ColumWa (HnitJersiitp mtlieCitpoflrttigork THE LIBRARIES Bequest of Frederic Bancroft 1860-1945 THE FRANCISCANS IN CALIFORNIA BY Fr. Zephyrin EngelJiardi, 0. S. F. WITH A MAP AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. CUM PERMISSU SUPERIORUM. Printed And Published At The HOLY CHILDHOOD INDIAN SCHOOL, HARBOR SPRINGS, MICHIGAN. 1897. Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1897, by Zephyrin Engelhardt, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress. /A lp|rra)i3f^'7'V To Father Junipero Serra and his Band of Seraphic Laborers on the Pacific Coast This f 'olnme is Most Affectionately Dedicated by their Brother in Christ - The Anther. Some hints coucerning the pronunciation of Spanish names and words occurring in this book. A like a in ah. E ike e in tbev. I like the / in bid. O like o in so. U like 00 in wooti. C, (in America generally), before i and c has the sound of 5 in so or must, otherwise it has the sound of c in care. G, (before e and ;'), is sounded like h in bill: otherwise like g in give. H is silent. J is pronounced like * in hall or hill. LL as in Wi//iam. fi as nt opiwjon, or like nj. Q like k. X has the sound of b in bat. Y, when it stands alone, has the sound of ee: otherwise as in English. Z should be pronounced like tb in think or bath; but it is frequently sounded as is English. Ch is pronounced like cb in charity. Other letters are sounded as in English, - 1 P R E F p G E. Much has l)een written about those iiohle pioneers that iirst introduced Christianity and civilization into California, !)ut very little that is reliable. Ignor- ance and malice, through exaggeration and misstate- ments, have succeeded in making the old Fathers ap- pear in so strange a light that even their friends fail to recognize them. It has long been the desire of their succe sors in the missionary field to possess accurate and more extensive information regarding the old missions aiul their founders. Unfortunately the Seraphic Pioneers of the West were more fond of work than of record- ing what they accomplished. Little they cared what later generations thought of their individual share in the wonders effected, provided the ManUv took no- tice of them, and marked them down in the "Book of His Remembrance-'. Hence comparatively little is o'.i record, and much of this must be accei)ted upon the authority of writ- ers not in sympathy with the aims of the missionar- ies. Thus, for instance, the reader will find H. H. Ban- croft frequently quoted in relating events that oc- curred after the year 1785; for nowhere else can the same facts and dates be found described so minutely. Bancroft, indeed, deserves well of the Franciscans, even though his bigotry and his ignoranc<> of Catlt- olic affairs at times make his statements exlnnuly doubtful. However, as far as the author of this work has been able to discover, everything taken from this historian may be considered to be reliable, and all the more valuable for coming from a non-Catholic -11- ftource. Where corrections were necessary the reader will find them pointed out. Down to the year 1785 Ihe writer has consulted the original Spanish works and compared the facts recorded with the statements of Bancroft, which were likewise borrowed from the same ai thors. As to tJie statistics concerning the missions, the original reports of the Fathers from 1786 to 1831 were at hand. From 1881 down to about the year 1850, excepting Mission Santa Barbara, Bancroft was almost the only authority oifering any accurate information. The author sincerely wishes that an abler pen had been selected to narrate the history of the Seraphic Pioneers of California. A more readable and enter- taining work would have been the result. Volumes might have been tilled easily, but having in view only the rescue from oblivion of the names of the missionaries and their principal works, the author has excluded everything not bearing on the subject, even though he should appear dry and un- entertaining. He was compelled to take this course not only be- caus3 he was disinclined to write anecdotes, but also because his position at the head of a large mission- ary district and of an Indian industrial school made the labor of obedience and love a most arduous un- dertaking. The compiler of so important a work should have nothing else to distract his mind or to occupy his time. As the author did not enjoy this advantage it is with many misgivings he ventures to present his brethren and the lovers of history with the fruit of his research concerning the subject upon which he Y/as directed to write. Though the spare time of four years was consumed in compiling this volume, and great pains were taken „ in -• to have the figures and statements correct, under the circumstances errors were unavoidable. The reader will find a list of them at the end of the book. As Catholic booksellers demand a heavy security, not within the reach of a poor missionary, for the publishing- of a historical work, the author decided to utilize what facilities his school all'orded and to have the volume brought out at this estal)lishment. The printing done by unskilled, youthful hands, in- structed for that purpose by himself, added immense- ly to the difficulties of his position, so that he feels greatly relieved to find his task at last finished. He hopes that, notwithstanding all its defects, the book may be of some value to his brethren and to histor- ians in general. At all events, the novelty of possessing a literary work treating about Indian missions and missionar- ies, written and printed at an Indian school, may reconcile the readers to the small investment which will be used for the benefit of the Indian School with whose management and maintenance the author is charged. Even this volume will offer the readers a glimpse of what it is possible to accomplish with the 'wards' of the nation if left in charge of their natural guar- dian The Catholic Mlsslonarj/. IV- PART I. GENERAL HISTORY. UIIAPTEll 1. The First Missionaries. V:irious exiteditions. Expulsion of Ihe Jesuits. Franciscans in Cliarge of the Lower California Mis- sions. Missions and their Missionaries. Mission TemiMirahties. Don Jose (-alvez. Dishonesty of the Cconiisionados. Pjoclama- tion of Don Galvez. Plans for Misi^ions in Upper California. Departure of the VesseLs. The Lnnd Expeditions. Fr. Junipe- ro Serra. San Fernando De Velicatii 1. CHAPTER II. Some Changes. Epidemics. Death of Fr. Moran. Government In- structions. Fr. Palou's Protest. His Propositions. More Mission- Hries. Governor Barri's Anim )s;ty. The Franciscans Cede Lower California to the Dominicans. Their Departure 16. CHAPTER III. Statistics of the Lower Caiilornia Missions. Departure for Up- per California. Boundary. Liat of Missionaries 28. CHAPTER IV. The Second Land Expedition. Fr. Junipero and the Muleteer. Names Applied to Places aioa^' the Road. The Expeditions by S-XV. Re-union. Fr. Jum'pero's L^ttir. In S nirch or Monte- rey. Founding of San Du-g,,. Rapacity of the Natives. Attack on the Mission. First Vicliin. Characteristics of the Indians. The "Our Father" in Diegueno .^j. CHAPTER V. The Coursv^ of the Expedition. First Baptism in Upper Califor- nia. Hardships. Sickness. Council. A Mystery. St. Francis and his Mission. Discovery of San Francisco Bay. Return. The Governor's Resolution. Painful Suspense. The San Antonio Ar- rives. Fr. Junfpero's Letter 43, CHAPTER VI. Land Expedition to Monterey. The Cross. Founding of San Car- los. Fr. Junfp?ro's Account. Exultation in Mexico. Plans for New Missions. New Missionaries 55. - VI - CHAPTER VII. Scarcity of Food. Fr. Serra's Letter. His Journey. Disnsrreeiuent between the Fr President and Governor Fa^'t's. Fr. Serra Goes to Mexico. Missionaries for Lipjor Californiii. Fr. Junipe- ro's Illness and Recovery. His Petition at.d Success. Report on the State of the Missions 63. CHAPTER VIII. Fr. SiM-ra Return?. Exploring Expeditions by Sea. The Fathers as Chaplains. New Missions Planned 74. CHAPTER IX. Fr. Junipero Serra Receives the Faculty to Administer the Sa- crament of Confirmation. Controversy. High-Harded Proceed- int?s on the Part of the Secular Authorities. Fr. Serra Sus- tained by the Viceroy. H. H. Bancroft's Bigotry. Fr. Serra Resumes his Work of Confirming. Fr. Juan Crespi 80. CHAPTER X. New Franciscan Custodies. Fr. Serra's Disappointment ard Rea- son therefor. Volunteer Missionaries Decline to Serve. The Fr. Guardian's Defense and Charges. H. H. Bancroft's Lame Ex- cuse. The Truth about Governor Neve's Plans. Fr. Serra's Pen- ance. His Illness. New iViissionnries. Last Confirmation Tour. Preparation for Death. Fr. Ssrra's Last Days. His Death.... 88. CHAPTER XI. Desire for Relics. Funeral Service. Fr. Paterna's Care. Result of Fr. Junipero terra's Labors. More Conversions. Biography. Fr. Serra's Successor. New Custodies. Neve Retired. Unfortun- ate Position of the Fathers in the Spanish Missions 99. CHAPTER XII. Inspector £'oler. First Direct Proposition to Secularize the Mis- sions. The Number of the Missionaries to be Reduced. The Fa- thers Protest. Letter Postage. Charges of Severity. Other Com- plaints. Refutation and Counter- Charges. State of the Mis- sions 108. CHAPTER XIII. S arch for New Mission Sites. Fr. Lasuen's Report. New Mis- sions. Arrival and Departure of Missionaries. Fr. Lasuen's Du- ties. Mission Reports. Secularization. Reduction of the Sti- pends. Various Troubles of the Fathers. Indian Self-Govern- ment 116. CHAPTER X:V. Fr. Hora's Accusation. Investigation. Spanish Lnuguage Obligato- ry. The Fathers' Sensible Course. Fr. Las^uon's Able Reply. The Missionaries Officially Exonerated. The Bishop's Request. jiDteresting Items. Statistics. Various Industries. Governor Bo- - VII - rica Retires. Anothor Altemiit to Changt th3 Mission Sys- tem 125. CHAPTER XV. D?ath of Fr. Lasuen. Biography. Bancroft on Fr. Lasuon. Fr. Tapis. Superior. Governor Arrillaga's Sensible Report. Fr. Ga- sol's Circular. Fathers Diaz. Font, and Garc<''S Cro.ss Califor- nia by Land from Sonora. Exploring Exi^editions. Mission Santa In^z Founded. Statistics 133. CHAPTER XVI. Situation of the Fathers During the Revolutionary Period. Want of Missionaries. Unsuccefsful Effort to Cede Some of the Missions to the Orizaba Franciscans. Office of Comisario Prefecto Created. Fr. Sarria's Circulars. A Warning from the Fr. Guardian. A Request from the Commissary General. Fr. Senan Ordered to Write a History of the Missions. Fr. Pay- eras' Report. Statistics 142. CHAPTER XVII. Secularization Published in California. The Fathers Ready to Leave. Instructions to the Missionaries. Fr. Payeras' Protest. Expedition to the North. Independence of Mexico. Death of Fr. Payeras. Death of Fr. S-fiau. The Fathers Refuse to Take the Oath of Allegiance. Fr. Martfnez Banished 151. CHAPTER XVIII. Secularization. Destitution. Missions Taxed. Indian Revolt. Statis- tics. Decree of Secularization Published. Opinion of Some of the Fathers. Fr. Duran's Commentaries. The Pious Fund. Its History. Echandia's Regulations. Fr. Sanchez' Criticism. Fr. Peyri 160. CHAPTER XIX. New Missionaries from Zacatecas. Concordato Funeral. Corporal Punishment. Gov. Figunroa's Report. His Regulations. Fr. Du- ran's Letter. Indians Unwilling to be "Emancipated." Renewed Efforts. Fathers Diego ard Dura'i Reply. Six Missions Secu- larized. Statistics. Missionary Changes. The Rule of Plunder. The First Bishop of California 171. CHAPTER XX. The Diocese of California. Election of the First B'shoji. His P ts- toral Letter. Arrival and Reception. His Means. Sa' la Barbara Chosen for his Residence. His Disappointment. Mis.sions Re- stored. Missionary Changes. The Bishop's Efforts. Fr. Lu -an's Report. Masonic Hatred Destroys Valuable Books and Manu- scripts. First Seminary. Secularization Completed 18i. CHAPTER XXI. California in the United States. Orders from General Kearney and Gov. Mason. Mission Property Restored. Other Items. Mis?- - VIII " sionaries in 18iG. D.nith of Bishop G.uei'a. Doath of Fr. Daran. A Novitiate Established at Santa Baibara. The New Bishop. First Franciscan Priests Ordained in California. Death of Fr. Gonzalez. The Connnunity Doomed to Extinction. Incorporated into the Province of the Sacrtd Heait.Tho first Guardian. .IftG. CHAPTER XXII. Missionary Changes. Fr. Ferdinand Elected Provincial of the Province of the Sacud Heait. Fr. Fe;dinand again Guardian of Santa Barbara. His Tiagi(^ Death. Biography. Fr. Servatius Altmicks. Changes. New Foundations. San Luis Key Re-occu- pied by Franciscans from Mex co. Proposition to Organize a Custody of the Iraniaculate Heart of Mary in California. The Commissariat of California 204. CHAPTER XXIII. Method the Franciscans Observed in the California Missions. Peculiarity of the Spanish Missions. The Mission Buildings. Opinions of Dwindle and Forest. Mission Fare. The Commis- sary Department. Dress. Punishments. Disaster. The Indian under Control of the Catholic M'ssioniiry ard Otherwise. . .212. PART II- LOCAL HISTORY. CHAPTER I. SA.V DlEdO. San Diego Mission Founded. First Missionaries. Other Missiona- ries. Fr. Sena Goes to Mexico aid Returns. Preparations for a new Chvirch. Removal of the M'ssiou. Success of the Fathers. Indian Revolt. Attack on the Mis;on. Death of Fr. Jayme. Destruction of the Buildings. Brave Defense 219. CHAPTER II. SAX DIEGO {CONTIXUED). Fr. Serra's Happiness. Sad end of an Inlian Criminal. The Mis- sion Rebuilt. Missionaries. New Reg^steis. First Public Execu- fon in California. Fr. Serra Confirms at San Diego. Fr. Figu- er. State of the Mission. Fathers Torrens and Mariner. An A- queduet. Remains of the Dead Missionarii-s Transferred. Vari- OLis Missionaries. New Church. Mission Boundaries. Fr. Martin. Effects of S-cularization. Statistics 231. CHAPTER III. SAN CARLOS. San Ciirlos Founded. Conversions. Removal. Carmslo. Fathers Crespi and Serra Die. Other Missionaries. New Chv.rth. Fr - IX -- Lasueu Die?. Missiouaiies. Fr. Tujol, VMliils, and Carnicer. Mission Lands. Secularization. Statistics. Graves of the Mission- aries Discovered. Church Restored -211. CHAPTER IV. SAX AXTOXIO. Founding of San ADtoni(\ Buildings Erected. Learning the Lan- guage. A Straut^'e Story. Frosts Kill the Uroj.s. Indian Shot. New Church. Fr. Payeras. Other Missionaries. Fr. Sitjar Dies. Interesting Items. Fr. Sancho Dies. Mission Lands. Statistics. Secularization. Indians ill-treated. Rev. Doroteo Ambris 256. CHAPTER V. SAN GABRIEL. Shu Gabriel F]stablished. The Picture of Our Lady. Scandalous Conduct of a Soldier. Indian Attack. Missionary Changes. Slow Progress Fr. Serra Confirms at San Gabriel. Conspiracy. Mis- sionary Changes. Fathers Cruzado and Sanchez Die. Fathers Ordmas, Estevan, and Barcenilla Retire. New Church. San Bernandino. Fathers Dumetz and Miguel Die 266. CHAPTER VI. .S'.IA' G Aim I El. [CONTINUED). Earthquake. Death of Fr. Nuoz. Missionaries, Fathers Boscana and Sanchez D e. Mission Lands. Secularzation. Poverty of the Mission. Statistics. Death of Fathers Est^nega and Ordaz. John Russel Bartiett. Los Angeles Star. Mission San Gabriel Sold. -'Our Father" in Indian 272. CHAPTER VII. SAN LUIS OBISPO. Founding of San Luis Obispo. Missionaries. Captain Anza's Ex- peditiou. F.re at the Mission. Fr. Serra Confirms. Death of Fr. Cavalier. Departure of Fr. Giribet. Revolt. Other Items. Death of Fr. Cipres. Fr. Martinez Banished. Mission Lands. Statistics. Fr. Giii Dies. Sale of the Mission 281. CHAPTER VIII. SAN FRANCISCO. Don Galvez and St. Francis. Discovery of San Francisco Bay Exped.tion t) the Bay by S^a. Anza's Land Expedition. The Presidio Established. Expedition North of the Bay. Founding of the M.^Jion. Dolores. Th3 Indians. Indian Attack 288. CHAPTER IX. SAN IRAN CISCO [CON TIN T ED). The Indians and their Customs Fr. Serra Confirms. Service at the Presidio. Statistical. Fr. Francisco Palou. His Writings. Fr. Cambon. Lieutenant Moraga. Troubles with the Natives. Complaints 296. CHAPTER X. ^.I.V FRANCISCO {CONTINUED). A Carmelito Monastery Plannc'd. Rancho Del Rey. Missionary Changes. Fr. Espi, Garcia, and Fernandez Retire. The Mission Buildings. Vancouver's Visit. Fr. Saenz Retires. The Church. Great Mortality. Other Items. Branch Mission across the Bay. Statistical. Missionary Changes. The Inventory. Statistics. .301. CHAPTER XI. SAN yUAN CAPISTRANO. First Attempt to Found the Mission. The Founding. Fr. Serra's Danger. First Convert. The Missionaries. Fathers Amurrio and Murgartegui Retire. Death of Fr .Fuster. Confirmation at San Juan. Statistical. New Church Begun. Weaving. A Fire. De- dication of the New Church. Fathers Santiago and Faura Re- tire. The Missionaries. An Earthquake Destroys the Buildings and Kills a number of Indians. Decline of the Mission. Fr. Boscana Insulted. Enancipation. Inventory. Fathers Oliva and Ordaz Die. L.-st Missionaries. Sale of the Mission. Statistics. The "Our Father" 314. CHAPTER XII. SANTA CLARA. Founding of the Mission. A Harvest of Souls. Sodomy. Fr. Serry at the Mission. The New Church. Fr. Murguia Dies. Other Items. Fathers Pena and Noboa Retire. Vancouver's Visit. The Buildings. Industries. Indian Troubles. Another Church Build- ing Erected. Fr. Catala's Death. Biography. Taxes. Fr. Viader Retires. Zacatecans Arrive. Fr. Moreno Dies. Fr. Mercado Re- tires. Fr. Jose Real Retires. Secularization. Statistics. The Lord's Prayer 324. CHAPTER XIII. SAN BUENA VENTURA. Founding of the Mission Repeatedly Delayed. A Beginning Made at Last. The Indians. Governor Neve's Plan. Report of 1790. Vancouver's Visit and Report. Indian Fight. Missionary Chan- ges. Death of Fr. Santa Maria. Earthiiuake. Indian Fight and Other Items. Death of Fr. Sefian. Biography. Fr. Altimira Retires. Interesting Items. Death of F'athers ouner, Uria, and Fortuni. Secularization. Last Missionaries. Sale of the Mission. Statistics 336. CHAPTER XIV. SANTA BARBARA. The Presidio of Santa Barbara Founded. Fr. Junipero Serra Dis- appointed. Santa Barbara Mission Founded on the Old Plan. - XI - The First Missionaries. The Buildingrs. Conversions. Tiles Man- ufactured. More Buildings. Missionary Chanfjes. Death of Fr. P.iterna. The Tiiird Church. Wall around the Property. In- dustries. Report of 1802. X Missionary Station at Sagshpileel. Mission Santa Inez. Other Items. The Reservoir. Fr. Cortes Retires. Missionary Changes. Earthquake. New Church 347. CHAPTER XV. SAA'TA BARBARA [COXTIN UED). Indian Revolt. Opinion of the Fathers. Fr. Amestoy Retires. Death of Fr. Antonio Jaine. Fr. Ripoll Retires. Interesting Items. Sf^cularization. Statistics. Mission Reports. Fr. Antonio Jimeno's Dpath. Fr. Jose Jimeno Retires. The Mission Rented and Sold. The Inventory. The Community of Santa Barbara. Fathers Romo and Codina. Death of Fr. Sanchez. His Biogra- phy 356. CHAPTER XVI. L/1 PURISIMA CONCEPCION. Founding of the Mission. Success of the Fathers. Fathers Arroi- ta and Fernandez Ret re. New Church. Report of Fr. Payeras. Missionary Changes. Earthquake in 1812. Destruction of the Buildings. Mission Removed. New Church. Fire. Death of Fa- thers Rodriguez and Paveras. Indian Revolt. Last Missionary. Statistics ". 362. CHAPTER XVII. S^NTy^ CRUZ. Preparations. Founding of the Mission. Fr. Lasuen's Report. In- structions to the Guards. Erection of Buildings. Dedication of the Church. Gloomy Prospects. Missionaries. Fathers Salazar, Lopez, and Fernandez Retire. Murder of Fr. Quintaua. Pun- ishment of the Criminals. Missionary Changes. Fathers Mar- quinez and 01b(''S Retire. Disease among the Indians. Other Items. Secularization. Inventory. The Last Missionary. Statis- tics 370. CHAPTER XVIII. Lyt SOLED^D. Founding of the Mission. Progress in Mission Work. The Mis- sionaries. Fr. Rubf Retires. Epidemic. New Church. Death of Gov. Arrillaga. Death of Fr. Ibanez. Biography. Missionary Changes. Items. An Election. Fr. Sarn'a Starved to Death at Soledad. Biography. State of the Mission. Unworthy Treat- ment of the Missionary. Secularization. End of the Mission. Statistics 380. - xii - CHAPTER XIX. S/iN yosE. Mission San Jost- Established. Success. Missionaries. Fr. Cueva Retires. Indian Attack. Description of the Mission by Langs- dortt". New Church Dedicated. State of the Mission in 1820. Interesting Items. Statistics. Secularization. Fathers Muro, Qui- jas, and Gutierrez Retire. Temporal Artairs. Mission San Jose soul '^^y • CHAPTER XX. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. Instructions to the Guards. Missionary Stations. Founding of the Mission. The First Missionaries. Missionary Progress. Indian Troubles. Earthquake. Controversy. New Church. Fiithers Lo- jjez, Murtiarena, and Iturate Retire. Death of Fr. Duianto. Death of Fr. Tapis. Biography. Other Missionary Chang; s. Secularization. Inventory. Statistics. The Mission Sold. Fr. An- zar the Last Missionary oUT. CHAPTER XXI. SAN MIGUEL. The Mission Site. Ceremony of Foundation. The Beginning. Mis- sionary Changes. Fr. Concepcion De Horra. Fr. Andnano Martinez. Missionaries Poisoned. A Fire. Fr. Martin's Death. Biography. Other Items. Departure of Fr. Juan Cabot. Secu- larization. Inventory. Statistics. Sale of the Mission 404. CHAPTER XXII. SAN EERNANDO. "Achois Comihavit". Founding of the Mission. Mission Success. Contributions. Church Blessed. Fr. Pedro Munoz Retires. Death of Fathers Lazaro and Landaeta. Fr. Jose Antonio Uria Retires. Death of Fr. Urresti. Other Missionaries. Earth- quake. Death of Fr. Ulibarri. Fr. Ibarra's Complaint. Mission Land. Death of Fr. Pedro Cabot. Inventory. Statistics. Fr. Bias Ordaz Manager of the Property. Sale of the Mission. Last Missionary 411. CHAPTER XXIII. SAN LUIS EEY. Exploration for a Mission Site. Mission Established. Success. Fr. Peyri. New Church. Various Missionaries. Fathers Garcia and Carranza Retire. Statistical. San Antonio De Pala. A Hcs pital. Missionary Changes. Surprise of Fr. Peyri. Prosperity. Exaggeration. White Population. Fr. Peyri Retires. His Biogra- phy.'^Other Missionaries. Statistics. Secularization. Inventory. Death of Fr. Ibarra. Biography. Last Mi^sionary. Death of Fr. Zalvidea. Biography. Sale of the Mission. Modern San Luis Rey. Freemasonry.' A Novitiate for Mexico. Re-dedication - XIII Reception of Novices. The Community at present 418. CHAPTER XXIV. S/1hlT.4 INEZ, Thn Mission Site. Founding of the MidVion. Th» First Mission- aries. Fr. GutitTi-ez Retires. Mis:5ion Sueces-i. Earthqualte. New Cliurch. Missionarits. Death of Fr. Calzula. Revoit. Baild ngs and Lands. Death of Fathers Va-toria and La Cuesta. Secu- larization. Inventory. Statistics. Death of Fr. Moreno. Found- ing of a Seminary. Sale of the Mission. The College Aban- doned. The '-Our Father" in Indian 132. CHAPTER XXV. SAN RAF/EL. Mortality at San Francisco. Founding of the Mission. San Ra- fael a branch of San Francisco. Transfer of Indians. Explo- rations. Progress. Statistical. Mission Lauds. Death of Fr. Aniorrts. The Zacatecaus. Statistical. Fr. Mercado Slandered. Secularization. Inventory. Sale of the Mission. Statistics. The Lord's Prayer in Indian 439. CHAPTER XXVI. SAN FRANCISCO SOLANO. Explorations. Founding of the Mission. Disapproval of the Su- periors. Fr. Altiraira. A Compromise. Church Dedicated. The Name of the Mission. Santa Eulalia Mission Station. The Buildings. Industries. Statistical. Contributions from San Fran- cisco. Conversions. Indian Tribes Belonging to the Mission. Missionary Changes. Statistics. The "Our Father" In Guiiu- co 446. PART III. MODERN HISTORY. CHAPTER I.— Santa Barbara 456. CHAPTER II. - Pajaro. Uo/s Orphan Asylum 459. CHAPTER III. - San Francisco. Si. Bouifjce\ Goldat Gate Ai\\ 464. CHAPTER IV.- St. Turibins Minslon 469. CHAPTER V. Fruitvalc. SI. E.'isjb.-lb's 477. - XIV - CHAPTER VI.— San Francisco. 5^ tAnthotifs, t/Jrnw Stmt. 481. CHAPTER VII.— Los Angeles. St. Joseph's 484. CHAPTER XIII.— Sacramento. St. Frauds' 488. CHAPTER IX.- Phcenix. H. (T^arfs ; 491. --XV LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS. Tho Pioneer Teacher of Californin (Frontis-piece) Founding of a Franeiscan Mission Piige 15. A Typic-ai Spanish Franciscan Missioc 58. Father Juni'pero Serra 9G. Franciscan Missionary College at Zacatecas 172. Presidio and Town of Santa Barbara in 1835 186. Rt. Rev. Garcia y Moreno, first Bishop of California 189. Fr. Gonzalez Rubio and the Santa Barbara Community 201. Fr. Ferdinand Bergmeyer 205. Fr. Michael Richaidt. ." 210. Death of Fr. Luis Jay me 22?. San Diego Mission as it is 243. San Cdrlcs in ruins 251. San Ciirlos rostored 256. San Antonio do Padua 261. Fr. Ger(')umo Boscana 274. Mission San Gabriel 278. Mission San Luis Obispo 284. Mission Dolores after Secularization 307. Mission Dolores, or San Francisco de Asis at present 312. San Juan Capistrano after the earthquake ,320. San Juan Capistrano in 1865 325. Santa Clara mission in 1849 335. Mission San Buenaventura in early days 3.39. San Buenaventura 346. Mission Santa Barbara in 1865 ,355. Community of Santa Barbara in 1880 300. Mission La Purisima Concepcion ,369. Mission Santa Cruz 378. Miss'oa La Soledad 386. Misson San Jose- 392. Mission San Juan Bautista 4-01. Mission San Miguel 408. Missior San Fernando 41,3, Mission Station of San Antonio at Pala 421. Mission San Luis Rey in early days 426, Corridors of San Luis Rey 431. Mission Santa In^z 438. Mission San Francisco Solano 450. Fr. Antonio Peyri 454'. Front and Garden of Santa Barbara Mission 457. St. Francis' Orphanage at Piijaro 460. Fr. Clementin Deymann 462, St. Boniface' Church at San Francisco 466. Indian Sweathouse 47I. Mission St. Turibius 474] Fr. Kilian Schloesser 473". St. Elisabeth's Church at Fruitvale 480, St. Anthony's Church at San Francisco 482. St. Joseph's Church and Convent at Los Angeles 487. St. Francis' Church and School, Sacramento 489. PART I. GENEUAL HISTORY. GliJIP^BR I. The First Missionaries— Vaeious ExrEDiTioNS— Expulsion Of The Jesu- its—Franciscans In Charge Of The Lower California Missions- Missions And Their Missionaries -Mission Temporalities— Don Jose Galvez— Dishonesty Of The Comisionados— Proclamation Of Don Galvez— Plans For Missions In Upper California— Departure Of The Vessels— The Land Expeditions— Fr. Junifero Serra— San Fernando De Velicata. The sons of St. Francis for (lie first time set foot on California soil in 1598, just three hundred years ago. In the year before, Viceroy Monterey of Mexico ordered an expedition to set out for the purpose of exploring the northwestern coast, and he requested a number of Franciscans to accompany the fleet, in order to spread the light of the Gospel in the re- gions that might be discovered. Five religious of the Order were accordingly chosen for this work. These seraphic pioneers were Fr. Francesco de Balda, as commissary, Fathers Diego de Perdomo, Bernardino de Zamudio, Antonio Tello, of the province of Xalis- co, Nicolds de Arabia, or Sarabia, and the lay- brother Cristobal Lopez, (1) (I) Zarato Salmeron, 'Relaciones,' no 12. Salmeron doos not mention Fa- tlior A'ltonlo Tollo ; but tho nimo.i as Riven above are found in t!io 'Intro- duccion Uibliocraflca,' \y\p. XIX of tlio 'Cronica Miscelanea dc la Santa Provincia do Xalisco (Jalif-ro). libro II. Guadalajara ISOl. Fr. Tello is th.i author of the 'Historia dc Xalisco y do la Nueva Vizcaya,' and of tho 'Cron. Misf^. de la S. Prov. de Xalisco,' publ. in 1053. Vide also 'Coleccion do dpc. para la Hist, do Mexico,' loin. 2. -~ 2 — Under the romm.ind of Sebnstinn Vizcaino tlie fleet sailed I'roni Acapulco about the byginning of luOG. On reaching the port of ]\Jnzat]an the explovcis landed to take ill fresh water. Here, during Ihe FJeven days that were passed in the nei*,^hborliood, forty of the soldiers seized tlie opportunity to desert their com- mander. The Indiiius were found to be very nuuicr- ous, but entirely devoid of clothing. Father Balda meanwhile grew sick, causing him to remain behind when the fleet passed on to another port. Eight days were spent there among the natives who received the white stangers very hospitably. In one port the Fa- thers remained for fifteen days; and in the district of what is now La Paz the expedition continued for two months. The missionaries at this place asked the Indians to bring their children so that they might be taught tlie knowledge of God and His works. The re- quest was readily granted. Unfortunately the work of the Fathers was interrupted by orders from the com- mander, who, seeing his provisions run low, and find- ing the country unequal to support his men, deter- mined to abandon the undertaking. The Indians had meanwhile grown very much attached to the religious whom they earnestly entreated to remain with them, whereas the soldiers were as heartily disliked. The Fathers, however, had no choice in the matter, and reluctantly accompanied the fleet homev/ard. (2) Thus ended the first attempt to Christianize the natives of Lower California. "Hence to the children of St. Francis," says Gleeson, "must be granted the honor of having first unfurled tho banner of our holy religion on California soil." (3) Six years later, 1603, Vizcaino healed another ex- pedition for a like object. He was this time accom- panied by three Discalced Carmelites. After putting (2) Salmeron, 'Relaciones,' 13-14. (3) The Catholic Church iu C^l.ioruia by Rev. W. Gleeson, vol. I, p. 79. into various ports along the coast, tlio fleet entered San Miguel Bay on the tenth of November. On land- ing Vizcaino named tlje bay San Diego do Alcalii (St. Didacus), doubtless with reference to iiis flagship, and also to the day, November 12th, whicli is dedi- cated to San Dieg-o. From liere the expedition pro- ceeded north to about the forty-third degree of lati- tude, and then returned to Mexico. (-1) In the year 1CG8, Francisco Luzivilla fitted out an expedition at his own expense, with a view of for- ming a colony on the coast. Two Franciscan Fathers, Juan Curanco and Juan Kamirez, accompanied him. Whilst these religious exerted themselves in trying to instruct the natives, Luzivilla organized a little colony at Puerto de la Paz; but the difficulties proved so great that he had to abandon the project. (5) The last expedition undertaken at the expense of the government set out in lG8o. It was attended by three Jesuit Fathers, Eusebio Kino (Kuelm), Juan Bautista Copart, and Pedro Matias Goni. Tlie expedi- tion landed on the 2d of June, 1C83, and remained till September 1085. Durin^^ this time four hundred adults were prepared for baptism ; but as tlie mis- sionaries were unable to remain longer than the com- mander and his crew, none of the Indians, except those in danger of death, Avere received into the Church. Twelve years later, the country w-as entrust- ed to the same Fathers, and the missions were regu- larly established and continued until 1768, when an ungreatful Masonic government expelled the devoted missionaries, (6) In June, ]7G7, on the enforcement of the decree of expulsion against the Jesuits in Mexico, the Califor- nia missions were ofl'ered to the apostolic college of San Fernando, Mexico, of which Father Jose Garcia (4) Salmeron. 'Rolaci9a<»s', 20-32. (5) Olooson, I, 82-S3. («) Ibid. I, 84. wag then p;narflian. The Sonora missions were trans- fori-ed to the Franciscan colleges of Quer^taro and Ja- lisco. Tlic» trust was acceiitetl, and arran^onicMits were made l)y the college to have seven Fathers set out from San Fernando who were to be joined by five others taken from the Sierra Gorda missions under Fr. Junipero Serra. tlien among the Indians in the Sierra Gorda district, However, nine religious were finally selected at the college, as it was not certain that five Fathers could be spared in the Sierra Cor- da. The nine missionaries were: Father Junipero Ser* ra, originally from the Franciscan province of Mai' lorca, doctor of theology, commissary of the Holy Ofllce, and president or superior of the missions in California; Francicco Palou of the same province; Juan Moran of the province of the Immaculate Con- ception; Antonio Martinez of the province of Bur- gos; Juan Ignacio Gaston of the same province; Fer- nando Parron of the province of Estremadura ; Juan Sancho de la Torre of the province of Mallorca ; Francisco Gomez of the province of the Immaculate Conception; and Andres Villumbrales of the same province. (7) Befoee taking leave tlie missionaries asked the Fa- ther Guardian's blessing. He gave it with fervor and said: "Go. Fathers, and dearly beloved Brethren, with the blessing of God and of our holy Father St. Francis, to labor in the mysterious vineyard of Cali- fornia which our C itholic sovereign has confided to our care. Go, with confidence along with your sup- erior, the Fr. Lector Junipero, whom I appoint pres- ident of you all ai;d of all the missions. I need not say anything more Ihan that you should obey him as you obey me; and now farewell with God.' He could I)roceed no further. Fr. Junipero, too, was so afi'ected that lie could not utter a syllable. The little band of (7) Palou, 'Noticias', I, 1-;}; 'Vida dol Padro Juulporo Sorra,' p. 5J-55. ^- 5 - missionaries left the college of Srn Fernando, Mexi- co, for their new field of labor on the same day, July 14th, 17G7. After a journey whie'i lasted thirty- nine days, they reached Tepic on the 21st of August. They were we'come 1 hy tb.e Franciscans of the pro- vince of Jalisco, who possessed a hospice at this place. (8) FiNDiXQ the newly appointed governor of Califor- nia, Gaspar de Portold, with fifty men ready to sail, Fatliers Palou and Gaston, at the request of Fr. Junipero, set out with him on August 24th ; but the ship was driven back to Matanchel on September 5th. Fr. Palou relates that when the tempest was at its height, and all expected to perish, Fr. Gaston cast some moss from the famous Cross of Tepic upon the raging billows, and Fr. Palou vowed to ofl'er up a High Mass if they were saved, whereupon the storm instantly subsided. The vow was fervently fulfilled as soon as the hospice was reached, the entire crew of the ship assisting at the ceremonies. (9) Meanwhile the other Fathers from the Sierra Gor- da had arrived. These five religious were Jose Mur- guia, Juan Ramos de Lora, Juan Crespi, Miguel Cam- pa y Cos, and Fermin Francisco Lazuen. At the re- quest of the missionaries the college sent two more Fathers, Avho reached Tepic on the last day of De- cember. They were Dionisio Bastera and Juan de Medina Veytia. (10) TiiEUE were now sixteen religious ready to take charge of as many missions on the peninsula of California. During, their enforced stay at Tepic the Fatliers did not remain idle, but conducted missions in the neighboring districts. At last, on the 14th of March, 17CS, they were able to embark at San Bias, on the Concepcion, the same ship that had brought (8) Vida, 55; Noticias, I, U. (9) Noticias, I, 4-6. (10} Noticias, I, 7, 12. the victims of Masonic hatred, the Jesuits, from Lower California. The sixteen Franciscans reached Loreto, the principal mission, on April 1st after nightfall. On the following day, which was Holy Sat- urday, Fr. Junipero Serra and his companions for the first time walked upon the soil of California. They at once proceeded to the church of Our Lady of Loreto, the Patroness of the peninsula, in order to give thanks for their safe arrival. (11) On Easter Sunday, and likewise on Monday and Tuesday, High Mass was sung by Father Serra in honor of Our Lady of Loreto in thanksgiving for the safe arrival of the missionaries. After Mass the Fr. President made an address to the assembled multitude, in which he declared that the Franciscans would, as far as possible, labor for the people in the manner their predecessors had done. After the Mass of Tuesday Fr. Junipero read his plan for the dis- tribution of the Fathers as follows: San Jos6 del Cabo, Father Juan Moran; Santiago de las Coras, Fr. Jose Murguia; Nuestra Senora del Pilar (Todos San- tos), Fr. Juan Ramos de Lora; Nuestra Senora de los Dolores (La Pasion), Fr. Francisco Gomez; San Luis Gonzaga; Fr. Andres Villaiiumbrales ( Villumbrales) ; San Francisco Javier, Fr. Francisco Palou ; San Jos4 (11) Noticiis, I, S-1"; Vida, 53; Bine, Hist. North M. S. Vol. I, p. 484. The event is perpetuated in the "Libros do Misiou," in the handwriting of Father Junipero in the followiuB words: "Dia dos de Abril, Sabado de Gloria de esto afio 1768 entramos a esta Mission y Real Presitiio de. Lore- to, cabezera de esta Peninsula de California diez y seis Relipiosos sacerdo- tes, predicatores, misioneros apostolicos del Colegio de Propaganda Fido de Mexico, del orden seraflco, enviados de nuestros Prelados padres Mini- tros de todas las misiones do esta Provincia, quo en nombre de su Mapes- tad Catolica, (q. Dios gde), por decreto del Exenio Sr. Marques de Croix Virrey y Capitan General de esta Nueva Espafia. se pusieron a cargo del dho apostolico colegio exijelidos de esto Peninsula y deinas Dominios del Catholico Mouarca, pr motivos a su Magd reservados, los P. P. de la Sac- rada Compailia de Jesus, y habiondo yo, el infra escripto Presindeate do dhos Reliniosos, por el expresado ColeKio resuelto quedarme a ndministrnr por mi mismo esta Mision y Real Presidio en coinpafiia de P. Fr. Fernan- do Parr-on, uno do los de uumo y colepio, assipn6 a las demas Misiones los Ministros en osta forma." Then follow the nam-js of the Fathers. ComouKlfi, Fr. Antonio Martinez; Purisima Conoep- cion de Ciulegonio, Fr. Juan Sancho de la Torre ; Santa Rosalia de Muleg^, Fr. Juan Gaston; San Ig- nacio, Fr. Miguel de la Campa y Cos; Santa Gertru- dis, Fr. Dionisio Basterra; San Francisco de Eorja, Fr. Francisco Fermin Lazuen; Santa Maria de los Angf^ies, Fr. Juan Medina Veytia ; Nuestra Sefiora de Loreto, Fathers Junipero Serra and Juan Fernan- do Parr on. (12) All tlie Fathers were pleased with the ordinances of their superior, and each one thanked God for the field assigned him. On the following day Fr. Serra once more fervently exhorted them to labor in the Lord's vineyard wi<:h credit to their apostolic college. Each Father then agreed to say twenty Holy Masses on hearing of the death of any one of their number, and nine Masses for the repose of the soul of any of the Fathers attached to the college of Quer^taro. Leaving Fr. Serra and his companion, Fr. Juan Fer- nando Parron, at Loreto, the fourteen religious as- signed to the other missions departed together for San Javier, where they were hospitably received by the chaplain of the royal troops, the Kev. Pedro Fer- nandez, on the evening of the eighth of April After resting a day the missionaries started for their res- pective stations on the tenth, five going south and eight travelling north, while Fr. Palou remained at San Javier. On reaching his mission each Father re- ceived from the military comisionado the church with its belongings, together with the dwelling and household furniture. An inventory was drawn up in duplicate of all the property so received, and signed by the missionary and comisionado. One of these cer- tificates was preserved in the archives of each mis- sion, the other was sent to the Fr. President, who forwarded all the documents to the college of San (12) NotLcias, I, 20-22. Fernando, Mexico. At Loroto only flic church ar.d sacristy was turned over to the missionaries, but not the dwelling; for the latter, as well as all the tem- poral affairs, remained in charge of the governor with whom the tv.'o Fathers were obliged to board. The missionaries at all the other missions found themselves in a like predicament; they were fur- nished with board by the comisionados, and their functions did not extend beyond matters purely cc- clesiatsical. (15}) "The evils of such a system," says the Protestant historian H. H. Bancroft, "had been clearly foreseen. The comisionados could not be expected to take a very deep interest in the welfare of the country, the prosperity of the missions, or the comfort of the na- tives. They lacked skill, interest, and conscience for an ecclesiastical administration of the temporalities. The Fathers could no longer attract the pagans by gifts or clothing; and their loss of power caused the neophytes to have less respect for them than for the Jesuits It has long since been demonstrated impos- sible to reach the heart of the savage through ab- stract ideas of morality and elevation of character. A religion, in order to find favor in his eyes, must first meet some of his material requirements. If it is good, it will clothe him better and feed him better, for this to him is the chief good in life The resnlt of depriving the Franciscans of the temporal affairs of the missions justified the Fr. President's remon- strances. The missions rapidly declined under the new missionaries, and it soon became clear that, un- less the spiritual and the temporal authority Avere reunited, a few years would sulTice to undo all that the Jesuits had accomplished." (14) The viceroy, to whom the whole matter had been referred, left it to the decision of Don Josd Galvez, (13) Noticias. I, 21-21. (U) Banc, Hist, N. M. St., I, 433; Hist. Nat. Rue. 1,33. who wns on liis \\t\y to the Jalisco coast to embark for the peninsula. Galvez had cotiie to Mexico in 17G5 as visitndor general of New Spain. He was in- vested by King Charles III, with almost absolute powers to investigate and reform the administration of the government in its different branches. Independ- ent of the viceroy in many respects, only nominally subordinate in others, he was to all intents the high- est autliority in New Spain. In addition to his pow- er and independence, Galvez was also remarkable for his practical good sense, business ability, untiring energy, and disregard of all routine formalities that stood in his way. The visitador general arrived at Cerralvo Island the Gth of July, and proceeded to the mining dis- tricts of Santa Ana. Tlse whole province was soon in a flutter over the investigations and decrees of the great man. He immediately called for exact re- ports from the missionary and comisionado of each mission. Then he made a tour of investigation in the south, beginning with San Jos^ del Cabo where he ordered a church to be erected. Galvez soon detected the evils and abuses of the existing system. The re- medy was radical, and promptly applied. On August 12th he issued a decree ordering the comisionados to turn over all mission property to the missionaries, and at the same time to send in their accounts through the Fathers, who were to examine and sign them. Fr. Palou published two extracts of letters in which the visitador general expressed his indignation at the rascalities of the comisionados; yet it appears that all escaped punishnient at the intercession of the missionaries. (15) The indefatigable visitador next turned his atten- tion to the forming of settlements, and the improve- ment of the condition in which he found the In- (15) Noticias. I, 24-29; Vida, 57; Banc, Hist. Cal. I, 115. -- 10 — dians. If his teformatory measures were not always successful, it was not owing to any lack of energy or sagacity on the part of their author. Lands and na- tives were found to be very unequally divided a- mong the missions, and many changes were made in order to remedy the disproportion. Dolores and Sau Luis, for want of sufficient land and water, were abandoned, and their neophytes transferred to Todos Santos, whose few people were sent to Santiago. Sur- plus families of San Javier were added to San Jose del Cabo, while the surplus of Guadalupe and San- ta Gertrudis were transferred to San Jose Comundii and Purisima. Certain transfers of northern families, for the relief of poor missions like Borja and Santa Maria, were abandoned on account of the reluctance of the Indians to leave their homes. (16) TiiEKE was ample room, it appears, for the visita- dor's good offices. In a proclamation of November 23d, 1768, he expresses his surprise and disappointment at the state of affairs in which he found the peninsula establishments, after they had been in charge of the secular comisionados but a short while. After all the liws made and the moneys granted, he expected to find thriving settlements; but instead of these he finds mere haciendas de campo, or farms, with hous- es for the Fathers, soldiers, and ^servants only. The natives, having been withdrawn from the seashore, where they lived by fishing, go naked and are forced to wander in the mountains, living on roots and berries, often obliged to work without pay. Hence they look with dislike upon agriculture, and regard civilization as the greatest evil. Missions with fertile lands need laborers, wliile rancherias (17) are col- lected in sterile parts. No Indian is permitted to to own property. This system has reduced the po- pulation to 7,149 souls. In the proclamation, and (16) Noticias, I, 30-33. U") A coUoction pf nqtivo huts. in a letter to Fi-. Lasuen of the eaine date, the vipitador general announces his determination to im- prove this state of things by settling the Indians in fixed domiciles, where they might till the soil and enjoy the fruits of their labor: and he appeals to the Fathers to help him. To prevent the missions from being overcrowded, he issued an order that no mission keep more Indians than it could feed and clothe; at the same time he sent supplies and cloth- ing to the poorer ; missions in the north. Moreover Don Galvez, by employing surgeons, endeavored to check the progress of disease, especially of syphilis which was causing great havoc. Fr. Palou says that nearly all the natives at Santiago, and many at Todos Santos, were afflicted with this disease. (18) Though busy with so many different matters, the visitador did not neglect the project of extending Spanish dominion northward. After careful investiga- tion he resolved to send four expeditions, two by land and two by water, which were to start sepa- rately, but all to unite at San Diego and then press on to Monterey. The proposed occupation of nortliern country was to be spiritual as well as military. The natives were to be converted, and not only presidios or garrisons, but missions also were to be established. The Fr. President was, therefore, invited to come down to Santa Ana for a personal interview with the visitador. Fr. Junipero gladly accepted the invitation and arrived at Santa Ana on October 31st, 17G8. Here they agreed that tliree missionaries siiould go with the two packet-boats, and another follow in ii third sliip later on, whilst one Father accompanied the first land expedition, and Fr. Serra together with the governor lead the second expedition by land. The visitador decided to found three missions in Upper California: one at the port of San Diego, the (18) Noticias, I, 2T-2«: Bancroft, Hist. N. M. States, I, 486-487. - 12 - second at Mohteray, and a third, Which should le dedicated to St. Bonaventare, somewhere between these two places. Another on the frontier of Cali- fornia Avas also decided upon, in order to facilitate communication between the old and the new estab- lisliments. The vestments, altar vessels, ornaments, and other church furniture for the new missions were to be supplied by the old establishments; surplus grain and other articles of food were to be taken as gifts, while implements and live-stock were to be re- garded as loans, and as such repaid in kind. Vest- ments, sacred vessels, and quantities of linen, laces, silks, and other articles for church uses, taken from the royal warehouse at Loreto, or collected at the missions, were at once packed and for the most part sent by water to the new establishments. Many of the old vestments and church ornaments, some dating 1)ack perhaps to this first invoice, are still preserved in some of the missions of California. Galvez him- self, from his headquarters at Santa Ana, superin tended the collection at La Paz and Cape San Lucas of everything that was to be forwarded by sea. Fr. Fernando Tarron was then sent to La Paz from Lo- reto to be ready to accompany the expedition by water. (19) Befoee returning north, Fr, Serra visited the three missions Todos Santos, Santiago, and San Jose del Cabo. Finding that Santiago could be attended very well by a secular priest, he turned the mission over to Rev. Juan Antonio Baeza, who had been called by the visitador to take charge of the place. Fr. Junipero now returned to Loreto by land, and ar- rived there on the last day of January, 17C9. (20) On the 21st of November the pious visitador gen- eral issued a proclamation naming St. Joseph pa- (19) Vida, 58-CO; Noticias, I, 33-37, l20) Noticias, I. as. ■10 tron of the expeditions to Upper Cnlifornin. In it lie referred to the driving away of the locusts from San Jose del Cabo in 1707, through the intercession of St. Josopli, as an additional reason for placing the Monterey expeditions under the saint's powerful protection. lie moreover, requested tlie Fatliers to celebrate Holy Mass in the saints honor on the lOth of every month, and to recite the litany of All Saints while the expeditions continued, in order to obtain divine protection through St, Joseph's in- terceission. To obtain the assistance of tlie Blessed Virgin, the protectress of all the California missions, the missionaries were to add regularly the Salvo Regina in honor of the Queen of heaven. The load- ing of the ship San Cdrlos was superintended by Don Galvez in person, the visitador often lending a hand in stowing away an unwieldy package, greatly to the encouragement and edification of his men and other ^\itnesses. He was particularly zealous in pack- ing for San Buenaventura, which he called his mis- sion, and was delighted at having done his work more quickly than Fr. Junipero, who packed for Mission San Carlos. (21) On the 9th of January, 1709, the San Carlos and her crew were ready. All who were to make the voyage north then confessed their sins, attended Holy Mass, received Holy Communion, and listened to a parting address of the visitador Don Galvez. He reminded them that theirs was a glorious mis- sion, that they were going to plant the Cross among the heathens, and he charged them in the name of God, the king, and the viceroy to respect their priests, and to maintain peace and union among tliemselves. The Fr. President then solemnly blessed the vessel, the Hag, the crew, and Fr. Barren, wlio was intrusted with the spiritual affairs of the com- (21) Vide, 50-00 i Banc, IJiBt, C«l. vol. I. 119. - 14 — pany. This ceremony over, the San Carlos put to sea. The ship commanded by Vincente Vihv had on board sixty-two persons, including Fr. Parron, Lieu- tenant Pedro Fag^-! with twenty-five infantry men, the engineer Miguel Con.3tan8o, and the surgeon Dr. Prat. While the Fr. President returned to Loreto to make preparations for the land expeditions, Don Galvez g;ave his attention to the San Antonio, which was to follow the San (^arlos. After tlie usual cere- monies and an exhortation by the visitador, the San Antonio under Juan Perez sailed from Cabo do San Lucas on the fifteenth of February, the fenst of the Translation of St. Anthony, patron of the vessel. Besides the crew, she carried Fathers Vizcaino and Gomez. (22) On March 24th the first land expedition command- ed by Fernando Rivera, and composed of Fr. Crespi, a company of twenty-five soldiers from Loreto, and a band of. forty-two native Californias, set out from Velicatd on the northern frontier, (23) Meanwhile Fr. Junipero Serra was busy collecting the necessary articles from the old missions. After spending several days at San Javier with Fr. Palou whom he appointed suj)erior of the Lower California houses, he slowly journeyed towards the north. Al- though suffering excruciating pains from a sore leg, the Fr. President visited every missionary station ex- cept Santa Rosalia de Mulege, whicli lay eighteen leagues out of the road, and at last joined Governor Portold at Santa Maria on May fifth. Leaving this place on the 11th, the expedition arrived at Velicata, where a mission was to be founded on Pentecost Sun- day, May ]4th. Fr. Serra at once blessed the great rross, and named the new mission in honor of San Fernando, the holy king of Castile and Leon. He then (•«) Vido, 60-Gl; Banc, Hist. Cal. I, r20. (23) Vida. 65. 15 — 16 — sang High Mass and preached on the feast of the day. Thus Velicatd, the only mission founded by the Fran- ciscans on the peninsula, came into existence. After I)lacing San Fernando in charge of Fr. Campa, Fr. Junipero, on the next day, proceeded with the ex- pedition on its way to Upper California. To supply the northern missionary field with a sufficient number of priest?, at Fr. Serra's request, the collego had sent Fathers Juan Escudero, Juan Vizcaino, and Benito Sierra to the peninsula early in 1709. Santiago, San Jos^ del Cabo, and Loreto were turned over to secular priests. By these ar- rangements six religious became available. One of them, however, had to remain at Velicatd. (2-1) We now leave the expeditions on their way to the north, in order to devote a few pages to the missions and missionaries in Lower California. GriflP'PER II. Some Ciwcies— "Sr-iDEMtcs— Dbat:i O^ Fs. Monw— G ivanM^itGST In- sTCCTioNs— Fb. Palou's Pkotest— His Peotositioxs— More Missio.v- AKIE8— GOVEUNOR BaRKI's AsiMOSlTV— ThE FRANCISCANS CEDE LoWEH California To The Dominicans— TaEiR Departvee— Mission Statis- tics. Aftek concluding his labors in connection with the expeditions to San Diego and Monterey, Don Jos^ Galvez came to Loreto about the middle of April, 1769, accompaneiJ by the two Franciscan Fathers Ju- an Escudero and Juan Benito Sierra, who had lately arrived from Mexico. On the 1st of May he sailed over to Sonora, taking with him the Rev. Pedro Fer- nendez, who had been chaplain of the presidio of Loreto. Fr. Palou now placed Fr. Escudero in charge of San Francisco Javier, his own mission, and sent (24) Vida. 6.-70 ; Noticias, I, 30-39; 81? 58! Baac, Hist. N. M. Stitos. I. 400-401. - 17 - Benito Sierra to Miileg^. Fr. Juan Gaston went to Purisima Concepcion, left vacant by the departure of Fr. Crespi for the north. (1) About June, 1769, a deadly epidemic broke out in the southern part of the peninsula, and raged with fury particularly at San Jose and Santiago. Fr. Jose Murguia was attacked by the disease while at San Jose, and had to be removed to Todos Santos. Fr. Juan Moran, then stationed at San Jose, attended the sick with much zeal. One day while hearing the confession of a sick member of his flock at some distance from the mission, he was himself stricken with the dreaded malady and died on the 18th of July, 1769, before the curate of Santiago could reach him. Fr. Palou was much grieved be- cause the missionary had died without the sacraments, but he was also comforted by the knowledge of Fr. Moran's virtuous life and heroic self denial dur- ing the epidemic. San Jose after that was only a station of Santiago. No sooner had this pestilence subsided than an- other broke out, folloAved by a third more fatal, causing dreadful ravages in all the missions. Over three hundred persons died at Todos Santos, while many perished in the mountains, whither they had fled for safety. Rendered desperate by the mortali- ty, the Guaicuris about Todos Santos rose in rebel- lion, so that the governor had to go in person to check them. In August a ship brought to Loreto cloth to the value of $8,000, which was sent by Don Galvez as a compensation for goods taken from the missions for the establishments in Upper California. Fr. Palou at once distributed the cloth among the suffering natives. (2) The acting governor retired and Avas suceeded on October 23d, 1769, by Matias de Arniona as governor (1) Noticias, I, 60-6-), (2) Ibid. 68-72, — IG — Tho latter brought insiriictions intended, so v/roto Don Galvez to Fr. Paloii, to remove all difficulties in the airairn of tho peninsula. These instructions were to tlic eUcct that wh.atever wai3 needed at Loroto, waa to bo I'urnishod from tho storehouse at Loreto at Fr, Falou's request ; but thoy required that the native laborers at the saltworks of Carmen Island should Avork for thsir rations without other pay, and that the salinas should be regularly settled with mission Indians. Fr. Palou objected to tho clauses relating to tho saltworks, and declined to obey them, for tho reason that thore must bo somo error, as no provisions had been made for (he families of tho laboring Indians. All the^ missionaries agreed with Fr. Palou that they must decline to manage the tempor- al all'airs of tho missions, if the instructions were to be carried out. A fall report was forwarded to the Father Guardian of San Fernando through Fr. Dioni- sio Basterra, who was retiring to Mexico on account of ill health. H) sailed on th-3 19th of Mir-h, 1770, and on July lOtli pressnted a petition which embod- ied all ideas of Fr. Paloa. It wai a sweeping reform bill. Don Galvcz accepted the petition, l)ut it seemi Ii? did n')!:!ung in the matter at that tlin:\ TiiE following requests of Fr. Palou were subse- cjuently granted : tliat the cofnisario, a government official, should settle his mission account.;; that the prices for mission products sliould ])e l)etter regulat- ed; that Loreto should receive the balance due at the expulsion of the Jesuits, and whatever had l)een taken since from the rancho; that the solteros, (sin- gle persons), at Santa Ana should return to their respective missions; that the mission Indians should not be compelled to work on the San Bias trans- ports ; besides similar demands wliich Fr. Palou does not specify. (8) (; ) Noticia^ I, 7>S; SMOO — 19 — In August, 1770, Iho nev/s of tlic success of tho Monterey expediiionR, of the groat luimlier of Indinna discovered nloug their mnrcli of COO leagues, and of the I'nnny sitcfs suiluble for uiisBionR and pueblos, (4) reached tho viceroy and Don Galvoz at Mexico tlirouj;li Fr. Junlpero Serra. The ijoaloua president at the same lime took occasion to plead for more niis- eionaries supplied with everything necessary for church and farm. In his letter to the Fr. Guardian he wrote that, though one hundred religious came, there would be vrork for all. FoiiTUNATELY, ou II.XY ODth, shoi'tly bDroro thoso news reached the capital, forty-nine Franciscans had arrived from kSpain. The viceroy and Don Galvez at once asked the jamruian to sent thirty of these to California. Ten Fathers v.'ere to be put in charge of five new missions, which were to be founded in Up- per California, and named for San Francisco de Asis, Santa Clara, San Gabri< 1 Arcangel, San Antonio de Padua, and San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, respective- ly. Ten other religious should be placed in charge of five missions to l^e established between San Fer- nando de Velicata and San Diego, and named respec- tively San Joaquin, Santa Ana, San Juan Capistra- no, San Pasqual Baylon, and San Felix de Cantali- cio. The ten remaining Fathers vrere to l^e distribut- ed as assistants among the old missions having only one priest. When the Fr. Guardian communicated tlio viceroy's wishes to t!i3 religious at the college of San Fernando, thirty friars at once volunteered for tho California missions, (u) Having been provided with vetsments and every kind of church furniture, and 400 pesos each for trav- elling expenses, the thirty volunteers set out from Mexico in October 1770. After reaching Topic, tliey were obliged to wait till January, and some even till (1) Town:; 01- scltclmcnts, (5) Vida, 101-115; Noticiis, I, lOl-iC;:; 107. — 20 — February, of the next year for an opportunity to embark for the Californias. Nor could more than ten Fathers sail on the 2d of January, when they left San Bias for Monterey in the packet-boat San An- tonio. After a voyage lasting fifty-two days, they reached San Diego on March 12th. (6) The twenty remaining religious embarked on the San Carlos for the Lower California missions in the forepart of February, 1771, but contrary winds car- ried them as far south as Acupulco. Being in need of fresh water, they put into the port of Manzanilla, where they found themselves in imminent danger of shipwreck. The vessel was stranded, but by means of boats the Fathers succeeded in gaining the deserted shores of Colima. The ship was so mucli damaged that the captain informed the viceroy of the danger they should incur by again venturing out into the sea with her. Upon receiving this information, the viceroy directed the missionaries to reach Sinaloa by land, and thence to cross the gulf in a barge. Obey- ing these instructions, they made the journey of one hundred miles on foot. The hardships of this trip were so great that one of the Fathers, Leguna pro- bably, died on the road. (7) The ship had meanwhile Ixcn repaired, and two Fathers, Figuer and Senra, took passage in her for the north, reaching Loroto on the 80th of August. (6) The Fathers sailing to Monterey in tlie Sao Antonio were: Antonio Paterna, Antonio Cruzado, Francifco Dumetz, Angel Somera, Micruel Pieras or Piercos, Buenaventura Sitjar, Domingo Juncosa, .Jos6 Caballer, Luis Jaime or Jayme, and Pedro Benito Cambon. (7) The missionaries tliat set out with the San Carlos were the following Fa- thers: Juan Prestamero, Eamon Usson, Marcelioo Senra, Tomds do la Pefia, Vinccnte Imas, Francisco Echasco, Martin de Palacios, Manuel Lago, Pedro Arrigatbar, Jos6 Lsguna, Gregorio Amurrio, Juan Figuer, Vincento Fustor, Antonio Linares, and Vinceuto Santa Maria, only fifteen as given in Palou, Noticias I, p. 103—104. Fatlicr Juan Antonio coming at another time reached Corralvo on the 22d of March. Palou Xoticias I, 136, says that both, Fr. Jos6 Herrera and Fr. Francisco Tejada, remained at Topic on account of sickness. Herrera, it seems, never reached California. Vida, 101— ll.'i; Noticias I, 101—103; 107; Banc. Hist. N. M. St. I, 722. The others chose to go by kind rather than to trust themselves to an unseaworthy vesseL They were, hov/over, picked up by the packet-boat Concepcion, and hmdcd at Lorcto on November 24th. Fr. Palou was al)scut at tlic time, but, as soon as he heard of the arrival of the religious, he wrote to the new governor, and asked him to send the necessary guards for at least two nev,' mirricns, which were to be found- ed as directed 1)y the viceroy. The governor replied lluit he could not spare any soldiers for the present; new missions, therefore, could not be established. Aftee reporting the state of aliairs to the viceroy and to the Fr. Guardian at Mexico, Fr. Palou distributed thc^ nineteen nevrcomers among tlie exist- ing missions as follows : Mission San Fernando de Yelicatd — Fathers Vincente Fuster and Antonio Linares as assistants to Fr. Mi- guel de Campa. Mission Santa Gertrudis — Fr. Gregorio Amurrio as companion to Fr. Juan Sancho. Mission San Ignacic — Fr. Jose Legomera v.-ith Fr. Juan de Medina Yeytia. Mission Santa Rosalia de Mulege — Fr. Pedro Arre- guibar as assistant to Fr. Sierra. Mission Guadalupe — Fr. Manuel Lago with Fr. Andres Yillaumbrales. Mission Purisima — Fathers Francisco Echaso and Mar- tin Pahicios to assist Fr. Gaston. Mission San Jose Comundu — Fathers Juan Prestamc- ro, Tomas de la Peiia, and Vincente Imas. Mission San Javier — Fr. Ramon Usson as compan- ion to Fr. Fernando Parron. Mission Loreto — Fr. Vincente Santa Maria vrith Fr. Jose Murguia. Mission Todos Santos — Fr. Miguel Sanchez as com- panion to Fr. Marcelino Senra. Missions Santiago and San Jose del Cal)o — Fr. Vill- uendas as companion to Fr. Juan Antonio Kiol)o(), Fi'. Francisco Javier Tejada, who had been left sick at Tepic, did not arrive until April 1772. Fathers Juan Figuer and Jose Legun.i are not named in the distribution of the missionaries. (8) Fr. Palou now sent to Governor Barri a formal renunciation of Mission Todos Santos. He rec(:mnien("- ed that the feAV and incorriji-ibly bad Indians be distributed nmonsi; otlier missions, and niro sui^-gestcd a transfer of Spanirh settlers fr( m Santa Ana to Todos v^'rntcr. Ihe governor positively refused to accept the renunciation until he could consult the viceroy. "Tliis refusal made it evident", says Bancroft, "that the captious ruler would oppose the Fathers at every point. Governor Barri, who had come with his' family to Loreto in April, at tlrst seemed disposed to act in harmony with Fr Palou, tho prasident, or superi- or, of the LoAver California misGions ; but this state of things, unfortunately, did not last long, and Barri turned out to be the bitterest enemy of the Francis- cans in California." (0) Before this occurrence, Fr. Palou, whD wa3 in tho northern part of tho peninsula making preparations for new establishments, liad been notified by Gover- nor Barri of a revolt at Todos Santos, and reruestcd to return. The revolt was not serious in itself, as Fr. Palou had concluded, but it led to unpleasant consc- ciuences. The Indians had complained of the cruelty of the majordomo. Such complaints from the Guaicu- ris were frequen':, and generally unfounded, hence the Fr. President refused to act in the matter. Then the Indians, instigated by some shrewd malcontents, appealed to the governor, including in their com- j)laint charges against the Father, notably that he denied the governor's right to interfere in tho mission management. Barri, a hotheaded and stub- (8) Vlda, 116-n7, Noticlis, I, Ui-Vii; Biocroft, Hist, N. M, St, I, 732, (9) Ncticias I, lge-141; B^jic, Hist, N, M. St, I, 731-732. — 2a — born man, was very angry at this; nor coulJ any explanation from Fr. Palou mollify his Avrath. Thus bei!;an a feud -which increased in bitterness until the iiovcrnor, contrary to all the regulations, openly or- dered the missionaries to cofinne themselves to preacliing, teachinii;, and saying Mass, and not to meddle with the temi)()ralities, nor with the punish- ment of the Indians. It was a great triumph for the unruly among the natives, who flocked to Barri with complaints on all occasions. They became insolent and independent, and wasted the property until it seemed the evil days of llic comisionados had returned. Filled villi indignation, Fr. Palou wrote a letter to the Fr. Guardian, and entreated him to appeal to Iho viceroy. The letter was sent through Fr. Juan Escu- dero, who sailed on tlie 25th of October, and reached Mexico in December 177J. Fr. Rafael Verger, was then guardian oi th^ college of San Fernando. On learning the state cf allairs, he, together witli the discretory, prepared a long memorial for the viceroy in behalf of the Cali- fornia missions. The document, quoted at length by Fr. Palou on pages 327-180 of his Noticias, contained eighteen different reciuests. Ola vse sixteen is especial- ly no':a])lo, 1': requested that tho D )minican Fathers, or others, take charge of four missions in the south- ern part cf the peninsula, namely : ^an Jose del Oa- bo, Santiago de las Coras, Tcdos Santos, and San Javier, besides three missions in the noiih, namely : La Purisima Concepcion, Nuestra Senora do Guadalu- pe, and Santa Ivcsalia de Mulege. By this arrange- ment the Franciscans retained control oC missions Loreto, San Jose Comundi'i, San Ignacio, Santa Ger- trudis, and San Borja. The memorial, thougli ans- wered in a favorable tone by Viceroy Bucareli, pro- duced no direct or immediate results. (10) 1,10) Notjcias I, 11C-I;;0; Banc. Hist, Norfi ^'9?. St, I, Tfl; Vida, 117-113, — U - In his report of February 12, 1772, Fr. Palou, in answer to an inquiry whether or not "Armona's (11) orders for the good of the Indians were carried out," says : "Armona's name cannot even be mentioned in the presence of Governor Barri, who dcckires that he came to ruin the i)eninsuLa. In tlie presence of Fr. Escudero he declared that he did not wish to be in liarmony with me." Something should be done to prevent his interference with missionary efforts in behalf of the Indians. (12) The Indians were not slow to take advantage of this unfortunate state of things : they became more insolent and refractory every day ; and more than once open rebellion was barely averted. Having ex- hausted his ingenuity in seeking a remedy, Fr. Palou, at last, sent Fr. Juan Ramos de Lora to Mexico to lay the whole matter before the viceroy. Fr. Ramos de- parted in January 1772, and reached the capital in March. At this time the question of ceding a part of the missions in Lower California to the Dominicans, as recommended by the Franciscans, was under dis- cussion, and the arrival of Fr. Ramos witli his griev- ances contributed materially to the final surrender of the entire peninsula to the Dominican Order. Un- der date of June 1st, 1771, the Fr. Guardian request- ed Fr. Palou to send a full report regarding the si^iritual and the temporal affairs of each mission in Lower California. This order of his superior did not reach Fr. Palou until the 18th of January, 1772, shortly after Fr. Ramos had gone to Mexico. (13) Fk. Palou's report, which was dated February 12th, 1772, and covers 52 pages of the Noticias, contained a sketch of the history, location, and condition of each establishment ; also a summary of the past griev- ances and necessary reforms. Tlie registered popula- (11) Former povornor of California. (12) Noticias I, li^t-l!>9. (13) Noticias, I, 111-U3; Vida, US tion, a lai'iie part wandering in the mountains, was 5,074 in thirteen missions. San Francisco de Borja with 1,579 souls was the kirgest; Sa>n Jose del Cabo witli fifty the smallest. Most of tho mission cattle were running wild. (11) Long, however, before this document reached its destination, the missions had been ceded to the Do- minicans. The Franciscan guardian of San Fernando, Fr. Rafael A^erger, and the Dominican vicar-general, Fr. Juan Pedro de Iriarte, signed a concordato, or agreement, on April 7th, 1772, which was witnessed by Viceroy Bucareli on the 30th of the same month. In general terms it gave to the Dominican Order the entire peninsula, with all its missions, up to San Juan de Dios, a point just beloM' San Diego; while the Franciscans were to retain San Diego and the missions north of that place, with the privilege of extending their estal)lishments without limit to the north and northwest. (15) In a letter of June 10th, in which the Fr. Guardian announced the result, he directed Fr. Palou, to surrender the property and to send the Fathers back to the college, except Fathers Senra, Murguia, Usson, and Figuer, who were destined for the Monterey mis- sions. Fr. Palou also was permitted to join the Fa- thers in the north, if he wished to do so. The news reached California on the 31st of August, and was welcomed by the ringing of bells and a High Mass of thanksgiving. Fr. Palou instructed the religious at the various missions to prepare their accounts, in order to be ready for the transfer when their "successors and brothers" should arrive. Meanwhile, one was to re- nuiin at each mission, and the rest were to come to Loreto. On October 14th ten Dominicans, nine priests and one lay-brother, arrived on the ship Lauretana and were hospitably received by the Franciscans. (U) NotLcias, I, 11!-195. (15) Ndticias, I, 196-215 ; Vida, 118. They, however, declined to accept the surrender of the missions until their superior, Fr. Iriarte, should arrive. Six Franciscans, nevertheless, departed on the 19th of October. These Avere : Fathers Martinez, Echaso, Somera, Palacios, Imas, and Arreguibar. Two more, Fernando Parron and Minuel La-vo, embarked for Mexico on- the 2d of December. (16) Meanwhile the rest of the Dominicans v;ho liad sailed from San Bias were shipwrecked, and snltered terribly both on land and by sea. Four of them died, includina; Fr. Iriarte ; nor did the remainder arrive at Loreto until May 12th, 1773. On the death of Fr. Iriarte, Fr. A^incente Mora had become president of the Dominican missionarie::; in Lower. California, but he declined to accept the missions formally until ho should be confirmed in his ofFice. He consented to receive the property, however, and to begin work on the inventories. The Franciscan Fathers insisted on the greatest care in taking the r.cccunls, because the vindictive Barri had accused them of plundering the missions. The result showed that all was in perfect order, and that the mission funds and dues had ir- creased from $8,9G0 to $10,010 since tlie expulsion of the Jesuits. When the ceremonies of thanksgiviu,;^ and Avelcomo had been concluded, the Dominicans vrore sent to their respecti 'O missionf, and it only remained for Fr. I alo 1 to attend to a few matters preparatory to his departure for Alia California, whither he had re- solved to go with seven of his brother missionaries ; but he met vrith opposition in completing his arrange- ments. Barri prevented him from collecting some cattle which by the viceroy's order were to be fur- nished for the north ; and, though Fr. Palou had au- thority to take twenty-five Indian families for Mon- terey, he could barely obtain half that number. In 1,-0, Notlcla, I, ns liJU, May, 1778, Fr. Pnlon with ten Dominicans left foi* Muleg6. Later on ho visited and delivered to them the missions of Guadalupe, San Ignacio, Santa Ger- triidis, Eorja, Santa Maria, and San Fernando. Then he started with six companions for San Diego, where he arrived at the end of August. Fr. Cambon was left at San Fernando de Yelicata in charge of certain church property which had been taken from the old missions for the new foundations by order of Don Galvez. Governor Barri saw here a last opportunity to annoy the Franciscans. Insisting that the property had been stolen, he ordered Lieutenant Velasquez in command at Velicata not to permit its removal. Fr. Cambon could do nothing but report this fresh an- noyance. In July 1774, an order finally came from the viceroy which directed that the goods should be forwarded without delay, but it was nearly a year before tho last of the articles were delivered. (17) The Franciscans now had no further interest of im- portance in the peninsula missions. Six Fathers, therefore, departed for Mexico on the Concepcion May 27th, 177r. These Fathcs vrcro : Juan Gaston, Juan Sancho, Vincente Santa Maria, Juan Antonio Rioboo, Antonio Linares, and Francisco Javier Teja- da. The Fathers AndroB Villaumbrales and Benito Sierra, together with the Sindico Manuel Garcia Mo- rales, sailed in another vessel on June 15th to touch at Cerralvo for the missionaries in the south of the peninsula. Only Fr. Campa and Fr. Juan Medina Yeylia still remained in Lower California for awhile longer to wind up the all'airs of their brethren. (18) (17) Notlcias, I, 231-250, (Ih) Ibid. 251-252. e^pP^FER III. Statistics Of Tle Lc^^EE Califciima Mismoks— DEr.'.KiLr.i: Tce Upper Calefoenia— Boundary— List Of Missioxaeies. According to Fr. Francisco Palou's report, dated Loreto February, 12tli, 1TT2, the Franciscan missions in Lower California, at the time of the transfer, Avere tlie following' from south to north : 1. Mission de San Jose del Caho. This mission was founded in 1730 by the Jesuit Father Nicolas Tamas- cal, Avho with Fr. Santiajio later on suffered death at the hands of the Indians. Towards the close of April 1768 the place was given in charge of the Franciscan Fr. Juan Moran, who labored there until his death fourteen months after. Fr. Juan Rioljoo succeeded him. There were but fifty Indiana left in 177:2. (1) 2. Mission dc Santiago de Las Coras. The Jesuit Fathers founded this mission about 1720, and contin- ued there until their expulsion in 1768. The Francis- can Fr. Jose Murguia, was appointed missionary in April 1768. In April 1769 a secular priest, Rev Fr. Bfx^za, began to administer the affairs of the nev/ curacy until November 1770, when the mission was again turned over to the Franciscans, and Fr Fran- cisco Villuendas became the missionary. Bancroft claims that Fr. Juan Kioboo was stationed at Santia- go with Fr. Villuendas. Owing to an epidemic which had carried away a great number of Indians, there remained, on the departure of the Franciscans in 1772, only seventy souls,. (2) S. MiisioJi de Naestra Scnora del Pilar, or Todos Santos. This mission was established in 1719 at a (1) Noti m, , I, 111-146. (2) Ibid. 146-117. — 29 — pla:^3 c.ilk\l Li Fa-:. Tlio Jesuits were in charge un- til til nr (l.nxirhir^ in 17oS, w'aen th? Franciscans ap- P3ar3:l. Fr. Ju.i.i Kinu:; do Lnw wa-. appointed the first -missionary. He h^bored assiduously until Janua- ry 1772, when he was sent to Mexico on a mission to the ii'overnment. Fathers Marcelino iSenra and Mi- guel S.indiez succ-edecl him. Wh?n tlieso Fathers de- parted there were still 170 Indians ;it the mission or in the neighborhood. (3) 4. Mission de Sa,:i Frz^ic^i.-^j Javier. The Jesuit Fathers remained in chavg3 of Sin Javier from the time of its foundation Oel-a])3r 161,'), to 1768, wlien, on April 6th, Fr. Francisco Palou vras appointed for the place by Fr. Junipero. From that day until No- vember 24, 1771, eighty-three children were baptized, 115 Indians buried, and 14 couples were married. Three stations were atiached to San Javier without either chapels or dwellings for the missionary. Fath- ers Fernando Parron and Kamon Usson were sta- tiont^d at tliis mission when the transfer took place. On their departure 212 Lulians resided in the neigh- borhood. (4) 5. Jlission (Ic Nucstra Scnora de Loreto. Fr. Juan Maria de Salvatierra, of the Society of Jesus, cele- brated the first Mass there on October 25th, 1697. Up to the time of their departure in February 1768, the Jesuits had baptized 646 souls; interred 1829 dead; and united 292 couples in marriage. The Franciscans suc- ceeded the Jesuits in April 1768. Fathers Junipero Serra and Fernando Parron were the first missiona- ries. At the close of 1771 the Fathers had baptized 76 Indian and Spanish children, interred 131 dead, and Idessed 20 marriages. Fathers Santa Maria, Pa- lou, and Murguia were also stationed at Loreto for a time. When the Fathers departed in 1772 they left 160 Indians about the mission. (5) Ci) Noticias, I, 117-119. (1) Ibid. ir,l-ir,C. (.')) Ibid. 150-159, — CO — G. Mission (U Sen Jd23 ch Coinondu. Twenty laague north v/as tlio mission of San Jo8j, estab- lished in 1708. Its first niisfiionary was the Jesuit Fa- ther Julian (le Mallorca. On the 8lli oC April 17C8 it l^assocl into the hancb of the Franciscaiis, and Fr. Antonio Martinez was chosen for the place, iiy the 9th of December, 1771, thera had been baptized 94 children, 211 dead interred, and 28 couples unit- ed in marriage. Fathers Prestamcro, Pena, and Imas were stationed at Comondti, after Fr. Antonio's de- parturo. In 1772 the natives numbered 210 souls. (G) 7. Mission dc La Parisima Concc2)oioii do Cade- f/omo. La Puri-sima v/as founded by the Jesuits in 1710. In April 17G8 the Franciscan Fr. Juan Crespi took charge. From that date until December 8th, 1771, thirty-nine children were baptized, 120 inter- ments took place, and fifteen couples were married. Fathers Gaston, Ecliaso, and Palacios were the other missionaries of La Purisima. 168 Indians remained after the Franciscans left Lower California. (7) S. Mission de JSfaestrct Sanora dc Oucidalupc. This mission, established by the Jesuits in April 1720, passed into the hands of Fr. Juan Sancho de la Torre in April 1768. In September 1771 the records showed the names of 53 baptized children, 130 deaths, and 28 couples united in marriage. Fathers Manuel Lago and Andres Yillaumbrales succeeded Fr. fc'ancho, and on their departure in 1772 they left 110 natives at the mission. (8) 0. Mission de Santa Rosalia de Mulcc/e. The Je- suits continued in charge of this mission from its es- tablishments until January 17G8, when the Francis- can Fr. Juan Gaston was appointed to succeed them. He in turn was succeeded by Fathers Sierra and Ped- ro Arreguibar. They had baptized 48 children by the last of August 1771, buried 113 Indians, and blessed (G) Noticias, I, 1G9-101. (71 IbiJ. I'JJ-iai. (>S) Ibll. l'H-lG(i. — 31 — 17 niarrlagcs. In 1772 there were 180 Indians lat the mission and in the vicinity. (9) 10. Mission de San Ignacio. Fr. Juan Bautista Liiyono of tlie Society of Jesiia founded this mission in January 1728. In April 1708 the Franciscan Fr. Mipiel do hi Caiiipa y Cos v.-aH phiccd in cliar{;'C of kS:in Iji'nacio. Fathers Joso Lei;-omera and Andrea Vill- avaiibralcs were aleo elalioncd at Ibis mission for a time. Up to Aug-ust 1771, fifteen(?) children had b^en baptized, 293 Indians buried, and GS couples joined in matrimony. At the same time there were foaud in and about the mission 55S natives. (10) 11. Mission de Santa Gcrtncdis. This mission, founded by the Jesuit Fathers in July 1752, was put in charge of the Franciscan Fr. Dionisio Basterra in April 17G8. The other Fathers stationed there were Juan Sancho and Gregorio Amurrio. Until August 1771 they baptized 251 children, and buried 403 In- dians, besides blessing 102 marriages. Santa Gertru- dis was one of the most populous missions, 1,138 In- dians being on the records when the report was made in August 1771. (11) 12. Mission dc Sii.i Francisco de Borja. The Jes- uits labored at this mission from its estal)lisliment in 1759 until January 1763. In May of that year the Franciscan Fr. Fermin Francisco Lasuen began his work among the Indians of San Francisco. lie with Fr. Senra baptized 401 persons, of whom 20 vrere adults; 499 Indians were interred, and 273 couples united in marriage. Five stations were attended from Borja, namely: San Juan with 160 souls; San Fran- cisco Regis with 92 souls; Longeles with 155 souls; Guadab^'^f^ with 256 souls; and San Ignacio with 356 souls. Ihes3 stations had neither chapels nor dwell- ings f(r th^ priests. At Borja itself there were 184 souls. Tll.,, when the report was sent to Mexico, (0) Noticl — 32 — there were 1,479 natives in cliargo of the Francis- cans. (12) 13. Mission de Santa Maria de Los Aiu/eles. This was the Last mission established by the Jesuits in Lower California. They remained from the time of its foundation, October 16th, 1766, until their expul- sion by the Masonic government of Spain, at the beginning of 1768. The Franciscan Fr. Juan de Veytia took charge in May 1763. As there was no church nor dwelling for the priest, he at once erect- ed both structures of adobe, and roofed them with tules. From his arrival to September 1771, 199 adults and 91 childred were baptized, 108 dead buried, and 120 couples united in the bonds of matrimony. The mission record contained the names of 523 Indians attached to the mission in September 1771. (13) 14 Mission de San Fernando de Velicata. This was the only mission established by the Franciscans in Lower California. It was situated about 100 leagues south of San Diego. The lirst Mass, as we have seen, was celebrated on the 15th of May, 1769. The Fathers stationed there at different times were Campa, Fuster, Linares, and Cambon. When Fr. Pa- lou prepared his report on the missions in Septem- ber 1771, the number of Indians baptized had reached 380, of whom 306 were adults. Only twelve Indians had died, but 86 couples had been joined in Christian marriage. The number of Indians remaining at the mission Avas 296. (11) Thus it will be seen that, from April 1768 to Sep- tember 1771, the Franciscans in Lower California, San Jose del Cabo, Santiago, and Todos Santos not inclu- ded, baptized 1731 persons, of whom 531 were adults, buried 2165 dead, and blessed 787 marriages. As the Fathers did not leave the peninsula until the follow- ing year, the number of baptisms, including those of (12) Noticias, I, 17.>178. (13) Ibid. 178-li:5. (U) Ibid. IS;:- 191. - BS — the three missioiiG, whose records are not extant, will easily reach 2000. LEAViNa Fr. Cambon at San Fernando de Velicatd to wind up the allairs of the mission, Fr. Palou with Fathers Tedro Benito, Cambon, Amurrio, Lasuen, Prestamero, Fiistcr, Murgiiia, and Carapa, journeyed northward to join the Fathers in Upper California. On the 19th of August, 1773, a cross was placed on a hiii;h rock, five leagues above the Arroyo San Juan Bautista, and fifteen leagues Ijelow S:in Diego, to mark the boundary between Franciscan and Domini- can territory. The cross bore the inscription; ''■Divi- sion de las mislones de nuestro Padre Santo Do- mingo y de nuestro Padre San Francisco, ano 1773. The Te Deuin vras then sung with extraordinary joy: "Cantamos con extraordinaria alegria el Te Doum Laudamus." (15) (15) Noticias I, 25G-259. The following is an alphabetical list of the Franciscans that were at any time in Lc'uct Cfliicinia iuni Aiiill'CfS (o August 1773. Horrora, howovor, diod beforo reaching the missions. Amurio, Grogorio ; Murgula, Jos6 ; Arroguibar, Podro ; Palacios, Martin ; Basterra, Dionisio; Palou, Francisco; Cambon, Pedro; Parron, Fernando; Campa y Cos, Miguel; Pcna, Thomas do la; Crespi, Juan; Prestamero, Juan; Echaso, Francisco ; Ramos de Lora, Juan ; E-cudoro, Juan; Rioboo, Juan Antonio; Figuer, Juan; Sanchez, Miguel; Fuster, Vincente ; Bancho de la Torre, Juan; Gaston, Juan Ignacio; Santa Maria, Vincente; Gomez, Francisco: Sonra, Marcelino; Herrcra, J0.36 ; S^rra, Juuipero; Imas, Vincents; Sbrra, Jum B3aito; Lago, Manuel; Somora , Angel; Lasuen, Firmin.Francisca; Tojada, Francisco Javier; Logomera, Jos6; Usson, Ramon; Leguaa, Jos6; Veytia, Juan de Medina; Linares, Antonio; Villaumbrales, Aidr6s ; Martinez, A-itoalo; VUliondi^, ? Moran, Juan ; Vizcaino, Jus — 8i — The Second Lakd ExrEDixioN— Ff. JfNirEEo And The Mi'leteee— Names Applied To Places Along The Eoae— TrE Exieeitions By Sea- Reunion— Fr. JuNirEEo's Letter— In Seaech Cf Montli;ey— Fcuming Of S.vn DiEdo— Rapacity Of The Natives— Attack On The Mission— FiEST Victim— Ceaeacixeistics Of The Ineiank— Ti;e 'Oue Fateee" In DiEGLTiio. As we have seen before, the first land expedition for the establishment of missions in Upper California started out from Velicata on March 2-ith, 1769, and reached San Diego on May 14th, after marching 52 days. Having placed Fr. Miguel Campa y Cos in charge of the nawly-founded mission of San Fer- nando, Fr. Junipero Serra accompanied the second land expedition under Governor Portola which left San Fernando on the evening of May 15th, the day after Pentecost Sunday. (1) On travelling three leagues, at a place called San Juan de Dios, Fr. Junipero's leg became so swol- len as to indicate mortification ; he could not rest a moment, so intense was the pain. The governor sug- (1) Vida, page 71. It may be well to preserve tlio namos applied by these first expeditions between Velicatft and San Dicco. Tl.oy are lieie Riven from Fr. Crespi's Primcra Expcdicion as per Bancroft. Tlio addi- tions in parentheses are those applied by the second or PortoM party: Velicatd to San Juan do Di6s aroyo, 4.5 leagues; Santos Martiros ar- royo, 3 loapues; Lis Palmas arroyo, 3 leagues; San Angolo do Fulgino arroyo, or ('orpus Christi, 3.5 1. ; Alamos arroyo, 3.5 1. ; Cioncguilla i. 1. ; San Eicardo (Santa Humiliana), 3 1. ; San Vinconto Ferrer (Sta Potro- nila), 3 1.; San Dionisio Rio, 31.; San Loon arroyo (San AndriSs Hispo- lo), 21. ; San Angel do Clavacio (S. Paciflco), 61.; S. Tolmo pozo (Stos Mart ires), .1 1. ; San Rafael (Sta Margarita), 3 1.; S. Bcrnab(5, 5 1.; Sta Isabel (S. Guido),3l; Alisos arroyo (S. Nazaiici), 5 1.; Jacobo Ilirico (S. Antoalo), 21.; S. Aisolim (S. B.isili >), 3 1. ; S m F.-ancisco Solano (S. A'ltanio), 1.51.; S. Jo.-g3 (3.Ato'i6::c i0 3), 2 1.; St); Mirdres (S. Gorvasio), 3 1.; S.Pedro Martyr (Sta. Migueliaa), 2 1. ; Santos Ap6 ;tolos, 31.; Sta Cruz (Visitacion), 1 1; Sta Monica (S. Juan), 3.51.; S. Estanislao vallo (S. Juan Bautista), 41. ; S.Juan Bautista (San Juan Capistrano) ; S. Antonio vallo (S.Francisco Solano), 41.; San Pio (San Bisnvenuto), 4. 1. ; Stos Martiros pocita (Cilrcel do S. Podro), 3 1. ; Santi Spiritu on San Diego Bay. Banc. H. N. M. St. I. 490. — 85 — gcsted that he go back; but the Father would not hear of it, as he hoped to reach San Diego. "If not", he added, "let God's will be done." The governor now ordered a litter to be made, but the humble Serra would not consent to be carried by liu- man beings. In this extremity he prayed to God most fervently for assistance ; then calling a muleteer, Juan Coronel by name, he said to him, "My son, can you lind some remedy for my sore foot and leg?" "What remedy can I have?" Coronel replied. "I am not a surgeon. I am only a mule-driver, and can cure the wounds of my beasts only." "Well, my son", said the sufferer, "imagine that I am one of those ani- mals, and that this is one of their wounds, vrhich pains me so much that I cannot sleep; then apply the same remedy you vrould apply to one of the beasts." "This I will do to please you, Father," said the man. Taking some tallow he mixed it with herbs and applied the poultice to the sore leg of Fr. Juni- pero. God rewarded the humility of His servant. The patient rested quietly that night, and the next morn- ing, to the surprise of every one, he arose early to recite matins and lauds, and olfer up the Holy Sac- rifice. (2) The expedition now proceeded and reached San Die- go on July 1st,'' after a march lasting forty-six days. The ship San Antonio had arrived there with Fathers Juan Vizcaino and Francisco Gomez as early as April 11th, but the crew did not land, as the San Carlos, which had sailed some time before, Avas not found. The San Antonio's orders were to wait twenty days for the San Carlos before proceeding to Monterey. Two days before the twenty days had elapced, that is on the 20th of April, the long-looked fcr San Carles came in sight. The reason for its delay was that scur- vy had broken out among the men and attacked ev- (2) Vida, 7::-74. — 86 — ery one, and that, in ac dtion, it had missed the port and had sailed beyond it before the mistake was dis- covered. The voyage had lasted 110 days. Fr. Fer- nando was on board all the while. On arriving at the port of iSan Diego, the sick were removed to the sliore by the crew of the San Antcnio, where they received from Dr. Pratt and the tliree Franciscans all the « care tliat the circumstances allowed. The crew of the San Antonio was now attacked by the scourge, so that for two weeks those that were well had more than enough to do in caring for the sick and burying the dead. Of about ninety soldiers, sailors, and me- chanics considerably less than one third survived. Fortunately relief came by the first land expedition under Rivera on May 14th. Fr. Crespi, who kept a diary of the march, also arrived with Kivera. On the arrival of Portola and Fr. Junipero Serra, the four expeditions were again united at San Diego. The next day, July 2d, being the feast of the Visita- tion, the California pioneers, 126 in number, celebrat- ed their reunion by a solemn Mass of thanksgiving in honor of St. Joseph, the patron of the enterprise. On the following day, knowing that the San Antonio was to return at once to San Bias, Fr. Junipero hast- ened to write an interesting letter to Fr. Falou, which in substance is as follows : (3) ''My dear friends, — Thanks be to God I I arrived the day before yesterday, the first of the month, at this truly fine and justly famous port of San Diego. Here I found those that had set out before me, both by land and by sea, except those tliat have died. Fa- thers Crespi, Vizcaino, Parron, and Gomez are with me and quite well, thanks be *to God! Here are also the two vessels, the San Carlos and the San Antonio; the former, however, without sailors, all having died of the scurvy, except one who with the cook sur- (;!) Vida, 73-70. Bancroft Hist. California, Vol. I, 127-i;;G. — 87 — vivos. Though slic sailed a iiioiith and a half later, the San Antonio reached here twenty daj^s before the San Carlos, the latter arriving just as the former was preparing to sail for Monterey. While assisting the crew of the San Carlos, her own sailors were at- tacked by the malady which carried oil' eight of her men. In consequence of ^his Iocs, the San Antonio returns to San Bias to obtain enikis fcr herself end the San Carlos. The causes of the late arrival of San Carlos were two : the first was a lack of fresh water, which forced h.er men to look for water on the coast. The liquid thus oljlair.ed proved unwholesome and caused the sickness among her crew. The second cause of the delay was an error in which all shared regarding the exact location cf the port of San Diego. They had supposed it to be situated in the thirty-third or thirty-fourth degree of north lat- itude. Strict orders had been given to Captain Villa of the San Carlos to keep out in the open sea until they should arrive at the thirty-fourth degree, and then to make for the shore in search of the port. But as the port in reality lies thirty-two de- grees and thirty four minutes north latitude, the ves- sel moved beyond the point of her destination, mak- ing the voyage last longer than necessary. The men daily grew worse from the cold and from Inid water, and they must all have perished had they not dis- covered the port about the time they did ; for they were quite unable to lower the boat to procure fresh water, or to do anything whatever for their preser- vation. Fr. Fernando did everything in his power to relieve the sick, and, although he arrived much reduced in tlesh, he did not grow sick, but is quite well. Our journey to this place was a happy o.ie. Though I started out with a sore leg, it daily grew better, with th3 help of God, and now it is as sound as the other. Wo have not suffered from hunger or other privations, neither have the Indian neophytes that came with us suffered any hardships, but all arrived safely and in good health. I have continued my diary and forward it to you at the first opportunity. The tract through which we passed is generally very good land, with plenty of water. There, as well as here, the country is neither rocky nor overrun with brushwood. In some places the road was good, but the greater part of the way was bad. About midway the valleys and rivulets began to be delightful. We found vines of a large size, and in some cases quite loaded with grapes. We also found an abundance of roses which ap- peared to be like those of Castile. In fine, it is a good country, and very different from Old California . . .We have seen immense numbers of Indians. All those on the coast contrive to make a living by means of various seeds and by fishing. The latter they carry on by means of rafts made of tules (4) in the shape of canoes, with which they venture a great w^ay out upon the ocean. The Indians are very civil. All the males, old and young, go entire- ly naked; the women, however, and the female children are decently covered from their, breast downward. On our whole journey we found that the Indians treated us with confidence and good will, as though they had known us all their lives; but, when Ave offered them any of our victuals, they in- variably refused to accept them. All that these In- dians cared for was clothing, and only for some- thing of this sort would they exchange their fish or whatever else they possessed. During the whole march we found hares, rabbits, and some deer, and also multitudes of wild goats. The mission has not as yet been founded, but it will soon be done. I pray God to preserve your health and life many (4) A kind of bullrushes. — 89 — years to come Port and intended mission of San Diego in North California, July 8d, 1769. — Fr. Jiinipero Serra." Ox . the sixth of July the San Antonio sailed for * San Bias. It had already been decided that the land expedition in search of Monterey should leave on the 14th of July, the feast of the Seraphic Djc- tor St. Bonaventure. The party was comi)osed of Governor Portola, Fathers Crespi and Gomez, two Indian neophytes from Old California as attendants, Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada with a ser- geant and twenty-six soldiers. Lieutenant Pedro Pages witli seven soldiers, engineer Don Miguel Constanzo, seven muleteers, fifteen Christian Indians of Lower California, and one servant of the Gover- nor. Everything having been arranged. Holy Mass was celebrated by each of the Fathers in honor of St. Joseph, the patron of the expedition, and in honor of St. Bonaventure, whose feast fell on that day. The party, then started northward at four o' clock in the afternoon, and travelled two leagues and a half before camping for the night. Fr. Crespi kept a diary of the march in which he noted all the interesting occurrences along the road. After their departure there remained at San Diego Captain Villa, Dr. Pratt, the mate Canizares, Fathers Serra, Parron, and Vizcaino, a guard of eight soldiers, live convalescent Catalan volunteers, a few sick siilor.-;, live able-bodied seamen, a car- penter, a blacksmith, three servants, and eight Low- er California Indians. (5) The 16th of July was selected for the day on which the first mission of Upper California should be founded. On that date the Church in Spain com- memorates the triumph of the Cross over the Cres- cent in 1212; besides it was the feast cf Our Lady (5) Vida, 81-82. of Mount Carmel. Fr. Jiinipero solemnly blessed the cross vv'hich had been raised on a suitable spot facing the port. High Mass was then sung by the Fr. Su- perior, and thus the mission of San Diego de Alcala was formally established. The place was called Cosoy by the natives, now Old Town. (6) Seveeal huts were at once erected, one of which was used as a chapel. The Indians now began to draw near, but, as no one understood their language, little progress could be made beyond gaining their good Avill by oifering them some trinkets and clothes. They invariably refused anything in the line of food ; if a lump of sugar was put into the mouth of a child, he would spit it out as though it were poison. Had the natives been as greedy for food as they Avere for some other articles, the Fathers and soldiers would soon have found themselves at the verge of starva- tion. The Indians were so eager to obtain articles of clothing that they stole anything Avithin their reach, even the sheets from the beds of the sick soldiers. One night some of the thieves Avere caught on board the ship cutting sails and rox)es, so that tAvo of the eight soldiers Avere obliged to guard the vessel ever after. Persuasion, threats, and even the noise of firearms Avere met Avith ridicule. Trusting to their numbers and strength, and not knoAving the deadly effects of the Spanish Aveapons, the savages resolved to get possession of everything by killing the Fathers and their companions. They made the attempt en August 12tli and 18th, but AvithdreAV Avhen they found resistance. On the loth of August, the feast of the Assumption, Avhen Fr. Junipero had just finished cele- brating Mass, the Indians again attacked the li,- tle camp. Fr. Fernando Avith tAvo soldiers had gone on board the ship to say Mass for the creAv. Only four soldiers remained in the company of two Fathers. (6) Vila, 82-SJ; Glcoson, 11,21. — 41 — A large party of Indians armed with bows and ar- rows and clubs fell upon the crippled band. The cor- poral and his few comrades, together with the car- penter and blacksmith, gave the alarm and lired at the enemy, who, seeing the eil'ect of the firearms, fled, taking their dead or wounded along with them. Fr. Vizcaino, at the tirst alarm, rai.sed the mat of his hut to see if any one had been killed, when his hand v.'as pierced by an arrow. At the same time his serv- ant, Jo3e Maria Vegerano, rushed in and fell at his feet exclaiming: "Father, absolve mo; I have been mortally wounded." Fr. Vizcaino gave him ab- solution, and in a few moments the soul of Jose Ma- ria returned to its Creator. A few days later the In- dians appeared with peaceful dispositions, and asked that their wounded be received at the mission for medical treatment. (7) A stockade was now thrown around the camp, and the natives were no more allowed to bring weapons within the mission enclosure. Safety was thus assured, but no progress made in missionary work. One youth, indeed, about fifteen years of age, daily called on the Fathers, and Fr. Junipero, especially, bestowed many favors upon him. The good Father endeavored to teach the boy a little Spanish, and after a while asked his pupil to move some of the natives to have their child- ren baptized. One day a child was brought, and from signs made the Fathers understood that it should re- ceive baptism. Fr. Junipero full of joy requested the corporal to act as godfather, and then, surrounded by the soldiers and Indians, proceeded with the usual ceremonies. When, however, he raised his hand to pour on the regenerating water, the Indians snatched th3 child away from the surprised priest, and hur- ried away. The soldiers wished to pursue the offend- ers, but Fr. Serra forbade it, and attributed tie (7) Vida, 82-b5. — 42 — frustration of the baptism to his own sins. Even in subsequent years, when relating the incident, tears would fill his eyes. (8) Meanwhile new cases of sickness occured and death carried away eight soldiers, four sailors, one servant, and six Christian Indians, so that, wdien Gov. Portola returned, only about twenty persons survived. Little w^onder, then, that small progress was made in mis- sionary work. 