Pq jryn •. 
 
 dehc). 
 
 
 

 I 
 
 
ytH JHIJU 
 
 \\ I ^ V J ' 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF TUB 
 
 ISLAND OF LANKA 
 
 FROM 
 
 TIIE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 VISITS OF BUDDHAS TO THE ISLAND, 
 
 EXTRACTED FROM 
 
 PUJAVALIYA AND SARVAJNAGUNALANKARAYA, 
 
 A LITERAL TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH. 
 
 bt 
 
 Rev. C. ALWIS, 
 
 TEACHER OF LANGUAGES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF “THE ROMANIZED HANDBOOK OF SINHALESE CONVERSATION,” “ NAMAVALIl'A,” 
 “ THE SINHALA SANGRAHAYA,” & C., &<;. 
 
 Price. — Rs. l - 2o. 
 
 PRINTED AT COLOMBO BY F. COO RE Y. 
 
 1876. 
 
<To 
 
 A. YOUNG ADAMS, Esq., 
 DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 IN TUB 
 
 ISLAND OF CEYLON, 
 
 &.C., &C., &.C., 
 
 WHOSE EARNEST ZEAL IN THE PROPAGATION 
 OF EDUCATION AMONG THE POPULATION OF THIS 
 COLONY IS BY ALL WELL KNOWN AND 
 APPRECIATED : 
 
 * 
 
 THIS HISTORY OF LANKA IS 
 
 Oc&tcatetJ 
 
 BY HIS MOST OBEDIENT 
 
 AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 Kotahena, Mabch, 1876. 
 
 C. ALWIS. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 The following account of the visits of Buddhas to Lagka, 
 being the earliest period in which mention is made of the Island 
 in Buddhist writings, is extracted from two Sinhalese classical 
 works — P ujavalii/a and Sarvujnagunalankaraya. It is presented 
 in this form to the public with a view to make Sinhalese 
 students familiar with the pure classical style of the language, 
 and acquainted with the first portion of the History of the 
 Island as mentioned in native books. Should it meet with public 
 approbation, other extracts from Sinhalese authors connected 
 with the History of this Island will be published in this way, 
 in the successive order in which the events are supposed to 
 have occurred. The literal translation attached will facilitate 
 the understanding of the extracts, which, otherwise, the ordinary 
 Sinhalese student will find somewhat difficult to comprehend. 
 
 Kotahena , March, 1876. 
 
 C. ALAVIS. 
 

 
 
 .* . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
c° ■SS £>3 si <5) 03- 
 
 I o<S*Sdo. 
 
 § g 0 ©03 0 «J ^ § ©z © 0 ® 3. 
 
 6© c§ 0o35)3 0OO 20© ep§©03255O3g .S5)30©ae9 0352028© 
 2S0oes s©3. §9'0 ds5oo<5 35)30©o59@ ®<q®;b 0oeeco ©03. 
 €3©QS3dgg©2D©i05g2d©C2d ^6© ©S)43©Ofi9§® ©@<9 o^osi 
 
 2300 © ®^ 3 ©»o 2 d© 0)eeo ©03. ea©®^ ggqg *o© 2 rf 0 ® 2 ri 
 
 ©d© ©Z© 035S020 ^0C3 ©35)30 ®$g©)3 03680 ^SK3"03 68^2^ © 
 £9^)020 ©d35). 
 
 ^20605)30033*03) g gg2d©cd ©®jg 0g $3&'3n ®3a)3®3 a® 
 0320 (533020^28^^ €5)0§3 $25)32025) ©®3«5 ©® 0o25)3 0OO 
 
 ggeri®Gri© eg^Q^z^^ ®3«©£03®35'o8sJ ©z^rfeo. 
 
 2 $©d©®32rf 6© 0355^0 ©d^BOgeS ®2g02d©Gd 0300 
 eo© ©03" 02 ® 02 d©cd ©ooo ts&d - ^gg©3©d® tsStf ©203 
 ©0©o. ©«5 b3|^S ® 2 dd'^dasi 035^0 ©0o3Jas)33's'o^ s9 
 
 © 35)^035) dSddO ©35)S\$833§SJ ®g2rf©<d ©oCS §2Sd&3 ©203 
 0® g)g2d©cd© ^fO^QCOD 0©C53^S'O«SJ®C3. 
 
Chap < I. 
 
 yi 0035)325)030 
 
 3 008GSn02d 0© 0«3^0 e3®335 Sl^C-sS <0253 d'g'si©® 00CQ 
 
 0&)8si 2.00 od-sS^ad^ £J25)30O25)©co. 
 
 SV© 0© 25)355 ^SCOSrj 0o.S)3c3o<9 dg'sd 002^3 S)g2d 02S)S»5 
 e9 cx)d>3®§ ^<?c 5 ©^©osns'coa^ eajesso d?9^d))00a8 epg®3 
 <^0 epe^©S5)co333 cj®&.®2r,co 230 ^6®^oo cf ass.') ' 
 
 ^>e 0 « 2 * 
 
 4 gS^cocS 0 ssg gged 25)©o Ge© 85)0 ef^D© ggg 25)2ge3 
 
 <q;2so© £)c;<5d)2n2>j es@;sCoe9 0 © ©oca c£d0o 20 © ^gd)6)g 
 cfco cfCDcog^ 20 ©. rf^gjdisQjq epeoco £50®C3, ®2S3S'©g 
 
 003 QCOO ©Q5)329-d^0£SO 00©, 00200 SOZsGO^fiStf' $}'0<50CO 
 8cs(^«200O©g ©e90idO03CO0 0eJ©.2£0 0O@. 
 
 5 0^)0 £J epaoog^o e^g deocoeo^cDeo SD0O330ca&^ea®a0§ 
 0© S^co f}0(fj!5>058 d0d ©dicKcaaSsd ©ddesGoasf ©z<£ epo 
 ©)$£rJ ea^'s ca^ 0SS303 ®k>§ 30<5 s'sj® §>es)3 ®25)?53g deoSSa 
 © 25 J ©si 35)0 ee2©0coi ©cocS© 230z9 <025520, gab^eosdS'coed 
 co3®0coJ ©oca© ©zd^^eooiSS ©©5 es-Sfto ec^s'cosi ©0© 
 
 03 90903 g}^g<? 8© 8es3d5 8003. 
 
 C 025)0 25)aoea9 gg^g 0en)®^g <^© c£d0e3 ©sSertscd 0 
 ^ ©<^g ©z®c^«3 0O«3 ©cossod'z^ epz^S© esd)<g8 ^coessrf 
 O©^ CpCoS 050d6c00 0cS0d5«'CO’S 5 5 ©SD's'^CS© ^oas)oc53»'cos^ 
 0i0 -esodz 88QS ©3 92908 0d©2£0o0 ©zcs ©zS) 8 Q es© 
 ^ 6 c 5 (5&&i «?ca^(23 ©S)«f)03 <?■© S3d 0^0cs59 8 o© ©532533 
 S'co3® @3 <ja9sJ03 ®3 gg 8o <d d05's>c5:C) 92033 
 
 6)250 0008 ^o§ 390 cpzSdesSad epg253 ®o 0<30d5 802s3©8 
 2?3^doeO 25)0 ©825). 
 
 7 ®35D»"2^e9 £J 9<0^d)3£O 025325)0)35)3 eO©CO CQ© 2 d 09 929 
 
 «0g25i©8 8o£ ©O ©30© ggjd<^ t 25) ddd" 0(5J<S) 9205)6320 
 © 9®3 ^co 0C, ; ^g2d08 025)3253 02S)32S5 C(§2rf C5z20250ic£ CO 
 
Chap. 1. liv 
 
 @Cd©£$ <^303025)0 dGs£02d2O3§2d©£i 23S-d5c,0 £&S3d3 <%£$ 
 
 8®>* 
 
 8 0253©^<s3 dd g©dd @co e^soSs'cd §cs5 £1$ & eo^g 
 
 0253230:? CQ2rf @2553^22) 0CO2O0 2?0d3 ?053 <£W ©0032^ Cp^og^a 
 
 55g @-®J0oca«j d5©03 qpsoeSg §eD3CB2Oc08sJes53 eflS5<gd cs3t3 
 4SJ <^63:0 23@03 @255253Q gdo©08ri ocoeo §$2rtc> Qg&i<rt 
 
 9 &253©^29 @055 ©25300 C^G^d^S 25£CO OOiCfi £cs£ 008 
 ©joo9 caz3 g)0 2202d cpcsD^osJ03 ^35530 55 g© ©coed eaj^ £0 
 coon ©© ©e30Q55©de9 efeoed es^S^coJ ©255S3§) gd3©0cd §3 
 O30@34Sf @286320 Q(5ea0 ©5)®§d C,$OC8 00^03 ©COJOSC! 23 
 ©-©Sod < 202 S> g^so^ed §§ 2 d 0 g^ 02535J2S530 02 d 2 o. 
 
 10 0353s^^e9 ggsg §)<260gd} ea«D(gd c^o^esssf g3<ssf?2ri esee 
 
 8si 05520 <|03§CO3d'©553© 0 Z 63 C 60S3 ®255S\@j3 @000 
 ©Z© ®@3S'2D35525tf 033320 g©®C 020 ©iSaS^ € 0 ^cfi g® §00 
 <5 £55 ©255^d®S £05 )j ^^^5 ^$3Cs2>CS <?©j©jQ ^03300 
 ©25330 @3®2d C533C32O5'C0C9 083000035 €0225^335 ©255©de9 Cp 
 ©g d"?© 2025% 20© ^3025530 @ 3 ©cd @255 ®£tfc3©C0«9 <£25§ 
 
 <& 030)30 S' 053 233 9§3? ©@55£2de9 ©25©2d0S ^83^03 20 <553 
 
 0©s3.25). 
 
 11 025)6^03 <§3055302d 02552d©eS<5 §g2d £<9 ©35 <^20 
 ®g)@O 0^3 20® ^©d - ©5)0302$ 20® d' 25^ 003 £<5©C0(^ S'd' 
 S3 ©%®3 ©55®0 a) dX)03o d^OSO 25)d©3 §§2d ^2g550 <§50 
 
 62008© 0030f %*C3. 
 
 12 €>5>0©0a9 §§2g epsoco ddgd'zQed §)^geo ©03 ©255d 
 d CSOd" ©S5323Sisi® S© ©23cO0 (ggdzg Q2d0d5 dgedsod 
 6<5S3 255d©^ €J ddeg 003® ©SJ0 g^S^030 255d03 055 
 
Chap* .1. 
 
 rui G^aiOicaSggid 
 
 ena c,?s<5i ^odeoaGostcofiSg &8S)Qz> ©<3ea® ogSftcSS s9ceen<3<? 
 S'0j0a©«3£33 « DedeS ©iSaS^ S)3S§) ©^csacDoG'anoQ 08 «?an 
 ©sad ©ses^ad §}e, <£>8ed ©t© geod^® tg©Gca29 ©i 
 
 0e8$ ©boot §30g>cqs 3 ©^s ©q^5 0®00 $ca ^aoeeasf 
 
 ©sealed |)«% <9\©«D20 (aiS'SOBcsssf 6>as)oQ ©z^ gq ea 
 f?.8zi @g$© 8 3D@cd ©ar>ids^©cd £)$§)and'.aaco »o©o^ €)© 
 cTzSanid^eD© <@o 025)3© id aoa wedficacaasi e0<22g^s$£d$ ®ar>3 
 gzJ 0 *n© ©aAids>e3ao3 ^csa ^cossasJ t0<2^gid 
 
 g@ So©cac8® d^©3 ©Sid ©z§) 0^©4§0Gcae9 ©©©eooea 
 (5 ©3? 8e90 -SDfdeS ©i08Q Sea© 03 ©aSedQ ^caoeesDs 
 <s^<5)d 0 8ca0 ea^ed ©c©(33 S9co^® d®§03ca0 ©iS^daa. * 
 
 13 ©33z2d o0id €J g©.©Js5e3D^ca §}<&d®C& ©®«8 
 id tfded?^©:}^ ^s^z©^ 2$3©'S4'g<5’® cScaaao. 
 
 14 «d0<5 g<5©2o ®2sd<s%»© «5© S)gid ©3®<?caa9 6''© 03 
 ca ©<5'03 ijo© ®8J)G@ger>3 gcaeo ©aoepGS):)® eo© Qcosn© «? 
 sg-eg^oo ©€)£>©:> edges' cn®ea®aSSs3© d'dastfgg 0®id 
 ©cad^C^d C8©aa)0co s^©ag0ca ^©eoagS £o®. 
 
 15 $25)0 <§©id2Dg ©i^S^fcaid 0Sid&>D ©«?0«O2O2d ©g 
 ©Jeosnid 0S^do^D go© ©eS&D^ad ©8id Sco$ ©3®e3Si2did 
 <§©ad«)g <?© 0«sl^0 0z© cnz<S© «?» §§id eo 
 
 ©S'coeS ©7®-€®§c03 ©ssco ^d® ©aooJg g£*8assco80£d ^pagG© 
 epaatf' 0e32s5^9coaSid aooid 0ce. 
 
 * §>©} |}*d aS5^e3G-2S)3 ^3 ®3<2D©® <3®«5o 
 ©qgG *S25)3cao id©gi9o 3 d 3©£©3 } 
 •Cn^onid© fi^eflo ®\©aS ©330)650 ®eDt©a 
 idcjoSca Goca«o©^o di)^3o «pao°d5, 
 
IX 
 
 Chap. I. G0533 O33OiS}gS3 
 
 id S)g2d©2d <?efca«33© S3© 8902Q£g ec o§33S3g253d0 c pz*9 
 ©aoSsi ggqgg ®>d ©03 ea£©co2d0c©2d g&dfoss S3;o g253 
 £253S>cq«sJ o©si 2530 eo3®co2d c§03©0e8 8(9g©30S3 caissS 
 5S)iS 82533 ^9^ gweaad <5an?gsdS533 eo©o «sp2533C53©co2d 0za) 
 g®S3^0 ®s$S32S3©ca£9 <s©d DgedGed ©3g 03o8s3 wSdsjgco 
 « 9© 0 z aS0 g® ^iSf ©03 0© S©©C0(8 0® S' 2530^08® ©jg 
 9f}<£§ QdS 0zS ©80S 0g(g 0dfi53. 
 
 17 0.253© <^£9 edSbg^tflg&d S-^2 S*&©3 ©So CpQ5353 S3z® 
 33 gS^GcocS ©§S3co2d0cd 8oco3 ©es^edsos©^ &q g© 
 CO 2§© 0«)GccJ SO©^^© ©QsJo253. ($&)s3 figd 0S32d0 §> 
 ©^0£d ®©30SJ2533©d CS3S3 ©353(0 O^fid G©S3 CO 
 gSqg ©©©S)2d0 ©0s?o«3 §a)g830© ©ggcoad 2gcoS ©2ai 
 ©300 ©02do?532533?>23 Cp253© 0®23 S33gc3© ©0sio253. 
 
