MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81182- MICROFILMED 1993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the malcing of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.'* If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: BRYAN, BENJAMIN TITLE: BIRITSH VIVISECTOR'S DIRECTORY: A BLACK . PLACE: LONDON DA TE: 1890 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT DIDLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARG ET Master Negative # Restrictions on Use: I , .! 1 ^ Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record i"^ 179;U B8U Bryan, Benjamin, ' British vivisectors' directory; a black book for the United Kingdom, ^7 Benjamin Bryan, with a preface by F. P. Cobbe, London, Society for the protection of animals from vivisection cetcp 1890. vii, 102 p. 18 J cm. Copy in Medical Library. 22-3U19 i^j- :■,. \ ••' ■ 'I I ' ' ■< J ^ >4s JEX'JJii, • •» ••»>»»»<> • • » 9 J 3 » " C. , I II BKITISH YIVISECT&KS DIEECTOEY, A BLACK BOOK FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM. BY BENJAMIN BEY AN, With a, Preface by FRANCES POWEB COBBE. XonDon : SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS FROM VIVISECTION, 20, ViCTOBiA Stbekt, S.W. SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., Patebnostee Squabe. 1890. Price One Shilling. • « • l-l • • • • •• •• . • • •"' . • •• • • . . • • • • • • • • •■• ••• ••• /^ I I t » • • • «•• •••«• • • • • • • ." • ••• • •*•»• • • • • . . • . s . . t ; Printed by PEWTRESS & Co., Steam Printing Works, 23, Little Queen Street, London, W.C. r- ff> A oo PKEFACE. Six years ago the Victoria Street Society issued a general ViVTSECTOBs' Directory, including, so far as was known, all the Vivisectors then living in the world or recently dead. The volume, a goodly 8vo. closely printed, has been very service- able to workers in the Anti-vivisection cause ; but the time has come for a fresh issue, with records of Licenses and Certificates of British Vivisectors brought up to date, and with largely extended citations of their experiments extracted from the latest scientific periodicals. The disingenuousness wherewith the apologists of Vivisection persistently attempt to draw a line (un- happily now utterly unreal), between the practices of English and foreign physiologists, has rendered it seemingly wisest to restrict the present volume exclusively to British and Irish Licensees ; while the extended scale on which it has been pre- pared, and the great number of new vivisectors in this country, have caused even this section of the original work to extend to the sadly significant length now placed before the reader. A few remarks only are needed to point the moral of this dismal catalogue. There have been in all 676 men licensed under the Act of 1876, to vivisect in England, Scotland, or Ireland. Of these, a very large proportion have held, beside their Licenses, special Certificates, some enabling them to dispense with ansesthetics, some with the obligation to kill the animals before their recovery from anaesthetics after experiment, and others to experiment on Dogs, Cats, Horses, Asses and Mules. •-•»• I't • i' i IV. PREFACE. Out of these 676 Licensees, a considerable number appear to be young men, who, having imbibed a taste for such researches from the Professors of Physiology at Cambridge, Edinburgh, and London, have been encouraged to devote themselves to practical experiments, and have been furnished with the requisite Licenses and Certificates, and permitted to work in the laboratories of their respective schools. They appear to be brilliant young men who obtain gold medals and other honours, and are doubtless looked upon with favour by their teachers as future lights in the galaxy of Vivisection. In a good many cases these hopeful youths, after a year or two, disappear from the Inspector's annual register of Licensees. Possibly their hearts may have turned against their hideous pursuit, or they may have been found wanting in some of the qualities requisite to the carrying it out with all the "joyful excitement " which we are told is demanded of a " true vivisector." Many more obviously go on through a long course of torturing of animals to attain the coveted renown as men of science, and doubtless also those profits and honours which are derivable from such eminence. There exist, in short, in our country at present regularly established and well attended Schools of Vivisectiorij whence issue year by year fresh bands of highly trained intel- lectual young men, in whom the sentiments of pity must have been systematically quenched, and who amid the warm and generous social life of England stand unperceived entirely apart. Could the older non-scientific men and the tender-hearted women with whom they associate behold for one moment in some magic mirror, their employment of a few hours before over their torture troughs, they would be shunned and abhorred as unfit to belong to civilized society. Again, it is to be observed that nearly every form of cruel experiment, including the very worst for which continental T r> I J ] PREFACE. >. Vivisection has become infamous, has been employed here in Great Britain, by British physiologists, holding Licenses from the Queen's Secretary of State. Nothing more agonising, more utterly merciless can be found in the whole literature of French, German, and Italian Vivisection than we have here recorded as done during the last decade in England and Scotland. Let two things be borne in mind by the reader unversed in this dreadful subject : — 1st. That in the reports of their own experiments in the scientific journals from which we derive our knowledge of the work of British Vivisectors, we see only what may be called the Show Fruit of their investigations. As a gardener only sends for exhibition his best products, so these gentlemen naturally only call the attention of their colleagues and rivals to such experiments as they consider to have been more or less success- ful in demonstrating or exploding some physiological theory. Of the multitude of absolutely futile experiments which must have accompanied these successful efforts, no reports are ever likely to reach us. 2nd. The anaesthetic delusion must be dispelled. Curare is not counted as an anaesthetic under the Vivisection Act, but its use is not (as the public very commonly believe) forbidden by that Act in anywise. On the contrary, every Vivisector is free to use it at his discretion ; and that those whose experiments would be facilitated by it do so use it constantly we have every reason to believe, both from their own frequent admissions and from Bernard's statement that there are now few experiments which are not so conducted. As this drug, by creating complete paralysis of all the nerves of motion, renders it impossible to administer effectively any real anaesthetic such as chloroform or ether, and as the employment of those real anaesthetics on VJ. PREFACE. animals is beset with difficulties and expense (properly requiring the separate care of a skilled administrator even more than the far shorter surgical operations on human patients), — we are driven to the conclusion that the majority of the unhappy creatures whose manglings are recorded in this book, endured them without effectual or durable anaesthesia. For a great number we are unable to doubt that the miseiy was cruelly enhanced, if not doubled, by the curare, of which Claude Bernard testified that it "produces the most atrocious sufferings which the imagination of man can conceive." {Revue des Deux Mondes, September, 1864, p. 173.) In 1849 the British Parliament passed the Act (12 and 13 Vict., c. 92) under which about 5,000 offenders are annually con- victed of cruelty. That Magna Charta of the Animals enacts, clause 2, " That if any person shall, from and after the passing of this Act, cruelly beat, ill-treat, over-drive, abuse, or torture — or cause, or procure to be beaten, ill-treated, over-driven, abused or tortured any animal, every such offender shall for every such offence forfeit and pay a penalty not exceeding Five Pounds." But from this noble position — which affirmed once for all that to torture an animal is per se and irrespective of persons, places, and motives, an offence under the laws of England, — we have grievously fallen away. In 1850 it was an offence for a coster- monger to overdrive an ass. In 1890 it is lawful for a licensed physiologist to saw across an ass's back-bone and irritate the stumps of the nerves for hours of indescribable agony. When the Vivisection Act (39 and 40 Vict., c. 77) was passed in 1876, it was fondly believed that the system of licenses and certificates which it inaugurated would form a sufficient safe- guard, and that, in the words of Mr. Hutton in his Report as a Boyal Commissioner, " an end would be put to all experiments H J!^: PREFACE, VII. involving not merely torture, but anything at all approaching thereto." But the dream of subjugating the febrile ardour of scientific cruelty by such cobweb thongs was utterly vain. This Black Book, with its dreadful records of licensed tormenting, is sufficient proof that the torture of animals, forbidden to the peasant, is formally permitted to the physiologist. We, as a self.legislatiug nation, are responsible for the sanction of deeds which by another law (the righteousness of which none has questioned) we have pronounced to be an offence. This is no light matter to be smiled over as one of the many illogical things in our British constitution. It is a moral dereliction ; a formal abjuration of a great and true ethical principle which we had embodied in our legislation, from whence all the nations of the world had taken example. Whether this sanction of cruelty to God's unoffending creatures constitutes a National Sin, even as did Negro Slavery ere we renounced it at the cost of twenty millions of money, (a heavier price than the relinquishment of the airy promises of vivisectors to cure our diseases) it is for each reader to decide for himself. But that the existence amongst us of Schools of Cruelty and Pitilessness constitute a Danger — primarily to the souls of the young men taught and moulded therein, and afterwards, through them, to the whole community whose chiefest treasure is the common sentiment of humanity — I think that there will be few thoughtful persons found bold enough to deny. FRANCES POWER COBBB. Hengwrt, Dolgelly, February, 1890. I I J p J ■> 3 ».,* (SI « t c < r ■ till THE VIVISECTOBS DIRECTORY, , oltbq JateraJ aprtee with the dorsal aorfca, care being taken not to ihJaVe thfese^ vessels. The mass of bone so liberated could be Taified and with it the aorta," &c. (p. 384). . . . "That this operation was not too severe in its nature may well be inferred from the fact that the frogs thus treated were frequently kept four or five days " (p. 385). — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VI., pp. 382-4.36 (1885). A paper on " Failure of the Heart from Overstrain," founded on experiments by Prof. Roy and Mr. Adami was read before the British Medical Association at Glasgow in August, 1888, and published with an illustration of the machine, one end of which was introduced into the animal's heart, used in the experiments. — See '^British Medical Journal" Dec. 15th, 1888. Allen, Frank James, Mason College, Birmingham. — M.A. Cantab, 1882, B.A. (1st class Nat. Sci. Impos.) 1878; M.B., 1885 ; L.R.C.P. Lend., 1883; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Camb. and St. Geo.) , Fell. Camb. Philos. Soc; Prof, of Physiol. Mason and Qu. Colls., Birm. ; Asst. Exam, in Physiol. Sci. and Art Dept., S. Kensington. Held a License for Vivisection at the University Physio- logical Laboratory, New Museum, Cambridge, 1885-86-87. Anderson, Richard John, Queen's Coll., Galway, and Beechhill, Nowry. — M.A. Qu. Univ. Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper, Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; M.D. (1st Hons., Gold Medal and Prize), 1872; M.R.C.S. Eng., and L.M., 1872; {Belfast, St. Barthol., London, Leipsic, Paris, and Heidelberg) j Prof, of Nat. Hist. Mineral, and Geol. Qu. Coll., Galway. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, Queen's College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. Archibald, John, 7, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin., 1887, M.B. and CM., 1868; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1882 ; L. and L.M.,1868; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1885, L., 1868 ; (Univ. and R.C.S. Edin.); F.R.S.E. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Depart- ment, Edinburgh University, 1887. ^ Certificate Dispensing ivith AncBsthetics, 1887. Returned in 1887 {the first year in which the information was given) 10 Rabbits as the number of animals experimented upon. All were dealt with under his Certificate without Anesthetics, and all are stated to have suffered pain. A BLACK BOOK. 8 Ashdown, Herbert Harding, late of No. 3, North Charlotte Street, Edinburgh.— M.B. Edin. and CM. (Honours), 1882; M.R.S. Eng., 1882; (Edin., Berlin, and Leipsic) ; F.R.S.E. Held a License for Vivisection in the University Physiological Department, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing with Obliga- tion to Kill, 1885-86. Also for Experiments on Cats and Dogs, 1885-86. In 1887 his License enabled him also to Perform Experiments at University College, London. Reported in 1887 that he pterformed 4 Physiological Experi- ments under his License, [It was Dr. Ashdown who, as assistant to Professor Rutherford, objected to the conduct of that person and led to an enquiry being held, the result of which was, as a Scottish newspaper put it, to " whitewash " Professor Rutherford. Dr. Ashdown seems now to have left Edinburgh, his address not having been communicated to the " Medical Directory," 1889.] Atkinson, George Armstrong, 1, Eldon Square, Newcastle- on-Tyne.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist, 1887), M.B. and •CM. (First Class Honours), 1882; (Univ. Edin., Lond. Hosp. and Vienna) ; Tyndale-Bruce Barsar in Path, and Mat. Med. Held a License for Vivisection at the Materia Medica Department, Edinburgh University, 1887. Certificates for Dispensing ivith AncestJietics, 1887. Also for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1887. Returned in 1887 56 experiments made under his Certificate without Ancesthetics, and 3 under his Certificate for experi- inents on Cats or Dogs, in all 59. He states that 10 Rabbits and 9 Frogs suffered pain, Balfour, John Hutton, 14, East Brighton Crescent, Porto- bello.— M.B. Edin. and CM., 1881. Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certifi- cate for Experiments loithout Ancesthetics same year, Ballance, Charles Alfred, 56, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W.— M.B. Lond. (qual. for Gold Medal in For. Med., Ist Class Honours in Med. and Obst. Med.) and B.S. (Gold. Med. in Surg.), 1881 ; M.S. (Gold Medallist), 1882; F.R.C.S. Eng. (exam.), B 2 4 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, 1882, M., 1879; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; L.S.A., 1870; (St. Thos.'s) r Surg. Kegist. St. Thos.'s Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory, Stablesr and Post Mortem Rooms, Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road, 1886-87-88. Two Certificates Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1886-87 ; three 1888. Also Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1886-87 ; three 1888. Certificates for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1887 ; three 1888. Returned in 1887, 21, in 1888, 31, as his number of Experiments ; in 1887, 8, in 1888, 6, under License; in 1887, 3 under Certificate without Ancesthetics ; in 1887, 4, in 1888, 8, under Certificate Dispensing ivith the Obligation to Kill; in 1887, 6, in 1888, 10, on Horses, Mules, or Asses; and in 1888, 7 on Cats or Dogs, Experimented (in conjunction with Dr. C. S. Sherrington), " On the Formation of Scar Tissue," at the Physiological Labora- tory of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, wherein " it was deter- mined to repeat the classical experiments of Ziegler" (p. 552). "The animals employed by uis have been in all cases rabbits or guinea-pigs. During every experiment the animal has been deeply under the influence of an anaesthetic The chambers were allowed to remain within the animals for various periods, from four hours at shortest to 18 days at longest " * (p. 553). At the end of these varying periods the animals were cut open again and the glass chambers removed and examined under the microscope. These are some of the details of the experiments : " One of the first steps which we took was to examine the serous moisture of the abdominal cavity of the rabbit and guinea-pig, and of subcutaneous wounds, and the blood, in order to ascertain the characters of the cellular elements contained therein" (p. 554) •' When put into the abdomen we always placed it [the glass chamber] about an inch to right or left of the little wound in the linea alba through which it was inserted. But we never found it anywhere near that situation after a sojourn of more than a few hours *' (pp. 557-8). In the experiments in which the glass chambers * Of course it is not to be believed that the animals were kept in a state of anaesthesia for four hours, much less for 18 days. A BLACK BOOK. 5 were allowed to remain in the animal's abdomen for eight days and more they were found to be *' fixed by an adhesion," and had to be cut or torn away.— Jbur^i. of Physiol., Vol. X., pp 550-76. (1889.) Barlow, John, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow. -M.D. Edin., 1879; M.B. and CM., 1875; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1885, M., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881 (Anderson's Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol., Glasg. Roy. Infirm. Sch. of Med.; Exam, in Physiol. F.P.S., Glasg. ; Sen. Asst. Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory and Class Room, University of Glasgow, in 1878-79-80-83. Certificates in 1878 and 1879 for Dlustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Ancesthetics, and for Testing previous Discoveries ; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments witlwut Ancesthetics ; and in 1883-84 for lllus- trations of Lectures, Barrett, James William, King's College, London.— M.B. Melb., 1881, B.Ch., 1882; M.B.C.S. Eng., 1884; (Melb., Lond., and Berlin) ; Demonst. of Physiol. King's Coll., Lond., 1885. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, King's College, London, 1885-86. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill 1885-86. Experimented on cats and dogs (in company with Prof. Gerald Yeo) in regard to the first sound of the heart in the Physio- logical Laboratory of King's College, London. '• Experiment I. A large well-nourished male cat was thoroughly chloroformed, and supplied with artificial respira- tion,* the thorax [chest] was then opened by an extensive medial incision without injury to the pericardium. The superior and inferior venae cavae were seen on pushing the heart gently to the left side, and the fingers and thumbs were placed in such relationship to these vessels that they could be easily compressed. A binaural flexible stethoscope was then gently applied to the anterior surface of the pericardium. Three observers having familiarised themselves with the cardiac * The employment of artificial respiration implies the use of <;urare and recurrence of the animal to sensibility to pain. I 6 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORy, tone, the veins were repeatedly compressed for each of them."^ A similar experiment on a dog followed. — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VI., p. 145 (1885). Batten, Kayner Deery, 15, Airlie Gardens, Campden Hill, W.— M.D. Lond., 1886, M.B. and B.S., 1885 ; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882 ; (St. Barthol.) ; Bentlej Prizem., St. Barthol., 1882. Held a License for Vivisection at the Medical School, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1887-88. Certificate for Experiments tcithout An(£sthetics, 1887-88. Returned in 1887 a total of 6, in 1888 14, Experiments ; in 1887, 4, in 1888, 9, under License alone; in 1887, 2, in 1888, 5, under Certificate without Ancesthetics, ** It was suggested by Dr. Lander Branton that we might obtain some information by repeating Nothnagel's experiment of locally stimulating the exposed intestine of an animal by means of a crystal of sodium salt, this producing, under normal drcnmstanoes, a distinct peristaltic contraction. • • • * • . ' « **A cat was placed under ether, tracheotomised, and a cannula inserted in the external jugular vein ; the abdomen was opened in the median line, and the animal placed in a bath of saline solution. A soda salt was then applied to the intestine with the usual result. After in jecting one gramme of antipyrin in solution, we found that we were unable by application of the sodium salt to produce anything more than a local auricular contraction (p. 1,222). • * • # . # ** " To test the general action of antipyrin we made some experiments on normal frogs, guinea-pigs, rats, and rabbits,, injecting the drug dissolved in saline solution in the dorsal lymph sac or peritoneal cavity, and also administering it by the stomach. The results obtained showed that the drug had a decided toxic [poisonous] effect, the symptoms being evidently referable to the brain and spinal cord. The course of symptoms of poisoning was much the same in all the animals experimented upon, though the predominance of special symptoms varied in different cases. • . * • • • « " The most marked early symptom, common to all classes of animals experimented on, was rigidity of certain sets of muscles- A BLACK BOOK. .... This rigidity was followed in mammals by peculiar rhythmic movements, the limbs moving very rapidly backwards aiid for- wards, as if the animal were running, although it was, of course, on its side. In one or two instances we observed that the animal sometimes regained the use of its fore-limbs, the hind legs being still somewhat stiff. It then performed circus movements,, always in the same direction, the motion being caused almost solely by the fore limbs round the hinder ones as a centre. ...» The animal then passed into .... a condition of extreme irritability .... so that a slight tap caused the limbs to be shot out in spasm. In more severe cases, even a draught of air, or the vibration caased by walking about in the room, wa& BuflBcient to produce a series of convulsive spasms over the whola body (p. 1,222). * * * * « « " Action on Respiration. — Respiration seems to be the most profoundly affected of all the vital functions, and it is probable that its failure is, in fatal cases, the cause of death. Our obser- vations were made on cats, rats, and guinea-pigs. •* Influence of Ancesthetics. — In the course of our experiments the influence of anaBsthetios on the action of the drug was at times noteworthy. We therefore made some special experi- ments with a view to a closer study of this point. Two methods of investigation were adopted: 1. We produced symptoms of poisoning in an animal (rat or guinea-pig), and then administered an anaBsthetic. 2. We produced profound anaesthesia, and then attempted to produce symptoms by the injection of the drug. By the first method it was found that administration of an anaesthetic entirely abolished all muscular symptoms of poisoning, but that these reappeared on recovery from the anaDsthetic. By the second method, although temperature and respiration were much affected, we found no other indication of poisoning " (p. 1,223).— From '♦ A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Physiological Action of Antipyrin.'' By Rayner D. Batten, M.D., B.S. Lond., and T. J. Bokenham, L.S.A. Lond. (From the Laboratory of Dr. Lauder Branton) .—British Medical Journal, June 1, 1889. Beatson, George Thomas, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. — B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; CM., 1874; KR.C.S. Edin., 1874 ; (Edin. Univ.). Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological s THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, II I] Laboratory^ University^ Glasgoiv^ in 1879, and also Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill before recovery from Anasthetics, Birch, J. DE Burgh, Yorkshire Coll., Leeds. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1880, M.B. and CM., 1877 ; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); F.R.S.E. ; Prof, of Physiol. Yorkshire Coll.; formerly Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin. Held a License for Vivisection at the Lecture Room and Physiological Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures. Bishop, Edward Stanmore, 10, Stockport Road, and 68a, Albany Chambers, Market Street, Manchester. — F.R.C.S. Eng. (exam.), 1884, M.1871; L.R.C.P. Edin. and L.M., 1872; (Maneh- andLond. Hosp.). Held a License for Vivisection at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Room, Guy's Hospital, also available at the Patho- logical Laboratory, Owens College, Manchester, 1885-86. Certificate Dispensing ivith Obligation to Kill, 1886. Also Certificate for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Asses, 1886. Bokenham, Thomas Jessop, Albnry Lodge, Cheshunt, Herts.— L.R.C.P. Lond., 1889; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1889 ; L.S.A., 1887; (St. Barthol.) ; Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Opth. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at St, Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, 1888. Certificate for Experiments tvithout AncBsthetics, 1888. Returned in 1888 17 experiments of a Therapeutical nature ; 7 under License and 10 under Certificate without Anesthetics, " It vras suggested by Dr. Lauder Brunton that we might obtain some information by repeating Nothnagel's experi- ments of locally stimulating the exposed intestine of an animal by means of a crystal of • sodium salt, this producing, under normal circumstances, a distinct peristaltic contraction. ****** " A cat was placed under ether, tracheotomised, and a cannula inserted in the external jugular vein ; the abdomen was opened in the median line, and the animal placed in a bath of saline 4Solution. A soda salt was then applied to the intestine with the usual result. After injecting one gramme of antipyrin in A BLACK BOOK. 9 . -solution, we found that we were unable by application of the sodium salt to produce anything more than a local auricular contraction (p. 1,222). • •*••• "To test the general action of antipyrin, we made some experiments on normal frogs, guinea-pigs, rats, and rabbits, injecting the drug dissolved in saline solution in the dorsal lymph sac or peritoneal cavity, and also administering it by the stomach. The results obtained showed that the drug had a decided toxic effect, the symptoms being evidently referable to the brain and spinal cord. The course of symptoms of poisoning was much the same in all the animals experimented upon, though the predominance of special symptoms varied in difEerent cases. • • * • • * " The most marked early symptom common to all classes of animals experimented on, was rigidity of certain sets of muscles. .... This rigidity was followed in mammals by peculiar rhythmic movements, the limbs moving very rapidly backwards and for- wards, as if the animal were running, although it was, of course, on its side. In one or two instances we observed that the animal sometimes regained the use of its fore limbs, the hind legs being still somewhat stiff. It then performed circus movements, always in the same direction, the motion being caused almost solely by the fore limbs round the hinder ones as a centre The animal then passed into .... a condition of extreme irritability .... so that a slight tap caused the limbs to be shot out in spasm. In more severe cases, even a draught of air, or the vibration caused by walking about in the room, was sufficient to produce a series of convulsive spasms over the whole body (p. 1,222). * • • • • • "Action on Eespiration. — Respiration seems to be the most profoundly affected of all the vital functions, and it is probable that its failure is in fatal cases the cause of death. Our - observations were made on cats, rats, and guinea-pigs. (( 'S^ Influence of Anaesthetics. — In the course of our experiments the influence of anaesthetics on the action of the drug was at times noteworthy. We therefore made some special experiments with a view to a closer study of this point. Two methods of investigation were adopted: 1. We produced symptoms of 10 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, poiboning in an animal (rat or guinea-pig) and then administered an anaesthetic. 2. We produced profound anaesthesia, and then attempted to produce symptoms by the injection of the drug. By the first method it was found that administration of an anaesthetic entirely abolished all muscular symptoms of poisoning, but that these reappeared on recovery from the anaesthetic. B7 the second method, although temperature and respiration were much affected, we found no other indication of poisoning" (p. 1,223). From "^ Contribution to our Knoivledge of the Physio- logical Action of Antipyrin.*' By Rayner D. Batten, M.D., B.S. Lond., and T. J. Bokenham, L.S.A. Lond. (From the Labora- tory of Dr. Lauder Brunton). — British Medical Joumal, June 1, 1889. Bowlby, Anthony Alfred, 43, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, and 75, Warrington Crescent, Maida Hill, W.— F.R.C.S. Eng. (exam.), 1881, M., 1879; L.S.A., 1879; (St. Barthol.), Foster prizeman in Sen. Anat., 1879; Brackenbnry Schol. in Surg. 1880; Surg. Regist. and Demonst. of Surg. Path. St. Barthol. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Medical School, St. Bartholomew'^ Hospital, 1887. Certijicate for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1887. Returned in 1887 2 pathological experiments under his Certijicate uithout Ancesthetics. Bradford, John Rose, 30, Blomfield Street, Upper West- bourne Terrace, London, W.