, is carried. 238 ECCLESIASTICAL.— Part IL 1070—1527. 10<6. William I, refuses the demand of fealty made bv Gregoi-yVII. ^ 1066-87. William I. forbids excommunications, calling of synods, or the receipt of Papal letters without his leave (see note 1076). 239 SUMMARIES, SUMMARIES. / / 1100. 11U3. 1107. 1162. / / / / 1066-87. By an undated charter of William I. s reign spiri- tual jurisdiction is separated from the secular courts of law and assigned to separate spiritual courts. 1093 Anselm is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. 1094. William II. refuses to give Anselm the temporalities 1097. Anselm, unable to bear the wickedness of William II., retires to Rome. Anselm is recalled. Anselm ditfers with Henry I. about investitures and leaves England. Anselm and Henry I. agree upon a compromise (see note). 1 lu^ Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury. 1163. Quarrel between Becket and Henry II. about the jurisdiction over criminous clerks. 11 64. Constitutions of Clarendon. 1170. Murder of Archbishop Becket. 1"'06 to 1213. John's quarrel with Innocent III. about elec- tion of Langton as archbishop. England placed under an interdict. , , • 1213. John receives Langton, and does homage for his kingdom to the Pope. 1215 John grants freedom of election to episcopal sees. ^ iW The Pope's demand for a prebend from every cathedral and an equal contribution from every monastery is rejected. 1229. The Pope levies one-tenth of all the property of the clergv 1258. The claim to « 'annates" is first made in England by Pope Alexander IV. for live years. 1279 Statute of Mortmain or De Religiosis, to check the bestowal of estates on religious foundations. l'>95 Clergy first represented in a complete Parliament, but do not often attend as an Estate in Parlia- ment (sec note). ,. ..^, . . T • 1296 The clergy, in accordance with the bull Clericis Lai- cos," refuse to grant supplies, and are outlawed. 1301 The Pope claims Scotland as a fief of Rome. 1307 The Parliament of Carlisle asks for legislation against provisors, first-fruits, and other exactions of the Papacy. . , . v* 1317 John XXII. " reserves " the appointment of eighteen episcopal sees in England in the next seventeen 1851. The first statute of Provisors to prevent encroachment by the Pope on patronage is pa.ssed. 1353. First statute of Pro'inunire to prevent usurpations of jurisdiction by the Pope. 1377. Wickliffe is cited to apj>ear at St. Paul's. . 1382. A statute passed against heretic preachers, but is repealed in the next Parliament. 1.384. Death of Wickliffe. 1390. Statute of Proviscyrs [re-enacting statutes of 1351 ana 1362]. 1391. Statute of Mortmain re-enacted. 1393. The great statute of Prcvmunire. ^ „ ,. i 1395 The Lollards present a remonstrance to Parliameni against the power of the clergy and the abuses m the Church. j v *i.n 1401 The Act De Heretico comhurendo is passed py tne Lords and clergy at the request of Archbishop Arundel. Execution of William Sawtre by royal writ [the first execution for Lollard heresy m England]. ^ „ . ..... 1410 The knights of the shire now (as well as in 1404) propose to confiscate the property of the thurcn. 240 / / / y / / 1414, 1417. 1427. 1432. 1449. 1315. IJIT. 1021. I-.28. n30 V~'A 1'j33 Lollard meeting summoned at St. Giles* Fields • a new statute passed against the Lollards. The property of priories belonging to foreigners is confiscated to the Crown by Parliament. • and exe^iltT'^' ' ''^'*"« ^^^^^'^^ ^« ^^^^^^^^ ^^" ?i^, ^- ^'.^c^^^^ Pope. During his papacy he provides as many as thirteen bishops in Enij- land in two years.] ** , The Pope tries to suspend Archbishop Chichele from Ills legatme office because he will not procure the repeal of the statutes of Provisors Chichele protests and the bulls of suspension are seized by royal order. ■' Beaufort is secured by statute against all risks of suffenng "pramunire" for being cardinal. Ihe Commons attempt to tax the clergy, but the king transmits their proposal through the Lords bpmtual to Convocation. [Practically, however at this time and onwards, Convocation'follows the example of the Commons in money grants 1 Jo sey IS created Cardinal and Lord Chancellor. >V olsey IS made papal legate, with special licence from the king to accept the nomination Henry VIII receives from the Pope the title of De- lender of the Faith for having written a work against Luther. Wolsey fails a second time to obtain the Papacy. ECCLESIASTICAL— Part III. 1527-1559. The Reformation. Henry VIIL, having doubts about the legality of his c"s7Sr^'^p^:^">^""« °' ^^^^^"' '^^«^^^« "- A commission to Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio iT the Po'^e^^^'*''^ ^"^'^ ^'"^'^ marriage is granted ^'''!l!'!?'i^ ^"^^^^^ *" the Pope, and the cause is finally .ivocated to Rome Fall of Wolsey. iVor. The Seven Years' Parliament which carries out the severance from Rome now meets for the first Parliament regulates the fees paid to clergymen, and forbids pluralities. ^^ ' . Cranmer carries the opinions favourable to the divorce which had been received from the univer- sities to the Pope. The clergy, incurring the penalty of "pncmunire" and being fined for acknowledging Wolsey as JfPfl,^^S*tte address Henry after much protest as Head of the Church and Clergy so far as the law of Christ will allow " Convocation make the first proposal to limit the I opes power by petitioning the king and Pariia- ment to abolish the payment of annates to the Parliament reforms the spiritual courts and strene- thens the mortmain statutes. An Act for restraining all appeaU to Rome is passed, tranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and declares Henry's marriage with Katharine ^ Old and that with Anne Boleyn legal. 241 Q I I 1 SUMMARIES, SUMMARIES, V: \ I 1534 Tht Act forbidding the payment of annates to Rome is passed and the election of bishoi.s by a covgr d'elire finally arranged. (See list of bishoprics, 1534.) , , ,. ,. The clergy are forbidden to make laws binding on themselves without the king's consent. The legis- lative power of Convocation is thus practKally suppressed. , ^t r, The Act abolishing the authority of the Fope m EnqUtnd is i)assed. The Convocations of Canter- burv and York declare that " the Bishop of Rcme hatii no greater jurisdictit»n conferred on linn by God in the kingdom of England than any other foreign bishop." ,, , , 1535. Henry formally takes the title of "Supreme Head of the Church of England." *• „ , Fisher and Sir T. More are executed, practically for denying the king's supremacy. Thomas Cromwell is appointed \ "'•ir-Generar 1536. Benefit of clergy is now restricted by Act of I ar la- ment, and henceforth in the matter of jurisdic- tion clerg>' and laymen are on an equality. The smaller mona.steries and nunneries are dissolved and their property transferred to the Crown. The English Bible is set up in the churches. 1539. All monasteries are now dissolved and granted to the king. , ... . The Act of the Six Articles, with severe penalties for disobedience, is passed. 1540 Fall and execution of Tlumias Cromwell. 1547 An ecclesiastical visitation is earned out to order ■ the use of English in services and to pull down images ; Bonner and Gardiner protesting, are im- prisoned. , ,,, ,, ., 1549 The " First Prayer-Book of Edward VI., together with the "Act for Uniformity of Service, is passed in Parliament. A rebellion in Devon and Cornwall demanding the restoration of the old Liturgy is put down by 1552. A Second Act of Uniformity and Second Prayer- Book are issued. , /-. v ., 1553. Bonner is made Bishop of London and Gardiner Lord Chancellor. va r\ The laws concerning religion passed in tawaru VI 's reign are annulled in Parliament. 1554 Cardinal Pole comes to England. All statutes against the Pope since the twentieth year oi Henry VIII. are repealed (but the mona.stic lamlb remain in the hands of their present owners) 1555 Tlie persecuting statutes of Henry IV. and v against heretics are revived. Hooper and many others are burnt as heretics. Oct. Latimer and Ridley are burnt. 1556. Cranmer is burnt. , vv:.,i,nTi Cardinal Pole, now j^apal legate, is made Archbisnop of Canterbury. (He dies in 1558.) 1558. Elizabeth forbids unlicensed preaching, and allows part of the Liturgy to be used m English. A nt* Prayer-Book is prepared. . . 1559. The Act of Supreviacy is passed in Parliament, wim penalties for refusing it. ^ v,v i ;„rr the The Act of Unifoi-mity is passed establishing we revised Praver-Book. Parker is made Archbishop of Canterbury. 242 ECCLESIASTICAL-Paut IV. 1559-1661. A. Chuhch. 1 .}•■•;{ lJO;t, I'.ro 1.071. l.')7t!. ) ■.^7. I'ilO. !«-.:'7. 1«J40. . The Thirty-nine Articles are drawn up and signed by Convocation. . Archbishojt Parker and the queen en- force unifonuity. Insurrection in l«;half of the old reli- gion, and of Mary, Queen of Scots, under the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland. It is sui.i)re.s.sed with great cruelty. Tlje Pojk; Pius V. issues a Imll releasiii" Elizabeth's subjects from their alle- giance. Parliament passes severe Acts against Romanists and against the introduc- tion of Papal bulLs. Grindal succeeding Parker, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. Grindal is sequestrated from his see for declining to suppress the "Proi.hesv- ings " of the Puritans. Whitgift succeeds Grindal as Archbi.sli..]» ot Canterbury, and persecutes the Puritans. The " High Comnjis.sion Courf is placed on a permanent footing. P<»pe Sixtus V. issues a new bull, and proclaims a cru.sadeagain.st Elizabeth He sends his benediction to the forces prepared by Philip of Spain against England. The Hampton Court Conference is held The Authorized Version of the Bible is ordered. Whitgift dies, and is succeeded by Ban- croft as Arclibi.shop of Canterbury. Bancroft dies, and is succeeded by Abbot as Archbishop of Canterbury who though of Puritan tendencies' increases the severity of the High Commission Court. Dr. Montague, royal chaplain, is cen- sured in Parliament for a work of Arniinian tendencies. Drs. Sibthorp and Mainwaring preach in favour of the king's prerogative. Atifj. Laud becomes Archbishop of Can- terbury. Aix^hbishop Laud holds a visitation, in which he endeavours to give greater luominence than before to ritual Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, who had lavoured the Puritans, is imprisoned for libel and su.si>ended by the High Commission Court. Convocation continues to sit after dis- solution, grants a subsidy, and passes certain canons. Oet.22. The High Commission Court sits for the last time. The recent canons of Convocation are • declared to be illegal 243 B. Nonconformists. 