COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE , HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD i in ii ilium 1 'Hi ii HX00043320 KK^h Ir9 Columbia mtyeCtipoOtogork College of $ljp$triang anb burgeon* ICibrarp Gi/W Dr. C. F. Mo-cDoi^'d- DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED A BRIEF GUIDE TO The Requirements of Dental Examiners from Appli- cants for a License to Practice Dentistry in the United States of America and Island Possessions, Canada and the Provinces, ALSO The Leading Civilized Countries Throughout the World Bp Alphonso Irwin, D. D. S. CAMDEN. N. J. Member the American Medical Association, the National Dental Association, the New Jersey State Dental Society, Southern Dental Society of N. J., the National Board of Dental Examiners and the New Jersey State Board of Registra- tion and Examination in [Dentistry 1912 All rights reserved. Copyright *$apti«Mbr: C. S. Magrath. Printer, Camden, N. J. INDEX. PART I. UNITED STATES. Title Page l Introduction 7 Asheville Resolution n Boards Which Exchange Li- censes 12 Boards Which Do Not Ex- change 12 Non-Graduates Examined .... 12 Non-Graduates Not Examined 12 Reciprocal Interchange 11 Alabama 13 Arizona 13 Arkansas 14 California 14 G il( >rado 14 Connecticut 15 Delaware 15 District of Columbia 16 Florida 16 Georgia 17 Idaho 17 Illinois 17 Indiana 18 Iowa 18 Kansas 19 Kentucky 19 Louisiana 20 Maine 20 Maryland 21 Massachusetts 22 Michigan 22 Minnesota 22 M ississippi 23 Missouri 24 Montana 24 Nebraska 25 Nevada 26 New Hampshire 27 New Jersey 27 New Mexico 29 New York 30 N< >rth Carolina 31 Xorth Dakota 31 Ohio 32 Oklahoma 33 Oregon 33 Pennsylvania 35 Rhode Island 35 South Carolina 3° South Dakota 36 Tennessee 36 Texas 36 Utah 37 Vermont 38 Virginia 38 Washington 38 West Virginia 40 Wisconsin 40 Wyoming 40 U. S. Territorial Possessions. Alaska 41 Hawaii 41 Philippines 42 Porto Rico 43 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. PART II. DOMINION OF CANADA. Dominion Dental Council 46 Alberta 47 British Columbia 47 Manitoba 48 New Brunswick 49 Newfoundland So Nova Scotia 51 Ontario 52 Prince Edward Island 53 Quebec 54 Saskatchewan 56 Yukon Territory 57 PART III. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Abyssinia 61 Africa. South 99 Algeria 61 Arabia 61 Argentine Republic 62 Australia 62 Austria 63 Azores 63 Barbadoes 64 Belgium 64 Bermuda 64 Bolivia 65 Brazil 66 British E. Africa 66 British Guiana 66 British N. Borneo 67 Bulgaria 67 Canary Islands 67 Cape Colony ■ 67 Ceylon 70 Chile 70 China 71 Colombia 71 Congo Free State 71 Corea, see Korea 88 Costa Rica 71 Cuba 72 Denmark 72 Dominican Republic 72 Ecuador 73 Egypt 74 England 74, 80 Formosa ... 74 France 75 Germany 77 Great Britian 80 Greece 82 Guatemala 83 Hayti 83 Holland 83 Honduras 83 Hungary 83 India 84 Ireland 84 Italy 84 Jamaica 84 Japan 86 Java 88 Kongo, see Congo 71 Korea 88 Liberia 88 Madagascar 88 Malta 88 Manchuria 89 Mexico 89 M orocco 90 New Providence Island 90 New Zealand 90 Norway 91 Panama 92 Paraguay 92 Persia 92 Peru 92 Philippines 93 Portugal 93 Prussia 94 Roumania 94 Russia 95 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Salvador 96 Saxony 96 Scotland 96 Servia 98 Siam 99 Siberia 99 South Africa 99 Spain 99 Straits Settlements 100 Sweden 100 Switzerland 100 Syria 101 Transvaal 102 Tunisia 102 Turkey 102 Uruguay 103 Venezuela 103 Victoria (Australia) 62 Zanzibar 103 APPENDIX. AMENDED LAWS. Alabama 107 Kentucky m Minnesota 117 New Jersey 120 Wew York 127 North Carolina 136 Virginia l 4 l Wisconsin *45 INTRODUCTORY. A most urgent need amongst the dental profession is a brief statement of the requirements exacted by the various States and foreign governments for permission to practise dentistry. This need is not limited to the nearly-three-thousand dental students that the colleges graduate on an average each year in the United States of America, but it is also felt by the colleges themselves, the dental examining boards, and general practitioners (among whom changes of location are occurring frequently). College faculties have repeatedly applied to us for such information, also members of examining boards, as well as the applicants for a license to practise dentistry in this, or some other, country. We therefore attempt to supply this need in form of a Guide, publishing only the briefest statements requisite to give the required information, quoting excerpts from laws when that appears to be sufficient, and publishing the law in full in certain cases, where it has been recently enacted, or for some special reason. It would make an unwieldly volume were all the laws printed in full (the law of Great Britain alone covering thirty- two pages), so only the practical points are extracted and con- cisely stated. We do not claim that the information contained herein is complete, or perfect, according to everyone's ideas on the subject, but we do claim that this is the first attempt to present legal dental requirements throughout the world in a systematic man- ner, and the information obtained is from official sources of the most reliable character, and of recent date. < Alphonso Irwin, D.D.S. 425 Cooper street, Camden, N. J. POSSIBLE EXAMINATION-EXEMPTIONS. The question is sometimes asked, even by a graduate from a dental college : "Where can I practise without being obliged to undergo an examination before a Board of Dental Examiners?" In reply I would answer : "In any of the countries included in the following list, with the exceptions noted." The list of so-called examination-exempt governments for reputable college graduates includes : Alaska, 'Arkansas, Arabia, Barbadoes, 2 Bermuda, 2 British E. Africa, British N. Borneo, 3Ceylon, China, ^Germanys, ^India, Liberia, 2 Malta3, ^Mexico, Morocco, Palestine, Persia, Siam, Straits Settlements, Syria, Zanzibar. It must not be inferred from this list that a dentist can step right into one of these countries and practise, but that the author- ities may (at their own discretion) waive the examination, and register the applicant. The countries not marked by a sign are open to dentists; the countries marked by a sign are open with reservations, as explained by the foot-notes. iThe Board of Examiners may require an examination. Registration required. 2The Board of Examiners may require an examination. Diplomas from British Colleges are usually registered. 3Diplomas accepted from colleges recognized by the National Associ- ation of Dental Faculties of the United States. 4Trade tax. sThe use of the title Amerikanischer Zahnarzt, or American Dental Surgeon, is prohibited in Germany by several decrees of the Supreme Court. PART I. The Requirements of Dental Examiners from Applicants for a License to Practise Dentistry in the United States of America and Island Possessions. RECIPROCAL INTERCHANGE OF LICENSE. Connecticut is permitted by law to exchange, but no inter changes have yet been reported. Delaware is now permitted to exchange. District of Columbia exchanges with New Jersey. Idaho exchanges with Montana and Utah. Indiana exchanges with New Jersey, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska. Iowa reports exchange with Vermont, New Jersey, Districl of Columbia, Indiana. Ohio, Michigan. Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas. Illinois, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Wisconsin. Kansas exchanges with New Jersey, District of Columbia, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin. Michigan exchanges with New Jersey, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Montana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Kansas. Nebraska. Maryland does not exchange, but exercises its personal judg ment in accepting licenses of other State Boards for registration. Montana exchanges with Michigan. Indiana. Minnesota, New Jersey, Nebraska and Idaho. Minnesota exchanges with Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, Michi- gan, Montana, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin. New Jersey exchanges with Utah, Tennessee, Indiana. Michi- gan, Vermont, District of Columbia. ( )klahoma cancels interchange. Pennsylvania exchanges with Michigan. Tennessee exchanges with New Jersey, Iowa, Nebraska, ( )hio, Kansas. I tab exchanges with New Jersey and blaho. Vermont exchanges with New Terse)'. Wisconsin exercises personal judgment in accepting licenses from other State Boards for registration. Asheville Resolution. "Resolved, That an interchange of license to practise den tistry be, and is hereby recommended to be observed by the vari qus State Boards on the following specific conditions: Any den tist who has been in active practice For five years or more, is a reputable dentist, is a person of good moral character and is i i 12 D E N T A I, I. A W S C O N D I- N S E D, desirous of making a change of residence, may apply to the State Board of the State in which he is a resident, and has in his pos- session already a certificate, for a new certificate, which certifi- cate being granted may be deposited with the Examining Board of the State in which he proposes to reside, and the State Board in lieu thereof, may grant him a certificate allowing him to practise." Examining Boards Which Exchange Licenses. 1 Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New- Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Examining Boards Which do not Exchange Licenses. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Kentucky,- Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Missis- sippi. Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming. NOTE. — Tn interchanging, the Boards waive the' theoretical exam- ination only; the applicant must do the practical work. Boards Which Examine Non-Graduates. Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont. Boards Which do not Examine Non-Graduates. California, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Minnesota, Montana. Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Ohio, Philippine Islands, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin, Washington, Wyoming. It will thus be seen that over two-thirds of the State Boards require the applicant for a license to possess a dental degree. 'Nearly half the State Examining Boards interchange licenses. ^Kentucky and New York may interchange licenses. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Board of I )ental Examiners : I 'r< Alabama. dent, Dr. J. A. Hall, Collinsville, exam- ines in practical prosthetic dentistry and metallurgy; Secretary, Dr. \\ . !•'.. Proctor, Sheffield, examines in pathology, histology and oral hygiene; I Jr. \Y. J. Reynolds, Selma, examines in chemistry and materia medica; Dr. R. 15. Chapman, Troy, examines in anatomy and physiology; Dr. Geo. S. \ aim, Gadsden, examines in operative dentistry, oral surgery and i irthodi intia. The Board usually meets on Monday before the second Tues- day in May in the city of Tuskaloosa, Ala. Examination with diploma. Fee, $10. Theoretical examination in all the branches taught in rep- utable dental schools. Practical work in operative dentistry and prosthetic work. Candidate must prepare six-tooth bridge, using cuspids with Richmond crowns as abutments; teeth to be set up and soldered in the presence of one or more members of the Board. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. \Y. E. Proctor. Sheffield, Ala. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Arizona. Dr. John A. Lentz, Phoenix; Secretary, Dr. W. A. Baker, Tucson; Dr. J. Harvey P.Iain. Prescott; Dr. J. D. Holcombe, Globe. They examine in the following subjects: Anatomy, physi- ology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, metallurgy, his- tology, pathology, operative and mechanical dentistry, oral sur- gery. They also require demonstrations of applicant's skill in operative and mechanical dentistry. Examinations are held at Phoenix each year. Fee, $25. Undergraduates are examined, providing he or she shall have graduated from a High School or similar institution, and can furnish to the Board of Dental Examiners an affidavit containing his or her name, the name of his or her preceptor, and the name of at least two reputable witnesses, certified to before a notary public, showing that he or she has completed an apprenticeship of three years of twelve months each with a licensed practitioner of dentistry. 13 14 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. No interchange of licenses. For further information, address the secretary. Dr. W. A. Baker. Tucson, Arizona. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Arkansas. Charles Bergstresser, Eureka Springs ; E. Herbert Johnson, Secretary, Pine Bluff; R. D. Woodard, Stuttgart ; J. E. Andrews, Harrison ; Asher G. Ragland, Fort Smith. All applicants must pass an examination, with or without diploma. Applicants must attain an average of 75 per cent, to pass. No interchange with any State. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. No temporary licenses granted. Spring meeting of the Board some time in May. Examination held in Little Rock, Ark., every November. Examination fee, $15. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. E. Her- bert Johnson, Pine Bluff, Ark. Board of Dental Examiners : President, California. John M. Blodgett, Lodi; Secretary, C. A. Herrick, San Francisco ; Treasurer, J. L. Pease, Oakland; C. A. Litton, San Francisco; G. M. Crow, Los Angeles ; J. W. Neblett, Riverside ; H. R. Harbison, San Diego. Examination required with or without diploma. Fee, $25. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. No interchange of license with any State. Examination at Los Angeles and San Francisco in June, and at San Francisco in December. Three examinations yearly. For further particulars, address the secretary, Dr. C. A. Pler- rick, 133 Geary street, San Francisco. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Colorado. Dr. F. H. Sutherland, 701 Symes Build- ing, Denver, examines in operative den- tistry and anesthetics; Secretary, Dr. Mallory Catlct t, Denver, examines in anatomy, physiology, histology and bacteriology; Treasurer, Dr. B. Frank Gray, Denver, examines in orthodontia and oral surgery; Dr. E. O. Hile, Loveland, examines in pathol- ogy and materia medica; Dr. C. N. Guyer, Denver, examines in prosthetic dentistry and chemistry. The State Board meetings are held the first Tuesday in June and December. \ 1 A [, I, A WS COND i; N - E D. 15 All applicants must be graduates of a reputable dental col- lege. Examinations arc held upoiwilj subjects taught in any reputable dental college. Pee, $T©. A5-0* X.i interchange of license with any State, but in the case of all applicants an examination in full, both theoretical and prac- tical, is required. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. Mallory- CulkU, jiOCinpiiL Buildi ng, Denver, Colo. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Connecticut. Howard C. Provost, Winsted, examines in chemistry, metallurgy and oral sur- gery; Recorder. D. Kveritt Taylor. Willimantic, examines in pros- thetic dentistry, crown and bridge work and anesthesia; Edward Eberle, Hartford, examines in dental and oral pathology, thera- peutics and materia medica ; Albert W. Crosby, New London, examines in operative dentistry, orthodontia, oral hygiene and dental prophylaxis; William H. Metcalf, New Haven, examines in anatomy, physiology and histology. Applicant for license must have diploma, or five years' in- struction from a licensed dentist, or three years' practice as a legally ejualified dentist. Examinations are held in June and November. Fee, $25. A special clause permits reciprocal interchange of licenses in accordance with the Asheville resolution, but as yet the Board has not granted it, it being left to the discretion of the com- mission. Term of office of dental examiners has been changed to five years. Hereafter, one member to be appointed each year for that term. For further particulars, address the recorder, Dr. D. Everitt Taylor, Willimantic, Conn. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Delaware. Dr. S. H. Johns, 10th and Washington streets, Wilmington, examines in ortho- dontia and mechanical dentistry; Secretary, Dr. C. R. Jefferis, 1016 Delaware avenue, Wilmington, examines in operative den- tistry ; Treasurer, Dr. C. J. Kinkead, 828 Washington street. Wil- mington, examines in chemistry and materia medica; Dr. C. M. Hollis examines in anatomy and surgery; Dr. R. F. Corley examines in pathology and therapeutics. Requirements : A written notice of desire to take the exam- ination at least two weeks before date of examination. Applica- tion must be accompanied by the fee of S20. The insertion of one gold filling before the examiner of practical operations, the can- didate furnishing his patient, instruments and materials, except an engine, which will be supplied. l6 DENTAI, L A W S CONDENSE D. The diploma of graduation from a recognized dental college must be shown together with a late photograph of the candidate; also an affidavit made before one of the local notaries public in the presence of a member of the Board, that the candidate is the person named in the diploma. The photograph and affidavit are retained by the Board. Any candidate failing to pass the Board shall not be eligible for re-examination before the date of the next regular meeting, and then only on the same conditions as a new candidate, in- cluding fees. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. C. R. Jefferis, 1016 Delaware avenue, Wilmington, Del. Board of Dental Examiners : President, District of Columbia. Dr. Starr Parsons, 1309 L street, N. W., Washington, examines in operative dentistry and physiology; Secretary, Dr. Chas. W. Cuthbertson, 309 Seventh street, N. W., Washington, examines in chemistry and prosthetic dentistry; Dr. W. B. Daly, 1340 North York ave- nue, N. W., Washington, examines in anatomy and materia medica ; Dr. H. Janney Nichols examines in oral surgery and his- tology; Dr. Paris E. Brengle examines in bacteriology and path- ology. The semi-annual examinations of the Board of Dental Exam- iners of the District of Columbia will be held at the George Washington University in January and June. All applications for examination must be accompanied by a fee of ten (Sio) dol- lars, and filed with the secretary two weeks before the date of examination. Requirements: The practical examination requirements are filling a tooth with gold, and presenting a swaged case of three or more teeth (with clasps), this to be invested and soldered in presence of the examiners; Richmond crown is also required to be made in presence of the examiners. Reciprocal interchange of license with New Jersey. For further particulars, address the secretary. Dr. Chas. W. Cuthbertson, 309 Seventh street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Florida. R. P. Taylor, Jacksonville, examines in anatomy, histology and oral surgery ; Secretary, W. G. Mason, Tampa, examines in materia medica, chemistry, pathology and therapeutics; J. E. Chace, Ocala, ex- amines in operative dentistry, orthodontia and oral hygiene; C. F. Kemp, Key West, physiology and bacteriology; Wilmer S. Hall, Pensacola, examines in prosthetic dentistry and metallurgy. DENTAL LAWS C O N D E N S E I '. I 7 Requirements: Graduation From a reputable dental school; musl also take Board's examination. Pee, $25. No interchange of license with any State. A meeting of the Board is held al Jacksonville in May. For further information, address the secretary, I >r. \\ . G. Mas< "1, Tampa, Florida. Board of Examiners: President, Thos. Georgia. Cole, Newnan, Ga.; D. I). Atkinson, retary and Treasurer, Brunswick, Ga. ; S. I). Kami).), Marietta. Ga. ; C. Z. McArthur, Fort Valley, Ga.; P. E. Callahan, McRae, Ga. Requirements: Applicants must present diploma from a rep- utable Dental College. Fee, $10. Examination in theory and practice, the latter includes the insertion of gold fillings. No interchange of license with any State. Licenses may be revoked For cruelty, incapacity, unskilful- ness, gross neglect, indecent conduct, professional misbehaviour, unfitness and conviction of any misdemeanor in any court in this State. Licenses must be registered by the clerk of the Superior Court in the county in which the person shall practise. Meetings, at the close of the college term, and at the annual meeting of the Georgia State Dental Society. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. 1). D. Atkinson, Brunswick, Ga. Hoard of Dental Examiners: President, Idaho. E. L. Youngberg, Coeur d'Alene; Secre- tary. B. P. Brookfield, Idaho Falls: J. Jessup, Boise: G. Baker, Twin Falls; II. Kimball, Salmon. Examination required with or without diploma. Fee, S25. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. Examinations in January and June. The Board exchanges licenses with Montana and Utah, und tinder reciprocity agreement. further information, address the secretary. Dr. B. F. Brookfield, Idaho Falls. Idaho. Board of Mental Examiners, President, Illinois. C. P. Pruyn, 92 State street. Chicago; Secretary, T. A. Broadbent, Chit Henry L. Whipple, Quincy; \V. F. Whalen, Peoria; T. W. Pritchett, Whitehall. Examination required with or without diploma. Examination fee, $20. License fee, $5. l8 D E N T A h L A W S CONDEFS E D. Examinations twice yearly, usually in June and November. The following- preliminary qualifications shall be required of candidates to entitle them to examination by this Board for a license to practice dentistry in the State of Illinois : Graduates of a reputable dental or medical school or college, or dental department of a reputable university, who enter the school or college as freshmen on or after the school year of 1906-7, must have a minimum preliminary education of not less than gradua- tion from an accredited High School, or a certificate from the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, equivalent officer or deputy, acting within his proper or legal jurisdiction, showing" that the applicant had an education equal to that obtained in an accredited High School; which certificate shall be accepted in lieu of a High School diploma. Reciprocity agreements with the following States : Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio and Wisconsin. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. T. A. Broadbent, 705 Venetian Building, Chicago, 111. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Indiana. Fred S. Anderson, Richmond, examines in anatomy, physiology, histology and oral hygiene ; Secretary, F. R. Henshaw, Indianapolis, examines in chemistry, metallurgy and porcelain ; Fred J. Prow, Blooming- ton, examines in operative dentistry, crown and bridge work and bacteriology; J. A. Dinwiddie, Lowell, examines in oral surgery, pathology and orthodontia; F. R. McClanahan, Rushville, ex- amines in dental medicine, anesthesia and prosthetic dentistry. Regular meetings of the Board are held in the State House, Indianapolis, on the second Mondays of January and June, con- tinuing for four days. Applicants must be graduates of colleges recognized by the National Association of Dental Faculties. No temporary permits issued. Reciprocity with New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Min- nesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Montana and Kansas. Reciprocal inter- change requiring five years' ethical practice and membership in the State Society. For further particulars, write the secretary, Dr. F. R. Hen- shaw, 507 Pythian Building, Indianapolis, Indiana. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Iowa. T. F. Cooke, Burlington, examines in anatomy, physiology and hygiene ; Vice- President, F. H. Rule, Ackley, examines in prosthetic dentistry, bacteriology and histology; Secretary, J. A. West, Des Moines, examines in materia medica, anesthesia and jurisprudence; G. N. Beemer, Mason City, examines in operative dentistry, oral sur- D E N I' A I, UWS C N D i. N - E D. 19 gery and orthodontia ; Arthur Solvsberg, Sioux City, examim pathology, therapeutics, chemistry and metallurgy. Examinations are held in [owa City during June, and in I >es M< tines during I >ecember. Practical examination in operative and prosthetic dentistry. Examination required with diploma. Fee, $20. No special examination 'granted to practitioners. Interchange of license with New Jersey, Vermont, Nebraska, Tennessee, Indiana, Minnesota, Kansas, District of Columbia, < >hio, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. J. A. West, 417 Utica Building, Des Moines, [owa. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Kansas. O. H. Simpson, Dodge City; Vice-Presi- dent, F. O. Hetrick, Ottawa; Secretary, G. F. Ambrose, El Dorado. Applicants for examination should present to the Hoard, through its secretary, at least five clays before the commencement of the examination, a written application on a form furnished by the Board, and accompanied by the fee of $25. The applicant must be twenty-one years old and furnish a certificate of good moral character. The examination will be both practical and theoretical, cov- ering the subjects usually presented to the students in our dental colleges. Each candidate must furnish his own engine, instru- ments and material. The Board will furnish chairs, lathe, vul- canizer and patients. The candidate will be permitted to charge a small fee for clinical work, to cover cost of material used. The applicant must make an average of at least 75 per cent. to obtain a license. The law makes no provision U>v temporary permits to pracl Kansas has reciprocal agreements with New Jersey, District of Columbia, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois. Wis- consin, Minnesota and Nebraska. The P)Oard will hold its next meeting in Topeka, Kansas, in June. For further information, write the secretary, Dr. G. F. Am- brose. El Dorado, Kansas. Board of Dental Examiners ; President, Kentucky. C. W. McGuiar, Mumfordville; Secre- tary, J. H. Paid win. Louisville j J. W. Juett, Eminence; C. R. Shacklette. Louisville. The Poard meets for the examination of applicants at Louis- ville on the fiust Tuesday in lune and December, at 9 o'clock A. M. 20 D K N T A I, L A W S C O N D E N S E D. Applicants must be graduates of reputable dental colleges, and be examined in the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, materia medica, pathology, histology, operative dentistry, oral surgery, chemistry, metallurgy, prosthetic dentistry, crown and bridgework, oral hygiene and dental prophylaxis. Every appli- cant shall be required to insert two gold fillings and two amalgam fillings. Construct one bridge on a model, consisting of one shell and one Richmond crown, and two porcelain-faced dummies; one gold or porcelain inlay or Logan crown ; all to be done before the board. A general average of 75 per cent, is required. Applicants must come prepared with instruments, engine and material, except bellows, blowpipe, lathe, stones and polishing cones, to do the above-mentioned work. The board would advise the use of gold in the bridgework. Application for examination must be made upon blanks furnished by the board, accompanied by a fee of $20. which must be filed with the secretary ten days before the date of examination. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. J. H. Baldwin, 305 Broadway, Louisville, Kentucky. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Louisiana. Wallace Wood, Jr., 204 Camp Building, New Orleans ; Secretary and Treasurer, V. K. Irion, 417 Macheca Building, New Orleans; E. L. Mitchell, Homer ; C. V. Vignes, Monroe ; R. L. Zelinka, Houma ; J. Sidney Couret, New Orleans. Requirements : All applicants must be graduates and stand examinations. Reciprocity: "This board will interchange licenses with any board which has the same requirements of graduation and exam- ination. Provided that such applicant shall have practised five years in the State from which the said applicant shall come; not having failed before the Louisiana State Board of Dentistry, and declare his intention of actual residence in Louisiana, all declared under oath." Examination : All board meetings are held at New Orleans; the first session beginning on the second day following the com- mencement of the New Orleans College of Dentistry; and the second session beginning -on the Wednesday following the third Monday of October of each year. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. W. K. Irion, 417 Macheca Building, New Orleans, Louisiana. Board of Dental Examiners: I 'resident, Maine. Langdon S. Chilcott, Bangor, examines in operative dentistry and dental sur- gery; Edmund C. Bryant, Secretary and Treasurer, Pittsfield, D 1C N T A I. t,AWS C O N D E N S E L). _' l examines in materia medica, therapeutics and bacteriology; Will S. Payson, Castine, examines in prosthetic dentistry, orthodontia ami metallurgy; Henry Gilman, Portland, examines in anatomy, histolog) ami physiology; Geo. M. Walling, Machias, examines in chemistry and anesthesia. Meetings of the Board of Dental Examiners of the Stat .Maine are held annually at Augusta. Bach applicant i^ required t" bring gold foil and such instruments and appliances as lie may require in operating on the teeth. Each applicant must also secure his patients for the operations in advance, and each will he required to prepare the cavity and insert in the month at least one cohesive and one non-cohesive gold filling, the former to he in a pn iximal cavity. Theoretical examinations will he in writing, and all answers must he written in ink. As a part of this examination, each applicant is required to bring two human teeth mounted in plaster with a rout between them, and to have cap and post fitted to the root, and a facing fitted and hacked for the same. This must he soldered in the presence of some member of the hoard. The application must be hied and the fee of twenty dollars must lie paid before examination. For further information write the secretary, Dr. Edmund C. Bryant, Pittsfield, Maine. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Maryland. M. G. Sykes, Ellicott City, examines in chemistry and bacteriology; Secretary. F. F. Drew, Baltimore, examines in pathology, therapeutics and materia medica; \Y. \Y. Dunhracco, Baltimore, examines in operative dentistry; P. E. Sasscer, Da Plata, examines in oral surgery; 11. A. Wilson, Baltimore, examines in anatomy and physiology; T. B. Moore, Rising Sun, examines in mechanical dentistry. Two examinations are held annually, one in May and the other in Ni >vemher. No special examination for those already in practice, but those who have been in ethical practice for five or more years will he allowed a credit of five points for the first five years and one additional point for each additional year. The rule is to examine all graduates, but in the cases of practitioners of lone; practice and undoubted standing, the board may register without examination. No interchange of license. For further particulars, address the secretary, Dr. F. F. Drew, 701 Howard street. Raltimore, Md. 22 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Members of Massachusetts Board : Dr. Massachusetts. John F. Dowsley, 175 Tremont street, Boston, President; Dr. G. Everett Mitchell, Haverhill, Mass., Secretary; Dr. Geo. A. Maxfield, Holyoke, Mass.; Dr. Thos. J. Barrett, Worcester, Mass.; Dr. Wm. W. Marvell, Fall River, Mass. Examinations are held in March, June and October. The dates are published in the dental journals the month preceding the examination. All candidates examined must be of good moral character, and twenty-one years of age. Fee, $20, first examination ; second examination no fee ; third and subsequent examinations, $5. Temporary licenses are not granted. No interchange of certificates with other States. Application blanks and all information may be obtained from the secretary, Dr. G. E. Mitchell, 25 Merrimack street, Haver- hill, Mass. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Michigan. A. W. Haidle, Negaunee ; Secretary- Treasurer, F. E. Sharp, Port Huron ; F. L. Haynes, Manistee; E. A. Honey, Kalamazoo; G. F. Burke, Stevens Building, Detroit. Examinations required with diploma. Fee, $20. No special examinations or temporary licenses granted. Meetings of the Michigan State Board of Dental Examiners for the examination of candidates for license to practise dentistry in Michigan will be held at the Dental Department of the Uni- versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, twice a year, in June and N( ivember. Applications must be in the hands of the secretary at least five days before the examination. Application blanks and rules governing examinations will be furnished by any member of the board. Reciprocal interchange of license with New Jersey, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Montana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Min- nesota, Kansas and Nebraska. For further information address the secretary, Dr. F. F. Sharp, Port Huron, Mich. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Minnesota. Dr. G. O. Orr, Jordan; Secretary, Dr. C. IT. Robinson, Wabasha; Dr. R. W. Berthel, Lowry Building, St. Paul; Dr. F. E. Cobb, Masonic Temple, Minneapolis; Dr. W. A. Robertson, Crookston ; Dr. F. W. I 'rail, Waseca. D E N I A I- I A W S C N D E N - i. D. 23 Requirements: A diploma must be presented from a dental college in good standing, or candidate must furnish the required proofs thai the applicant lias been licensed in another State for five years or more, such State having and maintaining a standard equal with Minnesi >ta, the b< >ard being the judge i »i" the standards. All applications must be made on blanks Furnished by the board, and must be in the hands of the secretary at least two weeks previous t" the examination. A fee of $20 must accom- pany each application, and is in no case returnable. Examinations are held on the second Tuesday after the first Monday in .March and November. A special meeting is usually held 111 June. All examinations are held at the Dental Depart- ment of the State University in .Minneapolis. All applicants (except those who have been in legal practice for five years or more in another State having and maintaining a standard equal to ours) shall he given a written examination on the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, metallurgy, pathology, oral surgery, opera- tive dentistry, orthodontia and prosthetic dentistry. A practical examination is given all applicants, consisting of the preparation of a cavity and the making of a gold filling; the preparation of a cavity and the making of a gold inlay; also an amalgam tilling; the preparation of the root and making of a crown, for a patient supplied by the board. All instruments and materials necessary to perform the re- quired operations, except foot bellows, must be brought to the examination by the applicant. All operations and work must he performed at the place of meeting. Interchange of licenses with Iowa. Illinois, Indiana. Kansas, Nebraska, .Montana. .Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and District of Columbia, as far as the theoretical examination goes: applicants must do the practical work. Fee for reciprocity. $50. Xo temporary licenses granted. All communication-- should be addressed to the secretary, Dr. C. il. Robinson, Wabasha, Minn. Hoard of Dental Examiners: President, Mississippi. I )r. G. F. Ilaynes. Newton; Dr. (A II. Chatman, Columbia: Dr. C. A. Kay. .Mer- idian: Dr. Boyce D. Graham, Clarksdale; Dr. Reuel May. Secre- tary, Jackson. The hoard meets the third Tuesday of May in every year at the State capital, Jackson, to examine applicants. Excerpts from the Dental Law of Mississippi: "Sect. 1527. Every person who desires to practise dentistry must obtain a license to do so, as hereinafter provided.'" 24 D 1: N T A I. L A W S C X L> E X S !•; I). "Sect. 1532. The Board of Dental Examiners shall meet at the capital of the State on the third Tuesday of May in each year for the purpose of examining applicants for a license to practise dentistry; and to continue in session until all applicants for license have been examined and their examination has been ap- proved. All examinations, except as to character, shall be upon written questions on the following subjects: Operative dentistry, prosthetic dentistry, oral surgery, physiology, metallurgy, anes- thetics, orthodontia; and in chemistry, anatomy, materia medica, pathology, therapeutics, histology and bacteriology as they per- tain to dentistry : together with a practical examination in oper- ative and mechanical dentistry, three members of the board con- stituting a quorum for business.'* Licenses are granted to existing practitioners. Temporary licenses are granted. Fee for examination, Sio. For particulars and requirements, apply to the secretary, Dr. Reuel May, 403 Merchants Bank Building, Jackson, Miss. Board of Dental Examiners: 1 'resident, Missouri. A. H. Mann, Kansas City; Jesse Miller, Vice-President, Maryville; George E. Haigh, Secretary, Jefferson City; T. E. Turner, St. Louis; Chas. A. Brown, Edina. The meeting of the State Board of Dental Examiners is in June, at Jefferson City. Applicants should come with all instru- ments and material to do operative work. A diploma from a rep- utable dental college, or a certificate of registration from another State is essential to examinations. The fee is Sio. For further particulars, apply to the secretary. Dr. George E. Haigh, Jefferson City, Missouri. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Montana. Dr. D. J. Wait, Helena; Vice-President, Dr. R. C. Purdum, Bozeman ; Treasurer, Dr. G. E. Longeway, Great Falls; Legal Adviser, Dr. R. R. Rath- bone, Dillon ; Secretary, Dr. G. A. Chevigny, Butte. The board meets the second Monday in July at Helena every year. Examinations continue three days. Examination in all cases. Subjects: Oral surgery, histology, dental pathology and dental medicine, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, metallurgy, operative and mechanical dentistry. Examination fee, $25, and when certificate is issued an addi- tional fee of $25 is required, making a total of $50. License must be registered with the county clerk within sixty days. d e n i a i. i. a ws c o n d i: x s e i'. 25 Montana exchanges with Michigan, Indiana. Minn. New Jersey, Nebraska and [dah For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. G. A. Ou\ ign) . Butte, Montana. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Nebraska. I. II. Wallace, Omaha, examines in n.atc- ria medica, therapeutics, hygiene and anatomy; Vice President, \\ . L. Shearer, Omaha, examines in oral surgery, physiology and pathology; Secretary and Treasurer, T. S. Pierce, Lincoln City, examines in practical work; A. E. Thomas, Hastings, examines in prosthetic dentistry, metallurgy and jurisprudence; C. S. Parker, Norfolk, examines in operative dentistry, chemistry and histology. The board meets at the State House in Lincoln, Neb., in May and November. Examinations practical and theoretical. Applicants must be graduates of four years' High School course, or its equivalent, and a graduate of a reputable dental col- lege, twenty-one years old. Two of the dental secretaries are required to be present at the State Dental College examinations. Temporary certificates granted. Fee, $5. Interchanges with Indiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Mon- tana and Iowa. Nebraska Dental College graduates are exempt from exam- ination. Licenses must be registered with the county clerk. Fees — Permanent license, $25. Graduates Nebraska Dental College, $10. Temporary license, $5. County clerk fee, $1. An Act (House Roll No. 474) : Relative to the practice of dentistry, recognizing certificates of dental examiners of other States and territories, and providing for certificates of removal of dentists from the State. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Nebraska : Section 1. The State Board of Dental Secretaries may, with- out examination, issue license to practise to any dentist who shall have been in legal practice in some other State or territory for a period of at least five years, upon the certificate of the Board of Dental Secretaries or a like board of the state or territory in which such dentist was a practitioner; certifying his competency and that he is of good moral character and upon payment of twenty-five ($25.00) dollars. Provided, however, that the State from which any practitioner may come shall have, and maintain equal standards of laws regulating the practice of dentistry and recognize exchange certificates issued by the Board of Dental Secretaries of the State of Nebraska. 3 26 D E X T A L L A W S CONDENSED. Sec. 2. Any duly licensed dentist of the State of Nebraska who is desirous of changing his residence to that of another state or territory shall upon application to the Board of Denta! Secre- taries, and the payment of a fee of five ($5.00) dollars receive a certificate which shall attest that he is a duly licensed dentist of the State of Nebraska. Sec. 3. Every person to whom a license is issued shall file the same for record with the county clerk in the county in which he desires to practise dentistry and the county clerk shall be entitled to a fee of fifty cents for recording such license ; and fail- ure to so file such license for record within one year after it is issued by the board, shall work a forfeiture thereof and said license shall not be restored by the board except upon the pay- ment to it of the sum of twenty-five ($25.00) dollars as penalty therefor. For further particulars, apply to the secretary. Dr. J. S. Pierce. Fraternity Building, Lincoln City, Nebraska. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Nevada. Dr. Dave Rulison, Reno, operative and prosthetic dentistry, hygiene and dental jurisprudence; Secretary, Dr. W. W. Goode, Carson City, chem- istry, pathology, materia medica and oral surgery ; Dr. \Y. II. Cavell, Carson Cit) r , anatomy, physiology, metallurgy and his- tology; Dr. Elton N. Davis, Tonopah : Dr. W. M. "YVad'leigh, Ely. Section 9. No person shall be eligible for examination by the State Board of Dental Examiners who shall not furnish satisfac- tory evidence of having graduated from a reputable dental col- lege, which must have been endorsed by the Board of Dental Examiners of Nevada; or who shall not have graduated from a High School or similar institution of learning, in this or some other State of the United States, requiring a three years' course of study, and who cannot furnish to the Board of Dental Exam- iners an affidavit, containing his or her name, the name of his or her preceptor, and the names of at least two reputable witnesses, certified to in the State of Nevada before a notary public, show- ing that he or she has completed an apprenticeship of four years of twelve months each, with a licensed practitioner of dentistry, in the State of Nevada, or cannot furnish to said Board of Exam- iners a certificate from the State Board of Dental Examiners, or similar body, of some other State in the United States, showing that he or she has been a licensed practitioner of dentistry in that State for at least five (5) years. For further particulars, address the secretary, Dr. \Y. W. Goode, Carson City, Nevada. \ T \ I. UWS CON D i; N SED. 27 I >< iard 1 'i' Registrati( >n in I dentistry : New Hampshire. President, G. A. Bowers, I >. I).S., Nashau, examines in anatomy, phj and oral surgery; Secretary, A. I. Sawyer, D.D.S., Man Chester, examines in operative dentistry, histology, pathology and therapeutics; M. R. Beale, I '.M.S.. Kane, examines in pros thetic dentistry, chemistry and materia medica. Examination required with or withoul diploma. Examina- tion Fee, $10. No special examination. Examination held in Manchester, \. II., in June and December of each year. Xo interchange "t" licenses with any State Further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. A. J, Sawyer, Manchester, New Hampshire. Board of Dental Examiners : -"resident, y^.^fri New Jersey. 1). F. Lmeltcy, Pnttorsr . in ; Secretary- treasurer, Charles A. Meeker, Newark; Win. K. Truex, freehold; Alphonso Irwin, Camden; II. S. Sut- phen, Newark, rfatd • Applicant must be a graduate of a reputable dental college. Professional attainments, preliminary qualifications and cent photograph must accompany application to the secretary. Examinations are held in the Assembly Chamber. Trenton, X. J., die tirst \T , ter the fourth of July, and the first Mon- day in I )ecember each year. Fee, $25. Reciprocal interchange of license with Utah, Tennessee. In- diana. Michigan, Vermont, District of Columbia and ( )hio. Requirements of application: All persons desiring to com- mence" the practice of dentistry in New Jersey must apply to the board for a license so to do. 2. Applicants for examination shall present to the secretary of the hoard at least two weeks before the commencement of the examination, at which he or she is to he examined, a written application mi a form provided by said hoard, together with a certified check- or money order for twenty five dollars, the reg- ular examination fee. ,}. Evidence that applicant is twenty cue years of age. 4. Certificates of moral character from two dentists in j^ood Standing, one of whom must be a resident of New Jersey. Preliminary educational requirements: Candidates for ex- amination must present certificates showing that they have fully completed a four years' course of study in an approved High School, or the equivalent thereof. Examination: Theoretical — All examinations shall he writ ten in the English language, and shall be <>n the following sub- ject^ : (Section 1.) Anatomy, physiology and histology. 28 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. (Sec. 2.) Materia medica, therapeutics, anesthetics and path- ology. (Sec. 3.) Theoretical operative dentistry, practical operative dentistry and oral surgery. (Sec. 4.) Theoretical prosthetic dentistry, practical pros- thetic dentistry and metallurgy. (Sec. 5.) Orthodontia, crown and bridge work and chemistry. Practical Operative Dentistry: Each candidate must bring his patients, also all instruments. A chair and engine will be provided. The cavity must be reasonably difficult. Cavities for gold must be approximal. Candidate may use any style of gold excepting crystal, sponge or mat gold. One gold and one amalgam filling will be required. Practical Prosthetic Dentistry : The applicant must present a full upper set, invested and ready for soldering. This must con- sist of a gold or silver plate, with soldered band over a set of single gum teeth, ground and backed, band and backing of the same material as plate. The plate must be struck from dies made from an impression of a mouth, and the articulating model, with the plate, when soldered, must be submitted for inspection. The plate must be removed from the investment by the applicant before the examiner. The candidate must bring solder, blowpipe and rubber tubing at least, six feet long for connection with gas outlet. The plate must be properly invested and ready for heating, with a sufficient quantity of solder and flux ready for use. No excuse will be accepted for failure to comply with these instructions. * An affidavit will be required stating that the work, prepara- tory to soldering, from the taking of the impression to the final investment, was done by the applicant without assistance from anyone. When examination is completed satisfactorily the plate will be returned to candidate. The board will not be responsible after thirty days for its return. First. — The theoretical examinations will commence prompt- ly at 9 a. m. on the days designated, and continue until appli- cants have been examined. Notice will be sent each candidate when he will be required to solder his plate, and also when to bring patient for operating. Second. — Each candidate will receive a card, with his exam- ination number. By this number shall the candidate be known throughout the examination. Third. — Applicants shall affix to their examination papers their number only, and, on the completion of each paper, shall present the card to the examiner in charge of that section for his DKNTAL L A W S C O N D B N S E D. 29 signature; at the completion of the examination the candidate shall sign the card under the number with lull name and address and return to the secretary. Fourth.