Da-rTle I 
 
 Ci'h I V)du 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 MISSIONS OF THE AMERICAN BOARD 
 
 CHINA, 
 
 Rev. S. C. BARTLETT, D. D. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD 
 33 Pemberton Square. 
 
 1 8 7 2 . 
 
BAKTLETT’S SKETCHES OP THE MISSIONS 
 
 Are Published Collectively, in a neat Volume of 
 
 233 Pages: 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. The Origin of the American Board. 
 
 II. Missions in India. . 
 
 III. Missions in the Sandwich Islands, Micronesia, 
 and Marquesas. 
 
 IV. Missions in Turkey. 
 
 V. The Mission in Syria. 
 
 VI. Missions in China. 
 
 VII. The Mission to Persia. 
 
 VIII. Missions in Africa. 
 
 IX. Missions among the North American Indians. 
 
 X. Missions among the North American Indians. 
 
 Continued. — The Dakotas. 
 
 , . APPENDIX. 
 
 Statistics of the Missions of the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Statistics of Missions recently transferred to the Pres- 
 byterian BoarA-Of Missions. 
 
 Statistics of the Sandwich Islands Churches. 
 
 Missionaries of the Board. 
 
 Foreign Missionary Statistics of the Protestant 
 Churches throughout the World. 
 
 The price of this Volume is 75 cents. Orders maybe sent 
 to Mr. Charles Hutchens, Missionary House, Boston, or 
 to Rev. S. J. Humphrey, 84 Washington Street, Chicago, 
 Illinois, and the book will be sent by mail, postage paid, on 
 receipt of the price. 
 
BARTLETT’S SKETCHES. 
 
 MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 Few minds comprehend the greatness of China, past, 
 present, or prospective. "When we utter those two short 
 syllables, we mention one third of the human family ; 
 and each letter of that word stands for nearly a hundred 
 million souls. 
 
 Every aspect of the empire is colossal. Huge moun- 
 tain masses of immense altitude inclose it on the west, 
 and shoot through the country their two long ranges so 
 high that the great road from Canton to Pekin winds 
 through a pass eight thousand feet above the ocean. 
 Vast basins of land lying between and among these 
 mountain ranges are fertilized and commercially inter- 
 woven by great navigable streams, the chief of which are 
 the Hoang-ho, more than two thousand miles in length, 
 and the Yang-tse Kiang, near three thousand miles long, 
 ascended four hundred miles by the tide, and bearing 
 myriads of barges and boats back and forth on its placid 
 waters. Each of these, and other great rivers, are only 
 the central threads of great networks of navigable streams, 
 which render the empire, pre-eminent among the nations, 
 in facilities for internal trade. Meanwhile the wide ex- 
 tent and varied surface of the country, stretching through 
 thirty-eight degrees of latitude and seventy-four of longi- 
 tude, give rise to almost every kind of climate, and admit 
 L 1 
 
2 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 of almost every species of vegetable production ; and the 
 numerous rivers are remarkable for the abundance and 
 variety of their fish. One tenth of the population derive 
 their food from the waters. Nature has bestowed on China 
 certain peculiar treasures and sources of immense profit 
 in the tea-plant, the camphor-tree, the sugar-cane, the 
 bamboo, of endless uses, indigo, cotton, rhubarb, the var- 
 nish tree, and in the silk-worm, which is indigeuous, and 
 abounds in all parts of the country. The mineral re- 
 sources are ample — gold, silver, zinc, lead, and tin in 
 considerable quantities, exteusive mines of quicksilver, 
 with iron and copper in great abundance. Porcelain 
 clay is found in great deposits, and immense stores of 
 coal, bituminous and anthracite, and, in short, almost 
 every mineral production requisite for the complete sup- 
 ply of the empire. Not even our own country has an 
 area more directly fitted and furnished by nature for a 
 great concentric empire, with all its resources at home, 
 than this grand Asiatic regiou. 
 
 In many respects the development of the empire has 
 been proportionate to its resources. The almost uu- 
 equaled facilities for internal traffic afforded by its great 
 river systems are increased by four hundred canals, 
 greater in extent, possibly, than those of all other na- 
 tions together, the longest of which was constructed six 
 hundred years ago, and is twice the length of the Erie 
 Canal. The most titanic work of defense ever erected 
 by man is that famous wall, from fifteen to thirty feet iu 
 height, fifteen feet broad at the tpp, and fifteen hundred 
 miles in length, built so long ago that the centuries of its 
 age are more by five than the hundreds of miles of its 
 length. The agriculture of China has been carried out 
 on such a system as to utilize every kind and particle of 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 3 
 
 refuse, and to maintain a density of population, in some 
 of its provinces, — Kiang-ke, for example, — three times 
 as great as the average of England, and more than twice 
 that even of Belgium. 
 
 Those four or five hundred millions have been accumu- 
 lating and toiling there for ages. Old England is an 
 infant in the presence of China. Passing its fabulous 
 era, the curtain of history rises two thousand years before 
 Christ, and discloses already an elective monarchy ; and 
 the eye wearies with reading the names and the exact 
 dates of fifty-eight monarchs, from Ta-yu to Yew-wang, 
 who reigned on the Yaug-tse Iviaug before Romulus had 
 sucked his “wolf’s milk” on the bauks of the Tiber. 
 The empire boasts a hoary civilization too, which, if 
 never quickened by the true religion, has yet accumulated 
 splendid trophies. Its perfection of agriculture and its 
 marvelous industry challenge our admiration. Many of 
 its great canals are two thousand years old. From time 
 immemorial the nation have been manufacturers of silks. 
 Wood-engraving and stereotype printing are at least five 
 hundred years older in China than the time of Gutenberg 
 and Faust in Germany. The earliest Christian mission- 
 aries found here the magnetic needle. Gunpowder was 
 in use at a remote antiquity, and the Tartars in the 
 twelfth century learned here the use of guns and swords, 
 and thence, perhaps, conveyed the knowledge of artillery 
 to Europe. Seventeen hundred years ago the Chinese were 
 using paper ; they had a lexicon of their language, that 
 is still reckoned amoDg their standards ; and the imperial 
 library numbered eighty thousand volumes, two thirds of 
 them “ancient” then. 
 