 18 §0 g8300 ©g§C 0 ed S3zc$ ^0 S^od^SS©^ G«?0g® g 
 cosS o^ad ©C3©o3si0 e0siod3 0 0 ^sieQ ©ggcoad gg 
 S3 S8 ®30302d©d gggca godo^ad ©oss32d© e© 2 do 
 
 33 ©ggtfSi S)gsi0 gC33 1)253333 25303©CO2d©d 80 03(35 
 
 ©3253(0©CQj 2^0 0©23 2§©C02d ©03 ^5SJ§'SS5 so- 0©3©0g9 ©033 
 033^®©oS Qd <S® e9©0 G05iS33©2^ ©^^©SO^Gcef Q°8 d 
 0&S3CO0 ©©2do255353 • 
 
 19 ©2S3®4J5fi9 ©© 0©CO ^©d^C^ ©>33 @8533 ©z®0z© 01 
 § Cp§^ 0°©853j gd)SO<S6 S2S33©©C02d <525:2530 23^1) S3z® 
 29 ©?Sd5 ©25338 0©2$3©^j©a533S ©033033 ^z0^O33©ei -253® 0 
 ^d’z 03(35 $ €J ^85*59 ^02d0 ©02d 0253- 
 
 20 ©®©d ^25330 ©®e5©C02d 23^51) 2$5flJ©->S^C0 G2533© 
 
 ©z© ^032530303 ©25330 33 ©2d 0«32d©ei 8cO<£) 03S32d© ©23 
 ^3 SfO ©33535)8 <35 ee@3©S5<9ca0 03®©ig eca0«9®g ^co 253gOl 
 6 8 S3 <3333359 s' 25)3© ©§33 §g©<33«9 did 253g85j©d ©z©£S 
 
X 
 
 G25)3 20,oo®gg£d Chap. I. 
 
 ®'d5S), G>© S>230&3©<5iS 23202d ©030 ^ S3 ©3$ 28£0Ga3d S)g£d 
 25)d5 <3SSC© 05^250-i) ©gjQsiCSeS <K>Z0|<S)Z@ ©z^ g}ged ©403 
 2pG20j® *0© 00320© 0©O <?®'© 5 5 c,22. 
 
 21 DgSg 0g® ®20 GOO0© CQQ^iZ)! 00320 8(0^00^ ©0 
 
 <§o epeodOGcoeO ?98 <£202829 g>«§2d ©323(5ed c&q 
 
 ©} 23©d G0G0S9 ®s3(5 ©8® §>©3 sesdeoeo 20 © ®©^ G23d 
 soeo 20 ® dd^) 003 gg'jDdd G'a>d8^coe9 g^dsS < 5336 ) 3 © co© 
 29 ^©Scoed SJ0C3O dedcO 25)d©3 253 2025)<:;29e5)D20© <§0025)3 
 ©2d gSbeog f32d©coco39 tS<95^^9§2d 0©s ©>®3G203d)89 25) 
 g2d <30S)2d©3 ©3®a0 20® dd(Q 003 (s'SdS 8c 9£}03 025)0 203 
 (2D®3025) 20©g Gi0o©3®aos3o tg^^cooS ©zSeS^ ©<§5 ©(^<35 
 
 0S<£2o&339sh£2O30 ®ds&)© 0^ ©SedGcood $:33d3©e303eo^co29 
 ©Z©^9 cD©D 0^153203 ©25)30 q <53 <£202329 QO^sd ©323(5^ <§)g 
 
 ©ggcosd ©2d 238 032D©®)3 0® 25)2025)^29-25)3 20® <§3025)3©ed 
 dSo^D d2ddcOC329 tS2gf,^2d<S)3 gS^/3 20® ©203 ©300(5 
 cosd g So eog <£206329 e£S<£6§ed203 g© ©390329 d^©o 0Ssd eg 
 
 <£©3e320 ®3025) 20®g ®2Oe3z0©3z 8o9§ d)z«0 ©Z©S® ©cod 
 
 ©32g2d0 C0©©3<£ ^ S'© ©25 S' 03 2d d©g®£3C30 ©zSS'2^25). * 
 
 22 02Dzsd e?02d 0 gs'abede^co ^e^eed 
 
 dd<£cS'z©2dGD3 odz© ®£©)3©cod eg^dzSed gggg ed©-©# a 
 d gcSo <dcoo^)» 
 
 23 d)©<£ 2g«d0Z2d© §g§ 25)3233323 20© ggddo202d 28® 
 
 <SCO09 G® 02303 ® ©3" 00 23 20® ®209©§2O3 003 20 ©203 ©33GOd' 
 00320 20® #© 23(2^0© ^03J03Q06>C3C9 <Q©d 20® 
 
 0o9 dcoeod) 20® d's'dad do8dco 925)9d© g®2O20©c3 geo 
 
 # 0©oO9 G25)3«9?5e0®G2O3 g)<dGse. 
 <£^©3 ©qgeoeoo ©0 ©coco <g 2 O 0J 
 <920203 25)GS)3 §®0<5 9©3c3 eC3©o 
 edcD) ®OOD d®g ©5020 ^23o« 
 
Chap. 1. 25)3C5a»23§32* xi 
 
 $g0 2)® 025)0 0® ©."3 03$2*O) 00J8 ©O Cp£®*9 
 
 03 * 0$es)3<5)0 ©§02)3§2d <$8SS&<3'(B © 2 *©*^ ©oo25*g cso 
 
 qjSc 025* 25 )< 5 &>& 3 )ZQ ££) 5 ,o s^easd ®o <36 &a) eocd2)00 s) 
 g02)Di)2d ®<35 Gd i^g2S)CS'®K)& gOodcC© 0302* 025*0: 
 
 24 ©25)0 §$23 $ ee 0 go®©co59 2 d 8«D3 0©30od0$2)3 <^25) 
 0032* ®od 25)<3'2«s6 ?pi290 8 ® < 5500025 * d”60®2ri 8#0<55 ep 
 ®3eas>co2d 0iS) ^eo^3co© ©ies ®o qpgdc* ©©) ©$®$ 
 
 02)25* @§02))§2*0 0»)30C30232©8 ^888)32)025)30 2p 22^25)3 
 <50co2d 25x303 0<5©*cd© €5 c pgd-j g<?z®£ ©rf®. 
 
 25 «)0<5 0068000* g0co0 e302d 025*50. 2)z0«) 8co<0 Se3 
 co g®®03 eo^)co2*0cd 02f3© §3332*08 <^25) ®si©dJ 25)8 
 <£# eo®33325*29co0 ea©02<5 ©8 <3cc2* £,eo §0 25)3000002* cd^d 
 25)9 oz<5 §0 ©og^© £>25) <d<d 025* ©<£0025*08 csdco ess* 
 25)<g 0822. 
 
 26 025)0 e3-2^» s'coJ epoSed ^02) cdcd 25)§a>)3 0008008 
 
 §)0flg30 0202) cd-d* gg«^ $.25) 025)30 0® 2D® CD 000025)^1 25) 
 03 2)82)3 <5002325* 02) Cp33 ©§02):>§2*aO3 g025)C 5-^08 
 
 cfidsco cd£ 3 D 0 ©$ ci, 2 d €* dSdcco < 58 , cp<§)«?< 5 z 00 d <5 < 56 * ce^esa* 
 
 <58 025)25* 025* <58 ^2ri <^2* 5p8<5 q,®0cO©5D8 5p33 S3iS -8&G--G& 
 
 sd® 2 ) g 0<*8 ©d^ss 082 * 00003 ep- 3 ) ep25) og) epgcD 0.5003 
 
 ®§}02)3§2* ©25)0<3'o9 ^C03@Z9 0<5©O02)O 03©O go. 
 
 5t 0®©8 §$&) 25)S|0©2* 25)g 2DIGQ030.8 ^025)30*^3000 
 S* 025)*O3CS*od Cd®0 0^d2d2) Op2)6)^3 2D 025)30 002* 03^25* 
 08 8cO0 032^2*0 023§)§3 0825). 
 
 28 £>0©00a9 ©^3^33000* sni® 0<52)©) @e;2* <^25) 055,00325* 
 f}£*d ^ 80 extolled eded 0^8000 2)© §3©<5 02)300325* 
 
 S 500 S 0^055DO03<5 § 3 $) g)qg<@5 £2* 63^25* ©£2)2) 8cO0£5) Cp©3 
 
xii .35)3CaJ303ggCrl Chap. T 
 
 <S53^asJ ©zctJcd 00 d ©03d ©ea $ 3 $) epztQcrl <s3c6 §>S33«3 
 •sSesaca ^0005353 cDz 0 cd <5 ck)o©^3 53 ® 0C53s>d§} ®8S) 
 0 CDSX( <^8 ©03d) (s^sScgd) gg£d © 7§^«0 0gd-5)d§} eSCTi 
 (s^^^'s'caerf (5?s5es0 253gQ0. 
 
 29 §> 8 SiSsJSlS} 2 ri ggQ 0<50gg ©20 SC5300 Cgcgd’zSa b 
 
 © 0O3CD 8 (g s' ® ^35 00^3 CpCO£53S'Q338 ©eJcscDa d'o£©cri ©s>cri 
 
 etg§jg g§§03 ©8 q&eassi &&StriQ ®3c?>00 § eaSes <§ ©20 
 G' 93 c 3 tg©ce 0 0 z 0 0O3d0d® cp©d&3£D02533£) ©d-^z 03 
 
 §)80©gC5Jd3 d'd^Q 003 c90G93cD 0©4c3c3 CSDab© S30COo 
 
 dCDSO .353d03 g©^>3 CD© O^3©^5330cd gcjaCDg 0305803 
 G33SJ tQ^-^crf 003 0®3^aO3£5335j 253gcrf 0 GOCri ©3 dcecrid3 
 CD® ddqg 003 0©J© Qe93©3 Cp©e33253 ©3(^353 CD©g 00J03 
 ©S3C33 iS3©0O3O9 0Z©fi9^ ^gof} 0^053 CD30©ctf CeadgCoefl 
 
 asf e3eadcd §g 0<8s5 $033d5© tfidasDcsQ ©z© ©€6 
 
 0e,d5 ^aoeeasf gi-sSad© ®3c§00 ^ £53®cri 0aosi0d0«J d 
 
 0 £33025303203 gcD^Eb CD© <§3©2S330cri gcDsCDg C3£r}Sc303«SJ 
 
 cS^-sScrfaos ea0cD<^ cd© ®2osi£53d7cd 02ocrJ0d gSbCDg geo 
 cassi e025§£d 02 ocd 08 0 © © 3 Goe 9 dg ®3 08cri 0 e 33 ©cD 8 
 ea®Dg35) cd© eaz063? 253zcri 07080 8 co 0 ©-SfiSeD^rd 0 s 8 cd 
 203 ©gSlJcSajcri© ep§32a3e6CD3G>35330 cpaad ^ea0 037 cd CD 7 
 cff d3dz 8 <30d eagasi 0 d gSOf^g® 0z©08853. * 
 
 80 ©©08 ©8 geoeeasf epgdzg C3702rfd)3§ €J aoiOBS g§ 
 ed0cd g5i03d5e33«5®co29g <s>®e9 0C3§g;3cri eedScSaof) es£© 
 ©coJg cg^gdz 0 ad gggg 430sfgd gd5 cQoeaco. 0 © as 3 C 3 0,3 
 D gg§ sgcriggcri cssf ^0Q © 7 © 35303 ea°6)3©e 3SK0cri 0 ® 
 08 gcocgegS. 
 
 98300^0309 e3ocgoS«38-- 
 
 * 000 09 353 C33S 03 £? 0 CD 3 0d ®^S0^C3o 
 £3033333 00CD33d<53CDo ©Q0CD3 dCDESC3j 
 g£03CD ^)CDC 0 -£530033 00 0©3© ttjQo 
 0d )03£383D ©GO®3 geD d®^03°, 
 
B. C. 588 
 
 02O°)455©§§29 ©eScOoGO^OO xiii 
 
 81 4550§ ©@® 253 3 e>333;5'0z630 §§g Cpt3 ©ooo ©a »o4S5® 20 © 
 §g ( 583202906329 © si §§g 2O00 Z 65 §<5"z2D ©e 3 @z^ ©2330653 
 §08 0©0o2533 © 2303 0 07a) ©6530302553 OoGOJ tfttfGcaf) §CO 
 ®49 ©coo§29 3 ©^ g00 ©co3§29 ggd 84 D ®63o 20300 0 
 ©203§B3 20 © 00:83 ®§02Oog29653 298 §(570002929 £0000 
 
 s0s3go29 SS)C$® 20080 cpuj (Si 8?9 ^z290 282 a gg^0 253o©§ 
 S 0dy(5z6o e 5 ©-<£^ 0 co£d co ®<538 cD® 6563 -^ 0(5 55578 
 20(202003 £*d29®29 (56500 ©765 <545378 255 <5 255 0255 (5 25) 03 ^<3 
 ©29§ 32533(5 ©25300(329 070 Z K)g 20 z<£) 253022d0 epz*9 (5 
 
 45S3oS)(5 023(5(2 03-0 §653500029 ed2SqdS5£5 §0 0^030029 
 ^Oj5025330 ^0 0000029 25329:8 455©2O0§ 2625 dCSd ©@0 
 ©@03 ©80203© ©0029 2032030© ©a<^ 020 20630 ©©29 ©§ 
 ©2O3§290 03© «9co) cca)oee029 e 302 O 0 0029029 ®o cos9 
 0 e 62 OO ®0BsCO:8 ?p63(S3 §§(g 07©$0 ©egg® §§(§00 0329 
 
 0)33003 §6)8 C<5<3£29 23<S£jgd35 ©0029 Oz0©O?5j 5"z©29 
 ©@(329 ©@29 ^ 255333000 ^ ©2365 ®ge9©29 6300 0z© 4535© 
 0003 2^638 2033 g^0CO 053055 " Z0029 0©0c3©-^3 03(^30255(2 8 
 0300029 ©@29 02 ? 6 )oGO e6®29§455 23 20 3 20 253 3 (5 0059 ©03 C025S 
 0329 255 7 <9 <33 ■©^’03 €J £3 203 20 353 35 OO ©§©065029 2363025330 
 ^8<9®25i 0^c5"z ®0059©d ^008 ®o ©2365 ®Dc9 06329 
 
 ©2^009 032550 (53^(5^0029 65®29 §© 253^29 C029©03^00 6300 
 00^03 20 z 0455 235^002302530(53 §8:8453 ©29§ S©S?C049s®29 
 Cp@a453 8(53© 0^g0©29 02365 ©2365 070800^553. 
 