- -Questions must be answered in routine, and papers handed in to the examiner of the section at the end of each ses- sion. All unanswered questions will be marked againsl the ap- plicant. Fifth. — Any candidate withdrawing from the sight of the examiner without permission shall forfeil his examination on that section. Sixth. — Practical prosthetic, practical operative work in the Stau- House at Trenton, N. J. Theoretical examination, Tren- ton, N.J. Seventh. — All theoretical examinations shall be in writing. Candidates must come provided with fountain or stylographic pens. Eighth. — Help of every kind must be removed from the reach and sight of the candidate. Any candidate detected in any attempt to give or obtain aid, in copying the questions, or in using any other unfair means, shall be instantly dismissed from the room, and his papers for the entire work shall be canceled. Candidates are required to take entire examination, or no credit will be given, as no partial examination will be accepted. All papers and signed cards must be turned in to the sec- retary by 5.30 p. m. on the last day of the examination. For further information apply to Dr. Chas. A. Meeker, secre- tary, No. 29 Fulton street, Newark, N. J. NOTE. — For amended (191 1) Dental Law of New Jersey sec Ap- pendix. Board of Examiners : President, F. E. New Mexico. Olney, E. Las Vegas; Secretary, M. J. Moran, Deming; F. J. Alger, Albuquer- que; L. E. Krvin, Carlsbad; F. N. Brown, Roswell. Requirements : Rule 1. — All persons desiring to commence the practice of dentistry in the State of New Mexico must apply to the State Board of Dental Examiners for examination, and must present at the time of examination his or her diploma from a reputable dental college, and, on satisfactory examination, will be granted a license. Rule 2. — Applicants are requested to present to the secretary of the board at least five days before the date set for the exam- ination a written application on a form furnished by the board, and said application must be accompanied with the fee of $25. Rule 3. — The examination shall consist of the following branches written in the English language: Operative dentistry. 30 DENTAL, LAWS CONDENSED. prosthesis, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, pathology, metal- lurgy, materia medica, anesthetics, orthodontia, histology, hygiene and oral surgery. Rule 4. — Examination on theory and practice shall be of equal value. Rule 5. — Practical operations shall consist of cases selected by the board ; patient and instruments to be furnished by appli- cant. Rule 6. — Applicant must bring instruments and material to do all practical operations at the chair, also plaster models and bite for a full denture, and carry case to the point of flasking. Rule 7. — All written examinations shall be on paper furn- ished by the board ; no other paper will be allowed in the room ; when papers are turned in questions must accompany answers, otherwise papers will not be accepted. Rule 8. — After two-thirds of the applicants have finished a subject others will be given thirty minutes to finish, at which time they must turn in their papers. Rule 9. — No license will be issued to applicants whose aver- age is below 75 per cent. Rule 10. — Write answers in order of questions ; don't give information that is not asked for. No temporary licenses granted. Communications with this board must be accompanied by stamps if an answer is expected. For further particulars, apply to the secretary, Dr. M. J. Moran, Deming, New Mexico. Board of Dental Examiners : President, New York. Alexander M. Holmes, Morrisville, anat- omy; Secretary, H. J. Burkhart, Batavia, physiology and hygiene ; A. M. Wright, M.D.S., 4 St. Paul Place, Troy, chemistry and metallurgy; A. R. Cooke, D.D,S., 815 Uni- versity Block, Syracuse ; E. G. Parker, D.D.S., Goshen, oral sur- gery and pathology; Wm. C. Deane, D.D.S., 616 Madison avenue, New York City, prosthetic dentistry; Oscar J. Gross, D.D.S., 4 South Church street, Schenectady, materia medica and therapeu- tics ; Fayette C. Walker, M.D.S., 309 State street, Brooklyn, operative dentistry; W. A. White, Phelps, histology. Diploma from a registered school is necessary for admission to the dental licensing examination. Applicants who have had six years' practice in dentistry may, on unanimous recommenda- tion of the board, receive a license to practise in this State, pro- vided they meet the necessary professional and preliminary re- quirements. Fee, $25. Chief, Chas. F. Wheelock, Examination Division, New York State Education Department, Albany, N. Y. For further particulars, apply to the secretary, Dr. PI. J. Burkhart, Batavia, N. Y. I I I : X T A L LAWS C O X I > E x sed. 31 Board of Dental Examiners: Pr< North Carolina. Dr. V. E. Turner, Raleigh, histology and oral surgery; Secretary. Mr. F. F. Hunt, Asheville, chemistry and materia medica; Dr. I. II. Wheeler, Greensboro, operative dentistry; Dr. J. X. Johnson, Goldsboro, anatomy and physiology; Dr. C. A. Thompson, Wilson, pathol- therapeutics and bacteriology; Dr. I. S. Spurgeon, Hillsboro, prosthetic dentistry and metallurgy. Requirements: Examination by the hoard, diploma from a reputable dental school and examination fee of Sio. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. A temporary license, however, is granted, upon exam- ination before one member of the board, valid only until the next regular meeting of the board. Xo interchange of licenses. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. F. L. I lunt. Asheville, X. C. Board of Dental Examiners: President, North Dakota. G. A. Rawlings, Bismark; Vice-Presi- dent, G. T. McDonald, Jamestown : Sec- retary. F. A. Kricker, Fargo; L. L. Eckman, Grand Forks; \Y. J. Brownlee, Devil's Lake. Revised dental law of Xorth Dakota, dated July 1st, 1910: Section 4 provides: "Any person not already a licensed den- tist in this State at the time of the going into effect of this act, desiring to practice dentistry therein, shall apply to the secretary of the board for examination, and pay a fee of $25 for the first examination and $10 for each subsequent examination, which fees shall in no case be refunded. At the next regular meeting of the board held after such application is made, the applicant shall present himself for exam- ination, and produce a diploma issued to him by some dental col- lege of good standing, of which standing the board shall be the judges. No person shall be permitted to take such examination unless he shall prove to the satisfaction of the board that he has had a preliminary general education equivalent to at least four years of study in some high school or academy in the State of Xorth Dakota, having a four years' course beyond that of an elementary school: and from and after the first day of January, 1914. every applicant for such examination shall in addition to the foregoing requirements, present to the board satisfactory evi- dence of having successfully completed a preliminary course of study equivalent to at least one year's work in the college of liberal art of the University of Xorth Dakota, provided, however, that the privileges of such examination are not denied to appli- cant therefor who holds a license to practise dentistry in some other State than Xorth Dakota prior to the passage of this act ; 32 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. No holder of a degree or diploma from a foreign country or province which does not accept for examination the holder of a license to practise dentistry issued by the State Board of Dental Examiners of this State shall be eligible for such examination : The board shall give the applicant such an elementary, theo- retical and practical examination as to thoroughly test his fitness for the practice of dentistry, and include therein the subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica. therapeutics, metallurgy, histology, pathology and operative, surgical and mechanical dentistry; If the applicant successfully passes the examination, he shall forthwith be registered upon the records of the board as a licensed dentist, and shall receive a certificate of registration signed by all the members of the board, whereby he shall be authorized to practise dentistry in said State for a period of one year from the date of such certificate, and as long as such cer- tificate shall be duly renewed as hereinafter provided : Provided, that any dentist who, for five years or more, has been in legal practice in another State of the United States having and maintaining a standard of laws regulating the practice of dentistry equal to that of this State, and is a reputable dentist of good moral character, and is desirous of removing to this State, and deposits in person with the board a certificate from the ex- amining board of the State in which he is registered, certifying to the fact of his registration and of his good moral character and professional attainments, and from the State Dental Society a written recommendation that he be admitted by reciprocity, may, at the discretion of the board, upon payment, of a fee of S50. be granted a license to practice in this State without a theoretical examination ; The board upon hearing, after twenty days' notice thereof, may revoke the license of anyone, who. with intent to deceive the public, shall practise dentistry under an assumed name.'" For further particulars, apply to the secretary. Dr. F. A. Bricker, Fargo, North Dakota. Board of Dental Examiners; President, Ohio. H. C. Matlack. 19 West Seventh street, Cincinnati, examines in operative den- tistry and surgery and oral hygiene; Secretary, L. L. Yonker. Bowling Green, examines in prosthetics, chemistry and metal- lurgy; Treasurer, J. B. Owens, Cleveland, materia medica. thera- peutics and orthodontia; W. D. Temper, Portsmouth, physiology, anatomy and anesthesia: II. Bartilson, Columbus, histol pathology and bacteriology. All applicants for license must pass the examinations pre- i) v. s r a i. i. a w s co nd k n s !•: d. 33 scribed by law. Only graduates of reputable dental colleges are eligible l'i >v examination. The board may excuse from the written examination an ap- plicant who has been in legal ami reputable practice in another State, territory or district for at least five consecutive years next prior to filing his application and who holds a license from a sim- ilar denial hoard thereof, provided the laws of Mich State, terri- tory or district accord equal rights to a dentist of Ohio holding a license from the State Dental Board. All applicants are re- quired to take the clinical examination. Examinations are held in Columbus during the months of June and < >ctober. Kxamina- tion fee, $25. Applications should he tiled with tin' Secretary ten day- prior to date i if examination. For further information, address the secretary, L. L. Yonker, Bowling Green, < >. Board of Dental Kxaminers : President, Oklahoma. W. W. Bryan, Claremore, Secretary, A. C. Hixon, Guthrie ; Treasurer, E. E. in, Oklahoma City.; G. \V. Bowling, Lindsay; E. A. Bonnell, Muskogee. Examination required with or without diploma. Fee, $25. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. Examinations usually held in May and November each year, in Oklahoma City or Muskogee. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. A. C. Hixon, Guthrie, Oklahoma. Board of Dental Examiners ; President, Oregon. Dr. F. Vaughn, Astoria, examines in anatomy and physiology; Secretary, Dr. H. H. Olinger, Salem, examines in chemistry and metallurgy; Dr. Jean Cline, Dekum Building, Portland, examines in operative and prosthetic dentistry; Dr. Wm. S. Kennedy, The Dalles, examines in materia, medica and therapeutics; Dr. Clyde Mount, Oregon City, examines in dental anatomy and pathology. All applicants must be examined. Candidates must have good moral character and be graduates of a reputable dental col- lege. Examination fee, $25. Yearly registration fee, $1.50. Application must be filed thirty days in advance of date of examination. Meetings of the board are held semi-annually in June and November, at Portland. No interchange of license. 34 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Rules governing examinations of the Oregon State Board of Dental Examiners: i. — No person shall be eligible to take exam- ination unless he or she shall be of good moral character and shall present to the board his or her diploma from some recognized school in good standing, and shall give satisfactory evidence of his or her rightful possession of the same. 2 — Candidates presenting themselves for examination shall file their application with the secretary, and at the same time pay to him the fee oi S25. Applications will not be received more than thirty days prior to examination. 3. — Temporary permits or licenses will not be granted under any circumstances whatever. 4. — The examination will consist of written questions on the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, metallurgy, pathology, operative and surg- ical dentistry, and also demonstration of skill in operative and mechanical dentistry. 5. — All written examinations shall be on paper furnished by the secretary, and the board will also provide chairs for practical examinations, but the applicants are required to furnish their own instruments and material. 6. — No fee will be returned to a candidate after he has filed his application for examination, but should he fail to meet the required percentage, he may present himself for a second exam- ination at the next regular meeting of the board without charge. 7. — A general average of 75 per cent, will be required in writ- ten examinations. 8. — At the opening of the examinations the applicant will be furnished with an envelope containing a card with a number. The applicant will write his or her name upon the card, seal the envelope, and use this number on all examination papers. The sealed envelopes will at the conclusion of the written examina- tions be handed to the secretary, and not opened until the papers are graded. 9. — Any candidate detected in trying to give or obtain aid shall be dismissed from the room, and his or her paper for the entire work rejected. 10. — Handwriting of candidates must be legible, and spelling and use of correct language will be taken into account in making up the rating on answers. 11. — The Board of Examiners shall begin their inspection of the answers submitted by the candidates immediately after the close of the examination, and shall complete the same with promptness and dispatch. A correct set of answers to the ques- tions of any one paper shall entitle the candidate to the full mark of that subject, viz. : one hundred points. Partial or imperfect D i: \ I A I. I. A W 5 C N D i: N S B d. 35 answers shall be rated by the examiners in accordance with their degree of fullness and correctness. For further information, write the secretary. Dr. II. H. ( Hinger, Salem. < Oregon. Board of Dental Examiners: President, Pennsylvania. Dr. John J. Moffitt, 200 Pine street, Ilar- risburg, examines in special dental an- atomy, dental histology and special dental physiology; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. Alexander II. Reynolds, 4630 Chester avenue, Philadelphia, examines in pathology and bacteriology; Dr. Hugh W. Vrthur, Jenkins Building, Pittsburgh, examines in operative and prosthetic dentistry; Dr. I. D. Whiteman. Mercer, examines in anesthesia, materia medica and therapeutics; Dr. Thomas JL.J ^ H^gn"i J-t"'--ir"i Pndd'rg, Pittsburgh, examines in anatomy and physiology; Dr. W. D. DeLong. Reading, examines in chemistry. metallurgy and oral surgery. Examination required in all cases. Applicants must be grad- uates of a reputable dental college. Dentists who have been in actual lawful practice for ten years may be licensed by the board, if, after due investigation and examination, it finds their educational and professional attain- ments to be, together, fully equal to the requirements for license in this State. Examinations held simultaneously in Philadelphia and Pitts- burgh in June and December each year. Fee, S25. Interchange with Michigan for licentiates since June. 1907, subject to the oral and practical examination of each State. For further particulars, write the secretary, Dr. Alexander H. Reynolds. 4630 Chester avenue. Philadelphia, Pa. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Rhode Island. Forest G. Eddy, 221 Butler Exchange, Providence, examines in operative den- tistry and bacteriology: Secretary, Harry L. Grant. 1025 Banigan Building, Providence, examines in materia medica. therapeutics, chemistry and anesthesia: Albert E. Seal. 12 East avenue. Paw- tucket, examines in physiology and pathology; Albert L. Midg- Iey. 315 Butler Exchange. Providence, examines in anatomy, his- tology, surgery and orthodondia ; James F. Gilbert. Woonsocket, examines in prosthetic dentistry, metallurgy and, crown and bridge work. All applicants examined. Fee, S20. Xo special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. For further information, address the secretary. Dr. Marry L. Grant. 1025 Banigan Building. Providence, R. I. 36 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Board of Dental Examiners and the South Carolina. branches on which they examine : Pres- ident, G. F. S. Wright, Georgetown, chemistry, physiology, pathology; Secretary, Brooks Rutledge, Florence, S. C, operative dentistry, orthodontia, crown and bridge work, anatomy; Dr. W. J. Ray, Aiken, S. C, mechanical dentistry, oral surgery, anesthesia ; Dr. E. C. Jones, Newberry, S. C., materia medica, bacteriology, therapeutics, metallurgy. Examinations are theoretical and practical on regular col- lege branches. Fee, $15. Applicants must furnish instruments and material for any demonstrations called for by the board. Candidates must be graduates of a reputable dental college. No interchange of license with any State. The annual meeting of the board is held at Isle of Palms, Charleston, in June. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. Brooks Rutledge, Florence, S. C. Board of Dental Examiners : President, South Dakota. E. H. Wilson, D.D.S., Miller; Secretary, Aris L. Revell, D.M.D., Lead; J. G. Mc- Cartney. D.D.S., Mitchell; F. E. Field, D.D.S., Sioux Falls; E. S.O'Neil, D.D.S., Canton. The board meets the second Tuesday in January and July. Requires both practical and theoretical examination. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. Aris L. Revell, Lead, South Dakota. Board of Dental Examiners ; President, Tennessee. J. B. Jordan, Nashville; Secretary, F. A. Shotwell, Rogersville ; J. M. Glenn, Jack- son; R. M. Gorman, Franklin; Southall Deckson, Boliver; B. D. Branson, Knoxville. Applicants may apply to the secretary at least ten days prior to date fixed for examination. Examination in Nashville in May. All applicants must possess diploma and pass both practical and theoretical examination. Fee, $10. No special examination to practitioners already in practice. Reciprocal interchange of license with New Jersey, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, Kansas. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. F. A. Shotwell, Rogersville, Term. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Texas. C. M. McCauley, Abilene; Vice-Presi- dent, T. S. Cartwright, Van Alstyne ; Secretary, J. M. Murphy, Temple; W. H. Scherer, Houston; M. J. Bisco, Fort Worth ; A. F. Sonntag, Waco. DENTAL L A W S CO N DEXSED. 37 Examinations are held at Houston in December. Applications, accompanied by fee of $25, should be in the hands of the secretary ten days prior to examination. Applicants are requested to answer in writing the following questions: State full name and address Age?. . . . How many years have you been engaged in the study of den- tistry? Where and when? If a graduate, from what school or college? Date of graduation Have you any other degree? Are you licensed in any other State; if so, what State? Date of such license On oath, deposes and says that the answers and statements made in the foregoing application are true. Sub- scribed and sworn to before me this. . . . day of 190. . . Notary Public. Diplomas are not registered; examination required in all cases. Xo special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. No interchange of license with any State. Temporary license granted upon a written examination before one member of the Board, good until the following spring. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. J. M. Murphy, Temple, Texas. NOTE. — The above application blank is printed, as it gives a good idea of the simplest form in use by some State Boards; others are much more exacting. Board of Dental Examiners; President, Utah. E. A. Tripp, Atlas Building, Salt Lake City, examines in pathology, histology and bacteriology; Secretary and Treasurer, A. C. Wherry, Mc- Cormick Building, Salt Lake City, examines in anatomy and phy- siology ; S. H. Clawson, Salt lake City, examines in surgical and mechanical dentistry; W. G. Dalyrmple, Ogden, examines in materia medica and chemistry; J. F. Christianson, Salt Lake City, examines in operative dentistry and metallurgy. Examinations required with or without diploma. Fee, $25. Xo special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. Reciprocal interchange of license with New Jersey and Idaho in accordance with the provisions of the Asheville resolution. Examinations usually in June and November. For further information, address the secretary, Dr. A. C. Wherry, McCormick Building, Salt Lake City, Utah. 38 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Vermont. E. O. Blanchard, Randolph ; Secretary and Treasurer, George F. Cheney, St. Johnsbury; K. L. Cleaves, Montpelier; L. E. Mellen, Middlebury; Geo. O. Mitchell, St. Albans. Examinations required in all cases. Fee, $25. No special examination for practitioners already in practice. Interchange of license with New Jersey and Iowa. For further particulars, address the secretary, Dr. George T. Cheney, St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Virginia. H. W. Campbell, Suffolk, examines in pathology and therapeutics ; Secretary, J. P. Stiff, Fredericksburg, examines in operative dentistry ; A. Hume Sprinkle, Staunton, examines in oral surgery and chemis- try; R. C. Lewis, Culpeper, examines in histology and anatomy; J. A. Colvin, Charlottesville, examines in physiology and materia medica ; W. M. Sturgis, Norfolk, examines in metallurgy and prosthetic dentistry. Examinations required with or without diploma. Fee, $10. No special examination for practitioners already in practice. No interchange of license with any State. Examinations in Richmond, Va., the second Tuesday in June of each year. The new dental law goes into effect after January 1, 1914. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. J. P. Stiff, Fredericksburg, Va. NOTE. — For New Dental Law of Virginia, see Appendix. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Washington. W. B. Power, Seattle; Secretary, F. G. Titus, Centralia; E. B. Edgers, Seattle; L. B. Manchester, Wenatohee ; A. S. Oliver, Spokane. Examination required with diploma. Fee, $25. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. No interchange of license with any State. Examinations are held during May in any large city in West- ern Washington, and in November in Eastern Washington. Rules governing examinations adopted by the Washington State Board of Dental Examiners : 1. — No person shall be eligible to take examination unless he or she shall be of good moral character and shall present to the board his or her diploma from some recognized school in good den 1 a i, i. a w s cond i: x - ]•: D. 39 standing, and shall give satisfactory evidence of his or her right- ful possession of the same. 2. — Candidates presenting themselves for examination shall file their application with the secretary, and at the same time pay to him the fee of $25.00. Applications will not be received prior to date of taking examination. 3. — X,, temporary permits or licenses will he -ranted under any circumstances whatever. 4. — The examination will consist of written questions on the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapentics, metallurgy, histology, pathology, anaes- thesia, oral surgery, operative and prosthetic dentistry: also prac- tical demonstration of skill in any dental operation required by the examiner^. 