 One honorable mark of the pervasive civilization of 
 China is found in the W'ide diffusion and high estimate 
 
4 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSION'S. 
 
 of education. Distinction in public life can be attained 
 only on condition of scholarship, tested by rigid ex- 
 aminations. The kuoxvledge of reading, writing, and 
 arithmetic is with the men almost universal ; so that 
 even the peasantry can keep their accounts, conduct their 
 correspondence, and read the proclamations of the man- 
 darins. In the southern provinces, especially, every 
 village has its school, fouuded and supported by the vil- 
 lages themselves. To the foreign visitor the school-room 
 seems a young bedlam, for the children study rocking 
 themselves backward and forward, and chanting the 
 lesson, often indeed bawling it at the top of their voices. 
 In the midst of the hubbub sits the master, listening and 
 correcting ; and when each pupil has thoroughly rocked 
 and screamed his lesson over to himself, he presents him- 
 self to the teacher with a low bow, and “ backs his book,” 
 that is, he turns his back and repeats his lesson. Aud it 
 marks the old and stereotyped character of the civiliza- 
 tion, that the children learn largely the ancient writings 
 of Mencius and Confucius, committed in parrot style to 
 memory. The peculiarities of the nation have been in- 
 tensified by its inner completeness and outward seclusion. 
 Shut off from the wave of western conquest by the 
 mountains of Thibet, enveloped by inhospitable plains on 
 the north, withdrawn from commerce by the breadth of 
 the Pacific, and intrenched within her own exclusive 
 policy, she knew for ages only the weaker nations aud 
 roving tribes upon her borders. Consequently, until 
 within these last few years the national conceit has been 
 insufferable and insuperable. The emperor was the 
 “Son of Heaven,” sitting on the “Dragon Throne,” 
 and signing decrees with the “ vermilion peucil ; ” and 
 his empire was the “ Middle Kingdom,” the “ Iuuer 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 5 
 
 Land,” and the “ Flowery Country.” Their map of the 
 world gave nine tenths of its space to China, and to Eng- 
 land a spot as large as a thumb-nail, while our country 
 was nowhere. The government documents designated 
 foreigners as “ barbarians,” and the common people in 
 many parts of the empire called them “ foreign devils.” 
 
 So diverse have been all their customs from our own, 
 as to place a barrier between us from the outset. “ We 
 read horizontally, they perpendicularly ; and the columns 
 run from right to left. We uncover the head as a mark 
 of respect, they put on their caps. We black our boots, 
 they whitewash them. We give the place of honor on 
 the right, they on the left. We say the needle points to 
 the north, they to the south. We shake the hand of a 
 friend in salutation, they shake their own. We locate the 
 understanding in the brain, they in the belly. We place 
 our foot-notes at the bottom of the page, they at the top. 
 In our libraries we set our books up, they lay theirs down. 
 We now turn thousands of spindles and ply hundreds of 
 shuttles without a single hand to propel, they employ a 
 hand for each.” 
 
 But the most singular thing of all, perhaps, is the lan- 
 guage. Some have said it was specially invented by the 
 devil to exclude Christianity. The fundamental concep- 
 tion of it is difficult for a foreigner to grasp. It is chiefly 
 monosyllabic, having no other letters or words than syl- 
 lables. In one respect it is as colossal as the nation — 
 in the number of its characters. Every character is the 
 name of a thing. An immense number of seemingly 
 arbitrary signs is therefore to be mastered. The labor 
 is alleviated, however, by the fact that there are certain 
 root words, variously estimated at from three hundred 
 and fifteen to four thousand, and some two hundred and 
 
6 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 fourteen symbolic characters, entering into, classifying, 
 and characterizing the various combinations of signs. 
 The number of words contained in the official dictionary 
 is forty-three thousand five hundred, and other authorities 
 reckon as many more. But the missionary Doolittle 
 affirms that a knowledge of three or four thousand char- 
 acters is sufficient for the reading of most books. The 
 characters become so complicated in form that one re- 
 markable specimen is made by fifty-two strokes of the 
 pen. The language is still further complicated by the 
 tones and inflections, which vary the meaning of the char- 
 acters, and by the diversity of form and signification often 
 attached to words identical in sound. The missionaries 
 have found themselves greatly embarrassed, too, by the 
 utter earthliness of the language. Among all its forty 
 thousand words, rankly luxuriant in all the expressions 
 for hateful passions and groveling vices, there was no 
 suitable phraseology to describe one of the graces of the 
 Spirit ; and it was for half a century a matter of grave 
 discussion what should be the proper name of God. 
 
 Difficult as the language confessedly is, the difficulty 
 has, no doubt, been greatly magnified. It is one which 
 for ages past has been constantly surmounted by these 
 countless millions themselves ; it is one which Dr. Milue 
 overcame so readily as to publish an address in Chinese 
 within a twelvemonth after he entered the field. And 
 the labor of acquisition is more than counterbalanced by 
 the breadth of utterance. For though there are numer- 
 ous spoken dialects, mutually unintelligible, the written 
 language of this vast empire is one. And the weary 
 translator, toiling at his task, may cheer himself with the 
 thought that every verse he painfully prepares can speak 
 in God’s name to any one of four hundred million souls. 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 7 
 
 The labor was lightened, too, from the beginning, by the 
 fact that the missionary needed no outlay for types, 
 presses, and printing offices with foreign printers and 
 binders, but had only to give his manuscript to a China- 
 man, and receive back his book all printed, and bound, 
 and ready for circulation. 
 