1563. Tlie advanced Protestants denounce vestments. 15(i4. Many of the London clergy refuse to obey the Act of Uniformity, and leave. the Church. 1^70. Cart Wright, a leader of the Puritan party, is expelled from his professorship at Cambridge. 1571. Tlie Puritans propose in Parliamen alterations in religion, and Strick- land, the mover, is inij>risoned by Elizabetk 1587. Tlie Marprelate tracts grosslv abusing the hierarchy are circulated at this time. 1593. Acts with penalties are passed against both Puritans and Romanists. 160i5- Parliament increases the severity of the laws against the Catholics. Ib30. Dr. Iveighton is by sentence of Star Chamber pilloried and imprisoned for writing against prelates. 1(337. Prynne, Burton, and Ba.stwick are con- demned in the Star Chamber for their writings and pilloried, 1640. Prynne, Burton, Leigh ton, Chambers, and others released by Parliament and compensated. SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES. 1641. A commission is issued by the Com- mons to liefaco and demolish in churches images, altars, and monu- ments. March 10. The Commons bring in a bill to exclude the bishops from \\w House of Lords, which is passed May 1. May 27. A bill for the complete aboli- tion of Episcopacy ("The Root and Branch Bill ") is read in the Commons. .July. The High Commission Court is abolished. De/;. :{0. The Commons impeach tlie bishops, who had signed a i)n>test against the Acts j»assed by the House of Lords in their absence. 1642. Sept. 1. The Cc.mmons tlnally resolve to abolish bishops and other eci-Usi- astical officers. 1615. Jan. 10. Archbishop Laud is beheaded. 1654. Triers are appointed by ordinance, and commissioners are sent round to en- quire into the characters of clergy already in the ims-session of livings. 1661. Ayr'd. A 'lonference at the Savoy be- tween the bishops and the Presby- terian ministers fails. 1647. The Westminster Assembly of Divines, which had been sitting constantly since 164^<, had by this time estab- lished Presbyterianism, which was. however, only generally accepted in Middlesex and Lancashire. [leof*. The In(lei)endents draw up a Confession «)f Faith at the Savoy.] 1601. Aitril. The conference at the Savoy between the bishops and Presbyterian ministers fails. ECCLESIASTICAL— Part V. 1601— 188L A. Church. 1662. 1663. 1664. Maxj. The Act of Uniformity is passeoration Act passed onlcr- ing all holders of municiital offices to rent)unce the Covenant, and take tin- Sacrament acconling to the English f»»n». Miuj. A great many ministers rcsi.u'n tiieir benefices jather than takf the oath required by the Act of Unifonnity. The Conventicle Act is passed forLi'l iling unlawful assemblies for public worship. Oct. The Five-Mile Act is passed (for- bidding ministers who have not suit- scribed the Act of Uniformity or taken the oath of non -resistance to stttlf within five miles of any corporation). An al)ortive attempt made to coinpre- henody of " Nonjurors." Queen Anne's bounty is instituted. Conv(»cation atler this year continues to be prorogued without doing business till 1850. 1678, 1085. 1080. 108; declaration against Tran substantia- tion]. Popish Plot. Deiwsitions of Titus Gates against the Papists. Many trials of leading Roman Catholics. An Act is passed disabling Papists from sitting in either House of Parliament. Baxter, the Presbyterian divine, is severely punished. The judges having given an opinion favourable to the disjtensing j)ower of the king, many Romanists receive coinmis.sions in the army and Church Itreferment. The Declaration of Indulgence is pub- lished, which suspends the penal statutes against the Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters. James having asked the lord-lieuten- ants to furnish a list of Papists and Nonconfonnists suitable for members of Parliament, many of them resign. 1089. The Toleration Act is passc(L 1711. 1714 1727 17.m 173(1 1779. 1787. 1789. 1S12. 1813. 1828. 245 An Act IS passed against occasional con- formity disi)o.sses.sing dis.senters of any offices which they may hold. The Schism Act is passed. Yearly Act of Indemnity for dissenters who held office contrary to the Test and Corporation Acts begins to be l)as.sed. AlK)ut this time the Wesleys form their society at Oxford. Wesley develops his society, which afterwards becomes known as that of the Methodists, in London. Dissenting ministers and schoolmasters relieved from subscription to any of the Thirty-nine Articles. An Act is passed admitting dissenters to civil and military offices in Ireland. Beaufoy's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts is lost by a large majority. Beaufoy's motion is again brought in, and lost by only twenty. [A similar motion by Fox is lost next year, and the subject of tests is not resumed again for nearly forty years.] Dissenting ministers are relieved fh)m certain penalties of the Conventicle Act. Unitarians are relieved from some of their disabilities. Lord John Russell's motion for repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts passes both Houses. SUMMARIES, 1831. An Ecclesiantical Commission for tins year reiM)rt.s m their leK'ishitive and judicial functions in the House of Lt)rd8 is rejected. An Ecclesiastical Commission is issued to inquire into matters of income, etc., in the English Church. 1835. Another Ecclesiastical Commission is issued. 18;i6. The bill for tithe-commutation in \av^- land is passed , The Ecclesiastical Commissioners are incoriM)rate«l. 1837. The Government Church-Rates Alxtli- tion Bill being carried by five otdy iu the Commons, is alwndoneil by the ministers. 1838. An Act ajrainst non-residence of clergy is jwissed. 1345. J. H. Newman joins the Church of Rome. 1829. [For Catholic relief see Sununarj-, ]>. 270.] 1833. An Act is jvas.sed enabling Quakers, Moravians, and Sei>aratists, on eut.r- ing the House of Connnons, to snh- stitute an attinnation for an oath. The Jewish Relief Bill Jesses tin- Commons, but is rejected by the Lords in this and several following years, until 1858. 1858. A bill for the abolition of Churcli-rates is passed in the Commons and thrown out in the Lonls. 1S68. Gladstone carries a bill for the al)olition of comi)ulsory Church-rates. 1874. Public Worship Regulation Act. [For bishoprics of the Engli.di Church see notes 1070 and 1534.1 1S.'>0. Sept. 30. A paiial bull creating Rninan Catholic bishops in F^ngland is issued. It causes much excitement. 1851. The Ecclesia.stical Titles Act is passed, declaring the papal bull of 1850 null and void, and imposing a tine of £Hm» on all who try to carry it into eflVct. 1858. Tlie admission of Jews to Parlianuiit is at la.st (after many years' efforts made by the House of Commons, and resistetl by the Lonls) effected by a bill, enabling either House by resolu- tion to modify its oath. 1870. In the Elementary Education Act a eon- science clause is made comimlsory on all schools receiving Government grants. 1871. Religious tests alxdished at the Univer- sities of Oxford and Cambridge. 1880. Burials Bill passed. WALES. 577—1543. ■i, I 577. 607. 779. 830. 9ir.. 9'22. 924. 937. 1055 1063. Battle of D\Tham. The West Saxons divide the West Welsh from the North Welsh. Battle of Chester. The Northumbrians divide the North Welsh from the Strathclyde Welsh. Offa makes his dyke from the Dee to the Wye. to protect Shrewsbury and his other conquests from the Wel.sh. The West Welsh with Northmen and West Saxons are defeated by Egbert at Hengist's Down. The Welsh defeated by Ethelfleda. The North Welsh seek Edward for lord. The Strathclyde Welsh choose Edward for father and lord. , Strathclyde Welsh with Scots and Northmen from Ireland are defeated at Brunanburh. Expedition of Harold against the Welsh. Harold again invades Wales with Tostig. Grifntli the king killed by his own men, 246 SUMMARIES. 1068. Wales ravaged by Harold's sons. lOlW. William II. grants land in Wales to any one who will take it, and in consequence a war of conquest goes on for man}' years. 1105. Henry settles Flemings in Pembrokeshire. 1157 and lltJS. Henry U.'s expeditions against Wales. 1174. During the rebellion against Henry II. the Welsh remain faithful. 1211. Wales, taking advantage of Innocent's threat to depose John, makes war. 1228. Series of petty wars against the Welsh, who through- out this reign support the opposition barons. 1277. Llewellyn having refused to swear allegiance to Edward, war breaks out. The Welsh are defeated. Llewellyn keeps only Anglesea and the district of Snowdon. 1252. The Welsh war breaks out again. David, brother of Llewellyn, deserts the English. Llewellyn is killed on the Wye. 1253. David is captured and executed. 1254. The Statutes of Wales settle the country. 12i>5. The rebellion of Madoc is suppressed. l:{16. Welsh rebel, but are quickly suppressed. 1400. Rebellion of Gleiid(»wer iu Wales. 1402. Henry IV, invades Wales unsuccessfully. 1403. The Bretons land in Wales and burn towns on the coast in this and the next year, when the French king makes a treaty with Glendower. 1536. The union in matters of law, etc., between England and Wales is finally completed. 1543. Wales is divided into counties, and the Court of the Council of Wales and the Welsh Marches is erected (abolished 1641). SCOTLAND.— Part L To 1290. c. .'iOO, Scots invade Caledonia and expel the Picts from the west 603, Defeat of the Scots by Ethelfrith at Dagsastan. 685. Egfrith defeated and killed by the Picts. S4.'{, Union of Picts and Scots under Kenneth M'Alpin. 872, Northmen from Ireland ravage Scotland. 924. Constantine, King of Scots (900-943), chooses Edward to father and lord, 937. Constantine, Kingof Scots, is defeated at Brunanburh by Athelstan, 945. Edmund conquers Strathclyde, and gives it to Malcolm, King of Scots (943-954), on military tenure. 