5. — All written examinations shall he on paper furnished by the secretary, and the board will also provide chairs for practical examinations, but the applicants are required to furnish their own instruments and material. 6. — Xo fee will be returned to a candidate after he has filed his application for examination, but should he fail to meet the required percentage, he may present himself for a second exam- ination at the next regular meeting of the board, without charge. 7. — A general average of 70 per cent, will be required in writ- ten examinations, subject to the following exception: In case of failure to secure 70 per cent, in three or more subjects, the appli- cation will be rejected. X. — At the opening of the examinations the applicant will be furnished with an envelope containing a card with a number. The applicant will write his or her name upon the card, seal the envelope, and use this number on all examination papers. The sealed envelopes will at the conclusion of the written examina- tions be handed to the secretary, and not opened until all papers are graded. 9. — Any candidate detected in trying to give or obtain aid shall be dismissed from the room, and his or her paper for the entire work rejected. 10. — Handwriting of candidates must be legible, and spelling and use of correct language will be taken into account in making up the rating on the answers. 11. — The Board of Examiners shall begin their inspection of the answers submitted by the candidates immediately after the close of the examination, and shall complete the same with promptness and dispatch. A correct set of answers to the cpies- tions of any one paper shall entitle the candidate to the full mark of that subject, viz. : one hundred points. Partial or imperfect answers shall be rated by the examiners in accordance with their degree of fullness and correctness. 40 DENTAL LAWS COXDE N S E D. For further particulars, write the secretary, Dr. F. G. Titus, Centralia, Washington. Board of Dental Examiners : President, West Virginia. C. H. Bartlett, Parkersburg; Secretary, J. Fleetwood Butts, Charleston ; Attor- ney, Mason B. Ambler, Parkersburg; W. A. Williams, Hunting- ton; L. George Beerbower, Terra Alta; W. J. Boydston, Fair- mont. The board meets the second Wednesday in June in Wheel- ing. Anyone is admitted to examination. Fee, $25. They examine in the following subjects : Anatomy, histol- ogy, pathology, physiology, materia medica, metallurgy, bacteri- ology, chemistry, prosthetic dentistry, operative dentistry, oral surgery, crown and bridge, porcelain, gold inlays. The dental law of West Virginia permits interchange of license, but up to the present time no arrangements have been made with any boards. For further information, address the secretary, J. Fleetwood Butts, Charleston, West Virginia. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Wisconsin. F. A. Tate, Rice Lake; Secretary, W. T. Hardy, Milwaukee ; G. C. Marlow, Lan- caster; C. H. Seeger, Manitowoc; C. S. Mclndoe, Rhinelander. Examination with or without diploma. Fee, $25. Annual registration fee, $1. Examinations in June at Milwaukee. For further information, address the secretary, W. T. Hardy, Room 302, 422 Jefferson street, Milwaukee, Wis. NOTE. — For amended Dental Law of Wisconsin, see Appendix. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Wyoming. Dr. W. Frackleton, Sheridan, examines in physiology, operative dentistry, path- ology and oral surgery; W. C. Cunningham, Evanston, treasurer, examines in chemistry and metallurgy, prosthetic dentistry; Sec- retary, Peter Appel, Cheyenne, examines in anatomy, histology, bacteriology, anesthesia, therapeutics and materia medica. Examination required with diploma. Candidates must be graduates of a reputable dental college. Examination fee, $25. No dentist can begin the practice of his profession in this State without first making application for an examination to the secretary of the board, and at the same time paying the examina- tion fee of twenty-five dollars and submitting his diploma for in- DENTAL LA V - E 0. 4 1 spection. The applicant will then be examined at the next meet- ing of the board, and if he passes a satisfactory examination a license will be issued to him. Until he receives this license he is not authorized to begin practice, and nn license can be granted under the law except at a regular meeting of the board. The pos- iion of a diploma in itself gives no right to practise in this State. One examination is held annually the first week in July each year. The time, date and place are set by the board. All applications must be completed and in the hands of the secretary thirty days prior to the time set by the board for examinations to begin. Besides the written examinations each applicant must come prepared to do any practical work which may be required. The board will meet to hold examinations in July at the State Capitol Building, Cheyenne, Wyo. The passing grade in opera- tive and prosthetic dentistry must be 85 per cent., and in all the other branches 75 per cent. For further information and application blanks, address Peter Appel. Jr.. secretary, P. O. Box 643, Cheyenne. Wyoming. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. "Fairbanks, Alaska, Dec. 9, 1908. Alaska. "The field is open in Alaska. No creden- tials of any kind are necessary. Wouldn't know what town to recommend. This place and the surrounding country is pretty well represented in all the professions, and especially dentistry. I don't think any one coming here to prac- tise dentistry would make any money. It costs from $150 to $160 to come here from Seattle." "Nome, Alaska, January 4, 1909. "The people are now demanding stringent medical and dental laws on account of the injury done them by incompetents and quacks, who have come to Alaska because thev could go nowhere else." "Washington, D. C, January 9, 1912. "There is no dental law for Alaska, and not any territorial legislation to pass one. All you need to practise dentistry there is the tools. Congress is supposed to pass laws for Alaska." Board of Dental Examiners : President, Hawaii. A. J. Derby, D.D.S., Honolulu; Secre- tary and Treasurer. P. F. Frear. D.D.S., Honolulu : H. Bicknell, D.D.S. 4 42 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Examination required with diploma. Fee, $20. No special examination granted to practitioners already in practice. Xo interchange of license with any State. Examinations held semi-annually, in January and July. Section 5. Dental Laws of Hawaii : "Any one twenty-one years of age and of good moral character, who has graduated at and holds a diploma from a reputable dental college, and who desires to practise dentistry in this territory, shall file his applica- tion with and pay to the secretary of the board a fee of $20, which in no case shall be refunded, and shall present himself or herself for examination at the first meeting of the board after such appli- cation, and upon passing an examination satisfacotry to the board his or her name, age, nationality, location and number of years of practice shall be entered in a book kept for that purpose and a certificate of a license to practise shall be issued to such person." For further information, application blanks, etc., apply to the secretary, Dr. P. F. Frear, Boston Building, Honolulu, T. H. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Philippine Islands. H. C. Strong, Manila; Secretary and Treasurer, A. P. Preston, 34 Escolta, Manila ; Antonio Vergel de Dros, Manila. An Act Regulating the Practice of Dentistry in the Philip- pine Islands : — By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that : Section 1. The Commissioner of Public Health for the Phil- ippine Islands shall appoint a Board of Dental Examiners for the Philippine Islands, with the advice and consent of the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands, consisting of three reputable practitioners of dental surgery, who shall be graduates in good standing of legally incorporated dental educational institutions recognized by the National Association of Dental Faculties and the National Association of Dental Examiners of the United States of America. They shall hold office for three years after their appointment, and until their successors are appointed and qualified : Provided, that the first appointees shall be appointed for a period of one, two and three years, respectively, as specified in their certificates of appointment from the Commissioner of Pub- lic Health ; and provided further, that no member of the faculty of any school, college or university in which dentistry is taught shall be eligible for appointment on said board. Sec. 3. The Board of Dental Examiners shall meet in the city of Manila for the purpose of examining candidates desiring to practise dentistry in the Philippine Islands on the first Tues- DENTAL LAWS CONDENS K I). 43 day of January and July of each year, after giving thirty days' written or printed notice of such meeting to eacli candidate who has filed his name and address with the secretary and treasurer of the hoard, and after publishing such notice in one newspaper published in the English language and one newspaper published in the Spanish language at Manila at least once per week for a like period. The Board of Dental Examiners shall issue a dental surgeon's certificate to each candidate who furnishes satisfactory proof of having received a diploma as either Doctor of Dental Medicine or Doctor of Dental Surgery from a legally incorpo- rated dental educational institution, and who in addition passes a satisfactory examination before the board in the following sub- jects : Anatomy, physiology, histology, physics, chemistry, metal- lurgy, dental anatomy and orthodontia, oral surgery, operative dentistry and prosthetic dentistry. From each candidate the sec- retary and treasurer shall collect a fee of $10. For further information apply to the secretary, Dr. A. P. Preston, 34 Escolta, Manila, P. I. Board of Dental Examiners : President, Porto Rico. Dr. Manuel V. del Valle, 52 Allen street, San Juan ; Secretary, Dr. L. R. Non, 6 San Justo street, San Juan ; Dr. J. Modesto Bird, Fajardo. The board has made a general ruling that all candidates must submit to an examination prior to the issuance of any license to practise in Porto Rico. For further information, address the secretary. Dr. L. R. Non, 6 San Justo street, San Juan, Porto Rico. PART II. The Requirements of Dental Examiners from Applicants for a License to Practise Dentistry in the Dominion of Canada and the Provinces. PREFACE. Dominion Dental Council. The Dominion Dental Council of Canada is a central organ- ization under the control of the dental profession of Canada. Its object is to erect and maintain a standard of education and ethics for the dental profession, and to conduct professional examina- tions and issue Certificates of Qualification which shall be ac- cepted without further examination by the provinces. For information concerning the requirements of the Domin- ion Dental Council, apply to Dr. W. D. Cowan, Secretary of the Dominion Dental Council, Regina, Sask., or to the Dental Regis- trar of any province. I. i; \ T A l. I. A WS CO ND K X S E D. 47 DOMINION OF CANADA. Board of the Alberta Dental Associa- Alberta. tion: President, Dr. A. E. Jamieson, Ed- monton; Vice-President, Dr. II. G. Hoare, Wetaskiwin; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. H. F. Whittaker, Edmonton. Directors, Dr. A. D. Callum, Dr. E. M. Doyle. All candidates (excepting holders of a Dominion Dental Cer- tificate) must take an examination before license is issued. Before being eligible for examination, candidate must pre- sent a certificate of Matriculation in Arts in the Alberta Univers- ity, or its equivalent, and also a diploma from a college recognized by the dental law of Alberta. For further particulars, address the secretary, Dr. H. F. Whittaker. Edmonton, Alberta. Council of the College of Dental Sur- British Columbia. geons of British Columbia : President, J. M. McLaren, L.D.S., Vancouver; Regis- trar-Treasurer, H. T. Minogue, D.D.S., Vancouver; F. P. Smith, Ml VS.. New Westminster; W. R. Spencer, D.D.S., Vancouver; A. l'.righouse, D.D.S., Vancouver. The qualifications requisite for registration as a member of the College of Dental Surgeons of British Columbia are as fol- lows : A certificate of matriculation in the Faculty of Arts at a Canadian university, or its equivalent; a diploma from some den- tal college recognized by the American Association of Dental Faculties, and also examination on the following subjects, both oral and written, viz. : Chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, histology, bacteriology, pathology, anesthesia, operative den- tistry, orthodontia, oral surgery, prosthodontia, metallurgy, crown and bridge work, anatomy, physiology and hygiene. Besides, the applicant will be required to do the following work in the mouth, viz.: A full and partial denture (vulcanite, not less than four teeth), full and partial denture (gold or silver, not less than four teeth), bridge (not less than four teeth) and porcelain carved crown; also two gold fillings, two amalgam fill- ings in the mouth and a porcelain inlay for deposil with the ex- aminer. Applicants are required to furnish patients, materials, instru- ments and make application to the Registrar-Treasurer, stating 48 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. qualifications, at least one month previous to the examination. Fee of $50 must accompany the application. Registration, if successful, $10. Annual license fee. Sio. An average of 70 is required for a pass. No supplementary examinations ; no conditional licenses and no special examination granted to practitioners already in prac- tise. No interchange of license. For further information, address the registrar. Dr. H. T. Minogue, 510 Granville street, Vancouver, B. C. Board of Directors of the Manitoba Manitoba. Dental Association : President, G. F. Bush, Winnipeg; Secretary, D. N. Ross, Winnipeg; Registrar, H. A. Croll, Sourie ; Treasurer, J. M. Rogers, Boissevain; M. H. Garvin, Winnipeg; John Dickson, Brandon. The board meets for the examination of students in the city of Winnipeg on the second Tuesday in January and July. Examinations. By-Law 8 : "All applicants for license other than those possessing certificates of registration from the Domin- ion Dental Council are required to pass an examination on the following subjects: Histology, anatomy, chemistry, physiology, materia medica and therapeutics, dental pathology, dental medi- cine and surgery, operative dentistry, prosthetic dentistry and orthodontia, and to perform operations before examiners, to ex- hibit specimens of his skill as a mechanical dentist, and, if called upon, to construct practical cases in the presence of an exam- iner." Practical requirements : "One porcelain inlay. One gold inlay. One baked porcelain crown. One piece bridgework (not less than four teeth, including abutments). One full or partial denture or vulcanite on articulator. One full or partial denture on metallic base. One or more gold fillings. One or more plas- tic fillings. Preparation and filling root canals. Diagnosis and treatment of orthodontia cases including appliances. Diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions of the mouth." Registration fee, $2, payable second Monday in each year. Matriculation fee, $10. Examination fee $40. Fees for supple- mental examination, $5 for each subject. Xo person shall be entitled to be registered under this act unless he shall satisfy the Registrar by proper evidence : First, that he has fulfilled all the requirements for graduation in any one of the colleges or dental schools in the United States of America, recognized by the National Association of Dental Fac- ulties, or in any other college or dental school recognized by the council. DEN T A I. I. A WS CO N D E N - E D. Application blanks and all necessary information will be furnished on application (with stamp) to the secretary. Dr. D. Norman Ross, 482 Main street. Winnipeg, Manitoba. The granting of license is vested in the New Brunswick. Council of Dental Surgeons of New Brunswick; Registrar, Dr. F. A. Godsoe, St. John, New Brunswick. The New Brunswick dental law contains the following pro- visions : Section 6, Section 1410k. There is hereby added to said chap- ter, a section which shall be known as Section 1410k, which shall read as follows: "Section 1410k. Said State Board of Dental Ex- aminers shall have power to inquire into the qualifications and representations of any applicants for a license to practise den- tistry, and for such purposes shall have power to send for wit- nesses, papers and documents and to administer oaths." Section 18. All persons who shall hereafter enter upon the study of dentistry, with a view of being registered under this chapter, are required, subject to the exception in favor of grad- uates and matriculants in arts in any college or university in good standing, to pass a preliminary examination before the Board of Examiners mentioned in Section 20 of this chapter; such examination to be equivalent, as near as may be, to the matriculation examination of the University of New Brunswick; provided, that graduates in arts, or matriculants in arts in any college or university, in good standing, shall not be required to pass the preliminary examinations. Section 19. No person shall be received as a candidate for the preliminary examination unless he shall, at least thirty days prior to the time of such examination, forward to the Registrar a written notice of his intention to present himself for such exam- ination, and shall, before such examination, satisfy the Registrar that he is of the full age of sixteen years, and pay to the Regis- trar a fee of five dollars. Section 24. Every person who shall have fulfilled the re- quirements for entry as such, shall be entered by the Registrar as a student in dentistry, and the Registrar shall make a memoran- dum of the date of such entry as student. Section 25. No person shall be entitled to be registered as provided for by the New Brunswick Dental Act, and Acts in amendment thereof, unless he shall, at or before making applica- tion, or when an examination is necessary, before such examina- tion, pay to the Registrar the sum of twenty dollars, and shall satisfy the Registrar : 1 That he is of the full age of twenty-one years. 50 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. (2) That he has given three months' notice in writing of his intention to make application for registry. (3) That he has resided continuously within the Province during such period of three months (but the attendance of a resi- dent of this Province who is practising his study of dentistry abroad at any dental college or school, of good standing, ap- proved by the National Association of Dental Faculties, and re- quiring for graduation an attendance of at least three school years of nine months each, or four school years of seven months each, shall not, for the purpose of this section, be deemed a resi- dent out of the Province). (4) Either: (a) That he has fulfilled all requirements for graduation in some dental college or school as aforesaid, and received a degree therefrom, and has passed an examination before said Board of Examiners, in subjects prescribed by the council of the said New Brunswick Dental Society; or . (b) That he was practising dentistry in this Province prior to the twenty-third day of April, 1890, and has since that time (except while he may have been attending such dental college or school as aforesaid) continued regularly to practise as a den- tist or dental-surgeon in this Province ; or, (c) That he had been registered or admitted or licensed to practise as a dentist or dental-surgeon in any other Province of Canada in which the standard of admission is equal to that re- quired for admission in this Province, and in which persons regis- tered or admitted or licensed to practise there ; provided, that a certificate from the Dominion Dental Council shall, if the said Council of the New Brunswick Dental Society think proper to receive the same, be evidence of such registration, license or ad- mission in such other Province, and the equality of such standard. For further particulars, address the registrar, Dr. F. A. God- soe, St. John, New Brunswick. Board of Dental Examiners : President, New Foundland. Dr. A. B. Lehr, 203 Water street, St. John ; Secretary, Dr. T. P. Smith, 203 Water street, St. John; Dr. T. E. Billiard, St. John. Medical Board ; Dr. N. S. Frazier, St. John ; Dr. H. Coperthwaite, St. John ; Dr. Scully, St. John ; Dr. Duncan, St. John. Every person shall be entitled to have his name registered on the registrar, upon passing before the members of the board, or such other examiners as may be appointed by the board for that purpose, a satisfactory examination touching his fitness and capacity to practise as a dentist or a dental-surgeon or upon satis- fying the board : D E. N T A L I, A W S C O N D K X S K D. 5 1 (a) That he has fulfilled all the requirements for graduation and graduated in any college or dental school, recognized by the board ; i »r tin That he was registered under the provisions of "The Dental Act, 1893" and was practising dentistry in the colony be- fore the first day of January, A. I ). 1896. and has since that time continued regularly in practice as a dentist or dental surgeon; ided, however, that temporary absence from practice in this ;iy since- that date shall nol prevent his being registered within thirty days after the passing of this Act. Section 8. "The board recognizes no colleges. The applicant must pass an examination before he is entitled to practise in this Colony (New Foundland)." For further particulars, address the secretary. Dr. T. P. Smith. 