—D.Sc. Lond., 1888; B.Sc, 1883; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1886; (Univ. Coll. Lond.); Lewes Student in Physiol., 1884. Contrib. " Electrical Phenomena of Excretion," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1886, and '♦ Journ. Physiol.," 1886-87 ; " Physiological action of Ulexin," " Journ. of Physiol.," 1887; "Action of certain Drugs on the Kidney," Ihid, 1887- Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Lahora- torg. University College, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certijicate Dispensing tvith the Obligation to Kill, 1885-86-87-88. Also for experiments on Cats and Dogs, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 45, in 1888, 45 experiments ; in 1887, 25, in 1888, 35 uere Physiological; in 1887, 20, in 1888, 10 were Therapeutical; in 1887, 35, tw 1888, 45, ice re done under License alone ; in 1887, 10 were done under Certijicate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill. r.i i [ ? A BLACK BOOK. 11 In the paper above referred to on the action of Ulexin, Dr. Bradford states that the substance is an alkaloid prepared from the seeds of the common gorse (Ulex Europaeus). " Ulexin," he adds, is an alkaloid that has a very special action on the tissues, besides a highly specialised action on the respiration, and 80 experiments were first made on frogs, mainly with regard to its action on muscle and nerve ; and subsequently on the cat and dog (p. 79) "Action of Ulexin Hydrobromate on the Mammal. Observa- tions were made on the cat and dog on the blood pressure, the respiration, and the kidney, and in all cases these results have been recorded. The respirations were recorded by a T piece in the trachea, the kidney was investigated by means of Roy's oncometer and for the blood pressure a mercurial mano- meter was used. In the kidney experiments, the blood pressure was observed simultaneously. Solutions of the drug were injected into the external jugular vein, the animal being under chloroform only, but in the experiments on the kidney, the animal was also curarised and artificial respiration kept up. Curare was really unnecessary, as the Ulexin injected was sufficient to completely paralyse the animal, but, owing to these kidney experiments having been made before the others, this fact was not then known" (p. 82). — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VIIL, pp. 79-85 (1887). Dr. Bradford in a second paper in the same volume, records " The Electrical Phenomena accompanying the excitation of so- called Secretory and Trophic Nerve Fibres, in the Salivary Glands of the dog and cat." In these, curare was used in company with anaesthetics, and the nerves bearing on the salivary glands were dissected out, cnt, and stimulated. — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VIIL, pp. 87-98. [The dissecting out of a nerve consists in slowly picking away all the surrounding tissues till the nerve runs as a bare white thread across the open wound. Those who know the agony caused by the exposure of a laere end of nerve in a tooth, may conceive what this very common vivisection really means.] Messrs. Phillips and Bradford instituted at the Physiological 'Laboratory of University College, London, a series of experi- ments to elucidate, by means of Roy's oncometer, the action of certain diuretics upon the kidneys. Ten animals (rabbits and cats) are scheduled as having been dealt with. We are told that the animal (generally a dog or cat, but sometimes a rabbit) was chloroformed, and a tube inserted into the i 12 THE VIVISECTOBS DIRECTORY, external jngalar or femoral vein. Its windpipe was then opened, curare administered, and artificial respiration kept up. In the earlier experiments curare was not used, simply chloroform, but the results were not so satisfactory. The artery of the neck on one side was exposed and a manometer applied. The kidney was next exposed, carefully dissected from its surroundings, a silver tube fitted into the duct, and the organ placed in the pre- viously warmed oncometer. The drug to be used in the experi- ment was now injected into the vein of the thigh or neck. The air used in the artificial respiration was blown through a bottle -containing chloroform, a process which, while it could do little to save the sufferings of the animals lying paralyzed by the curare poison, without doubt satisfied its tormentors, as it was intended to satisfy the Act of Parliament and the public con- science. The impossibility of administering chloroform to a curarized animal has been conclusively proved. If the animal was chloroformed where would be the object in curarizing it ?— .See Journ. of Physiol, Vol. VIII., pp. 117-132 (1887). Another paper recording experiments by Dr. Bradford appears in Vol. IX. of the " Journal of Physiology.'' It is entitled " Some Points in the Physiology of Gland Nerves," and in the second paragraph the author says: "This question of the nature of gland nerves is intimately connected with the vexed question of the origin of the paralytic secretion, and hence some experi- ments were carried out on the effects following the division of the gland nerves. The effects of the chorda, sympathetic [nerve], .&c., were observed on 30 cats and dogs." (P. 287.) "In con- clusion, it will be well to state that the observations on which the above views have been advanced have been carried out during the last four years, and that they have been very •numerous." — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IX., pp. 287-316 (1888.) BraidwOOd, Peter Mubbay, 2, Delamere Terrace, Birken. head.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1863; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of Russia, 1872; Fothergillian Medallist, 1887; F.R.M.S.; Exam, in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin. Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also Certificates, dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, and for testing previous •discoveries, same year. M ^ ^1 A BLACK BOOK. la Brailey, William Abthur, 11, Old Burlington Street, Bond Street, W.— M.A.; M.D. Cantab., 1874; M.B., 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1872; B.A. Lond., 1866; (Guy's and Univ. Camb.) ; Asst. Opth. Surg. Guy's Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at Guy's Hospital Museum and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. Brooks, Walter Tyrrell, 36, Beaumont Street, Oxford. — B.A. Oxon., M.B. Lond. (Honours in Med.), 1883 ; M.R.C.S. Eng., andL.S.A., 1882 (King's Coll.) ; 1st M.B. Lond. (2nd in Honours in Mat. Med.) 1880 ; Phys. Radcliffe Infirm. Held a License for Vivisection at King's College Physio- logical Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre, 1884. Brown, George T., Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town,. London. — M.R.C.V.S., C.B., Principal of Veterinary College; Professional Officer to Board of Agriculture, 1889 (£1,000). Held a License for Vivisection at the Royal Veterinary College, Great College Street, St, Pancras, 1886-87-88. Certificates for Experiments without Ancesthetics, 1886-87(2)- 88(2). Returned in 1887 a total of 26, in 1888, 47, Pathological Experiments. In 1887 all were under Certificate ivithout Anesthetics, in 1888, all under License, Bnintoil, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.— M.D. Edin., 1868; M.B. and CM. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc, 1867; D.Sc, 1870; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsic) ; Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol. Univ. Edin., 1868 ; F.R.S. ; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., and Assist. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp. ; Exam, in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin. (£50), and R.C.P., London. Author of "Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines ; " " Digestion and Secretion," Sanderson's Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory ; Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of " Nature ari\i Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes," Proc. Roy. Soc. Contrib. "On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris," Lancet, 1867, &c. Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Medical School, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certi- ficate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1878-79-80.81-82-83-84- 14 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, 85-86-87-88 ; also Certificate for Experiments without Atkbs- thetics, 1878-79-82-83-84-85-86-87-88; also Certificates for Experiments on Dogs, Cats, Horses, Mules, or Asses {up to 1885 the Inspector annually reported ^^ No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses ") 1878-84-85-86-87-88. In 1887 Dr. Brunton returned himself as having performed S Therapeutical Experiments under his Certificate for Illustra- tion of Lectures ; in 1888, none, " The number of animals required in experiments for research varies enormously ; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got ; asks no questions as to how the cats are obtained.*' . . . . " Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reason for it. No beneficial dis- covery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding." — Dig. Ev. Boy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9. *' Action of Inflammation For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece of cork half-an-inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a-half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.*' — '* Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines,'' T. Lander Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23. A series of experiments was undertaken by Drs. Lauder Brunton and Theodore Cash. An account of them, drawn up by themselves, appeared in the October number of the ** Prac- titioner," 1884. The experiments consisted in the exposure of several cats to what is termed "a rise of temperature," and to "very high temperatures." This "exposure" would appear, however, from the description, to have been something not very different from baking alive. It is mentioned, for example, that one of the cats died from heat (hyperpyrexia) when the tempera- ture of its body had reached 46^ Centigrade. How great must have been the external heat to raise it thus through the heat- resisting fur it is difiicult to estimate. Another cat began to suffocate at a degree of heat a little lower. The animals were fixed so that they could not move, and ii H' *' A BLACK BOOK. 15 the vagi nerves were cut and stimnlated : the stimulus, we are given to understand, being *' stronof galvanization.'* — See The Practitioner, Oct., 1884, pp. 274-76-77, &c. In 1884, Dr. Brunton reported a series of experiments which he had made at Cambridge with a drug called " Condurango." Frogs and rabbits were used. The drug appears to have affected the animals little if at all. In the case of some of the rabbits "*' a cannula was placed in the trachea ; " a second cannula was placed in the left carotid artery, and the nerves were stimulated with electricity. — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. V., p. 28, &c. " Four hundred and ninety dogs, horses, monkeys, goats, cats, and rabbits used. One hundred and twenty with manometer. All records photographed. Numerous observations on every individual animal. Results most instructive. Danger from chloroform is asphyxia or overdose ; none whatever heart direct." — Telegram from Dr. Brunton to " The Lancet,*' Dec. 7th, 1887, referring to the result of the research known as " The Hyderabad Chloroform Commission.** At the meeting of the Physiological Society, held in May, 1886, Dr. J. Blake " made some remarks on the discordant results that had been arrived at by different observers in investigating the connection between chemical constitution and physiological action.** •* Brunton and Cash," he said, " in a paper published in the last Vol. of the * Trans, of the R.S.' had concluded that no such connection could be shown, whilst Richet, Ringer, and Bothrin had arrived at the conclusion that such a connection existed when the chemical constitution of the elements w£is considered in relation to Mandelejeflf's law.** Dr. Blake's judgment as between the contending parties was, if not exactly flattering to one set of them, at any rate clear and precise. This is what he said : — " The experiments which were performed by Brunton and Cash were not calculated to throw any light on the subject, as the agents which they employed were principally substances of the chemical constitution of which little is known, and the method they used, that of subcutaneous injec- tion, introduces so many unknown factors that the results are comparatively worthless." — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VII. (1886). Carmichael, Edward, 8, Mansfield Place, Edinburgh. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1886, M.B. and CM. (first-class Honours), 1884; (Univ. Edin.), Syme Surgical Fell., 1886 j Fell. Edin. Obst. Soc. ; Clin. Surg. Tutor Univ. Edin. Hekl a License for Vivisection at Dr, James's Room, 16 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, Surgeons* Hall, Edinburgh, 1886. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1886. Carmichael, Neil, 29, South Cumberland Street, Glasgow. — M.D.Glasg.,1872,M.B.andC.M. 1870; F.F.P.S. Glaeg., 1876; (Univ. Glasg.) ; Keith Medallist Scott. Roy. Soc. Arts, 1880 ; Exam, in Pub. Health F.P.S. Glasg. Held a License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, 83 and 85, Buccleuch Street, Edinburgh, 1888. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1888. Returned in 1888, a single Pathological Experiment, under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, Cash. John Theodore, 25, Dee Street, Aberdeen. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879; M.B. and CM., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsic) ; Mem. Physiol. Soc., Leipsic ; Regius Prof. Mat. Med. Univ. Aberd., 1887 (£486). Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83-84-85-86; at Laboratory, Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1887-88. Certificates for Illus- trations of Lectures in 1882-83-84-85-86, at Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1887-88(2), Certificates Dispensing with the use of Anesthetics, 1884-85-86-87(2)-88(3). Certificate for Experi- ments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1886-87-88. Dr. Cash could also ivhile in London perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road. Returned in 1887, a total of 39, in 1888, 29, Experiments. In 1887, 1, in 1888, l,was Physiological; in 1887, 14, in 1888, 2, were Pathological ; in 1887, 24, in 1888, 26, tvere Thera- peutical in their nature. In 1887, 24, in 1888, 12, were under License; in 1887, 1 under Certificate for Horses, Mules, or Asses; in 1887, 14, in 1888, 16, under Certificate without AncBsthetics. A series of experiments was undertaken by Drs. Lauder Brunton and Theodore Cash. An account of them, drawn up by themselves, appeared in the October number of the Practitioner, 1884. The experiments consisted in the exposure of several oats to what is termed •* a rise of temperature," and to " very A BLACK BOOK. 17 high temperatures." This " exposure " would appear, however, from the description, to have been something not very different from baking alive, and some such contrivance as Claude Bernard's Btove must have been in use. It is mentioned, for example, that one of the cats died from heat (hyperpyrexia) when the temperature of its body had reached 46° Centigrade. How great must have been the external heat to raise it thus through the heat-resisting fur is difficult to estimate. Another cat began to suffocate at a degree of heat a little lower. The animals were fixed so that they could not move, and the vagi nerves were cut and stimulated ; the stimulus, we are given to understand being " strong: galvanization.'* — See The Practitioner, October, 1884, pp. 274-76-77, &c. Professor Cash has described and figured a " Double Cardio- graph for the Frog's Heart " of his own invention. " The objects which were chiefly had in view in constructing this little apparatus were — (1.) To keep the heart as nearly as possible in its relationship with surrounding parts, nervous and vascular, so that it should continue to fulfil its normal circulating function. (2.) To admit of stimulating various sinews, auricles and ventricle at pleasure. (3.) To register the movements of auricles and ventricle. (4.) To study the effect of poisons on the heart in situ."—Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IV., pp. 128-132 (1883). At the meeting of the Physiological Society, held in May, 1886, Dr. J. Blake "made some remarks on the discordant results that had been arrived at by different observers in investigating the connection between chemical constitution and physiological action." " Brunton and Cash," he said, " in a paper published in the last Vol. of the 'Trans, of the R.S.* had concluded that no such connection could be shown, whilst Richet, Ringer, and Bothrin had arrived at the conclusion that such a connection existed when the chemical constitution of the elements was considered in relation to Mandelejeff's law." Dr. Blake's judgment as between the contending parties was, if not exactly flattering to one set of them, at any rate clear and precise. This is what he said : — " The experiments which were performed by Brunton and Cash were not calculated to throw any light on the subject, as the agents which they employed were principally substances of the chemical constitution of which little is known, and the method they used, that of subcutaneous injection, introduces so many unknown factors that the results are comparatively worthless." — Journ, of Physiol., Vol. VII. (1886). O 18 THE VIVISECTOES DIRECTORY, Prof. Cash has described a set of very painful experi- ments he had been performing on the intestines of dogs to show their normal movements. "His observa- tions were made by means of a * Telia's fistula ' in dogs ; that is to say, by isolating a piece of intestine about one foot and a-half long, and stitching both ends to the abdominal wall, while the continuity of the divided intes- tine was restored by ligatures, and returned to the abdomen. An isolated piece of intestine, with its vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply intact, was thus obtained for observation. The rapidity of peristalsis was ascertained with great nicety by travelling solid bodies, which recorded their motion on a blackened surface by means of a thread attached to a writing lever." Various results followed, which " confirm and extend "what has been known from clinical experience of the exciting causes of peristalsis " (rhythmic movement). That is to say, these painful experiments, involving an extremely painful opera- tion, amount to nothing more than a display of morbid curiosity. All that they could possibly demonstrate was known long before. — See " British Medical Journal," Dec. 11, 1886, p. 1179. Dr. Cash is another of the gentlemen whom the Local Govern- ment Board delights to honour with its patronage and support. Formerly Dr. Lauder Brunton*s assistant, and now Professor of Materia Medica at Aberdeen University, he has, according to the chief medical oflBcer of the department, arrived at some ** provisional conclusions " about the relative potency of iodine, chlorine, and bromine, as disinfecting agents. The method pursued was to set up anthrax in a guinea-pig, take some of its blood when dead, and after admixture with a varying quantity of the test solutions, to inject it under the skin of another guinea-pig, or of mice. If they lived the solution was considered effective ; if they died it had to be tried in fresh animals in more concentrated form. — Zoophilist, March, 1888. Charles, T. W. Cranstoun, 9, Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. — M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal) Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, Vienna, etc.) ; Ist Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69. Lect. on Prac. Physiol, (late Joint Lect. on Gen. Anat. and Physiol.) St. Thomas's Hosp. Med. Sch. Held a License for Vivisection at St. Thomas's Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. A BLACK BOOK. 19 Cheyne, Wm. Watson, 59, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.— M.B. Edin., and CM. (Ist Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasburg) ; Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881. Surg King's Coll. Hosp. ; Demonst. of Surg. King's Coll. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, King's College, London ; also Certificates Dispeninn with Obligations to Kill in 1880.81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88; and for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1887. 16, in 1888, 18, Pathological Experi. ments, all under Certificate without Anaesthetics. " Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals ; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals, six were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report, inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was prac- ticable ; syringes purified by heat were employed for the pur- pose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and in- jected into nine rabbits and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a con- siderable time without the development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur." — Lancet, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5. *' Experiment V., November 7th, 1882.— Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyaemia. The pus was thick and foul smelling. " 1. One minim was injected into the left eye of a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days " (p. 267). c 2 20 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, "Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.— The bacilli were rabbed up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was injected into the right eyes of three rabbits. Into the left eyes the following materials were injected :— *' No. 1. — One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1. " Result in No. 1.— On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a well -developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris — the coloured part of the eye sarrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye became con- verted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days" (p. 216).— "Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research," Practitioner, April, 1883. In 1888, Dr. Cheyne published a series of three lectures on " Suppuration and Septic Diseases," delivered by him at the Royal College of Surgeons. He reviewed the work and conclusions of previous authors, and described also experi- ments made with various organisms by himself on animals. In the bodies of these inflammatory disease was set up leading to severe suffering and death. " The following are the most important results that I obtained : — In the case of Hanser's proteus vulgaris, I found that a definite and large dose of the cultivation in nutrient jelly was necessary to kill rabbits, and in comparing these doses I took care that they were always injected into the same . tissue, for example, the muscles 1 found that about ^^ cubic centimetre of an undiluted cultivation was a rapidly fatal dose when injected into the muscles, and I ascer- tained that this quantity contained about 225,000,000 of bacteria ; J-j cubic centimetre containing therefore about 56,000,000 bacteria, always caused an extensive abscess, of which the animals usually died in six to eight weeks" (p. 526).— /See "British Medical Journal," Vol. I., 1888, pp. 404, 452, and 524. Clarke, Robert Henry, Clarence Lodge, Redhill, Surrey. — M.A. Camb., 1885, B.A. 1870, M.B. 1881 ; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1876; (Camb. and St. Geo.) ; late Demonst. of Physiol. Chem. St. Geo. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory, Stables^ and Post Mortem Room^ Brown Institution^ Wandsworth A BLACK BOOK. 21 Road, 1887-88. Gertijieates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, and for Experiments on Cats^ Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1887-88. Returned in 1887, 4 Animals as Experimented on by him under his Certificate for Experiments on Horses, Asses, or Mules ; in 1888, 10 Animals, 3 under License, 1 under Certifi- cate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, and 6 under Certificate as above. Coats, Joseph, 31, Lynedoch Street, Glasgow. — M.D. Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glass., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsic, and Wurzburg) ; Lect. on Path, and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm. ; Exam, in Path. Univ. Glasg. ; Editor of Glasgow Medical Journal. Anther of " A Manual of Pathology," 1883. Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879. Also in 1882 with Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, Collins, William Job, 1, Albert Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.— B. Sc. (2nd in Honours in Physiol.), 1880, M.D., 1883, M.B. (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Obst. Med., 1st Class Honours in For. Med.), 1881; M.S. 1885; B.S. (Honours), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1884, M. 1880; (St. Barthol.) ; Ophth. Surg. N.W. Lond. Hosp. ; Surg. Western Ophth. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, 1886-87-88. Returned in 1887 7 Animals as Experimented on under his License, Crookshank, Edgar March, 24, Manchester Square, W., and King's Coll., Strand, W.C— M.B. Lond. (Honours in Obst.), 1884; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1881; (King's Coll.); Exhib. and Gold Medallist in Anat. Ist M.B. Lond. 1879; Prof, of Bacterid. King's Coll. Author of " Remarks on the Cholera Bacillus of Koch," Lancet, 1885 ; " Recent Researches in Connection with the Etiology of Scarlet Fever," Ibid., 1887. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, King's College, London, 1887-88. Certificate for Experi- ments without Anesthetics, 1887-88. ■ 22 THE VIVJ sectors' DIRECTORY, Returned himself as having, in 1887, Experimented on 23- Animals, in 1888, 18, pathologically. These experiments were presnmably on the calves mentioned in his article in the " British Medical Journal," January 21, 1888, (pp. 122-127), on ** The Hendon Cow Disease." Dr. Klein had alleged that this disease was synonymous with scarlatina. Prof, Crookshank's experiments were dirested to disprove Dr. Klein's conclusions. Inoculation Experiments. — "With the discharge and with fiCKiping from the ulcers, I inoculated four white mice, one guinea-pig, and two calves. Of the calves one was inoculated by scarification in both ears ; the other was scarified in the left ear and inoculated in the left groin by making an incision through the corium, and rubbing in a scraping from an ulcer. In each ear and in the groin there were positive results." — *' An Investigation into the so-called Hendon Cow Disease, and its Relation to Scarlet Fever in Man." By Professor Edgar Crookshank, 'M..B.— British Medical Journal, December 17, 1887,. p. 1318. Davison, James, Ballinakill, Queen's County.— L.K.Q.C.P., Irel. and L.M., 1878; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1887; L.R.C.S.I., 1876 (R.C.S. Irel.) ; Med. OfE. Ballinakill Disp. Dist. Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, ai.d 45, Sandy's Terrace, Dublin^ 1881 ; and at the Laboratory, Drimateryl House, Ballinakill, Queen's County, 1883-84. Dean, Henry Percy, 60, Gower Street, W.C— B.S.C. Lond., 1884, M.B. and B.S., 1888; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1888, M. 1887; (Univ. Coll. Lond.); Schol. and Gold Medallist in Physiol and Surg., Exhib. and Gold Med. in Anat., 1st class Honours in Med. and Organ. Chem. j Surg. North Eastern Hosp. for Children. Held a License for Vivisection at the New Physiological Theatre and Pathological Department, University College, London, 1888. Certijicate Dispensing ivith the Obligation to Kill, 1888. Returned 12 Physiological Experiments under License, Dowdeswell, George Francis, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford.— M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c. A BLACK BOOK. 2a Contrib. " On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium" Journal of Physiol, Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257. Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution and Physiological Laboratory, University College, London, in 1878-79-80 ; for the same places and also for the Physiological Laboratory, New Museum, Cambridge, 1881-82-83-85-86-87. Also at the Physiological Laboratory, University Museum. Oxford, 1883-84-85-86-87. Certificate for Experiments tvithout Anesthetics in 1878-79-83-84-85-86-87. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1880-84-85-86-87. Certificate for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1881-82-83-84-85-86-87. Returned himself as having in 1887 Experimented on 18 Animals under License, and 26 under his Certificate for Experiments without Ancesthetics. His name does not appear in the Return for 1888. In 1878-9, Mr. Dowdeswell published an account of experi- ments he had made on animals with Salts of Vanadium in order " to ascertain the influence of these Salts in causing fatty degeneration of the liver." " The animals employed in these experiments were guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats, and dogs " (p. 259). The drug caused " loss of appetite, vomiting and purging," and where a large dose was given, death. In the camivora, the action of the drug was found to have caused " a well-marked alteration in the structure of the liver" (p. 260).— Journal of Physiology, Vol. I. (1878-9), pp. 257-261. Dreschfeld, Juli as, 325,Oxf ord Road, and 96, Mosley Street, Manchester.— M.D. Wiirzburg, 1867; F.R.C.P. London, 1883, L. 1869; B.Sc. Vict. Univ., 1883; (Manch. and Wiirzburg); Phys. Manch. Roy. Infirm. ; Prof, of Pathol. Vict. Univ. (Owens Coll.), Manch.; Bradshawe Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1886. Held a License for Vivisection at the Pathological Labora- tory, Owens College, Manchester, 1884-86-87-88. Certificate . Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 1886-87-88. Also for Experiments on Dogs, Cats, Horses, Mules, or Asses, and without Ancesthetics, 1888. Returned himself as having, 1887, Experimented on 9 Animals under his Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill; in 1888 he returned 5 as those he had Experimented on U'ithout AncBsthetics» 24 THE VrVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, 4 Edington, Alexandee, 44, Great Kinj? Street, Edinburgh.— M.B. Edin. and CM., 1886; (Univ. Edin.), Thomson Schol., 1882 ; Lect. on Bacterid. Edin. Med. School j Asst. to Prof, of Surg. Univ. Edin. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory of the Surgical Department, Edinburgh University^ 1887-88. Certi- ficate for Experiments without Ancesthetics, 1887-1888. Returned in 1887, 25 as the number of Animals Experimented on under his Certificate; in 1888, 3. Eve,FREDERiCK S., 125, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. — P.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1876; (St. Barthol. and Leipsic) ; Asst. Surg. Eye Departm. Lond. Hosp. ; Path. Curat. Mus. R.C.S. Eng. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room of the Brotcn Institution^ WamUuorth Road, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 38, in 1888, 10, Pathological ExperimentSy all under his Certificate without Ancesthetics ; in 1887, one rabbit as having suffered pain. At a meeting of the Pathological Society, on March 20th, 1888, Mr. Eve gave an account of the various experiments that have been made in the endeavour to induce lupus in animals by inoculation. Lupus is a disease of the skin causing a peculiar kind of ulceration allied to tubercle. He had set up an ulceration like lupus in the ears of rabbits by inserting portions of diseased tissue under the skin. In other instances he had only set up small rapidly-healing ulcers or else cold abscesses. He had also tried, following Pasteur, to increase the virulence of the lupus poison by passing it through rabbits, but without success. — See " British Medical Journal," March 24th, 1888. Ewart, J. CossAR, University, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. and CM. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C8. Edin., 1878 ; (Edin., Lond., and Strasburg) ; F.R.S. Edin. ; Begins Prof, of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin. (£1,790). Author of *' Manual of Pract. Anat.," Part 1, 1879. Held a License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University f Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department^ Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Ex- jperiments without Amestheties 1881 and 1882. A BLACK BOOK. 25 c* :^ V Payrer, Sir Joseph, K.CS.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W.— M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1858; F.R.CS. Eng., 1878; M. 1847 LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond. Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh ; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council ; Pres. Med. Board, India Oflfice. Author of "On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton)," etc., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments without Ancesthetics, for Experi- ments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses. " The experiments, of which this is a summary, were com. menced in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as time and other and more important avocations permitted. . . . The living creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat, fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails." — " Summary of Experi- ments on Snake Poison.'* By J. Faijrer, M.D., C.S.L, "Med. Times," April 1st, 1871, p. 374. " After carefnl consideration, fully admitting that in per- manganate of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralise snake-poison, I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows : — ' To conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, ' overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.' *' — Sir J. Fayrer, " Address to Medical Society of London," British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1884. ( 24 THE VIVISECTORS* DIRECTORY, Isl Edington, Alexander, 44, Great Kinpr Street, Edinburgh. — M.B. Ediii. and CM., 1886; (Univ. Edin.), Thomson Schol., 1882 ; Lect. on Bacteriol. Edin. Med. School j Asst. to Prof, of Surg. Univ. Edin. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory of the Surgical Department, Edinburgh University, 1887-88. Certi- ficate for Experiments without AncBsthetics, 1887-1888. Returned in 1887, 25 as the number of Animals Experimented on under his Certificate ; in 1888, 3. Eve,FREDERiCK S., 125, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. — F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.E.C.P. Lond., 1876; (St. Barthol. and Leipsic) ; Asst. Surg. Eye Departm. Lond. Hosp. ; Path. Curat. Mus. R.C.S. Eng. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room of the Br oicn Institution, Wandsuorth Road, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without Anaesthetics, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 38, in 1888, 10, Pathological Experiments, all under his Certificate without Anesthetics ; in 1887, one rabbit as having suffered pain. At a meeting of the Pathological Society, on March 20th, 1888, Mr. Eve gave an account of the various experiments that have been made in the endeavour to induce lupus in animals by inoculation. Lupus is a disease of the skin causing a peculiar kind of ulceration allied to tubercle. He had set up an ulceration like Inpas in the ears of rabbits by inserting portions of diseased tissue under the skin. In other instances he had only set up small rapidly-healing ulcers or else cold abscesses. He had also tried, following Pasteur, to increase the virulence of the lupus poison by passing it through rabbits, but vsrithout success. — See " British Medical Journal," March 24th, 1888. Ewart, J. CossAR, University, Edinburgh. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. and CM. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; (Edin., Lond., and Strasburg) ; F.R.S. Edin.; Begins Prof, of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin. (£1,790). Author of " Manual of Pract. Anat.," Part 1, 1879. Held a License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University, Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department^ Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Ex- jperiments without Ancesthetics 1881 and 1882. 4 X c i A BLACK BOOK. 25 Payrer, Sir Joseph, K.CS.I., 53, Wimpole Street, €avendish Square, W.— M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.CP. Lond 1872; F.R.CS. Edin., 1858; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1847 LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond. Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales ; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh ; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council ; Pres. Med. Board, India OflBce. Author of "On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton)," etc., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at St, Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments tcithout Ancesthetics, for Experi- ments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. No Experiments on Horses^ Mules or Asses, " The experiments, of which this is a summary, were com- menced in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as time and other and more important avocations permitted. . . . The living creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat, fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails." — " Summary of Experi- ments on Snake Poison.'' By J, Fayrer, M.D., C.S.L, "Med, Times," April 1st, 1871, p. 374. " After careful consideration, fully admitting that in per- manganate of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralise snake-poison, I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which depends on its efl&cient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows : — ' To conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.' *' — Sir J, Fayrer, *' Address to Medical Society of London," British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1884. I I' i 26 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, A BLACK BOOK. 27 ..♦•Pi r ^ experience is, that so far, no physiolo-ica! antidote to snake virus is known, and that when the full effect on the respiratory centres is produced, remedies are of little If of any avail, albeit when the poison has entered in smaller quantities medical treatment may be of service on general principles -Sir J Fayrer, in -The Nineteenth Century ," December, 1889, p. 970. ^' lS^®^f l"*' ^/n^ f^'- Cavendish Square, W.-M.D. Edin., 1ft??' ^^B-fJL^C.M (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond.,. rnn°'pK ^"'^"^'j:^, ' J-^-S- ' P^«^- Forensic Med. King's Author of Gold Medal Thesis on " The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadrigemina," 1870 ; » Experimental Researched lft'7?-!'^ Physiology and Pathology," W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1976 , Ihe Localisation of Function in the Brain • " " Experi Tlnl'^'p *!'tt^^cI"c''^ Monkeys" (Croonian Lecture), PhiL Irans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Helda License for Vivisection at King's Colleqe Physioloqicat Laboratory ^« 1882-83, wUh Certificate Dispensimj with Obligation to Kdl %n same years. Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of vanons parts of the skull.— ^v. Roy. Com., p. 169. (Q. 3326.) " I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments m his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that entirely prevents them from carrying on research -(3327.) Do you think that there are many such persons ? Ye8.-(3328.) And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean ? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for mv own purposes of research.*' ^ * ^S?^\'^r. '!J^^^^ y^^ experiment at your own house as well as at King s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my experiments."— J6tc?, p. 173. (3245.) " Now with regard to original research, how would you express youi^self on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals i\ 1 subjected to experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other anaesthetic ; but that where the administration of an anaesthetic would prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the experi- ment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal." — Ihid, p. 170. " The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Terrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously. .... In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia " (paralysis of the right half of the body) "with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head" (eyes and head permanently twisted). "Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. I'rom the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head." — -Lancet's" Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, October 8th, 1881. Professor Ferrier having no license for vivisection in 1881, in November of that year a prosecution was instituted against him by the Victoria Street Society. When the case came into Court it was denied — notwithstanding the explicit report in the preceding paragraph — that the experiments had been made by him. In 1884, however, a different story was told. On January 24th of that year a paper was read before the Royal Society, entitled -A Record of Experiments on the Effect of Lesion of Different Regions of the Cerebral Hemispheres, by David Ferrier, M.D.,and Gerald F. Yeo, M.D." The paper is printed in " The Philo- sophical Transactions" for 1884. In the '* Prefatory Note" we read " The facts recorded in this paper are partly the results of a research made conjointly by Drs. Ferrier and Yeo, aided by a grant from the British Medical Association, and partly of a research made by Dr. Ferrier alone, aided by a grant from the Royal Society : " and further, " the conjoint experiments are distinguished by an asterisk." Among those so distinguished are those on the two monkeys which formed the subject of the I: i •\- 28 THE VinSECTORS' DIRECTORY, celebrated trial. So now we have it confessed in words for which Professor Ferrier is responsible, if they are not his own, that he had the leading share— Professor Ferrier's name always appears first— in the experiments the authorship of which he denied at the trial; and that he con jointly with Professor Gerald Yeo received a grant of money from the British Medical Asso- ciation for the purpose of performing the same. We leave these eloquent facts to speak for themselves. The following are specimens of the 33 experiments on monkeys connected with this " research *' : — Experiment 4.*— In this animal the left angular gyrus was exposed and cauterised on the convexity so as to destroy the grey matter of the two limbs of the convolution. After the operation the left eye " was securely closed " and the animal left to itself. Afttr a few minutes it got up and began to sprawl about in its cage, knocking its head in every direction. Being let out it walked straight on, and came full tilt with its snout against the Experiment 5.*— Left angular gyrus exposed and cauterised. The left eye was "secured." "At the end of an hour it was evidently wide awake but would not move unless touched. At this time It was removed from its cage and placed on the floor, where it began to grope about in a sprawling manner, knocking Its head against every article in its path At the end of still another hour, while it was lying quietly in its cage, it was gently laid hold of without noise to attract its attention, where- upon It bounded away with an expression of fear or surprise, and ran full tilt against the leg of a table where it remained groping or sprawling for a few moments. It then again started off and this time ran against the wall, against which it sprawled Helplessly. Similar things were repeated When a slight noise was made with the lips quite close to it, it darted off and came against the wall as before, where it lay down. . . Creeping up to it cautiously without exciting its attention the observer made a slight whisper close to its face, whereupon it peered eagerly, but evidently remembering the results of running away, it crouched down and would not move. Half-an-hour later when it was quiet in its cage, it started suddenly on being touched and ran its head into a corner, where it crouched." And so for two hours did these men torture this poor bUnded creature, suffering as it was from the effects of a terrible operation, and in mortal dread of its tormenters !— Quoted and Summarised from the ♦ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1884." i^ A BLACK BOOK. 29 " Experiment IV., June ISth, 1873. — The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero- parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage. " June IQth. — The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this d?iy. *' June 20th. — The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active ; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till .... "June23rd.^* # # # # « " June 24t/i. — Hemiplegia [paralysis] is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it. " The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th." — Croonian Lecture, " Experiments on the Brain of Monkey s,^^ Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42. *' Experiment XVI. ^ Feb. 5th, 1875. — This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hoemorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when dis- turbed, and then with its left limbs. "7 p.m. — The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by V ■• 28 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, 44 I M' I celebrated trial. So now we have it confessed in words for which Professor Ferrier is responsible, if they are not his own, that he had the leading share— Professor Ferrier's name always appears first— in the experiments the authorship of which he denied at the trial ; and that he conjointly with Professor (Jerald Yeo received a grant of money from the British Medical Asso- ciation for the purpose of performing the same. We leave these eloquent facts to speak for themselves. The following are specimens of the 33 experiments on monkeys connected with this " research *' : — Experiment 4.* — In this animal the left angular gyrus was exposed and cauterised on the convexity so as to destroy the grey matter of the two limbs of the convolution. After the operation the left eye " was securely closed " and the animal left to itself. " After a few minutes it got up and began to sprawl about in its cage, knocking its head in every direction. Being let out it walked straight on, and came full tilt with its snout against the door." Experiment 5.* — Left angular gyrus exposed and cauterised. The left eye was "secured." "At the end of an hour it was evidently wide awake but would not move unless touched. At this time it was removed from its cage and placed on the floor, where it began to grope about in a sprawling manner, knocking its head against every article in its path At the end of still another hour, while it was lying quietly in its cage, it was gently laid hold of without noise to attract its attention, where- upon it bounded away with an expression of fear or surprise, and ran full tilt against the leg of a table where it remained groping or sprawling for a few moments. It then again started off, and this time ran against the wall, against which it sprawled helplessly. Similar things were repeated When a slight noise was made with the lips quite close to it, it darted off and came against the wall as before, where it lay down €reeping up to it cautiously without exciting its attention the observer made a slight whisper close to its face, whereupon it peered eagerly, but evidently remembering the results of running away, it crouched down and would not move. Half-an-hour later, when it was quiet in its cage, it started suddenly on being touched and ran its head into a corner, where it crouched." And so for two hours did these men torture this poor blinded creature, suffering as it was from the effects of a terrible operation, and in mortal dread of its tormentors \— Quoted and Summarised Jrom the " Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1884." A BLACK BOOK. 29 i. " Experiment IV., June ISth, 1873.— The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero- parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered suflaciently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage. " June 19th. — The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day. " June 20th. — The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active ; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till .... " June 23rd.— * « * * » « " June 24:th. — Hemiplegia [paralysis] is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it. " The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th." — Croonian Lecture, " Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys," Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42. " Experiment XVL,Feh. 5th, 1875.— This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the iimer aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hoemorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when dis- turbed, and then with its left limbs. "7 p.m. — The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by V ' \i I ■ III i- I .'!! :f 30 THE VIVISECTORS* DIRECTORY, grantmn: discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, bat occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron [i.e., burning the ekinl reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abohshed in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p m. The following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful."— 76td., p. 464. "These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., Y., VI. VIII. IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results — > » > •» " "V.— In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hoemorrhaffe "-- Ibid., p. 429. ^ * •' Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation The decisive settle- ment of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research Experiments have led to different views in different hands."— Ferrier (Functions of the Brain Preface). * Fleming, William James, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow.— M.D Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.) ; Exam, in Surg, and Clin. Sur*^. Univ Glasg. and in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg. Contrib. " Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues," Lancet, 1876; "The Motions of the Brain" (with illust. graphic tracings), "Glasg. Med. Journ.," 1877, etc. Held a License for Vivinection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83-84. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83-84. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880. Certificate for Experiments uithout Anesthetics in 1882. < A BLACK BOOK, 31 Poster, Michael, Shelf ord, Cambridge (not in practice).— M.D.Lond., 1859; M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.K.C.S. Eng., 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S. ; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lend. ; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb. (£800 and fees) ; Fell, and late Praeleot. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb. ; Sec. Roy. Soc. Author of " Text Book of Physiology ; " " Primer of Physio- logy ; " joint author of " Elements of Embryology ; " " Handbook of Physiological Laboratory." Editor " Journ. of Physiol.*' Held a License for Vivisection at Cambriihje University Phijsiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878-79-80-81-82-84-85-86-87-88. Certificate for llluMrati^ns of Lectures, also Two Certificates JDispensinq icith Obligation to KUl in 1878. " Ohs. I. — Introduce beneath the skin of the back of a strong frog a drop or two of a solution of urari. (The exact strength of the solution and the dose required will depend on the source from which the curare has been obtained.) In a short time the frog will be found perfectly motionless, with its respira- tion arrested, but its heart still beating. Lay bare the sciatic nerve in the thigh, slip under it a pair of electrodes connected with an induction coil, and stimulate the nerve with an inter- rupted current, taking care that there is no escape of the current into the surrounding muscles. This may be effected by slipping under the electrodes a small piece of india-rubber sheeting. If the animal has been thoroughly poisoned, no contractions what- ever in the muscles of the leg will follow upon the application of a stimulus, however strong to the nerve. If contractions do make their appearance, the poisoning is not complete ; and the student must wait or inject a further quantity of the poison. The nerve having been proved insensible to stimuli, lay bare any of the muscles of the leg and apply the electrodes directly to them. Contractions will be manifest upon the application of a very slight stimulus. The effect of urari is to destroy (or suspend) the irritability of nerves but not that of muscles. " 06s. II.— In a strong frog make an incision through the skin between the ilium and coccyx Cut cautiously through the ileo-coccygeal muscle until the peritoneal cavity is reached. The three nerves which go to form the sciatic nerve will come into view when the sides of the wound are held apart. Yery cautiously by means of a small aneurism needle, pass a thread under these nerves, putting it under from the outside and 80 1 > • I I ' ii THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, (; grantincr discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, bat occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron [i.e., burning the skin], reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. ^he following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful." — Ibid., p. 464. ** These ganglia {corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII. IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results — " v.— In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hoemorrhaffe " Ibid., p. 429. ^ ' " Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation The decisive settle- ment of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research Experiments have led to different views in different hands."— Ferrier (Functions of the Brain Preface). * Fleming, William James, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow.— M D Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.) ; Exam, in Surg, and Clin. Surtr. Univ Glasg. and in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg. Contrib. " Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues," Lancet, 1876; *' The Motions of the Brain" (with illust. graphic tracings), "Glasg. Med. Journ.," 1877, etc. Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83-84. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83-84. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880. Certificate for Experiments without Ancestheiics in 1882. A BLACK BOOK. 31 ^ Poster, Michael, Shelford, Cambridge (not in practice).— M.D. Loud., 1859 ; M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S.Eng., 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S. ; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. ; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb. (£800 and fees) ; Fell, and late Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb. ; Sec. Roy. Soc. Author of " Text Book of Physiology ; " " Primer of Physio- logy ; " joint author of " Elements of Embryology ; " " Handbook of Physiological Laboratory." Editor " Journ. of Physiol." Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878-79-80-81-82-84-85-86-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also Two Certificates Dispensing ivith Oblif/ation to Kill in 1878. *' Ohs. I. — Introduce beneath the skin of the back of a strong frog a drop or two of a solution of urari. (The exact strength of the solution and the dose required will depend on the source from which the curare has been obtained.) In a short time the frog will be found perfectly motionless, with its respira- tion arrested, but its heart still beating. Lay bare the sciatic nerve in the thigh, slip under it a pair of electrodes connected with an induction coil, and stimulate the nerve with an inter- rupted current, taking care that there is no escape of the current into the surrounding muscles. This may be effected by slipping under the electrodes a small piece of india-rubber sheeting. If the animal has been thoroughly poisoned, no contractions what- ever in the muscles of the leg will follow upon the application of a stimulus, however strong to the nerve. If contractions do make their appearance, the poisoning is not complete ; and the student must wait or inject a further quantity of the poison. The nerve having been proved insensible to stimuli, lay bare any of the muscles of the leg and apply the electrodes directly to them. Contractions will be manifest upon the application of a very slight stimulus. The effect of urari is to destroy (or suspend) the irritability of nerves but not that of muscles. " Obs. II. — In a strong frog make an incision through the skin between the ilium and coccyx Cut cautiously through the ileo- coccygeal muscle until the peritoneal cavity is reached. The three nerves which go to form the sciatic nerve will come into view when the sides of the wound are held apart. Very cautiously by means of a small aneurism needle, pass a thread under these nerves, putting it under from the outside and 1 1 82 THE VrVISECTOKS' DIBECTORY, P bringing it out again on the median side. Be very carefal not to woand the blood vessels. Kepeat the same process on the other side All this may be done under a slight dose of chloroform. . . . Now inject a small quantity of urari,* &o.''—HandhooJcof the Physiol. Lahoratoi-y, 1873, pp. 395-96. Fraser, Thomas Richard, 13, Drumsheugh Gardens, and University, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1882; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869, M. 1869; (Edin.); F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; Prof. Mat, Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin. (£1,555). Contrib. •' On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum)," " Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin," Vol. XXIV. (Barbier prize of French Acad, of Sci., 1868) ; " An Investigation into some previously undescribed Tetanic Symptoms produced by Atropia in Cold-Blooded Animals, &c." Ibid., Vol. XXV. ; "An Experimental Research on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigma and Atropia," Ihid., Vol. XXVI., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at the Materia Medina Laboratory, Edinburgh University, 1878-79-81-82-85-86. Gertijicate for Experiments tcithout Ancesthetics, 1878(2) -79-81- 82-85-86. Gertijicate jyermittim/ Experiments on Gats, Dogsy Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1885-86. [In Official Return for 1881 described as '* J. L. Fraser."] Gamgee, Arthur, 17, Great Cumberland Place, W.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872, M. 1871 ; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1885 (Edin.) ; F.R.S. Lond. ; Fullerian Prof, of Physiol. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit. ; late Brackenbury Pro- fessor of Physiol, and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department Owens College, Manchester. Translator and Editor " Hermann's Elementary Human Physiology." Held a License for Vivisection at Owens College, Manchester , in 1878-81-82-83-84. Certificates for Illustration of Lectures in 1881-82-83-84. Gertijicates for Experiments without An(Bsthetics and forExperiments on Gats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses, " (Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) Yon are of opinion that in inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living * The reader will emphasise for himself the " slight dose " of chloroform which the curare which follows would render useless. *i A BLACK BOOK. 83 animals, curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensi- bility to pain ? I should think not. I would add this : I do not believe that physiologists use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate a series of fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological experiments."— i^u. Roy. Com., London, 1876. '* Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, of exonerating themselves at the expense of their con- tinental confreres. * Unquestionably,' I said, • there have been brutal things done by physiologists, never as far as I am aware by English, and very rarely by continental physiologists.' " Manchester Guardian, Feb. 13, 1883. Prof. Gamgee (jointly with Mr. Priestly) performed experi- ments on dogs, rabbits and frogs (1878-9) in order to test a theory " concerning the effects on the heart of alternate stimula- tion of the vagi." The dogs are stated to have been anaesthetised, but not the rabbits. — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. I., p. 57. Gaskell, Walter Holbrook, Petersfield House, Cambridge (not in practice).— M.D. Camb., 1879; (Camb. and Univ. CoU. Lond.) ; F.R.S. ; Lect. on Physiol. Univ. Camb. Contrib. "Changes of Blood Stream in Muscles through Stimulation of the Nerves," " Ludw. Arb.," 1876, and "Journ. Anat. and Physiol.," Vol. XL; "Further Researches on Vaso- Motor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles," " Journ. Physiol.," Vol. I. j "Tonicity of Heart and Blood Vessels," Ihid., Vol. III.| " Rhythm of Heart of Frog and Nature of Action of Vagus Nerve," " Proc. Roy. Soc," Vol. XXXIII. and " Phil. Trans.," 1883 ; " Innervation of Heart with Special Reference to Heart of Tortoise," " Journ. Physiol.," Vol. IV. ; " Augmentor (accelera- tor) Nerves of Heart of Cold-blooded Animals," Ibid., Vol. V. ; ** Anatomy of Cardiac Nerves in Certain Cold-blooded Verte- brates," Ibid., Vol. V. ; " On the Structure, Distribution and Function of Nerves which Innervate Visceral and Vascular System," " Journ. of Physiol.," Vol. VII. Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, New Museum, in 1879-80-81-82-83- 84-85-86-87-88. Gertijicate Dispensing with Obliaation to Kill, 1884-85. " Ihth February, 1878. — Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs 7i kilogrammes ifabout 16^ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both sides ; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and curare given. Artificial respiration," &c. ) ., 34 t!'; «iii THE VIVISECTOKS DIRECTORY, **31st January, 1878. — Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about 17§ lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared," Ac. " 20th February, 1878.— Terrier bitch, weight 6i kilo, (about 13f lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor nerve prepared, and left crural nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and 4.7 p.m., 0015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein ; artificial respiration," &c. " ISth February, 1878. — Large sheep dog, weight 20*5 kilo, (about 45J lbs.). Morphia given, 0*075 grms. curare injected into jugular vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth lumbar ganglion," &c. "4th March, 1878.— Spaniel bitch, weight 13f kilo, (about 30J lbs.). After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0*06 grms. curare were injected into the jugular vein ; artificial respiration was performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free," Ac. — '^Further Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles," by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trinity Coll.y Camb, —Journ. of Physiol., Vol. I., pp. 265.6, 276, 228, 295. Dr. W. H. Gaskell, in an article on the " Structure and Functions of Visceral Nerves," in Vol. VII. of the " Journal of Physiology" (January, 1886), tells how he has experimented with several crocodiles and gives a chart of diagrams in illustra- tion. Eleven of the animals were of the species Crocodilus biporcatus, and Dr. Gaskell acknowledges the kindness (to Dr. Gaskell) of Sir Joseph Fayrer, and Dr. Kinsey, of Colombo, Ceylon, in supplying him with these ; two were of the species Alligator Mississippiensis. All these unfortunate creatures had their vagus nerves cut — one or other, or both — and the effect was watched. The majority of them died. The death of the creatures is thus described : — " Death does not occur owing to the absence of food, for not only do the animals eat, but food is found partially digested in the stomach and in the intes- tines Yet the animals do die of starvation, for the longer the time that has elapsed after the double section the more complete is the disappearance of the fat body, the more marked are the signs of inanition in all the thoracic and abdo- minal organs." In addition to slow starvation the cut nerves were, of course, stimulated by electricity. But infant crocodiles were not the only subjects of Dr. Gaskell's researches. Tortoises and the unhappy frog also shared his attentions, and no trouble was taken to put them soon out of their pain. " I have often A BLACK BOOK. 85 kept the frog on which I have been experimenting until next morning, and found its heart flaccid and apparently motion- less Upon stimulating the sympathetic nerve, in a few seconds both auricles and ventricles began to beat, and soon the whole heart was contracting regularly and stronaly."