 82 0 © 0 © 0^3 0 © cp^’ScoS §§ cos9 ©eosooo §c 65 §^253 0 X )3 
 063 0®©g§ cp®6330 26©232020g £,:53453@C0£9 0632963 •?© 
 023g0 §:5z®553o0 ep230 $6300 §20 ©z?O08 0037 ^ 25)063. 0 
 
 455^58 §§(5832029 06329©8 §56300 g>(§<©03g O525SCO290 0S©3 
 00^00065 ©^29 0358 63z© §6300 2537@z253S)32g 020© §23 eg 
 ^203 §0(5 <550 8© §0635 ©§08 0§d) ©z© 63^203 §05a>30 
 ^©033- 0z© 00.2250^20300 6300 207 292550503 ©gsd §829 § 
 §29 0Z0e3§2O3 ©003 §0285 §29 ©e8cOoOO<£^ 0©0 ®;b K032O 
 § t§@ ^ 0 ^(^ 0 coo 9 0© 0-S403O30 5-<5 5 3 0cog3 0059 00329 ©z§ 
 
 13 
 
XIV 
 
 Chap 1* 
 
 ©sa°)2D§)g)f;2d — ©aScaocad^ca* 
 
 ©i©&^ ea^zsaa eadad ^cao©©^ cdzd <53q; esoadsd ©0a <? 
 csa Se9§8©e1 ca^oazd <53z©3<53-€>£8:> €J €5 ^<a <£eg9^0 
 
 ©5i ggqg (Dgad §Qg 6 .©d0 C^ji255J0D S)0O^S5D0GO2d 
 cesdld# ^08?D O30C3CO0 0GO<gfi3©3 £5*0X55* ©02d ®§5d© <?55* 
 03 ©CD3 C055f ®e32DCSO 0 ca -55*^3 3 ^0^20 036300320 253d03 
 
 0z©o2d ©dssa. 
 
 33 $ •cSS^S'COaS 0a ^ e€>-53o^:acae9 0e32O Cp 253 3 060 0 
 
 @oeoe03§§} orv© ©^Scazd esoS^S) ©eazo g©co ^ 
 
 ©adSdcasd §8zd 033zzdi9 O£0<s^ epssSK# 0)t3 gozS) 
 csa^zd gdo ©^©d'gzd 83253(^^9- 0«Ji2de8 ©zaDqged &)§qg 
 g©20 G^gddsg ep^®^330 cp£<S &>z@ &£*£) ©ef0e22§sd© ea 
 a)S^) ©<^003 © 3533© ©3530 OQ'SSzd ^033 e3§)20ca3 S33&300 
 ©caa8 8£g03 epe3o5}33cassi es©^ ®^§cazd escddS c§0®co59 
 8e9Sj0D 0e,<g^d253. 
 
 34 0$©d ©eaJ0os3 ©ocS 00ca© & i g©-20 ©<^©<5d 
 
 •S)©3 ©z^ g^sa-esS"© gg^Jeassf §>e*0co. 025K^a9 eooc sbSzs* |} 
 9 ddoso&i ©eozds'd 0 tgDoa ^©33 dadcaoeoed© g<£2O©063 
 eSeaScSSz 5 ?. ©aacsa 0)325 ©©ad ©$©zd 0 O 2533 0dca SeaadS 25 
 2d 0©0S53 Cp2£)S33<5SK0.9 8g0 <^0g ep03253ca55f ©@zd g$ 
 ^d^D-Ti-ssa© 00jd 0$0d© dfSJQsS'oaeQ 0<dz©0(^ 
 
 <?£O00© ©zS®3&53. 
 
 35 03530 ©go ee©zd ©$© d'drcj da©3 03* ©idea © 3-3 @© 
 CO’dd'zSsi 253d'§S©353 ©2533 ©§zd ca^sr g^ca© ©Z©^£d t§© 
 gs^Os'casB d'zdsn dSdacaasf©.^© 0 o"z Szd ©&eo §g^2o33 
 ©asfra ©323 C3292D d'*02d 253d§0 003 6325* <3c02O6S* 0S3 Q 2 d 
 £2^)0 ©0-€#353;e®CO§) <^<K©55* ©z<^ 2pg@3<355|) gds ©fiS3©(C J ca. 
 
 Cpt3 S)c;2d 0o3533©dca0 ©1© O^S)©©^ 00©2n8. 
 
B. c. 633 0ao°)35$g$©i ®-€# 2 O 0 O ^ *' 
 
 86 ©50<? cpe33<33 eai-^g e^23§$2d §)gg 23330828 eo®tf£ 
 
 § ©GO ep0 236O0£o80253' ^2OSC0C9 g}3\e4<£G5" ©SODJ^d'tO© G2£® 
 Sd SOO^gJ" G$Sc£©O0 ©•€$ 2?<g202S5 ©0630 0a}©4 2O0GOQ <98 
 
 Gfis^sf 2oS©4aoo 3)£e-£S>0© 08 0255g255 2o8©ico:> ©-eft' 
 20000 ^8820 ^ S'asogad C3©-€S 00Sg 200 
 
 «5 S82OO0 Q0CO0 tQjd'ZS 630(50 825)0 0)8 ©8 (S'©s>^®«i 230©4 
 0®GO0CO©5 ^pZG<§ ®CO30 CO®©i GO©J <S«££3C(}(5255S>8<5 0(9 
 
 ©2£ @3503539 ^020 <50 0230 Si®crf G23(g©5 !?t3(3 63?^ 25)0 
 230G55 2S35(9c5'© e3)d)000 00255© S'©:© 025)320255 063 
 
 ©503)3(2? COCO©, S)C2<5z 8<5)^g 200 2000}© 0GO <26 ©c^CO ^ZC 
 
 0@©5 @0Q0 @000) d"^ £)«s) 035 ©d® ©5 02353©) 
 
 23$92S)dS'«9> ; 03®@3535 0353)SCO©5 <£0 6329 ©50 §>§ <5 ©^<30 
 
 ^00@2rJ 630200 5^80 0635000 ^£2903 600025380* 
 
 37 0 ®s8 0 o 8 ©8 ©£^5 g}&) £ 30353 ® tg©S'coi9 c£8g ©?o 
 GO S63 20 GO 0^GO<SS<§?3 0136320 ^23 g§©5 ^08©4 C^3) ©QSS 
 GaasdcS 253<5£<96350ed €><£08 023d0di© 0^©d©5 G0S© 5 
 <S©5 d3 ad© 0® G6^ ©50 20 S^dg® 6S023SXO29 80 2©5230 
 d*25) qd’&xnss 63©S fg®20 ©5® §033O55dc3) 08©4 g]00325523) 
 ©2OC3025)300GO<3 5 5 8 d 630 «f(^02O0<? €>® 29<523<£d£25) G£e8<9 
 2d ^20S©5 epg255 ©iSSbOoGO ^08200 ©£63 3}?d©)d 63 0©50 23 
 0©5oo©5 2O0GO 0^063 ©3000 @ 7 $ S22<© 6p2o8 2gCS 29<§ 230 d£ 
 £5 20£®<9 §>©5g280 @0^25)13 8^03 03© 2302© ©£^ 0£0O9^ 
 
 * <£255020 0g0cd®iS 63©2O35^0 04^2Oo5caC0. 
 
 §)<9 35$©)C0 063200 £3C0C36O35'2^Sq®<S^o 
 00© 23203" 0-*3?eso 0c-ooQd2O?9 c9d©328, 
 
 63 35 ©5 ©<935 08(30 6SOOOdl©0 2020350 
 g6®> ggS) 035350 0}§) d)©3 20o &35ogo. 
 
 C3©5og COO0O 226328©5< 
 
xyi 
 
 Cliap, I 
 
 ©eo°)33®S)g29 ®-©3 203553 ^0020 
 
 20029 C9CaQO^0§9 q250>a5)38cQ3SJ ©03 0029 55C3250 
 
 cs 5 cok>?s 5 20<8298 c&d'z ® 0 G« 3 i ©®e 9 qo© 0525 ) e&tfido ©eoo 
 ©case* ^O02Oc5 qa90o ©®D ©qcs32Oo9ss)30 ©qseacooi os©® 
 
 83 &co£> 2030 ) ©e^eoo©© 25)®e9 25)®29 q25) 295) qogS q®3 
 q©zo25) gssootfg 09 23§5z estfoaD ©ico^f)^ S2029cog eooco 
 
 20 ^ 50 0©ilaoo eo©o> gaos^o© qQ53&29 tg©ca0 S)ge9 0£0© 
 253(^0300^ ©e)s3 ©£29 0(gGS3€^02O 09 ©•€>§ 23025) ®25i©25) 
 S3 ©zeDSQq 20829 8<§©3i<gf#g ^©©Sbg^ ©093 qg 03530 
 «9 20039© £)®S 0 09 c 6 aeO 3 S' 253 D© ea<5^5 c§ 0 ©coS 8 8 e 8 Q 0 o $ 
 20003 ea@3C53@0cae9 ©©oodqd 20 © 2035'8qg®c9 ®8(^§ ©-©£ 
 coasJ 20 © 20o<5d §g29 25)*0-a§Ge© 00203 8 -€*?ea epdocDsDs 6353 
 S'c^co. 
 
 39 §>295529 S)geg ® 3 g©cd qodScDeoo© |)©029 ©coo©*-©* 
 §>0eoD 0c,c35 ®ge90 qt90a§3 2£©30 ©25 20 co 0^eo 8199 ^ 
 0)<§£@So ©003 29523© <5* 7^53000 ©i©3 230253 230 3 ©£>5(9253 
 ©© 025 ) 33 q'^d© s 95 c 30 dz 253 © QO 8 t ©^5 23025 ) 8 © 0 i©qge 9 
 ©d25). # 
 
 40 C^C5) 2903<5^CO ©25)©5©29 ©055)29 ©^23025)9 
 
 £'9©tfd<g) ©q9d©29 05SJ0 eSeoO ©O302o©a5)o0 ©eo^qo sS> 8 
 
 # 9 «sJ 02 O 09 ®z 8 
 
 9© d 000 d 32 Oo 25)2555 Q03K)25)D2Oo 
 q & 25) apdG032O° 029©as)oS a^docso, 
 S©0 tl>6&> 0?0 §9232329^3 6322&0 
 qa 5 )(S © 29 ^ 03^0 03253,9 2980 003200 , 
 
 C02OD^ 013 25)3 03 25 )s9a9. 
 
Jj. c. 688 
 
 xvu 
 
 832Ooe<5«Od3<50 
 
 C 20 <5*253$ SjS'&qtf ®sas 3 d $<5 ®^«5$255ai525)ca8 <220 200 6 g&i 
 g03 2OG2533 0 $*29 2030 ©3020 25©2O09 0efl2O $§9G>253££S5 
 20829003 2O3OooO2O3©290 $^ 353,250 S'Ces 0 *$ g$, cg&d 
 &s3&5<acr<&3S '0ea e 3 <3 g ©35^3253 gsSsdbg^s© 253©©e9 <§ 
 00^5330^030 ep<5^c3 8e9g0o 20*025335 eS©§0tsGcQ<9 e3*0z 
 S5$3©<5 G>$0<529 G0G263 6Q 0*© sd253. * 
 
 41. g©g$ 02O ©3<5s cce9 $;3g§?9 0«3^0 ©*©32030 ^0820 
 © 0*a) 0^9 €03^^553 2D3O©30<2os:3e9$ ee§g *9<5Gce33$ 0c9Q © 
 
 -©3O0&3O3 29<Se0 <5*253 C335®CS3 Jv9253 GG'SSDB 20 © G© 
 
 $3§)g29 0255^00 0*© G$S029 0630208. 
 
 42- 330$ e3cg«53g §0 e?^@co25i$x29 $e29s0Jc2<5i ggddo 
 2029 ©25329sd s>© 02s5^£0 0*S 2529s©29 oSGeoeS g$© 
 <5 29 G0G2635 0iS)0ea2O g$5d32029 8©329sd G©sd ©333 
 ©$,<$ Gd253, 0 S33Gd$C3S5— 03 8(3290 253(^09 <§ 0o25330CS 
 GcaeS $20330325$ $£30325$ 0030 ©325$ <53Do©$3©<5 ©id 
 t3c9 §029 0(3 *903'^GO29^ 0020 Ggs^cessf O®^ 0325$ 
 G2SJ(80325$ $2923255 S©3SCd 03*5$ 8c9029S29cO G2O3SC0«S5 6 
 cc$a53 d 0^29 esoS33$50$ 8<9029s29x dsrco^GcaeQ ge329 20g 
 .252<^C3 &)d$ 5©^ SG0CSB «s$3§g G©3S 563i 820Scd$ 029203 
 ^gca €>Gd s© 3829 0 o as)3©3co0 GO:>d seosGgod ©d032O 
 
 8e902O2O3g ee0De3©00 0*0 ea©oo3v© e3®6^©29 €20208 
 ©0S29co8 83)3 0«gd5, 
 
 43. <5302d 0O29G>d §£•) $0G©*9 $§5 iG$$S 0 sg20323 
 
 (5203320© ®963 G253<5i 29 0©329sdSG 9 $3d302T3S029 e29fico 
 caasJ <526325292633 ©3®0 632S5G$§) ^dQg ©03(329 232980003255 <5* 
 
 * 0sdG253829 2§CO2O0^ 
 
 d0s© 00S0 2® do GO 23?2O0 o 
 C3@G063o3 253<5-2©3 §)<9 8<9s25330, 
 C5<£©3^8^)3 S3S00308G0 
 $0633 Gd 253 20300 €,<£ 3 ( 5 o 0O3do. 
 
xviii gSOj63<52D250 <50— GcO32dc50 Cliap. l. 
 
 0s580GC53000 ^202nzc3 gsoscs^'soso.gjocn© d«oe<?coO ©za) 
 §2g0SO© €pd5©Gco:9 G©0§sj 08s4 25)6*&>Q§ ©<^cd©-@3i 
 S 0©3g355 cd©§ cdd0d© 8<gGGo-©35 e32©co2d0 6)@H) Ggcsaos 
 G853G<5©ad ©3<f300Gcoe9 8eSg®3 025Oz29& c8s «£0&3sJ ©zes 
 g<5oee0§5cos4 ©S3 s4g8g< 5 epdaSeoDG©^ gee33<5ss3»o© e3 
 §§3 <53®© G.CSo^ £>69 dcDCOCd© 6)eJ§) Gef(53Cf>3G85330 Cf062g 
 C3Z033 §30(50 0aO2D3G£©s9 G2D$2 CD© <53 o K>3295cO0 0*0 £<9 
 K)ocs53Gcoe9 ©esedsosg GCDS&e, *d© sodgd didcaoGcd cp5icDs03 
 G0s4 ©eg Qgo^^g §0si©agsi €)Q^ gDsd© 2?§3G®g©c 9 
 6)^3 ©<^d) G03G&3J £|5C£3 GD-'3 5 5 c 03 £35^ <£?0GCO:8 8i9§©3 0® 
 GSOS^q CD© Q^GCOCOgCOOGCd Cf0c55cDCD3S©2d £J£ G0oC:03?9(5 
 gcg e9 <5^ osdcT^ SjigD §22 cg-agj <326359 ©jc9g ®cds3z<5 ©z 
 @ 3003© §gG2Dfi8 Cp0§3d5c®CG8Sl ®GQ@ G^G^cd ©558®3 
 SOg q;-25@^ <@dDgCO 8<9g©©29 £D8s50 80(230 g2903toco 
 e3©eo$soco 8530G825O. 
 