203 Water street, St. John. Xew Foundland. Provincial Dental Board of Xova Nova Scotia. Scotia : President, Dr. Ff. Woodbury, Halifax; Secretary-Registrar, Dr. G. K. Thomson, Halifax; Treasurer, Dr. A. W. Cogswell, Halifax; Dr. M. P. Harrington. P.ridgewater ; Dr. A. C. Harding, Yarmouth; Dr. M. K. Langille. Truro: Dr. Geo. H. Fluck, Halifax; Dr. F. W. Ryan, Halifax: Dr. F. Woodbury, Halifax. A candidate for license to practise dentistry must qualify as follows : (a) lie must be the full age of twenty-one years. (b) He must forward to the Secretary-Registrar fourteen days before the examination : (1) A written application for examination, accompanied by a satisfactory certificate of character. (2) The license fee of $20 must be paid before the examin- ation takes place. (3) The matriculation certificate, diploma, class tickets and any other vouchers considered necessary. (4) A written statement from himself and attested certificate from preceptor or preceptors as to length of time in months he was studying under his or their direction. Rdanks will be sup- plied by the Secretary-Registrar for this purpose. (5) He shall pass an examination before the Board of Ex- aminers on the subjects usually included in a dental education, and shall perform operations in the mouth, and give practical evi- dence of skill in prosthetic dentistry which shall be satisfactory to the board. Any candidate for registration as a practising dentist in Nova Scotia who produces to the Secretary-Registrar satisfactory cer- tificates of having passed in some dental college or university 52 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. recognized by the Dominion Dental Council of Canada in the fol- lowing subjects may be exempted from further examination upon such subjects: Anatomy, chemistry, biology, physics, histology, physiology. Professional examinations shall be held twice during the year, in April and September, respectively. For dates of examination and further particulars, apply to the secretary-registrar, Dr. George K. Thomson, St. Paul Build- ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Board of Examiners : Presiding Exam- Ontario, .iner, W. E. Willmott, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto ; C. B. Shuttleworth, M.D., CM., Toronto, examines in anatomy; F. A. Clarkson, M.B., Toronto, examines in physiology; W. A. Black, B.A., L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in physics; W. C. Trotter, B.A., L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in theoretical and practical chemistry; W. C. Gowan, L.D.S., D.D.S., Peterboro, examines in histology; Wm. Goldie, M.B., Toronto, examines in bacteriology; A. E. Santo, L.D.S., D.D.S., London, examines in surgery; Chas. F. Walt, L.D.S., D.D.S., Sterling, examines in medicine; W. H. Doherty, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in dental anatomy and comparative dental anatomy; W. C. Davy, L.D.S., D.D.S., Morrisburg, examines in prosthetic technic ; H. E. Klingner, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in metallurgy; C. E. Sale, M.D.S., D.D.S., Goderich, examines in dental materia medica and pharmacology; W. J. Fear, L.D.S., Aylmer, examines in opera- tive dentistry and pathology; A. V. Lester, L.D.S., D.D.S., Ham- ilton, examines in prosthetic dentistry; C A. Kennedy, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in orthodontia ; F. T. Coghlan, L.D.S., D.D.S.. Guelph, examines in science and practice of dentistry; G. Silverthorne, M.B., Toronto, and G. M. Hermiston, B.A., L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examine in jurisprudence, history and ethics of dentistry; W. E. Willmott, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in practical prosthetic dentistry; A. A. Stewart, L.D.S., D.D.S., Toronto, examines in practical operative dentistry. The examinations are held in the City of Toronto. Dental Laws of Ontario. The Act respecting dentistry. Re- vised Statutes of Ontario, 1897, Chapter 178. Excerpts, Section 15. "The Board of Directors of the College (The Royal College of Dental Surgeons, of Ontario) shall also have authority to ex- amine candidates and grant certificates of license to practise den- tal surgery in this Province. R. S. O. C. 150, S. 13." Sec. 26. (1) "No person who is not a member of the said Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario, shall practise the profession of dentistry, or perform any dental operation upon, or prescribe any dental treatment for any patient for hire, gain D K \" T A I. I. IWS CO N D i: \ S K D. 53 or hope of reward, whether by way of fees, salary, rent, percent- age of receipts or in any other form whatever, or shall pretend to hold, or take or use any name, title, addition or description im- plying that he holds a certificate of license to practise dentistry or that he is a member of the said Royal College of Dental Sur- geons of Ontario, or shall falsely represent or use title, represent- ing that he is a graduate of any dental college." (2) "Every person who contravenes any of the provisions of this Act shall, for each offence, incur a penalty of $20." (3) "Provided thai this section shall not prevent any duly indentured and registered student of dentistry from receiving in- struction in clinics and practice under the personal supervision of the members of the college. R. S. O. 1887. C. 150 S. 22." Blank applications and all information can be obtained from the secretary of the Board of Directors, J. Branston Willmott, 96 College street, Toronto, Ontario. The Prince Edward Island Dental Act Prince Edward Island, of 1902, incorporates the Dental Society of Prince Edward Island, which controls under the law the practice of dentistry in this Province: A register of legal practitioners must be kept, and no name can be recorded therein without a duly issued certificate, issued by the Provincial Secretary ; I quote from Section 9 of the Act : "That such certificate shall be issued by the Provincial Secretary upon production to him of diploma of graduation in dental sur- gery from the Faculty of a Canadian university, having a special dental department, or from any such institution duly authorized by the laws of Great Britain or any of her dependencies, or from any dental college in the United States of America, recognized by the National Board of Dental Examiners of the said United States of America." The fee for this certificate is $5 — and the council, consisting of five members of the society annually elected, can establish an annual fee ; quite a severe penalty can be meted out to one practising without obtaining this certificate of registration. No person can practise dentistry for fee or otherwise in any public street or common or in any park square or in any other public place, without liability to prosecution and penalty. "Any person holding the degree of B.A. from any University recog- nized by the By-Laws of the society, or any one holding a second year certificate from the Prince of Wales College, shall not be required to pass the matriculation examination. Any person in possession of a diploma from a college of dentistry, recognized by the council may be registered by the registrar without examin- ation, provided that he possesses the scholastic qualifications re- quired by the By-Laws of the society, otherwise the applicant 54 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. must pass the matriculation examination, hereinbefore mentioned. This requisite is practically such qualification as would enable one to matriculate at any first-class college. A candidate for a license to practise dentistry must qualify as follows : He must be of the full age of 21 years; he must forward to the secretary- register-treasurer 14 days before examination, a written applica- tion accompanied by a satisfactory certificate of character, the license fee of $15 must be paid before the examination takes place ; the matriculation certificate must also be produced or sat- isfactory evidence given of its having been granted ; he must pass an examination before the Board of Examiners on the sub- jects usually included in a dental examination, and shall perform operations in the mouth and give practical evidence of skill in prosthetic dentistry. The examinations shall be written, oral and clinical and com- prise the following subjects : General and practical anatomy, phy- siology, chemistry, operative dentistry, dental therapeutics and other branches, usually required for a dental education. A can- didate is required to make 65 per cent, in all papers to pass the matriculation examination. 60 per cent, passes in the case of a candidate for license to practise dentistry. Again I quote : "Any person holding a certificate of qualification from the Dominion Dental Council, recently organized, shall be entitled to be regis- tered and have his name entered in the 'Prince Edward Island Dental Register' as a qualified practitioner." Board of Governors and Examiners : Quebec. President, A. A. Lantier, D.D.S., Quebec; Vice-President, G. W. Oliver. D.D.S., .Montreal; Secretary, Eudore Dubeau, D.D.S., Montreal; Treas- urer. C. F. Morison, D.D.S., Montreal; D. J. Berwick, D.D.S., Montreal: J. Xolin, D.D.S., Montreal; G. H. Kent, D.D.S., E. Lemieux, D.D.S., Montreal; J. S. A. Gendreau, D.D.S.. Montreal; S. Ikirns, D.D.S., Montreal; F. II. Bradley, D.D.S.. Montreal. Examinations are held in April and September. Dental Laws of Quebec. Examinations and Indentures. Section 1. The matriculation examination as required by the Hoard of Governors must be passed before the applicant for the license can be indentured and registered as a dental student. Pachelors of a recognized British or Canadian university are exempt from the matriculation examination. Applicants for matriculation must be 17 years of age and must present a certifi- cate that they are persons of integrity and good morals. Candi- dates wishing to take the matriculation examination must make application in person to the secretary of the board at least five days before the examination, accompanied with the treasurer's receipt. I> F. \ T A I. I. A W S CO N D I'. N S E D. 55 Sec. 2. The fee for matriculation shall be twenty ($20) dol- lars, ten dollars of which shall be refunded to unsuccessful can didates. Sec. 3. The fee for registration as a dental student shall he- five ($5) dollars. Sec 4. The secretary will supply the only forms of inden- ture, recognized by the hoard. They may he- altered in the mar- gin to suit any private arrangement, between preceptor and stu- dent, not inconsistent with the Act of Incorporation of these By- Laws. Sec. 5. The examinations are held at the end of each calendar year. In the subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemistry and his- tology, the Students take the courses of lectures and the examin- ations of the medical universities to which the College of Dental Surgeons of the Province of Quebec sends Assessors, at the end of the first and second year respectively; students have to die the whole body. The final examination will be before the hoard. Sec. (>. Applicants for the final must produce satisfactory proof that their whole office hours have been actively engaged in the study and practice of dentistry, and not engaged in any other business; must have transmitted to the secretary, at least one month before the date fixed for the examination, a notice of their desire to he examined, accompanied by the treasurer's receipt for the fee ^\ $66, together with the certified proof of 85 per cent. attendance upon lectures and clinics, and a personal declaration signed by the preceptor, according to the form prescribed by the board or to the like effect; and also a certificate of having passed the required matriculation examination with a copy of the inden- tures. Applicants must give proof that they are of the full age of twenty-one before receiving a license. Sec. 7. The subjects of the final examination will he as fol- lows: Operative dentistry, theory and practice (two subject-. (2) Mechanical dentistry, theory and practice (two subjects). < 3 1 Crown and bridge work and practice (two subjects). (4) Dental therapeutics and materia medica. (5) Dental pathology and bacteriology. (6) Metallurgy. (7) Dental surgery and irreg- ularities (two subjects). (8) Anaesthetics and hygiene. (9) Den- tal jurisprudence. Sec. 8. The oral examination will be conducted before the board. Sec. 9. The practical examination in operative and mechan- ical dentistry shall be held within thirty days before the written examination at a date fixed by the board. Students must supply their own patients, material and instruments. Sec. 10. In the final examinations, students must obtain at 56 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. least 50 per cent, in each subject and 60 per cent, on the whole. 100 is the maximum ; 75 and over is first class ; 66 is second class. Sec. 11. Candidates who fail in any one or more subjects of the primary, will be obliged to pass subsequently upon the sub- jects in which they have failed and will not be eligible for final until they have passed all the primary. Candidates who fail in any one or more subjects in the final, will be obliged subsequently to pass in all the final subjects in which they were examined. Sec. 12. Examinations will be held at the regular meeting of the board in April and supplementary examinations in October of each year in accordance with the act of incorporation. A sup- plementary examination shall only be held provided that the can- didates can provide a sum sufficient to cover the necessary ex- penses, which sum will be decided by the board. Sec. 13. The fee to be paid for the certificate of license shall be $60, and the candidates who fail to pass the final will be re- funded $30. Sec. 14. The examinations under Art. 4081, Act of Incorp., will comprise : Prosthetic dentistry in metals, vulcanite, etc., theory and practice (two subjects); dental metallurgy; crown and bridge work, theory and practice (two subjects) ; dental pathology, therapeutics and materia medica (two subjects) ; operative dentistry, theory and practice (two subjects) ; irregu- larities and dental surgery (two subjects). In the case of applicants for the license who have success- fully passed the D.D.S. exams, of the universities, the board may waive further examination on the recommendation of its as- sessors. For further information, apply to the secretary, Dr. Eudore Dubeau, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Council of the Saskatchewan College Saskatchewan. of Dental Surgeons : President, Dr. W. D. Cowan, Regina ; Vice-President, Dr. L. D. Keown, Moosomin ; Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar, Dr. L. J. D. Fasken, Regina; Dr. F. C. Harwood ; Dr. W. W. Irwin. Requirements : Professional examination for all graduates. Preliminary examination for all those graduates who cannot pro- duce certificates to show matriculation in arts in university. Examinations are held at Regina, Sask., during the months of January and July. Interchanges are made with the Dominion Dental Council ; certificate is recognized without examination. For fuller particulars, write the registrar, Dr. L,. J. D. Fasken, Scarth street, Regina, Sask. I) E N T A r. I, A \v s C N D B N S i. D. 57 Yukon Dental Board: President, C. H. Yukon Territory. Wells, Dawson; Secretary-Treasurer. A. J. Gillis, Dawson. All persons not holding diplomas from dental colleges in Canada, Great Britain or in any of the dependencies of Great Britain, must pass an examination before a dental board, ap- pointed by the Commissioner of the Yukon Territory. Therefore, diplomas held by citizens or subjects of a foreign country are not accepted. Every candidate shall produce a diploma of graduation from a dental college or satisfactory evi- dence of having served an apprenticeship as provided for in this ordinance, and pass an examination in the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, gen- eral and dental pathology, therapeutics, metallurgy, operative and prosthetic dentistry, oral surgery and such other subjects as are presented by such board from time to time, and approved by the commissioner. For further information, write the secretary-registrar, Dr. A. J. Gillis. Dawson, Yukon Territory. PART III. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. "Adis Ababa. Abyssinia, March 6, 1912. "No dental laws exist in this country, Abyssinia. and no license or diploma is required. A diploma from any special college, in America or elsewhere, would have little meaning here. There is but one dentist in Abyssinia at present, a Greek, who holds a position at the native court, and has a small practice in town. No opening exists here, as the foreign population at Adis Ababa is very small, the capital being situated nearly three hundred miles from the railway terminus. At Dire Dawa. however, the town is increasing in size owing to the advance of the railroad, but I should judge hardly sufficient for a permanent location at this time. I should not consider Abyssinia a profitable field, according to the standards of the American dentist, for some time to come." "Algiers. Algeria. February 20. 1912. "Relative to the possibilities and re- Algeria, quirements of dentistry in this country. I am pleased to inform you as follows : 1. The possibilities, particularly in Algiers at the present time, are very good, as there is only one English-speaking dentist on the coast. 2. The requirements are the same as those in France, i. c, three years' study in a professional school; after graduation, an examination before the medical faculty. The same laws apply to Tunisia." NOTE. — The new dental law, which went into force in France in November, 191 1, has lengthened the course to five years; two years to be spent in probationary work in a dentist's office or a laboratory of a dental college, and three years of actual attendance at a recognized dental college. "Aden. Arabia, December 11, 191 1. "No license is required to practise den- Arabia, tistry in Aden. English and American dentists who visit this port practise their profession in their hotels for a period of from one to two months. As natives do not generally care for dental work, there is no hope of a good business here." 61 62 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "Buenos Ayres, Argentina. February 25, 191 2. "You cannot practise in this country Argentine Republic, without previously passing the full series of examinations required by the Faculty from Argentine students. "Diplomas from foreign countries of doctors of medicine, pharmacists, dentists and midwives must be duly legalized by the Department of State at Washington, D. C, and, furthermore, be vised by the Argentine Minister or the Argentine Consul for the State where the diploma is issued. The legalization of signa- tures and seal should be on the diploma itself, or attached to the same by a ribbon, under seal. "The diploma must be translated into the Spanish language by a public translator of the Argentine Republic. "The diploma must be legalized by the Argentine Minister of Public Instruction, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and pre- sented to the Matriculation Board of the University Faculty, the applicant receiving from this board the necessary information as to all the preliminary steps for entering upon the course of studies. "The curriculum for the revalidation of a diploma is the same as for students of the university. "The fee for revalidation of a dental diploma is $148.61 (U. S. currency). "The examinations must be progressive, i. e., the full course from the lower to the higher studies. "In case of failure of the applicant to pass he can apply later for re-examination. "The time for the examinations are the months of March, July and December." Sydney, New South Wales. "The dental laws of this colony require Australia. that a person from a foreign country, de- siring to practise here, shall furnish proof of having been in practice for at least twelve months elsewhere than in New South Wales; and be the holder of a recognized certificate and prove that he is of good character, together with payment of necessary fees. "The necessary diploma is defined in our By-Laws, No. 34, as being the license or diploma of a qualified board or other body, which permits its holder to practise dentistry in the country in which it has been obtained and which has been granted after (a) entrance examination equivalent to the matriculation of the Uni- versity of Sydney, (b) four years' study, (c) examination in all the subjects of our curriculum. DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 63 "As far as 1 know, the only American diplomas that comply with these conditions are the special four years' course of the Northwest University of Chicago and the special four years' course of the Pennsylvania University, but of course there may be others." Members of the New South Whales Dental Board: Presi- dent, Donald Smith, Esq.; Professor Anderson Stuart (ex-officio member of board); Dr. E. R. Magnus (ex-officio member of board) ; Dr. A. IJurne, Dr. P. Ash and A. \V. Cleary, dental mem- bers of board; Dr. Maitland Gledden and Dr. J. J. Kelly, medical members of board ; Registrar, Horace Taylor. The Dental Board of Victoria (Australia), in conjunction with the University of Victoria and the Australian College of Dentistry, now grants a dental diploma (L. D. S.), which is acknowledged by the General Medical Council as qualifying for registration so long as the council is satisfied that the standard of curriculum and examination are kept up to the requirements of dental education in Great Britain. It is understood that at present the council is assured that the regulations as to prelim- inary examination and instruction by lectures and hospital cur- riculum, followed by professional examinations, are practically the same as those of corresponding qualifying bodies in the United Kingdom. "Prague, Bohemia, Austria, May 23, 191 1. "Those who have obtained the degree Austria. of doctor of medicine in Austria, in an Austrian university, may practise den- tistry here. If foreigners desire to practise dentistry here, they are required to pass the examinations required by an Austrian university, that is to say, the examination in the official language of the university. I now refer to the regular dentist, one who is permitted to perform any operation connected with filling teeth, extracting teeth or making bridge work. Such dentists are known as Zahnarzt. "The other class are permitted to make artificial teeth and to perform other mechanical work in connection with preparing teeth (sort of dentist's assistants), but are not permitted to practise dentistry in their own names. There are no American den- tists practising in this city, for the above reasons." "St. Michael's, Azores, March 16, 1912. "Under a law of the Republic of Port- Azores, ugal, published in the 'Diairo do Gov- erno,' No. 122, of May 26, 191 1, no for- eigners, regardless of status or qualifications, are permitted to '64 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. practise dentistry in Portugal or its possessions. The Diairo do Governo is an official publication, and we are unable to transmit a translation of the Act referred to." Barbadoes, West Indies, Nov. 3, 191 1. "There is no law governing the prac- Barbadoes. tice of dentistry in this island ; anyone can practise. There is no license granted, nor are any examinations held. In my opinion, the market is over-stocked with dentists." "Brussels, Belgium, February 12, 1912. "It would be useless for an American Belgium. to come to Belgium to try to practise dentistry, unless he wished to undergo a medical examination, as a law has been drafted to this effect, but not yet passed, and since a few years no other examinations have been made." "Hamilton, Bermuda, October 30, 191 1. "There are many dentists here and I Bermuda. do not think that additional practitioners would be able to make a living. A copy of the Dental Registration Act, for Bermuda, is submitted here- with." The Dental Registration Act for Bermuda is dated April 4, 191 1, and provides as follows: 1. (1) Registration for dentists already practising five years immediately preceding April 4, 191 1. (2) The registration of certificates granted by the Dental Board. 2. The publication ©f the names of registered dentists in the Gazette. 3. The Colonial Secretary is authorized to strike off the register the names of dentists, deceased, those ceased to be qual- ified, names struck off the roll, register, or record, "as set forth in Section 10 of this Act." 4. Provision is made for registration and payment of two shillings into the public treasury, through the Colonial Secretary. 5. Provides penalties for fraudulent registration. 6. Creates a Dental Board, consisting of two medical and three dental practitioners. 7. Defines the duties of the Dental Board to consist of exam- ining documents of applicants for registration and conducting" theoretical and practical examinations when credentials are not satisfactory. d i: n t a i. laws co x i' !•; n s !•: i). 65 8. Describes conditions under which the Dental Board shall register : (a) Five years practitioner's clause, 1 See Sec. [.) (b) Certificate from Dental Board. (c) Examination by the Dental Hoard. (d) Approved dental diploma, duly authenticated by proper officials. (e) Dental hoard authorized to make rules, define stand- ards, judge qualifications and decide questions ap proved by the Governor in Council. 9. The decision of the Governor in Council on submitted points shall be final. 10. The Colonial Secretary, for sufficient cause, after giving dentist a hearing, is authorized to cancel such registration. 11. All questions, in case of dispute, shall be decided by the Governor in Council. 1 j. Provides that all persons registered under this Act shall "be entitled to demand and recover reasonable charges for dental aid. 13. No person shall be entitled to recover any charge in any court of law, unless he prove upon the trial that he is registered under this Act. 14. If any dental practitioner, registered under this Act, is convicted of any indictable offense, after due inquiry, hearing, stating particulars of case in full, the Governor-General may thereafter direct board to strike name off register, provided the name may be afterwards restored at request of board. 