966. Edgar divides Northumbria, and grants Lothian to Kenneth, to be held by him as his man. 1031. Canute goes to Scotland, and Malcolm II. submits to him as his overlord. [Malcolm had obtained possession of Lothian, which had been apparently lost since Edgar's reign. He did homage for it as an English earldom. ] 1054, Earl Si ward, in the interest of Malcolm (afterwards III.), defeats Macbeth. 1056, Malcolm Canmore becomes King of Scotland. 1068. Malcolm III. (1057-93) makes peace and does hom- ^v age for Cumberland. 1070. Malcolm III. marries Margaret, sister of Edgar ~* Etheling. 1072. William I. invades Scotland, and Malcolm becomes — his man. 247 SUMMARIES, SUMMARIES, / / 1091. 1092. 1100. 1138. 1157. 1173. 1174. 1189. 1200. 1209. 1216. 1221. 12.'>1. 1278. 1284. 12Sfi. rjuo. William II. coini)els Malcolm III. to do homage. William II, takt- h poHsi'SHion of Cumberland. Henry I. marries Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. David I. (1124-5:}) in «lefeated at the battle of the Htan. I.JIO i:Ul. 1312 i:il3. i:!14. l.'JI.'i. \iV\. 131 S. 1323. 1327. 1328. 1329. 1332. 1333. i::34. i:;3ti. l.'iTl. 138.0. 1388. 1402. 1405. 1417. 1424. 1436. 1449. 14»;0. 1482. 1488. 1502. 1513. l.>42. 1543. 1544. Pope Boniface claim.s Scotland as a fief of Rome Scots under the Regent Comyn defeat the English Comyn makes a treaty with Edward. Robert Bruce murders Comyn, and rebels. Bruce is crowned at Scone. Invasion of Scotland. Bruce defeatey Rol>erL Bruce. Edwanl II. invaendence of S«;otlanil is recogni.sed. Death of Rolw-rt Bruce, succeeded by his .son David aged seven. ' Edward Bailiol invades Scotland. His (ir.st exT.ul- sion from Scotland. Scots invade England. Siege of Berwick. Battle of Halidon Hill. Balliol's second exjtulsion from Scotland. Edward III. and Balliol invade Scotland The French help the Scots. Defeat of Scots at Nevill'B Cross. Car.ture of David II. David II. is succeeded by his brother-in-law, Robfjrt the Steward. Richard II. ravages S<;otland, which had received help from France. Biittle of Otterburn. The Scots are victorious, but Douglas is slain. The Scots inva67. 1568. 1572. 15S«». 1587. 1.5H2. 1603. The Protector (Somerset) tnva<1e8 Scotland to enforce the treaty of marriage f>f 154;j, and defeats the Scots at the battle of Pinkie. First Covenant signed at EdinhurKh. John Knox returns to Scotland, and puts him.self at the head of the Reformers. Elizabeth senils help to the Scottish Reformers against the French. Tlie Regent of Scotland dies, and by the treaty of Edinburgh tlie French troops leave Scotland. Mary, now a widow, returns from France. Mary niarrit-s iMindey. Murder of Daniley. Mary marries Rothwell. Mary is forced to abtlicate, succeedeed from prison m Scotland, and be«'n defeated at Langside. tAkns refuge in P^nglaml. Mary's ca.se is investigated before a conference at York. Mary is consigned to Tutbury. Parliament proposes an attainder against Mary,which is forbidden by the «|ueen. Trial (»f Mary, Queen of Scots, by special commission. Mary is executed. . ^ , , Presbyterian Church estaldished by an Act of the Sc(»"ttish I'arliament. James VI. of Scotland becomes James I. of England. SCOTLAND.— Paut III. IGO.'?— 1707. 1607. A bill for the Union botween England and Scotland is rejected in the House of Coinmon.s. 1612. Episcopacy is authorized in Scotland by the Scottish Estiites. 161.S Tlie Articles of Perth, imposing much ceremonial iii Scotland, are passed by the (ieneral Assembly. 10.3.^. The choice of the Lonls of the Articles is put into the hands of the bish«>ps by Charles. 1637. The Scots resist the intnxluction by liaud of a new- Liturgy resembling the English Prayer-Book. 1638 The Second Covenant is rovisions. Bnttle of Dunbar. Seyl. .'i. Scots utterly routed : Edinburgh surrendere«l. Dec. Capture of Edinburgh. Jan. 1. Charles is crowne«l at Scone. He pets to- gether a new army fnim the followers of Hamilton and the Royalists, and takes uj* a positifni near Stirling. He then marches into England, an )M-tween the two countries established. Ohl form of goveriinient re-established, and Episco- pacy enfels the bishops, alK)lishes Epis- coj)acy, i>asses the "Claim (.f Right," and William and Mary are proclaimed (April) Dundee defeats Mackay at Killiecrankie, but is killed, and is sncceetled by Cameron, Juh/ 27. Mackay gains some successes, and the Highlanders dis|H-rse. 1091. Militar>' execution is proclaime*! in Scotland against all cla.s5jes who have not laid down their arms and taken the oath of allegiance by iJec. ;jl. Massacre of Glencoe. The failure of the Darien .scheme can.ses great irrita- tion in Scotland again.st the Engli.sh. In accordance with the wish of William III., com- missioners meet to treat for a union tjetweeu Eng- land and Scotland, but <'annot agree. The Scottish Parliament i>asses a resolution that " the Presbyterian Church is the only true Church of Christ in the kingdom," and also fias.ses certain resolutions limiting the authority of the Crown— (1) No King of England was to declare peace or war without the consent of the Scottish Parlia- ment; (2) the appointment of the great officers is transferred to the Scottish Parliament. A Bill of Security is jas.sed to name a successor to the throne from the family of Sophia, but not the one named by England, unless security was given for free trade and indejjendence in religion. The la.st does not receive the royal assent. The royal assent is given to the Act of Security. English Parliament pas-ses the Alien Bill. It was agreed that commissioners should again meet to treat of a union between England an«l Scotland. The Act for the Union is passed, see 1707. 251 1 •>;•*.♦. 1702. 1703. 1704 i:w 1707, SUMMARIES. SCOTLAND.— Part IV. 1707—1881. I i 1712. An Act of this year restores, in opposition to tht- feeling of the Scottish Church, the ancient rights of patr(>na;:e, and this leads ultimately t(i the great secession of 1S4:J. 1715. Rebellion in Scotland in favour of the Stuarts, and battle of Sheriff Muir. 1719. The Si»aniards invade Scotland, and are .joined by some Highlanders, V>ut are defeated at Glenshiel. 1736. Porteous riots in h>liuburgh. Captain i'orteous handed by the mob. 1745. Rel»ellion in Scotland in favour of the Stuarts, scr 1745. 1746. High landers are forbidden to wear their national dross, and the territorial juri.sdiction of the chiefs abul ished, compen.sation lieing given. Otlice of Secretary of Stiite f(»r Scotland is abolislnil. 1779. Anti-Popish riots in Scotland. 1843. March. The House of Commons decline to enter- tain the iM'tilion of the Gemral Assembly of Scot- land (on the vexed question of r>atronage, and the right of the civil courts in spiritual jurisdiction) by a majority of llJo. May. ', is nominated Lord of Ireland. 1295. MemlH'rs for counties sent to the Dublin Parliament. 1315. Edward Bruce invades Ireland and defeats tlie colonists. 1316. Robert Bruce goes to the assistance of his brother. 1318. Edward Bruce is defeated and killed near Dundalk. 1331-38. English ordered to be used, and English officials only to be appointed. 1341. Burgesses apv>ear as sitting in the Irish Parliament. 1366. Statute of Kilkenny (see note). 1394 and 1399. Richard II. goes to Ireland. 1459. Act passed by the Irish Parliament that it will be independent of English legislation. 1494. Poynings' law is passed (see note). SUMMARIES. IRELAND.— Part IL 1494—1801, 252 1534. Insurrection of the Kildares. From this time a system of forfeiture and coloniza- tion was steadily carried out. 1536. Act of Supremacy i^assed by the Irish Parliament, repealed 1556, re-enacted with the Act of Uni- fonnity 1.560. Henry VIII. takes the title of King of Ireland In- stead of Lord of Ireland. Insurrection of Shan O'Neill (Ulster) continues three years.] Rebellion in Connaught.] 1 :>7!»-80. Rebellion in Munster assisted by the Spaniards. l.V.t5, Tyrone (O'Neal), assisted by Philip of Spain, rebels, and Sir John Noiris is sent against him. Death of Sir John Norris in Ireland, and defeat of Bagnal by O'Neal. Essex is sent to Ireland against O'Neal. He fails, and retunis ti» England. Si>aniards land in Ireland and fortify Kinsale. O'Neal submits and is pardoned. Cohmizatiou of Ulster by natives of Great Britain begins, Wentworth governor in Ireland to 1640 (see 1633). Irish Rebellion. 1043. ^t-pt. The Marquis of Ormond makes peace ("The Cessation ") with the Irish and sends troops over to England. Ang. 15. Cromwell lands in Ireland. Sack of Drogheda and of Wexford. Cromwellian Settlement (see note). Act of Settlement (see note). 1 •>'••>. Irish ships excludetl from the benefit of the Naviga- tion Laws. ItWG. Importation of Irish live-stock or meat to England forbidden. lOs'J. Iri.sh Catholics under Tyrconnel take part with Janies. besiege the Protestants in Londonderry and Enniskillen, and repeal the Act of Settle- ment. I'.OO. Kittle of the Boyne. 1<;'.'1. Battle of Aughrim and capitulation of Limerick. Catholics forbidden to sit in Parliament. IG'.tJ. Severe laws itas.sed against the Catholics in this year and during the reigns of William III. and Anne. They entered into every relation of life, anly to France and prei>aiv for rebellion. , Lord Camden succeeds Lonl Fitzwiiliam as Viceroy of In-iand. First Orange lo«lgea formed in Ireland, though Orangemen had existed before. . The French expediticm to Ireland is dispersed by a storm, and jiroves a com[»lete failure. . Irish Rebellion. Arrest of O'Connor, Lonl Edwanl Fitzgerald, and others. Lord Cornwallis succeeds Lord Camden. Insurrection breaks out. General Lake defeats the rebels at Vinegar Hill, June. 2. Humbert's expedition. . Bill for the Union of England and Ireland i»asse.s the Irish Pnrliament. Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland is ]>assed. IliELAND.— Part III. 1801—1881. 1803. 1823. 1828. 1829. 1831. 1833. 1834. Emmett and others are arrested, tried, and executed for insurrection at Dublin. Catholic Association formed. O'Connell is electeoralities (Ireland) Act, reducms and reforming the Irish Church, and appointing a commission, is carried. A bill is passed on the subject of Irish tithes for collecting arrears of tithe, and giving the clergy £1,000,000 on loan in compen.sation for arrears. March. A Coercion Bill for Irelanti is passed. O'Connell's motion for repeal of the Union is thrown out by 523 to 38. May 27. Ward moves that the Church Establish- ment in Ireland exceeils the wants of the popula- tion, and ought to be reduced. June 2. Lord Althorp meets Ward's motion by 254 1837, 1838. announcing a special Commission (composed of laymen) on the revenues of the Irish Church. 