pam. John P, 
 
 8. AKEft, 
 
 
 
 Successes and Opportunities 
 
 in Evangelizing the World 
 
 Catin America 
 
 Rev. CHARLES W. DREES, D.D. 
 
 San J uan, Porto Rico 
 
 THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF THE 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH 
 RINDGE LITERATURE DEPARTMENT 
 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY 
 
 /Z'f'Z- 
 
 Voucher 
 
Successes and Opportunities in 
 Latin America. 
 
 REV. CHARLES W. DREES, D.D. 
 
 There is a Latin America as there is an Anglo-Saxon 
 America, and these two descriptive appellations will 
 probably remain applicable to the lands of the Western 
 Hemisphere to the end of time. It was not always 
 clear that such would be the case. Take your posi- 
 tion at the middle point of the eighteenth century, and 
 the Anglo-Saxon race, the English speech, and the 
 Protestant religion were limited to a narrow strip of 
 territory between the summits of the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains and the Atlantic Ocean. To the northward the 
 valley of the St. Lawrence and the territory drained 
 by the waters of the Great Lakes, were French ; Span- 
 iard and Frenchman occupied, explored, divided, and 
 disputed the vast territories drained by the Mississippi 
 and its tributaries. Florida was Spanish, and the Gulf 
 of Mexico was a Spanish lake. 
 
 Wolff dying upon the Plains of Abraham in 1759 set- 
 tled the question of the St. Lawrence, and all British 
 America became the heritage of the Anglo-Saxon, of 
 his speech and of his faith. 
 
 In 1803 Napoleon, thinking to disappoint his enemies, 
 ceded the Louisiana Territory to the United States, and 
 the Mississippi, long vexed only by the canoe of the 
 French voyager and the Franciscan and Jesuit friar, 
 2 
 
and later granting only a grudging passage to the flat- 
 boats of the early settlers of the Ohio Valley, became a 
 highway of commerce, bearing the multiplied products 
 which constitute the rich tribute of the Mississippi 
 Valley, assuring at the same time the ultimate spread of 
 the Anglo-Saxon over the vast plains of the interior, the 
 summits of the Rockies and the Pacific slope. 
 
 Growth of a Nation 
 
 In 1820 Florida is added to our national domain and 
 the Gulf of Mexico ceases to be a Spanish lake. In 
 1853, as the ultimate issue of a war undertaken at the 
 dictation of the slave power, the Providence who makes 
 even the wrath of man to praise him gave to us our 
 present southern boundary, widening the territory ac- 
 quired by conquest in 1848, which had already begun to 
 pour into the lap of civilization the unmeasured gold of 
 California. Our civil war consecrated this vast in- 
 heritance to freedom and wiped out the darkest blot 
 upon our Christian civilization, securing the perma- 
 nency and growth of free institutions having their 
 foundation stone in the living Word of God. Thus had 
 “the little one become a thousand and the small one 
 a strong nation,” and the persecuted and despised en- 
 tered into his inheritance. It only remained that the 
 brief spasm of war in 1898 should assure to the future 
 of America the control, without menace from Euro- 
 pean power, of the great lines of commerce destined to 
 circle the world and to unite America north and south 
 by the opening of a water way through the interconti- 
 nental isthmus. Thus Cuba becomes American in 
 spirit and in institutions, while Porto Rico, bearing 
 upon her loftiest summits the Stars and Stripes, holds 
 the key to the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 commanding every channel of access to these mighty 
 waters from the mightier ocean, and assuring to com- 
 3 
 
merce and to civilization unfettered development in 
 harmony with the spirit of our Western civilization. 
 
 Thus have there come to be an Anglo-Saxon America 
 and a Latin America sharing the vast areas of the West- 
 ern Hemisphere. It needs not that our American 
 nationality pursue an aggressive policy looking to ter- 
 ritorial expansion. For a century a milder conquest 
 has been in progress : The conquest of the idea, of the 
 spirit. For a hundred years Latin America has been 
 learning of Anglo-Saxon America. Its best inspiration, 
 the vital forces that have molded constitutions, juris- 
 prudence, and administration have gone forth from the 
 republic of the North. The growing sentiment of 
 unity of interest and of destiny is more and more bind- 
 ing together the extremes of this Western world. 
 
