COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIFNCf S STANDARD RA84 M38 HX64073327 State Board of Healt RECAP The State Board of Health OF MASSACHUSETTS A Brief History of Its Organization and Its Work 1912 f 3ftg^ -__ Columbia ©ntomitp mtfteCttpofitegiirk College of ^fjpstctang anb burgeons 3Ctorarj» Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/stateboardofhealOOmass State Board of Health OF MASSACHUSETTS. A brief history of its organization and its work, 1869-1912. Material compiled Mainly from the Reports of the Board. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1912 QI1PT approved by The State Board of Publication CONTENTS. 1. The Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1912. 2. A Brief History of the Organization of the State Board of Health. 3. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage : — A. Engineering Department. B. Lawrence Experiment Station. 4. Diseases Dangerous to the Public Health. 5. The Antitoxin and Vaccine Laboratory. 6. Food and Drug Inspection. 7. Inspection of Dairies. 8. The State Inspectors of Health. 9. Members of the State Board of Health from 1869 to 1912. 10. Titles of Special Investigations contained in the Reports of the State Board of Health, and Publications from the Boai'd's Laboratories in Other Journals. 1. THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1912. HENKY P. WALCOTT, M.D., Chairman, CLEMENT F. COOGAN, . JOSEPH A. PLOUFF, . . ' . JULIAN A. MEAD, M.D., . HIRAM F. MILLS, C.E KOBERT W. LOVETT, M.D.. . C. E. McGILLICUDDY, . . of Cambridge. . OF PlTTSFIEED. . of Ware. . of Watertown. . of Lawrence. . of Boston*. . of Worcester. Secretary. MARK W. RICHARDSON, M.D. Assistant to the Secretary. WILLIAM C. HANSON, M.D. Engineer. X. H. GOODNOUGH, C.E. Pathologist. THEOBALD SMITH, M.D. Analyst of Food and Drugs. HERMANN C. LYTHGOE, S.B. Chemist. H. W. CLARK. •* 2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. Public health questions in Massachusetts were first studied in a com- prehensive manner by a commission appointed in 1849 to report to the Legislature a plan for a sanitary survey of the State. The commission consisting of Lemuel Shattuck of Boston, Nathaniel P. Banks, Jr., of Waltham and Jehiel Abbot of Westfield, made an ex- tensive investigation of all causes affecting favorably or unfavorably the health of the inhabitants of the Commonwealth, and the following year submitted a report to the Legislature. This report is the best public document ever written in Massachusetts, and one of the great documents of the world. It includes specific recommendations for legislation lead- ing to a more efficient control of the factors influencing the health of communities and individuals. In its introduction the report contains the following statement : — We believe that the conditions of perfect health, either public or personal, are seldom or never attained, though attainable ; — that the average length of human life may be very much extended, and its physical power greatly augmented ; — that in every year, within this Commonwealth, thousands of lives are lost which might have been saved ; ■ — that tens of thousands of cases of sickness occur which might have been prevented ; — that a vast amount of unnecessarily impaired health and physical debility exists among those not actually confined by sickness; — that these preventable evils require an enormous expenditure and loss of money, and impose upon the people unnumbered and immeasurable calamities, pecuniary, social, physical, mental and moral, which might be avoided ; — that means exist within our reach for their mitigation or removal; — and that measures for prevention will effect infinitely more than remedies for the cure of disease. The recommendations included in this report were of far-reaching importance. The commissioners recommended that a central board of health be established, which should be charged with the general execu- tion of the laws of the State relating to the health of the inhabitants. They furthermore recommended the establishment of local boards of health ; that a census be taken of the people ; that there be a systematic registration of births, marriages and deaths ; that all causes of diseases be thoroughly investigated; that a sanitary control be maintained over public buildings and factories; that proper quarantine regulations be formulated ; that the smoke nuisance be abated ; that nteasures be adopted to prevent the adulteration of food and drugs; and many other matters of importance. The recommendation of the commission of 1850 to establish a general board of health reads in part as follows : — The cause of Public Health needs a . . . central agency, to give to the whole sanitary movement a uniform, wise, efficient, economical and useful direction. . . . Such an agency would have an exact knowledge of the condition of every city and town in the State, and by these means of information would be able to suggest the measures best adapted to the different circumstances. They would prevent a wasteful expenditure of money in imperfect or inefficient measures. The advantages which would result to the whole State, and to every part of it, — to each and all of the inhabitants, — from the establish- ment of such a central General Board of Health, composed of the best scien- tific counsel and the best practical experience which the State can afford, having constant access to the most enlightened intellects, and to a knowledge of the labors of the best practical men in the world, and assisted by at least one mind wholly devoted to the object in view, are too great to be fully seen at once, and can scarcely be overstated or overestimated. . . . The duties of this board should be ... to have general direction of each census; to super- intend the execution of the sanitary laws of the State; to examine and decide upon sanitary questions submitted to them by public authorities; and to ad- vise the State as to sanitary arrangements of public buildings and public- institutions; to give instructions to local boards of health as to their powers and duties; to suggest local sanitary rules and regulations; to recommend such measures as they may deem expedient for the prevention of disease and the promotion of public health ; and to report their proceeding's annually to the State. Lemuel Shattuck and the other commissioners of 1850 proved to be nearly twenty years in advance of their time, for the organization of a general board of health was not provided- for by the Massachusetts Legislature until 1869. In 1866 a committee of the House of Bepresentatives had reported to the Legislature that it was not expedient to establish a State board of health, and although private individuals, including Lemuel Shattuck. bad urged the necessity of such a board nothing definite was accom- plished at that time. In 1869. however, a law was enacted creating a State Board of Health to consist of seven members appointed by the Governor. This board was given g-eneral oversight of all matters relating to the health of the people. The duties of this Board, as defined by the Legislature, were as follows : — The Board shall take cognizance of the interests of the life and health of the citizens in this Commonwealth. They shall make sanitary investigations and inquiries in respect to the causes of disease, and especially of epidemics and the sources of mortality, and the effects of localities, employments, con- ditions and circumstances upon the public health; and they shall gather such information in respect to those matters as it may deem proper for diffusion among the people. It shall advise the government in regard to the location and other sanitary conditions of any public institutions, and shall report to the Legislature each year with such suggestions as to legislative acts as they may deem necessary. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, a prominent physician of Boston, was ap- pointed chairman of the first State Board of Health, which position he held for over ten years, until the State Board of Health was merged with other boards into the State Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity in 1879. Shortly after the first meeting of the Board a circular was prepared and sent out to the mayors, selectmen, boards of health of cities and towns, to all the members of the Legislature, and to all clergymen and physicians throughout the State, calling attention to the organization of the State Board of Health, describing in general its powers and duties and inviting their co-operation in the interest of public health. The importance which Dr. Bowditch attached to the field of activitv of the newly created Board can be seen from what he says in his address at the first meeting of the Board : — As the subject matters for our discussion may be somewhat indefinite in all of our minds, I take the liberty of addressing a few words to you, in order that you may know not only what I consider the general nature of our duties, but may also understand how high I place these duties when I consider them in their relations to the present and future health of the citizens of the State. I may be mistaken in my estimate of the importance of the move- ment, the commencement of which to-day devolves upon us. T confess to you that I know of no higher office in the State than that which we now hold, viz., that of inaugurating the idea of " State medicine " in Massachusetts. Upon our high or low appreciation of the position and of the duties resulting from that position, and upon our wise or foolish performance of these duties, depends the success of the object aimed at in the establishment of a State board of health. The last Legislature, unconsciously, perhaps, on the part of many members thereof, has proposed a system that may be made by us capable of good to the citizens in all future time, or it may prove a perfect 10 abortion. Our work is for the far future as well as for the present, and at this very opening of our labors we should try to place ourselves above the region of merely local or temporary excitement or of partisan warfare, in order that we may act wisely and for the ultimate good of the whole people. The activities of the State Board of Health during the first ten years of its existence were divergent and full of achievements. Investigations of a great number of sanitary subjects were made and many plans for sanitary reforms were carried out. The extent of these investigations can be learned by referring to the titles of the papers presented in the re- ports of the Board, which are published elsewhere in this volume. The reports of the Board were received with great favor not only in the various States of the union but in European countries. In 1878 the three departments of health, lunacy and charity were merged into one Board. Dr. Bowditch and his associates were very much dissatisfied with the change. On the organization of this new Board the duty of acting as executive health officer was imposed upon the secretary, Dr. Charles S. Folsom. In 1880 Dr. Henry P. Walcott was unanimously elected as health offi- cer, in which position he served until 1882, when he resigned as health officer and was appointed as a member of the Board and as chairman of the committee on health. In 1886, by an act of the Legislature, the State Board of Health once more entered upon an independent existence, and with Dr. Henry P. Walcott as chairman and Dr. Samuel Abbott as secretary it entered upon its work with a much broader field before it than that of its pred- ecessors. The powers conferred upon it were more decidedly of an exec- utive character, and the duties more exacting. Among the matters of which this Board was to take cognizance were — 1. The causes and prevention of infectious diseases. 2. The suppression of nuisances, including the regulation of noxious and offensive trades. 3. The collection and diffusion of information relative to industrial hygiene, or the effects of different occupations, industries and domestic pursuits upon people at various ages and under various conditions of life 4. The hygiene of schools, school buildings and public institutions. 5. The examination and investigation of public water supplies and! public ice supplies, and the prevention of their pollution. 6. The investigation of drainage and sewerage systems or plans, so far as they relate to the public health. 7. The disposal and transportation of the dead. / r 1 \ \ < 1 [ I \^<1 ^ & \ s. A \W ^ fa \* ! 1 11 8. The inspection of food, drags and other articles affecting the pub- lic health. 9. Inquiries into the causes and means of prevention of insanity. 10. Inquiries into the amount of intemperance from the use of stimu- lants and narcotics, and the remedies therefor. 11. The protection of human life. 12. Investigations as to the infectious diseases of animals, so far as they affect the public health, e.g., hydrophobia, trichinosis, glanders, anthrax, etc. By another act of the same Legislature entitled " An Act to protect the Purity of Inland Waters," the State Board of Health was given the general care and oversight of all inland waters. The history of the development of the work and achievements of the State Board of Health since its reorganization in 1886 to the present day can be seen from the reports of the various departments of the Board which are presented here. 12 3. DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. A. ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. While the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage was established by an act of the Legislature in 1886, considerable work along the lines afterwards followed had been previously done. For instance, in 1872 the Legislature resolved that " the Board of Health be requested to con- sider the general subject of the disposition of the sewage of towns and cities, having in view, first, its utilization as a fertilizer ; second, sanitary effects of draining the same into the waters of the Commonwealth : third, the increasing joint use of the water courses for sewers and as sources of supply for domestic use by the people of the Commonwealth." The Board in the following year made a comprehensive report upon sewage and sewerage, the pollution of streams and the water supply of towns. This was published in the fourth annual report of the Board. The fifth annual report of the Board contained a special report upon the present condition of certain rivers of Massachusetts, together with considerations touching the water supply of towns. The seventh annual report contained another special report on the pollution of rivers, the water supply, drainage and sewerage of the State from a sanitar}^ point of view and the disposal of sewage. The eighth annual report contained a special report upon the pollu- tion of streams, disposal of sewage, etc. The ninth annual report, that of 1878, also had a special report on drainage and health, sewerage and pollution of streams. The Legislature of 1881 requested the State Board of Health to re- port upon the pollution of the Blackstone River by . Worcester. In the year 1881 the Legislature authorized a commission to consider the drain- age of the Mystic and Charles River valleys. The Massachusetts Drainage Commission, so-called, was appointed, in accordance with a resolve of the Legislature, May, 1884. The resolve under which they acted directed them to consider and report upon a general system of drainage for the relief of the valleys of the Mystic. Blackstone and Charles rivers and for the protection of the public water supplies of the cities and towns situated within the basins of said rivers : also to consider the various methods of disposal of sewage and the ap- plication of such methods to any portion of the territory mentioned under the resolve. Their report was published under date of 1886, and in concluding the same the commission stated that — 13 Precisely the same principle which enjoins a watchful care over the exterior waters of the State would seem to call for at least an equal solicitude con- cerning the abuse of its interior waters. But mindful of the tenderness with which Massachusetts has always treated her industrial classes, we think it would be wise to embrace in the enactment one peculiarly characteristic feature borrowed from the act establishing a railroad commission, and which has proved strong enough to enforce amply all the rights of the public in that class of highways called railroads. This distinctive trait is the use of advisory as distinguished from mandatory power. We think it would be well, then, for the Legislature to designate some one or more persons to look after the public interests in this direction. Let these guardians of inland waters be charged to acquaint themselves with the actual condition of all waters within the State as respects their pollution or purity, and to inform them- selves particularly as to the relation which that condition bears to the health and well-being of any part of the people of the Commonwealth. Let them do away, as far as possible, with all remediable pollution, and use every means in their power to prevent further vitiation. Let them make it their business to advise and assist cities or towns desiring a supply of water or a system of sewerage. They shall put themselves at the disposal of manufac- tories and others using rivers, streams or ponds, or in any way misusing them, to suggest the best means of minimizing the amount of dirt in their effluent, and to experiment upon methods of reducing or avoiding pollution. They shall warn the persistent violator of all reasonable regulation in the management of water of the consequences of his acts. In a word, it shall be their especial function to guard the public interest and the public health in its relation with water, whether pure or defiled, with the ultimate hope, which must never be abandoned, that sooner or later ways may be found to redeem and preserve all the waters of the State. We propose to clothe the Board with no other power than the power to examine, advise and report, except in cases of violation of the statutes. — If such a Board be able to commend itself by its conduct to the approval of the great court of public opinion, it will have no difficulty, we think, in materially reducing the dis- orders and abuses which are threatening to give great trouble in future if not speedily checked. If, however, we err in this expectation, and more drastic measures prove indispensable, the mandate of the State can always be invoked to re-enforce its advice. Finally, the report of this commission recommended a general act for the protection of the purity of inland waters. This act in substance was passed by the Legislature of 1886, and is given below. By its provisions the supervision of the water supply and sewerage of Massachusetts municipalities, including such work as should be found necessary for the carrying out of such provisions, was intrusted to the State Board of Health. ' 14 Acts of 1886, Chapter 274. An Act to protect the purity of inland raters. Be it enacted, etc.. as follows: — Section 1. The state board of health shall have the general oversight and care of all inland waters and shall be furnished with maps, plans and docu- ments suitable for this purpose, and records of all its doings in relation thereto shall be kept. It may employ such engineers and clerks and other assistants as it may deem necessary; provided, that no contracts or other acts which involve the payment of money from the treasury of the common- wealth shall be made or done without an appropriation expressly made there- for by the general court. It shall annually on or before the tenth day of January report to the general court its doings in the preceding year, and at the same time submit estimates of the sums required to meet the expenses of said board in relation to the care and oversight of inland waters for the ensuing year; and it shall also recommend legislation and suitable plans for such systems of main sewers as it may deem necessary for the preservation of the public health and for the purification and prevention of pollution of the ponds, streams and inland waters of the commonwealth. Section 2. Said board shall, from time to time as it may deem expedient, cause examinations of the said waters to be made for the purpose of ascer- taining whether the same are adapted for use as sources of domestic water supplies or are in a condition likely to impair the interests of the public or persons lawfully using the same, or imperil the pubHc health. It shall recommend measures for prevention of the pollution of such waters and for removal of substances and causes of every kind which may be liable to cause pollution thereof, in order to protect and develop the rights and property of the commonwealth therein and to protect the public health. It shall have authority to conduct experiments to determine the best practicable methods of purification of drainage or disposal of refuse arising from manufacturing and other industrial establishments. For the purposes aforesaid it may employ such expert assistance as may be necessary. Section 3. It shall from time to time consult with and advise the authori- ties of cities and towns, or with corporations, firms or individuals either already having or intending to introduce systems of water supply or sewer- age, as to the most appropriate source of supply, the best practicable method of assuring the purity thereof or of disposing of their sewage, having regard to the present and prospective needs and interests of other cities, towns, corporations, firms or individuals which may be affected thereby. It shall also from time to time consult with and advise persons or corporations engaged or intending to engage in any manufacturing or other business, drainage or refuse from which may tend to cause the pollution of any inland water, as to the best practicable method of preventing such pollution by the interception, disposal or purification of such drainage or refuse : provided, that no person 15 shall be compelled to bear the expense of such consultation or advice, or of experiments made for the purpose of this act. All such authorities, corpora- tions, firms and individuals are hereby required to give notice to said board of their intentions in the premises, and to submit for its advice outlines of their proposed plans or schemes in relation to water supply and disposal of drainage or refuse. Said board shall bring to the notice of the attorney- general all instances which may come to its knowledge of omission to comply with existing laws respecting the pollution of water supplies and inland waters and shall annually report to the legislature any specific cases not covered by the provisions of existing laws, which in its opinion call for further legislation. In 1886 the Board organized a water supply and sewerage department for carrying out the provisions of the act given above. The principal duties of the Board under the act were as follows : — 1. To have the general care and oversight of inland waters. 2. To have the custody of maps, plans, etc., made for this purpose. 3. To recommend legislation and suitable plans for systems of main sewers. 4. To cause examinations of the waters of ponds and streams to be made. 5. To recommend measures to prevent the pollution of waters. 6. To conduct experiments upon the purification of sewage. 7. To conduct experiments upon the disposal of manufacturing refuse. 8. To consult with and advise the authorities of cities and towns or with others with reference to water supply and drainage. 9. To consult with and advise manufactories with reference to the disposal of manufacturing refuse. The act also provided that authorities of cities and towns, and all others intending to introduce systems of water supply or sewerage, should submit to the Board outlines of their proposed plans or schemes in relation to these subjects, and manufacturers intending to engage in any business, the drainage or refuse from which might tend to cause the pollution of any inland water, should also give notice to the Board of their intentions. . After the Act of 1886 had been in force two years it was amended by the enactment of chapter 375 of the acts of 1888 which required, in addition to the provisions of the Act of 1886, that all petitions to the Legislature for authority to introduce systems of water supply, drainage or sewerage should he accompanied by a copy of the advice and recom- mendation of the State Board of Health thereon. With the establishment of the water supply and sewerage department application? from cities and towns in regard to water supply and sewer- 16 age began to be received. There were few at first, but the} 7 have in- creased in number yearly, and up to the present time the total number is 2,372, the number ea,eh year being shown in the fallowing table: — Year. Number of Applications. Year. Number of Applications. 1886, .... 8 1899, 79 1887, 22 1900, 104 1888, 28 1901, 105 1889, 38 *1902, 93 1890, 2.3 1903, 129 1891, 53 1904, 125 1892, . • 56 1905, 105 1893, 51 1906, 130 1894, 53 1907, 125 1895, 52 1908, 134 1896, 1897, 65 59 1909, 1910, 128 139 1898, 75 1911, 176 When this work was begun the engineering force consisted of a chief engineer and one assistant. In 1912 this force is as follows: — Chief engineer, . . . • li Assistant engineers, ........... 17 Stenographers and clerks, ......... a In addition to the work done by the Board under the provisions of the acts above mentioned, the consideration of numerous other special problems relating to water supply, sewerage and kindred subjects has been committed to the Board from time to time for its advice and recommendation. Metropolitan Sewerage System. In 1887 the Board was directed to investigate and report a plan for a metropolitan system of sewerage, chiefly in the Mystic and Charles Biver valleys under the following legislative resolves: — Resolves of 1887, Chapter 95. Resolve relating to sewage disposal in the cystic and charles river VALLEYS. Resolved, That the state board of health is hereby authorized and directed to consider and report a general system of drainage and sewerage for the relief of the valley of Mystic river, and so much of the valley of Charles Works for the Treatment of Paper Mill Wastes in the Prevention of River Pollution. Works for the Treatment of Woolen Mill Wastes in the Prevention of River Pollution. Discharge of Sewage into Boston Harbor from North Metropolitan District. Discharge of Sewage into Boston Harbor from South Metropolitan District. 