'Prior to April 1770, a year from the first appearance of the Spaniards, not a single neo- phyte was enrolled at the mission. In all the mission- ary annals of the northwest there is no othor imtant where paganism remained stubborn so long.' (9) Theee is some explanation in the character of the Indians for this barren result of missionary efforts. "The missionaries found these natives as a nation la- zy, cruel, cowardly, and covetous. Their features were thick and heavy, showing no ray of mental or moral elevation. They were contemptible physically as well as intellectually, so that Humboldt classes them as low in the scale of humanity as the inhabitants of Van Dieman's Land, who were the nearest approach in the human fabric to brute creation. Their language was a strange jargon ; and here arose the first of the many obstacles that beset the paths of the Fatlierp. Having tenderly nursed the sick crusaders to health, the indomitable Fr. Serra and his companion set to v\^ork to acquire the Indian tongue. Then began the dawning of Christian light." (10) (S) Vida, 86. (9) Bancroft, Hist. Calif.. I, i:!9. (10) "Old Missions of Californii", p. IC. Tho "Our Father' in tlio lan- guapo of tlie Diegucnos, according to Mofras, Explor., Tom., II, p. 095, is as follows: "Nagua anall amal tacaguach naguaneuuxp mamamulpo ca- yuca amalbo mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuik ecliasau naguagui ilaiia clionnaquin ilipil meiiequo pachis ccbeyucliapo iiagua quexulc flaguaich nacaguaihpo namechamol anipucli ucli-gualich-cuiapo. N acuiuch-pambo-cuchlicL-cuiatpo-fi amat. >' apuij a. — 43 TuF CofKSE Of The Expedition— Fikst Baptisji In UrrEE Califoknia— HAKDsniPS— Sickness— CoENciL— A Mvsteky— St. Feancis And His Mis- sion—Discovert Of San Francisco Bay— Return— The Governor's Res- olution—Painful Suspense— The San Antonio Akeives— Fe. JunIpe- Eo's Letter. While the incidents related in the preceding chap- ter occurred, Gov. Portola continued his march in obedience to the instructions of the visitador-general, Don Galvez. The course and the events of the jour- ney are fully described in a diary kept by Fr. Crespi which is still extant. From San Diego to their first halting place, where there were several springs, they encountered great numl^ers of hares and rabbits. Though the night was well advanced, two Indians ap- peared, one of whom made a long speech of which the Spaniards understood not a word ; but on couclud- ing they presented some sardines to the governor. In return they received some beads and clothes. Four days after setting out from San Diego, July 18th, the explorers reached a pleasant valley in which Mission San Luis Rey was later on built. They named the place San Juan Capistrano. A number of Indians, all naked, except the women who were modestly cov- ered with deer skins, welcomed the strangers, and presented some nets of their own make. On the 22d they arrived at a place which they called "Los Cris- tiaiios", or "Caiiada del Bautismo", because the na- tives here permitted two dying children to be bap- tized. The two happy little ones were named Maria Magdelena and Margarita. This was the first baptism administered by the Franciscans in Alta or Upper California. (1)' (1) Life cf Serra, 35; Bancroft, Hist. CaL, I, 145. — 44 — On the 24th they camped in sight of the islands of San Clemente and Santa Catalina, and reported San Pedro Bay as being five leagues distant. The 28th of July found the party encamped near a river, which they called "Temblores", because all that day and night they felt terrific shocks of earthquake. This vras the Santa Ana River, or Rio Jesus de los Temblores. Here Mission San Gabriel was afterwards founded. On the second of August tlie expedition forded the Rio de Porciuncula, now the north branch of the San Gabriel, and stopped where the city of Los Angeles stands. On that day the children of St. Francis cele- brate Portiuncula, or Our Lady of the Angels, Nues- tra Senora de los Angeles, wiience the city derived its name Los Angeles. (2) On Sunday the 6th, while approaching the head of the Santa Barbara Channel, they were visited by In- dians who, by marks on the sand resembling ships, conveyed the news that these vessels had been seen. The men everywhere w^ent naked, but the Avomen Avere covered with skins of deer or rabbits. Along the coast the Indian tents w^ere larger, and each family occupied a separate hut. These dwellings were of spherical shape, and composed of a few poles stuck in the ground and brought together in a conical form, w4th bundles of sagebrush thrown over, leaving an opening at the top for the emoke to escape, and the air and light to enter. The Indians made canoes of -pine boards, often capable of carrying ten fishermen. To w^ork out the timber they only used tools made of flint, as iron and steel we:e not know^i to the natives-. Along the channel the Spaniards obtained large quan- tities of fish, which was one of their chief articles of food during that portion of the journey. The country was settled by Indians wdio lived in towns, one of which they reached on August 14th and named Asun- (2) Banc. Hist. Cal. 1, 14M46. - 45 — cioii. It is identical in site with the modern San Bue- naventura. On tho 18th the expedition passed a vil- lage called Laguna de la Concepcion, in the vicinity of what is now Santa Barbara, perhaps on the exact spot, . since the presidio was founded later at a place said to have been named San Joaquin de la Laguna by these first explorers. (8) On the 27th of the same month they came upon Point Concepcion. The natives were still , friendly, but poorer and less numerous north of the Point. On the 30tli a large stream was crossed, probably the Rio Santa Inez, called at its discovery Santa Rosa, and on September 1st the camp was pitched at the Lagu- na de San Daniel, probably at the mouth of the Rio Santa Maria. Next day Sergeant Ortega was taken ill and ten of the men began to complain of sore feet. Turning inland, not far from what is now Point San Luis, they crossed the hills l)y a somewiiat winding course, and on the 7th encamped in the Canada de los Osos, in the vicinity of the later San Luis Obispo. The sierra of Santa Lucia then impeded further prog- ress, and on the 16th the travellers turned to the right and l)egan to climb the mountain range, "con el credo en la boca", as Fr. Crespi writes, one league per day being counted good progress by infirm sol- diers in such a rough country. From the 17th to the lOth the party was on the Ploya, or ravine, de la Sierra de Santa Lucia, at the headwaters of the Rio San Antonio, near wiiere the mission of the same name was afterwards founded. On the 20th the lofty range northwest Avas ascended, and from the highest ridge, probably Santa Lucia Peak, the Spaniards gazed upon a boundless sea of mountains, "a sad siDectacle for poor travellers worn out by the fatigues of so long a journey," sighed Fr. Crespi. The cold began to grow severe, and some of the men were disabled by CJ) Bauc. I, 116-llH. - 46 — scurvy ; yet, for the glory of God, and with unfailing confidence in their great patron St. Joseph, they pressed bravely onward, after remaining four days in a little mountain canon dedicated to the Llagas de San Francisco, or Wounds of St. Francis. Wending their way down the slope, on the 26th they camo to a river, which they called San Elzeario, or Santa Del- fina, believed by the Spaniards to be the Rio del Carmelo, but which was the Nacimiento. They fol- lowed its course for several days until at last they again arrived at the long-sought sea. The stream now bears the name Salinas. (4) On October 1st the governor, the engineer, and Fr. Crespi with five soldiers climcd a hill, from the top of w4iich, Crespi says, "we saw the great entrance, and conjectured that it was the one which Oabrero Bueno puts between Point Afio Nuevo and Point Fi- nos of Monterey." The soldiers explored Point Finos on both sides, but did not recognize the port of Mon- terey for which they had come so far. Divine Provi- dence, doubtless, blinded them that they might pro- ceed further north and make a more interesting dis- covery. On the fourth of October, the feast of St. Francis, after a solemn Mass celebrated in a brush- wood tent, at the mouth of the Salinas River, a meeting of all the officers and Fathers was held to deliberate on what should be done. The governor proposed going back, because Monterey had not been found where it was said to be, and provisions vv-cre becoming scarce, whilst a large number of the sol- diers were disabled; but each person present being asked to express his opinion freely, the unanimous opinion of the two Franciscans and the officers was "that the journey be continued as the only expedi- ent remaining, in tlie hope of finding by the favor of God the desired port of Monterey, and in it the (4) Banc. I, 148-151. — 47 — San Jo£6 to cupply our needs; and that, if God should permit that in the search for Monterey we all perish, \xe shall fulfill our duty to God and men by working together until death in the accomplishment of thQ enterprise on which we have been sent." (5) "It is", says Bancreft himself, "and must ever re main more or less inexplicable that the Spaniards should have failed at this time to identify Monterey. The description of landmarks, as given by Vizcaino and Cabrera Bueno, w^as tolerably clear, and in fact these landmarks had been readily recognized by Por- tola's party at their first arrival on the bayshore. Yet Avith the harbor lying at their feet, and with several landmarks so clearly defined that Vila and Serra rec- ognized them at once from the reports at San Piego, and penetrated the truth of the matter in spite of their companions' mystification, the Spanish officers could find nothing resembling the object of their search." (6) Fe. Crespi's remarks, in addition to what has been related, are as follows: "In view of what has been said and of our not finding in these regions the port of Monterey, so celebrated and so praised in their time by men of character, skilful, intelligent, and practical navigators, who came expressly to ex- plore these coasts by order of the king . . . we have to say that it is not found after the most careful ef- forts made at the cost of much sweat and fatigue ; or it must be said that it has been filled up and des- troyed Avith time, though we see no indications to support this opinion; and therefore I suspend my judgment on this point; but what I can say with as- surance is that with all diligence on the part of the comandante, officers, and soldiers, no such port has been found At Point Pinos there is no port, ilor have we seen in all our journey a country more des- (5) Cic-pi in Bancroft., Hist. C'al. I, 151. (G) Banc. I, 152. — 48 — olate than this, or people more rude, Sebastian Viz- caino to the contrary northwithstanding." (7) Fr. Palou, whom Fr. Gleeson (8) follows, regarded the concealment of the port as a miraculous interpo- sition of God at the intercession and in the interest of St. Francis; (9) for on starting from the penin- sula, after completing arrangements for the new missions of San Dicjio, San Carles, and Sen Buena- ventura, Fr. Junipero had asked Don Galvez, when not finding the name of St. Francis among the pro- posed missions, "and for our Father St. Francis is there to be no mission?" The visitador general re- plied: "If St. Francis wants a mission let him cause his port to be found, and it shall be established there." "Si San Francisco quierc mision, que haga se halle su puerto, y se le pondra," (10) It having been determined to proceed, the expedi- tion crossed the Salinas River, an entered Pajaro valley. Here they encamped on the bank of a stream they called Pajaro (Bird), from a stuffed bird found among the natives. Seeing that there were numerous herds of deer, elk, and antelopes, the whole party rested for three days on the banks of a small lake, probably that near which now stands the Catholic Boys Orphan Asylum in charge of tlie Franciscan Fa- tliers. After leaving this place the expedition ad- vanced very slowly, as sixteen men had lost the use of their 1 nibs, and had to bo rubbed vvith oil every evening, fastened to the tijeras, or wooden frame, in the morning, and raised to the l)acks of the mules. On the 17th the explorers forded a river named by them San Lorenzo, at the site of the present Santa Cruz; and on the 2^kl Ano Nuevo was passed. Meat {!) Banc. I, 152. (8) Hist. Cath. Cli. in Calif. Vol. II. aV.'iS. (9) Vida, 88. "Luepro que lei esta noticia atrlbui ;■ • lui cl paramo quo l(i ,'ofialaba ol antiguo derotoro, siguiesn harta llogar cl Puoitcj do N. P. S. Francirco." (10) Vida, 88. — 49 — had long before given out, and now vegetables be- came scarce ; rations were accordingly reduced to five tortillas of bran and flour a day. PortoM and Kivera also Avere added to the sick list. On the 28th the rains began, and the men were attacked by diarrhoea. On the 30th the party reached a point with detached rocks, or farallones, where the hills barred the pas- sage along the shore. It was called Point Angel Cus- todio and Point Almejas, now San Pedro. On the last day of October the Aveary travellers climbed the hill, and were rewarded with the sight of the port of San Francisco. There was no mistaking the land- marks so clearly pointed out by Cabrera Bueno. The sorely tried party recognized them immediately. St. Francis had, indeed, and unexpectedly, brought his two disciples, and the expedition which they had ac- companied, to the port that bears his name. Strong in this conviction, the pilgrims descended the hill northward, and encamped near the beach at the southern extremity of the sheet of water known to the Spaniards, from that time, as the Ensenada de los Farallones. (11) On the second of Novemlier some soldiers, who had gone out to hunt, discovered a great inland sea which was named San Francisco Bay. Camp was broken on the 4th and the march resumed. Crossing the San Bruno from a place just above Point San Pedro on the 6th, the wanderers pitched their camp on a stream flowing into the bay, probably San Fran- cisquito Creek near Searsville. Here they remained four days, suffering considerably from hunger. On the 11th of November, after Holy Mass, a council of the officers and the Franciscans Crespi and Gomez was held, when it was decided to return, as further search for Monterey was useless. The same afternoon they set out on their return march, and after twenty- (11; BaBcroft, H, C, I, ir.--ir.7, — 50 — six days reached Carmelo Bay. Here they remained from November 28th to December 10th, making some additional explorations, but still failing to find the port of Monterey. Before leaving Carmelo Bay a large cross was erected, on a knoll near the beach, bearing the inscription, "Dig at the foot and thou wilt find a writing." The buried document was a brief narrative of the expedition with a request that the commander of any vessel arriving soon -should sail down the coast and try to ccmmunicate with the land party. The copy of it in Crespi's diary closed in these words: "Glory be to God, the cross was erect- ed on a little hillock close to the beach of the small harbor on the south side of Point Finos, and at its foot we buried the letter." RQcrossing the per- insula the Spaniards set up, on the very shore of the harbor which they could not find, another cross with the inscription : "The overland expedition from San Diego returned from this place on December 9th 1769, starving." Below the San Luis Obispo region the natives began to 1 ring an abundance of fish and other food, so that there was no further sutt'ering. Finally, on January 24, 1770, the weary party ap- proached the enclosure of San Diego, and announced their arrival by a discharge of musketry. (12) DuKiNG Fortola's absence of six months and eight days no progress had been made in mission work at San Diego, save the addition of a few tule luits. Fathers Serra and Parron were just recovering from the scurvy ; and Fr. Vizcaino was still suffering from the arrow wound, v.iiile eight of the volunteers had died. Nor did the return of the governor contribute anything towards brightening the aspect of affairs, since he himself was much disheartened, because Monterey had net be?n found, and because the San Antonio with her supplies had not yet returned, al- (ri) B;ncroft I, 160.163: "Our Contcnial,"' 11 ; Vida, 88; Bancroft, I, 16;J. - M - though double the time required for the voj-age had already elapsed. Portold's plan, therefore, was to make a careful inventory of the supplies on hand, reserve enough for the march to Velicatd, and aban- don , San Diego when the remainder should be ex- hausted, which would be the case about tlie 20th of March. This day he fixed as the date of departure, unless supplies arrived meantime. (13) The Fathers, especially Serra and Crespi, were greatly alarmed at the governor's resolution, particu- larly when they remembered that already 166 years had elapsed since the Spaniards had visited that har- bor, and that, in case it were now abandoned, cen- turies might pass ere others would return. Hence they strenuously opposed the abandoning of the enterprise. Fr. Junipero Serra formed the heroic resolution to remain alone, even though all others should forsake "my poor mission of San Diego." That it was a poor place indeed we may gather from a letter of Fr Ju- nipero to Fr. Palou. He wrote: "One of our greatest drawbacks is the want of news and a proper inter- course with you, but being blessed with good health, a tortilla Avitli some lierbs from the field are suffi- cient for our daily sustenance. If they send cattle from Yelicata, forward a little incense, an ordo, and the lioly oils, in case you have received them' from Guadalajara. My diary, and that of Fr. Crespi, will be copied and sent you as soon as possible." On re- ceipt of the letter from his superior, Fr. Palou im- mediately called on the lieutenant governor, beseech- ing him to order a captain and nineteen soldiers to- gether with sufficent cattle for San Diego, to prevent the mission from being abandoned. The governor readily acceded to the request (14) Early in March, however, the San Antonio had not vet appeared and the condition of affairs was (13) Vid?, Sfi 94. (U) Vida, K-H. — 52 — growing desperate. Fr. Jiinipero went to Captain Vila of the San Carlos, still lying in the port, and request- ed permission for himself and Fr. Crespi to remain on board the vessel until provisions should arrive, so that they might be afforded an opportunity to reach Monterey by sea, in case the governor and his men abandoned the mission. The captain gladly consented to this arrangement. (15) Meanwhile men and officers were waiting, prepara- tions Avere being made for the departure, the Fathers were praying, and the days were passing one by one, but no vessel came in sight. The sole topic of conversation was the abandoning of the northern country, and every word was an arrow to the soul of Fr. Serra; still he could only pray unceasingly, and trust to the intercession of St Joseph, the patron of the expedition. In his honor a novena was begun which was to close on the saint's feast, March 19th, the day before the one of iinal abandonment of the mission. "Gently smiled the morning sun on that moment- ous morrow, as it rose above the hills and warmed to happiness the myriads of creatures beneath its benig- nant ray. Lovely beyond description was the scene on the beautiful bay in its fresh spring border hiding behind the hills. At an early hour the Fathers were abroad on the heights, for they could neither eat nor rest. The fulfilment or failure of their hopes was now to be decided. Fr. Junipero sang High Mass and preached with unusual fervor. The day tlien slowly wore away. Noon came, and the hours of the after- noon, and yet no sail appeared. The suspense was painful, for the redemption of this bright, fresh par- adise was more than life to these holy men ; and so all the day they watched and prayed, watched with strained eyes, and prayed, not with lips only, but (ir,) Yida, 9.-)-90. - 53- with all tlos3 soul-longings which Cmnigcience alone can translate. Finally, as tlie sun dropped below the horizon, and all hope was beginning to vanish, a sail appeared in the distance like a winged messenger from heaven, and before twilight deepened into dark- ness the long sought vessel was in the offing. Cali- fornia was saved, blessed be God! and they might yet consummate their cherished plans. The ship was soon again lost to view; the momentary sight of the vessel, however, served to fill all with new courage. Four days later the San Antonio entered the harbor bearing joy to every heart. Fr. Junipero attributed the momentary view of the ship on the 19th of March to the powerful intercession of St. Joseph, and he never ceased thanking God for the favor; for a long time thereafter he had a Mass sung in honor of the holy Patriarch on the 19th of each month." (16) When the viceroy and the visitador general had learned from the captain of the San Antonio that the expedition Ijy land had left San Diego in search of Monterey, and that men and provisions were needed, they resolved to provide the supplies at once. The same vessel was ordered northward in De- cember, after certain vexatious, but unavoidable, de- lays. Captain Perez had orders to sail for Monterey direct, where it v/as supposed Portola would be found; but fortunately he was obliged to enter the Santa Barbara channel for water, and the natives there explained that the land expedition had re- turned southward. Even then Perez in liis perplexity would have gone to. Monterey, had not the loss of an anchor forced him to turn about, just in time lo prevent the abandon'ment of San Diego. Besides an abundance of supplies, the San Antonio b --ought instructions from Don Galvez and the vice- roy which drove from Portold's mind all thought cf (16) Vida, 9(5; Bancroft. I. lGG-i67 — 54 — abandoning the country. Accordingly two expeditions were organized, one to go by land and tlie other to proceed by water. About the middle of April both se: out. Fr. Junipero accompanied the sea expedition, whilst Fr. Crespi joined the land party under Gover- nor Portola. Before sailing, Fr. 8erra again wrote to his dear Fr. Francisco Palou. Among other things he said : "Quite late last night Captain Juan Perez sent word that we were to embark that same night, a summons which was speedily complied with, as I had previously sent on board everything necessary. At an early hour this morning I said Mass. Fathers Parron and Gomez remain at San Diego; Fr. Juan Crespi and I intend to go north. (17) One of us is destined for Monterey, the other for San Buenaven- tura, which is distant eighty leagues. Should I have no opportunity to write to the Fr. Guardian, I beg of you to do so in my name and to give the reasons for it. The death of our Holy Father Clement XIII, and the election of Ganganelli, one of our religious, are rumors which have reached us. Dominus conser- vet eum, etc. This news has gladdened me in my solitude. I have also heard of the death of Fr. Mo- ran. We are saying the Masses for him according to agreement. A year has elapsed since I received a letter from the college, and nearly the same length of time has passed since your last reached mc. At the first opportunity send us some wax, which we need for Holy Mass, and some incense. Owing to contrary winds we did not sail yesterday. I conclude this letter on the day after Easter, the anniversary of the profession of our holy Father St. Francis. We are sailing out of the harbor, being towed by a boat from the San Carlos, which on its return will carry this letter ashor*^ to our Fathers, who will transmit (17) Father Vizcaino, on account of Ixis wouudod liaud, had already left San Diego for Sau Ternando, Mexico, somj timo before. it to you. God preserve you many years iu His love and grace.— At sea, before the Fort of San Diego, April 16, 1770. Fr. Junipero Ssrra." (18) Land Expedition To Monterey -The Cross-Founding Of San Carlos- Fr. Junipero's Account— Exultation In Mexico— Plans Foe New Missions— rEw Missionakiis. As we have seen, the San Antonio sailed from San Diego April 16th, 1770, in search of Monterey, having on board, besides Fr. Junipero Serra and the crew, a cargo of stones for the new mission. Owing to contrary winds the voyagers were driven as far south as the 30th degree of latitude, and then north to the Enseiiada de los Farallones, so that they did not enter Monterey harl)or until forty-six days after (1) The land expedition set out from San Diego on April 17th. The party consisted of Lieutenant Fages with nineteen soldiers, Fr. Juan Crespi, two mule- teers, and five natives, besides Governor Portola. They made the joarrey in thirty-six days, encamped on May 24th near the spot whe 3 tl ey had left the second cross on the . bayshore the previous winter. They found the cross still standing, but curiously surrounded and adorned with arrows, sticks, feathers, fish, meat, and clams: evidently Jhe work ot the na- tives. Fr. Crespi, in his diary of the second land ex- pedition to Monterey, relates under date of May 2d what follows with regard to this cross. "After a jour- nev of three leagues w^e arrived at one of the salty (18) Yida, 08-100. (1) Yida, 100-100. - 56 — lagunas of Punta Pinos, where a cross had been erect- ed. Before dismounting, the governor, a soldier, and I approached the cross, intending to discover some signs of the expedition which had set out by water ; but we found none. The cross was surrounded by ar- rows and little rods, tipped with feathers, whicli had been set into the ground by the Indians. Suspended from a stick, at one side of the cross, was a string of half-spoiled sardines, a number of clam shells, and a piece of meat. This astonished us not a little ; biit we failed to comprehend the meaning of it all. As soon, however, as tlie neoi^hytes were capable of ex- pressing themselves in Spanish, they assured us that, the first time they saw the Spaniards, their attention Avas attracted by a beautiful shining cross whicli eacli one wore on his breast ; that Avhen they departed they left on the shore this large cross, which seemed at night almost to touch the sky, and was surrounded with rays of heavenly light; but in the day time, seeing it in its usual proportions, to propitiate it they had offered it flesh-meat and fish. Observing that it partook not of their feast, they had presented arrows and feathers, as a token that they wished to l)e at peace with the holy cross and with those who planted it. This narrative was frequently related by the In- dians, and in 1774, when Fr. Junipero returned from Mexico, they repeatedait to him without any varia- tion." (3) As Portola, Crespi, and Fages walked along the beach that afternoon, returning from a visit to the cross, they looked out over the placid bay, when the truth suddenly dawned upon their minds, and they in one accord exclaimed : "This is the port of Mon- terey which we seek ; it is just as Vizcaino and Cabrera Bueno describe it;" and so it was. They only wondered that they had not recognized it be- (2) Vidii, 105-lOC. - 57 — fore. Soon for lack of fresh water camp was moved across to Carmelo Bay. (4) A week later, on the last day of May, the San Antonio hove in sight off Point Pinos. On June 1st the governor, Fr. Crespi, and the lieutenant crossed over from Carmelo to welcome the new arrival. Or- ders were at once given to transfer the camp back to the port of Monterey, about whose identity there was no longer any doubt. On the third of June, 1770, the mission of San Carlos Borromeo was formally estab- lished. The account of this happy event is best given in Fr. Serra's own words. Writing to Fr. Palou, then still in Lower Califor- nia, he says: "My dear friend, — On the 31st of May, by the favor of God, after a tedious and perilous voyage lasting a month and a half, the packet-boat San Antonio, commanded by Captain Don Juan Pe- rez, anchored in this beautiful bay of Monterey, the same unchanged as it was left by the expedition of Don Sebastian Vizcaino in the year 1003. It was a great consolation to me, and the pleasure I felt increased with the news, received that same night, that the land expedition had arrived eight days be- fore, and with it Fr. Juan and the others in good health. Our joy increased still more when, on the feast of Pentecost, June 3d, close by the same shore and under the same oak-tree under which the Fathers of Vizcaino's expedition had celebrated Mass, we built an altar. After the ringing of the bells, and the singing of the hymn Venl Creator, the water was blessed, and we erected and blessed a great cross, and unfurled the royal colorf. I then sang the first High Mass known to have been offered at this place. Dur- ing Mass I preached, and at its conclusion we chant- ed the Salve Regina before a picture of Our Lady which occupied a place on the altar. The ceremonies (:i) Boncroft, I, 16-S-1G9. — 58 — mmmmMumyh. , i., ill l':', III! '!M5-1©, mm 1 lli. - m - In accordance with previous orders from Don Galvez, Partold now turned the military government of Cali- fornia over to Licitenant Fae;, and sailed away in the San Antonio on July 9th, 1770, takinji with him the e:igiiite.* Constans . Portola was the first in the line of governors of California. (8) ScAKciTY Of Food— Fe. Serea's Letter— His Jouexey— disagreement Between The Fk. President And Governor Faces- Fe. Seera Goes To Mexico— Missionaries For Upper California— Fe. Junipeeo's Illness And Recoveey— His Petition And Success— Report On The State Of The Missions. Food was scarce in 1772, both at Monterey and San Antonio. For a long time the Fatliers and neo- phytes subsisted on vegeta])les and milk only. Late in May, when the extremity was reached, Coman- dante Fages with thirteen men made a raid into the valley called Canada de los Osos (Bear Valley), lifty leagues from Monterey, where a large number of these animals were killed, and seed obtained to support the mission until other provisions arrived. In a letter to Fr. Palou, dated August 18, 1772, Fr. Serra thus describes their critical situation, to- gether with other matters of interest, as follows: My dear friend, — Thanks l>e to God! The Fathers are in good health, and the famine which tormented so many others did not roach us. While waiting for our ship, we received the news that two other ves- sels were coming to this port. One approached within tAvo leagues of the bay, but could not enter. There is sufficient food at San Diego, but we have none. A (») Banc. I, 172. — 64 — few half-starved mules bring our provisions overland. Vegetables and milk have been the chief support of the people; but even these have grown scarce. Never- theless I do not regret to have founded the missions. Through our efforts some souls have gone to heaven from Monterey, San Antonio, and San Diego. A great number of Christians now praise God, and His holy Name is more freciuently on the lips of the pagans here than on those of many Christians elsewhere. Some persons fear that from meek lambs they will turn into lions and tigers. God might permit this; but those at Monterey give us reason to expect the contrary ; for, after three years of experience, we find them greatly improved. The same is true of those at San Antonio. The promise made by God to our holy Father Francis, mentioned by the Ven. Mother Mary of Jesus, that the people would be converted to our holy faith by merely looking at his children, I now see fully realized. If not all have yet become Chris- tians here, it is because of our ignorance of their language. I often imagine that my sins make me un- worthy of the gift to converse with them in their OAvn language. In a country like this, where there is ueither teacher nor interpreter, it will take some time before any one will have learned the Spanish language. At San Diego time has already overcome thedifficulty; adults are being baptized and married. Here, with the help of God, we shall see like re- sults; for some of the children already begin to learn Spanish, in which language the catechism is taught them. For the rest we trust in God who will set everything aright. I intend to go to San Diego with Don Fages about the middle or end of Septem- ber. If your Reverence could come up about that time, what a gratification it would be to meet each other after our long separation, and then what a world of writing it would save us I Do not come for -65- my sake. Let us both have in view God's glory and the good oi* souls. Whether with you or alone, by all means let two religious come up to found the mis- sion of San Buenaventura, or to replace those that are sick at San Gabriel. Those that are to be sent here should come supplied with patience and charity ; having these they will obtain a ricli and plentiful harvest. During my absence Fr. Pieras, witli one of tlie Fathers from San Luis, will attend this mission. The other will go to San Antonio where Fr. Buenaventura Sitjar is alone. Mission San Antonio has very materi- ally assisted us in our distress by sending us seeds and pine-nuts. I owe good Fr. Pieras for four loads of them. If Fathers Lasuen and Murguia come to this wilderness, let them have patience and cour- age ; no doubt you have need of the same where you are. May God preserve you in His holy love and grace many years. Mission San Carlos de Monterey on the Carmelo, August 12, 1772. Fr. Junipero Ser- ra.^' (1) When Oomandante Pages fcmnd that the vessels with supplies could not come up to Monterey, and that mules were unal)le to bring the provisions, he started out for San Diego late in August, accom- panied by Fr. Junipero, to make arrangements for the better transportation of much needed supplies. On his way Fr. Serra stopped at San Antonio, and was very mucli pleased to see the large number of Christian Indians. Taking Fr. Cavalier along, on the first of September lie founded the fifth mission in California, in lionor of San Luis Bisliop of Tolouse, as will be related elsewhere. (2) C'ONTiNUiNG their j(mrney, Fr. Serra and Captain Fages arrived at San Gabriel on September 11th. It was the Fr. Superior's first visit to that mission, and (1) VidH, r-yi-Vi'X i'l) Ibid. W. Vido Mission Sun Lui^ Obiepo. — 66 — he rejoiced exceedingly when he found so many neo- phytes. Fr. Paterna accompanied his superior from San Gabriel to San Diego, which place was reached on the 16th of September. Fr. Junipero at once urged the captain of the ship to hurry on northward with the supplies. The officer obeyed reluctantly, because he feared the dangers of the voyage at that season of the year. Meanwhile Fr. Dum3tz, accompanied by Fr. Tom^s de la Pena, had again been sent up from the peninsula to take Fr. Cambon's place who re- tired to Mexico on account of ill-health. There were then at San Diego, Fathers Crespi, Somera who was ill, Dumetz, and Pena. Two others were expected from the south at an early date. On December 27th, Fathers Crespi and Dumetz accompanied a supply train overland from San Diego to San Carlos to re- lieve Fathers Juncosa and Pieras. (3) Fk. Serra now urged Pages to proceed Avith the es- tablishment of Mission San Buenaventura on the San- ta Barbara Channel, as originally planned by Don Galvez five years before. He spoke to Comandante Pages, says Palou, about an escort and other assis- tance necessary to start the mission, but found the door closed and Fages giving directions whose execu- tion threatened to bring about the loss of Avhat had cost so much work to accomplish. To prevent such a result, the venerable Father used every means sug- gested by his purdence and skill; but in no v/ay was he able to accomplish his purpose. (4) "A bitter quarrel ensued," says the Protestant Bancroft, who is ever inclined to take sides against Fr. Junipero, "be- tween the tw^o, in the course of which the hot-headed Pages, in the right (?) at first, may very likely have exceeded the bounds of moderation and good taste; while the president (Serra), though manifestly un- just (?) in his prejudice against the commandant, (3) Vida, 144-145; Banc. I, IS9. (4) Yida, 146. - 67 - was pel haps ir.ci-e politic and self-contained in his words and acts at the time." (5) Yet only a few months before, March ]8th, 1772, the viceroy had urged Fages to maintain harmo- ny, to treat converts well, and to promote mission work in every way possible. Now, however, the cap- tain presented so many objections to the founding of San Buenaventura and similar establishments, that Fr. Serra began to suspect that orders must have em- anated from hig;i9r authority prohibiting these un- dertakings for the future. He, therefore, consulted with the Fathers about the matter. It was the opin- ion of the four missionaries Serra, Paterna of San Gabriel, Somera and Pena of San Diego, that Fr. Junipero, or some one selected by him, should pro- ceed to Mexico, and represent to the viceroy the great needs of the mission, and give correct informa- tion regarding the state of things in California. To obtain God's assistance for the success of this jour- ney, a solemn High Mass was offered up on the fol- lowing day, October 13th, after which the three Fa- thers concluded that the only suitable person to transact a business of such importance was the Fr. Superior himself. Though in his sixtieth year and lame, the zealous Father agreed to make the long journey of 200 leagues by land, besides the voyage by sea, in order to secure the welfare of his Indian neophytes. During his absence Fr. Paterna acted as superior of the missions. Fe. Junipero embarked on the San Carlos at San Diego on October 20th, and after a prosperous voyago arrived at San Bias November 4th, in compa- ny Avitli an Indian Christian from Monterey, who aft- erwards was confirmed by Archbishop Lorenzana. At San Bias Fr. Serra heard of the transfer of the Low- er California missions to the Dominicans. Learning (5) Banc, I, 19U, that the Fr. Guardian had left Fr. Palou free to re- tire to Mexico or to go to Upper California, Fr. Ju- nlpero at once wrote to him from Tepic on Novem- ber 10th : *'If your Hevereuce is determined that we sliall live and die in California, it will be to me a great consolation. I only say, act accordinji; to God's -will If the Fr. Guardian should order that only four go there, and' that the others should return to the college, I have nothing to say, but I pray God may apply a remedy. Meanwhile let us obey." (6) Almighty God seems to have anticipated Fr. Juni- pero's wish; for about that time Fr. Palou received a letter from the Fr. Guardian permitting him to send eight religious to Upper California. Fathers Juan Figuer and Ramon Usson had already arrived at San Diego in November. The eight Fathers who availed themselves of the permission to labor in Upper Cali- fornia were: Francisco Palou, Pedro Benito Cambon, Gregorio Amurrio, Fermin Francisco Lasuen, Juan Prestamero, A^incente Fuster, Jose Antonio Murguia, and Miguel de la Campa y Cos. Leaving one Father at Velicata, as was related elsewhere, Fr. Palou with six Fathers journeyed northward. The new-comers were welcomed at San Diego with every demonstra- tion of joy. Fr. Palou then made a temporary distri- bution of the new missionaries, after which the mis- sionary force in Upper California consisted of eigh- teen Franciscan priests. (7) Meanwhile Fr. Serra had proceeded on his way to the capital as far as Guadalajara, where both he and his neophyte companion fell sick with fever. They were reduced to the last extremity and received the sacraments of the dying. For himself Fr. Junipero was resigned, but in regard to the neophyte he feared lest the death of the Indian youth might (6) Vida, 147-149; NoUcias, I, 225-22T. (7) Noticias, I, 35(J-2ei: Banc, I, 194-li€. - 09 - retard the conversion of the other natives, as they might imagine that the Christians had killed him. Al- mighty God, however, allowed both to recover and reach Mexico on February 6, 1773. (8) Fr. Junipero found the new viceroy, Antonio Bu- careli, no less favorably disposed toward the missions than his i)redecessor De la Croix. At the request of the viceroy he prepared a memorial on the state of the missions in California, and presented the docu- ment to the government on the 15th of March. "In this statement," said he to the viceroy when pre- senting the papers, "you will find that I have said nothing Init what is true, and Avhat in conscience I was bound to say, and what I consider absolutely necessary to attain that which his royal majesty so much desires, namely, the conversion of souls who, for want of knowledge of our holy faith, remain in the slavery of the devil, but who by these means can easily be redeemed. I trust your excellency will speedily determine what is just and expedient, since I must return as soon as possible, whether or not I obtain what I ask, rejoicing if it be granted, and somewhat grieved, but resigned to the will of God if it be refused." (9) The statement consisted of thirty-two articles. The first and second point concerned the port of San Bias. Therein he strenuously urged the necessity of keeping that port open to furnish the missions with the nec- essary supplies. It had been decided to close San Bias, and to send supplies by land. Fr. Serra's arguments proved unanswerable, and his request was granted. The remaining articles were submitted by the viceroy to the 'Junta de guerra y real hacienda,' board of war and royal exchequer, of which Bucareli was a member. This body on May sixth granted eigh- teen of them and part of another, and denied only a — 70 — part of article 82, in Avliich Fr. Serra asked to have the expenses of his journey to Mexico refunded. Thus twenty of the original points were disposed of entire- ly in his favor. Four of these bore upon the past troubles between the Franciscans and the military authorities, and were intended to curtail the i)owers Avhicli had been assumed by the latter. Fr. Serra made special charji;es against Comandante Fages, among whicli were these : his refusal to transfer sol- diers for bad conduct at the request of tlie mission- ary ; meddling with the management of the missions and the punishment of neophytes, as he has no right to do except for grave offences ; irregular and delayed delivery of letters and property directed to the mis- sionaries; insolence and constant eft"orts to annoy the Fathers who were at liis mercy ; opening of letters addressed to the missionaries, and neglect to inform them when mails were to start ; taking away the mission mules for the use of the soldiers ; and reten- tion of cattle intended for new missions. By the decision of the Junta the comandante was ordered to remove any soldier of irregular conduct and l)ad example from the mission guard to the pre- sidio, at the missionary's request ; the missionaries were allowed to manage the mission Indians as a fa- ther would his family, and the military commander was instructed to preserve perfect harmony with the Fathers ; property and letters for them or their mis- sions were to be forwarded in separate packages, and their correspondence w^as not to be meddled with, but to pass free of charge like that of the soldiers ; additional vestments and seven bells were to be fur- nished; two blacksmiths and two carpenters, with tools and material, were to be sent from Guada- lajara for the exclusive use of the missions, etc. Com- andante Fages was subsequently relieved of his i)o- sition and replaced by Rivera y Moncada. A set of new regulations provided for several points in — 71 — Fr. Serra's petition pertaining to the military and fi- nancial alFairs of California. (10) Having obtained far more than he had expected, Fr. Junipero wns anxious to return to his Indians, but before leaving he was requested to make a full report on the state of the missions, and to give the liistory of each from its foundation down to Septem- ber 1772. On ceding their missions in Lower Califor- nia to the Dominicans, the Franciscans had already been required to report on the condition of the new establishments in Upper California. Accordingly, Fr. Palou, the superior in Fr. Serra's absence, had pre- pared a complete statement for the viceroy and forwarded it to Mexico on December lOtli, 177?. On 21st of May Fr. Junipero drew up the report of the actual condition of the California mission at the time of his departure the preceeding September. It covers substantially the same ground as that of Fr. Palou, and the two combined may be regarded as one document. According to these reports there were then in the fifth year of the Spanish occupation the following establishments in Upper California: San Dieyo de Alcala^ at which mission Fathers Luis Jayme, Vincente Fuster, and Gregorio Amurrio were stationed among the Indians; tliey also attend- ed the soldiers at the presidio. San. Gabriel Arcangel, where Fathers Antonio Pa- terna, Antonio Cruzado, Juan Figuer, and Fcrmin Francisco Lasuen were laboring among the natives. San Luis Ohifipo de Tolosa, whose missionaries were Fathers Jose Cavalier, Domingo Juncosa, Jose Anto- nio Murguia, Juan Prestamero, and Tomas de la Pena. San Antonio de Padua in charge of Fathers Mi guel Pieras, Buenaventura Sitjar, and Ramon Usson. San Carlos Borromeo^ on the Rio Carmelo. Here Fathers Junipero Serra, then in Mexico, Juan Cres- (10) Vida, 15!-i:)6; Bancroft . 1, 'JOT-^ll. - 72 - pi, Francisco Dumetz, and Francisco Palou insti-uct- ed the natives in the rudiments of Christianity and civilization. They also administered to the wants of the soldiers and their families at Monterey. (11) There Avere, then, in the latter part of 1773, nineteen Franciscan Fathers engaj^ed in missionary work among the Indians of California. Four hun- dred and ninety-one natives had been baptized, of whom twenty-nine had died, and sixty-two Indian couples had been united in Christian marriage. It is to be noted, however, that the missionaries could have received many more into the Church, but they preferred to see the candidates well in- structed before admitting them to the sacraments. Others, again, held back on account of the distrust caused by the outrages of the soldiers. Only at San Diego had there been unprovoked hostilities. Near each mission, except San Luis Obispo, was a ran- cheria of pagans, who lived in rude little huts con- structed of boughs, tules, grass, and any other ma- terial that was at hand. Many of these Indians came regularly as catechumens for Christian instruc- tion. Often those of more distant rancherias were induced to come, listen to the music, and receive trifling gifts of food or beads. The neophytes were generally willing to work when the Fathers could feed them, which was not always the case. At San Diego, as stated elsewhere (12), there were ten or eleven rancherias, whose inhabitants lived on grass, seeds, fish, and rabbits. At San Ga- briel the native population was larger than at any other place ; unfortunately the different rancherias were at war with one another. At San Luis Obispo the population was also very large, but the Indians were friendly to the Spaniards from the first. The In- (U) VltlA, 1&4"155! NotloitiM I, m-m; BSiMWtt, I, m-'M, - 7a - diaiis of Sail Antonio were ready to live at the mis- sion as soon as the Fathers could receive them. At 8an Cdrlos de Monterey converts were most numerous, but for want of food they could not be kept at the mission. Here, and also at 8an Antonio, three soldiers had already married native women. With regard to the mission buildings, Fr. Serra reported that at every mission a line of high strong posts, set into the ground close together, enclosed a rectangular space, which contained simple wooden structures serving as church and dwellings; the walls of these also generally took the stockade form. The square at kSan Carlos was seventy yards long and forty-three yards wide, with ravelins at the corners. For want of nails the upright palisades were not se- cured at the top. Within, the chief building, also of palisade walls plastered inside and outside with mud or clay, measured seven by fifty yards, and was divid- ed into six rooms. One room served for a church, another for the missionaries' dwelling, and a third for a store-house. The best rooms were whitewashed. This building was roofed with timbers which were covered with mud. A slighter structure used as a kitchen was roofed with grass. The soldiers' quarters were apart from the mis- sion buildings and enclosed by a separate stockade, while outside of both enclosures were the huts of Indians. Adobes were used to some extent in con- structing a few buildings at San Diego. At San Antonio church and convent were built of adobes. Some of the buildings at Monterey were also con- structed of adobe. In agriculture, Fr, Serra reported, only slight progress had been made so far, though by repeated failures the missionaries were gaining experience for future success, A small vegetable garden at each mission, curefuUy tended and irrigated by hand, had been more ov lets productive^. Th$ pniturage was ex* — 7-i - cellent, and the little livestock distributed among the missions had flourished from the beginning. (18) e^ppjpER \?ni. Fh. Sebba Retubns— Explobing Expeditions By Sea— The Fathebs As Chaplains— New Missions Planned. Now that Fr. Junipero had finished liis task he asked the blessing of the Fr. Guardian, kissed the feet of all the Fathers at the college, begged pardon for any bad example he might have set them, and then bid farewell forever. He set out for the west in September 1773, accompanied by Fr. Pablo Mugarte- gui and his own Indian neophyte. After a journey of 200 leagues, he was obliged to wait at Tepic for a ship till January 24th. (1) Fii. Junipero and his two companions arrived at San Diego after a voyage of forty-nine days. From there, on April Cth, he journeyed on foot in order to visit all the existing missions. On his way he met Capt. Anza, who was returning from Monterey to report (i:!) Banc, I, 199-206. (1) Vida, 1.57-1.59. In addition to the articles fjranted by the government, namely: three case.s of vestments for San Gabriel, San Antonio, and San Luis Obispo, five sets of measures, six in each set, one forpe witli appur- tenances, five quintals, and three arrobas of iron, Fr. Serra had obtained a liberal donation of goods from the viceroy for the exclusive use of the missions consisting of the following articles: 107 blankets, 29 pieces man- TA POBLANA (blankets), 488 yards of striped sackcloth, ;«9 yards of blue baize, 10 lbs blue maguey cloth for little girls, 4 reams of fine pa- I>er, five bales of rod pepjjcr, 2, .500 lbs of jerked beef, 16 boxes pano- cha, 4 boxes of beads. 10 boxes of hams, 6 boxes of chocolate, ;1 barrels of lard, 9 sacks of lentils, 9 jugs of olive oil, 4 barrels of Castilian wine, :! barrels of brandy, 9 sacks of peas, 6 sacks of rice, 160 sacks of flour, 900 fanegas (bushels) of maize, and 250 fanogas of beans. Moreover, the gov- ernment allowed each niisson to liave six servants, wlio were to aid in constructing tlie buildings and tilling tlio land. They were to be paid by the povernment during a term of five years. One hundred mules wore also donated. Bancroft, I, 219. to the viceroy that communication by land was open between that port and Sonora. From him the Fa- ther learned of the want of provisions at San Carlos. He hastened forward and arrived at Monterey on on the 19th of May. The vessel with supplies had reached the i)ort three days l)efore. Fr. Mugdrtegui liad been forced to remain at San Dieji;o on account of ill health. Fr. Amurrio in his stead took ship to Monterey. Fathers Prestamoro and Usson fell sick and retired to Mexico. (2) Several explorins»" ex])editi()ns, which set out from Monterey during this and the next few years, may be mentioned in this connection, as the Fathers from San Carlos accompanied them. Besides, Fr. Ser- ra is said to have suggested that the California transport ship might be advantageously used for purposes of geographical discoveries, in order to find new fields for spiritual conquest. He also proposed Captain Perez as a proper person to take charge of the enterprise. Juan Perez was accordingly instructed to explore the northern coast as far as the 60tli de- gree. The expense was borne by the Spanish king. The viceroy, however, asked that one or two missionar- ies accompany the expedition, wherefore Fr. Serra ap- pointed Fathers Crespi and Pena to act as chaplains. On the 10th of June, 1774, solemn High Mass was offered up for the success of the voyage, and on the 11th the vessel sailed from Monterey. On the 9th of July they were in latitude 45 degrees beyond the limits of California. Continuing her course, the ship reached as far north as the 55th degree, where the crew found an island which they called Santa Mar- garita, because it was discovered on the feast of that saint. The island was inhabited by Indians. Though contrary winds prevented a landing, the explorers had some intercourse with the natives who approach(?d in (2) Vida. 159-1(50; Bancroft I. 221--:"JT. canoes. Some of the bolder ones boarded the vesael and exchanged well polished v/ooda, hair blankets, and mats, made from the bark of trees, for pieces of iron or for beads. They were dressed in haircloth and skins, and were of a gentle disposition. The women were decently clad, but disfigured by wearing an or- nament of wood in the lower lip, perforated for that purpose. The Santiago now returned and reach- ed Monterey on August 27th. Fathers Juan Crespi and Tomas de la Pena kept diaries of this expedi- tion which are still extant. (3) When the reports of this first enterprise reached the viceroy, he ordered another expedition to proceed still farther north, and search for a good harbor where the cross and the Spanish flag could be raised. A fleet of four vessels was sent out from San Bias in the spring of 1775 for California and the nothern wa- ters. The viceroy again called aipon the Franciscan college to supply the chaplains, as no other priests Avere available. The Fr. Guardian reluctantly detailed Fathers Miguel de la Campa, Benito Sierra, Ramon Usson, and Vincente de Santa Maria for this new service. This was only a temporary arrangement, as that kind of Avork was foreign to the Order. Fr, Jos4 Nocedal was also sent along. (4) All sailed from San Bias about the middle of March. The San Antonio, whose chaplain was Fr. Usson, landed her cargo at San Diego and returned to San Bias. The San Carlos, with supplies for Mon- terey and the northern missions, set sail with Fr, Vincente as chaplain. The ship reached Monterey June 27th. After discharging her cargo she sailed for San Francisco Bay on July 24th. On setting sail the crew began a novena in honor of St. Francis, at the termination of wliich, on the 1st of August, just at (i)) Viaa, l9J'-m; Uaue,, tlUt. NoitUw, Coitxt I, m-lM, night fall they found themselves off the entrance of San Francisco Bay. The vessel entered, and anchored in tho vicinity of what is now North Beach. Next morning the San Carlos crossed over to the Isla de Nuestra Senora de los Angeles, so named from the feast of the day, August "id, and still known as Angel Island. Captain Ayala remained at anchor in the bay for forty days, making careful surveys mean- while. Fr. Santa Maria and the officers landed several times on the northern shore toward point Reyes, and visited a rancheria of hospitable Indians. On the 22d of September the San Carlos reentered the harbor of Monterey. The other vessels which sailed from San Bias on March 16, 1775, were the ship Santiago under Cap- tain Bruno Ezeta, with Fathers Campa and Heira as chaplains, and the schooner Sonora, or Felicidad, under Lieutenant Bodega. The crew consisted of 106 men, and the supply of provisions was deemed suffi- cient for a year's cruise. After battling a long time with contrary winds, they landed in about 41 de- grees 4 minutes latitude on the 11th of June, and took formal possession of the country by unfurling the Spanish flag amid a military salute. The sign of Redemption was raised and High Mass sung by Fr. Campa, after whicli tliere was a sermon followed by the Te Deum. (~>n account of the feast of tlie day, the place was called Trinidad, or Trinity Bay, which name it still retains. The stream, since known as Little River, was named Principio. The natives were numerous? but friendly, and by no means tim- id. More than a week was spent there, during which time explorations were made, and the habits of the Indians studied. Leaving Trinidad on the 19th, both sliips continued northward. On the 13th of July tliey touched upon a lovely spot in latitude -IT degrees and 23 minutes. Here they - T8 - ferrected a large cross with the usual ceremonies. On July 30th the schooner was separated from the frigate by violent storms, nor did the two vessels meet again until October at the harbor of Monterey. Captain Ezeta, however, kept on to latitude 49 de- grees and a lialf, Avhere on August 11th he decided to return, because many of his crew were down with the scurvy. Fogs prevented him from entering San Francisco Bay. The ship arrived at Monterey on August 29th. Don Ezeta now resolved to reach San Francisco by land. Obtaining nine soldiers, three sail- ors, and a carpenter, and accompanied by Fathers Palou and Campa, he set out on the 14th of Septem- ber. Following Rivera's road of the preceding year, the party arrived at the seashore on the 22d. On the hill-top, at the foot of the old cross, were found let- ters from Fr. Santa Maria directing the land expedi- tion to go about a league inland, and light a fire on the beach to attract the attention of the San Carlos anchored at Angel Island. The ship, however, had al- ready departed, as we have seen, wherefore Ezeta and his party left for Monterey on the 24th, arriving there on the 1st of October. The schooner Sonora after its separation from the Santiago, continued in its course as far as the 58th degree, where a good harbor was discovered which the Spaniards called 'Nuestra Senora de los Remedios.' They took possession of it and erected a cross. A heavy storm prevented furtlier progress northward, wherefore the ship returned to Monterey, which was reached on October 7th. Nearly all the men were down with the scurvy, but they rapidly recovered under the kindly care of the Fathers. A Aveek after their arrival the creAV went to the mission of San Carlos, where a Mass of thanksgiving was offered in honor of Our Lady. Every one, from the highest ofBcer to the humblest sailor, received Holy Communion, in or- — 79 — der to comply with a promise they hnd made on their long and perilous voyage. (5) While these expeditions were at work discovering new countries for the Spanish crown, Fr. Serra de- sired to found some new missions under the regula- tions of 1773, by diminishing the old guards and taking a few soldiers from the presidio. Captain Rivera, hoAvever, declared that no soldiers could be spared at the presidio. Fr. Junipero then asked the Fr. Guardian at the capital to intercede with the viceroy for twenty men. The guardian, unable to ob- tain the soldiers, asked permission to retire the su- pernumerary Fathers. This request was granted at lirst, but immediately countermanded. Nevertheless, Viceroy Bucareli wrote to both Fr. Serra and Cap- tain Rivera, in view of Captain Anza's expected ar- rival from Sonora by way of the Colorado, to estab- lish two or three new missions on the old plan, and to depend on future arrangements for additional guards. The viceroy's letter reached Monterey on the 10th of August, 1775. At a consultation held two days later, it was resolved to establish the mission of San Juan Capistrano at once, between San Diego and San Gabriel. (6) Fr. Serra, meanwhile, directed all his energies to the instruction of the Indians, in order to prepare them for baptism. He was faithfully assisted in this work by the other Fathers, especially by his regular assistant, Fr. Juan Crespi. Though the revolt of the Indians at San Diego, resulting in the death of Fr. Jayme, had occurred in November 1775, and his pre- sence was needed there, it Avas not till June 1776 that he could leave for the sorely-tried mission. (5) Vida, 162--165; Bancroft. I, 242--248. (6) Vida, 174-175; Noticiaa II, 258-2(31 as por Banc, I, 243. -60- G^PPTER IX. Fb. Junipeeo Sehea Receives The Facultt To Administer The Sack a - MENT Of Confirmation— Conteoveksy—Higi:-Handed Proceeding On The Part Of The Secular Authorities— Fb. Serba Sustained By The Viceroy- H. H. Bancrot's Bigotry— Fk. Serra Resumes His Work Of Confirming— Fb. Juan Chespi. An event of importance to the mission?, and which provoked a vast amount of unnecessary controversy, occured about this time. On taking possession of the missions of Lower California in 1768, Fr. Junipero Serra learned that the Jesuit Fathers had enjoyed the privilege of administering the sacrament of con- firmation, because of the difficulty for a bishop to reach those districts. Though included in the diocese of Sonora, Alta or Upper California never was visit- ed by a bishop until it had one of its own in 1841. Anxious that the neophytes be not deprived of the sacrament of strength under Franciscan management, Fr. Serra asked the Fr. Guardian to obtain for him, or some other Father, the authority to administer that sacrament for the ])enefit of his flock. His Holi- ness Clement XIA^, on July 16th, 1774, granted the petition for a term of ter. years. However, as "both Churcli and crown in Spain were zealous defenders of their respective preroga- tives; and as not even a bishop could exercise the functions of his office until his appointment had re- ceived the royal approval, this special concession of episcopal powers had to be submitted to the king's royal council of the Indies. It was so submitted, and received the sanction of that body December 2d, 37- 74. It was also approved of V)y the Audiencia of New Spain September 27th, and by Viceroy BucareJi Oc- — 81 — tober 8tli, 1776. On Ootoher 17th, 1777, the comniis- sary and prefect of the American coUeiiOs, Fr. Juan Doniinuo d- Arricivita, transmitted to Fr. Junipe- ro Serra the desired "Facultad de i'onlirmar." The pat(Mit with instructions came up on the Santiago, and reached Fr. Serra's hand in the hitter part of June 1778.'' (1) The particuhirs regardinu tiie power to conlirni, whicii was granted to Fr. Serra, are iiiven in Banc- roft's own woi'ds, in order to sin w that every for- mality was observed on tlie part of Fr. Jnnipero, and that Bancroft's criticism of Fr. Serra emanates from a most iji,norant and prejudiced mind. Fk. Serra carefully perused the instructions of the Sacred Conjireiiation in regard to the exercise of his faculties, and immediately began to use them. The next feast after the leception of his new powers was that of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Having sung High Mass and given a suitable instruction, the Fr. President contirmed those children who were suf- liciently prepared. He continued to instruct the a- dults and the children, until the ^ijtli of August, when in spite of his inlirmities he sailed for San Diego. In the meantime 1 e had contirmed 181 per- sons at San Carlos. At San IJiego he contirmed the Christian Indians and the children of the soldiers. Proceeding northward he catechised and contirmed at each of the missions on his way back to Monterey, where he arrived on January r)th, 1779. Soon After Fr. Jnnipero resumed his work at the missions north cf San Carlos, and extended his tour to Santa Clara and San Francisco. 2,432 persons received the sacrament of the Holy Ghost during this tour, 1778- 1779. About 100 of the nuni!)er were Spaniards. (2) About the beginning of November 1779, while at San Francisco, Fr. Serra received notice of the death (1) Vida, 226-22»; Bancroft I, 320-321. '2) Vida, 22S-23:J; Banc, I, 321. of Viceroy Bueareli. The Fathers keenly felt the loss of their friend. Nor was it without reason that they dreaded the change in the government. Bueareli was succeeded by Don Mayorga. A change in the general government of the missions, which not a lit- tle alarmed the missionaries, had already preceded the death of the viceroy. As early as June 1779 news had reached them that California had been taken from the jurisdiction of the viceroy, and had been placed under a captain general who was to re- side in Sonora. The first captain general was Don Teodoro de la Croix. A letter from him to Fr. Serra somewhat dispelled the latter's fears, and would have resulted in much good had its promises been carried out. The captain general wrote from Quereta- ro under date of August 15th, 1777, as follows: "The information I have received from his excellency, and the contents of your letters to him, have convinced me of your activity, zeal, and prudence in the gov- ernment of the missions, of your kindness towards the Indians, and your solicitude for their real happi- ness. At this date I have not at my disposal the help you ask, but I hoi)e I shall be able shortly to satisfy your zeal, and to labor with you for the wel- fare of those establishments, for which end I trust you will enlighten me with your advise and opinion. Y{mr Reverence will find in me all that you desire for the propagation of our holy faith, and the glory of religion. I beg your prayers, and those of your religious, for the hai)py issue of the imi)()rtant mat- ters confided to my care." (o) Fr. Serra, however, soon found that little confi- dence can be placed in human promises. California had scarcely passed from under tbe jurisdiction of the good viceroy, when Fr. Junipero encountered ob- stacles and difficulties without number. He observed C^) Vida, •J20-2yO, - ^\ - that plans and regulations were made that were in- jurious to the missions; but protests and explana- tions were of no avail. The civil authorities were prepared to dictate, not only to the soldiers assigned to protect the missions, but also to the missionaries how religion sliould )>e propagated. Many of th'^se difficulties, Fr. Palou says, could l)e mentioned, but one fact will ])e sufficient to give the reader a clear idea of the disagreeable circumstances under which the zealous missionaries had to carry on the work of conversion in California. About the middle of 1779 the captain general undertook to question Fr. Juni- pero's right to administer the sacrament of confir- mation. The alleged reason for this assumption of authority in a purely si)iritual nuitter was that the Fr. President (4) of the missions had not received the sanction of the goverment authorities to exercise his faculties. As we have already seen, the faculty of Fr. 8erra to confirm had received the sanction of the royal council of the Indians on December 2d, 1774, and had been approved l\v the Audiencia of New Spain Septem])er 27th, and by Don Bucareli on Oc- tober 8th, 177C. Fr. Serra in replying to the captain general stated that for a year he had exercised his power to confirm, and that the cai)tain general had not objected, and he now earnestly pleaded that the neophytes be not deprived of the graces of the sacrament, as the privilege was granted for ten years only. In addition, he ofi'ered to present his faculties for signature and approval to the captain general. De la Croix declined to agree to this, but demanded that the Papal Bull be shown to him. On April 2()th, 1780, he even sent an order to the governor of Cali- fornia directing him to take possession of the orig- inal patent and instructions which had been sent ii) This was the title in Spanish of the head of the California mi -sioas. — S4 — to Fr. Seri-a by the Fr. Guardian, and ^vllicll must still be in the former's hands; and, iurthei more, un- der no pretext whatever to jjermit tlie Fr. Superior to go (m administerinir fuiilirniation till new orders should be iiiven. (5) Ox receiviui!: this coniinunicatit-n throuiih Governor Neve, Fr. Junipers refrained fn m exercising his faculties, as he feared he might also be forbidden to baptize if he continued to contirm contrary to the order of the governor and tlie captain general; but he informed the Fr. Guardian in reference to the matter. The guardian, Fr. Verger, on December 17th, lT7t>, stated the case in writing to the new^ viceroy, and at the same time applied for copies of all the df)cuments bearing on the sul)ject of conMrmation. especially a copy enforcing a Brief of the Pope, and the sanction of the authorities of Mexico for Fr. Ju- nipero. The certiticates required were obtained with- out difficulty on February 16ht, 1780, and by Fr. Ra- fael Verger transmitted tt) Fr. Serra. A copy was al- so forwarded to La Croix. The unwarranted interfer- ence of the captain general and of the governor of California, moreover, brought tut a letter from the viceroy to Governor Neve ordering him not to inter- fere with Fr. Junipero Serra, and to >^upply him with soldiers at any time that the Father wished to make his visits to the missions. This decision of the vice- roy reached Fr. Serra in September 1781. (()) H. H. Bancroft (7) labors hard to make it appear that Governor Neve and Captain General Croix were entirely right, that the Fr. Superior was altogether wrong, and that it was owing to the patriotism and moderation of Neve that a t caudal was averted which must have proved unfortunate for the country, and perhaps disastrous to the missions. The unpreju- (.^) Vida, 231-236; Bene, I, aiX-Jirj. (6) Vida, 2:i4-SK; Banc, I, :r25- 32C; Gleeson, U, 8i-C». (7) Hist. Cal. I, ;£20-:ia<. diced reader, on the other hand, will come to the conclusion that both Croix and Neve arrogated to themselves an authority which of right they could not possess : the authority to declare what sacraments should be administered by the missionaries of Califor- nia: They might as well have forbidden the adminis- tration of the sacraments of baptism and extreme uncti<)n. Bancroft, inde3d, endeavors to clear him- self of the stigma of prejudice and bigotry by say- ing: ''No ardent churchman entertains a more ex- alted opinion of the virtues of Junipero Serra, hh pure-muidfflncss^ His Hclt-sacriiicinfj devotion, his in- (h'stn/, and zeal than myself. Nor would I willingly detract from the reputation of a man who has been justly regarded as an ideal missionary, the fa- ther of the Church in California : but I am writing history, and I must record facts as I find them." Yet on page 322 he twice accuses Fr. Serra (»f pride for not submitting to Neve, at once, in a matter that did not concern the governor; and on page 824 Ban- croft insinuates that it may be possible that Serra practised deception toward Croix. On Page 325 he claims Fr. Junipero disregarded both Croix's and the Fr. Guardian's orders: nor does he place much faith in the truthfulness of Fr. Serra, though the latter swears in verbo sacerdotis and tacto pectorc ftaco'dotali that he tells the truth. On page 326 Bancroft tinds Fr. Serra "hap5)y in the thought that he had snubbed his enemy." From all that Bancroft says about Fr. Junipero, concerning this matter of confirmation, the reader must get the impression that good Fr. Serra was a trickster, and that Gov. Neve alone was moderate and patriotic, for all of which this 'histori- an' has no other foundation that his surmises, and the liasty deductions of his intense bigotry. Such words as "effrontery" and "sharp practices" Ban- croft applies to Fr. Serra without a scruple. And -Se- this he calls "writing history as I find it." It is but just to remark that otherwise this writer has de- served well of the Franciscans by collecting a mass of historical material concerning them Avhich it is well-nigh impossible to duplicate. Moreover, when stating simple facts and giving dates he is reliable enough, but Bancroft touching anything Catholic must be looked upon with more than suspicion. What is to be thought of a writer whose ignorance or bigotry makes Lkii translate ^^Llagas de nuestro serafico padre Santo Francisco," by ^^Sores of our seraphic Father St. Francis?" (8) He should have said "Wounds," which is correct, and a term famil- iar even to Protestants; but that would not have sounded ridiculous, hence he translates "Sores." Dr. Gilmary Shea, the eminent Catholic historian, with much reason declares: "We regret our inability to use Bancroft's California, but it is throughout an at- tempt to treat Catholic affairs with misrepresention, derision, and insult. Catholic terms known to every child are put in a way to seem ridiculous and dis- gusting." (9) The same may be said of his other works. Only in connection with reputable authorities is it safe to follow this seemingly fair historian. The "pure-minded, self-sacriticing, industrious, and zeal- ous" Fr. Junipero Serra can only gain for being tra- duced by such authors as Bancroft, to whom a piece of gossip freciuently furnishes the sole foundation for his historical "facts." (10) In September 1781 Fr. Serra resumed administering confirmation at San Carlos and San Antonio. The li- cense to conlirm for ten years expired with the life («) Hancroft I, 289; (9) Shoa, Hist. Catli. Church, IV, :^51. (10) Vido, Bancroft, Hist. Central America, Vol. II, 441), for a shocking piece of bifj- otry and ignorance concerning the Blessed Sacrament. The following is another sample of Bancroft's ignorance and malice regarding Catholic affairs: "Papal Bulls or indulgences were sent to California every two ; oars, and such as were not sold were burned at the end of a specified time So far as can be determined from the records the annual revenue from this source was from fifty to a hundred dollar.«." Bancroft, I,59S-590. -S7- of the venerable pi-iest in 1784, before which date \\& confirmed 5,800 persons. The privilege was a2;ain be- stowed upon Fr. Lasiien in 1785, and forwarded by the bishop of Sonora in 1700, but never renewed after Fr. Lasuen's death. (11) Fb. Junipero and Fr. Crespi, in October 1781, went to San Francisco which the latter had not seen since 1769 when none l)ut roaming Indians were to be found along the shore of the bay. Here they re- mained till November 0th, Avhen they returned to San Carlos 1)y way of Santa Clara, where they assisted Fathers Murguia and Pena in laying the corner-stone for a new church. (12) On returning to San Carlos Fr. Crespi grew sick, and after a short illness died on the 1st of January, 1782, after receiving the last sacraments at the hands of his superior. (13) (U) Bancroft, I, ;!2t<. (12) Vida, 2;«-2:i7 ; Bancroft, I, lini. (13) Fr. Juan Crespi was born in 1721 on tho Island of Mallorca ; )ic was educated topether witli Fr. Palou. From tlie first he was distinguished for his humilitj', piety, and simplicity. His companions often spolie of him as El Beato, or El Mistico, because of his deep piety. As his memory was poor, and he could not deliver by lieart the sermons on Sundays and holydays, he would in earl) years read the instruction from a book, thus edifying his liearers by his humility. He came to Mexico in 1749, and was sent two years later to the Pame missions of the Sierra Gorda. He served there a.i missionary for more than sixteen years, and particularly distinguished himself by the erection of a large stone church in the Valle del Filaco. Fr. Juan was next selected for the Cali- fornia missions by the Fr. Guardian, and, without returning to his col- lege, with four companions he hastened to San Bias to take passage for the north. In April 1768 he arrived in Lower California, and was placed in charge of the mission of La Purisima. Fr. Crespi accompanied the first land expedition which reached San Diego in May 1769, and a little later he was one of a party that searched for Monterey and dis- covered San Francisco Bay. He kept diaries of both expeditions. Re turning from San Diego to Monterey in 1770, he assisted in founding the mission of San Carlos. In March 1772 Fr. Crespi went with Lieut. Fag^s to tho San Joaquin River, of which exploration his diary is the only record. From June to August 1774 he acted as chaplain on board the Santiago, and also wrote a diary of the voyage. His body was interred in the mission church, within the presbytery, on the Gospel side, by his old friend, companion, and superior, Fr. Junipfro, surrounded by the soldiers of tlie presidio and his flock of weeping neophytes, who lost a true friend in "Padre Juan." In the disputes between the secu- lar and missionary authorities his name never apjjears. Fr. Serra es- teemed him so highly that his own last request was that his body bo placed by the side of Fr, Juan Crespi. Vida, 237-239. — 88 — New Franciscan Custodies— Fe. Serea's Disappointment And Reason Therefore— VoLUNTEEE Mihsionarles Decline To Serve- The Fe. Guardian's Defense And Charges—H. H. Bancroft's Lame Excuse— The Truth About Governor Neve's Plans— Fe. Seera's Penance— His Illness— New Missionaries— Last Confirmation Tour— Preparation Foe Death. Fr. Seera's Last Days- His Death. Ill the sprinji' of 1782 Fr. Serra cstal)lislicd tlie mis- sion of San Buenaventura, and returned to 8an Car- los in June. Here lie received the news that Fr. An- tonio Reyes of the Franciscan college of the Holy Cross, Queretaro, had been made l>isJiop of Sonora and California, and that the Fathers in Sonora and (California were to form two independent custodies. On arriving in Sonora the bishop established the Cus- tody of San C'arlos de Sonora, and proposed later to go over and establish that of San Gabriel de Califor- nia but the latter measure was never carried out. Nor did the custody of San Carlos exist long. The Fathers themselves, who had never favored the plan, ref|uested to be again placed under the oliedience of their res])ective colleges. (1) On retuuing to San Carlos, Fr. Jiini])ero had ex- pected to find six moi'(^ missionaries, and additional supplies for the ])raposod missions of Santa Barl)ara and La Purisima. He was sorely disappointed when he louiid lluy had lUit arrived Viceroy Mayorga, at Ihe request of Captain Ceneral Dr la Croix, in- deed, had called on the college (»f San Fernando for six missionary priests, to be chosen from those who (1) Pancroft. I. 378. — 80 — should volunteer. The new guardian, Fr. Francisco Pangua, had selected the missionaries, and asked the viceroy to furnish the same aid for the new mis- sions which was granted to the old establishments, that is to F5ay, a complete outfit of church vestments and .utensils for both church and vestry, including hells; a sufficient supply of live-stock and seed grain; an outfit of implements for house, shop, and field; and one thousand dollars to be expended in clothes and various articles, in order to attract the good will of the Indians. A full list of the ar- ticles needed was annexed to the ])etiti()n. As the Fatliers c(mld not walk eiglit hundred leagues, and were not accustomed to ride on horseback, the vice- roy was asked to permit them to go by sea. (2) ViCEKOY Mayorga declined to furnish either church I)arapharnalia or implements for house and field as the religious liad denumded. He declared that the cap- tain general had already ordered the requisites for church and vestry, and as to the implements, neither the captain general nor the governor, though well ac- quainted with the country, had indirated that any such utensils or implements were needed. On the other hand, the viceroy consented to ;in ad ranee of stipends, and moreover authorized the i)ayment of two hundred dollars to < ach Father for travelling ex- I)enses. The Fr. (Ir.ardian and his discretorio now saw clearly, wliat tliey had i)reviously suspected, that an attempt was to l)e made in ('alifornia to overthrow the old mission system. No impleinents for shop and field signified no agricultural and meclianical indus- tries, no communities of laboring neophytes, and no temporalities for the P'athers to control. Fr. Pangua (2) Vida, 256-20(1; Banc, 1, '.W. The Fathers selected from tlioso who vohinteerod wcro Antonio Aznar, Dir^Ko Noboa, Juan Riobco, Manuel Ar^valo, Mateo Bcavidc, and Jo:6 Estevce. Only Noboa and Rioboo L'vpr canio t-j ralit'oriiia. — 90 — thereupon notified the viceroy on April 9th that the six missionaries excused tliemselves from going; to found missions on terms which had proved so disas- trous on the Colorado, (3) and he also gave it as his opinion that no others could be induced to go in their place, but promised to write more fully after Easter. The promised communication was dated the 9th of April. The writer; having consulted his discertorio. or council, after calling attention to the fact that, un- der the rules, no Father could be compelled to serve as missionary among the heathens, proceeded to jus- tify the unwillingness of the six religious. The argu- ment was that only by gifts could the missionaries gain the good will of the savages, as experience abundantly proved; that the only way to the native heart was through the native stomach and pride of personal adornment: that not only were habits of la- bor essential to civilization, l)ut such love of labor could be formed only under the influence of the Fa- thers, based on their having the sole right to distrib- ute the fruit of neophyte labor; and that while, at best, the work of conversion was diflicult and dis- couraging, without the advantages of material re- wards to native faithfulness, coming exclusively from the missionaries, permanent progress would be impos- sible, missionary efforts amount to nothing, and their support a useless expense to Church and crown. Moreover the soldiers were not only fed and clothed, but armed and equipped for their work of conquest and defence, why should the militia of Christ be denied arms and amunition for spiritual warfare? Yet another point of "no minor consideration" was brought forward in this able document which was signed not only by Fr. Pangua, but also by the other five members of the college discretorio. This was (3) See "Franciscans in Arizona." — 91 — the '4rreii'ular maiiner in which lllis^^ionaries were regarded and treated in those establishments" of California. So pronounced was Governor Neve's aver- sion to the religious that the soldiers were warned not to become fra'deros (servants of the friars, or fond of the friars) ; not to perform any service for the missionaries; and not to aid them in bringing back fugitive neophytes. The natives lost their res- pect for the priest when they found he was not sup- ported by the civil and military authorities, and the result was of course disastrous in every way. Again, minor officers, and the soldiers under them, by their scandalous connections with native and other women, encouraged the Indians to disregard alike the teach- ings and reproofs of the missionaries, and thus, with the tacit approval of the governor, they entirely neu- tralized all missionary etforts, and taught the natives to despise Christianity. (4) H. H. Bancroft makes a strong eli'ort, and succeeds in tinding a lame excuse for his client Governor Ne- ve, by asserting that these charges must be exagger- ated or false; that Neve only favored a change in the mission system because he believed the mission- aries were inclined to abuse the powers given them under the old regime, and this to the prejudice of the royal authority which he represented in Califor- nia. (5) Anothjr Pr.:)t83tant writ?r, on the other hand, comes nearer the truth regarding Neve's inten- tions by declaring: "Other reasons less magnanimous, however, lay at the bottom of the decree. An uncon- trollahle desir-e possessed the military/ authorities to usur'p the temporal power of the Franciscans. Jeal- ous;/ of the cowl had ever been rampant in the mili- tari/ breast. Neve, possessed of more diplomatic power than his predecessors^ made the bold innovation be- (t) Villa, 2.-)6-2.J8; Bancroft, I, 379-3S2; Gleeson, II, 93-94. (5) Bancroft I, :^aS2. — i)2 — neath the guhc of humanitarlanum.'' (0) The gover- nor's scheme was put into practise among the Yumas on the Colorado River by order of the captain gen- eral, and Bancroft himself says of it: '^The plan ims a crhnt/iallt/ .stupid hlunfhr." (7) After receiving the Fr. Guardian's comniunicatiou, the viceroy allowed the matter to rest, but reported to the king for instructions. Thus it was that the missionaries, whom Fr. Serra had so anxiously expect- ed, were not sent, and the missions contemplated could not be established. This news, communicated to Fr. Junipero l)y the Fr. Guardian in May 1782, afflicted the old man so mucli that it pr:)l)ably accel- erated his death. He was resigned to the will of God, but asked that at least two missionaries be sent to take the place of others in case of sick- ness or death. His petition was granted, and the two religious arrived nt San Francisco on June 2d, 1783, whence after a few days of rest they set out for San Carlos. They found the venerable superior suifering from a running tumor in the leg, and from oppression of the l)reust. Fr. Palou says that Fr. Ser- ra suffered from this trouble in the chest ever since he entered the Order, thougli he never complained. When some of the religious advised liim to apply a remedy, Fr. Serra would reply: "Let us leave it as it is; we might lose all." Without doubt, the mala- dy was aggravated by liis severe penance. In imita- tion of St. Francis vSolano, he would scourge himself before tlie people Avith an iron cluiin, and, while re- citing aloud the act contrition, he would strike his breast with a stone so forcibly that the spectators feared he would break his bones. Sometimes, when describing the torments of a damned soul, in order to make an impression upon the audience, he w(mld (6) "Old Mi-in'i:il t(V.»k place in the afternoon at four o'clock, wiieu a procession was lormed. The body was borne on the shoulders of some officers who deemed it an honor to be permitted to carry the remains of the holy man. The other officers, the soldiers, and sailors bearinii' lijihted tapers, preceded the coffin; lastly followed the celebrant with the deacon and subdeacon. The procession moved slowly and solemn- ly around the plaza. On arriving at the church, the body was again placed ))elore the altar, lauds were sung, and then the mortal remains of Fr. Herra Mere laid at rest in the sanctuary on the (jospel side by Fr. Palou, i.ssisted by Fathers Sitjar and Noriega, and Chaplain Diaz. The funeral over, every one im- portuned ¥r. l^alou for some memento of the de- ceased. Not having anything wherewith to satisfy all demands, he had a tunic of Fr. 8erra cut up and made into scapulars. These he blessed on the 5th of September, the 7th day after the death of the good Father, and distrilnited to the multitude. The royal surgeon obtained a haidverchief used by Fr. 8erra which, according to that pious physician's statement, cured more people than other medical remedies. (1) Fr. Paterna of kSan Luis did not arrive until three days after the death of his superior. Owing to his age, and the fifty leagues he had travelled, he fell dangerously sick at San Carlos. Fr. Palou prepared him for the reception of the last sacraments, but suggested that the patient gird himself with a hair- cloth belonging to Fr. Serra. Fr. Paterna did so, and after four days he was restored to health. Fr. Palou is careful to state that he does not intend to declare this case, and others which he relates, to be miracu- lous, but merely wished to show in what great es- teem Fr. Junipero w-as held. Fr. Palou expressly warned the soldiers and sailors not to look upon the (1) Vida, 278-281. — 102 — scapulars and medals he distributed as relics, but on- ly as articles blessed by the Church, and as memen- toes of the virtues of a holy man who had worn the garment of which the tokens were made. (2) The labors of Fr. Junipero ^>'eria made a las-ting impression upon the inhabitants of California where he toiled so zealously during sixteen years. Besides six settlements of white settlers, at the time of his death, there were nine missions among the natives whose Christians had all been baptized by himself or his companions. The number of Christians in Upper California, Avhen Fr. Serra closed his earthly career, was five thousand eight hundred of whom he had confirmed 5,807. In his last moments he promised to pray for the conversion of the Indians, and the con- verts did increase so rapidly after Serra's death that Fr. Mugdrtegui wrote from San Juan Capistrano : ''During these last four months we have baptized more Indians than in the three years previous, and we ascribe this great increase to the intercession of the Ven. Junipero Serra, because they have come unsolicited to ask for baptism. In numerous instances the applicants came from afar, and spoke a language different from that used by the Indians of this mis- sion." Other missionaries reported similar results. In the four months remaining of the year 1784, they baptized 986 Indians, a number never before reached during a like period, so that at the end of the year there were 6,736 Christians in Alta California. Fr. Palou concludes his Life of Fr. Junipero Serra in these words of Holy Scripture: "Non recedet memo- ria ejus, et nomen ejus requiretur a generatione in generationem," "The memory of him shall not de- part, and his name shall be in request from genera- tion to generation." (3) Nor was the faithful disciple of the great founder (2) Vida, 282, (3) Ibid. 281-287; Eccli., XXXIX. 13. — 103 — of the California missions mistaken; for even now, after more tiian a century since his death, Fr. Ju- nipero's name is pronounced with love and respect, not only by Catholics, but also by non-Catholics. It ■svas a Protestant lady who at Monterey had a monument erected to the noble-hearted son of St. Francis. (4) Protestant papers with avidity copy sketches of his life, and able pens write in select magazines interesting accounts of his labors and the missions he founded. (5) (4) The monument erected by Mrs Laland Stanford of California, wai un- veiled at Monterey on June 3d, 1801. Fr. Clementine I>eymann. O.S. F., delivered the address on that occasion. Six other Franciscans wore also present . (5) Miguel Jos^ Serra, son of Antonio Serra and Margarita Ferrer, was born at Pctra, on the Island of Mallorca, Novombor 24th. 1713. He re- ceived the Franciscan habit at Palma on September Itth, 1730, and with it the name Junipero, and made his vows in the year following on Sep- tember I5th. In early toyhccd he served as chorister and acolyte in the parish church greatlv to the delight of his parents, a God-fearing couple of lowly 5tati3a. Th'^ lives of the siiat.^ was his favorite reading, and his fondest ambition was to devote his life to religious work. During his no- vitiate he was small and sickly, but he relates: "With the profession I gained health and strength, and grow to medium statur.^." The young religious was an earnest and wonderfully proficient student, and taught 1 hilosophy for a year before his ordination at Palma. He obtained tlie degree of S.T.D. from the famous LuUian University with an appoint- ment to the Duns Scotus chair of philosophy which lie held with great success until he left Spain. His doctrinal learning was excellent, and still more prominent did he become as a preacher. One of his sermons an able critic says: "Is worthy of being printed in letters of gold." He was wont to imitate San Francisco Solano, and often bared his shoulders to scourge him.self with an iron chain, burnt his flesh witli lighted candles, or pounded liis breast with a large stone as he ex- horted his hearers to penance. Tlius he i.? represented in the engrav- ing which Fr. Palou prefixed to his "Vida del Padre Fr. Junipero Serra." On March ;«th, 1749, after repeated application % Fr. Junipero obtained permission to je)in the Apostolic College of the Propagation of Faith, commonly called San Fernando, Mexico, to devote himself to mission- ary work in America. With Fr. Francisco Palou he left his convent .\pril i:!tli and sailed to Cadiz where he arrived May 7tli. On the way lie maintained a continuous disputation rn dogmatic theology with the he- retical master of the vessel, and would not yield even to the forcible arguments of a dagger at liis throat, and repeated threats to throw him overboard. Sailing from Cadiz August 2Sth, ho touched at Puerto Bico where ho spont 15 days in preaching. On December Cth ho landed at Vera Crtz, and walked to Mexico which bo reached January 1st, 1750. He was assigned to the Sierra Gordn missions of Qiier^taro and San Luis Potosi, and made the journey to Santiago de Japlan on foot, arrivinp there June 16th. For nine years l.e labored among the Indians — 104 — At the death of Fr. Juiiipero tlie inana^en.ent of the missions in California fell to ¥i\ Paloii as the penior Father on the coast. He had already held the position of superior l)efore in Fr. Serra's al)sence. At of tho Sierra Gorda, part of tlie time phytes under the friars' care, or were to pass directly to the state of citizens and land-owners, does not clearly appear." Governor Fages opposed the plan of Soler and argued correctly that the natives are kept in order as neo- phytes only by tlie unremitting efiorts of the friars, (li) BaiK-. I. ■■m-''M. — 110 — and are as yet wholly unfit to b..->coni3 citizens; that, the introduction of Spanish settlers into the missions would interfere with tho laws of the Indlei providing that the mission lands are to belong to the natives eventually when they will be fitted to profit by their possessions." (3) It U needless to say tha' th:> missioiiariio did not favor the absurd views reported with reg,ard to their missions; nor were they adopted as the law of the province. In the year following, tlio ofRc3 of inspec- tor adjutant was abolished. Soler was summoned to Arizpe, made commandant of Tu(Son, and died ab( ut 1790. Strangely enough, after all his fault-finding, and his constant search for defalcations, lie left Cali- fornia with a deficit of about $7,000 in his own ac- counts. (4) Troubles for the missionaries did not end here. It will be remembered that the royal regulations of 1781 provided for the founding of the so-called Channel Missions on a new basis proposed by Governor Neve, Init very unfavoral)le to the Fathers. Among other things the regulations ordered tliat the number of priests should be gradually reduced to one for each mission, Avith certain exceptions. On January 8, 1788, therefore, the Fr. Guardian wrote to Fr. Serra and complained that the government in the new regla- mento seemed to aim at the destruction rather than the support of the missions; and that for this reason no more missions fhould be founded till tlie regula- tions were modified. It would, indeed, be better, he thought, to abandon a mission than to leave it in charge of only one priest, and any priest left alone might refuse to serve, without fear of the conse- quences. In a letter to the Fr. Guardian Fr. Lasuen also protested most earnestly against the reduction, and, after explaining the difficulties involved, lie de- (3) liauc., I, :39J-:i97. ft) IbiJ. 3P6-:337. — Ill — •dared his intention to resign his position as president of the missions, quit California, and if necssary sever his connection with the college rather than serve alone; for nothing save the commission of sin could be 60 terrible. In his report ef October 1787 he says : "No -one can convince me that I nm bound to remain solitary in the ministry." The chiuse was finally an- nulled by the kihg's order which provided that each mission should have two priests. (5) The most objectionable features were thus eliminat- ed from the law, but there were left some grounds on which to base a quarrel if the governor and other (fficials were so dispofed. One of the privileges ob- tained by Fr. Juniparo, as early as 1773, was that of sending letters to the college at Mexico free of charge, and certain other letters to and from the sup- erior in California were likewise exempt from postage as official communications. Nevertheless, on January 12th, 1783, Governor Fages notified Comandante Sal that Fr. Junipero's claim for the free mailing of his letters to the college and to the Fathers could not be allowed. Fr. Serra pleaded poverty and told Sal to keep the letters if he could not forward them free. Finally, Fages consented to let the letters pass, but kept an account of them until further instructions were received. On August 16th, 1786, the guardian wrote that the Junta Ileal had permitted letters l)e- tween the Fathers and the college to pass free, only they must be in separate packages. Thus ended the matter in favor of the missionaries; but they were not to be without annoyance of some kind from the governor. (6) "In real or affected pity for the natives," says Bancroft, "the governor complained of excessive sever- ity on the part of the missionaries toward their neo- phytes." The affection of the Indians manifested for (5) Bancroft I. 30?. (6i Ibid. iW, — 11-2 — the Fathers proves, however, that they were not cruelly dealt with, and that little confidence can be placed in the governor's assertion?. Very likely there were Indians at the missions too lazy to work wh.o invented cruelties, or exaggerated the punishments received for idleness and other vices, in order to re- venge themselves on the Fathers. Whoever has lived among Indians will understand the situation very well ; nor did the government, it seems, pay much attention to the charges. In his complaint of September 26th, 1785, Fages e- numerated five grounds for displeasure. His first charge was that the presidio of San Francisco had been de- prived of Mass for three years. Fr. Palou replied that the Fathers were required to act as chaplains gratui- tously, though such service was not obligatory, ns the governor claimed, but voluntary. Fr. Lasuen, moreover, stated that the lack of service at San Francisco was due to the fact that until lately there had been no decent place for religious worship, and })esides the missicm was so close by that the soldiers could easily go to Mass there ; that the Fathers had never refused or hesitated to attend to the spiritual welfare pf the soldieis; that he personally lad served the presidio of San Diego though six miles distant from the mission ; and that at San Barbara the missionaries of San Bu- enaventura attended to the soldiers though the presi- dio was eight leagues distant. Tlie Fathers were of- fended, however, because the soldiers insolently claimed their service as regular chaplains, when in reality it was a matter of voluntary charity. Th' viceroy's decision was that a i>roper allowance be made to the missionaries for their services at the ])resicli(). TiiK governor's scconl point of comi>laint was that the Fathers refused to recognize the government in nuitters pertaining to property and the patronato. Fr. — un — Lasueii answored that the Fathers managed the mis- sion temporalities by order of the kinji-, though the management was at first reluctantly assumed ; that the viceroyal patronage had little or no application in a country like Cnliloinin, hut that they would gladly observe :niy rules that luiglit le preRC'ril)od. Fr. Palou, moreover, charged ilie g(iVtrii(;r with a disposition to interfere illegally and despotically in the management of Ih.e temporalities, and declared tl.at Fages had no projjcr understanding of Ihe pairo- nato, as he re(iuired t!io right to permit or denuind Avork on feast days. Thirdly the Fathers were accused of refusing to sell mission produce at tlie prices fixed l\v the govern- ment. Fr. Palou in reply t^aid tliere was no proof tliat the tarifi' rates Ijad ever );ctn approved by the king; that the prices ought to be regulated by scarcity or abundance, and that the superior should have a voice in the matter. Fr. Lasuen added that he knew of no instance where the missionaries had refused to sell at tlie prices prescril;ed when they had grain to sell ; th.at llie governor himself had in- creased the price of corn, which was sh.own to be true by a letter of Fages in which he ordered 8al to pay two reales extra for maize from San Carlos and San Jose. Fages also modified the tarifi' on January 2d, 1787, and on July 20th, 3787, and asked Fr. La- suen for harvest returns that he might regulate Ihe prices. The next cause for com]daint was the refusal of the Fathers to furnish inv( ntories of })ro])erty, yearly increase, and the dis],()si" ilM) Banc. iblOi; 501-531. — 117 — new missions, each equidistant from two of the old establishments, or as nearly so as practicable, and all somewhat farther inland than the other. Accordingly in 1795 eyplorations were made by the missiona- ries, assisted in every instance l)y a military officer and a guard of soldiers in order that the choice of sites might )je officially conlirmed. An expedition set out from Monterey on November loth, 1795, headed by Fr. Danti. On the l()th they explored the San Benito region, on the stream of the same name, where they found all that was required for a mis- sion. On the following day they discovered another suitable location on the edge of the 8an Ber- nardino Plain near Las Llagas Creek, or what is now the vicinity of Gilroy. They arrived at Santa Clara on the 21st, and started next day to examine the Alameda. The river of the Alameda was also called. Rio de San Clemente by Fr. Danti. The explorers continued their journey up to a point which they stated to have been opposite, or in sight of, San Francisco Mission and Verba Buena Island, nearly or quite to the site of the modern Oakland. From this place they turned l)ack, and, having discovered some important saltmarshes, they erected a cross at a spot called San Francisco, somewhat south of the Alamedp. Solano. They returned to Santa Clara, well soaked with rain, on the 25th of November. Botli Fr. Danli and Comandante Sal kept a journal of this expedi- tion. The document of the missionary is dated San Francisco December 2d, 1795. In August 1795 Fr. Sitjar of San Antonio made an examination of the country between his mission and San Luis Obispo; but he found no better place lor a mission than Las Pozas, where farming land might be irrigated from the arroyos of Santa Isabel and San Marcos. The result was addressed to Fr. Lasuen in a report dated August 27th, 1795. — 118 — The region Ijetween San Buenaventura and San Gabriel was explored in August 1795 l)y Fr. Santa Maria. Tlie Er.cino Valley seemed best suited I'or a mission, l)ut the gentiles at the time showed no de- sire for missionaries. On this tour the P^ither visited the Cayegues rancheria, Simi Valley, Triunfo, Cala- bazas, Enc-ino Valley with the rar.cherias of Quapa, Tacuenga, Tuyr.nga, Mapipini^a, La Zanja, and Mulin. In the southern district Fr. Mariner started from San Diego on August 17th, 1795, to search for a mis- sion site between San Diego and San Juan (-apistra- no. His report was in favor of the valley of San Jo- se, called Tacopin l)y the ]iatives, a league and a half beyond Pa mo toward the sierra. The result of the various explorations were summed up by Fr. Lasuen in a report, dated January 12th, 1796, which Avas incorporated by Governor Borica in a communication to the viceroy. The sites approved were San Francisco Solano, seven or eight leagues north of Santa Clara ; Las Bozas, equidistant between San Antonio and San Luis Obispo ; and Bal^ fourteen leagues from San Diego and eighteen from San Juan Capistrano. The other two required additional exami- nation, since two sites had been recommended be- tween San Carlos and Santa Clara, and that between San Gabriel and San Buenaventura was not satisfac- tory. (14) Governor Borica hoped that by means of the new missions all the pagans of the coast range might be converted, and that in this Avay $15,960, the annual expense for guards, might be saved to the royal treas- ury. He did not deem it safe to expose the mission- aries with a small guard of soldiers east of the mount- ains. If the viceroy consented to the foundations he was to send missionaries, and the $1,000 allowed each eslablishment, but no increase of military force would be needed, co he claimed. (14) Bancroft I, 550-554. — no — The saving of .i!]5,0G0 and the unusual circumstance that no additional soldiers would be wanted were strong- arguments in Mexico, wherefore on August 19th, 179J, Ihe viceroy authorized Borica to proceed with his plan. Fr. Nogr.eyra, tlie guardian of San Fernando, gave his consent 0:1 the 29th of September, and announced tliat llie religious reciuired for the live new missions had been selected. He asked for Ihe usual allowance, but protested against the reduc- tion of the guards at the old missions. On May 5th, 1797, ¥i\ Lasuen informed the governor that all was ready, but remarked that it would be hard for the old missions to contribute for so many new missions at the same time. San Carlos, Santa Clara, and San Francisco were called upon to aid the two northern establishments, and to lend Indians and tools. Live- stock was donated. Santa Cruz and Soledad were ex- cused from contributing. (15) Thus the missions in California had increased to eighteen at the end of the century, (16) and the missionaries numbered forty. Since 1790 thirty-eight Franciscan Fathers had come up from Mexico, whilst twenty-one retired, some on the expiration of their regular term of ten years, and others on account of failing health. Three religious died at their posts. This left forty still in the service, or two for each mission, and four supernumeraries. Four of the old pioneer priests, who had come before 1780, were still among the workers : Lasuen, Sanchez, Santa Ma- ria, and Sit jar (17) (15) Banc, 554. (16) Tlic Seven new missions in the order of their founding were: Santa Cruz, Soledad, San Jos6, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San Fernando, and San Luis Rey. (17) The ai rivals in 1791 were Fathers Gili, Landteta, Baldomero, Lopez, and Salazar; Father Cambon retired. In 179^ Fr. E^pi came, and in 179:i Fr. Catalti arrived, the latter as chaplain in a Nootka vessel. This same year Fathers OrAmas and Rubl departed, and Fr. Paterna died. In 1794 five new priests wore sent to California ; these were Fathers Martin, Mar- tiarena, Est^van, Manuel Fernandez, and Gregorio Fernandez. The de- partures wprc the Fathers Nobpa, Pipras, Pefla, and GUi. In 1795 came — 120 — Fr. Fenniii Francisco Lasueii continued at the head of the missions, loved and respected by missionaries, ofiicers, soldiers, settlers, and Indians. Beinj;- a super- numerary he received no stipend, as no salary was al- lowed except to the two reir,iilar missionaries at each mission. The duties of the supernumeraries were arduous, and those of the superior more so than those of the missionaries, yet, thouijli petitions were madj and the viceroy was disposed to iirant them in Fr. Lasuen's favor, the attorney iieneral always interposed ol)jections. The new l)ishop of Sonora reappointed Fr. Lasuen vicario foi'anco for the missions and settlements, and vicai'io east reuse for the military on September ;:01h, 171)0; and (,n March 20th, 1707, the Father took the oath l)efore Fr. Arenaza. He was also commissary of the Holy Inquisition for California af- ter 1795, l)ut, as far as the records show, his only duties in this capacity were to receive an occasional edict. (18) In 1798 an effort was made l)y the Spanish and Mexican authorities to insure greater regularity and Fathers Jaimp, Cipr^s, and Pujol, while Fathers Salazar and Senan re- tired the latter temporarily. Fathers Dantl, Lopez, Calzada, and Arroita sailed away in July or August 179G. Other Fathers wished to leave Cali- fornia, but the Fr. Guardian thought thit, as they had been eager to go there, it was best not to permit them to depart except for the most ur- i'ent reasons. In June 1796 Fathers Payeras, Jos6 Maria Fernandez, Peyri, Viader, Co^t^s, Catalan, and Horra came from Mexico. In April 1797 the ship Concopcion brought Fathers Barcenilla, Carnicer, Gonzalez, Martinez, Merino, Uriri, and Panella. The same vessel in September carried bacli Fathers Garcia and Arenazi, who were ill and had served out tli'^ir torm ; and also F.ith^r^ Jj?j Miri.i Fernandez and Concepcion de Hoira, who had beccmie insane. On her return trip in May 179S tlie Concepcion brought to Santa Barbara the Fathers S?nan and Calzada, returning from a visit to Mexico, besides six new Fathers: Barona, Faura, Carranza, Abolla, Maitinez, and Vifials. Fathers Manuel Fernandez and Torrons re- tired to Mexico this year; Fathers Landaeta and Miguel also departed tc^mporarily. In 1709 Fathers Morolo, Jacinto Lopez, and Jos6 Uria ar- rived, while Fathers Espi, Giribct, Merino, and Catalan obtained per- mission to retire in January ISOO. During this last year Fat'iors Fust^r and Mariner died, Landaeta and Miguel camo back, and Garcia and Itarrate v.'ore added to tUo fore?, of missionary laborers in California. Eauc.oft, I. !