1S34. The Irish Coercion Bill is renewed. The Irish Land-Tax Act, i)ro])osing a substitute for tithes, is thrown out by the Lords. 1835. Lord John Russell carries his motion involving the appropriation of the surjilus revenues of the Irish Church to general, moral, and religious pur]H).ses. The Irish Titiie Bill, embodying tlie appropriation clauses, is passed by the Commons. In the Lonls the ai>proi>riation clauses are rejected, and the bill accordingly abandoned. •^ 1S36. June. Tlie Irish Municijial Bill having been carried in the Commons by Gl, is altered by the Lords, and ultimately rejected by the Commons. Au(j. Tlic Irish Tithe Bill having been carried in the Commons, its a]tpropnation clause is rejected by the Ijords. and the bill is abandoned. May. Tlie Irish Tithe Bill (introduced for the fifth time) is afterwards dropped owing to the dissolu- tion. The Irish Municipal Bill is again defeated in the Lor«ls. The Irish Poor Law is jiasscd. The ministers announce the idacing of the Irish tithe question on a new footing, which implies the abandonment of the appropriation clauses. The bill passed both Houses, and the tithes are allowed to be commuted. The Irish Municipal Act passes after six years' con- troversies and difficulties between the House of Commcms and the House of Lords. The agitation for the repeal of the Union is renewed. Young Ireland movement begins. A monster repeal meeting at Clontarf, near Dublin, is forbidden by a Government ])roclamatif)n. O'Connell and other repeal leaders are arrested. Trial of O'Connell. He is sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £2000. This sentence is reversed on a technical error. Sir R. Peel's Maynooth Act is passed, augmenting and putting on a permanent basis the grant to Maynooth College. Sir R. Peel founds the Queen's Colleges in Ireland for the improvement of undenominational educa- tion. 1846. On the Irish Coercion Bill the Government are de- feated. Potato famine in Ireland, followed by wholesale emigration (see note). 1847. The Government grant £10,000,000 for the relief of Ireland. Coercion Bill pas.sed for Ireland. 1848. Trial of O'Brien, Mitchel, and others in Ireland for treason felony. July. Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Ireland. Abortive rebellion under Smith O'Brien. Transpor- tation of the leaders. 1849. Encumbered Estates Act (Ireland) i)assed to facili- tate the sale of encumbered properties. 1850. Irish Tenant-Right League, including men of all sects, formed. 1852. Crawford's Tenant-Right Bill thrown out. 1856. Miall's motion in favour of Irish Church disestablish- ment is rejected by 70 votes. 1859. Phoenix conspirators arrested and tried. Their club, under O' Donovan Rossa, forms the nucleus of Fenianism. 255 1840. 1842. 1S43. 1844. 1845. SUMMARIES, SUMMARIES. i I860. Relations of landlonl and tenant based on contract instead of tenure. 1865. Arrest of Fenian leaders. 1866. Halx'as Corpus Act suspended. Fenian insurrection. 1868. Mr. Gladstone moves resolutions advocating the disestablishment of the Irish Church. 1869. Irish Church disestablished and jiartially disen- dowed. 1870. Irish I^nd Act iwissed (see note). Home Government Association fonnerovincial ailmini.stration of justice is rearranged. A .jury of j)resentment is onlered in crinimai cases (tlie grand jury). 1 176. Instnictions are given to itinerant justices, which are carrie«l out by six detachments of justices sent on circuit. A selection of judges is made fnmi the Curia Regis, out of which are afterwanis develojied the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas. The highest appellate jurisdiction is reserved to the king in the Ordinary Council (see Summary: Council to 1641, p. 266). Trial by onleal is alxjlished (and as a consequence trial by pettjf inry in criminal cases grows up). Court of ComuHUi Pleas lixed at Westminster, c. 1272. Hy the end of Henry III.'s reign the staff of Curia Regis is broken tip into three distinct bodies fur the Courts of Exchequer, King's Bench, and Com- mon Pleas (see note.) 1300. Tlie Chancery and King's Bench are still to follow the king : the Exchequer is to remain witli tlie Common Pleas at Westminster. 1348. Tlie 8ei»arate juri.sdiction of the Chancellor in the Court of Chancery is from this time definitely recognised. 1487. A new ctmrt is established, which becomes mergeil in the Star Chamber Court, and revives anti extends the old criminal juri.sdiction of the Ordi- narv Council. 1533. Tlie High Commission Court is placed on a permanent footing. The Court of Star Chanil)er and the High Coninns- sion Court are abolished. The late Court of Ecclesia-stical Commission "and all other commissions and courts of like nature are illegal and i)ernicious " (Bill of Rights). *' That . . . judges' commissions be made quavidiu 256 1178. 1215. 1641. 1689. 1701. se hene f/t;.s.srr//(/ and their salaries ascertained and establi.shed ; but u]ton the juldress of botii Hnii.ses of Parliament it may be lawful to remove them " (Art of Settlement). 1825. A commi.ssion is a[)pointed to inquire into tlie ad- ministration of tlie Court of Cliancery (see note). I,HJ2. In this and other years grejit iiiiproveiueiits ure • effected in the procedure of tht^ Courts both of Cliancery and of Common Law. 1S73. Supreme Court of Judicature Act, constituting one High Court of Justice (into which tiie C<'iiils of E(juity and Coninmn Law arc consolidated) and a Sujirenie Court of Appi'al. APtMY.— 1073— 1881. f up to the Conquest the defence of the country was con- tiii.'d to the fyrd or militia, butttie Danish kings eiiiployeil, lK>i(Ies, their bodyguard orliuscarls. At tlie Con«|uest the jinicticeof holding land by military tenure became general, aii-l an additional force, the feudal levy, sprang up. and till- sovereigns employed sometimes oiie, .sometimes the I tlier.J 107;{ I'-'.'l ii ;> U.V,', ii::'., il-l. iJi:;. i2:.2. ii\, William 1. employs an English army for the con- <|uest of Maine. Flamburd takes fnmi the militia collected at Ila.stings to fr„ to Normandy their journey-money. The militia is employed at tlie battle of .Xoiihallerton. The first regular seutage or payment, instead of feudal service, is collected. The militia is employed again.st the Scots. The militia is regulated by the Assize of Arms. The barons refu.se to follow John to France, on tlie ground that their tenures forbid them. A writ is i.ssued for enforcing the Assize fif Arms. The StJitute of Wincluister re-enacts tlu; Assize of Arms and rej,'ulates the militia. [During the Hundred Years' War with France .sohliers hired by the chief barons were employed by the sovereigns, who thus for the time being ciinsti- tuted a .standing army; for defence against inva- sion, the militia of cjich county was organized by commissioners of array.] Henry VII. establi.shed the yeomen of the guard. [When artillery was introduced, a few men skilled in its use were maintained in the chief fortresses, such as the Tower, Portsmouth, Berwick.] [In the reign of Mary the militia of each county was placed under the command of a new officer, tlu; Lonl-Lieut«nant.] The Commons request the king to place the charge of the fortified places and the command of the militia in their hands, but are refused. . The new model anny is organized, and continues as a standing army till 1(160. . The standing anny is disbanded except two regi- ments. Monk's (the Coldstream) and one of horse, and 1677. The Commons oppose the inerea.se of the nunil>ers of the anny ; but it is increased both under Charles IL and James II. In the Bill of Rights a standing army without the consent of Parliament is declared illegal. In consequence of the mutiny of a Scottish regiment 257 II .^ SUMMARIES. 1C89. 1704. i 1803. [1814 1847 1859. 1870 1871. 1875. 1879. 1881. in England the first Mutiny Act is passed, ami >iHs l)een renewed annually down to the present time. [During' the reigns of William III., Anne, Georse I., and Oenr;,'*' 11. tlic Commons showed j^'reut .jealousy of a standinj,' army, and George II. hail recourse to hiring He.s.siansantl other foreigners.] The regiment of Koyal Artillery, which liad deve- loped out of the skilled soitliers mentioned, wiis increased in numbers for the defence of Minnr;a, Gihniltar, and Annapolis, and gradually furnn-d l)art of the regular army. Tilt' militia was reorganized under the direction of Pitt. In «lefence against the French the militia is oiii- ]M)dieil, yeomanry cavalry are raised, and vuUui- teers are formed. , At the jtcace the volunteers were disKinded, hut tli.' yeomanry, with the militia, were retained, ami called out occasionally for exercise.] Up to this time enlistment in the army had been for life; hut this year short service of ten or twdvf years was introiluced, with the choice of .joiniii- for*twcnty-one years. A reservi> force was createil and organized by numer- ous subsequent st.;itutes. Volunteers are formed, and afterwards regulated by several statutes. Army Enlistment Act pas.sed, instituting short ser- vice for six years. By an Onler in t'oiuicil the commander-in-chief is placed under the contntl of the Secretary for War. The i)ractice of purchasing commissious is abolislii J by Koval Wamnt. An Act is passed to provide for the resumptKMi by the Crown of direct authority over the militia, yeomanry, and volunteers. Regimental Exchanges Act is passed. Tlie Army Discipline and Regulation Act is passnl. The Regulation of the Forces Act and the Army Act are passed. 449. 477. 49."». o47. Section B. SUMMARIES WHICH BELONG TO SPECIAL PERIODS. GEADUAL UNION OF ENGLAND INTO ONE KINGDOM.— 449— 827. Kingdom of Kent is begun. Kingdom of Su.sscx is V»egun. Kingdom of Wesscx is begun by Cerdic and Cynric. Kingdonj of Northumbria is l>egun. (Kingdoms of East Aiiglia aud Mcrcia, dates un- certain.) 