17 river, if any, whose relief in the opinion of said board is to be sought in conjunction with the Mystic valley system, and for such cities and towns, or parts of cities and towns as may, in the opinion of said board, be best relieved by the use of said system; and so much of the report of the commissioners appointed under resolve approved May twenty-eighth, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-four, as relates to the cities and towns, or parts of cities and towns, which said board shall incorporate in the system to be reported under this resolve, is hereby referred to said board for its further considera- tion, and it shall be the duty of said board, — First. To designate the cities and towns, and parts of cities and towns, which shall be tributary to and embraced in the district and system so to be reported, and to define the same by their report, with plans and maps. Second. To define and show, by suitable plans and maps, such trunk line and main branches as it shall recommend to be constructed with outlet. Third. To define the methods by which said cities and towns, or parts of any eity or town, may utilize said trunk line and main branches as an outlet of a system of sewerage and drainage for said respective cities and towns, and said parts of cities and towns, and to show the same by plans and maps. Fourth. To cause such surveys and levels to be made as will enable said board to determine with accuracy the location and grades of said trunk line and main branches, and also such surveys and levels in said cities and towns and parts of cities and towns as will enable said board to determine with accuracy the methods by which said cities and towns and parts of cities and towns may respectively utilize said trunk line and main branches and to report such methods by plans showing the main lines by which each may so provide for itself a system of sewerage and drainage with its outlet into said trunk line or main branches. Fifth. To define the size and capacity of said trunk line and main branches and the materials of which they should be constructed and manner of con- struction, and such other particulars as will enable said board to determine the probable expense thereof. Sixth. The expenses of surveys, maps and plans made to show the method by which any city or town, or part of city or town, may utilize said trunk line and' main branches shall be separately kept, and the same, showing the amount expended in each, together with the expenses of the location and grade, maps and plans of said trunk line and main branches, together with all other expenses in the premises, and the items thereof, shall be reported to the governor and council, and all such costs and expenses shall be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth, on bills to be approved by the governor and council. Seventh. Each city or town which wholly or in part said board shall con- sider should form a part of the territory to be embraced in the system to be reported shall be notified thereof by said board as soon as said board shall determine the cities and towns and parts of cities and towns which shall con- stitute said sewerage and drainage district. Said notice shall contain the 18 names of the cities and towns wholly, and shall designate the portions of the cities and towns not wholly but in part, incorporated therein, and each of such cities and towns may confer with said board in Respect to such drain- age and sewerage system, and on request in writing be heard by said board on matters relating to the method of its utilizing said trunk line and main branches and the surveys, levels, maps and plans to determine and show the same, and under the superintendence of said board may, at its own expense, make its said surveys, levels, maps and plans for the use of said board; but all questions upon which any city or town shall desire to be heard shall be submitted to said board in writing with such request. Eighth. Said board shall also consider whether any city or town within such district can more advantageously provide for itself a system of sewer- age and drainage by itself and not as a part of said general system, and shall hear such city or town thereon if it shall so request, and shall also make report thereof. Ninth. To ascertain and report the cost of the construction of said! trunk line and main branches and outlet, and of the annual expense of operating the same, and also what cities and towns, or parts of cities and towns, would be obliged to punrp their sewage or any part thereof, at what places, the cost of the works therefor and the annual expenses thereof: provided, however, the whole amount expended under the provisions of this resolve shall not exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars; and reports under the same shall be made by the state board of health to the general court on or before the first Wednesday of January, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-nine. [Approved June 16, 1887. . Resolves of 1888, Chapter 63. Resolve providing for further investigations, relative to sewage dis- posal IN THE MYSTIC AND CHARLES RIVER VALLEYS. Resolved, That the state board of health be requested to designate some method for the disposal of the sewage of such cities and towns as are em- braced within the lower valley of the Charles river, in the report of the commissioners appointed under chapter sixty-three of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-four, as they may not include in their report under chapter ninety-five of the resolves of the year eighteen hun- dred and eighty-seven, and so much of said report as relates thereto is hereby referred to said board for its further consideration. Such designa- tion shall be made as a part of the report required by chapter . ninety-five of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, and rhe expense thereof charged to the appropriation provided for in chapter forty- two of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. [Ap- proved April 24, 1888. The territory whose relief was provided for under these resolves in- cluded an area of 130 square miles and contained 20 municipalities 19 having a population aggregating about one-sixth of the total population of the State at that time. The Board considered the problem from various points of view, as follows : — 1. The method of discharging crude sewage into a strong tidal cur- rent that will convey it to sea, whence it cannot return. 2. The method of partial purification by filtration upon the bed recom- mended by the Massachusetts Drainage Commission by report of Dec. 24, 1885, or upon some other bed or beds. 3. By chemical precipitation and discharge of the clarified effluent into outgoing tide at one or more points. The Board, as a result of its studies, recommended systems of sewer- age for the Mystic and Charles Eiver valleys and the various towns therein, as required by the acts, and recommended further that the sewage be discharged into the sea through an outlet located near Deer Island Light off the northerly entrance to Boston Harbor. The plan was adopted by the Legislature, and a special commission, known as the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, was appointed to construct the works in accordance with the plans designed by the Board. The works were completed at a total cost of approximately $5,500,000, and have 'been in use continuously since 1894. Improvement op Charles Eiver. In 1893 the State Board of Health, acting jointly with the Metro- politan Park Commission, was required by the Legislature in the fol- lowing act to investigate the sanitary condition of the lower part of the course of the Charles Eiver where it flows through the city of Bos- ton and adjacent portions of the metropolitan district and report a plan for its improvement : — Acts of 1893, Chapter 475. An Act to provide for the improvement of Charles' river. Section 1. The board of metropolitan park commissioners, established under the provisions of chapter four hundred and seven of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and the state board of health, sitting as a joint board, shall investigate the sanitary condition and prepare plans for the improvement of the beds, shores and waters of the Charles river, between Charles river bridge and the Waltham line on Charles river, and for the removal of any nuisances therefrom, and report with their recommenda- tions to the next general court on or before the first "Wednesday in February. Section 2. Said commissioners may employ engineers and experts and incur such expenses as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, and may expend for such purpose a sum not exceeding five thousand 20 dollars. All bills shall be approved and filed with the auditor and allowed in the same manner as other claims against the commonwealth. Section 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage. *" The Joint Board subsequently recommended the construction of a dam near Craigie bridge between Boston and Cambridge, a short dis- tance above the mouth of the river, and the creation of a fresh water basin over 8 miles in length in the heart of the metropolitan district. After further investigation by other commissions the plans were carried out as recommended in the report of the Joint Board at a cost of ap- proximately $3,993,000. By the provision of an act passed in 1894 the Joint Board was re- quired to consider the improvement of an additional section of the Charles River lying above the portion provided for in the original legis- lation. After investigations, plans for the improvement of that section of the river were reported by the Joint Board to the Legislature in May, 1896. The recommendations of this report relating to the ownership and control of the region included in the report have been carried out, and large areas along this river, with its great advantages for outdoor recreation, have been secured and set apart for the use of the public. Improvement of the Concord and Sudbury Eivers. The Concord River and its main tributary, the Sudbury, drain an extensive area of level country in the east central part of Massachusetts, and the rivers are bordered for many miles of their courses by extensive meadows which were usually wet and often inundated, even in the sum- mer season. Previous investigations had shown that the conditions would be materially improved by removing certain bars in these rivers which obstructed the flow, and in 1894 the State Board of Health was directed to expend $20,000 in the improvement of these rivers by dredg- ing and removing the bars which impeded the flow of the streams. The amount appropriated was subsequently increased to provide for addi- tional work, including the reconstruction of a bridge, and the total expenditure was $23,000. The work was completed in 1897, and the expected improvement in the condition of the adjacent meadows has been fully realized. Metropolitan Water Supply. By the provisions of chapter 459 of the Acts of the year 1893 entitled " An Act relative to procuring a Water Supply for the City of Boston and its Suburbs," the Board was directed to prepare a plan for providing 21 a water supply for the population within a radius of 10 miles from the State House in the city of Boston. The act is as follows : — Section 1. The state board of health is hereby authorized and directed to investigate, consider and report upon the question of a water supply for the city of Boston and its suburbs within a radius of ten miles from the state house, and for such other cities and towns as in its opinion should be included in connection therewith. Section 2. The said board shall forthwith proceed to investigate and con- sider this subject, including all questions relating to the quantity of water to be obtained from available sources, its quality, the best methods of protecting the purity of the water, the construction, operation and maintenance of works for storing, conveying or purifying the water, the cost of the same, the damages to property, and all other matters pertaining to the subject. Section 3. The said board shall have power to employ such engineering and other assistance and to incur such expenses as may be necessary for carrying out the provisions of this act. Section 4. The said board shall report fully with plans and estimates to the legislature on or before the first Wednesday in January in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-five, and shall append to its report drafts of bills intended to accomplish the recommendations of the board. Section 5. The total amount of money which shall be expended out of the treasury of the commonwealth in carrying out the provisions of this act shall not exceed forty thousand dollars. The commonwealth shall be reim- bursed for the amount expended by the cities and towns which are to receive the benefit of the system recommended in the report, in proportion