}7e-577. (IS) Bancroft , I, 57i:-579. — 121 — Ihoroiiiiluiess in the reports of missionary progrese. As early as March 21st, 1787, a royal order required reports on mipsion progress every two ()Y three yearp. On January 2d, ]7Uo, Fr. Lasuen in a circular to his religion says lliat the Council of tlie Indies had read the mission reports, r.r.d lliankcd the missionaries in the king's name for the results accomplished, which were cnconrging compared with other missions that enjoyed better advantages. The Fv. Guardian also sent the tluinks of the college. As early ;is 17'.)'} A^iceroy Kevilla Gigedo declared that the F.ithers in California performed their duties in a most connnend- able nmnner. When Fr. Salazar returned to Mexico the viceroy requested him to make a report on the condition of the country. This document, dated May 11th, 179(3, contained nothing new, except that the wealth of the missions in l)uildings and chattels were said to amount to $800,000. Fr. Salazar, more- over, complained that better results were impeded by the excessive labors imposed upon the missionaries, and also by the preference shown to wl;ite settlers in the purchase of supplies. (10) On the sul)ject of secularization, or rather contisca- tion, which was often mooted since Neve and Soler had started the project, not referring to California in particular. Viceroy Gigedo expressed his dissatisfac- tion with the condition of those missions at which the experiment had l)een tried in Mexico. He de- clared he would take no steps in that direction witl'.r out a better prospect of success. Curates could do no better in the instruction and improvement of the na- tives than religious. In a letter of August 3d, I7i)G, Governor Borica expresses the samo opinion, and furthermore says that according to the laws, the na- tives were to be free from tutelage at the end of ten years, the missions then to become doctrinas; ^^hut (10) Banc, 570-hO, — 10^ _ Vijse of ?le^L'> Calitoriiia, at the rate they are advanc- iag^ wiV not reach the goal in tea centuries; the reason God knows, and nien known something about UP {2() The reiiulalOu of 3781, as will be remembered, pro- vided I'or the iiradiial reduction of the missionaries to one at each mission. Until this was etfected, relii;;- ious dyinii; or retirinji' were not to be replaced. The arraniiement was disrejiarded by the Fathers, and the sGOular authorities made no attempt to enforce it. In a letter of 1798 the viceroy himself disai)proved of the measure, because it exposed the missionaries to i;reat dangers. On November 16th, J 797, Governor Borica in a letter to Viceroy Gigedo urged that the matter be settled, as there was a deficit of $52,142 in the mis- sion fund. He, too, disapproved of the reduction, but suggested that the two Fathers stationed at each mis- sion be allowed the stipend for only one, .$400, since they did not use more for themselves any way. Fr. Lull, then guardian of San Fernando, opposed this scheme of the governor, not only because it was con- trary to the wishes of the king, but because the mis- sionaries, though they spent less than $400 on them- selves, used the remainder for the nati zes ; and this Avas practically tlie only way of obtaining necessary articles, as there was no market for mission produce. In 1800, or perhaps latter, Fr. Lasuen argued the same side of the question most earnestly in a letter to the Fr. Guardian. He wrote rather bitterly of any plan to economize at the expense of poor and over- worked missionaries, when the king was so liberal in other expenditures, and repeated his determination of retiring if the change were insisted upon. It most bo rememl)ered here that Fr. Lasuen was not pleading for himself, as for the last four years he had been working without stipend or compensation. (21) (20) Banc, I, 5bO. (21) Bancroft I, 5«l-r>82, - 123 - From 1787 to 3794 missionaries, who came to Cali- fornia or retired to Mexico, were allowed $200 for travellinji expenses on land anl 95 cents per day while on the water. The Fathers snhsequently had nuK'h tronl)ie on acconnt of the naval authorities who demanded $2.25 per day instead of 95 cents. In some cases, when the return voyage was very lonj;-, throujih no fault of the travellini>; missionaries, the i^overn- nient refused to pay the full stipend. After 1794 the authorities declared tluit the ten years of missionary service were to count from tlie date of departure from Mexico, and after 1800 no leave to retire was to be given, even on the expiration of the term, un- til substitutes had arrived. Many of the old matters of dispute still remained open at the beginninsi; of the nineteenth century, but as a rule they gave rise to no bitter controversy. No regular chaplains for the soldiers had as yet l)cen appointed, though Governor Borica, on Septem- ber 26th, 1793, and again on April 3d, 1795, had asked the viceroy for a Franciscan Father for each presidio at a salary of $400, as the missionaries had too much to attend to. It does not appear that the Fathers received any compensation for attending to the spiritual wants of the soldiers and settlers. The soldiers, at this period, however, were instructed to treat the missionaries with due respect. These regula- tions of Borica show an earnest desire to maintain harmonious relations with the religi(ms. Yet even of this period of comparative peace Bancroft says; "Doubtless the patience of the friars Avas often sore- ly tried by the indolence and ineolence of individual soldiers, but of the government they had no cause to complain." In January 1777, for -instance. Corporals Moraga and Yallejo were forced to apologize to Fr. Catala for their rudeness. On the other hand the Fr. Guardian and the Fr. Superior of the missions sought — ]L>4 — to reciprocate lliis show of friendliness. Thus Fr. Ca- tald's reported hostility to settlers was rebuked by his superior, and directions siiven that in all cases of innovations the Fathers should l)e cautious and con- sult the Fr. Superior. Nevertheless, the guards were reduced in most of the old missions on the establish- ments of new ones, and this brought out a protest from the missionaries which was in some instances successful. (22) (JxE of the annoyances which the Feathers had 1o deal with was the desertions of neophytes from the missions. The pretended motive of the fuiiitives were ill-treatment, overwork, and hunger; l)ut the true cause of apostasy was a longing for the eld freedom, and a dread of the high death-rate among the mis- sion Indians. Rarely, if ever, the alleged excuse had any foundation. On May 28th, 1791, for instance, the governor couiplained that the Indians were getting too much meat to eat, were becoming too skillful ri- ders, and were acquiring the insolence of the Apach- es. The soldiers of the guard were not allowed to pursue runaways, but occasionally an expedition of presidio soldiers was sent out to make a general raid for apostates. Thus in 1798 ninety fugitives of kSanta Cruz were recovered by the soldiers. The laws required that an alcalde, or magistrate, and several regidores l)e elected annually in each mission, a i)olic.v not approved by the Feathers, who insisted that the natives were by no means lifted for self-government even to this extent. After 1792 the elections ceased altogether until Borica brought up the matter in 1796, and insisted on the enforce- ment of the law. Fr. Lasuen obeyed; the elections were regularly held and reported to the governor. These alcaldes and regidores, according to a letter of Borica to Fr. Lasuen, were to act generally under (22) Bancroft, I, 5Sa-5S7. the luissionaiy's instructions, but in criniintil matters under the corporal of the y^uard. (28) GI^PP-TSI^ XIU. Fr. Hoea's Accusation— Investigatiox— Spanish Language Obligatoky— The FATHERSi' Sensible Course— Fe. Lasuen's Able Reply— The Mis- sioNAEiEs Officially Exoneeated— The Bishop's EEyuEsr— Interest- ing Items— Statistics— Various Industries— Governor Boeica Re- tires Another Attempt To Change The Mission System. Considerable trou]:)le was caused tl:e missionaries l)y one of their number towards the ck)3e of the cent- ury. In 1797 Fr. Antonio de hi Concepcion Horra, wlio had come to (Jalifornia the same year, was sent back to Mexico by Fr. Lasuen on a char,<>;e of insani- ty. On July 12th,' 1798, Fr. Horra, while at the col- lege, secretly addressed a memorial to the viceroy in which, besides complaining bitterly of the treatment to which he had been subjected, he made some charges of cruelty and mismanagement against the C'alifornia missionaries. Fathers Lasuen, Sitjar, and Miguel were the ])articular ol)jects of his wrath. The viceroy sent the accusations of Fr. Horra to Governor Borica, and ordered him to investigate the charges. Borica, accordingly, despatched private in- structions to the four commandants, and recjuested answers to fifteen questions regarding the manner in which the missionaries v.ere discharging their duties. Of the reports made by Arguello, Cioycoechea, Sal, Grajera, and Acting-Commandant Rodriguez, only Ih.e replies of Sal and Goycoechea were unfavorable to the Franciscans. It was not, apparently, until the governor's report, including those of the command- Ci!) B-uic, u!. - 126 - ants, reached Mexico that anytliing was known at the college of Fr. Horra's charges against his brethren. In February 1799 the Fr. Guardian sent a statement of the accusations to Fr. Lasuen, and a little later l:e forwarded copies of other documents which were lost in crossing the gulf, so that Fr. Lasuen did not re- ceive the lifteen questions and the commandants' re- plies until September 1800. In October Fathers Tapis and Cortes of Santa Barbara sent to the Fr. Superior a long and complete refutation of Goycoechea, whose statements had been more full than those of the others. Other Fathers made similar replies. "Finally Fr. President Lasuen devoted himself from Novem- ber 12th, 1800, to June 10th, 1801, to the preparation of a comprehensive exposition of tlie whole subject, whiv'h is not not (Mily the leading ]>r()duction of the venerable author's pen, but the most elo([uent and complete defence and presentation of the mission system in numy of its phases which is extant." (1) Of all the charges preferred against the Fathers only. one is worth mentioning at any length. It was the 2^oUcy of the (/overninent to introduce the Spanish lam/uage in place of the 'vernacular. Fr. Concepcion accused the Fathers of an almost total neglect of this duty. According to the conunandants, religious servi- ces and somo teacliings of Ohristiau principles in the north were daily ccuulucted in Spanish; in the south the natives were taught in their own language, though \\\c (Inrtrina was often repeated to Ihem in Spanish. In f/encral inferco'/rse the rernacular wa.s used wherever the Fath(ri< had learned it. and in some missions e^rcltisivel//. Nowhere were the natives c(mipelled to learn Spanisli, and everywhere the mis- sionaries were more or less indillerent on the sul)ject. Fathers Tapis and Oortes affirmed that at Santa Bar- bara the doefrina at Mass was taught in Spanish, 111 Banc. I. .-.>7-5t('.'. — 127 — raid in the afterncon citlicr in one lanji;iiage or an- other; hat they admitted that the natives were not required^ only persuaded^ to use the Spanish. Finally, Fr. Lasuen, declared that it was useless to preach to the natives in a lanj;uajie they did not understand, but that, nevertheless, an honest ell'ort was made to teach Spanish; that exercises were conducted in that langurg^ once a day; that the natives were compelled to use it in their petitions; and that premiums were otlcred for acquiring it. (2) At the close of the report Fr. Lasuen manifested f-ome dissatisfaction tliat the cliarges of a man, who left California under such peculiar circumstances, should have l)ecn made the 1)asis of this investigation witliout a preliminary taking of testimony as to the state of his mind. He was indignant at the command- ants, not only for misstatements in certain details, but chiefly for what they failed to say, and for what their silence implied. They had failed to refute the statements of ever-complaining Indians, whom their own observations must have shown to be unreliable witnesses; and, l)ecause of certain petty quarrels about the services of the natives as peons at the forts, they had given weiglit to the charges of a mad- man, and had done great wrong to the missionary cause. Fr. Lasuen declared that he and liis band of reli- gious were v.orking honestly for the conversion of the natives, according to the well known rules of their Order, and the regulations of the Spanish gov- ernment by which they stood in the position of ))ar- cnts towards the al)origines. He admitted that, l)eing but men, they differed from one another in judg- ment and patience, and consequently that errors were committed; but he protested most earnestly that the natives were shown all kindness that was consistent CJi B,iiic. .'k'D-")?). Tlie nu.sino:iri^s cloarly acted like m ni of con n on son. o. — ]i>8 — with the restraint implied in the missionary and pa- rental relation. "The venerable friar's words and manner," says Bancroft, "impress the reader most forcibly, a7id a close study of the subject has co?ivlnced me that he wan r){/ht; that down to 1800, and consid- erably later, the natives were, as a rule, most kind- ly treated.... In the matter of neophyte labor at pre- sidio, pueblo, and ranclio the friars, here as else- where, verc KSiialli/ right i.\/id the iiiiHtar;/ irron stipend of .$400 eacli, given as alms, and even with that tliey liad nothing to do 1)e- sides naming the articles needed for tlieir clnirchcs; a sindico at the college collected the stipends and with them i)aid the invoice.-. If the king wanted to reduce the stipend Viy a tax, llie matter must ))e ar- ranged at the college. Franciscan religious had noth- ing to do or say about revenue matters. He sent a sworn statement, and regretted that his word did not suffice. Notliing more was h.eard on the subject. (5) (;ii Bancrcff, I, JfO-oCe. ill Ibid. r>06-597. i:>) Ihitl. TifT. — 129 — There were as yet no regularly appointed chap- lains, and the Fatliers continued to care for the spiritual interests of soldiers and settlers, apparently witho\it any conipensation. A Fniall income, however, was derived from alms for the celeliration of Holy Masses. Thus Santa Barhara rcccM'vod 757 'Tnteiitioiis' from 1794-1 800. (10) Most of Ihe missions at this period had a palisade or adobe enclosure which served as a cemetery. No pueblo or town, and of tlie presidios only San Dieg-o, possessed a cemetery. It was customary to bury the dead settlers in the churches or chapels, a practice the Fathers endeavored to abolish; thus Fr. Senan in 1790 refused to bury (\irmen Alviso in the presid- io chapel. Both soldiers and natives often escaped a (loiiiiinj;' by taking advantage of their right of church asylum, and occasionally this taking refuge in the sacred edi- fice led to misunderstandings between the officers and the missionaries. An instance of this kii-d oc- curred on July 29th, 1794, when tlie governor ordered that an Indian culprit be taken out of the church at Santa Clara by force, since his offence was iu>t sub- ject to ecclesiastical immunity. (11) Thp: eleven old missions in 1790 had in round num- ])ers 7,500 converts; in 1800 they had 10,700, a gain for the decade of 8,200, altout 820 a year on an aver- age, or al)out 80 a year for each mission. During tliis pericd the Father; lad baptized 12,800 natives, aiui l)uried 8,800, leaving 800 to be regarded as approxi- nuitely the num])er of deserters or apostates. Mean- while in the seven new establishments l)aptism had been administered to 8,800 persons of whom 1,000 died, leaving 2,800 converts on the roll. Thus for old and new missions together we have a total jjopulation of 13,600 Indian neophytes, a gain of (),000 in ten (101 Bancroft I. .'9'. ai' Ibw'. 597-5{5>. -^ 180 — years, during which time baptisms had been 16,100 and deatlis 9,300. The mission herds and Hocks multiplied about three fold during the decade. Horses, mules, and horned cattle increased from 22,000 to 07, 000 ; small stock, almost exclusively sheep, goats having diminished rapidly and swine l)eing few, from 26,000 to 86,000. Agricultural products were 30,000 bushels in 1790. The smallest sul»sequent crop wa ; also 80,000 in 1795, and the largest 75,000 in 1800. A!)out three lifths of the whole crop in 1800 was wheat, which was less, proportionately, than usual, one tifth corn, one tenth barley, the remainder beans, peas, and various grains. Wheat yielded on an average fifteenfold bar- ley eighteenfold, and corn ninety-threefold for the ten year.-!. (12) ''The missions, a; may b? see;i fro.n the preceding sketch, if we regard only the primary object for which they were founded, were successful and prosperous,'' says Bancroft. The united white population of the t'.iree California pueblos or towns, 8an Jose, Los Angeles, and Branci- forte, (the latter opposite the Santa Cru:c Mission), in 1800 was about 550 in something over a hundred fam- ilies, and about 1,275 in whole California. The only industries of these settler were agriculture and stock- raising. They had 16,500 head of cattle ar.d horses, about 1,000 sheep, and they raised about 9,000 bush- els of grain each year. (13) At the first occupation of Upper California some Christian Indians from the peninsula were brought north as servants of all work in the new missions. The presidial companies usually had a fevs' smith-^, ar- morers, and carpenters whose services were available at times, as well for the missionaries as for the sol- diers. The soldiers themselves were obliged to render assistance in building and some other kinds of work. (12) Bancroft I, 577. (13) Ibid. 600-301. Pn^an Indians were hired from the lirst, especially on Die channel coast. After 1773 men were enlisted and paid as eailors to serve in Calii'ornia as lal)orers, and among the settlers at the pueblos were jjersons of va- rious trades. This was (he condition of mechanical industry down to 179(). Besides the repairs executed on arms, implements, and articles (;f clothini;', there were rude attempts at tannini>; and various other sim- ple and necessary processes sufigested l)y the needs of the soldiers and iuiienuity of the Fathers. A decided effort to promote manufactures was made in the last decade of the century, and with consider- able success. The plan adopted was to send skilled artisans from Mexico under iiovernment pay to teach their trades to the neophytes and to white apprentic- es. Al)oiit 20 of these artisan instructors were sent in- to California chietly in ]7U2 and 1795. At lirst the me- chanics were distributed in the missions and presidios, or in some cases travelled from one place to another giving instruction. Thus in 1793 and 1794 several San Carlos Indians were instructed in stone cutting, l)rick- laying, etc. After 1795 the Fathers were obliged to pay for the work done, to pay the mechanics' sala- ries, or to send their neophytes to the presidios to be taught, which latter they considered as scarcely ben- eficial to tiie good morals of the Indians. However, before 1800 the neophytes had acquired a stock of knowledge in the various mechanical departments which, it was tliought, would suffice for the mission needs. The results of all tliese eiforts were that be- fore 1800 rude looms were set up in many missions, on which by Indian la1)or the wool of the country V\as woven into l)lankets and co;irse fabrics with which the neophytes were clothed. In fact no blank- ets Avere brought from Mexico after 1797. A little cotton cloth was woven from material Ijrought from San Bias. The Indians also had some natural skill for — \m — dyeing. Hides were tanned and made into shoes; and some of the coarser parts of saddles and other leatlier jjoods were also manufactured, though not enough to avoid importation from Mexico. About 2,000 hides were taniu^d at Santa ('lara as early as 1792, l)ut very few of Ihem could be sold as there was no marked. Soap was made of suitable quality and quantity to supply home needs after 1798; coarse pottery was produced at San Francisco and several other places ; and water-power llouring mills were built at Santa Cruz and San Luis Obispo, possibly also at San Gabriel and San Jose, which supplied the province with flour. (14) Each mission had a vegetable garden, a fruit or- chard, or a vineyard. There are r.o date?; respecting the time when grapes, oranges and other fruits were introduced into California; but many varieties of fruit, including probably grapes, were brought uj) from the peninsula by Ihe earliest expeditions be- tween 17()9 and 1778, as nearly all the varieties were in a llourishing condition before Fr. Junipero Serra's death in 178b La Perouse left the first potatoes in C'alifornia in 1786. Wine was manufactured in the southern missions before 1785. (15) On the KUh of January 1800 (Tovernor Borica re- tired, and Arrillaga of L')ret() to:)k his place. The former's relation swith the missionaries were always friendly. From th-^ lirst he assured Fr. Lisuen of his desire to avoid controversy between the secular and missionary authorities, a desire rcM-ijirocated by Fr, Lasuen. Only Fr. Lasuen often thought Borica too much inclined to hear and credit tl:e complaints of lying Indians, but no not'ceabl(« coolness ensued. In this respect Borica was a decided improvement over his predecessors Neve and Fagcs, (!()) In 1802 a renewed effort was made from Mexico to (141 Banc. I, 6l:^619. (15.) Vida. 1P9; 2':0: Banc. I, 61S-619. (16i IbiJ. 727-1:9. - IJiS - to change the hiissiou syf^teui by adoptinji the phiii formerly favoreil by Governor Neve for the cliannel missions. The natives aitc^r tlieir conversion were to remain at their rancherias, and occasionally to be vis- ited l)y llie mifsionaries for the purpose of giving instruction and performing other spiritual duties. The Fr. Guardian opposed the change, but called on Fr. Lasuen for a new statement of the reasons against tiie s(dieme. The latter in reply, l)esides dwelling on IJK' fact that the Indians could not be induced to change their habits except under the constant super- vision of the missionaries, recalled the tragic results of a former experiment on the Kio Colorado, and re- ferred to the c(miparative failure in Lower California and at Han Diego, where the sterility of the soil ren- dered necessary a practice soniewliat similar to that proposed. He l)elieved tlie innovation would be in every respect injurious, and the viceroy thereupon decided that it should not l)e attempted. Fr. Lasuen's argument was dated June 16th, 1802, and the vice- roy's decision bore date of February 2d, 1803. The missionaries, in this year and the next, Avere also troubled by disputes with the settlers concerning their lands; but the Fathers gained the victory. (1) Death O? Fr. Laslen-Biooraphy-Hancroft On Fr. La8iex-Fr. Tapis Superior— Governor Arrillaga's Sensible Report— Fr. Gasoi/s ("ircl-- j,AR— Fathers Diaz, Font, And Garc^j Cross California By Land From Sonoha-Explorino Expeditions-Mission Santa In(!s Fol-nded- Statistics. In 1803 California was called upon to part with the i.l) i^^nc. Hi-^t. CaI.VuI, U, 0. — 134 — venerable Fr. Lasiieii, for thirty years a missionary in the province, and for eighteen years superior of the missions. He died at San OArlos on June 26th, 1803, at two o'clock in the afternoon, and was buried next day in a stono sepulchre at the foot of the al- tar on the Gospel sideof the nilKsioii clnircli by rix of his brother religious. (]) "Though Lasuen's name stands second and not first chronologically in the list of Franciscan prelates,-' says Bancroft, "though no pen of l)rother friar or friend has recorded his life and virtues, I cannot l)ut regard Lasuen as first thus far in California, both as man and missionary. In him were united tlie ciualities that make up the model or ideal padre, without taint of hyp;);n-isy or cant. In perso:! he was small and compact, in expression vivacious, in manners always agreeable, thougli dignified. He was a frank, kind- hearted old man, who made friends of all he met. Distinguished visitors of French and English, as well as of Spanish Idood, were impressed in like manner with his sweetness of disposition and quiet force of (1) Banc, II, S. (2) Fr. Ferraiu Frai:(i ro ('c L;i.vuen was a native of Vitoril, province of Aljva, Spiiu. Of liis r\rly lifo nothing more is en record than that he belonrod to the Frai-.ci. ran province of Cantabria, was incorporated in the apostolic college of Sun Fernando, Mexico, and sailed from San Bias on March 11th, 1768, for California. He readied Loroto on April 1st, and was assigned to the mission of San Francisco do Borja. In March 1769 lio went up to VelicatA to bless Rivera's expe- dition starting for the north. In May 1775 he left Loreto, was ai Velica- ta in July, and on August 30th arrived at San Diego. Ho served at San (i ibriel from December 1773 to September 1775: at San Juan Capistrano throu.^li 1770; and at San Diego until 17S5, when he was appointed su- p,^ri^r of th? Califo.'ni.i raisoioas. F.-o;n S?pt3mbor of that year his head- quarters was at San Carlos, but, ia addition to liis frequ'_>nt tours through the missions, h^ was at Santa Clara almo-t continually from 178C-1789, at San Buenaventura in 17D7, and at Sin Lni; OMsii) from October 1799 to August 180C. In May 179.3 he rec?ivo I a few vot^-: fvr the oflice of guar- dian of tlio college, but Fi-. N'r-gaorii was cl ^ct^tL Vancouver in 17r2 says of him: "Tliis personage was about 72 years of ago, whose gentle manners, united to a most venerable and placid countenance, indicated tliat tranquillized state of mind, that fitted him in an eminent degree for presiding over so benevolent an iastitutiou." Vancouver gave liis name to rt. Fcrniin and Pt. L:r;u?n, ; till so called on modern maps. Barcroft II. 0-10, - 1S5 — character. His relations with tlie college, with the gover nment, and with his band of missionary workers were always harmonious, often in somewhat trying circumstances, though no one of the Franciscans had more -clearly delined opinions than he. None of them l:;;d a limier will, or v.ere readier en occasion to ex- prcfs their vieAVP. His management of the micsion interests for eighteen year.? affords abundant evidence of his untiring zeal and of his ability as a man of business. His writings, of which I have many, l;oih original and copied, prepossess the reader in favor of the autlior by their comparative conciseness of style. Of his fervent piety there are abundant proofs; and his piety and humility were of an agreeable type, ur.obtrusive, l)lendcd with common sense. He over- came obstacles in tlie way of duty, but he created no obstacles for the mere sake of surmounting them. Let us remember the good qualities of Junipero 8er- ra and others like him: let us make every allowance for their weaknesses; luit (irst among the California prelates let us ever rank Fermin de Lasuen as a fri- ar who rooe alK)ve liis environment and lived many years in advance of liis times." (2) bniEDiATEnv after the death of Fr. Lasuen, Fr. Es- tevan Tapis, wlio since 179S had been empowered to till the place in such an emergency, assumed the of- iice of superior of the California missions. In Ids iirst g.Mieral report for 180.]-1S01 Ir? c :)mplained that the missions were exposed to attacdv on all sides. The guard was usually reduced to two or three men, one of whom was generally sick, one in charge of the horses, and one al)sent on royal service. Fugitives (2) Banc. II, I-IO Many allusion derogatory to Fr. Juuipcro's character liavp been omitted in tli? preceding quotation, but elsewhere this histo- rian's mind, and his impartiality towards Fr. Scrra, have been placed before the reader sufficiently clear to make it evident that wh^it^ver TJaucroft may say aprainst the first superior of the California missions is of no value. Fr. Junipero Serra's cliaracter is altogether too lofty for this materialist's compr'^hension. — lao — were incrensin^', and the only remedy was au imme- diate increase of tlie military force. This subject was presented lo the viceroy in a report of Fr. Guardian Pangua in vSeptember 1804. Governor Arrillaga also made a full and interesting report on November 10th, 1804, regarding the missions and their manage- ment. "The paper,'' says Bancnjft, "is a straightfor- ward and ))usiness-like one, written by a man of good judgment and long experience. The su])stance of it is that the mission system, if not perfect, was a good one; the missionaries were in the main sensible and honest men, and the natives were as a rule well treated. Slight defects and excesses were sufficiently guarded against by Franciscan and ecclesiastical reg- ulations, while secular interference on account of a few isolated complaints against individuals was not advisable." It was in tliis year Fr. iSuperior Tapis re- ceived the appointment of vicar-general for Califor- nia from the bishop of Sonera. (4) On Octol)er 1st, 180(), Fr. Jose Gasol, the guardi- an, issued an important series of regulations for the guidance of the California Fathers. Most, of the six- teen articles relate to details of eccdesiastical, mis- sionary, and private life of tlie religious. Am»)ng other things <^he Fr. Guardian required an annual meeting of the Fathers of the diiferent districts at San Francisco, San Carlos, San Fuis Obispo, Santa Barbara, San Gabriel, and San Diego, for the spirit- ual exercises, for consultation, and mutual consola- tion The introduction reads as follows: "Fr. Jose Gasol, of the Regular Ol^servance of Our Holy Father Saint Francis, etc., to the Reverend Father President and other religious of the said college, serving in the mis- sions of Monterey, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and others founded, or which may be founded, in New 14} Banc, U P; -^i'-i^, ('.'alifornia utuler chariie nud divet'tiou of the said i-ol- leiic-'. (trace in Our Lord Jesus Clirist wiiirh is llie true i!,race. '"The lu.ur has at h\>\ ((n:e \\ hi( h 1 .-o much (\c- sired, Reverend Fatliers and dearest Hrelhern in Jesus Christ, to open to \'our IJcvereiices my ))reast and nuinifest to you the sentiments of zeal and viiiilance with which my heart is penetrated not oidy for those sons of our heh)ved college who live within its cells, l)ut also for those who outside of it exercise the func- tions of our apostolic ministry. To hotli alike should extend my lateiiial lolicitude; ai.d Your Ueverences yourselves, if, on account of I eirii' so far from your coUeiie, deprived of the exliortations, counsels, and corrections conducive to spiritual consolation, uiij^ht with reason complain of my neiilijience. In order, then, that you may not have the sliiihtest reason for complaint, nor for accusiuii me in the presence of the Lord of remissness in speakinii, advisinii', and eorrect- iuii whatever is worthy of advice or correction, I have resolved, with the consent of the Venerable Discretory, to direct to Your Reverences this cir- cular for the purpose of establishinii some jjoints which all must observe in order that, by means of this reliiiious conformity, there may be preserved among you the peace for which yo zealously strove the founders of those missions, sons of this apostolic ccdlege, and that there may be an end of the clam- ors which, by reason of some infractions by certain missionaries, have reached not only me and my pre- decessors, l)ut the viceroyalty of this capital." Then, follow the 10 articles of the instruction proper. (5) The Spanish territory in 1800 was limited to a nar- row strip along the coast from San Francisco to San Diego. Soleddd mission, the most inland establish- ment, was not ever thirty miles from the sea. The (5) Banc. II, n-i'L — 138 — vast interior was a tierra incognita. In 1774 Jran Baiitista de Anza, accompanied by Fr. Diaz of the Qiieretaro Franciscan college, came from the Colora- do River to San Gal)riel across th.e country, I'rom southeast to northwest, by a route practically the same as that followed by the Southern Pacific Rail- road. In 1775 and 1776 Anza brought a colony to Cal- ifornia by tlie same route, accompanied this time by Fr. Pedro Font of the Queretaro college. In connec- tion with this expedition Fr. Franci&co Garces made an extensive and important exploration a little fur- ther north. He went up tlie Colorado to the Mojave region, and crossed westward by tlie thirty-fifth ])ar- allel and Mojave River to San (inbriel ; then i)r()- ceeding northward he traversed tlie famous mountain passes into the great Tulare Valley, nearly reaching the latitude of Tulare Lake; and finally, he passed out of the valley eastward and returned along th.e thirty-fifth parallel to the Colorado. Fr. (4arces had thus explored what is now Kern and San Bernardino counties, l)ut, tliough his diary was preserved in Mex- ico, and tlie results of his explorations were pre- served in Yy. Font's map, these results were soon completely forgotten. (6) Several expeditions ^^ere made into the interior during 1804-1810 with a view to finding new fields for missionary zeal. Thus Fr. Martin, then it seems stationed at San Jose, made a visit to tl;e valley of the Tulares and reached a rancheria of the Bubal named La Salv ■, l)ut ace -mpli-lu d nothing. Another expedition under Luis Arguello and Fr. Fria was in preparation at San Francisco, l)ut of this one nothing further is known. On June 20th, 1806, Fr. Saiu-hez ac- comiDan'ed a parly from San Lui< Hey towards San Migu?l, and retunud on -July i Itli, after visiting tlie ranclierias I'or nearly thirty leagues around. (01 B;.ncrxi)edition, declared tliat they explored the whole country from the head of ti;e San Joacpiin up north along the Sacramento and the Sierra Neva- da. From their camp many trips were made into the snow mountains. The natives in the north were tim- id, and only in a few instances friendly intercourse could be establislied. Some of tlie Indians professed a willingness to become Christians. Al)ove the Rio de — 140 — la Pasioii, possiljly the Calaveras, in the vicinity of Stncktoii, there was a total (hauge of language Nvhii-h prevented all intercourfie. On November 2d the ex- plorers returned and reached I^an Fernando, In his missionary report Fr. Tapis stated that four expeditions accompanied l)y Franciscans had been made within the year LS06. The gentiles had every- where manifested a desire to h.ave missionaries. Twenty-four rancherias had 1)een discovered with 5, 300 inhabitants, of whom 192 had l)een l)aptized by the Fathers, Only four or live good sites for missions had been found, all lying between the parallel of San Miguel and San Francisco. These prospective es- tablishments would require a new presidio for their protection, ))ecause of their remoteness and of the numerous gentiles who dwelled beyond the region explored. (7) In 1810 Ensign Moraga and Fr. \'iader made two expeditions toward the San Joaquin, in order to find new mission sites. Fr. Viader kept diaries of both trips. The first was made from, San Jose on the 15th of August and continued to tiie 27th, when they reached San Juan Bautista. The second tour began from San Jose on October 19th, and continued to the 27th, when the party returned to Santa Clara. Nothing seems to have resulted from these two ex- peditions. (S) Only one mission, Santa Ines, was added durir.g the lirst decade of the nineteenth century to the eighteen existing in 1800. During the same period twenty religious retired to their college on account of ill health, or on the expiration of tlieir term of service; ten died in California, and twenty-eight new missionaries came from Mexico; so that there were thirty-eight Fathers at work among the Indians in 1810. Of the old pioueervS, who came to California iT) Bancroft, 11, 'iC-riB, (,«,) iJauc, U, wO. — 141 — with Fr. Junipero Serra, the venerable Fr. Francisco Dumetz alone was left to see fourteen days of the .second decade. (8) During this first decade of the century the mission- aries in California Ijaptized 22,000 i)erFonR of whom 12,000 were Indian adult;*. The smallest numl)er l)ai)- tized in a year at the missions was 80(S in 1809, and the laro-est 4,250 in 180:3, not only the larjiest in this decade, hut in the whok> course of the mission histo- ry during- a like period. l(i,725 ])ers()ns died, of whom 6,000 were children under eight years of age. The total gain in neoi)hyte population was from 1-3,668 in 1800 to 18,770 in 1810, that is to say 5,162. On an average 779 marriages were solemnized each year. (9) Large stock increased to 141,000 head vSniall. stock, mostly sheep, gained from 86,000 to 157,000 head. Agricultural i)roducts amounted to 83,000 l)ushels per year, most of which was wheat. (10) ,'Si Banc. II. loT-JS. Tlie Fathers who loft Califomii did not depart at tlie same time. Tliu8 Fathters Jacinto Lopez and Lorenzo Marelo tiailod on OctoborOth, ls()]. Fathers Ibafioz and Gil camo to take their plac:i ii Ausii^t, whilst Fr. Pujol dind. Fr. E^tovan wa.s the only mission- ary to retire in 1812. In ISO! Fath-^rs L isuen and F. M. Sanchez died, and Fr. Panella retired. On November ;!()th th" Fr. Guardian wrot<^ tliat of th> fourteen religious asked for only seven had offered to ko. Nevertheless tc^n new Fatltrrs orrived in the following year; thcL-e wore Amestoy, Anioro-, P. ("abot, Cueva, Dnlanto, Gutierrez, Mufioz, J. B. Sanchez, Sanclio, and Urresti. Fr. Urresti was the superior of this band of missionaries while on tiie road. On the other liand Fr. CVuzado died, and Fatliers Barccnilla, Mirtiareni, Martinez, and Vin il-: sailed away in Nov. or Dec. In ISO.") tli> new-comers were Fathers .Juan Cibot, L.izaro, Quintana, S lizar, and Zil- videa. The departures were Fathers Fernandez, Cortf^z, Gonzalez, and F. .1. All had worked zealou-^ly and completed tlieir t-rm. Uria. Fr. Uria re- turned sometime later. The arrivals in l.HOC) were Fathers Bosacna, Duran, Furtuni. and Saenz. Fathers Cueva and Gutierrez, sailed for Mexico in Nov. In this year, Fr. Santa Maria died. In 1896 Fr. Lilzaro died. In l.S(W Fatliers Arroyo de la Cuesta and Sutler arrived, whilst Fathers Carnicer, .loM^ Garcia, and .I.A.Uiia retired. In Nov. Fathers Sitjar and Dulanto died- on tlie mission. Three Fatliers ; Sarria, Ulibarri, and Rodrifruez can.e to California in .June 18 9; andtv.o: Fatliers Faura and Iturrate retired in Oct. In ]81() tlie arrivals were Fathers Marquinez and Panto; tlie depar- tures Fatliers Cirranza and Santiago; but Fatliers C'iprc?^ and Landaeta died. (9) Rai.r. IJ, l.ir-lCO. "Inforir.cs Gcncrales" 1M(M81(). The fituic s in these oflicial reports of the Fathers do not apree entirely witli tjiose furnish-^d by Bancroft. T!ie same is true cf the numbcro fivcn by him iij 1800. 1 10,1 Banc, II. ICO. — 142 — BiTt'ATiON Of TflE Fatiieks DuriNG The Eevcll-t:c;<-aey Pekiod— Want Of MispioxAEirn— UNyuccEssFEL Effoet To Cede Some Of The Mis- sions To The Orizaba Feaxciscans— Office Of Comisaeid Peefecto Ceeated— Fe. Saeia's Cieculaes— A Waenixg Fecm The Fe. Guaedian- A Request Feom The Ccmmissaey Gekeeae— Fe. SliIan Oedeeed To Weite a niSTOEY Of The Missions— Fr. Payeeas' Eepoet— Statistics. The situation of the missionaries during the revolu- tionary pericd of 1810-1S50 was a trying one indeed, says Bancroft. Not only were they deprived of their stipends, (1) and their missions of the articles which those stipends had formerly procured, but they were obliged to exchange the mission products, the pro- ceeds of which liad also 1 ccn devoted to the same end, for orders on the royal treasury which they had every reason to fear would never -be paid, as indeed they never were. Yet he sneeringly adds: ''After all, if they did have to support the whole province, and notwithstanding their troubles, they were much bet- ter oif than any other class. . . . And I have no doubt that several of the friars accumulated by their irreg- u'ai- ccmmn-cial oie.'ations large sums of money dur- ing this period and a little latter." For this benevo- lent lling at the devoted missionaries Bancroft gives no other evidence than his "I have no doubt. "(2) Elsewhere (8) he forgets his bigotry and rightly declares: "Upon the Franciscan establishments fell the whole burden of supporting the provincial govern- n:ent and the troops, and their dues for unpaid drafts amounted to nearly half a million dollars in 1820. (1^ Tho30 auuaal piymoatj to tin FathoM waro interrupted from 1811- isy4. {•!) Bancrolt II, 196. (:<) Ibid. II, -lUJ-lUG, — 143 — Not a dollar of stipend wa;; received by the friars during the entire decade; and not a ; iniile invoice of goods for the missions, goods usnally bought with the proceeds of habilitado's drafts ;;nd the friars' sti- pends, could be forwarded, except one or two of very jinall an.iount oljtained from other sources. The fact that the stipends came from the Pious Fund, to which the treasury had no claim save as a kind of trustee for the missions, and the fact that the other missionaries were not so entirely neglected as those of California, made the situation all the more exas- perating; yet llie protests and complaints of the friars were neither co frequent nor so bitter as might bj exp3,'tel, c-):iud?ring tlij legal rights that were b'eing violated.*' Ix September l.sll there came two letters, dated Fe))ruary 20th, and April 18tli, from Fr. Guardian Garijo to Fr. Tapi?. In t'.i-s- letters the guardian explained the impossibility of sending missionaries or supplies this year, and the uselessness of trying to bring to tlie viceroy's ;,tlention any lueasure for the good of California, on accoun.t of tlie revolution then raging in Mexico. A company of iive Fathers, newly arrived from vSpain, succeeded, however, after luuch trouble from the rebels, in reaching Loreto by water from Acapulco, and thence came overland to San Di- ego in July 1814. (4) The greatest trouble of the California missions, or that about which most was written, was that of ob- taining new missionaries to take tlie place of those that had died, of the aged and inlirm, and of those that, having served out their term, were anxious for one reason or another to retire. Tli? failure to pay stipends seems to have b?en the smallest difficulty in the way; the failure of the government to pay trav- eling expenses was a more formidable obstacle; and (4) Banc, II, 1?7 ; 190. — 144 — worse yet, the college had rarely any Fathers to spare for the northern field. As early, therefore, as 1811 a proposition was made to the Fernandinos to cede half tlie Oalifornin missions to the Franciscan college of Orizaba, but it was rejected by the discre- tory. In 1S16 Governor ^o\n wrote to tlie viceroy on the p-eat need of Fathers to relieve the old and in- firm, attend to chaplain and pncldo duties, aiul to foun.d new missions in the east. Twenty v,as the number asked for, and he su.-iiicsted that they miirlit be obtained from Ori/>al)a, either acting for their own college, or incorporated with that of San Fernando. In 1817, however, nine missions from Purisima south were ceded to the Orizaba college, the reason being inability to carry on so great a missionary work foi- want of missionaries. The cession was ac- cepted July 16th, and approved by the viceroy. It was announced in Oalifornia by Fr. iSerra in a circu- lar of Octol)er 11th; and in a report of November oth, he expressed his pleasure at the transaction. On September 12th, 181S, the Fr. Guaj'dian wrote that arrangements had l)een made f(n' seven of the Oriza- ba Fathers to come in that year to take charge of the missions transferred to them, and that the vice- roy liad ordered their travelling expenses to l)e i)aid. At th.e same time he urged the Fathers to receive the new-comers kindly, and to rememl)er that all were Franciscans. However, on account of the war there was a delay of two years in sending the new miss'onaries. Meaxwhiik, ol)stacIes arose in Oalifoniia v>hich i)re- vented them from being sent at all. While Father Prefect Sarria was pleased with the transfer of the southern missions, the Fathers stationed at those mis- sions were surprised and very much displeased. Fr. I're^.ident Payeras shared their feelings, but consoled the misdonarieti until in 1815', l)ecoming sole superior — 145 — of the inib^sioii?^, lie was in a position to express his views-'. He then protested to the Fr. (iluardian that the northern missions, which were to be retained, were but worthless skeletons in comparison with those in the south, which were to be given up. He insisted on delay, at least, so that the Fathers in California could be consulted. Both guardian and viceroy saw the justice of this request; a stay of proceedings was ordered until the question could be thoroughly ven- tilated. Meanwhile four P'athers from each college were or- dered to California to take the places that might lie assigned them temporarily. The Orizaba religious, how- ever, refused to come to California on the experimen- tal basis proposed, so that the four from 8an Fernan- do arrived alone. It is not known how the question was settled in Mexico; l)ut it could not make itself heard above the political din of the next few years, and never reappeared in California. (5) Fr. Estevan Tapis was the president of the mission, until 1812. On July 13th of that year the college of San Fernando elected Fr. Jose iSenan to succeed Fr. Tapis. He took charge of his ofKce in December, and held it until 1815. He was also appointed vicar-gen- eral by the bishop of Sonora, and continued to reside at San Buenaventura; but his powers were abridged at this time by the creation of a new and higher of- ilce. On the same day that Fr. Senan was elected president of the missions, there was also an election of a comlsario prefecto in the person of Fr. Sarria. It was not until a year later, July 1818, that he an- nounced his assumption of the office. The duties of his position were not specifie;! in the announc.ment of his election, but they were made clear, not only by the prefect's subsequent acts, but through an explanation of Fr. Sarria given in later years. From this ins'ruc- 1,5} Baiicrol't, II, 1()7-U0. — 14(1 — tion we learn that the Fr. Prefect was tlie president's superior, and the delegate of the Franciscan commip- sary general. He was likewise commissary of the In- quisition, and had full control of all matters per- ta' nnig to the temporal management of tiie mis- sions. The president, on the other iiand, -while subject to the prefect in business matters, was responsil'le only to the Fr. Guardian in spiritual matters, and was also the bishop'.s vicar general. ''There Avas TiCver any clashing between the two, nor any apparent jeal- ousy,'' Bancroft informs us. Prefect Sarria's head- quarters was at San Cnrlos, l>ut he travelled f n m place to place frequently. Ix 1815 Fr. Mariano Payeras was chosen president in place of Fr, Senan, whose term had expired. He was reelected in 1818. For a time Fr. Payeras pos- sessed all the old authority of president, as the Fr. Guardian notified him that, in the a])sence of orders from Spain, no election for perfect had been held, and tliat the office no longer existed. No official in- formation reached Fr. Sarria ; but ,in a circular he announced that on the expiration of his term of six years he would no longer hold the position. Yr. Pa- yeras issued a circular accepting with sorrow the full rcs])onsibilities of the presidency as it existed in former years. In October 1819, however, a Jiew elec- tion was held, and Fr. Payeras was raised to the jjo- sition of i)refect, while Fr. Scnnn was again made president. The two Fathers assunied their resi)e('tive offices on April 1st, 1820, and on the -1th Fr. Payeras appointed Fr. Senan his vice-prefect. (6) On assuming the office of prefect Fr. Sarria issued a pastoral letter dated San Carlos July 8th, 1818. It was directed to the missionaries, and divided into 48 articles. Among other things he enjoined a strict compliance with th.e Rules of St. Francis, warned the iG) Kancif-ft, II, ::{t5-:;f»i'. — 1 IT — religious not to ne;ilect the annual spiritual exercises, and especially urged them to acqnWe the Indian lan- guage so as to be ahle to teach religion and the cat- echism in the native idiom. Thouiih he favored the teacl)ing of Spanish to the Indians in accordance with the king's wishcF, lie objected to the parrot-like repetitions by the neophytes of religious truths in a language they did r.ot understand. Accordingly, we find the missionaries, in their reports of 1815, stating that religious instruction was given in Spanish and the vernacular alternately. More than half the arti- cles of Fr. Sarrin's circular is devoted to details of the spiritual liainiig (f ).((il;>Us. He rcmirdcd ll:e missionaries that, in the absence of curates, the souls of the Spanish settlers must not be neglected, and alluded to the management of the temporalities as a duty which must not detract attention from more solemn spiritual ol)ligati<;ns, r.nd closed as he had be- gun with an exhortation. Ox January 25th, 3817, the Fr. Prefect again ad- dressed the religious in a letter divided into 27 arti- cles. He had just completed a tour of inspection which, he affirmed, had filled him with joy and satis- faction. Yet he had noted that some of the rooms of the Fathers were much too !a -ge and sumptu' u-ly fur- nished for the ''cells of ])oor evangelical toilers.'- He was grieved at this, and at ccn-tain comforts in clotli- ing and food more in accord with tlie "spirit of the world" tlKiii witli Fianci.M-an Uules. (7) He entreat- ed them to avoid scru])ul()usly every ap])earance of woiTlly ease, ar.d not to wear shoes except in case (7) In \\U instructions of ISCKj Fr. Gasol, the (guardian in Mexico, insisted tliat the Fathers part witli certain silver watches, which had to be .sent to Guadalajara and sold for tlie benefit of tlie Indians. It was not per- mitted to sell them to naval or militar.v officers in California for fear that .stcrio.*: of mission luxui-.v in that province, inconsistent with tlio vow of provert.v. .-lioul 1 become current in Mexico and Spain. In the same docviment tli-^ Fatli'^r^ wer^ al • ■> instructed ti avoid suspicin by er-plo.vi-.:-; non-" but nnb servant-. Bancroft, II, lOo. — 148 — of great necessity, and Ijy formal pernnssion from the superior or confessor. He wnrned them to avoid suspicious company and all counsel and association with women, that no breath of scandal mi<>;ht be raised. The matter of ncijlcH to teach in the native tongue was touched upon more euiphaticalli/ than he- tore. (8) On December 19th, 1817, Fr President Fayeras is- sued a circular to the Fatliers on their duties as priests, confessors, and i;uardians of public morals, with particular relerence to their oblii!,ativ)ns toward the Spanish population. In 1820 Fr. Lopez, the iiuardian of 8an Fernando, addressed the missionaries in California on their worldly extravagance, and warned them earnestly a- gainst even the appearance of evil. It had been re- ported in Mexico that the Franciscans in Califori-ia, forgetting the example of their predecessors, of whom only the old and inlirm had travelled on horseback, or otherwise than on foot, were using carts with two wheels, and even wagons with fouK wheels. This fact had given rise in Mexico to the scandalous report fiat the Fathers in Cal'foniia, far from e idvring hard- ships, were living in wealth and ease. Hence the dis- cretory of the college had voted unanimously that ev- ery carriage must be burnt-at once, if it could not be converted to some other use than carrying the mis- sionaries. The Fr. Prefect was charged with tlie im- mediate execution of this order, which was, however, accompanied with much praise of those same Fathers for their faithfulness in other respects. (9) In May 1.S16 Fr. Juan Buenaventura Bestard, com- missary general of the Indies, called upon the Amer- ican members of the Franciscan Order for informa- tion about themselves, their past lives, and present positions. The reports were to bo rendered to their m Dattc. 11, m-m. (£») \m^ ii, iw» — HO — immediate superiors, who were to add notes on the various topics. In accordance with this request, Fr. Sarrla, on May 23d, 1817, sent out a circular of ei{j;lit blank leaves, enclosing: a copy of Fr. Bestard's order, and in a few lines on the first page of his cir- cular he called for the record of their lives and ser- vices. Each, on receiving the document, inscribed on it a brief autobiography of himself, signed his name and position, and papfcd llie paper to the nearest companion missionary, until within a month the cir- cular contained the life of each of the thirty-five Fa- tliers then stationed in California. The original state- ments thus obtained were embodied with additions in Fr. Sarria's report of November 5th, 1817. (10) Ix August 1818 tlie commissary general instructed the prefect to release Fr. 8enan from other duties in order that he might be induced to prepare a histori- cal account of the missions, a work wliich he was ex- horted to begin in the Lord's name and with the Fr. commissary's blessing. In September 1819, Fr. Paye- ras, liaving consulted Fr. Senan and obtained his con- sent to undertake the task, instructed all the Fathers to render him every p,ossible assistance. Fr. 8enan, however, died in 182r'3, and there is no evidence that he left any ]»nrt of his work completed, though, doubtless, he coHected some matennl i'or his mission- ary chronicle. (11) On September 17th, 1819, (12) Fr. President Payc- ras made a report to the governor, which was an elo- (pient statement of the mission troubles, i)articularly in their relations 1o the i:)agans and the runaway ne- ophytes. Formerly, says Fr. Payeras, the soldiers pro- tected both Fathers and settlers, kept the Indians under the sweet yoke of the Gospeb and insjjired re- spect and fear among the gentiles; Init now the spir- it of insul)ordination and independence spreading aO) Bancroft II. ll,t:;!-:w. 01) Ibid. -JlO-ni. (12) Ibid. i04-J05. — loO — through the world had reached California and airect- ed both soldiers and Indians. The neophytes were de- sertin^i,' the missions, and the I'iii^ans, nnder the lead- ership of renc«:ade Clnistiar.s, were daily beeominsi- more bold and hostile. The population of i'^panish and mixed l^lood, known as j;ente de razon, at the (dore of 1820 amounted to 0,270 souls. The total n.eophyte p-opulation liad in- creased fnmi 18,770 to 20,4755 in the ten years, and there were twenty missions, (153) Ov tlie thirty-nine Fathers in the province at the end of 1810, four had retired to the rolleiie Ijefore 1820; seven luid died at ti:cir p(^ts; ;ind nine riew Fathers had entered the Held, ro that thirty-seven still remained at work among the natives of Califor- nia. Fr. Senan was the only one left of those who had come before 1790. (14) The number of baptisms in all the missic.ns during this ptri(,d 1810-1S2O was 1^,71^. As n:any as 16,525 persons died, :;r.d 4,Cl'5 marriages were blessed. Large stock at the end of 1820 amounted to 14t),489 h.ead, a gain of 13,183 over 1810"; small stock, or sheep, gained 34,679 head, there being 191,693 in the mission pastures at the end of 1820, while 4,953 horses, a gain cf 12i.7, bchrgcd to the missions. Agricultural products averaged 113-625 bushels a year. (15) The raising of cotton was unsuccessfully attempted at San Gal)riel as early as 1808. Olives from the mis- sion orchards were utilized in the manufi.cture of oil (i:!) "Informed Generales" 1810- 1S2U. (Ui Banc. II, :»:;-:fl7. The tliiit: - seven on tho missions in 1S2U were as follows: Abc^lLi, Amo: 6 , Arrojo. Barona, IJo.scaua, Cabot, J., Cabot, P., CatalA, Diiran, Foitunl. Oil. .Jaini(\ MaitLn, Martinez, Payeras, Peyri, Rodriguez, Saizar, Sanchez, Sancho, Sarria, Seiian, Sunor, Tapis, Ulibarri, Uri i, Viador, and Zalvidea, with the new-conier.s : Altimira, E^cudt', Estrovincial au- thority, and had regarded the Fathers as mere admin- istrators of estates. Hitherto tlie governor's inquisit- ive schemes had l)een baffled, chiefly through the old time decision that the missionary stood hi loco parentis to the Indians, and had exclusive control of them and their property: but now, in view of the changes in Spain, Sola proposed to revive his plans, and this demand for papers was doul)tles a first step in that direction. He pointed to the progress of the missions from struggling poverty to their present po- sition as proof of the missionaries' successful manage- ment, and referred to the fact that the missions had (ts Bancvoft, II. 135. ~ 154 - supported the province for the hist te i ^ears, du-.-iuji which the religious had not received their annual al- lowance. He declared that this year, as in former years, th;^ response to the governor's frequent calls for aid liad been liberal and cheerful, and denied the charge that the missions had wealth other than what was visible, the most having from .tlOO to ,$1, 000 in money, and a few .$3,000 or $4,000, which was needed for current expenses. Fr. Payeras, moreover, insisted that the mission property, though large in the aggregate, would all'ord but little to each of its thousands of owners. (8) However, as destitution continued to press upon the soldiers, and the only source of relief, as in for- mer years, were the missions, from them were ob- tained food and other articles for actual consumption, contributions of produce for trade with foreign ves- sels, laborers for iresidio W( rk, cattle for the com- pany randies, and ev^n advances of money. Only in one instance did a Father protest to his superior that the soldiers were not content with the necessar- ies of life, often coupled their demands with threats, and were always grumbling, no matter how much the missionaries exerted themselves. Governor 8ola acknoAvledged the aid received from the missions, and in one instance the Mexican official journal took notice of it. Thus in January 1821 Fr. Payeras deemed the call upon the missions for .$3,000 in coin for an arse- nal at Monterey just, and urged each mission to con- tribute. Each mission gave from $25-$200. In Febru- ary Sola acknowledged receiving eighty horses, eighty [:i) Bancroft, II, i:i:J-4;:i5. Baccroft here professes to be astonished that tlie Franciscans, who without a woid of protest cheerfully agreed to give up .ill the missions, could so earnestly and eloquently resist demands uikju the missions, which he thinks were not so much oppressed after all. It is strange he does not ci mprehend the difference. The Franciscans claimed nothing for themselves, but standing in the position of parents towards the Indians they had to protect the rights of their wards, and they did fo foarlosely, — 155 — saddles, an 1 lifiy blankets throiiiih Fr. Martinez as a donation for tiie troops. San Francisco iiave $J,2()() v.ortli of ^(:l]) litis \t;;r, ;.s tl:e n;i:s;(n ]'.;;d r.o wheat. In May SO!) cattle were furnished hy the mis- sions, and ^6, ()()() were advanced in -Inne. The niis- ;-.ioiis aho ( H'ercd to I'liini^h mi] plies tor tl;e tro( ps in Lower C'alifornia. (4) Late in the year of iMM (liovernor Sola sent an expedition north of San Rafael. Fr. Bias Ordaz ac- companied the troops as chaplain and chronicler. Some neophytes were also attached to the force which sailed from San Franciscci on October 18th. Startiiiii' fr( ni the strait (n the niorninii- of the 22d, the comi)any for nine days marched northward up the valley of the Sacrr.mento, which they called Je- sus Maria. The northern limit reached seems to point to the latitude of Shasta or Weaverville. For nine days the explorers then marched southward over the mountains. It would seem from the diary that the party entered the reiiion of Lkiah from the direction of the Caw Mountains on the east and northeast. (5) The party alst) came to a place thirteen leaii'ues above the mouth of the Russian Kiver in the reiiion of Cloverdale. Returning, probably by v^ay of the modern Healdsburi*,- and Santa Rosa, the party ar- rived at San Rafael on November ]2th. This was the most extensive northern land expedition ever made by the Spaniards in California. Fr. Ordaz's diary of the famous trij) is still extant. (pendencL^ from Spain and Iturl)ide's imperial regency, established in September, was not announced in California l)efore the end of 1821. The It) Banc. II 4:5i)-4:!0. C)! From lss7-lsW Round Valloy, Ukiali, Iloplaml, and surroundiuf; Indian missions, the district traversed by Fr. Ordaz if Bancroft is correct, were in cliarRO of the Franciscan Fathors, amo'ij; whom was the writer. Big Valley, east of the Caw Mountains, i)orhaps tilso vlgitod by the Franciscan traveller, i.? still in charge of the Fa- thers, who at St. Turibius liavp a residence. (G) Banc. II, 445-440. — 156 — Franciscan Fathers all took the oath of allegiance to the new government. (7) l:s 1823 the missions suiFored a j>;reat loss in the death of Fr. Prefect Payerns and Fr. President Jos^ Senan. The former died on April 28th at his own missicn of Purisima, and was buried next day under the pulpit of the mission church. "There was no mis- sionary of lietter and more even-balanced ability in the province," ?ays Bancroft. "He was personally a popular man on account of his affable manners, kind- ness of heart, and unselfish devotion to the welfare of all. It was impossible to quarrel with him ; and even Governor Sola's peevish and annoying complaints never ruffled his temper. Yet he had extraordinary business ability, was a clear and forcible as well as a voluminous writer, and withal a man of great strength of mind and firmness of character." The vice-prefect and president of the missions, Fr. Senan, succeeded Fr. Payeras temporarily. Fr. Senar, however, also died on August 24th of the same year. He had named Vv. Sarria as his successor on the ith, until the college of San Fernando could make an appointment. Fr. Sarria learned of the death of Fr. Senan on September 5th, and held the office of pre- fect ad Intcrm'in until November 1824, when he was appointed and continued in office throughout the de- cade. He was also president of the missions till April ISilo, when Fr. Narciso Duran l)ec:ime president. The latter was succeeded by Fr. .lose Bernardo Sanchez, who held the office until 1881, thougli Fr. Duran was reelected in May 1880. (8) Early in 1825 Governor Arguello received the fed- eral constitution of the Mexican republic adopted by Congress October 4th, 1824. Fr. Prefect Sarria de- clined to take the oath (f allcgiar.ce. However, he 71 Bancroft, 11,451-152. (S) Botli, Fr. Duran and Fr. Sanchez, lield the ti- tle of vicar under the bishop, Fr. Duran liavinp received lu-^ appniutment a.s early a> \m. Bancroft 11, ItV-JPl! 606. - 157 - left each of the Fathers free to decide for himself, and refused to issue instructions on the subject. He defended his action in letters to the governor, and stated that anterior ohliiiation to the king of Spain was- the ground on which lie based his refusal. On the 7th of April the dlputaeion (9) tcok up the mat- ter. Francisco Castro urged immediate steps to learn which of the Fathtn-s would follow the example of their superior. He also proposed that those wiio took this course should l)e deprived of all control of the temporalities of their respective missions, which should be intrusted to administrators. Governor Ar- guello opposed the measure, because it might force the missionaries to abandon the missions altogether, and also because it would be impossible to lind com- petent administrators. The final result was an order to the commandants that each Father should be re- ([uired to state in writing whether he would take the oath or not. (10) When Fr. Duran ))ecame president of the missions in 1825, he likewise refused to take the oath of alle- giance, not, as he said, from "any disaffection to the independence,'- nor for any "odious passion," for ho indeed believed Spain was better oif without Mexico; l)ut he was tired of taking so many oaths during the Xmst feAv years, when oaths seemed to have become mere playthings, "l otter", he wrote, '"an oath to do nothing against the established government, and if this be not accepted, I am resigned to the penalty of expatriation which the constitution imposes." Mean- while the news that Fr. Prefect Sarria had refused to take the oath was sent to Mexico, and in June an order from Victoria, the Mexican president, was de- spatched to California that the obstinate prefect should l)e arrested and "sent to Mexico by the first vessel. This order was carried into effect in October, (9) Logklutivo asiombly. (10) Baacrcit III, 7; IC-liJ. - 15§ - as appears indirectly from Governor Echandia's com- munication to Fr. Duran, in v.hich the latter was di- rected to proceed to San Diejio and take the oath, in order that he mifiht assume the duties of Fr. Sarria during tlie hitter's arrest. Tliat is as far as the mat- ter went; for Fr. Sarria retained tliL^ position of co- misario prefecto of the missions, and was not dis- turbed in the performance of his duties, thouiih no- minally under arrest as a recalcitrant Spaniard. (11) As a rule the missionaries refused to take the oath of alleiriance to the constitution of 1824, but it was not deemed wise to expel any of them for that rea- son. The great fear was that they might leave the territory in a l)()dy if pre^^■;e:l too hard. As matters were, the rulers and leading citizens understood that any radical and sudden change, effected without the aid of the Fathers, would ruin the territory by cut- ting off its chief resources, and exposing them to the raids of hostile Indians. Besides there were none to take their p'aces. Hence Gov. Echandia excused him- self for not enforcing the decree against the Fathers, on the ground that all the Franciscans except three were Spaniards, ;nid it would 1)e manifestly a1):>urd to expel them with nobody to take their place. H.' urged the Mexican government to allow them to re- main i)ernuinently in llie territory. Moreover the ayuntamientos( ]2)of San .Jose, Monterey, and perhaps other places s?nt iJCtitions on the evils th.at murt result from expelling the missionaries ; they exproed the deepest love and veneratioa for tlij FatJK'r,-;, and pleaded eloquently that the people might not be de- prived of their spiritual guides. The matter seems to h.ave rested there. One of the Fathers, however, passed beyond the reach of political intrigues by dying before the end of 1820. This was the aged and intirni Fr. Jaime. Two others. Fathers Rip(>ll and A^ an B;i 1-.. TIT. ls-19: ST. ill) To'.vn council >. — 159 — tiinira, took passage for Spain on board tl.o Ameri- can brig Harbinger, at tlio end (f ltr27, or perliaps in January 182S. (18) TiiouGii attached to the ohl syptern, "the most fcii- ous cliarge tliat coiihl 1)0 brought against tlie Fathers was an occasional injudicious use of the tongue,'' says Bancroft. Of all the missionaries Fr. Martinez of San Luis Obispo Avas the most outspoken and independent in political matters. Governor Echandia from person- al motives deemed his absence desirable, and lie de- termined to make an example of this Father The governor charged Fr. Martinez, with complicity in the Solis revolt, to give more significance 1o the arrest. 'The evidence," Bancroft himself says, "was very weak ; but there was no risk, since as a Spaniard the accused might be at any time exiled legally.*' He was arrested in February 1800, and ccnL-ncd in a room of the comandancia at Santa Barbara. In his testimony he denied all the allegations against him, except that of giving food to the soldiers as others had done, and as was customary for the missionaries to do, whoever their guests might be. He claimed to have tried to dissuade Solis from the foolish scheme of raising the Spanish tlag. In a long and eloquent communication addressed to Echandia a- gainst the manner of his treatment, Fr. Martinez, while not denying his well-known political sentiments claimed that he was not such a fool as to suppose that Spain could l)e benetited l)y petty revolts in California, that he desired the welfare of the terri- tory, and that in his opinion it could not l)e advant- ageously separated from Mexico. The two P'athers C'al)ot testified to having seen letters in which P'r. Martinez declined to take part in the political scheme of Solis, an)vernment. The plan Avas forwarded to Mexico in September 1830, but the general govern- ment to.)k no action in the matter. (2) Theee was considerable distress in some seasons of this period all over California. Fr. Duran on one oc- casion told Fr. Martinez of San Francisco that no more supplies could be sent, and that it would be l)est to discharge the guards if there was a hudv of rations. Fr. Viader wrote that Santa Clara had to )>uy wheat for its neophytes, while the pueblo had plenty of grain to sell to the presidios. The destitu- tion was very great at San Diego, but the comman- dant in his letters stated that the Fatliers gave all they could. In Mexico the Fr. Guardian made a de- tailed representation to Minister Aleman on the crit- ical condition of affairs in California, and showed U.i Banc, III IC0-1U4. ii) Ibid. Ill, IC'Clib. — ]()2 — that the Indians were naturally dipsii-'-'^tccl, since by their labor they had to support themselves, the mis- sionaries, the jiovernmcnt, and the troopp. He declared the amount of unpaid draits to be $2o9,151, whilst the unpaid stipends niiiounted lo ^li')i].7\2; and ho be^i^ed most earnestly for at least a partial payniont to save the missions from ruin. (-"5) Besides furnishinj:- i-ui)i)lies for Vvorlhless drafts and ])ayinji- ccmmercial toll and taxes, Ihe missionaries had to contribute a titlu> of all the mission i)r(.ducls to the iiovcrnmcnt. The method of colkclion was to exact from er.ch mission the larjic^t lossible amount of supplies for iiuards r.nd i)rcsidial i^arrisons, ;;nd at the end (A' each year to .i:iv(> credit on account for the excess of amounts thus furnished over If.e taxes. ''I find no evidence," says Bancroft, ''that any part of the l)alance was paid in any instar.ce." (-1) The neophytes of Santa lues, Santa Barbara, and Purisima in J 824 revolted ai^ainst the military au- thorities, ar.d caused son:e bhodMicd. The Fathers in Mexico, advised by those in California, decdared the real cause to be the discontent of the Indians at haviuii' to sui)port the troops by their luird lafor without pay, wliich discontent was fanned into revolu- tion l)y continued acts of cruelty. At any rate there was no ill feelini^ shown l)y the Indians aiiainst the Fathers. (5) Meaxwhilk the missions received nothin-i from the rious Fund throu.iili the Mexican treasury. Duriuii' 1819-1820, it!24,()0() of tlie stipend were paid, but it is not certain that even this amount c>v(M' came to Cali- f;)rnia. ((>) As reiiistered in the mission books, duriuii' the dec- ade 1820-1880, there were 1,8(:() Baptisms, 717 deatli, ;.nd 857 marriaues ainoiiir the Si)anish and mixed i:;i Kane. in. -M. (U IbM. sT-.^Ji. (:.) thi r U. 52:-:.L'.s. (Hi Hi,L III, s;i. — j(;;5 — white population, which in 1880 numbered 4,250 for whole California. The FrunciKcan Fathers were in oharg-e of tho settlers, as there were no resident sec- ular pri?sts in th:* territory. (T) TiiK neoi)hyte I'opulation li:;d fallen from i(),4T;> in 1820 1o 18,810 ;it tl;e close of IS:)]. (8) There were ])r()l)al)ly about 2,000 pai!,an Indians livin;;' in the ran- chos, j.uehlos, j.nd prc^sidics, thon^ih tlu^re art> no data on which to base a.ny i-stiniate resjicctin-i tiie nunibei' of ii'entiles. In only a few missions were there r.ny more ])aji'ans accessible for conversion, except at very •iTeat distances. Dnrinji' this ])eriod in all tlie Indian mission 18, 720 persons wtre baptized, and l(),(SSr) deaths occured, whilst 5,54! coui»lcs V'.ere joined in matrimony. JMission cattle increased from lIi>,4S!* to 152,900 head; horses decreased from 4,958 to ',1)08; and sheep likewise decreased from 101, 098 to 158,(555. The averaii'e crop of i:rain amounted to S(),250 l)ushels The lariiest crop durinii' Ih.e whole existence of the missions, 180,000 bushels, was in 1S21. (9) Of the thirty-seven Franciscans at work in 1S2<» ten died before IS.'H, four left California, and only three came to take their ])laces. Only twenty-six, therefore, were in chariie of twenty-one missions. The death of Fr. Sehan left none alive of those who had come l)efore 1790; and the pioneei's of eaili/r date than 1800 were reducMl to live. (10) I'^ECULAP.IZATION of the iv.issious continued to be the talk amouii i)oliticans, and tiioniih (iovernor Fchandia well knew that the territorial iiovernnuMit had 1.0 l)ower to secularize th',' missions, a decree of seculari- zation was issued .January (»th, 1881, ''It was an ille- 17) 1 anc. II. (3.-.;!. (S) "IiiCormp^^ Gonoralcs." The ..ilicial ropoits of tlio Fr. Snpi-i'ior of the ("alifornii iiii.-^t;!^!^^ close witli IfS:!], at loa^t as lar ■•is till- writer lias been able to obtaia tlieni. The report of \y.\\ is ru.t si^'iicd. Th • one of lS'«f is .signed by Fr. Saneliez. Tiie dates and otlier stati,-tir:il ni.'itters after IKil niu.=t he supplied from Rancroft. whose fifrnre- we h.ivc I'oiind to bo incorrect so far, thouj^li not very materially ^-o. I'.M • Ii - for.r.cs Gcnerales," 1820-lS:il ; Bancroft II, e.il 656. dOj Huncroft II. '•■MO.-,.-). — 164 — i>al aiul C'vcn revolutionary inoasm-e,'' says iBalicroft. With tho proper ilistriu-tious the (loeuiueut Mas sent not only to local (jlticials, ])ut to the Fr. Prefect and to the bislu)p, who were urged to instruct and pre- pare the Fathers for the change. The ayuntamiento of Monterey chose a coniisioiuido for each of the seven missions of the military district. San Carlos and San Gabriel were to be organized into towns at once, and the surplus property, after distributing the lands to the neophytes, was to pass under the control of secular administrators. A similar change was to be effected at most of the other missions as rapidly as the comisionados could attend to their duties. Castro and Alvarado were sent to San Miguel and San Luis Obispo, where they read the decree and made speech- es to the Indians. At San Luis the comisarios were elected; but at San Miguel, after listening to the speakers the neophytes expressed a decided preference for the missionary and the old system. Alvarado, from a cart in the mission courtyard, vividly pict- ured the advantages of freedom to the Indians; he then requested those who wished to remain under the missionary to stand on the left, and those pre- ferring freedom, on the right. Nearly all went to the left and were soon joined by the small minority. The Indians at San Luis and San Antonio expressed the same views. On account of the arrival of Victoria, the new governor, the matter went no further than the election of the comisarios; nor is there any rec- ord that it went even so far in the districts of San Francisco and San Jose. (11) In August 1881 Fr. President Duran issued a cir- cular, in which he asked the Fathers for their opin- ions of a scheme for emancipating the neophytes, and distributing the estates on a basis including the maintenance of religious service, the support of the (U) Buaerolt, III, m-\X'», — IHo — missionaries, and tlie rt^teiiRion of community proper- ty to a certain amount witli wliich to found new missions. There are extant three replies of as ninny relijtious. Fk. Juan Cahot wrote from San Mi{i;uel that, while he W()uld be jilad to be freed from his cares, he i'ould see no way of distributing' the estates without ruin. The Indians of his mission would have to ])e scattered at lonji' distances in order to jict a liviuji, and he could not be responsible for their spiritual ne(d>. Fr. Jose Joaquin Jimenez of iSanta Cruz wrote that, in view of the reasons urged by the govern- ment, and of the fact that the burden was becoming insupportable to the religious, it would be wisest to dismiss the Indians and distribute the property on the basis proposed, but also that the Indians sliould be ol)liged to keep their share of the land and to work. Fr. Jose Sanchez deemed the execution of the project probably inevitable, but sure to result, as it was intended to, in total destruction of the missions. Taking into consideration what had happene din Low- er California and Sonora, he could see no possibili- ty of good results here. "So far as it concerns me personally," he wrote, "would that it might be to- morrow, that I might retire between the four walls of a cell to weep over the time I have wasted in be- half of these niiserables." (12) Ox December 31st, 1831, Fr. Duran prepared a se- ries of commentaries on the decree of January, for use probably in Mexico. "It was one of the ablest documents,"' says Bancroft, "that was ever written by a friar in California, but one which cannot l)e presented en resume, and nundi too long for literal reproduction. On the decree, article by article, Fr. Narcisco Duran expends the full force of his talent and learning, with not infrequent volleys of wit, sar- (12 1 Bancroft, m. :m-^m. — 16u — casm, ridicule, auJ Ijittor deiiiuiriuticn. Not a weak spot, and there are many, is overlcjoked, and not a weapon neglected. The standiivd jjosition of all the missionaries, thtit the Indians were absolute owners of the soil and all tin' mission pro[)erty, hut that they were still children requiriuii, [jarental control, and that the missionaries ;donc were ciualitied to ex- ercise that control, and E(diandias lark of authority to nnike the (dniniies was particularly insisted ui)on.""' Fr. Duran cetter, with less 1;luster ahout the l!idian ;, t;) l)e-ii n with the //c///r (/e lUtzm . (18) ''Lp;t tlie latter he^in to wtnk, to found estal)lish- ments and s(diools, and to practice arts and industries ; tlien it will he time to lead the Indians to follow a li'ood e\am])le. Ai'e they, hut yesterday savaiies to iio ahead and teaidi the way to civilized men? To form such projects of jiivini: freedom to Indians, after hav- inii taken a million dollars of their liard earniniis for the troops, and to leavt' in theii' endemic s.loth the others, who as a rule know iiotliinu hut to ride on horseback? Truly, I know not from what spirit can proceed smdi a i)()licy, or rather I Ivuow too well. Why not write what all say? \\\\\ say in wjuspers wluit all say openly? What all believe is that, under the spL'ciou- i)rete.\t (d' this sch?'.n:\ there is a se- cret i)lan for a li^ner.tl sack of the mission i)roperty ; the leaders in the plot intend to convert as much as p;)ssil)le of tlie b::)oty into m )n.\v to be enjoyed in foreiiin lands/' (11) Meanwhilk in the Mexican cona,ress Carlos Carrillo exerted all his intluenc.' and (do;iuen"e in opposition to any (dnin;ie in the mission system. He was a friend of the missionaries, and foresaw m)thing but ruin in secularization. A l)ran(di of the same subject, and one of nu)re ur,i;ent importance at the time than (i:i) S3ttlf>:-s of Spatii-li or iiiixcil hloo.L (Ui Bancroft., Ill, ;;09-310. seeuLu-izatiun of the inis^sious, was llio clispo.^ition to Ije made of the Pious Fiiiul, a topie iiiider discussion in conjiress. (.j) This Pious Fund coiisisled of money and ])roperty which had Ik en (hnaldl hy various ('atJKlics for tlie purpose of estal)lishinii and nuiintainini;' Catiiolic missions. Down to the year 17()S It had urown n) much that it yiehk-d a revenui> of lifty thousand (h>l- hn-s annually. Thc> hc-innin- of the Fund dates from the year IHDT. Pefore the royal warrants had yet been obtained by the Jesuit Fathers for the leduction of California, Fr. Salvatierra, S. ,J. proc-eeded to Mexico for the purpose of collectinji funds for the establish- ment of missions. Amouii' those who subscribed liber- ally were Don Alonso Davohis, Count de Mira Vallez, and Don Mateo Fernandez de la Cruz, who donated two th.ousand dollars. This, with the other private subscriptions collected by the FaUier, amounted to fifteen thousand dollars. At the same time the Con- liTCiiation of Our Lady of Dolors gave eight thousand dollars as a fund for one mission, to which they aft- erwards added two thousand dollars more, as nothinii; short of ten tliousand dollars sutticed for the estab- lishment and maintenance of a mission. During the same year Don Juan Cavallero y Ozio, a devout priest of the city of Queretaro, su.bscribed twenty thousand crowns for the establishment of two other missions, whi(di, ad Pious Fuiul of California. ((')) Ox the lifth of February l(ii>T the royal warrants were issued to Father Salvatierra, and two days later he left Mexic. to set out for (Vilifornla, whic.'i he reached in the same year. For the next few years Fr. Kir.o, S. J., who w;',s in S'cr.cra, r.ho (clltctcd what subscriptions lie could obtain, and sent them to his (oi Bancrolt. lUl. (0) Glooson, Vol. II. I:i8-1:!0> — 16S — brotlier religious. The next important donation, was made in 1702 by Don Ji)se de la Puente, >vho sub- scribed for the establishment of three missions; while Don Nicolas de Artejia and his wife founded another mission, whicli made the sum eciiial lo forty thousand dollars. 1\) the^'o other donations were constantly ad- df>d, so that in J 768 the a^i'^rcfiate snnis collected a- mounted to one million two hundred and seventy- three thousand dollars, of which only eijihteen thou- sand dollars had been received from the government. It must be o])served that these donations were given for the establishment and maintenance of the mis- sions in perpetiiAoii. To avoid the loss of any part of the Fund, the money was invested in land and other real estate, the annual revenue of which would serve for the maintenance of the missions. Down to 17()S the Pious Fund remained inidcr the control of the Jesuit Fathers; but on the expulsion of these reli- gious it was taken charge of V)y the Spanish authori- ties, and farmed for t'.ie benefit of the missions. The Fund in 1768, as we have already seen, yielded an annual revenue of tifty thousand dollars. Twenty-four thosand of this sum was expended in stipends for the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, and twenty- six thousand dollars for general mission purposes. This arrangement lasted down to about J 807, from which date to 1831 the missionaries received only $24,000, if indeed it ever reached California. Don Carrillo's etf'orts in behalf of the missions proved of no avail. "Under the plea that the mis- sions were no longer in need of external support, the congress of Mexico by a decree, passed on the 25th of May, 1882, empowered the executive to rent out all the mission properties for a period of seven years, the proceeds to l)e ])aid into th ^ national treasury.'- (7) (8i GlsLv^ou II., r«: Banc, III, ■m-:'\.i. — IHO — Ox November 18th, 18o2, (iovernor Echandia issued supplementary regulations, to liriufj; about the secu- larization of the missious, which did not go so far as tlie decree of .rnniiary. Moreover, they were intended to api)ly lo Ihe four j-oulhernniost missions only. It was'lirst suhniittiMl lo the niissioiiari(>s, who were at the same time a^skccl to accept the ])ositioiis of ]»;n-- ish priests. Fr. Sanchez rei)lied in a ionj:' series of critical notes on l)olh jireface and re<:lainento. "This criticism," Bancroft says, ''is one to which it is ini- possil)]e to do justice her(\ and to which may )>(> ap- l)lied much of wluit I raid nl)out Duran's notes on the original decree. (iivii:ii his attention chieny to the preamble, Fr. Sanchez bejiins by sujij;estinji- that the precepts of ()])cdience to law vronld come with l)etter grace from one who had given a better exam- ple than Echandia. His pretensions to teach tlie pa- dres their obligations and rights, or to change their status, are met with protest and ridicule. If the laws and his instructions recpiired him to secularize the missions, why liad lie waited six years, until the ar- rival of his successor. l)ef()re acting? If tlie Indians of the south, as was certainly true, were assuming a threatening attitude, it was due to the license they were enjoying under Echandia, and to his unwise act in having put arms into their hands against Za- morano, which would be a reason for a return to the old restraint rather than for additional license. As to the enthusiasm of the Indians for Echandia, the Father has little to say beyond reminding him that there are several ways of winning popularity among scliool-boys, one of the most successful being t;> let them do as they ])lease." Fk. Sanchez concludes the document i;s follows: ''It seems to me that I have given some convincing proofs, not perhai)s of absurdities, I do not venture to say that, ))ut of difficulties as they a])i!ear to me at first reading. I do not wish to engage in a pre- ^ 170 - lunged di>^lJllte with Ecli.iiRli.i ; let hiui do wh.U nuiV seem best. I have expressed my views, not so much for him, as for an instruction to the Fathers that they are ]>y no nr?ans to lend themselves to any such cooperation as is demanded hy that lientlcman, since to do so would he to subscribe to the ruin of their missions, and to the iiiuominy of all tlie insults, suspicions, and distrust expressed in his plan, which were by no means necessary if only the welfare of the Indians were soujiht. Let Sen )r Echaudia, then, do what he pleases al)out the missions, but let him not count on the cooperation of the Fathers, which he himself must kno\\- to l)e out of the question. The missionaries v^ill serve as such and in no other capac- ity, until the curia ecclesiastica, in accord with the supreme government, communicatiuii' with us throui>;".i (mr prelate, may see fit to order a competent chan»>;e, and so long- as they are given the necessary food to support life; and if this 1)? wanting they have the natural and divine right to shake oif the dust from their shoes, and go to other work wherever it may be found." (8) Fr. Duran also issued a scries of notes similar to those of Fr. Sarichez. The answers from the P'athers of San Diego, San Luis, Se.n Juan, and San Gabriel were to the effect that they left the nuitter entirely with their superiors. Fr. Marlin added that, since May 20, \m'2, the neophytes at San Diego had al- ready managed temi)oral all'airs I'or Ihemselves, except Ihe wine ccdlars. Fr. Zalvidei declared that he would gladly be relieved of the burdeu ; that lie had toiled over twenty years, but had not saved half a dollar. There is nothing on record to show that Fchandia took any further steps before tire end of 18^2. (9) Fi:. Antonio Peyri left California at the beginning of the year; and Fr. Antonio Menendez, a Domini- (»} Bar.crof, III, ::i.-):!l(). (it) Banc. Ill, ::i':-:;i7.- - 171 - ean, who I'oi- six years had sei-wd as ehiiphiin at dif- ferent places, died in AuiiiiJ^t. Two priests from the Sandwich Islands remained in the country for live years about this period; they were Jean Alexis Au- ^uste Hachelot, prefect apostolic of the Sandwich Is- lands, and Patrick Sliort. They had been driven from their missions tlirouiih Protestant intriijues. Kev. Bachelot served as assistant priest at San Gabriel, whilst Rev. Short went north and was eniiajied in some educational enterprise at Monterey in ISJU. (10) GI^RPTEI^ XIX. New Missioxabies Feom Zacatec.vs— Coxxordato Fixeral— Corporal PrxisHMEXT— Gov. FiorERoA's Report— His Regulatioxs— Fr. Diraxs Letter— Ixdiaxs Uxwillixg To Be 'Emaxcipated"— Rexewed Efforts Fat-ters Dieoo Axd Dcrax Reply— Six Missioxh Secularized— Statis- Tics-MissioxARY CnAXGEs-TiiE RiLE Of I'luxdlr -Tiie F'Rst I5isuop Of C'aliforxia. With the new iiovernor, Francisco Fii-ueroa, there came to California a missionary reenforcement of ten Franciscans, all Mexicans by l)irtli. In order to rid the country of the Spanish reliiiious, the i»overnment luul applied to the (^)lleiie of Our Lady of Guadalu- pe at Zacatecas for a numl>er of niissionaries, and insisted that some Fatliers be sent to take the place of the Spaniards. The colleiie reluctantly liave way to the demand, and thus in April 18^8 (1) ten Fa- thers departed for the northern country. The superior of this band of missionaries was Fr. Francisco Garcia Diego with the title of commissary. In California these religious were commonly known as (Jaudalupa- nos or Zacatecanos, as the earlier Fathers had been (10) Banc, III, :!17. (I) Solomnyor, Ilifitoriii del Colej^io. ds G u:\dalupe pajri> .olo; Banc, Illi 31S, says February. ~ 172 — (i ^^^MM--. 1 ^?' te.J Ji f ll m ^Ss^^f^^^'^^^^ i^B Missionary College De Nuestra Senora De Guadalupe, Zacatecas, Mexico, called Feniaiulinos from the iiauie of their (•olleii'(>. Immediately after their arrival the Zacatecanos were put in chariie of the seven missions from San Carlos northward; their superior, Fr. Diego, went to reside at Santa (Mara. Tlie Fernandinos who had l)een at these missions retired to the southern establish- ments. (2) CoNSiDERixo Ihe importance of the subject, there is a remarkal)le absence of oriiiinal records respectinu' the cominii of the Fathers from Zacatecas and the division of the missions; thouiih it cannot be doubted that much which is no longer extant ^\as written at the time. This is also tlie case resi)ectin,ii- many im- portant topics ol' mission history duriiiii' these last years. It will be remembered that in 1S17 the south- ern missions were ceded by the college of San Fer- nando to the Franciscans of the college at Orizaba; but on account of tr<)ul)les in Mexico and the dissa- tisfaction of the California Fathers the change was not consummated. The transfer of the northern mis- sions was evidently agreed upon in Mexico, l)ut, l)e- yond the presence of the ten Zacatecanos in Califor- nia, there is no account ol' th^' journey, and no otti- cial record of their arrival extant. Fr. Duran in a circular to the Fernandinos, January "i^d, J 888, allud- ed to the cession as a matter in which he should lose no time, as he had already permitted the superior of the Zacatecans to station his religious so that they (2) The Fatli(>r.s from Zacatecas weiv : Fraiici ;c() Garcia Diego, the j^uper- ior, who succeeded Fr. Viader at Santa Clara. Fr. Jos^ Maria de Jesu- Gonzalez Rubio, who took Fr. Duran'.s place at San Jos^ ; Jos6 Maria de Jesus Gutierrez, who relieved Fr. Fortuui at San Francisco Solano: Ra- fael de .Jesus Moreno, was the assistant of Fr. Diego at Santa Clara ; JLiorenzo d■^• la Concepcion Quija-;, f jllowed Fr. Est^aega at San Gabriel, but soon removed to Solano ; .\ntonio Suarez del Real, who succeeded Fr. Jimeno at Santa Cruz; Josf whojii nothing is kuowu Ic.r !j wv It .viiBJ'!*. Bancrt-ft, III SieJ-yiS. - ITl - could learn their respective (hities, and prepare to be installed in the niifrions. He hoped that the change would enable some of his own brethren to lio to the relief of the mother collejie, which had been reduced to only four Fathers. He, moreover, declared that no one niiiiht hoi)e for jx^-niii^pion to retire to any other destination. (JJ) The 1 est of feelini* existed between the two bands of missionaries in Calil'ornia. A coiu-ordaio funeral was soon concluded between them by virtue of which each Father ajireed to say twenty Masses for the soul of any member that mi^ht die of the other band. (4) It did not take the Zacatecanos lonji to learn that their lots Inid not fallen in places altoji'ether pleasant; for in Septemlxn- their superior complained ''we cannot sul)sist here Ioniser, because the clinuite is destroying;' our health." Their tr()ul)les in 188;}, to say nothinii of the climate, arose especially from the unmanaiie able character of the Indians, and from the difficulty of furnishing supplies to the i)residios. The Indians did not l)ehave in a satisfactory manner so that some of the missionaries found it necessary to use the lash. In his circular of July 4th, 1888, however, Fr. Diego disai)proved of this; for he says: ''Mi genio, mis ide- as, mi sensil)ilidad todo junto se opone a esta costum- bre (|ue januis aprobare, "My nature, my ideas, my feelings are altogether opposed to that custom which 1 shall never approve." (o) (tOVERNOR I-'igueroa had been instructed to restore the missions to the condition in which they had been before the publication of (Governor Echandia^s order of secularization; but at the same time to ascertain what missions were in a conditicm to be secularized, and to report such a plan as he might deem expedi- ent. His views were for the most part identical with (8) Banc. in> :?2n. Ui Ibid, loi Ibid. 322. — IT.-) — those of his arbitniry predecessor; l)ut the result of his investigations was the conviction that any gener- al measure of secularization would be ruinous, and that a chaniie of system must he very gradually ef- fected. Ill his report to llie government Figueroa de- scribes the neoi)hytes as (■hildren with a natural i)re- dilection for the customs of their ancestors, and for a savage life without work. During their reduction they had Jeanud, perforce, only to cultivate the soil imperfectly. t(» practice some rude industries, and to manage horses. 11' frc>ed at once I'rom their present state of mild servitude, they would soon from proprietors become Ixggars, after having bartered away their possessions for li(|uor and gewgaws. They would then return to the ^\■ilderness and join the wild Indians in stealing cattle and horses, in order to sell them to the Xc>w Mexicans and foreigners. Nevertheless, he issued a series of regulations on gradual emancipation which were to go into eifect provisionally until ap])roved by the government. Shortly before these regulations were published, Fr. Duran on July IGth, 18'3J^, wrote a strong letter on the subject to the governor. He based his opi)osition to the measure on the state of things which he had found at Los Angeles. The t\\() or three hundred In- dian inhal)itants of that town and neighliorhood, lie showed, were l)eyond all comparison more unfortun- ate and oppressed than any in the missions. Not one had a garden, a yoke of oxen, a horse, or house lit for a rational being. Instead of the ecfuality so much talked about, the Indians suept the streets and did all the menial work. For oU'ences scarcely noticed in others, they were bound naked over a cannon to re- ceive one hundred blows. They were in reality slaves, being bound for a whole year by an advance of some tritle, since no Indian looked l)eyond the present. They liad no ambition for li1)erty excei)t for savai''e — 17(5 — liberty and vicious license, which they would pur- chase at the cost of a thousand oppressions. Fr. Du- ran said he was convinced l)y experience, and from conversinii; with practical men, that emancipati(m would result in slavery or savaj2;ism to the Indians, and in destruction to all their property. He begged the governor to consider well the results before decid- ing a subject ^'worthy the wisdom of a whole con- gress." However, when he saw the regulations pub- lished, Fr. Duran otl'ered no further opposition be- yond recommending a change in some of tiie articles. His closing suggestion was as follows: ''If after three or four years it ^hall be noted that the "em- ancipados-' depend on wild fruits for subsistence, that they allow their live-stock to decrease, that they neglect their planting and other labors in a spirit of vagabondage, or that they manifest no zeal or liking for a rational and civilized life, and if, be- ing several times warned, they do not mend, then they shall be returned to their missions." (6) The governor made an earnest etfort to give the Indians the civil lil)erty so little prized by them, but so valuable in the eyes of the Mexican theorists. He visited the southern missions and exhorted the as- sembled neophytes to accept the proifered freedom ; Init of one hundred and sixty families at San Diego and San Luis Key, qualified acc()rding to the stan- dard estaljlislud, only ten could be induced to be emancipated. At San Juan C'apistrano the scheme of forming a pueblo of the emancipated Indians a\ as tried; but the results were not encouraging. There were no Indians "emancipated" north of San Juan Capistrano. (7) SriLL, in August 1832, Governor Figueroa again called upon the superiors of the two missionary ])ands to state what missions were in condition to be it)) BiKiic~ III "427 :i4, i,T) Ibiu. ;j'j;j. — lit — stHlikrized undel- the law of 1818; what objections to seculai-i;Gi. — 182 — "As to the comisioiiado8, niajordomos, and admini- strators, who successively "managed-' the missions, many were simply incompetent and stupid, and ex- hausted their little energy and ability in the task of collecting their salary, filling the governor's orders as long as the granaries and herds h.eld out, exercis- ing no restraint oriutluenc? on the ex-neophytes, and allowing the affairs of their respective establishments to drift, but not, as may be imagined, in the direc- tion of general prosperity. Others were vicious as well as incompetent, ready to sell any article of mission property, not only live-stock, but kitchen utensils, farm implements, tools from the shops, and tiles from the roofs, for money with which to grati- fy their i)ropensity for gambling. 8till others were dishonest and able, and devoted their energies to lay- ing the foundations of future wealth for themselves and friends, oppressing the Indians, quarrelling with those Fathers, officials, and assistants whom they could not control or deceive, and dis])osing (jf the mission wealth without scruple for their own inter- ests. "Of the Fathers, a few accepted the new situation and made the best of it. They strove to reconcile the discordant elements, and retained a degree of influ- ence over the Indians for their spiritual and tempo- ral welfare, and were ever ready to aid with their counsel any person high or low in station who would listen. Others retired to the habitations assigned them by law, avoided all controversy and intercourse w^ith the world, and performed the duties of parish priests for all who recognized them as such. Others, again, did not submit so cjuietly to the robbery and injustice witnessed on all sides, l)ut protested on ev- ery occasion, too often vnth ample cause. As to the Indians, those to whom property was distributed, as a rule, made no good use of it. The cattle required — 188 — care; the t(;ols implied work; nnd it was generally deemed best to convert all as rapidly as possible into liquor, steal cattle and various articles as needed, and when all was jronc, and the vifrllance of local al- caldes interfered with the pleasures of a vafiahond life about th(> towns, to decide between a return to mission labor, or tliiiht to join the gentiles, jupt as the missionaries had predicted. Pilfering and drunk- enness increased rapidly, as did the ravages of syph- ilitic disease and relappe in to barbarism." (18) The ncoi)hyte population during this j.criod of misrule decreased in all the missions frc ni a))ont ]5,0()0 in 1884 to 6,000 in 1840 still living at the n)is- sions, besides two or three thousand more whose whereabouts as vagrants or servants was somev>hat definitely known. In the same years cattle had de- creased approximately from 140,000 to 50,000 head; horses from 12,000 to 10,000; and sheep from 180,000 to 50,000. (19) A great change in the ecclesiastical affairs of the Pacific coast took place at the close of 1840, when a bishoi) was appointed to govern this part of the Church of Uod. For several years Fr. Diego had been urging the necessity of such a change with the result that he himself was chosen for the position, as we shall see in the next chapter. (IHt Banr. IV, 49- 5H. COi Bancroft, 62-6:*. 181 Gi^pPTER XX. The Diocese Of fALiFORxiA— Election Of The First Bishop— His Pas- toral Letter— Arrival And Reception— Ills Means— Santa Barba- ra Chosen Fob His Eemdence— His Dissapointment- Missions Er- STUBED Missionary Changes— The Bishop's Efforts— Fr. Duran's Report— Masonic Hatred Destroys Valuable Books And Manuscripts. First .Seminary— Secularization Completed. The provinco which comprised Upper and Lower California, or, as it was called at the time, ''Both Californias,-' "Amlas ('alilorniap,*' had liitherto been under the jurisdiction of the biflcp cf f-(nia. In 1835 the Mexican C'ongress resolved that the two Oal- ifornias sliould be formed into a separate diocese and have a bishop of its own who would naturally l)e more interested in the affairs of the country. In ac- cordance with this resolution tlie government on Sep- tember 19th, 183(>, published a decree, "That one of the three persons named by the metropolitan chapter should be selected and proposed to the Holy See for bishop of both Californias." The l>ishop wis to re- ceive the sum of $(),()00 a year fiom tlie public treas- ury until the diocese should have an income suffi- cient for his support; moreover, he was to receive $3,000 to defray the travellinir expenses to his dio- cese; and finally he was to have the administration of all the i)roi)erty belonging to the Pious Fund. Troubles in Mexico and (-alifornia prevented fur- ther progress in this matter until June 22d, 1839, when the metropolitan chapter chose three candidates, the Franciscan Fr. Garcia Diego heading the list. On April 27th, 1840, the Papal Bull which appointd Fr. Diego y Moreno bishop of tho Californias was is- sued, and in August the iiewp arrived in Mexico. On — 185 — September 19th the bishop-elect took the constitu- tional oath before the President of Mexico, and on October 4th he was consecrated in the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zacatecas. (1) On October 2Sth the new bishop published his first p:i8t(n-al letter to the missionaries and the laity of his diocese in the Spanish language. It was dated at the college of San Fernando, Mexico, and printed during the following month of November. The bishop signs himself simply ''Fray Francisco, Obispo de Cal- ifornias.'- The pastoral letter is too long to be given here in full ; it may be sufficient to say that it dwells esi)ecially on the spiritual misfortunes of Cal- ifornia in the past. He compares the condition of the people with that of the Israelites in Egypt, de- scribes his efforts with the government since 1836 to have California erected into a diocese, the subsequent delays, and his own final appointment for the posi- tion of bishop, much to his confusion and surprise. After quoting the Bull of the Holy Father, the bishop addresses himself to the missionaries in these words: ''Permit me now, before we close our letter, to direct our voice to the venerable priests who may be found in our diocese. You have without doubt in the l)ishop of the Californias a c; O'KerO. 22-2«: Cartu Pr.st^ril <]r] Fr. Garcia Diofo. t3) Carta Ta.'-tora). ::.)£: Pai-c IV. 65. — 180 — 1 "■.^. Presidio and Town of Santa Barbara in 1835; Mission Santa Barbara in the Distance. — ]8T — DccGinber with a suite of twelve persons. He had in- tended to establish his permanent residence at San Diejro, but, owing to the abject poverty of the mis- sion at that place, lie r (on changed his mind. On January 11th, 1842, lie arrived at Santa Barbara. His reception there v;ns a royal one. Alfred Iiobinson, an eyewitness says: ''All was l)ustle; men, women, and children liastening to (he l)each, banners tlying, drums beating, and roldiers marching. The whole jiopulation of the place turned out to i)ay homage to this first l)isliop of C^ilifornia. At eleven o'clock the vessel anchored. He came on shore and was welcomed by the kneeling multitude. All received his benedic- tion ; all kissed the pciitifical ring. The troops and civic authorities then escorted him to the house of Don Jose Antonio, where he dined. A carriage had been prej)ared for his excellency, with several others occupied l)y the president (8) and his friends. The females had formed with ornamented canes beautiful arches, through Avliich the procession moved; and as it marched along, the heavy artillery of the presidio continued to thunder forth its noisy Avelcome. At four o'clock the bishop was escorted to the mission, the enthusiastic inhabitants taking the horses from his carriage and dragging it themselves. Halting at a small bower on the road, he alighted, went into it, and put on his pontifical ro!)es; then r?suming his jilace in the carriage, he continued on, amidst the s(nind of musi*' and the firing of guns, till he arrived at the church, where he addressed the multitude that followed him." (4) Bishop Francisco Diego came with the smcere de- sire to benefit his diocese, and with al)undant means, unfortunately only on paper, for carrying out liis plans. He had from the national treasury a sala- (8) The Fr. Superior of the California missions. (O Banc. IV, -.