 China has been called the Gibraltar of heathenism. 
 In some respects the statement is true. The complica- 
 tion of the language is, after all, but a trivial barrier, for 
 it can be as well surmounted for the cause of Christ as 
 for every earthly purpose. We long had a grand obstacle 
 in the overweening vanity and singular exclusiveness of 
 the nation ; but the collisions with England and France, 
 twelve years ago, have shaken these to their centre. 
 There still remains the wonderful tenacity with which 
 the natiou identifies itself with the past and clings to its 
 time-honored institutions, and especially the mighty hold 
 which Confucius has upon their reverence and actual 
 adoration. Considering the number of centuries since 
 his death — twenty-three — and the multitudes of men 
 who have ever since chosen him for their great light, no 
 man has ever carried so wide an influence. Said two old 
 men of Shantung, refusing a religious tract, “ We have 
 seen your books, and do not want them. In the instruc- 
 tions of our sage we have sufficient.” They only gave 
 voice to the hereditary feeling. Those doctrines, at their 
 best estate, are but a self-sufficient morality. Another 
 powerful obstacle to the true religion is the worship paid 
 to deceased ancestors. It has its regular services and 
 set times in every household ; is established by universal 
 custom, compulsory by public sentiment, and, if neglected, 
 enforceable by law. When we consider how deep are 
 the sentiments of human nature on which it lays hold, 
 
8 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 we can easily see how firm that hold must be. The 
 nation is also trained from childhood to the practice of 
 innumerable other idolatrous ceremonies, till they have 
 become a network in which the whole life is woven. 
 These idolatries are supported at enormous expense. A 
 missionary who had made careful inquiry through the 
 district of Shanghai, and estimated the empire on the 
 same scale, computed the annual expenditures of Chinese 
 idolatry at the almost increditable sum of one hundred 
 and eighty millions of dollars. Surely there is some 
 money-power in China arrayed against the annual half a 
 million of the American Board, expended on the world. 
 
 But perhaps neither Confucianism, Tauism, nor Bud- 
 dhism, — the three chief forms of religion, — offer obsta- 
 cles so great as the character and habits of the nation. 
 Under a calm and courteous exterior, foreigners have 
 found them cunning and corrupt, treacherous and vin- 
 dictive. Gambling and drunkenness, though abuudantly 
 prevalent, are far outstripped by their licentiousness, 
 which taints the language with its leprosy, ofteu deco- 
 rates the walls of their inns with the foulest of scenes, by 
 them called “ flowers,” and lurks beneath a thin Chinese 
 lacker as a deep dead-rot in society. Said Dr. Bridg- 
 man, after sixteen years’ labor among them, — and Mr. 
 Johnson, with a still longer experience, confirmed his 
 words, — “ The longer I live in this country, the more do 
 I see of the wickedness of this people. All that Paul said 
 of the ancient heathen is true of the Chiuese, and true to 
 an extent that is dreadful. Their inmost soul, their very 
 conscience, seems to be seared, dead — so insensible that 
 they are, as regards a future life, like the beasts that 
 perish. No painting, no imagination, can portray and 
 lay before the Christian world the awful sins, the horri- 
 ble abomiuations, that fill the land.” 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 9 
 
 Associated with all this corruption is the deepest 
 degradation of woman. From the cradle to the grave 
 her life is one long-drawn woe. Her birth is a disgrace 
 and a burden to the family ; and infanticide of females 
 accordingly prevails to a shocking extent. In forty 
 towns around Amoy, Mr. Abeel found that two fifths of 
 the girls were destroyed in their infancy ; and intelligent 
 Chinese informed Mr. Doolittle that probably more than 
 half the families of the great city of Foo Chow have 
 destroyed one or more of their daughters — drowned in 
 tubs, thrown into streams, and buried alive, commonly 
 by the father. Sometimes they are exposed, sometimes 
 sold in infancy for slaves or for wives. A girl of one 
 year will briug two dollars, and each additional year, till 
 she is old enough to work and be more valuable, two 
 dollars more. If spared alive at home, she is but a 
 menial ; taught to work, but not to read or write. She 
 is sold in marriage to some man whom she never sees 
 till the wedding day — a man with whom she never eats, 
 who holds and uses the right to starve her, beat her, or 
 to sell her permanently or transiently to some other man, 
 or in due time to place another wife by her side. From 
 the prolonged curse of life not seldom she escapes by 
 suicide. Said the Mandarin Ting to the French traveler 
 Hue, folding his arms, and stepping back a pace or two, 
 “Women have no souls.” And when it was insisted 
 and argued that they had, he laughed long and loud at 
 the thought. “ When I get home I will tell my wife she 
 has a soul. She will be astonished, I think.” Does not 
 one mighty wail sweep over the waters of the Pacific, and 
 sound day aud night in the ears of the wives, mothers, and 
 daughters of this country, beseeching them to go and to send 
 to the rescue of these their degraded, suffering sisters ? 
 
10 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 One other obstacle only shall be mentioned — the use 
 of opium. Perhaps it is the most formidable of all. 
 Two names deserve to be handed down to infamy : those 
 of Vice-President Wheeler and Colonel Watson, of the 
 British East India Company, who, in the beginning of 
 this century, conceived the deplorable thought of sending 
 the opium of Bengal into China. Even the heathen em- 
 pire roused itself at length, and nobly struggled hard to 
 eject the horrid gift, — this Pandora’s box, — but the 
 British government, in 1840, forced it back at the can- 
 non’s mouth. The effect has been hideous beyond de- 
 scription. The physical, social, and moral evils with 
 which it is steadily flooding the nation, in its lava-like 
 course, no tongue can tell. The Chinese grow excited 
 when they speak of it ; and the missionaries, with one 
 voice, declare it to be, next to native depravity, the most 
 dreadful barrier to the progress - of the gospel. Surely 
 Christendom owes China the gospel with a fearful force 
 of obligation. 
 