to the population of each. Section 6. Before incurring any expense the board shall from time to time estimate the amounts required and shall submit the same to the governor and council for their approval, and no expense shall be incurred beyond the amount so estimated and approved. Section 7. This act shall take effect upon its passage. The Board under this act presented to the Legislature in 1895 a re- port recommending the construction of a great reservoir on the south branch of the Nashua Biver, a stream draining the region about Mt. j! Wachusett in the hilly country in the north central part of the State. |i The plans included the continued use of certain portions of the former water supply system of the city of Boston and other communities, and the connection of the new system with the various parts of the metro- politan district by suitable reservoirs, aqueducts, pipe lines and other works. The plans of the Board were accepted by the Legislature of 1895, and the construction of the works in accordance with these plans was committed to a special commission. — the Metropolitan Water 22 Board. The construction of the works was at once begun, and the great reservoir known as the Wachusett Eeservoir, having a capacity of 65,- 000,000,000 gallons, was filled to overflowing for the first time in the spring of 1908. The total cost of the works, including amounts paid for existing works in other cities and towns, utilized in connection with the metropolitan system, has been (up to 1912) $41,933,000. Salem axd Peabody Sewerage. In the year 1895 the Board was required to consider and report plans for the collection and disposal of the sewage of the city of Salem and the town of Peabody, under the provisions of chapter 112 of the Re- solves of the year 1895. Plans for a general system of sewerage and sewage disposal for the city of Salem and town of Peabody were reported, as required by the resolve, to the Legislature of 1897. These plans provided for collecting the sewage and also the great quantities of manufacturing wastes dis- charged from tanneries and allied industries in both Salem and Peabody, and discharging them into Salem Harbor at a point where they would not cause the pollution of neighboring shores. The works were subse- quently constructed in general accordance with the plans recommended, and were completed and their operation begun in the latter part of the year 1906. Improvement of Neponset River. By the provisions of chapter 83 of the Resolves of the year 1895 the State Board of Health was directed to investigate the sanitary condition of the Neponset River and the extensive meadows through which it flows in the towns of Walpole, Norwood, Sharon, Canton, Milton and Hyde Park, and to report to the Legislature a plan for the improve- ment of the river and meadows. The Neponset River drains an area of about 170 square miles in the southeastern part of Massachusetts, and in the lower part of its course forms the southerly boundary of the city of Boston, finding an outlet into Dorchester Bay in the southerly part of Boston Harbor. The river, at the time this resolve was passed, was being very badly polluted by sewage, and especially by foul drainage from numerous man- ufacturing works of various kinds, particularly paper mills, tanneries and woolen mills. In the central portion of its course the polluted river meanders with a sluggish current for many miles through extensive fens, known as the Fowl Meadows, which cover an area of 4,000 acres or more, 23 much of which is wet or partially inundated throughout the greater part of the year. The Board reported plans to the Legislature of 1897 both for re- lieving the river of pollution and for draining the Fowl Meadows, but action upon this matter was delayed until 1902, when a law looking to the prevention of the pollution of the river was enacted. This law was subsequently (in 1906) amended so as to provide a penalty for the pollution of the stream. Since the enactment of this law much of the sewage formerly discharged into the river has been diverted, or is being purified within the watershed, and at nearly all of the manufacturing establishments works have been constructed which provide for the treat- ment of the manufacturing wastes. In 1911 an act was passed to provide for the deepening and improve- ment of the river throughout the Fowl Meadows in order that efficient drainage may be provided for that objectionable area, which has evi- dently long exercised a deterrent influence upon the growth of popula- tion over a very wide area in this region. Improvement of Green Harbor. In 1896 the State Board of Health, sitting as a Joint Board with the Board of Harbor and Land Commissioners, was required to consider the question of improving Green Harbor in the town of Marshfield, where it was alleged that, by the construction of a dike reclaiming 1,500 acres of marsh land at the edge of the sea by shutting off a former tidal estuary known as the Green Harbor Biver, the harbor supplied by this river had been materially damaged and its usefulness largely destroyed. The Joint Board reported the results of its investigations to the Legis- lature of 1898, recommending that the dike be retained and the harbor improved and maintained by dredging. The subject of this harbor was again referred to the -Joint Board by the Legislature in 1908, and the question again considered. The Joint Board again reported against the removal of the dike and recommended the maintenance of the harbor, if its continued mainte- nance should be decided upon, by other plans. South Metropolitan Sewerage System. Under the provisions of chapter 65 of the Besolves of the Legislature of 1899 the State Board of Health was directed to consider the general subject of the discharge of sewage into Boston Harbor and the disposal of sewage for the metropolitan districts of the Commonwealth, and to 24 report a plan for an outlet for a high level gravity or other sewer for the relief of the Charles and Neponset River valleys. Under this resolve the Board, after investigation, recommended the discharge of the sewage of the Charles and JSTeponset River valleys — later known as the south metropolitan sewerage district — into the sea at two points north of Peddock's Island in the southerly part of Boston Harbor. The plan was adopted by the Legislature, and the works which were constructed by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission were com- pleted and first operated in the year 1904. This outlet is located at the bottom of the harbor where the water is 30 feet in depth at low tide, , and the quantity of sewage discharged here at the present time amounts to more than 40 million gallons per day. Improvement of the Sanitary Condition of the Concord and Sudbury Rivers. The Board was directed by the provisions of chapter 65 of the Re- solves of 1900 to investigate the sanitary condition of the Concord and Sudbury rivers and report a plan for their improvement. These rivers, especially the Sudbury, were being badly polluted by sewage and manufacturing wastes, chiefly by the wastes from woolen mills at Saxonville and Maynard. A plan was prepared for disposing of the wastes from these mills and preventing pollution from other sources and was presented to the Legislature of 1901, but no action has 3 r et been taken. Discharge of Refuse into Boston Harbor. In the year 1903 the State Board of Health was directed to report upon the dumping of garbage and rubbish into the harbor and along the seacoast of Massachusetts Bay. The results of the investigation were reported to the Legislature in 1904, and more stringent regulations on harbor dumping have since been adopted. Purification of Mystic River and Ale wife Brook and their Tributaries. In the year 1904 the Legislature passed an act requiring the State Board of Health to examine the Mystic River and Alewife Brook and their tributaries and present a report of its investigations with recom- mendations for purifying those waters and preventing further injury to the public health by reason of the unsanitary conditions existing in the valleys of these streams. 25 The Board found, as a result of its investigations, that Alewife Brook was badly polluted by sewage and manufacturing wastes and that malaria was prevailing to an alarming extent in the region about the Alewife Brook marshes, an extensive tract of low land lying partly in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville and partly in the towns of Arlington and Belmont, and having an aggregate area of about 1,000 acres. Portions of these marshes were found to be below the level of ordinary high tide, and the Board recommended the construction of a dam across the Mystic Eiver at Cradock bridge to maintain the water at a constant level about 7 feet above low tide, and the enlargement of the channels of the streams and construction of suitable drainage chan- nels in the Alewife Brook marshes to provide proper drainage and prevent the breeding of mosquitoes therein. The prevention of the pollution of the streams was also recommended. The Legislature sub- sequently provided for the construction of works in general accordance with the plans recommended, and a dam across the Mystic Eiver has lately been completed. Water Supply of Lynn. By the provisions of chapter 509 of the Acts of the year 1906, the State Board of Health and the Water Board of the City of Lynn were authorized and directed to investigate plans for enlarging and improving the water supply of that city. The results of the investigation were reported to the Legislature of 1907. Improvement and Enlargement of Cemeteries. By an order of the Legislature of 1907 the State Board of . Health was directed to investigate the conditions under which new cemeteries should be established and old ones enlarged. The Board reported the results of its investigations to the Legislature of 1908, and a law was enacted providing for the regulation of the use of cemeteries by local boards of health or by the State Board of Health in cases where ceme- teries were to be located within the watershed of any source of public water supply. Improvement of Lake Quannapowitt and the Lands bordering THEREON. On June 11, 1908, the Legislature directed the State Board of Health to examine Lake Quannapowitt and its watershed and make such rec- ommendations as it might deem expedient relative to the improvement of the low lands about this lake. The Board presented the results of its investigations to the Legislature of 1909. 26 Merrimack Eivee. By the provisions of chapter 114 of the Besolfes of 1908 the Stati Board of Health was directed to investigate the sanitary condition o the Merrimack Eiver and report thereon to the General Court. The results of this investigation showed the need of better regulation of the condition of this river, which had hitherto been exempted fron the general laws relative to the pollution of rivers in Massachusetts, and in accordance with the recommendations of the Board presented in ra report to the Legislature of 1909, the Merrimack Biver was included in the laws relating to the prevention of the pollution of streams. By the provisions of another law the Board is directed to report to the Legisla- ture upon the improvement of the river whenever its condition becomes objectionable. Water Supply of Salem, Beverly and Peabody. By the provisions of chapter 54 of the Besolves of the year 1911 the State Board of Health was authorized and directed to consider and re- port on the matter of a water supply for the cities of Salem and Beverly and the town of Peabody taken from the Ipswich Biver and its tribu taries or from any other source or sources that the Board might find available. The results of this investigation were presented to the Legis lature in 1911 and 1912. Lake Cochituate. Under the provisions of chapter 87 of the Besolves of the year 1911 the State Board of Health and the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board, acting jointly, were requested to make an examination of the water of Lake Cochituate and report relative to the protection of the purity of the water. The recommendations of the Board were presented to the Legislature of 1912. Construction of a Dam to replace the Essex Bridge between Salem and Beverly. Under the provisions of chapter 84 of the Besolves of the year 1912 the Board is directed to consider and report upon the practicability of constructing a dam at the head of Beverly Harbor, between Salem and Beverly, to improve the sanitary conditions of the North, Danvers and Bass rivers. 