^fl-.m', Robiuso-i, 'Llf- ii C-iIifoniia,' 103. Gb:3oa. II. ITJ. — 188 — ry of $6,000; and he had tlic ndininistration of the Pious Fund, the large revenues of which he could use in accordance with the intention of the founders, to say nothing of the titiies and other contributions from the faithful: and l)efore leaving Mexico the new hishc'i) hiid received other inixiortant concessions from the "iovernment, so that he had good reasons to hope for ;i successful administration. (5) A i)etition signed by 123 residents of the town of Sinta Barbara was soon presented to the bishop, ur- ging him to Hx liis residence at that place. The peti- tion was granted, and tlius Snnta Barbara became the episcoj)al eity of the first l)ishop of ('alifornia. A l)eginning wns nuide for a cathedral, residence, and seminary. ''large ])ilcs of stones were heaped up in several ])lnces for tlie laying of the foundations. ...and there they will undoubtedly remain for some years, as monuments of the frailty of human speculations,'" rays Robinron, an eyewitness. It is said that Bishop Francisco curried rome of the stones with his own hnnds. The funds necessary for the erection of these Iniildings tlie liishop expected to obtain from the government out of tlie funded property of the mis- sions; but, as that was confis^'ated in the same year, the project fell to the ground; for utter failure was a foregone conclusion, when the bisho]) had to depend upon California resources alone. (6) Whex Fr. (Garcia Diego had lieen consecrated, the Pious Fund was turned over to him, and he appoint- Pedro Ramirez as his maiuiger: but in February 1842 it was confiscated l)y President Santa Anna, and in- corporated into the national treasury. (7) O^ the 29th of Alarcli, 1848, the new governor, Micheltorena, issued a decree restoring the manage- ment of the temporalities of twelve missions to the (o) Bauc. IV. :W: V;resident of tlie soutli- ern missions; while, on the resignation of Fr. Gonza- lez, the vice-prefecto and president of the Zacateca- nos, Fr. Lorenzo Quijas was appointed to the former olRce, and Fr. Antonio Anzar to the latter office. (9) Bisiio? Garcia, as we have already seen, was pre- vented from carrying out this plans from lack of funds. He could obtain from Mexico no part either of his salary or of the Pious Fund revenue which the (») Har.c. iv,;;u3;ni. m ibid, iv, ;;7i-:t7a — 191 — govenuneiit pledged itself to pay fur the propagation of the Oospel in (\ilifoniia. His only regources were the voluntary contriljiitions of his Hock and the col- leetion of the titiies. The revenues of tlie latter source, however, did not c>.\cee(l the cos! of collec tion. The hishoj) was \ery much discouraged in con- sequence of* his failure to provide for the i)ecuniary necessities of his diocese, and o!i account of tiie in- diii'erence to (diurch oblig.ition ^ and ejdscopal autho- rity m-anifeded \>y ni in\' i)roniinent ('alifornians. Nevertheless, he sought to confer all the henelits he couhl upon an undeservinii people. On January Itli, 184:0, he announced Our Lady of Kefuiie as the (dii(d* patroness of the diocese, and named St. Francis of Assisi and St. Francis de Sales as the other two i a- troiis. In the same year he issued a pastoral letter in which he exhorted tlie clergy never in pul)lic or pri- vate to speak a word that might he construer>-Z - 104 - 16th of Mai-cIi 1844, when six leagues of huK\ were turned over to the bisliop. Early in May he started northward with his attendants. When the l)isliop ar- rived at 8anta Ines lie found the grant of land, to- gether with a eoniniunication from (iovernor Miehel- torena to the effect that he had assigned $500 in money a year for the seminary, on condition that ev- er>' Californian in search of higher education be ad- mitted into the institution. Finally on May 4th, 1844, the founders assembled in the mission church. After the pontifical Mass in honor of Our Lady of Refuge, and a discourse by the bishop, the constitution which was to govern the seminary was read, and the insti- tution declared open fetween the Church and the Indians. 5. The proceeds from the rents shall be divided into three equal parts, one for the support of the missionary and divine worship, one for the Indians, and one for the government to be devoted to education and th.e public welfare after the debts are paid. 0. The first part shall be placed at the disposal of the prelates for equitable distribution. 7-8. Money due the mission is to be exacted and used for the purposes named. — 196 — Before the end of 1845 San Juan OaijifAtrano, La Purisima, and San Luis Obispo were sold, and kSanta Barbara, San Buenaventura, Santa In^s, and San Fer- nando leased to private parties. (14) Six other missions were to be sold in January, V)ut a purcluiser was found for only one, that of Soledad. At different dates between May and July the follow- ing missions were sold privately : San Juan Bautista, San Jose, San Luis Rey, San llafael, San Buenaven- tura, San Diego, San Gabriel, Santa Barbara, Santa Ines, San Fernando, orchard of Santa Clara, and San Miguel. (15) GI^PPTEI^ XXL California In The United States— Orders From General Kearney And Gov. Mason— Mission Property Restored— Other Items— Mission- aries In 1846— Death Of Bishop Garcia— Death of Fr. Dcran— A No- vitiate Established At Santa Barbara— The New Bishop— First Franciscan Priests Ordained In California- Death Of Fr. Gonzalez. The Community Doomed To Extinction— Incorporated Into The Prov- ince Of The Sacked Heart- The First Guardian. It soon ])ecame evident to the new rulers of Cali- fornia, the United States Authorities, that there was room for much doubt respecting the true ow- nership of the mission estates, wherefore they ad- hered to the policy of maintaining the matter in statu quo. Un March 22d, 1847, Ceneral Kearney gave orders that four missions in the north should remain in charge of the missionaries, without prejudice to the rights of the claimants, uutil proper judicial tri- bunals should be established. This caused some troub- le at Santa Clara, where American immigrants had taken possession, but Governor Mason announced (14) Banc, IV, .W.-o53. {V>) Banc, V, r)58-r)(W. — 19T — that *'the government fully recognizes and will sus- tain the rights of the priests at the missions and to all mission property, against all who cannot in due course of law show a just and sound title;*' and he once ordered a military force to eject the immi- grants; but Fr. Real finally permitted them to re- main till after harvest, and longer, by paying a small sum f(n* tlie support of the church. Finally, the su- preme court of the United States decided that (lover- nor Pico had no right to sell the mission property. The property of the Church, including the church buildings, priests' houses, and lands to the extent of six to one hundred and ninety acres at each of the twenty-one missions was given to the archbishop as the representative of the Catholic Church. (1) Of general mission matters during 1845, outside of those connected Avith the disposal of estates, there is little on record. Fr. Duran continued to be the supe- rior of the missions in the routh, wliile Fr. Anzar directed the Zacatecan missions in the north. Two Fathers, Jose M. Gutierrez and Miguel Muro, left the country during the year; and one, F"r. Juan Mo- reno, died. Bishop Garcia Diego still resided at Santa Barbara, but was unable to accomplish much. On July 4th he wrote to Governor Pico that he had no means to defray the expenses of divine service, and expressed the wish of having a successor. In Septem- ber he described the lamentable condition of all reli- gious interests in California to President Herrera of Mexico. The only method of relief he could suggest was to bring a new force of priests and missionaries for old and new establishments from Euro])e, and pay their expenses from the Pious Fund. (2) At the beginning of 1846 there were thirteen Fran- ciscan Fathers in California, six Fernandinos and sev- en Zacatecanos ; but at the end of 1848 only one of (1) Bauc. V. D6•^564. i2i Raiic, IV. 553-554. — 198 — the former, Fr. Ordaz, was left with six of the latter. The year of the American conquest, 1846, brought death to five of the missionaries. Fr. Duran held the position of ccmisario prefecto until his death in June, and Fr. Anzar occupied the same position f(>r the Zacatecanos until succeeded by Fr. Gonzalez. The formality of assii^ning stipends for each of the mis- sions had been kept up in Mexico, though of course no money was forwarded to the missions. In April 184(), while seriously ill, the bishop ap- pointed Fathers Duran and Gonzalez his vicars-gene- ral, and shortly after, April ;30th, he died. His re- mains were buried in the mission churcli en May 3d, in a tomb on the epistle side of the main altar. (3) Fr. Duran, the venerable head of the Fernandinos, died at his post on June 1st, 1846, and his remains were interred in the vault of the mission churcli at Santa Barbara. (4) Fr. Gonzalez Rubio now governed the diocese of California alone until the latter part of 1850, when he surrendered the administration to the Rt. Rev. J.S. C?) Banc. V, r.G5 ; 68'2-6;ii; Shea, Vol, IV, :i5:j; O'Koefe 26. Bishop Francisco Garcia Diego y Moreno was born at Lagos, Mexico, on Sept«^mber 17th 1785. He made his profession in the Franciscan Order at Guadalupe on December 21st, 180:1, and was ordained priest at Monterey, Mexico, on November i:5, 1808. He had been "lector de artes y de sagrada teologin" at the college of Guadaluixi de Zacatecas, when in 183;i he was sent to California as comisario i)refecto of a band of missionaries from the same college. Fr. Diego became the missionary of Santa Clara, but in is;j5 went to Mexico, and remained there till 1841, when he returned as the first bishop of the territory. After a second visitation of the diocese lie was complefc'ly discouraged, and thereafter labored at Santa Bar- bara to ctfect wliat good was possible until his death, which occurod at midnight, at the age of 60 years, 5 months, and 24 days. A tablet over his tomb bears the following inscription: "Hie jacet illmus ac Revmus r.^. Fr. Fran. Garcia Diego y Moreno, Primus E;)us hujus Diop;esi: Cali- foru. Qui pridi" Kalendas Mali, Anni Domini MDCCCXLVI ex hac vit i migr.ivit." (4) Banc, V. 6:i'/-6;i4. Fr. Narcisco Duran was bom December 16th. 1776, at Castellon de Ampurias, Catalonia, and became a Franciscan at Gerona on May M, 1792. He came to Mexico in 1803, and to California in 1S06. He was stationed at San Jos^ In 1806-18H3, and then ;it Santa Barbari until the day of his death. Fr. Duran was president of tlie Fernandinos in 1825-1827; 1831-1>';3'' ; and 18I4.]8i6. From Ig-S'-lsiy h? also lield the po-ition — lot) — Alemany, O. P., who had been consecrated bishop of Monterey in June of the same year. At the earnest request of the new bishop Fr. Gonzalez retained the office of vicar-general, however. During the adminis- tration of Fr. (ionzalez the Rev. Fr. Langlois in 1849 received from him lh(^ faculties of vicar for the northern part of the territory with instructions to purchase some land in San Francisco for ecclesiastical purposes. This was done, and the first Catholic church in San Francisco, for llio use of immigrants, was e- rected on the site of the present substantial church of St. Francis on Yallejo Street. Since then the city has had (wo churches dedicated 1o the Saint of AsMsi : Mission Dolores, whose titular feast is on September 17th, the feast of the wounds of St. Francis, and St. Francis Assisi church on A^allejo Street. Both parish- es are in charge of secular priests. (5) In February 1852 a petition to establish a Francis- can convent or college, with a novitiate for the edu- cation of young men, was sent to Kome and granted by the authorities. The bishop kindly ofiered to assign another place in his diocese for that purpose, in case the buildings of Santa Barbara should prove unsuit- able. On January 7th 1853, the Fathers held a meet- ing at which were present the Rt. Rev. Bishop Alema- ny, Fr. J. M. (Gonzalez Rubio, Fr. J. J. Orruiio, then guardian of the college of San Fernando, Mexico, Fr. Jose Jimeno, the comisario prefecto of the California missions, Fr. Antonio Jimeno, and Fr. Francisco San- cf comisario prefecto. He was a most earnest and successful missionary, and as superior he was a worthy successor of the Fatliers that held tlie office before liini. Throughout the troublous times of secularization lie managed tlie miss.'on affairs with marked ability. In 1817 he was present at the founding of San Rafael. In 1826 he le'used to take the oath of allegiance to the shaky Mexican republic, but likewise refused to aid the revolutionist Soils in 1829. Governor Figueroa recommended his exile in 1833. In 1815 Fr. Duran ordered the balance due him to be paid to the Indians. In physique Fr. Duran was of medium stature, somewhat stout, < f fair complexion, with blue eyes. Only two cf the Fornandinos, Fathe.5 Oliva and Ordaz, survived liim. (5) 0"Ke"f'^. 29-:^i; Gloeson II . 2^)1. — m) — chez. On that occasion the monastery of Santa Bar- bara was declared a hospice prepartory to making it an apostolic college of the Propagation of the Faith, and Fr. Jo-e Jimeno was appointed its first presi- dent. (6) Fr. Jose Jimeno did not consider the mission l)ui]d- ings suitable for a college, and he therefore selected a place in tiie city. The bishop approved of the choice of location, which was that of the jiresent ])ar- ish churcli and residence. Tiie church was immediate- ly commenced ; the house prepared for occupation ; and on Sunday July 23, 1854, it was solemnly an- nouced in the presence of a large multitude, that tlic apostolic college was then and there founded nnder the patronage of Our Lady of Seven Dolors. The no- vitiate was opened at tlie same time by giving the habit of St. Francis to iive young men. These first fruits of tlie Order in California were : Jose Godyol, Francisco Oodina, Jose Alcina, Geroninio Lopez, and Jose Hermenegildo. The last two were lay brothers, the first of whom I find a record in California. (7) After the promotion of Bishop Alemany to the archdiocese of San Francisco, Kt. Rev. Thaddeus Amat became bishop of Monterey. The new bishop preferred to have his residence in the town of Santa Barbara. He, therefore, removed to the parish church and in exchange, with the consent of Rome, left the Fatliers in possession of the old mission. By this ar- rangement they obtained the perpetual use of the mission buildings, church, two orchards, and a vine- yard. Before the transfer had been completed, the president of the college, Fr. Jose Jimeno died at the age of 52 years. His brother, Fr. Antonio succeeded him, but soon retired to Mexico (8) (6) O'Keefe, :»-31. (7) C'Keefe, ;il-32. (b) Banc, IV, C02; O'Keefo, 32. Fr. Jot^ Joaquin Jimono came from the collosrc of San Fernando to Cali- fornia in 1827 or Win. Ho was stationed at San Luis Rcy in l»27-ls:;0; at Santa Cruz in 1K3'-'-1>!:3;5 ; at Santa In6- in lS:iJ-1550; at San Gabriel in l«5t)- — '2()\ — In 1859 Fr. Gonzalez Rubio was appointed presi- dent of the institution, and in consequence resigned the office of vicar-^acneral of the bishop. During liis term as president of tlie college, seven young Fran- ciscans were ordained priests. They were the Fathers Fr. Gonzalez Rubio and his Comrannity at Santa Barbara . Jose Godvol, Francisco Codina, and Jose Alcina o.i 185."; and at Sta Barbara in 1854-185!5. From ISiS he wa;- president of tlio Fernandinos, vicar-general in ]838-lS:W, and comipario i)refccto after Fr. Duran's death in 1S46. In 1844 he founded the Sta In^s seminary, and was its rector until 1850. In 1854 he founded the college of Our Lady of Sor- rows at Santn Barbara, and wa.- its president until he died. Fr. Antonio Jimcno came to California in 1826 or a little later, and served as missionary at Sta Cruz in 1827-1828; at Sta Barbara in 182t;-184(): at San Buenaventura in 184('-184:<; and again at Sta Barbara in 1844-18.5G, when lie departed for Mexico. In 1871 he was still living in the City of Mexico, — 202 — August loth, 1860; Fathers Bonaventura Fox and B. Sheehan on December 21st, 1864 ; Fathers Joseph J. O'Keefe and P. Wade on September 19th, 1868. (9) On account of ill liealth, Fr. Gonzalez several times asked the Most Rev. General to relieve him of the office of president, but his petition was not granted until 1871, when Fr. .1. M. Ronio was sent to take his place. Fr. Romo arrived in California in January 1872, l)ut did not take possession of his office until June, when the documents arrived appointing him guardian of the college and monastery of Santa Bar- bara. Fr. Gonzalez lingered on until the year 187.5, -when he died at Santa Barbara, the last survivor of the California missionaries, "a man respected and l)e- loved by all from the beginning to the end of his career," says Bancroft. (10) When Fr. Romo arrived the community at the mo- nastery consisted of the following members: Very Rev. J. Romo guardian; Very Rev. J. Gonzalez, chro- nologist ; Rev. F. Codina, vicar; Rev. F. Sanchez, nuisler of novices; Rev. J. Godyol, procurator and treasurer; Rev. J. O'Keefe, Secretary; Rev. P. P. Wade, secretary of the council; Rev. F. Alvarez, li- brarian ; Brothers. L. Marron, A Gallagher, J. O'Mal- ley, P. Haberlin, E. Barry, J. Diillinan, J. Kirwan, Charles Reid, D. Potter. The thre? last-named were Franciscan Tertaries, it seems. (11) It was evident, however, that the only Franciscan community in California was doomed to extinction, blind and indigent, probably the liist survivor, of the Fathers there that had labored in California. (9) O'Keefe. :!2 ; Citalogu.s Prov. SS. Cordi-. (10) O'Keefe. 8'2-;i;!; Banc. Ill, Tft'i. Fr. Jose Maria de .Jesus Gonzalez Bu- bio was born at Guadalajara Mexico, in 18*)!. He came to California from tlie apostolic collepe of Zacatecas in IS'i'i, and served as missionary at San JosiJ in 18:j:5-1842 ; at Sta Barbara lie resided from 184.'1 until the day of his death. He was also president and vice-comisario prcfecto of the northern missions in 18:^8-184:i. From 1846 lie wa ; administrator of tlie di- ocese of California until the appointment of a now bishop in ISV). Under Bi.'hop Alemany li'^ was vicar-genera] until 1850. Ull Fro.'-ppctus cf the cjlleee 18T--MS73. — :>();{ — unless some means were found to obtain priests and novices from other countrier. Vocations to the sa- cred ministry were not suificiently numerous in Cali- fornia to furnish the requisite novices. For thi? rea- son Fr. Romo, tlie o;uardian, resolved to visit liis native country, Mexico, with a view to induce some of the religious to join the community at Santa Bar- bara. AVith the Snj)eri<>r (leneraPs permission lie stnrled out on liis journey in May 1870, and did not return until three years later, very much discouraiied ; for, nothwithstandinji his earnest efforts in that di- rection, he had failed to ol)tain a siuiile rescruit for old Santa Barbara monastery. After some consultations the guardian explained the difficulties under which the community labored to tiie Most Rev. Sup. General, and asked him to annex the Santa Barbara house to some province in the east, as progress Avas impossible in its isolated and inde- pendent condition. The Suj). General then appointed a memlier of the province of the Sacred Heart to make a visitation, in order that he might come to a right decision. The visitation was made in August 1884 by the A^ery Rev. Ferdinand Bergmeyer, O. S. F. After his report had been received at Rome, the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith issued the following decree : "As the Most Rev. Minister General of the Regular Observance of the Order of St. Francis has earnestly requested that the College of Our Lady of Seven Dolors of Santa Barbara, in the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, both for the greater increase of the same college and for the greater extension of the Order of St Francis in Cali- fornia, be changed from its independent state, and annexed to the Province of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in the United States of North America, His Holiness Pope Leo XIII, in an audience on the 19th of April, 1885, having heard the report of Archbishop Jacol)ini, secretary of the Propaganda, kindly consented that — 204 — the aforesaid college should be incorporated with the Province of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus." (12) Thereupon at the provincial chapter held at St. Louis, Mo., on July 15th, 1885, Fr. Ferdinand Berg- nieyer was elected iiuardian of the monastery of San- ta Barl)ara, and placed in charj;e during the follow- ing month of August. Of the religious, who had com- posed the Franciscan comnninity up lo that time, there reni':iined, and wer." inc<);'p')r;ited into th? prov- ince of the Sacred Heart, Fathers .lose Orodyol Bona- venture Fox, and Joseph O'Keefe, and the brothers Antliony (-iallagliev, Joseph O'Malley, and Peter Ha- berlm. Fv. Victor Aertker, and Bro. Beatus, also cam- to Santa Barbara with Fr. Ferdinand. (13) CI^HP'TSR XXII. MlSSIOKAET CirAXGEf— Fe. FEEEiyAXD ELECTED PEOVIXCEiL Of TlIE Pkovince Of The Sacred Heart— Fr. Ferdinand A-jain Guard- ian Of Santa Barbara— His Tragic Death— Biography— Fr. Serva- Tius .VltmIcke- riiANGEs— New Foindationk— San Louis Ely Eeoccu- piED By FRAxrrscANs From Mexico— FnorosiTioN To Organize A Custody O? This Ijimaculate Heart Ov Mary In California— The f'oTMisi^ARiAT Of California. At the intermediate cliapter, held in St. Louis, ]\Io., o!i January 20ih, 18S7, Fr. Victor was trans- i'erred to the conveni of St. Boniface, which was at the same time accepted upon the urged request of Arcliln'sho]) Biordan, and Fr. (^melius Schoenw^ielder of Quincy, Ills., took his place at Santa Barl)ara. Fr. Jose Godyol was changed to the orphan asylum at T^ajaro. near AVatsonville, which institution had been ])ut in charge of the Fathers some time l)efore bv O'Kocfe. l-J IH. (1.3) Ibil. T.i belli Capituliri_=. 1885. ^ 20o Pr. Ferdinand Bergmeyer. JRt. Rev. Bishop Moi-a of Los Angeles. (1) In the spring of 1888 the Very Rev. Jerome Kil- genstein, then provincial of the (Jincinn iti province, lield the canonical visitation at 8anta Barbara. At the subsequent chapter, July liolh, Fr. Ferdinand of Santa Barbara was elected provincial. This made it necessary for him to reside at St. Louis, Mo. Fr. Kil- ian Schloesser of Chicago, 111., becam? guardian in his place. Fr. Cornelius was transferred to San Fran- cisco, and Fr. Riynerius Dicku3ite tojk his place at Santa Barbara. (2) No further changes oc cured until July 1891, when Fr. Hugo Fessler of Chillicothe, Mo., was elected guardian. Fr. Kilian became vicar, and Fr. Gerard of San Francisco was placed here at the same time. Fr. Vincent Halbfas had held the visitation in Califor- nia during the spring of 1891. Fr. Ferdinand was succeeded as provincial by Fr. Michael Richardt, till then rector of the college at Teutopolis, 111. (3) The provincial chapter of August 22th, 1891:, re- stored Fr. Ferdinand to Santa Barbara as guardian. Fr. Kilian was transferred tct the new residence at Fruitvale, Cal., and Fr. Gerard became vicar and librarian. Fr. Hugo was changed to Chicago, and af- ter a few months was apjjointed superior of St. Ma- ry's, Memphis, Tenn. (4) A horrible tragedy took place within tiie peaceful walls of the old monastery of Santa Barbara on the morning of Fe])ruary 27th, 189(). The venerable Fr. (Guardian, Fr. Ferdinand, was murdered by one of the domestics, who at times had been afflicted with a lit of insanity. It was owing to the kindness of his victim that the murderer found a temporary home at. the monastery. Fr. Ferdinand had just taken break- (1) Tabella capitularis pro anno isa7. Vide tho local history of th^ several new houses in subsequent chapters for further particulars. (2) Tab. Cap. pro anno 1888, (3) T.ib. Cap., 1891. (4) Tab. Cap. 189!. — 20f — fast, and was a)>out to retire to his room, when li6 was tired at hy tlie insane man. Four bullets entered the body of the venerable Father. The community at once hastened to the assistance of their superior, who still conscious asked for tiie last sacraments. Despite all medical aid Fr. Ferdinand died on tiie same day about 7 o'clock in the eveninu. (5) Shortly l)efore the death of Fr. Ferdinand, Fr. Ser- vatius Altmicks of Bayfield, Wisconsin, had been sent to Santa Barbara and appointed vicar of the monas- tery in place of Fr. Gerard, who had been appointed superior of the residence at Fruitvale. After the death of Fr. Ferdinand, Fr. Servatius held the otKce of superior ad interiun until the next chapter, whicli was held in August 1896, elected Fr. Bernardin Weis of St. Louis guardian of Santa Barbara. Fr. Servatius was then sent to Memphis, Tenn. While on his way to the latter place he was taken sick at the convent in Los Angeles on August 23d, and died on the same day after receiving the last sacraments. (6) (5) Fr. Ferdinand Beigmcyer was born on October ;iOth, 1S2(>, at Riesenbeck, Westphalia, Prussia. While pursuing his classical studies hi- was forced to enter the Prussian army, and served as a soldier for three years, at the end of which he entored the Franciscan Order on June Z.'ith, 18.52. On Sept*?mbor 4th, 18.56, he was elevated to the priesthood, and sent to the United States in November 18.59. He was first stationed at Teuto- polis, IHs., and then at Quincy, Ills., where he was for a time professor in the college, and later on pari.sh priest and guardian of the monastery until 1871, when he became suporior of the convent at St. Louis, Mo. In 1S77 Fr. Ferdinand was transferred to tlie convent at Indianapolis, Inc\, where he was parish priest and superior until 1885, when ho was made guardian of Santa Barbara. Whil? at Indiaaapolis In al^a haM the office of cu.'-- tos. In 1891, at the close of his t.n-m of office as provincial, lie was for more than a year guardian of the monastery at Quincy, after wliicli he- was returnad to Santa Barl)ara. In 18S9 Fr. Ferdinand went to Rome to take part in the election of a new superior general. He was also theolo- gian to the Rt. Rev. Bishop of Indianapolis at the provincial synod of the bishops of the Cincinnati p-ovinco in 1-iii and ag lin at tin Plenary CouncU of Baltimore in 1881. Wlien iaformed that tliere was little hope of recovery he said to the Fatlier at his side: "It Has Come To Pass AS I Wished: "Cubsum Coxslmmavi, Boxum Certamex Certavi." (6) Fr, Seivatius .\ltmicks, was born at Warendorf, Westphalia, Prussia, on July 23d, 1829, and ontored the Order of St. Francis on October M, 1850, On April 5th, 1851, he was elevated to the priesthood, and landed at New York on .September 14th, l,'-.58, together with Fathers Capistran It'll. Haj'iierius at the same time was transferred to St. Bernard, Nebraska, whilst Fathers Peter Walli- scheck of Quincy, Aloysius Yv^iewer of Teutopolis, Mafchias Rechsteiner and Felix Raab of St. Louis, were stationed at kSanta Barbara. (7) Since the Province of the Sacred Heart was ex- tended to the Pacific coast in 1885, a number of resi- dences have been establislied in ditferent parts of California. As already mentioned, the Boys' Orphan- age at Pajaro was put in charge of the Fathers in 1887. In the same year the only German parish in San Francisco, St. ]3onif ace's on Golden Gate Ave., was transferred to the Franciscans by the Archbishop of San Francisco. In the following year St. Turibius Indian mission in Lake County, besides some Indian and white settlements in Mendocino County, were en- trusted to the Fathers. In 1891 the Rt. Rev. Bishop of Los Angeles requested the Franciscans to accept the new German parish at Lo;^ Angeles. His request was granted. About the same time the Most Rev. x\rchl)is]iop of San Francisco asked the Fathers to organize a German parish across the l)ay. Thus Zwinge and Damian Hennawig. These were the first Fathers to come from Prussia to establish the Franciscan Order in th'j Western States. At tlie request of the Bishop of Alton, Ills., they founded a convent at Teutopolis. In tiw following year Fr. Soi'vatlu? was sent to Quincy to establisli a convent in that city. In 1892 he went to St. Louis and found- ed St. Anthony's convent. For soni-:! years he war> in charge of the first parish in Effingham, Ills., In 1.S72 li? becam." vicar of St Antliony's and lector of moral theology in St. Louis, Mo., which offices he held until 1870, wlien at his urged request he was sent to the Indian mission at Bayfield, Wise. In the next year Jio with tli.> writer establislied the mi-- sion among the Menominee Indians at Keshena, WLsc. In 1882 he was sent to Superior City, Wisconsin, to take cliarge of the new convent at that place, in the following year he was recalle, when he was sent to Harbor Springs, Micliigar, where he established a boarding school for Indian children, erected a convent and three churclies at that place, in Goodhart, and Burt Lake for the Indians. On account of ill health he was relieved of active work and transferred to Ashland in 1893. Finally, Fr. Servatius was removed to Santa Barbara. At his own request he was recalled to tlie east in 18?e, but <'.ielo — examples to be found, Nvliere men enjoying unlimited confidence and power have not abused them. And yet I have never heard that the missionaries of California have not acted with the most perfect fidelity, tlmt they ever hetratjed their truat or exercised inhuman- ity ; and tlie testimony of all travellers that have vis- ited this ccTintry is uniformly to the same effect. On the contrary, there r,re recorded instances of the most extraordinary zeal, industry, and philanthropy in the conduct of those men. Sincp \he country lins been opened, etrauiicrs have found at their missions the most generous and disinterested h.ospitality, protection, and kindness, and this without one solitary instance to the contrary that I liave ever lieard of.'' (1) Aroukd the mission building arofe tlie houses of the Indians, and of a few white setlers. At various dis- tances were ranclierias, ov Indian luimlets, each with its chapel. In a little building near the miesion was a picket of five or six horsemen who acted as sol- diers and couriers. The regulations vrere the same for all the missions. At daybreak the Angelus bell summoned the natives to church lor prayers and Holy Mass, after which they took their breakfast. This ccnsisted invariably, at San Diego at least, of atole^ or ground barley. Then all joined their respective bands, and proceeded to the regular task for tlip day. Between eleven and twelve o'clock the midday meal was taken, consisting of the ever-present atole in its different forms, witli mutton or beef. Occasirrally the Spanish frijuks (l)cans), were noticed on the table at this meal. To the sick or aged milk Avas freely given. There was rest until two o'clock when labor recommenced and lasted till live o'clock. During the heated liours of the summer afternoons, a mule laden with backets would pass around \\\o tjpkls, regaling the toilers with draughts A- qnot:il by Gbr:,on 11, r.;0 i;J". — 216 — of vinegar and sweetened water. This was considered a rare luxury. After the work was done the evening meal was served. Phwle^ a favorite preparation from atolc^ forn:cd llio principal tlish. To this tlie neophytes were at libcn-ty to add nuts and wihl ber ries which they gathered in large quantities and stored away. At sundown ths "Angelus" called the faithful to prayers ; the neophytes, workmen, and missionaries repaired to the chapel or church, where the beads were said, the litany sung, and the even- ing blessing imparted. The commissary department was conducted in the following manner. Every morning at daybreak the ma- vera, or keeper of the granary, distributed sufficient food lor the day to each individual or family. The unmarried men carried their share to the pozolera, where it was prepared and eaten at tlie community table. The married men carried their rations to their respective rancherias, where they shared them with their families. Here was laid the foundation of Cali- fornia civilization. The family circle had become a fixed institution. The dress of the men was a shirt, trowsers, and a blanket, though the alcaldes and chiefs of gangs of workmen frequently wore the complete kSpanish cos- tume. The dress of the Avomen was the usual one, with the invariable blanket. When the crops had been harvested each mission sold or shipped it.> breadstuffs, wine, oil, hemp, hides, and tallow, and from the re- turns distributed to th' Indians clothes, handker- chiefs, tobacco, and other articles. The surplus was spent in (he purchase of necessaries for the mission, furniture for the church or the Indians, implements of agriculture, tools, etc. Besides the funds thus resul- ting from their own lal)()rs, the Indians enjoyed, in the early years of the missions, the revenue of a por- tion of the 'Tious Fund'' wliich had been bestowed ))}' rl aritable persons on the old Jesuit missions; the missionaries who were bound by the vow of poverty received only food and clotliiuii'. The Indians of a mission were not all of the same tribe, but perfect harmony i)revailed; and when the season of work was over, many paid visits to their countrymen, and seldom returned alone. Sometimes a zealous Christian would visit his own tri])e as an apos- tle to announce the happiness enjoyed under the mild lule of the Gospel, In this way llu^ missions constantly received new accessions; for the iiood Fa- thers had the art of making labor attractive. However, human nature is the same everywhere. Not all were docile and submissive at all times, and the Fathers, who had studied the character of their wards, chose the only means that will bring refractory si)irits to terms, and the only means that Indian nat- ure at least will appreciate, as only those know that have resided among Indians for any length of time. There were various modes of punishments in vogues in the various missions. Imprisonment was one kind. If the crime was a capital one, the culi)rit was turned over to the military authority at the presidio. Small- er olfences were usually settled l)y the missionaries themselves. Indeed, it is recorded that rebellious young men and boys had l)een laid over the good old Fathers knee to receive i)hysical emphasis oi' liis admonitions, and with salutary effect. kSucH was the managenuMit of tlie California mis- sions under the rule of th.c Franciscans. Tlie stock had increased with wonderful rapidity; the orchards nourished, the fields yielded an abundance of wh.eat and other grain, and pros])erity reigned; but l)etter than all civilization and Christianity had taken root in the nev.- soil and had thriven vigorously, when in 1884, there came a thuiulerbolt that smote the tried mission svstem till it shook and fell, a shattered fa- — 218 — i)rie. It canio in the form of a decree that the iiiis- sions were to he snatched from the jurisdiction of tlie Fathers and transferred, just as they stood, to the jrovernment. Comisionados ^vcre dispatclied to tlie uiis«ions to assume cliarjLie. The neophytes, wliom the missionaries had cared for aud kioked npon r.s Iheir children, were taken from them and turned adrift. The tlocks they had tended, the orchards th.ey had roared, anarbarous ways, or l)e- came the outcasts of towns that had arisen in the r.eighborhood. Later (U the l'. S. liovernment tried the reservation plan, which is tlie old mission plan revived in !( me of its features, luit with religion left out. Tlie agent takes the place of the missionary, with what results, and with what cost to the United States, is known to all. It is anything but gratifying. The Indian under the rule of the Catholic Religion thrives, as Mexico proves, Init the Indian without his priest to control him disappears, or simply fol- lows his animal instincts, as is the case in the Unit- ed States wherever Catholic missionaries are not in full control. L>19 — PART II. LOCAL HISTORY. GRflPTER L SAN DIEGO. San Diego Mission Founded— First Missionaries— Other Missionaeies- Fr. Serea Goes To Mexico And Returns— Preparations Foe A New Church— Removal Of The Mission— Success Of The Fathers— Indian Revolt -Attack Ox The Mission— Death Of Fr. Jayme— Destruction Of The Buildings— Brave Defense- Fe. Seeea Pleads Foe The Reb- els—Raid On The Indians— Church Asylum— Riveea Excommunicated. Rebuilding— Dtsappotxtment— The Viceroy's Order. The mission of 8aii Diego was formally foinided l)y Fr. Jimipero kSerra on July 16th, 17G9. The first mis- sionaries were Fathers Junipero Serra liimself and Fernando Parron. (1) When Fr. Serra on April 16th, 177J, started out for Monterey, he left Fr. Francisco Gomez as assist- ant to Fr. Parron at 8an Diego; but owing to their ill-health both obtained permission to retire to a more congenial climate that they might recuperate. Fr. Parron went to Lower California, whilst Fr. Go- mez chose Mexico. (2) Fathers Luis Jayme and Francisco Dumetz, origi- nally from the Mallorca Franciscan province, were appointed their successors about the middle of July 177L (.">) (1) Sec riiapter IV, of Part Fir.-t for p irticular.^. Vida, 82-101. (2) Vida, 84; ^8; 12(i. Banrroft, I, 178. Fr. Fernando Parron liad orLginally boon a member of tJio Ei-tromadura provinrr, Spain, and Fr. Franci.-co Gomez liad bfpn a nm cf the provincp of t)ir Imnr culatc Concej t''?D, Spain, r ilou, Noticin? I, :'. C\) VIda, HO. — 220 — Fr. Dumetz, liowcver, also ii'i'eyV sick and departed for Ihe peninsula together with Fr. Canibon, prohr- l)ly in May. It seems Fr. S;)mora from Sau (inl)riel remained here for a while, lliouiih h<> was in very l)0()r health himself. (4) Latk in Auiiust Fr. .hinipero with Don Faiit's start- ed out from Monterey for San Dieiio to make ar- raniiements for the transportation of supplies from there to San Carlos and San Antonio. At San (Jabriel Fr. Paterna join.cd his superior and both reached San Die.iio on September 16th. Fr. Junipero embarked for Mexico on October 2()th 1872. (-5) Fr. Somera had retired a little while ])efore. Fr. Pena was sent up from the peninsula by Fr. Palou, and labored together with Fr. Jayme until August oOth, 1773, when Fr. Francisco Palou with seven missionaries arrived at San Diego. After that date the missionaries here were Fathers Luis Jayme and Vincente Fuster, together with Fr. Gregorio Amurrio as supernumerary. (6) Aftek pleading the cause of the California missions successfully in Mexico, Fr. Serra returned to the coast and, having reached San Diego o]i March loth, 1771, departed for Monterey on the (Uh of April. On account of ill health Fr. Mugartegui remained at San Diego, whilst Fr. Amurrio in his stead took ship for Moiiterey. xVbout this time there existed around San ])iego, within a radius of ten leagues, eleven ranche- lias, whose' inhabitants snl)sist(Ml ou grass, seeds, fish, and rabbits. X(>arly all tho^^' in the rancheria that had formerly attacked the mission were converted. In a material way some little progress was likewise made. Four thousand adobes had been manufactured, some stones collected, and the foundation for a (diundi ninety feet long was laid when work had to be suspended. (7) (4) Vida, i:a-i:r>; Xof.ci;is HI. 26. \r.) Nutici \s, III, :«, has October ISth. i(>i Vida, 1 15-147: Xoticias. I. ai()-01 ; III. :!l-:!ii. (7i Bancroft, I, 21'<-'m\ Noticia-;. III. ll^-14'.i; Vida. IKi-KJ). — 221 — Ik August ,1774 the mission of San Die-^o, with tlio consent of the viceroy, ^\■as removed alout two leaiiues np the vaUey northeastward of Cosoy, to a l)hice called by the native.-* ''Nipaiiuay/' It was prob- ably identit-al, oi- nearly so, with that of the later buildin^i-s whose ruins are still visil)le about six miles from city and port. There are no accounts of 1h(> ceremonies with which the transfer was celebrated, nor is the exact date known; but the Fathers and neophytes were pleased with the chaniie and worked with a will, so that, by th;^ end of the year, the mission buildiniis, consirtinii' of a dwellinii, a store- Iiouse, a smithy of adoI)es, and a wooden church measiirini;' eiiihteen by lifty-seven feet, and roofed with tiles, were in a better condition than those at Cosoy. At the old site all the buildinjis were ,i:iven up to the presidio, exceid two rcjoms, one for the visitinii priests, and the other for the temporary stor- age of mission supplies coiiiinu:,- by sea. ((S) According to Fr, Serra's report of 1775, sterile San Diego showed a total return of only thirty fanegas of wheat. The number of its Christian Indians was only ninety-seven. Prospects, however, were very ))right in the fall of 1775. New buildings had been erected, a well dug, and more land made ready for sowing. Fathers Luis Jayme and Vincente Fuster were l)usily engaged instructing the neophytes. They had l)een so successful of late that on the Hd of October they were able to baptize sixty Indians. This excited the jealousy of Satan at whose instigation two of the re- cently baptized natives, under pretense of visiting some relatives, left the mission, and went from ran- cheria to rancheria telling the Indians that the Fath- ers were ab(mt to baptize them by force. Many disbelieved the story, l)ut the apostates succeeded in moving over one thousand savages to resolve the des- (&) Serra, "Informe," 177.'). iu Bancroft, I. 'I'M. tiuc'tion of both luissiou niul presidio. The Fathers liad removed the mission to a more fertile spot about two leagues distant from the harbor and fort, as we have seen before. This em])oldened the savages to make the attack. On the night of the 4th of November they arrived in the valley of the San Diego Kiver. Here they sep- arated, one party proceeding to the presidio below, which was to be attacked after the mission had been destroyed, the other falling on the mission. They then i^laced sentries before all the cabins of the Christian Indians, and threatened tiie inmates with death if they dared to move or give the alarm. A large number of assailants rushed to the church and vestry which they robbsd of its sacred vessels and vestments. They next advanced upon the barracks, and, finding the guards asleep, snatched firebrands from the hearth and set fire to the l)uildings. The blaze and the horrible yells of the enemy now awoke both Fathers and soldiers. When the latter at last were ready, the Indians had baguu to discharge their arrows. Fr. Vincente, peeing the danger, took the son and nephew of the presidio officer and hastily fled to the soldiers' quarters. Fr. Jayme, awaking and seeing the conflagration, thought it accidental. Rushing out he met a large group of savages whom he greeted with his usual salutation : "Amad a Dios, hijos,'^ "Love God, my children." When the brutes caught sight of the good missionary, they fell upon him with fury, and, dragging him to the creek, stripped hin\ of his habit, beat him, anl jjierced him with arrows until he fell dead. When later on they learned that the missionary Aviiom they luul killed was the 'reza- dor,' the one ^^ho always prayed, the pagan Indians gave vent to their fiendish joy by wild shouts of de- light. In one of the Inalding.s lived the blacksmith and -2^3- _ 221 - the carpenter. With them also resided Ursulino, the carpenter of the fort. He had become ill and had been l)ronght to the m's ion to recnperate. Jose Ma- nuel Arroyo, the blacksmith, was among the first to luirry out sword in hand, but he fell dead immedi- ately, pierced by two arrows. Felipe Romero, the uiission carpenter, also seized a musket and killed one of tlie assailants. Th,-.i takin;r advanta.tie of the confusion which followed, he escaped and joined the soldiers. Poor Ursulino received two arrow wounds which some days later proved fatal. The l)and which had gone to attack the presidio, seeing the mission buildings on hre, and on that account fearing discov- ery by the presidio guards, returned and joined those at Ih.e mission for a general attack. The mission guard, at the time consisting of th? three soldiers be- sides the corporal, reinforced by the wounded carpen- ter and the surviving Father Fuster, defended them- selves valiantly. When the savages saw the terri])le effects of the muskets, they set lire to the building that held the little party who were then forced to take refuge in a snuill room of adobe which had been used as a kitchen. This h.ad Init three walls; the roof of dry branches and the remaining side was exposed to the enemy. To protect themselves the soldiers erected a barricade with two bales or l)oxes and a copper kettle, lirought at great risk from the burning house; l)ut by the time the opening was closed two soldiers were wounded and disabled. There oi.iy remained the corporal, one soldier, and the car- penter to defend th:> littl'^ fort which was barely three feet high. The copoial, who was a sharpshoot- er, told the others to load the muskets while he did the shooting. The result was that every Indian who approached the place open to them was either killed or wounded. The infuriated savages now determined to .-et fire to the liranches with which the little room was roofed. Fortunately the roof vras a liimsy structure, and its fire did not last long; but while it rajied there was great danger that the sack contain- in;- lifty pounds of gunpowder might be touclied by the falling lirebrands^. To prevent such a disaster, Fr. Fuster courageously Fat upon it. Finding that their stratagem did not force the vSpaniards to como out, the savages next threw burning coals and pieces of adol)e over the walls, and succeeded in wounding Fr. Fuster, though not seriously. The gallant little 1 arty defended themselves till dayl)reak, when the Indians, fearing that help might come from the pre- sidio, fled carrying along their dead and wounded. The survivors then crawled from l)ehind their adobe battlements. They were niet by the Christian Indians wiio v^ith many tears and lamentations related tlie story of their confinement, and their inability to ren- der assistance during the night. Search was at once made for Fr. Jayme. After a sliort time, in the dry ])ed of a creek, they discov- ered the naked body, ))ruised fr(un head to foot Avith ])Iows from stones and clubs. The face, esi)ecial- ly, was disfigured beyond recognition, while the body, besides Ijruises, showed eighteen arrow w(mnds. At the sight of tlie mangled remains of jiis l)eloved companion, the good Fr. Vincente almost fainted away. It was learned later that the martyr had expired while calling on .Fesus to receive his spirit. On receii)t of the news, (\)ri)oral Verdugo, with four nuMi out of the ten he coiniiiandcd at the i^residio, hastened to th(> mission. Fr. Fuster had two i)iers made on which the l)odies of Fr. Jayme and of the l)la(dvsmith were borne to th(> chapel of the garrison for burial A few neophytes were left behitid to save something from the M'reck, if possible. The carpenter Frsulino died five days later, having in a truly Chvistian fspirit willed all the pay due him to he used for the benefit ef liis murderers. He was buried by Fr. Fuster. (9) Thk news of tiie disaster at San Dieiio reached Monterey on the IJJth of Deeeniber, and, thouf^h late in the niirlit, Captain Rivera at onee set out for San Carlos to (•( nnnunieate the fi;d tidir.^s to Fr. Junii e- ro. When th.e latter heard of the death of Fr. Jayin(> he exclaimed: "Thanks be to (iod; tliat land is wa- tered: now will follovN' the con 'er^ion of the San Die- th? zeal and tho virtu:\^ of tho murdered priest was so threat, that in the opinion of all his soul needed no supplications, but that it had gone directly to heaven to receive a martyr's crown. However, adoring CJod's unsearchable judgments, the Fr. Superior ordered ca'di priest to say twenty Mass- es for the repose of the soul of Fr. Jayme. Fe. Serra immediately wrote to the Fr. Guardian in Mexico, and also to A'iceroy Bucareli, deploring the rash act of the poor Indians, because he feared it might retard their conversion. Like a true father he pleaded for the misguided na^-ives, and declared that the missionaries were not disheartened, but that the number of soldiers should be increased, in order that the establishment of otlier missions might pro- ceed. The viceroy received Fr. Junipero's letter in the beginning of April, 1776, and replied as follows: '•In view of tlie prudent and Christian reHections ex- pressed in your letter, inclining to soften the rebels l)y kindness rather than to suIkIuc them by punish- ment, I have written Comandante Rivera so to act, thinking it the best method of pacifying and winning them. Such a policy would ].erhr,ps also aid us in gaining the neighboring tribes, when they see that thev are treated with leniency, whereas on account of (91 Vida, 170 -ISJ: Banc- I. '.'yj Ilic'ir cxcc!-scs tb.ey dof^ervr i>uni>:lnnenl-. I have or- (lorcd my officers to rebuild tlie misKioii, i\u([ to es- lal)lisli that of San Jiuiii Capistrano.*' This letter was dated April ;>d, 177(5. Mueh anxiety would have bi»en spared Fr. Junipero Serra had he received the letter earlier. (10) On January 41 h, ]77(), ('ai)tain Anza, with Fr. Pe- dro F(!nt of the Queretaro Franciscan college, head- ing a land expedition from Sonora, reached San (Ga- briel on his \\',\\ to San Francisco. Captain Rivera had arrived from Monterey the day before with ten or twelve men for the protection of San Diego, and to punish the Indians who had destroyed the mission. The disaster and danger at San Diego caused Anza to suspend his own expedition for a time. At the re- quest of Rivera he set out at neon on the 7th for San Diego to help punish the savages. He was accom- panied by Fr. Font and seventeen of his soldiers, and reached the presidio on the 11th. Investigations now followed respecting tJie late outbreak. Raids were nuide on the different rancherias; gentile chiefs were brought in, forced to testify, tiogged, liberated, or imprisoned. In these proceedings the missionaries took no part, Fr. Junipero having advised an oppo- site course. ( 11 ) Heabing now that provisions had liecome scarce at San Gabriel, Captain Anza with Fr. Font hastened to remove the immigrants to Monterey. Only one event occurred at San Diego after Anza's departure which desei'ves notice in this connection. Carlos, an old In- dian and neophyte, but a ring-leader in the late re- volt, returned to the mission and professed sorrow for his misdeeds; but as he feared the military he took refuge in th.e (diurch. Rivera ordered Fr. Fuster to deliver up the culprit on the plea that the right of (10) Vida, I{i4-n0. iin Banrr-'ft, I. -JC..-); Virla JNJ.^T; Vide "Frnnci cans in A-lzona." — 228 — church asylum did not protect such a criminal, and that the edifice was not a church any way, but a warehouse used temporarily for worship. Advised by his brethren Fr. Fiister refused, and warned the com- numdant to use no force. Rivera, however, turned a deaf ear to this warning', entered the church sword in liand, accompanied by a squ:vl of soldiers, and Avithout paying any attention to the earnest protest of Fathers Fuster, Lasuen, and Amurrio, dragged the Indian out. For this open defiance of the ministers of the C'hurch, and for violating a sacred place, the Fathers excommunicated the commander and tlie sol- diers who had assisted him, and on the next day or- dered them to leave the church l)efore the ))eginning of Muss. They then reported the case to their super- ior, Fr. Serra, and sent the information through Ki- vera himself. Arriving there on April loth, the cap- tain informed the Fr. President of the excommunica- tion pronounced at San Diego, and asked for absolu- tion. Aftr'r consulting with th? Fathers at San Car- lo 3, Fr. Junjp3ro approve I of what Fr. Fuster had done, and at the same time refused to grant the cap- tain's reque'st for absolution until he had given satis- faction to the Churcl) l>y returning the Indian Carlos to the sanctuary, when the San Diego missionaries could raise the excommuni(';(tion without interference from their sui)eri()r. Fr. Serra informed the Fr. (luardian aliout the trouldes in California, and, after much difficulty in obtaining an e.^cort from th(> comandante, sent Fr. Cambon with the letter to overtake Capt. An/a. TJie i\ext day, April 19th, Rivera started south again, but (m the plea of great haste, refused Fr. .lunij^ero's request to go with him. (12) It was not until June JJOth that Fr. Serra could proceed to San Diego for tjie purpose of rebuilding H->) Ba-icroft. T. 2'r>-2":;: Vida. 1S7-191. ^ 2^9 — the Uiit-Bioii. In (()Uii):(ny with Fr. Santa Maria li^ embarked at Monterey in tlie packet-))<)at Principe, and readied San Diejio alter twelve day?. The two Fatiiers who had l)een destined for San Juan C'apis- trano were still at the presidio with Fr. Fuster. Anxious to hasten the estal)lishnieiit of the mission, Fr. Junipero applied to Captain Dit'iio ('ho(iuet of the Principe, and asked him, for the sake of his pa- tron saint, to allow some of his sailors to assist in e- rectinii the mission bnildinjis. The noble olticer re- plied : "Not only the sailors shall help, but I will lio myself like a common laborer.'' With two mission- aries, the nuirine otlicer and six ♦)f his men, l)esides twenty soldiers and some laborers, Fr. Junipero then set out for the place where the old mission had stood. For two weeks they worked with such enthusiasm that hopes were entertained of completiuii' the church and dwelling before the ship would have to sail. The enemy of mankind, however, could not bear to see the work proceed so well. He accordingly availed hin.i- Kelf of the caprices of the commandant to frustrate the plans of the missionaries. On the 8th of Septem- l)er Rivera went out to the mission grounds, and no- tified the principal officer that rumors were current that the Indians contemplated another attack on the mission, and that he deemed it necessary to retire on board the ship with his men. The officer of the ma- rines, seeing there was no ground to fear an out- break, entreated Rivera to investigate the rumor; but the comandante would not listen to reason, and insisted on carrying out his orders. ])on (.'hoquet re- luctantly obeyed, but protested that it would be a shame for the Spanish army to suspend work at the mere rumor of an outbreak. With much regret he communicated the gloomy news to the missionaries. "Let the will of God be done," Fr. Serra exclaimed, "He alone can remedy this evil." HAVI^Tr been informed by Don Diego Ohoquet of — !>30 --^ the interruption of the work, the viceroy at once or- dered (iovenior Neve, who resided at Loreto, to take up his residenee at Monterey and assign Kivera to Loreto. Moreover he rouiniunioated tliis decision to Fr. Junipero in a hnii; letter, written December 25th, 1776. The foUowinj- paraiiraph ironi tlie letter shows that ^'iceroy Bucareli was animated by a trnly Chris- tian spirit. ''The suspension of the work on the de- stroyed mission of San Dieiio must have caused se- vere pain to your Reverence. It has iireatly displeased me as well, the more so as I l)ecame aware through Don Diego Choquet of the frivolous motives that l)rought it about. I presume that, with the twenty- tive soldiers sent to reinforce the presidio, Don Fern- ando Rivera will devote himself to the erection of the mission of San Juan Capistrano; but if he does not, the governor of the province, who has orders to reside at Monterey, will do so. I have ordered the governor to have San Diego reestablished, and not to punish the ringleaders of the late outbreak, hoping that they will themselves learn to regret their mis- deeds. I likewise ordered him to establish the mission of Santa Clara in the neighborhood of the San Fran- cisco presidio . . . The governor, Don Felipe Neve, is directed to have recourse to your counsels, and to consult me in whatever is necessary to insure the propagation of the faith, the conversion of souls, and the extension of the royal dominion. (13) (13.) Vula, loi-r.'t;. — m SAN DIEGO (CONTINUED). Fe. Seeeas Happixess— Sad End Of Ax Indian Ckiminal— The Misskix Rebiiet— Missionaries— New Registers— Fiest Pvblic Execution In California— Fe. Seera Confirms At Sax Diego— Fr. Figuer- State Of The Missiox-Fatiiees Toreexs And Maeixee— An Aqueduct— Re- mains Of Dead Missionaries Transferred- Various Missionaries- New Churoh— Mission Bouxdarie?— Fe. Martin - Kj-fe'ts Of Seculari- zation -Statistics. Twenty-one (ln}>i after the work of rehuildinj-- San Diego Mission liad been discontinued, twenty-live sol- diers arrived from Lower California with two letters from the viceroy for the Kr. President. These letters contained the information related at tlie een rephiced witli new ones in whicli tlie mission entries were restored, as far as possible, from the memory of priests, neo- phytes, and soldiers, by Fr. Junipero himself. He, moreover, added valualde notes on the past history of the mission at various dates from August 14th to October 25th. Fr. Fuster also added an interesting narrative of the tragedy of November 5tii, 1775. Fr. Palou says that progress in the work of conversion was now very rapid, as wliole rancherias came in from afar to ask for baptism. ("2) On the nth of April, 1778, the lirst pul)lic execu- tion in California took place at San Diego. The four chiefs, Aachil, Aalcuirin, Aaran, and Taguagui, were tried on April 6th, convicted of having plotted to kill the Christians, and condemned to death by Orte- ga, then commanding at San Diego, though that of- ficer had no right to inflict the death penalty with- out the governor's approval. Fathers Lasuen and Fi- guer were summoned to prepare the culprits for their end. "You will cooj)erate," Ortega wrote to the missionaries, ''for the good of their souls with the understanding that, if they do not accept the salutary water of baptism, they die on Saturday nn)rning; and if they do accept they will die all the same." (3) (2) Vida, 186-197; Bancroft, I, 302-303. (3) Bancroft, I, 316. Fli. Junipero Seri-;i, who liad obtained faculties to luhniliii^ter the ^;aci-anieiit of continuation, arrived at San Diego on the loth of September, 1778. He re- mained at the mission until October Sth, duriui;- wiiii'h time he conlirmed all the nco|)hytes and the chihlren of the soldiers. (1) A ne^\• church of adol)e, st reuiithened and roofed with pine timbers, was completed in J7^^0. It was ninety feet louii, seventeen feet wide, and seventeen feet high, (o) Fk. Junipero came to San Diego to administer con- tirnnition for the last time in September 1788. Fr. Juan Figuer, after seven years of faithful service at San Diego, went to his everlasting reward on Decem- ber J8th, 1784. His body was buried in the mission church the next day by Fr Fasuen, who had taken Fr. Jayme's place. (()) The presidio, six miles below the mission was at- tended by the Fathers every Sunday and holyday. The priest said Mass, gave instruction, and otherwise cared for the spiritual interests of the soldiers ami their families on those days. For about a year Fr. Lasuen served alone until, in November 1785, the duties of this new position, as (4) Vida, 22f<. (.i) Bancrolt I, :K1. i6) Vide, 263. (7) Fr. Figuer was a native of Anento in Aragou, and became a Fran- ciscan at Zaragoza. It is not known when h-' came to America, or joiueci tlie colleRe of San Fernando. With twenty nine Franciscanfs he arrived at Tepic from Mexico at tlie end of ITUJ, and in February 1771 lie sailed witli about nineteen companions for Loreto. Tlie vessel was driven to Acapulco, and in retuniing foundei-ed at Manzanilhi. Most of the Fatliers returned to Sinaloa by land, but, after tlie San Carlos had been set a- float, Figuer and Serra again entrustt'd themselves to the tea, and after a tedious voyage reached Loreto in August 1771. Fr. Figuer was assigned to the Lower California mission of San Francisco de Borja. In November 1772 he was sent up to San Diego by Fr. Palou in company with Fr. Us- .Kon, both being intended for the proposed mission of San Buenaventura ; but tlie founding of that mission was postponed, and Fr. Figuer then be- came missionary of San Gabriel in May 1773. There ho served until Oc- tober 1774, when he was transferred to San Luis Obispo. From here he was called to San Diego in .June 1777. At this place he toiled as an earn, efct missionary up to the time cf his ('oath in December 1784, Pancroft, I 4")l-l.")5, Superior of all the mission, called him to San Cai'l»->5. His place was taken by Fr. Juan Mariner. Fr. Juan Antonio Grarcia Rioboo was associate missionary until October 1786, when he was succeeded by Fr. Hilario Torrens. The tliree last named Fathers were new- comers, Fr. Kioboo haviuii been sent up by the Fr. Guardian in 1788, at Fr. oerra's recjuest for assist- ants, and the other two, having- arrived in 1785 and 178(), were now doing their first mission work at 8an Diego. (8) In June 178o Fr. Lasuen sent to Fr. Junipero a re- port on the state of the mission of San Diego, wliich included an outline of its part history, and a state- ment regarding the agricultural progress, wliich showed that the place was fit for a mission. Never- theless tiie spiritual interests of tlie converts made it necessary to keep up the establishment, as there was no better site available. Aec-ording to the description accompanying the report the buildings were: a church, thirty by tive and one half varas, or yards; a grana- ry, twenty-tive l)y live and one half varas; a store- house, eight varas; u house for sick women, six var- as; a house for men, six varas; a slied f(.>r wood and oxen; two liouses for the Fathers, tive and one Iialf varas; a larder, eight varas; a guest-room; and a kitchen. These were all of adobe and from tliree to tive and one half varas liigh. With the soldiers' bar- racks these buildings formed three sides of square of (8) Wo ivad uo more of Fr. Rioboo :ift*'c lie k-lt the mission. He proba- bly lotiicd to his co11h«.^ in Mexico. Of hi. tarly life nothing is known. lie came from S:in Fernando collef,'e to Tejiic in th.- sam.' com!»any with Fr. Fi^ner, probably in October 1770. Crossing' over to the [jt^ninsiila with (lovernor Barri in Jamuiry 1771, he was put in charge of the twt) pm- blos near ('ape San Lucas. In May 1778 he sailed from Loreto on his way to Mexico. Nothing: more was heard of him until he was assigned lo the Sta Barbara Channel missions ; but, di^likiatr t.he newly inauj-u-ated system, ho refused to serve. Later on l^' wa> sent uj) w it!i Fr. Noboa to Sau Fraucisco, where he arrived June "Jd, 17,s:i, and acted as assistaat priest. Wo find him in the same capacity at San Juan Capiijtrano and San Gabriel, until he came to San Diefjo in 1785, wii.^ro ho rom,iined up t > the time of his departure for Mexico. B.uicroft. I, t.j.)-|.->7, ^ ^65 ^ lifty-lise vara.-^, while lli.' tniii-lli >;itk' C(»n^;iste(l of ail :i(l()l»i' wall tln-cc vai-as liii:li, with a lavcliii a lilth- hiiiluT. A rcmitaiii for taiiiiiiiii, two a(h)hr <'()rials for 'het'p, etc., and one corral for cows, w t-re outside the walls. M( st of the stcud^ was ke|)t in San Luis \'al- ley, two lejiiiius away, pi-otccted l.y palisade i orials. Tiiere were at this time 71<» neophytes under nli^s:(ln- ary care, and Fr. Lasueu estimated the iientiles with- in a radius of six or eii^ht leai:nes at a somewhat higher fii;ure. In 17U0 the converts had increased to 856, of which nundjer 4h'G had heen haptized since the last report, and :^7V) had died, whilst others prol- ably withdrew from the mission. Large stock had increased from (554 to l,T2i) head; small stock from J,89J to 2,116 head; and the har- vest ai.'i:re^atcd ahout ]JAA) bushels, in his -eneral report of J7s7 on the state of the missions, (iovernor Faiies, repeatiujii' in substance Fr. Lasuen's earlier statements respectin-:' the sterility of the roil, alHrmed that only alout one half of the neoi)hytes lived at the mission, because more could not be fed there; that the lientiles were numerous and dauiierous ; and that it was only throu.uh f/w in>r( unitiiu/ fo'tl and ,\(i(- I'lfirv of the Fdt/wr.s. aided by the jiovernor and comjuandant, that this mission had managed to main- tain a precarious existence. He added, however, that notwithstanding all dilficulties San Diego was the first mission to register a thousand baptisms; and that, owing to the peculiar traits of the San Diego Indians, they were left more completely under mis- sionary control than the Indians at the other mis- sions, there being as yet no alcaldes. (U) Fatheks Juan Mariner and Hilario Torrens served as missionaries until the last years of the century. The latter left California at the end of 1798, and Fr. Juan Mariner died at San Diego on January 29th, i9.k Kmciolt, I, 457-m; Notici i , III. 2;i(l-2:;j. ISOO. Their successors were the Fathers Jose Paiiella a:vA J03; B.irona, both recent arrivals who iiad al- ready resided at San Diego, the former since June 1797, and the latter since May 1798. Fr. Pedro de San Jose Estevan, t.s supernumerary, also lived here from April 179G t(» July 1797. The only missionary with whose conduct fault was found was Fr. Panella. He was accused of fiuelty to the neophytes, and rei^- rimanded by the superior of the missions, Fr. Lasuen, who decdared that he would not permit one of his subordinates to do injustice to the natives. During the last ten years of the century the neo- phytes increased from 856 to 1,528. There had been 1,320 baptisms and 028 deaths. San Diego had thus become the most populous of the Oalifornia missions. There were 554 baptisms in 1797. This was the lar- gest spiritual harvest ever gathered in a single year with one exception, that of the year 1808 at Santa Barbara Mission, when 881 Indians were washed in the waters of salvation. Moreover, the deaths at San Diego were fewer in proportion to baptisms than elsewhere, except at Purisima and Santa Barbara, though the rate was frightfully high, over fifty per cent, even there. The greatest mortality occurred in 1800, when 96 natives died. Fr. Lasuen here con- firmed 656 persons between 1790 and 179;*. (10) The neophyte cabins, as late as 1798, were like those of the pagan Indians of v.ood and grass, and considered by the comandante sufficient protection a- (10) Banc. I, 654-0").). Fr. Ililaiio Torrens, or Torrent«», wa.s a native of Cata- lonia, wliere for a loag time he hf](l t!if office of preacher, was suar- dian for three years, and then vicar of a monastery. He came to Cali- fornia in 17iS7 witli the highest recommendations from hi3 college foi" lalent and experience, and served at San Diego from November 1780 to November 1798; after leaving California on November 8th he died in the following year on May 14th, in a convulsion as tlie Fr. Guardian wrote. Fr. Juan Mariner, of whom sti'l less is known, came to California in 178.5, and was stationed at San Diego from November of that year until his death. In July 179.5 he made a trip with Grijalva to explore a site for the new mis.sioa of San Luis Rey. '•Inform?.,", 17J0-18t)J. , gainst the weather. The names i)f the rancherias be- longing to the mission were: Cosoy, San Francisco, Soleddd, San Antonio or Las Choyas, Santa Cruz or C?oapan in San Luis Valley, Purisima or Apuoquele, San Miguel or Janat, San Jocome de la ]\Lirca or Ja- niocha, San Jian Capistin-.o or Matam(», aiul San Jor- ge or Meti. The mission herds multiplied from 1,780 to f),l)(>() in tlie year 1800, and it> Hocks from 2,100 to 6,000. The harvest of agricultural jjroducts in the same year amounted to 2,000 bushels. The largest crop, 9,450 bushels, was harvested in 1793 and 1799. In ]795, a year of drought, only 600 bushels were raised. In 1795 a vineyard was surrounded by five hundred yards of adobe wall. A tile-roofed granary, ninety-six by twenty-four feet, was erected of adobe in 1793. (11) The first year of the 19th century proved a severe one for the mission from a material point of vieAv. The rains were late, and there was much want dur- ing the year, as also in 1803. It may be that these droughts impelled the Fathers to construct an ex- tensive system of irrigating works, and that the works, whose remains are still to be seen, were pro- bably completed during the next few years. About three miles above the mission the river was dammed by a solid stone wall, thirteen feet in thickness, and coited with a cement that became as hard as rock. In the centre was a gate-way twelve feet high and lined with brick. The dam was standing as late as 1S71, though th(^ water had washed out a channel at one end, and the sand left but a few feet of the luM'ght of the structure visible. From this dam an ntpieduct constructed of tiles, resting on cobble-stones in cement, and carrying a stream one foot deep and two feet wide to the mission lands, was ))uilt througli a precipitous gorge, impassable on horseliack. The (11) Bene.. T. 655-<5i7: ■•Tnform'^>." ITW-lym. — 5^8 — iuiviodiict often crov^ed ^•uU-lie^ from fifteen to twenty f:->t Avide and desp, and wa-^ so stvon.o' that in places it supi)nrted its?lf after tlie foundation'^ were re- Ox Ma.y 25tli, ]S'X], an carthqnake sliuiitly dani- aiic'd tlie churcl!. In a letter lo (governor Arrilla^a Fr. Sanchez states that work was l)ei:un o!i a new che.rch SeptenilKH- -iOth, 1808. In 180-1 Fr. Payeras and other Fathers, in the ])resence of Coinandante Rodriii'nez and his trooi)s, transferred the renniins of the three Fathers Jaynie, Fiji'uer, and Mariner from their old resting' places, and deposited them in one };rave, but in separate chests, l)etween the altars of the church. The remains of Fr. J ay me were placed in th-^ smallest r^c^ptacle nearest the altar of the Bless- ed Viriiin; those of Fr, Mariner in the largest near the statue of St. James; whilst those of Vr. Hguer were buried farthest south. Three stones were erect- (n1 ov(n- the grave. (12) In the mission registers on various dates appear the names of Fathers C'ayetano rallns, Mariano Apolina- rio, Jose Conanse, and Ramon Lopez, Dominicans from the peninsula, who otHciated at different times. Th:> names of the secular priests Loesa and Jimenez, chaplains of S;in Bias vessels, and those of a dozen Franciscans from diiferent missions, also appear on records. (13) FroM Uecemlxn- 1800 to 1810 the Fathers adminis- tered baptism to Loi.") Indians, gave Inirial to 822, and married 374 cou])les: while Ihc neophyte populr- tion increased to 1,011; San Diego, therefore, Avas still the largest mission at that period. In other res- pects, too, it was tolerably prosperous, except that it lost nearly one half of its cattle. Father Barona re- mained as missionary throughout the decade; but Fr. Panella left tho countrv in 1803, and was succeeded ir2l linnc. II. 101-10 — 20!) — l.y Fr. Mnriano Payerns for about a year, when Fr. Jose Bernardo Sancliez took his place in 1804. Fr. Tedro de la Ciieva from Mission San Jose was here a short time in 1S()(>, and Fr. .lo^-e Pedro Panto came in Septenilx-r l(Sl(), died in 1.S12, and was rei)laced by Vr. Fernando Miirtin. Fr. Barona had Ixmmi tra^^- ferred to San .Inan ('a])istran() in iSll, and was suc- ceeded by Fr. Sanchez. In Ihe s])rini: of ]S2(> Ihe hitter's idac(^ wa.s 1ak( n l)y Fr. VinctMite Pascual Oliva. (M) Olives of tiie mission orciiards were utilized in the manufacture of oil at San Dieiio and at some other missions between 1801 and 1808. Hemp was likewise cultivated, and 41,781 ftjs shipped in 1810. (15) The new church, vaguely alluded to l)efore, was completed and dedicated on the day of the titular saint, November 121h, 1813. The ceremonies were conducted by Fr. Barona of San Juan. The first ser- mon was preached by Fr. Boscana of San Luis, and the second by the Dominican Ahumada, whilst Lieu- tenant Ruiz acted as sponsor. The erection of a chap- el at Santa Isabel, about forty miles from the mis- sion, Avherc two hundred baptized Indians lived, was urged by th- Fathers in 181() to 1819; but the governor took no interest in the work, and there is nothing on record to show that it was carried out until after 1820. There were 1,334 baptisms administered from 1810 to 1820, whilst 1,031) persons died and 372 couples were joined in matrimony. Th.e death-rate at San Diego was exceedingly large for a tinie. ( )n Dccem- (14) Bancroft II. :M!-:Uf1. 'Iiifonnef," 1820. Fr. .Jo.<(' Pp.lro Panto wa.-^ a native of Valvcnic del Fresno, E.^trpmadura. Spain, Ho rcccivod tlio liabit of St. Francis in tli» province of Sin Mign?I, and cimo to Califor- nia apparently soon after joining tlie colleire of Sau Fernando, arrivin.^ at San Diego .July 2St!i, ISIO. From SM>ttMiiber 1810 until his death on June :;0tli. 1812, lie was ••stationed at tliis mission; he wa.s especially known as a hti-ict disciplinarian. His b xiy w.is interred in tlr> mission churcli by Fa- thers Boscana and .Vliunrida on July 2d. Of Fr. PanrJla we know only that he arrived iu 17 '7. il5i B:nc-.-oft, II. I'T-l'v*. — 240 — ber 23d, 1814, the Fathers reported that for four yearsdeaths exceeded births and baptisms. The aver- i\£e yield of crops was 7,500 bushels of jrrain annual- ly; in 1810 llie neopliytes were reported as dressiiij;- ill coarse woolen cloths made by themselves. (lO) Tv.. Fernando .Martin was oiio of tb.e few mission- ;nics of California wlio finally took the oath of alle- iriance to the republic of Mexico, while his compan- ion, Fr. Fai-cual Oliva, persisted in his refusal. In 1828 the Fathers protested ag;ainst the iirantinji of the Penasquitos rancho to (^aptain Ruiz; and in 1827 they refused to furnish more supplies for the soldiers of the ])residio without compensaticm, which drew out from the *i()vernor an order that the provisions should be taken I'y force. Materially San Diego was one of the most ])rosperous missions between 1820 and 1880, but it had reached its highest limit of 1, 820 souls in 1824. Baptisms still exceeded deaths, 1, ilH2 persons having l)een bapti/.ed from December 31 st, 1820 to December 81st, 1881, whilst 1,002 died, and 885 marriages were Idesscd during that period. The crop of 1821, about 21,000 bushels, was not only t!;e largest ever raised here, but with a single ex- ception the largest ever raised at any mission. The yield consisted of whe.it, barley, and corn. In 1880 tl;(^ mission owned 8,822 1 e.id of cattle, 1,102 horses and mules, and l(i,66] 1 ead of sheep. By 1822 a chaitel had at last been erected a Santa Nabcl, and there wore ;ilso ;;t thi.; branch establish- ment several houses, a granary, and a graveyard. The number of baptized Indians living there was four hundred and fifty. The l)oundaries. of the mission lands in 1828 are described with some minuteness on the authority of Fr. Martin as follows: Lands occupied westward, down the valley, 1..5 leagues to the Canada de Osu- (ir.i B:i!:r.. TI. :U!-:'40>; -'luform^,-." l'-:*!. — 241 — na : southwaid 2.5 1. to the iiinclieiiu of 8an Jorg^, \vhich land is used lor sheep in winter; eastward 2 1. to San Jaime de la Marea and San Juan Oapistrano de Matanio, which is used for pasturage, 5 1. to Sta Monica, or tl Cajon. where grain is raised, and 9 1. to Santa Isabel; lioni Sta Isabel northward to the Valle de San Jose 1 1., which land is used for cul- tivation and grazing; to the Laguna de Agua Oalien- te, 2 1. on the boundary of San Luis Key; thence 71. past Bosque de Panio to the Kancho de San Bernar- do; thence northward 2 1. to San Luis Key; and l)y way of San Uieguito the mission lands extend 'S 1. to La Joya where cattle are kept. In addition to P'athers Martin and Oliva, the resi- dent missionaries, there may be mentioned Fr. Me- nendez, who served as chaplain of the troops after 1825, and Fr. Tomas Manilla, who was at San Diego in 1829-1830. Both were Dominicans from Lower Cal- ifornia. (17) Fr. Martin remained at his post until the day of his death in 1838, after twenty-six years of uninter- rupted service. (18) Down to 1834, when statistics come to an end here as elsewhere, the Fathers had baptized 160 Indians since 1830, buried 312, married 127 couples, and had on the register 1,382 neophytes. At the close of 1839 there were 800 Indians nominally under the control of the missionaries, though only about fifty resided at (17 1 Banc, II. 5Jl-:)5:j; '•luformes" for IMl. (18) Fr. Fernando Martin was born May 26tli, 1770, at Eobledillo, Spain. He became a Franciscan at the convent of Cindad EodriKo, wlion- he acted as preaclier until 1800, when lie volunteered for tlie American missionary field. Leaving Cadiz in Marcli he arrived at the college of San Fernando, Mexico, in June 1810. Tlie next year he was sent to California, and after vexatious delays at Acapulco and elsewhere, on account of a pestilence and troubles with the rebels, he rerclied Lower California in April 1811, and came to San Di- ego by land on July 6th. His missionary service began at once, and he never served at any other mission. Fr. Martin was an exemplary religious of whom little was heard beyond the limits of Lis mission. He was ono of the Franciscans who took the oath of allegiance to the Mexican repub- lic. His death ticcurrcd on October irth, 1,'<^8. Eancroft, III, 019. — 2^'J — the mission proper. Despite these dishearleiiiu^ e-ir- cumstances Fr. Vincente Pasoual Oliva still held out until 1845. From 1848 he again managed the meagre remnant of temporalities, and boasted tliat, in spite of all difficulties, he had increased (he value of Ihe propcrt}'. Mofras gives the number of Indians in tlie community as SCO in ]842, whilst an official report of 1844 claims only 100. The mission retained the ran- chos of Santa Isabel and El Cajon until 1844 or 1.845, and apparently later. Fr. Oliva left the mission of San Diego in August ]84(), and thereafter the place had no resident priest. (19) The ruin of the temporalities of the mission from 1834-1840 was very rapid. In IKil the mission owned 8,822 head of cattle, 1,192 horses and niules, and 16,061 sheep, and there vere 1,506 Indians on the roll of the mission. On January 6th, 1846, an inven- tory was taken of the mission i)roperty. Tliere were left of the vast herds 110 cattle, 65 horses, and 4 mules. Only a few Indians were still seen here and there. (Jn June 8tli. 1846, the mission lands and oth- er property was sold l)y the governor to Santiago Arguello for past services to the government. The causes which brought on this change from spiritual and temporal prosperity to utter ruin will be found in preceding pages. (20) From the time of its establishment in 1769 to 1884, {),i)'SS persons were l)aptized, of wh.om li.hiil wt re In- dian adults, 2,685 Indian children, and 602 children de gente de razon, or ciiildreu of Spanish parents; 1,879 couples were joiuetl in the bonds of C'hristian marriage, 169 of that nuni])er being white: 4,428 persons ^\ ere Ijuried, 2,578 of whom \a ere adult In- dians, 1,575 Indian children, 116 white adults, and 184 children of white or mixed blood. (21) (191 Bancroft, IV, 622; V 619. . (20i Ibid. Ill, 619; V, 619. (21) Ibhi. Ill 619--0. Accordfi^K to tlie last i-eport of tho Fraijciscans, now in the ~ 24:3 ^^^^WmWE^^§ - m. ^ j ^ . ^' n ^' i' . 'T'liii' i ' i t i ffl — 244 — ^HE hirgest number of cattle po.^sessoJ by the mis- sion at one time was 9,245 head in 1822; horses 1,198 in ]831; mnles 880 in 1824; asses 87 in 1801; sheep 19,450 in 1822; floats 805 in 1789; s^vine 120 in 1815; all kinds of animals 80,825 in 1822. The total pro- duct of wheat was 182,077 bushels; corn 24,112 bush- els; barley 81,187 bushels; beans 4,299 bushels. (22) 8uch is the brief narrative of the first mission in California and the landmark of her history. "Not on- ly had the natives been taught the rudiments of re- liij;ion," says the author of "Old Missions,'- "but civ- ilization and even culture, a.^ well. Considerini;- the low mental and moral status of the natives, the re- sult of the mission work was remarkable, as far as it went. Of the once proud church but a few crumb- ling' walls remain, and the day is almost at hand when even these will have passed away. The spot will then be marked only by the gravc&tones of its founders.'' (28) S^PPJPBR III. SAN CARLOS. San Carlos Founded— C'onvehsions— Removal— C'ahmelo— Fathers Cees- ri And Serka Die— Other Missionaries— New Chuech- Fe. Lasuex Dies— Missionaries- Fathers Pujol, ViAals, And Caenicee— Mission Lands— Seculaeization—Statistics—(jeaves Of Ti:e Missionaeies Discovered— Chcrch Restored. On the very day on which the Spaniards took pos- session of the country, and l)egan the building of the archives of the mouastery at Sauta Barbara, the whole number of bap tisins down to Decamber 31.st, 18:^1, wa-< 0,461, deaths 4,210, marriages 1,767, and still living under the jurisdiction of the Fathers, 1,506 Indians. "In- formes Generales," 18:11. According to the author of "Old Missions in Cali- fornia," page 24, there took place at San Diego Mi.-sion from 1769-18^0 seven thousand one hundred and twenty-.- ix baptisms, one thousand teven hundred confirmations, and two thousand and fifty-one marriages. (22) Bancroft, III, 019-620. (23; "Old Missions of California," page 24. — -il.") — pregidio, Juno 8d, 1770, Mission San Carlos was also founded. Close to the soldiers' quarters a temporary chapel was erected toj>;ether with a dwellinji for the priests, and the whole surrounded with a palisade. For several days tlie jientiles were not soen, liavin. - 210 — soldiers. Having jiiven tlie necessary directions to get out timber and erect the l)arracks, he continued on liis wr.y to cstal)lish the mission of San An- tonio. It was several montln ))L'l'or(' the palisade scjuare enclosinii Ihe wooden chapel, dwollinii, storehouse, guardhouse, and corrals could bv coiupleted. The formal transfer took place at the cud of December 1771, but the exact date is unknown. The establishment thereafter was often spoken of as San C'arlos del (/armelo. The full name of (he Bay and Rivpr Carmelo was Nucstra Senora del Monte Carmelo, or Nucstra Senora del Carmen, so named long before. Nevertheless the mission was always San Carlos, and other words were used solely to indicate the locality. Fr. Junipero's avowed reason for the re- moval of the mission was lack o1' water and fertile soil at Monterey; hut it is likely that he also desired to remove his little hand of neophytes, and the larg- er flock he hoped to gather, from the immediate c(ui- tact with i)residio soldiers, always regarded 1)y mis- si(uiaries with more or less dread as necessary evils tending to corrujjt n.ative innocejice. A sufficient guard of soldiers, howevtr, was to l)e stationed at the mission. While the garrison r< niained at Monte- rey Fr. Serra and Crespi too]; u]) their permanent resideuce in their new hom(\ and laliored at this mission for th.> rv>iu:un 1 >r of t'.iMr liv;^;. Fathers Junco^a and Cavallvn- assisted them temporarily, both at tho missio:! and at the pre;idio. (2) The Indians now visited the mission daily. Fr. Ju- nipero delighted them ])y offerings of l)cads and little trinkets; after a while he made th" sign of the cross on their foreheads, and accustomed his hearers to kiss that holy tml>l( m. He also v^ent to v,-ork to learn the langua.ge, a.nd thus made use of every (2) Vidi. 120 -r.'l: r27; Banc. I. 170-7*. means to attract the natives. The same must be said of his companion Fr. Crespi. The hitter especially urged the Indians to salute one another with the words: ^^AuKid a D'toa,'' 'i.ove (Jod." This pious cus- tom became so jicneral that the natives would not onJN' salute the Fath(>rs in this manner, l)iit ev(^ry person Ihey n.et. Tlie ^( ( d missionary, who had toiled at San C'arh.s toiielher v, ith Fr. .lunipero Ser- rn from its foundation, died here on January 1st, 1782. (.^) After his death Fr. Matias de Catarina y Norieiia was the assistant of Fr. Serra. When Fr. 8erra, the founder of tlie mission, had died in Auiiust 17h4, (4) Fr. jS(rici:a, ah i:e it ;((n.s, ;.tt(i:dcd [o 'he af- fairs of San Carlos until October 1787, when he re- tired to his college in Mexico. Fr. Palou. the tempo- rary successor of Fr. Junipero as president of the missions, resided here only part of the time. Fr. No- riega'a successor was Fr. Jose Francisco de Paula Seiian, whose assistant from 1780 was Fv. Pascual Martinez de Arenaza. Fr. Lasuen, the superior of the California missions also resided here after 1790. Oth- er Fathers arriving l)y sea, or coming in from oth- er missions, often spent some time at San Carlos, so that there were nearly always two and often more. Fr. Arenaza served as missionary until 1797, when he left the country. Fr. Senan was permitted to re- tire in 1795, but he sul)sec|uently returned. Fr. Are- naza was followed in the ministry by Fr. Francisco Pujol, and Fr. Sefian's place was filled by Fr. An- tonio Jaime from 1795 to 1796. Fr. Mariano succeed- ed him from 1796 to 1798, and Fr. Jose Yinals from 1798. (5) C!) Sec page 87, Part I ; Vida, 128--r20. (1) See Chap. X, Part I. (5) Banc, I, 469; 686. Fr. Matias Antonio de Santa Catarina y Noricfra cani^ up as chaplain on the transport of 1779. and flr.st took Fr. Cam- 1 on's placp at San Francisco. He remained tlirrc until 1781, and th^n was stationed at S in Carlos. Fr. Pascual de .\remza came to Mexico from hi^ n •,tive Ba que •ks From 1770-1790 there were ],Zb') baptisms, 778 deaths, and 408 Marriaiie?. Although the baptisms, 796 in number, exceeded the deaths by 228, the neo- phyte popuhition suffered a loss of fifl-een from 1790- ISOO, as there were 747 Indians on the roll in the Litter year. Sin Carlos had reached its hiiiliest figure, 927, in 1794, since which year its populafion steadily decreased. Horses and cattle m'ninwhilo increased to 2,180, and smaller stock to 4,160 head. The average crop of grain Avas 3,700 bushels. On July 7th, 1798, the first stone for the new church was laid. The building was of soft straw-col- ored stone, which was said to harden on exposure to the air. The lime used was made of sea-shells. This church, which is still to he >een on the banks of the Carmelo, was completed and dedicated in 1797. It had a tile roof. (6) Fr. Fermin Francisco de Lasuen, the superior of the California missions, died at .^an Carlos on June 26th, 1808. Fr. Tapis succeeded him in that office, and lived here most of the time after 1806. Vr. Pu- jol, who was stationed at San Carlos, died in 1801, while serving temporarily at 8an Antonio and San Miguel. Fr. Jose Vinals labored here from August 1798 to August 1804, when he obtained permission to retire to Mexico on account of ill health. Fr. Pujol was succ-e4ed by Fr. Carnir liis arrival in Mexico he died with consunn>tion before May 14th, 1799. Banc. I, G:s5-6!;7. '-Informes Gonerales", 1790-18(0. According to the mission records of San Carlos, as per tlie author of Pad- re JusiPERO Serra, page 22, a Fr. Julian Lop?z died at San Carlos on July loth, 1797, aged :i5 years. Tlie name does not appear clsewliere. i.C) Banc, I, 687-688. Th- church wa= repaired a few years ago by the Very Rev. A. Cassanova, pastor of Monterey. — 2H) — Vinals was followed in the niiiiistry at 8aii Carlos by Fr Juan Amoros in 1804, Fr. C'arnicer by Fr. Fran- cisco Suner in 1808, and tiio latter by Fr. A'incente do Sarria in 1809. (7) During tlio decade of 1800-1810 llie Indian popula- tion of San Carlos declined from 747 to 51], the nuni- l)er of deaths exceeding that of the baptism by 145. During the ten years 440 persons were baptized, 594 died, whilst 176 cou]des were united in matrimony. (8) The period of 1810- 1S20 was a quiet one for San Carlos. Beyond the bv.ilding jind dedication of a new chapel adjoining the churcli, in honor of the Passion of Our Lord, there is nothing to record except the sta- tistics. Fr. Sarria toiled among the Indians throughout the decade, but Fr. Amoros was succeeded in 1819 by Fr. Ramon Abella. Fr. Estevan Tapis was here as (7) Banc. II, 146-147; 16(1 Fr. Francisco Pujol y Pujol, was baptized Marcli 7tli, 1762, at Alos, Catalonia, Spain. Ho received tlie Franciscan habit on February 13tli, 1787, and came to San Fernando college, Mexico, August lOtli, 1793, after a terrible imprisonment among the French. In 179-5 he ar- rived in California, and was at San Carlos from 1797-1801. When at tlie eml of ISO) the Fathers at San Antonio and San Miguel were taken suddenly ill, Fi". Pujol volunteered to aid them, tliough the danger of being him- self poisoned was believed to be great. At San Antonio he labored until Janaury 17tli, ISOl. and then went to San Miguel. There he was attacked with the samo malady that had prostrated the other Fathers, and was brought back to San Antonio on February 27th, suffering terribly. He f!ied on Sunday morning Marcli 1,5th. His death was witnessed by Fa- thers Ciprcs, Sitjar, and Merelo. There seems to have been no doubt in tlie minds of the people tliat his death was the re.=ult of poisoning by the Indian^. His body was buried March 16th in the mission church with military honors, rarely accorded in tlie case of a simple missionary. He was generally regarded as a martyr by the people. — Fr. Jose Vifials came to California early in 1797. He wa; stationed at San ('arlos from August 1798 till 1804, in .\ugust of which yeir lie obtained permission to retire to Mexico on th^ ground of threatened impairment of bodily and mental health. He left the college some time after 1809 to join another. Vide Chapter XV. Part I. for particular, about Fr. Lasueu. Fr. Baltasar Cirnicer arrived in California early in 1797. He served as missionary at Soledad from June of that year to 1798; at San Carlos in 1798-1799; at San Miguel in 1799-1801; and th?n again at San Carlos until 1808, in .Vugust or September of wliich year he was allowed to retire. He acted as chaplain of tlie soldiers from 1805 until his departure, coming to the presidio every Friday or Saturday, and remaining until Monday nionunp. Fr. Carnicer was one of the missionaries supposed to have been poisoned at San Mbucl. hut he recoverid his health. (8) "loformos." — ^50 — supernumerary in 1812, and Fr. Vincente Pascual Oliva in 1813-1814. The neophyte popuhition continued to decline from 511 to 881 in 1820. The wliole numl:)er of baptisms for the ten years was 400; marriages, 109; deaths, ;U)T. Larue stock piined from 2,100 to 3,000; small rtcck or slicep decreased from (5, 000 to 4,000; v.m\ l:()rscs aho declined from 1")0 to f(\ The r.vcraj;e cro]) was only 2,550 bushels. In 1820 Commandant Estudillo made a full re])ort, wliich ;4io\ved that since 178(3 the Fathers h.ad faithfrlly attended to the spiritual interests of th" nresidio Fohliers at Monte- rey. (9) Fr. Ranion Abella served as mispif;nary tlirouiihout the third decr.de nlso, with the Fr. Prefect as associ- II te until 1820, the latter l)einfi' under ari'est as a re- calcitrant S])auiard. The ];opiih!tion of the mission decreased from .']81 to 200. Th',> number of 1)aptisms for the i)eriod was r>70 ; deaths, ^M]; nsarriaites, 18.3. Larji'e stock decreased to 2,000; sheep increased to 4,400; and h.orses also increased to 120. The averaii'e crop of grain was '[,^.>0o l)us]iels. Iisr 1823 the Fathers receded from th.e Santa Bar- bara presidio $1,802 which had bc-cn (]uc since 1804. Tn 1822 the mission lauds were '2-h leiigues vride at the uioutli of th.e Rio ("iniiKdo, gradually narrowing as th.ey extended six hMgue;- u\) the river. As the only good land was in the valley and in the little tract of Franciscpiifo and Tularcitos, the governor in 1801 had given the mission a cattle rancho two by two and one fourth leagues ;ii San Bernardino, or Sanjones, or Ensen. between the rancho del rey and Soledad. At Salinas, soutli of the river, a sheep ran- cho of one and on(^ half by tliro? fourths of a league liad been established in 1798. (10) (Oi B.mc, ir. :'s;--!Sil , Tnfor-n-'^ 1^10-1820. (10) 13-.r.c. IL C>:G-G^ ; "luforir.- L>r>i — There is no record oxtant ol' tlio local events of San Carlos after IHol. Fr, Kiinion Ahella remained in charge of the mission nntil 1888, when he was suc- ceeded l)y the Zacateca.n Fr. Jese Ivcal. Fut little mission i>roperty was h ft in |S':M, ind r.oi;" ;;t_all in 1840. t"Nce)>1 the liiii rd ! ,iil.;;. - -. m^ SEruTAHiZATiox was < ll'cctcd in l^iM. In July lS8r) Governor Fi?:neroa ida.i'jied a mission ran«dio of (iOO cattle, IjM^O ;dieep, aiul a few hore(>s for tlie snpi:ort of the Fathers and thf^ cluavh ; but the Fr. Superior — 2o-2 — declined to permit the religious to take charge of such an establishment. In 1886 a traveller visited San Carlos, and described the mission a=} in ruins and nearly abandoned, though he found S or 10 Indians at work repairin.;; the roof. Another found ¥y. Heal and {\\o or three families of Indians, who dwelt in the buildings, living on shell-fisli and acorns. The lu- opjiytes numbered about loO at the time of seculariza- tion ; at tlie clo>e of IS-tO there were about eighty h'ft" in the mission and neighborhood. The statistics of S:r.i Carlos for 1831-1834 are en- tirely lost. The total numl)er of baptisms during the time the mission existed, 1770-1831, the last four years only estimated, was 3,957. Of tliis number 1,790 were adults, 1,306 Indian children, 17 settlers, and 838 (diildren of settlers. The total number of marriages was 1,065; of these 100 couples were not Indian, During the same period 2,885 persons died, .';S3 of whom were white settlers. The total produc- tion of wheat was 43,120 busheh; barley, 55,300 bushels; corn, 23,700 Inisliels; and l)eans, 24,000 bushels. (11) Perhap.s forty neophytes still lived in the vicinity of San (^u'los during 1840-1845, l)ut the mission build- ing- were aliaiuloned. Fr. Jose Real was nominally in (diarge, l)ut he lesided at Monterey, possibly holding service in the mission church occasionally until 1845, when his brother Fr. Antonio Real, and for a time F'r. Juan Antonio Anzar, seem to have lived here. In (lovernor Pico's decree of 1845 San Carlos Avas re- garded as a puel)lo, or abandoned mission, and the remaining property was to b? sold at auction for the ]iayment of debt' and the maintenance of divide serv- ice. We have no i)articulars. The glory of San Var- (11) Bancroft, III, t57r-M). The "Infonr.cs Gcnoiales." or official reports of the superiors of the California missions, give the following figures dovm to December 31st. 18:!1 : tot il number of baptisms, :!,769; deaths, 2,',03; nuir- riages, l.Dls; still living at tlic mission in ]s.j1. two hundred and nine. - 253 — U>A BoiToiiieo del Caiim-lo de Moiiteit^y had iorevei' departed. (18) The old mission c-huivh, which contained the nior- lal remains of the founder of tlie California mis- sions, after that was left to the mercy of the relic- hunter and otiier vandal^;. In [Sb'2, tiie tiled nof of the building fell in, and the sun and the rains of many winters brou-ht fouith a rank iirowth of ^rass and weeds, elfectually concealinii the I'esting-place of Fr. Junipero Serra. When the Kev. Aniielo 1). Cassa- nova in ]868 l)ecame the pastor of Monterey, he found at C'armelo, a))out live miles from the town, only a heap of ruins. From the lirst Fr. (Jassanova was enthusiastic on the subject of restoring- the mission church, but he met with very little practical sympathy. However, he con- tinued silently preparing for the work. The first ^^tep he took was to clear away the debris that luul accu- mulated within the building, and then to locate the graves of Fr. 8erra and other missionaries. Finally, on July Jkl, J882, "aftei" giving notice in the papers of San Francisco," Fr. Cassanova writes, "over -100 people from the city, and from the Hotel del Monte, at the hour appointed, went to Carmelo. 1, with the Records Defunctorum, kept in the arciiives of the parish, in my hands, read aloud in Spanish and in EnglisJi the following four entries:"' "Rev. F. Juan Crespi, born in Spain ; died January 1st, A. D. 1782, 61 years old: buried near the main altar, Gospel side.'" "•Rev F. Junipero Serra, D. I)., President of all the Missions; l)orn in Mallorca, Spain; died on the 28th of August, A. D. 1784, at the age of 71 years; ])uried in the sanctuary, fronting the altar of Our Lady of Seven Dolors, on the Gospel side."' ''Rev F. Julian Lopez, born in Spain; died here. 111) Banc. IV, c,:u _ 264 — on the loth of July, A. D. 1797, aiied 35 yours; lair- ied in the sanctuary, on tiie (iospol side, in the tomb ULp.r the wall on the left."' '•Kev. F. Francisco Lasr.on, vie. for second Presi- dent of the missions; horn in S])ain : died here, and is buried in the sanctuary, on the Gospel dde, in a stone toml) near th.e nniin altar, June 28tli, 1803." The heavy stone stal) h:iviri,!i- ])een removed before the ceremony, the coliin of each stone tend) or grave was left visible. A man Ih.tn v.ent down and raised t lie lid of each cotiin. The < ofiip.s were simple red- wood, unplained, and in a i:()od state of preservation. The people all looked at the rema.ins, lirst of Father John Crospi, the lirs;^ that died, tlien on the remains of Father Junipero Sc-rra. The skeletons were in a p,()od state, the ribs standin-;- oat in proper ar^li, part of the vestment in irood or(\>r, also the heavy silk stole which is put only on a priest, in iiood order and in one piece, two yards and a iialf louii', v/itli tlic i ilk fringes to it as good as nev.-. We did not raise the coffins, l)ut only viewed them and their contents to the satisfaction of all present. We did the same to the four corpses; anything; more would have been improper, especially as the coffin of the last buried, the Rev. Father Lasuen, was going to pieces. Th.cn the tond)s were covered as before with stone slabs. The tond) of Fath.er Junipero Serra, for l)etter secr.rity, wiu' tilled with earth, so as to make it more dilii<'u.lt for any vandal to disturb his rest- place and over that was placed the stone slab broken in four pieces.'' In b*<84 Fr. Cassanova started in on his work of re- storation. To his untiring zeal and the sympathy of many benefactors the old mission church of Carmelo owe3 its present condition. • San Carlos Restored. )iOi) GI^pPT^Ef^ lU. SAN ANTONIO. FovNDiKo Of San- Axtdxio— Biii.dixgs Ekected— Leaekixu TaE Las- GuAGE— A Steakge Stoey— Frosts Kill The Ceops— Indian Shot— New CntECH— Fr. PiEBAs— Other Missionaries— Fr. Sit.jae Dies— Interest- ing Items— Fe. Sancho Dies— Mission Lands— Statistics— Secclariza- TioN— Indians III Treated— Fr. Doroteo Ambeis. About a year after Mission San Carlos had been founded, Fr. Junipero Serra proceeded to plant the cross for the establishment of Mission San Antonio de Padua. Taking with him Fathers Miguel Fieras and Buenaventura Sitjar, together with the necessary soldiers and supplies, Fr. Junipero led the way south- ward along the Salinas River till they reached a beautiful oak-studded glen, which they named Los Kobles. Here, about twenty-five leagues from Mon- terey, in the centre of tiie Sierra Santa Lucia, he gave orders to unload the mules, and to hang the bells to the branch of a tree. This was no sooner done than the servant of God began to ring, and to shout as though in a rapture of joy : "(,) gentiles, come, come to the holy Olunch ; come, ccjine to re- ceive the faith of Jesus Clirist.'' Fr. Miguel Fieras, amazed at liie tiction of his superif»r, exclaimed: ••'Why do you tire yourself? This is not the place where the church is to be erected, nor are there any Indians here. It is useless to ring the bells.-' ''Let me satisfy tho longings of my heart,'' Fr. Juni- pero replied, ''which desires that this bell might be heard all over the world, as Mother Agreda wished ; or that at least the gentiles who dwell about these — 257 — mountains may hear it." A large cross was now con- structed, blessed, and planted in the soil; then a cab- in of boug;hs was erected in which a table wa^ placed and ornamented to serve as an altar. On the 14th of July, 1771, the feast of St. Bona- venture, Fr. Serra said the lirst Mat-s in honor of San Antonio de PmUui, -the i>atron faint of the new mission. The unusual sound of the ringing of bells attracted a native who was straying near by. He Avatched the prccccdinjjs wilh much curiosity. When after the Gospel the celel)rant turned about to preach, he noticed the Indian; this pleased the good Father so much that at tlie close of his discourse he said: "I hope to (rod, through the intercession of St. Anthony, tliat this mission may become a great settlement of numerous Christians, since we here see, what was not observed at the other missions established thus far, that at the first Mass the first fruit of paganism assisted. He will not fail to com- municate to the other gentiles what he has noticed.'' No sooner were the ceremonies ended, than Fr. Juni- pero hastened to the Indian, and by means of pre- sents and signs l:e gave him to understand that the Spaniards were friends. The surprised native soon ]>rought his companions in large numbers who offered an abundance of seeds, nuts, etc. to the missionaries. The Fathers in turn presented strings of colored glass beads to tlie In- dinns. Frame huts for the missionaries, soldiers, and servants were iinme(|iately constructed with the iudp of the natives: a htrger building for the church was erected, and the whole surrounded by ]>alisades. Th- buildings were but temporary structures, as Fr. Serra thought it wise to proceed as soon as possil)le to till the soil; for farm they must, or starve, because sup- plies were growing very scarce. Stone buildings about half a league from the first site eventually took the — 25S — place of these rude structure.^. San Autuiiio was early noted for one thing — lier siiperl) horses, the pride of t!ie natives. Frequently er.vy assisted some of the beautiful horses away fro:n the mission. (1) A corporal and six soldiers were stationed as ii'uards at San Antonio. Fr. Jiinipero remainel tif- teen days and then returned to Monterey. The na- tives from the heginninii- were more tractable than tliose at either San Dieiio or Monterey, and tiie Fa- thers had ho]jes of a,reat sidritual ('on(|nest. They at once heiian to learn the hinuua.iie ol' the Indi;tus, and devoted nuudi time to teaching' catechism after they had made sulticient progress to he understood. The seed fell up.):i good soil; for tlu^ first bai^tism took place on the 14th of August, 171'2, just one month after the opening of the mi-;sion. (2) Fk. Pah)u here tells the story ol' .Mi old Indian wonnin. Agueda by n;ime. a h'.;ndred years old in appearance, wlio ai)i)lied to tlie Fathers for baptism. On being asked why she wanted to l>e baptized, she replied that when she was a yor.ng girl she heard her father speak of ;; nuin dressed like tiie religious, who came to their country not on foot, but through th.e air, and who preached the same doctrines which the missi(maries taught, ;;ial that this jiad moved her to ])ecome a Christian. The Fa.thers gave n(» cred- it to wluit the old woman related, ])ut on (piestion- ing tlie other Indians they heard the same story from them. The Indians unanimously declared that so they had heard from their forefathers, and tliat it was a general trjidiiion ;imong their people. (]i Villa. lL'l-r23; Xoticias IIT, 2;9; Old Missioa.^^ of CalLf-rnia ;50-;57. i-i Vid.i. li:!-r2S; T.ie "Our Fatli'i" iu th- lau-^uige spukiMi at San Anto- iiid. Mcconlitiu t) Fr. Sitjar's "Vocabalario ([■• la Minion de Sa'i .Vtitonio." is as follows: "Za tili, mo (luisco uoajjoa lir.ia .tn'l. A'l ziica^to,' ein iia otsmatz autskj- i.sitla ua cjtmiUaa. A-i ci^all a iiat.saialog zui lac (luiclia niapea lima. Ma- fdtac taha z^zalamagot zLzucaaatel ziczla. Za manimtiltac na zana.vl, qui- cha na kic apmiaitUco na zanaaaol. Zi quotza commanatatclnoc za all- mcta zo iKi ziuxnia. Za no .viiissili jom Znmtaylitcc. Amen.' 259 '•When the Fathers of San Antonio,"' Fr. Fah)U continues, ^'rehited this story to me, I remenil)ere(l a letter whicli the ^'en. Motlier Airieda wrote in IGol to the missionaries enuaiiod in the missions of New- Mexico, in which slie says that onr holy Fatiier St. Francis hron^ht two religions of his ()r(kM-, wiio were not S]);iniar(ls, to preacli the faith of Christ to these nations of the nortli, and tl;at, after having- nnnU' many converts, they sutfi>re I m n'tyr(h)m. Havinii comi)ared tiie time, I judiied that it nii-iht h- to one of them the new convert Auiieda had rcd'erence.