 44. £] GC33?tJ<5'0 <53oGS33 295GcO 08 e§623gCO £>&) ©Z@ G>G03© § 
 QGCd <50622505' GS32g350@e9 d0©COS4 <g£3DgC0 ©Z$ 2D5<S3 62Cog 
 853@<9 S3 2530 0^5S^dSO 025O 03g 03^^2Dca ^250B£rJ2503^^ 
 88530 g^dcoasf §g©so9 c9©<23CD25O0 03«q8soco8si g®s 4 e385J0 
 08£S^G coed Cp§3CD0 g§ §g©s4 GcDCSi £32D250 ©s 3 epg <£3Sf 
 03 d<53£,$©aS 0«S^CO 253'5<gfiJ'G<&fco— ®0 £33<5®C0J<985) GG0 
 25033 so© G0. 
 
 45. 250©g ©250C^O2ri eO00©a)8S3 e2©2>OcO0 ©Z© 630000853 
 
 SOf)g £>s9 G853GeD8D£rJ ©OOZdGdGCd CfOd30€D3G©2r5 
 
 COCD0?0 CD© 65© 250 ^gGCDOS G25025l®z© 0G0853 G63CD253 
 Gcosi efOgg e33g0335dt c55®OOSO 85303 55jG®s4 8(5063 JX0298533 
 ^g 2pGS?03 '502505 <2330 ©°«3033 0.3bg)-<0^GCOs5 Gee3OO3©0«0g <§ 
 633gCO ©<52(2033 ^©C0© {S£rig©8jf 63®-€^ G6D305'g©3 §g 
 
 gel©8dGGd ®3o63 ©82‘}e30 GdGsDCD G0£O0® g8S33C53G85330 
 cgeogco 8<90g g 8853. G®8g ©oG.cdggcdGcd ©csf eog g?© 
 250)3 6503 CD GCO 85^00 • 
 
13. C. 580 
 
 XIX 
 
 eo®0©ei)253 e©253cc-253z0i£>3co 
 
 46. 2530$ £J CS00©a)253 #3© £2S>553GcQS* ^25*® <§ Qo 2533 
 &«3©C3<9 63©€O33^0 O05D dldcco C§C5 d$ Q3*qt5C33(0G'©®CO 
 
 c? Z 0^a0 g<£>® cgibca fi^eo 253ea3«0f53tSs'©253 deco e8ec®5S* 
 0SJ(S ©ciss^ 25)d«9 eaSsoGoce gotfcgeO ©S 3 ^ e®253 eog 
 g>oqs* 0^9330 esiscoQ deKsOsxcosd ti& 
 
 ©S30S* ©<2,^5535 ©S33©S33S* 253(3B3"0§ 0Q°e03 S3©$ S30g©J 
 
 aoco qo^csG'25330 sodoc C30s3©co;S ^dcsxg esoc5 
 
 ©CS33CS3 253 <5^ ®-rS3s3G0S3 S3©§) S3 o® d)0CO3S3S*@cd ©}S3g 
 
 ®^an:g<5 odcoaSo^SQ gs^dgd eedGcosJgcQocoD asstf^CS 
 
 ^0030 eSS3OCO0§3 &■&%& ®^£T3G53 ^00S?0 c9cO553zS0253C5'z-'3n3 
 630S* 0£© ggS* %253 253*0-3%' 0®S33 ©003 O0§ $003 2530 
 epd50S330 G\©©S359®25)30 ©00333 S*^ ©33 s>$3O$033 <?£ ®C3 
 ea$0s* ©sosJ's'ei c^eg^t) osJScacass* C5253253S* ©553s*©d 05 
 ©dSS'O^ 00830 £208*003*253. 
 
 47. 2530$ CO$39<gcO0 ®gO'iS3zeO <2$3dS3253c5'©ceS* S'C53'?0355 
 $830325* 83300 ©0800253303* 05©l5? ©553ee*£3?5* ^$35530253(5' 
 ^■-SS5g g®SO S3© S33<20d5dS'C85S5 ggSOSOS* dzOeS®e52D03cO ©03 
 @553S*g ©O33©aOO30 O^g-S* 253®3©0S* g §§) 833OO®3SO©25*30 CQ(fz 
 253S02D©<5d3 25303 02^80 ©08080 £53$ es®©383803^g 0£5e3&3 
 S3 ©253©5©S* S0ieC0. 
 
 48 ggeg ©Ssoo©©:®^^ <Qg5z253zs*aS SScasg soo ddeg 
 
 0200 253*$03 2533 ©OJ* 05055533 03®00 ef£3 253100 000 ©e, 
 0©S$25>. €5 SOldd C3 553 £3 253 2©3©e9S 0 © sS §g©838* QgGG0<35 
 253®0©od 0<5 0<5 03553 ©23302S* £3®-05 S308*©OO-0S ig00 e3g 
 6 Z25325* O302SC38* 0253S*^dsKd <g OiS'd©^ §>d*c£d G2T3 
 £5 253 5 £3<§G$$8* §g8)0G25*O0 ^dSoGGO-d^ do 25* S) S' 25* CO. 
 
 49. §>25*=?<S S33C5D33025?g ggddoSOS* 0253 8* S' oS 0o2SJO0£3 
 ©COd* 253z0-S?OO(Z53 ®-S?C0553S3 £3 <9 £3 29 5(0 ©C5* 0063 ttdcO00Z0 
 ©50008* ©0830$ e33*d*0S* ®^0£2©CS59 £30 d^SOG'COS* 
 S' SO <*'0253 253 03*} §03£3S33C5'zJ:’30 e32O0c30<3s* 2530333-©% ©0 
 <9c0 te&OSOSCSOQ e9$ 0® SOodd^SQS* 0(g®-gp5"0 SO0$g§ 
 
XX 
 
 8?>lQ-$&cQ‘ Chap 1- 
 
 ^0 ©0$O ©«J0 ^^@<^028 S'gS G'$<33£O3S'2S330 $ 
 
 ®^cfas(@353 o© anoosoddcoosod epdSa^osOad £)© 8S)zq<& 
 Cora ca0 §)eg g$?o Q-^&i <^033$csasf ®p^) 03 ®eag g0Q5)55 
 (Si'&izi «oSsd aSead^ 0S3^©3 escsa0 ©6DS3C3 253<5©sd ®Z0 
 
 qgadand^- 
 
 50. ©C3025J epig eq®co c35 &£)d ©d-Osn gd 0®6>af>a9 
 ©eseo ©S3 ea© 2 rte$§ dd©i253® 2 »® 30 cd gd.d3253d 2533 ea©co 
 gdo es3D^a eadaaoGKs-^s ^033:-^ ©sS-ana eeSo?oca0 ^pgzsi 
 gg?d $^253 S'fcod ^coSe33-©#0 S053^ ep»<3©S3 §©*®co 0O2£> 
 ®30o &)c3D^2rf gd30s5)D0 O3eeiz530e0c}©3 0^$ eaS-codO-s^a 
 
 ©3033030 0z0©-353<5^00e8 «330eaS3GO ©z$ 0£08§ S)$5"J0 <^o 
 d50«oo 253d<£$'0!3)3il# 
 
 51 gv®g> 0 e3®-eo3D420c3SS3S'CS2Q ©eas^osg ©5503 g®a3 ^8 b 
 ddG>d3© (S^scnodJ §gad^ §ged epeBDS)© ©0 053360 eacoaQad 
 0^£f3o S' 25330 «9 co§3©c3. 
 
 52 e^caane $<<35253 ed©3©§ ggddaeoari ©2532riee s)©©a>32ri$d 
 “ ^eaosssd £ 33 $ ^ 0 ©'coo 9 ^ g©d< 3 S (§ad q&S - 33 ?s 5 caQad 
 gcsSbdof} e3oeaodca0 ©z$ ^g®o^g 2533 ( 30325 ^ 
 
 “ ©0o9 ©©S'Soea 0$ ep*0$ ea®a90 s<e2dz<D 0dz©>8 ©3^0 
 << andz'SfooG'SodS'ca £J 253dz^53©<0ai d^ang §>£0003325) 
 ct g^gna ^©336)2^© epgd cod 2 P 3«3 g© 3 <du 0 32® da^-ea 
 “ 0© 0$B3cDd5§e) eaaScaarJ s>253-9«5o9 ©@255 ^z250d5g 
 u a^aoSad ©o©as 3 G'dcQ ^$32920 ©<25338 ee®cds>^ 2 ri ©eaj 
 K tO3®32O0 CpS3g©0g C3<3G03o2gd §2d§03!3 
 
 * €OGiQD gds©© g® 2 noeBcD 3 ( 5 >€n 
 0 ea o gG'SS'So g®« 3 > 3 e 0 cD 3 S>«") 3 , 
 <s$s ©3 33 ^ 00 ©® eaoaocSea^Cdo 
 2530B3^coo «32i25 ©43e9 eeSo. 
 
XXI 
 
 B.C. 680. ea©€O0 
 
 « &0 <?td»3®3*o ©3 *1&> gn3<&®casi 
 »« 52350255 0Cg0S fiSG 306 * 360 * 0€8dtB3®3£O0 eag<5^6 S'OC 
 « <546 od-^^g ^§(53<?35tf <£>££&($ yeeaoSada 
 
 « €6©tf3«D G©0«3 0©€3 ^©CfiSSJ 0®<^ ©050 
 
 (C G0®€0€0 €3®©O0 -Sg© C0S53<5€O:S0CO&3 03^0^55° 
 
 u 0OoC50D 6§t30 03?S 03 8 <5'«330ce«SJ G^Scd0^«n3 
 
 <c &&& 28d'€035d'S'C3£rJ ^©SDeo 0<? €p«>«5ce So^co 
 
 “ 0-S5-C53C5C3 es<3®ca cagdcoS ca©3 C2£^03ot3255 -egcaS cs33<9# 
 <c 0C32TJ £>25 )OlK>id Cp^sd0 G^^ 20 C<? ©3<5»e«?S'«><? 
 “ ooai ©€^30^^03 eOaS^BCSSd ^2550028 tfc) 
 tc 2553 £&33C&203©©2d ^033 €3|i)33c83 255^0®^ ^©» 
 
 “ ^£3®©a9 sSgssJd} ©^0 <?t?©€3S§2ri© ©oeaecdasog dsd 
 ft (3<S 0^@C3 03.25S 0©3SO ®303©©£rJ 0£€D 
 
 “ <5zg §0 S<3'8 , 3?S5C80O8O ggegg ®£3^ <§©032SJ ©>©2rf 
 “ 0*550 ^CS^OiO 020 @03300358 02 SSo 33§ c9<§22(g*rJ 
 <« ex*o soloed d"0 d2<gsd ©S*a<5z© ^co*d 
 tc GOcOsoaeagjso eoz®*9 ©ess© essd^sd ^go©2553£) g®* 2 ? 0 ® 00 
 tt ©a’55G5«Oz®^9 cScS^Q 2g©eo£3530 ©<§*8 ®53 Cp®s5253 
 tc ^2553^ CSaS'daGO 20l®*S €3§) assess - } 0d5??S5§ iSd'-S© 
 
 ‘C <5*Oi@SS ©tj 00cD3d> ©S30 c3£c3CS2Sf €Oz®*9 255©>€35 
 “ ^3^2rf S'es3t03®3so§ e9®C3«D eoi©03 ©<sa©«) © 4 ^ 
 cc ®casd eaSso-aa S©0§ ®£>d502O aoee*9d5dc32sig) s>©«5 
 t C <5*550 Gt 302020 €3@€0552g3 C3§«5 ®£S203S5©>C»e9 ©S© 
 
 <c ooc5®d®cri 0© ©ag02553®0 <§c33t?ca ®Sb o&Sqcaeoesi 
 tc aogdig §<dd®0a9 €32550 S'03255 ©d 8§ ee2©c33d© cp«9 
 tt ©a§5 ©©2003 255 ( gs)i20©zS epd5cD£33 ®235\e[c8 * 
 
 * £>3'd©$30S'3 t^2Sf©£0 0<?©zS. 
 
 CSDff^eO ^030353 0255 25 © 2gf)©e03 
 5p0€O255 0535^S®S5© €3020^ COSiSSd, 
 
 0COD «05&Sa)<3 eeod @<5e2303SD 
 
 ras'do £©3505*8 $d5Scseea2. 
 
 03»3# GODda CDlfcjStff. 
 
 c 
 
2X11 
 
 eoDeoe ©®eo Chap. I. 
 
 53. O353000J353 c933 00005353 ^O0e,3333®C33OOO-l 0£:oi 
 
 G*d g®o3 03® ^0;sc5o8c3oo3oJ 353 ( go§ cpdoSoss Sg®©^ ^eg 
 @©ee©©o-J ©aoadGd $z33©g oariScacsastf <5253030$ ©sooted 
 850(35 2S)iq«&% gc5®c358 80 DedSs'doss® 850z<5? eee53® 
 O-dSoD© ©203§)td®C03®d Cp©e30 Oz0303£Cff ^SSlg} 33353(3 83 
 e8®0$ 0$§580$3® 033 033 c5o© geoa ©Ogjd' 0S3S35 <sao©353 
 C83S$ ©3533 o63® 35300 ©2533 €308353320255® ^5d'^)cS5 £53(5^ 
 
 0C3O$ C3j 529 ^©g$(^ 0<€2d ^0£5gd 2T)Z$ §)O$§03O 0cy 
 00O3od©<0-O3 ®35 ©o<^© ee©O303 g® 0353 Gfiea ^©caasJ G®o$ 
 tef)2q COOJ ©253O$®80CS5 $,£@^5 <§253 8030 ^CBs's'SeS 80 0(5 
 ®3$<5" $35$©3 O3©O30 Cp£53 0$©O$ d33S5§$3 3S)d«9- 
 
 54. ©2530 |>^50ca£S 00© 0$ 0253$ 0O$J3 0O$03 ^0»© 
 
 203 0t53<$ ®-€^©0 ©©SSKOeQ £0 ©006D 03$ gee?© S3K0 ^£0 
 030303 O£x|©C§®0§g 0C33O$0-53O30O330;8 500230003 (§(3° $30 
 ©00$ deaBg© ©2$ Cp0o58530© 03a03iS3o© $3003 8 o 3 $©€3 
 ©<S$oi ^©B££^Q 8<$0d5 d355$§}O33a0. ©08® O«5 c,03o{9353 
 
 <£<£§ ©S^SJCOOi ©35300 CpSiOi© 0$5^3S 3530 0O^©£r5cO33Sl 
 g®o^ @©25$ 023o©3 o© 25J©3 ta ©3© <5 *9^00$ eeddfo:© ^0B 
 2530 $03 $©8 «D^cd 8<S0d5 ©g's'ODogoJ 0<5 c& 3 d3asJ0d3. 
 