15. Provides penalty of imprisonment for two years, or fine of one hundred pounds, or both, for fraudulent registration. 16. Stipulates that anyone convicted before any two justices of the peace of practising dentistry without registration shall be fined not exceeding twenty pounds. 17. Exemption of registered physicians from extracting and treating teeth for relief of pain, and bona fide students of den- tistry from operating "under the immediate supervision and in the presence of their preceptor." "Legacion de Bolivia, Washington, D. C. "In Bolivia, any person holding a Bolivia. proper diploma can practise the dental profession, passing a previous examina- tion before a Board of Medical Examiners, and-obtaining a license to exercise his profession. There are no special dental laws that I know of. American diplomas must be legalized at the State Department in Washington, and afterwards the signature of the Secretary of State must he legalized by the Bolivian Consul in New York." 66 N T A L LAWS CONDENSED. "Para, Brazil. February 29, 1912. "'In regard to the legal requirements to Brazil. be complied with by dentists desiring to locate in Brazil. I have been informed that foreign doctors had only to show their diplomas and, if they were from recognized institutions, that they could practise where they pleased. This, of course, would in a measure be subject to local or State la~ "It is my belief that this city does not offer any great in- ducements for a foreign dentist, and the present local demand is supplied by natives, most of whom received their education in America.*' ''Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, February 29, 1912. "In order to obtain a license to practise dentistry in Brazil, the graduate from a reputable dental college in the United States : : America would be compelled to undergo a technical examina- tion of the most comprehensive sort and in the Portuguese language "British East Africa, November 27, 191 1. "In British East Africa, dentists are re- British East Africa, quired to be registered, but 'any person who can satisfy the Registrar that he is entitled to be registered in the United Kingdom as a colonial or foreign dentist' is entitled to registration.'"' town, British Guiana, March 6. 1912. "An American diploma from a repu- British Guiana. table and well-known college is accepted, provided that proofs are submitted that the holder of the diploma is the one to whom it was issued. At present there are no openings for American dentists in this ony. There are two American dentists here and another (a. grad- uate of the University of Pennsylvania) is about to open up." The Dental Law of British Guiana is dated July 22. 1908. and provides : 5. From and after the commencement of this ordinance, no person shall be entitled to recover any fee or charge in any court for the performance of any dental operation or for any dental attendance or advice, unless he is registered under this ordinance. or is a registered medical practitioner. 6. Any person who Is registered or entitled by law to be registered as a dentist in the United Kingdom under any Act for the time being in force ; or, i i i. x T a h laws co x D i: x s )•: d. 67 (2) Holds a certificate granted in a British possession or foreign country, for tin- time being recognized by the Medi- cal Board as furnishing a sufficient guarantee of the posses- sion of the requisite knowledge and skill for the efficient practise of dentistry; or, (3) Is at the commencement of this ordinance bona fide engaged in this colony in the practice of dentistry, either sep- arately or in conjunction with the practice of medicine, sur- gery or pharmacy, shall, on payment of a fee of twenty-four dollars, be entitled to be registered under this ordinance. 7. The Secretary of the Medical Board shall keep a register * * * to be styled the Dentists' Register, of all persons regis- tered as dentists under this ordinance. "Sandakan, British North Borneo. "In reference to the practice of den- British North Borneo, tistry in this State (Borneo), I beg to in- form you that there are no laws restrict- ing the practice, and that no license is required." "The Bulgarian Government has stated Bulgaria. in a communication that according to Article 120 of the Law on Public Health in Bulgaria, any person who has successfully completed the course of a dental school and who desires to acquire the right to practise the profession of dentistry in the kingdom, must pass an examination called the 'Colloquium,' and that only Bulgarian subjects are admitted to the said 'Colloquium.' ' : "Teneriffe, Canary Is., April 2, 1912. "The requirements are a diploma from Canary Islands. a reputable dental college, and besides the passing of a Board of Examiners in Madrid, the pavment of a fee, about similar to the requirements of A. boards." "Cape Town, Cape Colony. "The practice of dentistry here is under Cape Colony. the direct control of the Colonial Medical Council, in the same manner as the prac- tice of medicine. It is learned from a member of the Colonial Medical Council with reference to paragraph 8 of the Regulations that a curriculum of four years will be accepted only when each comprises nine months. 68 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "It is also learned with reference to reciprocal acceptance of diplomas (see par. 10 of Regulations) that at present there is no State of the United States of America which is thought to accept British diplomas. "From the Laws and Regulations, it will be seen that unless a dentist has British qualifications, or has been registered in the United Kingdom, it is impossible for him to secure a license to practise in Cape Colony." Instructions to Dental Applicants for Registration in Cape Colony. The procedure in the case of dental practitioners, desirous of obtaining a license under Section 18 of the Medical and Pharmacy Act, # 1 89 1, to practise in Cape Colony, may be briefly summarized as follows : 1. — A written application for registration and license to prac- tise should be addressed to the secretary, Colonial Medical Coun- cil, Colonial Secretary's Office, Cape Town. 2. — With this letter should be forwarded the original diplo- mas or certificates held by the applicant, a sworn declaration of identity in terms of No. 9 of the regulation following, and a post office order for the sum of two pounds, ten shillings ($12.16) which is the license duty, payable for admission to practise as a dental practitioner. The letter should also state for registration purposes the place, if known, at which the applicant proposes to practise. 3. — The application with inclosures, if in order, is laid before the Colonial Medical Council or the Executive Committee thereof, at the first meeting after receipt for consideration. If approved, a letter is addressed by the Council to the Colonial Secretary in terms of Section 18 of the Medical and Pharmacy Act, 1891, (qv.), recommending that the applicant be registered and a license issued to him. 4. — The Colonial Secretary then issues a license, and for- wards it to the applicant, together with the diplomas or certifi- cates submitted. The name of the applicant is at the same time registered in the register kept in the Colonial Secretary's office in terms of Section 36 of the Act, and a notice of license is published in the Government Gazette. Until the license in question has been signed by the Colonial Secretary, the applicant is not en- titled to practise. Regulations : The Regulations for Dentists, framed by the Colonial Medical Council, under Section 20 of the Medical and Pharmacy Act, 1891, are as follows: 1. — All dental qualifications, certificates, diplomas, degrees or titles recognized by the General Medical Council of the United 1 1 I-: \ I A I. I. A W S CO N I) K N S K D. 69 Kingdom shall entitle the holders thereof to claim registration as dentists under Section 18 of the Medical Pharmacy Act, 1891. 2. — In reference to the foregoing, any person claiming to be licensed and registered as a dentist under the Medical and Phar- macy Act, 1891, on the grounds that he was in practice before July 22, 1878, will be required to produce the certificate of the General Medical Council aforesaid to that effect, and if his name he not upon the last published Dentists' Register, he will he required to account for it satisfactorily to the Council. 3, — The holder of any diploma of Licentiate Dental Surgery, granted by any of the Medical authorities of the United Kingdom, empowered so to do by the Dentists' Act, 1878, shall not neces- sarily also produce the certificate of the General Medical Council, (which) reserves the right of applying to the secretary of the body, granting such diploma, for information as to whether the name of the possessor is still upon the register or record of the body of which such person holds the license. 4. — An applicant may be called upon to appear before the Colonial Medical Council to prove his identity or to give evidence as to his good character. 5. — The secretary shall from time to time, write and forward (duly registered) a letter to any registered person, addressed to him according to his address upon the register to inquire if he has ceased to practise or has changed his address, and if no answer be received within six months, his name shall be erased from the register. 6. — -Any qualification, registerable in accordance with Rule 1 acquired subsequently to first registration, shall be registered upon payment of a fee of five shillings. 7. — All matters, referring to dentistry that may come before the Colonial Medical Council, shall, where practicable, be re- ferred to the dental number of the Council for his advice. 8. — All dental diplomas registerable in the Colony, shall be required to cover a minimum curriculum of four years, i. e., (a) two consecutive years' attendance at recognized medical and den- tal hospitals and schools, with (b) proof of having been engaged during a period of not less than three years in acquiring a prac- tical familiarity with the details of mechanical dentistry under the instruction of a competent practitioner, provided that one year of such instruction may be taken concurrently with the attend- ance on hospital practice and lectures. Provided also that in the case of qualified medical practitioners, two instead of three years shall be sufficient. In all cases a satisfactory preliminary examination in general education must have been required. JO DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 9. — All applicants shall submit together with their diplomas or certificates, declarations sworn before a justice of the peace, (a) of personal identity, (b) of the authenticity of the said diplo- mas or certificates, (c) of the fact that they are entitled to prac- practise as qualified dentists in the countries where the said diplomas or certificates were granted, and that they have never been de- barred from practice in any country by reason of misdemeanor or professional misconduct. 10. — No diploma granted by the Government or any uni- versity or other body of a foreign country shall entitle the holder thereof to registration as a (medical practitioner or) dentist in this colony unless equal rights and advantages are given in such country to the holder of any British registerable degree. 11. — Regulation No. 10 of the 24th of February, 1902, shall not apply to any person born in the Colony or domiciled therein prior to the said date, who shall at the said date have completed or have been actually pursuing in a foreign country the recog- nized dental course for obtaining a dental diploma, in such country. "Colombo, Ceylon, December 14, 191 1. "An American possessing the diploma Ceylon. of a reputable American dental college will be permitted to practise dentistry in Ceylon provided the Ceylon Medical Council is satisfied with his qualifications, and registers him as a qualified practitioner. There is no special legislation on this subject in Ceylon. As it is, the island is well off in the matter of dental surgeons. In view of the fact that the Cingalese, as a rule, have very good teeth and rarely need artificial aid in preserving them, there is little scope for the practice of dentistry out here. "Those that need the services of dentists are the European residents, and the wants of these, in this direction, are supplied by nearly a dozen well-qualified dental surgeons. It may be in- teresting to you to know that three out of this number hold American diplomas." "Valparaiso, Chile, March 6, 1912. "Foreign physicians and surgeons pre- Chile. senting degrees from universities recog- nized in Chile are considered equal to licentiates of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, and are sub- jected only to a practical examination in order to obtain the title of surgeon, which is equivalent to that of M. D. in the United States. This examination covers operative medicine, in-and-out DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "Jl clinic, gynecology, opthalmology, obstetrics, anatomy, pathology ami general theory. Foreign physicians and surgeons from universities not recog- nized by Chile must take the examinations prescribed for would- be licentiates of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Den- tists and pharmacists with foreign diplomas who wish to practise their profession in Chile will submit to the regulations, examina- tions, etc.. prescribed by the Council of Public Instruction. It must be remembered that all examinations for physicians, den- tists and pharmacists are in Spanish." "Chefoo, China, March 23, 1912. "There are no licenses issued to Ameri- China. can dentists practising in China. It is im- material whether or not the dentist is qualified. American dentists are most popular; for many years the) were the only dentists in China, but of late the Japanese are competing. There is a good field in Chefoo for a dentist who wants to build a practice, as there are no dentists here now." "Pogota, Colombia. "Part of the decree No. 592 of the Colombia. Colombian Dental Law, dated June 8, 1905, provides: 'That a person, desiring to practise dentistry in Colombia, must present a diploma, granted to him by the Pogota Dental College, or by some foreign college or faculty of known competence. It is permissible in villages where no dentist is resident, for an individual to practise dentistry who can prove that he has practised for at least two years in some dental office. Further, and in everything relating to this last profession, the provisions of the present decree shall apply.' ' "Poma, Congo Free State. "Dentistry is practised very little in Congo Free State, the Congo. It is part of the general work of the physicians in the employ of the State, and of some of the medical missionaries. There are no special laws on the subject so far as I am informed, but for med- ical practice in the Congo, authorization is obtained from the Governor-General upon the presentation of diplomas or after ex- amination, and a license fee of Sioo per year is charged." "San Jose, Costa Rica, February 16, 191 2. "All persons having a diploma from a Costa Rica. reputable dental college are permitted to practise dentistry, after passing an examination, which is in Spanish. J2. DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "The field is pretty well filled with American dentists at present, and I cannot report that any openings exist in this con- sular district." "Habana, Cuba, February 2, 1912. "I do not know of any published laws Cuba. regarding the dental profession ; all diplo- mas must be properly authenticated by State and Federal authorities, and by the Cuban Minister at Washington before they are admitted before the Examining Board at the University of Habana. Notwithstanding this pro- cedure, the applicant must still take the regular examination to admit him to practice. The examination is by the Medical Board and is conducted in Spanish (interpreter is allowed). This exam- ination is said to be severe, and the fees for the same amount to about fifty dollars. "There are few, if any, openings for American dentists in Cuba at the present time ; the field is fully occupied by both American and Cuban practitioners, the latter usually having been educated in colleges in the United States." "Copenhagen, Denmark, February 19, 1912. "An American possessing a diploma Denmark. from an American dental college, from which he has graduated, will not, as a rule, be permitted to practise in Denmark. License to practise dentistry in Denmark is only granted to those who have passed an examination in Denmark. "Permission to practise dentistry in Denmark is given by the Minister of Justice, and in accordance with an instruction of June 28th, 1906, it is allowed the Danish dentists to employ foreign clinical assistants ; these assistants must be dental gradu- ates and are only permitted to work under the supervision of the authorized dentist, and cannot take over the practice during the absence of their employer." "Santo Domingo, D. R., February 13, 1912. "The practice of dentistry in the Dominican Republic. Dominican Republic is regulated by the law of the Medical Board (Ley de Juro Medico) of June 12, 1906. This law provides that a person de- siring to practise dentistry, medicine or pharmacy must first undergo an examination, partly theoretical and partly practical, given by the Professional Institute (Instituto Profesional) in this city. After successfully passing this examination, applica- DENT A L L A W S C N D K \ S E I '• 73 tion must be made to the Superior Medical Council (Consejo Superior Medico) for permission to practise. This application must be accompanied by: "i i > A diploma of an accredited Dominican or foreign insti- tution properly legalized (1n the case of a foreign institution, the document must be legalized by the Dominican Consul having jurisdiction in that district) ; "(2) Proof of the identity of the applicant; "(3) The diploma must be accompanied by a certificate of the good moral character, also properly legalized; and "(4) The certificate of the applicant's having successfully passed the examination of the Superior Council must also accom- pany the application. "A diploma from a United States dental college does not en- title the holder thereof to any special privileges, and all appli- cants are required to take the above-described examinations. "The best openings for American dentists in the Dominican Republic would probably be in the cities of Santo Domingo, Macoris and Puerto Plata, which cities contain the largest foreign (and especially American and English populations) of any cities in the Republic. The majority of the native Dominicans, especi- ally of the lower classes, have had very little education in the proper attention and care of their teeth, and the dental practice among these people would therefore be comparatively restricted." "Guayaquil, Ecuador. March n, 1912. "Dentists who have received their Ecuador. diplomas in the United States and intend coming to this country to engage in their profession, should have their diplomas viseed by the Consul or Consul-General of Ecuador in the United States before leaving there for this country, otherwise the diploma would not receive proper consideration here. "After arriving here with the diploma viseed as stated, an examination, general and professional, is required, and which as a rule will be taken or conducted in the Spanish language. The expense of the examination is said to be about forty dollars. The examinations will be held either at Guayaquil or Quito. "There is reciprocity between Chile. Bolivia and Ecuador, with respect to the practice of dentistry, that is. a dentist having the right to practise in one of these countries may also practise in either of the other two without having to take an examination, but simply have his papers properly registered, after which per- mission will be given to practise." 6 74 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "Cairo, Egypt, February 15, 1912. "An American desiring to practise den- Egypt, tistry in Egypt must present to the De- partment of Public Health in addition to the diploma of a regularly incorporated and properly recognized dental college in the United States a certificate showing that he has been admitted, after examination, to practise in one of the States of the United States. "There are a large number of dentists established in Cairo, including Americans, and, as the town is practically deserted dur- ing more than half the year by the wealthier classes of both for- eigners and natives owing to the heat, I strongly advise American dentists not to go to the trouble and expense of attempting to establish a practice here. "Living in Cairo is very high, the season short and the field over-crowded." "London, England, February 23, 1912. "Any man can practise in England England. legally. The L.D.S. (Licentiate in Den- tal Surgery) only being registered, may call himself a dentist. The unlicensed dentist (the dentist with- out the L.D.S.) cannot recover fees by process of law ; otherwise, the country is open. In obtaining registration, it is necessary, examination equal to Cambridge Matriculation Examinations; after which, the whole dental curriculum must be taken at a den- tal hospital in Great Britain extending over a period of two years, and then passing the final professional examination. There are, however, changes pending in the dental law and license require- ments, and I will let you know the particulars immediately the matter is settled." "Tamsui, Formosa. "The regulations for dental practice in Formosa. Formosa are the same as for medical practice. We submit a translation of the regulations issued June 10, 1885 : "1. In order to practise medicine in Formosa, it is necessary to hold the license to practise medicine from the Minister of Home Affairs (of the Japanese government), or a permit from the Governor-General of Formosa. "2. When one who possesses the medical license issued by the Minister of Home Affairs wishes to practise medicine, he is required to fix upon the place and apply with the license, at the district office within five days after commencing medical practice. DEN T A t. t, A W S CO N D K N S E D. 7^ "3. The applicant for a permit shall present his application, together with a history of his studies in medicine, to the Govern- ment of Formosa, through the district office. '"4. The permit to practise medicine holds good only in For mosa and the Pescadores, but the boundary may be further re- stricted at the discretion of the Governor General. "5. The receiver of the permit shall pay a fee of five yen ($2.49) on the delivery oi the permission certificate. "6. For copies of the permission certificate, a fee of one yen shall be paid. "7. If the holder of the license issued by the Minister of Home Affairs wishes to cease practising medicine, he is required to notify the district office to that effect. 