*" (D) The climate of San Ant(»nio was \ c ry warm in summer and cold in winter; tr<»st was very common. A small creek near the mission was covered with ic/' every moiaiinii' until sunrise, says Fr, Talon; thus the cro;^.; of corn an;l wheat were fr.'(iuentl_\- exposed to destruction. I'he frost on Faster niorninji, 1780 was so severe that liie wlieat croi), which liad commenced to s[)rout. turned as dry as stuhhle in Au- ii'ust. This misfortune led the Fathers lo IVar the lo:-s of all Iheir i^rain. They at once had recourse to the paUH)n of the mission; nor did he fail to assist them. A novena was l):\!iun in his honor; the crops wliich the frost seemed to have killed were irrijiated, and after a few days it was noticed that the wheat l)e^an to iirow aiiain, and at the en.d of the nove- ni the field was once niore iireen. Irriiiation was con- tinued, and after lifty days the new croj) was as far advanced as the dead one had he. n, and a far more abundant harvest was reape;! than in the year before. This fact and various others lar.iiely contrilnited to contirm the new Christians in their faith, and attract- ed the pajians in such numbers (hat the Christian-; at Sail Antoni^) were more numerous than those of all other missions combined. Kven before the death of Fr. Junipero Serra, San Antonio counted one thousand Vidn m-VlJ: Notlchx^ III. 112. — ^60 — and eighty-four Christians on her registers, though not all had been baptized tliere. (4) Toward the end of 1770, or in tlie beginning of 1777, Fr. Serra paid a visit to the mission on his way back from San Juan Capistrano which had just been established. (5) After the transfer of the T.ower California missions to the Dominicans in 1778, while Fr. .Iiiniixro v^-as absent in Mexico, Fr. Ramon Usson was placed at San Antonio as a supernum?rary by Fr. Palou. (G) In August 1775 there was great excitement at the mission; savages had attacked Snn Antonio and shot a catechumen al)out to he bai)tized. A s(iuad of sol- diers was sent out, captured the culprits, and hidd them after giving them a flogging. Later the com- mandant ordered them flogged again, when after a feA\ days in the stocks they were released. The in- jured man however recovered from his wounds. (7) At the end of 178B, or the l^eginning of 178J, Fr. Junipero for the last time administered confirmrtion liere to a number of neopliytes. (8) In 1793 a blo-; were of a more substantial charactcM- than at San Carlos. In 1791 an adobe ro )m 14 by •) varas an result \\as re])orted to his super- ior, Fr. Lasuen, in a document dated August 27th, and entitl(>d : ''Keconocimiento d(> sitio para la Nueva Mision de San Miguel, 1795.'' (O Vida. r2r)-r26. (5) Ibid. 2(1(1. (r,) l?ancro(t, I, ]9(>; Noticia-=. I, 26i\ i7i Banc. T. 2:>i\ 18) Vida, 2G4. 201 3an Antonio De Padua. — 2<;2 — I'he two veneral)lo founders of the mission, Fathers Pi?ras and Sitjar, served to2;etlier until 179^, when the former, worn out with his hv.ig hibors, retired to his college in Mexico. (9) Fr. Jofe do la Cn\z E^pi was stationed at San An- tonio in ITOa ;tnd 1791; he was succeeded l)y Fr. .lose Manuel Martiarena in 17:) 1-1 795, and Fr. Marc-- liu) Cipre^ from 17'.>r) to ISOl. Fr. Sitjar was absent ;it San Miiiuel from July 1797 to Ai-.-ust 179H, when his place was filled hy Fr. Benito Catalan. (10) San Antonio reached its hiiihest limit of neophyte population with 1.2IM; -ouls in Jsno. The lands wer(> reported to he barren, nccesdtatinji' freciuent chanji'es in stock-ranaes and cnlrivat(vl fiehh^. A new and lar- ger church of adol)es was h;--un in 1^09, or the f ol • lowiiiix year. The venerable Fr. Buenaventura Sitjar, one of the earliest Franciscan pioneers, and founder of this mis- sion with Fr. Pieras, died at his post in September bSDS. (11 ) The only occurrence to be noted is a ({uarrel be- (91 Banc, I, -V/i ; 6.-!S— isg. Fa Miguel Pi-^ra- was a natlvo of tli? Island of Mallorca. Ho wa'^ wat \j t'i3 C.ilifo:-ni.i mls.-iois in Augast 1770, and an-ived at Moutn-ey by \vay of San Di:>Ko on May 'il.^t, 1771. His only regu- lar stit'oa wa- Sin A'ltoiii, whrr^ lio lah)vi'd among t!i(^ Indians f. om th- day of ir^ fo I'ldalini to Ami-U or May (TiM. UN last signatir.v in t!h" mission h-jo:i< i' d'C^d Xy/A I'Ttb. (10) Banc, I, GSll. Nothing i- kn)wn of Fr. Honito Catalan beyond the fact . that he wa'3 stationed at S\n A'lt )iiio from 1706 to 1799, when ho returned to Mexico on account of ill lu'alt'.i. (11) His nan e in th.e yyorld was Antonio. He was born or baptized on December 9th, 17;!9, at Porreri, Mallorca I-land, and received the habit at Talma on April 20th, 175^. After rocoiving Holy Orders he came to Mex- ico, and was assigned to th ■ Califoniia missions i'l August 1770. Ho ar- rived at Monterey by way of S:i;i i]Lis and San Diego on May 21st, 1771. With Fr. .Junipero and Fr Picj-a- lie founded San Antonio mission, and labored liere almost contiin> i -ly C...- t'l'it , - ^-^ven years. Fr. Sitjar was a most faithful and effici'-'it niissiouary, and perfectly mastered the In- dian language, of wliicli he h'ft a manuscript vocabula'-y, since printed. He also left a diary of an exploration for mission sites in 1795. On Aug- ust 26th, WIS, while at the field, lie was seized with excruciating pains in the stomach and bladder. Oa Sapteinbsr first lis confessed and received th" la-t sacram.Mits whil? suf?.>ring terrible agoay, and died on the :!d. Next day the body was buried in the presbytery of the old church by Fr. Cabot, i'l th-^ prc:?Kcc of ^evcral oth.er ?'athers On .June 19. IS];!, the je __ '2iu\ -— tweeii Fr. Cipix'; and llio cmi-jx)!-;!! of the .uuard in 1801. The corporal ;ii(U 's rc(ir.est. Tlu^y tried 1o revcniie theni- relves 1)y niakini' duirjio^^ au'ain-t Fr. Clpre-;, wliicli All);'rni decidtMl were inil'onndcMl. In September and October, respect! v(dy, of 1Ik> ycNir ISO!, Fathers Pedro (':!!)ot and .Juan I'anlisla S.inclio l>e;u.an their hihors herc^ as missionaries. },lean- whih' Fr. Foren/.o Merelo in 1S(»0-1S()1. and Fr. Flo- i\'n"io Iliin ■;/ in 1S)1-1>)>, liv;>l jiei'e as -np.'rnum:_'r- aries. (12) Fathees ('al)ot ai:d Sancho toiled toiiether at San Antonio, as they ha.d done since LS()4, nntil the death of the latter in February JSJJO. (j:]) DuRiXG the years 1SJ0-1S2() the Fathers v\-erc o- mains vrere transfcmd wilh these of Fr. Pujol to the new church. A Ionic account of this Father's life. ared in t'l'^ Sm Fritieiscf) Rn!lofin of S"i)t'^nib'r lOth, ]JG!. Banc. II, 151-152., (12) Banc. II. 152. F;\ Lorenzo Merelo arrived at Monh-rey July 2,^, IT'.!', and served at San Frar.ciico from .A.uru; t of tliat year until October 1S()(). Th? cold winds and fog.^ of tJia peninsula, while they could not cool his ardor, soon took away what little streiistli Ir- had. and lie was tran- ferred to Su-i Aitcmi'i. A; hi^ h-^ lit!) (''d ii it i--i;.:-:)v-. li ■ v.:i ^ all')w;-d to sail for Mexico in Seplr-mbcr JMll. (i:i) Fr. .Tuau Bautista Sancho y Lliteras was a native of Aj tit, Itland of Mallorca, where he was born on the first of January, 1778. He received tlic habit of S*. Francis on February 'Jth 1791, at Palma, and was made ma.-t?r of the choir after receivinp Holy Orders. Embarkiuf; at Ciidiz Juno 2()th, 180:i he reached San Fernando college in September, and then came to Monterey on August 4th, 1S( 4. He was at once api)ointcd to San Anionio. wlnre belabored continuously until his death. T l:e i!i.mediat(> cause if liis death was blood poifoning from a tumor. "Outside his own kical field cf work Fr. Sancho was not much heard of, though he was a royaJi t and not backward in expre sirg his opinion, but for his management of San Antonio he received and deterved much jM-ai c. Fr. Cabt t \n^ v?tv?:ai associate, wlio buri?d h'.m i:i tie presby- tery of the mission church near the remains of Fathers Pujol and Sitjar, pays ail eloquent tribute to his moiio.y in the mission rcg slcr. He say; , of him that he had a constitution of iron, and was constantly busy either at work in th ^ field, or in attending to the bodily and spiiitual ne- cessities of the sick and dying. In bad weather he prepared books of music and catechisms for tlic neophytos, witli wiiose language he was perfectly familiar. Engrossed in such occupations he often forgot to eat. His bur- inl occurred on tJie anniversary cf hi? receptio:i into the Order cf St, Frauci^." Banc. H. fi21. Ijliged to bury many more Indicius than they bap- tized. Tlie native popuhition declined to 878 souls. As there were no more iientiles to be converted within seven ty-live miles, the neophyte population owing to the high death rate continued to decrease. (14) On Noveml)er 2(), 1S2»), the neophyte Eugenio Nac- tre was elected as elector de partido. ¥r. Cabot acted as secretary at the election and signed Nactre's cre- dentials. The alcalde and regidores signed with a cross. Thus were the Indians l)eings trained for the duties of citizenship. In 1822 the mission lands were said to extend thirteen leagues from north to .^trnth, and eight or nine leagues from east to west. The soil was rocky, but very good crops were obtained by irri- gation. Frosts, sqnirrels, and insects were very troub- lesome. In 1827 the missionary reported that it was very difficult to find pasturage for the stock. Alvara- do in his history says that the flour from San Ant- onio was famous througliout California. R0BIK8ON states that this mission in 1880 had an air of thrift not ol)servable at many of the others. Ever ything was kept in perfect order; the buildings were in good condition ; and the Indians were clean and well dressed. (15) In 1884 Fr. Pedro Cabot retired to San Fernando mission, and Fr. Jesus Maria Vasquez del Mercado, one of the newly arrived Zacatecanos took his place. Fr. A^isqnez remained until the arrival of Fr. Jose de Jesus Maria Gutierrez. (16) Fkom the time when San Antonio was founded to December 31st, 1881, when the last general report 114) Banc, II, '.Pffi. (15) West three leagues was the rancho of San Mij,'ueIito ; another at Los Ojitos in the sontb: another at San Benito, six leagues east on the river; and one for sheep at El Pleito, or San Bartc.-. lome, seven leagues. Northward to the sierra de Sta Lucia, three or four leagues, the horses were i)asturod ; southward th? mares, lU;j 1 ; west- ward, across the rive;-, live leagu3s, the tam m1 horses. There wore throe ditches carrying wator from the -Vrroyo do San Antonio to a distance of two loaguoH south of the mission ; but the wator lasted oul,v xi,ni\l -Twup or 4v,lh Bauc, II, Qil-di'i, {l\ 1,-102 hai^- tisiiis to(>k place; 8,579 dead were buried; and l,18t) couples united in niarriajie. 061 Indians were still liv- ini; at or lu^ar the mission. The estal)lis]nnent owned 0,000 cattle, 10,000 sheep, and 8(50 luu'ses. (IT) Mission San Antonio was secularized in June 1885. On June 2'2d ¥v. Mercado complained :hat all his ef- forts for the liood of the Indians were rendered fu- tile hy the persons in authority, who committed adul- tery openly, and were guilty of other excesses. In Deccmlier Fr. Mercado wrote to the iiovernor aliout the unjust and even iidiuman treatment of the In- dians, who were I eaten and starved in detiance of the laws under the nuina^ement of Kamirez. The Fa- ther declared th.it heathenism was raining on Christi- anity; that the Indians were naked and starving, and that two 1hii('s of Hum were ahpent in quest of food which could not he had at the mission. Jose Andra- de was then appointed in place of Ramirez in 1886. He managed the teuiporalities of the mission; but in August 1840 Fr. Gutierrez wrote that the mission Avas daily advancing towards complete destruction. (18) Fk. Gutierrez feems to have remained at San An- tonio until 1844, and that in the following year the mission had no resident priest. On May 26th, 1845, however, Fr. Gutierrez certified that in the mission church allegiance was vowed to Nuestra Senora del Refugio, the ])atroness of the diocese. The inventory of 1845 showed a valuation of .t8,000, against $90,000 ten years before, chielly in buildings ami 'ineyards. Live-stock had disappeared entirely. At this time the (17) "Inlormes Gonerales" for the year IS!!. According to Banc, III, GS7, the total uumbor of baptisms admiuistereil at Sati Antonio froin 1771 to 18;i4, wlien all mission reports cease, was iAM. Of this number of l)ersons baptized 1,761 were Indian adults, 2,587 \voi-(^ Indian children, 107 were children of settlers, and one was a Hcttler. During the sa:..-.e period :i,772 persons i!ie() — p;)pulati()n i- ii'iveii as tea men (iiid tire ironiejt. (19) Fr. Doroteo Ambris, who volunteered to bury him- self amoiii:; the ruins of San Antonio, for thirty years after 1850 ministered to the remnants of a once pop- ulo:r, trib^ uilil hn d.\i'h ii 1880. His 1> )dy was buried in th(^ mission rhurcli, Fr. Ambris, apparently a secular i ricst, ( ; ir.e lo California with Bisiiop Car- ciLi Diyf>:> whil? y.\ a ck^ric in I'^tl. Tlur.' \^ U) rec- ord of other events, nor of the mission estate, wliich ai)parently was n'ver sold. (2uel, so named by an expedition the year before, and since known as the San Gal)riel River. At first a large force of Indians attempted to ll9i Y,\nc.. IV, C.'T; mi cjoi Uii. V. ^Ol : ():',n : II. «i(5. — L^C.T — prevent the i'oundation ol' the mission. One of the Fathers then unfurled a banner showinfi' an oil paint- ing of Our Lady. The Indians had scarcely seen the picture when they at onco throw down their arms, and their two cliiefs ran up to lay their necklaces at the feet of the heaiitifi'.l (^)ue;M\ Soon others, men, ^\■onlen and thildren, came in crowd-^, carrying se^d'^ which they hd't as an oll'ering at the fe^t of Our La- dy. ll:e unveiling of the ])icture produced such won- derful elfects that thereafter tlie iiatives ap])roa(died without fear. ( 1 ) Ox the feast of Our Lady's Nativity the great cross was erected and Idessed, and the lirst Mass cel- ebrated under a canopy of some green boughs. On the following day the cliajjcl and other necessary buildings were begun. The natives cheerfully assisted in the work of bringing timber and constructing tlie stockade enclosure. (2) Thot'gh friendly as yet, the Indians crowded into the camp in sucli numbers that the ten soldiers were not deemed a sufficient guard. Fr. iSomera, therefore, went down to 8an Diego on the first of October, and returned on the ninth with a reenforcement of two men. Next day a crowd of Indians attacked two sol- diers, one of whom had insulted the wife of a chief. The enraged lius])and discharged an arrow at the guil- ty soldier, who stopped it with his shield and killed the chieftain with a musket ball. Terrified by the destructive effect of the gun, tlie savages fled, when the soldiers cut off the fallen warrior's head and set it on a pole before the gate. Fearing another assiult from the Indians, the commandant sent the guilty lit Vi'la, 130-i:«: Noticlas, III, 2:i;;: Banc, I, ITS). i2) The Mi.'Sion was oiten called San Gabriel Co los TembloiC'^, the laltoi- word like Ca -melo with San Carlos, indicating the locality simply. It liud been intended to moan San Gabriel rn the River Tcmblores; but when another site was : elected the name was retained n.einins ' oan Gabriel in th^ regLon of E:irthqinkes,"' as San Gabriel de San Miguel \ionld liavo be^vi awkward. Vidn i:!] ; Banc, I, l^d. — ^68 — soldier lo Monterey, and for iireater security stat- ioned sixteen soldiers at 8an (iia])riel. The kindness of the missionaries soon made the natives forget their grievances. Strange to say, one of tlie iirst chil- dren brought to the mission for baptism was the son of the murdered chief, and the sacrament was ad ministered at the request of the widow. (8) Captain P^ige? meanwhile arrived from San Diego with Fathers Paterna and Cruzado, sixteen soldiers, and four muleteers in charge of a mule train, the force intended for cstal)lishing San Buenaventura. In consequence of the recent hostilities, however, Fages decided to add six men to the guard of San Gabriel, and to postpone the founding of San Buenaventura for the present. Fathers Paterna and Cruzado remained at San (Jal)riel, where in the fol- lowing year, 1772, on the retirement of P'athers So- mera and Cambon, they became the ordinary mis- sionaries of the mission. Mission progress was extremely slow at San (lahri- el. The first bayjtism was that of a chihl. It did not take i)lace until Noveml)er 27t]i, more than two months after tlie arrival of the missionaries. Two years later the wliole numl)er of baptisms adminis- tered did not exceed seventy-three. Fr. Junipero Serra attributed tliis want of prosperity in spiritual matters largely to the conduct of the soldiers, who paid no attention to liie orders of their worthless corporal, drove away the natives by their insolence, and even pursued women to their rancherias, killing such men as dared to interfere. A change of corpo- rals brought on the mucli needed reform. (4) Fk. Junipero paid his Iirst visit to San (Jahriel on September 11th, 1772, while on liis way to San Diego and San Luis ()])isi)o, which latter liad just been founded. Fr. Paterna accompanied his superior from (3) yiaa 1:J'M:«; Noticia.- lU. m Hi ^■ot^cia.s III, <2:H! ; IJunc, I, ISl. — 2g6 ~ here to San Diejio on the 13th to return with a sup- ply train. On the arrival of the Fathers from Califor- nia in 1770, Fathers Juan Fijjjuer and Fennin Francis- co Lasuen were ai^sijiuod to San (iahriel to assist Fathers Paterna and Cruzado. (5) On January 4th, 177(), Captain Anza's second ex- pedition Irom Sonora overland readied San (labriel. Fr. Pedro Font of the Queretaro colleue of Francis- cans accompanied the party as chaplain. (C) Fk. JuniiK'ro came licre on March 19th, 178'2, and remained until the 26th. l)urin;ti' his stay at the mis- sion he administered the sacrament of confirmation to a number of neophytes. In 1784 he visited San (labriel for the last time and gave confirmation to those who were prepared to receive it. (7) The neophyte population in 1790 was 1,078. AVithin the nineteen years of its existence 1,953 persons liad l)een baptized; 869 had died; and 396 couples had been joined in raarriaue. The governor in his rei)ort alluded to this mission as having often relieved the necessities of other mission in l>oth Californias, and as having enabled the government to carry out im- l)ortant undertakings which without su<-h aid would have been impracticable. In October 1785 the neophytes and gentiles were tempted by a woman, so at least said the men, into a plan to attack the mission and kill the missiona- ries. Twenty of the conspirators were ca])tured by th(> cor[)oral. One of the ringleaders was condemned to six years of work in the presidio. Two others were put in ])rison for two years, whilst the woman was sent into perpetual exile; the rest were released after receiving fifteen lashes by order of Gov. Fages. (8) Fr. Miguel Sanchez came to San Gabriel in 1775, so that there were three missionaries at work among (51 Vida, 141; Nof.cias, I, 223; Bmc. I, IS J; IDG; (»)i Vila, lo'.l; 2i)l. (Ti Viflii. 2|r,; 2(>j. ts) '•Infoi-nies Gejcrale--" nw; Cane. I. lyj-lG). .0 the Iiidiniis until 1777, when Fr. Paterna was trans- ferred to San Luis 01)isi)o. In the followinjii year Fr. Antonio (/'alzada arrived and remained as siipernn- nierary until 1792; and Fr. ('rist6])al Oramas served I'.ere as assistant from 17l>2 to 179o, when broken down in health he retired to the mother colleiie. (9) Other Fathers besides the regular missionaries sta- tioned at San Gabriel were Fr. Juan Martin in 1794- 1796; Fr. Juan Lope Cortes in 1790-1798; and Fr. Pe- dro de San Jose Estevan in 1787-1802, when he re- turned to Mexico; and Fr. Isidoro Earcenilla in 1802- 180-1, who also retired to Mexico. (10) Fathers C^ruzado and Sanchez, l:!oth missionary pi- oneers, who for thirty years had served together at San Gabriel, died at their post, the former in 180-1, the latter in 1803. (llj (9) Bmc, I, 6jt. O; Fa Crist )bil we only know that lio Jiad beoa for five years a.<.si!!:tant curate and became a Franciscan a year before comiiifr to California, where he arrived in 178G. He served at Santa Barbara from its foundation in December 178(5 to December 1789; at Purisima until No- vember 1792; and at San Gabriel until September 179:!. (10) Banc, II, 113-121; 620. Fr. Pedrc de E--;tmber 1775. though from 1790 to 1800 he spent most of liis time at San Diego. Santa Clara, and Soledad. He died at San Gabriel ou .Jidy 27tli, 1803. The re- mains were buried in the mission church utidcr the rteps of the main altar on the epistle side. — L>71 — Fe. Duiiietz lived liere most of the tiir.e I'l-oin 1800 to 1811, and Fr. Jo.^o Antonio Urresti wns stationed at San Gabriel Ironi 18()4-180(); Init Fr. Jo-e de Miii'- uel, who canu^ in 1803, and Fr. Jose Maria Zalvidea, wlio arrived in November 180{), may be regarded as the reiiiilar successors of Fathers Cru/.ado and San- (hez. (12) .\ stone church vras tjeiiun early in the hist dcM-ade of the eiiihteenth century, but it was not comi)lete(l until after the year 1800. The church had an. arc!ied roof, but an c-arthciuakc^ daniaiied the buildinii' to such an extent that in 1804 the arches had to I)e torn down ard a new r^iof of timbers and tiles substitut- ed. Fr. Tai)is in 1808 attempted to raise cotton at Sm (bihriel, but without success on account of the old (dimatc. (13) In 18-20 San (Jabriel stood at the head of the list in the number e f cattle, and in aiiricultural ])roducts was surpassed by San Luis Rev only, thou<;h in 181() Yy. Zalvidea had reported the land so exhausted that the neophytes had to i;o to La Puente to plant tiieir i;rain. This was nine or ten miles away. Six hunderd Indians were at work there, and a chapel, the Fath- er thouiiht, was a necessity at that place. A chapel was built in connection witli the mission hospital, as at other southern establishments, before 1818. In 1819 the gentiles of the Guachama rancheria, called San Bernardino, about fifteen leagues from San Gabriel, asked for the introduction of agriculture and of sock-raising in their fertile lands, and a beginning was nnule. Tlie Fathers regarded this as an imjxjrtant ftep toward the conversion of the tribes in the direc- tion of the Colorado; l)ut it is not certain that any mission station was estaljlished at the i-ajichena at t!u> time. An articde in tlie San Bernardino Times, July 8th, 1870, (daims a l)r;in(di of San (lahriel with (i:) V,i\r.c. II. Ill, ii:!) Hid. IL Hl-n."). — 272 — buildings was established nt San Bernardino about the year 1820, but tliat the buildings were destroyed by the Indians about twelve years later. (14) On January ]4th, ISll, Fr, Dumetz died at {?^an Ga- briel where he had lived as a supernumerary part of the time sinco 1803. He was th3 okL\st missionary in C-alifornia, having served for forty years. He was tlie only surviving companion of Fr. Junipero Serra. (15) Fe. Miguel, the associate of Fr. Zalvidea at San Gabriel died in 1818. Fr. Miguel was replaced l)y Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada, who in 1814 was followed by ¥r. Joaquin Pascual Nuez. Fr, Urresti also lived here in 180l-]80(5. ( 10 ) SBPPTBR m. SAN GABRIEL (CONriNUSD). Eakthquake— Death Of Fr. Nixz— Missioxaeies—Fatiieiis Boscana And Sanchez Die— Mission Lands— SEruEARizATiox— Poverty Of The Mission— Statistics— Death Of Fathees Estenega And Ordaz— John EussEE Bakteett— Los Angeles Star -Mission S\n Gabrtee Sold- '•Oi'K Fathek" In Indian. There was constant alarm at San (Tal)riel on ac- (14) Banc, II, :'r>5-:w0. (IT)) Ibid. II. :;55. Fr. Franci.co Dunictz \vn.- a native of Mallorca. He wa.s appointod to the California missions in Au.i,-- ust 1770; sailed with ten companions from San San Bla-< and reached Sau Diego March 12th, 1771. He labored among tlie Indians at San Diego until May 1772; at Sju Carlo.5 until Ma,v ]7n2 : at San Buenaventura until August 1797; at San Fernando until ls()2. and again in l'*)t-5; and at San Gabriel in ia):!-4, and from MMJ to ]fr his death. (l(j) Banc, II, :35rj-:jr)7. Fr. Jose de Miguel came to Calilornii in 179(1. He served at Santa Barbara from June of tliat year until October 1798, when he was allowed to reti.e to Mexico on account of ill health. He re- turned in 18(X) and was stationed at San Lui- Obispo until Septembo' 180;;, and at San Gabriel from 180:M81H. He died on June 2d. 1811, at Sau Fernando, and was buried by Fr. Olbi;'-. — 278 — count ol" tlie ladiaiis iu 1811, aiul I'or st)me years tliereafler; Ijiit the savages attempted nothinii' aiiainst the mission. It sufiered some damage from another cause, however. An earthquake occurred on December 8th, 1812, at sunrise, and overtlirew the main altar, breakinii the statues of Our Lord, St. Josepli, St. I)omini(% and St. Francis. Moreover the top of tlie steeple was brought down, and the sacristy, t)ie con- vent of the missionaries, and other l)uih]ings were damaged. In 1819 the mission was credited with 175 inhabitants de razon^ or white and mixed settlers, of Avhom prol)ably lifty-one were sohliers temporarily stationed there. A private scliool existed in 1818. (1) Fr. Zalvidea was transferred to San Juan Capistra- no in March 1826, and succeeded ))y Fr. (jcronimo Boscana. Fr. Joaquin Pascual Nuez, who liad come to San Gabriel in March 1814, died on December 8()th, 1821. Fr. Jos^ Sanchez took his place and continued to reside here, though he became superior of the California missions in 1827. (2) The names of Fathers Jesus Martinez, Francisco Gonzalez de Ibarra, and Vincente Pascual Oliva, and the Dominscans Francisco Cuculla and Mariano Sosa, appear occasionally on the mission' registers in 1881 and 1832 ; but the regular missionaries were Fathers Boscana and Sanchez until their deaths, which oc- curred in 1831 and 1833 respectively. (21) (1) Banc. II, 356-357. (2) Ibid. II, 5G7. Fr. Nuez was born February 20tli, 17X5, at Luco, Valle of Daroca, Spain. He received the habit on Septem- ber 24th, IJ^OO; sailed from CAdiz March 20th, liSlO; and was ordered lo California in July ISU. He arrived in California, after being detained by a pestilence, in July 1812. He was stationed at San Fernando until March 181 1, and at San Gabriel during the rest of his life. In his last years his acts of mortification were exti-eme. After suffering a severe illness for 24 days, he expired on December ;*)th, 1821, and was buried in the mission church on tlie next day. Fr. Sefian in one record gives the dato of his death as December 2Gtli. (;!) Bane. Ill, 641-643. Fr. Geronimo Boscana, the first to die, was born on May 2;!d, 1776, at Llumayor, Island of Mallorca, and took the habit at Palma on August 4th, 1792. Alter acting as professor for nearly four years, he started for America on June 5th, 1803, and arrived at 271 Father Boscana. Fk. Sanchez was si:ecec Rev. Alexis Fjtclielot from the Sandwich Islands aho lived here most of the time in 1S02-I8::^(). The i;eei)hy((> ioiuhilion de- creased only al)ont thirty down 1o is;i!. when I he missions were alioiit (o he ^ ccnlari/cd ; Imt .hy \\\o end of IS4<) nearly 1.000 had \]\r hi^ihest number in ils jiojuihit io:i v.itli i,7ol sonls in 181 7. Tlu> largest cro]) vvvv raised liy any mission vnhs at San Cahriel in lSi>K wIumi 2i),4(M) husluds of -rain were harvested. In 18:U there were H';i,:)7() viner in four vineyards, and 2,;]']-5 fruit trees on land helonu- ing' to the mission. (4) Ix 18.';4 Sail (iahriel was secularized, thouii-h the Indians would not hear of the chanii-e. The result was Sail Fernando ccllcso in Octcbor. Ho loncl.cd Montr roy on Juno fitli, l.M'G, and was assiffned to Soled^d. In th? ^am-^ ycai- lie was tian.'^fpncd to Puiisima whero ho staid until isn. At San Luis Boy Fr. Boscana was in 1812-1S1:J; at S:m Juan Capistrano in 1814-1826; and at San Gabriel in 182G-18:il. At San Juan he dovotod uiuch study lo tlie manners and cus- toms of the natives, especially th?ir religious t--aditions. His writings on this E-ubjcct wei-o publislnd by Robinson iu 18!6 under the title of Chinki- cnn;:cr. His death occured on July .^tli, I8;i; and his body was hurird next day in the sanctuary of the mission church. Fr. Joi^<:' Edna do Ssrclc7, \\l;o dird on July ir.lh, 18::i, was hern at Er- bknlillo, Spain, on September 7th, 1778, and bocams a Franciscan oa Oc- tober fth, 1791. Leaving Spain in February l,S(::i, he came to California by way of Mexico in 18C4. He was stationed at San Diego in 18CJ-1M0; at Furisima in I82C-1821 ; and at San Gabriel thereafter until his death. In 1808 Fr. Sanchez accompanied an expedition against the Indians; in 1821 he went v.ith Fr. Payera? on an exploring tour among the gentile ranclie- iias. From 1827-l.lCl he hold the office of president of the California mis- sions. Mofras sa.ys tint Fr. Sanchez died of grief at the ruin of the mis- sions througli secularization. His remains were interrrd at the foot of the altir iu tlic mission churcli. (1) Banc. 111,612-61;;; II, .j67— r^CS. TIic mission lands in lS22~extondrd south .'J leagues to Santa Gertrudis; southwest, 6 leagues to San Pedro; we;t 1^2 leagues; noith, 2 leagues; eastward, 7—9 leagues into the mouu- tiins and toward tho Colorado, including the pagan settlement of San Ber- nard nio; an-l 15 leaguo.:- northeast. In a report of 1828 there are named as mi-ion raiuhos. La Pucnt'', Santa Ana, Jurupa, San Bernardino, Sar.t ) Tiniothoo, San Gorgonio, four sites ou the San Gabriel, and also lands b'.twec-J tho nu?b!o and San Eafael. — 276 — the name as at other missic)ns. In 1830 the mission owned 25,725 cattle, 2,225 horses and mules, and 14,650 sheep. In 1840, when the management of tlie temporalities was again turned over to Fr. Estenega, livestock included seventy-two cattle and TOO sheep. In a letter of Fe1)ruary 1840 Fr. Duran quotes Fr. Estenega to the effect that the mission has to sup- port thirty-eight white people ; that there is not a candle, no tallow to make a candle, and no cattle fat enough to supply the tallow. ''What a scandal! and what a comment on secularization!" Fr. Duran justly exclaims. (5) From the time that the mission was founded in 1771 down to December 31st, 1831, when the last re- port of the Fr. Superior of the missions was made, there were baptized at San Gabriel 7,709 persons, 5, 494 were buried, and 1,877 couples were married. The mission owned 20,500 cattle, 13,554 sheep, and 485 horses and mules at the close of 1831.(6) In 1843 the real estate and other property of the mission was restored to the Fathers; but in 1845 the government resolved to rent the estates. The property was then turned over to the comisionados on July Tth. There was no semblance of prosperity after that, but a constant decrease of mission property. At the end of 1845 there were but 250 Indians remaining at the mission, and probably even fewer. Finally, in June 1846 the mission estate Avas sold by the govern- (5) Banc. Ill, 643--645. As early as 1S41 the cook and cowherd were discharged on account of the poverty of the mission. Ibid. IV. 6il. (6) "Informes Gonerales," 1831. Bancroft gives the following figures: General statistics for the whole period of the mission's existence, 1771- 1834; Total number of baptisms, 7,854, of which 4 355 Indian adults 2,4.59 Indian children; one adult and 1,039 children of genta de razon; average per year, 123. Total of marriages, 1,955, of which 241 de razon. Deaths, 5, ()5i5, of which 2,916 Indian adults; 2,3(>;! Indian children; 211 adults and 18(5 children de razon. Largest number of cattle, 2G,:300. in 1828; horses, 2,400, in 1827; muler, 205, in 1814; sheep, 15,0(X), in in 1829: goats, 1,380, in 1785; swiue, 300, in 1802; all kinds of animals, 40,360, in 1830. Total product of wheat, 225,942 bushels; barley, during eleven years only, 1,250 bushels; corn, 154,820 bushels; and beans, 14,467 bushels. Banc, III, 643. ment to Keid and Workman in payment for past aid to the government; the title was h\ter on dechired invalid by the United States on the ground that the governor had no right to sell the property. Fr. Estenega died early in 1847, and Fr. Ordaz a few months later took charge of San Gabriel. (7) Fr. Ordaz after 1848 was the only survivor of the Fer- nandinos in California, and the last missionary for the Indians of San Gabriel. He too passed away in 1850. (8) John Russel Bartlett, who visited San Gabriel in 1852, only two years after the last Franciscan had died at his post, writes of tlie Indians he observed in this once prosperous district as follows: "I saw more Indians about this place (Los Angeles) than in any part of California I had yet visited. They were chief- ly "Mission' Indians," i. e. those who had been con- nected Avith the mission, and derived their support from them until the suppression of those estaljlish- ments. They are a miserable, squalid-looking set, squatting or lying about the corners ::f the streets, with no occupation. They have no means of obtaining a living, as their lands are taken from them; and the mission, for which they labored, and which provided after a sort for many thousands of them, are abol- ished. No care seems to be taken of them by the A- (7) Banc, V, 629. Fr. Tom^s Eleut^rio Est6aesa was horn in tlio province of Vizcaya about 1790; lie Iccamc a Franci.-can at Cantabria ; came to the college in 18*, and and arrived California in isa). Fr. Tomfts served at San Miguel in 1820-1812 at San Franci-co in 1832-lS3:i: and at San Gabriel, from 18;$! to 1847. Bancroft says "1 find no trace of liini in tlie missio.i register after 1S45, and, rather strangely, no record of his death ; but it appears that he died at San Gabriel early in 1847, si-c:^ the juez on May 8th writes of what the "latL-'" Padre Est(5nega did 'over two months ago." (8) Banc, V, 629; IV, 759. Fr. Bias Ordaz was born in Castilla la Xuova, Spain, about 1792, and came to California in 1820. He was stationed at San Francisco in 1820-1823; From there he accompanied Arguello on his famous expedition to tlie north, of which trip he wrote a diary. In 1820- 1822 Fr. Ordaz wag at San Miguel; 1823-18;53 at Santa In^s and Purisima ; in 1833-1838 at San Buenaventura; at San Fernando in 18:^8- 1847; and at San Gabriel in 1817-18.50. 2T8 Mission San Gabriel. — 270 — mericans; on the «.'()iitrary, the eH'ori seen-; to be to exterminate tlieni as soon as p( ssil)le/' ('•') The "Los Aniieles Star"' in 1S52 had this to say (»ii the same subject: "Situated in the midst of a fertile valley, surrounded with a))un(hint tind)er, and sup- l)lie(i by a thousand si?rin,iis with an inexhaustil)le How of wator, th<- Mission of San (iabriel tlourished and became excetdiniily rich. Authentic (?) records are said to exist which show that at one lime the mission l)randcd lifty thousand calves, nuuuifacturcd three thousand b-arrels of wine, and harvested one hundred thousand faneuiis of i;rain a year. (1<>) The timber for a briiianline was cut, >a\M(l, and littid at the mission, and then transported to aiul launchtd at San Tedro. Five thousand (?) Indians were atone time collected and attached t(» the mi^siou. They are represented to have l;een sober and industrious, well (dothed and fed; and they seem to have experienced as hi«!;h a slat(> of happiness as they ;ire a.dapted by nature to rec^'ive. The-e live tiiousand Indians consti- tuted a lariie family, of which tiie Padre.; were Ihe social, reliiiious, and we mi.uht almost say political heads.'' "LiviNu thus this vile and dejiraded race Ijeiian to learii some o! the fundamental principles of civilized life. The institution of marriaite l)eiian to be respect- ed, and, blessed by religion, i:rew to be so much con- sidered that deviation from its duties were somewhat unfrequent occurrences. The i;irls, on thc^r arrival at the stai-e of puberty, wer." separated from the rest of the i)opulalion, and tauiiht the useful arts of sew- ing, weaving, cording, e^c, and were only permitted (9) "Pei>onal Xun-ative," Vol II, S2. (10) These Ukuivs are very much o CHKgoratod, but they are iii keei iiiK \vith tlK> notions of many scribblers and so-called historian; . -'Bandini Hi^t." Cal., for instance, "talks of 80,U(X) cittle; Robinson even finds 120,(0) cattle. It has been the custom ia cur- lont uewspai)er articles to grossly exaggerate the wealth of this mission, though doubtless under the ca^e of Zalvidea it was most prosperous and most sys^tcmatically manage:," says Banc, II, TiCS. We have given the official numbers in the preceding ; ages. — 2K) — to mingle wit'n tlie population when they liad as- sumed the character of wives. "When at present we look around and behold the state of the Indians of this country, when Ave see their women degraded into a scale of life too menial to be domestics, when avc behold their men brutalized l)y drink, incapable of Avork, and following a system of petty thievery for a living, humanity cann(jt re- frain from wishing that the dilapidated Mission of 8an Gabriel should be renovated, and its broken walls l)e rebuilt, its roofless houses be covered, and its de- sorted halls be again filled with its ancient industri- ous, happy, and contented original population." "Several industries had been developed in the mis- sion workshops; a soap factory was established, be- sides a shoe-shop and a carpenter-shop. These were operated by converted Indins, many of whom at- tained considerable skill in their respective branches. Manufacturies, too, had progressed satisfactorily, in- cluding lariie ouantitie'* of cloth, blankets, saddles, ^-.A. Among the Padres were some of artistic tastes, whose leisure moments were devoted to carving in wood, horn, or leather, some specimens of wiiich were very beautiful. Eventually, the more delicate and sensitive of the natives were instructed in the art, and some marvelous tracings were done l)y their hands.- (11) "Sax Cial)riel," says the author of 'The Old Mis- sions of C'alifornia,' p. 1:1-15, "suH'ered sadly from the cruel l)low of secularization, administered, as it was, at a time wholly ])remature and ill-advised. Secularization was ])ut a synonym for destruction (11; "Personal Narrativo" Vol. II 8;;-:SJ. Tlin Lord's Prayer in tho language of the San Gabriel Mission Indians, tlie Kizh idiom, is as follows: "Yyonak y yogin tucupuguaisa siijucoy motuanian masanni magin tucupra maimano muisme milleo>ar y ya tucupar jimau bxi y yoni inasaxmi mitgma coy aboxmi y yo nnamainatar moojaich milli y yaqnia abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxniea main itau mouosaicli coy jama juesm? hu'>in?:r.cs3ich."— Banc, Hist. Native Races III. 675. - L>81 - Such was tlie fate of San Gabriel Arcaiiiiel, tlie fair- est of all the Franciscan possessions; the generous monastery whose portals were open wide to all the wanderers of its time." G^pp'PER mi SAN LUIS OBISPO. Founding Of San Luis Obispo— Missionaries— Captain Anza's Expedi- tion—Fire At The Mission- Fr. Serea Confirms— Death Of Fr. Ca- VALLER— Departure Of Fr. Giribet— Revolt— Other Items— Death Of Fr. Cipres— Fr. Martinez Banished— Mission Lands— Statistics— Fr. Gin Dies— Sale Of The Mission. As early as June 1771 Fathers Cavalier and Junco- sa had been appointed as missionaries for the new mission of San Luis Obispo. (1) The foundations, however, could not be laid until the following; year. Fr. Serra, then on his way south, took with him Fr. Cavalier, five soldiers, and a few San Carlos In- dians. When within half a league of the Caiiada de los Osos, 25 leagues from San Antonio, he halted up- on a site known among the natives as 'Tixlini.' Here on the lirst of September 1772 Fr. Junipero founded the fifth mission in California, San Luis Obispo, in honor of St. Louis, Bishop of Tolouse. A cross was e- rected, as usual on such occasions, and Holy Mass offered up. On the next day Fr. Serra departed for San Diego. He expressed great hopes for the success of the mission, for in his 'Kepresentacion' he wrote : ''Let us leave time to tell the story of the progress which I hope Christianity will make among them in (II Vida. 119-rJO. *- 282 — spite of the Eneiuy, who has already Ije^an to lash his tail by means of a bad soldiers, whom soon after arrival they eauiiht in actual sin with an Itidian wo- man, a thing which ji'veatly j^Tieved the poor padre." Fr. Cavalier with two Indians from Lower California and five .^oldier,-; remained at the new mission. The only provisions on hand were lifty pounds of flour and about three pecks of wheat, besides a barrel of brown sugar. With the sugar they expected to pro- cure seeds from the pagans. Tiiese were scanty means, but the Father was contented and for the rest trust- ed in (jod. Fr. Cavalier at once had a little chapel and a dwelling erected. In a few days the natives began to come down from th.e mountains, and were soon on friendly terms with the missionary. They frequently l)rought seeds and venison, and in this way helped the Father along until provisions arrived from 8an Diego. The lirst few months were more fruitful of baptisms at San Luis than was the lirst year at the earlier missions. Fr. Palou in the following year found twelve Christians. He left four families of Lower California Christians at the new mission, be- sides a few unmarried Christians, At the time of Fr. Serra's death the number had increased to 016 neo- phytes. In other respects San Luis Obispo also fared well after the first year; but those twelve months were trying times for the struggling, lonely Fr. Ca- valier. Then the clouds lifted as Fr. Juncosa joined him. Later, in 1778, P^athers Jofe Murguia, Juan Prestamero, and Tonu\s de la Pena were added to the missionary force as supernumeraries. The mission was distant from the ocean about three leagues, near thi little Bay of Buchon, fifty leagues from Monte- rey. (2) On March '2d, 1770, Captain Anza's immigrants, [■1} Villa, 1U)-1«: Bancroft. I, IH8-1.H9. lf»6. — 28^ - nccompiuded \i\ Fr. Feciro Font of tlic (^ueretarrt FraiU'i!-cai:>J, weif wckonied at San Lnis. Tlie mission records show that the next day Anza stood .uodfather for several native rhihlren whom Fr. Font baptized. From this phice the travellers continued onward to Monterey. (8) On November 21)th, lire destroyed the Ijuildinj^s, except the church and i^ranary, together with the in:- plements and some other property. The fire was the Avork of gentiles who discharged burning arrows at the tule roofs, not so mucii to injure the Span- iards as to reveng3 themselves on a hostile tribe who were friendly to the Spaniards. Rivera hastened to the mission, captured two of the ringleaanr., I. 4i9. Fr Jot^ Cavalier wa.« a native of the town 85 — Fr. Lasuen, superior of the missions, reems to have acted as senior missionary after Fr. Giribet's depart- ure until Aug;ust 1800, when Fr. Jose Mijiuel arrived. The position of associate was hehi successively by Fr. Estevan Tapis in 3790-1 793; Fr. Grei;orio Fernan- dez in 1794-1796; Fr. Antonio Peyri in 1790-1798; and Fr. Luis Antonio Martinez, who began his loni>; service at this mission in 1798. (8) In Septeml)er 1794 tifteen or twenty neophytes of San Luis Obispo and La Purisima were arrested, with some gentiles, for making threats and inciting revolt at San Luis. Five of the culprits were con- demned to presidio work. In the same year this mis- sion reached the highest ligure of population with 946 souls. The church, of adobes Avith tile roof, was built- before 3793, in whicli year a portico was added to the front. In 1794 the missionary's house, the work-room, barracks, and guard-house were completed. The na- tive huts were well Iniilt, and afforded sufficient pro- tection against everything but lire. In 1794 a miller, a smith, and a carpenter were sent here to instruct the Indians; in 1798 a water-power mill was linished. In 1805 tlie Fathers were commended for their cool reception of a foreign vessel, which came in pretend- ed need of fresh provisions, but really in quest of op- portunities for illicit trade. In 1809 the governor ap- proved of the l)uilding of a .chapel at San Miguelito, one of the rancherias of this mission. Fr. Jose de Miguel left San Luis in 1803. Fr. M. Cipres replaced him in tlie following year, but died in 1810, and was succeeded by Fr. Marquinez. (9) (S) Banc, I, 089. Fr. Bartolom^ GilL spent some time here before his de- parture in 1794. lie had come to California in 1791, and served irre^nilar- ly, as i^upernumerary for the most part, at San Antonio, Soledrtd, and at San Lui-.i Obispo until 179-1. "He was one of the few black >-hri'i> in the missionary fold," says Bancroft. (9) Banc. I, 517; 6^9 II, 148. Fr. Marceliuo Cipres was a native of Hues- ca, Spain. He received the habit at Saragossa, and came to Mexico in 17i':!, In 1795 he was assigned to the California mission. He was stationed at San Antonio from October 1795 until t'.;e end of 1S(14; and at San Luis Obispo — ^:>Ui\ — Fr. Jose Marquiiiez in 1811 was replaced by Fr. Antonio Rodrijiuez, who remained here until 1821. From 1798-1880 Fr. Luis Afartinez labored at San Luis, irenerally alone, till ho \va^^ l)anish vl l)y th? ^iovern- ment. lii^ \A^"i^ w.is lillel by Fr. Liis iiW y Tabo:i- da. (10) Events at San Luis Obispo were neither numerous nor exciting. In 1821 eighty horses, eighty saddles, and Mfty blankets were sent to the troops as a gift from P'ather Martinez; Init in 1830 Fr. Gil said the mission had l)ecome very poor. (11) Ix 1822 the mission lands were descri))ed as lying in a canadii one league wide and 1-1 leagues long, bounded by ranges of mountains on the east and the west. Locusts and squirrels were very troublesome at the mission, and in ]82() the crop was destroyed by mice. From the time that this mission Mas founded until December 81st, 1881, as numy as 2,G40 persons were baptized, 2,280 died, and 758 marriages took place. 265 Indians still lived at the mission in 1881. The ni;8T — T1k> mission huildi n^s were litially sold in 1845. The niunbor of cattle was 2,()()(), sheej), 1,2«»(), and horses, and mules, M)i\ (12) Fk. Oil eontiiuied as missionary at San Luis until his death towards the close of l^iM], in which year also Fr. Ramon Al)ella came down from the north ed a valuation of .$13,458 on l>uildinj>,s, icoods, produce, implements, etc.; on live-stock, $19,100; fah- rica, $5,000; j^arden, .$6,858; Santa Margarita rancho, $4,039; nine sites of land, $9,000; church and orna- ments, $7,257; library aiid musical instruments, $519; credits. $5,257; due from one Sanchez, $9,390; total valuation $70,779. On September 10th, 1842, Gov. Al- Vcirado issued an order to distribute the lands and other property among the neophytes; and in 1844 the ex-mission was formed into a pueblo. (13) {I'D Informes Gonerales 1831; Banc, III, (581, has the following figures lor the years 1772-183^: Total number of baptisms, 2,657; deaths, 2,:n8; marriages, 775. Largest number of cattle in any one year, 8,900 in 1818; sheep, 11,001) in 18i:i: horses, 1,594 in 1799; mules, 310 in 18:$0; goats, 515 in 1786; swine, 210 in 1788; all kinds of animals, 20,820 in 18i;i. Total pro- duct of wheat 116,161 bushels; barley, 1,:«5 bushels; corn, 26,923 bushels; beans, 3,595 bushels; and other grains, 3,156 bushels. (13) Banc. Ill, 680-683. IV, 42:^. Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada was born in Mexico at tlie town of Guanajuato, May 1, 1773, but became a Francis- can at Pueblito de Quer(r'taro in 1792. He joined the college San Fernando in ISOJ, and was s_>nt to C;ilifornia in 1801. Ho served as miissionary at San Francisco inl8;)l-1802, 1S)4-1S05, 1819-1S20; at Jos6 in 1S02-1801; at San- ta In^sin IS'lj-lsiii; at Saut;i BArbira in 1810-1S12; at S n G:ibri_^l in 1813- 1814; at Puri-;hiia in isir, isiT; at Sin Rafael in 1M7-1819; at Santa Cruz in 1820-1S:H); and at San Luis Obispa in 1820 and 1830-183!. Fr. Gil mas a zealous missionary, but he was oftou in bad health. He spolco several In- dian dialects. In December 1833, while at tlio rancho of Santa Margarita, whither he had gone to say Mass for the Indians occupied ir, planting, ho was attacked with dys'Mitry and vomiting of blood. Ho died on the 1.5tli. and was buried the next day in the mission church ou the Gospel side near tJie sanctuary by Fr. .Tuaa Cabot. — 288 — Scott, Wilson, and Me Kierey for ^oiO\ Init on Aug- ust 24th, 1847, after the United States had taken pos- session of tlie territory, Governor Mason ordered that all property held by the Fathers at the raising of the United States flag be turned over to the Catho- lic Church. Fr. Kanion Abella was the missionary of San Luis until the end of 1841, or the beginning of 1842. Rev. Miguel Gomez, a secular priest, took charge appar- ently late in 1843. He attended to the spiritual wel- fare of the ex-mission till 1856. There are no statis- tics of this period, but Mofras gives the population as eighty in 1841-1842. Such was the end of San Luis Obispo as an Indian missionary estaldishment. (14) G^flPJPER \?III. SAN FRANOISOO. Don Galvkz And St. Francis— Disco\*ery Of San Francisco Bay— Expe- dition To The Bay By Sea— Anza's Land Expedition— The Presidio Established— Expedition North Of The Bay— Founding Of The Mis- sion—Dolores—The Indians— Indian Attack. When consulting with tlie visit ador general, Don Galvez, about the establishment of the three first missions in Upper California, whose names were as- signed by the government, Fr. Junipero Serra was disappointed in not finding the name of his beloved Father St. Francis among the patrons selected. He therefore asked Don Galvez — "and for our Father St. Francis, is there to be no mission?" "y para N. P. S. Francisco no hay una mission?" To this the visitador (14) Banc. Ill, 682; IV, 423; 55:}; 559; 657-659; V, 6^.m. — 2X0 — replied: ""If St. Frriiicis wants a mission, let liini cause his port to he found and it will he pnt there."" "Si San P'raneisco quiere mision que haiia so halle sn puerto, y se le pondra." St. Francis did show the port that hears his n:inie, and let St. Charles do as much for Monterey. (1) The expedition in search of ^Monterey started out from San Dieiro on July J4th, 17(il); hut instead of findin06 — tection two new missions, San Francisco and Santa Clara, were to be founded at once. Fr. Serra Avas requested to name the missionaries, and he ap- pointed Fathers Cambon and Palou for the proposed mission of San Francisco. Lieutenant Ayahi at Ihe same time received orders to exph)re the San Fran- cisco region by Avater, and Fr. Santa Maria accom- panied the expedition as chaphiin on board the San Carlos. The expedition sailed from Monterey, proba- bly on July 24th, and at the same time the crew be- gan a novena in honor of St. Francis, at the termi- nation of which, just at night, the ship Avas off the entrance to San Francisco Bay. She entered the bay and anchored in the A'icinity of Avhat is noAv North Beach. Next morning the San Carlos crossed over to the Isla de Nuestra Seiiora de los Angeles, so named from the feast of the day, August 2d, and still knoAvn as Angel Island. Fr. Santa Maria and the offi- cers landed .several times on the northern shore to- ward Point Reyes to visit the Indian rancherias. After Avaiting more than forty days for the land ex- pedition, the San Carlos returned to Monterey. On the 14th of September Fathers Pakni and Campa set iiis colonists luid been i)ro[)erly settled in their new home. From .Mon- terey the expedition followed the route of Kivera in his journey of December 1774 to the Arroyo de San Francisco, now known as San Francis(iuito Creek, at a spot where the S])aniards had lirst encamp-ed in December 1760, and which Fr. Palon iiad selected two years previously as a desiralile site for the mis- sion. The cross set up in token of this selection was still standing. On March 27th the party encamped on a lake near the 'mouth of the port,' now known as T.obos Creek. Next morninii.- Anza went with ¥v. Font to what is now P'ort Point, ''where nobody had been,"' and there erected a cross, at the foot of wl,i;di he buried an account of his explorations. Here upon the table land Anza resolved to establish the i)residio. About half a league east of the cam]) they found a large lagoon from which was flowing considerable water; this was the present Washer- woman's Bay, corner of Greenwich and Ontario streets. Next morning, the 29th, they broke camp, half the men returning by the way they had come to San Mateo Creek, and the commander- with Fr. Font and five men taking the route by the bayshore. Arriving at the s^Dring discovered the day before, they named it from the day, the last Friday in Lent, Arroyo de los Dolores. On the Sth of A])ril the ])arty again reached Monterey. (4) On the' departure of Anza, Rivera at once changed his policy of delay, and on the 8th of May des- l)at(died an order to Commandant Moraga to proceed, and to estal)lish the fort on the site chosen by Anza. However, he could not refrain from annoying the Fathers by saying that the founding of the mis- sion was for the present to be suspended. Neverthe- less, Fr. Serra had Fathers Palou and Cambon, who (4) Vida, 204-205; Banc, I, 268-269; 280-287. — '2^'2 — were destined for San Francisco, accompany the sol- diers to attend to their spiritual interests, and be ready on the spot for further orders, On June 27th, 1T7G, soldiers, settlers, and two Fathers encamped on the Laguna de los Dolores. Here Moraga awaited the coming of the ship San Carlos which was to bring supplies from Monterey. A month passed in explora- tions, in cutting timber, and in other preparations, and still no vessel came. Moraga then resolved to go over to the site selected by Anza, and to make a be- ginning by erecting barracks of tules and other light nuiterial. The camp was transferred on the 26th of July. The first building completed was intended for a temporary chapel, and in it the first Mass was cele- brated by Fr. Palou on July 28th. The first Mass after their arrival, however, had l)een said on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul by Fr. Palou in a little hut constructed of branches. Thereafter the two missionaries had said Mass every day at the camp. Meanwhile they had also visited the pagan rancherias, the inhabitants of which expressed their satisfaction at seeing the religious among them. When the camp was transferred to the presidio, tlie Fathers did not change their quarters. They thought the first camp better fitted for a mission than any other locality on th? peninsula ; and, though l)y Rivera's orders the mission was not yet to be founded, it was deemed safe and best for the two missionaries to make preparations for' their fu- ture dwellings. This was the situation at San Fran- cisco for nearly two months. To the relief of all, the San Carlos arrived on the 18th of August. Work was immediately begun on permanent buildings for the presidio, and they were completed, the chapel included, by the middle of September. The 17th was chosen for the day of reli- gious dedication, it being the feast of Stigmata of — 29^ — St. Franciis, the patron of the port and mission. More than loO persons witnessed the ceremonies. Fr. Pak)u sang Hijih Mass. He was assisted by Fathers Cambon Peiia, who had come up from Monterey, and Noce- dal, the eliaplain of the sliip. Fr. Palou also blessed tlie great cross. The "Te Deum" concluded the reli- gious ceremonies. The officers then took possession of the fort in the name of the king, amid tlie firing of cannon and musketry and the ringing of bells. (5) While the supplies were transferred to the ware- house, a new exploration of the head of the l)ay and of the great rivers was made by Captain Quiros, Ca- nizares, and Fr. Cambon in the ship's boat, and by Lieutenant Moraga on land. The boat went up as far as Petaluma Creek and some distance into it, be- ing probably the first European vessel to pass along the windings of that stream; at any rate, Fr. Cam- l)on was the first priest that came to this region. ((5) In the camp at the Laguna de los Dolores, where since July Fathers Palou and Cambon, reenforced after a time by Fr. Pena, had been making prepara- tions for a mission, six soldiers and a settler had e- rected houses for their families. Two children of pre- sidio soldiers, the first on llie peninsula, were ))ap- tized in August. As soon as Quiros arrived he immediately put six sailors to work to aid the missionaries in erecting a church and dwelling. No orders came from Rivera authorizing the establishment of a mission, l)ut Mo- raga saW' no reason for delay, and took the responsi- l)ility upon himself. A church fifty-four feet long, and a house thirty by fifteen feet, all of wood, plastered with clay, and roofed with tules, were constructed, and the feast of kSt. Francis, October 4th, was the day set apart for tl:e ceremony of dedication. On the (5) Vida, 205-210; Ba x., 1,267-269; "Our Centennial" 24-26; Glee^ou II, -its; (6; Vida, 210-214: Banc, I, 289-290. — 294 — third the church, decorated with bunting from the vessel, was Idessed ; but the next day Low Mass only was said, for the solemn ceremonies were postponed on account of Moraiia's absence. He arrived on the seventh, and on October 9th the mission site was blessed, and the great cross erected, after which the image of St. Francis was carried about in procession and then placed upon an altar. On this occasion Fr. Falou again sang High Mass, assisted by Fathers Oaml)on, Nocedal, and Pena. The sermon was preached by Fr. Palou. All the Spaniards on the pen- insula, except the few soldiers left in charge of the presidio, assisted at the solemn ceremonies. Volleys of musketry rent the air, aided by swivel-guns and rockets brought from the San Carlos, and linally two l)eeves were killed to feast the guests before they de- parted. Thus was San Francisco de Asis on the Lagu- na de los Dolores, the sixth of the California mis- sions, formally established. Kespecting the name of this mission, it should be clearly understood that it Avas simply San Francisco de Asis, and never properly anything else, Assisi was dropped in common usage, as was Borromeo at San Carlos, and Alcala at San Diego. Then Dolores was added, not as a part of the name but simply to des- ignate the locality, like Carmelo at San Carlos. Grad- ually, as San Francisco was also the name of the presidio, and as there was another mission called San Francisco Solano, it became customary to speak of the mission as Mission de los Dolores, meaning sim- ply 'the mission at Dolores.' No other name than San Francisco was employed in official reports. Dolo- res was in full: "Nuestra Seiiora de los Dolores,'- the name given to a stream or spring by Anza on Good Friday. (7) None of the Indians witnessed the festivities at (7i Vida, 214; Banc, I, 291-295. The paii-li church, howovei- even in our time celobratos the ITtli, of S^p'-enber as its titular fea.Tt. — 295 — Sail FralR'isoo, UvS in tlie previous iiioiitli of Auiiust tliey had fled to the deserted islands in tlie bay, or liad crossed over to the other side. Their departure ■ Avas owiiiii to a sudden attack from their mortal ene- mies, the iSalsona Indians, who lived about six leagues to the southeast. The soldiers had been unable to arrive in time to prevent the outrages on their neigh- l)ors. In December the natives began to come back to the peninsula ; but Ihey came in hostile attitude, and began to steal all that came within reach. One party discharged arrows at the corporal of the guard; an- other insulted a soldier's wife; and there was an at- tempt made to shoot a Christian from San Carlos. Then one of the guilty Indians was shut up and flogged by the soldiers, whereupon the savages rushed up and discharged a volley of arrows at the mission buildings, and attempted to rescue the i)risoner. They were frightened away, however, by a discharge of musketry. On the next day the sergeant went out to make arrests, when a new flght occurred in which a i^ettler and a horse were wounded, while of the na- tives one was killed and another wounded. The In- dians now begged for peace ; it was granted after sundry floggings had been administered. About three months elapsed before the savages again showed them- selves at the mission. Gradually, however, the na- tives lost their fear of the Spaniards, and on June 24th, 1777, three adults, the flrst converts, were bap- tized. At the close of the same year the number of neophytes had increased to thirty-one. Before the death of Fr. Junipero the whole number of converts was 394. The first burial of a neophyte took place on October 20th, 1777. The flrst marriage was between two Spaniards on November 28th, 1776. Ij« October 1777 Fr. Junipero Serra, the superior of ; 224; Rar.c, I, 291-297. — 297 — women, who iii-ouiul them into powder and prepared the disli I'rom them called 'atole.' Of a certain kind of black seed they made a food similar in appearance to "tamales," (1) wliich tasted like roasted almonds. They also caught lish in abundance along the ))ay, withered muscles, hunted deer, rabbits, ducks, quails, and other jiame. Occasionally a whale would appear on the shore, which was always a period of rejoicing-, as was also the capture of a sea-lion. The Indians would slice these, roast them, and hang them to a tree. When- ever the natives felt hungry they would go to the tree and help themselves until nothing of the meat was left. Along the caiions they gathered hazel nuts, and on the sandhills they picked the wild strawberries. On the plains and hills a kind of wild onion abounded, which was roasted, and this dish was called 'amole.' Fr. Palou pronounced it sweet, and of as good a flavor as that of the ordinary pre- serves. There was another kind of "amole," of a sapona- ceous nature, similar to our castile soap. The poor Indians, however, had very little use for it, as the men wore no other garments than those of Adam be- fore the fall. To'protect themselves against the cold, they would cover their bodies \\ ith mud. As the day advanced and the atmosphere grew warmer, this coating was w^ashed off. The women wore a sort of apron, made of skins, which reached down to the knees; another skin was thrown over the shoulders to protect them against the cold. The marriage ceremonies of these Indians was very simple; it consisted in the mutual consent to live to- gether till some disagreement occurred, when the couple would separate to choose other companions. The children belonged to the mother. The only for- (1) 'Tarnales;'' minced meat rolled up in corn -jhocks and baked on coals. — 298 — inula of divorce was the word of the husband: "I put her out." Many, liowever, never separated, and these loved their children tenderly. Some Indians had several wives, because he who obtained a wife con- sidered himself entitled to all her sisters, and even her mother. Such were the low ideas of the natives regarding matrimony. The influence of Christianity soon made a change in this matter. A short time after the establishment of the mission a man present- ed himself for instruction who had four wives : three sisters and their mother. At the request of Fr. Palou he dismissed all except his tirst wife, and his exam- ple was followed by so many that in a short while no Indian had more than one wife. (2) The sacrament of contirmation was administered at San Francisco for the first time by Fr. Junipero Serra on October 21st, 1779. He had arrived on the 15th and remained until the 6th of November, mean- while instructing and confirming those who were ready for the sacrament. (3) On October 26th, 1781, Fr. Serra again came to San Francisco for the purpose of administering confirma- tion. He w^as accompanied by Fr. Juan Crespi, who had not been at this mission since 1769, when none but roving Indians were to be seen al(5ng the shores of the bay. The two Fathers remained until Novem- ber 9th. (4) A new chapel was in course of erection at tlie pre- sidio in the beginning of 1780. Fr. Junipero once more visited San Francisco to give confirmation on the fourth of May, 1784, and remained with Fr. Pa- lou two days. (6) There was some trouble about the performance of chaplain's duties at the presidio. For two years the soldiers had to attend Mass at the mission, which Avas not a great distance away ; but about the year (2) Vida, 215-21M. (3) Vida, 2a2-2:«. (4) Vida, 237. — 299 — 1788 a fhapol was completed, and tlie Fathers tliere- after oceasionally held service at tlie presidio. The natives gave no trouble save by the rare theft of a horse or cow, for which ollence they Avere chastised once or twice at the presidio in 1783; and in 1786 some neophytes were arrested and tio5. He was now free to leave California, as he had long desired to do, and departed' for Mexico in October or November. He reached his college on February 2ttt, 1788, and on July 1st was elected guardian. He died about the year 179(). (9) Bancroft, Hist. Cal. Vol. I, 417-420. The entire title of the first work is : "Kelacion Historica de la Vida y Apostoli?as Tar^£\^ dgl Venerable Padre, — 801 — Canibon. Except during a short time when he was chaphiiii of the San Cados for the sake of his health, Fr. Cambon attended the mission of San Francisco from the be<;inning in 1776 until 1791. Fr. Giribet remained only two years, 1785-1787. Fr. Santiaico was at San Francisco in 1780 to 1787, Fathers Sola and Garcia in 1787 to 1790; and Fr. Danti from 1790- 1796. (11) Fray Junipero Serra y de las Misiones que fundo en la California Septe-i- trional, y nucvos e.stablecimientos do Montsrey. Escrita por el R. P. L. Fr. Francisco Palou, Guardian actual del Colegio ApostoliSo de S. Fern- ando de Mexico, y Discipulo del Venerable Fundador. a expensas de vari- os Rienhechores. Impresa en Mexico aiio de 1787." In his proloRue tlie author says: "I well know that some who read new things expect a his- torian to indulge in theories and to clear up all difficulties. This method although tolerated and even applauded in profane histories, in those of saints and servants of God, written for edification and to excite imitation is deemed by the best historians a fault, which I have to avoid. As the soul of history is simple truh, thou canst have the asssurance that almost all I relate I have witnessed, and the rest has been t«ld me by other missionary Fathers and companions who are worthy of belief. Finally, I do not forget that neither Homer among the poets, nor Demo - thenes among the orators, neither Aristotle nor Solon among the philoso- phers ceased to be capable of error; for although they were eminent as Ijhilosophers, orators, and poets, they were men. Great is the frailty of our nature; and while those who write do not cease to be men, there will always be men to notice it. Kind reader, remember your own frailty, and you will have compassion with mine." The other work of Fr. Palou "Noticias de la Antigua y Nueva California, Mexico, 1857, is by far the more extensive work of the two, tliough both cover substantially the same ground. The latest date mentioned is in July 178;J, about which time it was probably concluded. The work is divided in- to four parts. Part I includes the annals of Lower California under the Franciscans from 1768-1773, and extends over 245 pages of the first volume in 40 chapters. Part II describes the expeditious to Monterey and the foundation of the first five missions, and extends from page 247 to 688 in 50 chapters, covering the period from 1769 to 1773. Part III is a collection of original dccuments on events of 1773-1774, not arranged into chapters, and fill 211 pages of the second volume. Part IV continues the narrative in 41 chapters on pages 2i:,'-"96, from 1775 to 1783. Tlie author was able, to obtain only the two volumes I and III. (Hj Banc. Vol. I, 473-474; 712. Fr. Pedro Benito Cambon, who in 1791 re- tired to his college entirely broken down in health, was born at Santiago in Galicia, Spain, He was ordered to California from the college in Au- gust 1770, and arrived at Monterey on May 21st, 1771. Fr. Cambon was one of the founders of San Gabriel and was stationed there until April 1772. He then spent several years at VelicatA in Lower California for the benefit of his health, and to look alter the property of the missionaries. In Octo- ber 1776 he went to San Francisco, but was absent from October 1779 un- til May nsja, during which time he was chaplain of the San Carlos. In 1782 he founded San Buenaventura. Fr. Cambou was a zealouj and able — 302 — Lieutenant Joee Moniga was con.mandant of the military from the first founding of San Frincisco as a presidio in 1776 until his death, which occurred on July ]>;th, 1785. He was buried in the mission church at whose cornerstone laying he had been present. The presidial force consisted of thirty-four men besides the oificers. From 15 to 20 men Avere on duty in the fi'arrison, while the rest did guard duty at the mis- sion, at Santa Clara, and at San Jose. (12) The natives caused more trouble in the region of San Francisco during the last decade of the century than in r.ny olhcr i art of California. In March 1795 Fr. Danii sent a party of fourteen neophytes to the rancherins of the Chaclanes or Sacalanes to bring back some fugitives, but these were attacked by gen- tiles and renegade Christians, and at least seven of the number were killed. In September over two hundred natives deserted from San Francisco. It seems Fr. Danti was less lenient than his brother mission- aries, and kept up a strict discipline to the disgust of the Indians. The governor complained to Fr. Las- uen about the missionary. Fr. Lasuen promised to in- vestigate the matter. Unwillingness to work on the part of the neophytes seems to have been the princi- pal cause of the dissatisfaction at the mission. In June a new difMculty arose. A large part of the fugitive natives belonged to the Cuchillones across the bay. The missionaries sent about thirty mission Indians to bring back the runaways. They crossed the bay on balsas and soon had a quarrel with the Cuch- illones. No lives were lost, but no fugitives could be recovered. This affair gave rise to new correspondence with the governor. The gentiles now threatened to man, says Eancroft, but his health repsatodly broke down. His last signa- ture on the mii:i-io:i books is dated September 10th, 1791. Of Fr. An'.onio Danti we only know that ho was stationed at San Fran- cisco, that he was a strict disciplinarian disliked by the Indians for that reason, and that he was aUowed to retire on account of ill health. (12) Bancrcft Vol. I, 170-472. kill the Christians if they i-ontiiuied to work, and the toldiers if they ilarcd to interfere. By order of the iiovemor t^ergennt Amador Avith 22 men then at- tacked the Indians in their ranoheria. In the tijilit two poldiers were wounded and seven natives killed. Amador then returned to San Jose with 88 Christians and nine pagans. In the examination held witJi a view to learn why the neophytes had run away, the shrewd Indians gave as their reasons excessive flog- ging, hunger, and the death of relatives. Those ac- quainted with the Indian character will smile at the first two reasons. Any punishment in any shape is excessive with Indians. Probably the good Father ap- plied St. Paul's command, "that if any one wr)u]d not work, neither should he eat." (18) Fr. La- suen, who also investigated the complaints of the In- dians, declared that the charges of cruelty were un- founded, as was also proved by the large number of conversions. The neophytes fled, rot l;c cause they were flogged or overworked, but because of the rav- ages of an epidemic. No further trouble^! occurred at San Francisco, but the Sacalanes and other pajian In- dians continued their hostile influence at Mission San Jose. (14) {m II. Thess.. Ill, 1(1. (14) Banc, I, 708-712. — 804 GI^PPTEI^ X. SAN FRANCISCO (CONTINUED). A Carmelite Monastery Planned— Raxcho Del Rey— Missionary CHAN3ES— Fathers Espi, Garcia, And Fernandez Retire— The Mission Buildings— Vancouver's Visit— Fr. Saenz Retires- The Church. Great Mortality— Other Ithvh- Bra\c:i Mission- ArRj.ss The Bay- Statistical— Missionary CHANtiEs— The Inventory -Staiisttcs. A singular plan was formed in Mexico at this time. A monastery of Carmelites was to be estab- lished at San Francisco. The biiilding;s were to cost from $25,000 to $80,000, and the community was to be composed of twelve religious. It was to be sup- ported by an agricultural establishment, become the nucleus of a settlement, and thus promote both the civilization of the natives and the colonization of the country, to say nothing of the usefulness of the monastery towers to navigation as' landmarks. This doubtful scheme was referred to two religious, Fa- thers Mugartegui and Fena, who had been in (Cali- fornia. The Fathers reported adversely, but declared that, instead, any aid from the Carmelites in found- ing new missions would be acceptable. There the matter rested. Governor Borica himself disapproved of the proposed establishment, because there would be no market for the produce. (1) In 1796, at the suggestion of Comandante Sal, Gov- ernor Borica determined to reestablish a branch of the rancho del rey, which had been abandoned in 1701 at the petition of the Fathers, who claimed that (1) Banc, I. 580-581, — nor, — injv.ry v.as done to the niifiBion intcrcstr. Th.e plnn was carried out in 1707. Two hundrod and sixty-llvo cattlo wort* purclmaod from the niiawion: luul i)hu:cd at Buriburi, ])ct\voen Sun Bruno nnd i^ixn Mateo. When the news reached Mexico it hrou'^lit out n pro- test from the Fr. Guardian to the viceroy on Febru- ary 6tli, 1TD8. In this document the past history of the rancho was rehited, and t!io char<>;e made that Borica had acted in opposition t.i the king's Avislies. The guardian then demanded the rcn.oval of the rancho as well as of '.he cattle owned by the sol- diers. The pasturasjce, he ^liov.cd, Avas all needed for the mission herds, which ncvr must b^ driven far down the peninsula; and the natives were sufFerinjr jireat injury in their natural and leiial rights. As in- stances the Fr. Guardian stated that the horses were kept ten leagues distant; sheep under a ralaried man six leagues away ; and the oxen not actually at work were also pastured at a long distance. Notwithstand- ing the objections of the missionaries the viceroy or- dered the rancho to be maintained. (2) Sevekal changes took place among the missionaries of San Francisco about the close of the century. Fr. Martin Landaeta, a new-comer, succeeded Fr. Camboii and remained until October 1798, when sickness compelled him to return to Mexico for awhile. Fr. Espi resided here in 17U7-1799, and then reared to his college. (3) For awliile, 1799-1800, Fr. Merelo suc- ceeded him. Fr. Diega Garcia returned to San Fran- cisco in 1797, and remained until the following year (2) Banc. I, 70C-70S. (:>) Fr. Jos^ de la Cruz E.-:pi, a native of Valencia, came to M?xico in 17:S6, anfl two years l:itjr went to Nootka as chaplain \\itli tlie expedition of Martinez, which touched on the California coast. He came to California as a missionary ia 1793, and served at San Antonio from September of that year until September 1791; at SolodAd until De- cemSer 179.5; at Santa Cruz until 1797: and at San Francisco from Juno 1797; until Aupust ]7'J9, when lie obtained leave to retire, but did not sail away from San DieKO until Jaauary ICth. 1800. Fr. Diepo Garcia came to California in 17,''7. He was stationed at San Franciico from September of that year until October 1791 ; at Sole- — 30G — when ho cleparted for Mexico. Fr. Fernandez served at the mission in 179C-1797, and Fr. Ramon Abel- la arrived in July 1708. (4) Fr. Martiarona was also a supernumerary from AujiUBt 1800, and the names of several others appear on the mission books as havinji officated here at different dates. Down to December 31st, 1800, the Fathers had baptized 2J17 persons at the mission of San Francisco; 1,369 burials had talven place, and 648 couples had been joined in holy matrimony. 635 Indians were on the mission rolls on tlie same date. (5) The mission buildings were described by Vancouver in 1792 as forming two sides of a square, without any apparent intention of completing the quadrangle, the architecture and the material being the same as at the presidio, but the apartments were larger, better constructed, and cleaner. At this period all the rcofs were of thatch, and the dwellings of the Indians wore huts ot" willow poles, basket-work of twigs, and thatch of grass and tules. These huts were about twelve feet high and six or seven feet in diameter. In 1793 nineteen adol)e houses were built, which num- ber was subsequently increased until in 1798 there were enough for most of the married neophytes. In 1794 a new^ storehouse, 150 feet long, was erected and roofed with tiles, and half a league of ditch was dug around the potrero (6) and fields. In 1795 an ado- be buildiug 180 feet long was built, and tile roofs were completed for all the structures, including the church, whose cornerstone had been laid in 1782. <1M till February 1792; at San Antonio until November 1792; again at Soledad till March 1796; and apain at San Francisco until May 1797, when he was allowed t« depart. He was jrennrally a supernumcrar' . (4) Fr. .Jos6 Maria Fernandez left liis collepe in February, and arrived at San Francisco in Septombor 17i)t>. Ho served as missionary until 1797. He was a very kindlieartod man; hut a blow on the head accidentally re- ceived affected his liealth. aud ptspeciaUy his mind, to such an extent that he was incapacitated for missionary labor. He left California pro- babjy in August 1797. (.5) Baoc I. 71'^ "lufonnos Gcncralcs," afio 18tO. (t5) Cattle farm, — ;jo7 — r rMmmrfk — 808 - WnEr.E the cultivated fields \vcro situated at this time dooR not appear. In 1705 EVipplioB furnished to the presidio nniountod to $2,85^. In .Tannnry 1705 cold weather ])ryvented the FatheiH from Baying Maep. Froni 1707 to 1800 rejiular weather reports were ren- darad at th'j end of each year. At the time of Van- couver's visit one large room at the mission was occu- pied by manufacturers of a coarse sort of blanketing, made from wool produced in the neighborhood. "The looms,'' he says, "'though rudely constructed, were tol- erably well contrived, and had been made by the In- dians. Tlie produce is wholly applied to the clothing of the converted Indians. I saw some of the cloth, which M'as by no means despicable ; and, had it re- ceived the advantage of fulling, would have been a very decent sort of clothing." In 1797 Governor Bori- ca directed that mission blankets should be used at the presidio, and no more procured from Mexico; but in 1709 lie disapproved of the missionaries' plan of building a fulling-mill. In 1706 the manufacture of coarse pottery was begun. Some cotton from San Bias was woven before 1797. In 1708 the mission contract- ed to furnish tiles to the ijresidio at $20 per thou- sand. (7) The missionaries now had less trouble with their neophytes than in former years, thougli 280 of tliem were carried away l)y an epidemic of measles from April to June 180C. Twelve or fifteen of the San Francisco Indians were also killed in February 1807 by the gentiles in a fight that seems to have occurred in the region of Carquines Strait. A traveller visiting the mission about this time de scribes the dwelling of the missionaries as consisting of spacious apartments. Behind th.e dwelling was a large court surrounded by buildings in which the ne- ophytes were employed, chielly in the preparation of (7) Banc.. I. 7i:.7J5. — 309 — wool and the weavin*'' of coarse fabrics. About a luindred yards from the mission was the rancherla composed of eiiiht lonjx rows of dwellini^s for the In- dian families. There were buildiniis ior melting tal- low and for making soap, smithshops, shops for car- penters and cabinet-makers, magazines for storing tal- low, soap, butter, salt, wool, and hides, and store- houses filled with grain. The Avine served was of a very ordinary quality, being a production of the country. The kitchen garden was in a poor condition, the high winds and drifting sands of the peninsula not being favorable to horticulture. The visitors were as a rule very favorably impressed by what they saw at the mission, and had nothing but good to say of the Fathers. Fe. Landaeta, who had returned in 1800, left San Francisco for the south in 1807, and was succeeded by Fr. Juan Saenz de Lucio, who had come here the year before. Fr. Martiarena in 1801, Fr. Taboada in 1801-1802 and in 1804-1805, and Fr. Barcenilla in 1802, for a few months, are the other names of missionaries that appear on the mission registers to- gether with Fr. Abella. He with Fr. Saenz labored to- gether for the benefit of the Indians until 1816, when Fr. Saenz left the province. Fr. Abella remained at San Francisco until 1810, when he was transferred to San Carlos. Fr. Oliva served here in 1815-1819, and Fr. Juan Cabot in 1818-1820; Avhile Fathers Ordaz and Altimira came in 1820. (8) Sax Francisco reached its highest ligure as regards the Indian population in 1820 with 1,252 neophytes on the registers. In 1818 a school was in operation. At this period the Indians had their own gardens, (8) Bane., II, i:)l-i:)2 ; 3*:), Fr. Jiiau Sionz do Luclo w.r-i n uativo of Can. tabri.i. IIo loft his coIIoto for CaUforali iu Febru'wy IS'lil. Uis l.fst sknr. turo on tlio S m Franoisoo books Is on Aucust 7th, ISl.A, but ho seems to hivo paasnd aomo months nt S:»U JinP R^UtUtS before Iq.^rjqu thi.* prorincc Ju Novpinb-u' liilO. ^ sio — find all the buildiniis, includiuji the housei? of tho In (lians, Were of stone or adobe, and covered with iiles. The habitations of tlie Indians consisting of lonji, low liouses, formed several streets. The chnrch was "spa- cious, built of stone, and handsomely decorated. It had room for 'M)0 or GOO persons; but there were no seats." Twenty looms were in constant operation, and two mills moved by mule-power. The terrible mortal- ity among- the neophytes was the great trouble of the Fathers. To prevent a panic among tlie Indians the branch at San Rafael across the bay was estab- lished in order to transfer a part of tlie natives to this more salubrious climate. A beginning of agricul- tural and stock-raising operations seems to have been made across the bay where Oakland or Alameda now stand, but no particulars are on record. (9) The registered population fell from 1,252 to 219, during the third decade of the century, but, after nuiking deductions for San Rafael and Solano, the real decline was from o40 to 219; 590 were at San Kafa-1 and 322 went to Solano in 1823. The tax on products paid by the missions was about $o00 a year. In 1821 the mission furnished the presidio $1,200 in soap. The supplies furnished the garrison in 1821-1880, except 1827, amounted to over $8,000 according to some ac- counts ; others say $0,288. Of the buildings at this period nothing new is learned. The houses were regularly arranged in streets, and a line stream of Avater flowed through the plaza. The most important event was the proposed transfer to Sononui, which was begun in 1823, so (0) B.inc,, II, ;!74-S75. In 181 1 limits wore assisnod to the mission lands h.v Governor Sola according to Fr. Est6iief?a's st-\toment in 1828; but "East to Laurel Creek, and .south across tlio sierra, so as to include San Pedro rnncho on the coast," I3 the fiubstnnco of the information Kiven, On July aail. 181 1. Fr. AboUa burled an old woman said to have been 2W (1) jeiirn old, a-id the last Uvin» mtlve within ulx btiBuos wlio could remember the founders of the jplsa^on, Tho m^salpii suppUnd thr protlUo In ISJ^SSO with $;i,2Cu. - sn -. thnt Solai^o became a sepai-ato mission; but it took only half instoiKl of all the neophyte;^ from the old establisliment. Fr. Bias Ordaz v»as succeeded in October 1821 by Fr. Tonuis Estenega, who served alone after Fr. Alti- mira went to San Francisco Solano in 1823. When tlie Zacatecan Fathers arrived to take charge of the northern missions in 1833, Fr. Estencga went to San Gabriel. Fr. Lorenzo Quijas was appointed to suc- ceed him at San Francisco. In the next year Fr. Jose Gutierrez took Fr Quijas's place, and remained in charge until the end of IScO. The neophytes num- bered 210 on December 81st, 1831, probably fewer than 150 in 1834, and at the end of 1839 there were left only 90, who lived at San Mateo, with possibly 50 more scattered around the country. With secularization began a rapid decline in every l)ranch. Tlie inventory of July 28th, 1835, described the buildings minutely. It included 27 structures l)e- sides the principal one, and valued them at .$22,482; utensils and furniture were estimated at $319; man- ufacturing apparatus, .$233; goods and produce in the storehouse $2,414; garden with fences and fruit- trees, .$334; corral, $335; farming tools, .$34: launch and boat, $880; live-stock: 4,445 cattle, G91 horses, 2,125 sheep, 5 mules, C asses, 122 swine, $17,172; church property : buildings, $9,057; ornaments, etc., $8,770; etc. If any property was ever divided among the Indians, there are no records to show it. (10) There is no trace of a resident missionary after 1840, though the Fathers Real occasionally came to the mission, and Fr. Muro seems to have spent sev- eral months there in 1845. (11) The church erected (K)) Banc, II, n95-fi0ii. lit, 711J-715; In 18'J2 tli'> mit-sion Innrlft hi-o drtflcilborl a« ex»ondln»t »lx IfnjjuoB north to urmth, and tliroo Ipiitfuofi vwt to went, liilly, but cnaicioiit with biiril work to ninintaUi half the uoophylPr, Thrro won no Irrltfutlon. The mUslon itlso ownod ii jdooe of Imvil tlii-oo )»„-„,., north to i«'>iUh. nnd ii hi»]f i loaguo onst to W^t ^^ \h^ Other Mid^ 0^ tjic IJR}', (11) Pjj?ic„ IV, 675, — 312 — lYiission DQlores At TI19 Frsseut Tims. — 313 - by tho Fathn-s, however, is still used for weekday* service by the parish of "Doh)res'' in that part of San Francisco called ''The Mission'\ The Kev. Priidencio 8antillan Avas curate of San Francisco from 1846 to 1850. When the Americans took possession of the territory 8antillan retired to Mexico, and did not return to reside pernumently un- til after 1848. (12) Duriiiii- the whole period of its existence as an In- dian mission down to Docember 81st, 1881, when the "Informcs Generales" cease, the Fathers baptized 6,883 percons, Imricd 2,08ry dead, and l^lessed 2,040 marria^e.^.. Acc{)rdinii' to Bancroft duriiia.' the same period the whole number of baptisms was 6,998, of wliich num- ber of perrons 8,715 v>ere Indian adults, 2,829 were Indian children, r.nd 454 children of settlers or sol- diers. The marriaii'es numbered 2,121, cf which 85 were betv\cen settlers. The number of burials was 5, 558, of which 8,464 were of Indian adults, 1,900 In- dian children. 111 Avhite children, and 58 white a- dults. The lari2;est nun;ber of cattle owned ))y the mission was 11,240 in 1808; the larues numl)er of horses, 1, 289 in 1881; mules 42, in 18J8; sheep, 11,824 in 1818; all kinds of animals, 22,668 in 1805. The total pro- duct of wheat amounted t;) 114,480 l)ushels ; barley 59, 500 1;usl:els; corn 16,900 ])ushels; beans 19,380 bush- els; and mircellaneous f>rains 19,058 busheh. (13) {VD Bancioit, V, Tr^:, says Santillau was a novice, who had come to Cal- ifornia with Bishop DioRO in 1S41. He was of Indian parentage, and was ordained priest soon after his arrival. 'Novice' may n ean seminarian, which is more probable. Later ho became assistant cnrato at Mazatlan, Mes;ico, before l.Saf), (lU) "Informos Generales," J831 ; Banc, III, 714, — Sl4 — d^ppjPBR XI. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. First Attempt To Found The Mission— The Foindinc— "?e. Seeea's Danger— FiEST Converts— The Missionarjes— Fathers Amireio And Mt'OARTEGUi Retire- Death Of Fr. Fu.-tf.r— roxFiRMATiON At San Juan— Statistical— New Church Begun—Weaving— A Fire— Dedica- tion Of The New C'hurch— Fathers Santiago And Faura Retire— The Missionaries— An Earthquake Destroys the Buildings And Kills A Number Of Indians— Declcne Of The Mission— Fr. Boscana Insulted- Emancipation— Inventory— Fathers Oliva And Ohdaz Die— Last Mis- sionaries—Sale Of The Mission— Statistics— The "Our Father." At a conference of the Fathers, lield at Mon- terey en the 12th of Aujiust, 1775, it was resolved to establish the mission of San Juan Capistrano un- der Fatliers Lasuen and Amurrio. Fr. Lasuen, there- uijon, said the first Mass in a hut constructed of branches, on a spot 2G leagues from San Diego and 18 leagues from San Gabriel. He likewise erected and blessed the great cross, and thus formally began the mission on the 30th of October, the octave of San Juan Capistrano, according to Palou, but on the 19tli according to Sergeant Ortega. The na- tives Avho appeared in large numbers were well dis- posed, and assisted in the work on the chapel "and other buildings. Fr. Amurrio arrived eight days later with provisions, and the prospects were deemed fa- vorable, when on November 7th Lieutenant Ortega was suddenly called away by the news of an Indian^ revolt at San Diego. He advised the missionaries to, abandon the place for the present. The bells were, therefore buried, and th? >vhoIo party returned to. the presidio. -^ Slo -^ In the ktt^r part of October ITTO) Fr. Serrn left San Diejio with Fathers Muii'ftrtetiiii aiul Aniurrio, under an escort of (^leven sohliers to establish a- new Mission 8an Juan. When tliey itrrived at tiie s^pot abandoned a year Iteforc, they found \\w cross still standiuii,-. They also found the bells, i)la('rd them in position, and rauii' liieni, thereby causiuii; a uuni- ber of ;i;entiles to assend)le, who expressed their sat- isfaction at the returu of tlu« missionaries. A hut was (luic'kly con-;trueted of branches, and an altar e- rected at which Fr. Serra said the lirst Mass. Thus the seventh mission in California was lirnily estab, lished on November 1st, 177(), on or near the ruins of a later structure. In order to speed the work, Fr. 8erra went to t-an Gabriel for more laborers and for some cattle. On his return he took with him only one soldier and a Christian Indian. After havinj;' proceeded about ten leaji'ues from the mission, some distance ahead of the pack-train and a drove of cattle, they were s;;r- rounded by a crowd of savat!,es, who shouted wildly, and threatened to kill them. Fr. kSerra ;;ctually thousiht his last hour liad come. The Christian Indian however bade the savages l)eware, as many f.oldiers were approaching. This caused tlicm to desist. Fr. Junipero now kindly invited the pagans to draw near. He then made the sign of the Cross on their foreheads, and by means of l)eads gained tlieir good will. Fr. Lasuen, who had been assigned to 8an duan, was changed to San Diego to take the place of the lamented Fr. J ay me. The lirst baptism at San Juan took place on December loth. Fr. Amurrio otficiated. On (ihristnuis-Day Fr, Mugartegui, who had succeeded Fr. LasvuMi, again administered i-he sacrnmen.t of baj)- tisnn Tlie whole number of thone baptized l)cforo the clooo of the year was four; hut during the next year forty IiMliiips veceircd the P'i'H'o of rcj?encration, Tht^ - Sl6 - nntive name of the mission site vras Sajii-it. The land was fertile, and the natives were well disposed, Fa- jies in his report of 1787 alludes briefly to the mis- sion as in a thoroughly prosperous condition. The number of converts in 1790 was nearly double what it had been in 1783. In the latter year San Juan had 383 neophytes, Avhereas at the close of 1790 there were 765. Since 1783 there had been 509 baptisms and only 219 deaths. Agricultural products in 1790 amounted to over 3,000 bushels. An occasional scarci- ty of water was the only drawback to farming opera- tions. Of the original missionaries, who were stationed at San Juan from the time of tlie founding in 1770, Fr. Gregorio Amurrio had left the mission, and probably the country, in the autumn of 1779. (1) Fp.. Vincente Fuster was the successor of Fr. Amurrio until the end of 1787, when he was trans- ferred to Purisima. Fr. Fuster's place was filled by Fr. Santiago. Fr. Mugartegui, the other founder of San Juan Oapistrano, left California at the end of 1789, Fr. Fuster having returned in September. Fa- thers Fuster and Santiago then continued at San Juan together until 1800, when the former died. (3) (1) Vida, 174-176; 197 2C0; Banc, I, :»;i-304; 458; Informes Gcncralcs. Fr. Gre- gorio Amurrio was occ of the party that was wrockeil at JLaiizauillo iii at- temptiug to cross frcm San Bias to Lcicto in 177]. He rrn c back to Singloii by laud, reached Loreto in Noreinber, and served at Santa Gortrudis du; - ing tlie occupation of the peninsula by tlie Franciscans. At tha ct^ssiou he came with Fr. Palou to San Dieeo in Ausast 177.J. Iloie ho remained un- til April 1771, when lie sailed for Monterey, subsequently sorvins? most of the time as supernumerary at San Luis Obispo, until the attempted fouu-. datlon of San Juan on October :0th, 177."). His latt entry in the books of that mission was in September of 177,». (21 Fr. Pablo de Mupliitepui cair.o to Californi i with Fr. Serra on the lattor's return from Mexico, and arrivert at Sin Dioj?o on March llitli. 1774, RciuR in poor health he remained for some time unattached to any mission, first scrviufr as superunmorary at San Antonio from January to. July 177.'), lie was the regular missionary of San Luis Obispo from Au- gust 177.5 until NovQiubsr 177G, and of S^n Ju.an C ipistrano until Novem- ber 1780. From August 10th, 17Sfl, ho held the olTico of vico-prosident of tho Cnlifornin mittaionu, Banc, I, 439; 057. Vt> YlHceatp Fustvr vtiw a mxlyf <^t Aratjoii who hnil oflsltiaJly ~~ 317 - . Accohdixo to Fr. Palou, Fr. Juiiipcro Scrra admiu- ietered the sacraincnt of confirmation probably in October 1778, ar.d ajrain apparently in October, \7^id. (8) The niitJf'ioiiaricR by December JUst, 1800, had bap- tized 999 persons, blessed 447 marriages, and buried 917 dead. 1,040 Indians were on the mission roll. Horses and cattle increased to 8,500, while in sheep San Jnan witli 17,000 was far ahead of any other mis- sion. The average crop amounted to 5,700 bushels. In 1797 there was due San Juan for supplies furnished to the presidios of San Di?go and Santa Barbara over $6,000. In 1794 there were built two large adobe granaries roofed with tiles, and forty houses for neophytes, some with grass roofs and others with tile roofs. In February 1797 work v.as begun on a new stone church which was to be the finest edifice in California. A master mason Avas obtained from Culiacan, and the structure rose slowly, but steadily for nine years un- der the hands of the Indians. The building measured oSXlO varas or yards. On November 22d, 1800, the walls were slightly cracked by an earthquake. Mapjano Mendoza, a weaver, was sent from Monter- loft Mexico in Octobir 1770, arrived at Loreto in November 1771, served at Velicatsi, and came up from tlie peninsuLi witli Fr, Palou. H ) arrivj 1 at S in Din-o Au^ast 30th 177;j, and was stationed there until 177G. Ho was with Fr. Ja.vme on the terrible nipht of Novem- ber 5th, 1775, wlien Jli-^sion San Dicpo was destroyed and his compan- ion murdered. His pen has frraphically de-scribed tlie horrors of that night. After living at San Gabriel and other missions as supernumerary, he was missionary of San Juan Capistrano from November 1779 until December 1787, when he founded Purisima and remained there till Aug- ust 1789. Ho then returned to San Juan and resided tliore until his death on October 21st, 18(K). Ho was buried in tlio mission cluirch. On September 9th, 1806, his remains wore transferred with all due solemnity to their fi nal resting-place in the presbytery of the now church on the epistle side. (3) Vida, 228; 26.'{: Among tlie visiting Fathers who ofTiciated here were Fr. Figuor, Juno 1780; Fr. Miguel Sanchez, May 1782; Fr. Lasuen, Octo- ber 178;^: Fr. Rioboo, February 1784; Fr. Mariner, October 1785; Fr. Jo.'6 Arroita. D.^cember 17813; Fr. Jos^* Calzada, April 1788: Fr. Torrcns, Octo- ber 17.^: and Fr- Cri't6bal Oriima.s. Deceniber 1-88 to January 1789. — 818 — ey in the summer of 17TG to teach his trade to the Indians. He was under contract with the sovornment at thirty dollars a month. A loom was set up with other necessary apparatus of a rude nature. Coarse fabrics and blankets Avere Iherenftcr manufactured by the Indians at this mission. Early in 1797 the Fatliers were notified that if they wished the services of Mendoza for a longer time they must pay his wages; but they thought his instructions not worth the mon- ey, especially now that the nativcG had learned all he knew, and the weaving industry had been succcspful- ly established. Besides home manufactures, Capistrano supplied large quantities of wool for experiments at other es- tablishments. On April 16th, 1797, Pedro Polorena re- ported that l)lankets, wide woolen cloths, niaiigas for vaqueroG, 30 yards of mania. 30 yards of baize had been successfully woven. The goods were not so perfect as the Mexican article, but good enough for this country. The native women could also spin, pick vv'ool and cotton, and dye tolerably well. (4) l^ March 1801 the store-room was set on lire by a sergoant's carelessness. The mis. ion lost 2,400 bushels of grain, besides more than six tons of tallovv* ; some damage was also done to church property. A most important event in the mission annals of San Juan Capistrano was the completion of the new church.. It vas the finest church in ("California, built of stone and mortar, and surmoujitcd by a lofty tow- er. It was regarded with equal pride by missionaries and neophytes, who had accomplished the work with the aid of a master-masoji. The dedication took place on wSeptember 7th, 1806. Fr. Superior Tapis Avas assist- ed by the Fathers of ihe mission, and Fathers Urresti, Victoria, Zalvidea, Teyri, and Cueva. Governor Arrill- aga was present with Captain Rodriguez, Lieutejuint (4) "Infoi-mes Gcneraaos" ad afio lOT; Banc., I, 657-C59. — 310 — Diego and Santa Barl)ara. Crowds of neophytes from all the country round witnesacd the solemn ccrcmo- niee. Next day Yr. A' ictoriii colobrated Mass and Fr. Urresti preached the sermon. On the 3th the remainH of Fr. Fuster were transferred to th^ new ckiirch. On this occasion Fr. Cueva sang the Requiem Mass. Fr. , Faura preached the sermon. Meanwhile Fr. Sanchez from San Diego had come to join in the festivities. The three days formed an epoch long remembered in southern California. The first baptism in the new church took place on October 18th, 1806. Fb. Santiago reiuaincd in charge of Mission San Juan until ISIO, wh.en he retired to Mexico. Fr. Fau- ra likewise retired in 180P. Fr. Francisco Suner came to the mission in 1800, and Fr. Jose Barcnn began his long ministry in ISIO. (5) A series of earthquake shocks, the most disastrous if not the most sevoie that ever occurred in Califor- nia, caused the wildest terror throughout the ' south- ern part of the province in 1812. The year was ever after known as 'el aiio dc los temblores,' and was for San Juan Capistrano particularly unfortunate. It occurred during early Mass on Sunday December 8th, when about fifty persons were in the church. The edifice was of the usual cruciform shape, with very thick walls and arched dome-like roof, all construct- ed of stone imbedded in mortar or cement. Tlio stones were not hewn, luit of irregular size and shape. The lofty tower at the church front fell with a crash on the vaulted roof at the second sliock, and in a moment the immense mass of stone and mortar (5) Banc, II, lOO-Ul. Fr. Juan Noberto dp Santiago came t 304 506. — 027 -- to Santa Clara from the nortli witli Fr. Juan Crospi. He eonfirnicd llie ntM)ph.vto8, and on the lOlh, >vith the assistance of Fathers Crespi, and the two resident missionaries Pena and Murji'uia, the cornerstone for a new church, was hiid. Fr. Junipero again passed through Santa Chira in the latter part of April 1784, but he did not allow himself to be detained, as he expected to be back for tliL^ dedication of the new church, which was fixed for the IGth of May. He returned to Santa Clara on the morning of May 15th, and was greeted by a mourning congregation; for one of the founders of the mission, the architect and builder of the new church, had died only four days ])efore. On the evening of the loth the new a- dobe structure was blessed by Fr. Serra with the as- sistance of Fathers Palou and Pena, in the presence of Governor Pages, Comandante Moraga, and a great multitude of neophytes, pagans, and settlers. On the following day, which w^as the fifth Sunday after East- er, and the feast of the Dedication of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi, Fr. Junipero sang High Mass, during which he preached to the multitude with his accustomed fervor. At the conclusion of the Mass he confirmed those who were prepared. He also made the spiritual exercises here for the last time as a pre- paration for his death, which he saw^ was near at hand. During his stay he at different times gave con- firmation to all who could be made ready, even going to the rancherias for the sake of those that on ac- count of sickness could not come to the church. On his arrival at Monterey Fr. Serra appointed Fr. No- boa to take the place cf the late Fr. Murguia at Santa Clara. The new church was the finest yet e- rected in California. The builder, Fr. Murguia, how- ever, did not live to see its dedication. (2) iZ) Vida, 22;;-22i: 2.U-2;«; 237; 20o-;iG{i; Banc. I, ,<51. Fr. Jos6 .\ntonio de Jesu? Maria df Mureuia was boru December lOtli, ITla, at Domajpuia, — 328 — Fr. Lasuen, the supai'ior of the (California missions, seems to have resided at Santa Clara much of the time from 1786-1789. There were no serions troubles with the natives, though tlie neophytes were some- times inclined to lake part in the petty wars of the gentiles. Two or three neophytes were chastised by the Fathers in 178G for being present at a gentile fight, and Sergeant Amador was sent to warn the pa- gans not to tempt the converts. Ii)f agricultural advantages Santa Clara was deemed superior to any other mission except San Gabriel, and the crops of grain and fruit usually Avere large. In 1790 tlie mission owned 2,477 cattle, 800 sheep, 86 horses. Down to December olst of that year the Fathers had baptized 1,886 persons, blessed 223 mar riages, and buried 870 dead. At the same time there were 9G0 Indians on the mission roll. (3) Fathers Pena and Noboa labored together for the welfare of the Indians at Santa Clara until Aagust 1795, when both retired, tho former on account of ill- health and the latter at the expiration of his ten years of service. (4) Their successors Avere the saint- Alava, Spain. IIo came to America a>i a layman, but entered tho Francis- can Older at San Fernando collepe, Mexico, June 2ftli, 1736; was ordained priest in 1744, and as:;igucd to the Sierra Gorda missions in 1748. There he toiled for 19 years and built the first masonry church in the district, that of San Micruel. Chosen for California in 1767, he reached Loreto April If-*, 1768, and was assigned to Mission Santiago, where he remained until March 1769. In June he was at San Jos6 del Cabo waiting to embark for California ; but sickness saved his life by preventing him from sailing in the ill-fated San Jos6. He subsequently served at Sin Javier, •but in July 1773 joined Fr. Palou and accompanied him to San Diego. He resided for a while at San Antonio as supernumerary, and in Octo- ber 1773 became the pastor of San Luis Obispo. In January 1777 with Fr. Pcila he founded Santa Clara, and died tlieie May 12th 17S3, whil:> preparing for the dedication of the rhurch on which he had worked so hard as architect, director, and even laborer. His remains wer.