 No doubt the difficulties are great. But the motive, 
 and the moving power, are greater far. Here is a huge 
 prize for the Lord of Hosts. If China has been thought 
 the Gibraltar, it may yet become the Waterloo, of hea- 
 thendom. Long ago Christian eyes were turned to the 
 shining mark. Twelve centuries ago the Xestorian 
 Church, in her palmy days, planted churches in China, 
 which, after various successes and reverses, were crushed 
 by the heel of Genghis Khan, overrun by the victorious 
 march of the Mohammedan princes, aud forcibly obliter- 
 ated by the dynasty of Ming. In the thirteenth century 
 Rome came here with an archbishop, seven assistant 
 bishops, and a train of missionaries. Again she returned 
 in 1581, in Jesuit disguise, led by one Ricci, of whom a 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 11 
 
 Catholic writer thus speaks : “ The kings found in him a 
 man full of complaisance ; the pagans a minister who 
 accommodated himself to their superstitions ; the Man- 
 darins a polite courtier, skilled in all the courts ; and the 
 devil a faithful servant, who, far from destroying, estab- 
 lished his reign among the people, and even extended it 
 to the Christians.” Since that time, by the customary 
 superficial methods, which in China do not include the 
 distribution of the Scriptures, and very seldom the ability 
 to preach intelligibly, the Papacy has prosecuted its work, 
 till in China proper it now boasts of twenty bishops, four 
 hundred and seventy priests (half of them natives), and 
 three hundred and sixty thousand converts, or baptized 
 persons. . 
 
 The father of Protestant missions in China was Rev. 
 Robert Morrison — a man who had prepared for the 
 Divinity School, at Hoxton, by studying between the 
 hours of seven at night and six in the morning, making 
 boot-trees during the day. With a burning desire to 
 preach to the heathen, he broke away from the dissua- 
 sions of his friends and the tears of his father, to this 
 dark land. Under the charge of the London Missionary 
 Society, aud with a letter from James Madison to the 
 American Consul at Canton, he, in 1807, found his way 
 in that city to the ware-rooms of a New York merchant, 
 where, in the native costume, with long nails and cue, 
 he ate, slept, lived, and studied by day, and, with his 
 small brown earthen lamp, by night, praying his daily 
 prayers in broken Chinese. After seven long years, he 
 gave the natives the New Testament entire, and baptized 
 his first convert from a little spring gushing from the 
 hill-side by the sea, in utter solitude. Iu that same year 
 he was joined by the noble William Milne, who had 
 
12 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSION’S. 
 
 sprung from a Scotch peasant’s home ; at the age of six- 
 teen bad spent whole evenings at prayer in a sheep-cote, 
 kneeling on a bit of turf that he carried with him ; at 
 twenty had consecrated himself to the mission work ; 
 then spent five years in providing for his sisters aud 
 widowed mother ; told the committee-man, who objected 
 to' his rustic appearance, that he was ready to go as a 
 hewer of wood aud a drawer of water, so that he might 
 be in the work, and in a year from his arrival was pub- 
 lishing a Chinese address. Three years later, Morrison 
 and Milne issued the whole of the Scriptures, — a work 
 which, in her hundreds of years of occupancy, the Rom- 
 ish Church never did nor attempted. Other translations 
 have since been published, — the New Testament, in 
 Mandarin colloquial, quite recently, at Peking. Morrison 
 and Milne were feebly reenforced from home, and after 
 almost a quarter of a century, their earnest call — which 
 proved to be Milne’s dying call — reached America. It 
 was then (1829) that the American Board began its work 
 in the persons of the excellent Bridgman and Abeel, fol- 
 lowed in succession by other noble men and women, some 
 of whom have also followed them to heaven, in firm faith 
 of the sure harvest in due season. Among earlier mem- 
 bers of the mission were Williams, Parker, Doty, Pohl- 
 man, Ball, Peet, Bonney, and other honored names. The 
 Board is at present represented in China by thirty-nine 
 Americans, male and female, who, with their native 
 preachers and helpers, occupy some seven stations, aud 
 fifteen out-stations, where they have organized eleven 
 small churches. Other Protestant Boards have followed 
 them, until, according to a recent statement prepared at 
 Tientsin, one hundred and twenty-four [ordained] mis- 
 sionaries are now in the field, who, with their wives. 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 13 
 
 other helpers, and native preachers and assistants, occupy 
 some twenty-six principal points and adjacent stations. 
 Morrison’s, Marshman’s, Gutzlaff’s, and Medhurst’s 
 translations of the Bible, and other versions, or partial 
 versions, have been issued, together with some eight 
 hundred different tracts and books, many of which have 
 been widely circulated. Many churches have been or- 
 ganized ; most of them small, although three of those 
 belonging to the Reformed Church at Amoy together 
 number three hundred and seventy-seven communicants. 
 Already native pastors are at the head of some of these 
 churches, while many native evangelists are preaching 
 the gospel to their countrymen. The number of converts 
 was given, two years ago, by Mr. Williams, Secretary 
 of Legation at Peking, as several thousand. 
 
 But the history of missions in China is a history still 
 of the future ; let us hope of the near future, aud a 
 glorious history. For “ what are these am^ng so many” 
 — one missionary to three or four millions of people? 
 They stand oppressed before the greatness of the work, 
 and the magnificence of the opportunity, amid the won- 
 derful renaissance that is sweeping over China. Mr. 
 Chapin wrote from Tientsin, in 1867 : “Would that we 
 had a hundred men full of faith, and zeal, and love. 
 Where is there such a field? I wonder that the hearts 
 of the pious and enterprising youth of our country are 
 not so stirred up, in view of the glorious service, as to 
 lead thousands of them to present themselves to the 
 Board, and beg to be sent forth on this holy, joyous 
 mission.” 
 