— Jowm. of Physiol., Vol. VII., p. 1. '' Also reported experiments on the heart of the tortoise and toad, in situ, " on the action of muscarin upon the heart, and on the electrical changes in the non-beating cardiac muscle, brought about by stimulation of the inhibitory and augmentor nerves."— Jowrn. of Physiol., Vol. VIII., p. 404. Gibson, George Alexander, 17, Alva Street, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and CM., 1876; D.Sc, 1877t B.Sc, 1874; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1889 (Edin., Dub., and Berlm) ; Lect. on Med., Mat., and Therap., Surg. Hall, Edin. Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh Laboratory, and Physiological Class Room, zn 1879, and at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1880. Certificates for Testing previous Dis- coveries in 1879 and 1888. Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton, 13, St. Thomas's Street, London, S.E.— B.A. Lond. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872 (Guy's and Paris); Prizem., 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in Chir. Med. and in Surg., 1873; Assistant Surg, and Lect. on Physiol. Guy's Hosp. ; Exam, in Physiol., R.C.S., Eng., and Univ. Durh. Held a License for Vivisection at Guy's Hospital School Buildings in 1881, at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms, Guy's Hospital, 1884-85-86-87-88. Also a Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881-84-85-86-87-88. Returned himself in 1887 as having made 5, in 1888, 4, Physiological Experiments in Illustration of Lectures, Goteh, Francis, Physiological Laboratory, Oxford.— B.A Lond., 1873 ; B.Sc, 1875 ; M.A. Oxon., 1885 ; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1881 ; Sharpey Schol. Univ. Coll., Lond. ; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Oxf . Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, New Museum, Oxford, 1888. D 2 'II If. I S6 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, 1888 8 Physiological Experiments done Returned in under License. Made experiments (in company with Professor Burdon- Sanderson) at the Marine Laboratory of St. Andrew's, in July, 1887, '*0n the Electrical Organ of the Skate." Observations were made on two skates as to the efEect of " Indirect excitation of the electrical organ through the spinal cord." ** Each of the skates was fixed, and the leading off electrodes were applied to the tail Needles, insulated, except- ing at their points, were introduced into the cord in the dorsal region at about a centimetre distance from each other, and were connected by fine wires to the secondary coil of the induction apparatus. ... It was found that the results obtained by this method of experiment soon became uncertain, and eventually failed, although the fish seemed perfectly vigorous ; bat fish which were replaced in the tank and observed several days later gave the same results as before." — Journ. of Fhysiol, Vol. IX., pp. 147-8. In the autumn of 1888, further experiments were made on the skate, in the course of the narrative of which occurs the following : — " The branch of the fifth nerve which ends in the sensory ampullsB is at least three times as large as any other branch. It can be easily divided without opening the cranial cavity. . . . "The next step was to ascertain whether the division of the trunk of the trigeminus put an end to the reflex effect of stimu- lation. This was easily accomplished by plunging a narrow- bladed knife through the lateral wall of the brain case so as to sever the nerve in its cartilaginous canal " We next made a sagittal incision in another skate (R. macnlata), beginning from the inner wall of the orbit and extending backwards for half-an-inch. By this incision, as was afterwards ascertained, all the cranial nerves were divided excepting the olfactory and vagus group Finally, in another skate (R. clavata) the division was extended back, wards on the right side so as to include the vagus and forward to the anterior border of the animal's body. The knife was then passed through from the dorsal to the ventral surface so as to sever all structures to the right of the line of incision from the cranium and snout. The reflex response occurred as easily as before. We then immediately made a similar severance on the other side The experiment was repeated in two other animals." A BLACK BOOK. 37 "The Reflex Centre. --The following experiment, which was repeated five times with unvarying result, the specimens used being R. macnlata or clavata, shows that division of the spinal cord abolishes the reflex. A skate (R. macnlata or microcellata) having been prepared in the way already described, it was first ascertained that electrical discharges could be easily produced by rubbing. The [spinal] cord was then exposed immediately behind the medulla and a ligature passed nnder it. . . . The reflex was again tested by the electrometer and found present. On tightening the ligature a momentary discharge occurred, after which no further responses could be obtained reflexly " We then proceeded to localise the centre. The following facts were ascertained : — After removal of the olfactory lobes and hemispheres [of the brain] the reflex still persisted. .... Removal of the lobes in the same preparation immediately abolished the reflex."— Jbwrn. of Physiol., Vol. X., pp. 262-63 (1889). Greenfield, William Smith, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh — M.D. Lond.,1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 ; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872 ; (Univ. Coll.) ; Prof, of Gen. Path, and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin. (£1,939). Trans. " Magnan on Alcoholism." Author of Sect, on *♦ Renal Pathology," new Svd. Soc. Atlas of Path. ; (jointly) "Report on Pyaemia and Allied Diseases " (for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution Laboratory, Stables, and Post Mortem Boom, in 1879-80-81. GertiJicatesforExperiments tvithout Anaesthetics in 1879-80-81. Also Held a License for Vivisection at the New Buildings^ Pathological Department, Edinburgh University, 1887-88. Certificate f 07' Experiments without Anesthetics, 1887-88. Beturned in 1887, 15 Pathological Experiments under License; in 1888, 3 ditto, under Certificate without anesthetics, Griffiths, Joseph, 17, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge.— M.B. Edin. and CM. (Honours), 1885 ; Dipl. Pub. Health Camb., 1887 ; (Univ. Edin.), Silver Medallist in Anat. Minto House, Edin., 1881 ; Murchison Memorial Schol., 1885 ; Asst. to Prof, of Surg. Univ. Camb. ; Pathol. Addenbrooke's Hosp. ; Superin. of Med. Studies, Cavendish Coll., Cam. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological and Pathological Laboratories, New Museum, Cambridge, 88 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, 1886-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without AncBSthetics 1886-87. Returned in 1887, 25 Pathological Experiments^ 15 under License and 10 under Certificate without AncBsthetics ; in 1888, 8 Physiological i under License, Glinther, Albert Chas. Lewis Gotthilf, Natural History Maseum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, S.W. — M.A. and Ph.D. Tubingen, 1853 ; M.D., 1862 ; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; F.R.S. ; F.L.S. ; F.Z.S.; Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum (£750). Author of " Medical Zoology," Stuttgart, 1858 ; Catalogue " Fish," British Museum, 1859-70, &c. Held a License for Vivisection {no placed named) in 1882. Also Certificate for Experiments without Ancesthetics same year. Made experiments jointly with L. Brtick on the influence of lesions of certain portions of the brain on animal heat. — Pfliiger's Archiv.y 1870, p. 578. " . . . . I requested the students, Messrs. Briick and Giinther, to repeat the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky. .... The animals were, as in previous experiments, rabbits. The lesions were invariably made through the unopened skull. .... Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positi^re, and 12 negative results. These experiments have given us the following facts for further study : — The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven experiments on this section were made ; in two only the results were as above ; but in these two cases the evidence was in a high degree satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after the operation ; in one the action was so positive that the temperature of the animal which had been bound for seven hours did not sink any lower after the opera- tion, which it is well known generally happens." — Heidenhain, Pfluger's Archiv.y Vol. III., pp. 579-80. Halliburton, VVilliam Dobinson, 25, MaitlandPark Villas, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W. — M.D. Lond. (Worthy of Medal), 1884; B.Sc. (Univ. Schol. in Zool., Honours in Physiol.), 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1885; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (Univ. Coll. and Vienna) ; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. ; F.C.S. ; Lect. on Physiol. Lond. Sch. of Med. for Wom. ; Mem. Exam. Bd. R.C.P. Lond. and R.C.S. Eng. ; Exam, in Physiol, and Nat. Hist. Univ. Aberd. (£30); Exam, in Physiol. Univ. Glasg. (£40). A BLACK BOOK. 89 Contrib. " Proteids of Serum," Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Physiol., 1884; " Blood of Lower Vertebrates," Journ. Physiol., 1866; etc., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, University College^ London, 1887-88. Hamilton, David James, University, Aberdeen. — M.B. Edin., 1878 ; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1870 ; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1877, L. 1870 ; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasburg) ; F.R.S. E. ; Prof, of Path. Anat. Univ. Aberd. (£658) ; Pathol. Roy. Infirm. Aberd. Held a License for Vivisection at tJie Pathological Labora- tory , Aberdeen University, 1886-87; Certificate Dispensing iviih Obligation to Kill, 1886-87. Hare, Arthur William, 23, St. John Street, Manchester. —M.B. Edin. (Honours) and CM. 1882; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1886; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1886; (Edin., Leipsic, Vienna, and Berlin); F.R.S.E. ; Prof, of Surg. Owens Coll., Manch. Held a License for Vivisection at the Surgical Department, Edinburgh University, 1885-86. Certificate for Experiments ivithout Anesthetics, 1885-86. Harris, Thomas, 98, Mosley Street, and 335, Oxford Road, Manchester.— M.D. Lond., 1883, M.B. (3rd in Ist class Honours in Med. Qual. for Gold Medal), 1882; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1886; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1881; (Manch. Rot. Hosp. Dub., and Wiirzburg) ; 1st yr. Med. Schol. Owens Coll., Piatt Exhib. in Physiol., 1877-78, 2nd yr. Med. Schol., 2nd yr. Piatt Exhib. in Physiol. ; 1st in 1st class Honours in Physiol, at 1st M.B. Lond., 1878-79; Dumville Surg. Prize (£20), Turner Med. Schol., 3rd> yr. Prizes in Med., Surg., Path., Hygiene, Med. Jurisp. and Optbal., 1880-81 ; Path. Regist. Manch. Roy. Infirm.; Asst. Lect. and Demonst. in Pathol. Owens Coll. ; Asst. Phys. Manch. Hosp. for Consump. and Dis. of Throat. Held a License for Vivisection at the Pathological Labora- tory, Owens College, Manchester, 1887. Certificate for Experiments ivithout Ancesthetics, 1887. Returned in 1887, 3 Pathological Experiments done under Certificate ivithout Anaesthetics, Harris, Vincent Dormer, 31, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.— M.D. Lond., 1876 ; M.B. (Honours), 1874; 40 THE VI\aSECTORS DIRECTORY, A BLACK BOOK. 41 M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna) ; Phys. City of Lond. Hoap. for Dis. of Chest ; Sen. Phys. Met. Disp. ; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp. ; Mem. Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng. Joint Author of *' The Manual for the Physiological Labora- tory," &c. Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomeiv's Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, 1880-81-82-83-84- 85-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 6; in 1888, 6, Physiological Eocperiments under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures. Hay, Matthew, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and CM. (1st class Honours), 1878 (Univs. Glasg., Edin,, and Strasburg) ; Ettles Prizem., 1878 ; Goodsir Prizem., 1881 ; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Prof, of Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp.Univ. Aberd. (£377) ; Exam, in Mat. Med. and Therap. Vict. Univ. ; Director Aberd. Roy. Infirm. Author of " The Physiological Action of Saline Cathartics," " Journ. Anat. and Physiol.," Vol. XVI. Held a License for Vivisection at Edinburgh University Materia Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83-84. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, in 1880-81-82-83-84. Also for Illustration of Lectures, 1884, and for Experiments on Cats and Dogs, 1884. Hay era ft, John Berry, 20, Ann Street, and Physiol. Laborat. University, Edinburgh. — D.Sc. Edin., 1888, B.Sc. 1878, M.D. (Gold Medal for Thesis), 1888, M.B. 1878; (Edin. and Leipsic) ; F.R.S.E. Author of " On Some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878. Held a lAcense for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880-81 ; in first- named Department, 1887-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1887-88. No Experiments returned in 1881. Returned in 1887, 2 ; in 1888, 5, Physiological Experiments done under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, A •r Henderson, Thomas Beath, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. — M.D. Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and CM., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.). Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing ivith Obligation to Kill, 1878-79-80. Hime, Thomas Whiteside,* 54, Horton Road, Bradford, Yorks.— A.B. ; M.B. Dub., 1868; L.R.C.S. Edin. and L.M., 1868; (T.C. Dab., Paris, Heidelb., and Munich). Author of " Experimental Researches as to Pasteur's Auto- Rabic Method." — Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1886. Held a License for Vivisection at the Cellar, 13, Clare- mont, Bradford, 1886-87. ** Dr. Hime, the Medical Officer of Health for Bradford, who had enjoyed an unusually good opportunity of studying M. Pasteur's method in Paris, inoculated a rabbit by introducing a email portion of the medulla of the dog within the cranium. The rabbit developed the symptoms which M. Pasteur considers to be characteristic with rabies in that animal." — British Medical Joui-nal, November 6, 1886, p. 872. Hodsdon, James William Beeman, 30, Walker Street, Edin- burgh.— M.D. Qa. Univ. Irel. and M.Ch., 1881 ; M.R.C.P. Edin. (Exam.), 1883, L. 1880 ; (Qu.Coll., Belf., Univ. and Sch. of Med. Edin,, N. York, Vienna, Paris, and Lond.) ; Assist. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin. ; Lect. on Surg, (late Tutor in Clin. Surg.) Sch. of Med. Edin., &c. Held a License for Vivisection at the Materia Medica Department, Edinburgh University, 1887. Certificate Dis- pensing uith Obligatvon to Kill, 1887. Also Certificate for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1887. Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden, 80, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, London, W. — M.B. Lond. and B.S. (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (Univ. Coll.) ; F.R.S. ; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. ; Mem. Path. Soc. ; Asst. Surg. Univ. Coll. Hosp. ; Asst. Surg. Nat. Hosp. Para- * " Dr. Hime's license was revoked on 9th February, 1887, and the cellar of 13, Claremont, Bradford, ceased to be a regis- tered place under 39 & 40 Vict., c. 77."— Note on Official Return, 1888. [This revocation took place after a complaint made to the Home Secretary by the Victoria Street Society.] 42 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, A BLACK BOOK. 43 lysed and Epileptic; Prof, of Path. Univ. Coll. ; Prof. Snperint. Brown Inst. (£300) ; Sec. Govt. Commis. on Hydrophobia. Author (with Prof. Schafer) •* Functions of the Marginal Convolution," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1884, and Phil. Trans., 1887 ; (with Dr. Beevor) " A Minute Analysis of the Movements produced by Stimulating Ferrier's Cortical Arm Centre," Proc. Roy. 'Soc, 1886-67, and Phil. Trans. 1887; "On the Thyroid and Pituitary Bodies" (Brown Lect.). Contrib. *' On the Function of the Thyroid Gland" (Brown Lect.), Brit. Med. Journ., 1885, and Proc. Roy. Soc, 1885-86; "Brain Surgery," Brit. Med. Journ., 1886-87; "On Looalisation of Disease of Cerebrum," Internat. Journ. Med. Sci., 1887. Held a License for Vivisection at the new Physiological Theatre and Phjsiological Laboratory with Curator's RoomSf University College, London, 1881-82-83-84; at the Labora- tory, Stahles, and Post-Mortem Room, Brotvn Institution, Wandsworth Road, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1882-83-84-85-86-87-88. Cer- tificates Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1882-83-84-85-86(2)-87(2)-88(2). Certificates for Experi- ments without Anaesthetics, 1888(2). Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, a total of 55 Pathological Experiments, 50 under Certificate Dispensing with Oblir/ation to Kill, 2 in Illustration of Lectures, 3 on Cats and Dogs ; in 1888 returned a tottd of 76 Pathological Experiments, 35 under License, 6 under Certificate without Anesthetics, 25 under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 10 in Illustra- tion of Lectures. " Mr. V. Horsley has proved his fitness to follow Dr. Roy by performing a series of experiments on monkeys. Having formerly experimented on the braics of these creatures, he now turned his attention to their throats — extirpating the thyroid gland. They lost strength, became pale and. thin, tremors occurred all over the body, they became imbecile ; the body and hands then puffed out in an unnatural way. The mu,tilated animals 'were easily enraged, jnst as idiots.' Death occurred in coma, usually in from five to seven weeks. But Mr. Horsley conceived the idea of combining the two vivisections — of brain and thyroid gland. On some of the monkeys from whom the gland had been i *<> removed with the effect of reducing them to the condition jnst described, he performed the further experiment of opening their skulls and cutting out part of their brains. This resulted in paralysis of the upper arm, but did not stop the poor creatures' tremor. ' Sensation,' we are told, * seems little affected.' There seems to be a difference between monkeys and dogs, for we learn that ' Schiff's observation that high fever supervenes in dogs during the tremor stage has, Mr. Horsley finds, no counter- part in monkeys.' " — Zoophilist, Feb. 2, 1885. In the second part of a paper on " The Action of Ether upon the Laryngeal Muscles," by Messrs. Semon and Horsley, some of their experiments are given in detail : — Experiment I., February 17th, 1886. — Large mongrel collie dog, etherised, tracheotomised, and fixed, nerves cut and stimulated. At first the animal was deeply under ether. The effects are arranged in the report in tabular form, and the condition of anaesthesia noted. In this dog they were as follows : — (1) *' Deeply etherised." (2) '* Animal allowed to partly recover from etherisation." (3) " Left recurrent laryngeal nerve cut and peripheral end stimulated. Animal slightly etherised." (4) " Animal deeply etherised." The right recurrent laryngeal nerve was now operated on, the animal being at first (1) " slightly etherised." (2) " Animal fully etherised." (3) " Right recurrent laryngeal nerve cut (cadaveric position of the glottis). Stimulation of peripheral end. Animal not deeply under ether.'* (4) "Animal deeply under ether." Fifty.four experiments were performed in this research, and twenty animals are named : Eight dogs — large collie, bull-terrier, spaniel, two retrievers, and three fox-terriers — five cats, four rabbits, and three monkeys. In all cases anaesthetics were played with as indicated above, and the animals allowed to come more or less to a state of consciousness of their terrible positions. — See " British Medical Journal,'' August 28th and Sej)temher 4th, 1886. Experiments by Messrs. Victor Horsley and Schafer entitled, ** Experiments on the Character of the Muscular Contractions which are evoked by the Excitation of the various parts of the Motor Tract," were carried out in the Physiological Laboratory, University College, London, and they were of a very severe kind. They consisted in (1) the removal of portions of the skulls of animals and the stimulations by electricity of the outer portion of the brain ; (2) the removal of the outer portion and the stimulation of the interior ; (3) the opening of the spinal ! I t ! I • 44 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTOBY, II canal and the exposure of the spinal cord, dividing the cord across in the middle, and stimulating the cut lower portion ; and (4) the cutting and stimulating of nerves supplying muscles. — Summarised from " The Lancet," August 21st, 1886. [The point to emphasize here is with regard to anaesthetics. The animals were anaesthetised; and the experimenters say they always obtain contraction from electrical stimulation, " provided the degree of anaesthesia be not too deep."] '*An adult fox-terrier, from whom one lobe of the thyroid gland was removed, was submitted to experimental excitation of the cerebral hemispheres, after the expiration of 271 days. An adult black-and-tan dog was similarly the subject of an experiment 109 days after removal of one lobe of the thyroid ; also a bonnet monkey 84 days after a similar operation. The motor centres of each of these animals were exposed under precisely similar conditions. Excitations, with the faradaic current, were made to each motor part of the hemisphere in each animal, and with the result that no difference could be detected on the two sides. The period of latency, tonic spasm, and clonic spasm — epileptic motor phenomena — were precisely the same, whether the right or left hemisphere was stimulated." —Brown Lectures, by Prof. Horsley, " Lancet,*' December 18th, 1886. ** In order to place on an experimental basis the subject of the innervation of the [thyroid] gland, Mr. Horsley had per- formed two experiments on dogs. In each dog an inch of the recur- rent laryngeal nerve was excised on one side. One dog was kept alive nine, and the other eleven, months. But there was no histological difference to be detected between the lobes of the thyroid in either case. Schitf had made some incomplete experimental observations on the injluence of the sympathetic nerve on the thyroid gland. He had torn through all the sympathetic nerve fibres, going to the gland on the coats of the arteries. This, though a tedious, was a possible operation." — Ibid. " One [pathological] experiment was made on a donkey, the thyroid gland was excised in August, 1885, and the animal died in 205 days, or about seven months. The chief symptoms for two months were emaciation and weakness ; the mental hebetude, if any, was diflBcult to gauge; the temperature of its body was but slightly lowered. In March, 1886, when the weather became severely cold, nervous symptoms suddenly supervened, and tremors were observed for three days, chiefly in the muscles of A BLACK BOOK. 45 '- the head and neck. On the fourth day, these were complicated by constant twitching; the animal became so weak as to be unable to stand ; and the body temperature became markedly lowered. Later still, muscular rigidity was observed, and also the paralysis increased, especially in the jaw. On the fifth day of the cold weather the donkey became much worse and died in the morning." Sheep, pigs and monkeys were also experimented on in a similar way. The conclusion of the whole matter is the instructive, if monotonous one : — *' The whole subject, however, required further investigation." — Ibid. *' Mr. Victor Horsley showed [at a meeting of the Medical Society of London] photographs, projected on the screen with lime-light, of guinea-pigs suffering from artificially-induced epilepsy. The fit was essentially momentary in character, lasting but a few seconds, and so the photographs had to be of the instantaneous order. Hemisection of the spinal cord, and exposing the sciatic nerve " — that is to say, cutting the spinal cord half across, and separating the great nerve of the lower limb, — "nipping it, and closing the wound, were the artificial methods of indication employed. If the skin of the angle of the jaw, or that below the angle of the eye were touched, there was a momentary interval in which the animal seemed dazed, and squeaked. This period was followed by a period of tonic spasm, beginning in the head and neck, which was turned towards the Bide on which the cord was divided. Complete pleurostho- tonus " — bending to one side like a rigid bow — "followed. Then consciousness was lost, the animal fell on its back, and the limbs were agitated by rapid clonic spasm. If the sympathetic nerve on one side of the neck was divided, no change was noticed in the fits, and if the vessels of the exposed cerebral cortex were watched " — to render this possible a portion of the skull must be taken away in addition to the other vivisections — ** no change was observed in them." — Lancet, Nov. 20, 1887. " No less than twenty-three persons, members of the medical or veterinary profession, worked in the laboratory of the insti- tution in 1886. Among the researches carried out have been those on the pathology of scarlet fever and of foot and month disease, by Dr. Klein ; on prophylaxis against anthrax, by Dr. Cash ; on the coagulation of the blood by Dr. Wooldridge ; and on the minute analysis of the representation of movement in the nervous system, by Dr. Beevor and Mr. Horsley. The professor- £uperintendent has also made researches on the etiology of rabies and its prophylactic treatment for the Commission on 46 THE VmSECTORS' DIRECTORY, .' Hydrophobia, on the pathology of the thyroid ^land, and on epilepsy."— Broiou Institution Report, hy Prof. Horslev, Suver. intendent, 1886. ^^ ^ y* !> Dr. C. C. Beevor * and Mr. Horsley gave, in 1888, an account of their experiments at the Brown Institution on Macaque monkeys. The research was endowed by the British Medical Association. The experimenters stated that the animals were pnt under ether ; but how they could stimulate nerves effectually if the anaesthesia was complete is difficult to understand. This is a summary of their proceedings :— " For the exposure of the nerve at the base of the cranial cavity it was found possible to rapidly remove a cerebral hemisphere [half the brain], clamping the carotid and other arteries, then to divide the tentorium and remove the major part of the cerebellar hemisphere of the same side, so as to admit of prolonged and numerous observa- tions before the animal died. In all we have done eight experiments, and in every case we have operated on the same kind of monkey, that is macacus sinicus.''— British Medical Journal, August 4, 1888. In 1888, Prof. Horsley published a paper " On Hydrophobia and its Treatment ; especially by the Hot-Air Bath commonly termed the Buisson Remedy." This was his method :— He took a rabbit and inserted under the membranes of its brain the poison of rabies ; after a few days he placed it in a box with only its head outside; heated the inside of the box with air " obtained from an iron funnel and pipe (this opening into the bottom of the chamber), heated by a large Bunsen burner;'* the heated air in the chamber " doubtless " containing " carbonic acid, &c." Mr. Horsley gave the effect of this 'Hest" on a normal animal (i.e., one not inoculated with rabies) : — " When a healthy rabbit is placed in a hot-air bath, which is, to begin with, at the temperature of the room, and rapidly, that is to say, within thirty minutes, raised to 75° C. = 147° F., the respirations of the animal steadily but quickly increase in number, the rate of the heart also being accelerated, and the temperature of the body rising to a variable height, usually one.half or more degrees centigrade. Occasionally' however, the rise in the number of respirations is preceded by a slight fall. The-elevation of the temperature and acceleration of the heart and respiratory rhythm are maintained for some hours after the animal is removed from the bath, and * Dr. Beevor has never held a license under the Act. A BLACK BOOK. 47 gradually return to the normal.*' — British Medical Journal, June 9th, 1888. [There is in the above-quoted paragraph not a word, it will be observed, about sweating ! Could anything be more unlike the effect of a Turkish bath on ordinary human beings ? Instead of the distress exhibited by the rabbits, human beings perspire and feel a sense of relief; and, if healthy, they do not become fevered and die of heat apoplexy, as did some of the unfortunate rabbits in Mr. Horsley's boxes.] Hunter, William, St. John's Coll., Cambridge. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1886; M.B. and CM. (1st class Honours), 1883 ; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1887; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1888; (Univ. Edin., Leipsic, and Vienna) ; John Lucas Walker Stud, in Pathology ; F.R.S.E. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Lahora- torxjy Edinhurgh University, 1885-86-87-88. Gertifcate Dispensing icith Obligation to Kill, 1885-86-87-88. Also Certijicates for Experiments without Anesthetics, and on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mides, or Asses, 1887-88. Returned in 1887, 21, in 1888, 61 Pathological Experiments ; in 1887, 10 were under Certificate without Anaesthetics ; in 1887, 8, in 1888, 54, iinder Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill ; in 1887, 3, in 1888, 7, under Certificate for Experiments on Dogs, or Cats. Dr. William Hunter made researches as to the pathology of the disease called Pernicious AnsBmia. These researches were partly clinical and partly experimental. This is what he says of the " nature of the experiments " : — " My experiments were undertaken with a twofold object : (1) To ascertain the nature and seat of blood destruction in health ; and (2) to endeavour to produce a condition of the liver and other organs of the body similar to that found in pernicious anaemia. The nature of the experiments was to induce, in various ways, an increased destruction of blood in the body. The methods used for this purpose were transfusion of blood and the injection of various destructive agents." The animals experimented upon were representatives of the different classes, and numbered over a hundred. There were dogs and cats representing the " omnivora"; rabbits representing ** herbivora j" pigeons and ducks representing birds, and frogs representing cold-blooded animals. All kinds of doses of the 48 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, varions substances were injected, and in order to show what share certain organs had on the process, these were cut out. Some animals had the spleen excised, and some the liver. Pigeons were selected for the last-named scientific barbarity. Dr. Hunter states that he has been for three years spending time and attention on these experiments. He discovered nothing about the nature of the disease that was not known before ; and states as to the " precise nature of the poison thus generated in cases of pernicious anaemia, and responsible for the blood destruction, which is at the basis of the anaemia, my observations do not yet supply me with any definite information." — See "Lancet" September 29th and October 6th, 1888. Hutchinson, John, Brown Institution, London.