^ buried on May 12th in the presbytery of the new edifice by Fr. Palou, wlio liad also administered the last sacraments. (3J Bancroft, I, 476-177: "I i- formes Gencrales" for 1791'. <4) Banc. I, 722, Fr. Tora^s Ce la Peiia y Saravia, a natives of Spain, left Mexico in October 177U, sailed from San Bias in February 1771, was driv- en to Manzanillo, came back to Sinaloa by laiul, and finally rcachiuK Lo- - 329 — ly Fr. Magiii Cutahl ;uid Fr. Manuel Fernandez, l)ut the latter served only one year, when Fr. Jose Via- der took his place. It seems the soldiers insulted Fr. Oatald on some occasion; for on January 7th, 1797, Governor Borica ordered ollicers Moraiia and Vallejo to ^liive ratisf action to the Fatlier i'or their cond<;ct towards him. (o) In 1800 Santa Clara had a laruer Indian population than any other mission in California. The averai2;e crop of irrain amounted to 4,200 l)ushels per year. "Wheat was the Icadinji product. In the j^ardcn v^ere peaclies, apricot ts apples, pears, li<;s, and i^rapes. Twenty four oxen were killed every Saturday for food at the time of Vancouver's visit in 1792. Van- couver describes tlie mission buildinjis as erected on the same general plan as at San F'rancisco. They reto Novembor 24tli, 1771, was assigned to Comondil MLss'on. Ho camo up to San Dief?o on September 1772, servins there for a year, and subse- quently as a supernumerary lor short p3riod.s at San LuU Obispo and at San Carlos. From June to Ausrust 1771 ha made a voyage with Perez to the northwest coast, and kept a diary of the expedition. After his return ho re- mained as supernumerary at San Carlos and neiphborinpr missions until January 1777, wlien he became one of the founder.s of Santa Clara. Ho served there until August lltli, 1794, when he sailed for Mexico. In 179.i ho received some votes for office of guardian of the college, and was subse- quently elected, since he held the position in 1798. He was also sindic of the college from 1800 to February 6th, 1806, the date of his death. Fr. Pcfia was an able and successful missionary, but a strict disciplinarian. He was accused, before 1790, of having caused the death of two boys by blows ; but after a full investigation the charge was proven false, the IndiAn wit- nesses confessing that they had testified falsely ; some evidence was ad- duced to show that Ccmandantc Gonzalez, whom the Father had reproved for immorality, had used his influence in favor of the accusation. The formal decision was not reached until 179.5, after the poor missionary had retired to Mexico; but he interceded with the authorities in behalf of the Indian accusers, who were then released alter publicly apologizing to the missionaries for the attempt to bring dishonor on the religious. The allair had weigheii on the Fatlier so much, liowever, that Fr. Lasu- en in May 1794 spoke of his condition as very pitiable, for he had become emaciated, talked to himself, appeared constantly afraid, and showed other symtoms, which caused fears that he might lose his reason. Fr. Peiia had been appointed by the college to take Fr. Lasuen's place as su- perior of the missions in case of latter's death. Of Fr. Diego de Noboa nothing is known save that he arrived at San Francisco on Juno 2d, 178;!, rf'mainrd at that place and Santa Clara until Juno 1784, when ho became Uio successor of Fr. Murguia, and served till he sailed away with his asscciate, .\uGUst 11th, 1794. i5) Banc, I, 72a. - B?J) — formed an incomplete square of about 100 by 170 feet. The structures were sonunvliat superior to those of San Francisco, the churcli especially bcinji lonj*;, lofty, and as well l)uilt as the rude materials would permit. The upper stories of the other buildings and some of tlie lower rooms were used as granaries, but there were aho two detached storehouses recently erected. Close to tlie dwelling of tlie missionaries ran a fine stream of water, ])ut in order to ]>e near this stream tlie site had been selected in a low marshy spot only a few hundred yards from dry and com- fortable eminences. In fact this very year of 1792 the Fathers had been confined for a long time to their house by a flood, and it had already been re- solved to move the mission l)uildings a])out five hun- dred yards to higher ground. Tliere is no further di- rect record of tlie removal, nor is it likely that the church was ever removed, but a report of 1797 that tlie Iiouses of the Fatliers, the guard-room, storehouse and soldiers' dwellings had been completed indicates a transfer of those buildings which vrcre on low ground. The convent Iiad eight rooms. The cliurcli had a roof of tiles, and had l)een lengthened tvrenty- four feet in 17P5. At the time of Vancouver's vicit f-ome of the na fives were at work on adobe houses for themselves. Fourteen of these dwellings, thatclied, were complet- ed in b79o, nine more in 1794, and liefore 1798 near- ly all the Uiarried neophytes were tlius accommodated. There was also a corral 80 yards i:qr.are, with walls six feet high, built of stout thnlx-is and adobes, A trench war, dug in 1795 half a league long, nine feet VN-ide, and five feet deep. The clotli woven at Santa Clara roomed to Vancouver of a better equality than th.at manufactured at San Francisco. 2,000 hides were tanned in 1792, l)ut very few of them could bo sold for want of a market. There was a master 'anner and — 331 — shoemaker, and a cr.rpentcr nncl milhvrigln at the mission. (6) On August 12t]i, 1S02, a now main altar war, con- secrated. It had been purchased in Mexico. There were some troubles with the Indians at the begin- ning of 1801. In a fight which ensued live gentiles were killed. In April 1801 the Fathers sent twenty neophytes out to l)ring back some fugitives; but the party was attacked, one Christian was killed, and the rest came running to the mission Avithout a captive. In May 1805 a neophyte and a pagan of the Sennen- es were caught on the roof of the convent. It Avas rumored about that the Indians had planned to burn the mission and kill the Fathers. Five or six accom- plices were arrested. The excitement was great, and all the available forces of San Francisco with recn- forcement from Monterey were sent in haste to the rescue. The rumors of impending hostilities were found to be without foundation, however; some discontent- ed neophytes had simply uttered threats with a viev,- to frighten the missionaries and avoid certain immin- ent floggings. Though the number of baptisms was larger at Santa Clara than at any other establishment at this period, except Santa Barbara and San Francisco, the num- ber of deaths was nowhere exceeded. According to the biennial mission report for 1817-1818, a fine nev,- church of adobes with tile roof had been completed during that time. (7) DuEiXG all these years, from 1795-1830, Fathers Ca- tala and Viader labored together at Santa Clara for the benefit of the natives. In November 18S0, hov^ev- er. Father Cat da, one of the oldest missionaries in California died after a ministry of thirty-seven years at this very mission. (8) (6) Banc. I. 722-72-,. (7) Banc, II, i:it5-]H7; 877. kS) Ibid. II, ci)0-a)2, Fr. Magiu CatalS wav born about 1701 at Montblrxnch, Catalouia, In populntion the maximum of 1,464 souls was reached at Santa Ckira in 1827. After this date the decline besian. The average crop was 4,888 bushels of grain ; yet the taxes on mission products in 18- 24 amounted to $721, and in 1828 the taxes were $1, 5G1 ! The monthly supplies to the guards in 1820-1880 Avcre HO to $125 per monlli, generally about ilO. The supplies to the presidio in 1821-18C0 amounted to $14,C68. (9) Fk. Jose Viader concluded his missionary service of nearly fortv years in 1833, when he left the coun- Spain, and became a Franciscan at Barcelona in 1777. He sailed from Cadiz for San Fernando college in October 1783, and wont to Nootka in one of the king's ships serving as chaplain for mora than a year, and iubsoquontly retnrned to the college. Ho arrived at Monterey in July 1794, and declined to go to Nootka again ab chaplain of a ship. He was then sent to Santa Clara, where he was stationed contin- uously as long as he lived, and diirirg ll.e nmo lime ho also attended to the spiritual wants of the pueblo of San Jos(5. In liOO and 180t Fr. Ca- talil asked and obtained periiiission ta retire on account of ill-health, but remained at his post. At different times his zeal, gentleness, experience, and all tho desirable qualities of a missionary save that of robust health, were attested by his superiors. He suffered much from inflammatory rheu- matism, so that for years bsfore his death ho could not mount his horse. Among the people Padra Mag'.n was believed to bo gifted with prophetic powers; and there are current traditions tliat ho foretold the discovery of gold in immense quantities in Califo.-nla. On one occasion he paused in hit sormon, and called on the congregation to pray for the soul of a man who had died ; ere the prayer was ended news arrived that a soldier had been thrown from his horse and killed. Fr. Catald died on November 22d, 18*, and was buried in the mission church by Fathers Viader anil Duran, the former of whom tostilies to the exemplary, laborious, and edifying lifo which had made his associate beloved of all, and his loss deeply deplored by the community. He was regarded as a saint by all who knew him. Of late years steps have been taken by tin ecclesiastical authorities to pro- cure the beatification of Fr. Magin CatilA. In ISSt an ecclesiastical com- mission was appointed to receive the testimony of as many as sixty wit- nesses. Forty of these were eye-witnesses to th" remarkable facts they re- lated under oath. The twenty othe« under oath declared their information was from reliable sources. The Most Rev. T. S. Alemany, O. P., Arch- bishop of San Francisco, who presided at the he iriug of the case-, had the evidences transcribed and sent to Rome. From this report the late Rev. Clementin Deyman, O. S. F., compiled a sketch of the lifo of Fr. Magin CataM, which is now in possession of the writ<>r, and may evonti.- ally ho published. (9) Banc, II, COJ. The lands in 1822 and 1828 extended north to south leagues; and east to west throe leagues in the widest pari. The limits were the Rio Guadcalupo, the sierra, Sau Francisquito Crock iu the uorth- west. Ofjo "~" Oct) *~~ try on the nrrival of the Zacatecan Fathers. (10) Tv.. Francisco Garcia Diego, prefect of the Zacate- can Franciscans in California, succeeded Fr. Vioder, and remained at Santa C^hn'a until the end of 1885. From 1834 until his doath in IS^];) Fr. Hafarl MorcMio Avas also ptatioiied here. (11) Fb. Mercado took charge of the mission on tlie death of Fr. Moreno, and remained there until 1844, when he retired to Mexico. (12) Fr. J. Real succeocbd Fr. M-rcado in Angus:- 1841 as missionary of Santa Clara, from which place ho also attended San Joce and San Carlos. Fr. Real re- sided here until 1852, \vlicn he left the country. (13) (10) Banc, III, 726. Fr. Joso Viider was born at Oalliues, Catalonia, on the 27th of Aupust, 1765, and bocimo a Franciscan at Barcelona in May riii>'. lie sailed for Mexico in 1795 and stirtid for California in February 1706. His only mission service was at Santa Clara from 1796-18S3. Fr. Via- r!er was a larpo man of line pliysiqne; somewhat reserved and stern in manner with straucrors, but well likod by all acquaintances, with- whom his manner was always frank and courteous: very strict in all matters pertaining to the faith and reli'irious observances; a diliwnt and effective man of business. It is related that one nipht about 1814. while roinrr to attend a dying neophyte, he was attacked by three Indians, who tried to Will him,; but tlisy were instead overcome by his great physical strength, and became the Father's faithful friends. In 1818 lie made a tour to San FranciFCo and San Eafoel as fccietary to the Fr. Prefect. In 1826 he declined to take the oath of allegiance to the republic of Mexico. In early years he had often desired to leave the country, but had consented to remain at the request of superiors and neophytes. In 18o5 Fr. Viader arrived at H ibana winnce h? probably wont to Spain. (11) Banc, III, 727. Fr. Eafarl (:e JcRus Moreno was n Mexican Francir- can of the Guadalape college, Zacatecas, who came with the others in ISa:^, and served nt Santa Clara until 18:j0. he was also president and vice- prefect of the Zacatecans in l8yG-I8H8. "The fact that he was chosen for so responsible a position,' says Bancroft, 'indicates that he was a man of some ability, but otherwise no information rlrect or indirect about him appears in any records that I have seen.' He died rn June 8th, l!:o9, nt Mission San .Jo^^ where he had gone for his health some time bofore. He was buried in the San Jo.-(? mission church on the 9th by Fr. Gonzalez. (12) Fr, Jesus Marii Va.squez del Mercado was on? of the Fathers who came from Zacatecas in isaii. He was doubtless a Mexican, but of his early life nothing is on record. His missionary service was at San Rafael in lS:i:;-18;U, at San Antonio and Soledad in 18:U-1830, and at Santa Clara in 1830-1844. Bancroft, accu.ses him of almost all kinds of crimes, but add.'! "much of the testimony, thourh not all, comes from men who were not friendly to the padre," and therefore of little value. AYe have alroacly remarked elsewhere that a piece of gossip is often deemed of sufTicient vahn to find a pi ice in Bancri^ft's Histories Bine, IV CS2. (JtJt Fr. Jop(? Maria del Fffu.'-io Safnvdo S-.iar"Z del Real catn? to Car.« - SS4 - Santa Clara was Gecularized in December 1830. On May 15th, 1840, the inventory of the property showed 3,7i7 cattle, 218 liorses, 4,8G7 sheep, ylO fanegas of irrain, some tallow and wool, whereas under the man- agamont of th? Fathers as late as December 31st, 1831, there had been 9,C00 cattle, 7,C00 sheep, and 230 horses. (14) IiT 1848 the mission was restored to the Fathers, and in 1845 the mission property was valued at $1G, 173. On June 30th, 184G, the orcliard of Santa Clara was sold by the o;overnor to Castaneda, Arenas, and Diaz for $1,200. The title ^\'as subsequently declared invalid. Santa Clara had l)een one of the wealthiest missions, but its dovrnfall after it was taken out the hands of the missionaries was remarkably rapid. (15) During the whole time of its existence as a mis- sion, 1777-1882, the Fathers of Santa Clara baptized 8,475 persons, joined 2,472 couples in Christian mar- riage, and buried 0,724 dead. Every vestige of the red man about Santa Clara has disappeared, everything save the mission church. That alone survives, a monument to a departed race. (10) fornia in ISii. and was stationed r.t San Carlos until li<4:i. Ho stirccoded Fr. Morrado at Santa Clara and remained lliore probably until 1Nj2, when he left the country under threat of rusren?ion if he did not jro. In l^nr) he had severed his connection with the collefre, and probably with the Order, and was servinp as pari.'^li priest at Mazatlan. 'It was most unfortunate for the peneral reputation ({ the California Fathers, a mo«t excellent body of men', says Bancr(;ft, 'that the Beal brothers, Quijas, Mercado, and a frw other black sheep were the friars whose conduct was best known to the foreipu immigrants, and on whom many ploneors liave founded their estimate of the missionaries." Banc, IV, CS'-i-C'Si ; V, CC5-GG7 ; CG9. (14) Banc, III, 720; 727; 'Infoimes GfDcra-rsdcl ."fio ](■:!.' '15) Banc, IV, ■i7: :JG9; G82-C8;;. On December 81st, 1S!1, thr^ro were 1,15:'4 Indians at the mission. 'Informes Oenerales.' In 1839 there were left only 201. (Banc, III, 727): and in 1^45 Ihero were no more than ];» still in the neij-diborhood. (Banc, IV, CiKj), (IG) 'Old Missions.' p, G4, According to Bancroft, III, 7't7, fiom 1777 to ISU the wliole number of baptisms was y, (•40, of which 4,W4 wore Indiau ndults, :;,177 ludiau children, six while a, dults, and Of, wliite children. Marriages. 2,518, of which 182 i!o razon . Deaths, 0,0.50, of which 4,1.V2 Indian adults. 2,:ffi0 Indian children, 1S7 adults, and ;K2 children do razon. Largest number of cattle 14, ,'00 in 1828: Jiorscs 2,8C0 in IKll; mules -JS In mi; thoejj J3,S00 in 1^28; goats 5(X) iu - 335 — =i: » 2 £ ;§1 2 H 3- 6 2. 3 Sa 't . h i: Wy 3 c i^^ § ! — 333 — GBHPTBI^ XIII. SAN BUENAVENTURA. FouxDixG Of The Mission Kepeatedly Delayed— A Begixnixg Made At Last— The Indians— Goveenor Neve's Plan— Kepoet Of 1790— Vancouver's Visit And Report— Indian Fight -Missionary Changes- Death Of Fe. Santa Maria-Earthquake— Indian Fight And Other Items— Death Of Fk Sexan— Biography- Fr. Altimira Retires— Inter- esting Items- Deaths Of Fathers Suner, Ueia, And Fortuni— Secu- larization— Last Missionaries- Sale Of The Mission-- Statistics. 8an Buenaventura was among the iirst three mis- sions which it had been the intention of Don Gal- vez and Fr. Junipero Serra to found as early as 1768. As has been related elsewhere, Don Galvez himself had assisted in packing what was necessary for his mission, as ho called San Buenaventura. (1) In May 1771, in the beginning of June, Fathers An- tonio Paterna and Antonio Cruzado had already been appointed as missionaries for San Buenaventura, yet, instead of being one of the first, San Buenaventura Avas the last mission founded by Fr. Serra, through no fault of the good Father, however. Fr. Junipero, who had set his heart on founding this mission, use:! to siy of it: '"Tamen quo tardius, eo solemnius," 'the more slowly the more solemnly." (2) At last, in th? spring of 1783, it s?emed agreeable to Governor Neve to allow the mission to be estab- lished. He accordingly asked Fr. Serra for two mis- sionaries, one for the long contemplated mission and the otlier for Santa Barbara. Though he nad no mis- sionaries to spare at the lime, Fr. Junipero wanted (1) Vi(!a. 5G-C:j. (2) Vida. 121; X^-i^U to avoid liu-ther delay; lie therefore went south hinl- self, and reached San Gabriel on March 19th. Here he met Fr. Canibon who had come up from San Diejio at his request. Both Fathers visited the governor tlien stayinji; at San Gabriel. It was resolved to proceed at once to the foundation of th(> mission at the head of Ihe Santa Barbara Channel, and to place it in chari^e of Fr. Cambon. By order of the iiovernor the expedi- tion set out from -San Gabriel after Holy Mass on Tuesday in Holy W-eek, which was the 26th of March. The whole party consisted of seventy soldiers with their officers, besides ten soldiers from Monterey with their families, servants, and some neophytes. The governor also joined the expedition in company with the two Fathers. At the first encampment he was obliged to leave the party with his ten soldiers on account of news received from Col. Fages. The commanding officer was ordered to proceed, however, to establish the mission. On the 29th the company reached the first ranche- ria of the channel, named Asuncion de Nuestra Se- nora by Portola's party in 1769. This place had long been selected as a suitable locality for the mission of San Buenaventura. A large tribe of Indians was discovered there who dwelt in houses built in con- ical shape of tules and straw. On the following day a large cross was erected and a hut constructed of boughs. In this little structure Fr. Serra on March 81st, which was Easter Sunday, sang the first Mass and preached after having blessed the cross and the. place that was to be known thereafter as Mission San Buenaventura. The Indians manifested a very friend- ly disposition, and even assisted the soldiers in build- ing a chapel and house for the missionaries, besides the barracks for the guards. The whole group of buildings was surrounded by a palisade for the sake of p-e^atej* f?e(;urity. By opening a ditch, water waa — Kii.O — " l)roi:ght to the micBicn for C.ai]y use, r.ncl aftcnvartla for the purpo3e of irri^alinj;' ^^-c land. Ihrcvph re mo Ohristiiiii ludians from 8an Gabriel I'v Scrra now made known to the natives the object of the mission- aries, and remained at the new mission for fifteen days, during which time he eonght to dispose the In- dians to listen attentively to the truths of religion. He had not the happiness of baptizing any of them, l)ut on his visit in the following year he had the sat- isfaction of seeing that some of the natives had pro- fited by the presence of the mipsicraries rnd had ])e- come Christians. (8) It had first been the determination of Governor Neve and General La Croix to found Mission Buena- ventura on a radically different plan. The mission Avas to have only a few guards, and the temporalities Avere to be entirely under the management of the sol- diers. This system had been tried on the Colorado River against the advice of the missionaries. The re- sult had been the waste of four missionary lives and of a number of soldiers and their families. This dis- aster directly traceable to the stupid scljeme of Neve and La Croix, for a time at least effectually put a stop to further plans of a similar nature. When, therefore. Gov. Neve in April visited the newly es-^ tablished mission, and noticed that the Fathers were following the same old method which had made oth- er missions prosperous, lie wisely held his peace, and oven expressed his satisfaction at the progress made. Fr. Cambon remained in charge until the coming of Fathers Dumetz and Santa Maria in May. Only two adults received the sacrament of baptism during 1782; but through the zeal of the two missionaries the number of baptisms administered by the 81st of December, 1790, had reached 5-3-4. During the same period 60 marriages -wore blessed, and 115 dead bnr- (3) Vida, 210-254 ; Eatc. I, ;.7:;-«7e. — 330 — I>Il$9i9n San Suenaventura- — iJ40 — ied. The numbei- of Indians living at the mission v,as 419. The mission owned 771 cattle, 935 sheep, and 50 horses. (4) Vaxcouvee landed here on November 20th, 1793, bringing with him Fr. Santa Maria from Santa Bar- bara. He was deeply impressed with the missionary's piety and earnest devotion to the neophytes. He also noticed that the natives were always addressed in their own tongue. Vancouver spent a few hours at the mission, which he found to ba "in a style very superior to any of the new establishments yet seen." "The garden of Buenaventura far exceeded anything I had before met with in these regions," he writes, "both in respect of the quantity, quality, and variety of its excellent productions, not only indigenous to the country, but appertaining to the temperate as well as torrid zone; not one species having yet been sown or planted that had not flourished. These have prin- cipally consisted of apples, pears, plums, figs, oranges, grapes, peaches, and pomegranates, together with the plantain, banana, cocoa nut, sugar cane, indigo, and a great variety of the necessary and useful kitchen herbs, plants, and roots. All these w^ere flourishing in the greatest health and perfection, though separat- ed from the sea-side only by two or three fields of corn, that were cultivated within a few yards of the surf. The buildings were also of a superior clas?, a preri- ous destruction by lire havirg caused them to be re- built. A fight between the neophytes and pagans in 1795 seems to have been the only excitement of the period. The Christians were victorious. They killed tw^o chiefs and made six or seven fr.gans captive, while only a few of their own number were wounded. The leaders on botli sides were reproved or punished, and one neophyte was put in chainr. (4) Banc, I, 40C; "Informcs Oonoraloa," 170O, — r>4i — Fathers Dumetz and kSaiita Maria continued their work together until 1797, when Ihe former was suc- ceeded by Fr. Senan. Fr. Seuan served as missionary at Sail Buenaventura for many years, but his com- panion, the venerable Fr. Santa Maria, its (ir.it resi- dent missionary, died in 180P. (5) Fr. Victoria was his successor. Fr. Homuald Anto- nio Gutierrez came here from Santa Inez in 1806 in search of health which he failed to find. The con- struction of the new church proceeded slowly. In 1807 it is still described as nearly finished, very capacious, of stone and brick, a part of the roof only covered with tiles. Finally it was completed on September 9th, 1809, and dedicated by Fr. Senan with the as- sistance of five other Fathers and a secular priest, the Rev. Jose Ignacio Ar2;a3llo, hjvn. at S.iu Gabrial in 1782, and then on a visit from Mexico. The next day, which was Sunday, the first Mass was sung by the Rev. visitor, and the sermon deliverd by Fr. Urresti. Ix December 1812 three heavy shocks of earthquake occurred at San Buenaventura, which damaged the church to such an extent that the tower and much of the facade had to be rebuilt. The whole mission site appeared to settle, and the fear of being engulfed by the sea drove all away to San Joaquin y Santa Ana, where they remained until April 1813. A tem- porary chapel was constructed and several baptisms took place there. In 1814 all damages save those of (5) Banc. I, 671-675. II, r21-122. Fr. Vinccnte do Santa Maria was a member of the province of Burpro,^, Spain. Ho left San Fernando collcRo for California in October 1770. He was stationed of Loroto, became the missionary of San Javier in Di^cembar 1772, and sailed for Moxico on May 27tli, 1773. In tlie summer of 1770 he camo to Alta California as chaplain of the San Carlos. Fr. Vincente lived as sup?rnumerary at San Francisco, San Antonio, and Santa Clara until 17S2, in May of which year he Was* transferred to San Buenaventura, and remained there till his death on July l.ith, lS(Ki. His remains w^re interred in the mission church, and on Sept<>mber lUh, 1^09 they were transferred with all possible solemnity to the newly dedicated church and deposited in a recess in the wall on the Oo?pcl side. Fr. Santa Maria spoko tlw native lanjniagc fiuontly. -^m - tliG church had been repnivcd; nnd in 181S not only was all restored to a condition better than the origi- nal, but a chapel in honor of San Miguel had been added. The work of rebuilding had been done by the neophytes under direction of the Fathers. The most exciting local event at tliis time was the light witli the Amajaves of the Colorado River in May 1819, when two soldiers and ten of the enemy were killed inside the mission rnclc£uie. San Bue- naventura reached its highest figure of population in 181G with 1,828 neophytes. In June 1S20 the gov- ernment owed San Buenaventura $27,885 for sup- l^lics, besides $0,200 in stipends, and $1,585 for a cargo of hemp, or a total of $85,170, which there was not the slightest chance of ever receiving. Fr. Senan was superior of the California missions in 1812-1815, but he continued to reside at San .Buena- venturii with Fr. Victoria. The latter was absent in 3818-1819. On August 24th, 1823, Fr. Senan died at this mission, and was succeeded by Fr. Suncr. (G) (Cl Banc, II, :;o5-:!GC. II, i?\i. Fr. riarciKco rle Paul Scllan was born March 3(1, 1"00, at Barcelona, and ciilercd the convent vf that city at tho oai-ly ago of U. Ho was noted for his extraonlinary memory and inclination to study. lie arrived at the Mexican coUepe of San Fer- nando in September 17s7, and in October was sent to California. IIo was btationod at San Carlos until 1795, whou he retired. While in Mexico he mado a full report to the viceroy on tlie condition of the California mis- sions. He returned to the west and arrived at Santa Barbara May 7th, 1798, and was thereafter stationed at San Buvenaentura until hi.'^ djath on August 21tl), 182,'. Fr. Sonan was elected suparior or president of tlie Cal- ifornia missions in July 1812, and held tlio ollice from the end of that year until the end of 1815. Alain he wis elected in October 1819; and oc- cupied the office from April 1820 till lii-i deatli. He was also vicario fora- neo for the bishop of Sonora, and vice prefect of the missions during tho same time. From April 28th, 1823, he was the prefect of the missions. Banc- roft says of him: "Father Sefian was older in the service than any other in C ilif >rnia, baiug tho only survivor of tho.'-o who had come before 1710. He also was a model missionary, re.semhling Payeras in many of his ex- rellencie«, but unlike tho latter ihrinking from tho cares and responsibili- tio.x of olllcial life. IIo was tlie tuporior of Payorns in Bcholari-liip, his eiiuiil in tho ciualitios tliat make u succossful missionary, but inferior hw a politician ami leader. IIo was particularly nvcri^o to all coutrovcrwy, ox- ropt on theological points. IIo disliked to issno orders, but was always ready to respond to tho frequent calls of hia confiC'res for advice. Sometimes he was nioknanacd Padre Calma, lie wa« famiUar with thp — 343 — Fr, Victoria left tlie mission in 1824, and Fr, Alti- mirti came in IS'26. The latter retired in 1828, but Fr. Francisco Ih'ia had already arrived in 1827. (T) The decline ol" San Buenaventura was very marked and rapid in the third decade of the century. In the number of its cattle it dropped from the head of the mission list to the lifteenth place. As early as 1822 the Fathers presented a discouraiiint;- report respect- ins; the mission lands and the aii'ricultural and stock- rai^inj;' projects. The Indians, however, had a num- ber of fi'ardens along- the banks of the river, wliere they sucessfully raised vejietables for sale. The i;ard- ens of the mission, too, were much more thrivini;- than the iirain fields. There was a severe shock of earthquake on January 1st, 1821, and extreme cold, snow, and frost in February. On May 16th, 1822, the Fathers and neophytes took the oath of allegiance to the emperor of Mexico. On March 16th, 1822, Fabian an Indian neophyte, was honored by being buried in the P'ranciscan habit, says Bancroft. I'robably Fabian had been a Tertiary of St. Francis and his l)ody shrouded in the habit of the Third Order. In 1827- 1828 the measles carried off many Indians. P'orty head of cattle were killed every week for food at San Buenaventura. Robinson mentions a small chapel as standing near the beach, and a fine fountain in the garden in 1829. From 1822-1827 the mission supplied the presidio with $26,155. (8) lansuago of tho Indians about San Buenaventura. Comparatively few of his writings are extant. Durins his first term as president he managed the interests of the missions with much skill, but during his second term he was released as far as possible from such duties by orders from Spain, in order that ho might write a history to California. In liSlO ho promised to undertake tho task, but what progress ho made, if any, be- fore his death i; not known." Banc, II, 490-491. (7) Fr. Jos6 Altimira was a native of Barcelona, whoro he also ontorod the Franciscan Oi'der. Ha was :]2 years of age whoa in 1S19 In came ta tin Jl.'xican college. Ho arrived at Monterey August ISth, 132 J. He served at Si'i Francisco in l»'Jt>-lS'il; at S.»n Franciso Solano, which h^ founded, in liil-l-ilii: and at Sjt Buiiiavantura in 1323-1327, A^ latj aslttGO he was said t.) h iv.> h\v^ living at Tjnariffj. Banc. II, 373-370. Ill, 93. (») III 579-580. ^ m - Fii. Suner died at his post in 1831, as did also his companion Fr. Una in 1834. Fr. Bias Ordaz came to San Buenaventura in May 1883 and remained un- til 188S. Fr. Fortuni was sent here in the middle of 1837, and attended the mission until his death in 1840. (9) The records of secularization, the blight of the mis- sions here as well as elsewhere, are very meagre, but it was not effected until 1837. For lack of a mission- ary in December 1840 the sacristan said the prayers at' several burials. Fr. Antonio Jimeno was stationed at San Buenaventura temporarily during the illness (9) Banc, III, 658. Fr. Francisco Suner was born in January 1758 at Clot, Catalufia. He received the habit at Barcelona on April 14tli, 1779. Leaving Cadiz in April 1804, he reched the Mexican college in July, and in 1V1)8 he came to California, His missionary service was at San Carlos in lS0!r-1800; at San Juan Capistrano in U09-1813; at San Luis Key in 1814-1816; at Santa Barbara in 1816-1823; and at San Buenaventura in 182:1-1831. Fr. Suner was a preacher of more than ordinary elo- quence, but his usefulness as a missionary was eeriously impaired by his broken health. From 1824 he was blind. He took the oath of alle- giance to the Mexican republic in 1826. His death occurred on January 17th, 17:J1, and he was buried next day in the mission church. Fr. Francisco Javier de la Concepcion Uria was born .May 10th, 1770, at AizHrna, province of Guipuzcoa, Spain. Ho became a Franciscan on Janu- ary latli, 1789, at San Sebastian; leaving C^diz on May 8th, 1795, he came to California in 1797. After laboring at San Fernando in 1797-181)5, he re- tired to his college, but came back at the end of 1807. He then Wiis stationed at Santa Cruz in 1808; Santa Inez in 1808-1824, Soledad in 1821-1828. and at San Buenaventura in 1828-18:U. Fr. Uria was an excel- lent manager of temporal aff lirs, and noted for his generosity, especially to the Indians, ^e refused to take tlie oath of allegiance to the un- stable republic of Mexico. In las last illness he went to Santa Barbara, where he died at the house of Captain Onerra in November or Decem- ber 18;:4. and his remains were interred in the vault of the mission church by Fr. Jimeno. Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni, or Fortuny. was bom at Moster, Catalufia. in I'ebruary 1774, and received the habit of St. Francis at Reus oa October Xth, 1792. He left CAdiz in May 180:^, and came to California in 18CG. His ministry was at San Jos^ in 1806-1825; at San .\ntonio in 182.5-1826; at San Francifco Solano in 1826-18:«; at San Luis Key in 18:«-1836; and at San Beuiiaventura in 18:^7-1840. His suix-riors pro- nounced him an able, zealous, and faithful missionary. He was a quiet unobtrusive man, careful in temporal management, moderate in liis vi^ws and expressions, strict in religious duties, but indulgent to the Indians, and not^ed for his charitable di'^position. In ls26 he refused to take the oath, but was resjiectful and ohedinnt to the government, says Bancroft. Like Uria he went to Santp. Barbara in his last days, and died at the residence of Jos(4 Ant. Aguirr^ on D:^ -emh^r Ifitli, It- 40. He was buried in the mission vault on the 18 h. — 845 — of Fi*. Fortuni, and seems to have become the regu- lar missionary at the end of 1840. He remained until late in 1848. Durin{£ 1842 and 1843 he had an assist- ant in the ixu'son of Fr, Francisco Sanchez. In Nov- ember 1848 tho liishop appointed the lie v. Jos^ Ma- ria Rosales curate of Sun Buenaventura, when the cliurch property was turned over to liim. Rosales had already lived tliere for nearly two years. He remain- ed until after 1845, but he had nothing to do with the temporal management of the mission. Which it seems was left in the hands of Fr. Jimeno even after he was transferred to Santa Barbara. Rosales was to receive $50 a month from the mission fund, and to have a garden and servants. (10) In 1846 the mission estate was leased or rented to Jose Arnaz and Narciso Botello for $1,030, and finally sold to Jose Arnaz for $12,000 in June 1846. His title was not recognized by the United States Government in 1846-1848, and Arnaz was even ousted as lessee in 1848. (11) The statistics of San Buenaventura from March 1782 to December 31st, 1831, are as follows : baptisms, 3,857; deaths, 3098; marriages, 1086. There were still 703 Indians at the mission in 1831. The number of cattle was 4,000; sheep 3,100; and horses 140. (12) According to Bancroft, III, 660, the whole number, of l)aptisnis from 1782-1834 was 3,876, of whicli 1,806 were thos3 of Indian adultp, 1,000 Indian children, 4 adults and 67 children de razon ; marriages 1,107, of wdiicli 11 de razon; deaths 3,216, of which 2,015 and. adults, 1,158 Indian children, 22 adults and 21 children de razon. The largest population, ],330, was in 1816; largest number of cattle, 23,400 in 1816; horses, 4,652 in 1814: mules, 342 in 1813; sheep, 13, 144 in 1816; goats, 488 in 1790; swine, 200 in 3803; (10) Bunc. ni, 65S-.361: IV. 644..r>4.i. ill) Ranc. IV. W.j; V. hoi>[ .".GJ ; 6:J4. irJ) "InforaiOi: Geiieraloi!," for 1S:h1. all kilitU of animals, 41,890 in 1816. The total pro- duct of wlietit amomited to 148,855 bushels; barley. 54,904 bushels; nuiize, 51,214 l)usliels ; beans, 9,0(:;i bushels. The mission lands in 1822 extended live leagues north, and nine to ten leagues east. (13) (IK) Pane, III, 57a-5JO. ^^PPJPBR XIl?. SANTA BAHBAEA. Tf;K Presidio Op Santa Barbara Founded— Fr. JiNirEno Sekra Disap- n INTED— Santa Barbara Mission Founded On Tub Old Plan— The F'EST Missionaries— The Buildings— Conveesione— Tiles Manufac- TiBKD— More Buildings— Missionary CKASOEs—DiiArH O/ Fi{. Pater.v.j. Tee Third Church— Wall Around The Property— Industries— Report Of 1802— a Missionary Station At Sagshpileel— Mission Santa Inez- Other Items— The Reservoir— Fe. Cortes Retires— Missionary Changes— Earthquake— New Church. After San Buenaventura had been founded, Gov- ernor Neve came up from San Gabriel to establish the presidio in the channel district for the protection of the missions in that region. Accordingly the party consisting of the governor. Fr. Junipero Serra, and sixty or more soldiers, marched along the shore to a spot about nine leagues from San Buenaventura, and near a large settlement of Indians, which like its chief was called Yanonalit. Here an elevation of Jand was found suitable for a fort. A large cross was e- rected, a hut constructed to serve as a chapel, and a table therein prepared for an altar. On the next day which was April 21st, (1) 1782, Fr. Serra blessed the site and the cross, after which he celebrated Mass and preached a touching sermon. This was the begin- ning of the presidio of Santa Barbara. The natives were more friendly than had been an- ticipated, and Chief Yanonalit was willing to ex- change presents. Work was at once begun and oak timber felled for the chapel, priest's house, store- U) U'Kecfi , 'Mission Santa Barbara' p. 6, says it was the 20th. — 848 — house, barracks, and palisade enclosure. The Indians were hired to do the work and paid in articles of food and clolhinj;'. Yanonalit had authority over a- hout thirteen ranclierias, and his friendchip proved of great advantage. (2) As Fr. Junipero naturally supposed the mission would be founded along with the presidio, he re- mained for som3 time with the soldiers and their fa- milies. Noticing, however, that the governor made no preparations to that end, Fr. Serra questioned him regarding the matter. The governor replied that he did not intend to begin that work until the presidio was completed. ''Then, Sir," said tlie disappointed missionary, ''as there is nothing for me to do here at present, I shall return to Monterey and meet the vessels that are expected; but in order that so many people may not be without Mass and priest, I shall call a Father from Gan Juan Capistrano." This he did, and then started for San Carlos, after he had administered confirmation to those of the troops who had not yet been confirmed. Nor was Santa Barbara established during the life-time of the venerable Fr. Junipero. The ships which Fr. Serra hastened to meet at Monterey did not bring the six religious he had ex- pected from Mexico. The fault lay not with the mis- sionaries nor their superiors, but with the govern- ment authorities who desired to overthrow the old mission system, and to introduce the plan which had proved so disastrous among the Yumas on the Colo- rado River only a short time before. The foundation of Mission Santa Barbara was thus delayed indefi- nitely. (3) When Fr. Serra died in 1784, Fr. Palou became superior of the missions temporarily. Fr. Lasuen was Vi) Villa. 2o5; O'Kpefo, ri--t;; Banc, I, lin. (Ml Banc. I. :JT7; Vida 2""i50. — B49 — appointed pi-esnileiit of tlie missions in 1785. The Fr. Guardian instructed liini not to allow any new mis- sion to bo founded except on the old basis; at the same time he informed Fr. Lasuen that more Fathers would come to California, and that then Santa Bar- bara miji'ht be establifhed if the old system were continued, but not otherwise. Nor did the Fathers pay any attention to the repeated request of the governor to go on with the founding of Santa Barba- ra until they were permitted to have their own way. Fr. Lasuen then went down to the presidio, at the end of October ]7SG, Avitli two of the newly arrived religious, and superintended active preparations for the new mission which was to be dedicated on De- cember 4th, the feast of Santa Barbara, Virgin and Martyr. On that day the cross was raised and blessed at a place called in Spanish 'El Pedragoso,' in the native tongue, Taynayam, about one mile from the presidio. Thus the Itli of December was ever since regarded as the day of the mission's regular founda- tion, though the ceremonies were interrupted on ac- count of the governor's absence and his order to sus- pend operations until his arrival. "Possi!)ly," says Bancroft, ''Governor Fages had some thought of in- sisting on the innovations which had caused so much controversy, but if so he changed his mind; for after his arrival on December 14th, the Fathers were al- lowed to go on in their own way." On the loth of the same month Fr. Lasuen celebrated the first Mass and preached in a temporary chapel constructed of boughs. The governor and a few soldiers were pre- sent. (4) Fathers Antonio Paterna from San Luis Obispo and Cristobal Oranias, one of the new-comers, were appointed the first missionaries of Santa Barbara. The rainy season did not permit the erection of (•t) O'Keefo 9; Banc, I, 422-423; Puncrrft clnims fr, Paterna said the ||i^ first Mass, — 850 — huildinjns durinj; the remainder of the year, where- fore the first baptism Avas administered at the presi- dio on December Gist. Tlie work of bnildini? com- mence J in 1787. Fir t in order was a house for tie missionaries which svas 5xlG varas; a kitchen 6x0 varas was added; then the first church or chapel 5x 34 varas arose, folk)wed by a servants' room 5xG va- ras, a granary 5x21 varas, and a house for girls or unmarried women 5x12 varas. A carpenter shop which for a time served as a liome for unmarried men was also erected. (5) All the buildings were built of adobe, and the walls were one vara thick. The roofing consisted of heavy rafters, across Avhich long poles or canes were tied ; a layer of soft clay or mud was spread over these, then finished or thatched with straw. By the end of the year 17S7 as many as 188 persons had been baptized ; and at the end of 1790 the mifsicn registers showed 593 baptisms, 143 marriages, 124 deaths, and 407 Indians living about the mission. The number of cattle was 208, siieep 286, and horses 30. (C) In 1788 tiles were manufactured and the buildings covered witli them. A new house for the unmarried men was built, and the church enlarged. A second church building, 5x30 varas, arose in 1789. The first, considered much to small, was taken down. A larger granary, apartments for unmarried women, and two rooms for the muleteers were next constructed of a- dobe, well plastered, and roofed with tiles. In 1790 two houses for the Fathers were built, besides a house containing dining room, kitchen, hall, store- room fuel room, lockup, flour and meal room, a room for the women, and a structure to be used as a gran- ary. (7) (5) The vara has 34 inches. (6) 'Informes." 1790. (7) O'Keefe ic-ri: Banc. I. iH- — o51 — Fr. Joso de Mijruel took the place of Fr. Ordmas in 17C0, and Fr. Patfrna died af Santa I3arbara in 179JJ. IIo was succeoded by Fr. Tapis. Fr. Mijiuel re- mained liere vmtil J 708, when he was relieved by Fr. Jiian L p-i 0(.r.e.5. (S) Much progress was made in mission l)uildinj»;s dnr- ing the last decade of the centnry. A third church of adobe was commenced in 1793, and fmislied in 179-1. The building measured 9 and one fourth by 45 varas, witli a sacristy 9 and one fourth by 5 varas. A por- tico of brick was added to the front in 1895, and the walls ■ were plastered. The principal industry at this period was th? cording and weaving of wool into blankets and cloth for the Indians. As the Indians were rapidly increasing, it became necessary to form a village, and give a separate house to (^acli family. Land was set aside for that purpose near the mission, and in 1798 nineteen houses were built of adobe for as many families. These cot- tages measured 12x19 feet, and were plastered, whitewashed, and roofed with tiles. Moreover, a piece of land was inclosed by an adobe wall nine feet high and 12C0 yards long, to 1;e used as a garden, vine- yard, and orchard. Th? wall was capped with tiles to throw off the rain. In t];e same year, 1798, the six chapels of the church were each adorned with an oil painting. In 1800 thirty-two cottages were erected for as many familiep. These houses were built so as to form streets crossing at right angles. In tlie same year sixty neophytes were engaged in weaving. The carj^enter of the presidio was hired at one dollar a yS) Banc , I, G72--07;!. Fr. Antonio Paterna was a native of Seville, and pcrvcd twenty years intlie Siena Gorda miisions before cominp to Cal- iforni\. He arrived a San Diecro on March 12tli, 1771. He was supernu- merary at San Gabriel until May 1772, and the ropriilar missionary until September 1777. He was actiupr president in 1772--177H. From 1777 to lltH lie was sfationed at Sau Luis Obispo, and at Santa Barbara tliereafter until ho died on February i:'l]i, 17;i:'. His body was buri-d iu tlio mis- fiou chu'-ch oil t)i? upKt day. — So'2 — chi.v to toncli hi« ti-iide to the liuliaiis; and a corporal tauglit trtniiiusi- at $150 a year. Bef(U-e October, 165 najjuas or petticoats of home manufacture had been distributed, 800 yards of cotton and 700 yards of Idanketinii' woven. $1,020 w(n-th of soap was furnished to Monterey in 1798. Tlie mission supplies, consisting? of implements, jiroceries, church vestments and sacred vessels, clothinij, etc., for 1700-1800, amounted to $10,500. These articles were purcluisedby the Fathers in Mexico with their salaries and with the proceeds from the sales of produce. (9) In 1801 thirty-one houses to accommodate that many Indian families, and thirty-one in 1802 were , built, nuiking a total of 113 Indian dwellinf^s, enclos- ed on three sides by an adobe wall nine feet high. Many other improvements were made which it would be to tedious to enumerate. According to a state- ment drav*-n up by Fr. Lasuen in 1802, there had been baptized at Santa Barbara from 1780 to Decem- ber 31st, 1802, as many as 2,251 persons. During the same period 989 dead were buried, and 491: marriages were contracted before the Fathers. 1,093 Indians lived at the mission, which owned 2,100 head of cat- tle, 9,082 sheep, 215 horses, 427 mares and foals, and 58 mules. (10) In 1803-1807 there were 139 additional dwellings erected for as many Indian families. In order that the missionaries could attend to the distant Indians more effectively, a mission station w^as established a- bout two leagues west of the mission at 'Sagshpileel,' or 'Mescaltitlan,' a large rancheria near a laguna. An adobe church 27x06 feet was Iniilt there and dedicat- ed to San Miguel. The ruins of this chapel were yet to be seen near the old houses of Daniel Hill, at the "Patera," as late as 1886. On September 17th, 1803, Mission Santa Ines, or Ynez, was founded. It was (0) O'Kocfo IZ-\C\ Bftnc, I, n7?"f.73. (10) "^nformop," 1S02. sitiUited neai'*3i' to the iMUclienas of several Indian laiiiilies Iniptized at 8anta Barl;ara, hut enrolled at kS.r.it:i lues after that date. Tl.e nunil)er thus with- di-awa from Santa Bar!)ara \\a.'. 112, which accounts for tlie decrease of tlic population at this time. All tlie ranchos east of the Santa Ines Kiver, includiui;- Saa ^h'.rcos, l)eloni;ed to llie laissioa of Santa Barbara, an.l t!u' propc»rty extondtnl to the' "Kincon."' The prin:-ipal raiiclios for whea! ami corn were: San Pe- dro y San Pablo, or Dos Piieblo:!, called by the In- dian:; 'Mekeunwe ;' San Estevan, in the native tongue called 'Tokeene' ; and San Miiiiiel, or \Sat;-shpileel.' Corn and beans were raised at San Jose or Abajo, and a!" San Juan Bautista, or t'ae Sauzal, at present a part of tlie Hope ranch borderinu on tlie eastern l)ank of the arroyo del Burro. Tokeene or San Este- van is all that land north of the present stag;e road, beginning west of the Arroyo Pedragoso at the new bridge, and continuing to the Arroyo del Burro. (11) A great many improvements were made by the Fa- thers in the l)eginning of the present century for which we refer the reader to Fr. O'Keefe's pam- phlet. Among the most notable works are a reservoir 40 varas square, still in perfect condition, and a very solid dam across the Pedragoso Creek, about a uiile and half from the mission. Fathees Tapis and Cortes continued as missionaries of Santa Barbara till 1805, when the latter retired to Mexico. Fr. Tapis, who in 1803 had succeeded Fr. Lasaen as president of the missions in California, re- moved to San Carlos in 1806. Fr. Marcos Amestoy be- gan his labors here in November 1804. Fr. Marcos Victoria was at Santa Barbara in 1804-1805, and Fr. Jose Urresti from 1806 to 1S09, when Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada arrived. Santa Barbara reached its highest figure in Indian population with 1,792 souls in 1803. (11; O'Kaeto, ia-2U; 19.-\nc., II, 110-m -^ So4 — That ground squirrels had already proved a pest at this early day is shown by the fact that about a t\ou>?and of tliese uiiuiah were killed in nine days of Mny 1808. (12) DiTRixa tho mouth of December 1812 several eartl - (luake shocks were felt. Tliese shocks were so seveie that all tlie mission buildings were badly damaged: the church in particular had suffered .so much that it was thought more expedient to take it down and erect a new one than to make repairs. A new stone church was accordingly commenced in 1815, but not completed until September 1820. On the 10th of (hat month the edifice was dedicated. Three Fathers from other missions joined the two resident missionaries in the ceremonies. The churcli, still used by the Fathers, is 60 varas, or nearly 180 feet, long, 14 varas wide, and 10 varas high. The walls are of hewn stone, and nearly six feet thick. Tliey are further strengthened by solid stone buttresses. The building is without doubt the strongest mission church in California. (13) (12) Baac, II, 121. Fr. Juiu Lopo Cortes wa? .Tisicned to duty ia Cali- fornii on February 21th. 1790. He wa^ stalionod at SanGabrlol from Au- rust of that year until Juno 1798, ai d at Santa Barbara till September 1805; in November he sailed for Mexico. From September 1818 he seems to have been the procurador of San Fernando colleso ; and in June 1827 ho was slndico of tho same monastory. (18) O'Kojfe, 19: Banc, II, 365. — 855 — Mission Santa Barbara in 1865 with Autorrapli oi Fr. Gonzalez Rubio. -. 856 - G^PP^EI^ X^. SANTA BARBARA-(CONTINUED). Indian Revolt— Opixion Of The Fatheks— Fe. Amestoy Ret iees— Death Of Fr. Axtoxio Jaime— Fr. Ripoll Retires— I.vtehestijjg Items— Secu- LARiZATTox— Statistics— Mission' Reports— Fr. Anton. Jimeno's Death. Fr. Jose Jimeno Retires— The Mission Rented And Sold— The Inven- tory—The Community Of Santa Barbara— Fathers Romo And Codina. Death Of Fe. Sanchez -His Biography. The neophytes of the three missions Santa Barbara, Santa Ines, and La Purisima in 182-i revolted against the military authority, and caused considerable troub- le and some bloodshed before peace was restored. The Fathers in Mexico took the ground that the real cause of the rebellion was the ever growing discontent of the Indians at having to support the troops by their hard labor without pay. Some of the missionaries claimed that the first outbreak was due to a petty act of injustice on the part of the soldiers, and that it was fanned into a revolution by continued acts of cruel severity. This is what Fr. Ripoll of Santa Bar- bara reported to Fr. Sarria on May 5th. Fr. Sarria also seems to have taken this view of the matter. At any rate there ^vas no ill feeling shown by the In- dians against the missionaries. (1) Fr. Gil y Taboada was transferred to San Gabriel in 1813, and Fr. Olbes succeeded him until 1816; Fr. Francisco Suncr then arrived and remained at Santa Barbara until 1823. Fr. Amestoy retired to Mexico in 1814. Only ono Father seems to have been at this )) D^nc, n. ii'i-Ki, mission aftor Fr. Amestoy's dej arture until July 1815, wlieu Fr. RipoU was placed here. (2) Fir. Antonio Jaime came to 8anta Barbara in 1821 and remained until 1821), wl;en he died. Fv. Sufier left tlie mission in 1823, but Fr. Ripoll remained un- til 1828, when he retired to Mexico. Fr. Juan Moreno was stationed here in 1827-1820, and was succeeded by Fr. Antonio Jimeno. (3) IN 1827 Fr. Ripoll had 200 Indians at work in his wooLmi factory, and about the same time he was j;iv- ing liis attention to the construction of a fountain and a water-mill. About 1824 the Fathers laid the cornerstone and prepared adobes for a church at San Emilio, but the work was abandoned on account of the revolt. In 1822 the mission lands were described ("2) Banc, II, 334. Fr. Marcos Amestoy left Guadalajara for California April 23d, ISOt, and arrived at San Francisco Augutt 1-lth. His only sta- tion was Sant.i Barbara from Novaaibar ISOt to Ssptombor 2'ld, 1S14, when ho sailed for Mexico, disabled by a paralyzed arm. (3) Fr. Jaime, or .A.nton o Mariano Francisco Miguel (laspar Jayme de Setruras, was born at I'alma on the island of Mallorca in 1757. He re- ceived th'3 habit of S'. Francis in 1774 at Pa!mn. He volunteered fo;- Mi i • ico and arrived at the college '-f San Fernando in August l7tM, Ho camo to California in August 17'J.j, and served at San Carlos till February 17'.) . He was tlioa s-tatioued at SolodAd for 23 years until October 1821, when l.e was transfe.-red as invalid to Santa Barbara. His name is inseparatel/ connected with the mission of SolodAd. In later years ho was confined to his room by the torments of rheumati m. Ho died on December 2d, 1S29, aid his remains were deposited ia tho vault of the Santa Barbara cliurcli. Fr. A itonio Ripoll wa>, Uke Jaymo, a native of Palma 'u Mallorca, where he was boru in 17s.j. Ho became a Franciscan ia 1790, and arrived in Mexico in Juno IMO. A year later he was assigned to the California missions, and came to San Diego by way of Lower California in July 1612. Ho was stationed at Purisima until May 1815, and at Santa Barbara till January 1S2S. In 1S;2 ho was residing at his native town. Fr. Ripoll was noted for his enthusiasm in any cause to which ho gave his attcL- tion, particularly in tho improvomout of manufacturing industries and of mission buildings. At the time of the Bouchard attack he organized a neophyte force of ISO men. In tho Indian revolt of 1S24 Fr. Ripoll saw nothing but an act of Indians who were protecting church property and tho missionaries. Hence the subsequeat killing of natives was, in his eyes, murder. From that time he was discouraged and unwilling to endure tiie later troubles to whicli the Fathers wore subjected as Spaniards and ro.v • alists. Ho determiuel to leave the country secretly tliat he might avoid detention and annoyance by the military, and made good his escape in comi)aijy of Fr. .\'tiinira. Banc. II. 5TC- 7i. fts extonding seven to eight leagues oast to west, and three to four leagues north to south. (•!•) The Indian population decreased to 679 in 1831. In 18.3G it was 480, and in 1810 not more than 250. In 1831 the mission still owned 2,G00 cattle, 3,300 sheep, 150 mules, and 210 horser. (5) After the mission was secularized in 1831 the de- cline Avas rapid, yet the buildings were kept in bet- ter condition than at most of the other establishments. Anastasio Carrillo was the comisionado to secularize Santa Barbara. In 1838-1830 Manuel Cota was admin- istrator. In 1839 his accounts were found in a bad condition, and the Fathers as well as the natives were dissastisfied with Cota's management. Finally he was suspended for cruelty to the Indians and in- solence to Fr. Duran. In 1839 Fr. Duran was author- ized to expend $iS0O for clothing for the Indians who under Fr. Duran's supervision again became more contented and industrious. In 18-10, however, Fr. Du- ran urged the appointment of [\i\ administrator, as he did not vrant to have anything to do with the tem- poralities. (6) DuEiXG the wliole period of the mission's existence before secularization was ordered, 17SG-1834, the to- tal number of baptisms was 5,679, of which 2,490 were Indian adults, 2,108 Indian children, and 1,021 children of other than Indian parents. There were 1,524 marriages contracted before the Fathers, of which 200 were not Indian. The deaths amounted to 4,046, of Avhicli number 2,446 were Indian adults, 1,288 Indian cb.ildren, IGO adults and 152 children of other than Indian l)lood. The largest number of cattle owned by the mission at one time was 5,200 in 1809; sheep, 11,066 in 1804; horses, 1,337 in 1816; mules. 340 in 1823; goats, 200 in 1792; swine, 200 in 1823; H) TJanc. II, B70-570. (5) "lofpTOPS QoBoraios" a?! ftflo IWJi. le^ Bftuc,, III, C!\6-(35ti, -. 359 — a-.id all kinds of animals, 1G,090 in 1809. The iotal product of wheat amounted to 152,707 bushels; barley, 24,733 bushels; corn, 19,084 bushels; and beans, 2,458 bushels. (7) The last report rendered to the H,overnment cf Mexico concerning; tho missions was sig;ned by Fr. An- tonia Jimeno in 1836. The missionaries, however, con- tinued to report the state of the mission to their respective prefects down to the arrival of the first bishop. The prefects seut these reports to the colleges of San Fernando, or Guadalupe. Thus Fr. Gonza- les Rubio made a report of Mission San Jose as late as 1841. (8) Saxta Barbara remained in charge of Fr. Antonio Jimeno until late in 1840, when he went to San Bue- naventura. Fr. Duran, though president or superior of the Fernandinos in California, w^as the associate missionary. He became the principal missionary on the departure of Fr. Antonio, and remained at his post until his death in 1846. Fr. Antonio Menendez, the Dominican chaplain of the presidio, was buried at the mission in April 1832. Fr Antonio Jimeno re- turned in 1844 and remained at Santa Barbara until 1856, or a little later, when he retired to Mexico Fr. Jose Gonzalez, of the Zacatecan Fathers came to Santa Barbara in 1843, and resided there many years. Fr. Jose Jimeno came to Santa Barbara from San Gabriel in 1853 and remained until his death in 1856. (9) The temporal management of the mission was re- stored to the missionaries in 1843, but in 1845 Fr. Duran asked the governor to relief him of the care of the temporalities. The good Father in his old age (7) Banc, III, 657. According to the Informes Generalos, from 17>--Is:i1. Decamber 31st, thoro had been baptized 5,483 persons, 1,407 couples joined in marrinBe, and 3,074 dead buried. (8) O'Keefe, 26. (9) Banc, III, GdCcns; IV, Qia, yqy ^J}c biographies pf Fathers Duran and Jimcao s^^ Part I, — '.){]{) is. t — aei -- hid become tliscournjicd, as tlic Indians, though les- peclful to him, were careless and wasttfuh The pro- perty was accordingly appraised in July IHAo, Fr. Daran being- one of the committee. Finally in December 1845 the mission estate was rented by the governor to Nicholas A. Den and Dan- iel Hill for $1,200 a year. The principal buildings, however, v.ere reserved to the bishop and his clergy. Th? Indians were to retain a part of the building?, to have lands assigned them, to be at liberty to work for the lessees or for themselves, and to have a third of the rental; but there is no evidence that they received anything beyond the privilege of re- maining."-. (10) In June 1840 the mission was sold to Richard i^^. Den for $7,500, but the title was subse- q icntly annulled, it secmr. (11) This praclically put an end to Santa Barbara as an Indian mission, but not to the monastery which con- tiir^.ed as the only Franciscan community in Califor- nia for many years. For the subsequent events at Santa Barbara the reader is referred to Chapter 21 a kI 22, Part I, and to Part III. On an accompanying cut the reader will lind ihe whole community of Santa Barbara as it existed about the year 1880. The following are the names of the religious : 1. Fr. Jose Maria Komo, guardian; 2. F. Joseph J. O'Keefe, vicar; ?. Fr. Francisco Sanchez, delinit. ; 4. Fr. Bonaventure Fox ; 5. Fr. Francisco Arbondin ; (10) B;uic , IV, 6l::-jn. O'KcL-fe iiO. The inventory of JuJy 2r)tb, 1,S45 jiives the foIknvitifT valuations: Luiltiinprs reserved for the bishop and mis- sionarie-, 3S "rooms, $I,5(X) ; storelioujie and Rood^i $l,55'i; cellar and contents, $76S; soa;j factory and outfit, $:i9,S; tannery etc., $;i50; smithshop ptc.,$lCO; weavint' rwms!, loom, etc., $I2(;; c.irpsntershop, $U; majordomo's liou!*, $:«5; vaquero's outfit, $1-1; orchard with 512 fruit trees, .?1,5(jO; vineyards with 3,095 vines 1,720; »1C cattle, :t9S horses, and 9 mules, $:i,545; carrals, $2i)5; San Jos<5 vineyard with 2,2iJ2 vines and 100 trees. $l,:iJ5 ; cienepuita with crops, $-XX); San Antonio, a corral, .$25; rancho of San Marcos with buildings, vineyards, (rraiii,«l-W cattle, 90 horses, and l.ToO .sheep, $0,9.56; a total valuation of .*25,S1.5. (U) Banc. V, C:«. — no-2 — C. Bro. Anthony Oullasiliei-; 7. Bro. Ji^soph O'Malley; 8. Bro. Dominii* C. Reid. Fathers Homo :uul CVkHuu died at Alexandria, Ej;ypt, but the date i^ not known. Vr. Francisoo do .lesu Saui-ho/. after a saintly life tlied at t^anta iKirhara, on April ITth, ISSI. {\'2) Cr^flPTEPx XUI. LA PURISIMA CONCEFCION. FovN'oiN'o Or Thk Missuin -Sih-ckss Of Tav. F.vthkrs— Fathkes Areoita .Vm> Fkkn'anokx Kktikk— Nkw I'liiiu u— Kkpdrt 0\r Fk. Paxkkas— Mis- SH»NAKY OilANUKS — KaKTIK^VAKK Is ISI':: -OkSTRVH- TION Ok TllK Hvi; • uiNos— Mission Kkmovko— Nkw Ciirucii— Firk— Okaths Of Fathkrs Ko- DKIUUIU AXU PAtKKAS— ISDIAN KkVOLT— LAST MrSSIONARt— STATISTHS. As early t»s 1770 1780 it had been determined to found a mission at the western extremity of the iSan- ta Barbara Channel, and to name it La Purisima OoneeiH'ion in honor of the Immaoulate Coneeptiiui of the Blessed Virgin. (1) The establishment was de- layed, however, until eertain government restrict iims obnoxious to the missionaries had been removed. In June 1785 Crovernor Fages reeommended a site on the Santa Rosa River, now the Santa In^s River; and in March 17SC General Rengel instructed the governor to proceed with the foundation of La Furi- (12) llo was lH»ri\ iit L«M>n, Moxlco in ISIS. H> ciinif to Cj»liK>rui« with tlip othor Zacat^H'rtuos in 1S311, but nothiuK is heard of him thoiv until 1SJ2, whfix ho Ivoaino th»> misssionary of San Ihionavontura. Uancn^ft thinks Fr. S.uioht-» ivmainoil behind in Lo\\t>r Oaliforuia while tho othor Fathers l>rvH*»V(UMl to Vi>v>or Cwlifornia. Fr. Francisco was stationed nt Sixn Buo- nawntnra in lS42-lSJa and asain in IS^'-U'W; at Santa In^j iu l.>41- 1.^50 where he was vice-rector of tho seminary. Iu 1>74 Fr. Sanchei with Fr. l\^Utm and Ihvther Jo^evh OMalley took chartre of the diocesan o^^ lUxnu asjliun for Kws at Plj.viX). He rem.viued ther^< until l»«7i>, whdu h« returned to Sant4 Uurbara. The body \it f'(\ $tiUfl)C] ^u$ iutcrraU ia t^^ luis'iioH vaulu, \\) Vidii, SiO, — cca — eima. This was done aflor tho oovornniont had nc- ceclod to the conditions tho Fathers hiid down. Fr. Lasuen wont u]) from tlio presidio of Santa Barbara to tho site sehn-ted, called by llie natives Alj-s; - cui)i, when' on December 8th, J 787, he l)lesse(l the l)lace, raised the cross, celebrated IMass, and preached a sern)on. Tluis the mission of ].a Furisima was non - iaally fojiilvl, thoujih on account of tlu' rains act- ual work was not bciiun until s(>vcral months later. At lenj^th about the middle of March 17S8, ti.e mission escort with a band of laborers and servants Avent u]) to erect the necessary buildin;;s. Karlv in April Fr. Fresi(U>iit Lasuen arrived with Kathe s Vincente Fuster, of San .Juan C'apistrano, and Jose Arroita, a new-comer. After four months the two missionaries had already enrolled seventy-nine neo- phytes. By the end of 1790 the records showed ;{( I baptisms, 02 marriatr;es, and 23 deaths. At the same time the mission possessed 1(V.) cattle, 4(11 sheei), i^(J horses, and JJIFl other animals. Only 278 Indians lived at the mission, thouiih there were over lifty ranche:- ias in the Purisima district. (2) Fii. Fuster did not remain loni; at the mission, as Fr. Crist6bal Oramas of Santa Barbara rej^laced him in 1781). Fr. Orannis was succeeded in 1702 by Fr. Antonio (Jalzada, who labored here until Au«j;ust 1700, when Fr. (Jre^orio Fernandez arrived. Fr. Arroita, one of the founders of I'urisima Concepcion, rc- miiined at the mission uidil June 1790, when he re- tired to Mexico. In 171)8 Fr. (Jalzada returned and served as missionary until 1801, when Fr. Mariano Tayeras took his place. Fr. Juan Martin was also sta- tioned here in :1790-17«7. In 1805 Fr. Fernandez left California for Mexico, lie was succeeded by Fr. Ju- an Cabot, who departed in the next year to give way to Fr. Ceronimo Boscana. i;i) );i.\^r thirty leagues. The natives were docile, industrious, and not inclined to run away. It was a joy to see them at work, sing, and pray, and especially to see them bear their suti'ering-i, beg for confession, and die like good Catholics. For five years not a kernel of grain could be raised without irrigation; but certain springs had been found whicli promised well for the future. A great deal of live-stock had been purcluised, and tlie (3) Banc, I, 07.') ; II, VSA. Fr. Francij^co Jo^c' do Arroita came from Spain to Mexico in I'Sl. Ho was sent to California in April J7SG, and tti- tinned at Sail Luis Obispo until December 17S7; and at Purisima he was till June 17%, about which time lie sailed for San Bias. Fr. GroRorio Fernandez was born at Burgos, Spain, in 17.")l; became a Franciscan in 1772; came to America in 17»"), and to California in 17^4. He served at Sin Luis Obispo from November 1794-17%; and at Purisi- ma from May 17% to Soptomber 1S()5. He also olficiatt^d at San Franci ci in June 1794. Fr. Fernandez was styled 'un anRel' when he came to Cali- fornia; "and there is nothing to show that his angelic qualities dete- riorated in California," says Bancroft. He sailed for Mexico on November 6th lt)05. - S65 - pvosp^cts for moAt, tallow, and wool w^re excellent. The report is dnted January IHtli, 1810. (4) In 1815 Fr. Payeras himself became president of the California missions, yet lie continued to reside at Pu- risima ; but Fr. Boscana left the mission at the end of 1811. Fr. Estevan Tapis, president of the missions, also served here in 1811-1818. Fr. Antonio Kipoll ar- rived in 1812 and remained till 1815; Fr. Luis Gil from 1815 to 1817; Fr. Ullibarri in 1818-1819; and Fr. Jose Sanchez in 1820-1821. The population began to decrease in the second decade of the century, but in livestock Purisima Avas in a most flourishing con- dition until December 1816 and January 1817, when there was no rain, and sheep died by the hun- dreds. (5) On December 21st, 1812, there was an earthquake while the Fathers were making their examination of conscience. The earth shook so violently that it was difficult to stand. A brief examination showed that the church walls had been thrown out of plumb. Just be- fore 11 o'clock there ci;me another more violent shock which brought down the church and nearly all the mission buildings, besides about 100 neophyte houses of adobe. The earth opened in several places and emitted water and black sand. Several persons were wounded, but none were killed. Subsequent floods completed the devastation, so that very few buildings were worth repairing. Huts of wood and grass were hastily erected for shelter and religious service; but in March 1813 the Fathers petitioned (heir superior for a permit to rebuild the mission on another site across the river at Los Bcrros, or Amun. The request (t) Bnnc, II, 12..'. (5) Daoc, II. i'GC-oC', In January and February IblO 6on:o moasuremonts were made by the Father!!, •nhicli tliovcd tLo distance from Purifima to Santa In6s ts be G and ?* loaerues and 610 varas; to San Luis Obispo by way of La Graciosa 18 loapuos less 250 varas; and to San Autouio ygncho by way Gf U'.c ffurdpn p? Watep tlirfO Ipupuci! and — me — was granted, and the transfer elfected with the con- sent of the governor; but of the progress in erecting the new buildings little or nothing is known, though the church, houaos, and irrigating canal aro said to have been completed in two years. The church was only a temporary structure, but a new one of adobes and tiles was finished in November 1818. In the same year, September 29th, nearly all the houses of the neophytes were destroyed by fire, and it required a year to repair the damage?. (6) Fii. Sancliez was succeeded by Fr. Rodriguez in 1821, but the latter died in 1821, and his place Avas taken by Fr. Victoria. Fr. Victoria seems to have been alone at Purisima until 18-31, vdien Fr. Moreno came to the mission. Fr. Payeras also died at Purisi- ma in 1823. (7) The great event of 1821 was the Indian revolt, dur- ing which the place was retaken after having been for some time in possession of the rebels. In the re- volt the mission l)uildings were mucli damaged, and it seems that the church, though a new structure, had to be rebuilt; at all events a new cliurch was (,G) B;iuc., II, 201 : 3G7-3(W. (7) Banc, 11,489:580. Fr. Antonio Catari- no Kodvisui'z was one of the few native Mexican Franciscans in Califor- nia before li^'Al He was born at San Luis I'otosi on January 1st, 17V7, ai.d received tlie habit in his native city, where he also tilled the olhces of vicar, master of novices, and lector of moral philosophy. Ho joined the missionary colleco of S m Fernando in August IJ5O8, and arrived at Mou- t>roy on June 2M. 180J. His missio;i iry sorvica was at Sant i Cruz tiJl 1811, at San Luis Obispo until 1821, and at Purisima till hii death in 1*24, Ho died at S in Luis Obispo, ho\v3vor, on Novombor 21th, and was buried in the church of that mission. Early in the year of his death, al- ready ill and infirm, Fr. Rodriguez was taken by the rebel Indians and kept as a prisoner for several week?, but ho was treated with great res- pect, and worked earnestly for the interests of his flock at the tima of their surrender. Fr. Mariano Payeras was born on October 10th, 1763, at Inca, Lsland of Mallorca, and entered the Order of St. Francis on September 5th, 1784 at Palma. He left Sp lin in Janiiary 1793. and in February 17;,6 ho was sent to California. Fr. Payeras was stationed at San Carlos from nOC-Hf^; at Solcddd from November 179i< to 1803; at San Diepo from September 1803 to Ibfil; and at Purisima from 1804 to the day of his deatli April 2Sth, 1823, though after JB15, when he became iiresident of the California mi;- sious, a larijQ i)4rt of his timo was sp.^ut in travslUag from raissioa tp — SOT — dedicated on Octobar -Itli, 1S23. The mission lands in l'i'2'2 extended 11 league:} Troni nurtli to soutli, and ToLir and 0.1 lovij^aes li'oni east to west. Tiie soil was good, but irrigaliun was necessary. Frosts, grasshop- pers, and sqmrreh were very troublesome at Turisi- ma. The mission furnished .*; 12,921 worth of supplies tj tho presidio in 1SJJ-1S27. (Sj For years the Indian population of Purisima had been decreasing until at the close of ]8ol there were only 40-1- natives at the mission; and about the year 18-10 only 120 were left, with perhaps as many more scattered in the region belonging to Purisima. Ac- cording to the report of the lathers on December iilst, 1831, tlie mission possessed 10,500 cattle, 7,0J0 sheep, and IGO horses. (9) Ix 18o4 Domingo Carrillo was appointed comisiona- do to secularize the mission of Furisima Ooncepcion; this he ellected in the next year. An inventory was taken in 183C and the mission estate valued as fol- lows: Chief building with twenty-one rooms, $4,o00; twelve smaller buiiuings, $1,205; furniture and imijle- ments, $2,001 ; contents of the storehouse, $(>,:j55; grain and produce, $4,821; church ornaments, etc., $4, y44; church, $400; library, $655; live bells, $1,000; three gardens, $728; live-stock, $201. Tiie following named ranchos were valued at the price annexed : Sitio de Mision Yieja, $375; ISitio de Jalama, $784; Los Alamos, $1,185; «an Antonio, $1,418; Santa Lucia, $1,080; San Pablo, $1,060; Todos Santos, $7,176; Gua- dalupe, $4,005; live-stock, $17,321. In February 1839 more than CCO sheep- were dro^^ned in the floods. In 1843 the mission estate and other property, or what was left of it, was restored to mission. IIo was president till April 1st 1820, and vicario prefocto from May ISIG. From April 1st. 1820, till his death Fr. Payeras was comisario prelccto, and also comisario del santo oticio. In October ISl'J he was tliaukcd in the king's name for his services against tLe Houchard rebel-. {.a) banc, II, .Wl. ('J) Juformes Generales afio 1831; Banc, III, 665-66. the manag^ement of the Fathers, but in 1S45 it wns sold by the governor to John Temple for $1,110. In 1844 Fr. Durnn rerorted 200 Indians for Piirisima and neighborhood, no livc-;to('k (;r cultivated lands, but a nnall vineyard. Towards the close of the same year small-pox carried away most of the Indians and broke up the community. (10) Fr. Victoria remained at his post until August 1835, when Fr. Arroyo de la Cuesta succeeded him. Fr. Arroyo was transferred to Santa lues in 1836, after Avhich date it seems there was no regular m's- sionary at La Purisima. Fr. Juan Moreno was here in 1884, and possibly he was in charge part of the time in 1836-1840. For a few months the venerable Fr. Abella, the last survivor of the Fernandinos who came to California before 1800, served as missionary at Purisima, and then died. (11) After Fr. Ramon's death the mission was in charge of Fr. Juan Moreno and a secular priest, the Rev. Miguel Gomez, though both resided at Santa Ines most of tlie time. After the sale of the estate in 1845, when the Indians had scattered. Mission La Purisima Concepcion was aban- doned. (12) (11) Bin-., Ill, 664-650; IV, 647-3t«. (U) Fr. Ramon AbeUa was bom May 2bth, 1764, at Moritfortp, AraRoa, Spain, arid became a Franciscan at ZaraKOza March 6th, 1784. He joined the college of San Fernando in 1795, and arrived in California in 1798. His missionary service of 44 years was passed in succession at San Frrncisco in 179; -1819; San Carlos 1819-18^3: ban Luis Obispo 1^33-1842; and Purisiu a in February-May 1842. In 1817 and 1811 Fr. Antonio accompanied expeditions to the pagans. His narratives of the tours are still extant. Ee was present at the founding of San Ra- f.iel, and there is hardly a mission register in California that does not show his name. He was considered by his superiors to be one of the most zealoui and able Fathers in the country for missionary work. In 1826 Fr. Abolla professed obedienre to the new Mexican republic, but refused to take the oalh. Before leaving San Carlos he became sick and infirm; and his term of service at San Luis Obispo was one of illness. Fr. Jime- no in 1812 charged administrator Gucrra pnd others with having robbed Fr. AbeUa, and with having treated the old Father "with the greatest in- gratitude, inhumanity, and vileness " Fr. Raiiion's last days were passed at Santa IniJs, whoro ho waa buried, on May 24th, 1842, in tho prosbytorj- ou tho opUtlo Bide, about two varfts ffopi tho church wall, (12) B«nc„ iV, W i Y, Ca5. S60 - Mission La i-unGima Concepsion. — S70 — From the time that Purisima was founded in 1787 down to December 31st, 1881, when the general mis- sion reports cease, the number of baptisms was 3, 245; marriages, 1,011; and deaths, 2,583. (13) s^ppTSR xmi SANTA 0RU2. rREPAEATioKs— Forxt;i>,o Op The Missiok— Fn. Lasues's Rr-penx— In. STKUCTToN's To Tiis GUARDS— EsEcr£o\ Of BuiLDixaa— Dedicatiok Of The Chuv-ch— Gloomy Prospects— Missioxariks— Fathers Salazah, Lo- pez, And Fernandez Retire— Mdrder Of Fr. Quintana— Pcxisiiment Of The Criminals— Missionary Changes- Fathers Marquinez And Ol- EKs Retire— Disease Among The Indians— Other Items- Secclaeiza- TiON— Inventory— The Last Missionary- otatxstics. Ix 1789 it was determined to found two new mis- sions, one in honor of Our Lady of Solitude, and the other in honor of the Holy Cross. The necessary pre- liminaries were arranged between the viceroy and the Fathers, and four missionaries were selected to take charge of the new establisliments. Two thousand and eight hundred dollars Avere to be paid to the sin- dico at Mexico, $1,000 for each mission, and $200 for travelling expenses for each missionary ; and in April (l:i) Infornies Gciieralos del afio de 18:J1. According to Bancroft the ttT- tistlcs down to lS:!t are as follows: Totil number of baptisms, 3,314, of whicli number 1,740 were those of Indian adults, 1,492 Indian children, four adults and 78 children de gente de razon. Deaths, 2,711, of wliich 1, 7P(J were Indiun adults, £02 Indian children, one adult and 18 children of settlers or soldiers. Marriapes l,0;;i, e cornerstone had l)ecn laid with due solemnity on February 27th, 1793, was formally dedicated to its holy use on the 10th of May, or pos- sibly March, 1794, by Fr. Pena of Santa Clara, with f le assistance of Fathers Gil and Sanchez, and the resident missionariis. The next day Holy Mass was celebrated in the nevv edifice. The building measured (2) Iufomi33 Ooacraltjj del afla do 1733; Dauc, I, IW-OO. — 374 — about thirty by ono lumclred and t^velvc feet, and was twenty-five feet higli. Tlie foundation walls to the height of three feet were of stone, the front was of masonry, and the rest of adobes. About the other mission buildings but little is recorded, except that the last twQ sides of the square were completed in 1795. A flouring mill was built and began to run in t! e autumn of 17CC, but it was badly damaged by th? rains in Dacembsr. In 1793 a granary of two stories and a house for the looms were finished. TowAEDS the close of the century the mission pros- pects were far from encouraging. At the beginning of 1798 Fr. Fernandez wrote that everything was in a bad shape. A liundred and thirty eight neophytes had deserted and left only thirty or forty to work, while the land was overflowed and the planting not half done. The church had been damaged by the flood; the live-stock was dying; and a dead whale on the beacli had attracted an unusual multitude of wolves and bears. The missionary founders of Santa Cruz. Fathers Salazar and Lopez, served li3re till July 1795 and August 1796 respectively, at or about which dates they departed for Msxico to seek the retirement of their college. They were succeeded by Fathers Manuel Fernandez and Jose de la Cruz Espi. The latter was replaced in May 1797 by Fr. Francisco Gonzalez, while the former had as successor, after his departure from tho country in October 1798, Fr. Carranza. (3) (3) Banc, I, lOS-J'JS. Of Fr. Alonso Isidor Salazar we know notliiufr till ho became raisslonaiy at Santa Cruz; he probably arrived from Mexico a little earlier ia the same year 1791. Oa May 11th, 179G, while at the col- loRC of San Fernando he wrote a loufr report on California. Fr. Baldomero Lopez came to California in 1791, and was stationed at Santa Cruz until ha retired in August 179j. II > was most of the time iu ill health ; in Mexico it seems he regained his health, for on August t:th, ISIS, he was elected guardian of Sau Fernando. Fr. Manuel Fernando? was born iu 1767 at Tuy in Galicia, Spain. He en- tered the Franciscan Oi-dei' at Cornpostela ii 17S4 joiued the coUeco of NoTiiixa of importance occurred at Santa Crv.z in the early part of the present century, except that in 18C5 Captain GoycoecLoa rccomineiulecl that the neo- phytes of the mission be divided between Santa Cla- ra and San Juan Bautista, and that the Fathers be employed in new fields, since all the Indiana in the district had been converted. Tiie year 1812, however, saw an awful crimo committed at Santa Cruz : Fr. Andres Quintana v.r.s biutally murdered, though it was first supposed he liad died a natural death. (4) He was found dead in his bed on the morning of of Octo])er 12th, 1812, and his remains were interred by Fathers Viader and Duran. The suddenness of the death caused an investigation, which was conducted by Lieutenant Estudillo during the following week; but the conclusion was that, as there were no signs of violence, the missionary had died a natural death. About two years later suspicions were again aroused. A new investigation was made, and it was ascer- tained that Fr. Quintana, though sick himself, had been called from his room at night to visit a man said to be dying, and that on the way he had been murdered in a most diabolical manner. The body had then been taken back to the room of the missionary, put to bed, and the door afterwards carefully locked. Nine or ten Indians were tried for the crime, and the case was sent to Mexico for final sentence. In the spring of 1816 the sentence came by which five of the criminals were condemned to receive two hundred lashes each, and to vrork in chains from two San Fernando in 179:!, and came to California in 179-1. He was one of fiv ^ Fathers who arrived recommended by Fr. MupArtepui as of a differ- ent kind from several wlio had exhausted Fr. Lasuen's patience. Fi'. Fernandez was s-tationcd at Santa Clara in 1784, but was much at San Francisco in 179.=). He was sent to Sint i Cruz in 179.5 and remained tliero till October 170^, when lit obtained permisson to retire on account of sickness. (4) Banc, II, l.=)4: :i'-S-3ti9. Fr. Andres Quitana was a native of Antcna- na, Alava, Spain. He landed at Monterey August Hist, 18(1.'), and was sta- tioaed ftt Santa Cruz from November of that year until liis death. to ten years. Tv.*o othsrs of the accused had inean- •\vhile died in prison, and one of the five, Lino, sup- l)osed to have been the leader, died in 1817 at Santa Barbara presidio, where the convicts had been pcnt to serve out their time. Only one io caid to have s irvived (lie punishment. Ok Novcmlxn- 21st, 18^:0, another Indian, Alberto, imprisoned -cit iSan In-;incisco, vas examined on the subject, and confessed that lie had been urged to join the conspiracy, but that \\2 had refused. In the sentence it appears that the defence of the murder- ers had been excessive cruelty on the part of the murdered missionary. The officials i:i Mexico seem to have attached some importance to this absurd ilea, so that Governor Sola felt him.ielf called upon to re- X)ly. Pie denied the charges of the Indians, and eulo- ;;tzcd Fr. Quintana as a model of kindness, who had !-acrificed his life in the cause of duty: first in leav- fiijg San Credos to assist sick a missionary, and then in rising from a sick-bed to visit that of an Indian n-jpposed to be dying. And still further the governor declared that aftcn- a close investigation he could find r.o evidence of cruelty on the part of the Fathers, and tliat their errors were for the most part on the fide of ir.erc-y. (5) Fi;. Gonzalez labored at Santa Cruz until June ]85;5, v.htn be retired to Mcxicc;. Fr. Quintana had Luccecdcd him r.ntil 1812. Fr. Carranza left the mis- f;i(;n in August 1808. The two Fathers, Jose Antonio and Frai:cisco Javier, Uiia ccrved here as supernu- meraries in 1SCG-180S, and Fr. Antonio Rodriguez ar- rived in June ISOO, but remained only till 1811. Fr. Tapis was at Santa Cruz for a time in 1812; but Fa- thers jMarquinez and Escude held out longer, the for- mer from 1811 to 1817, and the latter from 1812 to 1818, wlicn Fr. Olhe.^ arrived. Fr. Gil was transferred" to Saiitii Cruz in 1S20. Of this numbsr of mission- aries Fr. Marquinez departed for Mexico from Santa Cruz. Fr. 01b(^s also returned to hk colleg-o in 1821, so tliat Fr. Gil y Tabondu toiled alone here after I hat date, except for the period 1827-1830, when Fa- thers Antonio Jimeno, Jos^ Joaquin Jimeno, and Juan Moreno were at Santa Cruss much of that time. In 1830 Fr. Gil left the mission in char^is of Fr. Jo; 6 Jimeno, v,ho remained at his post until the arrivrJ of the Zacatecan Fathers in 1833. (6) The mortality at San Cruz Vv-as very great at this period. Fr. Gil Avriting on the subject says that tlie Indians were all impregnated with venereal disease, so that the slightest change in the temperature pro- strated them, and from sixty to eighty were sick at the same tim9. The mission lands extended three miles from north to south, and seven to nine leagues from east to west, though only three miles were of use. Grasshoppers and other insects did much damage to the cultivated fields, yet the taxes on mission pro- duce amounted to about $880 a year. Supplies to the guards averaged about ^^o a month, and the supplies furnished to the presidio during 1821-1830, except 1817, amounted to $o,{}90. On December 31st, 1S3J, the mission possessed 3,500 cattle, 5,403 sheep, and 140 horses; at the same time 298 Indians were still living at the mission. (7) The mission Avas secularized in 1834-1835 by Lniacio (G) Banc, ir, 15l-]r.5; ;iS7; 025. Fr. Marcclino M.\rquin?z was a nativo of Tievifio, Vizcaya, Spain, whrr* he was born in May 177!). Ho took tl;o habit in November IT'JS, and joined the college of San Fernand'- in mu. After his arrival in Californi i in July ISIO, he served as missionary at San Luis Obispo from September of that year to November ISll, and thrn at Sauta Crisz until May 1S17. As late as IbU he was still living at tho collofi;;.^ ni-healtli had boon tho reason for his retirement. Fr. Ramon 01b6^ was born at Atoca in Arapon, Spain, February Stb, ri6C\ he took the the habit at Zdrapoza January 1st, 1^02; joined tlie collofie of San Fernando June lOth, ISKI, and reached California in 1812. He was .-t itloned at Santa In6< in 1812-lSl.J; at Santa Barban in 1S1:J- 1816; at San Luis Key in 1813-1818 ; and at Santa Cruz from June 1813 to November 18*21, when ho went lo Mexico on account of ill-health. (7) Bauc, II, G;i5-C2G; luformes Oeuerules del afio liSJl. — 878 — Mission Santi Craz. ~ 879 — del Yalle, the comisionticlo. The value of the property when turned over to the secular authorities at the end of 1835 >va.s .$-17,000, exclusive of land and tlie church property, besides .fl 0,000, which had been dis- tributed to the Indians. There is no record of sub- sequent distributions, or how the estate disappeared; but in 1839 Hartnell found only 70 Indian-i, with per- haps as many more scattered in tlie district, and a- bout one sixth of the liv. • tock mentioned in a for- mer inventory. The church property in 1835 was estimated to be worth $32,1-12 as foUows : Buildings, $8,050: orna- ments, bells, etc., $23,505; library of 152 volumes, $380. The live-stock consisted of 3,700 cattle, 500 horses, 2,000 sheep, 18 mules, 10 asses, and 28 swine. In 1839 there were left 30 cattle, 127 horses, and 1,020 sheep. Lands, buildings, and fruit trees were valued at less than $1,000 in 1845. In the same year only about 40 Indians lived in the neighborhood of the old mission. In 1833 Fy. Antonio Suarez del Real of the Zacate- cans succeeded Fr. Jimeno, and remained at Santa Cruz until about 1844. Fr. Anzar of San Juan Bautis- ta seems also to have officiated here in 1844-1845. Thereafter there is no definite record of any resident Father at Santa Cruz. (8) Fkom the time of the opening of Mission Santa Cruz in 1791 down to December 31st, 1S31, the Fa- thers baptized 2,424 persons, blessed 820 marriages, and buried 1,040 dead. (9) (8) Banc. Ill, G0b'-695; IV, 602; V, 012 (9) Informes Gonerales del aflo lt>;i. Bancroft, III, 004 pivcs the follow- ins statistics for the same period down to ISHl: Total number of bapti.-m.s 2,4CC, of which 1,277 Indian adults, 939 Indian Children, six adults and 244 children de gente de razon. Marriapes, 847, of which 6U de razon. Deaths, 2,0:i5, of which 1,3.')9 Indian adults, 574 Indian children, 45 adults and 47 children de razou. Larcost populatioa over reached at Santa Cruz, 044 ia 1798 Largest number of cattle '.iJVO in )S28; horses 900 in 182S; mules 92 iu 1805; sheep 8,;XX) in 1820; swine 150 in lirlS; all kinds of animals J2,502 in 1827. Total product of wheat 9,000 bushels; barley 1;1,180 bushels; maize ao- 500 bushels; beans 9,250 bushels; mitcellaneaus grains 7,C00 bushels, 3S() — (S^PPTER X^III. LA SOLEDAD. FoiNEixo Of The Mtsfiox— Pkogkess In Mispion Woek— The Mippiona- jjiTCP— Fb. Tubi Ketifes— Epidemic— New Ciirncii— Death Of Gov. Akei- LL.\r.A— Death Of Fr. Ibanez -Bidoeapht— yi-!sioxARY Changes— Items. An Election— Fe. Sahpia Starved To Death At Soledad— Biogea- thy—State Of The Mission— UxworTny Treatment Of The Mission- ABY— Secvlaeization— End Of The Mission— Statistics. Fr. President Lasuen sel?cted the site for Mission Soledad early in 1791, but not till September 29th did a party of natives depart from San Carlos to e- rect the necessary buildings. On October ninth, with the assistance of Fathers Sitjar and Garcia, and in the presence of Lieutenant Arguello, the guards, and a number of Indian?, Fr. Lasuen blessed the place, erected and blessed the mission cross, and thus ushered into existence the mission of Our Lady of Solitude. The spot was called Chuttusgelis by the na- tives, but to the Spaniards the region had been known as Soledad since the first occupation of the country. The first baptism of an Indian took place on No- vember 23d, 1791. One other entry in the mission re- cords deserves special mention. From them it appears that on May 19th, 1793, there was baptized a Nootka Indian, twenty years of age, "Iquina, son of a gen-, tile father, named Taguasmiki, who in the year 1789 was killed by the American Gret (Gray), cuptain of the vessel called V,^ashington belonging to the Con- gress of Boston," (1) (1) See bcginniuj; of prcceUio^ chapter. Banc., I, IlUt. CaJ. I| lOir&OO. — 381 — At the end of the first year Soledad oounted elev- en converts, but on December 31st, 1800, the books showed 70-1 l)nptisms, 164 niarriai2;cs, and 221 deaths. 512 Indians lived at the mission Avhich, at the same time, possessed 1,000 cattle, 3,000 sheep, and 04 horses. (2) Fatiieiis Die<:::o Garcia and Mariano Rubi were the first missionaries of Soledad. The former was present at the founding of the mission, and the latter ar- rived soon after, but on account of ill-health he left the mission in January, and the country in February or March 1703. Fr. Garcia also left La Soledad in February 1702, but returned in December and re- mained until March 1790, when he was transferred to San Francisco. Fr. Gili succeeded Fr. Rubi and staid at Soledad until the arrival of Fr. Espi in the fol- lowing year. In 1705 Fr. Espi gave way to Fr. Mar- tiareno, who labored at the mission for two years, when Fr. Carnicer took his place until 1798. At the end of the century the missionaries were Fathers Antonio Jaime and Mariano Payeras, since March 1700 and November first, 1708, respectively. In 1803 Fr. Ibanez relieved Fr. Payeras. (3) The epidemic in the spring of 1802 was particular- ly severe at Soledad. On February 5th the Fathers reported that the Indians througli fear were abandon- ing the mission ; that each day live or six deaths oc- curred ; and that the missionaries were overworked. Yet three j'ears later the same mission reached its largest population with 727 neophytes. After that date the Indian population slowly decreased until 1810, when it was the smallest mission in the pro- vince, except San Carlos. (4) (2) Informes Goaorales. nfio lWJ(t, (!J) Fr, Mnrlnno Rubi was one ( f (ho four Fiitliors who arrived In California in July 1790 sent expressly for tlie new ostablishmonts. Ho was stationed at San Antonio from J7P0 to Soptembor 17U1, and at Soledad from October 1791 to January 179a, wlieu h« rotlvod to Mexico on account of ill hoalth. Banc, I, 49&-50Ui II, li'i, H) Btiaoroft, II, 132>1U; UiiO. - m - A now chui-ch ^vas begun in the alitnmn of 1808 to lake the place of the old stra^v-covered adobe build- ing till then used for a place of worship. Governor Don Jos^» Joaquin de Arrillaga died at Soledad on July 2J:th, 181-1, at the aji;e of sixty- tour. While on a tour of inspection he was attacked by a serious ill- ness, and hastened to Soledad in order to put him- self under the care of his old friend Fr. Ibanez. His remains were interred in the mission church by Fr. Ibanez on Tuesday July 26th. His will directed that his body be shrouded in the Franciscan habit and buried at the mission where he might chance to die. One hun-red Masses v.ere to be said for his soul at ISan Miguel and also at San Antonio. (5) Fr. Ybanez died at Soledad in 1818, (0) and left Fr. Antonio Jaime to toil alone until Fr. Juan Cabot came in 1820. In the following year Fr. Jaime was transferred to Santa Barbara. Fr. Cabot in turn was (5) Bancroft, II, iry2-ir)3; 2)4-2:5. (6) Ibid. :^^5-3SiG. Fr. Ibaiiez, or as h^ and others wrots it, Ybafiez, was a nan of larce and varied experience, and quite famous amonj? his bro- tlicr missionaries. He was born at Tirrapona in Catalonia, Spain, on Oc- tober 20th, 1740, and became a Franciscan at tlio convent of Zaragoza on February Stli, 17j7. Hera ho received the several sacred Orders, serving al- so as master of the choir. He arrived at the coUoso of San Fernando de Mexico in May 1770, and was attached to the clioir there until 1774, when failing health induce-) i^.im to obtain a transfer to a convent in Micho- can, whence in 17S1 he was transferred to the college of Santa Cruz do Quer6taro, as a member of which community he served seventeen years in Sonora, chiefly at Dolores del Saric He made his journeys usually on foot. )n 1800 he again joined the college of San Fernando, and was sent in 1801 to California. Until 180:i he was stationed at San Antonio, and from that time until his death on November 26th, 1818, he labored at Soledad, where he was buried next day by Fathers Jaime and Sarrla in the mission church. In person ho was tall, broad shouldered, and of great strength. In character ha was noted for his kindness t) all of low estato, or whom ho deemed in any way oppressed. Ho was fond of teaching the soldiers of the guard to read and write, and never tired of instructing the neophytes in work and music. Governor Arrillaga and Fr. Ibanez were always firm friend.'-. On Arrillaga's second coming to California he was welcomed by the Father at Soledad with vocal and instrumental music, and with ver- ses composed by Fr. Ibaiiez himself. In his last illness the Father refused to excuse himself from any of the duties imposed by the Church or the Order. Fr. Sarrla. who was serving as chaplain at the camp on the Sali- nas, hastoned to Soledad to psrform tho last ofllcos for tho oldmlssioatt' - 883 - alone fit the mission until 1824, wlitn Fr. Francisco Javier de Uria succeeded him. There were several changes amonij the missionaries of Soledad in the third decade of the century. Fr. .Jaime left the mission in 1821, and Fr, .Junn Cabot in 1824; Fr. P>ancisco Javier de Uria served in 1824- 28; Fr. Tedro C^ibot in 1828-20; and Fr. Prefect «ar- ria came here to live in the middle of 1829. On May 5th, 1822, the Fathers and neophytes met to take the oath of independence from kSpain, and on November 19th, 1820, tlie Indians formally elected one of their number to iio to Monterey to represent tliem in an clecloti de partUh). (7) The mission furnished !l!l,loO to Monterey presidio in 1829. Mission lands in 1822 extended 9 to 20 leagues east to vest, and 3 leagues north to south. The soil vas poor and yielded tolerable crops only in the wet seasons. There was some irrigation; but frosts and locusts did much damage. On April 22d, 1829, Fr. Cabot informed governor Echeandia that he could not establish a school for want of a teacher, of funds, and of ccholars. The record of an election in 1S2G is as follows: "At the mission of Nuestra Sefio- ra de la Soledad, tliis day Sunday November 19th, 182G, I the Chief Alcalde Geronimo, last night sum- moned the people all to come to the church ; and all being aeeemblcd, we attended our Mass and com- mended currelves to tlie Virgin to give us a good heart tliat we might do what the comandante of tlie presidio liad directed us to do. After hearing the Mass we went out of the church, and being together with all the people I nam.ed Senor Simon Cota, who can write, as my secretary, and chose two scrutators ry, aud to Icavo in tlio mission record a narrative of his life anil virtupF. lu fi'apmonts of tlio old mission hoolis of Pimoria, Sonora, are the siprn;.- tuios of Ibailez as Coxminisibo of Caborca in April 170G; and as mission- ary of Saric in 17»;3 and besides he often ofliciated at San rraucitco del Atl down to 1711). {') Cai.c., II, aSo-iitO; ^'JL — 384 — Odilon Qiiepness and Felipe de Jesus; and out of all the people eleven were set aside as the comandante prescribes, and then all the people retired except the eleven, and they talked among; theniselves whom of all the men of the mission they would send to Mon- terey. Three wanted Fernando, one was in favor of Isidro, two preferred Valentin, and four "Juan de Di- os; and all the ten concluded that Juan de Dios was the one God desires to ji;o to the comandante of Mon- terey, and hold himself subject to his orders. And this is to be known by all the people and this paper we all that are here present will sign, alli.^anii; there- to a. cross because we cannot write; and Juan de Di- os Avill carry it with him. {Here are the crosses). Be- fore me, Simon Cota, secretary of the junta." (8) The venerable Fr. Vincente Francisco Sarria for- merly comisario prefecto of Fernandinos died at Sole- dad on May 21th, 1835. (9) "Soledad,"' says Gleeson, (10) "of which Fr. Sarria was pastor Avas once a flour- ishing Christian settlement, possessinii; its hundreds of converts and thousand of cattle. Want had never been known there from the time of its foundation up to the moment of confiscation. Immediately upon the change, however, so great wa^ the plunder and devastation of everything belonging to the mission that the Father who remained at his post with a few of the Indians, was unable to obtain the ordinary necessaries of life ; yet reduced as he was to the greatest extremity he would not abandon the rem- mint ol his flock. For thirty years he had labored a: mong them, and now, if necessary, he was ready to die in their behalf. Broken down by years and ex- hausted by hunger, one Sunday morning in the month of August of the above mentioned year, the holy old man assembled in his little church the few (8) Bancroft II. 022-02:). (0) Ibid. Ill, 683 ; Qlooson aa.va ^Yith others it was liiuS. (10) Olooson 11, 134-i;jQ. convorts thnt remained to liiin. It Avas the last time he Avas to appear before these natives. Hardly had he comnienced the l.ojy sacrifice of the Mass when his strenj;th completely failed him ; he fell before the altar and expired in the arms of his people, for whom he had so zealously and earnestly labored. Noble and Avorthy death of a Spanish missionary priest!" (10) ' Thus he Avas the last of the Fernandinos in the north, dying just before the secularization Avhich put an end to the independent Franciscan administration here and else^A•here. As from that time the mission had no resident missionary, Fr. Mercado of San An- tonio had charge of its spiritual interests, and made occasional visits from the autumn of 1884. Fr. Mer- cado declared that this muerte violenta^ violent death, Avas due to escasez de alimentos: want of food. (10) "Fr. A'incento Francisco Sarria was a Biscayan, born in November 17G7 at San E5t6van de Ecliibarris, noar BllbDa, at wliicli latter tjwii I13 ba- camo a Franciscan in Novpmbor \l&i. Ho served at his convent as lector do fllosofla for laymen, maestro do ostudiantes, and lector de artes de ro- ligriosos. He left Cddiz in Juno 1824, aud after four years' service at tlio college of San Fernando he was sent to California in ]S()9. His missionary service was at San Carlos in 1809-20, and at Soledad in 1829-1835; that is to say these irissions wisre his headquarters, for ho was absent mucli of the time on official tours. In 1813-19 Fr. Sariii hchl the office of comisa- rio prefect© of the missions in California, and au;ain in 1828-30, o.' perhaps a little longer, and he was also president in 1S2.J-25. In the discharge of his official duties ho proved himself tho worthy successoi" of Fathers Sor- ra, Lisuen, and Tapis. He wroti several little work?, among which was also a curious volume of manuscript sermons in his native Basque. He was a scholarly, dignilipd. and amiable man; not prone to controversy, yet strong in argument, clear and earnest in the expression of his opinions, devoted to his faith and liis Order, strict in observing and enforcing Franciscan rules and conscientious in the performance of every duty ; yet liberal in his views on ordinary matters, clear-headed in business affairs, and well liked by all who came in contact with him. A; prefect no Cali- fornia friar could have done better, since in the misfortuuo of his Order he never lost either tompar or courage. Declining as a loyal Spaniard to accept republicanism, Fr. Sarrla was arrested in 1825 and his exile or- dered; but his arrest wliich lasted about five years was moroly nominal, and the order of exile, though never withdrawn and several times re- newed, was never enforced. After 183J, old and infirm, but still actively engaged in local missionary duties, lie lived quietly at Soledad wliich he declined to leave in 1831, when the nortliorn missions were given to the Franciscans of Zacatecas, especially as no resident missionary was as- signed to this mission." Banc, III, 688-89. Bancroft objects to this statcmont nnd says: "I do not credit Mercado's cliarges, or believe that tlicrc was an administrnlor in California "who -would liave maltreated a uiiscionary to Avidcly known and loved." (11) Bancroft elsewhere docs not presuppose so much jiocd sense and human fcclinji; in ti:e ad- ministrators of otlier confiscated missions. However, Mofra«, an eyewitness, according to Gleeson v/rites : "We have seen the Rev. Father Gonzalez obliged to sit at the table of the administrator, and to sulFer the. rudeness of cowherds and majordomos who but a few- years before esteemed themselves happy to enter the service of the monks as domestics." Speaking- of the mission of San Antonio, the same writer says: "The only religious Avho still inhabits San Antonio, the Rev. Father Gutierrez, gave us the most hospitable reception ; and we saw with indignation that an an- cient domestic, who had bcccme administrator of the mission, took advantage of tlie paralytic state of this ecclesiastic to put him on rations, and even refuse him the actual necessaries of life." (12) Of the reduced state of the mission of San Luis Obispo he says: "In the Iniilding, at present, (1842), in ruins, -\ve fonnd reduced to the greatest misery the oldest Spanisli Franciscan of all Californin, the Rev. Father Ramon Abella, who saw the illustrious Peyrouse in 1787. The mission has suifercd su'-h de- vastation that tliis i)oor religious slept on an ox- hide, drank out of a horn, ;ind had only for liis food soiiw i/tofsc/s of i/u'fff f/r/'cr/ in the sint .' This venera- ble Father distril)iited th? little that was sent him among the Indian children, who still inhal)it with their families the tottering hovels attaclied to the mission. Several cliaritable persons, as well as Father Duran, have offered an asylum to Fr. Al)ella, l)ut he always refuses and declares that he Avishes to die at (U) Dane, III. OJ'ii-G.H;i. irj' 0!-?.sou. II. r^2-i:jl. liis pest. Thiri worthy man, who has founded several missions in the north, is almost eixty years in the a- postleship, but still spe3ks cf going to the conquest of souls, while at the same time in an age so ad- vanced he supports without murmur the humiliation and privation which poverty brings." The body of the venerable Fr. 8arria, though he died at Soledad, was taken to San Antonio and there buried in the mission church on the epistle side of the presbytery, in the sepulchre nearest the wall, on May 27th. Fr. Aml)ris was told that years later Fr. ISarria's body was found to be intact. (13) There was but a slight loss in population or in livestock down to 1834, though crops were very rmall, but later Indians, animals, and property of all kinds rapidly disappeared. The population was about 300 in 1884, but in 1840 it had dwindled down to about 70, with perhaps as many more scattered in the district. Baptisms for the years 1831-34, as far as the records go, numbered . 