 It is, indeed, a future of glorious hope and possibilities. 
 Great as are the obstacles, the power of the gospel has 
 shown itself greater, and some of the very obstacles may 
 M 
 
14 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 yet throw their enormous weight upon its side. The 
 Holy Spirit has proved his ability to pierce the worldly 
 and sensual Chinese heart. 
 
 Tsae A-ke, that first convert whom Morrison baptized 
 in the solitude of the sea-shore, proved faithful unto 
 death, aud many others have proved, also, faithful iu life, 
 till now that solitary believer is represented by several 
 thousand, many of whom are faithful preachers of the 
 word. The Missionary Herald recently informed us of 
 a young Chinese merchant in Hawaii, who has left his 
 business to labor for Christ amoug his countrymen upon 
 those islands. A gentleman iu manuer aud character, 
 he speaks English, Hawaiian, aud six dialects of the 
 Chinese, and preaches with fervor aud with power ; and 
 his countrymen there are abandoning their idolatry, and 
 predicting the speedy prevalence of Christianity through 
 their native empire. 
 
 God has, indeed, wrought w'onders since that time, — 
 not a generation gone by, — when the whole foreign in- 
 tercourse of the empire was concentrated in the Iloug 
 merchants of Canton. The opium war closed, iu 1842, 
 by unlocking five other ports to open commerce. The 
 war with Frauce and England, ending in 1860, did still 
 greater things. It reversed the policy of the empire. 
 When the foreign armies steadily advanced toward Pe- 
 king, storming every fort on the way till they had burned 
 the summer palace, and invested the capital, the treach- 
 erous Emperor fled to Tartary, the national vanity and 
 obstinacy broke down together, aud a new day dawned 
 on China. Not only are eighteen ports now open to 
 trade, but the empire is free to foreign travel and teach- 
 ing, with the definite pledge of toleration to Christianity, 
 aud of protection to its missionaries. The government 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 15 
 
 lias at length learned, by hard experience, thoroughly to 
 respect and desire the civilization of the West. Chinese 
 troops have beeu drilled in foreign tactics on the very 
 battle-grounds where they had been defeated within the 
 year. The Viceroy of the Fukien and Chekiang prov- 
 inces is building gun-boats by the aid of French ship- 
 builders, aud is training thirty young men to learn the, 
 French language and the art of ship-building, and as 
 many more to learn the English aud the art of naviga- 
 tion. Wheaton’s Law of Nations has, by order of the 
 government, been translated aud distributed to the officials 
 of the empire ; and so well has it been conned, that, in a 
 recent difficulty of the Prussian Minister with the au- 
 thorities, he was both astouuded and discomfited by their 
 citation of its principles. The government has founded 
 the University of Peking. There is a longing for foreign 
 science, so earnest that it will suffer the leaven of Chris- 
 tianity that accompanies, as when the Viceroy of Kiang- 
 nan publishes, with his own sanction and introduction, a 
 translation of Euclid, wherein the missionary translator 
 boldly advocates the cause of religion in the preface. A 
 man of wealth aud learning has recently argued, iu one 
 of the Chinese papers, in favor of the missionary work 
 as a matter of policy, declaring that “ the benefits which 
 we derive from the teachings of the missionaries are 
 more than we can enumerate,” and that “ their influence 
 on our future will be unbounded.” The embassy of 
 Mr. Burlingame was a startling event iu the drowsy policy 
 of this ancient empire. A powerful progressive party is 
 rising into influence which may yet throw the momentum 
 of the empire iu favor of Christianity. For it seems an 
 admitted fact — reiterated to Mr. Burlingame by a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Foreign Affairs — that the intelligent 
 
16 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 men of China “ put no faith in the popular religions,” 
 and that a large part of the people, notwithstanding their 
 industrious observances of forms, are wholly indifferent 
 to the principles of their faith. Thousands of copies of 
 the Bible, and other Christian books and tracts, have 
 been scattered among this reading people. They begin 
 to ask for Christian books. Attention is turned to 
 Christianity. Mr. Lees, of the London Society, and 
 Mr. Wiliiamson, of the Scotch Bible Society, in an ex- 
 tended tour iu 1866, fouud many who bought their books, 
 and hung eagerly on their words. Mr. Chapin, in his 
 journeys in the neighborhood of Tientsin, spoke to audi- 
 ences of two or three thousand persons. Mr. Williamson, 
 of the Bible Society, after a two months’ tour from 
 Peking, reported the people as calling for the living 
 preacher. The very degradation of the Chinese women 
 may yet prodigiously react iu behalf of our religion, with 
 its elevation of the sex. The girls’ schools are already 
 growing iu favor. Mr. Williams writes from Peking that 
 they are specially encouraged by their access to the 
 women, who iu several families welcome their visits ; 
 and Mr. Blodget speaks of “boat loads of women” 
 coming iu from the country towns, bringing their food 
 with them, to be instructed in the gospel. Mrs. Gulick, 
 on her visit to Yiicho, while talking to a room full of 
 women, was accosted by one who took her by the hand, 
 saying, “ I believe iu Jesus, and last New Year’s day 
 burned all my idols.” Others were much moved ; three 
 or four offered simple, but earnest prayers, declared 
 their faith in Jesus, and asked for baptism. 
 
 Iu truth, the long dormant elements iu China are rous- 
 ing to action. A period of awakening, and of possible 
 instruction, has come at last. It is a time of formation 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 17 
 
 and of hope. Everything is ready aud waiting. It is an 
 important hour for that vast empire. Where, now, is 
 the solid phalanx of young Christian heroes, wise with a 
 heavenly wisdom, fired with a Christ-like zeal, and filled 
 with a largeness of heart, and a breadth of comprehen- 
 sion, as great as the opportunity, to cast themselves into 
 the breach, and win the empire to Christ? Where are 
 those men? Let them now stand forth, unfurl the ban- 
 ner of the cross, and call on the churches to pour out 
 their prayers and their money like water for their sup- 
 port. And the churches dare not say them nay. China 
 aud the world will owe them the profoundest debt of 
 gratitude, aud the Master will say, “ Well done.” Has 
 there been such an opportunity since the world began? 
 