 Territorial Extent of Latin America 
 
 Look now at the territorial extent of Latin America. 
 It offers a spectacle equal in superficial area to Anglo- 
 Saxon America. It offers a spectacle of a family of 
 nations. Mexico at the north, Argentina and Chile at 
 the south, the former equal to one fourth of the area 
 of the United States, and Argentina, together with Para- 
 guay, equaling the whole extent embraced between the 
 summits of the Alleghany Mountains and those of the 
 Rockies. Brazil, with its mighty Amazon, holds a re- 
 gion vaster than our United States, apart from Alaska 
 and our island possessions. Take the States of Minne- 
 sota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana ; divide 
 them along the line of the meridian drawn through 
 their centers, join the two strips end to end, and you 
 have a territory somewhat like that of Chile, 2,800 miles 
 long, a distance equal to that from Puget Sound to 
 Panama. Take Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin ; 
 add to them Texas, vaster than all the four together, 
 and you have a territory equal to that of Colombia. 
 
 4 
 
>oii via, and Peru ; each one, Bpreaa out over our terri- 
 tory, would cover as large a space, while Venezuela is 
 larger than any one of these. Add to all these the 
 little group of nations in Central America and the is- 
 lands of the sea, and you have an area of more than 
 eight millions of square miles, the heritage of a people 
 numbering more than fifty millions of souls. Such is 
 Latin America, its extent and population. 
 
 This population from Mexico to the Straits of Magel- 
 lan is practically of one race and speech. Whatever 
 the mingling of aboriginal blood or the influx of Euro- 
 pean population, Central and South America are pre- 
 dominantly Spanish and Portuguese, of Latin stock, as 
 North America is predominantly Anglo-Saxon. It 
 might be said that as the mingling of the nations in our 
 own country is producing a composite type, new in the 
 history of the world, so the mingling of the races in 
 South America, especially in the vast plains of the 
 Plata, is producing a composite type whose character- 
 istics are determined by the currents of Latin blood. 
 
 At about the same period the action began of the 
 forces which have determined this development, south- 
 ward and ever southward have flowed the tides of the 
 Latin race in this new migration, while westward and 
 ever westward the star of Anglo-Saxon empire has 
 taken its way. It seems as though the God who metes out 
 to the nations their habitation has so divided the herit- 
 age of this Western world that the future of each of 
 these great races should here find its widest expansion 
 and its largest development. 
 
 Two Types of Religious Faith 
 
 And what is true of race and language is true of re- 
 ligious faith. Columbus, landing upon the shores of 
 Guanahani, planted the standard of the cross, to be fol- 
 lowed by tonsured priest and hooded monk represent- 
 5 
 
ing a theory of Christianity which exalts the priest and 
 the sacrament in the hands of the priest, erecting thus 
 in the Church as an institution an indispensable medi- 
 ary for the communication of divine grace to human 
 souls. The Pilgrim Fathers, landing upon the “rock- 
 bound shores of New England,” bearing in their hands 
 the open Bible and seeking direct communication of 
 the soul with God, through the one Mediator and only 
 High Priest, the Lord Jesus Christ, represented Protes- 
 tant Christianity in its fullest power and with all its pos- 
 sibilities. 
 
 In this last contrast appears the fundamental prin- 
 ciple that compels and inspires our mission work in 
 Latin America. It is the old issue, never entirely lost 
 sight of in the history of Christianity, between sacerdo- 
 talism and the universal priesthood of believers. The 
 conflict was renewed and became vital in the history of 
 Christendom with the Protestant Reformation of the 
 sixteenth century. It was then that the lines were 
 drawn and two great interpretations of the Christian 
 system began the debate that w r as to issue in the de- 
 termination as to which is the true expression of the 
 faith as it is in Christ. The vast conflict was begun in 
 Europe, but in Europe it could not be fought out on 
 equal terms. Romanism, intrenched for a thousand 
 years, with untold wealth at its command, and joining 
 its claims with the assumptions and the greed of human 
 world-powers, offered an impassable barrier for three 
 centuries to the advance of Protestanism. In the prov- 
 idence of God this conflict is to be fought out to its 
 final issue in these Americas. 
 
 For three centuries Romanism and Protestantism de- 
 veloped, each according to its own genius, in this West- 
 ern world, and he who runs may read these centuries. 
 