 ©0d® 83} ©3®<5 0033853 8(^35308 03300333253 0€?d5oS} 
 <5o5 230 @-do3g®e> 3 ®d aS30d ®d ®30a <3^ gcs©70 
 
 <^£ig g^3 C3D>®^0 0©^ 8c3 $0)8 ©^05 ^0»deac550oJ «53 
 t?©<5 i<Q48&i o£ ©3332530 d3asJs-®^. 
 
 55. ©$1$® gdo ©30353 CG330353 ^6^3353 OQ00 €SC03533<5 
 
 «T33K) Cp(^0O23 3000 O33QO000 0O33€8a?9 ©03303 0®Oi 
 
 tyssDdagea d3<53g<5z© §>8©o$ <5o$ @d ©z-ssS’asJ 8S3ca 
 <5l 0®3 ©M0©oi (335) §?d® ©0O3<Sf©<5 033© CQjSS dl-SSSO 
 
 8© 0$aoSd5^(g d©253co ©03 0003 © 8 <S0d5 <£crc) 80 
 
 S0M3©d<S^ ^0 O?53O35'0533© 353 9®3©63*9«)>eo53 
 
13. C« 580. 
 
 «a)CO0 0O®8) xxiii 
 
 ^peod'sa 0 d 2 g 2 d gdo 8 -©?eo gSged <5zsi(38 gqGtoari g©£D 
 ©0325)3©(§£d G®2d £pe3©-8?o ^0ea;$ e9ee£O00©eri epgd’zeeari 
 G<? 0 ed eoea&GdoQS) esaS<? e)0253©02d ©d©<5 ooSeoeaSsi ccoa) 
 2^©3©02ri ©srfg 082825)3 Q0«3 C02530D Cjts a ^cgad gdgci 
 G©dz graced ©qod esscod’ *83” godO© ee®ad sg^ ©(33 
 dSasfgcosssi G©£d ea^^^go) <03025) co^i eao925) ^©b Ge$ 
 CO30 6p20©£d ^«dg§3 25)(z?fi9 * 
 
 56. G©®>e5§ ^0 Gee;oco QcS^dS c 0 Sacco ea2© eSG-G) 3 » 
 Gqca25) S'033ay)30 §e3Gqj5)S)®ca3«02rJ ©aocJGeS eoGoooca 
 G£O 3 ^cc 2)0 0 a«O 3 0 (^e 9 gcaS ©-©£00 g«)® S)® 2 d gsos esg) 
 &oca ©s5§ 25)3on<9 g©s 3 ©ag^aosQ gss)^© qo 2 )t 3 ^©sd" 
 ^co Q~&$ S 3 e9ea ©ccraaoGcaeS gad ©©^seocs^cficd Gsad 
 
 ^20(53 Q0CO2). 0ea^ G0G3 £300 COCOS) ®C03)G25)3^CO25) g^ca 
 035)025) ©30 fi«q 0 £Oca 2Od'<3*035325<G$ad ®^ 2 d ®^ 2 d 
 sod' © 2 g ©®3S5)<d2d0 e0£doo3). GOoGcaad GgcSad g©^ad 
 cpsg ©<^®3dz25) 20®3 ©figed §©» , 03© 025)g©9 8©2SJGd 
 
 SaSc^dadO ©so. 
 
 57. ©©S'd e3©to3) e?0£O cocfreoGcaS cpGS)2S)3eftgS) goao 
 
 <^£§25) G25)Gd©2d Gg§C3£d ©Sad £30S50aD 0«? ^©O'S’S 
 gGdaSJee© ©<|gad 200 82 s) G03a825)30e,2D ©sGtfgdoS gcoa 
 cj©dcaS «3caaQ0g e8©<3*asJ sos) ©0 dos© ®o03 , 9'©ad g<© 
 G 030 gd©©ad £3®ao3)2>)0 ©635)25)030 £ 2 i©S) gcoG25)3dea 
 C82O0d^5 C3<§©a25) © 3032 §) ®-®frs)0ca C3© *02)^0 0gcao3d 
 @tc2) 25)000 CZ 02 O ep£ 3 dee 3 <od«) 3 )d ©ocgca aSdsss^ca 25)0328 
 ®©ad £3adScaca2d tQasgad ©aoad^d 6d0d ?^0d £^sJ © 0 o 
 ©Z$S 0 ©203 g®S) ^0Bd3G2?32S)S)©C33 20 ad ©OadG^Gcd CpdS 
 
 * O08?|€5D2) OOC53 £0300© S)S) igCOGS) COa^S e3G202)3 Oq 
 03^dg o gdca325)£2<!%© 80 C, S<sq 0 og a$©;e3 d 0 o 
 © 55 ,®^ ga^)@c<: 6 ) £3© zO) e33^o^9 825)0 ga)o 
 Gq0O^ <08 62)2) 03©d'25)<53 gGdoO^S @3G£0£0<9©. 
 
 ca 203^20 
 
XXIV 
 
 e3©2O0c§®3$co 8a9§8® Chap, I. 
 
 cDioo^Se r* qQZQdSQcassi ©oOQa 0<2®-'S 5 5 :s cosS 0do8©o2Og 
 252oeg£f cp§ 0g ®><?<5ce«i e®^g epcs©q?z2S ®ag znd'z*®* 
 25)<5 0a25)2D 03® <gao$CO 63®2O<5)250 @632)35) SceaS 6303538^ 
 G3S)oS 8eSg§ 0&§35)— 008020828 $35*020 0$®z8 * 
 
 58. @633 §3®20 0$© <50^ ^fO^g ^@0-^328 ■25)32025) 35)®03 
 
 632O3280©3gg 6335)0 00035)003 ©2OD0063 630203)3® 35X50)3 
 2§§0 d’2S*2OS'C02ri 630g<S&g) (§0o35)3 Sa 633«S'8ib®3d'c3 25)®2T* 
 ©SOerf-siedO 690 © 00 ® 0 © 0 3 ^ 26200335*08 <ge 3 o$C 3 05 )^ 835 ). 
 ■0ea$ 63©2O3)350 003) do ©coo aD^03,gsq62O3e90®35)ca «z0^ 
 ®°GO080C323 ©6) ©-do §0 6 CS30 20®z2S 2Oo2O30<do 630 ©$ 
 203 6)£$ §0 <g0$ ®(^ 0§3 200*28 CpoGOdoC) 25)0do ^035 
 ©a *20 Qod'oQd' 20 @i 28 epeod-^ esz0$ ep25)o0 §gg8825) 
 agg5© 20®*28 ©<2?$© 23z0^ eag}g 0eoo©3 20®*2S aeara 2£<5z 
 003028 6)a°GS3 203$ 20 @103 003328025) C533C6 203035)30 0®63 
 203$ 200*29 «^2SJ002rf ep25J0a3g6328 §§ ©33 203$ 200*28 
 ®d'£)<5 85)6X2368028 035) 00303 8 <S©do 80 063203035* 
 
 0*2^0 2S025) 0a 3536 GOoCS) 3 &<*>$5&5 63d"8 03692^5 ©59 63§g 
 
 0000203^33 2p 35)30 0063 20©i28 8003(33 §>63 §63 
 
 025)0 025)0 2§§b 2Oa25))3OO0 ^02^00255®)- 
 
 * 25)630° 6602025) 2005) §02$5 ^0035)203003 
 8 ©S)< 5 P 5^5 <^°8 2 fj 25 )d° a 2 S 5 )d' 02 O 25 ) 3 , 
 
 t0!5*§^0 0633 63<§§)02D3 63© eaoCS) (5-2025) o 
 0)00025)03° §28025)063 0^203© ©0<QS>3fi3. 
 
 0 o 35)O 0§) $@2035)0 aSS 1 © 2£0o 
 C606±*8 2022*66 2 ? 20 do 8 ®^ ©OO02O23)) 
 
 § 0 k$ 2 £)$o 6 ©$ @ao 8 @° 283 00035 ) 
 
 25)o $28 0603 6)80 06300 COO® 25 ) 30 o— 60203^28. 
 
B.C. 680. 
 
 xxv. 
 
 cdgo£i3G'<3<d d'zqg^ 
 
 69. £)taq eeSz^oosd ©aaedGsi ®ao ee<z» 8<5d 8c5©d5 €J 
 ejdDeos'ooed 453J® €J 03'J©Gca29 63Gc0os-0<n 
 
 ^©302B3d'S'25)30 ©£0(299 0-S3l£do9g C33(SS'CS33cQ«5 S 6 ©«DB 
 
 G3330 0334329 43cdS d'z^'Cg 82009000 © 7 © ^caena) gg® 
 33bco 8e90£d2O3§ e£>32OGc029 ee8<5©<32d esSoosySoa® co® 
 ©79 <^®3SiK>3S}cj es)($ 0z®$g2dGe3a5> #■ 
 
 60. fjcQtna) ee<5otn&ass9 8£dficoc cad dcoaged 0a$32dG&3 
 8<S©d5 f^&caai 3}<s? ea® 5 O 3333 co 0 ea®©79 ©z©<99 ©ano 
 Gea«o 20 ® ^©agSpc 325 cpd-asa 8 -©Sea ®33z£dc9 d"9©o 0029 
 20 z<£, ced'z© '$'£3203© 8 < 3 ©zd 7 c2d'z«S>d)8c?3jG£3 eegd-^ 
 
 og039'ck) 33© ep^gdSSgd’ ^©d 1 © ©z© ©acoGSea ©6203933320 
 GcaaS @z9 <§©<533 GSdSad ©aosdGd 6o902d2Oo§ t£©3£OG-co 
 e99 <5'sJ£0®3(g gg©33bc 3 0290«d iOogeedseos'csaS^ goosed© 
 
 2S3©£3325)C5'©3 €5 £3032OGCO^ 003020© S^Sdd^Q dZ3)0(i* * 
 e^'ea d9©o ©Sed g<» 353 good)® gg©« 333C5 8e902d2Oo§ 
 ee& 02 O 6 cea 99 43Gd5cD ee®oO3553ca0 ea®0z9 ©ao^ooGgo© o^f) 
 £3<SS'992d ^©OoSSOd^o $ ce<$3206CSe9 CaS0®30 20 © ^©B 
 dS&X3D £f>)d'j5eSDG35330 8a9§03 ©Sed ,43255® ©<§££©£0 ©2T3<5 
 t§©Gcsi9 Cf §5 ©K)es 0 © 2 d ©ansdGsi 90 ^ osdScccaed decided 
 8d©d5 e3®OS3dySc30 £3®©79 G®3GQD3203Sj 33(^ ©£©289 C3®0 
 0354)29 20 £C$ ®33£2de9 eZdQ 9§©:hS3 §©33 O©CJ3CC0© ©)£&) 
 
 ©G^asSsi 23casO09®zS £3®2O3)2£0 ©4f> 203 3009. 
 
 * ^®30aO3d*o £53KO©0 £3£3 0 ^^3 
 30SSo20 30££© o 020 sS^S 
 ®59o3 OOGSDg £3G90325)g 
 ■3300 <20 ^ 3)3 S'diSO ^ @©0d©2>3o, 
 
 33 ce 0 o eeeaoGsao §45 §t5038cao 
 gOC3£3 &3G20 Od®3C3 tg©003, 
 
 CSOd'zo 33335620350 020 253 o ®£9a9, 
 
 4oGd5£> £035020 2 ^ 8 § £343603. 
 
xxvi. 
 
 2f4£8Sg8 cs Chap. I. 
 
 090003025330 es338©co 03338 00co8 §><3900® 
 
 g^csoQ 033oo 8esfao3 8-9363 0®0«3©80q8 8 ood© 0 S)o 0 
 CO <025)30. 
 
 61 . 03)j626 2626® 0(3383 ©3322305 859026 oO 3 § te&> 00005 
 eS9 0«3S255goc 3 0e902doO3§ 038300005^9 0'2O25)3S38 003 
 ^95 0(9026oO3§ 028320005299 8z©260z(3es3C5 8o90odeo3§ 
 C33)oo tg® 038300005299 e38t3©8od© §}(g:S)cs5sf 3S)d ©z0aS^ 
 85dg 09©CS2d0 0923 203 025)30 02g8o53 ©SC? 0)8(3 C^OOCO 
 025 308026 05)2626 2626® @292653(33 fflg §£02059 ©CD 
 C3z0 eajca 829026 203§} es03£O0o529 o8©S)8 8®^$c5 dS®©3 
 8 053 2625)8 <98 C5C5D Cpg8z OSCD§8z 0323<§©a33 0a©a§326 0z 
 ©99 cagogodoo 26:^8 ©^d"!)®) 633326269 ©odik)3c323 ©9353 
 £)8 8.ssea 80 003.20:03^26 S3 ©a ©03(23025)30 08eD$§>)®aS3 Oa 
 2005 25)8 ©j O3oe3o8 ©a5)<9 CS0C5 03a g 025)30 2603 8>5 g^OS© 
 £>25® -©*005^ g0©C53 03SJ £3005 92683. 
 
 62: £J 03830000526 0003d 25)S38o>® 9«>zd ©aoo60d 8e9 
 
 0o6?O3g 030320003)9 £3268o50535i 23095 8 05)5)26 25) 3 e3®<20 03®3 
 O333$ScO0 O3®0z9 ©5)z£6S0§ 0530£3© 6'0§(^03 $ 03 3o20 0C5 
 c9 ©eg <2S253©(^ 8-9^63 ©0030553820® 09988 <5983 8826 
 2626® <S:£©3® 20080308 8e90262Oo§) 008320005)9 co^f) es# 
 09£O6® tg® 25)®£S3 35)8©3 059 eptfedco-^-Sr) Q<&CO ®<«£'C038 
 20® ^033g^CO28 8903 8826 030325 0O3CO®25)3 ©2038050 ©z© 
 
 230§0d® es®o— 2535S eo@©79 05)726(9 02330^3© cgGg8z©3 0 
 S)z26s9 ©dJ^eo® ^©339^0523 cXoa©(^ 8-®3e 3 8983 0826 
 0003d ®sd 0 z(§ ©@a 9 23-sg ^G3o0©e9 0d8zeo© S(3 ee §23 
 
 00529 §>5)3 8 253 253 <0§ tg®0525) 232rJ8o3C05SJ 8 CD 5) 26 203 eO®GO 
 
 26086) eo®3853S8co0 ea®©z9 ®co083 0 ( m© 00§(^03 cgeod 
 00026 eozc6. 
 
 68. §3®en 0038839 «?5) og§} 009 8 n 9 o 6 ®(^0Qo<36 £J 
 C603OOCO0 g 8 o 025330 $ eg© :o 0008833 0 ee 032 Oo 50 <#£ 5 )©d 
 
xxVii ; 
 
 H.C. 680. 
 
 (Too -'26 0c,d5 <§Co5ao ScsceO cptfjsss <r<^©esi cf^Coco 
 
 ©9 ©j-SGsi®. 
 