27 Improvement of Shores of Dorchester Bay, Boston. Under the provisions of Chapter 133 of the Besolves of 1912 the State Board of Health, acting jointly with the Directors of the Port of Boston, is required to investigate the advisability and cost of improving the shores of Dorchester Bay. B. WORK OF THE STATE HOUSE LABORATORIES AND THE LAWRENCE EXPERIMENT STATION. At the time of beginning the work of the department of water supply and sewerage, laboratories for the examination of water and sewage were established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1887 an experiment station for investigations in regard to the purification of sewage, filtration of water and allied subjects was established at Law- rence. This station was equipped with filters and chemical and bac- teriological laboratories for the proper study of the subjects mentioned. The laboratory force at the Institute of Technology consisted at first of a chief chemist, three assistants, a biologist and bacteriologist with two assistants. The laboratories for water and sewage analysis were con- tinued at the Institute of Technology until 1896, when they were removed to the State House. The force employed at present at the State House laboratories and at the Lawrence Experiment Station is as follows : — Chief chemist, t . . . 1 Assistant chemists, 11 Bacteriologists, 2 Biologist, 1 Stenographers and clerks, .......... 3 Other assistants, ............ 2 The report of 1887 contained a summary of the work of the water supply and sewerage department in regard to the examination of water supplies, sewage disposal systems, pollution of rivers, etc., and also the first report in regard to the work of the experiment station. In 1890 two special reports were published. As was stated : — The general subject of the first volume is the " Examination of Water Supplies of the State," and embraces not only an examination of the water supplies already in use, but also of the rivers and of many available sources of supply not now in use. The topography of the Commonwealth is peculiarly fitted for this compre- hensive study, embracing, as it does, waters of varying character, from the 28 more highly colored waters of the marshes and bogs of the low lands, to the clearer waters of the Berkshire hills, including the polluted waters of thickly settled regions and the unpolluted waters of uninhabited regions. This volume contained descriptions of the water supplies of the State, embracing 135 supplies furnished to cities and towns and public institu- tions. It also contained the results of analyses of these water supplies. Certain sections of this report dealt with the classification of water sup- plies, interpretation of analyses and discussion of special topics. The topics discussed were as follows : — The distinction between normal and polluted waters. The chemical evidence of pollution in waters. Normal chlorine. The idea of permanence and of various degrees of susceptibility to decay in organic matter in water. The absence of dissolved oxygen, and the putrefactive changes of or- ganic matter in some waters at considerable depths. The effect of growing plants in obliterating evidences of decay. The chemical evidence of bacterial action in the state of change of or- ganic matter. The essential differences in character of surface and ground waters which influence the interpretation of analyses. The influence of the season of the year on the composition of surface waters. The discussion of " Special Topics relating to the Quality of Water Supplies " contained much information of a practical bearing upon the selection of sources of public water supply and the methods of storage both of ground and of surface waters. Special prominence was given to the effect of storage upon the color, taste and odor of water, as well as the chemical composition. A portion of this section was devoted to the investigation of the char- acter of the water in deep ponds at different depths and at different seasons of the year. Studies were made of the organisms which caused serious annoyance from their periodical development in certain supplies, and a general statement was made of the results and observations upon the natural filtration of water in several places in the State. An important chapter was entitled " The Pollution and the Self -puri- fication of Streams." This contained a summary of observations upon the condition of some of the principal streams of the State, large and small, into which sewage was continuously discharged. 29 The second special volume published in 1890, contained the methods and results of the experimental investigations of the Board up to that date upon the purification of sewage by filtration and by chemical pre- cipitation, and upon the intermittent filtration of water made at the experiment station at Lawrence. The report gives a description of the experiment station and states the object of the work, namely : " to deter- mine the fundamental principles of filtration not previously established, and to learn what can practically be accomplished by filters made of some of the widely varying material found in suitable localities for filtration areas, that there may be deduced from these results, together with the quality and physical characteristics of the materials used, the probable efficiency of other materials to be found throughout the State." The report stated also that " while deductions are fully made in the light of this beginning of the science of filtration, all of the data of chemical and biological analysis, and, as far as may be, the attendant circumstances, are recorded, that they may serve the future student as the means of verification or of correction in the greater light which fur- ther investigation may give him." It was stated that " in the presentation of these results, and their dis- cussion, many additions to the knowledge of the world upon this impor- tant subject of purification of sewage by filtration are given." Both of these reports dealt with new phases of sanitary science never until this time taken up in such a thorough, scientific and comprehensive way as they were then being investigated by the Board. The experiment station, started in 1887, is still in operation, and the work there up to the present time has covered a period of twenty-five years. In the chemical and bacteriological laboratories of the station more than 50,000 chemical and 150,000 bacterial analyses have been made. New and more accurate chemical, biological and physical methods have been developed for the study of water, sewage, sands, soils, etc. Beginning with studies upon intermittent sand filtration of sewage and water, together with laboratory investigations upon nitrification, the causes of the reduction of bacteria by filtration, etc., the work of the station has grown constantly and has included experimental investiga- tions tending towards the development of scientific methods of sewage purification, of the purification of manufacturing wastes of many kinds and many other special investigations in sanitary science. The experiment station report for 1891 took up the subjects of per- manency of filters, the mechanical composition of materials used in fil- ters, together with the conclusions drawn from a study of the materials and the results of filtration, as showing the capacity of each material to 30 purify sewage; the best method of applying sewage to different grades of sand, etc., together with further experiments on the bacterial efficiency of the filters at that time in operation. Early in tMs year a gravel filter was operated at a rate of 220,000 gallons per acre daily, the sewage being- applied in 60 or 70 doses per day. Good nitrification results were obtained without artificial aeration of the filter; in fact, this was a true trickling filter as now known. In 1892 and 1893 special studies were made of the care of sewage filters; stratification and the effect of horizontal layers; filtration of sewage containing dyestuffs; the rate of filtration through various mate rials; the causes of clogging of sewage filters; and the removal of thr clogging matter from the sand. In these years, also, studies of rapid filtration aided by artificial aeration of the filters were begun. The report for 1892 contained, in addition, a very important article upon the physical properties of sands and gravels with special reference to their use in filtration. In 1894 a general review of the work upon sewage purification at the station up to and including that year was given. Special investigations were made at that time upon the composition of sewage and the changes which occurred in sewage as it ages. It was shown, for instance, that storage of fresh Lawrence sewage for twenty-four hours doubled the free ammonia and decreased the organic nitrogen present one-half. Other changes, such as an increase in the number of bacteria present, also took place. This work antedated the operation of septic tanks. At this time a series of sewage samples were collected at different periods of the day from various sewage-disposal areas and institutions in the State, and were examined to show the varying strengths of the sewage at different hours and the amount of organic matter of different kinds in the sewage per person contributing to the flow. In 1895 investigations were continued as to the best methods of treat ing sewage filters to insure permanency; on the best preliminary treat- ment of sewage to remove sludge before filtration and the different methods of aerating sewage filters. In this year, also, were made the first experiments upon the purification by filtration of industrial sewage as discharged from tanneries, paper mills, wool-scouring works, etc. The stable character of the effluents from trickling filters operated at high rates, and aerated a portion of the time by means of a current of air, was first shown at this period. It was found that " the organic matter in the liquids, after rapid filtration combined with aeration, is of a different character from the organic matter in the sewage resulting from other sludge-removing processes; that is to say, even when the organic mat- ter, as shown by the albuminoid ammonia, is present in quantities as 31 great as in the other partially purified sewages, it has passed through such chemical and biological changes that it develops offensive odors very slowly on standing."' These observations were made prior to the English studies upon the stability of the effluents of such filters. In this year, furthermore, certain filters of coarse materials, gravel-stones, pieces of coke, etc., were operated at rates of 1,000,000 gallons per acre daily, and were aerated generally only from one to two and one-half hours daily. The effluents of these filters contained high nitrates, were generally stable, and, in fact, were practically similar to those afterwards obtained from filters of like materials operated at high rates without even the slight aeration given to these filters. In 1896 and 1897 much time was devoted to the study of the purifica- tion of industrial sewage, and practicable methods for the purification of some of these wastes are definitely described in the reports for these years. From the first, studies looking to the removal of the matters in suspension in sewage bj sedimentation, chemical precipitation and coke straining were made. In 1897 more elaborate experiments were begun on the purification of sewage by so-called contact filters, although one such filter had been studied at the station in 1894. During this year (1897) a trickling filter of clinker was operated also. To this the sew- age was passed by means of overhead pipes and was aerated and dis- tributed by the dash-plate method. This trickling filter, and all others started after this date, received no artificial aeration. In 1898 studies were continued on the disposal of sewage, both fresh and stale, when treated in septic tanks; on the purification of industrial sewages; on the purification of sewage both by sand and contact filters. Early in 1899 there was put into operation a trickling filter 10y 2 feet in depth, constructed of broken stone and operated at a rate of 2,000,000 gallons per acre daily. In 1899, also, studies of septic tanks and of the purification of septic sewage were continued, and the first tank for the treatment of sludge alone, after preliminary sedimentation of the sewage in ordinary settling tanks, was put into operation and continued for sev- eral years. This variety of septic tank and method of sludge disposal has since become well known. The first hydrolytic tank was started also at the station in 1898. "As it had become evident that the greatest work in septic tanks occurred where the bacteria were most numerous, — as on the sides, bottom and top of the tank, — ■ it was considered that a tank filled with coarse, broken stone would afford a very extensive foothold and breeding place for the classes of bacteria necessary for sludge disposal," and the tank was so arranged that the sewage passed upward through this stone. As the result of other researches it was shown that prolongation of anaerobic action might impede subsequent 32 purification b}' filtration. There were made also this year special studies relating to the purification of the wastes from creameries, and to the action of iron and iron oxides on the purification of*"sewage by filtration. In 1900 analyses and measurements of the gas produced by septic tanks were made and investigations concerning the efficiency of septic treatment of different classes of sewage; also experiments upon the steri- lization of septic sewage, to show whether or not the air that it was- necessary to introduce into some classes of sewage, before efficient puri- fication by