617. Snpremnr.fi of Northvmhria. Edwin, King of Nor- thumbria, subdues all England exce]>t Kent. Edwin is defeated and killed by Pcuda, King of Mereia, at the battle of Hatfield. Oswald is defeated and killed by Penda, King of Mereia. at the battle of Maserfield. Penda is defeated and killed by Oswy, King of Nor- thumbria, at the battle of WinwidfieM. tiSo. Egfrith, King of Northumbria, is defeated and killed by the Picts. End of suprenuicy of Northumbria. ';:;:3. ^4-2 twj. 7-'»7. Offa becomes King of Mereia. Snpremacu of Mereia. 774. Offa defeats the men of Kent at Otford. 777. Offa defeats the West iSaxous at Beusington. N02. 820. Egbert becomes King of the West Saxons. Egbert defeats the Mercians at Ellandun. Supremacy of Wessex. The men of Kent, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia submit to Egbert. Egbert conquers the Mercians, and the Northum- brians submit to him. [Egbert now is King of the English south of the Thames, and Overlord of all the English as far as the Forth.] •i 258 THE NOETHMEN IN ENGLAND. 980—1017. m. 1. Inrxisions and settlements of the Northmen. Northmen first invade England. „ are defeated by Egbert at Hengesfs Down. „ are defeated at the mouth of the Parret. are defeated at Ockley by Ethelwulf. 269 •* -787—897; 907—937; SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES, 855. 8ii5. mi. 8T0. 871. 877, 878, »S0. mi 8l»7 Northmeu for tir»t time remain uvt-r winter in .shepp*')'- „ 8ace with the West Saxons, makf peace with the Mercians, ravage Northumhria. ap)>ortion Northumhria. H|>)H>rtion Mercia. invade We.ssex umler (Hutlirum. [.\ltred retreats to .Xthelneyl defeated at Ethaiidun. I'tact ofWedimn. ajtportion Kist Anglia. coming from France ravage England, as- sistetl by the new setth-rs. MuS0 The invasi«ms of the Danish Northmen (now separated from the Swedes and Norwegians) begin. Danes victorious at Maldon First payment of Daii.'- gel.l by the English. The Danes are bought on four times in the next twenty-one years. Swevn, King of the Danes, and .\nlaf. King of tli-' Norwegians, attack London and winter at houin ampton. Massacre <»f the Danes on St. Brice s Day. Swevn in revenge invades Enj:land again. Swe>n harries England, ^:thelre, I'tjO, b»4i. 1042. 1044. 1001. 10./2, KWG. lor,7. loos. 1069. 1071. Ethelred marries Emma, daughter of Richard I. of Normandy. Canute marries Emma. WUIiiiiii lirrniiu's l>i(kn of Normandy. Edward and Alfred, sons of Ethelred and Emma, come <»vcr from Normamly to Wessex. Alfred is blinded, an Nonnau earls Ralf Guader aii()ssessions scizt'd by Uilliaml. Rebellion of Noriiuuis, liradid by Odo of Bayeiix, and Ko«pr, F:{irl of Shrewsbury, ayainst W illiani H who apiH alstothe KiiKlish, and snpi'rt'ssesit The ivlwllion of Kobei t Jlowbray. Earl of Northum iR-rland, and tin- Norman earls is cru.shed. RoUrt of litlesnie robt-ls, and is exi.elled from Ejigland. X)\ The barons ^et the better of tiie Cr*»wn. lienry II. r.'snnics th«' royal dcniesnes, and destroys many of thv nev ly-built eastles. Gent-ral leajrue a^-iin^t Henry by his son, the Kind's of France and Scotland, the Earl of Flanders, and the Norman barons. . R. do l.ucy and W. Mandeville defeat the insurgent l)arons in Knyland. The insurjient barons of Norfolk are put down. Lasl struijgle of Norman barons (tfjainat the king. LAWS, CODES, ANT) CIIAltTEKS UP TO THE TBIE OF THE GREAT CHAltTER.— c 600—1215. c. 60a Laws of Ethelbert. t)90. Laws of Inc. c. S90. Alfreds Laws. ,,., „ , , 95iM>75. Edyar's Ordinance of the Hundrcd. 10H»-H5. Canute's Laws. 1043-00. En-Iish laws, proTiably of Edward the Coinfes.<»or (recorded under William the Conqueror, 10 lO). 1100. Charter of Henry I. ILiO. Charter of Stephen. 1154. Charter of Henry 11. 1104. Constitutions of Clarendon. 110(! and 1170. As.sizc3 of Clarendou and ^orthanlpton. 1181. Assize of Arms. 1184. Assize of the Forest. 1215. The Gnat Charter, THE HUNPBED YEABS^ WAB BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FBANCK— 1338— 1453. 1328. Death of Charles IV., succeeded by Pliilip VL of 1329 ami 1331. Edward does homage for his lands in France. 1337. The French promise to help the Scots. Ldwanl takes the title of the King ol France. 1338. Beginning of the ■trar. The FYench attack Portsmouth and Southamptou. Edward embarks for Flanders. 262 1338. l;!30, 1340, i.;4l. 1340. IMT i:;.-.0 l:;.jd i.;t;4 i..<;7. l:;ii9. l:;7a l:;73 1374 1377 1385 1404 1407, 1411, 1412, I415 1410 1417. C 1421, I4l'2. 1423, 1424. 1429, 14.30, 1435 1435- 1444, 1445. 1449 1453. [Edward is in alliance with the states on the north- ea.st of France.] Edward invades France unsuccessfullv. Ed\var VI. dies, and is succ.-eded by John IL Thf^ Black rrincc marches from Boideaux to Berri. ."^cpf. 19, I'irtorif nf Poitierx, and capture of Jolm II, Ed wan I besieges Pari.s. Peace of Bietij,aiy, John II. dies at the Savoy, '^— . Expedition of the Black Prince to help Pedro of Castile. . The Black Prince is summoned to Purls ou account of lii.s heavy taxation of the Gascon.s. Renewal of tlie war. . Invasion of Gascony by the French. Ma.ssacre of Liino;.,'es. . John of Gaiuit's disastrous expe .< *■ ■ Final loss 263 SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES. YORK AND LANCASTEII.— 1^85— 15G3. 1:585. Rop-r Mortimer, Earl of Man-li, is dedand heir to the throiM'. 1:H»9. Ilt'iiry of Lanc.ister isdeclartd kin;,' as Henry IV. 1405. C'<»ns|>irafy of Mowbray and Ar»lit>islioj> SrrojM- in favour ol the Karl of Mareli. Tliey arc both rap- tured and exeeutrd. 1415. Consjiiraey to place Edmund Mortimer, Earl of, Mareii, on the throne discovered. Tiie Karl of CamhriilKe, fatlier of Richard (after- wards Duke of York), executed with others. 1435. li<f York, as Rejient of France. 1444. John Reaufort dies, leaving a daughter, Margaret (mother of Henry VII.). 1447. Glouc.stcr arrested and eharge/>. 23. Thi.s leaves York heir- apparent. 145(). The Duke of York returns from Ireland to England. 1451. A j>roposal is made in tlie House of Commons to «l«'clare York In ir to the thione. 14.VJ. Y«»rk colicrts an army and demands the dismissal of f^omerset. Somerset and the king force York to swear allegiance. 145.'?. Henry falls ill ami U'comes unable to govern. Rirth of Triiice Edward. Somerset IS imprisoned. 14.j4. York is ai»|M>inte4. Rattle of Hedgely Moor. Margaret defeated. Battle of Hexham. Margaret again defeated. 264 1458. 1459. 1460. IKU 14tJ5 11«39 1471 147S 14S3 14S4 1485 14S7. 1492. 1493. 1497. 1499. 1506. 1513. lo38. 1539. 1541. 1563. Sept. Edward's marriage with Elizabeth Woodville is announced. Henry, the late king, is caj)tuie(I and imprisoned in the Tinver. Clarence, who has ijiawn off from Ids brother tho king to Waiwiek, iiianics Warwick's daughter, Isabella Neville. Battle of KdgecDte. Rebels victorious. Warwick and Clarence take advantage of this to imprison the king. The king is released anr| a recoireiliation etrected. A new rebellion is dcteated by Edward at Loseeoat Field. Warwick and Clarence, finding tliat E'. llTs! The hi-rhcst ajUMMlate jnrisiliction is resented to the kin"'"in his Ordinary t'oiuicil. c 1-'16 Th»' iM-niiaiu'iit continual Cmncil (\vh4>nce arose later the IMvy Council) attendin-,' ..n and advisinj; th»' kini,' dates its iniiH»rtance from the begmnuig of Henrv IIl.'s rei^'ti. . ^ xs •*. , Tlie Chancellor's Court of Chancery is definitely recoetitions against the usuriH-d jurisilittion of the I'rivy Councd. The first m-ords of the Privy Council appear in this r?80 The Commons prav that the Chancellor and the Council may not after the close of Parliament make any or«linance contrary to the (••Mumon law. Henry IV.. at the special request of the Cinnmons. names six bishops, nine lonls, and seven com- m and 1410 a similar request is made. HuiMi>hrev of (ih.ucester, uncle of the king, in Bed- ford's absence, made president of the Council. [This CouiK-il is not only the Ordinary or Privy Ccmncil, but also a real Council of Regency nomi- nated bv regular Act of Parliament.] The kill" iVgins to nominate his own Council abso- lutely (P'rom this time the Privy Council loses connection with the Parliament, and becomes an instrument i;i the hands of the king or the court.] A new court is establislu d for the trial of powerful otlenders (which afterwards is merged into the Star Chamber Court, and fevives and extends the old criminal juris! Canada is secure* I. June. The A.ssembly of Massjicliusetts meets (under the English Crown) for tlii> la.st time. It recom- mends a Congress of the ditli-reiit colonies, and is eiideiiee. Congress decLinis the thirteen united colonies free and inendent states. English win the liattle of Bnmdvwine and take Philadelphki. Genend Burgoyne inarches down the Hudson from CanuiM>scd by Chatham in his last speecli. English evacuate Philatlelphia. I771>. Simin declares war against England, joining tlie United St{it<}s. French anny lands in Rhode Island. English under Lord Cornwall is defeat the colonists at Camden, and gain various successes in the Southern States. Major Andre, who had been captured while nego- tiating the defection of Benedict Arnold, hung as a spy. The English under Lonl Comwallis win the battle of GuilfortI, but are forced t^» surrender at Yorktown. 17S3. Peace is signed between England and the United States. The independence of the United States is acknowledged. 177; 1780. I7S1. JACOBITES.— 1691— 1807. hJOl. Preston's plot discovered. biW. Louis and James collect a great fleet at Brest ami an army on the coast of Normandy to invade England. James issues a declaration which excepts great 267 SUMMARIES. SUMMARIES. V numbers f)f Enf,'lislniifii from panlon iu case he is KUCCfSSful. 1602. JIary (William iM-iuK' :i>>r.)ji.l) causes this declaration to lit- i»nblisl»el»ort t)ie Jacobites, is j.ut t«» fli-l.t by IJyuK. ^ ^. 171.3. Oxfnr.l and ht. .John intrigue to secui-e the succes- sion ot the PretiTider. 17ir>. The Farl ; reaches Derby, Dec 4, an«l retreats; reaches (ilasjjow, /><•. 2.^. ^ r. ,i • i 1746 Charles Kdwanl defeats General Hawley at Falkirk, J(/«. 17, but is defeated at Culbxleii, AvrW H«.^ Executi<»n of Kilmarnock, Balmerino, Lovat (1747). Derweiitwater (or Charles Radclitle) (1747), and Dr. Camenm (I7.'»