 For these centuries the action of the Protestant reli- 
 gion upon the Latin race v T as wholly paralyzed. It was 
 not until the vindication of the open Bible by the Luth- 
 6 
 
eran Reformation of the sixteenth century was comple- 
 mented by the vindication of the work of the Holy 
 Spirit, and the rights of the Christian conscious- 
 ness in the Wesleyan Reformation of the eighteenth 
 century, that Protestantism could go forth in vital power 
 to accomplish in the new era of the reformation the 
 unity of Christendom in loyalty to God’s holy word and 
 in the experience of salvation certified by the witness of 
 the Holy Ghost. 
 
 The Dogma of Papal Infallibility 
 
 And it was not until the cap-stone of the Roman sys- 
 tem was brought forth with shoutings, when the infalli- 
 bility of the pope was proclaimed from the balcony of 
 St. Peter’s in Rome, that the providence of God struck 
 the hour for the renewal of the advance movement of 
 Protestantism both in Europe and America. The dog- 
 ma of the papal infallibility determines finally and irre- 
 vocably, so far as the Roman system is concerned, its 
 irreconcilable conflict with the word of God. It claims 
 the Bible, God’s gift to men as men, as the book of the 
 priest, to be interpreted in no other way than as au- 
 thorized by an infallible pope. It makes Romanism as 
 a system forever irreformable save by protest, by revo- 
 lution. Since then God’s message to his children living 
 under that system is, “ Come out from the midst of her, 
 that ye be not partakers of her torments.” 
 
 At once after that proclamation the issue became plain 
 to Christendom, and from that moment there was borne 
 in upon the consciousness of Protestantism its mission 
 to proclaim, with the open Bible in hand, the birthright 
 of the sons of God. That birthright is to possess, each 
 man for himself, the word of God and to experience, 
 each man in himself, without the necessary mediation 
 of priest or sacrament, the assurance of his adoption 
 into the divine family. 
 
 7 
 
The Epochal Year of 1870 
 
 Let me recall to you the astonishing success of events 
 in that epochal year of 1870. Papal Christendom was 
 in convocation at the Vatican Council. A question of 
 policy affecting the destiny of the Spanish people, 
 whose history has been so interwoven with all European 
 politics and with all American destiny, was agitating 
 the courts of Europe. French arms supported in 
 Rome the temporal power of the pope. Protestant 
 Prussia aspired, in dispute with Catholic France, to 
 designate an occupant for the vacant Spanish throne. 
 The Council was debating the project for the definition as 
 a dogma of Papal Infallibility. The courts were in dis- 
 pute as to a question of temporal sovereignty. On the 
 eighteenth of July, the final vote having been taken in 
 the Council, the papal infallibility was proclaimed from 
 the balcony of St. Peters. Within twenty-four hours 
 war was declared between Prussia and France. After 
 a campaign of less than forty-five days, French arms 
 went down in defeat before the arms of united Germany, 
 a Germany united in the throes of conflict and under 
 the leadership of a Protestant nation. Louis Napoleon 
 dethroned and France standing upon the threshold of 
 its new history as a republic, French troops could no 
 longer maintain the pope upon his temporal throne. 
 They were withdrawn from Rome, and on the twentieth 
 of September, through the entrance of the Porta Pia, 
 the army of united Italy entered the Eternal City and 
 the temporal power of the popes came to an end for- 
 ever. 
 
 A divinely taught leader in modern missions has said: 
 “ I do not hesitate to express the conviction that, as 
 affecting the work of evangelical missions, this fall of 
 the temporal power of the pope was the most moment- 
 ous event of modern history, for it made papal Christen- 
 dom what it never had been and never could be before 
 8 
 
—an open and accessible field for preaching the Gospel 
 of the Son of God.” 
 