8. The Governor-General may at any time suspend the license, or prohibit the practice, of a physician found guilty oi crime or unlawful acts in the exercise of his profession. '"9. The district office is requested to transmit at once to the Governor General of Formosa the permission certificate of which a physician has been deprived through prohibition in accordance with Section 8. In case of suspension of medical practice, the date of suspension shall he noted on the hack oi the permit which shall be returned to the offender. "10. A physician whose medical practice has been prohibited or suspended by the Minister of Home Affairs shall he incapaci- tated from Future practice, or during the time of suspension only. as the case may he. II. Any person who carries on medical practice without a permit, or who practises medicine outside the limited boundary, is liable to a fine of not more than twenty-five yen. or to imprison- ment for not more than twenty-five days. "12. For violation of Article 2. a physician shall he liable to a tine <<\ not more than one yen and ninety-five sen. "13. Prefects and chief officials of island- within the juris- diction of the Formosan government, may he authorized to make regulations for control of physicians. '"14. These regulations shall he enforced on and after the first day of the seventh month of the twenty-ninth year of Meiji." "Paris. France. February 16, 1912. "The most salient feature of the latest France. French dental enactments is the raising of the standard of requirements. The American dentist who desires to locate in France will find the recptirements of the new law which went into effect November, 101 r. much more difficult than former! v. y6 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "The new law provides as follows : The course of study lead- ing to the degree of dental surgeon in France now requires five years divided into periods, the 'stage' (two years of probationary work in a dentist's office or a laboratory of a dental college), and three years' actual attendance at a recognized dental college. The applicant must produce for his initial enrollment evidence of hav- ing completed at least a common school course. The conditions of admitting women are somewhat more strict. "At the end of the second year of the stage, the student must submit to an examination of validation, which comprises first, the execution of a design reproducing the scheme of the exterior form and structure of one or several teeth ; second, a practical test in modeling (reproducing in wax, plaster, wood, or ivory several teeth) of the mouth; third, making an artificial denture (the exe- cution of a device including metallic parts stamped and soldered) ; fourth, questions on physics, chemistry, mechanics and metal- lurgy, as applied to the dental art. An oral test of half an hour is also given. "The second period of the course is known as the scolarite, requires three years, and includes in brief the following branches : First year. — Elements of anatomy, physiology and bacteriology, asepsis and antisepsis, complete anatomy of the teeth, their de- velopment and articulation with the maxillaries ; also operative and mechanical dentistry. Second year. — Elements of medical dentistry, ausculation of the heart, odontology and hygiene of the mouth. The work of the second year is completed with practical exercises in dental clinics and laboratory work. Third year. — Dental clinics, dental operations and mechanical dentistry, as well as practical work in different phases of the dental art. "Examinations : A candidate for the degree of dental surgeon must successfully pass three examinations, one at the end of each school year, covering the work done during that period. The French diploma of dental surgeon is issued by the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux and Nancy. Proper credit on the examinations is given for work done in hospitals under the supervision of the faculty. Graduate dentists from foreign coun- tries desiring to practise in France are required to pass the exam- inations prescribed in the decree. They may obtain a total re- lease* from the stage, and a partial release from the scolarite course upon the recommendation of the consulting board of pub- lic instruction, which bases its decisions largely upon the candi- date's credentials and scholastic attainments. Dental surgeons are obliged to register at the prefecture, and at the record office of the civil tribunal of their arrondissement within a month after their establishment in business. Foreign dental students and those desiring to practise in France, are subjected to the same requirements as native students and practitioners; furthermore, DKNTAL UWS CONDENSED. TJ unless they are competent in the language of this country, they are placed at a great disadvantage in taking the entrance exam- inations and pursuing the courses prescribed, as all examinations are given, and all questions must be answered in French. Hence, knowledge of French seems absolutely essential to obtain a den- tal diploma. State diplomas authorizing the holder to practise anywhere in France or its colonies are conferred upon the suc- cessful completion of studies in any of the dental colleges of France. American dentists coming to Paris to practise should not fail to have their dental diploma viseed by the nearest French Cousul and provide themselves with all credentials possible; it will aid them. In securing releases, the applicant for a partial release must produce evidence of having completed three years' work in a dental college; in no case will a diploma be granted unless the last year's work has been done in the school issuing the diploma. There are at present in Paris a number of gradu- ates of American dental colleges employed in dental offices on a commission or salary, and at the same time pursuing courses in local schools, thus preparing themselves for the examinations and for ultimate admission to practice under their own names. "Penalties: Infractions of the dental laws are subject to criminal prosecution. The illegal practise of dentistry is punish- able by a fine of iooo to 2000 francs (a franc is about 19.3 cents U. S. currency), and 3000 francs for the second offense, together with an imprisonment of six months to one year. Failure to register one's diploma is punishable by a fine of 25 to 100 francs. The court may also deprive an offender temporarily or perma- nently of the right to practise his profession. This applies to foreigners as well." "Berlin, Germany, February 19, 1912. "The following information on the sub- Germany, ject of the requirements of an American dentist to practise his profession in Ger- many was obtained from the Chief Medical Officer of the City of Berlin : "1. American dentists, being non-qualified practitioners in this country, according to the police regulations of August 21, 1903, must report their arrivals, departures, as well as each re- moval, to the proper Royal District Physician of the place in which they reside ; "2. They are obliged to prove that they are American den- tists by presenting sufficient evidence in the form of graduation diplomas, etc. ; "3. An examination for practising dental surgery in Germany is not required, because, according to the Imperial Trade Regula- 78 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. tions, the practice of medical or dental science in this country is allowed ; "4. The use in Prussia of the title of doctor, obtained at non- German universities after April 7, 1897, is permitted only with the consent of the Minister of Education. 5. Furthermore, the use. of the title 'Amerikanischer Zahn- arzt' or 'American Dental Surgeon,' is prohibited according to several decrees of the Supreme Court of Germany." The rules governing the practice of dentistry in Germany are as follows : "American dentists desiring to practise their profession in Germany are subjected to the regulations of the Reichagewer- beordnung, a law to regulate trade of all kinds within the Empire. According to this law, Germans and foreigners are at liberty to practise the science of medicine and surgery and other arts (Heilkunde), but such persons as may call themselves 'Arzt,' that is to say 'Zahnarzt' or 'Wundarzt' (physicians and dental or other surgeons), require an 'approbation' before being permitted to fol- low their calling. Section 29 of the Reichagewerbeordnung pro- vides as follows in regard to the approbation : " 'An approbation granted on the basis of a proof of qualifi- cation is required * * * by such persons as wish to call themselves * * * Zahnarzt (dental surgeon), or who at- tribute to themselves a similar title, or who shall be recognized as such by a State or community, or who shall be entrusted as such with official duties.' "The character of the proof of qualification thus required has been described by the Bundesrat (federal council) in its notice of July 5, 1889, relating to the examination of dental surgeons and published on page 417 and following pages, in the volume for 1889 of the official German gazette, entitled Zentralblatt fur das Deutsche Reich. According to this notice, it is particularly re- quired that the applicants be subjected to an examination. "American dentists intending to style themselves as above must pass an examination in Germany in accordance with the foregoing requirements, and thereupon, if the result be favorable, are entitled to call themselves Zahnarzt. The diplomas of Amer- ican universities or dental schools do not suffice. Inquiry at the office of the Hamburg Board of Health discloses the fact that the examination just referred to is not exceedingly difficult. How- ever, American dentists at this examination, must not merely demonstrate a knowledge of their profession, but must also show that they have passed the graduating examination of a public high school which would enable the applicant to matriculate in a university. A graduating examination of this kind would neces- d i: x T \ l. laws C O N D i-: \ S E D. ~> i sarily involve a knowledge of numerous elementary subjects, mathematics, chemistry, history, geography and ancient and mod- ern languages. Foreigners arc much more likely to have diffi- culty in satisfying these requirements than in proving their pro- fessional aptitude. "However, and this is, perhaps, the most important point to be borne in mind in connection with this report, capable persons may he permitted to practise dentistry in Germany without the official 'approbation' here described, if only they renounce the right to designate themselves as Zahnarzt. Thus, there is no objection whatever to the use of the professional title of 'Zahn- heilkundigen,' literally, a person familiar with the art of correct- ing and healing the teeth. Care must be exercised in choosing a professional title, as all designations are prohibited and punish- able which tend to make the public believe that the person in question has received an official 'approbation' unless such appro- bation actually has been granted. The opinions of the courts themselves are not in accord as to the admissibility of the sev- eral possible substitute titles. Thus of late a few courts have ob- jected to the title 'In Amerika approbierte Zahnarzt' (surgeon of dentistry approved in America), and also to the word 'dentist.' On the other hand, American dentists who have been domiciled in Germany since and before 1904, occasionally have received permission to call themselves 'American Dentist,' or 'Doctor of Dental Snrgery,' because of the fact that they had used these titles prior to the enactment of the latest laws. Denominations such as Zahnkunstler (artist in dentistry). Zahnbehandler (per- son treating the teeth), etc., are indisputably admissible. "Any American proposing to practise in a particular place would do well first to place himself in communication with the competent local authorities before undertaking to do so. for the reason that the opinions of the authorities are at variance in dif- ferent places. "Dentists who have not received an official approbation are required to register at the office of the competent local authority at the time of their coming to German}-, and to report that it is their intention to begin the practice of their profession. In Ham- burg, they must also obtain a Gewerbeschein (Trade license) which costs eighteen marks (S4.28), but this is not necessary in Prussia. "Academic degrees, accpiired from American educational in- stitutions (for instance, the title of doctor) cannot be used in Germany without approval on the part of the State government. The board of Health in Hamburg declares that this approval is refused almost invariably in this city (Hamburg)." 80 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Excerpts from Dentists' Act, 1878. Great Britain. Section 3 states : Registration required. To take or use the "name or title of den- tist or of dental practitioner without registration renders the offender liable" to a fine not exceeding twenty pounds ($100 U. S. currency). Section 4 states that non-registered dentists or medical men are not entitled "to recover any fee or charge in court." Section 5 defines the privileges of registered persons as being "to practise dentistry and to recover fees in court." Section 6. Qualifications necessary for registration are (a) "a licentiate in dental surgery of any of the medical authorities ; (b) entitled to be registered as a foreign or colonial dentist ; (c) engaged in practice of dentistry at time of passing this Act (1878)." Section 6 also provides that a person resident in the United Kingdom shall not be disqualified for registration under this Act by reason that he is not a British subject, and a British subject shall not be disqualified by reason of his being engaged in prac- tice beyond the limits of the United Kingdom. Section 8 provides for the registration of the colonial dentist with a recognized certificate. Section 9 provides for the registration of foreign dentists with recognized certificate * * * without examination, in the United Kingdom. Section 10. Recognized certificates of colonial and foreign dentists are "such certificate, diploma, membership, degree, license, letters, testimonials or other title, status or document" as may be recognized for the time being by the General Council. Appeals by dentists upon refusal of license must be made to the Privy Council, and "such order shall be obeyed," either for dis- missal of appeal or recognition of certificate, by General Council. Section 11. Provides for (1) the keeping of the Dentists' Register by the Registrar; (2) the General Council shall direct form and details of Register; (3) publication of Register shall be yearly or oftener; (4) Dentists' Register shall be admissible as evidence; (5) the General Council directs Registrar; (6) provides for revocation of license by the General Council. Section 12 is devoted to the duties of the Registrar. Section 13 provides that "the General Council shall cause to be erased from the Dentists' Register any entry which has been incorrectly or fraudulently made" and also the "name of practi- tioner convicted of crime or guilty of disgraceful conduct." Section 14 treats of the restoration of name to Dentists' Register by direction of the General Council. Section 15 provides for the appointment of a special com- DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 8l mittee by the General Council to attend to the erasure or restora- tion of name to Dentists' Register. Section 16 provides that the registration fee after 1879 shall not exceed five pounds (about $25). Section 17 provides that the "General Council may from time to time make, alter and revoke such orders and regulations as they see tit for regulating the general and the local registers and the practice of registration under this Act. and the fees to be paid in respect thereof." Section [8 provides Eor examinations in dental surgery by the medical authorities "hereinafter referred to as colleges or bodies." Section 19. Subject : Board of Examiners, appointment of by the Council or other governing body of the Royal College of Sur- geons of Edinburgh, and of the Faculty of Physicians and Sur- geons of Glasgow, and of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ire- land, and of any university in the United Kingdom. Each of such boards shall be the Board of Examiners in Dental Surgery or Dentistry, and shall consist of not less than six members. Section 20 treats of fees for examination, which are deter- mined by the "governing bodies" of the universities previously mentioned. Section 21 provides: "The Royal College of Surgeons of England shall continue to hold examinations and to appoint a Board of Examiners in Dentistry or Dental Surgery for the pur- pose of testing the fitness of persons to practise dentistry or den- tal surgery * * * and to grant certificates of such fitness * * * ; and any person who obtains such certificate shall be a licentiate in dental surgery of the said college, and his name shall be entered on a list of such licentiates to be kept by the said college." Section 22 declares that the "General Medical Council may require information as to examination." Section 23 provides that the General Medical Council may represent defects in examinations in such colleges to H. Majesty's Privy Council. Section 24 provides that the Privy Council may revoke "if they see fit," a certificate granted by any such body (college). Section 25. The consequence of such revocation is that per- sons possessing certificates from such college shall not be en- titled to register. Section 26 provides : "Privy Council may prohibit attempts to impose restrictions as to any theory of dentistry by bodies entitled to grant certificates." Section 27 provides that "A certificate under this Act shall not confer any right or title to be registered under the Medical Act, 1858, in respect of such certificate, nor to assume any name, title or designation implying that the person mentioned in the $2 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. certificate is by law recognized as a licentiate or practitioner in medicine or general surgery." Section 28 contains provision for conduct of examination by medical boards, if established. Section 29 is devoted to evidence of registration. Section 30 specifies exemption of registered persons from serving on juries, at inquests, corporate, parochial, ward, hundred and township offices, and from the militia. The remaining four sections are devoted to: "Exercise of powers by Privy Council ; penalty on wilful falsification of regis- ters ; penalty on obtaining registration by false representations ; notice of death of practitioners ; provision for certain students ; by-laws, services of notices by post and recovery of penalties." The Medical Act of 1886 refers to dentists specifically in Sec- tion 26, and refers to modifications or amendments or annulment of certain provisions affecting Sections 4, 5, 28 of the Dentists' Act of 1878. NOTE. — The foregoing excerpts give the essential facts of the English law as it now stands. I am informed that new dental legislation is pending. "Athens, Greece, February 16, 1912. "In order to practise dentistry in this Greece. country, it is necessary, if one has not a diploma from a foreign dental college of standing, to obtain a diploma from the University of Athens, which represents a two years' course in dentistry and allied sub- jects, and to pay a fee of forty drachmas ($7.72). If one has a diploma from a reputable foreign college, such as the American institutions you mention (Universities of Pennsylvania, Michi- gan, Iowa, California, Minnesota, Harvard, Vanderbilt, Valpa- raiso at Chicago), one is required to pass an examination in den- tistry before the Board of Health and to pay a fee of four hun- dred drachmas ($77.20). The examination is conducted in either the Greek, French or German language. "After obtaining a license, a dentist is subject to the graded 'professional' tax, which ranges from seventy-nine drachmas ($15.25) to five hundred and forty-seven drachmas ($105.57) a year, depending upon the income he receives from the practice of his profession. "In regard to possible openings in Greece for American den- tists, I may say that two excellent English dentists have been established in Athens for a number of years, who have a consider- able and paying practice among the class of people whom an American dentist would naturally look to for his practice. Whether the field is large enough to support another dentist is questionable. Outside of the city of Athens, I should think it unlikely that there is an opening for an American dentist." D 1: n t a i. i. a w s c n i> 1: n S i: i>. 83 "Guatemala City. Guatemala, February j«a [912. "The graduate <>i" a reputable dental Guatemala. college of the United States, before prac- tising his profession in Guatemala is re quired to pass an examination in Spanish before tin- official fac- ulty having the oversight of dentistry. The person desiring to practise dentistry may. however, associate himself with a dentist already having a Guatemalan license, and practise nominally .-;-> the liit t stant." "Port au Prince. Ifayti. "It i> required that all dentists, before Hayti. being permitted to practise, must pass an examination before the Medical Hoard of Hayti. It would be well to be acquainted with the French languag - that is the language of the country.'' "Amsterdam, Holland, February 13, 1912. "There are only four American uni- Holland. versities recognized in any way in this country, and they are the universities of Pennsylvania. Michigan. Yanderbilt and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. Persons holding dental diplomas from any of them must undergo an examination before being admitted to practice here. Graduates from any other universities or colleges in the United States have to complete the regular dental course in one of the universities of Holland (Utrecht. Leyden. or Groni- gen). which course is five years. "The law provides that the examination shall be held in the Dutch language, but in some cases applicants have been allowed to pass the examination in the English or German language. "There is not a good opening in this country for American dentists any more. The profession is now fairly crowded, among it many practitioners with American diplomas." "Ceiba, Honduras. "Neither diploma nor examination is Honduras. necessary in order to practise dentistry in this country." "Budapest. Hungary, February 19, 1912. "To practise dentistry in Hungary, a Hungary. degree of M.D. is required, and. in con- sequence, a diploma from a dental college i^ of no value unless the holder happens to have a medical degree also. There is little 84 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. or no opening in Hungary for an American dentist, as far as I have been able to ascertain. There are several dentists here who have studied in America, but no native American." "Madras, India, December 11, 191 1. "There are no laws dealing with the India. practice of dentistry in India, and no examining board. The only requirement imposed on regularly graduated dentists in India before they can practise their profession, is for the dentist to take out a license, which is simply in the nature of a municipal tax. "There are openings for dentists in India; every large city has at least one European dentist. The status of the American dentist is the same as that of the English ; American university graduates have a good standing in the profession." "Dublin, Ireland. "I am told by the most eminent dentist Ireland. here that a foreign diploma will not be accepted, and that the candidate will have to pass the examination set for the purpose of admission." "Rome, Italy, February 12, 1912. "According to existing Italian legisla- Italy. tion, no foreigner is allowed to practise dentistry in Italy, unless such foreigner has regularly acquired a professional diploma in an institution of a foreign country which concedes reciprocal rights for the exercise of the profession to persons graduated in Italy. "In case the reciprocal rights, above referred to, are non- existent, aliens may not practise dentistry in Italy unless passing examination and obtaining an Italian diploma of surgery and dentistry." Kingston, Jamaica, February 15, 1912. The Dental Practitioners' Law (Law Jamaica. 11 of 1905) makes provision for the regis- tration of persons practising dentistry in Jamaica. Section 1. — Enacts that the office of the Registrar General of Births and Deaths shall be the registry of qualified dental prac- titioners and that the Registrar General of Births and Deaths shall be the Registrar. Sec. 2. — Provides for the opening of the register of qualified dental practitioners on the first of October, 1905. D i: n r a i, laws condensed. 