."i)- ri788 Death aniards ottCape St. Vincent, ¥th. 14. Admiral Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet oflf Caini»er- down, Oct. 11. , . . , , J Aug. 1. Nelson utterly defeats the fleet which had conveyed Napoleon and his army to Egypt iu the battle of the Nile. 2()8 1801 1.S02 1803 1805, 1806, 1807 1799. Sir Sidney Smith heljts the Turks to hold Acre against XaiKdeon. The Duke of York t'lkes coninianTes, and is dismissed from the service. An expedition against Co))enhagen bonibar»>- 1814 WellitiKtun invades Fiance and wins the battle of Orthez (/•■«'».), and defeats Soult at Toulouse (yl/M (7), after an arunstice had In-en signed between the French and the allies at Paris. First P.acf of Paris. * Napol.-on escajtes fn.ni KlUi and lands m Prance (.Vri/r/i). Wellin<;ton and Blu.h.r take the coni- iiiand of the allied forces in Belgium. Jxim If.. Napoleon defeats the Prussiatis at Ligny, and Wellington defeats ^ey at Quatie Bras. JuMK 18. WfUinj^ton and Blucher completely defeat Napoleon at Waterloo. Jm7//. Napoleon surrenders himself to the English at Roehefort, and is eonyeyed to St. Ilelena. liov. Second Peace of Paris. 1815. CATHOLIC I{ELIEF.-1778-1829* [For Catholic Disabilities see 1502, 1678, 1700, etc., and Summary, Ireland, j>. 253.] 1778. Sir O. Savile passes his measure for the relief of Roman Catholics. 1801 Pitt ].roiM)ses to pass a measure for the relief of the Catholi.s. The king opposes it, and Pitt with his friends resigns. Addingt^n forms a ministry, but the illness of the king delays the proceedings. 1804. Pitt forms a new a«lministration, and agrees not to bring up the Catholic question. 1805 Lord Greiiville's motion to consider the Catholic disabilities rejected by 178 to 49, and a similar motion by Fox in the Commons rejected by 236 to 124. 1810 Grattan's motion in favour of the Cathrdics is defeated by 213 to 109; in 1811 by 146 to 83 ; and in 1812 by 300 to 215. Similar motions in the Lords by Loni Donoughmore rejected by 154 to 68 ; in 1811 by 121 to 62: in 1812 by 174 to 102. 1812 Julxi Canning carries a m«)ti(tn for the considera- tion of the laws affecting Catholics early in the following session by 235 to 106. A similar motion by the Marquis Wellesley lost in the House of Lords by 126 to 125. , ^ *v i- v f 1813 Tth. Grattan introduces a bill for Catholic relief which passes the second reading by 245 to 203, but in Committee the clause admitting Catholics 7v"'- to sit in Parliament is rejected by 251 to 247, and the bill is abandoned. (The Speaker, Abbot, headed the opposition to the bill.) 1815 Sir H. Pamell's motion for a committee to consider Catholic claims rejected by 228 to 147, and a similar motion by Lord Donoughmore rejected by 86 to 60. ♦ In this Nummary the details differ considerably from the general outline, "^nd there are vaiioSs arditr. w^7h a vic^ cf making the process of the movement clearer. SUMMARIES. 1816, 1817 1819, 1820 1821 1822 1823. 1825. 1827. 1828. 1829. Grattan's motion to consider the Catholic claims rejected by 172 to 141, and in 1817 by 245 to 221. Similar motion by Lord Donoughmore rejected by <3 to 69, and in 1817 by 142 to 90. The Military and Naval Officers' Oath Bill passed, opening all ranks in the army and navy to Catholics. Grattan's motion for committee to consider the Catliolie claims rejected by 245 to 221, and Lonl DoiK.uglmioie's (ill the Lords) by 147 to 106. Death of (Jrattaii. Plunket ciuries a motion to go into Committee \\\w\\ the Catholic elaiins by 227 to I'l'l : he tlien intro- duces a 1)111, which pa.sses the second nadiiig by 2.54 to 24.!, and the tliird reading b\ UIO to 197, but IS thr(»wn out in the Lords bv 159 to 120. Canning's bill to admit Catholic; Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords j.asses the Commons (leave given by 249 t.. 'J44 ; second reading [.assed by 235 to 223), but it is rejected in the Lords by 171 to 129. Plunket again introduces the Catholic claims, but on his motion to g.» into Committee to consider them, the adj.nunnieiit of the House is carried by 313 to 111 (Burdett, liunie, Hobhouse, and many leading Whigs left the Hcuse, refusing to f(.llow Plunket's lead on account of his having joined the Government. Violent quarrel between Can- ning arul Brougham during the debate). Lonl Nugent's bills for admitting English Catholics to the franchi.se, and for making them eligible for certain offices, pass the Commons: the first is rejected in the I>ords by SO to 7.3, and the seconortiitioii when the j»riee is below 8(»s. jkt (luarter (can-ieil in the Lonls by 245 to 77, and in the Commons by 128 to 21.) 1822. Aiiiendment of the Act of 1815. ForeiiCii corn ad- mitted at 70s. with a duty of 12.s., to l)e reduced to 5s. when tlie price is SOs., and to Is. when the prii;e is 85s. 1823. Whitmore's motion to reduce the importation price by 28. annually till it reaches 60s. rejected by 78 to 25. 1824. Whitmore's motion to admit importation at 55s. re- jected by 187 to 47. A similar motion in 1826 rejected by 215 to 81. 1827. Caniiinj,''8 Corn Bill, intnxlucing a sliding scale (20s. duty when the price is at 6Us., dccnasinf; to Is. at • 70s., and increasing by 2s. for every Is. decrease in l»rice), passes the Commons b»it is lost in the Lords through an amentlment of Wellington (carried by 78 to 74, and continued on the report by 13:{ to 122) that foreign corn should not be taken out of iM.nd till the i»rioe reaches 66s. (In the Conuuons an anu-ndment to imjtose the 20s. dutv at Ws. n'.jected by 229 to 160, and one by Whitiuore to iiniM>se the 20s. duty at 50s. rejected bv :i:'.5 to 50.) 1828. Wellington's sliding scale j»assed (duty of 36s. 8d. at 50s., decreasing to 16s. 8«1. at 68s., and Is. at 73s., and increasing as the jorice falls). Anu-ndment by Hume for a fixed duty of 15s. , to be reduced to 10s. in 1834, rejected by 139 to 27. 1829. Hume's motion for a committee to consider the Com Laws with a view to their repeal rejected by 154 to 12. Similar motion in 1831 rejected by 194 to 6. 1833. Whitmore (in the Commons) and Lord Fitzwilliani (in the Lords) intnMliice resolutions condemnatory of the Corn Laws, which are rejected, the former by 305 to 206, and the latter without division. Fryer's bill for the repeal of the Com Laws rejected bv 73 to 47. , , , t- 1834. Hume's motion on the Corn Laws is defeated by 15< (312 to 155). ^ ^ 1837. Mie bazaar at Manchester. Peels sliding scale (20s. duty at 51s., decreasing to 12s. at 60s. and Is. at 73s. ; duty not to exceed 208. when the price falls below 51s.) is carried Amendments in favour of a fixed duty proposed by Kiissell and Melbourne rejected by 349 to 226 in the Commons, and 207 to 71 in the Lords. Amendments in favour of total rei.eal proposed bv 109 to'""^- ^^'■^"«»>a"» rejected by 393 to 90, ami Second reading in the Lords carried against the protectioni.sts by 119 to 17. Motions by Russell and Monteagle to inquire into the effects of Peel's sliding scale rejected by 244 to 145, and 200 to 78. 3 * ^ VillieiV motion for total repeal rejected by 381 to 125 • m 1844 by 328 to 124, and in 1845 by 254 to 122. * Cobdens motion for ct.mniittee to inquire into the etfects of protection duties rejected by 224 to 133 and in 1845 by 213 to 121. Sir R. Peel (proposing to his colleagues to repeal the Corn Laws, on the dissent especially of Lord Stanley) resigns. "' Great meeting of the Anti-Corn Law League at Man- Chester, £60,000 subscribed in an hour and a half feir K. Peel pn.poses (and carries the introduction ot) complete fiee-trade in corn and the gradual repeal of the Corn Laws (to take final effect after three years). He is oppos(>(l b. ,th by protectionists and liy some free-traders. The bill is finally (tar- ried by 327 to 229. [10s. duty when the price is under 48s., decreasing by Is. for every Is. increase U|) to 53s. : to remain at 4s. when the jirice is 53s an.l upwards. After Feb. 1, 1849, all corn to b^ admitted at l.s. duty.} Tlie bill i.s carried in the Loris by 47 (211 to 164). The Is. duty is abolished.] X. M ] It^OO, 1639. 1<)62. 1680. 1690. 1693. 1698. 1707. 1708. 1746. 1748. 1751. 1756. 1757. ITGO. INDIA.— IGOO— 1881. The East India Company receives its first charter Madras acquired. First English territory in India. *inglanrl receives Bombay from Portu^^al Death of .sivajee, the Maiiratta. ° Calcutta is founded, and Fort William soon after- wards built. A new charter is granted to the East India Company. A charter is granted to another and new East India Company, called the "Engli.sh" Company (estab- lisiied m 1691). v ) \ ^ Deatii of Aurungzelie, the Moghul. The old and new East India Companies are united (A i)artial union had been effected in 1702.) Madras is surrendered to the French. Madras is restored by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Capture and defence of Arcot by Robert Clive and surrender of Trichinopoly by the Fiench (1752). Calcutta IS captured by Surajah Dowlah. Tragedy of the Black Hole. Calcutta retaken. Battle of Plassy, June, 23, secures Bengal tor England. Victory of Wandewash secures Madras, and completes the downfall of French power in India. 273 S SUMMARIES. 1761. 1764. 1773. 1774. 1780. 1782. 1784. 1785. 1786 179-'. 1793. 1798. 1799. 1802. 1803. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1813. 1818. 1819. 1823. 1824. 1826. 1828. 1833. 1836. 1838. 1839. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1848, 1849, 1852, 1853 1856 1857 Capture of Pondicherrv by Coote (restored 1763). The defeat of tlie Nabob <>f Oudh at Buxar by Muiiro makes England the leading power m India. Ijonl North's Act for the regulation of India. Tlie governor of Bengal, Warren Hastings, is made first Governor-General (see note 1773). Hyder All invades the Camatie. Hyder AH defeate*! by bir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo. Hyder Ali dies, succeeded by Tippoo Sahib. 3frt,i/. Pitts India bdl is jessed (see note). Warren Hastings leaves India. Lord Cornwallis, Governor-General of India (to 1793). Submission of Tippoo Sahib. Poiidicherry taken from the French. Sir Jt)hu >hore, Governor-General (to 1708). Lord Moniiugton (Marquis Wellesley), Governor- General (t(» 1805). Capture of.Seringapatain. Death of Tippoo. Treatv of IJii.ssein, Tlie Peishwah transfers his suzerainty to the East India Company. Sir Aithur Wellesley gains the battle of Assaye over the Malirattas. General Lake wins the battle of Laswaree. Lord Coniwallis, Governor-Geneml (July-Oct.), suc- ceeded bv Sir G. Barlow (to 1807). Mutiny of the Sepoys at VeUore suppressed. Lord Minto, Governor-Geneml (to 1813), succeeded bv Lord Moira (Hastings) (to 182 Trade with India made free to all by Parliament. Nepiul war this and next year. Suppression of the Pindarics. Extinction of the Pei'.hwalis. SingaiM)re occupied by the English. Lord Amiierst, Governor-General (to 1828). War with Burmah. Rangoon is taken. Stonning of Bhurtpore. Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General (to 1835). The East India Company's charter is renewed (see note). Lord Auckland, Governor-General (to 1842). Dost Vlahommed receives a Russian mission at Cabul. Declaration of war with the Afghans. Capture of Candahar. Insurrection at Cabul. Murder of Bumes. Jan. Evaruation of Cabul. Massacre of the army in the Klivber. Sept. Cabul reoci-ujiied. Lord Ellen borough, Governor-General (to 1844). Annexation of Scinde. Sir H. (afterwanls Lord) Hardinge, Governor-General (to 1848). Nov. War declared against the Sikhs. Dec. Battles of Moodkee and Ferozeshah. Jan. and Feb. Battles of Aliwal and Sobraon. Treaty of Lahore and end of first Sikh war. Lord Dalliousie, Governor-General (to 1856). Capture of Mooltan. Battles of Chillianwallah and Goojerat. Annexation of the Punjab. End of second war. Second war in Burmah. Annexation of Pegu. Last charter of the East India Company granted. , Annexation of Oudh. Lord Canning, Governor-General (Viceroy 1858) (to 1862). ,^. , . Inr withholding writs for the new Parliament from Gnimpound, I'enryn, Camel- ford, and Banistai)le i)asHes the Commons and is thrown out in the Lonls A-pril. Ijimbton's motion for household suftrage and triennial Parliaments rejected by hb to 43. May. Lord J. Rus.sell's resolutions in favour of reform rejei;ted by 15.5 to 124. Lonl J Rnssell's bill for the disfranchisement of Grami>ound is carried, but his i>roposal to give tlie vacant seats to Lee9, and in 1820 by 247 to 123. Tenny.son's bill for transferring the representation of Eiist Retfonl to Birmingham abandoned. Lord J. Ru.s.sell'8 bill for disfranchising Penryn passes the Commons, and is then droi>i»ed ; reintroduced in 1828, and thrown out in the Lords. Marquis of Blandford's iiKition for reform (seconded by O'Connoll) rejected by 114 to 70. , , , Feb. Blandford moves an amendment to the address in favour of reform, which is rejected by 90 to 11 ; he afterAvards moves for a bill to restore the con- stitutional intluenee of the House of Commons, which is defeated by 100 to 57. Lord J. Russell's proposal to enfranchise Leeds, Binningham, and Manchester is rejected by 186 to 140. . ,^ Calvert introduces a bill for transferring the represen- tation of F^st Retfonl to Birmingliam, which i.s defeated by an amendment extending the right ot voting for F>ast Retford to the hundred of Basset- law On the thinl reading O'Connell proposes to introduce the ballot, which is rejected, only 21 members (including Althorp, Hobhouse, Burdett, and Hume) voting with him. . , „ ,. ., Afav O'Connell's motion for triennial Parliaments the ballot, and universal suttrage rejected by 319 to 13, ami an amendment by Lord J. Russell "that it is expedient to extend the basis of the representation of the people" by 213 to 117. Lord Grey becomes Prime Minister. He at once stipulates that reform shall be a Cabinet measure. March 1. The Reform Bill is introduced by Lonl .i. Russ-ll. Alter a delate of seven nights, 71 s»eakci^ liaving spoken leave is givcu to bring m the bill. 276 1831 1832 1833. 1839. 1842. 1844. 1848. 1S50. 1831. March 21. The bill is carried at the second reading by a majority of 1 (302 to 301). ^pril. General Gascoyne's amen 'ment in com- mittee, that the number of menil.ers of Pariiament for England and Wales ought nut to be diminished, IS carried by 8 (299 to 291). April •_'•_'. larliament is suddenlv dissolved by the king m person, with a view of j.reventing Lord VVIiarnchHe's address in the Lonls against tlie dissolution heing cjirried. Jirne. The new I'ariiameiit meets. Reformers in a great majority. The Reform Bill is carried (second n^adiny) bv a maj(.rity of 130 (367 to 2;il). Amj. The Marquis of Chandos carries a clause (by a majority of 84) conferring the county franchise on .£50 tenauts-at-will. 5ep^ 22. After many weeks of v 41 (199 to 15S). Dec. Pariiament meets. A tli'ird Itelorui Bill is bn.ught in, and is canied (second reading) by 102 (.•!24 to Kii). "^ ■' Jan. Parliament resumes work. Man-h. 'Ihe Reform Bill passes the Comnioiis by 355 to 239. April 14. In the Lords the second reat-ers. The kingcoii.sents, and intimates his inten- tion to do ihis if neressary to the Uitpo.sition l>eers. Jv III'. The Reform Bill ])asses the Lords by 100 to 22. Relorm liills passed for Scotland and Ireland. Giote'> motion f,,r the Ballot rejected by lill to 100; in 18.35 by :!17 to 144; in IfiyAi by 139 to 88; in 1838 by 315 to 198 ; and in 18;;9 bv 333 to 210. Tennyson's m.-tion for repeal of the fed together; taxpayers to the amount of 4Us. per annum to have the fran- chise in both borougiis and countieij.] Disfnmcliisement of bt. Albans lor bribery. Maixh. A Reform Bill is introduced by Lord J. Russell, but witlidrawn. , ^. , „ Locke King's County Franchise J3ill rejectetl by 192 to 179, and Property (.^ualitifjation Abolition Bill by -204 to 145, ^. Locke King's County Franchise Bill passes the se :ond reading by JJG to lb8, but is withdrawn. Abolition of the proiKjrty (iualiiicatir tlie reduction of tlie county and borough franchise are resi»ec- tively negatived by 'liS to 229, and 2l5 to 193. The four seats vacant by disfranchisement of Sud- bury and «t. Albans assigned, two to the We.st Rul- ing of Yorkshire, and one each to Birkenhead and >outh Lancashire, ' , n • Locke King's County Franchise Bill and Baines Bon)Ugh Franchise Bill are thrown out by 2j4 to 227. and 272 to 216. , ^ ^^^ ^ Dailies' Borough Franchise Bill rejected by 288 to 214 March. Tlie Government Reform Bill introduced by Gladstone. After many evenings' debate it is carried by 5 votes only (the division being 283 Conservatives and 32 Liberals against 318 Liberals and 2 Conservatives, including tellers), the srnal majority being chiefly owing to the .seceding Liberal "Adullamites.'ledby Lowe June The Government is defeated by 11 (U.j to 304) on Lord Dunkellin's amendment to the Reloiiu Bill. The ministry resign Feb. The new Government Reform Bill is brought forwanl by Disraeli. • ♦, „ March Gladstone indi.ates various changes m tlie Government measure which would be necessary to make it a Sinmd measure. Most ot these were ultimately adopted, .., a. July. The Reform Bill is read a third time without opposiiion. . ,v xi t a^ Aug The Refonn Bill (England) passes the Lords. Refonn Bills for Ireland and .Scotland i>assed Julu 31. End of the last Parliament elected under the Reform Bill of 1832. June. Trevelyan's motion for extending county ■ franchise is rejected by 274 to ^>18. Th« niotion had been rejected in 1872 by 148 to 70 ; in 18 < 3 it was talked* out ; in 1874 it was rejected by 28< to 173 ; in 1875 by 268 to 166 ; and in 1876 by 264 to Ibo 1878 it was r«yected by 271 to 219, in 1879 by 291 to 226.] 278 APPENDIX I. List of some of the Chief Officials in Church and State to the beginning of Anne's reign. vl.-ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY FROM AUGUSTINE TO TILLOTSON. (From Stubbs' " Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum.") Augustine Laurentiiis Meilitus Justus Honorius Deus49-l()60.] Lord Chancellors and Lord Keepers. 1515. Wolsey. 1529. Mr T. More. 15;i2. (K.)|.^^j,,j 15:a (C.) S ^"""^y- 1544. Wriothesley. 1547. (K.) St. John (oroated Earl of Wiltshire 1550). 1547. Ricli. 1551. Goodrich, Bi.shup of Ely. 1553. Gardiner, Bishop of Witichtster 1.056. Heatli, Archbishop «»f York. 1.558. (K.)SirN. Bacon. 1579. IJruniley. 1587. Hatton. 1592. (K.) Puckering. 1596. (K.) E,i;«'itoii (creatfil Lord EUesmere 16u.i). Secretaries of State. fin Edward VI. 's reif:n Petre, Paget, Sir T. Smith, Wottoii, Cecil, and Cheke.] [In Mary's reigii Petre, Bourne, and Boxall. [In Elizabeth's reijrn William Cecil, Sir T. Sniitli, Walsinjilinni. Wilson, Duvison. Robert Ceeil, feir John Herbert!] Iti03. (C.) Ellesmere (created 1616. Winwood and Sir Thomas Lake Vi.scount Buckley 1618. l-ikc and f^ir Robert Naunton. 1610). 1617. (K.)',u..^^„ 1618. (C.) S ^**^''"- 1621. (K.) Williams, after- 1624 wards Bishop of Lin- coln. 1625. (K.) Coventry. 1640. (K.) Sir John Finch. 1641. (iv> L... itelton. 1645. (K.) Lane. 1619. Naunton and >ir George Calvert. 1623. Calvrrt and Sir Edward (afterwan liord) Conway. Conway antl Sir Albert Morton. APPENDIX, FROM HENRY VIII. TO ANNE. Henry VIII. have been mentioned in the General Outline. ] Lord Hich Treasurers. Deputies ok Ireland. (From 1501.1 Surrey (created Duke of Nor- 1513. folk 1514). 1522. 1322. Surrey (succeeded to the dukedom 1524. of Norfolk 1524). Son of the i)re- 1526. ceding. J528. 1530. 1532. 1535. 1540. 1547. Hertford (created Duke of Somerset ' 1551. the. same year). 1550. Wiltshin; (created Marquis of Win- chester 1551). Kildare. Ossory. Kildare. Delvin. Ossory. Sir William Skefflngton. Kildare. Lord Leonard Grey. Sir Antcmy St. Leger. Sir James Croft. 1572. Burleigh. 1599. Buckhurst (created Ivirl of Dorset 160J). 1625. Conway and Sir John Coke. 1629. Coke and Lord Dorchester. 1632. Coke and Sir Francis Windebank. KMO. Wintlebank and Sir Henry Vane, senior. 1641. Vane and Sir Edward Nicholas. 1H42. Nicholas and Lonl Falkland. 1643. Nicholas and Lord Digby. 1600. Sali.sbnry. 1612. (In commission.) 1614. Suffolk. 1618. (In commission.) 1620. Sir Henry M on tigu (created Viscount Mfindeville 1620). 1621. Cran field (created Earl of Middlesex 1622.) 1624. Ley ((treated Earl of Marlborough 1626). 1628. Weston. 1635. (In commission.) 1636. Juxon. I'i41. (In commission.) 1643. Cottington. 1553. Sir Antony St. Leger. 1556. Earl of Sussex (Lord-Lieutenant). 1565. Sir Henry Sydney. 1571. Sir William Fitzwilliam (Lord Justice). 1575. Sir Henry Sydney. 1578. Sir Williajn Drury (Lord Justice) Sir William Pelham. Lord (irey de Wilton. Sir John Perrot. Sir William Fitzwilliam. Sir William Russell. Lord Burgh (died tlie same year). Sir John Norris died the .same year). Earl of Ormond (Lord Justice)." Earl of Essex (Lord-Lieutenant). Lord Mountjoy. 