filtration could be assured, was required because of the rapid use of the oxygen by bacteria or because of its absorption by organic I matter and gases. During this year the method was first elaborated at the station to show the oxygen absorption powers of sewage, this method being fundamentally simply the mixture of certain volumes of sewage with water saturated with dissolved oxygen and determining the oxygen consumed or absorbed by the mixture during certain definite periods. The operation of the hydrolytic tank, together with various trickling fil- ters, and the study of purification of manufacturing wastes were con- tinued. In 1901 a thorough investigation was made of the stability of the efflu- ents and of the organic matter left in the effluents of contact and trick- ling filters, together with observations on the improvement of such effluents when mixed with river water. The rate and degree of clogging of materials were studied also. In this year contact filters of roofing- slate and brick, with regular spaces between each pair of slates or bricks, were first put into operation. Two of these filters are described in the report for 1901, the slate filters being similar to those operated in more recent years in England by Dibdin. In 1902 studies of contact and trickling filters, especially those of the latter, were continued, together with special investigations concerning nitrification and the removal of organic matter from the upper layers of sand filters. In 1903 special efforts were made to learn the cause of the poorer Avinter nitrification in the older intermittent sand filters, in order to im- prove the work of these filters. Studies of septic tanks and of the op- eration of contact filters constructed of different materials and depths, with special regard to permanency of operation, were continued, together with allied studies upon the stability of their effluents. Studies were made also of the purification of sewage by trickling filters of different materials and different depths, and investigations in regard to the sta- bility of the effluents of these filters and experiments upon sedimentation, secondary filtration, etc., of these effluents were undertaken. Numerous experiments were made on the purification of dye liquors and the waste 33 from gas works, together with studies on methods of analysis with special regard to the comparative value of albuminoid ammonia and Kjeldahl determinations of nitrogen; of incubation of effluents; and of the nitri- fication and denitrification caused by sand, effluents and species of bac- teria from filters in which either nitrification or reducing actions were occurring. The year 1904: was devoted largely to the improvement of the sand filters that had been in operation for sixteen years, and to studies of methods for the disposal of nitrogenous and other organic matters by these filters; special studies of nitrification; studies of the respective amounts of nitrogen and carbon oxidized, stored or liberated from ex- perimental and municipal sand filters: studies of the determination of acidity or alkalinity as an index of the degree of purification of filter effluents; studies of the bacteriology and biochemistry of sewage puri- fication. A new method for the determination of turbidity of the efflu- ents of filters and of water was developed and first used during this year. Studies were made also of the time of passage of sewage through trick- ling filters constructed of different materials and of different depths, and of the rapidity of oxidation and purification of these filters. In 1905 a continuation was made of the studies of the organic matters, nitrogen, fats, carbon, etc., in sludge and in sewage, and of the same substances stored in filters; studies of the relative amounts of nitrogen, carbon and fatty matters in sewage, sludge and the effluents of trickling and contact filters and appropriate methods for their analysis. More- over, special studies were taken up again as to the refiltration of trick- ling filter effluents through sand filters. In 1906 a complete resume was given of the comparative value of sand, contact and trickling filters for the disposal of organic matter, and the comparative rates at which such filters can be operated; of the rate of filtration and amount of suspended matter in sewage applied to sand filters as related to volume of sand removed; of the coagulation and mechanical filtration of the effluents of trickling filters, together with more complete studies of methods for the application of sewage to trick- ling filters; of the comparative rates of filtration maintained by sand filters; of continued studies on the purification of industrial wastes. In 1907 the most important special work was a continued study of methods for the distribution of sewage upon trickling filters and observa- tions on the refiltration of trickling filter effluents through sand, together with studies of coagulation and mechanical filtration. In the report for 1908 a complete review was given of all the investi- gations made at the station up to that time upon the purification of domestic sewage, and the report for 1909 contained a review of all the 34 work done by the Board upon the purification of factory wastes. During 1910 and 1911 special studies were made upon the influence of carbon upon nitrification, the disinfection of sewage and the effluents of sewage filters and upon the determination of the character and strength of sew- age by the oxygen absorption powers. During all the years these investigations in regard to the purification of sewage, manufacturing wastes, etc., have been carried on, experiments have also been made in regard to all phases of the purification of water, and in this period about 100 filters have been operated in connection with such studies. The filters at first were composed of fine sand, loam, etc., but as the studies progressed, sands of coarser material were used and thorough studies made in regard to the chemical and bacterial purifica- tion of polluted waters when filtered through these sands at various rates. One of the early results of the Lawrence studies was the construction of the municipal filter of the city of Lawrence, the first large sand filter plant in this country. The work of this filter has been followed, and it was found during the first years of its operation that not only did it materially reduce the cases and deaths from typhoid fever in the city found to be without Ob- jectionable Features. 1905, . 1906, ... 1906, outside dairies, 1907, . 1907, outside dairies, 1908, . 1908, outside dairies, 1909, . 1909, outside dairies, 1910, . • . 1910, outside dairies, 1911, . 1911, outside dairies, 2,151 3,267 154 2,054 660 2,213 18 1,439 332 1,983 70 2,067 2 16,410 1,720 2,219 138 1,350 455 1,028 7 758 159 700 37 736 1 9,30S 431 1,048 16 704 205 1,185 11 681 173 1,283 33 1,331 1 7,102 54 8. THE STATE INSPECTORS OF HEALTH. In 1907 the Legislature of Massachusetts enacted a law whereby the State was divided into health districts and a physician was appointed in each district as State Inspector of Health. The original number of districts was 15, was later changed to 14, and was recently reduced by the State Board of Health to 12. The duties of the State Inspectors of Health are in part advisory, and in part executive. The following is a brief outline of their powers and duties : — I. Advisory Authority. 1. Inquiry and Action concerning Influences and Diseases that are or may be Dangerous to the Public Health. The State Inspectors of Health are authorized to gather -all in- formation possible concerning all influences that are or may be dangerous to the public health and con- cerning the prevalence of tuberculosis and other com- municable diseases. They disseminate knowledge as to the best methods of preventing the spread of diseases dangerous to the public health, and take such steps as, after consulting with the State Board of Health and the local health authorities, are deemed advisable for their eradication. 2. Dealings with Local Health Authorities as to : — A. Rules and Regulations. The State Inspectors of Health have been of considerable assist- ance to local health authorities in aiding them draft rules and regulations; and as the work of the local au- thorities is gradually placed on a higher plane, the men can be of even greater assistance, under the guidance of the State Board of Health, in obtaining uniformity in health work throughout the State. B. Diseases Dangerous to the Public Health. The State Inspectors of Health : — (a) Consult with the local health authorities as to the best methods of preventing the spread of diseases dangerous to the public health. (6) Advise the local authorities to urge physicians to repoi't any known case of such a disease and to see that the notification laws are enforced. 55 (c) Investigate and report to local boards of health any known cases of ophthalmia neonatorum, so that the law re- quiring' local boards of health " to take such immediate action as they may deem necessary in order that blind- ness may be prevented " may be enforced. (d) Assist the local authorities as to the manner of earing for persons found ill in a neglected condition with such disease. (e) Advise and assist local authorities in the enforcement of quarantine. (/) Report to the State Board of Health and the proper local health authority every communicable disease discovered in a tenement workshop. (g) Notify the State Board of Health and the proper local health authority of the existence of any such disease in factories and workshops. C. Nuisances and Causes of Sickness. In the work of abating nuisances the State Inspectors of Health advise local authorities as to the prevention of condi- tions which are dangerous to health, or which are offensive to the senses and render habitations uncom- fortable. D. Sanitation of Tenement Homes. The State Inspectors of Health have been of considerable assist- ance to the local authorities in dealing with the problem of the sanitation of tenement homes. A high standard of sanitation in factories, brought about largely by rigid inspection, should go hand in hand with improved home conditions, particularly the tenement homes. E. Statistics. Efforts have been made to bring about uniformity in recording statistics relating to health work of all kinds. Inquiry concerning the Health of Minors employed in Factories. The work of obtaining information concerning the health of minors employed in factories calls for a knowledge of the ill health or physical unfitness of the minors. It involves obtaining personal and family histories, record- ing observations, and, in a considerable proportion of cases, making physical examinations. Sanitation of School Buildings. The law requires the State Inspectors of Health to make such examinations of school buildings as in the opinion of the State Board of Health the protection of the health of the pupils may require. 56 5. Matters relating to Water Supply and Sewerage. The State Inspectors of Health, by intelligent co-operation, as- sist the State Board of Health materially in forward- ing the work of the water supply and sewerage department. The iaw provides for adequate supply of pure drinking water for factory employees, and for proper disposal of sewage from factories and foundries. II. Executive Authority. 1. Sanitation of Factories, Workshops and Other Industrial Establish- ments. The work relating to the sanitation of factories, workshops and other industrial establishments includes the enforcement of certain laws. It also includes the study of the effect of occupation upon the health of persons employed in such establishments. 2. Exclusion of Minors from Occupations deemed to be Injurious to Health. In the enforcement of the law which provides for the exclusion of minors from occupations or processes deemed by the State Board of Health to be injurious to health, the State Inspectors of Health consider carefully the vary- ing conditions associated with a given occupation or process, as well as the condition of health of each minor at work. 3. Sanitation of Tenements where Clothing is made. The primary object of inspection of tenement workrooms is to guard the public health from the spread of contagious diseases by means of infected wearing apparel. The work accomplished has resulted in the maintenance of higher sanitary standards in the congested tenement homes. Moreover, the friendly visits to the homes and the close personal contact with the workers have been a great educational force in the development of higher standards of hygienic living: 4. Inspection of Mercantile Establishments. Inspection of mercantile establishments is made (a) to deter- mine whether a sufficient number of seats are provided for women employees and whether there are proper toilet rooms for both sexes in such establishments, and (b) to enforce the statute provisions relating thereto. 5. Sanitation of Stationhouses. In accordance with the law providing for an examination of the sanitary conditions in stationhouses, houses of detention and lock-ups in the Commonwealth, the State Inspectors of Health consider the ventilation, lighting, heating, 57 construction of cells, care and use of bedding and dishes used for food, method of sewage disposal, and method of supplying drinking water to prisoners in all such buildings. 