 64* ®t© cpK ggeri e«f§© ©i© ©*26 go®«occ 3 g® 
 
 G®Ge3 {pens© ensdg 0®&)d5^©353S3@c33enerJ ©coedGei e^sj 
 ^00 0£© egeri-33d5co®Gene9® eaiben ^3ea«jBD^ c^coSsc© C3<S" 
 ©aS^ensxseri ^es^^-eo^as^ esgcd c?2?rJ® esscSeeos 
 c8#3 GG^STBen© ®0. * 
 
 G>© eeS^OQ-^30oSS33<^G'Cfle9 § 30 & 0 en Oc^S’eHgGcSiS gg 
 tfdsenerJ Soaerteed ctsjfjdQ Q&i&fesj ©*§) Sc,^ S3©3©8 
 
 (3o3S)3 ttdo&dcd V£§)tQ& <230. 
 
 * co$'2aj® <^®-e©3 genGcas §>®c2©o 
 
 0S3^-e^53c33 ©oee @<S53o03 gS\gg) 
 a^@®©CD:C3o© en<55©C23eno 
 0O0C33 C©3*53e££3<8 ®2D£tS©o. 
 
©<333S>*n w^ce. 
 
 xxviii 
 
 e«cf^go3*a a>s3e9 e«J3©*Sc8g?2. 
 
 ^0<53 
 
 eecaeD 
 
 ogeD 
 
 2 
 
 §gS 
 
 qeS 
 
 9 . 21 . 
 
 29 . GODS'QJ© (?OdG> ( 53© 
 
 11 
 
 
 $QQ 
 
 16 
 
 c33ots«r> 
 
 
 18 
 
 8oda©^ 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 ^g©©<35 
 
 29 
 
 «?»$§ 
 
 <-®)§© 
 
 88 
 
 ©$§*«* 
 
 ®g©<5tf 
 
 87 * 40 . 42 . ®«$©< 5 @ 
 
 4 ? 
 
 ©0 
 
HISTORY OF LANKA. 
 
 i 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 VISITS OF BUDDHAS TO THE ISLAND. 
 
 This glorious Island of Lanka was the residence of Yakshas 
 during the non- Buddhistic periods of the world, and men dwelt 
 there only in the Buddhistic periods. By some of the Buddhas, at 
 the very first attainment to perfection of wisdom, the Yakshas, were 
 subdued, and the Island became the abode of men. There were 
 other Buddhas who personally visited it, subdued the Yakshas, 
 made it the abode of men, and established their religion there. 
 Aud this Island of Lanka is like the Buddhas’ own treasury of 
 the three Gems, as it is certain that the southern brauches of the 
 sacred trees, and the doctrines, the relics, aud the religion of 
 infinite and innumerable Buddhas, are established here. 
 
 2. The residence therefore of false religionists in this Island 
 of Lanka is certainly as unstable as that of the former Yakshas 
 was unstable. Although, occasionally, a king of a false religion 
 may usurp the sovereignty of the Island of Lanka, and reign over 
 it, yet it is the authoritative mandate of the Buddhas, that the 
 dynasty of such kings should never be permanent. 
 
 3. As this Island, therefore, is suitable only to the kings of the 
 true religion, the permanence of the hereditary succession of 
 their dynasty is sure. For such reasons as these, the kings 
 reigning over Lanka should be assiduous in upholding the religion 
 with that great love and veneration which is natural towards 
 Buddha, and ought to preserve the heritage of their dynasty by 
 keeping the influence of their jurisdiction aDd that of the religion. 
 
2 
 
 4. Leaving aside the periods of other Buddhas of former times, 
 this Island was called O'jadwipa at the time of the Kakusanda 
 Buddha, who in this Kalpa first attained to the perfection of wisdom. 
 Anuradhapura was then called Abhayapura ; the king thereof was 
 named Abliaya. 1 he present grove Maha-mewuna had the 
 name of Maha-tirtha-wana ; the cily was on the east of this grove. 
 The name of Piyalkulu, or the Mihintala rock, was Dewakuta. 
 
 5. At that time a pestilential disease of fever struck such cities 
 as Abhayapura, over all this Island, abounding with large popu- 
 lation and great wealth and riches ; and when a great affliction of 
 the people prevailed, such as was in the city of Wisala at the time 
 of our Buddha, people began to die. And the Yakshas, being 
 unable on account of the influence of Buddha, to enter the Ldand, 
 stood circum-ambulating round it, scattered over the sea, erecting 
 themselves up, and observing the smell of the human carcasses. 
 
 6. At that time Kakusanda Buddha, knowing the exceeding 
 unhappy state of the inhabitants of this Island, O'jadwipa, and 
 being impelled by great compassion towards them, repaired thither 
 in an instant through the air, accompanied by a retinue of about 
 40,000 holy priests, and descended upon Dewakuta (Mihintala), 
 and stood there like the moon attended by stars ; he illuminated 
 the ten directions with his beams of six colours, and determined 
 with his supernatural influence : “ Let all the men of this Island of 
 O'jadwipa see me, and as soon as they see me let all their diseases 
 vanish, and, being sound in health, let them all come in an instant 
 and stand round me.” 
 
 7. And at an instant, simultaneously with the thought of that 
 determination, all the inhabitants of the Island saw Buddha like 
 those who see the moon in the sky. And the epidemic of fever 
 vanished, and they all, like those who had received ambrosial water, 
 every man sprang from the place where he had been lying, 
 collected themselves round the rock, as those who collect themselves 
 into a hall in the midst of a town. 
 
 8. At this moment the kings, sub-kings, and great ministers 
 worshipped, and invited him into the grove Maha-tirtha-wana 
 (Maha-mewuna), and conducted him thither in great pomp, and 
 
3 
 
 complete'! for him a beautiful temporary court, an<l erected a mag- 
 nificent throne for Buddha with forty thousand other seats, and 
 presented the grove to Buddha with great ceremony. 
 
 9. In that instant the great, earth gave a shock and sprang 
 up, and all the trees throughout the grove stood embellished with 
 supernatural flowers from their roots even to their topmost twigs. 
 And the sentient beings, who were delighted at this miracle, with 
 the most profound veneration, made the great priesthood, with Bud- 
 dha at their head, take the repast of the alms of Chatumadhnra, and 
 presented to Buddha perfumes and flowers and other things, iu 
 proportion to the wealth which each man possessed, standing at 
 a reverential distance. 
 
 10. At that moment Buddha preached his doctrine, and rescued 
 forty thousand souls from transmigration ; he spent the day in that 
 place, and in the afternoon, repaired to the site of the great sacred 
 tree, and rested there for a moment under the blissful influence of 
 dyana, when he rose and thought, “ I will follow the practice 
 of the preceding Buddhas,” and then stretched his right hand 
 towards the direction of the sacred Bo-tree, and determined with 
 his supernatural influence, ‘ Let the sanctified priestess Ruchinanda, 
 the chief over those priestesses of my religion who performed 
 miracles, appear here conveying the southern branch of the great 
 sacred Bo-tree.” 
 
 11. At that instant also the sanctified priestess perceiving the 
 determination which Buddha had exercised, caused the king Khe- 
 mawati of the city of Kehmawati, to make a streak of yellow 
 orpimeut round the southern branch of the sacred Bo-tree, and 
 so got it by self-cutting, and placed it in the sacrtd haud which the 
 Buddha had out-stretched. 
 
 12. Then Buddha looked at the face of king Abhaya, and said, 
 “0 great monarch, follow the practices of former blessed and 
 prosperous kings of thi3 Island like thyself,” and caused that 
 sovereign to plaut the sacred tree. Thence, on its northern direc- 
 tion, he sat down in the site of Lowamahapaya, which at that 
 time was called Sirisa-Malaka, preached his doctrine, and rescued 
 twenty thousand souls from transmigration. He proceeded thence 
 
4 
 
 and sat on the site of Thuparama, and rose from the blissful 
 influence of dydna, and preached his doctrine, and rescued in that 
 place ten thousand persons from transmigration. And he delivered 
 his dharmakara (water straining vessel), saying, “Build yea monu- 
 ment here and worship the same, and make offerings to it, and be 
 rescued from transmigration.” And he left in this Island the 
 sanctified priestess Ruchinanda, together with five hundred priest- 
 esses, and the high and holy priest Mahadewa, with ten thousand 
 priests. Thence he proceeded to Dewakuta (Mihintala), and stand- 
 ing upon the sight of the Batamahasala monument advised all the 
 inhabitants of the Island, and returned to Jambudwxpa in the sight 
 of all the living beings. 
 
 13. From that time forth during the whole of that Buddhate, 
 every succeeding king who was born here, continued to worship 
 the three gems, and went to the city of Nirvana. 
 
 14. Now at the time of the second Buddha, Kdnagama, this 
 Island was called Waradwipa; the name of the Maha-mewuna grove 
 was Maha-anoma grove. The city on the south of the grove was 
 named Waddhamanaka. It was enriched with all sorts of wealth 
 by its king Saminddha. And Dewakuta was called Sumanakuta. 
 
 15. At that time this noble Island of Lanka, which was inha- 
 bited by four noble tribes of men, and full of females like goddesses 
 of cows and buffaloes, and of all sorts of wealth, having had no 
 rain for some interval of t ime, was overspread with a great famine 
 like the famine called Beminitiya Saya at the time of our Buddha, 
 and there was a great distress from want of food. 
 
 16. As the end of all the discourses of Buddha is aimed at 
 (one or the other of) the three marks ; he observed the time and 
 saw the distress by famine to which men had come ; and, concluding 
 that “sentient beings could be established in faith when they had 
 a sorrow,” came here through the air attended by thirty thousand 
 sanctified priests, and stood on the very site of the foot-marks of 
 former Buddhas, on the summit of Sumanakuta (Mihintala), and 
 looked at the ton directions,* and said, “Let rain fall in this Island 
 
 * Tim four cardinal, and the four intervening, and the zenith and nadir points. 
 
5 
 
 just at this very moment, and let. all the tanks and dams he filled.” 
 
 17. At that instant, simultaneously with the thought of our 
 Lord, hundreds of blue condensed clouds of rain began to present 
 themselves to the sight, as if the reflections of mountains appeared 
 in the mirror of the sky. Hundreds and thousands of pillars of 
 rainy clouds began to shew themselves, resembling a pressure of 
 pillars of blue sapphire stones spreading in the bosom of the sky, 
 and the clouds began to roar in the sky, as if the gods had begun 
 to play music as uu offering to Buddha. 
 
 18. Thousands of rainbows began to appear as so many divine 
 arches, which the gods had built as an offering to Buddha. And 
 myriads ol lightnings began to shew themselves in different 
 directions, resembling rows of banners which the gods had 
 offered. Thousands of torrents of water proceeded, bursting the 
 blue condensed clouds of raiu like heaps of strings of pearls which 
 gods offer to Buddha. Thousands of peacocks bpgan to erect their 
 tails, as if they held feather umbrellas over their heads, for the 
 purpose of protecting themselves from the wetting of the rain. 
 
 19. At that instant throughout the whole of this Island very 
 thick and heavy showersof rain fell, and filled the tanks, dams, rivers, 
 and canals ; and torrent-streams of fresh water floods began to run 
 indifferent directions, as if they had been reddened by rage, and were 
 moving about to find out where their enemy, the heat, was dwelling. 
 
 20. Thus Buddha having extinguished the heat by an unusual 
 shower, caused the rain to cease, and then, in the sight of all 
 living beings, he stood on the summit of the rock like a statue of 
 gold, and entered the state of Samapatti of aqueous kasina, and 
 emitting streams of water from his own body, also administered a 
 healing to the population. And all the living inhabitants of the 
 Island, who were delighted at the performance of this miracle, 
 collected themselves together round Buddha, and worshipped him, 
 immerging themselves under the beams of his toe-nails, and carried 
 him in their arms unto the Maka-anoma grave. 
 
 21. On that very day Buddha received the grove, with a shock 
 of the great earth, and made his repast, and at the conclusion of it, 
 delivered his doctrines and rescued thirty thousand souls out of 
 
6 
 
 transmigration : and in the afternoon, as was mentioned before, he 
 determined in his heart, and caused by his supernatural influence, 
 the southern branch of his sacred fig-tree to be self-cut as aforesaid, 
 through the instrumentality of the monarch Sobhana in the city of 
 Sobhana, and brought in an instant by five hundred priestesses, with 
 the sanctified priestess Kanakadatta at their head, and having caused 
 the king Samiddha to plant the sacred tree, and taking seat on the 
 site of the Lowamahapaya, which at that time was called Naga- 
 malaka, he delivered his doctrines, and having given to twenty 
 thousand persons the fruits of the paths of Nirvana, proceeded 
 thence and sat on the site of Tliuparama, and expounded the 
 doctrines, and liberated ten thousand souls from transmigration, 
 and left in this Island his waist-band as a relic, together with five 
 hundred priestesses, with the high and holy priestess Kanakadatta 
 at their head, and one thousand priests, with the great high priest 
 Sudharma at their head. Thence he came and stood on the site 
 of the great stone monument called Sudassanamalaka, advised all 
 the living beings, and returned from this Island iuto Jambudwipa. 
 
 22. From that time forth in that Buddhate all the princes that 
 were born here, together with all the people, continued to worship 
 the three gems and filled the city of Nirvana. 
 
 23. Moreover, in the time if Kasyapa, who became Buddha 
 in the third place, this Island was designated as Mandadwjpa, the 
 grove Maha-mewuna had the name of Malta Sagara ; the city on the 
 west of it was called Wisalapura, in which a monarch of the 
 name of Jayanta reigned ; Sumanakuta was called ."ubhakuta. At 
 that, time the inhabitants of this Island, with their kings, sub-kings y 
 and great ministers, were divided into two parties, and were jealous 
 of one another, and carried on a civil war. They engaged armies 
 composed of four elements and arrayed in arms, and began to strike 
 one another, saying “we will kill them and make oceans of blood.”' 
 
 24. Then Buddha having seen many persons perish iu that 
 civil war, impelled by great commisseration , repaired thither 
 through the air, accompanied by twenty thousand sanctified dis- 
 ciples, descended upon Subhakuta, and created a thick darkness, 
 and determined in his heart with his supernatural influence, “Let 
 
ho two persons see each other,” and put them into a trance with 
 the darkness, and then dispelled the darkness. 
 
 25. And the people resumed the battle. Then he caused the 
 whole Island to smoke, and seeing that the rage of the people did 
 not subside, he entered into the state of Samapatti of the igneous 
 Kasina, and emitted streams of fire out of his body, which was 
 twenty cubits high, and terrified them by making the whole Island 
 like a house set in one blaze of fire. 
 
 26. Then the people seeing the mountains of fire moving about in 
 the air, and the sparks of fire incessantly thrown at every house, said, 
 “ O ineu ! what consternation is this ? It is like the day of the de- 
 struction of the world ; we are fighting against each other for the sake 
 of a kingdom, and that kingdom is now burning ; our wives and 
 children are burning ; our wealth is burning ; fields and gardens are 
 burning; and we ourselves shall be burned presently; and what wars 
 shall we carry on;” And they, trembling for fear of death, dropped 
 down the weapons which they had in their hands, and where moved 
 with affection towards each other, and the armies came to peace. 
 