 While preparing this article for the press the writer 
 has met with a statement which casts new light on the 
 prospects and condition of China, and more than con- 
 firms all the foregoing assertions. It shows how great a 
 foundation has been laid, and how rapidly the work rolls 
 up, increasing as it goes. It shows, also, how firm a 
 hold the gospel can lay upon the seemingly wooden heart 
 and mind of the Chinaman. It was written by Rev. S. 
 L. Baldwin, a Methodist Episcopal missionary, and ap- 
 peared in the Iudepeudent, December 21, 1871, in answer 
 to certain disparaging inquiries of a contributor. It is a 
 pretty effectual answer : — 
 
 “ I. What has been accomplished in China? 
 
 “ Answer. — Although the first Protestant missionary 
 to the Chiuese landed at Cantou iu 1807, aud about sixty 
 missionaries were sent from Europe and America, be- 
 tween 1813 and 1842, to China, aud to the Chinese set- 
 tlements in Java, Siarn, and the Straits., the real era of 
 
18 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE SnSSIOXS. 
 
 the commencement of Protestant missionary labor in 
 China is the year 1842, in which the treaty with Great 
 Britain was signed, which opened the ‘ five ports ’ to the 
 commerce of the world. Our missionaries were then 
 permitted to enter at all the open ports with the word of 
 life. A long period of preparatory work was then en- 
 tered upon — breaking down the prejudices of a people 
 for centuries secluded from the rest of the world, over- 
 coming* the superstitions of the masses, and undermining 
 their faith in idolatry. While this work was going on — 
 for ten or twelve years — there were scarcly any con- 
 verts ; so that nearly all the converts have been received 
 within the last sixteen years, and by far the larger part 
 of them within the last seven years. The following 
 table will show the ratio of increase during the last 
 eighteen years : — 
 
 In 1853 the number of native Christians was . . 351 
 
 “ 18C3 “ “ “ “ . . 1,974 
 
 “ 18G4 “ “ “ “ . . 2,607 
 
 “ 1S68 “ “ “ “ . . 5,743 
 
 The present number is very nearly 8,000 
 
 “ But w'e should get a very inadequate idea of the 
 work done if we were to look only at the number of 
 communicants. Over five huudred different books have 
 been printed in the Chinese language by Protestant mis- 
 sionaries, including the Sacred Scriptures, commenta- 
 ries, theological, educational, linguistic, historical, geo- 
 graphical, mathematical, astronomical, and botanical 
 works — books ranging in size and importance from the 
 child’s primer to Dr. Martin’s translation of * Wheaton’s 
 International Law,’ Dr. Hobson’s medical and physio- 
 logical works, and Mr. Wylie’s translations of ‘ Euclid’s 
 Geometry ’ and ‘ Herschell’s Astronomy.’ 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 19 
 
 “ Besides, the vast advance made in eradicating the 
 prejudices of the people, securing their confidence, and 
 gaining entrance into the interior, is to be taken into the 
 account. The fact that fifty thousand native patients 
 are annually treated in Protestant missionary hospitals 
 is also full of significance. It is a common thing for us 
 to meet with people now who say that for eight, nr Lea, 
 or more years they have not worshiped idols ; that they 
 were convinced by preaching that they heard, or books 
 that they received, so long ago, that idolatry was wrong, 
 and had given it up. We find them now, in iuterior 
 cities and villages, ready to become adherents of the 
 gospel of Christ. 
 
 “ II. What are our prospects for the future? 
 
 “ Answer. — Rev. M. J. Knowlton, of Ningpo, calls 
 attention to the fact that of late the number of out- 
 stations, of native preachers, and of converts has doubled 
 once in a period of a little over three years, and that we 
 may reasonably expect that by the year 1900 the native 
 Christians will number over two millions. Bishop 
 Kingsley, in addressing the native Methodist preachers 
 at Foochow, in 18G9, reminded them that there were 
 more Methodists then in Foochow than there were in 
 America a hundred years before. Let this fact be borne 
 in mind, namely, that, although the Chinese move slowly, 
 when they begin to move they move in masses, and there 
 is no reason why this rule may not operate to the advan- 
 tage of Christianity. In the Foochow mission of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church we had last year nine hun- 
 dred and thirty-one members, and nine hundred and 
 sixty-nine probationers, showing the work of the year 
 preceding to have equaled, in the number of converts, all 
 the years of the mission’s history that had gone before. 
 
20 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 Such facts as these will have weight with all thiukiug 
 minds. 
 
 “ III. What is the character of Chinese converts? 
 
 “ Answer. — As among converts at home, there is 
 every variety of character among them ; but in general 
 they are faithful, earnest, devoted men. The difference 
 between them and their Pagan neighbors is marked. 
 The Pagan neighbor is dirty. The Christian is clean. 
 The Pagan lies, and delights in lying. The Christiau 
 becomes truthful. The Pagan treats his wife as a slave. 
 The Christian treats her as an immortal being. The 
 Pagan regards the birth of a daughter as a calamity. 
 The Christian welcomes the little girl, gives her to God 
 in baptism, and tries to prepare her for a useful life. 
 
 “One of our native Christians at Foochow w r ent on 
 Saturday to an American mercantile house with samples 
 of tea. The agent in charge said, ‘ Come to-morrow.’ 
 The native replied, ‘ To-morrow is Sunday, and I never 
 transact business on God’s day ! ’ (Some incidents of 
 this kind may go far to account for the asserted fact that 
 ‘ merchants do not expect great things from the mission- 
 aries.’) 
 
 “ When Li Cha Mi, a few weeks ago, was stoned by 
 persecutors until he was nearly dead, and afterward, in 
 attempting to elude his pursuers, fell over a precipice 
 twenty feet high, while he was falling he prayed, ‘ Lord, 
 have mercy upon them, and forgive them.’ 
 