6. Sanitation of Slaughterhouses. Under the existing laws all slaughterhouses are subject to in- spection by the State Inspectors of Health. Of the many duties imposed by the Legislature upon the State Inspec- tors of Health, none are of greater importance or more far-reaching in their effects upon the conservation of the health of the inhabitants than is the requirement that State Inspectors of Health inform them- selves concerning all influences that are, or may be, dangerous to the public health within their districts, and to gather all possible informa- tion relative to the prevalence of communicable diseases, and to co-oper- ate with the local health authorities in their eradication. Acting in an advisory capacity, the State Inspectors of Health have been intermediaries between the State Board of Health and the local health authorities, thus making the resources of the State available to the small communities throughout the State. Frequent conferences are held by the State Inspectors of Health with the local boards of health in the various districts, and assistance is rendered by them on a great variety of problems on health matters which is apt to come up in any community. The State Inspectors of Health, moreover, keep in touch with the incidence of communicable diseases in the respective cities and towns within their districts, and if it appears that an unusually large number of cases of a communicable disease occur, or if any outbreak occurs in any place within a district, the State Inspector of Health makes an immediate investigation to determine, if possible, the source of infection. Besides the general duties and advisory powers to local boards of health, the State Inspectors of Health were given the enforcement of all laws relating to the health of persons employed in industrial establish- ments. "Massachusetts was thus the first State in the Union to recognize that the sanitary inspection of factories is essentially a health matter and should be under the charge of the central health authority of the State. The work of the State Inspectors of Health for the last five years has already resulted in the accumulation of a vast amount of material on occupational hygiene and on factory sanitation. Not only have vast changes been brought about in the industrial establishments of the State, 58 but extensive investigations have been made of a great variety of indus- tries and processes in which workers are exposed to influences danger- ous to health. Special investigations have thus been 'made of a number of trades in which workers are exposed to dusts, to irritating and poison- ous fumes, to extreme degrees of temperature and humidity, and to gen- eral unsanitary working conditions. The industries thus studied include the textile industry; the pearl industry; felt hat industry; mattress and curled hair industry ; the shoe industry ; the rubber industry ; the making of jewelry; metal polishing and buffing; a group of industries in which workers are exposed to lead poisoning, such as printing, stereotyping, monotyping, linotyping, electrotyping, paint manufacturing, potteries and manufacturing of tile ; foundries ; laundries ; cigar factories : candy factories and the clothing industry. As the direct result of the investigations and observations of the State Inspectors of Health and of the reports thereon to the State Board of Health, legislation of inestimable value in protecting the health of young persons was enacted in 1910 whereby minors are excluded from trades and processes which are designated by the State Board of Health as inju- rious to health. The Legislature of 1912 enacted a law creating the State Board of Labor and Industries. All duties of the State Inspectors of Health relative to the enforcement of laws in factories, workshops and mercantile establishments are by that law transferred to the newly created depart- ment. The State Inspectors of Health will now, therefore, devote practically their whole time investigating the occurrence of diseases dan- gerous to the public health, and acting in advisory capacity to the local boards of health. 59 9. MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH FROM 1869-1912. Members of the State Board of Health prom its Organization in to 1879. P. Emory Aldrieh 1869- Henry I. Bowditch, M.D Wm. C. Chapin, . R. T. Davis, M.D., . George Derby, C. F. Folsom, G. V. Fox, . R. Frothingham, . J. C. Hoadley, T. B. Newhall, Warren Sawyer, David L. Webster, . Chairman, 1869- 1869 1869- 1869- 1874- 1871- 1869- 1873- 1873- 1869- 1873- 1869 72 79 79 73 79 72 79 79 79 ■72 ■79 Members who served on the Committee on Health of the Combined Board from 1879 to 1886. Henry I. Bowditch, M.D. Alfred Hosmer, M.D. George P. Carter. Thomas Talbot. R. T. Davis, M.D. Henry P. Waleott, M.D. J. C. Hoadlev. Members of the State Board of Health since its Re-organization in 1886. Julius H. Appleton, John W. Bartol, M.D,, . Theodore C. Bates, Clement F. Coogan, 1 Frank W. Draper, M.D., Joseph W. Hastings, M.D., James W. Hull, Elisha U. Jones, Thornton K. Lothrop. . Robert W. Lovett, M.D., 1 C. E. MoGillieuddy, 1 . Julian A. Mead, M.D., 1 . Hiram F. Mills, C.E., 1 . 1886-90 1902-07 1887-88 1911- 1886-1901 1889-1904 1893-1911 1886-1904 1886-89 1907- 1911- 1895- 1886- Members of the Board at the present tin 60 Joseph A. Plouff, 1 . Charles H. Porter,' . John M. Raymond, General Morris Sehaff, Gerard C. Tobey, . Henry P. Walcott, M.D James White, Chairman? 1911- 1893-1911 1890-92 1891-92 1893-1911 1886- 1886 Samuel W. Abbott, MJJ., Secretary, . Charles Harrington, M.D., Secretary, . Mark W. Richardson, MJJ., Secretary, 2 William C. Hanson, MJJ., Assistant to the Secretary, F. P. Stearns, C.E., Engineer, ' . X. H. Goodnough, C. E., Engineer^ Thomas M. Drown, M.D., Chemist* H. W. Clark, Chemist, 2 . Theobald Smith, M.D., Pathologist; Albert E. Leach, S.B., Analyst of Food and Drugs, Hermann C. Lythgoe, S.B., Analyst of Food and Dr ugs, 1886-1905 1905-09 1909- 1907- 1886-1894 1895- 1886-1895 1896- 1896- 1900-1908 1907- Members of the Board at the present time. Connected with the Board at the present time. Consulting Chemist 1896-1904. 61 10. TITLES OF MANY OF THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS CONTAINED IN THE REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, AND PUBLICATIONS FROM THE BOARD'S LABORATORIES IN OTHER JOURNALS. The annual reports of the State Board of Health contain the reports of the work of the various departments of the Board, together with special investigations or contributions during the year from any labora- tory or department of the Board. Many of the researches carried on in the laboratories of the Board have been published in medical, chemical, engineering and other journals. The following is a list of titles of some of the principal special papers that have appeared in the reports of the State Board of Health, and an incomplete list of publications from the Board's laboratories in other journals. On Matters relatikg to Water Supplies and Sewerage. 1870. — Poisoning by Lead-Pipe used for the Conveyance of Drinking Water. Mystic Pond and its Source of Supply. 1871. — Mill-Dams and Other Water Obstructions. 1872. — On Sewerage; Sewage; the Pollution of Streams; Water Supply of Towns. Drainage for Health. 1873. — The Present Condition of Certain Rivers of Massachusetts together with Considerations touching the Water Supply of Towns. The Use of Zinced or Galvanized Iron for the Storage and Con- veyance of Drinking Water. 1875. — A Special Report on — 1. The Pollution of Rivers. 2. The Water Supply, Drainage and Sewerage of the State from a Sanitary Point of View. 3. The Disposal of Sewage. , 4. Summary and Recommendations. Defects in House Drainage and their Remedies. The Surface Drainage of the Metropolitan District. 1876. — The Pollution of Streams. Sewerage; its Advantages and Disadvantages, Construction and Maintenance. 1877. — Drainage and Health; Sewerage, and the Pollution of Streams. The Filtration of Potable Water. 1878. — Common Defects in House Drains. 62 1879. — Contamination of Well Waters. The Pollution of Streams. Algae observed in a Storage Basin of the Bostor*J3upply. and Some Impurities of Drinking Water caused by Vegetable Growths. The Effect on Health of Certain Algae in the Mystic Water Supply. The Drainage of Summer Hotels and Country Boarding Houses. 1880. — The PoUution of Streams. Separate System of Sewerage. 1882. — The Sewerage of Nahant. 1S83. — Tubular Wells for Domestic Water Supply. Reports Relative to the Sewerage and Sanitary Conditions of Nan- tucket. 1S85. — Disposal of Sewage at the Massachusetts Reformatory. 1889. — Report upon the Pollution of Ice Supplies. 1890. — Examination of Water Supplies and Purification of Sewage and Water by Filtration. Suggestions as to the Selection of Sources of Water Supply. Typhoid Fever and its Relation to Water Supplies. Special Reports on the Early Work at the Lawrence Experiment Station. Two Volumes. Mentioned previously. 1S92. — Interpretation of Water Analysis and the Amount of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water, Ponds and Reservoirs at Different Depths in Winter under the Ice, and the Mineral Contents of Some Waters in Massachusetts. A Study of Odors observed in the Drinking Waters of Massachu- setts. Seasonal Distribution of Microscopic Organisms in Surface Waters. Experiments upon the Purification of Sewage at the Lawrence Ex- periment Station. Experiments at the Lawrence Experiment Station upon the Puri- fication of Water by Sand Filtration. Some Physical Properties of Sand and Gravels with Special Refer- ence to their Use in Filtration. Sewage Disposal of Cities and Towns of Massachusetts by Inter- mittent Filtration. Report upon Artificial Ice made in Massachusetts. 1893. — On the Amount and Character of Organic Matters in Soil and its Drawing on the Storage of Water in Reservoirs. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station. The Filter of the Water Supply of the City of Lawrence and its Results. 1891. — Composition of the Water of Deep Wells. The Bacterial Contents of Certain Ground Waters. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station. Physical and Chemical Properties of Sands. 63 1895. — Sewage Purification of the Cities and Towns of Massachusetts. The Hardness of Water and Methods by which it is determined. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1895. Methods employed for the Quantitative Determination of Bacteria in Sewage and Water. 1S96. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1S96. 1897. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1897. 1898. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1898. An Investigation of the Action of Water upon Lead, Tin and Zinc with Special Eeference to the Use of Lead Pipes in Massachu- setts Water Supplies. Purification of the Sewage of Cities and Towns in Massachusetts. 1899. — The Occurrence of Iron in Ground Waters and Experiments on Methods of Removal. 1900. — The Action of Water upon Metallic or Metal-lined Service Pipes and Methods for the Separation and Determination of Metals in Water. An Investigation in regard to the Retention of Bacteria in lee when Ice is formed under Different Conditions. Studies of the Efficiency of Water Filters in removing Different Species of Bacteria. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1900. The Examination of Spring Waters. 1901. — Experimental Filtration of the Water Supply of Springfield and Ludlow, Mass. A Study of the Stability of the Effluent of Sewage Filters of Coarse Materials, including Investigations upon Putrefaction and Secondary Decomposition. Bacteriological Studies at the Lawrence Experiment Station with Especial Reference to Determination of B. Coli. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1901. 1902. — On the Value of Tests for Bacteria of Specific Types as an Index of Pollution. Effect of Sewage Disposal in Massachusetts. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1902. 1903. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1903. 1904. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1904. 64 1905. — Experiments on the Removal of Organisms from the Waters of Ponds and Reservoirs by the Use of Copper Sulphate. Investigations concerning Absorption and Sedimentation of Copper Sulphate used as an Algicide and concerning the Bactericidal Properties of Copper and Copper Sulphate. Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Expei-iment Station in 1905. Studies on the Pollution of Shellfish. 1906. — Experiments on the Purification of Sewage and Water at the Law- rence Experiment Station in 1906. Significance of the Numbers of Bacteria in Water and Sewage Developing at Different Temperatures. 1908. — A Review of Twenty-one Years' Experiments upon the Purifica- tion of Sewage at the Lawrence Experiment Station. 1909. — Disposal and Purification of Factory Wastes or Manufacturing Sewage. 1910. — Studies of the Relative Corrosion of Metal Pipes by Waters. 