 Protestantism's Mission as a Witness to Truth 
 
 From this period there has been the most astonishing 
 awakening in the conviction of Protestant Christians as 
 to the duty of bearing witness to the truth among the 
 peoples of Homan faith. A marvelous development 
 had prepared the way in many of the countries of 
 Spanish America for the free circulation of the word of 
 God and the open proclamation of Gospel truth. Mex- 
 ico, in the throes of a mighty internal conflict, had 
 proclaimed religious liberty and decreed the separation 
 between Church and State. Argentina after long inter- 
 nal conflict had faced the issue, and under a liberal con- 
 stitution, although not decreeing formal separation 
 between Church and State, had nevertheless proclaimed 
 freedom of speech, of the press, and of public worship. 
 Chile by a legislative interpretation of the unchanged 
 letter of her Constitution had opened the way for the 
 public preaching of the Gospel. Brazil under its liberal 
 and enlightened emperor had taken its place among the 
 progressive nations of America, guaranteeing the rights 
 of conscience and of free public worship, a transforma- 
 tion soon to be followed by a formal separation of 
 Church and State. In the other nations of Central and 
 South America the conflict was in progress with vary- 
 ing fortune, and it only needed the resolute purpose and 
 undaunted faith of some messenger of the truth to pry 
 open the doors and give entrance to the light. 
 
 Missionary progress in Latin America has thus a 
 definite date for its beginning in the year 1870. At 
 that date there were scarcely any Protestant missions in 
 Latin America. For thirty years the men who repre- 
 sented our own Church in the Argentine Republic, un- 
 der pressure of restrictive laws or executive control 
 
which forbade the circulation of the Bible and the 
 preaching of the Gospel in the vulgar tongue, had con- 
 fined their operations to little groups of English- 
 speaking people. Small beginnings in Brazil and Co- 
 lombia numbered their congregations upon less than ten 
 fingers of one’s hands, while converts from the native 
 people were less than one hundred. 
 
 Progress Made in Thirty Years 
 
 Such progress as has been made is the fruit of scarce 
 thirty years of effort. Limiting our views to our 
 own Church, the Mexico Mission began in 1873. Spanish 
 work in Argentina was inaugurated in 1867, but did not 
 reach its period of rapid development until 1880. Work 
 in Chile began in 1878, in Peru in 1890, while work in 
 Paraguay, Ecuador, and Bolivia is of still more recent 
 date. 
 
 Note, if you will, the main lines of progress. 
 
 1. The issue has been defined. It is the issue between 
 the open Bible, God’s message to every man, and the 
 assumption of a Church, placing its interpretation of 
 the word and its definitions as to dogma and duty 
 above the word itself as received by a conscience 
 illuminated by the direct light of the Spirit of God. It 
 is the issue between the birthright of the sons of God, 
 the direct access of the soul to the living Christ and 
 through him to the heavenly Father, and the assump- 
 tion of priestly prerogative as mediating between Sacer- 
 dotalism and the universal priesthood of believers ; the 
 issue between the testimony of the Holy Spirit in Chris- 
 tian consciousness and the pretended right of a human 
 institution to determine the relation of a soul to God. 
 
 2. The field has been entered and measurably occupied. 
 Take the capitals of Spanish America, and in Mexico 
 City, Quito, Lima, La Paz, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, 
 Montevideo, Assumption, and San Juan, you have the 
 
 10 
 
centers of Methodist missionary work in as many 
 nations, each the center of multiplied congregations in 
 actual existence or in early prospect. Our sister Meth- 
 odism holds Rio de Janeiro and Havana, Brazil and 
 Cuba. 
 
 3. We have determined the agencies. The circulation of 
 the Holy Scriptures without note or comment, the 
 preaching of the Gospel in the power of the Spirit, the 
 multiplication of the testimony to the truth by the 
 printed page through our mission presses. Education 
 through the Christian school, training up the youth of 
 our own Church in knowledge and in piety, preparing 
 the workers, sons of the people, who shall go forth to 
 proclaim the message to their countrymen, the hospital 
 with its multiplications of the healing miracles ever asso- 
 ciated with the action of the living Christ. 
 
 4. We have developed a plant , not fully, but in many 
 places, demonstrating the vantage ground given to the 
 work of evangelization by the church edifice, varying 
 from the simple chapel of pole and thatch, of wood and 
 tile, to the stately edifice for church and press and 
 school of which such notable examples are afforded in 
 Mexico City, Santiago, and Buenos Ayres. 
 