— F.R.O.S. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory/, Stables, and Post Mortem Room, Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road, London, 1888. Certificate Dispensing with Obliga- tions to Kill same gear. Returned in 1888, 14 Pathological Experiments under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, Huxley, Thomas Henry, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John's Wood, N.W.— B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882 (Char. Cross); F.R.C.S., 1883; Ph. D. Breslau ; LL.D. Edin., Dub.,and Cantab. ; Prof. Biol. Normal Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines (£800 ; Civil List Pension, £300). Held a License/or Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for Experiments without Ancesthetics, 1882. Author of "Elementary Lessons in Physiology," numerous other books and memoirs. I' The following * Lessons in Elementary Physiology* are primarily intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and learners in boys' and girls' schools."— " Lessons in Elementary Physiology." London, 1866, Preface, p. 1. "If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a manner as to cut ofE the supply of blood from the limb, without affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, and eventually mortify and decompose." — Ihid, p. 74. A BLACK BOOK. 49 " If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied by the nerve is perfect. ... On the other hand, if the end of the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent effect is produced, while, if the end con- nected with the cord be thus served, violent pain immediately follows."— I6id, p. 268. James, Alexander, 44, Melville Street, Edinburgh. — M.D. Edin. 1876 ; M.D. and CM., 1872 ; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877 ; (Univ., Edin.); Lect. on lusts, of Med. and Clin. Med. Edin. Sch. of Med. Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh^ Dr. James's Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for lUus- trations of Lectures 1879 and 1880. Jessop, Walter Hamilton Hylton, 73, Harley Street, W. — M.A. Camb. 1886 ; B.A. 1876 ; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1884; M. 1880; (Camb. and St. Barthol.) Tancred Med. Stud. Camb. Harpur Exhib. ; Demonst. of Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp. ; Surg. Cent. Lcmd. Opth. Hosp. ; Opth. Surg. Paddington Green Childr. Hosp. ; Cons. Opth. Surg. Choir Benev. Fund; Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Opth. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Medical School, St, Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing from Obligation to Kill, 1885-86-87. Returned in 1887 12 Experiments, 10 under License and 2 2inder Certificate, Jennings, Chas. Egerton, 15, Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London, W., and Abbey House, Malmesbury, Wilts.— L.R.C.P., London, 1881 ; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. SohoL 1880; Asst. Surg. N.W. Lond. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection, and performed Experiments at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy's Hospital, up to 2nd December; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883-84. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to KilL 1883. Experiments on transfusion. — Lancet, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6. 48 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, varions snbstances were injected, and in order to show what Bhare certain organs had on the process, these were cat out. Some animals had the spleen excised, and some the liver. Pigeons were selected for the last-named scientiific barbarity. Dr. Hnnter states that he has been for three years spending time and attention on these experiments. He discovered nothing about the nature of the disease that was not known before ; and states as to the *' precise nature of the poison thus generated in cases of pernicious anaemia, and responsible for the blood destruction, which is at the basis of the anaemia, my observations do not yet supply me with any definite information."— See ''Lancet,** September 29th and October 6th, 1888. Hutchinson, John, Brown Institution, London.—F.R.C.S. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratori/, Stables, and Post Mortem Room, Broun Institution, Wandsworth Road, London, 1888. Certificate Dispensing with Ohliga- tions to Kill same year. Returned in 1888, 14 Pathological Experiments under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill. Huxley, Thomas Henry, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John's Wood, N.W.— B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882 (Char. Cross) ; F.B.C.S., 1883; Ph. D. Breslau ; LL.D. Edin., Dub., and Cantab. ; Prof. Biol. Normal Sch. of Soi. and Roy. Sch. of Mines (£800 ; Civil List Pension, £300). . Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for Experiments without Aimsthetics, 1882. Author of "Elementary Lessons in Physiology," numerous other books and memoirs. "The following 'Lessons in Elementary Physiology' are primarily intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and learners in boys' and girls' schools."-— " Lessows in Elementary Physiology." London, 1866, Preface, p. 1. "If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a manner as to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, and eventually mortify and decompose."— I6id, p. 74. ^ A BLACK BOOK. 49 " If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied by the nerve is perfect. ... On the other hand, if the end of the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent effect is produced, while, if the end con- nected with the cord be thus served, violent pain immediately follows."— I6ici, p. 268. James, Alexander, 44, Melville Street, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin. 1876 ; M.D. and CM., 1872 ; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877 ; (Univ., Edin.) ; Lect. on Insts. of Med. and Clin. Med. Edin. Sch. of Med. Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh^ Dr, James's Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illus- trations of Lectures 1879 and 1880. Jessop, Walter Hamilton Hylton, 73, Harley Street, W. — M.A. Camb. 1886 ; B.A. 1876 ; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1884; M. 1880; (Camb. and St. Barthol.) Tancred Med. Stud. Camb. Harpur Exhib. ; Demonst. of Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp. ; Surg. Cent. Lond. Opth. Hosp. ; Opth. Surg. Paddington Green Childr. Hosp. ; Cons. Opth. Surg. Choir Benev. Fund ; Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Opth. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Medical School, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing from Obligation to Kill, 1885-86-87. Returned in 1887 12 Experiments, 10 under License and 2 under Certificate. Jennings, Chas. Egerton, 15, Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London, W., and Abbey House, Malmesbury, Wilts.— L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.) ; Obst. Sohol. 1880; Asst. Surg. N.W. Lond. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection, and performed Experiments at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy's Hospital, up to 2nd December ; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883-84. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1883. Experiments on transfusion.— JDance^ Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6. £ so THE VIVISECTORS* DIRECTORY, Klein, Emanuel, M.D., F.R.S., Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown Instit., Wandsworth Road; Lect. on Gen. Anat. and Physiol. St. Barthol.'s Hosp., London. Author of first section of " Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory." " The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System," London, 1883 ; •♦ Atlas of Histology " (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879. Held a License for Vivisection at the Broun Institution^ Wandsworth Road, London, 1884-85-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing with the use of Anesthetics, 1884-85-86-87-88.' Returned in 1887, 46 ;t« 1888, 48, Pathological Experiments, all under Certificate without Ancesthetics. (Chairman) (3,538) : What is your own practice with regard to the use of anaBsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painfal? {Dr. Klein): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use anaesthetics where it ia not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, I use aoaBsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries in pathological research, except for convenience sake, as for instance on dogs and cats, I do not use them. On frogs and the lower animals I never use them. (3,539.) When you say that you only use them for convenience sake, do you mean that you have no regard at all to the sufEering»i of the animals ?— No regard at all. (3,540.) You are prepprad to establish that a^ a principle which you approve ?— I think that with regard to an experimenter, a man who conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from it as possible, and do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering of the animal in performing a painful experi- ment.— I do. (3,542.) Why do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration ?— Because I know that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, and when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the opinion or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One must take regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before whom one does the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing to ' jou that you separate yourself entirely from the feeling which you observe to prevail in this country in regard to humanity to animals ?— I separate myself as an investigator from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to your proceedings as an A BLACK BOOK. 51 investigator you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely mdifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your investigation P-Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that IS a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the reelings of the animals ?-I believe so. (3,517.) But you believe that, generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England ?— Not among the physiologists ; I do not think there IS. (3,553.)— Jlftn. of Ev. R. Com., London, 1876. In 1882, Dr. Klein experimented with the virus of anthrax on sheep, mice, and guinea-pigs. The sheep dealt with num! toered 13, most of them suffering from high fever and some dying thereof. Subsequently Dr. Klein experimented on other fiheep and guinea-pigs with M. Pasteur's vaccin charhonneux. Again the animals suffered from high fever and AxqA.— Annual Report of the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, 1882 pp. 201-12. ' Dr. Klein and Mr. A. Lingard having satisfied themselves by their previous year's experiments that fowls showed a marked difference of susceptibility towards human and bovine tubercu- losis, they came to the very defiuite conclusion "that this different susceptibility is consistent with a belief that the two diseases, viz., human and bovine tuberculosis, are not, as has been generally assumed, absolutely identical." They further flurmised that possibly tubercular virus might suffer some kind of attenuation in passing through a fowl ; and to extend these observations they record the results, derived from the attempt to artificially produce the disease in 35 fowls, 2 rabbits, and an indefinite number of guinea-pigs. Some of the fowls were inoculated by injecting portions of the lungs of persons dead of consumption under their skins ; others were fed upon the same material. It is stated of one series of experiments that "one entire human lung (full of tubercular matter) was eaten *' by five fowls. A second series was fed upon similar products taken from a guinea-pig that had died from artificial inoculation from a human source. A third series of nine fowls were given from I lb. to lib. per head of ox-lung far advanced in the process of tuberculosis. The attempt to inoculate the disease into guiuea-piga was frustrated in nearly all the recorded instances by the animals dying of blood poisoning within a few days.- See Supplement to the Sixteenth Annual Report to the Local Government Board, 1887. Langley, J. N., M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity E 2 « 52 THE VIVISECTOKS DIEECTOBY, College, Cambridge, Exam, in Physiol. Univ. Lond. (£120 per annum). Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82- 83-84-85-86-87-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1879-84-85. Mr. Langley returned in 1887, 16 ; in 1888, 17 Experiments ; in 1887, 15 ; in 1888, 16, were under License ; in 1887, 1 ; in 1888, 1, ?/«^^r Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1887» 10 ; in 1888, 17, uere Physiological Experiments. " The Bub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experi- ment, owing to its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with which its nerves can be isolated. A few experiments were made on the parotid, but these were not increased in number, since there seems little reason to doubt that that which is true for one salivary gland is also true for the rest. ... In observing the flow of blood all the veins going to the jugular were tied, except the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the blood allowed to run into a narrow test tube or a cut was made just at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and the blood collected as before The pilocarpin was injected sometimes into the saphena vein and sometimes through the facial artery direct into the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain In every case the stimulus used was a Daniel's cell with a Du Bois Reymond's induction apparatus." — Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Canib., Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46. In 1878, Mr. Langley recounted the particulars of experiments " commenced and chiefly carried out in the Physiological Labora- tory in Heidelberg," on " The Influence of the Chorda Tympanic and Sympathetic Nerves on the Secretion of the Sub-Maxillary Gland of the Cat." One of his experiments (III.) was on a " Cat, moderate size, chloroformed under a bell-jar ; after being fastened down 2 cc. of 2 p.c. curare injected subcutaneously." The chorda and sympathetic nerves were cut down to in the tissues, connected with electrical wires, and stimulated, together or alternately, from minute to minute for nearly an hour (1.59 to 2.57 p.m.)— Joum. of Physiol., Vol. I., p. 102 (1878-9). In Part II. of the description of this research, the author treats '' On the Mutual Antagonism of Atropin and Pilocarpin, having A BLACK BOOK. 63 Especial Reference to their Relations on the Sub-Maxillary Gland of the Cat." The following is a description of one of the experi- ments : — " Experiment I. — Cat ; rather large. 3 10 p.m. Chloroform given and 1*5 cc. of 5 p.c. morphia injected subcutaneously. Cannula placed in crural artery for injection peripherally ; sympathetic nerve ligatured and cut in neck, chorda tympani ligatured and cut Cannula in duct connected with a fine glass tube graduated in millimetres fixed in a stand, so that the free end of the tube was a little above the level of the duct. For stimulation one Daniel's cell connected with a Du Bois Raymond's induction coil was used. The animal's nerves were then stimulated at intervals from 3.10 p.m. to 5.12 p.m. [There being no intimation of a renewal of the anaesthetics, the inference is that the effect of those given at the commencement would pass off, and leave the animal sensitive.] — Ibid.^ p. 342. In a paper from the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, " On the Changes in Pepsin-forming Glands during Secretion," by J. N. Langley, M.A., and H. Sewali, B.Sc, the authors (who would have to open the living animal's stomach in order to see what was going on therein) say — " In all mammals which we have observed the chief cells are thickly and coarsely granular, and the pyloric cells are by comparison transparent, and very finely granular, often appearing homogeneous " The above described living condition of the chief cells is characteristic of the hungry animal ; but just as, in activity, the granules diminish in many serous glands of mammals and pepsin. forming glands of other animals ; so, in digestion, do the granules diminish in the chief cells of the mammal's stomach. ****** •* The above points are well seen in the cat and rat ; in obtaining fresh specimens, we have either snipped off pieces of the mucous membrane with scissors, cut transverse sections from its deeper portion with a razor, or made use of a Valentin's knife."— Journ. of Physiol., V. II., p. 292 (1879-80). Another paper by Mr. Langley, from the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, is " On the Antagonism of Poisons." In the course of this he records an experiment on a dog, thus : — '* Dog — acetate of morphia injected subcutaneously.* Chorda tympani nerve isolated, ligatured, and cut. Cannula in duct of sub-maxillary gland. Cannula in crural artery, with nozzle * Morphia is not a true anaesthetic, but a narcotic. 11 54 THE VIVISECTOBS DIRECTORY, towards the capillaries." Pilocarpin and atropin were injected through the cannulse at intervals, and the chorda nerve stimu- lated, also at intervals, for upwards of two hours (4.12 p.m. to 6.29 p.m.).— Joitm. of Physiol, Vol. III., pp. 17-18 (1880.82). Mr. Langley subsequently returned to " The Physiology of the Salivary Secretion," and published *♦ Part III. : The * Para- lytic * Secretion of Saliva." He records three experiments on cats, kept up for periods varying from two hours and eight minutes to two hours and three-quarters. The following are Bome of the details given : — ** Experiment I. — Three days* section of Chorda Tympani. — Chloroform given. Removed quarter-inch chorda tympani on left side. Three days afterwards give morphia. 12.5. Cannula tied in left sub-maxillary dact 1.14. Tracheotomy ; produce apnoea by quick artificial respiration ; no rise of saliva in either cannula during four minutes ; stop artifi- cial respiration and clamp tube from trachea, so producing dyspnoea 1.20. Dissected out left sympathetic nerve in neck just below first cervical ganglion 2.3. Cut across left tympanico lingual nerve, and stimulate peripheral end — no effect." . . . . " Dissect out nerve bundles going from first cervical ganglion to external carotid artery on left side. 2.30. Cut most nerve fibres going from ganglion to external carotid artery. .... 2.40. Cut right chorda tympani nerve 2.45. Cut right sympathetic nerve in neck." All this interspersed with electrical stimulations of the cut nerves. — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VI., pp. 72, 73 (1885). In a fourth paper similar experiments to ' the above on cats and dogs are described by the author, Mr. J. N. Langley, —Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IX., p. 55 (1888). In a fifth paper, Mr. Langley recorded *' The effect of stimulating the cerebral secretory nerves upon the amount of saliva obtained by stimulating the sympathetic nerve." Twelve dogs were axperimented on. The following is the author's description or the •• Method of Experimentation." The follow- ing procedure was as a rule adopted, .... Morphium hydrochlorate was injected subcutaneously, generally in con- siderable quantity, viz., 2 to 4 cc. of a 4 or 5 p.c. solution. In half-au-hour to au hour, chloroform if necessary* being given, a three-way tube was tied in the trachea, and one limb of the tube connected with a bottle containing a mixture of chloroform * Note the qualification. A BLACK BOOK. 55 and ether ; the bottle was removed if the respiration became feeble.* The chordo-lingual nerve was cut, and the chorda dissected out for a ^ to i an inch. The sympathetic nerve was dissected out from the vagus in the neck for about an inch, ligatured and cut. Usually the vagus was also ligatured and cut." —Journ. of Physiol., Vol. X., p 292 (1887). On December 21st, 1889, a paper was read before the Royal Society by J. N. Langley, F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College, and W. Lee Dickinson, Caius College, Cambridge, entitled, " On the Local Paralysis of Peripheral Ganglia, and on the Connection of Different Classes of Nerve Fibres with them." Apparently, the experiments detailed in this paper were performed in the Cam- bridge University laboratory. They were of an unusually severe description. Rabbits, dogs, and cats were the victims. They were cut open, the sympathetic and pneumogastric nerves and blood-vessels laid bare, and then nicotine was injected into their veins or applied direct to certain of the nerves, which were then " stimulated." The narrative of these horrors and the conclusions deduced from them is gfivenin the cold-blooded style of a proposition in Euclid. — See *' Nature,''"' December 5, 1889. Xiapper, Edwin, 2, Knapton Villas, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. — M.L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1889, Q. 1876; L.R.C.S.I., 1889; (Ledw. Sch. Dub.) ; Exam, in Chem. and Physics for Pub. Health Dipl. Irel. ; Prof, of Chem. R.C.S. Irel. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labor a^ ton/ and Lecture Room, Royal Colleye of Surgeons, Dublin^ in 1878. Lea, A. Sheridan, M.A., Trin. College.— Physiol. Lab., New Museum, Cambridge. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Laboratory New Museum, Cambridge University, 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84- 85-86-87-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 2 Physiological Experiments, done under License; in 1888, 1 Physiological Experiment under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, IiOitll, Robert Fraser Calder, 129, Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh.— M.A. Edin. (Honours), 1882, B.Sc. 1883, M.B. and CM. (1st class Honours) 1885 ; (Edin.) ; Vans Dunlop, Orig. * Note the qualification. 56 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, Research Scholar Univ. Edin j Exam, in Nat. Hibt. Univ. Glasg. Held a Licence for Vivisection at the Patkolot/icttl Depart- mentj Xew Bmldimjs, Edinhiirtjh Univentiti/, 1887-1888. Certificate Dixpensiwj with the Ohiiffation to Kill, 1887. Returned in 1887, 22, in 1888, 3, Patholoyicid Experiments^ allf in each year^ without Anresthetics, lamont, William, 7, Melroee Street, Glasgow. — M.A. Edin., M.B. and CM. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glaeorow, 1882; Exam. in Path. P.P.S. Glafig. ; Prof . of Anat. and Physiol, and Morb. Anat. Vet. Coll. Glasg. Held a License for Vivisection at the Glasgow Veterinary College, 83 and 85,* Buccleuch Street, 1884-85-88. Certijicate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill he/ore Recovery from Ana:sthesia, 1884. Certijicate for Experiments without Anas- Xftlnglini, .VtrKKti, 1, St, Krmin*ii MaatMCM^ 8.W.--M>B. D&rh. unci M.S. IB8S; M.K.C.S. Bi«.. IHT^i L.a.A. 1874 (St. Thot.*ft. Vitonft, fieilu. sod Pwii) i Dtp). P»b. UcaUk Ouibi,1886. Hdii a /Jmut for Jlti»er i»D(» m Hm bMQ MMoaij Mfomoi^ ftb«o)at<<)jr wItnUoil *' Tb*/ fntibftr mtmtmA &ttl poMi'blr tob««Qol&r viru« might RdTor •OHM kind o# sMennt* tkfi in pamIi^ throagb a fowl, sad to 9Xt«e: M., 1^9. L. 187ti; (Bdio. Mad Vlouika); LmC. 9tio» to Km in 1881 ttud 18tt. KcFAdyOMI, JovM, 9, Km! IIerniitAs:o Place, LeHb.— M.U. 1U. c«'i CM.. 1882; B.Se.. 1888; (Univ. Edin.) i IakI, oa Ajotf. and Path. Roy. Tvt. Odl. tviio. liM a iMtiku for VieUrrtiun itt the lAX>^r*Uor$ *ind PhfTiitdo^cal CtifM 'Room of the /(oj^^d t'eterimrry C\>{teye, Kdinhuruh, oeaiUtJr afjtf* fit sueA «f4ker jdAwe or pUwtn m Scuilami fiM Mujr Ar ftpi^rored Ay the Intpeetor for «iwi Rxperimtutd, 1887-88. t'4rt9jSmt4 for KrfferimenU withimi AuoMtk^tie*, 18H7-88. lieiuffud in iHtfi. 14, iu 1888, U, /V/Ao/oyioi/ Krfferimmts under Ce/tiJitMte teitkMtt Ammtkeiie*, in 1889 he reiwrmtd ^ etnrt and I'i adver um futviMff a\tffrred JtsuM^ 7i 58 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, McEendrick, John Gray, University, Glasgow. — LL.D., 1882; M.D. Aberd. and CM., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin.); F.RS. (£980); F.R.S.E.; Prof, of Inats. of Med. Univ. Glasg., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lahoratonj and Physiolofjical Class Boom, Glasgow University, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878-79-80; at the University Physiological Laboratory, 1885-86-87-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-85-86-87-88. Also for Experiments without Ancesthetics, 1885-86-87-88. Returned in 1877, 7 Physiological Experiments, 3 under Certificate without Anesthetics; and 4 in Illustration of Lectures, Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4), and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private laboratory himself (3960-5) ; and disapproves of licensing places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men — Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 30. *' On an etherised animal, the degree of reflex stimulation pro- duced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebial hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimu- lation increased or diminished. This method only led to uncer- tain results." Review of *' On the inhibitory or restraining action which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord," by John McKendrick {Edin. Med. Journ., Feb., 1874, p. 733), "jRei'we des Sciences Medicates," Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64. " At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes of living animals We accordingly insti- tuted a series of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes — (1) of the living cat ; (2) of the living pigeon ; and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during the experiments. " 1. The Cat. — The animal was securely fixed in Czermak's rabbit-holder. The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic arch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach the ^ t A BLACK BOOK. 59 optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and staunching haemorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section of the nerve. —"On the Physiological Actions of Light," by Dr. McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar. — Trans. Roy. 8oc. Edin., 1876, p. 160. Maclagan, Sir Douglas, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin., 1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833 ; Vice.Pres. F.R.S. (Edin.) ; Prof, of Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin. (£801) ; Surg.-Gen. Queen's Body Guard for Scotland j Surg.-Maj. Q.E.R.V.B. Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certi- ficatesfor Experiments without Ancesthetics in 1878 and 1879. Mackay, John Yule, 34, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow. — M.D. Glasg., 1885 ; M.B. and CM., 1882 ; (Univ. Glasg.)"; Sen. Demonst. of Anat. Univ. Glasg. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory and Physiologiml Class Room, University of Glasgow, 1883-84. McWilliam, John Alexander, University, Aberdeen.^ M.D. Aberd. (highest Honours for Thesis), 1882 ; M.B. and CM. (highest Acad. Honours and John Murray Medal and Schol.), 1880; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. Coll. Lond., and Univ. Leipsic) ; Regius. Prof, of lusts, of Med. (£619) and Examin. Physiol, and Zool. Univ. Aberd. ; Asst. Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond. ; Lect. on Physiol. Lond. Sch. of Med. for Wom. Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with Curator's Rooms, London. 1883-84- 85-86. Also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration of Lectures, 1883-84-86. Certificate Dispefising with Obligation to Kill, 1885. License and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures at the Physiological Department, Aberdeen University, 1887-88. 60 THE VIVJ SECTORS DIRECTORY, Returned in 1887, 12, ?n 1888, 1^ Physiological Experiments; in 1887, 10, in 1888, 14 tvere done under License; and in 1887, 2 were done under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures. Prof. McWilliam has published an account of experiments on " The Rhythm of the Mammalian Heart," from the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Aberdeen. In the course of this he says : — " The following investigation was conducted on the hearts of various mammals — cats, dogs, rabbits, hedgehogs, guinea- pigs, and rats. The cat was the animal usually em- ployed The experiments were performed (1) partly on the excised heart — sometimes with an artificial circulation kept up and sometimes not — and (2) partly on the heart in situ. In the latter case the animal was anaesthetised (usually with chloro- form), and secured on a Czermak's holder, means being taken to maintain the temperature as far as possible. Artificial respira- tion was employed* and the chest was laid open ; in some cases the pericardial sac was left intact, but in most of my experi- ments it was opened, and the heart fully exposed." — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. X., p. 167 (1888). A further series of experiments " On the Phenomena of Inhibition in the Mammalian Heart " has also been published by Professor Mo William. ♦' The animals used in this investigation were the cat, dog, rabbit, rat, hedgehog, and guinea-pig." — Ibid., p. 345. Under the title "Electrical Stimulation of the Heart in Man,'* Dr. McWilliam published a paper giving results of experiments made in the Physiological Laboratory of his University. He said : — " The application of strong galvanic and faradiac currents to the ventricles is attended with disastrous results ; an immediate abolition of the normal heat, and the occurrence of inco-ordinated arythmic contractions of the ventricular muscle (fibrillar con- tractions or heart delirium), attended by a great and rapid fall of blood pressure, and in the higher mammals (the dog, at least) by speedy death. The phenomenon in question is one that occurs in more or less extreme form in every mammal examined, and indeed in birds as well. I have myself observed it in the hearts of the dog, cat, rabbit, hedgehog, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, hen, pigeon, and blackbird." As to the nature of his experi- ments he added :— " In order to elucidate more fully the influence * This implies the use of curare, and the abolition of ansesthesia. A BLACK BOOK. 61 L of a series of induction shocks upon the inhibited heart, I have frequently (on the dog, cat, and rabbit) performed such experi- ments as the following : — The animal being chloroformed" — to what extent it is not said, nor is it stated how far chloroform modifies the results of the experiments — . . . . " the thorax and pericardial sac were laid open ; artificial respiration was kept up through a cannula introduced into the trachea (windpipe). The heart was inhibited by stimulation of the vagus nerve in the neck, and then a periodic series of induction shocks was applied to the apex of the ventricles." Hooks were fixed into the heart- walls — and these were attached to levers which made tracings in the same manner as in Roy's experiments. Two charts are given in which such tracings are taken from the hearts of cats under experiment as above. Of course it is impossible to draw safe conclusions as to what could take place in a normal heart from what is seen in the hearts of animals thus exposed and mutilated. Yet that is what the physiologist invariably does. — See " British Medical Journal;' Feb. 16, 1888. Mann, John Dixon, 16, St. John Street, Manchester. — M.D. St. And., 1880; M.R.C.P. Lend., 1880; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1862; (Roy. Sch. Manch.) ; Lect. on Med. Jurisp. and Toxicol. Owens Coll. ; Exam, in For. Med. Vict. Univ. Manch. ; Phys. Salford Roy. Hosp. ; Hon. Phys. Governesses Inst. Manch. Author of "Chronic Atrophic Rhinitis," Liverp. and Manch. Med. Surg. Reps. 1877 ; " Current Measurement in Electro- Therapeutics and in the Electrolysis of Blood," 1878, etc. Held a License for Vivisection at the Toodcological Labora- tory , Owens College, Manchester, 1888. Certificate for Ex- periments without Anesthetics same year. Returned in 1888, 2 Physiological Experiments under Certificate without Ancesthetics. Mapother, Edward Dillon, 32, Cavendish Square, Lon- don, W. — M.D. Qn. Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honours and Gold Medal), 1857 ; F.R.C.S.I., 1862; L. 1854; (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and R.C.S. Irel.) Author of " A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease," 3rd edit., 1832, &c. Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons, Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, in 1878. Martin, Sidney Harris Cox, 10, Mansfield Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.— B.Sc. Lond. (Biol.), 1878; M.D., 1884; 62 THE VIVISECTOKS' DIRECTORY, M.B. (Univ. Schol. in Med.), and B.S. (Honours), 1882; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1885; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Univ. Coll. and Vienna) ; Atkinson-Morley Schol. in Surg., Filliter Bxhib. in Path., and Claff Memorial Prizem. Univ. Coll.; Brit. Med. Assoc. Research Schol. ; Assist. Fhys. (late Pathol, and Regist.) City of London Hosp. for Diseases of Chest ; Phys. Disp. for Foreigners. Contrib. *• Papain Digestion," Joum. Physiol., Vol. V. ; *• Nature of Papain and its Action on Vegetable Proteid," Ibid., Vol. VI., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Lahora' tory ^University College^ 1887-88. Certificate for Experiments icithout AnastheticSy 1887-88. Certificate Dispensing ivith the Obligation to Kill, 1887-88. Returned in 1887, 1 Therapeutical Experiment under License; in 1888 he returned 15 Experiments j 14 Physio- logical J and 1 Pathological ; of these 4 were under License, 10 under Certificate without Anesthetics, and 1 under Certificate lyispensing with the Obligation to Kill, Maylard, Alfred Ernest, 4, Berkeley Terrace, Glasgow. — M.B. Lond. and B.S., 1879; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881; (Guy's); Extra Disp. Surg. Western Infirm., Glasg.; Siirg. Out-patients Glasg. Hosp. for Sick Children. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, Glasgow University, 1888. Certificates for Experiments tvithout Anaesthetics same year. Returned in 1888, 9 Pathological Experiments done under Certificate without Anesthetics. Money, Angbl, 24, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, Lon- don, W.— M.D. Lond., 1881, M.B. (Gold Medal in Med.) and B.S. (Gold Medal in Surg.) 1880; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1883; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; (Univ. Coll.) ; Fell. Univ. ColL Lond. ; As&t. Phys. and Asst. Prof, of Clin. Med. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. Hosp. for Children, Great Ormond Street. Contrib. " The Experimental production of Chorea," &o. Med. Chir. Trans., 1885, and Brit. Med. Journ., 1886, Ac. Held a License for Vivisection in the New Physiological Theatre and the Rooms comprised in the Physiological Labora- tory, together with the Curator^s Room, University College, C ^ A BLACK BOOK. 63 1884-85-86-87-88. Also Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 1884-85-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 6 Physiological, 6 Pathological Experi- ments, in all 12; 6 were done under License, and 6 under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, Dr. Angel Money communicated to the Medico-Chirurgical Society, on May 26th, 1885, an account of experiments in which he had injected into the blood vessels of *' rabbits, guinea-pigs, cats and dogs," such "suitable " substances as "arrowroot par- ticles, granules of potato starch and carmine," with the result of producing '* uncontrollable movements," and in others a con- dition which the experimenter supposed was the same thing as St. Vitus' Dance in human beings. The experimenter himself thought, however, that the experiments could not upset current theories about St. Vitus* Dance, because the animals used by him are "so far removed from man." — See ^'Lancet," May 30, 1885. £With regard to these experiments Dr. De Wattville pointed out in the British Medical Journal, June 6th, 1885, that the supposed St. Vitus' Dance was nothing of the kind, that the same experi. ments had been performed by others, and that the explanation offered was quite erroneous, as is shown by a case of the disease occurring in man.] Dr. Angel Money reported a series of experiments, in which he irritated the brains and intestines of a number of " ana9s- thetised curarised animals" by electricity, sliced away their brains, and made " windows " in their bowels. As a result, he considered he had demolished the work of Vulpian, who did similar things. Dr. Angel Money re- ceived a grant of £15, but returned £11 of it. The report Bays that " it has been asserted by Vulpian that experimental irritation of the surface of the brain in the motor area can cause, so to speak, epilepsy of the plain muscular tissue of the stomach and intestines." Dr. Money was unable to confirm this view, and believed that Vulpian's results might be attributed to diffusion of the current into the pneumogastric region, and the conclusion of the whole matter is that it all remains " unproved 80 far as experimentation is concerned." So the rabbits, dogs, and cats suffered in vain. — Summarised from " The Report of the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Associationf* British Medical Journal, Aug. 4, 1883. Mott, Frederick Walker, 62^ Chandos Street, Charing Cross, London, W.C— M.D. Lond., 1886; M.B. (Univ. Schol. 04 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st Honours in Med.) and B.S., 1881; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1886; M.R.C.S. En«?., 1880 (Univ. Coll. and Yienna) ; Lect. on Physiol, and Med. Regist. Char. Cross. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883-84, also Certijicate Dispensiny with Ohliyation to Kill, 1888-84. License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, 62 and 63, Chandos Street, 1886-87. Certificate for Illustra- tions of Lectures, 1886-87. Also Certificate Disjjensing with Obligation to Kill, 1886-87. Returned in 1887, 8 Pathological Experiments, done under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill. Murray, Robert Milne, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. — M.A. St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and CM. (Honours), 1879 ; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1886, M. 1881 ; (Univ. Edin.) ; Fell, and Sec. Edin. Obst. Soc. ; Phys. for Dis. of Worn. Western Disp. Edin, ; Lect. on Midw. and Dis. of Worn. Edin. Sch. of Med. Contrib. " On Some Modifications of Recording Apparatus for Physiological Purposes," Trans. Roy. Phys. Soc, 1885 ; " On some of the Physiological and Therapeutical Actions of Water at Different Temperatures," Trans. Edin. Obst. Soc, 1886. Held a License for Vivisection {no place named, 1882), at Minto House Medical School, 1882-83-84-85 ; at Park Place Medical School, Park Place, Edinburgh, 1886-87. Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1882. Returned in 1887, 26, in 1888, 4, Physiological Experiments, all, in each year, done under License. Murrell, William, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W.— M.D. Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1875; L.S.A. 1874; (Cniv. Coll.); Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Mat. Med. andTherap. (late Lect. onPract. Physiol, and Med. Regist.), Westm. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre in 1887. " We," i.e.. Dr. Ringer and Dr. Murrell, " have made some observations clinically. To eighteen adults — fourteen men and four women — we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared i A BLACK BOOK. 65 that they were unable to take it One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a little rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he * felt giddy,* as if he would * go off insensible.' His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lay down for an hour and a-half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ' took all his strength away.' He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not agree with him The women appear to have suffered more than the men One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first dose — she did not try a second — she felt a trembling sensation all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours ; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen The effect on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to increase the dose." — Brs. Ringer and Murrell in ** The Lancet,** Nov 3rd., 1883. Experimented (in company with Sydney Ringer, M.D.) on ** the action of arseniate of soda and arsenious acid on frogs '* " Arsenic being a powerful paralyser of the heart, we were induced to undertake this series of investigations to ascertain whether arsenic paralyses simply by arresting the heart's action." .... We commenced our experiments in October, 1887. We first experimented with arseniate of soda, using a solution of the same strength as that employed by Sklarek, but we obtained very different results from those described by him. We then tried arsenious acid dissolved by the aid of a small quantity of soda " (p. 213). " We had hitherto used very strong solutions of arsenious acid, 1 in 5, 1 in 11, and 1 in 20. The 1 in 5 solution appeared to have a strong topical action ; and to test if this were so, we injected some of the solution under the skin of the thigh. After complete paralysis, we stripped off the skin and examined the muscles" (p. 217).— Joum. of Physiol., Vol. I. (1878-9). 66 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, Drs. Mnrrell and Binger also experimented with aconitia on frogs, and state : — " We used solutions of different strengths, namely, 1 ^, ^ and -^^ per cent The solution, even the weakest, had a slight irritating action. It was always administered under the skin of the back. We then watched the animals till they became completely paralysed, and subsequently morning, noon, and night, tested the conductibility of the sciatio nervd and the irritability of the muscles with a Du Bois induction coil and a one-celled Daniells' battery." — Ihid^ p. 232, Further experiments were undertaken by Drs. Ringer and Mnrrell as to '' The Action of Tartar Emetic, Hydrocyanic Acid, and Veratria on the Animal Body." " In the present series of ■experiments, as in our previous series, we injected the poison under the skin of the frog's back. To ascertain whether tartar emetic affects the tissues directly, or only by arresting the heart, we prepared some test frogs, by making an incision through the heart, and so arresting the circulation. Then we tested the conductivity of the motor nerves and the muscular irritability by a one-celled Du Bois Raymond induction coil." . . . . " The frogs became completely paralysed in 114 and 113 minutes respectively." — Ibid., p. 241. Experiments were also made by Drs. Murrell and Ringer with a vegetable poison known as Pituri. " We began our investi- gations on August 16th, by injecting under the skin of a small cat one minim of the 1 in 20 solution. In three minutes the cat staggered while walking. In seven minutes the animal could walk, though badly ; it lay down on the table. In eight minutes it was still weaker, so that when lying down it let its head rest on the table. The breathing was 32 per minute and laboured, but the mucous membrane of the month was not at all livid. In nine minutes we observed muscular cutaneous twitching. In thirteen minutes it seemed sleepy, but could see, hear, and feel distinctly. In fifty minutes it could still walk, but rolled a good deal and the muscular weakness was shown by the ease with which we could open its mouth In 25 minutes the cat began to improve .... and in 30 minutes .... it had recovered. In 34 minutes we again injected two minims of the solution. In one minute the breathing rose from 28 to 36 per minute, and became laboured. In four minutes the cat vomited violently. It became also weak and staggered a little In twenty minutes it still staggered on walking. The respirations had fallen to 28. The pupils were widely dilated, and the moath was decidedly though not extremely A BLACK BOOK. 67 ■dry, and the cat was drowsy. In 46 minutes the pupils were still dilated, and the mouth rather dry, though in other respects the animal had nearly recovered, but remained a little dull " (p. 378). " We then applied a small quantity of the alkaloid solution to the right eye of a cat " (p. 379). •' We next injected six minims of the 1 in 20 solution under the skin of a moderate-sized cat In 15 minutes the animal lay on its side panting, the breathing being very super- £cial ; it looked as if it were dying. In 18 minutes the respira- tions were 72 the minute, and as before seemed almost entirely diaphragmatic. In other respects the cat seemed in the same state. In 20 minutes the pupils became widely dilated, the mouth continued very moist and was covered with foam. In 25 minutes the animal began to improve .... and could raise its head" (p. 379) .—Ibid. Newman, David, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. — M.D. Glasg. (with High Commend.), 1883 ; M.B. Glasg. and CM., 1878 ; F.F.P. Glasg., 1881 (Univ. Glasg. and Leipsic) ; Exam, in Path. Univ. Glasg. ; Pathol, and Lect. on Path. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. Contrib. " Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of the Kidneys," " Journ. Anat. and Physiol.," etc. Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physio- logical Laboratory m 1879-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing tcith Obligation to Kill in 1881-82-83. Mr. Newman might also perform Experiments at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School^ and under his Certificates was not limited to a registered place, Ogston, Alexander, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. — M.D. Aberd., 1866 ; M.B. and CM., 1865 ; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm. ; Regius Prof, of Surg. Univ. Aberdeen (£702). Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street^ Aberdeen, 1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880-81-82. At the expiration of Dr, Ogston' s License the above address ceased to be registered for the performance of Experiments. *' To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of all made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms Introduced under spray into a pure subcuta- neous syringe, quantities varying from one to ten minima were F 2 68 THE VrVISECTORS DIRECTORY, injected into the subcutaneona tissue of the back in chloroformed gninea.pigs, white mice, and wild mice. In all twenty such injections were made, with the invariable result that no illness or abscess ensued But a very different effect was produced when similar injections were made with pus containing micro- cocci. In every instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims produced in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, lasting from two to five days. The animals refused food, sat cowering in a retired place in their cage^ were listless and apathetic, their coat was disordered and some- times wet, their eyes were kept closed save when startled ; and the mice showed the purulent conjunctivitis and glueing together of the eyelids described by Koch in his experiments on sep- ticsBmia." — Report on " Micro-Organisms in Surgical Diseases,*' " Brit. Med Joum.,'* March 12th, 1881, p. 371. Oliver, Thomas, 12, Eldon Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne. — M.D. Glasg. (Honour List), 1880; M.B. and CM. (with Com- mend.), 1874; M.R.C.P. Lend., 1882; (Univ. Glasg. and Paris) ; Cullen Medallist in Pract. of Phys. ; Hunter Medallist in Pathol. ; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Durh. ; Lect. on Physiol. New- castle-on-Tyne Coll. of Med. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory and Museum of the University of Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle, 1884-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1888. Paton, DiARMiD Noel, 4, Walker Street, Edinburgh. — M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1885; M.B. and CM. (1st Class Honours), 1882, B. Sc. (Baxter Schol.), 1880; F.R.CP. Edin., 1887; (Edin. and Vienna) ; Exam, in Physiol. Univ. Edin. ; Lect. on Insts. of Med. Edin. Sch. of Med. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, Edinburgh University, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1885-86-87-88. Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1886-87. Also Certificate for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, MuleSf and Asses, 1886-87 ; and for Illustrations of Lectures, 1887-88. Returned in 1887, 10 Pathological, in 1888, 6 Physiological, Experiments ; the 10 in 1887 were done under Certificate without AncBsthetics ; the 6 in 1888 under Certificate for Illustration of Lectures, A BLACK BOOK. 69 Pavy, Fredhrick Wm., 35, Grosvenor Street, W. — M.D. Lond., 1853; F.R.CP. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Phys., formerly Lect. on Med., on Physiol., and on Comp. Anat., Guy's Hosp. Author of " Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver," Philos. Trans., 1861 ; *' Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its own secretion during Life," Ibid., 1863. Held a License for Vivisection at Guy^s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room, London, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83- 84-85-86-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Returned in 1887, 3, in 1888, 1, Physiological ExperimentSt all under License, " Has always illustrated his lectures by experiments (2108) ; but believes he was the first physiological lecturer in London who did so (2033) For purposes of experiment uses dogs, rabbits, guiuea-pigs, and frogs (2089-90) ; which are bought in the ordinary way at Leadenhall Market (2101-4) ; during the season about 20 dogs and 10 rabbits are used (2096)." — Digest Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 19. '' Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard intro- duced, while digestion was going on, the hind legs of a living frog. The legs were dissolved away, the animal continuing all the while alive." ..." I have repeated this experiment myself, and obtained a similar result." ....*• I performed an experi- ment, substituting the ear of a rabbit for the legs of a frog At the end of two hours the ear was withdrawn, and several spots of erosion were observed ou its surface, bat nowhere was it eaten through. On being replaced for another two and a-half hoars, the tip to the extent of about half or three-quarters of an inch was almost completely removed, a small remnant of it only being left attached by a narrow shred to the remainder of the ear." — Lancet, No. 2,070. Penberthy, John, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town.— F.R.V.CS. ; Prof, of Therap. Roy. Vet. College. Held a License for Vivisection at the Sheds and Loose Boxes, together tvith the Demonstrators' Room, adjoining the Dissecting Room, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, 1888, Certificate for Experiments icithout Anesthetics same year. Returned in 1888, 6 Pathological Experiments, all done under Certificate icithout Anesthetics. 70 THE VrVlSECTOBS DIKECTOEY, Philip, Robert William, 4, Melville Crescent, Edinburgh. — M.A.. Edin. ; M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1887; M.B. and CM. (with Honours), 1882; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1887; M. 1886; (Edin.^ Leipsio, and Vienna); Gresrory Prizeman Univ. Edin., 1887; Exam, in Med. and Path. Univ. Aberd. j Lect. onPract. of Phys. Edin. Sch. of Med. Held a License for Vivisection at the Practice of Physio Department, Edinburgh University, 1886-87. Certificate for Eocperiments without Anesthetics, 1886-87-88. Returned in 1887, 18 Pathological Experiments, all without Ancesthetics. Phillips, Charles Douglas Fergusson, 10, Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square,W.— M.D. Aberd., 1852 ; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1866; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877 ; (Univs. Edin. and Aberd.) ; F.R.S.E. ; Exam, in Mat. Med. and Therap. Univ. Edin. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Lahora* tory. University College, London, 1887-88. Certificate for Experiments without Anasthetics, 1887-88. Returned in 1887 20, in 1888 9, Therapeutical Experiments done under License alone, Messrs. Phillips and Bradford instituted at the Physiological Laboratory of University College, London, a series of experi- ments to elucidate, by means of Roy's oncometer, the action of certain diuretics upon the kidneys. Ten animals (rabbits and cats) are scheduled as having been dealt with. We are told that the animal (generally a dog or cat, but sometimes a rabbit) was chloroformed, and a tube inserted into the external jugular or femoral vein. Its windpipe was then opened, cnrare administered, and artificial respiration kept up. In the earlier experiments curare was not used, simply chloroform, but the results were not so satisfactory. The artery of the neck on one side was exposed and a manometer applied. The kidney was next exposed, carefully dissected from its surroundings, a silver tube fitted into the duct, and the organ placed in the previously warmed oncometer. The drug to be used in the experiment was now injected into the vein of the thigh or neck. The air used in the artificial respiration was blown throogh a bottle containing chloroform, a process which, while it could do little to save the sufferings of the animals lying paralyzed by the curare poison,, without doubt satisfied its tormentors, aa it was intended to satisfy the Act of Parliament and the public conscience. Th& A BLACK BOOK. 71 impossibility of administering chloroform to a curarized animal has been conclusively proved. If the animal was chloroformed where could be the object in curarizing it? — See ** Joum. of Physiol.," Vol. VIIL, pp. 117-132 (1887). PigOt, Rev. Edward Francis, University College, Stephen's Green, Dublin.— B.A. Dub., M.B. and B. Sch., 1882; L.M.K.Q.O.P. Irel., 1883 ; (T. C. and Sir P. Dun's Hosp. Dub., and Loud. Hosp.) Held a License for Vivisection at the Biological Laboratory in the University College, St, Stephen's Qreen, 1887-88. Purser, John Mallet, 3, Wilton Terrace, Dublin. — M.D.T.C.D., 1874; M.B., 1863; F.R.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876; L. and L.M., 1865; L.R.C.S.T., 1863; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1863; (Univ. Dub. and Carm. Sch.) ; Prof, of Insts. of Med. Sch. of Physic T.C. Dub. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory Medical College, Dr, Steeven's Hospital, Physiological Laboratory, Carmichael School of Medicine, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878 and 1879 ; alw in 1888-84-85-86-87-88, at Physiological Laboratory, S, Wilton Terrace AUo in 1884, at the Physiological Laboratory, do,, Carmichael Soliool, *'' Considers that experiments on live animals are necessary for demonstration, the greater number would be under ansBS- thetics (4793-99 a), but some painful ones on the sensitive nerves of warm-blooded animals are desirable (4793-99 a)." — Digest. Ev. Roy. Oom., London, 1876, p. 35. Pye, Walter, 4, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W.— F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1S76 (St. Barthol.) ; Tutor and Surg. Orthop. Departm. St. Mary's Hosp. ; Surg. Victoria Hosp. for Children; Lect. on Physiol. London Univ. Exten. Soc. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Laboratory, St, Bartlwlomew's Hospital Medicul School, 1878 and 1879 ; also at St, Mary's Hospital, Paddington, 1884. Certificate for Experiments without Anasthetics conjointly with Dr, Lauder Brunton in 1879, This Certificate not acted upon, ■ Pye-Smith, Philip Henry, 54, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W.— B.A. Lond. (Hon.), 1888 ; M.D. (Gold Medal), 1864 ; 72 THE VIVISECTORS DIBECTORT, M.B. (Hon.), 1863 ; P.R.Cf.P. Lond., 1870 ; M. 1865 (Guy'a and Continental Schools) ; Phys. and Leot. on Med. Guy's Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at Ouy's Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Rooms, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82- 83-84. Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, in 1878-79-82-83. Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs^ Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses returned. " Considers that the study of Physiology in its full sense is impossible without vivisection." — Digest Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 19. Dr. Pye-Smith has published an account of a series of vivi- sections carried out by him at intervals during a period of six years. There are in the bodies of vertebrate animals two systems of nerves — one having their centres and origin in a brain and spinal cord contained in the skull and spinal canal, and the other consisting of two nervous cords, with ganglions or swellings, situated outside and along the spinal column, these cords being connected by filaments with each other and with the cerebro-spinal system of nerves. The extra spinal system of nerves has received various names, one of them being '• the sympathetic." In an evil hour Claude Bernard discovered that if he cut the main trunk of the sympathetic where it lies in the neck of a rabbit, the ear of that side became red and hotter than the ear of the opposite side. Since then almost every vivisector has repeated the experiment, and Dr. Pye-Smith has now added his share to the total of these experiments, but without adding anything to the sum of useful physiological knowledge. Dr. Pye-Smith operated on rabbits and cats. He only gives an account of a portion of the animals used, as a large number died before the experiment was complete. Anaesthetics were nsed, or else chloral was injected. But chloral, though a sleep producer, is not recognised as an anaesthetic ; and it was chiefly after injection of chloral that the experiments were performed. —See "Journ. of Physiol.,'' Vol. VIII. (1887), p. 25. Quinlan, Francis John Boxwell, 29, Lower Pitzwilliam Street, Dublin.— M.D. Dub., 1862; B.A. and M.B., 1857; L.R.C.S.I., 1856; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879, L. 1859; L.M. Rot. Hosp. 1854, and Coombe Hosp. Dub., 1870; (T.C. Cath. Univ. Dnb. and R.C.S.) M.R.I.A. ; Phys. St. Vincent's Hosp. ; Prof, of i A BLACK BOOK. 73 Mat. Med. and Therap. Cath. Univ. ; Exam, in Mat. Med. and Pharmacol. Roy. Univ. ; Exam, in Mat. Med. and Pharm. Conj. Bd. K.Q.C.P. Irel. and R.C.S. Irel. Held a License for Vivisection at the Medical Laboratory, St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, 1884-85-86-87-88. Redfern, Peter, 4, Lower Crescent, Belfast, and Temple- patrick House, Donaghadee.— M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1843; F. (Exam.) 1851; L.S.A., 1844; Univ. Prof, of Anat. and Physiol. Qn. Coll. Belfast. Held a License for Vivisection at Queen's College, Belfast, Physiological Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. Reid, Edward, Waymouth University Coll., Dundee. — B.A. Camb. (1st Class Nat. Sci. Honours), 1883, M.B., 1885; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1885; (Camb. and St. Barthol.) ; Prox. Access. Open Sci. Schol. St. Barthol., 1883 ; late Demonst. of Physiol. St. Mary's Hosp. Lond. Contrib. "On the Excised Mammalian Heart," Phil. Trans. 1887. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory and adjoining Lecture Theatre, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, 1886-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1886-87-88. No Experiments Returned, 1887. Returned in 1888, two Physiological Experiments under Certificate for Illustration of Lectures, Ringer, Sydney, 15, Cavendish Place, W.— M.D. LoYid., 1863; M.B., 1860; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1859 (Univ. Coll.) ; Prof, of Mat. Med. and Med. and Bolme Prof, of Chn. Med. Univ. Coll. ; Phys. and Prof, of Clin. Med. (late Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. Hosp. Author of " Ringer's Handbook of Therapeutics," 10th Edit., London, 1883, «&c. Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre in 1878-79-84-85. Certificate for Ex- periments without Ancesthetics, 1884-85. " We," i.e.. Dr. Ringer and Dr. Murrell, " have made some observations clinically. To eighteen adults — fourteen men and four women — we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it. They came back, protesting loudly. 74 THE VIVISECTOBS' DIRECTORY, and required no qaestioning as to the symptoms produced. They seemed to be pretty unanimous on one point— that it was about the worst medicine (!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever took another dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve them right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he • felt giddy,' as if he would ' go off insensible.' His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a-half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ' took all hia strength away.' He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not agree with him. . . . The women appeared to have suffered more than the men ; at all events, they expressed their opinions more forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the dose— she did not try a second— she felt a trembling sensa- tion all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen andr throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst. . . . Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose ; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours ; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen. . . . The effect on these patients was so un- pleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to increase the dose." — Lancet, Nov. 3rd, 1883. ^ "As the result of a great many observations taken in con- junction with Dr. Rickards, every quarter of an hour, for several hours, on persons of all ages, we found that alcohol, brandy and wine, diminish the body temperature. After moderate doses the fall was slight, amounting to not more than 0'4° to 06° Fahrenheit, but after poisonous doses, the depression m one instance reached three degrees : in rabbits the fall was much greater, reaching to ten or more degrees In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken alcohol in any form I found through a large number of observations a constant and decided reduction of temperature. Excessive and habitual indulgence appears to have this effect ; for Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him " dead drunk," twelve ^ A BLACK BOOK. 7B ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without the smallest reduction of the temperature.