1911. — Experiments upon the Disinfection of Sewage and the Effluents from Sewage Filters. Certain Publications in Journals other than Reports of the State Board of Health. 1888. — On the Color and Odor of Surface Waters. The Loss on Ignition in Water Analysis. 1889. — The Determination of Chlorine in Water. Effect of Temperature on the Determination of Ammonia by Ness- lerization. Determination of Organic Nitrogen in Natural Waters by the Kjeldahl Method. 1890. — The Determination of Carbonic Acid in Water, and the Biear- bonates of Lime and Magnesia. 1891. — On the Determination of Nitrates in Water. 1892. — The Study of Bacteria in Drinking Water. 1893. — The Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria from Drinking Water by Sand Filtration. 1891. — Sand Filtration of Water with Special Reference to Recent Results obtained at Lawrence, Mass. 1895. — On the Proper Reaction of Nutrient Media for Bacterial Cultiva- tion. 1901. — Bacterial Purification of Water by Freezing. The Pollution of Streams by Manufactural Wastes and Methods of Prevention. Studies of Media for the Quantitative Estimation of Bacteria in Water and Sewage. 1902. — Report of the Chemist to the Charles River Dam Committee. 65 Notes on B. Coli and Allied Forms with Special Reference to Neutral Red Reaction. On Classification and Identification of Bacteria with Description of Card System. Removal of Color, Organisms and Odor from Water. 1903. — The Determination of Carbonic Acid in Drinking Water. On the Value of Tests for Bacteria of Specific Types as an Index of Pollution. 1904. — Portable Outfit for the Determination of Carbonic Acid, Dissolved Oxygen and Alkalinity in Drinking Water. Studies of Media for the Quantitative Estimation of Bacteria in Water and Sewage. The Functions of Various Types of Bacteria in the Purification of Sewage, with Some Methods for their Quantitative Deter- mination. 1905. — The Bacteriolysis of Peptones and Nitrates. Upon the Use of Copper Sulphate in Water Supplies. 1906. — Collection and Preservation of Samples of Sewage for Analysis. Some Data in Regard to the Comparative Disposition of Organic Matter by Sand, Contact and Sprinkling Filters. The Use of Copper Sulphate in Water Filtration. A Study of the Laws governing the Resistance of Bacillus Coli to Heat. A Study of the Numbers of Bacteria developing at Different Tem- peratures - and of the Ratios between such Numbers with Refer- ence to their Significance in the Interpretation of Water Analysis. Notes in Regard to the Determination of Copper in Water. The Resistance to Decomposition of Certain Organic Mattel's in Sewage. On the Bactericidal Action of Copper. 190?. — Filtration of Public Water Supplies. Experiments with Methods for the Rapid Detection of Gelatin Liquefaction in the Determination of B. Coli. Trickling Sewage Filters at the Lawrence Experiment Station. 1908. — Investigations of the Distribution of Sewage upon Trickling Filters. Studies of Incubation Tests. Studies on Direct Nesslerization of Kjeldahl Digestates in Sewage Analysis. Apparatus and Expedients in the Bacteriological Laboratory. Some Observations of Methods, Cost and Results of Sewage Puri- fication Abroad. 1909. — Disinfection as an Adjunct to Water Purification. 1910. — Double Filtration of Water. Methods for Testing Shellfish for Pollution. 1911. — A Study of Carbon in Sewage and Sewage Purification. 1912. — The Influence of Carbon upon Nitrification. 66 Ok Matters relating to Diseases Dangerous to Public Health, 1869. — The Prevention of Disease. 1870. — Trichina Disease in Massachusetts. Charbon in Massachusetts. The Cause of Typhoid Fever. 1871 . — Vegetable Parasites and the Diseases caused by their Growth upon Man. Smallpox in Massachusetts. 1872. — Infant Mortality. Analysis of Correspondence and Some of the Causes or Antecedents of Consumption. 1873. — • Cerebro-spinal Meningitis in Massachusetts in 1873. 1875. — Report of an Outbreak of Intestinal Disorder attributable to the Contamination of Drinking Water by Means of Impure lee. Report on Registration of Prevalent Diseases. 1876. — Registration of Deaths and Diseases. 1877. — Scarlet Fever. 1879. — ■ Disinfection ( Circular) . Trichinae in Relation to the Public Health. » 1880. — Intermittent Fever in Massachusetts. 1882. — Leprosy in its Relation to Public Health. 1883. — Trichinosis. 1884. —Epidemic Cholera. Disinfection and Disinfectants. 1885. — Malaria in Eastern Massachusetts. 1886. — An Inquiry into the Transmission of Infectious Diseases through the Medium of Rags. 1888. — Trichinae in Swine. 1889. — • Intermittent Fever in Massachusetts. The Influenza Epidemic of 1889 to 1890. 1891. — A Geographical Distribution of Diseases in Massachusetts. 1892. — Reports upon Epidemics of Typhoid Fever in Massachusetts in 1892. 1893. — Isolation Hospitals for Infectious Diseases. 1894. — Report upon Experiments and the Effect of Feeding upon Trich- inosis in Hogs. Report upon an Epidemic of Typhoid Fever in Marlborough ap- parently due to the Effect of Skimmed Milk. 1896. — A Comparative Study of the Toxine Production of Diphtheria Bacilli. 1907. — The Occurrence of Infantile Paralysis in Massachusetts. 1908. — The Growth of Typhoid Bacteria in Milk. Experimental Researches in Tuberculosis with Special Reference to Etiology and Pathology and Immunity. 67 On the Prevention of the Spread of Tuberculosis. Milk as a Carrier of Infection. The Occurrence of Infantile Paralysis in Massachusetts. 1909. — Infant Mortality and its Intimate Relation to the Milk Supply. The House Fly as an Agent in the Dissemination of Infectious Dis- eases. Ophthalmia Neonatorum : Preventive Treatment. What is Diseased Meat and what is its Relation to Meat Inspec- tion? Animal Diseases transmissible to Man. Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in Boston in 1909. The Occurrence of Infantile Paralysis in Massachusetts. 1910. — Chemical Disinfection. Insects as Carriers of Disease. Antityphoid Inoculation. The Occurrence of Infantile Paralysis in Massachusetts. 1911. — Progress in preventing the Spread of Tuberculosis. Eighteen Cases of Tuberculosis among Children employed in Tex- tile Factories. Prevalence of Tuberculosis among Children employed in Factories in Berkshire County. An Investigation as to the Occurrence in Massachusetts of Paralysis in the Lower Animals and Fowls. The Control of Typhoid Fever. The Occurrence of Infantile Paralysis in Massachusetts. On Matters relating to Foodstuffs and their Adulterations, Drugs and Poisons. 1869. — Report on the Sale of Poisons. 1870. — Correspondence concerning the Effects of Intoxicating Drinks. Use of Milk from Cows affected with " Foot and Mouth Disease." 1871. — Analysis of Correspondence concerning the Use and Abuse of In- toxicating Drinks. On the Evil Effects of the Use of Arsenic in Certain Green Colors. The Adulterations and Impurities of Food. The Use and Abuse of Opium. (1872. — Additional Analysis of Evidence concerning Intoxicating Liquors. Beer Shops and Prohibitory Laws. The Character of Substances used for Flavoring Articles for Food and Drink. The Food of the People of Massachusetts. The Adulteration of Milk. The Adulterations and Impurities of Food. 1874. — Our Meat Supply and Public Health. 1879. — The Adulterations of Some Staple Groceries. 1882. — The Adulteration of Food. 68 1883. — Arsenic as a Domestic Poison. 1887. — Report upon Oleomargarine, its Manufacture and Sale, its Health- fulness as an Article of Food. 1888. — Report on the Sale and Use of Opium in Massachusetts. 1891. — Report upon Arsenic in Wall Paper and Fabrics. 1907. — Report upon the Chemical Examination of Drawn and Undrawn Poultry kept in Cold Storage. Report upon the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria in Milk. Report upon the Bacteriological Examination of Drawn and Un- drawn Poultry kept in Cold Storage. 1909. — A Study of Some of the Spore-bearing Anaerobic Bacteria in Market Milk. Publications in Journals Other than the Reports of the State Board of Health on Matters relating to Food and Drugs. 1900. — Foreign Coloring Matter in Milk. Estimation of Fat in Condensed Milk. Detection of " Analine Orange " in Milk. Character and Extent of Food and Drug Adulteration in Massa- chusetts and the System of Inspection of the State Board of Health. 1901. — Systematic Inspection of Milk for Preservatives. 1903. — Determination of Commercial Glucose in Molasses, Syrups and Honey. Report on Dairy Products. 1901. — Cider Vinegar and Suggested Standards of Purity. Report on Tea and Coffee. Some Phases of Food Adulteration and Inspection. A Comparative Refractometer Scale for Use with Oils and Fats. The Detection of Watered Milk. Composition and Adulteration of Ground Mustard. Composition of Turmeric. 1905. — The Optical Properties of Castor Oil, Cod-liver Oil, Xeat's-foot Oil. and a Few Essential Oils. The Detection and Determination of Ethyl and Methyl Alcohols in Mixtures by the Immersion Refractometer. Report on Dairy Products. Chemical Analyses of a Few Varieties of Roasted Coffee. 1906. — Report on Fruit Products. Report on Dairy Products. 1908. — Report on Dairy Products. Report on Vinegar. 1909. — A Comparison of Methods for the Preparation of Milk Serum. Report on Dairy Products. The Composition of the Milk on Sale in Massachusetts. 1910. — ■ The Relation between Fat and Calcium in Cream. The Detection of Added Water in Milk. 69 1911. — The Detection of Benzoic Acid in Coffee Extract. The Composition of Tincture of Ginger. The Danger of Fatal Poisoning from Roach and Other Insect Powders containing Sodium Fluoride. On Occupational Hygiene. 1810. — Health of Minors employed in Factories. 1S71. — -The Effects on Health of the Use of Sewing Machines moved by Foot Power. 1885. — Cases of Lead Poisoning. 1906. — Sanitary Condition of Factories, Workshops and Other Establish- ments. 1908. — Health of Minors in Factories in Relation to Industry. Hygiene of Cigar Factories. Sanitation of Clothing Factories. Occupational Diseases. 1910. — Lead Poisoning. Factory Inspection and Public Health. 1911. — The Sanitary Conditions of Tenement-house Workrooms in Suffolk County and their Important Relations to Public Health. Practical Studies in Occupational Hygiene. Sanitary Conditions in Foundries in Massachusetts. Sanitation in Laundries in Massachusetts. 1912. — Hygiene of the Boot and Shoe Industry in Massachusetts. On Matters relating to Health of Cities and Towns. 1870. — Analysis of the Mortality of the City of Boston in 1870. 1873. — The Work of Local Boards of Health. 1875. — The Health of Boston in 1875. The Health of Lowell in 1S75. 1876. — The Sanitary Condition of Lynn. 1877. — The Sanitary Condition of Cambridge. 1883. — The Sanitary Condition of Somerville. 1884. — The Sanitary Relations of Taunton. 1907. — On Infantile Mortality of Boston during the Period of June 1 to Nov. 30, 1907. On Hygiene of Schoolhouses and Children. 1870. — The Ventilation of Schoolhouses. 1873. — School Hygiene. 1876. — The Growth of Children. 1S77. — Sanitation of Public Schools in Massachusetts. 1878. — The Growth of Children : a Supplementary Paper with Suggestions in Regard to Methods of Research. 1879. — Care of Young Children. (Circular.) 1S80. — Schoolhouses and Sanitation. 70 1884. — The Sanitary Conditions of School Buildings in Massachusetts. 1887. — The Heating and Ventilating of Schoolhouses by Jacketed Stoves. 1890. — The Growth of Children studied by Galton's Method of Percentile Grades. On Matters relating to Slaughtering, etc. 1869. — Report on Slaughtering for the Boston Market. 1871. — Slaughtering, Bone-boiling and Fat-melting. 1874. — The Transportation of Live Stock. The Brighton Abattoir, etc. Miscellaneous. 1870. — Homes for the Poor, Convalescent Homes, the Sewage Question. Air and its Impurities. 1871. — Proper Provisions for the Insane. 1873. — Preventive Medicine and the Physician of the Future. The Health of the Farmers of Massachusetts. Hospitals. Political Economy of Health. 1874. — Inebriate Asylums or Hospitals. The Value of Health to the State. The Composition of the Air of the Ground Atmosphere. The Ventilation of Railroad Cars. Cremation and Burial: an Examination of their Relative Advan- tages. A Report on the Sanitary Condition of the State Prison at Charles- town. 1876. — Diseases of the Mind. 1877. — Cottage Hospitals. Dangers from Color Blindness. 1878. — Coal Gas from Heating Apparatus. Common Defects in House Drains. A Contribution to the Study of Ventilation. 1882. — Our Eyes and our Industries. 1884. — The Relation of Illuminating Gas to Public Health. A Study of the Relative Poisonous Effects of Coal and Water Gas. 1888. — The Number and Distribution of Micro-organisms in the Air of the I Boston City Hospital. 1889. — The Physique of Women in Massachusetts. 1895. — Report upon the Production and Use of Antitoxin. 1905. — Description of the New Antitoxin and Vaccine Laboratory with a Ten Years' Eetrospect of the Production and Distribution of Diphtheria Antitoxin. 1906. — A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of the Alkalinity) of Ash. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE C28(3-S2)SOOM ^KSac YVfc&