 27. Thus Buddha, like one taking up a thorn by means of a 
 thorn, extinguished the fire of their rage by his miraculous fire, 
 and then quenched both the fires, and made himself visible to all 
 the living beings. 
 
 28. At that moment, all men, having seen Buddha, stood up 
 with closed hands upou their heads, and enquired of him, “ Lord, 
 art thou the god of fire, or art thou the deity of the sun ? Thy face is 
 like a full moon, thy body is like a mass of ambrosia ; hut on the 
 contrary, the fire that issued out of thy body is exceeding fierce- 
 Can a fire spring out of water ? Lord, what sort of personage art 
 thou ?” And when they learned that he was Buddha, the supreme 
 over the universe, they exulted with joy. 
 
 29. Afterwards Buddha on that day caused the great earth to 
 shake, and received the same grove, and at the conclusion of his 
 repast he awakened the minds of the faithful by the warmth of 
 his preaching, as heat expands the blossoms of flowers. And he 
 gave to twenty thousands of souls the fruits of the paths (to Nir- 
 vana). And in the afternoon, he having proceeded to the site of the 
 
8 
 
 great and glorious sacred tree, aud having, as before, determined in 
 his heart, with his supernatural influence caused the southern 
 branch of the sacred Nigrodha tree to be self-cut by king Brahma* 
 datta of Benares, and brought in an instant by five hundred 
 priestesses, at whose head was the sanctified priestess Sudharma, 
 and planted by the monarch Jayanta; and then by the discourse 
 which he delivered, sitting on the site of the Lowamahapaya, called 
 at that Buddhate Asoka-malaka, he rescued four thousand souls 
 from transmigration, and proceeded to the sight, of Thuparama, and 
 preached his doctrines and gave to a thousand souls the fruits of the 
 paths (to Nirvana), aud left in this Island his own bathing robe, 
 and the sanctified priestess Sudharma, with five hundred priest- 
 esses, and the great sanctified priest Sarwananda, with a thousand 
 other priests ; and then having stood on the site of the third great 
 stone monument Somanassa-malaka, he advised gods and men, 
 together with all the inhabitants of the Mandadwipa, and rose up 
 into the bosom of the sky and returned to Dambadiwa, like the 
 moon attended by stars. 
 
 30. Thus also in the Buddhate of the Kasyapa Buddha, which 
 existed for twenty thousand years, the living beings born here 
 with passion continued to worship the three gems, and filled the 
 city of Nirvana. 
 
 Thus should be known briefly the history of the visits of the 
 first three Buddhas that were born in this Kalpa. 
 
 Described in Puj dwaliya, 
 
 31. Moreover our great Buddha Gautama, who became Buddha 
 in the fourth period of this Kalpa, visited this Island of Lanka on 
 the day of full moon of the month of Durutu (January), the ninth 
 of his Buddhaship, and stood iu the air over the midst of a great 
 army of Yakslias in the full -blossomed grove of Malninaga-wana, 
 three yoduns in length and one in breadth, situated on the bank 
 of the river Mahawdluka (Mahawcli), where, when they had com- 
 menced a battle against one another on account of some dispute,— 
 they were shouting with boasts like the roaring of thunders, and 
 looking here and there with various hostile weapons in their hands, 
 possessing hearts like flames of fire, shaking the shrunk copper 
 
9 
 
 coloured hair of the head, raising up the pair of contracted cruel 
 brows like the bow of Pluto, revolving the red eyes like inflamed 
 balls of fire, having cheeks blistered with strokes of the extremities 
 of tusks like crescent moons, tremulously shaking tongues thrown 
 out of their hollow mouths, with disorderly teeth closed by the 
 outward turned red lips, and revolving circular plates set at their 
 ears, — he shewed himself in the air like a golden rock enveloped 
 with many thousands of rainbows, lightnings and evening clouds, 
 and caused a roaring of the sky and earth louder than their clamour, 
 and created a fourfold thick darkness, and terrified the yakshas, 
 like Pisachas who had offended Waissrawana. Again he dispelled 
 the darkness, and made himself visible to them in the womb of the 
 6ky, like the disc of the rising sun, and struck terror among the 
 army of yakshas by volumes of smoke emitted from his body, 
 and then again he stood in their sight like the face of the moon, 
 clear of the five obstructions, issuing ambrosial beams 
 
 32. At this moment the army of yakshas, who had seen these 
 miracles, saw Buddha and prayed him, saying, “ O Lord, who art 
 great and possessed of such influence as this, remove these calami- 
 ties from us, and give us safety.” Then Buddha addressed himself 
 to the yakshas, who had supplicated him for safety, and said, “ O 
 yakshas, if ye all wish for safety, bestow on me as much space od 
 the ground as will suffice for me to sit ; ” and having obtained as 
 much space as would suffice him to sit, he removed the consterna- 
 tion among the yakshas, and sat in the midst of their army, upon 
 the skin carpet spread on the piece of ground given by them ; the 
 place where Buddha sat being the site of the Mahiyangana monu- 
 ment ; and from the four edges of the skin carpet he emitted 
 four streams of fire, which spreading on all the ten directions, 
 struck terror among the yakshas, and dispersed them in different 
 directions. Buddha then collected them on the sea-shore, and 
 shewed them as if the isle of Y akgiri had been caused to be 
 brought near by his supernatural influence ; he then presented 
 that isle of Yakgiri to them, and settled the great yaksha army in 
 it, but he remained there on the sea-shore. 
 
 33. At that instant the chief of the gods, Sumana, resident at 
 
 C 
 
10 
 
 the peak of Samanala ( Adam’s Peak), together with all the aerial, 
 domiciliary, and other gods dwelling on trees, mountains and other 
 places, arrived there ; and when they stood there making offer- 
 ings of lights, incense, perfumes, flowers, and such other things, 
 Buddha, who was sitting in that place, declared his sound doctrines 
 to all the gods and goddesses, presided over by the chief god 
 Sumana, and established numerous kelas (ten millions) of the 
 multitude of the gods in the eujoyment of the fruits of the paths, 
 and admitted an Asankya of gods into the initiatory Sila. 
 
 34. The chief god Sumana, who on that day attained unto the 
 holy path Sowan, besought for a relic suitable for himself to 
 worship and make offerings to. Then the meritorious Supreme 
 Buddha rubbed his head and gave a handful of hair relics to the 
 chief god Sumana to worship and make offerings to, and circum- 
 ambulated three times round the Island of Lanka, like a meteor that 
 moved rapidly in the darkness, and gave it his protection, and 
 returned to Jambudwipa on that very day. 
 
 35. Then the chief god, great Sumana, placed in a golden shrine 
 the handful of hair relic which he had obtained, and collected a 
 heap of gems on the spot where Buddha had sat for subduing 
 yakshas, and on the top of that heap of gems he interred the 
 shrine with the hair relic, and built thereupon a dagoba of blue 
 sapphire gems, and made immense offerings to it. 
 
 The first visit of Buddha to the Island of Lanka. 
 
 36. Moreover in the fifth year of our Buddha, who is a refuge 
 to the refugeless, and in the fifteenth day of the waning moon of 
 the month of Bhaga (March), two.Naga kings, Chulddara and Mah6- 
 dara, maternal uncle and nephew, commenced a war on account of 
 a gem throne, taking with them separate armies of eighty kelas of 
 Nugas dwelling in water and in land, being twenty kelas of 
 Nagas from Kelani, together with thirty kelas from Wadunnagala, 
 against thirty kelas of Mauinaga isle ; and the two armies boasting 
 violently, like two oceans stirred up by the vehemence of the wind 
 and rushing upon the land, arranged line by line like the rows of the 
 
11 
 
 wares moving thereon, taking various weapons, such as swords, 
 shields, darts, circular swords, clubs, bows, spears, lances, javelins, 
 crowbars, maces, aud arrows, and waving them like continuous flash- 
 ings of lightnings, rendering the whole battle-fleld a universal 
 shout, and continually running forward with bravery of heart, 
 intoxicated with the pride of each outvieing the other, and pressing 
 hard each upon the other. 
 
 37. Then our Buddha saw by inspiration the affliction suffered 
 by the army of Magas who were thus boastingly assembled in the 
 battle field of the civil war ; and impelled by compassion towards 
 them, he started in the morning of that day from Jetawana- 
 arama, and came through the air under the shade of that very 
 Kiripalu tree, which had been standing near the gate of the 
 temple of Jetawana, and which the king of the gods, Samirdhi 
 Sumana, who had been residing on that self-same Kiripalu tree, 
 rooted up and held over his head, aud descended at the isle of 
 Maninaga, and presented himself in the midst of the two N&ga 
 armies, who had the sharpest battle, and seated himself in the air 
 under the shade of the blue-sapphire-banner-like Kiripalu tree. Ho 
 then created a darkness for the purpose of frightening the Nagas, and 
 afterwards threw a light upon them like that of the rising sun. The 
 N&gas being thus frightened by the darkness, he shewed them many 
 wonders, and preached his doctrines, and reconciled the two armies. 
 
 38. Then all the Naga people, having thrown their weapons 
 out of their hands, brought, in company with the Naga virgins, 
 various kinds of splendid offerings and presents, and bestowed them 
 upon him : and they prayed Buddha to descend on the ground ; 
 and he, sitting upon the gem throne which the Nagas had bestowed 
 upon him, made a repast of the divine food which the Magas gave 
 him, and preached his doctrines to eighty kelas of Nagas, and estab- 
 lished them in the initiatory sila. And in that M'aga company, the 
 Naga king Maniak, the maternal uncle of the Maga king Maho- 
 dara, supplicated Buddha to visit Kelani. 
 
 39. Afterwards Buddha, having by his silence consented to the 
 invitation, made the Kiripalu tree, and the gem throne, pari- 
 bhogika monuments, that they might worship aud make offerings 
 
12 
 
 to them, in order that their advancing merits might increase; and 
 he sat on the gem throne, leaning against the Kiripalu tree. 
 
 40. Thus having quelled the dissensions of the Nagas, he left as 
 paribhogika monuments both the gem throne which he had received, 
 and the Kiripalu tree, which the god had brought from Jetawana 
 with him, holding it as a shade over his head, in order that the eighty 
 kelas of ^agas, and their females inhabiting the three Naga abodes, 
 which have the three Naga kings, Chulodara, Mahodara, and Ma- 
 niakkha,as their chiefs, may worship and make offerings to them, in 
 whatever way they choose. And he established protection to the 
 glorious Island of Lanka, and returned to Jetawana Vihara in the 
 city of Sewet in Dambadiva. 
 
 41. Thus, the gem throne and the Kiripalu tree, which our 
 Buddha received when he came to Maniuaga isle, on his second 
 visit to Lanka, were placed in the oeeauic Naga abode, and on 
 the seashore, as paribhogika monuments. 
 
 This is the account of the second visit of our Buddha to the 
 Island of Lanka, 
 
 42. Moreover, our great Buddha, the teacher of the three 
 worlds, who has a glorious face like a lotus, residing in the Vihura 
 of Jetawana, thus thought about his third visit to the Island of 
 Lanka ; namely, “ When I am dead ( my ) tooth relic, the jaw 
 “bone relic, the forehead relic, and about a drona of other relics, 
 “which the inhabitants of the city of Rambagain will receive 
 “at my demise ; the hair relics and many other relics, will bo 
 “settled in the glorious Island of Lanka; and many hundreds 
 “and thousands of monasteries will be established there. And 
 “as a great many people, such as Kshastrias, Brahmans, Wnisyas, 
 “Shuddras, and many others, who will delight in the three gems, 
 “will dwell there, I ought therefore to go to the Island of Lanka, 
 “and visit the sites where the sixteen great places will have to 
 “be situated, and indulge myself in the enjoyment of Samupatti, 
 “and then return here.” 
 
 43. So in the eighth year of his Buddhaship lie, at the invitation 
 
13 
 
 of the great priest Sunaparanta together with five hundred sancti- 
 fied th6ras, mounted upon five hundred golden palanquins which the 
 god Sekraiahad created and presented to them, came to the territory 
 of Sunaparant, and received the hall named Chandana-mandala- 
 inalaka, built by some merchants in the monastery of Muhulu ; 
 and there he preached his doctrines to sentient beings, and estab- 
 lished them in the enjoyment of the fruits of the paths, and 
 dwelt there several days, and went to the market town of Supparaka 
 at the invitation of the priest Purna, and preached the doctrines to 
 the people there. While he was returning to the city of Sewet, 
 he came to the bank of the river Nermada, and there he, at the 
 request of the Naga king Nermada, who dwelt in the river, par- 
 took of the divine food presented by him, and gave him some 
 practical admonitions, and established a great multitude of Nagas 
 in the initiatory observance of religion. And at the request of the 
 Naga king Nermada, he made an imprint of his glorious right 
 foot, endowed with a hundred and eight auspicious signs, on a 
 beautiful strand like a heap of pearl dust, on the bank of that river, 
 on which the rippling waves strike and break themselves ; and he 
 provided the Nagas with the means of acquiring merits. 
 
 41. When the spreading waves strike over the heap of sand 
 on which the glorious foot was imprinted on the shore of that 
 river in the Yonaka country, the glorious foot-mark is covered by 
 the water, and when the waves retire the impriDt of the foot with 
 all its auspicious signs reappears, like a seal impressed upon the 
 surface of a lump of extremely white beeswax, without the slightest 
 diminution of any of the blissful marks, satisfying the eyes of 
 every one who sees it. And it imparts abundant happiness to the 
 world up to this day. This is a paribbogika memorial. 
 
 45. And from that place he proceeded to the rock of Sachcha- 
 baddha, and at the request of a certain priest called Sachehabaddha, 
 he imprinted on the top of the thick blue rock of that name his 
 glorious foot, endowed with a hundred and eight auspicious signs, 
 such as Siriwasa, Swastika, and so forth, as if a foot smeared with 
 ointment had been pressed upon a lump of wet cloy, without the 
 defect of a single jot of the parts of those auspicious marks, so a3 
 
14 
 
 to be clear to the bodily eye of every one that sees them. This 
 also is a memorial of the foot of my Buddha. 
 
 46. Thence Buddha, proceeding from the said Sachchabaddha 
 mountain, recollected the invitation which the Naga king Ma- 
 niakkha, — who enjoys the Naga prosperity in that Naga region 
 which had arisen contiguous to the new stream of water named the 
 Kelani river, perhaps from its resemblance to an auspicious body of 
 water emptying itself into the ocean, having fallen at the foot of 
 the rock after the entire washing and purification of the noble moun- 
 tain Samantakuta (Adam’s Peak) of the Island of Lanka, when the 
 water of the auspicious consecration was pouied on the top of its 
 head for purification, previous to its sacred investment with the 
 mark of the glorious foot, — had made on a former occasion, when 
 he had gone to Maniuaga isle, for the purpose of assisting his 
 nephew AJahodara, the prince of the Nagas, in a Avar which he was 
 carrying on against the Naga Prince Chulodara, having seen 
 Buddha, avIio had mercifully come there, — that he should visit 
 Kelani ; — and on the day of full moon of the month of Wesak 
 (May) he began to proceed, attended by five hundred sanctified 
 priests, including the eighty dignitaries. 
 