 5. We have discovered the men. In every land, from 
 Mexico to Argentina, the Spirit of God has called forth 
 from the people those who are the messengers of their 
 countrymen. Valderrama and his companions in Mex- 
 ico, Penzotti in Peru, Venegas in Chile, Thomson, Tal- 
 lon, Howard, Vazguez, and Abeledoin Argentina — these 
 are typical names from the Conference rolls of these 
 Latin- American countries. As always in the history of 
 evangelization, the Spirit of God exalts those “born of 
 the people 5 ’ and the witness of him who can say, “ One 
 thing I know ; whereas I was once blind now I see,” 
 makes most powerful appeal to the people. 
 
 61 We have reached and are reaching the people. It is no 
 longer a question as to whether the Gospel is needed by 
 11 
 
the people, or whether its preaching will be received. 
 In Latin America we have at this hour not less than 
 
 17.000 members and probationers in the Methodist 
 churches of our own denomination. Add to this the 
 
 11.000 gathered in by our sister Methodist Church of the 
 South and there are not less than 28,000 Methodists of 
 Latin race, of Spanish and Portuguese speech in this 
 Western world. Take into your thought the thousands 
 who through the years have borne steadfast witness to 
 the truth, the martyrs who in Mexico have sealed that 
 witness by their blood, the dying testimonies of those 
 who have been able to say with John Wesley, “ The best 
 of all is, God is with us,” and we may surely rejoice in 
 the fact that God has not left himself without witnesses 
 among these people, but has given many seals to the min- 
 istry of the Church. If we were to state the relative re- 
 sults in this and some other fields dear to the Church, it 
 will appear that results in Latin America have been pro- 
 portionate not only with the effort expended but with the 
 fruits elsewhere gathered. 
 
 7. Incidental results of far-reaching consequence enlarge 
 our view of the scope of this work and of its future 
 promise. Everywhere the presence of Protestantism 
 has stimulated progress, given vigor and stability to 
 reform movements, inspired new enthusiasm for educa- 
 tion, created new ideals of living, increased the sum of 
 human happiness. There can be no doubt that in Mex- 
 ico the presence of Protestant missions has contributed 
 to the permanency of the freedom and progress guaran- 
 teed by the laws of reform. Under the leadership of that 
 missionary hero, Dr. Thomas B. Wood, marriage laws in 
 Peru and in Paraguay have been modified as the result of 
 urgent argument, appeal, and example, until it is now 
 possible in these countries for Protestant Christians to 
 secure the sanction of the civil law for the constitution of 
 the families without the sacrifice of their conscientious 
 convictions by yielding to the demands of the Roman 
 12 
 
Church. To William Goodfellow and to Thomas B. 
 Wood was given a large place in organizing the modern 
 educational movements in Argentina, Uruguay, and 
 Peru. The former, under commission from the Argen- 
 tine government, enlisted the first body of American 
 school-teachers who organized the magnificent normal 
 school system, projected by the wisdom and patriotism 
 of President Sarmiento. 
 
 In Peru, in Chile, in Argentina, Protestant schools have 
 set the models and formed the ideals of public education, 
 while immediately upon the success of the revolution in 
 Ecuador, to a Methodist missionary, Dr. Wood, was 
 given the honor of enlisting a body of teachers to as- 
 sume direction of many of the most important schools 
 under the auspices of a liberal government. 
 
 In Mexico, where our Mission has for years pursued 
 hard after the ideal of an elementary school associated 
 with every church, the influence of these schools upon 
 the children of the Indian population has demonstrated 
 the capacity of these children for the highest culture 
 and usefulness as citizens. It is not strange that, as a 
 result of the position taken by our Protestant move- 
 ment in these countries, public esteem has been assured, 
 confidence created. Men in public life have expressed 
 the highest appreciation of the influence of the Protes- 
 tant missions, willingly attending upon public services 
 and functions, and declaring in not a few instances 
 their conviction that Protestantism offers clearest as- 
 surance for the future greatness of their countries. 
 
 A Field Open to Evangelization 
 
 And now, what shall we say of opportunity and need 
 in Latin America ? 
 