140, rather strangely including more than half adults. Deaths amounted to 150. The debt at tlie end of 1840, after C years of secular rule, was large, and there were left only 45 cattle, 2o liorses, and 865 sheep, though the inventory of 1835 had shown an estate valued at !f36,000 besides the church property. There was a library at this mission of 51 volumes valued at $18(5. Secularization was effected in 1835 by Nicolas Alviso, and tlie successive admin- istrators were Jose M. Aguila, Salvador Espinosa, and A-^incente Cautua. At the end of 1840 the establish- ment was on the verge of dissolution. On the 4th of June 1840 S( kdad missic n was told to Feliciano Soberanes for $800. (14) The statistics for the whole period of the mission existence, 1791-1834, are as follows : Total of baptisms, 2,222, of which 1,235 were Indian adults, 924 Indian (l;Jl Bancroft III, 6S0-y:i. (14) B in:ro:t, IV, 519 ;5r)2; 631; V, 5G1. — 3SU — and 03 cliildren de razon ; annual average 50. Total of n^arriagTs, G82, of wliicli 11 Avcrc do razon. Total of deaths, 1,803, of which 1,207 were Indian adults, 574 Indian children, 9 adults and 13 children de gcn- te de razon; an aununl avenge of 40. The largest Indinn population ever reached, 725 Avas in 1805. Tlio largest number of cattle possessed by the mission at any one time was G,5f)9 in 1831; liorses, 1,257 in 1821; mules, 80 in 1S;)7; sheep, 0,500 in 1808; swine, 9;) in 1814; all kinds of animals, 16,551 in 1821. The total product of wheat was 61,254 bushels; barley, 13,956 l)ushels; corn, 18,210 l)ushels; beans, 2,260 busliels; and miscellaneous grain, 13,012 bushels. (15) The "Informes Gcnerales" for 1791-1832 give the following figures: baptisms, 2,102; marriages, 636; deaths, 1,679. GI^ppl^BPJ XIX. SAN JOSE. Mispiox San Jose E-.tablished— Success— M^ssioNAniEs—Fn. Cl'eva Re» TIRES— Indian Attack— Description Of The Mission Bt Langsdorf?— New Church Dedicated— State Of The Mission Iv 1S20— Interesting Items— Statistics— Seculariztion-Fathers Mueo, Quijas, And Guti- errez Retires— Temporal Affair?— Mission San Jose Sjld. According to an order from Mexico, one of the missions was to l)e dedicated to St. Josepli, the fos- ter-father of Our Lord. For this reason the one next established was placed under his special protection, and l)ecame known :is 8an Jose. Gov. Borica sent orders to the commandant of San Francisco to detail 115 1 Bancroft III, CO.'. - SOD - n corporal and five men for the mission of San Jose to be founded at llio Alameda. On June 9th th^ troops under Amador, accompanied hy Fr. Lasu- en, started for the spot, where next day a temporary church, or envfwuida, was erected. The native name of the site was Oroysom, or Oroysoii. On June ILth, 1797, Trinity Sunday, Uie reiiular ceremonies of foundation, lilessini;; the site, raisin;^- tlr.^ cross. Lita- ny of All Saints, Holy Mass, sermon, and Te Deum were observed as usual l\v Fr. Lasuen, and the who festivity concluded wit!i th_' lirin^; of guns. The came day all returned to Sr.nl a Clara. Five days later Amador and his men came back to cut timber in order to construct the necessary buildings. By the 28th, this work was so far advanced that the guard could complete it. The same day Fa- thers Isidoro Barcenilla and Agustin Merino ar- rived and took charge. The three northern missions contributed 12 mules, 30 horses, 12 yoke of oxen, 242 sheep, and 60 pigs. The first baptism was administered on September 2d by Fr. Catald. By the end of 1707 there were 83 converts, and in 1800 the number had increased to 286, the baptisms up to that time having been 364, and the burials 88. Meanwhile the large stock in- creased to 367, and sheep and goats to 1,600. Crops in 1800 were about 1,500 bushels, chiefly wheat. The total for the three years was 3,000 bushels. Fr. Barcenilla remained at San Jose till after 1800, but Fr. Merino was replaced in 1709 by Fr. Jose An- tonio Uria. All three were new-comers, and none re- mained long in the country. A wooden structure with grass roof served as a churcl:. (1) Fr. Barcenilla in April ]802 was succeeded by Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada until 1804, when the latter's ijlace was taken by Fr. Pedro do la Cueva, wdio retired in (1) Dancr:>ft I, "i5>550. — 391 — Novemher 1803. Fr. J(».;t' xVutoiiio Uria, wlio liad been stationed h;n-e since n99, also left the irission in 1806. They were succeeded by Fathers Buenaventura Fortuni and Narciso Duran, who were new arrivals from Mexico. (2) TnEKE ir, a vaiiue record tliat a^ early as IS )2 Fr. Uria and his escort were attacked by the gentiles of the mountains, and that a military force was sent to teach the savages a lesson; but i)articulars are not knowr. A subsequent occurrence of the kind is how- ever l)eiter recorded. Fr. C'ueva haviuii; occasion to vis- it some sick neophytes at a rancheria ten or tifteen miles distant in tlie eastern hills, was escorted l)y Ignccio Higuera and two soldiers, besides a few- Christian Indians. This was on the 15th of January. Arriving at the rancheria to which his visit was direct- ed, thL' natives instead of receiving him kindly, dis- charged a cloud of arrows. Majordomo Ignacio Higue- ra was killed, Fr. Cueva was struck in the face, one of the coldiers was badly wounded, and three neo- phytes were killed together with all the horses. The pursuit was checked apparently by the fall of a gentile, and the survivors were enabled to reach the mission. In retaliation Sergeant Peralta made a raid and killed eleven gentiles. (3) Early in May 1806 Langsdorfi', a Russian navigator, visited the mission. He gives the following description of Mission San Jose: "Although it is only eight years since they were begun, the buildings and grounds are already of very considerable extent; (he quantity of corn in the granaries far exceeded my expectations. They contained at that time more than 2,000 meas- ures of wheat, and a proportionate quantity of maize, barley, peas, beans, and other grain. The kitchen- (2) Uincroft II, 131-13S. Fr. Podro do la Cuova, or Caevas, left Guadala- jara on April Sid, lb04, and arrived ia Califonia on Aupust 1-lth. Ill-health, not roJiovcd by a fow months' stay at San Dio^o, coinpclbd him to n^tirc t • Jji.« ecJi-'Tc, i;;; Btiuc, II, :3l; i:ja. 392 MiEsicn San Jos: — iiOZ — garden is oxtramely vrcll laid out, and kept in very good order; tin soil U evorywhoro rlcli and fertile, and yields ample returns. The i'ruit troe3 arc still ver- y young, hul:. thoir produce ia as good as could bo expected. A small rivulet runs through the garden, which preserves a constant moisture. Some vineyards have been planted within a f^w years, which yield excellent wine, sweet, and resembling;; Malaga. Tlie location of the establishment is admiralily chosen, and according to the universal opinion this mission will in a few years be the richest and best in Cali- fornia. The only disadvantage is, that there ar? no large trees very near. To compensate the disadvant- age, there are in the neighborhood of the mission challv-hills, and excellent brick-earth, so that most of their buildings are of brick. Their stores of corn are much greater than of cattle, consequently the number of oxen slaughtered every week is considera- bly smaller than at San Francisco, but their consump- tion of corn and pulse is much greater. The habita- tions of the Indians are not yet finished, so that at present they live chielly in straw huts of a coni.'al form." Meaxwiiile work on tlie mission church was pressed forward, and on April 23d, 1809, Fr. Tapis, superior of the missions, came to bless the new structure. Next day he preached, and Fr. Arroyo de la Cuesta said Mass in the presence of the other Fathers, of seven! military officers, and ^of many people from the ad- joining pueblo. On the eighth of the following July the new cemetery was blessed with the customary solemnHies. (4) Fathers Duran and Fortuni baptized more Indians at San Jose than the missionaries at any other mis sion, and buried a smaller percentage of their cmi verts than did the Fathers at any other mission cx- U) Bnnc, II, i:;S-110. - .^04 - CGpt kSm Luis Key. The misgicn ako Icok sccor.d i.lnce in the list as far as population was concerned, Mhich increased from 545 in 1830 to 1,7£4 in 182(1. ISliccp raising and aii;riculture Avere also prosperous. In Jan- uary ISll the dead were removed from the old to lli^ new cemetery. In 1813 there was an expedition after runaways involvinii; a fiji'it on the San Joacjuin. (5) Fe. Buenaventura Fortuni left Mission San Jose in the autumn of 1825, and from that time Fr. Narciso Duran labored alone. He was also superior of all the missions in 1825-1827. The supplies furnished to tlie presidio at San Francif-co from 1821-1880, except 1827, amounted to .$] 5,125. Tithes and taxes in 1824 amounted to $1,846; in 1828 they still reachad $1,167. In 1827 three adol)e rooms were erected for soap making, tanning, and storing of hides. In April 1829, Virmond ordered a bell of 1,000 lbs, bearing the name of San Jose Mission. Robinson mentions a large reservoir in the rear, pipes carrying the water to the buildings and gardens, and a fountain with conveniences for bathing and washing in front. In 1822 the lands extended 9 leagues by one to three leagues. (6) Fr. Duran was succeeded in 1883 by the Zacatecnn Fr. Jose Maria de Jesus Gonzalez Ilubio, who re- mained several years. The mission at this time was probably the most prosperous in California, both be- fore and after secularization. Its highest popuh> tion of 1,866 souls was reached in 1881, and though the number fell to about 1,400 in 1834, and 580 in 1840, with probably 2C0 scattered in the district, yet crops were uniformly good, the yield being larger in proportion to the seed sown than elsewhere ; and live- stock increased steadily to the end. The population down to 1834 decreased to 1,456. There were 360 bap- tisms during the three years 1830-1834, including 293 io) Bancroft, II, ^75 S70. (0) Bancroft, II, :,2ii-m. — ovo — • adults ill 18iM, wliilst 80;J perKous died, ;Uul liJO couj • ]es were married. Larije stock for the same period increased to ]J3,710; horses and mules declined to 1, 250; and sheep remained at 13,000 head. Crops a- mounted to 13,000 bushels each year. In 1835, accord- inii; to Fr. Gonzalez, the mission had 18,000 cattle, 35,000 sheep, ],100 horses, and c liccts valued at JF20, 000. Statistics for the whole period of the mission's existence 1797 to 1831 are as follows: Total of bap- tisms, 0,737, of which 4,182 were Indian adults; 2,488 Indian children; and ()7 cliildren do razon ; an annual average of 177. Marriai^es, 1,984 of which only four de razon. Deaths, 5,109, of which 3,524 were Indian adults; 1,554 Indian children; and four adults and 27 children de razon ; an annual average of 134. The largest number of cattle owned by the mission was 18,000 in 1820; horses, 1,425 in 1834; mules, 100 in 1830; sheep 20,000 in 1826; all kinds of animals 85, 000 in 1820. The total product of wheat amounted to 13,080 bushels; barley, 10,750; corn, 17,290; beans, 3, 790; miscellaneous grains, 8,800 bushels. The *'Infor- mes Generales" give the following figures for tho i^e- riod 1797 to December 31st, 1831 : Baptisms, 0,037 ; marriages, 1,943; deaths, 4,045. Seculaeization was effected in 183(5-37, Vallejo having cliarge as administrator until April 1840, when he was succeeded by Jose Maria Amador. The inventory made at the time of the transfer showed a total valuation, not including lands or church pro- perty, of $155,000 over and above the delfts. (7) Fr. Jose Maria Gonzalez Rubio left San Jose in 1842. Fr. Miguel Muro then became the missionary , but left California al)out the year 1845. Fii. Jose Lorenzo Quijas was stationed here in 184:3- 44, or at least officiated here during that time, wlien he seems to have left the country. 7j Bancroft III, 7W-725, — 80C — Fr. Gutierrez was at 8aii Joso in 18i5 and prob.i- bly dsparted for M?xico in the sam3 year. (8) In 18-13 San Jose, like eome of the other missions, ^vas restored lo the rraiicifcaiis lo Lo administered by them a^ guardians of the Indians as in former times. Respe -tinj:; their success Ihcre is no definite record. In 1844 they made efforts to i-et l)ack tl e live-stock due the mission from private citizens; this brought on trouble with M. G. Yallejo. The dues from Vallejo Avere 3,000 sheep ; from Antonio Buelnr, since 1840, one hundred and fifty heifc^rs ; from Mar'- ano Castro 110 heifers since 1810; from Juan Alvires 200; from Rafael Estrada 100; from Guillermo Castro 200 sheep; from Santiago Estrado 100 heifers and 10 bull calves. In 1845 the Fathers asked to be reliev- ed of the care cf the temporalities. Mofras gives the Christian Indian population as 100 in 1842, and three years later there may have been 250 still living atcr n?ar the mission. (9) On May 5th, 184G, San Jose Mission was sold to (8) Fr. Mifruel Muro was a Franciscan of the coUejre of Our Lndy of Guada- lupo, Zacatociis, who had been a missionary in Tex is. Sabsoquontly ho served as mastar of novices at tlie college in loS;il-;i7, and came to Califor- nia apparently in 1812, from which time his namo appears on the records at San Jos6 Mission until May 1815, and at San Francisco in June-Oc tober of the same year. Having retired to his college he died of the cholera in lJ-50. He was a religions of most exemplary life. Fr. Joj4 Lorenzo, Quijas an Indian and probably a native of Ecuador, had been a trader before he became a Franciscan and joined tlie Zace- tocas college. He came with Fr. Diego in 1S:«, and served at San Francif- coin lS.i;i-M, at Solano and San Rafael in 1834-4S, and at San Jos6 in ISHi-U. Bancroft says: "Unfortunately Quijas and two or thrive other black sheep of the Zacatecan flock wore so situated as to come much in contact with foreigners, and this fact did much to discredit all the friars in the opin- ion of the immigrants. Dr. Sandels found him in 1813 a reformed man at San Jos^, and the same year came his appointment as vice-president of the missions. He disappears from the records in April 181-1. -A. certain Charles Brown claimed to liave met him in Mexico in 1857, when he was curate of Ometepoc." Fr. Jo36 do Jesus Maria Gutierrez was also on-T of the Zacatecan Fran- ciscans who came with Fr. Garcia Diego in ibSi. He was stationed at San Francisco Solano in 18:!:J':U, at San Francieco or Dolores in 1834-30, at San Antonio in 1840-14, and at San Jo6$ in August 1845, which is the last record found of him. Sotomayor G14. Banc. IV, 680.051. (9) Ibid. XV, 309; 422; C81-C82. Andi-cs Pico and J. B. Alvarado for $32,000 by Gov- ernoi- Pico. The mission had no resident missionary, but was attcMukd l)y Fr. Keal of b'anta Clara. (11)' GI^PPTBII XX. SAN JUAN EAUTISTA. INSTRCCTIOKS To TlIE Gt'AEDS— MISSIONARY STATIONS— FOUNDING Of The Mission— Tee First Missionaries— Missionaey Progress- Indian Troubles— Earthquake— Controversy— New Church— Fai hers Lopez, Martiarena, And Itturate Eetiee— Death Of Fr. Delanto— Death Of Fr. Tapis— Biography— Other Missionaiiy Changes— Secular- ization— IxvEVTORY-SrATisxics— The Mission Sold— F^-:. Axzar The Last Missionary. GovEEKOR Borica on May 19th, issued instructions to Corporal Ballesteros and five men who were de- tailed to act as guard for the new mission to be placed under the patronage of St. John the Baptist. The instructions were similar to those given to the guards of other missions previously founded. It is to be noted, however, that the furnishing of escorts to the Fathers was left more to the corporal's discretion than before; the absence of soldiers at night was de- clared inexpedient, but not absolutely prohibited. Sending soldiers after fugitive neophytes was, how- ever, still forlidden. These instructions, though pre- pared especially for this new mission, were ordered published at all the missions. The site chosen was the southernmost of the two that had been examined, called by the Spaniards lor many years past San Benito, but by the natives Po- peloutechom, or Popelout. The twenty three ranche- (11) Banc, V, 501; C0C-CG7. — COS — Has belonging to the mission thereafter wore Onexta- co, Absayruc, Motsav.ni, Triitca, Teboaltac, Xiscn, or Xixcaca, Giguny, Tipisastaf, Ausaima, Poytoqiiix, Guac'liurronep, Pngosincs or Paycincs, Cnlcr.danu', Asystarca, Poiixouoina, Suricuama, Tainarox, Thithi- rii, Uiiijaima, Chapana, Mitaldcjama, Ecliantac, and Yelmus. As early as June 17th, Corporal Ballestcros had e- rcctcd a church, missionary-house, granary, and guard house upon the site chosen, and rn June 24th, the day of the patron saint, Fr. Lasuen, superior of the missions, assisted by Fathers Catala and Martiarena, established tha now mission of 8au Juan Baiitista. The name had been given in the orders of the vice- roy. Fathers Manuel Martiarena and Pedro Adriano Martinez were the first missionaries stationed here; both were new arrivals of 1794 and 17C7 respectively. The hitter served at San Juan Bautista until the end (;f 1800, the former left the mission in July 1700, Fr. Jacinto Lopez taking his place in August 1800. The first baptism took place on July 11th, 1797, ;ind before the end of the year 85 had received the sacra- ment, and 611 before the end of 1800, whilst Qo died, and 51G remained as neophytes. Large stock increased to 723, small stock to 2,080 head, whilst agricultural products for 1800 amounted to about 2,700 bushels. A mud-roofed structure was the mission church before 3800. The Ansaimes, or Ansayanies, Indian?, who lived in the mountains about twenty-live miles east of San Juan caused somj trouble. In 1798 they are said to have surrounded tlie mission by night, but were forced to retreat by certain prompt measures of the governor not specified. In November another band known as the Osos killed eight rancheria In- dians, and Sergeant Castro was sent to punish them. They resisted and a fight occurred, in which Chief Tatillosti was killed, and another chief and a soldier were vaunuled. Two gentiles were captured and — 399 — brought in to bo educated ii9 interpreter?. In 1709 the Ansaimes ajjjain assumed a threatening attitude and killed live MoutBoncs, or MutBuncs, mIio lived between tlieni and the mission. Acting under instruc- tions from Governor Borica, Castro visited several rancherias, recovered over fifty fugitives, administered a few Hoggings with some warnings, and brought in a few capHvei for prj3idio work. Ag,ii:i in 1S90 the Ansaimes killed two Mutsunes at San Benito Creek, burned a house and some wheat fields, and were with difficulty kept from destroying the mission. Ser- geant Gabriel Moraga marched with ten men and brought in eighteen captives, including tli3 chiefs of the Ansaime and the Carnadero rancherias. TiiEiiE were shocks of earthquake from the 11th to the 31st of October, 1800, sometimes six in a day, the most severe being on the 18tli. The Fathers were so terrified that they spent the nights out of doors. Several cracks appeared in the ground, and of consid- erable extent and depth on the banks of the Pdjaro, and the adobe walls of all the buildings were cracked from top to bottom, and threatened to fall. (1) During the first decade of the nineteenth century there was a controversy at San Juan Bautista about lands. Mariano Castro had gone to Mexico in 1801, and had come back in 1802, with authority to occupy the rancho of La Brea, where he made some improve- ments. But the Fathers refused to remove their live- stock, and sent in a protest to the Fr. Sui)erior, from whom it went to the guardian and the viceroy. After a correspendence lasting several years it was decided that Castro must establish himself elsewhere. On June loth, 180JJ, the corner-stone was laid for a new mission church. Fr. Viader conducted the ceremo- nies assisted by the missionaries. On June 3d, 1809, the image of St. John the Baptist was i^laced on the (1) Bancroft I, 557-550. _ 400 — altar in the sacristy, which served for divine wor- ship until the main bnildin**; conld be completed. Fr. Jacinto Lopez labored at the mission until September 1801. when on account of failinji; health he sailed for Mexico on October 9th. Fr. Jose Manuel de Martia- rena then returned and was stationed here until he left the country in 1804. Fr. Andres Delanto succeeded him from Auijjust 1804 to September 1808, when he died on the 11th. Fr. Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta took his place. Dur- ing all these years Fr. Domingo Santiago de Itflrrato was associate missionary until he retired in 1809. (2) Fr. Cuesta continued to be the senior missionary but his associate Fr. Ulibarri, who had taken Fr. Iturrate's place in 1809, was succeeded in January 1815 by Estevan Tapis. Fr. Saenz de Lucio was also here for a time in 181G. The new church was at last finished and dedicated on June 23d, 1812, the Fathers of Santa Clara and San Jose assisting in the ceremo- nies. In 1818 a new altar was completed and consecrated in November. The church measured, it is said, 60x160 feet, was paved with brick, and the ceiling support- ed by brick arches. The mission was still gaining in neophytes. In cattle it was far in advance of any (2) Fr. Lopez had landed at Monterey on July 28tli, 1799. After being sta- tioned at San Antonio for about a year he was transferred to San Juan Bautista. Fr. Martiarena was born at Ecnteria, in Guipilncoa, Spain, in 1754. He became a Franciscan at Zacatecas in 17f-8, but joined the college of San Fernando in 1791, and arrived in Californii in 1794. After being stationed at San Antonio from June 17P4 to June 1795, he was at Soledad until May 1797, at San Juan Bautista until July 1800, at San Francisco until August 1801, and again at San Juan until August 1804. He officiated at San Gabriel on October 2Sth, 1804, when it seems he departed for Mexico. Fr. Andres Delanto was a native of Miranda de Ebro, Castile, Spain, and camo to California in 1801, serving at San Juan Bautista from Au. gust of that year continuously until his death. Fr. Domingo had left the college on February 3d, 1800, and arrived in California August 2ad, since which time he labored continuously at this mission until failing health compelled him to ask for retirement, He sailed for Mexico in October 1809. Bancroft II, 7 ; 153-154. - 101 - other mission in Ihe north, having as many as 11,000 head at the clo-ie of 1820. (3) Fe. Estevan Tapis died in 1825, and was succeeded by Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni in 1825-20; and Fr. Juan Moreno came here at the end of 1880. The mis- sion reached its highest figure of population in 1823 with 1,248 souls, and it was the only one of the old (B) Bancroft II, :38G-387. -402 - establishments, except San Luis Rey, that gained in population from 1820-1830. Durinjr the earlier part of this period mony gentiles were l)rought in from the eastern villages. The mission Innds in 1822 extended six leagues from cast to west and from north to south. (4) Fr. Felipe Arroyo de la Cucsta remained here till 1832, when he was transferred to San Miguel. Fr. Juan Moreno was at San Juan from 1830-1833, when it seems Fr. Jos6 Anzar of the Zacatecas college ar- rived. The regular statistical reports cease in 1882, when there were 910 Indians on the register. The only subsequent record is to the effect that the num- ber of Indians "emancipated" in 1835 was G3, ''pre- sumably heads of families," says Bancroft, possibly representing 250 souls, but probably fewer. The po- pulation down to 1834 decreased to about 860. Secularization was effected in 1835 by Tiburcio Castro. The inventory at that time showed a valua- tion of $147,413, including church property, live stock, lands, ranches, etc. The library contained 182 volumes valued at $591. There were six bells valued at $1,060. ^4) Bancroft II, G22-024. Fr. Tapis was born on August 25tli, 1754, at Santa Coloma de Fames ia Catalonia Spain. He received the habit of St. Fran- cis at Gerona on .January 27th, 177S. Leavini; CAdiz on .June 4th, 1786, he camo to California ia 17{iO. He was stationed at San Luis Obispo in 1790- 93; at Santa Barbara iu 1793--18O0; at San Carlos in 1807-11; at Purisima in 1811-13; at Santa In<5! in 1813-1 i; and at San Juan Bautista from January 1815 to November 3d, 1825, the date of liis death. At the death of Fr. Las- uon Fr. Tapis was elected president of the California missions in the middle of 1803, and held the position until 1812, having been reelected in 1809. Ho was also vicar for Cal fornia to the bisliop of Sonora. He received the last sacrmnnt-i from Fr. PrSfact Sarria, who with Fathers Viader, Fortuni, and Gil was present at his death. The latter buried him on Nov- ember 4th, in the presbytery on the Gospel side. The superiors bestowed the higliest praise in all reports on Fr. Tapis. At the time of his death he was the senior missionary in the California service. He was familiar with several Imiian lanRuages, was noted for his habit of studying the individual peculiarities of his neophytes, and fond of teaching boys to road and write. Fr. Gil in the record of his deatli speaks of him as a tru- ly ovangolical man, remarkably prudent in his relations with his follow- men. "particularly with the superior olFicers and govornors who lived here during tho time of his rule ; so that all, friars, soldiers civilians, and Indians, loved him." - 40d- TliG mission existed from 1797 to 1834, during which time 4,100 persons were baptized, of whom 1,898 were Indian adults, 2,015 Indian children, and 2 adults and 195 children de razon ; an annual average of 108. The total number of marriages was 1,028, of which 53 were de razon. 3,027 deaths occurred, of which 1, 708 were Indian adults, 1,203 Indian children, and 5, adults and 65 children de razon; an annual average of 79. The largest population ever reached, 1,248, was in 1823. The largest number of cattle claimed by the mission was 11,000 in 1820; horses, 1,598 in 1806; mules, 85 in 1805; sheep, 18,000 in 1816; swine, 99 in 1803; and all kinds of animals, 23,789 in 1816. The total product of wheat amounted to 84,633 bush- els; barley, 10,830 bushels; corn, 18,400 bushels; beans, 1,871 bushels; and miscellaneous grains, 2,640 bushels. There may have been 80-100 Indians about the mission as late as 1840. (5) Ox May 4th, 1846, San Juan Bautista was sold to O. Deleiseques for a debt by Governor Pico. Fr. Jose Antonio Anzar continued as parish priest at San Juan throughout these years except in the last months of 1845. His name appears as curate on the mission books till 1855, when he probably left Cali- fornia. He seems to have come from Zecatecas a year before the other Zacatecanos, if Bancroft's sur- mise be correct. (6) (5) Banouft III, 353; 691-692; Bancroft, IV, 601. (6) Ibid. V, 561; Ibid. I [, 699. The Informes Gonerales tell us that from .June 24th, 1797, to December 31st, ISn, at San Juan Bautista 3,947 bap- tisn s took place, 993 marriages were blessed, aud 2,781 dead buried ; and on the last day of December, 1831, the mission possessed 7,070 cattle, 7,017 sheep, and 124 horses. Fr. Antonio Anzar was in charge of a Sonora mission in 1824. His missionary service was at San Luis Key in 1832, and at Juan Bautista from 1833, thoupli in 1844 he also had cliarge of Santa Cruz and San Carlos. In 1843 Fr, Auzar was made president of tho Zacatecas Fathers in tallurnia. - m -. Gr^pP^ER XXI, SAN MIGUEL. The Mission- Site— Ceremony Of Foundation— T.ie BESiNNiNr.—Missior- AEY Changes— Fh, Conckpcion De Hokka— Fk. Andbiano Martinez- Missionaries Poisoned— A Firh— Fe. Martin's Death— niooRAPHY- Other Items— Departure Of Fr. Juan Cabot— oecularization— Invk-\- TORY— Statistics— Sale Of Tue Mission. Between San Antonio and S:mi Luis Obispo there was a spot called Las Pozas by tlie kSpaniards, and Vahia or Vaticd by the natives. "LLere" says Fr. La- suen, "on July 25th, 17G7, with the assistance of Fr. Buenaventura Sitjar, and of the troops destined to guard the new establishment, in the presence of a great multitude of gentiles of both sexes and of all ages, whose pleasure and rejoicing exceeded even our expectations, thanks be to God, I blessed Ihe water and the place, and a great cross, whicli we venera- ted and raised. Immediately I intoned the Litany of the Saints and after it sang the Mass, during which I preached, and Ave concluded the ceremony by solemn- ly singing the Te Deum. May it all be for the great- er honor and glory of God, Our Lord. Amen." Thus was iounded the mission of San Miguel in honor of "til 3 most glorious prince of the heavenly militia," St. Michpel, the Archangel, for which Fathers Sitjar and Anto;L>o de la Concepcion Horra, a new-comer of 1796, were appointed missionaries. A beginning of missionary work was made by the baptism of 15 children on the day of foundation. At the end of 1800 the number of converts had increased — 405 — to 885, of whom 53 luul died, and 3(32 were still on the registers ris neophytes. The number of horses and cattle was o72, Avhile ^mall animals nvmbcred ],o£2 head. The contributions from San Antonio, San Luis Obispo, and Purisima had been 8 mules, 23 horses, 8 yoke of oxen, 128 cattle, and 181 sheep. The crop of 1800 was 1,000 l)usliels; and the total product of the three years, 3,700 bushel?. Fit. Sit, ar left San Miguel and returned to his old mission San Antonio in August 1798. Fr. Juan Mar- tin began a long term of missionary service in Sep- tember 1797, and Fr. Ealtasar Carnicer a short one in May 1799. Fr. Horra, better known by the name of Concepcion, served only about two months, when be- ing declared insane he uas sent to Mexico in Sep- tember. "He is said to have been a very able and Avorthy friar before he came to California ; and in proof of his insanity nothing more serious is recorded than baptizing natives without sufficient preparation, and neglecting to keep a proper register," says Ban- croft. It proves, at all events, that the Fathers in California must have been particular about admitting converts into the Church, if one of their number is considered insane for neglecting to instruct the m - fives before baptism. It is well to bear this in mind while reading Bancroft. The original mud-roofed wooden church was not replaced by a better until after 1800. (1) During the first decade of the nineteenth century Fr. Juan Martin continued to be the senior missiona- ry at San Miguel, but Fr. Carnicer left the mission (1 Banc, I, 550-561. Fr. Antonio de la Concepcion was a Spaniard who liad come to California in 17P6. Ilis only station was San Mitruel. After liis leturn to tlip colloRO of San Fernando, Mexico, on July r2th. 17y;j, ho secretly made a lonp report to the viceroy in which he charpsd the Cali- fornia Fathers with rross mism-imsrrment, with cruelty to the native:, and with inhuman treatment of him-;elf. This matter is treated at some lenpth in the precedinij pacres. In the mission books of San Miguel this Father's si :naturj appears but onco on tlao death rogister. — 400 -- in 1801. Fr. Adriaiio Martinet succeeded him from 1801 to 1804, when on receiving; permission he rotired to Mexico. Fr. Pedro Mui\oz during 1804.1807 labored at San Jiuui Bautistn, and Fr. Juan Cabot euccccdcd him for a lonjs term at the bejiinning of 1807. In February 1801 Fathers Martin and Carnicer were attaelicd with violent pains in the stomach, supposed to have been the result of poisoning by tlie Indians. The two Fathers recovered their health, but Fr. Pujol, Avho came down from San Carlos to relieve the sick missionaries, died from a similar attack as al- ready stated elsewhere in the chapter on Mission San Antonio. Three Indians in 1802 boasted of having poisoned the Fathers. In August 1806 a fire occurred which burned that portion of the mission buildings which was used for manufacturing purposes. It destroyed all the im- plements and raw material, a large quantity of wool, hides, cloths, and 6,000 bushels of wheat, and besides damaged a portion of the roof of the church. On Au- gust olst the Fr. Superior of the missicms in a cir- cular asked the other missions to contribute for the relief of the burned mission. (2) The venerable missionary Fr. Juan Martin remained at his post during the second decade, and so did Fr. Juan Cabot until 1819. Fr. Cabot made a trip of exploration to the valley of the Tulares in 1814, as narrated in a former chapter. Fr. Yincente Pascual Oliva succeeded Fr. Cabot in 1819-20, and during 1820- 21 Fr. Tomas Estenega was stationed here. Fe. Juan Martin continued liis labors here until his death in 1824, but was succeeded by Fr. Juan Cabot. The mission had but one Father, save in 1821-22, (2) Bancroft II,119-l.il. Fr. Adiiano Martiucz was one of the fl--st mlssiona- rios of Sail Juan Bautista, though not personally prcseut ar its fouurlM- tion on June 21st, 1797, and h" served there until tin end of ISOO, and then at San Misuel until he sailed for Mesico, wliore ho was chosen procurator of the college iu ISW. — 407 — when Fr. Tomds Estunega and after liim Fr. Bias Or- daz were here, as v.-as Fr. Uria in 1824. A new tiliurch was ready for roofing in 181S. Snn Miguel rencbod its largest population with 1070 Indiann in 1814. San JMiguel now was 1)ut slightly more prosptM-ous than its neiglibor kSan Luis Obispo; its herds and flocks dwindled rapidly, death largely exceeded bap- tisms, the soil was reported as poor and the pastures limited, though vines flourished and timber was a- bundanr. Robinson describes San Miguel as a poor establish- ment in 1830. The heat was so great as to be almost insufferable, so that it was jocosely said that the fleas might be seen in the heat of the day gasping for breath on the brick pavements ! In 1822 the mission lands were reported as extending 14 leagues north to south, and 34 to 36 leagues east to west. In 1828 the boundaries were the Tulares on the east, 25 leagues ; the sea-shore on the west, 12 to 14 leagues; San Luis Obispo lands south, 7 leagues; and San Antonio lands on the north. 7 leagues. (3) (HI Biao.. 11, :MI-8'>; 62J-Gil. Fr. Jum M irtin was a native of Spain, having been born at Villastar, AraRon, on January 12th, 1770. After roceiv- iuR the Franciscan habit in Zaragoza on January 16th, 1787, he studied the- ology at Teruel. On June 11th, 179:^ he sailed from Cildiz, and arrived at San Fernando College in September, and in California early in 1794. He was stationed at San Gabriel from March 1794 to July 1796 as supernumer- ary, at Purisima until August 1797, when he was transferred to San Mig- uel and there toiled among the natives until his death on August 29th, 1824, after a painful illness resulting from a dropsical disease of the chest. His remains were buried in the church on August liOth, on the Gospel side of the main altar, by the side of Fr. Cipr^s. Fr. Juan Martin may bo re- garded as the founder of San Miguel to the advancement of whose inter- ests ho gave all his energy. He acquired a thorough knowledge of the native language, and was regarded by his superiors as the right man in the right place. Fr. Martin has left a diary of his visit to the gentile Tu- lares Indians in 1804. In 1818 and again in 1821 he accompanied the Fr. Prefect as secretary on a tour of inspection to the different missions. Fr. Urla, who recorded his death, certified to his exemplary devotion aad conformity to the diviao will in his last days and hours. — 40S — — 400 — Fr. Juan Cabot romained at his post until his de- parture for Mexico in 1835, when he was succeeded by Fr. Juan Moreno until after 1840. Fr. Arroyo de la Guesta of San Luis spcMit much of liis time hero in 1880-36; likewise Fr. Abella in 1839-40. As early as 1881 Gov. Echeaiidia's secularization scheme was to be tried at ISan Miy;uel. Jose Castro went to the mission, where he read the decree and made a speech to the asseiiiblod neophytes. After'list- ening to the speaker, the Indians expressed a very decided preference for the missionary Father and the old system. The mission was nevertheless ••onfiscatcd in 1836, Ignacio Coronel acting as comisiouado. The inventory on March 1837 showed a valuation, not in- cluding church property, of $82,000, which in the mid- dle of 1819 was reduced to $7r,0C0. In 1838 Fr. Mo- reno complained bitterly of his poverty and the dis- appearance of the mission property. As late as 1839 the Indians declared to Hartnell, the government in- spector, that they wished to have no administrator, but desired to be left with the Father. In 1889 three hundred and sixty one Indians belonged to the mis- sion. At the same time it owned 990 cattle, 249 horses, 3,800 sheep, 80 mules and asses, 4G goats, 44 swine, and 700 bushels of grain (4) The statistics for the whole period of the mission's (4) Banc, III, :«7: 68:^G>i5. Fr. Juan Cabot was born at Bunola Isle of Malloica, in June ITSl. He was admitted into the Franciscan Order at Palma in 179G, arrived at Mexico in ISOJ, and first saw Cali- foraix ia ISO'i. Fr. Juan served at Purisima in l.'^t5-06, at San Misuel iu 1S07-19, at Sati Francisco iu ly!19 to 20, at Soledad in 1S21-21, and a- ga n at San Miguel from 162i to ISiS. Ilis superiors regarded him as a very zealous missionary. Kobiasou describes him as a tall, robust man, with the rougli frankness of a sailor, celebrated for his good humor and hospitality. Indeed he was known as "el marinero" in contrast with his dignified brother Pedro, "el caballero." In ISU he made a tour among the gentQe tribes of the Tulares, of which the narrative still exists. In 1S20-21 he acted as secretary to Fr. Prefect Payeras on his tour of inspec- tion; and in 1»26 he refused the oath of allegiance to the Republic of Mexico. According to an art c'e in the San Franci-co Bulletin of April 25th, 1664, Fr. Juan Cabt>t was heard of in Spain by Bishop Amat in i;j50, but died a little later. — 410 — existence 1707 to 1884, are as follows: Total of lap- tisms, 2,588, of which 1,285 were those of adult In- dians, 1,277 Indian children, and 20 children do ra;!on ; an annual avcrajco of 07. Total of deaths, 2,oas, of which 3,223 were Indian adults, 790 Indian children, and adults and 11 children de razon ; an annual average of 53. The largest population ever reached, I, 076, was in 1814. The largest number of cattle owned by the mission at any'one time, 10,558, was in 1822; horses, 1,560 in 1822; mules, 140 in 1817; sheep, 14, 000 in 1820; goats, 06 in 1834; swine, 245 in 1813; asses, 59 in 1818; all kinds of animals, 24,393 in 1822. The total product of wheat was 72,544 bushels; bar- ley, 9,627 bushels; corn, 6,417 bushels; beans, 046 bushels ; and miscellaneous grains, 1,344 bushels. The Informes Generales have the following figures for 1797 to December 31st, 1831: Baptism?, 2,450; deaths. 1,836; marriages, 751. (5) Fr. Juan Moreno remained in charge of Mission San Miguel until 1842, after which date tlie establish- ment was under the spiritual care of the Rev. Miguel Gomez of San Luis Obispo. When Inocente Garcia's administratorship came to an end does not appear. He says that for a long time he did his best to pre- serve order; but finally reported to Governor Alvara- do his inability to control the Indians, and was told to "turn the mission upside doAvn, or to do what lie pleased with it," whereupon he gave up the church to the priest in charge, and all property to the In- dians. In 1844 the vineyard was restored for the sup- port of the church. In 1845 all property had disap- peared, except the buildings, valued at $5,800, which were ordered to be sold at auction. The sale was ex- ecuted by Governor Pico on July 4th, 1846. P. Rios and Wm. Reed purchased the property, but their ti- tle was declared invalid later on by the courts. Many (5) Baacroft, 1H, 6Sa-6S6; lafj.-mjs Cenerales, ISai- ^ in — of the Indians ran oif to the Tulares to join the gen* tilep, when there were no more cattle to oat. There wore ftbotit thirty Indians still at tl»o mission in 1841.42. (0) GI^PPTER XXII. SAN FERNANDO. "Aciiois CoMinAvix"— Founding Of The Mission— Mission Success— Con- tributions— Church Blessed— Fr. Pedro Munoz Retires— Deaths Of Fathers Lazaro And Landaeia— Fr. Jose Antonio Ueia Retires- Death Of Fr. Uvresti— Other Missionaries— Eakthquake—Death Of Fr. Ulibarri— Fr. Ibarra's Complaint— Mission Lands— Death Of Fr. Pedro Cabot— Inventory— Statistics-Fe. Blas Oedaz Manager Of The Property- Sale Of The Mission— Last Missionary. In order to establish a complete chain of missions from 8an Diejio north, one necessarily had to be placed between San Buenaventura and San Gabriel. A fine rancho, known as Reaves' rancho, and called by the natives ''Acliois Comihavit," met the approval of the Fathers as a suitable site. Fr. Superior Las- uen had jrone down from San Miguel to Santa Bar- bara, whence he started at the end of August with an escort. On the 8th, of September 1797 assisted by Fr. Francisco Dumetz, and in the presence of the troops and a large number of natives, performed the usual ceremonies, and dedicated the new mission to San Fernando Rey de Espana, as required by instruc- tions from Mexico. Fr. Francisco Javier Uria became the associate of Fr. Dumetz, and both labored here until after 1800, Ten children were baptized the first (0) Bancroft IV, C59-6G>; V, 5G1; — 412 — day, and thirtsen adults were added to tli3 list early in October. There were 55 neophytes at the end of 1797, and 810 at the end of 1800, baptisms by that time having amounted to 352, while 70 deaths oc- curred. The first marriage took place on October 8th, 1797. The number of cattle, mules, and horses was 526 ; and that of sheep GOO. The products of the soil in 1800 amounted to about ],C(:0 bi.shels, and tlie total yield lo.- three years was 4,700 bushelp. The cjnlrilu- tio:is for this mist ion, at its foundation, from Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, San Gab;-:el, and San Juan Capistrano, were 18 mules, 40 horses, 16 yoke of oxen, 310 cattle, and 508 sheep. (1) An adobe church with tile roof was blessed in De- cember 1808. Fr. Dumetz left the mission in April 1802, thoujih he was back for a time in 1804-05. Fr. Francisco Javier Uria, the other founder of the mis- sion, left the country in 1805 ; but subsequently re turned to California, though not to this mission. In 1805 there came Fr. Nicolas Lazaro and Fr. Jose Maria Zalvidea ; the latter was transferred to San Gabriel in 1806, while the former died at San Diego in August 1807. Fathers Jose Antonio Uria and Pedro Muiioz ar- rived here in 1807. The former retired in November 1808. Fr. Martin de Landaeta succeeded him, but died in 1816. Meanwhile Fr. Jose Antonio Urresti had arrived in 1809, and became the associate of Fr. Muiioz. The neophytes during the first decade of the centu ry increased threefold, from 310 to 955, whilst deaths were but little more than half the baptisms. ],468 persons were baptized, 861 in 1803 being the largest number in any one year. Seven hundred and ninety- seven persons died during the same period. In 1804 (J) Bancroft, I, 561-582. — 4l3 — Miesicn San Fernando. — 414 — there Wrts some oontt'oversy about Innds; the Fathers protested successfully against the granting of tlie Ca- mulos Kancho to Francisco Avila. (2) Fr. Pedro Munoz left California in 1817, and Fr. Urresti died in 1812. Fr. Urresti was succeeded by Fr. Joaquin Pascual Nuez in 1812-14, and Fr. Vin- cente Fascual Oliva was stationed here in 181-1-15. Fr. Marcos Antonio de Vitoria took Fr. Munoz place from 1818-20. Fr. Ramon Ulibarri came in January, and Fr. Francisco Gonzalez de Ibarra in October 1820. From 1815-20, it seems but one missionary was stationed at San Fernando. The earthquake of December 21st, 1812, did no fur- ther damage than to necessitate the introduction of thirty new beams to support the church wall. Before 1818 a new chapel was completed. San Fernando gained slightly in population during the whole period of 1810-20; but reached its highest figure, 1,080, in 1819, and then its decline began. (3) (2) Banc, II, 115-11(5. Fr. LAzaro, a native of Burgos, Spain, arrived in California on August 3l9t, ISU), aad sirvod at S m Fernando from S'ip- tembe.r of tliat year until June 1»07. He went down to San Diego, lioping tliat a change of climate might benefit his iiealth, but he lived only two months, and died on August ISth. He was buried in the San Diego ciiurch. Fr. Jos$ Antonio Uria cam? to Monterey on July 28th, 1709. He was stationed at San Jos6 from August of that year until July 1806; at Santa Cruz in 1806-7; and nt San Fernando until November 1808. In November 1809 ho wrote from Mexico that he was in good health and hoped to re- main attached to his college. Fr. Landaeta came to California in 1791, and, after a short sickness at San Luis Obispo, was assigned to San Franci-co where lie remained until 1798, when sickness compelled him to retire to Mexico. Recovering his health he returned to California in 18(X), and again labored at San Fran- cisco until the end of 1807. In January 1808 he was transferred to San Fernando, where he passed to a better life in 1810. (3) Banc, II, 357-:i')8. (3) Bancroft II, 3.'>7-358. Fr. Jos6 Antonio Urresti had come to Califor- nia in August 1804 and was stationed at San Gabriel till Sept<^mber 1806, when he was transfered to Santa Barbara, where he remained until August 1809. after which date he came to San Fernando and la- bored there among the Indians until his death on January 5th, 1812. Fr. Pedro Mufloz was born at Puerto de Baflos, Estremadura, Spain, on July 19th, 1773. and became a Franciscan on June 10th, 1793. He sailed from C4diz on Juno JOth 1803, and arrived at the college of San Fernando on September 9th. After coming to California in 1804, he waj - 41S — Fb. Frftiicisco Gonzalez de Ibarra was stationed here alone, it seems, from 182J, in which .year Fr. Ulibarri died. Fr. Ibarra complained that the soldiers of his guard behaved l)adly, and caused much ruin by sel- ling liciuor and lending horses to the Indians. In 1825 he declared that the presidio was a curse rather than a help to the mission, that the soldiers should go to work and raise grain, and not live on the toil of the Indians, whom they robbed and deceived with talk of liberty while in reality they treated them as slaves. This brought out a sharp reply from Captain Guerra, who advised the fearless Father to modify his tone, or lie might suffer from it. The amount of supplies furnished by this mission to the presidio from 1822 to April 1827 was $21,203. The mission lands at this time extended ten leagues east to west from Tajunga Mountains to Ata- guama Mountains; and live leagues north to south from ranches San Francisco de la Mision and Simi toward San Gabriel and Sanja. (4) Fr. Ibarra continued his hibors at San Fernando alone until the middle of 1885, when he retired for a time to Mexico. His successor was Fr. Pedro Cabot stationed at San Miguel from October 18()4 to July 18()7; aiid at Sau Fernando till November 1817. He was als-o at San Francisco temporarily for six months in l.s()8. Fr. Mufloz made several expeditions into tlio in- terior, the most important being that with Lieutenant Moraga in IflMj into the Tularos Valley, of which he left a diary. He retired on account of ill-health. (1) Bancroft II, 5Gt)-.')70. Fr. Francisco Roman Fernandez do Ulibarri was born February 2stli 177U, at AU, near Vitoria ; Spain. He leceived tlie Franciscan liabit in 171U at Victoria, sailed from Cddiz June 20th, 18(W, and arrived at San Fernando College on September 'Jth. Hero he worked with some interruption on account of brolien liealth for about five years, when he volunteered for California. He arrived at Monterey on June 22d, ISO'J. His health was better in the now field, and lie was stationed at San Juan Bautista till 1815, at Santa In6z till 1819. Ho was at Purisima temporarily in 1818-11), and at San Fernando till ibZl. His disease was homorrhago of tho lunes with which ho nearly died iu February 1821. Ho was thou urged to go to San Qabriol, but rcfu.^od. Ho must havo chanpod his mind later for ho died and was buried at San Gabriel on .fuae ICth, — 41(J -^ from San Antonio, who was stntiencd here until his death in October 1836. (5) FpvOM this date till August, 1888, there is no men- tion of a missionary at San Fernando, but Fr. Ibai- ra may possibly have been here. Then came Fr. Bias Ordaz, who remained during the rest of the decade. Down to 1834 the decrease in neophyte population was less than 100; in live-stock there was no falling off whatever; and tlie crops were good. At the end of the period, 1840, there were still about 400 In- dians in the secularized community. The mission Avas confiscated early. In October 1834 Antonio del Valle as comisionado took charge of the mission estates by inventory from Fr. Ibarra. San Fernando was to be a parish of the second class with $1,000 salary. Fr. Ibarra delivered to the comisionado $'20,000 in hides, tallow, etc., and $5,000 in coin. The inventory in 1835 showed a valuation of $41,714. The church was 40xG varas or yards, tile-roofed, had a board ceiling, a brick lun.r, adobe walls, three dcors, and seven windows with wooden bars. The sacristy was eight varas square, with one door and window. There were other buildings valued at $15,511; 32,000 vines worth $1G,C00; 1,G00 fruit trees valued at $2,400; a library of 191 volumes worth $417; and credits $5,786. The population from 1830-1834 decreased to 792. There were 89 persons baptized, and 124 burials took place. Large stock remained at 6,000 head, while horses and mules decreased to 520; but sheep still numbered (5) Bacc, III, 645-6^6. He was the brother of Fr. Juan Cabot, and was born at Riinola, Mallorca, on Soptember 9th, 1777. He was admitted into the Franciscan Order on December '22d, 1796; came to Mexico in lS03;and to California in 1804. His missionary service was at San Antonio in 1804- 28; at Soled ad in 1828-29: again at San Antonio in 1829-34; and at San Femantlo finally in 1.35 and 36. Fr. Pedro was known as a dignified, scholarly, courteous man who was known as "El Caballero" in contradis- tinction to his rougher brother Fr. Juan, called "El Marinero," but he was hardly loss popular than his brother. He gave much attention to the iantruape of the nccp'iytos. In 1825-29 ho refused to take the oath of alle- giance to the republic of Mexico. His remains were interred in the mis- sion cemetery on October 12th b; Fr. Ibarra. _ 417 - 8,000 head. The nvernge crop was l,cCO hiishels, of which 040 were wlicat, 470 corn, and 45 beans. During tlio whole period of the mission's existence 2,880 persons were baptized, of whom 1,4-] 5 were In- dian adults, 1,307 Indian children, and 57 children de razon ; an annual average of 74. Deaths numbered 2,028, of which 1,030 were Indian adults, 965 Indian children, and 12 adults and 15 children dc razon; an annual avcrago of 51. During the same period 848 marriages took place, of which 15 were de razon. The largest number of cattle owned by the mission in one year was 12,800 in 1819; horses, 1,820 in 1822; mules, 340 in 1S12; sheep, 7,800 in 1819; goats, 000 in 1816; swine 250 in 1814; and all kinds of animals, 21,745 in 1819. The total product cf wheat was 119, 000 bushels; barley, 3,070 bushels; corn, 27,750 bush- els ; and beans, 3,624 bushals. According to the In- formes Generales, from 1797 to December 31st, 1831, as many as 2,768 baptisms took place, 1,813 marria- ges were blessed, and 1,938 deaths occurred. The inventory of the property in 1840 showed 4 130 cattle, 2,637 horses, 2,500 sheep, 60 mules, 83 asses, 30 hogs (6) Fii. Bias Ordaz managad the estate after its resto- ration to the Fathers in 1843. There were probably 800 Indians about the mission at that time. In May 1845 Fr. Ordaz sliowed that the mission had prospered under his short magement. He had paid oil" all the debts, and purchased 120 head of live-stock, besides making other improvements. Nevertheless, the mis- sion was taken out of his hands by Gov. Pico and leased to Andres Pico and Juan Manso in December 1845 at an annual rental of $],]20. (7) Finally, on June 17tli, 1846, Governor Pico sold the mission to Eulogio de Cells for $14,000. Cells was bound to support the missionary and provide the ne- (U) Paacroft III. 645-64S. (7; Bancroft IV, 552 ; C' mif-iaon, from v^liieli it appears that the large number of docile natives was tlie chirf in- ducement to found a mission in this region, but that agricultural ar.d olher advantages v.'ere believed to be lacking. The governor issued orders on February 27tli, 1798, to the commandant of San Diei;o, who v»as to furnish (SI Banc, V, G2'?. HI tory ofllieNativo Bjicos, p. 075. Tlie '■Qui- Fathor" in ths laucaape of tlie Kizli at San Fernando runs thus: "Y yorac yona taray tucilpunia sapour6 motoaniau majarmi mom main mono muisrai miojor yiacti^cuprr. Panyyogin pimiimerin, majarmi mifema coy 6 tifrarnd yio mamainay mil, yiaimA ogOnug y yonfi y yo oca- ynoa ccilianr.ca main ytomo mojag cciyamd liuermi. Parima. a guard and to require from the soldiers personal la- bor in erecting the necessary buildings, without mur- muring at site or work, and witli implicit obedience to Fr. Lasuen. Kothir.g i^ccms to have been dene, however, until the IJjlh of June. On that date Fr. Lasuen in the presence of the guard, a few neophytes from 8an Juan Capistrano and a multitude of gen- tiles, and assisted by Fathers Santiago and Peyri, founded the new mission amid the usual ceremonies, at the spot called by the natives Taca^me, and by the Spaniards in the first expedition of 1769 San Juan Capistrano, or later Capistrano el Viejo. The new mission was placed under the patronage of San Luis, Rey de Francia, to distinguish it from San Luis Obispo. The baptizing of fifty-four children im- parted an especial solemnity to the day. The mission prospered from the first. Li a week Fr. Antonio Peyri, the energetic founder, had seven- ty-seven baptized children, besides twenty-three cate- chumens who were under instruction. By the first of July he had six thousand adobes made for the mis- sion building?. In July he was joined by Fr. Jose Faura, who was succeded in the autumn of 1800 by Fr. Jose Garcia. Fr. Jose Panella, too, was assigned to this mission, and served for a short time in 1798, during the absence of one of the missionaries who had gone to San Juan Capistrano for his health. Fr. Panella made himself disliked, however, and Fr. La- suen was compelled to recall the other Father, per- haps Fr. Peyri, who was greatly beloved. In 1798 two hundred and fourteen persons vrerc baptized, and before tlie end of 1800 there were Co7 neophytes. Since tlie founding of the mission baj)- tisms numbered o7], and deaths 50. There were C)]7 horses, mule?, and cattle in 1800, besides 3, COO head of sheep; the products of the soil amounted to 2,(100 bushels of wlieat, 120 bushels barley, and six bushels — 420 — of maize; the liittcr ^vr.s just the air.cunt sov/n, ^vllIle eight busheh of boini produced nothing. Fb. Peyti continued to direct iSan Luis Key during the first decade of the lOlii century. He was very popuhir; and, being posseseed of ^vonderful adminis- trative abilities and consuming zeal, he reared the grandesi: adobe edifice that was ever dedicated in Al- ta California to the glory of God. He completed tlie structure in 1802. Plis companion was Fr Jose Garcia who left California in 1808. Fr. Domingo Carranza succeeded Fr. Garcia, but he, too, retired late in 1810. Fe. Tapis now came to San Luis Ecy to aid Fr. Peyri for a time. Under these various shepherds the neophyte flock increased from 337 in 1800 to 1,519 in 1810,\a larger gain than that of any other mission, with by far the lowest death rate, 28 per cent. In population San Luis Rey was now second only to San Diego, in cattle third on the list, and on a tie with San Gabri- el in agriculture; its best crop was exceeded only by that of San Fernando. One thousand four hundred and fifty one persons received baptism during the de- cade, the highest numbc^r in one year, 432, being in 1810. Deaths numbered only 411. Large stock gained from 619 to 10,576; small stock increased from 1,600 to 9,710 head; and horses in ]810 numbered 776. The average yield of grain was 5,250 bushels, though in 1808 as many as 10,875 bisliels Avere raised. (1) DuRmo the second decade Fr. Peyri still toiled on, (1) Banc, I, 5C2-64; II, 107-108; 'Old Missions" p. 97-98. Fr. Dominso had arrived at Santa Barbara from Mexico on May 7th, 1798, with seven com- panions. He was tlien stationed at Santa Cruz from November 1798 till August 1808, when he was transferred to San Luis Re.v, and remained there until lat« in 1810, having served his term and longer, ho retired, but on his way to Mexico he fell into the hands of the rebels at San Bias. By them he is said to have been condemned to death, though the soutenco was never executed. Fr. Jos6 Garcia had been assigned to California on February od, IfCO, and arrived at Monterey in August of tho same year. His only regular station was San Luis Key, where he resided from 1800 to Jt>CS wlien he Was allowed to retire on account of impaired health. — 421 — 42i2 but ^vith frequent cliau(2;es of compauious. Fr. Es- t^van Tapis served in 1811, Fr. Geromino Boscana in 181 2-] 3, Fr. Francisco Suncr in 1814-lG, Fr. Ramon Olbes in 1816-18, and Fr. Jaime Escude from 1818. The mission was now by i"ar the most x^opulous in the province, with a death-rate of only forty-four per cent of the baptisms and twenty-lour per cent of the total population. In agriculture, but not in live- stock, except horses, San Luis Key stood at the head. In 1817 so many sheep died that the Fathers had to ji;o north as far as San Juan Eautista for wool to clothe their neophytes. In 1810 Fr. Peyri founded a branch establishment under the invocation of San Antonio at Fala, six or seven leagues from San Luis Key. A chapel was built, and one of the Fathers was generally stationed there. Within a year or two about a thousand con- verts Avere gathered to meet for Christian instruction and till the soil at Pala. San Luis Hey also had a hospital where every effort was made to stay the rav- ages of syphilis and dysentery among the neophytes; in the hospital was a special chapel and altar. (2) The mission was still under the care of its venera- ble and energetic founder, Fr. Antonio Feyri, during the whole of the next decade. Fr. Jaime Escud6 re- mained as associate until the end of 1821; Fr. Jos6 Joaquin Jimeno, a new-comer, served from 1827 to 1830; and Fr. Jose Barona also lived here in retire- ment in the infirmity of old age after 1827. Peyri was, unlike most of the Fathers, an enthusiastic friend of the Mexican republic after it was estab- lished, and he took the oath of allegiance. His com- panions, however, were not disappointed at the pro- ceedings of the new government, but Fr. Peyri Avas so surprised and offended at the law of expulsion in 1829 that ho tried unsuccessfully to obtain apassport. (2) Bancroft II, mZil. - 4^:5 - In every clement of material prosperity San Luis Hey wiis now far in advance of any other mission. There is no record that a new church was l)uilt, as liad been proposed in ISll, but the cl.urch and other buildinii's, the same now stnndinir in ruins to a iireat extent, were tlie larii;est and in son.e respects the finest in California. ISan Luis alone of the old n.is- sions, except iSan Juan Bautista, j2;ained in poiiula- tion ; baptienis outnumbered the deaths, l)ut it b.ad reached its maxium of 2,869 neophytes in 182G, and then started en its decline, though herds and Hecks had doul)lcd in ten yer.rs. Slieep had reached the liighcst number of 28,C<:0 in 15^28, but cattle Avcre still inc leasing, thouiih the figures have Ijcen grossly ex- aggerated in current newspaper reports, (Jne writer, Taylor, speaks of 8(),(]00 head of cattle, 4,000 horses, and 70,000 sheep! There are many similar exaggera- tions afloat concerning the old missions and mission- aries. The averajie crop of grain, 12,660 bushels, was noAvhere surpassed, though both &v.n Diego and San Gabriel produced larger single crops. The white population in 1828 was 35. Tlie mission lands in 1822 extended eleven leagues from north to south, and 15 leagues from east to west, besides a rancho 15 leagues off in tlie northeast. Squirrels, lo- custs, and crows were very troublesome at times, and the soil rather sterile; but the branch establishment of San Antonio at Pala, seven leagues northeast of San Luis Key, was still in a licnirishing condition. (3) Fr. Antonio I'eyri at the end of 1881 left San Luis Key, the mission which he had founded and in thirty three years of faithful service had brought to the front rank of the California establishments. He quit the country in company with the exiled Gov. Victor- ia. Fr. Peyri was unwilling to remain and witness the overthrow of all his plans, and therefore tore himself 13) liaucrtlt II, 5'):i- — . 424 — from his beloved mission to return to his mother country. (4) Fe. JosC' Antonio Anzar, a new comer, succeeded Fr. Peyri in 1832. Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni was stationed at San Luis Rey 1838-36 ; but for 1837-1839 there is no record, except of Fatliers Oliva and Abol- la as visiting missionaries. In July 1839 Fr. Francis- co Gonzalez de Ibarra took charge. Sax Luis Rey was the only mission that showed a gain in population for 1880-34, and at the end of that period, with 2,844 neophytes on the register, it stood at the head of the list; but also in the number of its live-stock it eurpasscd all the missions. Bap- tisms even during this short time amounted to 885, whilst there were 161 marriages, and 324 deaths. During the existence of the mission, 1798 to 1831, the total number of baptisms was 5,561, of which 3, (4) Fr. Antonio Poyri was bom on January lOtU, 1735 or porlaaps 1769, at Porera, Catalonia, Spain, and received the habit of St. Francis in tho con vent at Reus on October 2.ith, 17bT. lie sailed from Cddiz on May Sth, 17',)3 and left tho college of San Fernando for California on March Itt, 1700. ar riving in July. He was first stationed at San Luis Obispo for two years and in 1798 was one of tho founders of San Luis Roy, where, and at the branch establishment of San Antonio do Pala, he labored continuously thereafter. Fr. Peyri was less unfriendly to the Mexican republic than most of the Spanish friars, and he took the required oath in 1S2C: but in tho same year he petitioned the president of Mexico to relievo him of tho administration of the mission, In 1^20, moreover, he demanded his pass- ports, being as a Spaniard included in tho expulsion law of March 20ih, and thouph exemption was offered to him, he insisted, as.'ertinff that ho was an old man no longer fit for service. He tlicreupon obtained permis- sion from the Mexican authorities to letire with full jjayment of tho past .•-tipcuds, air.ountiug to 5:^,(Lt). Fr. Antonio .'ailed ficm San Diepo for Ma- zatlan on his way to Mexico ou January I7th, 1832. Tho tradition is that he had to leave San Luis Rey .secretly left the neophytes should stop him, and that his Indians, 510 .'■tronf, hastened to San Diego to prevent his- departure, but they arrived only in time to receive his blessing from tho receding ship. One of the Indians who aideil the departing missionary re- lates that as his last act Fr. Peyri knelt on the hill and prayed for tho mission. Ho left Mexico in February 1831, and by way of New York and France reached Barcelona in June. Instead of tho tranquillity lio had ex- pected for his old age, ho found only turmoil and strife. It was not oveii safe to visit his native town. IIo bitterly regretted having left California, and confessed it was a mistake. Ho had brouplit from California two young neophytes, Pablo and Agapito, whom ho placed in tho Propaganda College at Rome. Ono of them is said to have becomo a priest, but noth- iag definite is known. Bancroft III, 621-C22, — 426 — 589 were thofo of hidiaii adults 1,SC2 Iiuliaii children, and l'J2 children de gente de razon ; an annual aver- age of 151. The lotal number of marriages Mas 1,4-5, of which were de razon. Deaths numbered 2,859, of which 1,445 were of Indian adults, 1,8G7 Indian chil- dren, and 12 adults and 35 children de razon. The largest Indian population at San Luis Rev at any time 2,8G9 was in 1826. There were generally from 20 to 50 persons de razon or settlers living at the mis- sion. The largest number of cattle ever possessed by the mission, 27, 500, was in 1882; largest number of horses, 2,226 in 1828; mules, 345 in 1828; sheep, 28, 913 in 1828: goats, 1,800 in 1832; swine, 272 in 1819; and all kinds of animals, 58,767 in 1828. The total product of wheat amounted to 114,528 bushels; bar- ley, 94,600 bushels; corn, 101,442 bushels; and beans, 10,215 bushels. (5) Seculahization began here as at San Diego with Governor Figueroa's experimental "emancipation" in 1833, which resulted in the forming of an Indian pueblo at Las Flores, with but a small population. The final confiscation was accomplished in November 1834 by Captian Portilla as comisionado. According to the accounts rcnde^-ed by Father Fortuni to Por- tilla in 1834, the assets were $46,613, and the debts ^-14,429. The inventory taken August 22d, 1835, .showed a valuation of ^•20o,737, and a debt of i?93, 000. The church 64x10 varas, or yards, of adobes, tile-roofed, lloor of clay, board ceiling, 9 doors, 18 windows, 4 adjoining rooms, all valued at .$30,000, was included in the total amount, as were also the 6 ranches valued at $40,437, the most valuable being Tala, Santa Margarita, and San Jacinto. After the secularization tlie decline in Indian population was more rapid than in wealth, the Indians succeeding (5> IJancroft III, W1-C25. The "Informos Goncrales" report tho followinir flcurrs for tho poriod 179S to December 31st, 1831; Baptisms, 5,298; mar- rjagos, l,oOi; deaths, 2. 086, — 426 — Sen Luis Rey in Er.n^ L'ry,;, ill retaining partial control of the mission ranchos of Santa Margarita, San Antonio de Pala, Santa Isabel, Temecula, and San Jacinto down to IS-iO, or perhaps a little later, In 1(S40 there were about 1,000 Indians left at the mission and ranchoe. (G) Fr. Francisco Gonzalez de Ibarra continued to Ir- bor at San Luis Key until his death in 1842 at the age of sixty years. Afteh Fr. Ibarra's death Fr. Zalvidea came from San Juan Capistrano to take his place, and lie served until 1846. The mission had G50 Indians in 1842 and 400 in 1844; but the establishment at Las Flores was included in both cases. Jose A. Estudillo acted as ma- jordomo until April 1843, when he was required under Governor Micheltorena's order to turn over the property to Fr. Zalvidea; but the Father immediately put everything in charge of a new nuijordomo in the person of Joaquin Ortega, who in turn was succeeded l)y Juan M. Marron in July 1845. The inventory then showed the following property: 279 horses, 20 mules, 61 asses, 196 cattle, 27 yoke of oxen, 7(0 sheep, some implements, and other effects of slight value. Meanwhile all the mission ranchos passed into pri- vate ownership. (7) Fr. Zalvidea, the senior of the little band of Fer- nandinos, died early in 1846. Mission San Luis Iley had no resident missionary (G) Bancroft III, 6-^1 025. (7) Baucrolt IV, 022-624. Fr. Ibarra wa.s a native of Viana, Spain, whoro he was born in 17ts2. lie became a Franciscan in the province of Blirgos, and arrived in California by way of Mexico in 1S20. After visiting San Luis Obispo he was stationed at San Fernando, wliere ho served from 1S20 to l»i, when he retired to Mexico, but he returned in time to per- form the burial service for Fr. Cabot in October 1»;:J0. Nothing further is known of Fr. Ibarra till ISiS, from whicli dat« ho resided at San Luis Hey until his sudden death in 1812 resulting from apoplexy. Mofras speaks of the deplorable condition of this Fatlier whom he saw forced to sit at the administrator'^ table and listen to the ribaldry of majordomos and vaqueros who would have thouglit thoni.selves lucky a few years be- fore to bo the Father's servants. Uo was well liked by the Indians at San Luis Rey, and was called by them Tequodouma, indicating a plain, un- assuming man. - 4^$ - after Fr. Zalvidea's dcatli, except perhaps Fr. Vin- cente Pasciial Oliva for a short time after August, 25th, 1846. The San Luis estate Avas sold by the gov- ernor on May 18th, to Jose A. Cot and Jose a Pico for !f.2,4oT; but their agent was dispossessed by Gen. Fremont, and they failed to regain possession. Some doubts were expressed, then and later, about gen- uineness of the sale; but the title was finally reject- ed on the ground that the governor had no power to sell the missions. A garrison of Mormon soldiers held the place during the greater part of 1847; and from August of that year Captain Hunter as Indian sub- agent for the south took charge of the mission. He was succeeded temporarily by William Williams at the end of 184?. Hunter found a considerable num- ber of Indians remaining about the mission. (8) (S) Bancroft V, 620-623. Fr. Josc^ Maria de Zalvidea was born at Rilbao, Vizcaya, Spain, on March 2d, 17tfl. Ho received the habit of St. Francis on December 13th, 1798, and camo to the college of San Fernando, Mexi- co, in September 1804. Ho arrived in California in Aupust ISO.'), and was .stationed successively at San Fernando in 180.')-6, at San Gabriel in 1806- 26, at San Juan Capistrauo in 1826-42, and at San Luis Roy in U42-1846, From the first he was regarded by his superiors as one (t the best or most zealous of the Fathers, as priest, teacher, and manager of tempor- alios. Fr. Zalvidea's great field of labor was at San San Gabriel, where ho toiled incessantly for twenty years, and with the greatest success, to build up the temporal interests of tho mission, but ho never thereby neg- lected spiritual affairs. "He was doubtless in those days a model mission- ary, says Bancroft, and then and later was regarded by the common peo- ple as a saint." He gave much attention to viticulture at San Gabriel, being the first to introduce this industry on a large scale. He wrote a diary of an exploration in 1806, and in 1827 a petition in behalf of the Indians. In political controversies he took no part; but in 1829 he expressed his willingness to swear allegiance to the Mexican republic so far as was consistent with his .state of life. In 1,S;J8 he declined a passport to retire, on tho ground that there was none to take his place. Fr. Zal- videa was well versed in the native tongue in which he was accus- tomed to preach at San Gabriel. There is no evidence that he ever had an enemy, or said an unkind word of any man. He refused to quit San Luis Rey, where ho believed his services to be needed ; but f nally it was thought best to remove him to San Juan. A cart was prepared with all possible conveniences, by ad vice of I'r. Oliva and Apollinaria Lorenzana, who had nursed him for some days. Tho night before his journey was to be made Fr. Zalvidea died. He was buried in the mis- sion church at the loft side of the altar, Tho date is not known, but it was apparently early in 1846, Tliiis cndsjhc liislory of the most bonutiful of nil tho Cnlifornia mis^sions, 8an Luis Rcy, ns nn Inclinn mission. It is still in a splondid stato of proscrvation, but each year sttimped its Avork of destruction upon it. For over half a century the rnau;nificent structure lias stood mournfully awaiting its inevitable destruc- tion. But behold a friendly liand lias at last been extended in its behalf; and ere lonj;, please God, San Luis Rey de Francia will bo restored to its for- mer beauty, though not toformer activity, a living moi\ument to the noblest band of men tliat have graced the pages of modern history. The Indians have nearly all disappeared; but the sacred edifice lias again be devoted to sacred purposes in our day. (9) Fr.EEMASONRY, Bver the implacable enemy of reli- gious Orders, in which it recognizes its strongest foe, has made community life in Mexico impossible. Not contented with having closed up the convents and monasteries of the first and foremost civilizers of that land, the anti-Christian sect has determined to exterminate relgious Orders by forbidding them to accept recruits to fill up the decimated ranks. There is a desire for perfe( tion, however, among souls lov- ing God, and what the liberty-hating Freemason government of Mexico denies, that the sons of St. Francis find in the free republic of the L'nited iStates. To prevent the Order from dying out in Mex- ico, the authorities decided to move the novitiate for the Mexican Fathers to the United States. A l.ouse had been planned for Texas at one tims, but finally San Luis Rey was chosen. Accordingly, througli tlie intercession of Rt. Rev. Bishop Mora of Los Angeles, (9) Tho "Our Father" in tho language of tho Ketchi abcut San Luis Rey is as follows according to Mofras: "Cham na cham mig tu panga auc onan Moquiz cham to gai ha cua cho nag oirreina IL vi hicho ca noc yba heg ga y vi uu qui ga to panga. Cham ua cholono mim cha pan pituo mag na jau pohi cala cai gui cha me halloto gai torn chamo, o gui chag cay no cho cal mo tua so Hi olo calmc alia Jinoo charao cham cho aivo." — 4S0 — permission was obtained from Rome to establish a novitiate at tliis mission for tlie Franciscans of Mex- ico. The old br.ildings in part liave been rendered habi- table, and on May 12tl), 1808, the ceremonies of re- dedication took place. By ten o'clock fully 800 inter- ested spectators gathered in the church. At that hour Rt. Rev. Francis Mora, Bishop of Monterey nnd Los Anii-3les Very Rev. Joaquin Adam, vicar general of the diocese. Very Rev. Louis J. Meier, superior of the Lazarist College, Los Angeles; and Rev. W. L. Dye, secretary to tlie bishop, entered through the the wide doors of the church. Three wrinkled old Li- dian women crouched at the doorway, looking won- deringly on the scene that brought back memories of their youth, when the mission was rich and populous. At the doorway the bishop was received by Ihe community of Franciscans in their somber gray habit who had come from Zacatecas, Mexico, to open a novitiate for their province. These religious were the Very Rev. Father Alba, comissary general of the Franciscan Order in Mexico; Rev. F. Ambrose Malr,- behar, who was to remain as superior of the covent; Fr. Tiscareno, secretary of the commissioner-general; and Fr. Martinez. The Fathers brought with them as pupils from Zacatecas tliree Mexican youtlis, Jesus de la IIos, Manuel Rizo, and Andres Luerrerow, who all received the habit of St. Francis on that same day, December 12th, Solemn High Mass was celebrated l)y Very Rev. T. Adam, assisted by Fathers Alba and Dye as dec- con and subdecon respectively. Fr. Meier acted as master of ceremonies. After Mass followed the read- ing of the patent from Rome and the proclamation of the patron saints: San Luis Rey, as patron of the mission church, and Nuestra Seiiora de Guadalupe, as patroness of the novitiate. "Veni Creator" was then -IGl — Ccrndors Of San jluis itey. — 432 -- sung, whereupon the three young pupils of the Fa- thers knelt before the nltar and were invested with the habit of tlie Franciscan Order. The ceremonies closed with the "Te Dcuni." Father O'Kcefe of San- ta Barbara was permitted to stay with the Mexican brethern for some time in order to acquaint thytu with the manners of the country, and to lend his ad- vice ia the reconstruction of the mission. The community at the beginning of 1897 was com- posed as follows: Fr. J. J. O'lveefe, superior; Fr. Rapliael Hernandez, master of novices; Fr. Francisco Alvarez; Fr. Jo&6 Caballero; Fr. Pedro Ocegueda; Fr. Luis Palacios; Fr. B. Aleman; six fratres cleri' ci, and four lay-brothers. Fr. Alvarez is now 82 years of age, but very feeble. GI^PP'TE^ XXIU. SANTA INEZ. The Mission Site— Founding Of Tre Mission— The First Missionaries— Fk. Gutierrez Retires -Mission Success— Earthquake-New Church— Missionaries- Death Of Fr. Calzada— Revolt— Buildings And Lands. lEATHs Of Fathers Victoria And La Cuesta— Secularization— In- ventory-Statistics— Death Of Fr. Moreno— Founding Of X Semina' by-SaleOfThe Mission— The College Abandoned— The "Our Fa^ thie" In Indian. The number of missions was increased in 1804 to nineteen l)y the founding of Santa Inez. Explora- tions for a site in this region had begun in 1795 and were completed in 1798 by Father Tapis. The spot selected was called by the natives Alajulapa, or Maj- alapu, and the order of the viceroy for founding the mission was dated in February 1803, The name Sau* — 4CI5 — ti In^z, virgin and martyr, Saint Agnes in Eng- lish, often written Santa Yncz or Ines, seems also to have been selected by "NMceroy Iliirrij;aray. A sergeant and nine men haviiii;- been assigned as a guard, and duly instrv.ctcd l)y the commandant of Santa Barbara, the mission was established with the usual ceremonies on September 17th, 1804, Fr. Tapis preached on the occasion, and was assisted in the ceremonies by Fathers Cipres, Calzada, and Gutier- rez. Commandant Carrillo was present and large numbers of neophytes had come from Santa Barbara aid La Purisima, some of them to remain. A begin- ning of mission work was made by the baptism of twenty-seven children and the enrolling of many ca- techumens, including three chieftains. TuE first missionaries of Santa Inez were the Fa- thers Jose Antonio Calzala and Jose Komualdo Gu- tierrez. The latter left California in 180G, (1) Fr. Gutierrez was succeeded by Fr. Liii's Gil y Taboada. Fr. Gil's place was taken in 1810 by Fr. Francisco Javier de Uria, who had been at the mis- sion as a supernumerary since 1808. By the end of the first year Santa Inez had 225 neophytes, but over half of them had come already baptized from the adjoining missions. In 1810 the number was (528; there had been 510 baptisms and 245 deaths. Live-stock in 1810 numbered 3,200 cattle, 420 horses, Gl mules, 11 asses, and 2,300 sheep. Crops varied from 000 bushels in 1S07 to 4,500 bushels in 1810. In 1805, and probal)ly later, Santa Inez had but a poor church, though it was al- ready roofed with tiles. In 1810 as many as 12,508 (I) Bancroft II, 27-29. Fr. Gutierrez had come to CaliforniM probably in 1S02, or accordinc to another record, in Ausrupt l^'04. He served at Santa In(5z from September 17th, ISW, to July 1S()(5, when he was transferred to San IJuenavontura in tlie liope of beneflttinK his health; but grow inp worse ho obtained permission to retire, and sailed for tian Bias iu Novoi'il»er. ibs of hemp wero chipped to Mexico from Santa In^^z. (2) The eartliquakc of December Slst, 1812, two shocks fifteen minutes apart, brought clown a corner of the church at Santa ln67., destroyed one fourth of the new houses near <-he church, ruined all the mission roofs, and cracked many walls; but the Fntliers did not deem the damajA'Q irreparable. In 18155 the little convent was completed, and a granary was built Avhich temporarily served for divine vrorship ; but in 1815 a new church was be<2;un of adobes lined with bricks, which was dedicated on July ^Ith, 1817. The neophyte population reached its highest num- ber of 7G8 souls in 1816, from which time it steadi- ly declined. On November lOth, 1814, the first bap- tism of an islenn, or Indian from the Island of Le- mu, took place; such baptisms were frequent after April 1815. Fk. Uria was in charge of Santa Inez continuously during this period; but his associate Fr. Antonio Cal- zada, one of the founders of the mission, died in 1814, and there were several other changer. Fk. Ramon Olbes served here in 1812-14. Fr. Es- tevan Tapis was at Santa Inez in 1813-14, Fr. Ro- man Fernandez de Ullibarri in 1815-19, and Fr. An- tonio Catarino Rodriguez, apparently in 1820-21. (3) Fk. Uria continued here until 1824; he had worked (2) Bancroft. II, 27-2P; ISO. (8) Ba-jcroft II, 36S-:!Ca. Fr. Calzada was born In Florida on November 24tli, 1700; but rccehcd iLe liabit of St. Francis at tlio convent of Pari~i:ni Concepcioa in Ilabana on February Bd, 1780. Ho was ordained priest ii Mexico on December ISth, 17S4, and arrived in Califoni I durintr October 1787. Ho wis first st itionod at San Gabriel from 1788 to 1792; then at Purisima until lb04, tlioupli absent in Mexico on account of ill lieaJtli from August 179G to May 1798. When Santa In6z Was fou'idcd he was transferred to the new mission in September 1804, and labored there, amons the Indians until a .'troke of paralysis in 1813 rendered him helpless. A second stroke put an end to his life on Decem- ber 2:ld, 1814. His remains were interred in the church, and on July 4th, 1817, thoy were transferred to the new church, which had been dedicated that day, and burled outside th^ prasbyt^ry near the raUiuE on tho Gos- tol side. - 425 - alone it seems from 1S21 to 1S23, when Fr. Bins Or- el az nrrived. After Fr. Uria's departure, Fr. Bias was alone at the mission. In the revolt of 1821, which first broke out at lliis mission on Sunday February 21st, a larf:;e part of the buildinfjB is said to have been destroyed; but there is no record of repairs or rebuilding. The soldiers de- fended themselves and Fr. Uria ; but it does not clearly appear that anybody was killed. Early the next day Sergeant Carrillo arrived with a small force, and the hostile Indians seem to have fled to Purisi- ma. Carrillo remained for some time at Santa Inez, which it appears had not been abandoned. The buildings in 1820 were similar to those of San- ta Barbara. In front was a large brick enclosure nsed for bathing and washing; to the right Avere gardens and orchards; to the left were the Indian huts and tiled houses. The mission lands in 1822, be- tween two branch ranges of the sierra, extended 7-9 leagues from north to south, and 5-13 leagues from east to west. From 1822-1827 Santa Inez furnished $10,7G7 worth of supplies to the Santa Barbara presi- dio. (4) Fe. Bias Ordaz continued liis labors at Mission Santa Inez till 1888, when Fr. Jose Joaquin Jimeno came from the north. He was assisted 1)y Fr. Mar- cos Antonio Saizar de Victoria in 1835-36, and Fr. Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta in 183()-40. Both, Fr. Victoria and Fr. Arroyo, died at this mission. (5) (4) Bancroft II, 52.S; riM-ns'i. (5) Banc, V, 7G4. Ibid. III. GG1-GG4 ; Fr. Vitoria. or Victoria, was a native of the province of Alava, Spain, Lavinpr been born tliore in 17GU. Ho became a Franciscan in 177G, and arrived in Mexico in 1804. Ecachinp; California in 18C5 he was first stationed at Santa Barbara ISO.d-IS.C; tlien at San Buenaventura from 18(;G-17, and aRain 18'J0-1824; at San Fernando during; 1818-20; at Purisi- ma fi-om 1>24-1S:J5, and finally at Santa InOz in 18i!5-o6. H's death occurred on July 25tli, 18Ji3. , Fr. Victoria wis a most virtuous and exemplary min, but always ia feeble hoaltli, yet beloved by his neophytes. Fr. Cuei-ta, who also died at Santa In(5z, was born at the viUa of Cubo, Castilla la Vieja, on April :,'()th, 11^0, and was received into the Fran- ciscan Ortlpr on Aucu^t M, 179G, at Evirgos. Ho sailed from C6dia - 480 — TriE Indian population decreased from 408 at Iho end of 1880 to 044 in 1884. At tlio end of the decode only 180 of the 800 remaining' Indiana \vere living in conuiuniity. The number of baptipnis for Uig tln-ee years down to 1831 was 03, but death carried away ioo. The blight of secularization fell upon the mispion in 1886. The inventory taken August 1st, 1880, showed a valuaHon of $50,437, or $46,180 besides church property, which was valued at about $11,000. The church buildings measured 4Sf by 9 varas, had v/alls of adobe, 4 doors and S windows; the sacristy was 9x0 varas with three doors, one window, a tile root, board ceiling, and a brick floor. The ornaments were valued at $0,251, and the library of 60 volumes at $188. Hahtnel's inventory of July 1880, mentions 9,720 cattle, 2.180 sheep, 382 horses, 82 mules, 4 asses, 50 hogs, 790 fanegas of grain, 448 arrobas of tallovv, 75 arr. lard, 87 hides, 50 arr. wool, 200 arr. $30 worth of soap, etc., and a population of 183 souls. (6) The whole number of baptisms during the existence for Mexico on Septombnr 2(1, tSOi, and left tho collcco of San Fer- Uiinlo oa Decambor Uth, IbOT, for CaliforniM, whoic he? arrived early in ijiOS. Ho w;ie succossivply stationed at San Juan Bautista in lb()S-.'W, at San Mi?Tuel in ls:i:i-3l, at Sin Luis Obispo in ItCU-;'."!, at Purisima in 18;i5- ot>, and at Santa Infis from lS;iS-40, tlioudi it was only at San Juan tliatliis bodily infirmities permitted him to woik. His superiors regarded liim as a mail of preut merit, ability, and zoal. Sinco 1813 he suifored almo.rt con- tinually from rheumatism, and he was repeatedly at the point of death. In ISOJ In Slid tha lifdt Miss in tho now e!iui-ch of Mission S m Jo.^6. In 1820, lhTUi?h malntiiainc; liis alle.srianco to the kinp of Spain, he took a modi lied o itli to tho now Rovernmont of Mexico. Fr. Arroyo was a scholar and always a student, friviiT e-ip'>cial atteiitioa to tin linfraicro of tho In- dians of the S in .T\riii rocriou of wliinh he had already prepared a pram- mar before 1817. This grammar and the Father's skill in tlio native idiom nre ri>entionod in Fr. Sarria's report of tli.t year. His Grammar of the Mutsun Lanpuape and l.i-i Vocabulary or Phrase-book wore publislied by Dl-. She I, Noiv York, hi isril. Robinson describes him as closely conflnod to his room in study; when tired of readiuK he would call the children to play before him. Lat«r his leps were paralyzed, and ho was moved about in a wheeled chair. Fr, Arroyo de la Cuosta died on September 20th, 1840, at the apo of CO years, and his body was buried on tho 2-d, by Fr, Jime* no iu the mission church on the Gospel side near the prosbjtery. (6) Arroba — Z^) Us or 1^2 pints Uquid iBcc\suro. -. 437 - of the mission, lS04-183i, was 1,.372, of wliich oG6 -wore Indian adults, 757 Indian cliildren, one adult and 48 cliildren de i;ente de razon: an annual aver- age of -io. The number of marriages was 400, of which 9 were de razon. Deaths amounted to 1,271, of which 730 were Indian adults, 519 Indian cliildren, and three adults and 13 children de razon; an an uil average of 42. The largest number of cattle owned by the mission in any one year was 7,000 in 1831; horses, 800 in 1816; mules, 124 in 1822; sheep, 0,000 in LS21; goat?, 130 in 1818; swine, 250 in 1810; and all kinds of animals, 12,320 in 3820. The total yield of wheat was 03,250 l)usliels; barley, 4,024 bushels, corn, 89,850 bushels; and l)eans, 4,340 bushels. The Infor- mes Generales, or official reports of the Fathers, give the following figures for the period 1804 to December 31st, ]831: Baptisms, 1,330; marriages, 390; and deaths, 1,190. Fr. Jose Joaquin Jimcno remained in charge of Santa Ines, with Fr. Juan Moreno as associate from 1842, and Fr. Fran<-isco de Jesus Sanchez from 1844. Fr. Juan Moreno died at the end of 1845. (7) The leading event of the period was the foundaticn of liie "Colegio Seminario de Maria Santisima de Guadalupe de Santa Inez de Californias" in 1844, as recorded elsewhere. In 1843 the management of the temporalities of the mission was restored to the Fa- thers. The Indian population in 1845 still amounted to 270 souls, but the estate was rented in December 1-^45 to Jose Maria Covarrubias and Joaquin Carrillo (7) Bancroft IV, 645-047. Fr. Juan Moreno was bora on January 2Ttli, 1799, at Montenecro, la Rioja, Old Castile; but became a Francu-can ia Mexico. Arriving in California durinpr the year 1S27, ho was stationed at Santa Barbara until 1829 : at Santa Cruz in 1S29-30 ; at San Juan Bau- tista in 18:W-:K at San Mipruel in I83;i-I2; and finally at Santa In6z in 1842- 45, duriuK which latter period ho also had charpo of Purisima, ami per- haps lived there a part of the time. Very little is known about him, ex- cept that he was a quiet, patient man, well liked by all. He acted as professor in the Santa laiz Beminary, Hie remains wore buried oa December 2iith. 1S45. - 408 - LHjii Mwkii.t.'Ck X^O^ — 439 — for ^680 per year, llie mission was finally sold to the lessees, Cavarrubias and Carrillo, for $7,000 on June 15tli, 1840, but their title later on Avas declared invalid. Fr. Joaquin Jimeno continued in charjie of the mission, and was also rector of the ecclesiastical college, an institution wliich, with Fr. Sanchez as vice-rector, still maintained a precarious existence until 1850, after Avhich date it seems to have been abandoned, the Fathers Avithdrawing to Santa Barba- ra. (8) G^PPTER XX^. SAN RAFAEL, (*) MoKTALiTY At Sam Franc" sco— Founding Of The Mission— San Ra-^.til A Branch Of San Francisco— Transfer Of Indians— Explorations— Progress— Statistical— Mission Lands— Death Of Fr. Amoros— The Zacatecans— Statistical— Fr. Merc ado Slandered— Secularization— Inventory— Sale Of The Mission— Statistics— The Lord's Prayer In Indian. It Avas not until 1817 that the missionaries crossei San Francisco Bay for the purpose of establishing a permanent mission furl her north. The mortality at San Francisco had been frightful for some time ; a panic was almost imminent, when Lieutenant Sola suggested to the disheartened Father a transfer of (8) H.ir croft IV, 645-G17; V, 635; 710. Tlio "Our Fathor," as recited by tli:i Indians at Santi l\i6z runs as follows according to Mofras: "Di65 caquicoco upalequen alapa quiae micho opte : paguininigug «[uique cccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup canecho alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisa- huo Picsiyus cquepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, canechequique isagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug poux hoyug guie utic lex ulechop santequi- yug ilautochop. Amen Jesus" (*) Tho author was unable to obtain an illustration of this mission. - 440 — the neophytes across tlie bny. Seme vrere sent ovfir as an experiment, ji;reat]y to the benefit of their health; but at first tlie Father Superior of the mis- sions, while approving tho phxn, hesitated about the formal transfer for v>ant of priests, and bacause of the difficulties of communication. At last, when sever- al neophytes had died on the other side Avithout the sacraments, Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada, late of Purisi- ma, consented to become a supernumerary of San Francisco, and to take charge of the branch establish- ment. The intention was to found "a kind of rancho with its chapel, baptistry, and cemetery, Avith the title of San Rafael Arcangel, in order that this most glorious prince, whoso name signifies the healing of God, might care for the bodies and the souls." Sola gives the same reason for the new foundation in his letter of April 3d, 1818 to the viceroy. On December 10th, 1817, Father Sarria vrrote to Sola that on Satur- day next he would go over with Fr, Duran. In passing over the bay from San Francisco Fr. Gil was accompanied by Fathers Duran, Abella, and Sarria. On December 14th, Fr. Sarria with the same ceremonies that usually attended the dedication of a regular mission founded the asslsteneia of San Ka- fsel Arcangel on the spot called by the natives Nanaguani. Though the establishment was at first only a branch of San Francisco, an assisteiicia and not a mission, with a chapel instead of a church, un- der a supernumerary Father of San PVancisco; yet there was no real difFerence between its management and that of the other missions. The number of neophytes transferred at first may have been 230, but there is very little evidence on the subject, and subsequent transfers, if any were made either from or to San Rafiiel, are not recorded. By the end of 1820 the Indian population had in- creased to 590. In 1818 an adobe building 87 feet — 441 — long, 42 feet wide, and 18 feet high hiid been errect- ed, divided by partitions into chapel, priest's hou;-e, and all other apartments required, and furnished be- sides with a corridor of tules. Fr. Gil y Taboada re- mained in charge of San Eafasl until the summer of 1819, wlien he was succeeded by P>. Juan Amor6s. In May 1818 Fr. President Fay eras with Ooman- dante Arguello made a trip by water to San Rafael. On his way he made a careful examination of the surrounding country. From the top of a liill near the new mission they looked upon the Canada de los Olampalies and the Llano de los Petalumas. In his diary of the trip a small island near San Ilafad is called Del Oro. A place called Gallinan, two leagues away, and another called Aranjuez are mentioned. Petaluma was 12 leagues and Olompali 6 leagues distant. 38 degrees and 15 minutes was the estimated latitude of San Kafasl. Fr. Payeras recommended that a presidio be erected at Bodega and a mission at Petaluma and Suisun. His opinion of the mission site was not a favorable one. In his general remarks on mission sites Fr. Payeras mentions by their pre- sent names the Sonoma Creek, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin. (1) San Rafa?l, under the care of Fr. Juan Amor6s, was in every respect, save in the item of sheep, prosperous though not on a very large scale, through- out the decade ending with 1830. Baptisms outnum- bered deatlis by more tlian two to one, and the In- dian population, notwithstanding the 92 neophytes sent to Solano, was nearly doubled, reaching its highest number of 1,110 souls in 1828. It appears that even a house was built and a beginning made to convert the Indians in the far north, between Pe- taluma and Santa Rosa perhaps. The population in- creased from 590 to 970, though, as was said before, (I) Bancroft II, 329-^31,. — 442 — tht^re Were a8 many as 1,150 Indians at the mission in 1828. As many as 1,182 baptisms were conferred during these ten years, tlie liighest number, 228 be- ing in 1824. Deaths numbered 504. Large stock increased from 504 to 1,548; horses and mules from 104 to 448; but sheep decreased from 2,000 to 1,852. The average crop was 2,454 bushels, of which 1,1G5 were wheat; 837, barley; and 219, corn. San Rafael supplied the San Francisco presidio with $1,311 worth of goods during 182G-1830. The lands in 1828 were described as follows: In the west beyond the the range of hills is an estero from the port of Bodega, called Tamales. The range ex- tends north nine leagues, then the plains of Livan- tonome, where the gentiles are being civilized, a house having been built and lands marked out (Sta Rose to Petaluma region). Other mission lands are at ther ancheria of Annamus or San Pedro Alcdntara in the corte de Madero, and the Rinconada del Tiburon. Live-stock feeds northward to the rancheria of 01am- pali, or Santisimo Rosario. The chief is a Christian and farmer. Cattle graze in the canadas of Las Galli- nas, Arroyo de San Jose, Novato, Colomache, Eclia- tanial, and Olompali; the horses go farther to 01c- mochoe, or San Antonio; the stream, dry in summer, rises in the laguna of Ocolom, or San Antonio, the lands of which join those of Novato, Colomache, and Echatamal, "going round the hill." The laguna of Ocolom seems to belong to the mission, but the na- tives are warlike. In December 1822 the oath of al- lecciance to the national congress, the only instance of the kind recorded in California, was taken by the Fathers and the neophytes. (2) Fii. Amoros died at San Rafael in 1832 on July 14th, at three o'clock in the morning, and was bur- ied in the mission church on the 16th by Fr. Fortu- (2) l^^ncroft It, 596-597, — 44S — iii, who had known him since 1792, and declared him a saiiir. (3) After tlia death of Fr. Amor63, Fr. Est6ne!;a of San Francisco was pnt in charge of San Rafa?l until the Zacatecan Fr. Jose Maria Vasquez del Mercado came in 1833. Fr. Mercado in turn was rephiced in 1831 by Fr. Jose Lorenzo de hi Coneepcion Quijas, also a Zacatecan Franciscan, Avho from that year had charge of both San Rafti?l and Solano, but he lived at the former place chiefly. Statistics of the last years of this mission are for the most part wanting, but the numl)er of neophytes in 1834 must have been about 500, a decrease of 470 since 1830. In 1840 there were 190 Indians living in the community, Avith pro- bably 150 more scattered about the district. Baptisms for the years 1831 and 1832 amount- ed to 155, including 110 adults in 1831, and 15 in 1832. There are no figures for 1833-34. Deaths for the same two years numbered QQ. Large stock increased from 1,548 to something over 2,000 ; horses and mules decreased from 448 to 372; sheep increased from 1,852 to 3,000. Crops in 1831 amounted to 1,990 bushels; in 1832 to 1,770 bushels. During 1833 there was considerable trouble be- tween Fr. Mercado and the soldiery. At the instance of Gov. Figueroa Fr. Prefect Garcia Diego suspended Fr. Mercado for an alleged outrage against the In- dians, summoned him to Santa Clara, and announced his intention to send him to his college for trial. In (:i) Bancroft II, 5%-597. Fr. Juan Amor6s was a (Catalan, born at Porre- ra October Kith, I'T.i. He became a Franciscan at Gcrona iu 1791 and w is ordained in 1797. IIo reached Mexico in 1S03, and arrived in California during the year 180i. IIo served as a missionary at San Carlos in 1S04-19, and at San Rafii'l in 1819-32 . Fr. Amor6i was noted for the zeal with which ho undertook every t:isl£ whitlior temporal or spiritual. IIo was a successful bnsiuos.-i manager, a mechanic of more than ordinary skill, and a kind missionary well liked by liis neophytes. IIo was always in good health, and never could And too raiicli work to do. Thj tradition is that once when the mission was attacked by savages ho crossed the bay ,of San Francisco oo 4 tulp balsa or raft with a woman and several childroa. _> 444 -^ the middle of the next year, Fr. Mercado Was freed from arrest and restored to San Kafasl ; for the two fathers, Avho had lieen sent to make an investigation, learned from fourteen witnesses that the Father had notliing to do with the outrage. Alt'. Vallejo, as usu- al, showed liimself antagonistic to the missionary. The mission was secularized in 1834, and v.n inven- tory taken in Septemler. The pueldo was marked out in October by Ignacio Martinez, who was probably the comisionado, and the stock distributed in Decem- ber. The inventory of September 31st, 1834, showed the following items: church property, building, .