 “ After Ling Chiug Ting had beeu beaten with two 
 
 o o o 
 
 thousand stripes, as soon as he was able to move he re- 
 turned to the place where he had been beaten, aud 
 preached the gospel so faithfully that some of the very 
 men who brought that trial upon him were converted. 
 
 “ When Hii Yong Mi was driven from his home by a 
 
MISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 21 
 
 mob, and his wife cruelly outraged, they both held stead- 
 fast to their faith in Christ, emulating the spirit of Job : 
 ‘ Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him.’ 
 
 “ When old Father Ling, at Ku-cheng, was told by 
 heathen friends, ‘ You must not try to give up opium 
 smoking now after forty years’ practice ; it will kill 
 you ; ’ his reply was, ‘ I belong to Jesus. I have prom- 
 ised to give up every sin. I would rather die trying to 
 conquer this sin than live an opium smoker.’ 
 
 “ I speak only of men I have personally known, whose 
 Christian character commands my admiration, and whose 
 Christian lives are evidence of the genuineness of their 
 profession.” 
 
MISSIONARIES, 1S72 
 
 Foochow Mission. 
 
 Missionaries. Went out 
 
 Rev. L. B. Peet, 18 39 . . . 
 
 Mrs. H. L. Peet, 185S. 
 
 Rev. C. C. Baldwin, 1847. . . 
 
 Mrs. Harriet F. Baldwin, . . . 1847. 
 
 Rev. Charles Hartwell, .... 1852. . . 
 Mrs. Lucy E. Hartwell, .... 1S52. 
 
 Rev. Simeon F. Woodin, . . . 1859. . . 
 Mrs. Sarah L. Woodin, .... 1859. 
 
 Miss Adelia M. Payson, .... 1868. . . 
 
 D. W. Osgood, M. D., 1869. . . 
 
 Mrs. Helen W. Osgood, .... 1869. 
 
 Mission to North China, 
 
 Rev. Henry Blodget, 1854. . . 
 
 Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, . . . 1854. 
 
 Rev. C. A. Stanley, 1862 . . 
 
 Mrs. Ursula Stanley, 1862. 
 
 Rev. Lyman D. Chapin, .... 1862. . . 
 Mrs. Clara L. Chapin, .... 1852. 
 
 Rev. Chauncey Goodrich, . . . 1865. . . 
 Mrs. Abbie A. Goodrich, . . . 1865. 
 
 Rev. John T. Gulick, 1864. . . 
 
 Mrs. Emily Gulick, 1864. 
 
 Rev. Mark Williams, 1866. . . 
 
 Mrs. Isabella B. Williams, . . . 1866. 
 Alfred O. Treat, M. D., .... 1867. . . 
 
 Phineas R. Hunt, - 1868. . . 
 
 Mrs. Abigail N. Hunt, .... 1868. 
 
 Miss M. E. Andrews, 1868. . . 
 
 Miss Mary II. Porter, ..... 1868. . . 
 Rev. Thomas W. Thompson, . 1S6S. . . 
 Rev. Chester Holcombe, . , . 1869, . . 
 Mrs. Olive K. Holcombe, . . . 1869. 
 
 Rev. Devello Z- Sheffield, . . . 1S69, . . 
 Mrs. Eleanor W. Sheffield, . . 1869. 
 
 Miss Mary A- Thompson, . . . 1S69. . . 
 
 Miss Naomi Diament 1S70. . . 
 
 Rev. Isaac Pierson, 1870. . . 
 
 M»ss Jennie E- Chapin, .... 1871. . . 
 
 Station. 
 
 Nantai. 
 
 Nantai. 
 
 Foochow. 
 
 Foochow. 
 
 Nantai. 
 
 Foochow. 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Tungcho. 
 
 YQ-cho. 
 
 Kalgan. 
 
 Kalgan. 
 
 Ytl-cho. 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Tungcho. 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Kalgan. 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Tungcho. 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Kalgan. 
 
 Yu-cho. 
 
 Tungcho. 
 
Stations and Laborers, 
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MISSIONS OF THE A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 (These statistics are mostly from returns made by the missions in the year 1871.) 
 
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 Madura 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Foochow. . . . 
 
 North China. . .. 
 
 Micronesia. . . 
 
 Japan. .... 
 
 Spain 
 
 Dakotas. . . . 
 
 Totals. . . . 
 
 23 
 
 * American. 
 
 t Hawaian missionaries, with the exception of one pastor. 
 
Churches and Schools. 
 
 24 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
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 Zulus 
 
 European Turkey. 
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 Mahrattas. . . . 
 
 Madura 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Foochow. . . . 
 
 North China. . . 
 
 Micronesia. ( . 
 
 Japan 
 
 Spain 
 
 Dakotas.* . . . 
 
 Totals. . . . 
 
 Pupils and common schools not reported. 
 
THE MISSIONARY HERALD; 
 
 A Monthly Magazine of 32 pages octavo ; the organ of the 
 American Board. Price, $1.00 a year. Orders for this publica- 
 tion should be addressed, — 
 
 Mr. CHARLES HUTCHINS, 
 Missionary House, 33 Pemberton Square, Boston. 
 
 LIFE AND LIGHT FOE HEATHEN WOMEN; 
 
 A Quarterly Magazine, published by the Woman’s Board of 
 Missions. Price 50 cents a year. Letters relating to this should 
 be addressed, — 
 
 SECRETARY WOMAN’S BOARD OF MISSIONS, 
 
 Missionary House, 33 Pemberton Square, Boston. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 The Corresponding Secretaries of the Board are Rev. Selah B. 
 Treat and Rev. N. G. Clark. Letters relating to the Missions 
 and General Concerns of the Board, may be addressed 
 
 SECRETARIES OF THE A. B. C. F. M., 
 
 Missionary House, 33 Pemberton Square, Boston. 
 