 The field is open. From the Rio Grande to the Straits 
 there is scarcely a region, a province, a district, a rural 
 neighborhood where the Gospel may not be preached; 
 
 13 
 
freely in most places, actually, despite local restric- 
 tions, in certain countries. Notwithstanding the fact 
 that constitutions and laws in Peru and Bolivia still 
 brand Protestants as heretics and put Protestant service 
 under the ban of the law, it is possible for the humble 
 messenger of the truth to go preaching. Doubtless per 
 secutions in isolated instances and localities still occur 
 and may be repeated. It may happen again, as it did 
 within two years past, that a Roman bishop in Bolivia 
 may demand the death penalty for a Protestant worker 
 for no other offense than the circulation of the word of 
 God. Others may be compelled to lie in prison, as did 
 Francis Penzotti in Peru for eight long months, for 
 preaching the Gospel to the people. Protestant schools 
 will doubtless still be denounced by the representatives 
 of the hierarchy, which claims exclusive authority over 
 the intellectual as well as over the moral and spiritual 
 life of the people. Ignorant fanatics may still be aroused 
 by the appeals of an ignorant and corrupt priesthood. 
 It is true, nevertheless, taking the field in its length and 
 breadth, that Latin America is an open field for the 
 proclamation of the Gospel. 
 
 Specific Needs 
 
 What are the specific needs of this great and impor- 
 tant field ? 
 
 1. Reinforcement in men, to enable us to enter open 
 doors and more completely to occupy the fields already 
 held. 
 
 2. The appropriation to these fields of the moneys 
 necessary to carry to their completion many church- 
 building enterprises inaugurated by the faith and con- 
 secration of the people, but held in suspense in conse- 
 sequence of their poverty, and for erecting additional 
 churches as the need arises. 
 
 3. Provision for hospitals and institutions for indus- 
 
 14 
 
trial training in the important centers of our chief mis- 
 sion fields. 
 
 4. The endowment of our educational institutions in 
 Puebla, Mexico ; in Santiago, Chile ; in Buenos Ayres, 
 Argentina; in Lima, Peru; and in San Juan, Porto 
 Rico. 
 
 5. The enlargement of our mission presses and the 
 provision by the Book Concern at home for the produc- 
 tion and distribution of the Discipline, Hymnal, and 
 standard literature of this Church and of Protestantism 
 in the Spanish language. 
 
 The Irrepressible Conflict 
 
 “This nation cannot continue to exist half slave and 
 half free” was an utterance which, coming from the 
 lips of Abraham Lincoln, in a great crisis of our coun- 
 try’s history, was felt by the conscience of the American 
 people to express the issue of an irrepressible conflict. 
 May it not be said with equal propriety that “ Christen- 
 dom cannot perpetually exist half Romanist and half 
 Protestant” ? This conflict, too, is an irreparable one. 
 Romanism represented by its hierarchy so recognizes 
 and does not hesitate to declare. In the Syllabus of 
 Errors, Pius IX gathered up and reiterated the Church’s 
 condemnation of the great doctrines and principles 
 which Protestantism holds essential to the Gospel and to 
 a truly Christian civilization. Leo XIII denounced 
 again and again Protestantism as a pest. We cannot 
 avoid the issue if we would. The conflict is not one be- 
 tween rival ecclesiasticisms or great hierarchial institu- 
 tions. It is the conflict between essential truth and the 
 error which in the Roman system has overlaid it ; be- 
 tween the rights of the Christian consciousness and the 
 assumption of a priestly mediary between the soul and 
 God. If we so interpret prophecy as to believe that the 
 gigantic system of popery will still be in existence at 
 15 
 
tlie “ times of the end,” we are, nevertheless, led to the 
 conclusion that before those times, through the influence 
 of the word and Spirit of the Gospel, Christ’s people 
 must be brought “ together in one.” The issue pro 
 posed in our campaign for the evangelization of Latin 
 America is nothing short of the unification of Chris- 
 tendom in loyalty to God’s holy word and personal fel- 
 lowship with the living Christ. The weapons of our 
 warfare are not carnal. We do not use physical force 
 nor proscription nor persecution in any form. We seek 
 to win, not compel. We must go forth in the spirit of 
 our Master if we are to bring people to him. The at- 
 tractive power will be found in a vital experience of 
 personal salvation through faith in the Lord Jesus 
 Christ. If Christendom can be united in its divine 
 Head, as proposed by himself, it will then go forth to 
 accomplish speedily the evangelization of the great 
 heathen world. 
 
 75 Cents per 100 Copies 
 
 Sebies of 1904 
 
 16