—^ Handbook of Therapeutics, by Sydney Ringer, 10th Edition, 1883, pp. 351-52. " In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were simply nil. I soon found— a fact with which I was previously acquainted— that, in those animals, fright exerts a marked in- fluence on the temperature." — Ihid., p. 516. Experimented (in company with Dr. William Murrell) on " the action of arseniate of soda and arsenious acid on frogs.'* I* Arsenic being a powerful paralyser of the heart, we were induced to undertake this series of investigations to ascertain whether arsenic paralyses simply by arresting the heart's action.' .... We commenced our experiments in October, 1887. We first experimented with arseniate of soda, using a solution of the same strength as that employed by Sklarek, but we obtained very different results from those described by him. We then tried arsenious acid dissolved by the aid of a small quantity of soda" (p. 213). '* We had hitherto used very strong solutions of arsenious acid, 1 in 5, 1 in 11, and 1 in 20. The 1 in 5 solution appeared to have a strong topical action ; and to test if this were so, we injected some of the solution under the skin of the thigh. After complete paralysis, we stripped off the skin and examined the muscles'] (p. 217),— Joum. of Physiol., Vol. I. (1878-9). Drs. Ringer and Murrell also experimented with aconitia on frogs, and state— " We used solutions of different strengths, namely, 1, -^, i, and ^\ per cent . . . The solution, even the weakest, had a slight irritating action. It was always administered under the skin of the back. We then watched the animals till they became completely paralysed, and subsequently, morning, noon, and night, tested the condnctibility of the sciatic nerve, and the irritability of the muscles with a Du Bois induction coil and a one-celled Daniell's battery."— I&id, p. 232, Further experiments were undertaken by Drs. Ringer and Murrell as to " The Action of Tartar Emetic, Hydrocyanic Acid, and Veratria on the Animal Body." " In the present series of experiments, as in our previous series, we injected the poison tinder the skin of the frog's back. To ascertain whether tartar emetic affects the tissues directly, or only by arresting the heart, we prepared some test frogs, by making an incision through the heart, and so arresting the circulation. Then we tested the 0onductivity of the motor nerves and the muscular irritability by 76 ,1 THE VIVISECTOES' DIEECTOEY, a one-oelled Du Bois Raymond indaction coil." .... "The frogs became completely paralysed in 114 and 113 minutes respec- tively."— Ibtd, p. 241. Experiments were also made by Drs. Murrell and Einger with a vegetable poison known as Pituri. " We began our investigations on August 16th, by injecting under the skin of a small cat one minim of the 1 in 20 solution. In three minutes the cat staggered while walking. In seven minutes the animal could walk, though badly; it lay down on the table. In eight minutes it was still weaker, so that when lying down it let its head rest on the table. The breathing was 32 per minute and laboured, but the mucous membrane of the mouth was not at all livid. In nine minutes we observed muscular cutaneous twitching. In thirteen minutes it seemed sleepy, but could see, hear, and feel distinctly. In fifty minutes it could still walk, but rolled a good deal and the muscular weakness was shown by the ease with which we could open its mouth In 25 minutes the cat began to improve .... and in 30 minutes .... it had recovered. In 34 minutes we again injected two minims of the solution. In one minute the breathing rose from 28 to 36 per minute and became laboured. In four minutes the cat vomited violently. It became also weak and staggered a little In 20 minutes it still staggered on walking. The respirations had fallen to 28. The pupils were widely dilated, and the month was decidedly though not extremely dry, and the cat was drowsy. In 46 minutes the pupils were still dilated and the month rather dry, though in other respects the animal had nearly recovered, but remained a little dull '* (p. 378). " We then applied a small quantity of the alkaloid solution to the right eye of a cat" (p. 379). " We next injected six minims of the 1 in 20 solution under the skin of a moderate.sized cat. ... In 15 minutes the animal lay on its side panting, the breathing being very superficial ; it looked as if it were dying. In 18 minutes the respirations were 72 the minute, and as before seemed almost entirely diaphrag. matic. In other respects the cat seemed in the same state. In 20 minutes the pupils became widely dilated ; the mouth con- tinued very moist and was covered with foam. In 25 minutes the animal began to improve .... and could raise its head " (p. Z79). —Ihid, Robertson, Joseph McGregor, University, and 400, Great Western Road, Glaaprow.— M.A. Glas., 1876, M.B. and CM. (Honours), 1880 ; (Univ. Glasg. and Berlin) ; Brisbane Bursar A BLACK BODE. 77 *^ and Senior Arnot prizem. Univ. Glasg. ; Asst. Surg. Glasg. Opth. Inst. ; Examiner Loc. Exam. Bd., and Sen. Asst. Physiol. Departm. (formerly Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol.) Univ. Glasgow ; Lect. on Physiol. Queen Margaret Coll. Glasg. Author of "Physiological Physics," 1884; "An Elementary Text Book of Human Physiol.," 1887. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, Glasgow, 1885.86-87. Certificate for Illustration of Lectures, 1885-86 ; for Experiments uithout Anaesthetics, 1885-87 ; and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules. or Asses, 1885-87. Returned in 1887, 5 Physiological Experiments,^ of which were done under License, and 3 under Certificate for Experi- ments on Dogs or Cats. Bolleston, Humphry Davy,7, FurnivarsInn,Holbom,E.O., and Savile Club, Piccadilly, W.-B. A. Camb. (Ist Class. Nat Sci. Tripos.), 1886; M.B. and B.C., 1888; M.R.C.P. Loud., 1889 ; (Camb. and St. Barthol.) ; Schol. St. John's Coll., Camb. ; Asst. Demonst. Anat. (late House Phys.) St. Barthol. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Pathological Labora- tory, Cambridge University, 1886-87. Returned in 1887, 33 Experiments done under License; of these 15 were Physiological, 10 Pathological, and 8 Therapeutical, There has been published an account of a number of experi- ments which were performed by Mr. H. D. Rolleston, B.A., of St. John's College, upon the blood pressure within the hearts of dogs and rabbits. The old deceptive story of anaesthesia by chloroform and curare is, of course, told to quiet the public. We know from the words of Claude Bernard himself that curare, so far from destroying pain, greatly increases sensibility, though it paralyses motion, so that the suffering animal can neither bite, scratch, howl, nor otherwise annoy his tormentor or relieve his own agony. We know that no more than a mere "whiff of chloroform" dare be given in conjunction with curare or the animal would die. Mr. Rolleston proceeded to open " a window " in the chest of the living and suffering dog that he might insert a glass tube into its heart. We are told that he followed a method invented by an Italian named Magini. The object of inserting a glass tube into the cavity of the heart was to ascertain what 18 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, was the maximam pressure in the carotid arteries as compared with the heart cavity. — See ** Journ. of Physiol.f** Vol. VIII. (1887), p. 235. Roy, Charles Smart, Trinity Coll., Cambridge. — M.B. and CM., 1875 (Univ. Edin.) ; M.D. Edin., 1878 (Edin.) ; Prof. Path. Univ. Camb. (£800) ; late Prof. Saperint. Brown Inst. ; G. H. Lewes Student; formerly Asst. to Prof, of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg. Held a License for Vivisection at New Museum Physiological Laboratory J Cambridge University^ and at Brown Institution, London, in 1880-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certijicates for Illustrations of Lectures, 1882-83-84-85-86-87-88(2). Also for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1882- 83-84-86(2)-87(2)-88(2). Special Certificates for Experiments without Anasthetics, 1883-84-85-86(2)-87(2)-88(2). No Experi- ments returned on Horses, Mules or Asses. Returned in 1887, 101, in 1888, 26 Pathological Experi- ments ; in 1887, 59, in 1888, 19, were done under License ; in 1887, 16, in 1888, 4, under Certificate without Anesthetics ; in 1887, 26 under Certificate for Dogs or Cats ; in 1888, 3 under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures. " Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic Pathological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal's windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, and abdomen were opened. I don't suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. The principal nerves, such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied in two places and out. This lasted for many hours. It is stated the animal was under the influence of anaesthetics, but the use of curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is used, it neutralizes the use of the ansBsthetics. I feel myself at a great disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with the gentlemen beside me ; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I may be corrected. In this instance, however, I believe I am right. Curare creates paralysis, it paralyses the muscles and A BLACK BOOK. 79 /■ prevents the animal resisting or showing the symptoms by which alone the existence of anaesthesia can be tested." — Mr. Reid's Speech in House of Commons, April 4-th, 1883. •'It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large branchesof the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of inquiry were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the problem which it was specially desired to solve. It Boon became evident that an investigation of the manner in which the renal secretion and circulation are nominally regu- lated, and the relation which these bear to the regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, would be best fitted to fiupply information of the kind required. The method employed was to record graphically the changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while at the same time the changes in the blood- pressure in the aorta and the rapidity with which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same revolving cylinder or as continuous tracings, upon the paper of Ludwig's kymograph.' The method used for recording the changes in volume of the kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. The kidney is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement bemg such that while the organ can freely expand or contract and while the changes in volume are recorded by a lever writing with a light glass pen upon the kymograph paper no obstruction is offered to the entrance and exit of blood by the renal vessels nor to the outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney is surrounded by warm olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate contact with its surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible membrane of a kind which has already been referred to by the author in several of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of tne oil by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the hilus of the gland. . . . When the instrument IS m use, the kidney lies between two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which apply themselves closely to its surface and to the surface of the structures entering the hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes forms with each of the symmetrical halves of the box a chamber which is filled with oil and which communicates by a relatively wide flexible tube with the recording instrument." * • • • • • . " Experiment 4,. After the immediate effect of the operation 80 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, A BLACK BOOK. 81 has passed off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged (with exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for many hours, unless some change in the conditions of the experiment be intentionally introduced. " 5. When the Traube-Hering curves of the blood.pressure present themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand with the rhythmic rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of the blood-pressure the kidney coniractsy expanding with each fall of the blood-pressure. The renal vessels are, therefore, amongst those to the rhythmic contraction and expansion of which the Traube-Hering waves are due. " 6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where that is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, causes a contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per cent, of the post mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously with the rise of aortic blood.pressure which is produced by the asphyxia. " 7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels. " 8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, e.g., sciatic, brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood- pressure. Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels contract whether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a^ fall of the aortic blood- pressure. '' 9 Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve- trunks causes contraction of the kidney of the opposite side. The extent to which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent, of the post mortem volume of the organ. " 10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes contraction of both kidneys ; the kidney of the side opposite to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same side as the stimulated nerve. " 11. [Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a oontmction of the renal vessels after both splanchnics have been cut at their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity Vaso constrictor influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to !cVo 7 ^y 80°ie other path than the two splanchnics. 12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present. ^ va.x^ i» ''13. Stimulation of the central ends of the majority of the fine nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the vessels of the kidney, " 14. Stimulation of the peripheral end of each and all of the renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction oi the organ. •' 15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of tha peripheral end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the kidney, which differs but little ia amount from that produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves were intact, but which takes longer time to !?°Tr'^^® ^.*^'®'* *^® stimulation."— i;a;frac^s from Paper *' On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion,'^ by C, 8. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23rd, 1881. Butherford, William, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh.-M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallists) ; M.R.C.S. Eng.j (Univs Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Paris) J<.K.b. ; Prof, of Insts. of Med. Univ. Edin. (£1,870). Author of " Outlines of Practical Histology,'' 1877- "A Text- Book of Physiology," 1880 ; " Influence of the VagJs upon the Vascular System; " Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin., 1870; "On the Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile : " Ibid, ift^?U* ^®^^°™« ^'^ Experimental Physiology;" Lancet, 10/1-/Z; etc., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Room and Laboratory, Edinburgh University, in 1878-79-80-81- ^^'^i^o^f ■^^?S"^'^-^^- (^'^^{i^^tes for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Also a Certificate for Experiments without AncBsthetics ; ttco Oertifi^iates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill; and two Certificates for Expenments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. 82 THE VIVISECTOBS DIRECTORY, Returned in 1888, 5 Physiological Experiments in Illustra' tion of Lectures, " I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor Rutherford, and reported in the British Medical Journal. I refer to the series of experiments commenced December 14th, 1878. These experiments were 31 in number j no. doubt there were hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this : The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down ; the abdomen was cut open ; the bile duct was dissected out and cut ; a glass tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs were placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these experiments was simply nothing at all — I mean it led to no in- crease of knowledge whatever ; and no one can be astonished at that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances — their condition was so abnormal — that the ordinary and universally recognised eflEect of well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed without anaesthetics -the animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug called curare." — Mr. Reid's Speech in the House of CommonSj April 4thj 1883. "In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect would be on the human being ? — Certainly not, but merely as suggesting what the action would be ; that is all. The experiment must also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn." — Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 2.966. " What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not ? — When the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result being obtained from the experi- ment, we do not so render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments ? — I should say a considerable proportion. "Would it be more than half the experiments ? — I should have a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the experiments that I have done." — Ibid, 2,841-3. *' Where did you study physiology yourself ? — I studied it in Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experi- A BLACK BOOK. 88 ments performed for my special benefit ; there was a great expenditure of time and teaching power, and also of animals to teach me alone."— Ibid, Q. 2,867. ' *' I think it advisable to get publicity for an account of certain experiments carried on in our Physiological Class at the Uni- versity during the past week, hoping that in this way I mav aid in preventing the recurrence of what I consider an unnecessary sacrifice of life. A few days ago Professor Rutherford told us of an experiment which he had been accustomed to perform before his class, but which, to use his own words, he had dis- continued " in deference to so-called public opinion." I regret to say that, by vigorous scraping of their feet, certain of his audience signified their disapproval of the omission, and the Professor promised to remedy it. Briefly, the experiment is to demonstrate that if a nerve called the chorda tympani be stimu- lated— i.e., irritated— the result is a great flow of saliva from the sub-maxillary salivary gland. It is shown by dissecting and laying bare certain parts of the head and neck of a living dog, which has been put under the influence of an ansesthetic, and which is killed after the experiment has concluded. A couple of lectures later the Professor was a little behindhand in meeting us, and explained the delay by saying that he had been preparing for the aforesaid experiment, but that it had failed. Result— a dog killed to no purpose. On Friday last the Professor was so far successful as to bring dog No. 2 actually before us, but the saliva refused to flow in the desired direction, and at the end of the lecture, daring which the dog lay before us, we were told that it would be used for other purposes. The Professor incidentally remarked that it was difficult to flnd a " suitable '* dog, but promised perseverance and ultimate success. Thus on this (Monday) morning we may expect to see dog No. 3 brought before us, if a " suitable " one can be toand— Letter of A Medi. cal Student,'* inserted in the ** The Scottish Leader,*' Edinburgh, Monday, Jan. 27th, 1890. Butter, George Herbert, 15, Hazelville Road, Homsey Rise, N., and St. Barthol. Hosp., E.G.— L.S.A.. 1887 ; (Univ. Edm., King's Coll., and St. Barthol.) j F.G.S. Asst. Demonst. of Mat. Med. St. Bai-thol. Hosp. Held a Licence for Vivisection at the Medical School, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1888. Returned in 1888, 6 Pathological Experiments done under o 2 84 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, which is notf however , returned as having been granted to him, Sanderson, John Burdon, 64, Banbnry Koad, Oxford. — M.D. Edin., 1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 185S (EdiD.) ; LL.D., F.R.S. ; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soo. ; late Jodrell Prof, of Physiol. Univ. College j Waynflete Prof, of Physiol., Oxford (£800). Editor of ♦'Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory," 1872. Held a License for Vivisection at the Brotvn Institution,^ and Universitif College^ London ; also unrestricted a^ to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certificates for Ex- periments icithout Anesthetics in 1878-82-84-85-86-87-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83- 84-85-86-87-88. Returned in 1888, 4 Physiological Experiments done under License. It For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must h& fixed air-tight in the trachea The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows : — First minute. — Excessive respiratory movements Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed Second minute The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil re- act to light ; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased Third and fourth minutes. — As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as shallower In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or arched back, wards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate." — Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory, p. 320. " In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is main, tained in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the tittchea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two places, and divided between liga- tures Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided."— Ibid, p. 278. A BLACK BOOK. 86 C( Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone, moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards through the cerebellum In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for sugar." — Ibid, p. 515. " The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quanti- ties. . . . When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty.four hours ; but when it is not tied they will live for a week." — Ibid, p. 505. " In the frog the effect of exciting the central nervous system on the capillaries may be very readily demonstrated. All that is necessary is to insert two pointed wires (of platinum) in the spinal cord, immediately in front of the scapulae, at a short distance from each other, having previously arranged the web so as to observe one of its arteries under the microscope. The electrodes are connected with the secondary coil of the induction apparatus, with the intervention of a Dubois key. It is most convenient to insert the electrodes a little above, i.e., in front of the scapulae ; for in this situation the cord can be reached more easily than anywhere else. The eye being fixed on the artery it is seen that at the moment the secondary circuit is closed with the key the vessel contracts in the most obvious manner, the narrowing being often sufficient to bring the circula. tion to a standstill. The contraction seems to begin almost immediately after the current is closed, and diminishes gradually from the moment that it is broken. There are, however, in these and other respects, considerable differences in the results observed in different animals, the conditions of which have not yet been determined." — Extract from Report of Br. Burdon- Sanderson's Lecture on " Vascular Nerves," Belivered in the Physiological Laboratory of University College, London, " Medical Times and Gazette," June 17th, 1871, p. 684. Made experiments (in company with Dr. Francis Gotch) at the Marine Laboratory of St. Andrew's, in July, 1887, " On the Electrical Organ of the Skate." Observations were made on two skates as to the effect of " Indirect excitation of the electrical organ through the spinal cord." " Each of the skates was fixed, and the leading off electrodes were applied to the tail. .... Needles, insulated, excepting at their points, were intro- duced into the cord in the dorsal region at about a centimetre distance from each other, and were connected by fine wires to 86 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY. A BLACK BOOK. 87 il the secondary coil of the induction apparatus It was found that the results obtained by this method of experiment soon became uncertain, and eventually failed, although the fish seemed perfectly vigorous ; but 6sh which were replaced in the tank and observed several days later gave the same results as before."— Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IX. (1888), pp. 147-8. In the autumn of 1888, further experiments were made on the skate, in the course of the narrative of which occurs the following : — " The branch of the fifth nerve which ends in the sensory ampullae is at least three times as large as any other branch. It can be easily divided without opening the cranial cavity • • • * +i, " The next step was to ascertain whether the division of the trunk of the trigeminus put an end to the reflex efEect of stimu- lation. This was easily accomplished by plunging a narrow- bladed knife through the lateral wall of the brain case so as to sever the nerve in its cartilaginous canal "We next made a sagittal incision in another skate (B. maculata), beginning from the inner wall of the orbit and extending backwards for half-an-inch. By this incision, as was afterwards ascertained, all the cranial nerves were divided excepting the olfactory and vagus group Finally, in another skate (R. clavata) the division was extended back- wards on the right side so as to include the vagus and forward to the anterior border of the animal's body. The knife was then passed through from the dorsal to the ventral surface so as to sever all structures to the right of the line of incision from the cranium and snout. The reflex response occurred as easily as. before. We then immediately made a similar severance on the other side The experiment was repeated in two other animals. " The Befiex Centre.— The following experiment, which was repeated five times with unvarying iresult, the specimens used being R. maculata or clavata, shows that division of the spinal cord abolishes the reflex. A skate (R. maculata or microcellata) having been prepared in the way already described, it was first ascertained that electrical discharges could be easily produced by rubbing. The [spinal] cord was then exposed immediately behind the medulla and a ligature passed under it The reflex was again tested by the electrometer and found present. On tightening the ligature a momentary discharge occurred, after which no further responses could be obtained reflexly ■1 *' We then proceeded to localise the centre. The following facts were ascertained : — After removal of the olfactory lobes and hemispheres [of the brain] the reflex still persisted. ..... Removal of the lobes in the same preparation immediately abolished the reflex.*' — Journ. of Physiol.y Vol. X. (1889),. pp. 262.63. Schafer, Edw. Albert, University College, Gower Street, W.C., and Crosley Green, Rickmansworth, Herts. — M.R.G.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.8. ; Jodrell Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Coll. ; Exam, in Physiol. Univ. Loud. Author of " A Course of Practical Histology," London, 1883 ;. *' Experiments on Special Sense Localisations in the Cortex Cerebri of the Monkey," " Brain," Jan., 1888; (jointly with Prof^ Horsley), " A Record of Experiments upon the Functions of the Cerebral Cortex," Philos. Trans., 1887. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Theatre, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator's Rooms, University College, London, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87. Certi- ficates for Illustrations of Lectures, and Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-88-84-85-86-87; and Dispensing tcith the Obligation to Kill only, 1888. Returned himself as having in 1887 performed 30 Physio- logical Experiments, 13 under his License, 15 under Certificate Dispensing with tJie Obligation to Kill, and 2 in Illustration of Lectures. " Then may I take it there are a great number of experi- ments which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast deal of pain, which are not done under chloro- form ? — There is no doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if it suffers pain ? — I think I may say no special precaution." — Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 2801-2. Experiments by Messrs. Victor Horsley and Schafer entitled, " Experiments on the Character of the Muscular Cantractions which are evoked by the Excitation of the various parts of the Motor Tract," were carried out in the Physiological Laboratory, University College, London, and they were of a very severe kind. They consisted in (1) the removal of portions of the skulls of animals and the stimulation by electricity of the outer portion of the brain ; (2) the removal of the outer portion and the stimulation of the interior; (3) the opening of the spinal canal and the exposure of the spinal cord, dividing the cord across in 88 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, the middle, and stimalating the cut lower portion ; and (4) the catting and stimalating of ' nerves supplying masoles. — Summarised from " The Lancet/' August 21st, 1886. [The point to emphasize here is with regard to ansestheticH. The animals were anaesthetised j and the experimenters say they always obtain contraction from electrical stimulation, '* provided the degree of anaesthesia be not too deep."] In the " Philosophical Transactions " for 1887, Prof. Schafer reported a " long series of experiments upon the monkey's brain," performed conjointly with Prof. Horsley extending over more than two years. In these experiments they ** obtained as the result of lesions of certain part s of the cortex indications, more or less marked and permanent, of the partial or complete abolition of certain special sense functions, while others remained to all appearance intact, no matter what portion of the cortex raij^ht fc« isiplic«t«d ici tbo Iiuiun. 