$192; ornaments, etc., $777; library of 75 volumes $108; to- tal 3,077; mission buildings $1,123; garden or orchard $968; boats, etc., $500; live-stock $1,339; Nicasio ran- cho $7,256; credits $170; total $18,475; debts $3,448; balance $15,025. llartnelPs inventory of September 18th, 1839, gave a population of 195 Indians at the mission ; 474 hor- ses, 2G yoke of oxen, 3 mules, 417 fanegas of grain, 42 hides, 72 deer skins, and GO arrs. of tallow. The accounts were in a bad condition as the administra- tor could neither read nor write. The old Christians desired their liberty and the distribution of the property. All complained to Hartnell that scarcely any land remained to them, and that for two years no clothing:; had been distributed. (4) Fr. Quijas attended San liafkd and all the north- ern country until 1843, after which date there was no resident missionary north of San Francisco Bay. The community was entirely broken up before 1845, though about 200 Christian Indians nuiy have re- mained in the district. After the formality of notify- ing the Indians to reoccupy the mission, its sale at auction was ordered in October 1845. (5) On June 8th, 1846, the mission estate was sold to (*) Banc, III, 324: 346: 715-718. (5) Banc. IV, 652; 070. — 415 -« Antonio Suuol nnil A. M. Pico for $S,000, but the purclifisers failed to secure possoision, and their titles were later on declared invnlid. (0) Durinj; the existence of the mission, or as far as th.e records nre cxtnnt, 3 8] 7-34, the total number of baptisms was 3,870, of which J,ODG were those of In- dian adults, 7G8 Indian children, and 2 adults and 7 children de razon; an annual nveraga of 103. Deaths amounted to 09S, of which 453 were Indian adults, 209 Indian children, and one adult de razon ; an annual average cf C8. Marriages numbered 540, of which 8 were de razon. The largest Indian population ever reached, 1.140 was in 1828. The largest number of cattle held, if the figures are correct, 2,] 20 was in 1832; horses, 450 in 1801; sheep, 4,000 in 1822-20; swine, thirty in 1823; and all kinds of animals, 5,508 in 1832. The total product of wheat was 17,905 bushels; barley, 12,309 bushels; maize, 0,657 bushels; beans, 1,300 bushels; and miscellaneous grains, 412 (7) bushels. (C) Bnncroft V, 5C1. C70. (7) Bancroft., Ill, 7]6. The Informps Genrralps report ),7'J5 I apt urns, .141 marriarcs-t and CIG deaths for the period 1J17 to Dpccmber 31st, IK!!. The "Our Father" in tho lanpuapc of the Chocojom spoken in Marin County upar Mission Kafipl and Eal Rivor is as follows: "Api maco su lilccoc ma nenas mi aucs omai niAcono nii t-.ucuchs oy6pa mi tauct) chaquenit oi>(i neyatto chaqiTiiit opu liletto. Tu maco muye pemnn ji naya macono sucuji suUa macono masocto, chaguo mat opu ma suli mayaco. Macoi yanpuia umo omutto, ulemi macouo omu in- capo. Nette esa Josus." Baucroft Hist, Native Race:, III. — 44C GI^PP^BR XXUI. SAN FFvANCISOO SOLANO. ExrLOBATioxs~FouNDi\o Of The Mission— DisArrrovAL Of The Scfer. lona— Fh. Altimira— a Co.mphomise— Ciiuncii DEnoATED— The Name Of The Mission—Santa Eclalia Mission Station— The Biildings— In. DusTRiEs— Statistical— CoNTHiBrTioNa From San Feancirco— Cokver- pioNfi— Indian Tribes P.elonging To The Mission—Missionary CnANOEf. Statistics— The "Our Father" In Guiluco. Under somowhat singular circumstances a new mis- sion, the twentj'-first and last on the list of Francis- can missions, was begun in 1823. For the purpose of finding a suitable site, Fr. Jose Altimira, accompan- ied by Francisco Castro and an escort of 20 soldiers, embarked at Francisco on the 25tli of June, and spent the nijdit at San Eafael. Fr. Altimira kept a diary of the trip. Leaving San Raff^l on the 26th, the party travelled five leagues north to Olompali and continued to the head of the creek at the point called Chocuaj', where the city of Fetaluma now st;inds. On the 27th the Father and his escort marched over plains and hills, eastward and north- eastward, past a small tule lake of 50 by 100 yards, thence ;i little farther to the large lake of Tolay, thence northeastward to the plain on which is the place called Sonoma. They camped on the stream r.eir the main creek, where a boat arrived the same day from San Francisco. On June 28th, in the after- noon, they crossed over the hills; northeastward to the plain, or valley, of Napa, and encamped on the stream, Napa Creek, which the party named San Pe- _ 447 - flro for the day. On Juno 20th, the explorers crossed over another range of hills into the plain of the Sui- san aud campinl on the main stream live leagues from Napa, ten leagues from iSonoma, and five leagues southwest of the rancheria of the Ilulatos. On July 1st the party went back to Napa and Sonoma, mak- ing additioal explorations of the latter valley. On July 2d they went up the valley and over the hills by a more northern route than before, past a tulo lake, into the plain of the Petalumas and to the old camping ground on the Arroyo de Lema ; and July 3d saw them back by a direc't course of two leagues to Sonoma, where after new explorations a site was chosen. On July 4th a cross was blessed and set up on the spot of a former rancheria, and then formally named New San Francisco. A volley of musketry was fired, sacred song 5 were sung, and Holy Mass was offered up. July 4th might therefore with great- er propriety than any other date be celebrated as the anniversary of the foundation, though the place was for a little time abandoned; on the sixth all were back at Old San Francisco. Only the approbation of the Fr. Superior was now wanting. Nothing being lieard from Fr. Seiian, Fr. Altimira wrote to him again on the subject in very earnest terms, explaining what had been done and on what authority, which was simply the approval of the governor, justifying the proposed measures on the ground that San Francisco was in its last stage, and San Rafael could not subsist alone. Fe. Altimira was advised by Governor Arguello not to wait for his superior's orders, but to make a beginning at once. The Father allowed liimself to be persuaded, and started on the 23d of August for So- noma with an escort of twelve men, including an ar- tilleryman to manage a canon of two pound calibre, and a force of neophyte laborers. They arrived at — us — New San Francisco on the 25tli of August, and nt once began granary, ditch, corral, and other need- ed structures. There U no record of any formal ceremony on August 25th, though that ia generally given as the date of foundation. Good progress was made fo? a week. Meanwhile Fr. Prefect Sefnin on August 23d, just before his death, had written to Fr. Sarria on the subject. lie was strongly opposed to the suppression of so flourisliing an establishment as San Rafael, which Fr. Altimira advocated, and while he did not altogether disapprove of the transfer of San Francisco, he was astounded at the summary and illegal man- ner in which the secular authorities had disposed of the subject without consulting the supreme govern- ment. On receipt of this communication, Fr. President Sarria wrote to Fr. Altimira and refused to autho- riz3 the change. By this latter of the 31st of Au- gust the Father at New San Francisco was interrupt- ed in the work, much to his regret. If Bancroft m:iy be believed, in a letter to the governor Fr. Altimira used language not at all commendable. A correspon- dence followed between Fr. Sarria and Governor Au- guello. The governor declared that the new establish- ment would be sustained with its guard under a ma- jordomo, and the Fr. Superior's refusal to authorize Fr. Altimira to care for its spiritual needs would be reported to the authorities in Mexico. Yet positive as was the governor's tone in general, he declared tliat he would not insist on the suppres- sion of San Rafcel. It seems that he consented read- ily enough to a compromise which had been suggested by the Fr. Prefect. Fr. Altimira also seems to have approved of the compromise. By the terms of this a- greement New San Francisco was to remain a mis- sion in regular standing, and Fr. Altimira was ap- pointed its missionary, subject to the decision of the — 449 — college; but neither Old San Francisco nor San Ra- fael was to be suppressed, and Fr. Altiniira was to continue associate missionary of the former. Neophytes were free to go from Old San Francisco to the new cstablislimcnt, and also from San Jose and San Rafjvl, provided tliey came orii^inally from the Sonoma region. In regard (o Indians coming from San Kafjiel, it was provided that they could return if they wished at any time of the year. Nev/ converts might come in from any direction to tlie mission they preferred, but no force was to bo used. Finally on Passion Sunday, April 4th, 1824, the mission churcli was dedicated in honor of San Fran- cisco Solano, which from this date became the name of the mission to distinguish it from San Francisco de Assisi across the bay. To avoid further confusion the usage arose of calling the missions Dolores and San Solano, or Solano. The church was a somewhat rude structure 24 by 105 feet, built of boards, but well furnished and decorated in the interior; many articles were donated by the Russians. Beyond the fact that Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni took Fr. Altimira's place in September 182G, the only information extant respecting the annals of Sola- no for the rest of the decade, not of a statistical nat- ure, is to the elTect that a mission rancho in honor of Santa Eulalia had been established at Suisun l)e- fore the end of 1824; that a house for the visiting missionary and a corral for horses had been built; and that a neophyte alcalde was in charge of the rancho. In March 1824 the mission already had a granary, e priest's house, and seven houses for the guards, besides the chapel, all of wood. By the end of the year one large adobe house 30 by 120 feet and seven feet high, with tiled roof and corridor, had been completed, and two other structures had been made ready for roofing when an unusually heavy rain destroved them. A loom had been set up and a begin- 4o0 - - 4ol - nin{: made of weaving. A garden fenced with willows contained from 150 to 300 fruit trees, and in the vineyard from 1,000 lo 8,000 vines were growing. Be- tween 182-1 and 1880 cattle increased from 1,100 to 2,000; horses from 400 to 725; and sheep remained at 4,000, though there were as few as 1,500 in 1826. Crops amounted to ],875 bushels per year on an a- verage, the largest yield being 8,945 in 1826, and the smallest 510 in 1829, when wheat and barley failed completely. At the end of 1824 the mission had 693 neophytes, of whom 322 had come from San Francisco, 153 from San Jose, 92 from San Rafad, and 96 had been bap- tized at the mission. By ISoO, six hundred and fifty Indians had been baptized and 875 buried; Init the number of neophytes had reached only 7G0. At its foundation the mission received from San Francisco 20 yoke of oxen, 25 bulls, 50 cows, 60 horses, and 3, 000 "^heep, besides some implements. The first bap- tisms were those of 26 children of both neophyte and rentile parents on April 4th, 1824; then again 13 adult Petalumas were baptized on April 16tli ; and on the 3d of the following month 23 Ululatos were received into the Church. The first burial was that of a woman on December 26th, 1823, the only death in the year. The last baptism on October 1st, LS39, was numbered 1,494; and the last burial, October 7th, 1839, was numbered 875 in the registers. The diirerent tribes of Indians that furnished con- verts, were tli3 Aloquiomi, Atenomac, Conoma, Gar- quin, Canijolmano, Cayinus, Chemoco, Chiehoyoni, Chocuyem, Coyayomi, or Joyayomi, Huiluc, Huymen, Lacatiut, Loaquiomi, Linayto or Libayto, Locnoma, Mayacma, Muticulmo, Malaca, Napato, Oleomi, Putto or Putato, Palnomanoc, Paque, Petaluma, Suisun, Satayomi, Soi:eto, Tolen, Tlayacma, Tamal, Topayte, Llula'o, Zaclom, Utinomanoc. - 45^ - Fr. Fortnni served at San FranoiFco Solr-^no until 1833, when his plncc was taken by llie Zacntecan Franciscan Fr. Jose de Jesus T^laria Outierve/, v. ho in turn chani!;Gd phiees with Fr. Lorenzo Quijas of San Francisco in March 1834. Fr. Quijas remnined iu charge of the place throujjjtiout the decade, but re- sided for the most part at San Rafael. Thougli the neophyte population, as shown by the reports, de- creased from 760 to 050 in 1834, and to 550 by June 4th, 1835, yet there was a ^ain in live-stock and but slight falling off in crops. Hence the establishment must be regarded as having nourished down to the date of secularization. Mariano G. \^allejo was made comisionado in 1834, and in 1835-30, with Antonio Ortega as majordomo, completed the secularization. Movable property was distributed to the Indians, many of whom retired to their old ranclierias. During the years 1831-34, inclusive, a great num- ber of Indians Avere baptized, as many as 555; the largest number, 232, of whom 109 were adults, were received in 1831. Death carried away 272. Largo-stock increased from 2,729 to 6,015 in 1833. There are no figures for 1834. Horses and mules gained from 729 to 1,164; and sheep from 4,000 to 7,114. The average crop amounted to 2,750 bushels, of which 1,414 were Avheat; 917, barley; 328, corn; 36, beans; and 39, miscellaneous grains. Perhaps 100 Christian Indians still lived at Sonoma toward the end of 1840, with possibly 500 more in the neighboring districts. DuEiisCr the entire existence of San Francisco Sola- no as a mission, 1823-35, as many as 1,815 persons were baptized, of whom 641 were Indian adults, 671 Indian children, and three children de razon ; an annual average of 101. Marriages down to 1833 num- bered 278, of which one was de razon. Death carried off 651 persons, of whom 462 were Indian adults, 187 Indian children, and one child de razon ; an annual average of 54. San Francisco Solano enjoyed its lar- — 453 — Sest population, OfiG in 1832; its largest number of cattle, 1,849 in 1888; horses 1,148 in 1833; mules, 18 in 1888; sheep, 7,114 in 1883; s-^ine, 80 in 182G-27; and all kinds of animals, ]8,193 in 1833. The total product of Avheat was 13,450 busliels; barley, 5,970 bushel:^; corn, 8,270 bushels: beans, 80G bushels; and miscellaneous .i;Tain, C40 bushels. After the secuhiri- zation of Solano the pue])lo of Sonoma was founded in 1885. (]) San Francico Solano no lonjier had any existence as a mission community after ]810, and there is nolh- ing to be eaid of it during the period beginning with 18-10, except that Fr. Quijas occasionally visit- ed the place and, administered to the spiritual wnnts of the Indiana, nnd perhrps resided here for a time in 1813. There also exists an imperfect list of bniiM- ings, utensils, and i-hnrch jjroperty, apparently n.iade in conr.oction "\^•it]l the order of ?ale in 1815, tliough in the tlnal order of ()clo!)er this establishment was not named. There were probal^ly 200 Indians resid- in r at Sonoma or in the vicinity at that time. (2) Ot another page the reader will find the official rep )rt of the Fathers for the year ending D3ceml)er 81st, 1831. The table si ows the date of foundation of each mission, and the whole number of baptisms, marriages, and deaths of each mission from its foun- dation to December 31st, 1881, besides the number of Indians and livc-sto -k at the close of 1831. (1) Bancroft II, 49G-50G. "I havo iu my collection", says Bancroft the original rcfri.st! io 1ft 3 o M tr o o ^J li o C5 ^ r;jCNt-<-i30oo-* o --r - o o -1- ^ CO ■TS O t3 r? (j J^ u ,£} rt a >>■ o S c4 O rt :5 iS , ~- X "^ .; •Is = ^^l5ii^2-siiidiis^ -^ - i; ^„^^^^_ rH - ^ N«vhrni wre a male teaclier for the larger boys. The girls are in charge of tlio Dominican Sisters. Another aim of the Falhevp, here ns elsewhere, in obedience to the direction of tbo Holy See, was the introduction of edifying music during; divine service. Hence it is not strange that in St. Boniface' church the liturgical regulations of Mother Church are ob- served. Nothing remarkable, nor anything else deserving special mention in a mcM-e historical sketch, occurred at St. Boniface' during these years, and it only re- mains to enumerate the different religious that were connected with the residerce attached to the parish. Fr. Gerard was the superior of the residence and rector of the parish until trani^ferred to Santa Barba- ra on July c:th, j891. Fr. Victor meanwhile had gone to St. Turibius Mission in August 1887, and Fr. Eugene Puers took his pla:^e. Fr. Paulinus was re- called to St. Louis in the summ2r of 1887, and Fr Cornelius Schoenwielder replaced him. Fr. Isidor Gey of St. Louis, Mo., was added to the community about the same lime. On January 20th, 1890, Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt was transferred from St. Turibius to St. Boniface', to attend Ukiah and the Indian missions of Men- docino County. This he did until the latter part of July, when he was removed to Cleveland, O. He was succeeded at St. Boniface' and in the missions by Fr. Placidus Krekeler of Harbor Springs, Michigan. The provincial chapter held at St. Louis on July 8th, 1891, transferred Fr. Gerard to Santa Barbara, and appointed Fr. Paulinus Tolksdorf superior and rector at St. Boniface'; Fr. Eugene Puers was as- signed to St. Mary's Memphis, Tenn., where he died a month later on August 8th. — iGQ St. Boniface' Church. — ■Li:>7 - At the same time Fr. Clatus Gicrscliewski was placed here, whilst Fathers Cornelius and Isidor con- tinned in their positions. (]) On August ITth, ie92, Fathers Plncidus of St. Bo- niface' and Grejiory KncpiKr of St. Turibius changed places. At the intermediate chapter h?ld December 28th, 1892, Fr. Paulinus was trand'erred to Chicago, Ills., and Fr. Leo Bruener of Kansas City, Mo., appointed superior and rector of St. Boniface'. Fathers Augustin Hcnseler of Indianapolis and Seraphin Lampe were assigned to St. Boniface' on the same occasion, whilst Fr. Isidor was called to Chicago. The provincial chapter which convened at St. Louis in August 1891 appointed Fr. Lso pastor of the newly organized parisli of St. Anthony in tlie southern part of the city, with Fr. Celtus as assist- ant. Fr. Maximilian Neumau of Chicago then be- came rector and superior of St. Boniface'. Fr. Sera- phin was chosen superior of tlie new German parish at Fruitvale, California, and Fr. Augustin Henseler was recalled to the east, v.hence lie returned to Ger- many. Fr. Titus Hugger of St. Louis Avas assigned to St. Boniface' ; likewise Fr. Pius Niciman of Sacra- mento. Ox January 1st, 1895, Fr. Gregory was changed to St. Turil)ius, Ukiali and missions luiving l)ccn surren- dered to the archl)ish,oi;. At the intermediate chapter liold in SL Louis on (1) Fr. Fuf^reue Puers was born at Milte, Prussia, on December 25th, 1835. He was recsived into the Order on May 1st, 1S50, and ordained priest on December 2ath, 18C0, He arrived at Teutopclis, Ills., from Germany in 1861, and was professor in the coUcpe until 1871, when ho returned to Gormmy, whore he was puardian of the monastery at Werl from 1872 to 1875. Wlien th3 reliffious were expelled fro.n Prussia in 187.J he witli a number of his brethern went to America, where ho was stationed at Teu- topolis, Memphis, and JolLet until 1888 when he was nssisncd to San Boniface. He died of congestion of tlie brain after an illness lastlnpr only three hours. The remains of Fr. Eusono woro interred at Calvary ceme- tery Memphis, on August ICtb. — 4G8 — July 22(1, 1800, Fr. Titus was nppninted superior j\ikI rector ot St. Frnncis' church 8acvnmento, Ooli- lornin, iu plnce of Tr. Auguatiu McClory, viio was assigned to SL Boniface'. At the snnie time Fr. Jnnies NoUe of St. Turibius, and Fr. Vitalis Feldnmu of St. Louis, were stationed liero. On April 2d, J897, the latter went (o St, Turibius Mission, and his place was filled by Fr. Romuald ReinsdorfF of St. Louis. During all lliis years Fr. Cornelius continued here, except for a short time, when on account of ill-jiealth he Avas Fcnt to Los Angeles. From ISOO to lSi)7 Fr. Athanasius Gojtlc, formerly a missionary iu China, was raucli of the time at St. Boniface', thouich gen- erally at St. Joseph's Hospital on occount of ill- health. Early in 3697, having- sufficiently recovered, he returned to China. Only two deaths occured among the religious of St. Boniface'. Brother Aloysius Nauer died here in Feb- ruary 1S90. He had come from Santa Barbara, but on account of ill-healtii he was sent to St. Turibius mission. The change not proving beneficial, Br. Aloy- sius was sent to St. Joseph's Hospital iu charge of the Franciscan Sisters. There he died of consumption in the 2Sih year of his age, and the fifth of liis reli- gious profession. His remains were buried at Watson- ville. On July 8d, 1SS9, Fr. Gabriel llieman died at St. Boniface's convent. The body was taken to the new Catholic cemetery outside the city on July Gth. (2) (2) Fr. Gabriel Rir>niiin was a native of Wir^consin. He had entered tlio Order at Teutopolis in IXS?, and wi* ordained priest at St. Louis on March r»tli, 1^S7. Soo i aftor h\ wa> transferred to S inta Barbara, as even then his health bejrari U> decline. In July 1SS8 ho was removed to St. Tu- ribius, but the chanpe pnv np inetl-.^ctual, lie was allowed to n^main for several mouths at the Mercy I!ospitaI until a few days before his doath. Ho had reached the 32d year of his ago. - 400 - ST. TURIBIUS MISSION. Missiox St. Turibius on the south side of Cleu- Lake, Lake County, California, two miles north of Kelseyville, was founded for the Indians by the zeal- ous missionary Rev. Luciano Osuna in 1870. In that year the worthy priest bought 160 acres of land, bor- dering on Clear Lake, from a Mr. O'Brian. The land subsequently passed into the hands of the Most Rev. Archbishop of San Francisco. Fr. Luciano was a very active man and withal a most pious priest. He was frequently seen in san- dals, and in some kind of religious dress unknown to the good Protestants of Lake and Mendocino counties, where scarcely any Catholics could be found in those days. Upon the complaint of some citizens the good missionary was arrested as non compos mentis, ;ind brought before the judge for examination. The case appeared somewhat unfavorable for the priest, as he had MO friends and no attorney. At last one of the lawyers, a Protestant, was moved to pity and offered to plead the case for Father Luciano. He had read something about the monks in Europe and therefore thought he could assist the priest. The attorney re- minded the judge that in Europe in old times there lived men called Benedictines. He had read of them. They were accustomed to go about in just such a garb as Fr. Luciano wore, because that was their rule, and that therefore there was not sufficient — 470 — reason to consign tlie priest lo the luntilic asylum. This pleading seemed to liave made an impression on the worthy judge, for on putting the singularly blunt question to Father Luciar.o: "Are you crazy?" and rocaiving the reply: '-That is for yoar honor to de- cide,"' tlie reprosc-iitalivc of the majesty of the law smilingly let the i)riest g>) his ^va^ . (1) Rev. Luciano Osuna from July 1S70 until Novcn:- ber 1S79, presumably all over Lal^e and Mendocino countie.':', 1 aptizcd tC7 iciscr.s, of v. l(.m very fcv/ vere vhite. WiiEX "Father Luciano,'' by which name ho was l;nown, left St. Turibius, the Franciscan Fathers Bo- ]v<\ venture Fox and Ubaldo da Kietti of Santa Bar- l)ara atteiuled th9 missions in Lake County, from De- cember 1879 until December 1S80. The Rev. E. D. Geverno luul charge until Octo- bLU- 5th, 18S1, when the Fathers of the Holy Cross of South Bend, Indiana, accepted the naission. Fathers I auth and Kolopp, togetlier with Brother Cleinens, formed the little religious community from October 1881 until October Sth!^, 1882, when Rev. P. J. Rcis- doi'fer, S. M., succeeded them. Tie was seconded in his efforts for the Indians by tlie Rev. William Dem- pflin, "Father William", as the Indians familiarly called him, a Dominican from Benicia, California, These two priests from October 1S82 until March 1883 baptized 271 Indians. Aeout this time the Most Rev. J. S. Alemany, O. P., Archbishop of San Fra: else ), petitioned the So- ciety for the Propagation of tlie Faith to take charge of Mission St. Turibius. The request was granted, and Revds C. de Romanis and A. Petinelli of the same Society, arrived in October 1883. From U1 Tho writer had this storj' frcm tho lawyer himself. I rorrct my inabi- lity to recall his namo, for it shoald bo porpotuatod. Whether Fr. Lucia- no was a member of a religious Order, or not, I could not ascertain. — 471 — Indian Sweathouse. — 472 — March of that year till their arrival the Kev. Wil. liam Brsnaii attended to tho spiritual wants of the people. Fatiiehs do Ronianis and Petinelli remained until Augupt ]887. During these years Fr. AVilliam Denip- llin, 0. P., visited the n:i.^;iciis amcng the Indians and baptized 232 of them. In August 1887 the Franciscan Fathers took charge at tho request of Most Rev. P. Riordan, Archbishop of San Francisco. Fr. h'tani laus Riemann, till then at Indianapolis, Ind., and Fr. Victor Aertker of San Francisco, together with Brothers Erasmus Beier and Nicolaus Uhrmacher, arrived on August 20th. They found a small dwelling and a little church used also for a school. The whole was surrounded by a large farm, in one corner of which ihere was the ranche- ria of Digger Indians (2) composed of about 100 souls. It may interest the reader to know something of a peculiar institution, which is found in every settle- ment of pagan Indians in northern California. This is the tcmescal (3) or sweathouse. It is usually built near a stream and consists of a hole dug in the ground, roofed over with heavy timber and earth in such a manner as to render it almost air-tight. En- trance is made through a small hole on one side. There is another hole in the top of the structure, di- rectly over the (ire-place, which ail'ords free passage (2) Diggers is the name applied indiscriminately to the Indians of northern and middle California, and is probably derived from dipjjins roots. Their main reliance is on acorns, roots, prass-seeds, berries and the like. Those are eaten both r iw and prepared. The acorns are shelled, dried in tlie sun, and then pounded into a powder with large stones. From tliis flour a species of co:irse bread is made, which is sometimes flavored with various kinds of berries or herbs." Bancroft Hist. Nat, Races, I, 373. (3} "Temescal is an Aztec word meaning "Camilla como estufa, adonde se bafian y sudan." The word was brought to this region and applied to the native sweathouses by the FrancifeCftn Fathers." Turner, Pacific R. R. Rep. Ill, 72. - 473 - to the smoke. The fire is started in the centre of tlie temescal ; the Indian men, absolutely naked, crawl into the small hole below, and lie or squat around the fire until a state of profuse perspiration sets in, when they rush out and plunjre into Hie water. The writer saw no women or children taking part. Nor does the custom continue when the Indians liave been baptized. Tluis it is that at every Indian str- tion visited by the Fathers tlie sweathouse is found in ruin?. As the mission had to support itself, farming and stock raising became an imi:ortant part of the work assigned to tln^ community. A lay-teacher was em- ployed to conduct the school for twenty Indian chil- dren. The Fathers with government aid later on ar- ranged suitable quarters to keep the little ones from the baneful inlhxr.ce cf their equalid homes, and placed a lay-brother at the head of the establishment which continues to this day. The missions in Lake County still attended by the Fathers are : St. Turibius, Lakeport, Kelsey ville, and Lower Lake, at which places there are small churches. Middlolown in later years has been added to the list, but Holy Mass is said there in a private house. Except St. Turibius, thefc stations or white settlements. MoiiEovER the Fathers occasionally visit the Indian rancherias of Sulphur Banks, Upper Lake, Hastings, Scott's Valley, Coyote Valley, and Cash Creek. Mendocino County, east of the Coast Range Mount- ains, was also attended from St. Turibius until Janu- ary 20th, 189.3. This was an immense district of which Ukiah was the central point. Besides Ukiah 42 miles from St. Turibius, which the Father in charge reached by means of a private conveyance, a ranche- ria of Digger Indians called Ukiahs, 7 miles south of the county seat, was attended. Here Fr. Victor aided by the Most Kev, Archbishop erected a small church — ITi — Mission St. Turlbius. — 4To -^ upon a lofty eminence overlookinj; the valley. A day echool wns opened there by the >vriter in 1889, the government payinii; for luition. JScven miles ?outh of tills rancherii, near Hopland, was anotlier rnnclieiia of Dig'ger Iiuliaiis who ^^ent hy liie name of Sanel. Ilerc v.a:-; a rniall cl.r.r^'l! which was likewise r.scd as a school and conducted 1 y a fc^male teaclier under government conlrac':. The building; was cnlarj^ed early in 1890. At Hopland Holy Mass was cekbia'.ed in a i)riva1o ln)U33, or i:i tlio dis'r'c'; s:!i'jo1 huildin;;--, for the white settlers. The settlors in Anderson Valley were also visited occasionally and Holy Mass said in a private house. l.ATi: in 188'.) a small buildinii' was crtcled at a ranc!:ciia of Iiuliaiis aljout one mile north of Tkiah, just in front of the Catholic cemetery, with a view of instructing and gainirii; the Indians who were all pa- gans. The Arciibishop had kindly furnished ^?^00 for that jAirpose. Yah north., too, in Round Valley, the whites and Indians claimed tlie attention of the Fathers, so that o 1J3 the writcL- wa? calfj.l to administer the sacra- ments to a dying woman, eighty miles from Ukiah. The trip lasted four days, as the roads were washed out. Fr,. Victor's hcaltli Ijcgan to decline under the havdfhips, and he was recalled to St. Louis on Sep- tember 28th, ISSS to be succeeded by Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt. For a year and a half the latter held the charge, when the Very Ivev. Fr. Ferdinand Bergmei- er, then provincial, accompanied him on the trip from St. Turibius to L'kiah across the mountains. There- upon, January 20th, ISiJO, he Avas stationed at San Francisco, whence ho could reach the Mendocino County missions by rail. This was a great relief; however, the Mendocino County missions were sur- — 476 — rendcied to the Most Rev. Archbishop of San Fran- cisco in January 1893. Fr. Gregory Knepper took Fr. Zaphyrin's place at St. Turibius on January 18th, 1890, and remained un- til Auj^ust 17th, 1891, when he changed places with Fr. Placidus Krekeler of San Francisco. On Jatmary lOih, 1893, Fr. James Nolte of San Francisco was ap- pointed superior in place of Fr. Stanislaus Riemann, who was transferred to Los Angeles. At the same time Fr. Maximilian Klein of St. Louis took the place of Fr. Placidus, Avho went to Bayfield, Wisconsin. In the following year, November 2()th, Fr. Maximi- lian succeeded Fr. James who had been assigned to St. Bonifce', at San Francisco. Fr. Athanasius Goette of San Francisco was made assistant and arrived on November 20th, but on account of ill-health he was returned to San Francisco on January 1st, 1895. His X)lace was tilled by Fr. Gregory who arrived from San Francisco on January 2d. On April 1st, 1897, Fr. Gregory was appointed su- perior, whilst Fr. Maximilian was put in charge of the residence and parish at Fruitvale, California ; Fr. Vitalis Feldman of San Francisco became assistant. Dup.iNG all these years the following lay-brothers were at St. Turibius: Erasmus Beier, Nicolaus Uhr- macher, Leo Buerger, Leander Genoch, Bernard Jurezyk, Arnold Wilms, Irena?us Kraus who is in charge of the school, Pacificus Wojciechowski, Hip- polytus Degenhardt, and Placidus Dehm, who has la- bored in the barn and on the farm from the appear- ance of the Fathers until now. At present there are 80 Catholic Indians at St. Tu- ribius ; 75 at Sulpiuir Banks ; 30 at Cash Creek ; 20 in Coyote Valley; 25 in Scott's Valley; and 20 at llpperlake. The mission records, from July 1870 to June 1897, contain the following items : Baptisms, 1,500, of - 477 - which 1,201 whole those of Indians; marviagcs, 2-15, of whicli 200 were Indian ; ftnd defttha from Decern, her ISbl to June 1S07 numbered 75, of wliidi OO were ladiun. There are no records of den Ilia before the Ijeriod beginning with 1881. PRUITVALS. St. ELisahetK's. Fr. Seraphin Lanipe first held service for the G.ir- nians of Oakland and vicinity on August 14tli, 1892, in ''Father King's Hall", corner of Grove and Sev- enth Streets, Oakland, rnd thereafter every Sunday and Holyday of Obligation down to October 22d, 1893, when St. Elisabeth's church was dedicated by the Most Kev. Archbishop of San Francisco. Several Dominican and Jesuit Fathers, Rev. Fr. King, to- gether with Fathers Clementin, Seraphin, and Atha- nasius assisted on this occasion. All the German-speaking Catholics of Oakland, Fruitvale, Alameda, and Berkeley are supposed to be members of this congregation. A school was soon o- pened and given in charge of the Sisters of St. Dominic. The average attendance at present is one hundred. The first pastor was Fr. ' eraphin Lauipe; he v.r.s assisted bv Fr. Stanislaus Kijuumti. T'k^s.^ togetii- — 47S Very Txt. Kilian Schlcs3Sor. - 470 - er >vith Brother; Nicolaus, luijenc Obert, and Vic- torin Tillman, lonned the community. Lv January 180-1 Fr. Stanislaus was transferred to Los Angeles, when Fr. Kilinn Schlocsscr of Santa Barbara was assigned to Fruitvale. From December loth, 189a, to February 15th, 189-i, Fr. Provincial Michael Richardt held the canonical visitation in Ca- lifornia, and also visited Fruitvale. Fr. Kilian was absent at Santa Barbara from August 1st, 1891, until September 11th. Fr. Michael again visited California fro.n January 11th to March {id, 1895, and arrived at St. Elisabeth's on January 19th. On December 31st, 1895, Fr. Mi- chsel once more held the visitation at Fruitvale, hav- ing just arrived from Tucson, where he had conferred with Bishop Bourgade concerning the acceptance of a parish at Phoenix, Arizona. The parish was accepted, and Fr. Seraphin of Fruitvale appointed rector and superior of the new missicn on January 10th, 189G. His place was filled by Fr. Gerard Becher of Santa Barbara. On September 80th, 189G, Fr. Gerard suffered a stroke of paralysis which disabled him for parish work. He was transferred to St. Anthony's convent, San Francisco, and replaced by Fr. Soraphin of Phoe- nix for a short time only ; for early in 1897 he was appointed rector of the orphanage at Pajaro in place of Fr. James Nolte. Fr. Maximilian Klein of St. Tu- ribius became superior at St. Elisabeth's. Vr. Kilian succeeded Fr. Clementin as commissary of the west ern houses, but remained at Fruitvale. — 4S0 — Sb. Elisabsth's Churci an:l ConTont. — 481 SAN FEAKCIECO. Si. Antfionys. Army Street. On July 23d, 1803, it vras oITicially announced in St Boniface' church, that a second German parish Avould be organized in San Francisco with the apijroval of the Most Rev. Archbisliop and the consent of the Very Eev. Fr. Provinciah The territory comprised was to be the southern part of the city known as "The Mission." Twentietli Street was to be the northern boundary. The patron saint, suggested by the Most Rev. Archbishop himself, was to be St. An- thony of Padua. A lot was purchased on Army and Folsom Streets, and there church, school, and convent of St. An- thony arose in the course of time. Meanv/hile a store-room was rented on Mission Street, and the first Holy Mass said there on November 5th, 1893. Fr. Cletus of St. Boniface' was selected to attend to the incipient congregation temporarily. On July 15th, 1801, the school was blessed l)y the Most Rev. Archbishop, and opened with 52 pupils in charge of the Dominican Sisters on July 18th. The average number of children at the present time is 176. The corner-stone for the new church was laid on August 12th, 3804, by the Rev. P. Yorke, chan- cellor of the archdiocese, as the Most Rev. Archbish- op was absent. — 483 — The builfling, a line edifice 138 ft. long, was at last dedicated by Moat Rev. Patrick Riordaii on Sunday March 10th, 1805. His Grace preached tlie En-lish sermon, and Rev. Father Miller, S. J., of San Jose addressed the nuillitude in German. The church is well furnislied with vesiments, bells, statues, stations, etc., and the music at divine service is strictly ac- cording to the regulations of Mother Church, as is be- coming to loyal sons of St. Francis. There are several societies connected with the church. The Altar Society began Avith the organiza- tion of the parish under Fr. Cletus on November .5t]i, 1893. In the course of timelhe Young Ladies' Sodali- ty, the Third Order of St. Francis, and St. Joseph's Benevolent Society followed. From June 17th, 189-i, to January 1st, 1897, there occurred 19-1 baptisms, twenty marriages, and 58 buri- als. It is thought that about 1,500 souls belong to St. Anthony's parish at the present time. There are more than 4,000 Holy Communions during the year. Down to the summer of 1895 the Fathers had oc- cupied a little cottage. Ground was l)roken for a new and more suitable residence on June 5th, and the new structure was blessed on August 2d by Fr. Kilian Schloesser. The first pastor appointed to St. Anthony's in 1893 was Fr. Leo Bruener, at the same time rector and superior at St. Boniface'. Fr. Cletus was made as- sistant and moved into a little cottage, west of the schoolbuilding, with Bro. Nicliolaus, at the end of July 1894. At the provincial chapter, held in St. Louis during August of that year, Fr. Leo was transferred to St. Anthony's as its first resident rector. On Novem- ber 13th, however, Fr. Cletus went to Minnesota and Fr. Quirinus Stuecker took his place. On No- vember 12th, 1895, Fr. Aloysius Wiewers came from — 484 — Santa Bnrbara nnd remained nntil May 2'Jd of the following year, to undergo niculcul treatment for his eyes. Besides, brothers Nicholaus, Leander, Dorotheua, Loo, and Philip aaaisted th3 Fathers of St. Autho- nv's at dillerent times. LOS ANGELES. St. Josep.Vs. The Franciscans -were called to Los Angeles in Oc- tober 1893 by the Rt. Rev. Francis Mora, Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles. They were given charge of St. Josei)h's parish, which had been organized for the German-speaking Catholics by the Rev. Flor. Bartsch in 1888. The Fathers were not wholly strangers to the place; for as early as August 2d, 1769, the Francis- cans Juan Crespi and Francisco Gomez crossed the north branch of the San Gabriel River, which they called Rio Porciuncula, where Los Angeles now stands. From the Franciscan feast of the day the place was named Nuestra Sefiora de los Angeles (Our Lady of the Angeles) ; hence the name Los Angeles. However, the town of Los Angeles was not founded until 1782 by order of Governor Neve. (1) As the neighboring mission of San Gabriel had been established long before that date, and as there (1) Bancroft I, 140-143; 340; 314: 318; 460; Lifo of Fr. Junlporo Sorra, 35. — -185 — ^v^r^ nono but Franciscans in tli3 country for many years later, the spiritual care of Los Angeles fell to these Fathers. It is not clear ^^ hen tjiey said the first Mass there. Bancroft (2) says: "In 1811 au- thority was obtained for the erection of a new pue- blo chapel by the citizens, and the cornerstone was laid and blessed in August 3814 by Fr. Gil y Ta boa- da of San Gabriel, with the permission of Fr. Presi- dent Senan.'' I'eyoxd laying the foundation no progress was made before 1818, since in January of that year Sola or- dered that the site be clumgcd in favor of a higher one near the comisionado's house. At this time the citizens had subscribed five hundred cattle for the enterprize, but Sola feared that sufficient funds could not be realized by selling the cattle, and therefore proposed to take them and include the cost of the chapel in the next year's estiniate. In 1819 Fr. Prefect Payeras, through an appeal to the Fathers, obtained goods for the building fund worth five-hundred and seventy-five dollars. This sum with earlier contributions was expended on the church, and the walls were raised to the window arches before 1823. Neophytes from San Gabriel and San Louis Rey did the work at one real a day. Nor is it certain whether the cornerstone was laid on the 15th or the 19th of August. Meanwhile the matter of chapel service was still an open question. The Fathers of San Gabriel an- nounced their inability of attending to the spirit- ual welfare of the pueblo and ranchos. Fr. Senan pre- sented the matter in a strong light to the governor, who in his report of 1818 made an appeal to the viceroy in behalf of the veterans of the king's ser- vice, who had gone to spend their declining years at Los Angeles, and oi ght not to be deprived of spirit- (2) Bancroft H, 351. ^ 48G — ual care. Yet the Angelinos obtained no chaplain. The puel)lo church was at last finished, perhaps in 1822 or 1823, but certtiiuly not iu 1S21 as lias been represented. In tlie aulumn of 1821 Avork had been for sometime suspended. Tlie funds had been exhaust- ed, and $2,000 were needed. In this emerjiency Fr. Payeras made a new and most earnest appeal to the d.lTercnt missions to contribute cattle, laborers, any- thing, for tlie completion of the edifice as a monu- ment of missionary zeal in tlie cause of God and St. Francis. The Fathers seem to have responded liberally. The governor contributed his mite, and even .the cit- izens of Los Angeles seem to have taken a little in- terest in t]\2 matter, so that the church was complet- ed as planned, and was formally dedicated on De- cember 8th, 1822. In the beginning of 1821 the municipal authorities sent a petition to the Fr. Prefect that Fr. Gil y Ta- boada be sent as pastor to Los Angeles; but Fr. Pay- eras replied that the ill-health of Fr. Gil would rend- er it impossible. (3) Tuus it is plain that by accepting St. Joseph's pa- rish, Los Angeles, the Franciscans were simply re- turning to an old field cultivated by their brethren eighty and more years before. The following Franciscan Fathers have since been stationed at Los Angeles : A^ictor Aertker, superior, from October 1803; Cornelius Schoenwa?lder from October 1893 to July 31st, 1801; Stanislaus Riemann from January IS!)! to September 3d, 1891:; Quirinus Stuecker from September 4th, 189-1, to November 9th 1891; Athanasins Goette from September 20th, 1894 to November 9th, 1891; Aloysius Wiewers from No- vember 14th, 1894, to December 1895; James NoUo from November 22d, 1894, to August 4th, 189G; and Philibert Haase from July 1896. Brotliers Firmus, (B) Buucroft II, 56I-riG2. Leo, Heribert, Kilian, Philip, and Ansgar, were also stationed at Los Angeles at various times. On the arrival of the Fathers fifty-two children at- tended tlie school. The avcrnge 'attendance now is a- buut 200; the Sisters of 8t, Dominic conduct the school. The school building was enlarged in 1895. Meanwhile in 1894 the church and residence were enlarged. Whilst tliis took place a sacrilegious wretch l)roke into the building, and set fire to the taberna- cle. Part of the main altar was destroyed and the church damaged to the extent of $400. — 4SS — The parish is composetl of about 150 German fami- lies. The number of baptisms from October Gtli 1898, to April 20th, 1897, was one liundred and ninety-six. There are about 8,000 Holy Communions per annum. The Third Order of St. Francis Avas introduced, and now counts 250 Oermaii, kSpanish, and English- speaking members. A new church building is contem- plated, for which purpose a building association Avas formed in February 18D7. Fr. Servatius Altmicks died liere on August 23d, ISOH, while on his way from Santa Barbara to Memphis, Tenn. (BiiPF^E^ mil S^CllALIElTTO. St. Francis'. At the provincial cliaptcr held in St. Louis, Mo., on August 22d, 1894, it was decided to grant the pe- tition of Rt. K^v. Bishop ]\[onogue of Sacramen- to, and to found a mission at the capital of Califor- nia. Accordingly Fr. Augustin McClory, till then at Cleveland, Ohio, was ordered to organize a parish, lie arrived at Sacramento on October, 16th 1891, and began his work as assistant priest of the Cathedral. On Oct. 27th, 1894, the Rt. Rev. Bishop Monogue fixed the limits of the new parish as follows: Westehn boundary, ISth Street; eastern boundary, 80th street, witli permission to attend the Catholics four or five miles beyond this line, until such time as the Rt. Rev. Bishop might deem it advisable to order otherwise; northern boundary, the river or city lim- 48d 1^ .4 ':s3 v^ St. Trancis' Churcli and School, Sacramento. — 400 — its; southern boundary, three miles north of Freeport until ordered otherwise. After careful deliberation, warmly supported by the bishop and Fr. Clementin Deymann, a site was a- greed upji which wa^ the half block on K Street, between 25th and 20th streets, 320 feet long and IGO feet wide. The price paid for tlie lot was $7,000, A house occupied part of the plat, and this was soon converted into a chapel and residence. On January 11th, 1895, Fr. Provincial Michael, accompanied by Brothers Adrian and Wendelin, arrived at Sacramen- to, and on the same day the Fathers and Brothers took up their abode in the little cottaj^e. Union Hall on 20th and O Streets was rented, and on Sunday January 20th, 1S95, it was used for the first time for divine worship. BeotiiePv Adrian now drew the plans for a church and convent, and the contract was let at a cost of $0,126 on February 5th, 1805. Ground was broken on the 7th. The church is a frame structure J34x82 feet, with a cross extension on either side 12x24 feet. Mass was celebrated in the new church for the first time on Palm Sunday April 7th, ISCS. The church was blessed on April 2Sth, 1890, by the ad- ministrator of the diocese, Very Th. Rev. Grace, now bishop of the diocese. Bishop Mouogue having died. The new residence was built at the same time, and occupied on May Sd, 1896. It is a two story frame building, 84x50 feet, with a one story addition in the rear for kitchen and dining room. The school, which is a frame building containing four large class rooms, was erected in the fall of 1895, and opened on November 5th, 1895. Fr. Augustin, the first superior, was transferred to San Francisco on July 29th, 1806 and Fr. Titus Hug- ger appointed in his place. Fr. Pius Nierman, who had come to Sacramento as assistant when the residence was ready, staid one year, and was then removed to — 401 — San Francisco. He returned to Sacramento in July 1890, when Fr. Titus, wlio had succeeded him, be- came superior. Brothers Wendelin Ilottinger, Lean- der Genoch, Flavius Czech, Eugene Obcrt, and Leo Buerger were tlie other members of the community during these years. GI^pPTSn IX. PHCENIX. iSV. Mary's. Aftee repeated and urgent requests on the part of Rt. Rov. Bishop Bourgade, Yicar Apostolic of Arizo- na, the only Catholic congregation in this city was at last accepted by the Very Rev, Fr. Provincial Mich- ael Richardt towards the close of 1S95. Fr. Seraphin Lampe of Fruitvale California was appointed super- ior and rector. He arrived with Fr. Jos6 Godiol of Pdjaro, California, in January 180(5. A few weeks af- ter Fr. Novatus Benzing of St. Louis arrived togeth- er with Brothers Ildelons and Robert. The congregation, a mixed one of Mexicans and English speaking Catholics, was in a poor condition materially and spiritually, but the Fathers went to work with a will and succeeded in bringing a little life into the people. As neither church nor dwelling answered the pur- poses, it was resolved to renovate the old adobe church for the Mexicans, and to erect a new church for the English speaking members, and also to build a brick convent. It is under way now. The old church through Brothers Adrian, Ildefons, and Eugene - 492 — has assumed a quite dilTerent and tr.ore agreeable appearance inside and outside. The ceiling is vaulted, and two new side altars and other improvements were introduced. Fr. Seraphin was removed to Pajaro in July 1896, and Fr. Kova- tus made superior. Fr. Sevrin from St. Louis also was stationed here and arrived August 8th, 1600, in place of Fr. Jose Godiol, who was returned to Cali- fornia on account of ill-health. Fr. Alban was as- signed to Phoenix. To arouse the religious spirit the Fatliers labored hard, and inviled two Paulist priests from San Francisco, Revds Clark and Doherty, to conduct missions for the people. Thus a mission was preached to non-Catholics at the opera-house from January 17-20, and another for Cath(>lics at the church from the 24-;>l, which both did much good. At Tempe, a Mexican station, 9 miles from Phoe- nix, which is visited twice a month, one Paulist held a mission for non-Catholics lasting four days. Other places visited by the Franciscans at irregular intervals are Fort Dov/ell, Mesa, Wickenburg, Santo Domingo, Boquai, and Gila-Bend. The bishop also gave the Fathers charge of all the Indians in Maricopa County. These Indians are dis- tributed over three reservations near Phoenix, Tempe, and Gila Bend, but their condition morally and relig- iously is in a sad way. They are Pimas, Papagos, aiul Maricopas, more or less mixed. These tribes have been visited by the Franciscans centuries be- fore, so that here, too, the Fathers are not strangers. Nothing permanent could so far be accomplished. The future may be more successful with the help of charitable people. (1) H) Vide "Franciscans in Arizona." — 4oa - LIST OP rilANCISOANS WHO DIED IN CALIFORNIA FROM 17C9 TO 1897. D ito. Nano. 1775. Lu's Jayme, 1783, Juia Crespi, 1781. Juan Figuer, 1781. Jose Antonio ds Murguia, 1781. Juui'peio Scrra, 1789. Josi§ Cavalier, 1793. Antonio ratornn, 1707. Julian Lopez, 1800, Juan Mariner, 1800- Vincente Fuster, 1801. Francisco Pujol. 180.3. Fran. Mig. Sanchez, 1?03. Fjrailn Fr. Lisa^n, 1801. Antonio Cruzado, 180G. Vincente Santa Maria, 1807. Nicolas Lazaro, 1808. Buenaneutura Sltjar, 1808. Andrds Dulanto, 1810. Marcclino Ciprts 1811. Francisco Dunietz, 1812. Pedro Panto, 1812. Juan Andrt's Quintana, 1812. Jose Antonio Urrcsti. 1813. Jose (le Miguel, 1811. Jcs^ Antonio Calzada, 1816. Martin de Landaeta, 181S. Florencio II anez, 1821. Joaquin Pas'. Nucz, 1821. Juan Ullibarri, 1323. Jos^ Fraacisco, Eeliai, 1823. Mariano Pa vera?, 1821. Antonio Rodriguez, 1824. Juan Martin, 1825. Estevan Tapi?, 1829. Antonio Jaime. 18.30. Magin Catald, 1830. Juan Bautista Sancho, 1831. Gerdmino Bns-n.na, 1831. Francisco Cufier, Mission. Tuge. San Diego, 224. San Carlos, 87. San Diego, 233. Sant I Clara, 327-328. San Carlos, ica-iou. San Luis Obispo. 283. Santa Barbara. 351. San Ciirlos 253. San Diego. 235-236. S: n Juan Capistra no, 316. San Antonio. 219. San Gabriel 270. San Carles, 131-135. San Gabriel, 270. San Buenaventura 341. San Diego, 412, 411. San Antonio, 2G2. San Juan Bautista, 4C0. San Luis Obispo, 285. San Gabriel, 272. San Diego, 239. Santa Cruz, 375. San Fernando 411. San Gabriel, 272. Santa In('z. 434. San Fernando, 412-114. La Soledad, 382-383. San Gabriel, 273. San Fernando, 415. San Buenaventura , 312-13. Purisiraa Concepcion, 366. Purisima Concepcion, 366. San Miguel, 406-407. San Juan Bautista, 402. Santa Barbara, 357. Santa Clara, 331-^32. San Antonio, 263. San Gabriel, 273-74. San Buenaventura, 344. — 49-1 - '^ 1831. Jos6 Brtrona. S.ln Juan Cdpistrano, 321. 1833. Jos'' Bern Sanchez. SaQ Gabriel, 275. 1833. Luis Gil y Taboada, San Luis Obispo, 287. 183i. Francisco Javier Urfa, San Buenaventura , 314. 1835. Vincente Fr. Sarrla, La Soledad, 385. 193.3. Pedro Cabot, San Fernando, 410. 1836. Miircos de Victoria, Santa In6, :Jo7. Amole, 297. Am->rrts. Fr. Juan, 141. 150, 173, 219. 441 443. Amurrio, Fr . G-egorio, 20. 21. 31, .33. 68. 71, 75, 220, 228, 232, 314. 315. 316. Andrade, Jose, 205, Ano Nuevo, s'^e Point. Anderson Vallev, 475. Angel Isl.and, 77, 78, 290. Angelus, 21.5-216. Ansaines, 398.399. Antonio, Don Jos', 187. Anxietv at San Diego, 52. Anza, 'Capt. 74, 79. 1.38. 227, 228, 2G9, 282, 283, 290-292, 294. Anzar, Fr. Juan, 190. 197, 198, 252. 379. 402, 403, 424. Apology, 123. Apostolic College, 200. Apuoquele, 2.37. Apaches. 414. Arabia, Fr. Nicoh's de, 1. Aranzazu, ship, 371. Aranjuez, 441. Arbondio. Fr. 361, 458. Arenas, 3.34. Arenaza, Fr. Pascual, 116, 120, 247. Arevalo, Fr. Manuel, 89. Arguollo, 125, 1.38, 156, 157, 242, 380, 441. 447. 448. Arguello. Rpv Jcs^. 341. Argument of Fr. Guardian, 90, 161. Arizona. Franciscans in, 90, 92, 114, 1.38, 211, 461, 492. Armona. Matias de, 17, 24, GO. Arnaz, Jos;'', 345. Arrellano. Fr. see Ramirez. Arrest of Fr. Sarria, 157-158. Arrest of Fr. Luciano, 469-470. Arrest of Fr. Martinez, 159-160. Arricivita, 81, 106. Arriguibar, Fr. P., 20, 21. 26, 30. Arriilaga, Jos6 de, 116, 132, 136, 238, 318, 382. •- 4CG Arrorta, Fr. Jcb'., IIG, 120, '^17, 363, cC!. Arroyo, Fr. rco Cupsta. Arroyo Snn Junn Enutictn, C3. Arroyo del Turro, ,^53. Arroyo de L'ma, M7. Arroyo PodrrpoHO, 353. Arroyo d*^ P' dro Repalndo, 373. Arroyo, de San Fnincisfn. £91 . Arroyo, de Irs Dolorej, 291. Arroyo, Jos^, 224. Arsenal, collertion for thr, 154, Artega, Don Nicohis, 168. Asuncion. 40. 44, 3o7 Asylum, Church, 129, ^fS. Arriviil of tip first bishop, 187. Atok, 215, :97. AtafTuama Mountains, 415. Avila, Francisco, 414. Avila. J' so. 19J. Audiencia, 80. 83. Autobicfrraj hies, 148. Ayaln, 77, £90; AyuntaraieEtos, 158, 164. Aznar, Fr. Antonio, 69. Arizpc, 110. Eachelot, Ecv. Jean, 171. 275. Barzn, Rev. J. Antonio, 12. IS. Balda, Fr. Francisco de. 1, 2. BallcstPrcs. Corp. .S07. .^98. Bancroft, II. XL. 8, 22. 28, 47, 66, 81. 81-86. 92. lCC-109, 123, 128, 1.30, 135, 136, 1.39, 142, 143, 154, lOr, 163, 169, 181, 289, .322, 333, 387, 405. 458. Bancrofts ij^noiancc, 322. Bancroft's an'm sity towards Fr. Sorra. 84-86. Bancrolfs lame excuse for Gov. Neve. 91. Banditii's, history, 279. Banishment of F. Martlnoz, 286. Banner of Our Lady, 267. Baptism frustrated. 41. Baptisms, first in Ui)pcr Califor- nia, 43. Baptisms, Fathers not hnstv.72. Barcenilla, Fr. Is:dor, 120, 141, 270, .309, 390. Barona, Fr. Jose, 120, 150, 236, 238 239, 319, 321. 422. Barri's animosity, 22, Barri, Gov. 23, 24 20, 27, 234. Barry, Brother. 202. Bartlett, John Russel, 277. Basterru, Fr. Dion. 5, 7, 18, 31. Bay of San Francisco, 49, 76, 77, £80, 290. Bay, Trinity, 77. Bcavido, Fr. Mntoo, 89. Bear Valley. C3. Lecher, Fr. Gerard, £03, 207, 464, 465, 479. Beier, Bro. Erasmus, 472, 476. Benicia. 4-70. Bernardino, Mrst, Eev. Superi- or General. 458, 459, 461. Berkeley, 477. Ber^'mfier, Fr. Ferdinand, 202, 204. £06, 458, 475. BiiT Vallev, 155. Bigct-y, 8". Biograi liical sketches of— Abelb, Fr. Ramon. .368. Amestoy, ,, Marcos, 357. Amor(^s, ,, Juan, 443. Amur'o, ,, Gregorio, 316. Altimira, ,, Jos6 343. / Itmicks, ,, Servatius, 207-208. 'Anzar, ,, Antonio. 403. Arenaza, ,, Fascual, 247-248. Arroitp, ,, Jcs6 304. Barcenilla,,, Isidoro. 270. Baron a, ,, Jcse. 321. Bergmeier, ,, Fojdinand. 207. Boscana, ,, Gen'ii'ir o, 273. Cabot, ,, Juan, 'IdO. Cabot. ,, Pedro. 416. Calz-;da, ., Antonio, 434. Cambon, „ Pedro BcTiito, .301. Carnicer, ,, Baltasar, 2 J 9. Carranza, ,, Domingo. 420. Catala, „ Magin. .331-332. Cavalier, „ Jcse, 283. CVdina, ,, Jr se, 461. Cipres, ,, Marceh'no, 2S5 86 Cort's, ,, Juan, Lf.pe, 354. Crespi. ,, Juan 87. Cruzado, ., Antonio, £70. Cuesta, ,, Arroyo 435-436. Cueva, ,, Pedro. 391. Dantf, ,, Antonio, 302. Dpymann, ,, Clementin. 463. Dulanto, ,, Andres, 400. Dumetz, ., Francisco, 272. Diego, Bishop Garcia, 198. Duran, Fr. Narciso. 198-199. Espf, ,, Jos6, .'.05. EstCmega, ,, Tomds El. 277. Estevan, ,, Pedro de 270. Faura. „ Jcse. 319. Figucr, ,, Juan, 233. — 497 ~ Pernandcz, Fernandez, Pernandez, Fortuni, JFuster, , Garcia, Garcia, Gil y Tab. Giribet, Gonzal'^z, Gutierrez, , Gutierrez, , Horra, , Ibafif^z, Ibarra, Itiirrato, Jaime, Jimono, Jimeno, Landaeta, Xcxsuen, , Lazaro, , Lopez, Lopez, , Lopez, , Mariner, , Marquinez,, Martin, , Martin, , Martiarena, Martinez, Martinez, JMerelo, , -Miguel, , Moreno, , Moreno, Mugdrtegui Mufioz, Murgui'a, Muro, Noboa, Noriega, Nuez, Oliva, OibSs, Ordaz, , Ordmas, Palou. Panto, Paterna, Payeras, Pena, Teyri, , Puers, IPieras, Pujol, Fr. Jose Maria, 3C6 „ Gregorio, 364. „ Manuel, 374-375. ,, Buenavent.. .'J44, , Vincente, 316-17. „ Diego, 305. „ Jos^, 420. ,, Luis, 287. „ Miguel, 284. ,, S3e Rubio, „ Jos:' d\ 393. , Romualdo, 4^3. ,, Concepcion, 4(;5. „ Florencio, .382. ,, Francisco, 427. ,, Domingo, 400. ,, Antonio, .357. „ Antonio 201-201:. „ 200-201, 456. 414. Ic4. 414. 400. 374. Martin Ferinn Nicolas Jacinto, Baldomero Julian, 25L\ Juan, 2.3G. Marcelino, 377. Juan, 407. ,. Fernando, 241. ., Jose Manuel, 400. ,, Luis, 288. ,, Adriano, 406. , Lorenzo, 263. „ Jose de, 272. . Rafael, .3.33. , Juan, 4.37. „ Pablo, .316. „ Pedro, 414-415. „ Jos^ A. 327-328. „ Miguel, 396. „ Diego, .328. ,, Matias, 247. ,. Joaquin, 273. „ Vincente, .322. „ Rr\m in. .377. „ Bias. 277. ,, Crist6bal. 270. ,, Francisco, 299. ,, Jose Pedro, 239 ,, Antonio, 351. ,, Mariano, .366-67. ., Tom.4s, .328.329. ,, Antonio, 424. „ Eugene, 487. „ Miguel, 262. ,, Francisco, 249. Quijas, Fr. Lorenzo, 396. Quintana, ,, Andr^-s. 375. Real, „ Jose, a3;i-354. Riemaa, ,, Gasbriel, 468. Rioboo, ,, Juan Ant.. 234. Ripoll, „ Antonio, ;i57. Rodriguez, ,, Antonio, .366. Rubi, „ Mariano, .381. Rubio, „ Gonza., '?!02A^». Sala'.ar, „ Alonso Isi., 374. Saenz, ,. Juan, .3u9. Sanchez. ,, Francisco, 270. Sanchez, ., Jos;'; Ber.. 275. Smchez. ., Fran.. .362, 4r:q. Sancho, ,, Juan Bau., 263. Suitiag.), ., Juan Jose, iiia. Santa Maria,, Vinc-nte. 3ii. Sarria, „ Vincente, .385. ,, J OS J, 34z-3i.>. „ Junip., 103-105. ., Buenavent., 232. ,, Francisco, 314. „ Estevan, 402-03. ,, Hiiario, 236. ,, Francisco, 415. ,, Franc'sco. .344 „ Jose A. 414. ,, Jose A. ill. „ Jos^, 3.32-.3.33. ,, Marcf s. 4.35. ., JnSH, 249. „ Jose, Ma., 428. 148-149. S-'iuin, S-rra, Sitjar, Suner, Tapis, Torrens, Ullibari, Un'a, Urfa, Urresti, Viader, Victoria, Vifials, Zalvidea, Bestaid, J-r. Bishop of Sonora. 88, 128, 138, 145, 151, 164, 402. Bishop of Cal'fornia, 183, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193, 194, 1{«-, 198, .345. Bishop, second of California, 200. Blows to a mission.ary, 116., tiodega, Lieut. 77. Bodega, 441, 442. Boriea, Diego de, 116, 118. 119, 121-125, 132. 304, 305, 325, 389, 397, .399, 418. Borromeo, 294. Bosf-ana, Fr. Ger(^nimo, 141, 150, 239, 237. .321, .363, .364, 422. Botello, Narciso, 345. Bound'^"-y between Franciscan and Dominican missions, 33. Bourgjide. Rt. Rev., 491. Brief, Papal, 84. Branciiorte, 130, 116. Bur-areii, viceroy, 23, 25, C9, 79, 80, 82, 83, 324. 498 — Buildings, Mission, 73, 212, 306, 3U8-31U, 329, L'30, 350, 351, 352, 374. Bubal, 138. iiuehon. Bay, 382. Bourgade, Bishop, 479. Bulletin, San Francisco, 409. Brenan, Rev. Wm. 472. Brothers, first, 200. Brueuer, Fr. Leo, 467. Buerger, Bro. Leo, 476. Buriburi, .305., Oaballer, or Cavalier, Fr. Jose, 20, 61, 02, Go, 71, 116, 216, 281- 283, 432. Cabot, Fr. Juan, 111, 150, 159, 287, 309, 363, 382, 383, 406, 416. Cabot, Fr. Pedro, 263, 264, 415, 416, 427. Cadegomo. 7, 30. Cabrera, Agapito, 194. Cabrera, Buenc, 46, 47, 49, C6. Calabazas, 118. Calaveras, 140. California, Lower, 16, 14, 20, 22-25 38 87 Califor'ni'a,' Upper, 11. 13, 16, 17, 20. 33, 34, 38, 39, 43, 68, 71, 80. 102. C.-ilzaua, Fr. Antonio, 116, 120, 270, 317, 363, 4J33, 434. Camacho, Fr. Isidor, 193. Cambcn, Ir. Ftdro Benito, 20, 27, 32. 33, 61, 62, 66. 68, 119, 220, 228, 247, 266, £68, 290. 291, £93, 294, 296, 298, 301, 337. Campa v C( s, Fr. 5, 7, 16, 21, 27, 31-,34, 68, 76-78, £90, 305. Camulos Rancho, 414. Canada del Bavitismo, 43. CaiiaLia do Ics Osos, 45, 63, 281. Canada de Osuna, 240. Canada de los Olomijalies, 441. Cafiedo, Jose, 321, ,322. Canizares, 39, 100, 293, Cantua, Vincentc, 388. Cape San Lucas, 234. Carlos 227, 228. Caranco, Fr. Juan, 3. Carmelo or Carmen, 40, 215-246, 253, 254, 267, 294. Carmelo Bay, 50, 57, 65. Carmelo, Rio de, 46. Carmen, Alviso, 129. Carmelites, 2, 304. Carmen Island, 18. Carnicer, Fr. 120, 141, 248, 219, 381, 405, 406, Carriages, prohibited, 148, 153. Carrasco, Don Juan, 372. Carranza, Fr. 120, 141, 374, 376, 420. Carnadero rancheria, 399. Carpinteria 456, 458. Carquines Straits ,308. Carrillo, Carlos, 166. 168. Carrillo, Anastasio, ,35 i. Carrillo, Domingo, ,367. Carrillo, Jcaquin 437, 439. Cash Creek, 476. Cash Valley, 473. Cassanova, Rev. A. 248, 253, 254. Castaileda, ,334. Castro, Francisco, 157, 164, 446. Castro, Jos(? 263, 409. Castro, Tiburcio. 402. Catala, Fr. Magin, 119, 123. 124, 150, .329. 331, ,390, 398. 463. Catalan, Fr. Benito, 120, 262, Catholic missionaries, 218. Catholic Religion, 218. Caw Mounta ns, 155. Cayegues, 118, Celis, Eulcgio de, 417. Cemeterj'. 129. Cerralvo Island, 9, 20, 27. Cession of some m'sslons in the north, 144-145. Cession of Lower Colifornia, 23- 25, 67. Channel of Santa Barbara, 44, 66, 95, 160, ,3.37, ,%2. Chanlans. 75, 76, 1J5, 123, 129, 112. Chaclanes .302. Chapter. Intermediate, 204, 207, 209, 467. Chapter, provincial, 204, 206, 465, 467, 483, 488. Charles III. 9. Charges of Fr. Hcrra, 125, 126, 128. Chinigchinich, or writings of Fr. Boscana, 275. Choquet, Capt. 229, 230. Chocuay, 446. Christians in Upjer California, 102. Church property, 197, — 409 Church mnsio, 465. Churt'h Asvlum 129, 228. Chuttus^reliis, 380. Ciprea Fr. 120, 111, 219, 2G2-63, _2S5, 407, 43:J. Circulars of variona Fathora, 121, 14G-148, 151-153, 164, 173, 190. 209. Classical school, 211. C'lementin, Fr. seo Deymann. Clerics, 4.32. Clear Lake. 469. Cloverdalo. 1,55. Clement XIV, 80. Clemens, Brolher, 470 Cloth for In.lians, 17. Coast Ran^'e Mountains, 473. Goapau, 237. Codina, Fr. Franciaco, 200-202, 362, 459, 461. Colonial JTistory, 211. Co limn, 20., Coloi-ado Kivor, 75. 79, 87, 116, 133, 138, 271, 296, 338, 342, 348, Colorado disnster, 90, 92. College of San Fernardo, 3-5, 8. 23, 51, 61, 88. 106, 107, 114, 119, 122, 144, 145, 156, 173, -350, 135, 191, 193, 199, 200. CoUepo of Zacatecas, sec Zaca- tecns. College of Quer^'taro, sec Quc- r^taro. College of Jalisco, see Jalisco. College, Apostolic, £00. Collegians, 194. Commissary General, 105 148-149. Comisario, jirefecto, 145, 158. 171, 180, 181, 190, 198, 199, 201, 202, Commissary provincial, 211, 461, 463, 479. Commissariat of California, 211, 461. Commlssnry Department, 216. Complaints of Fr. Serra, 70. Complaints of Fr. Lasuen. 122. Complaints of Fr. Tarns, 136, Compia'nts of the Fathers, 115, Complaint of Fag(^s, 312. Comisionados, 162. 182, 218, 17:. Comondi'i. 7. .30, 329. Commentaries of Fr. Duron, 165-166. Conmiuulo SuiTragiorvn^ 458, Community of Santa Barbara, 202. Concepcion, ship, .5, 21, 27, 120, Concepcicm, L;iguna de la, 45. Concejjciou, Fr, do Ilorra soo Horra. Concordato funeral. 174. Confirmar. faculdad de. 80, 81, 86-87, 93, 95, 233, 200, 269, 283, 298. Confirmation, sacrament of, 81, 86, 93, .326. Confirmation prohibited, 83. Congress, Mexican, 156, 166,168, 178, 184. Congregation of Our Lady of Dolores, 167. "Congress of Boston", .380. Constnnso, Migud, 14, 39, G3, Constitution of Mexico, 156. Contributions from old misslcns, 119, .373, 405. 412, 451, Controversies between Church and State, 108. Conquest, American, 198, Converts nt San Antonio, 65,73. Converts at Snn Gabriel, GG. T'opart. Fr. Juan Bautista, 3. Cornelius, Fr,, see Schcenwa?ld- cr. Coron'^1, Junn, .35. Coronel Ignacio, 409. Corporal punishment, 174. Corpus Chiisti, 60. 62, 194. Cosoy, 40, 221, 2.37. Cortes, Fr. Juan, 120, 126, 141, 351, 353, 354. rot(5s, Fr. Lope. 270. C6rtes Spanish. 151. Uoia, Sanon, 383, 381. Cota Manuel, 358. Cot and Pico, 428. Cotton raising, 150. Council of the Indies, 121, Council, 47, 49, 67. Counter-cbargf s 114-115, Country, description, 38. County, Kerr, 138. Countv, San Btrnadino, 138. County, Fie&no, 139, County, Merdccino, 208. 465, 469. 470. 473, 475, 476, 465, Countv, Marin, 445. r.n,-y^u-. Take. 469, 470,473. Ccvarrubias, Jos^. 437, 439. Cc>o;e V..lley, 476. 500 Creek, Las Llag.^s, 117. Crespi, Fr. Juan, 5, 14, 17, 30, S6, 39, 43, 45-47, 49-52, 54-57, t2, 66, 71, 75. 79, 87, 98, 116, 245-247, 253, 254, 289, 298, 3S7, 459, 484. Ci-iUiinal blunder, 9?. Uritieal notes of Fr. Sanchez, 169, 170. Cruelty to Indians, 111-112. 128, 236. Croix", de la, 6, GO, Gl, 68, 82- 85, 88, 107, 338. Cross of TeiJc, 5. Cross at Monterey, 50, 55, 56. Cruzado, Fr. Antonio, 20, 62, 71, 141, 268-271, 336. Cruz, Don Mateo de la, 167, Cuculla, Fr. (O. P.) Francisco, 273 Cuesta, Fr. Arroyo de, 141 368, 393, 400, 402, 409, 435. Cueva, Fr. Pedro, 141, .318, cl9, .390, 391. C ichilloncs, 302. (Juliacan, 317. Cured, Fr. Serra, 35. Curates, 177, 178. Costody of San Gabriel, 88, 105- 106. Custody of San Carlos, 88, 106. Custody of the Immaculate Heart of Mav, 209, 211. Dim at San Diegc, 2.37. L) inti, Fr. Antonio, ilG, 117, 1?0, 301,371, Ddvola, Count de, 167. Death-rate 179, see moitality. Death and funeral of Fr. Serra, 99-108. D-ath of Bishop Diego, 19?. Death by starvation, .Jbi, 385, 387. Death of Fr. Ferdinand. 207. Dedication of San Luis Rey,43C, Decision of the Supreme Court, 197. Decision of the Junta, 70. Decree of expulsion, 158. Decree of the Sacred Cong, de, Prop, Fide, 203. Decree of, secularization, 195. Defense, Protestant, 91. Defunctorum Suff. Coip. 458. Deficit, 122. Degenhardt, Hippolytus, 476. Dehm, Bro, Placidus, 476. Delanto, or Dulanto, Fr. 141, 400. Demiflin, Fr. William, (O. P.), 470, 472. Den, N. and R., 361. Desertion of neophytes, 124. Destitution, 154, 276. Deymann, Fr. Clementin, 211, 332, 459, 461, 477, 479, 490. Diary of Fr. Cr. spi, 50, 76, 87. Diary of Fr. Garcfa, 138, Diary of Fr. Zalvidea, 139. Diary of Fr. Mufioz, 139. Di iry of Fr. Ordaz, 155. Di:iz, Rev. 100, 101. Diaz. Fr. Juan, 138. Dickneite, Fr. Rayner, 206, 208. Dieeo, Bishop Garcia, 187, 190, 193, 194, 197, 266, 313. Dieguenos, 42. Difhculties, 83. Digger Indians, 472. Dicces'3 of the Caliiornias, 184. Dipi:.tacion, 157, 161. Directory Catholic, 458, 459. Disappointment of Fr. Serra, 88, 92, 95. Discoveries, 75, 77. Discovery of relics, 254. Diseases, 179. Discipline, mission, 214. Distress at San Gabriel, 276. Distribution of missionaries, 62, 68. Discouragement of Bishop Diego, "191. Dissatisl'action of the Fathers, 141-115. Division de las misiones, 33. i^ivi.^ion of ilie missions, 143. Doctrinas, 121. Doclrina, 126-127. Documents dest.'-oyed. 193. Dolores, Arroyo cie, 291, 293. Lvolores, mission, 195, 199, 291, 293-294, 313, 449. See San Francisco mission. Dominicans, 23, 24-27. 33, 168, 170, 238, 211, 260, 458, 470, 472, Dominican Sisters, 4G4-4C5, 477. Donations, 74. Dos Pueblos, 353. Drafts unijaid, 142, 162. Oress at the missions, 216. Oumotz, Fr. Franciso, 20, 61, — 501 — 02. G6, 71. 141, 219, 220, 271. 272, 338, .310, .311. 111. J 12. Dur:in, Fr Narciso 111. l.jO, 156- F)8, IGl. IGl. 1G5. InO, 173, 175-177. 180. 100. 191. 197-198 201. 276. 332, .358-3C0. .368.375, '.)87, .390. .383, .394. 440. Dunui's opposition to regula- tions, 175-177. Duran's Notes. 170. Dnrau's reixjrt, 191. Duron's replv to Gov, Pico, 194-195. Dwineile, 214. DulJiran, Brother, 2C2. Dvp. Kev. 4.30. Earthquake. 273. 319, .341. .354, 3G5, :399, 414. 4,34. Ecclesiastical tax, 12"^. Echaso, or Eohasco, Fr. 16. 22, 24, Ee'ieandi'a, Gov., 1.58 159, 161. 113, 166. 169-170, 174, .3a3, 409. Education, hit; her, 194, 211. Elirhardt, Br. Onesimus, 464. Ele-eion de psvrtido, C83-384. Ellections, 124. El Cajon. 242. Ennneipation of Indians. 160, 176, 177, .322, 425. Encino Valley, 118. Encroachments 107-108, Enpelhardt, Fr. Zephyrin, 465, 475, 476. Ensefiada de Ics Farallcnes, 49, 55, 289. Epidemic, 17, .v81, Error, an. .37. Escude. Fr. 150, .376. 422. Escudero. Fr. Juan, 16, 22, 24. Escorts, .397. Eslenes Indians, 245. Espi, Fr. Jose, 119, 120, 2C2, .305, 374, 381. Espinosa. Salvador, .388. Estene^a, Fr, 150, 173, 192, 275- 277, 310. 311. .322, 406,407, 443, Esteves, Fr. Jose, 89. Estevan, Fr. Pedro, 119, 141. 236. 280. Estudillo, Lieut. 375. Estudillo. Jose A. 427. Exaggeration, 279, 423. Excomm.unication. 228. C22. Ex-cution, first in Calif., 23?, Exhortation of Fr. Serra, 6, 7, Expeditions to Lower Cali.. 1-2. Expeditions to Upper California by land, 14, .34, .39-50. ,54 55. Exjjedit'ona by sea to Upper California, 1.3, 14, .35. .36, 54. Expiloring expeditions by lard, 14. .34-:r», 117-118, 138-140, 155, 293, 447. Exploring expeditions by sea, 75-79, 155. Ezeta, Capt. Bruno, 77, 78. Fabian, neophyte, 343. Facultad de Ctmfirmar. 81. Fag^s. Pedro, 14, .39. 55, 56, G.3- 67. 70. 87. 109. Ill, 113-116, 132, 220, 2.35, 268, 269, 327,337, .349, .362. False accusation, .329. Farallones, see Enseilada. Faura. Fr. J., 120, 141. 319, 419. Fernanuo, Fr., see Parron. Feldman. Fr. Vitalis, 468, 476. Feiicidad, s'-hooner, 77, Fernandez. Fr. Gregor., 119, 285, ,3a3, .364. Fernandez. Fr. Jose M. 120. .306. Fevnardez, Fr. Manuel, 119 120, .329. .374. Fernandez, Rev. Pedro. 7, 16 ' Fernandinos. 116. 144. 173, 177, 178, 180, 181, 190, 197, 199,200, 359, 368, 384, 38ij, 427. Ferdinand, Fr., see Bergmeier. Fessler, Fr. Hugo, 206. Figuer, Fr. Juan, 20, 22. 25. 68, 71. 116, 232, 2a3, 238, 269,283. .317. Figueroa. G-v. 171, 174-176, 199, 251. .322, 425. 443. Fire at San Miguel. 406, Fi'-e at San Luis Obispo, 283. Firmus, Bro., 486. First Mass at San Francisco, 292. Florida, 108, 4.34, Font, Fr. Pedro, 138, 227, 269. 283, 290, 291. Foot, sore of Fr. Serra, .34. Forbes, Alexander, 214. Fort Point, 291. Fortuni, Fr. 141. 1.50. 173. 181, 344, 345. .391, 393, .394, 401, 402, 424-425. 442, 449, 4.52. Fox, Fr. Bonaventure, 202, 204, .361, 458, 470. Franciscans, 1-3, -13, 18, 143,152, 502 155, 158-159, ia3, 1G8, 212-218, 235, 279. Fraileros, 91. Francisquito, 250. Fi-ancist-an Sisters, 4G8. Freemasonry, 193, 209, 429. Fremont, General, 428. Fresno, 139. Fruits, 132. Fruitvale, 203, 207, 209, 467,470, 477, 479. Fugitives, 124. .^00. 303. Fund, Pious, 161, 162, 184, see Pious Fund. Fuster, Fr. Vincente, 20, 21, 32, 33, 68, 71, 120, 220-222, 224-228, 232, 316, 319, .363. Gallagher, Brother, 202, 204 Gallagher, Kev. A. 362. Gallican, ^41. Galvez, Don Jos^, 8, 9, 11-14,16- 19, 27, 43, 48, 53, 60, 61, 63.63, 114, 288, 336. Gangan^lli, 54. Garces, Fr. Francisco, 138. Garcia, Fr. Jose, 3, 116, 120,141, 301, 305, 419, 420. Garcia, Fr. Diego, 171, 174, 176, 177, 180, 181, 183-185, 333, 380, 381, 443. Garcia, Inocente, 410. Gardens, 132. Gasol, Fr. Jose, 136, 147. Gaston, Fr. Juan Ignacio, 4, 5, 7, 17, 21, 27, 30. Gente de razon, 150, 166, 273. Gentiles, 140. Ganoch, Bro. Leander, 476. Germans in San Francisco, 208, 209, 464. Geverno, Rev. E. D. 470. Gerard, Fr. see Becher. General, Most Rev. Superior, 202, 203, 209. Gigedo, Viceroy, 121, 122. Gierschevvski, Fr. Cietus, 467. Gey, Fr. Isidor, 465, 467. Gil y Taboada, Fr. 150, 180, 272, 286-287, 309, 353, 356, 365, 373, 376-377, 390, 402-403, 440. Gili, Fr. Bartolcm^, 119, 141, 285, 381. Gilrov, 117. Giribet, F-. Misruel, 116, 120, 233-285, 300, 301. Geronimo, Fr. 371. Gleeson, Rev. W. 2, 3, 40, 47, 179, 289, 384, 387. Godiol, or Godyol, Fr. Jose, 201, 202, 204, 461. Goette, Fr. Alha., 468, 476, 477. Goleta, 456, 4.59. Gomez. Fr. Francisco, 6, 14, 35, 36, 39. 49, 54, 62, 190, 192,219, 289 459. Gomez, Rev. Jose M. 194, 288, 368, 410. Goni, Rev. Pedro M. 3. Gonzalez Fr. Francisco, 120,141, 374, 376, 387. Gonzalez, Fr. Rubio, see Rubio, Gonzalez, Rtimon. 194. Gonzalez, Com . 329. Goycoechea, Capt. 125, 126, 375 Grant of land, 193 194. Grajera, 125. Grammar, Indian, 436. Grievances of the Fathers, 24. Guttchama, 271. Guadalupe. Lower, California, 10, 21. 23,27. 30. Guaicuris Indians, 17, 22. Guadalajara, 51. 70, 147, 202. Gnardan, Fr. 18. 19. 21,22, 24, 25, 54, 60.61, 67, 76, 79 80,84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 95, lOo, 110, 111, 114, 115, 119, 124, 126, 133, 136, 143, 116,148, 151-152, 161-162, 226, 228, 305, 349, Guerra, Capt. .344, 368, 415. Guatemala, 458. Gutierrez, Fr. Jos^, 141, 173, 197, 264, 265, 311, 452. Gutierrez, Fr. Romuaid. 341, 387, 396, 4.33. Hahana, 270, .3.33, .3.34. Haberlin, Brother, 202, 204. Halbfas, Fr. Vincent, 206. Harbinger, ship, 159 Hartnell, 379, 409, 4.36, 444. Haat'.ngs, 473. Hatred of religious, 103. Healdsburg, 155. Hemp, 151, 2.39, 4.34. Henseler, Fr. Augustin, 467. Hermenegildo, Jose. 200. Hernand z, F-. 432. Herrera, Fr. Jose, 20. Herrera, President, 197. Higuera, Ignacio, 391. Hill, David, 352. Hill, Daniel, 361. — 503 History, Banc/oft's, 86. History of Calif., miss'ons, 119. History of Calilorria, 343. History of Upper Californi--'., 214. Holy Cross Collogo, 88. Holy Cross, Fathers of, 470. Hopland, 155, 475. Horra, Fr. Conc<>pcion, 120, 125, 126, 128, 404, 405. Hospital, St. Joseph's, 4C8. Hospital, 322. Hostilities, 72. Hoy a ravine, 45. Hncrger, Fr. Titus, 407, 468. Huhitos, 447. Humboldt, 42. Hunter, Capt., 428. Ibanez, Fr. 141, 263, 381, .^82, Ibarra, Fr. 273, 414-416, 424,420. Imas, Fr. Vineente, 20-21, 26,30. Imliacs, 2, 8, 10, 22, 25, 38, 40, 42-44, 75, 90, 121-122, 133, 148, 154, 162, 174-177, 179-180, 181, 277, 279-281, 296-298. Indian attack, revolt, 40-41, 222- 225, 267, 295, 3C8, 342, 356, 3€6, L£8. Indian characteristics, 90. Indian complaints, discontent, 112, 124, 302, .303. Indian dress, 38, 76. Indians of San t)iego, 42. Indian food, 72, 124, 472. Indians punished, 227. Indian rapacity, 40. Indian fugitives, .302, .303 Indians refuse foo-^, 40. Indian religion, 296. Indian students, 424. Indian suicide, 231. Indian wards, 154. Incorporation of Santa Barbara College, 203, 204. Independence of Mexico, 1.55. Indignation of Don Galvcz, 10. Indulgence, "sale" of, 86. Industries, 213,214, 280, 309,318, 3.30, 351, 352. Informes Generales, 141, 1.50, 163. Insanity of Fr, Horra, 124. Instructions in the vernacular, 128-127. Insubordinalion, 149-150, Inventories, 7, 113, 152, see also Local History of each mission. Interference, 83, 84, 153. Inquisition, 120, 1.3G. "Intentions", 129. Iquina, .380. Iriarle.Fr. Juan (O.P.), 25, 26. Iturbide, 1.55. Itiirrate, Fr. Sa., 120, 141, 400. Iturrigiiray, Viceroy, 433. Jacobini. Archbishop, 2a3. Jaime Fr. Ant')nio, 120, 1.50, 158, 247, .357, 381, 382, 3a3. Jalisco, or Xalisco, 4, 5, 9. Ja mocha, 2.37. Janat, 237. Jayme, or Jaiinf^, Fr. Luis, 20, 61.62, 71, 79, 219 222, 225, 226, 2,33, 238, 315-317. Jesuit Fathers in Lower Califor- nii, 3, 6, 18, 26, 28-32, 80, 168, 179. Jesuits exi)elled, 3. J(-sait missions, 217. Jiineno, Fr. Joaquin Jose, 165, 173, 180, 181, 190, 192-194, 199, 200, .359, 377, 379, 422, 435-437, 439, 456. Jinieno, Fr. Antonio, 192, 194, 199-200, .344, 345, 357, .'iCO, 369, 377, 458. Jimenez, Rev. 238. Joseph of Cupertino, 59. Joy in Mexico and Lower Cali- fornia, 60, Junipero, Fr. see Serra. Juneosn, Fr. Domingo, 20, 01, 62, 6G, 71. 216, 281, 282. Junta, 69, 70. Junta, Real, 111. .Turczyk, Bro. Bernard, 476. Kearney, General, 196. Kelseyvdle 469, 473. Kern 'County, 138. Kilgenstein, "Fr. Jerome, 206. King, Rev. 477. Kiiian, Fr. see Schloesser. Kino, Fr. Eusebio, (S. J.) 3, 107. Kirwan, Brother, 202. Kizh langunge, 280. Klein, Fr. Maximilian, 476, 479. Knepper, Fr. Gregory, 467, 476, Kolopp, Rev. 470. K:aus, B-o. Irenaous, 476. Krekeie-, Fi-. Pla., 40.5. 467, 476. Lago, Fr. Manuel, 20-21, 26, 30. L-'guna, Fr. Jose, 20, 22. Laguna d^^ Ics Dolores, 292 294. Laguna de la Ccncepcion, 45. 504 Laguna] de San Daniel, 45. Laue County, 208, 469. Lake Tulare, 138. Lakeport, 47.3. Lampe, Fr. Seraphin, 467, 477, 491, 492. Landaeta, Fr. Martin, 119, 120, 141, 305, 309, 412. Tianjrsdorf, 391. Land titles. 196. Langlois, Rev. 199.^ ijHiia , t.vpe., see Expeditions. Lasuen, Pr. Fermin Francisco, 5, 7, 10. .31. .33, 60, 65, 68, 71, 105, 106, 110, 112. 113, 114, 117-121, 124-128. 132-i;^, 141, 228, 232-236, 247, 248, 2.54, 260, 269, 284, 300, 302, 30.3, 314, .315, 317. .3'>R, .399. 349. 352, .363, 371, 375, 380, 390, 398, 404, 411, 418, 419, La^^t aavs of Fr. Junipero Serra, 94-99. Laurel Creek, 310. Lauretana, ship, 25. Lauth, Rev. 470. Lay Brothers, 200, 432. Ldzaro, Fr. Nicolas, 141, 412. La Brea ranch, 399. La Croix, see Croix. La Paz. 2, 3. 12, 18. La Puente. 271, La Salve, 138. La Zanja, 118. Las Choyas, 237. Las Flores, 425, 427. Las Llagas Creek, 117. Las Pozas, 117- 118, 404. Lease of missions, 196. Legomera, Fr. Jose, 21, 31. Legislative Assembly, 157. Lethert, Bro., lid., 491. Letter, pastoral, 146. 147. Letter of Bucareli, 226. 2.30. Letters of Fr. Serra, .36, 51, 54- 55, 57-60. a3-65, 68. Letter of the Captain General, 82. Letters of Fr. Lasuen, .371-372, 404. Letters of Fathers to pass free, 111. Leum Island, 4,34. Liberty, Indian, 176. Lihro de difuntos, 358. Licens'j to retire, 114. License to confirm, 86-87. •'life of Fr. Serra," 300. Lift of missionaries, 33, 49M94. Little River, 77. Li\antonome, 442. Linares, Fr. Antonio, 20, 21, 27, 32. Llagas de San Francisco, 46, 86. Llano de los Petalumas, 441. Lobos Creek, 291. uotsa. Rev. 2.38. Lopez, Fr. CristcSbal, 1. Lopez, Fr. Baldomero, lir-120, .373, 374. Lopez, Fr. Jacinto, 120, 141, 398, 400. Lopez, Fr. Guardian. 148. Lopez, Fr. Julian, 248, 253. Lopez, Ger^mino, 200. Lora, Fr. see Ramos. Lorenzana, Archbishop, 67. Loreto, 6-8, 12, 14, 16-18, 20-23, 25, 26; 29, 60, 61, 132, 143, 2.30, 233 234. Los Angeles, 44, 130, 175, 2a3- 208, 4-29-4.30, 468, 476, 48 -.88. Los Angeles Star, 277, 279. Los RoDles, 256. "Los Cristianos," 4". Lower California, l*6o, 179, 211, 231, 260. Lower California missions, 6, 7, 10, 26, 28-32, la-;. Lower Lake, 473. Lull, Fr. 122. Luciano, Rev. see Osuna. Lucio, Fr. see Saenz. Luyano, Fr. Juan B., (S, J.) 31. Luzivilla, Francisco, 3. Malabehar, Fr. 4.30. Mallorca, 4, 87, 219. Mallorca, Fr. Juan de (S.J.) 30. Manilla, Fr. (O. P.) 241. Majaiapu, 432. Manogue, Rt. Rev. 488, 489. Manufactures, 131, 151. Manzanilla, 20, 233, 328. Manuscripts destoyed, 193. Mapipinga, 118. Margarita, 43. Margil, Ven. Fr. 95, 4G3. Maricopas, 492. M-iria Magdalena, 43. Mariano, Fr., see Payeras. Marron, Juan M. 427. Marron, Brother, 202. — 505 — Marin, County, 4i5. Marquinez, Fr. 141, 2S5, 28G, 37G, 377. Mariner, Fr. 110, 118, 120, 234, 235, 2:{8. 317. Marriage ceremony, 297. Mirtiarena, Fr. Manuel, 119, 141, 202, :300. ;i09, 381, 398,408. Mnrtin, Fr. Juan, 119. 138,150, 170, 270, 3G.3, 405-407. Martin, Fr. Fernando, 150, 181, 2.39 241. Martinez, Fr. Antonio, 4, 7, 26, 30. 141, 150, 1.55, 159-101, 273, 23.3, 280. Martinez, Fr. Adrlano, 120, .398, 400. Martinez, Ignacio, 444. Mason, Gov. 190, 288. Masonic, hatred, 3, 6, .32, ig."". Masses for the dead, 7. Master of novices, 202, 211, 132. Matanchel, 5. Matamo, 2.37. MayorfT-i, Don, 82, 88, 89, Mazatian, 2, 313, ;{:54. Mechanics and mx-hanical in- dustries, 130-132. Mc Clory, Fr. A. 468, 488, 490. McKinley and Foster .322. Meals at the mission, 215-216. Measurements between missions, 38.5. Meeting at Santa Barbara, 199. Meier, Rev. 4:i0. Mekeguwe, ;353. Memorial of Fr. Horra, 125. Memphis, 203-208, 465, 407. Meneodez, Fr. Antonio, (O. P,) 170. 241, .3.59. Mendocino County, 208, 465. Mendoza. Mariano, 317-318. Mercado, Fr. Jose. 264, 173, 190, .^33. .3.34, .385, 387, 443, 444. Merced, 139. Merelo, Fr. 120, 141, 249, 233,.*^ 03. Mercy Hospital, 468. Merino, Fr. Ag.. 120, .390. Mescatitlau, .3.52. Mesa 492. Method, Spanish, 108,212. Method Franciscan, 212-218, 279. Meti. 237. Mexican congress, 166, 168. Mexican republic, 156, 240. Mexico, independence of. 155. M-xico, 193, 209, 218, 429. Mexican revolution, 143. Michael, Fr., see Richardt. Micheltorena, Gov. 18S, 191, 194, 427. xMichoacan, 100. Middletown, 473. Mij,'uel, Fr. Jose, 120, 125, 271, 272, 285, .3.51, 371. Miracle, 48. Mira Vallez, Coant de, 167. Mission results, 72, 107-108. Mission system, 89, 107, 108, 177, 338. Mission property, 1.54, 188, 190. "Mission Indians," 277, 279-281. Missions m Upper California, 12, 62, 71, 119, 140, 150. Missions, Franciscan. 213-218, 279. Missions, state of, 153. Missions robbed, 181, 193. Missions first seculariz'^d, 178. Missions, Franciscan, 214-215. , Missions, Spanish, 108. M's^^ionary revenues, 128. Missionaries, Catholic, 218. Missionaries refuse, 90. Missionaries, treatment of, 91, Missionary troubles, 110, 142. Missions, 79, 119. Missions for Non -Catholics, 492. Missionaries serving alone, 110, 111. Missionaries thanked, 121. Missionaries exonerated, 128. Mission system, change of, 133. Missions' aid to soldiers, 153-1.54. Missionaries, first in California, 1. 2, 6. Missionaries, new, 20, 61, 68, 140, 141. Missionaries, distribution of first, 62. Missionaries in California, 116, 119, 171. Mofras, 42, 242, 275, 288, 396, 429, 439. Mojave River, 1.38. Monument to Fr. Serra, 103. Moncada, see Rivera. Monjerio, 213, 279. Mtmterey, 11-13, 16, 19, 20, 25-26, ,35, .39, 46, 49, 50, 52.57, 59 65, 73-76, 78, 79, 81, 87, 97, 103, 154, 158, 160, 164, 171, 194, 199, 219, 220, 226, 227, 229-231, 246, 252, 506 — 253, 258, 288, 282, 289. 291, 313, 348, 352, 372, 327, 38:^. Monterey arsenal, 154. Monterey, viceroy, 1. Monterey expedition, 19. Montecito, 45G, 458. Mora, Bishop, 206, 429, 430, 484. Mora, Fr. Vincente, (O. P.) 26. Moraga, 123, 139, 140, 291-294, 302. 324, 327, 329. 399. Morales, Manuel Garcia, 27. Morau, Fr. Juan, 4, G, IV, 28. 54. Moreno, Fr. Rafyel, 3;i3, 173, 180, 181, 192. Moreno, Fr. Juan, 194, 197, "57, 36G, .368, 377, 401, 402, 409, 410, 437. Mormons, 428. Mortality, 179, 310, .3.31. Mother Mary of Jesus, 64. Mountains, Caw, 1.55. Mugiirtegui, Fr. Pablo, 74, 75, 102, 105, 116, 220, 232, 283, 304, 311, 316, 375. Mulege, 7, 14, 17. 21, .30. Mufioz, Fr. Pedro, 139, 141, 406, 412, 414. Murguia, Fr. 5, 6, 17, 21. £5, 28, 29, 33, 65. 68. 71, 87, 91, 116, 282, 283, 293, 324, 327, 32P. Muro, Fr. Miguel, 190, 197, 311, 395, 396. Murder of Fr. Jayme, 222. Murder of Fr. Bergmeier, 206-07. Murder of Fr. Quintana, 375-376. Mutsua vocabulary, 436. Mutsunes. 399. Nacimiento, 46. Nactre, Eugene, 264. Nanaguani, 440. Napa, 446, 447. Napa Creek, 446. Nauer, Bro. Aloysius, 463. Neuman, Fr. Maximilian, 467. Neve, Gov. 84, 85. 91, 106, 107. 110, 113, 121, 1.32, 133, 230, 336, :338, 347, 484. Neve's animosity, 91. New San Francisco, 447, ^48. New Missions, 119. Nierman, Fr. Pius, 467. 490. Nipaguav, 221. Noboa, Fr. Diego, 89, 93, 94, 116, 119. 234. 327, 328. Nocedal, Fr. Jos^, 76, 293, 294. Nogueyra, 119. Nolte, Fr. J. 468, 473, 479, 483. Nootka, 119, 372, 380. Noriega. Fr. 101, 114, 116, 247. North Beach, 77, 290. Noticias of Fr. Palou, 23, 24, 301. Notfs, critical, of Fr. Sanchez, 169, 170. Notes of Fr. Duran,170. Novato, 442. Novatus, Fr., 491, 492. No vena, 52. Novices at San Luis Rey, 430 432. Novices, first at Santa Barbara. 200. Novitiate at Santa Barbara, 199, 200, 2C9, 211. Novitiate at San Luis Rey, 430, 461. Nuesira Seiiora del Pilar, 6, 28. Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, 6,10. Nuestra Senora de Loreto, 7, 29, Nuestra Sefiora de Guadalupe, see Guadalupe. Nucz, Fr. Joa., 150. 272, 273, 414. Oakland, 177, 310, 477. Oath of allegiance, 156-158. 240, 241, 242. Oath of Bishop Diego, 185. Obert, Bro. Eugene, 479, 491. O'Brian, 469. Ocegueda, Fr. 432. O'Keefe, Fr. Joseph, J. 202,204. .-^53, 4H2. Olb^s, Fr. Ramon. 150, 272. 356, 376, 377, 422, 434. "Old Missions of California" 42, 92. 179, 244, 280. Oliva, Fr. Vincente, 150, 192, 199, 239-242, 250, 273, 309, 322, 406, 414, 424, 428. Olives cultivated, 150, 239. Olompalies, Caiiada de los, 441. Old Town, 40. O'Mallev, Bro. Joseph, 202, ^)4, .362, 459. Opposition to regulations, 175. Oramas. Fr. Cristobal, 116, 119, 270, 317, 349, 351. 363. Ordaz, Fr. Bias, 150, 155. 192, 198, 199, 277, .309, 311, 322, 323, .344, 407 ,416-418, 4.35. Orders, religious, expelled, 193. Ortega, Joaquin, 427. Ortega, Serg. 45, 232, 314. Ortega, Antonio, 452. 507 Orphanage at Pdjaro 48, 4r,9-4(^?,. Orizaba Franciscans, 111-145,17.3. Orovsoni, ^/M. Orvifio, Fr. 109. Osos Indians, ,398. Osuna, Fr. Luciano, 4C9-470. Our Lady of Mt. Caimel, 40. Our Lady of Loreto, 0. Our Lady of Refuge, 191. 194. Our Lady of Sorrows, 200-201. -"Our Centennial" 50, 289. •"Our Father" in Indian as at — San Diotfo. 42. S?.n Antcnio, 258. San Gabriel, '^W. San Juan Capistrano, 323. Santa Clara, 3So. San Fernando, 418. San Luis Rev, 429. Santn Inez, 4.39. San Rafael, 445. San Francisco Solano. 453. Paganism, stubborn, 42. Pajaro, 48, 204, 208, 211, COO, 458. 459-4(53, 479, 492. Pala, San Antonio de, 422-425, 427. Palacios, Fr, Martin de, 20, 21, 26, 30. Palacios, Fr. 432, Pale, 118. Palou. Fr. Francisco, 4-7. 91], 14, 16-18. 20-26. 28, 29. ,32, .3,'% 36, 48, 51 54, 60, 63, 06, 68. 71 , 72, 78. 83. 87, 94, 95. 97-99, 10] , 103, 104, 112-114, lie, 220, 226, 232,247,258-260,282,290, 29 i, 296, 298-301, .314, 316, 317, ;^27, .328. .348. Palou 's objections, 18. Pam^ mission, 87. Pam6, 118. Panella. Fr. Jose, 120, 141, 2.3C. 238, 2,39. 419. Pangua. Fr. Fran., 89. £0,136. Panto, Fr. Jose, 141, 239. Papagos, 492. Papal Bull. 83. Papers, valuable, destroyed, 19.^. Parents, missionaries as, 153-154, 166. Parish, first at San Francisco, 199. Parron, Fr. Fernando. 4, 7. 12-14, 26, 29, 34, .36, 37, 40, 50, 54, 57, 59, 62, 219. Pasion, Rio de la, 1.39. Pass. Tejon, 1,39. Pastoral letter of Fr. Sarrfa.llG. Pastoral letter of the first bishop, 185, 191. "Patera" .352. Paterna, Fr. Antonio, 20. 61, 62, 67, 71, 101, 119, 220, 268-270, 28;), .3.36, 3^9 351. Patron of the diocese, 191. Patron Saints, San Louis Rev, 4:iO. Patronato, 112, 113. Paulinus, Fr, see Tolksdorf. Paulists, 492. Pay eras, Fr. 120, 144, 146, 148, 149-152, 1.53-154, 156, 238, 2;)9, 247, 363-366, 381, 409, 441, 485, 486. Payeras' appeal, 486. Pedragoso, El, .349. Pedragoso Creek, .353. Penances of Fr. Serra, 92. Pena, Fr. Francisco de la, 20, 21, .30. 66, 67, 71, 75, 76, 87, 119, 220, 282, 293, 294, 296, 304, o24, .327, ;;28, .37.3. Penasquitos rancho, 240. Peralla, Serg. 39l. Perez, Juan, 14, b^i, 54, 57, 75. Perdimo, Fr. Diego de, 1. Petition of the Fathers, 18. Petinelli, Rev. A. 470, 471. Perous-, 132. Perez, Fr. Bernardino, 173, 180. Petition of citizens, 188. Petition to the Superior General, 203. Petition of Fr. Serra, 89. Pet iluma, 441, 442, 446. Petalumas, Llano de Ics, 441,447. Petaluma Creek, f:G3. Peyri, Fr. Antonio, 120, 150, 170, 2S5, 419. 420, 422-424. Thilipp, Bro., 487. Phoeni.\, 211, 4G1, 463, 479, 491, 492. Pico, Gov. 194, 197, 252, S97, 403, 417. Pico and Manso, 417. Pco, and Alvarado, ,397. Pier..s, Fr. Miguel, 20, 61, 62, C5, 66, 71. 119, 256, 262. Pi mas, 492. Pimeria, ,59. Pinole, 216. 508 — Pious Fucd, U2, 161, 162, 167, 168, 181, 188, 190, 197, 216. Plan, Neve's, 92, 133. a38 Plan of Poi tola, 51. Plunder, reign of, 181-183, 193. Point Concepcion, 45. Point Reyes, 77, 289, 290. Point San Luis, 45. Point Ano Nuevo. 46. 48. Point Pinos, 46, 47, 50, 56, 57. Point Almejas, 49. Point Angel Custodio, 49. Point San Pedro, 49. Poisoning of Missionaries, 406, Pope Leo XIII, 203. Popeloutecljoni, 397. Population, Indian, of Lower Ca- lifornia, 10, 25. Portilla, Captain, 425. PorciuncuKi, Rio, 44. Portium^ala, 60. Port of Monterey not found, 46-48. Portold, Gasi ar de, 5, 14, .34, .36, .39, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53-56, 63, 289, a37. Port of San Francisco, 49. Potatoes, 1.32. Potter, Brother, 202. Potrero, 306. Poverty of oan Buenaventura, 344. Poverty of San Luis Ohispo, 387. Poverty of Soledad, 384 .387. Prat, Dr. 14, ,36, .39. Preaching of Fr. Serra, 92. Prefecto com'sario, see comisario. Prefect and President, 145146. Prefect, Fr. 1,52, 153, 1.56, 164, 250, 407, 448. Preparation for death of Fr. Ser- ra, 94. President, Fr. 152, 156, 180, 198, 231, .364, .%5. Presidio of San Diego, 112, 2.33. Presidio of Santi Barbara, 112. Presidio of San Francisco, 112. Prestamero, Fr. Juan, 20, 21, 30, .33, 68, 71, 75, 282. Principe, ship, 229. Prices for j)roduce, 113. Priest, first, 201. Principio, Rio, 77. ProhiV)ition to confirm. 84. Propagation of the Faith, Society of, 470, 471. Propaganda, Ccngr. de, 203, 421. Property, mission, restored, 180. Protest of Fr. Payeras, 153 154. Protest of Fr. Guardian, llH. Protestant, defense l)y a, 91. Province of the Sacred Heart, 203 204, 208, 456, 459. Pueblo, 19. Puente, Den Jcs<^ de la, 168. Puers, Fr. Eugene, 465, 467. Pujol, Fr. 120. 141. 106. Punishments, 174, 217, .303. Purisima, Lower California, 7, 10, 17, 21, 23, ."O, 87. Purisima Mission, fc8, 1C7, 144> 1.56, 162, 190, 191, 195, 2.36. £85» 316, .356, 362, 370, 405. 435, 440. Purisima mission lands, .367. Purisima rancherias, .367. Purisima statistics, .370. Purisima sold, 368. Quapa, 118. Quarrel with Fages. 66. Quer^taro college, 4, 7. 82, 88, 103, 106, 138, 167, 227, 2£9, £83, 290. Quij.as, Fr. 173. 190, .311, 334, 395, 443. 444, 452. 453. Quintana, Fr. Andres, 141, 375, 476. Quiros, Capt., 29.3. Raab, Fr. Felix, 208. Railroad, Southern Pacific, 138. Ramirez, Pedro, 188, 265. Ramirez, Fr. Juan, 3. Ramirez, Rtv. Ig. Arellano. 322. Ramos, Fr. de Lora, 5, 6, 24, 28. Rauchena, 10. Rancherias near San Diego, 237, Rancherias of San Juan Bautis- ta, .398. Rancherias of San Rafael, 442. Range, San Gabriel, 1.39. Raynerius, see Dickneite. Razon, gente de, see gente de razou. Re d. Fr. Antonio, 17.3, 190, 197, i:52, .311. .379, .397. Re il, Fr. Jos^. 173, 251, 252, 311, .333. Febt i ding of San Diego, 229. R c( ption of novices, 430. Reception of the first bishcp 187. Rechsteiner, Fr. Mar. 208. Ro-3eJication of San Luis Rey^ 430. 509 — -RiHluc-tion of Ihe missions. 12:2. Refutation, 126.128. - Re^'idort's, 124. Registers restored, 232 Refjuhitions, mission, 215-210. Reijulations of Go\., Figueroa, 175. Rejrulations of tlie Fr. Guardian, l.%-137. Regulations of Don Galvez. 18. Regulation of J781, p. 122. Reid and WorUniar), 277. Reid, Bro.. Dominic, 202, .%2. Reinsdorf, Fr. Romuaid. -168. Reisdorftr, Rev. P. J. 470. Rehicionts, 1, 2, 3. Relics of Fr. Serra, 101-102. Religion. Indian, 296. Religious Orders, 429. Remarkable siory, 258-259. Remedies, 78. Rengel, General, 362. Renunciation of Tedos Santos, 22, Reply ofFr. Serra, 83. Replies of the Fathers, 165. Report, Fr, Palou's, 24, 28. Reports, 113, 117. 120, 121, 125, 135, 136, 140, 148-149, i79, 359, 364. Report, Fr. Duran's, 191-193. Represen<^ation of Fr. Serra, 281. Republic, Mexican, 156. Requests granted, 18. Resignation of Gov. Fages, 116. Reservation plan, 218. Results of secularization, 180. Retirement of mi.ssionaries, 114. Retreat, see Spiritual Exercises. Revenues of. the bi.shoj', 191. Revenues,. missionarv, 128, 129. Revolt, Indian, ;22, "79, 162, 222- 225, 356, 4:35. Revolution, Mexican, 143. Reyes, Bishop, 105. Reyes rancho, 411. Rpyes, Fr. Antonio, f8. Richardt. Fr. Michael, 206, 2G9, 479, 490, 491. Riding of the Indians, 114, 153. Rieman, Fr. Gabriel, 468. Riemann. Fr. Stanislaus, 472, 476, 479. Rietti, Fr, Ubaklo da, 458, 459, 470, 486. Rincon, vJ53, Jlio-delvCarmeJo, ,46,. 216, 250. Rio San Antonio. 45. j Rio San Diego, 222. i Rio San Gabriel, 266, 484. I Rio San Migu^^l, 266. j Rio de los Temblores, 267. Rio Santa Ana, 44. j Rio Santa Inez, 45. 353, 362. Rio Santa Maria, 45. Rio Salinas, 256. Rio Pdjaro, 48. Rio Porciuncula, 481. Rio San Lorenzo, 48, .373. I Rio San Joaquin, 87, 394, 441. Rio Colorado, 92, 1.3.3, 1.38. Rio d(< San Clemenle, 117. Rio de la Pasion, 1,39. Rioboo, Fr. Juan, 20. 21, 27, 28, 89, 93, 114, 116. 234. .317. Riordan. Most Rev. P. 204, 46i, 472, 473, 475-477. Rics and Reed, 410. RipoU, Fr. Antonio, 1.50, 158, 356, .357, 365. River, Santa Rrsn, .362. River, Merced. 1.39. River, Mojave, 1.38. River, Sacramento. 1.39. 441. River, Russian, 155. Rivera, Fernando, 14, 36, .39.49, 70. 78, 79. 226-228, 230, 231, 283, 289-293. .324. Robinson, 187, 188, 264, 275, 279, 343, .394, 407, 409, 436. Robert, Bro.. 491. Rodriguez, Com. 125. 238, .318. Rodriguez, Fr. Antonio, 141, 150, 286, 434. Romanis, Rev. C. de, 470,472. Rome, 207, 209, 424, 430. j Romeu, Gov. .371, j Romeu. Jos^ Antonio, 116. Romo, Fr. Jos(J M. 202, 203, 361, .362. I Rosales, Rev. Jos«, 192, 345. I Romero. Felipe, 22-.*. I Round Valley, 155, ^75. I Route between Velieatd and San ; Diego, 34. jRubf, Fr. M. 116, 119, .",71. 381. : Rubio, Fr, Gonzalez, 173, 181, 190, 194, 198, 199. 201, 202, .333, .359, .394, ."95, 458. Rule, Ten, 178. I Ruiz, Lieut, 2.39, 240. I'Rules of St. Francis, liu-117. I-Runaways, 124. 510 — Sacalanes, ."02-303. SacTiimento Viilley, 155. Sacramento, 209, 467, 468, 488-91. Sacramento River, 139, 441. Sacred Heart Province, 456. Saenz Fr. Lucio, 141, 400. Sagshijiieel, 352, 3513. Saizar. Fr. Juan, 141, 150, 309., Sajirit, 316. Sal, Com. Ill, 113, 117, 125, 304, 372 373 Salazar, Fr. 119-121, 373, 37^. Salinas, or saltworks, 18, 46. Salinas, River, 46. Salary of the Bishop, 184. Salary of the missionaries, see Stipends. "Sale" of Indulgences, 86. Sale of missions. 196, see also Local history of each mission. Salmeron, Fr. Zarate, 1-3 Salmon, Alejo, 194. Salvatierra, Fr. Jos^^ Maria, (S. J.) 29, 167. Salve Regina, 13. Salsona Indians, 295. * San Antonio Mission, 19, 65, 71, 86. 94, 97, 117. 118, 164, 178, 180, 190, 220, 246, 2i8, 249, 258, 256-265. 281. .382, 385, 388,404- 407, 4L6, 487. San Antonio, ship, 14, 20, .3; ' 36, .37, 39, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 61, 63, 64, 73, 76, 95. San Antonio, Rio, 45. San Antonio, missionaries for, 62. San Antonio mission lands, 264. San Antonio statistics, 265. San Antonio de Pala, see Pala. San Bias, 5, 18, 20, 26, .36, 37, 39, 61, 67, 69, 76, 77, 87, 131. San Benito Creek, .399. San Benito, 117, .397. Saa Bernardino Couity. 138. San Bernardino, 271, "^72. San Bernardino Plains, 117. San Bernardino Times, 271. Snn Bruno, 49, 305. San Buenaventura Miesicn, 12, 13, 39, 45, 48, 54, 59, 65, (56, 88, 93. 112. 116. 118, 145, 151, 178, 190, 190, 192, 1£6, 201, 233, 268, 336-346, 347, 411, 412. San Buenaventura, missionaries for, 62, 67, San Buenaventura, leased. 345. San Buenaventura statistics, 345-346. San Carlos, ship. 13, 14, 20, .35- 37, 52, 54. 67, 76, 77, 78, 233, 290, 292, 294, 301. San Carles Mission, 13, 48, 60, 61, 65, 71. 73, 75, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 113, 118, 119, 1.34, 1.36, 146, 164, 173, 220, 226, 228, 2.34, 244-255, 256, 260, 267, 281, 289, 294. 295, .309, 333, 35S, 373, 376, .381, 406. San Carlos mission lands, 250. San Carlos statistics, 252. San Clemente, Rio, 117. San Clemente, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53-55, 59, 60, 62-08, 71, 72, 74, 76. Can Daniel, Laguna de, 45. San Diego Mission, 3, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, 25, 27, 32. 34-o7, iU, i., 47, 48, M, 51, 53-55, 59, 62-8f , 71-74. 79, 81. 87, 93, 118, m, 136, 137, 143, 151, 158, 160, 161 , 170, 176, 178, 185, 190, 192, 1C6, 215, 219, 220, 221, 226-228, 2::5.- 138, 239, 240, 258, 2t6, 267, 281, 282, 289, 294, 319, ^m, 411, 412, 418, 420, 423, 425. San Diego, sale of, 242. San Diei,^o, sickness, at, 42. San Diego mission lands, 240-242, San Diego, stockade at, 41. San Diego statistics, 242-2-14. Saa Diego Indians, 42, San Dieguito, 241. San Diego, suffering at, 50, San Elzeario, 46. San Emilio, 357. San Est^van, .353. San Felix, 19. San Fernando de Velicatd, 14, 16, 19, 21. 27, 30, .3.3, .34. San Fernando, see College of, San Fo-nando Rey Mission, 119, 140. 151,190, 192, 196, 264. 411- 418, 420. San Fernando mission lands, 415. San Fernando statistics, 117. San Fernando leased and sold, 417. San Francisco discovered, 289. San Francisco de Asis Mission, 19, 4S, 62, 78. 81, 87, 92, 04, 117, 119, 132, 136-138, 110,155, ill — 161, 164. 191, 190, 227, 28S. 291, 313, 321, 32u. ^ViU, ;{3i. 372. 373, 376 :;8i, :m, 393, 420, 410, 4i3, 443419,451,452, 4G1. Sail F/ancisjo mission, namo of, 294. Sun Francisco mission lands. 310, 311. San Francisco statistics, 313. San Francisco Bay, 49, 7u, 73. 87, 95, 439. 440, 444. San Francisco Presidio, 230, 293. 39^4, 442. San Francisquito Creek, 49 291. San Francisco Borja, Lower Ca- lifornia, 7, 10. 25, 27. 30, 2,34. San Francisco Javier, Lower Ca- lifornia, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 29, 329. San Francisco Solano Mission, 103, 117, lis, 1(X), 173, 177, 178, 195, 291, 310, .311, 446-45.3. San Francisco Solano statistics, 452-45;]. San Francisco Solano tribes, 451. San Gabriel Mission, 19, 44, 62, 65, m. 67, 71. 72, 79, 93. 118, 132, 136, 138, 139, 151. 161. 164. 170 171, 173. 190. 192. 19 5. 2(n, 220. 227, 2:33. 234. 266-281. 311, 313, 315. 328, 337. 341. ^56, 359. 411. 412, 415. 418. 420,423, 42i, 48^. San Gabriel mission lands, 275. San Gabriel rancherfas, 275. San Gabriel Range, 139. Sao Gabriel secularized, 275-276. San Gabriel statistics, 276. San Gabriel sold. 277. San Ignacio. 7, 21. 23, 27, 30. San Jacinto. 425, 427. San Joaquin y Santa Ana, 341. San Joaquin River, 19, 45, 87, 139. 140, 441. San Jos6, ship, 47. San Jos(^ Mission. 113, 115, 119, 130, 1.32, 1.38, 140. 158, 164, 173, 178, 190, 196, 198, 202, 2 J9, 302, :J03, .359, .389 .397, 400, 449, 451. San Jo3^ statistics, .395. San Jose sold, .396-.397. San Joso Comondii, 6, 10, 21, 23. 30, San Jos^ del Cabo, 6. 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 23, 25, 28, 32, 328. San Juan Baut!sta Mission, 119, 139, 110. 178, 195, 196, 309, 375. 379, 397- 403. 422, 423, San Juan Bautista mission lands. 102. San Juan Bautista statistics, 403. San Juan Bant^sta sold. 403. Sa 1 Ju in C H ist ano Mission, 19, 4.3, 79, 102. lis. 176, 179, 190, 112, 1P5, 19(", 227. 229, 230, 2.32, 234, 239, 260, 273, 311 323, 3(«, 412, 418, 419, 427. San Juan Capistrano mission li.nds, 322. San Juan Capistrano statistics, .323. San Juan de Di6s. 25. San Lorenzo River. 48. San Lucas Cape. 12, 14. S in Luis Gonzaga, 6, 10. San Luis Obispo Mission, 19, 45, 50, 65, 71, 72. 94. 95, 97, 117, 118. 132, 136. 159, 178, 195, 196, 2 53, 260, 238, 270, 281-288, 287, 349, 387, 404, 405, 407, 410, 419. San Luis Obispo statistics, 2S6. Sau Jjuis Point, 45. San Luis Rev Mission, 43, 119, 138, 176, 179, 190, 192, 196, 200, 209, 211, 2/1, 321, 322, ,394, 402, 418-1.32, 459, 461, 485. Sao Luis Rey sold, 42F. San Luis Rey mission lands, 423, San Luis Rey statistics, 424-425. San Luis Valley, 235. San Marcos, 117, .353. San Mateo, .305, 341. San Mateo Creek, 291. San Miguel Mission, 119, 1.38, 140, 164, 165, 178, 191, 195, 196, 248, 219, 260, 262, .382, 402, 404- 411. San Miguel mission lands, 40/. San Miguel statistics, 409 410. San Miguel sold, 410. San Miguelito, 285. San Miguel Bay, 3. San Pascual, 19. San Pedro Ranch, 310. San Pedro Creek, 446. San Pedro Point, 49. San Pedro Bay, 41. San Rafa-1 Mission, 155, 160, 173, 512 — 195, 190, 199, 310, 439, 44G, 447- 449, 451, 452. Sin Rafjel rancherias, 442. San Rafffil sold, 444-445. San RafiBl statistics, 445. San Ilaf;fil mission lands, 442. Santa Ana, Lower California, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19, 22, 60. Santa Ana River, 44. Santa Barbara Channel, 44, 93. Santa Barbara Mission, 45, 53 59, 107, 120, 126, 128. 1.36, 1.39, 151, 159, 160, 162, 187. 188, 190- 192, 196-204. 206-208, 211, 236, 250, 319, 331, .336, 340, 345, 347, 362, 382, 411, 412, 4.32, 4.33, 4.35, 456-458, 459, 465, 469, 470, 479, Sant-i Barbara statistics 358- 359. Santa Barbara mission lands, 358. Santa Barbara rentod and sold, 361. Santa Barbara Presidio, 347, 376. Santa Catalina, 44. Santa Clara Mission, 19, 62, 87, 94, 117, 118, 119, 129, 140, 161, 173, 178, 190, 194, 196, 198, 2:i0, 290, 302, 324 .3;S5, 371, 373, 375, 397, 400, 443. Santa Clara mission lands, 332. Santa Clara statistics, .334-3.35. Santa Clara orchard sold, .3.34. Santa Cruz Mission, 48, 119. 124, 130, 165, 173, 200, 201, 132, 370-379. Santa Cruz mission lands, 379. Santa Cruz statistics, 379. Santa Delphina, 46. Santa Eulalia, 449. Santa Gertrudis, 7, 10, 21, 23, 27, .30. Santa Isabel, 117, 239, 240, 242, 427. Santa Inez MissJor, 139, 110, 151, 162, 178, 190, 192, 196, 200. 201, 341, .3.52, 356, 368, 432-439. Santa lu^z mission lands, 4.35. Santa Inez statistics, 4.36-437. Santa Inez River, 45, 353. Santa Lucia, 45. Santa Lueia Peak, 45. Santa Mart^arita ranch. 287. Santa Marfrarita, 75,425,427. Santa Maria mission L. C. 10, 14, 27, .30. Santa Maria de los Angeles, 7. Santa Maria Rio, 45. Santa Rosn Rio, 45. SantiRosa, 441,. 442. Santa Rosalia, 'i, 14, 21, 23, .30. Sanchez, Fr. MiK'.iel, 21, 28, 141^ 269, 270. 271, 317, 373. Sanchez, Fr. Jose, B. 141, 150,. 156, 163, 165, 169-170, 180, 2,38„ 239, 273, 275, :565, .366,458-459. Sanchez, Fr. Francisco, 173, 193,. 194, 199, 202, 345, .361, 362, 437,. 4.39. Sancho, Fr. Juan de la Torre, 4, . 7, 21. 27, 30, .31, 141, 150, 263. Sandwich Islands, 171, 275. Santa Maria, Fr. Vincente, 20,. 21. 27, 29, 76, 77, 78, 116, 118.. 119, 141, 229, 232, 290,338, 340, 341. Santiago de las Coras, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 2;j, 32, .328. Santiago, ship, 76, 77, 81. Santiago, Fr. (S. J^ 28. Santiaero, Fr. Juan J isc Norber. 116, 141, 301, 316, 319, 418, 419. Santillan, Rev. P. 313. Santa Anna, President, 188. Sarabia, see Arabia. Sarri'a, Fr. Vincente, 141, 144, 147, 145,146, 149, 1.50, 156, 1.57, 158, 160, 180, 249, 356, 38:1, 384, Saving, A. 118-119, 388, 402, 436, 443. Scarcity of food at Monterey, 63. Scarcity at San Carlos, 75, 161. Scott, Wilson, and Mc Kierney, 288. Scurvy, 35. 36. Schools, 464, 472, 473, 477. Schcenwaelder, Fr. Cornelius,. 204, 465, 467, 468, 486. Schlcesser, Fr. Kilian, 206. 211, 479. Schots, Fr. Fred. 4.'8. School, Classical, 2111 Scotts Valley, 473, 4 16. Searsville, 49. Secularization, 121, 151, 152, 160, 161. I(i3, 164, 165-171, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 190, 192, 194, 195, 218;.251, 270, .322, 3J4, 344, .355, 367, .378, 388, .395, 402, 409, 416, 425.4.36.. Senn':^nos Indians, .331. — 51.3 — Seminary at Santa Inez, 19.), 194, 201, 437. Senra, Fr. Marcelino, 20, 21, 25, 28, 31. Senan, Fr. Jose, 116, 119 120,129 14.5, 146, 149, 150, 156, 163, 247, .341, .342, 447, 448. Serra, Fr. Junipero, 4-7, 11-14, 16, 19, 29. .34.36, 39-42, 47, 48, 50-55, 60-72, 74, 79-89, 92-95, 97, 98, 116. 1.32, 135. 140, 144, 219, 220. 226-2,34, 245-247, 2.5.3- 260, 269, 272, 281-283, 288-290, 291, 295, 298. 300, 315, 317, 326, ,327, .3.36-.3.38, 347, 348. Serra and the Viceroy, 69. Serra's penances, 92. Serra 's prudence, 66. Serra's statement, 69, 71-73. Serra in Mexico, 69-74. Serra returns, 74. Serra gives Confirmation, 86. Settlers, dispute with, 133. Severin, Bro. 492. Shasta. 155. Shea, Dr. 86, 436. Sheehan, Fr. B. 202. Short, Rev. Pat. 171. Sickness among the explorers, 48, Sickness of Fr. Serra, 68, 92, 93. Sierra Gorda, 4, 5, 61, 87, 103, ,328. Sierra Santa Lucia. 256. Sierra, Fr. Benito, 16, 17, 21, 27, .30, 76, 77. Sierra Nevada, 1.39. Silver watches, 147. Simi, 415. Simi Valley, 118. Sinaloa, 20, 2.33. Sisters of St. Dominic. 487. Sitjar, Fr. Buenaventura, 20, 61, 62, 66, 67, 71, 100 101, 117, 119, 125, 141, 249, 256, 258, 260, 262, .380, 404, 405. Soberanes, Feliciano, 388. Societies, 464. Sodomy, 326. Sola, 144, 152-156, 310, .376, 440, 485. Sola, Fr. Faustino, 116, 283, •M)l. Solano, 443. Solano and Dolores, 449. Soldiers, misconduct of, 91, 268, 415. Solodad Mission, 119. 1-52, 178, 195, 196, .370, ,372, 378.389. Soledad statistics, .388, 389. Soledad sold. .388. i Soler, 100, 108-110, 121. ! Soler, Fr. Jose, 59. I Soler's plan nnd absurd report, 109-110. I Solis revolt, 159. Solteros, 18. Somera, Fr. Angel, 20, 20, 61, 62, 66, 67, 220. 266, 267. Sonoma, 446, 447, 449, 453. Sonoma Creek, 441. \ Sonora, schooner, 77, 78. Sonora, 4, 16, 59, 75, 80, 82, 87, 88, 106, 107, 128, 136, 145, 152, 165, 167, 181, 184. Sotomavor, 171, 180, .396. Sosa, Fr. Mariano, (O.P.) 273. Southern Pacific, R. R. 138. South Bend, Ind., 479. Spanish language, 126-127. Spanish territory, 1.37. Spaniards, Franciscan, 158. Spoliation, method of, 181. Spiritual Exercises of Fr. Serra, .327. Spiritual Exercises, 1.36-137, 147. St. Agnes, 4.33. St. Anthony's, San Francisco, 209, 479, 481-484. St. Boniface', San Francisco, 204, 208, 464-468. St. Elisabeth's, Fruitvale, 209, 477-479. St. Francis, 44, 64, 48, 49, 146, 191, 259, 288, 290, 292, 294, 296. St. Francis de Sales, 191. St. Francis' Orphanage, P^jaro, 459, see Pdjaro. St. Francis' Church, San Fran- cisco, 199. St. Francis, Sacramento. 488-491. St. Joseph, Patron, 12, 13, .36, 39, 46, 52, 53, 95. St. Mary's, Phoenix, 491-492. St. Michel, Archangel, 231. St. Turibius Mission, 155, 208 465, 467-477, 479. St. Turibius mission statistics, St. Louis,' Mo. 207, 208, 211, 464- Stanford, Mrs. Leland, 103. Starvation, .385.387. State of t. missions, 71, 72, 73, 142, 5] 4 — Statistics of Upper Califoraia missions, 455. Statistics, see Local History of each mission. Statistics of Lower C'alifornia, 28-32. Statistical report-s cease, 178. Statistical, 116, 129-130, 141, 150, 162-ia3, 179, 183. Stipends fcr missionaries, 61, 122, 128, 142-143, 154, 162, 198. Stipends, unpaid, 162. Stockton, 140. Stock-Raising, 1.30. 141, 178, 183. Story, A, remarkable, 258-259. Struewer, Bro. Beatns, 204, 464. Stubborn paganism, 42. Stuecker, Fr. Quirin. 483. 486. Suisun, 441, 447, 449. Sulphur Banks, 473, 476. Suner, Fr. Francisco, 141, 150, 249, 319, 321, 342, 344, 356, 357, 422. Sunol and Pic), 445 Supreme Court U. S. 197. Sweathouse, Indian, 472. System, wrong, 8. Taboada, Fr, see Gil y Taboa. da. Tacavme, 419. Tacopin, 118. Tacuenga, 118. Taguaqui 232. Taguasmiki, 380. Tajunga Mountains, 415. Tamales, 297, 442. Tamascal, Fr. Nicolas, (S. J.) 28. Tatillosti, .398. Tapis, Fr. 116, 126, 1.35, 136, 139. 143, 145, 150, 248, 249, 271, 285, 318, .351, .353, .365, 371, .376, 393, 400-403, 420, 422, 4.32-434. Tares Indians, .324. Taxes, 162. Tax, ecclesiastical, 128. Taylor, 423. Tayuayam. ,349. Teaching Spanish, 41. Tehachapi Pass, 1.39. Tejada, Fr. Franc. Javier, 22,27. Tejon Pass, 139. Tello, Fr. Antonio, 1 Temblores, 44, 267. Temecula, 427. Temescal, 472. Tempe, 492. Temple, John, 368. Temporal management, 146, 358- .359. Ten year rule, 178. Tepic, 5, 19, 22, 61, 68, 74, 233. Tequedeuma, 427. Tertiaries, 202. Teutopolis, 206, 207, 208. Texas, 95, .396, 429, 463. Thamien, .324. Third Order, 464. Tiburon, 442. Tiles, 350. Tiscareno, Fr. 4.30. Tithes, 162. Titles to lands, 196. Tixlini, 281. Todos Santos, 6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 22. 23, 28, 29, .32, 60. Tokeene, ,353. Tolksdorf, Fr. P., 464, 465, 467. Torrens, Fr. Hilario, 116, 120, 234. 2,35, 317. Transfer of California Missions, see Cession. Travelling expenses, 19, 89, 12;^. Trial of Fr. Martinez, 159-160. Treatment of missionaries, 91 Triunfo, 118. Troops, aid from the missions, 155 Troubles of the missionaries, 143-144. Trinidad, Trinity Bay, 77. Tucson, 110. 479. Tularcitos, 250. Tulares, 406, 407, 409, 411. Tulare Lake, 1.38. Tulare Valley, 138. Tulea, .38. Tuyunga, 118. Ubaldo, Fr., see Rietti. Uhrmacher, Bro. N. 472, 476, 479. Ulibarri or Ullibarri, Fr. 141,150, .365, 400, 414, 415, 4.34. Ululatos, 451. Ukiah, 155, 465, 467, 473, 475. United States. 196, 197, 218, 277, 288. .345, 429. Unpaid drafts and stipends, 162. Upper California, 211, 288, see California. Upper Lake, 473, 476. Urfa Fr. J. A. 120, 1.38, 141, .376, .390, .^91, 412. Un'a Fr. F. X. 120, 150, 180, 348, 515 344, 376, 3a3, 407, 411, 412, 4.33- 435. Urresti, Fr. Jos('' A. 141, 271, 272, 318, 319. 341, 353, 412, 414. Ursulino, 224, 225. Usson. Fr. Ramon, 20, 21, 25, 29, G8, 71, 75, 76, 260. Usurpation, 91. Vahia, or Vatica, 401. Valdes, Gervasio, 194. Valle de Filaco, 87. Valle, Ifrnacio de, .379. Valle, Antonio, 416. Vallejo, Ig. 123, 329, 395. Vallejo, M. G. 396, 444, 452. Vallejo, Jose 395. Vallev, Big 155. Vallev, Encino, 118. Valley. San Luis, 2.35. Vftlley, Jesus Maria, 1.55. Valley, Round, 155, 475. Valley, Anderson. 475. Vallev, Sacraii-ento, 1.55. Valley. Tulare, 1.38. Vallev, Simi, 118. Valverde, 2.39. Vancouver, 305, 306, 329, 330, 340, Vandalism, 193. Vandieman's Land, 42. Vcara, measure, .350. Velasquez, Lieut, 27. Verger, Fr. Rafa?l, 23, 25, 84. Velicata, 14, 16, 19, 21, 27, 34, 51, 68. Venadito, viceroy, 151. Vegerano, Jose Maria, killed, 41. Vernacular, 126-127, 146, 148. Verdugo, Corp. 225. Veyti.i, Fr. Juan de Medina, 5, 7. 21, 27, 32. Viader, Fr. Jose, 120, 140, 150, 161, 173, 180, 329, .331 .3.33, 375, 399. Viaticum to Fr. Serra, 97. Vicar-general, 1.36, 145, 146, 156, 180. 181, 198-202. Vicario foraneo, 120. Vieario castrense, 120. Vice-prefect, 146, 156, 180, 181, 190, 202. Victoria, or Vitoria, Fr. Anto- nio, 181, .318, 319, .341-343, 353, .366, .368, 414, 4.35. Victoria, Gov. 164, 423. Victor. Fr, see Aertker. Victoria, President, 1.57. Victorin, Bro. 479. "Vida del Padre Junipero Ser ra" .300.301. Vila, Vincente, 14, .37, .39, 47, 52, 289 Villa, Diego, 194. Villumbrales Fr. Andres, 4, 6, 21, 27, .30. .31. Villuendos, Fr. Francisco, 21, 28. Violation of Church Asylum, 129. Violence to Fr. Barona, ,321. Vinevards, 1.32. Vina Is, Fr. Jos^ 120, 141, 247- 249. Virtues of Fr. Serra, 104-105. Virmond, .394. Visalia, 1.39. Visitador General, 9, 12, 288. Visitations, 203, 479. Vizcaino, Sebastian, 2, 3, 47, 56, 57. Vizcaino, Fr. Juan, 14, 16, 35, .36, 39, 41, 50 54. Vocabulario, 258, 436. Vocations, 203. Wade, Fr. P. 202. Wagons, 148. Wallischeck, Fr. Peter, 208. 211. Wards of the missionaries, 153. Washerwoman's Bay, 291. Washington ship, ;^80. Water- power, 1.32. Watsonville, 204, 459, 464. Wealth of the missions, 121, 128. 154: see Exaggeration, Weaversville, 155. Weaving, 318. Weis. Fr. Bernardin, 207, 211. Wendelin, Bro. 490, 491. Wewer, Bro. Adrian, 490, 491. White population. 1.30. Wickenburg, 492. Wiewers, Fr. Alovsius, 208, 458, 483,486. William, Fr. see Dempflin. William Williams, 428. Wilms, Bro. Arnold, 476. Wirz. Fr. Herman, 461. Wine, 1.32, .309. Wojciechowski, Bro., Pac, 476. Wolf, Rev. S. 464. Worldly extravagance, 148. Wounds of St. Francis, 46. 86. Writings of Fr. Palou, .300-.301. Writings of Fr Deymann, 463. Xalisco, Cronica de, 1. 516 Xalisco, College, see Jalisco. Yanonalit, 347, 348. Yerba Buena Island, 117. Yumas, 92, 296, 348. Zacatecas College, 171, 173, 178, 180, 190, 198, 202, 333, 402, 430, Zacatecas church, 185. Zacatecanos, 171, 173. 174, 177, 180, 181, 190, 197, 198, 264, 275, 311, 333, 359, 377, 379, 403, 443, 452. Zalvidea, Fr. 139, 141, 150, 170, 192, 271-273, 279, 318, 321, 322, 412, 427, 428. Zaragoza, 233. Zamorano, 169. Zamudio, Fr. Bernardino de, 1. Zeal of Fr. Serra, 79. Zephyrin, Fr., see Engelhardt. U. I. 0. S, D. ('orri^enda. Papre 8, lino 2, road -ecclesiastical. in, „ 2, from bottom, omit— to, 16 ,, 7, ,, ,, , read— accompanied. 1". .. 2, ,, ,, , road — succeeded. 19, note four, re id— settlement. 20, line 6, from bottom, read— Juan Antonio Rioboo. •5*'. .. 5, .. ,, , read— establishment. X<. .1 2, ,, ,, , read— Villuendas, Franci.sco. ^1 I. 17, ,, ,. , read— concluded. 66, line 9, from bottom, read— prudence. 88, ,, 8, from bottom, read— returning. 99, ,, 1, „ „ , read— mournful, 101, ,, 21, read— handkerchief. Ill, ,, 2, road — necessary. Ill, „ 8, read— kings. 123, „ 4, from bottom, read— 1797. 127, note, read — missionaries. i:C, ,, 10. from bottom, read— relations with. i;W, „ 27-28, omit clause— "then it seems stationed at San Jose." 141, ,, 1."), from bottom, read— F. J. Uria. 16.5, ,, 21, read— happened. 178, ,, 11, read— ecclesiastical. 191, ,, 19, read— declares, 194, „ 18, read— Ambris. 200, ,. 2, read— preparatory. 2(X), ,, i;{, read — announced. 203, ,, 12, read — recruit. 206, ,, 12, read — occurred. 207, ,, 14, read- interim. 216, „ 10, from bottom, read— each. 2:54, ,. 13, read— past for part. 236, ,, 2, read— Jos^. 254, „ 8, read-slab. 264, ,, 4, read— seventy-five. 264, note line 2, read — south. 273, for note 21, read— 3. 287, line 3, from bottom, read— dysentery ;^01, note line 11, read— truth. 342, ,, 17, read- Buenaventni'a. 414, „ 7, from bottom read— transferred. 415, ,, 10, read — stationed. 417, ., 9, from bottom, read— management. 422, ,, 22, read— Ger6nimo. 429, , 21, read— religious. 4;M, „ 15, from bottom, read-convent. 442, ,, 18, read— tho rancheria. 495, „ 43, for Arrellano, Fr., read— .\rrellan(). Rev. '0S35518499 93S.3 En35 i "BRimEDONOf PHOTOOTf ^