 Donations and letters relating to the Pecuniary Concerns of 
 the Board, (except letters on the subject of the Missionary 
 Herald,) should be addressed 
 
 LANGDON S. WARD, Treasurer of the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Missionary House, 33 Pemberton Square, Boston. 
 
 Letters for the Secretaries of the Woman’s Board may be 
 addressed 
 
 SECRETARY WOMAN’S BOARD OF MISSIONS, 
 Missionary House, 33 Pemberton Square, Boston. 
 
 Letters for the Treasurer of the Woman’s Board should be 
 addressed 
 
 Mrs. HOMER BARTLETT, 25 Marlboro’ Street, Boston. 
 
Books Concerning Missions and Missionaries. 
 
 The following Books, many of them suitable for Sunday School Libraries, 
 may be obtained by mail, postage paid, through the Office of the Missionary 
 Herald. 
 
 Memorial Volume of A. B. C. F. M., by 
 
 Dr. Anderson $1 25 
 
 Life in India. By Caleb Wright, A. M. 1 75 
 Foreign Missions. By Rufus Anderson, 
 
 D. D., LL. D 1 25 
 
 History of the Sandwich Islands Mission 
 
 (a new book). By Dr. Anderson. . . 1 50 
 History of the Missions to the Oriental 
 Churches. Vol. 1. New. By Dr. 
 
 Anderson I 50 
 
 Woman and her Saviour in Persia. By 
 
 Rev. T. Laurie, D. D 1 25 
 
 Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians. 
 
 By Rev. T. Laurie, D. D 1 75 
 
 The Karen Apostle: Memoir of Ko- 
 Thah-Byu, the first Karen Convert, . . 40 
 
 Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, Mis- 
 sionary to Burmah, 1 00 
 
 Zulu Land. By Rev. Lewis Grout. . . 2 00 
 Five Years in China; or, Life of Rev. 
 
 William Aitchison 1 25 
 
 Tennessean in Persia 1 75 
 
 Memoir of Mrs. Van Lennep 1 50 
 
 Memoir of Dr. Lobdell I 50 
 
 The Persian Flower; a Memoir of Judith 
 
 G. Perkins 75 
 
 Ten Years on the Euphrates. By Rev. 
 
 C. H. Wheeler 1 25 
 
 Letters from Eden. By Rev. C. II. 
 
 Wheeler 1 50 
 
 Missions and Martyrs in Madagascar. . . 80 
 
 Glimpses of West Africa 90 
 
 The Gospel among the Caffres 85 
 
 Missionary Life in Persia 80 
 
 Scenes in the Hawaiian Islands 1 25 
 
 Missionary Sisters 1 25 
 
 The Morning Star 1 00 
 
 Rev. David T. Stoddard I 50 
 
 The Missionary Patriots. By Rev. I. N. 
 
 Tarbox, D. D 1 25 
 
 Life Scenes among the Mountains of Ar- 
 arat. By Rev. M. P. Parmelee. . . . 1 25 
 Faith Working by Love; Memoir of Miss 
 
 Fiske 1 75 
 
 Tali-koo Wab-kan; or, the Gospel among 
 the Dakotas. Bv Stephen R. Riggs, 
 
 A. M 1 50 
 
 The Martyr Church of Madagascar. . . . 2 00 
 Memoir of Mrs. S. B. Judson. By Mrs. 
 
 E. C. Judson 1 00 
 
 i Life and Letters of Rev. David C. Scud- 
 
 der 2 00 
 
 Light on the Dark River 1 50 
 
 Our Life in China. By Mrs. Nevius. . . 1 50 
 
 Africa’s Mountain Valley 75 
 
 I Daughters of China 90 
 
 Memoir of Henry Lyman 1 50 
 
 The Weaver Boy who became a Mission- 
 ary (Dr. Livingstone) 1 25 
 
 The Land and the Book. By Dr. Thom- 
 son 5 00 
 
 Western Africa. By Rev. J. L. Wilson . 1 50 
 
 | Social Life of the Chinese. By Rev. J. 
 
 Doolittle 5 00 
 
 China and the Chinese. By Dr. Nevius. 1 75 
 
 South Africa, Missionary Travels and 
 Researches in. By Rev. D. Livingston, 
 
 LL. D. Portrait and Map 5 00 
 
 Isla nd— W orld of the Pacific. By Rev. H. 
 
 T. Cheever 1 50 
 
 Three Visits to Madagascar. By Rev. 
 
 William Ellis 3 50 
 
 The Middle Kingdom. By S. Wells Wil- 
 liams, LL. D 4 00 
 
 Memoir of Mrs. Sarah L. H. Smith. . . 70 
 
 Life of David Brainerd GO 
 
 Memoir of Mrs. H. L. Winslow 60 
 
 Memoir of Rev. Dr. Buchanan GO 
 
 Life of Martyn 60 
 
 Dibble’s Thoughts on Missions 35 
 
 The Cinnamon Isle Boy 50 
 
 The Missionary’s Daughter 40 
 
 Tales about the Heathen 40 
 
 Memoir of Henry Obookiah. ...... 30 
 
 Lizzie G. Calderwood 20 
 
 Glimpses of Life in Africa 2o 
 
 The Missionary’s Mother 20 
 
 Bartimeus. . 15 
 
 Strangers in Greenland 35 
 
 The Night of Toil 40 
 
 Scuddcr'8 Redeemer’s Last Command. . 20 
 
 The White Foreigners from over the 
 
 Water. 1 00 
 
 Ivardoe; or, The Hindoo Girl 75 
 
 Twelve Years with the Children. By 
 Rev. William Warren, D. D 1 25 
 
 These for Those; Our Indebtedness to 
 Missions; or, What we Get for what 
 we Give. By Rev. W. Warren, D. D. 1 5o