7ho mniu^ry imprestioa», tho pcr> OtfHioot cf wbiob wnm thoa ioUrf«r«d with, wrtrf> thote oi tight Md Uach, az»a MwxTi»t«d with km oi tbo ta(ter wm imjmktmmt of gcnetttl Matibiliir. On (he ccher Lud^ «« did ooi obUun ia azsr n( cfir cxpeciBMAU uamiiUluMe •tiieaot^ nor Mkod any e?td«QO* at «.ll ot «W i«p«inD€«il or dbcMliMi of the mnm* d be«dB«r. •wttl, or U«i«. VfUk nfrA to ▼iitea* oor oxporimnnLa wvr^ dc4 ^oudkmiwt^** ^Bf^n, V%xtM XXXIX. uad XL., p. 962 (Jftn., 188^. In 18S» Prof. SoUlcv wpottC'i thkt in oom&qpitDO^oi U>« poti- tfott in which ibo mfttur h«ul b«Mn l^U (eoo sboro) ** it bocftmo ■ e m waiy to pnnao f ortbcr ouquirioA." ** Thia," hr. Siuigor Bro«»* WUb re^ereeco to viiual pMotiplMas, «o Wre export. meoBied both «poo tbt ■aButnr gj ri ftud opctt tho ooeMUl lubvu. Ia 000 «0ttk»7» » lill. a«4AT9 mcI totolliffoot BhoMM. «o &tmny^ M oooiplMdy m wo oould* ftrom tbo turf moo by tW o«ioa1 eoatorv, iho grvy wmtU«r c^ ooe oa^bur cyra** Wo tmd^ the vixnt nnMdiocoly after eomplolo reoorory frooi tho o n ao rh t l i r . but eoabl dieoorer no drfoei €^ Tiitoo* .... Whoa the eye of tbo oono tide yr%m doMad by pl«t«T» the animal oc»- itnuud lu «eo pevfbolly «npll " (p. 9^1). •• Tbit ooioAl wm kitpi lor MV'Cfol mcAthfl " (p. 365) "Eh-. Pernor f^r«« Icoo bia ■otoro opinion that * the aograkr g;^rao i» the tpoeial nfgHm of eieor or oontnJ viainn ot tb» opposite oyO) aod perhapi to oecno oxtc«4olMof the eye oo tbo oppocico oido.' TImm NtjUHir««nco nod cp&nkttm ore not ooooQOMft with oor rotutt*." -S^ren:i. FarU XXXIX. and XL., pp. 384^ (Jan., 1888}. A BLACK BOOK. 89 Scott, John Alfred, 55, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin. — L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882 ; L.R.O.S.I., 1881 ; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1880 ; (Ledw. and Carm. Sobs, and Mercer's and Adelaide Hosps. Dub.) ; Leot. on Physiol and Histol. Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms and Laboratory, CamUchael GolUgCy Dublin^ in 1882- «3-84-85-86-87-88. Certijicate for llhislrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. Sherrington, Charles S., London.— M.A., Cantab.) M.B. George Henry Lewes Student, 1885. Hehl a License for Vivisection at the Physioh>gical Lahora* tory. New Museum, Gamhrid/fe University , 1885-86. Certijicate D\§»eimng trifh th4 Obiiifuii/>n to Kill, tame piaet, lB8(k JiAd a Ucentf tU the Phynol^ffioal Lab^aionf^ Si^ TkitttMi't ffospitaJ, Lffwhn, 1887.88. C^rtj/ieaift/or Illusirn" tiomt ttf Luturet, and JjispejuiMg iri/A Obhfotiou to KiU^ ttum pltice, lMr7.88L lUturiud in 1887, 2 PhyH4jlogieai, in 1888, IS PA^. %Mi/, 12 PatkoUp^ ExiMriineHU: in 1887, 2 vttf daw uutU/ CtrtijUaU Ditpejuiny tcitk ski OUiailit^^M to Kill ; in 1888, 10 trr/^ mtdtf the. like CttttfitAt4, ttmi 12 unde/ Ce/tiji' ^aU/vr lHustriUioMs ofLtctar^^, '* Up to tho proaont tlioo (ho extent of iltai rogtbit of tbo otrobrol ocrtox of tbo doK» i^jvy to which gtvco rito to d«|coooratioo of tbii pyroatida!! trttct^ hov nr£ h«Mn yKptriiPtn tally dottmioed. o o o . • o o "^Tbo otm of this inquiry at tho outtM Txias to find whoihor or no tbo tito of tbo ^fgonoTMod acva ia thn latoro) ootoma of tho eord ToHod ««tb Tufod pooHkn of the iolilol tojory ia tbo fleM of tho * oord^nr^ ' of the oortcx oorobd " 1. At ibo rtud uf (ho firKt aiJtiy bxim afur rtouiva] of a portion of tbo *oord*ftroa' of tbo cortex oo blrtokgf«oi obao^ro in nhM-rrabto in (ho pyramidal traoi oiLb«c oA tbo baoa of tbo bnkin, or ia tt^ »ploal ootd, bat by tho aiotb di^ o obnogo has toik*n plaeo io boeh ibm* mtoatioot. *' 2. Ia thfi thin! wr««k thn chan)^ appMiro motb tbo OUnO 00 on tho 9lb doj, bat alt^-yod norvo libc^ ofo Morft .... To tho «Boid«Hl uyo tb* Ut^^ptoontioo boo ~ M 90 THE VIVISECTOKS DIEECTORY, evident ; bnfc the area it occupies in cross*section seems no larger than before," &c. " 3. In cross-sections of the cord where the degeneration has been allowed to run nearly two months^ the disarrangement of the connective tissue network is very apparent To the naked eye the degenerated tract is still paler than before. In cross-Fection it offers an area not quite so large as at first," &c. • * « * * 'i^ " In the dog and the rabbit, five weeks after a destruction in tho cord-area of the cortex, electric stimuli applied to the degeneration in the corona radiata, after removal of the scar of the original wound, give no movements on either side of the body even when the currents used are very strong ; applied to corresponding points of the opposite hemisphere, they evoke, when moderately strong currents are used, movements on both sides of the body. " 4. Six weeks later, in the fourth month after the cerebral destruction, the degeneration in the opposite lateral column, i.e., the crossed pyramidal tract, shows still more obvious increase of connective-tissue elements," &c. * * # # - • » " 7. Eleven months after the cerebral lesion the pyramid of the injured hemisphere is still more shrunken. After a large lesion its breadth may be but three-fifths that of the opposite ; its area or cross-section shows yet greater diminution, its colour is dead white, its surface is perfectly smooth and unsculptnred."— Journ. of Physiol., Vol. VI., pp. 177-91 (18S5). " The object in view was to ascertain to what extent there is in the pyramidal tracts [of the covering of the brain] a grouping of nerve fibres corresponding to the grouping of nerve cells in the ' cord-area ' of the cerebral cortex. For this purpose a number of shallow lesions were made in the cerebra of monkeys (macacns) and dogs. As the observations were to be chiefly on monkeys a delimitation of the entire pyramidal tract in that animal was attempted at the outset. " After a cortical lesion of even less than thirty square millim. extent, the degeneration was found scattered over the whole transverse area of the tract."—" ()n Nerve-Tracts Degenerating Secondarily to Lesions of the Cortex Cerebri," " Joum. of Physiol.,'' Vol. X., p.p. 429-32 (1889). At a meeting of the Physiological Society, May, 1886, "Mr. Sherrington exhibited a rabbit, in which he had placed a ligature I' > i 1> A BLACK BOOK. 91 '© t round the optic nerve of the right side nine weeks previously. On the evening of the day of the operation the retinal Vessels, as compared with those of the healthy side, were reduced to very fine streaks, perhaps a tenth of their previous diameter ; no pulsation could be produced in them by compression, although that was easily done for the other eye ... . Observation of the fundus was impossible for the next fortnight because of opacity of the media The right eye is completely blind. . . . At the optic disc itself papillitis is passing into atrophy."— Joum. of Physiol.,Yo\.Yll., pp. 17 and 18 (1886). [Dealing thus with the eye of a sentient creature cannot help but have been painful, and any plea of anaesthesia over so long a period is out of the question.] ^ » „ „ v .< r^ Experimented (in conjunction with Dr. C. A. Ballance),^ On the Formation of Scar Tissues," at the Physiological Labora- tory of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, wherem ♦' it was deter- mined to repeat the classical experiments of Ziegler (p. 554). " The animals employed by us have been in all cases rabbits or guinea-pigs. During every experiment the animal has been deeply under the influence of an anassthetic in® chambers were allowed to remain within the animals for varioua periods, from four hours at shortest to 18 days at longest fp 553). At the end of these varying periods the animals were cut open again and the glass chambers removed and examined under the microscope. These are some of the details of the experiments: " One of the first steps which we took waa to examine the serous moisture of the abdominal cavity of the rabbit and guinea-pig, and of subcutaneous wounds and the blood, in order to ascertain the characters of the cellular elements contained therein" (p. 554) "When put into the abdomen we always placed it [the glass chamber] about an inch to right or left of the little wound in the linea alba through which it was inserted. But we never found it anywhere near that situation after a sojourn of more than a few hours (pp 557-8). In the experiments in which the glass chambers wer'e allowed to remain in the animal's abdomen for eight days and more they were found to be « fixed by an adhesion, and had to be cut or torn away.— Jowm. of Physiol., Vol. A., p. 550-76. _ * Of course it is not to be believed that the animals were kept in a state of anaesthesia for four hours, much less for IS days. 92 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, >> A BLACK BOOK. 9a Shore, Lewis Erle, St. John's Coll., Cambridge.— B A. Camb. (Ist class Nat. Sci. Tripos.), 1884; M.B. and B.8., 1887; (Addenb. and St. Barthol.) ; Demonst. m Physiol. Univ. Camb. • Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory, New Museum, Cambridge University, 1887-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1887-88. Also Certificate for Experiments without Ancesthetics, 1888. Returned in 1887, 10, in 1888, 29 Physiological and 6 Patho- logical Experiments; in 1887, 10, in 1888, 25 were done under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures ; in 1888, 4 were under License, and 5 under Certificate without An (esthetics. Snodgrass, William, Physiol. Laboratory, University, and 7, Lindsay Terrace, Dowanhill, Glasgow, and 2, Neilston Street, Paisley, Renfrewsh.— M.A. Glasg., 1878; M.B. and CM. (HoDoars), 1886 ; Univs. Glasgow, and Beriin) ; Rainy, Monteith, and Patrick Bursar; Jan. and Sen. Amott and Gladstone Prizeman ; Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Glasg. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory and Class Boom, Glasgow, 1887-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures same year, Spencer, Walter George, 94, Wimpole Street, London, W.— M.B. Lond. and B.S. (3rd in Honours), 1886 ; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1887, M. 1885 ; (St. Barthol., Halle, and Berlin) ; Intermed. M.B. Lond. (Honours in Mat. Med., Anat., Physiol, and Organ. Chem.), 1884; Jun. Schol. (1882) Sen. Schol. (1884) and Lawrence Schol. and Gold Medallist (1885), St. Barthol. ; Asst. Surg. Westm. Hosp. Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory, Stables, and Post Mortem Room, Brown Institution, Wandsworth Boad, London, 1888. Certificate for Experiments without Ances- thetics ; also (2) Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1888. Betumed in 1888, 59 Experiments of a Therapeutical nature, 34 under Certificate tvithout Amesthetics, 25 under Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill. Stevenson, Thomas, Guy's Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham Boad, Brixton, S.W.— M.D. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond.. 1871; M. 1864; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy's); Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. Guy's Hosp. ; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., St. Pancras, Shoreditch, etc. j Exam, in Foresenic Med. Univ. Lend. Joint Author " On the Application of Physiological tests for certain Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline." Held a License for Vivisection at Guy's Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Boom in 1881-82-83-84-85-86-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without Ancesthetics in 1881-82- 63-84-85-86-87-88. Betumed himself in 1887 a^ having done 5 Pathological ; in 1888, 5 Physiological Experiments, under Certificate without Ancesthetics. Painful experiments were made by Drs. Stevenson and Wool- dridge* with the new sweetener, saccharine. Saccharine has been accused of having some deleterious action on the organism^ and these experimenters endeavoured to settle the question by experimenting on dogs. " Two similar dogs having fasted for thirty hours " — that is having been kept without food of any kind for a day and a quarter — were each given a similar meal, with the exception that one of them had saccharine and the other had not. Five and a-half hours after, they were both killed, and their stomachs examined. — Lancet, Nov. 17th, 1888. Stirling, William, Owens College, Manchester. — B.Sc. Edin. (1st class Honours), 1870; D.Sc. (1st class Honours in Physiol.), 1872; M.B. and CM. (Ist class Honours), 1872; M.i). (Gold Medallist), 1875 ; (Edin., Leipsic, Berlin, and Paris) j F.R.S.E. ; Brackenbury Prof, of Physiol, and Histol. Owens Coll. and Vict. Univ. Manch. Joint Author of "Text Book of Physiology, with Special Reference to practical Medicine." Author of " Text Book of Practical Histology" (plates), 2nd edit., 1884; "Outlines of Physiological Chemistry," 1881 ; " Outlines of Practical Physi- ology," 1887; "Genesis of Tetanus;" "Reflex Functions of the Spinal Cord," Edin. Med. Journ., &c. ; " Effects of Division of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals," ** Journ. Anat. and Physiol.," etc., etc. Held a License for Vivisection at University, Aberdeen, Physiological Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86; at Manchester 1887-88. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86; at Manchester M * Since dead. 94 THE VITISECTORS' DIEECTOBY, 1887-88. Returned in 1887, 3 Physiological Expenments, done undei' Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, Experimented (in company with Prof. Kronecker, in Berlin) on '• The Genesis of Tetanus," and thus describes the " arrange- ment of the experiments : "—"The rabbit was fixed on a Czer. . mak's rabbit-holder. After separating the tendon of the red soleus from the adherent fibres and tendons of the other leg muscles, the adjacent thicker white gastrocnemius medialis (Krause) was easily isolated. The two separated tendons were fixed by means of stout threads passing over rollers to two levers (20 grms. weight) which wrote one above the other the muscular contractions enlarged two times upon a kjmographic cylinder covered with smoked albuminised paper. For electrodes platinum needles were used, which were either pushed into the muscle itself (in curarised animals) or applied to the sciatic nerve after its central end had been crushed. The induction shocks were derived from the secondary coil of a large Du Bois Reymond's induction machine, put in action by two large Grove's elements (p. 387). " What is the smallest number of stimuli required to keep the muscles of the rabbit in a state of uniform tetanus ? " We began our experiments by comparing the red and pale muscles of the leg of the rabbit, applying to each 30 stimuli per second. . . . The tetanus curve which we obtained had a con- tinuous course— just as we expected. . . . After we had determined that under ordinary circumstances 30 stimuli were anflHcient to produce complete tetanus, we then tested the effects of stimuli which would not be sufficient to produce a tetanus (pp. 391-2). "The red muscle of the rabbit is thrown by 4 stimuli per second into an incomplete tetanus, and by 10 stimuli per second into a tolerably complete tetanus. The pale muscle of the rabbit requires 20-30 to be completely tetanised, 6 induction shocks per second prevent it from becoming completely extended during the period of stimulation (p, 39b).—Joum of Physiol., Vol. I., pp. 384-420 (1878-9). Stockman, Ralph, 5, Bellevue Crescent, Edinburgh.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1886, M.B. and CM., 1882; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasburg) ; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap. Sch. of > S:- > A BLACK BOOK. 95 Med., Edin. ; Demonst. of Praot. Mat. Med. (late Asst. to Prof, of Mat. Med.) Univ. Edin. Contrib. "The Action of Benzoylecgonin," Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1886; "The Action and Therapeutical Value of Vegetable Astringents/' Brit. Med. Journ., 1886. Held a License for Vivisection at the Materia Medica Department, Edinburgh University, 1884-85-86-87-88. Cer- tificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, 1884-85-86-87- 88. Certificate for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, 1886-87-88. Returned in 1887, 109 Therapeutical Experiments, 90 under Certificate tvithout Ancesthetics, and 19 under Certificate for Experiments on Cats or Dogs ; of these 12 Frogs, 6 Rabbits, 1 Cat, are returned as having suffered pain. In 1888, returned 159 Experiments, 150 under Certificate for Experiments with- out Anesthetics, and 9 under Certificate for Experiments on Cats or Doqs. In describing experiments on living animals with borneol (a form of Borneo camphor), Dr. Stockman stated : — " Observations were made on rabbits, guinea-pigs, cats, and dogs. It is on cats that the symptoms produced by borneol may be observed in their most typical and aggravated form. " Thus, after administration of 2-3 grms. by the stomach in emul- sion a cat shows in about a quarter of an hour symptoms closely resembling those of alcoholic intoxication. It wanders restlessly to and fro, its gait becomes unsteady, and in walking it seeks to support itself by leaning against the wall. Its . power of co- ordination becomes much impaired, especially in the hind legs, and even when sitting still it sways gently from side to side. This condition rapidly becomes worse, until progression is simply a series of stumbles, the animal finally lying down oa its aide unable to rise. • * * * The animal, though stupid and intoxi- cated, retains consciousness There then begins slight trembling, most marked in the head and neck muscles, which soon develops into violent clonic convulsions involving all the muscles in the body After it has once begun the trembling is con- tinuous, while sometimes in addition the animal moves its legs backwards and forwards in a rhythmical manner. During this stage the pupils are always widely dilated, and remain so till death. Chloroform completely stops the convulsions. Sensation also becomes impaired, natil even stimulation of the exposed A 96 THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY, A BLACK BOOK. 97 sciatic nerve causes no reflex movement. The ability of the spinal cord to condnct motor impulses is, however, quite well maintained, as evidenced by the violent convulsive movements. The animal may remain in this condition for about 48 hours, the heart continuing to beat regularly and with considerable force, althongh somewhat slower, or it may die earlier." — Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IX., p. 65 (1888). Thin, George, 22, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square* W.— M.D. St. And., 1860; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1858 (Edin.). Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London y the New Physiological Theatre, and the Booms com- prised in the Physiological Laboratory, together icith the Curator's Room, in 1883-84. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 1883-84. Truman, Edgar Beckit, 31, Derby Road, Nottingham.— M.D. St. And., 1861 ; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1860 (Gay's) ; Sen. Exhib. and Gold Medallist in Med. Guy's; F.C.S. ; Pub. Analyst, Nottingh. Boro' and Co. Held a License for Vivisection at ^1, Derby Road, Nottingham, in 1882-83-84-85, at Room 46 of the University College, Nottingham, 1886-87-88. Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, same place, 1886-87-88. Certificates for Experi- ments uithout Anesthetics, 1882-83-84-85. Vacher, Francis, Town Hall, and Shrewsbury Road, Birkenhead.— F.R.C.P. Edin., 1878; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1882 (Edin.) ; Med. Off. Health. Held a License for Vivisection at *35, Park Road, South Birkenhead, in 1878. Certificates Dispensing with Obligations to Kill, and for testing previous Discoveries. Walker, James, 14, Balmoral Lane, Aberdeen. — M.B- Aberd. and CM. (Highest Honours), 1873^ (Univ. Aberd.). Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- tory and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen University, in 1881. Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics in 1881. * This place was withdrawn from the Register at the request of Mr. Vacher. i.rY^R^^' Augustus, 16, Grove End Road, London, NW — M.p. Aberd 1881 ; M.B., 1878; (Univs. Aberd., Edin., and Leipsic and Uniy. Coll. ) j Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary's Hosp. Med. School; Exam, in Physiol. Vict. Univ Author of ''Note of Observations on the Rate of Propagation of the Arterial Pulse wave " (made at the suggestion of Dr. Burdon-Sanderson). —Jowm. of Physiol, Vol. III., p. 57. Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Labora- ^liA Z '^J'"'!']''^ Theatre, St. Mary^s Hospital, Paddit.gton, ^IIaII' ^'J:^''fif'^^^''^^^'P^^^^r^entsinIU^ of Lectures, 1884 85 -^^^^^ Dispensing tvith the Obligation to Kill, White, William Hale, 65, Harley Street, London, W.- M.D. Lond., 1880; M.B. (Honours in Med.), 1879- MRCP and Lect. on Mat. Med. (late Sen. Demonst. of Anat.), Guy's Contrib."The Function and Structure of the Superior Cervical Ganglion," "Journ. of Phvsiol," 1886: "A New Tracheotome," Brit. Med. Journ., 1881*; etc. Held a License for Vivisection at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms, Guy's Hospital, London, 1887-88. Certifi- cate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill same years, Oermc7tf ^"^ ■^^^^' ^ Physiological Experiments under At the Neurological Society (which takes a great interest in all bram and nerve vivisections), Dr. Hale White exhibited the brains of two rabbits. He had destroyed a certain part of the brain (the anterior part of the corpus striatum), with the result of setting up fever in the animals. Mr. Horsley thought this very important for purposes of diagnosis, but he did not ^^^ u^'T .1. • ^^^""^^y mentioned a caee of disease of this part in which there was no fever,-which does not look as if Mr Horsley s idea was of much worth. Drs. Johnson and Savage related cases of general paralysis of the insane in which there was fever. So Dr. Hale White's rabbits do not prove anything after all. In human beings there may be fever when those part^ are affected, or there may not.— fifee " Lancet^ April 7th, 1888. Williams, Dawson, 25, Old Burlington Street, London, W. -M.D. (worthy of Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. Lond. (Gold r I 98 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, H Medal in Med.) and B.S., 1879 ; M.R.C.S. Bng., 1878 ; (Univ. Coll.) ; A.88t. Phys. E. Lond. Hosp. for Childr. Held a License for Vivisection at New Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Gurator^s RooinSy University College^ London^ in 1882-83-84-85-86. Certificate Dispensing with Obligation to Kill, 1882-83-85. Certificate for Experi- ments tvithout Ancesthetics, 1886. No Experiments returned in 1882-84. Wolfenden, Richard Norris, 19, Upper Wimpole Street, London, W.— B.A. Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.), 1876 ; M.D., 1884; M.B., 1880 (Camb., St. Barthol.,and Char. Cross) ; F.C.S. ; Sen. Phya. Throat. Hosp. Golden Sq. Author of •* Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory," 1880 ; Contrib. " Nature and Action of Venom of Poisonous Snakes," " Joum. Physiol.," 1886, " Indian Med. Gaz.," 1884, and Proc. Roy. Soc, 1885. Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School , No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881-82- 85-86-87-88. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. Certificate for Experiments without AnceS' thetics, 1885-86-87-88. Reported in 1887 that he had Experimented on 30 Animals without Anesthetics, * Dr. Wolfenden has made experiments with cobra venom on rats, and says : — " The symptoms of poisoning in a rat may be illustrated by the following: Experiment XXIII. A little dried cobra venom was taken up on the end of a scalpel and dissolved in 10 cc. of water. Of this solution four drops were taken and hypodermically injected under the dorsal skin of a good-sized rat at 11.40. It immediately becomes drowsy, quiet, and huddled up. Respirations are rather quickened. At 11.50 it is tottery in all four limbs, but more marked in the hind limbs. It drops its head as though unable to hold it up. At 11.51 it falls over, paralysed apparently, and unable to stand, but with power to kick with all the limbs. At 11.55 there are some slight convulsions. 11.57 it lies on its side unable to move, though it can move the limbs on pinching them (stc), and whisk the tail a little. 11.58, absolute paralysis of all four limbs — no stimulation producing effect. For the last three minutes the respirations have been laboured and slowed with occasional «,i A BLACK BOOK. 99 convulsions. Consciousness is apparently lost at 11.59. No conjunctival reaction. 12, dies asphyxiated. " I have seen regular ascending paralysis, however, commencing in the hind limbs, next involving the fore limbs, the muscles, head, neck, and face, and finally, the nose, and conjunctiva, though it is not so general as the loss of power in the whole four limbs simultaneously. " Experiment ZZIF.— The solution of cobra venom mentioned in the last experiments was boiled for ten minutes, and all coagulable proteid removed by filtering three times, the precipi- tate washed well with water, and added to the filtrate Of the syntonin thus remaining. M V. injected into a rat at 4.25. M XV 4.30. >» )) }i They were left at 5 o'clock apparently well, but were both found dead next morning."— Joum. of Physiol., Vol. VII., p. 351 (1886). Woodhead, German Sims, 6, Marchhall Crescent, Edin- burgh.— M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1881; M.B. and CM., 1878; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1882, M. 1880; (Edin., Lond., and Vienna); F.R.S.E. ; Research Schol. (Grocers' Co.), 1886; Superint., Research Laborat. R.C.P. Edin. ; Pathol. Roy. Infirm. Edin. and Edin. Roy. Hosp. for Childr. Held a License for Vivisection in the Neiv BuildingSt Pathological Department, Edinburgh University, 1884-85- 86-87. Certificate for Expenments without Ancesthetics, 1885- 86-87(2). Certificate Dispensing with the Obligation to Kill, 1887. Returned in 1887, 13 Pathological Experiments, all under Certificate without Ancesthetics. "Wyatt, William Thomas, 96, Manor Road, Stoke New- ington, N.— M.A. Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st class Honours in Nat. Sci.), 1876; M.B., 1880; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.) ; Schol. in Anat. and Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878 ; and Kirke's Gold Medallist St. Barthol. Held a License for Vivisection Hospital Medical School in 1878. at St, Bartholomew's 100 THE VIVISECTORS DIRECTORY, Yeo, Gerald Francis, Thorncote, Staines, Middlesex.— M.D. Dub., 1871; M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871 ; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.K.C.S.I., 1872; (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and Vienna) ; Prof, of Physiol. King's Coll., Lond. Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lahoratoi-y and Anatomical Theatre, King's College, London, in 1878-79-80- 81-82-83-84-85-86-87. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures 1878.79-80-81-82-83-84-85-8iS-87 ; for Lhmensing with Ohliqa- to Kill, in 1878-79-80-81-84. Returned himself in 1887 as having made 2 Experiments, 1 under License, and 1 under Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, " Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works of Claude Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown. Sequard, and Richet, in France; of Goltz, in Germany; and Flint, in America."— G. F. Yeo, Fortnightly Review, March, 1882. " I am prond to call him (Goltz) my friend." — G. F. Yeo, Contem. Rsview, May, 1882. [It was reported in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Pro- fessor Ferrier had shown two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by himself. As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at the time, a prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of the law. When the case was brought into Court, the onus was shifted on to Professor Yeo, who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison between the facts as reported and the sworn evidence of the reporter of the one journal and the editor of the other : — ] British Medical Journal. Published Report, 20th August, 1881. The members were shown two of the monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by Professor Ferrier. Concerning the first of these, Professor Ferrier said it had been his desire to remove as completely as possible the whole of the psycho-motor region. Whether in this he Reporter's Swokx Evidence, 17th November, 1881. Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer to exhibit two of the monkeys upon which he had BO operated ? A. At the Congress, no. Q. Did he subsequently ? A. No ; he showed certain of the members of the Con. gross two monkeys at King's College. I A BLACK BOOK. 101 had succeeded perfectly could not be learnt for certainty until after a post-mortein ex- amination had been made. Q. What two monkeys ? A. Two monkeys upon which an operation had been per- formed. Q. By whom? A. By Professor Yeo. Published Report, 8th October, 1881. ** The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly en- hanced by the fact that Pro- fessor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously." . . . •* In startling contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation of eyes and of head. Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the ani- mal was able to lift it up. The arm it had never been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralysed limbs had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of its auditory centres, was apparently en- tirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of per- cussion caps in close proximity to its head." Lancet. Dr. Wakley*s and Counsel's Statements. 17th November, 1881. Dr. Wakley, sworn, examined hy Mr. Waddy : — Q. Are you the editor of the Lancet f A. I am. Q. Can you tell me who it was furnished his Report ? A. I have the permission of the gentleman to give his name. Professor Gamgee, of Owens College, Manchester. Mr. Waddy : What I should ask is that one might have an opportunity of calling Pro- fessor Gramgee. Mr. Gully : I have my reasons for objecting to this. We have communicated with Professor Gamgee and I know very well that he will say precisely what was said by Dr. Roy. «$ 102 THE VIVISEOTORS' DIRECTORY. " At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a dog, and Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey ; from the brain of the dog a large area of the cortex had been removed without producing any such effect as, according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily result if the theory, as usually held, of the localisation of the function of the cortex were true ; from the brain of the monkey a definite part of the so-called motor area had been removed, and a localised paralysis produced — a paralysis which, according to Professors Ferrier and Yeo, could not result if that theory were not true." — " On the Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog and from the Brain of a Monkey" a Report hy Ih\ Klein, Mr. Langley, and Professor Schafery Journal of Physiology, Vol. IV. (1884), p. 231. Experimented on cats and dogs (in company with Jamea William Barrett) in regard to the first sound of the heart, in the Physiological Laboratory of King's College, London. "Experiment I. A large well-nourished male cat was thoroughly chloroformed, and supplied with artificial respira- tion,* the thorax [chest] was then opened by an extensive medical incision without injury to the pericardium. The superior and inferior venae cava© were seen on pushing the heart gently to the left side, and the fingers and thumbs were placed in such relationship to these vessels that they could be easily compressed. A binaural flexible stethoscope was then gently applied to the anterior surface of the pericardium. Three observers having familiarised themselves with the cardiac tone, the veins were repeatedly compressed for each of them." A similar experiment on a dog followed. — Journ. of Physiol,., Vol. VJ., p. 145 (1885). \ * The employment of artificial respiration implies the use of curare and recurrence of the animal to sensibility to pain. 11^ X COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date Indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWeO DATS DUE DATE SORIIOWEO DATE DUE ^3 'nl. '■ 1 CS8(946>MIOO -4f t,; 173.4 B B84, yraTH British Viv/seclors drVe(^fory. \ COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 0026050153 I