1579 1580. 1584. 1588. 1594. 1597. 1.599 1600 1603. Sir George Cary. 1604. Sir Arthur Chichester. 1616. Sir Oliver St. John. 1622. Lord Falkland. 280 1633. Lord Wentworth (Earl of Strafford 1640). 1640. Sir Cliri.stopher Wandesford. 1641. Earl of Leicester. 1644. Manpiis of Ormond. 1647. (Under the Parliament) Lord Lisle. [1649. Oliver Cromwell (Lord-Lieutenant); 1650, Henry Ireton ; 1652, John Lambert; 1654, Charles Fleetwood ; 1656, Henry Cromwell. J ^281 APPENDIX. APPENDIX, £.— LEADING MINISTERS OF STATE FROM HENRY VIII. TO K^l^Y.—cmtinued. Charles II., 1660. Lord Chanckllors and Lord Keepek.s. Secretaries of State. Lord High Treasurers. 1660. 1667. 1672. 1673. 1675. 1682. Hyde ((;reated Earl of Clurendon 1661). (K.) Bridgnian. Shaftesbury. /SirlleneageFinch ,^ A (created Lonl St'AK Finch 1674, and ^^' I EarlofNotting- V^ liaiu 1681). (K.) North (created Lord Guilford 1683). James II., 1685. 11685. Jeffreys. \ William and Mary, 1689. (In commission.) 1689. 1693. (i^-)t Vomers 1697. (C.) » ^"•"*^'^- 17U0. (K.) Sir Nathan Wright. 1660. Nicholas and Sir William Morice. 1662. Morice and Sir Henry Beiuiet (created Lord Arlington 1664). 1668. Arlington and rsir John Trevor. 1672. Arlington and Henry Coventry. 1674. Coventry and teir Josei)h Williamson. 1679. Veb. Coventry and Sunderland. 1680. Sunderland and Sir Leoline Jenkins. 1681. Jenkins and Conway. 1683. Jenkins and Sunderland. 1684. Ai^Txl. Sunderland and Gndolphin. Aug. Sunderland and Middleton. 1688. Middleton and Treston. 1689. Shrewsbury and Nottingham. 1690. Nottingham and Sydiu^v. 1692. Nottingham and Trencliard. 1694 Shrewsbury and Trendiard. 1695. Shrewsbury and Trumbull. 1697. Shrewsbury and Vernon. 1699. Jersey and Vernon. 1700. Venion and Hedges. 1701. Vernon and Manchester. 1660. Southampton. 1667. (In commission.) 1672. Clifford. 1673. Latimer (created Earlof Danby 1674). 1679. March. Essex (First Lord of the Treasury). Nov. Laurence Hyde (First Lord) (created Earl of Rochester, 1682). 1684. Godolphin (First Lord). 1685. Rochester (Lord High Treasurer). 1687. lielasyse (First Lord). 1689. MoTunouth (formerly Mordaunt, after- wards Peterborougli) (First Lord). 1690. March. SirJohnLowther(FirstLord). Sov. Godohthiu „ 1697. Montagu „ 1699. Tankerville „ 1700. Godolphiu „ 1701. Carlisle Deputies of Ireland. 1660. Lord Robartes. 1661. Duke of Ormond (Lord-Lieutenant). 1669. Lord Robartes „ 1670. Lord Berkeley of Stratton (Loi-d-Lieutenant). 1672. Earl of Essex „, 1677. DukeofOnnond ,,^ 1685. Earlof Clarendon 1687. Earl of Tyrconnel 1692-1693. Lord Sydney 1695-1696. Lord Cupel (died 1696) 1700. Earl of Rochester It »» »» OTHER OFFICIALS IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM III. I Chancellors of the ; Exchequer. , 1689. Lord Delamcre. 1690. Hampden. 1694. G■ 1 o . . — v -J 1. •— — t. 'S. i i ' 'A : < o 1 1 1295 8 41 49 20 67 3 90 i 139 1st year of F<1 ward II . .. SI 71 80 ! 19 55 76 I 150 „ E'lwarl III. . , , 8«t 80 ' 21 2:'. 45 ll:U „ llicliard 11. . 1 12 . , 47 00 21 25 .40 : 1())> Henry IV. . 5 1 10 ^ , 34 50 1 20 20 47 1 97 Henry V. , , 32 .. :i8. 20 20 47 1 1 85 2nd rarlianient «» 9 , , 29 . 40 21 20 1 48 ; ! 88 1st year of llcnrv VI. 2 5 4 « 10 23 21 25 40 • (iO 31st year of Henry VI. 5 12 3 30 50 21 20 48 104 Ist vear of Edward IV. . 1 4 1 31 37 21 20 48 1 85 6th year of Kd wan 1 IV. . 3 9 • • 34 40 21 20 48 94 1st year of Hiihard HI. . 3 2 20 38: 21 26 48 80 „ Henry Vli . 2 9 2 10 29 , 21 20 48 77 „ Henrv VHI. . 1 1 8 , , 20 30 21 20 48 84 „ Kdward VI. . 1 *> 12 32 47 27 27 74 „ Mary 1 14 1 32 49 20 20 75 „ Klizal>eth 1 12 2 27 43 1 26 .. 26 09 „ James I. , , 25 » 54 81, 20 26 107 „ Cliarh'S I. 1 37 11 47 97 ;i 26 .. 26 123 I.onj: Parliament 59 5 54 . 119: 26 26 145 Kestnration P;irlianu-nt . 4 50 8 08 1 40 20 • B 20 106 1st year of James 11. 14 60 8 67 . l.-.s 26 • ■ 20 184 „ William III. . 13 71 9 09 100 26 ,, 20 i 192 „ Anne 21 65 9 00 . 1 ItiJ 26 26 1 188 „ George I. 2:J 74 11 67 1 . ! 193 26 , ^ 20 219 „ George II. 31 71 15 <)2 1 6 i9r> 26 20 222 „ George III. . 25 81 12 03 i . i i;'8 20 .. 2(5 ! 224 „ George IV. 25 17 100 22 134 1 >8 .".42 30 ., 30 372 William IV. . 2.} 18 103 22 100 1 !S 1 370 30 , , 30 400 „ Victoria 24 19 111 19 192 1 r. ;8 409 30 30 439 1881 August . 26 19 117 25 254 16 A '8 485 t 26 20 511 1 The House of Commons, its Members, their Numbers and Distribution at different times from the reign of Edward I. to the present day. In the reign of Edward I. tliirty-seven counties returned two members each, the unrepre- sented counties being Durham, Che.shire, and Monmouthshire. The number of cities and bonmghs that returned members is given as 100, so that the total number of members would be 40t) ; but the towns varied, and the number of members elected in any particular Parliament would be considerably less than this. The n;.mes of 280 members are pre^el•ved for the Parlia- ment of 125)5, and the returns for the counties of Norfolk and J» >i James I. . Charles I. . Charles II. The Union with Scotland (1707) . „ ,. Ireland (1801) . From 1820 to 1832 After the Reform Bill of 1832 . 1861-1808 After the Refonn Bill of 1867-68 County Members. 74 90 90 90 90 90 90 92 122 186 188 253 256 283 Borough University Members. Members. 222 253 293 312 372 395 4 413 4 417 4 432 4 467 5 405 5 399 6 396 6 366 i } Total. 296 343 383 402 402 489 507 613 558 658 658 658 658 658 The members have been thus distributed :- England. 1707-1800 1801-1832 1832-1 868 Since 1808 . 489 4S9 471 403 Wales. Scotland. 24 45 24 45 29 53 30 60 Ireland. 100 105 105 284 There are (1S81) six seats vaeatit by disfranchisement for bribery, four for England and two 285 i* APPENDIX. The following constituencies were enfranchised or restored in the reigns of— Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary. Klizabeth. Jam»:8 I. Charles I. Charles II. / The twelve Welsh counties, and the boroughs of Beaumaris, Brecon, J Carnarvon, Carmarthen, Canligan, Denbigh, Flint, Canlitf, M<)jitg«.niery, Pem- i br«)ke, Havcrfonl West, Radnor, and Monmouth, returning one member each. i Monmouthshire, Cheshire, Chester, Buckingliam, I^ncaster, Preston, Orford, V Newiiort in Cornwall, Thetford, Berwick, Calais, returning two members each. I Saltash, Camelfonl, West Looe, Penryn, Grampound, Bossiney, St. Michael, •( Maidstone, Boston, Westminster, Peterborough, Brackley, St. Albans, Liver- tlKJol, Wigau, Peterslield, Lichtield, Thirsk, iledon, Ripon— two members each. Abingdon, Iligham Ferrers, Banbury— one member each. Aylesbury, St. Ivt's, Castle Rising, Morpeth, Knaresborough, Borough- brin)Ugh (iii YorkshireX Woodstock, Droitwieh— two members each. In this reign Calais ceases to return members. East liOoe, Fowey, St. Gennans, St. Mawes, Callington, Tregony, Beeralston, Corfe Casth', Cirencester, Yarmouth (Isle of Wigiit), NewjMjrt (Lsle ul Wight), giieenborough, Newton (Lancashire), Newtown (Isle of Wight), Clitheroe, And(>v«'r, l«:a.st Retfonl, Bishop's Castle, Minehead, Stockbridge, Lymington, Christchurch, Wldtchureh, Tamworth, Sudbury, Eye, Aldeburyh, llaslemere, Richmond, Beverley — two members each. Oxfonl and Cambridge Universities, Amersham, Marlow, Hertford, Wendover, Tiverton, Harwich. Tewkesbury, llchester. Bury St. Edmunds, Evesham, and Pontefrairt- -two memlwrs each. Bewdley— one member. { { Cockermouth, Ashburton, Honiton, Okehampton, Weobley, Milborne Port, ( Seafonl, Malton, Northallerton— two members each. Durham, county and city, Newark— two members each. CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS BY THE REFORM ACTS OF 1832. } E.VGLAND. DisfrancMstme.nt. 55 boroughs returning 2 members each, Higham ) * * „ ,. , ... Ferrers returning 1 member . f totally disfranchised Weymouth ami Melcondie Regis to return 2 members conjointly instead of 4 30 boroughs returning 2 members each deprived of one member EnfrancMsement. 22 cities and boroughs to return 2 members each ... ) 19 boroughs to return 1 member each .... J 26 counties divided, each division to return 2 meml)ers each . ^ Yorkshire, instead of 4 members, to have three divisions, each returning 2 I members . ... . . . ' Isle of Wight made a county in itself, and to return 1 member . ) 7 counties to return 3 each instead of 2 . Leaving a net loss of 18 seats to England, which were assigned thus — Walti. — 3 counties, each an additional member ) 2 new boroughs, 1 nieml)er each . f * • • • Scotland.- Additional ineml»ers to Edinburgh and Glasgow Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee (previously grouped with other burghs) to return a member each .... Paisley, the Leith burghs, and Greenock, to return 1 each . Jretond.— Additional members to Dublin University, Belfast, jLimerick, Gal- way, and Waterford 28G Seats. 113 30 — 143 63 55 125 18 APPEND IX. \ CHANGES BY REFORM ACTS OF 1867 AND 1868. England. Disfranchisement. 6 boroughs returning 2 members ) |_otally disfranchised 5 .. ..1 Hiember ) 35 11 »> 2 members, deprived of 1 member each Enfranchisement. London University to return 1 member . . . ■ • Salford to return 2 members instead of 1 . . . / . ,o' Leeds. Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, 3 members instead of 2 Chelsea and Hackney to return 2 each . . . • ■ 9 other new boroughs to return 1 each . . . • • Yorkshire (West Riding) to be divided into three divisions instead of two, each returning 2 members . • • . * . ' /• * i Lancashire to be divided into four divisions, each returning 2 members (instead of North 2 and South :0 . . • . . . • x. \ • n 10 counties to be divided into three instead of two divisions, each returning 2 members ...••••' Net loss, 8 seats. These 8 seats were apportioned thus : — An additional member to .Merthyr-Tydvil . • 2 new Scotch University constituencies, each 1 member Additional members to Glasgow and Dundee . •. • . • 3 counties (Aberdeen, Ayr, Lanark) divided into two divisions, returning 1 Peeblesshire arid Selkirkshire to 'return 1 member ccmjointly. instead of 1 each Seats. 17 35 — 52 1 1 4 4 9 — 19 2 3 20 — 25 44 1 2 2 3 1 A member for the " Border Burghs " 2 1 — 8 MUIR. PATERSON AND BEODTE. PRINTER.'?, EDINBURGH. 287 f i COLUMBIA UN VERSITY HHL 942. ' Ac6 ToliVical Uislow of Emo r u i: w liiYld o^ •:f ''i!|! 07