 47. In the place where Buddha was residing, there tvas, close 
 to his bed chamber, a noble Naga named Sumana, enjoying great 
 happiness, constantly attended by sixteen thousand Naga virgins; 
 and be, having seen the personal gracefulness of Buddha, 
 greatly admired him; and he had his mother as an object of 
 veneration, and rendered her such services as worshipping and 
 honouring her, and shampooing her feet. 
 
 48. When Buddha was about to depart, ho invited this noble 
 NagaAvho stood by, and said, “Follow us with thy retinue.” And 
 this noble Naga immediately obeyed these Avords, and said “ Yea, 
 my Lord,” and took his train of about sixty millions of N agas, and 
 proceeded, holding over his head a full blossomed champack tree, 
 so that the rays of the sun might not strike against the glorious 
 pe rson of Buddha. 
 
 49. Afterwards the meritorious Buddha, having arrived at the 
 N&ga city of the N aga king Maniakkha at the Kelani river in the 
 
15 
 
 Island of Lanka, sat upon the throne completed with all ports of 
 gems in the golden court, miraculously brought into existence by 
 Maniakkha, and remained with his attendant priests on the site of 
 the Kelani monument, and made refection of the divine food pre- 
 sented to him by the noble Naga, and delivered to him some 
 practical admonitions; and, at the request of that noble N&ga, he 
 made an impression of his glorious foot under that river of Kelani, 
 in order that the Naga king might make offerings to him, and 
 he initiated many thousands of other Nagas into the threefold 
 refuge, and remained sitting there increasing their merits. 
 
 50. Then the great god Sumana, resident at the divine man- 
 sion on the summit of the peak Samanala ( Adam’s Peak ), who lmd 
 heard of these circumstances, came with his numerous retinue 
 of gods to the site of the Kelani monument, having prepared and 
 brought things for offerings to him, and saw Buddha ; and took 
 drums and other musical instruments, and offered him immense 
 divine fragrant flowers, lamps, incense, and other things, and 
 worshipped him, by applying to the ground five places of the body, 
 and prayed Buddha to come to the Samanala mountain, while 
 the Nagas remained worshipping him. 
 
 51. Then the great god Sumana, resident of the Samanala 
 mountain, addressed him in six such stanzas as these, standing 
 before Buddha, with closed hands upon his head, addressing him 
 thus, praying : — 
 
 25. “0 great Buddha, the lord of the whole universe, it was 
 
 “with thy compassion to sentient beings that thou hadst entered 
 “the impassable ocean of Sansara, and moved about during an im- 
 “mense period of time, suffering pains from the moment of thy 
 “obtaining, at the foot of the Dipankara Buddha, the sanction to 
 “become Buddha, and completed the full thirty paramitas. Tam 
 “included also among the number of all the sentient beings, such as 
 “Gods, Brahmas, Asuras, Men, Nagas, Supernas, Yakshas, Rak- 
 “shas, Siddhas, Widdhyadharas, and others who enjoy the beneficial 
 ‘ rewards from that compassion of thine. Have mercy there- 
 “ fore upon me, and in that visible mountainous forest, uplifted 
 “and graceful in all glory, beauteous in green foliage, tender 
 
16 
 
 "leaves, waterfalls, and rainbows, pressed by the striking of wind, 
 "delightful with clusters of lotusses and flashings of lightnings, 
 "resounding with the noise of gentle breezes and of the roaring 
 " clouds, resembling the black peak of a rainy cloud over the eastern 
 ‘•horizon, sprinkled by the fall of the extremely white ambrosial 
 "showers of rain, situated in the midst of that visible wilderness 
 “like a peacock’s neck, being an object eligible for the ceremonies at 
 “the offerings made to Buddha, being an abode for gods and 
 "goddesses engaged in divine sports, giving pleasure to multi- 
 " tudes of gods performing dances that properly correspond to the 
 "airs of the music variously produced by the simultaneous playing 
 "of the five kinds of sonorous instruments of atata, witata, witatata 
 " ghana and susira, constantly kept up by describing various 
 "kinds of objects, such as trees, creepers, rivers, quadrupeds, and 
 "birds, and singing the airs agreeable to these on the summit of 
 "that peaked mountain Samantakuta, appearing like a noble 
 " Airawana elephant, whose whole body is entirely blanched with 
 "the white colour of the falling of dews, and who stretches forth, 
 "like rows of probosces, a multitude of rivers that fall in different 
 "directions, graceful with rows of waves risiug up at the points of 
 "rocks, splendid with a multitude of round and rising rocks like 
 "frontal globes, and of root-stems of various shapes like a mul- 
 titude of tusks; dignified with cataracts, like the gently dropping 
 "exudation of juice ; and with slabs of great stones, like temples ; — 
 "impress there this thy tender, delicate and glorious foot, and 
 "improve the prosperous condition of the period of five thousand 
 "years.” 
 
 53. The lord of the biped race, who gives commands conducive 
 to the happiness of the whole universe, accepted the prayer 
 offered by the noble god Sumana in stanzas like these, and when 
 he was proceeding from the city of Kelani, having ascended 
 the air, attended by five hundred sanctified priests, including the 
 eighty dignified disciples, like the great Brahmas, Sahnmpati, 
 attended by the train of Brahmas, the noble god Sumana covered 
 himself on one shoulder with a vesture of various lustres, dressed 
 himself with divine ornaments of uudimiuished splendour, and 
 
17 
 
 habited with long broad and white divine silk garments, and 
 himself looking liko a pillar of cloud emitting torrents of rain 
 water, enveloped with rainbows and flashings of lightnings, stood 
 on the right hand side of the omniscient Buddha, bending himself 
 with the utmost marks of veneration, and giving him his hand, 
 proceeded. 
 
 54. Then in front of him proceeded in attendance many 
 hundreds aud thousands of female deities, exhibiting various feats 
 of daucing, forming themselves into different concerts, shewing 
 their gestures conformably to the nine sentiments of dancing, 
 descriptive of the six acts of the feet, sixty-four of the hands, eight 
 of the eves, and five of the head, and standing in the midst of a 
 great assembly of performers, producing airs corresponding to the 
 various tunes, — iu the same way proceeded many hundreds and 
 thousands of divine soldiers in attendance, habited in their uniforms, 
 overtaking one another, simultaneously raising various loud sounds 
 of the five kinds of musical instruments, as if they were giving a 
 violent shock upon the whole terrestrial element, — in the same way 
 proceeded many hundreds and thousands of goddesses and com- 
 panies of gods in attendance, carrying articles for offerings, such as 
 umbrellas, fans, banrers, bundles of feathers, palm-leaved fans, 
 spreading fans, gold and silver pitchers, pots full of scented water, 
 nosegays, garlands, and silver torches and other things. 
 
 55. In the same way proceeded Sekkras, Brahmas, great 
 Iswaras, Magas, Yakshas, Rakshas, Siddhas, Widdhyadharas, and 
 others, collecting themselves together and attended by their retinues 
 constantly spreading like canopies in the hollow of the firmament 
 nosegays of fragrant flowers, and young branches of asoka trees, 
 tender leaves of the honey mango trees, iron-wood trees, banyan 
 trees, and creepers of spotted betel, and throwing, like rain, gold and 
 silver flowers, pearls, gems, and camphor, and scattering about for 
 offerings an immense quantity of such precious articles as godlike 
 ornaments, divine crowns, and their upper vestures; whirling round 
 their heads numberless divine garments like swarms of white cranes 
 moving about the summit of a golden rock, snapping their fingers, 
 producing sounds by the clapping of their hands, giving shouts of 
 
 X> 
 
18 
 
 acclamations of joy, and filling all the points of the compass with 
 the noise of excessive singing, intoxicated by the sports of sadhu. 
 Thus the bands of gods proceeded through the air, together with 
 the company of the disciples, Buddha being at their head, a3 if 
 the rocks of Meru and Yagundara had landed ou the shore of the 
 great ocean, and bent their course towards the peak of Samanala. 
 
 56. And in this way, while the sound adviser of all the sentient 
 beings, the sovereign of the world, the lord of the biped races, had 
 ascended the aerial path, and was proceed'ng, the orb of the sun 
 made the clusters of his beams as soft as the light of the moon, 
 and stood in the sky like a white umbrella held over his head for 
 the purpose of preventing the heat, then gentle drops of rain 
 began to fall slowly like a sprinkling of water upon an altar of 
 flowers that had been elevated to the clouded sky. And gentle 
 breezes mixed with perfumes began to blow from various directions, 
 to cool the whole universe like one orb of odour. 
 
 57. Thus Buddha suffering the pomps of the immense offerings 
 which the gods performed, by presenting various miracles in the 
 whole firmament, filled the entire universe with the clusters of 
 Buddha’s deiTse beams of six colours, namely blue, yellow, scarlet, 
 white, red and variegated, arrived at the summit of the peak 
 Samantakuta, and stood with his face towards the west, attended 
 by five hundred disciples, like the orb of the rising sun enveloped 
 in a collection of the lustre of Buddha’s beams which had come 
 over the top of the eastern rock, and which had looked towards the 
 way of the interval of the western ocean ; and Buddha, at the 
 prayer of the great Sumana, the noble king of the gods, clearly 
 impressed upon the summit of tho Samantakuta mountain, his soft 
 and ruddy pink-coloured left foot, with nil its beauties, which in 
 length is about three inches less than two carpenter's cubits, 
 endowed with a hundred and eight auspicious signs. 
 
 58. So he properly gratified the noble god Maha Snmnnn, 
 together withinnumerablesentientheings such as Brahmasand gods, 
 and set his glorious foot ns a seal that is improssod, purporting that 
 tho Island of Lanka was his own treasury, full of the threo gems. 
 At that moment, at tho festival of the uoble peaked mountain 
 
19 
 
 Samanala, the rocks, trees, rivers, cataracts, pools, brooks, earth, sea, 
 and sky, like an army attendant upon it, clothed themselves with tho 
 unfolded garments of various hues of the six coloured rays of Bud- 
 dha’s beams, anointed with the ointment of the pouring of flowers 
 of divine fragrance, adorned themselves with the jewellery of tho 
 showers of divine gems, decorated themselves with garlands of 
 flowers of fully expanded and unwonted blossoms, playing on the 
 five kinds of musical instruments like the roaring of the sea, singing 
 agreeably to the measurement of t tie hum of the bees, clapping 
 their hands as with the clash of rain clouds, shouting with applause 
 like the roaring of the earth ; and in the continual sprinkling of 
 unusual rains they disported themselves among tho waters. 
 
 59. Then the Omniscient Buddha, attended by the train of the 
 great priests, departed from that place, and rested during the heat 
 of the day in the cave of Bhagawa-lene on the side of that peak of 
 Samanala, making it also a paribliogika memorial, and proceeding 
 from that place went to the district of Iiuliunn, and entered 
 with his train into tho state of sarnapatti, on the site where tho 
 monument of Dighanakha was to be erected, and rested there for 
 a moment. 
 
 60. Having rested in this way for a moment’s time in the state 
 of sarnapatti, together with his five hundred attendant sanctified 
 priests, at tho site of Dighanakha, and having placed in that spot 
 the deity Malniseaa as guardian, and thence like a Gurulu-raja 
 atteuded by a multitude of Garundas, ascended the aerial path anl 
 come to the city of Anuradhapura, he sat, by shaking the earth, on 
 the site where the great glorious sacred bo-tree was to be placed 
 in the midst of the grove Maha Meghawana, and on the site where 
 Ratnamali monument was to be erected, and appointed there a 
 deity of the name of Wisala as guardian, and he proceeded thence 
 and rested, by shaking the earth as before, in the state of Nirodha 
 sarnapatti, at the site where the Thuparama monument was to bo 
 built; and having appointed in that place, as guardian, a god of the 
 name of Prathuwimala, he proceeded thence and rested for a 
 moment in the state of sarnapatti at the site of Mirisaweti Vihara 
 attended by five hundred sanctified priests, inc'uding the eighty 
 
20 
 
 dignified disciples; then he rose from the state of samapatti there, 
 and preached his doctrines to an innumerable multitude of gods 
 who had collected themselves together in that place, aud led them 
 into the four rewards of the four paths, and commanded the god 
 Indi a to guard that place, aud thus awakened the minds of the people. 
 
 61. I'rom that place he proceeded and rested a moment with 
 his retinue at the site where Lowarnahapaya was to be erected, at 
 the site where the house of Lahabat was to be erected, at the site 
 where the pool Dantadhara was to be constructed, and at the site 
 where Ruwanwelipayawas to be built; and he preached hisdoctrines 
 to the assembled gods in these places, and distributed the four re- 
 wards of the four supreme paths; from I hat place he proccedi d and 
 sat upon that most delightful spot of ground on the summit of the 
 rock of Mihiutala where Mahaselasaya was to be erected ; and he 
 brought to his subjection those Gods, Brahmas, Xagas, Garundas, 
 Siddhas, Widdhy ad haras, Rakshas, Gandbarwns, and others who 
 were gathered near him, and he made them drink of the ambrosia 
 of his doctrines, and straightened the path of the duration of San- 
 sara, and displayed to them the happy way which speedily leads 
 to the city of'Nirwana. 
 
 62. He went thence, together with five hundred sanctified 
 priests, and entered the state of samapatti at the place where the 
 venerable dagoba of Kataragama was to be built, and in that place 
 also he caused the earth to shake, and for the future protection of 
 that place he located the noble god Ghdsha, and departed thence and 
 entered the state of JsiroJha samapatti as before, at the site where 
 Tissa Mali a Wihara was to be erected, and caused the earth to 
 shake as before, and he placed there for guarding it a god called 
 Manibharaka. lie left that place and coming toNaga-Maha Viliara, 
 entered the state of samapatti as before, and caused the earth to 
 shake, and lie placed there for its protection a god named Mihiudn, 
 and proceeded thence and entered the state of Nirdlha samu| at t i 
 with the five hundred sanctified priests at a very delightful spot 
 of grouud, near Seruwila on the soul hern lankt f the river Mulia- 
 weli, and caused the great earth to shake, and rose from his seat. 
 
 63. Ihcn when the Nagat aja Surnana had plucked some flowers 
 
21 
 
 from the champac tree which he had in his hands, and had gone to 
 that place and offered them to Buddha and stood by him, he ordered 
 that Nagaraja Sumana should reside there as the guardian god of 
 that place, and then he gave his own protecting influence to the 
 glorious Island of Lanka, and returned to Jambudwipa. 
 
 64. This is the third visit of our Buddha to the Island of 
 Lanka. Thus all the fourteen places, at which he spent some time 
 in moving about, by way of standing, or sitting, and so forth, in 
 the three visits which the exalted sovereign of the wholesome 
 doctrines paid to the Island of Lanka, are paribhogika memorials.