85 Sec. 6. — Enacts thai the following persons, upon satisfying the Registrar by such documentary or other evidence of their right to be registered and upon payment of a registration fee of one guinea, shall be entitled to be registered under this law. (a) Any person qualified Or entitled to practise dentistry in the United Kingdom under any act for the time being in force. (b) Any person who at the passing of this law, is bona fide engaged in the practice of dentistry in this island and who holds a diploma, license or certificate granted to him by any university, college or institution recognized by the Governor in l'rivy Coun- cil, after ami in consequence of his having passed through the course of study and examination in dentistry, prescribed in such university, college or institution. (c) Any person who at the passing of this law, is and has been for not less than three years bona fide engaged in the prac- tice of dentistry in this island and whom the Governor in Privy Council for special cause shown, permits to be registered without examination. Sections 8, 9 and 10 provide as follows : 8. — Any person who at the passing of this law is bona fide engaged in the practice of dentistry in this island; and also any person not qualified to be registered under Section 6 of this law, but who holds a diploma, license or certificate granted to him by any university, college or institution recognized by the Governor in Privy Council, after and in consequence of his having passed through the course of study and examination in dentistry pre- scribed by such university, college or institution, and who wishes to be registered under this law, may make application in w r riting to the Governor to appoint a Hoard of Examiners. 9. — On receipt of such application the Governor shall appoint three persons, duly registered under this law, as a Board of Ex- aminers and the persons so appointed shall thereupon fix a time and place for holding the examinations. 10. — The candidate shall first satisfy the Board of Examiners that he was at the date of the passing of this law, bona fide engaged in the practice of dentistry in this island or that he holds a diploma, license or certificate granted to him as aforesaid, and the Board of Examiners, if so satisfied, shall with reasonable despatch, fully and fairly examine such candidate accordingly; and if they find him sufficiently informed and skilled, they shall give him a certificate to that efTect. and he shall then be registered under this law, upon payment of the registration fee. Mr. M. Solomon (of the Island Medical Office) has been appointed secretary. 86 D E N T A L L A \V S CONDENSED. "Yokohama, Japan, February 27th, 1912. "License to practise dentistry in Japan Japan. will be granted to a foreigner residing in this country, and possessing a diploma from a reputable dental college and a license to practise dentistry in his or her country, and whom the Minister of Home Affairs recog- nizes as a proper and duly qualified person. Reciprocal treatment is based on the treatment of Japanese applicants in the majority of the States of the United States, in the absence of any national law. The application for license must be filed in Japanese, together with a biographical sketch of the applicant, certificate of nationality, the diploma and license, its translation, etc. When the applicant is not known to the Home Department, inquiries and investigation as to his or her physical condition, record, character and standing in his or her own country are made, and, if found satisfactory, the license will be granted. T am informed that these investigations take at least three months, and sometimes as long as a year. The government fee for issuing the license is twenty yen ($9.96)." The Dental Law of Japan (Law No. 48 of the 39th year of Meiji, 1906) provides: Article I. Any person who wishes to become a dentist is re- quired to have one of the following qualifications, and obtain license from the Minister of State for Home Affairs: (1) that he has graduated from a dental school designated by the Minister of Edu- cation ; (2) that he has succeeded in passing the examination for dental practice; (3) that he has not only graduated from a foreign dental school or obtained license for dental practice in a foreign country, but that it is recognized as equal to what is required by orders. Article IT. Any person coming under any of the following clauses is not allowed to obtain license for dental practice : ( I ) that he has been sentenced for major offence (this, however, does not apply to any person who has been punished for a political offence): (2) that his civil rights are in suspension; (3) that he has not attained proper age, or has been adjudged incompetent or quasi-incompetent, or is deaf, dumb, or blind. Article III. The license may not be granted to a person who has been either punished with imprisonment or fined in connection with medical affairs. Article IV. The Dentists' Register shall be kept at the De- partment for Home Affairs, and particulars relating to dental license shall be therein registered. Particulars of registration shall be determined by orders. Article V. No dentist is allowed to issue a medical certificate, write a prescription, or treat a patient, unless he personally exam- ines such patients. DENTAL LAWS CO N D K N S V. 1 1. 87 Article VI. The dentist shall keep a note-book, and register therein the name, age, residence, occupation, disease, and treatment of every patient treated. The note-book shall be preserved for ten years. Article VII. No dentist is allowed to make a false advertise- ment by exaggerating his art. or announce that he has a secret method of treatment. Article VIII. Dentists may establish a Dentists 1 Association. Regulations for the Dentists' Association shall be determined by the Minister of State for Home Affairs. Article IX. The Dentists 1 Association ma\ answer inquiries of the government authorities, or give advice to them concerning dental and sanitar) affairs. Article X. The license of am dentist who comes under the first or third clause of Article II shall be revoked. When a dentist is punished with imprisonment, or is fined, or commits a wicked act in connection with his profession, his license shall be revoked. or his practice shall be suspended for a period of certain length. The same applies if such event had taken place before he obtained his license. A dentist, whose license has been' revoked according to the present article, may regain it when the cause stated in the third clause of Article II ceases, or the fact that he is truly repentant is beyond suspicion. The revocation stated in the present Article shall be executed by the Minister of State for Home Affairs; in the case, however, stated in the second clause, or in the later half of the third clause, such step shall be taken through the deliberation of the Central Board of Health. Article XL Any person who practises dentistry without a license, or while his practice is in suspension, or who violates Arti- cles V., VI., and VII., shall be liable to a penalty of not exceeding three hundred yen ($149.40). Article XII. The present law shall take effect on and after the fir-t day of < ►ctober, of the 39th year of Meiji (1906). Article XIII. The license for dental practice issued before the present law takes effect, shall be valid, even after the present law- takes effect. Imperial Ordinance Xo. 245 of 1906, concerning those persons entitled to license according to the third clause of Article I. of the law governing dentists ; Only those persons are entitled to license for dental practice according to the third clause of Article I. of the Law Concerning Dentists, who has not only obtained a diploma from a foreign dental school, or license for dental practice in a foreign country, but who are adjudged by the Minister of Home Affairs as properly qualified. (Translation.) 88 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "Batavia, Java. "I beg to inform you that no diploma Java. from any foreign (non-Dutch) dental col- lege is recognized in Java. Should a per- son wish to practise in this colony, he must pass an examination either in Holland or here, and it would be advisable to pass in the former place, as no American could pass the examination in Java. "Having passed the required examination in Holland and obtained a Dutch diploma, no objection could be raised by the authorities here to such party practising." "Seoul, Chosen (Korea), February 28, 1912. "Graduates of recognized foreign den- Korea, tal schools, who possess the qualifications required by the laws of Japan, may obtain license to practise dentistry in Chosen. Control in these matters is vested in the Director of Internal Affairs Department and the Chief of Gendarmerie and Police of the Government Gen- eral of Chosen (Korea)." "Monrovia, Liberia, February 28, 191 2. "There are no restrictions whatever Liberia. placed on a competent dental practitioner in Liberia, and, so far as I know, there is not one located within the confines of the Republic. While the country is in need of good dentists, it is doubtful, in my opinion, if the work among the civilized people is sufficient in quantity to keep one doctor busy all the time, should he locate in any one of the centres of population in the Republic ; but, if the man should travel from one place to the other within the Republic, I feel sure that he would be able to obtain all the work he could do." "Tamatave, Madagascar. "No one is permitted to practise den- Madagascar, tistry in Madagascar without possessing a French diploma in that profession. The French law of November, 1892, prohibiting the practice of medi- cine and dentistry without possessing a French diploma was made applicable in the Colony of Madagascar on June 5, 1901." "Malta, November 28, 191 1. "The Chief of the Public Health De- Malta, partment informs me that the presenta- tion of a diploma from a satisfactory school, and personal identification, are the only requirements. DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 89 "In regard to the reputation of American dentists lure, I can that it is most .satisfactory. There arc no American dentists in Malta, but most of the British garrison, and those Maltese who have lived abroad, or travelled on the Continent, have heard of the excellence of the American dentist. Graduation from a de- partment of dentistry of any of the universities you mention (Pennsylvania, Michigan, California, Iowa, Vanderbilt, North- western, Harvard and Valparaiso at Chicago) would be consid- ered highly satisfactory here. "I should advise any American dentist who desires to prac- tise in Malta to have the head of the faculty of his department attach a certificate, attested before a notary, to a copy of the cata- logue of the university giving the curriculum of the department of dentistry, and stating that it is the course taken by the gradu- ate who is presenting his diploma for approval. With a pass- port from the American government as identification, he would have no difficulty, especially if he will take the trouble to call at the Consulate and be introduced to the health authorities. "I may say that what I have written must not be taken to mean that I am advising any young American dentist to settle here. Success depends upon so many different things, and so much upon the individual that I am afraid to advise in the matter. Malta is also a foreign country and the customs are different." "Mukden, Manchuria. "So far as Manchuria is concerned, no Manchuria. examination or license is required. Man- churia, however, at present does not offer any hopeful field for American dentists. The number of foreign- ers resident here is very small, and the Chinese are comparatively free from the need of dental services. When they do require them, they seem to obtain satisfaction from the Japanese dentists in practice here, whose fees are smaller than an American dentist could afford to charge." "City of Mexico, Mexico, February 3, 1912. "I am informed that for a person to Mexico. practise dentistry here, it is not longer necessary to register a diploma, but the party is only required to call at the Municipal Tax Office of the town in which he locates, register and thereafter pay a small monthly tax. "Further, as to openings which exist in Mexico for American dentists, I have to say that there are many American dentists in each of the large cities in Mexico, but we all know that success in any business or profession depends upon the man himself. 7 90 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. However, I certainly suggest that no professional man should come to Mexico unless he is in a comparatively good financial position." "Tangier, Morocco, March 22, 1912. "Owing to the regime of extra terri- Morocco. torialty existing in Morocco (b)'" which all matters legal or otherwise, appertain- ing to the subjects of foreign powers resident in Morocco, are left to the regulation of the nation of which the person is a sub- ject) there are no qualifications required for the practice of den- tistry in this country. A certificate of graduation, however, would become indispensable to any person desiring to practise dentistry here, as otherwise the confidence of this community would be entirely lacking, and this would result in a serious hindrance to the establishment of a practice among the best classes of the population. "There is undoubtedly a demand for a qualified dentist at the present time in Morocco." NOTE. — As we are about to go to press we learn that a treaty has just been signed in Paris by the Sultan of Morocco, making Morocco a Pro- tectorate of France. Under these circumstances it is probable that the French Dental Law will be enforced in Morocco. "Nassau, New Providence I.. November 1, 191 1. "There are no laws governing the prac- New Providence I. tice of dentistry in Nassau. With a pop- ulation of about 14,000, of whom about 9000 are negroes, and two dentists in regular practice in the city, ■there hardly seems to be room for more, though American den- tists sometimes come here for the winter season and seem to get a fair amount of work. "No special qualifications are needed for practice here and no license is required. Diplomas from American colleges or uni- versities of good standing, are highly regarded." "Auckland, New Zealand, March 14. 1912. "The Dental College of the University New Zealand. of Pennsylvania is well known in New Zealand, and a diploma from that and similar institutions of equal merit would be considered equivalent to a degree in dental surgery of the University of New Zealand. The city of Auckland is well supplied with dentists, including one prominent American establishment which has a branch in Well- ington, and several other practitioners who were educated in den- tistry at the University of Pennsylvania. I know of no particular opening. [ i i . \ T A I. LAWS CONDENSE D. 91 ••The Dental Act of i<£>8 (consolidating all previous Acts) j>r< ivides: " 'Section 10. Every adult person shall he entitled, on appli- cation to the Registrar-General and on payment of the prescribed fee, to he registered as a dentist who "'ia) Is registered or is entitled to be registered in the United Kingdom in accordance with the law for the time being in force therein as a dentist or medical practitioner; or "■ '(h) Is the holder of a degree in dental surgery of the Uni- versity of New Zealand, or has gone through such course of study and professional practice and training, passed such examinations and obtained from the Senate (of the university) such certificate of proficiency in dental surgery or dentistry as the Senate by regulations prescribes ; or "'(c) Is entitled, in accordance with the provisions of this Act. to he registered as a foreign or British dentist.' " 'Section \2. Any person showing that he holds some recog- nized certificate as hereinafter defined, granted in a British pos- session, and that he is of good character, shall upon payment of the fees be entitled, without examination, to be registered under this Act' " 'Section 13. Any person showing that he holds some recognized certificate as hereinafter defined, granted in a foreign country, and that he is of good character, and either continues to "hold such certificate or has not been deprived thereof for any cause which disqualifies him for heing registered under this Act, shall upon payment of the fees be entitled, without examination, to be registered under this Act.' " 'Section 14. The certificate granted in a British possession or in a foreign country which is to be deemed such a recognized certificate as is required for the purposes of this Act, shall be such certificate, diploma, membership, degree, license, letters, testir monials or other title, status or document as may be recognized by the Senate as entitling the holder thereof to practise dentistry or dental surgery in such possession or country and as furnishing sufficient guarantee of the prossession of the requisite knowledge and skill for the efficient practise of dentistry or dental surgery." " "Christiana, Norway, February 21, 1912. "An American, although he is in pos- Norway. session of a diploma from a reputable American dental college, from which he has graduated, will not be permitted to practise dentistry in Nor- way, until he shall have passed an examination before the Nor- wegian Dental Examining Board." 9'2 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED, "Legacion de Panama, Washington, D. C. "Any person holding a diploma from a Panama. reputable dental college from anywhere in the world can practise dentistry here, provided that the applicant pass an examination before a board appointed for that purpose, and upon payment of a fee of $50 for a certificate." "Asuncion, Paraguay. "Diplomas from American dental col- Paraguay, leges are not accepted here. Diplomas from the colleges of the Argentine Re- public, from Uruguay and from Peru entitle the possessor to prac- tise in Paraguay without examination, but American dentists would be obliged to pass the examination before the local board. Three American dentists are now practising in Paraguay. I would not advise a dentist to come here unless under a contract. Spanish is the language of the country, and a dentist should understand and speak that tongue in order to be successful." "Legation de Perse, Washington, D. C. "If a graduate of a reputable American Persia. dental college wishes to practise his pro- fession in Persia, his diploma must be certified by the proper authorities, viz. : By the Secretary of State in his own State, by the Secretary of State of the United States, and then the Legation will certify the Secretaries of State and the U. S. seal. The applicant must have practised dentistry for three years. This is all that is required." "Callao, Peru, December 27th, 191 1. • "The Peruvian regulations require that Peru. physicians and dentists who are graduates of foreign universities, and who desire to practise their profession in Peru, shall present themselves before the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lima, bringing with them the diploma of the university from which they have graduated, with the signatures properly legalized by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a certificate of personal identity issued by the Minister or Consul of the nation of the applicant resident in Lima. In the absence of these officially, there must be produced a legal identification by witnesses. "Graduate dentists of foreign universities must pay the fees of matriculation, which amount to $244, and stand two examinations in this order: 1. Theoretical, which comprises anatomy and physi- ology of the mouth ; 2. Theoretical-practical, which comprises DENTAL I. A W S CONDENSE D. 93 pathology of the mouth, and the performance of one operation in dental surgery. 'The requirements for surgeon dentists who desire taking the examinations above referred to are the same as those exacted of physicians and surgeons, namely : The fees, which are to be paid before taking the examinations, amount to $493 American currency, which is the equivalent of the dues incurred by an alumnus receiv- ing his medical instruction in the University of Lima. The exam- ination- are five in number, and are taken in the following order: "r. Theoretical-practical. The theoretical comprises descrip- tive, general, normal, and pathological, anatomy, and general and human physiology. The practical consists in actual dissection of the cadaver, together with a proper description of such dissection. Theoretical-practical. The theoretical comprises general pathology, and internal and external nosography. while the practical consists in the performance of one or two surgical operations upon the cadaver. "3. Theoretical, which comprises medical natural history, medical chemistry, and medical physics. "4. Theoretical, which embraces therapeutics, and materia medica, medical jurisprudence and toxicology, and hygiene. Practical, which comprises the clinical examination of a patient, another of surgery, and another of obstetrics ; also, diag- . treatment, and clinical histories. "Persons in the United States contemplating practising these professions in Peru, and desiring more detailed information than is here presented, or printed copies of the exact laws, regulations, etc.. governing such matters, should invariably address themselves to the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lima (El Decano de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Lima). Dr. Ernesto Odriozola, Lima, Peru." "Manila, Philippine Islands. "In reply to your question, I will state Philippines. that none but graduates from reputable colleges are eligible for examination .in the Philippine-.'' "Lisbon, Portugal, January 19th, 1912. "The new law has been signed by the Portugal. Minister, and, I am informed, allows only doctors of medicine to practise dentistry. To-day. however. I interviewed one of the most prominent dentists here, who told me that several important modifications are to be made in the near future, and that it would be useless to report on the law in its present form." 94 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. "Frankfort-on-Main, Prussia, March 9, 1912. "The practice of dentistry is open in Prussia. Prussia to anyone who pays the required fee, and causes his name to be inscribed in the Gewerbe-Register (Industrial Register). "Formerly, academic titles conferred by foreign institutions of learning were pretty generally recognized, but since 1897 the situ- ation is as follows : "According to a decree of April 7, 1897, foreigners residing in Prussia cannot make use of an academic title conferred by an insti- tution outside of the German Empire, unless special permission has been obtained from the Prussian Ministry for Religious, Educa- tional, and Medical Affairs. This -decree did not apply to titles conferred before that date. There are consequently a number of American dentists here, established before 1897, who are allowed to make use of titles conferred on them by American dental schools. "At present, an American dentist can practise here after in- scribing his name in the Gewerbe-Register, but he cannot call him- self Zahnarzt unless he has obtained permission from the Prussian Ministry in Berlin. In the local directory, dentists who have re- ceived their degrees in Germany are classed as Zahnaerzte (dent- ists), whereas those who have been prepared abroad are called Zahnheilkundige — approbiert im Ausland (Skilled in dentistry — examined abroad). "There are a considerable number of American dentists at Frankfort, and it is doubtful if there is much opportunity here for young dentists, unless they should be taken into some well-estab- lished office. In some of the smaller German cities there are still good opportunities for American dentists." "Bucharest, Roumania. "The dentist in Roumania applies for a Roumania. license to practise under the Roumanian Sanitary Law, which provides for the licensure of physicians, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, and midwives. The authority of the Minister of the Interior, published in the official Monitor, is necessary. The right to practise the above professions is given to possessors of academic degrees granted by schools in Roumania, and holders of degrees and diplomas bestowed by foreign faculties upon Roumanian subjects; similar rights are granted to persons born in the country (not citizens) who have re- ceived their secondary education in Roumania. "Persons possessing foreign diplomas must, in order to obtain the right to practise, first pass an examination. Only those persons who hold diplomas deemed equivalent to those provided for accord- ing to the law on instruction, are admitted to take the examination. DEN T A I, LAWS CONDENSED. 95 The examination is conducted by the General Board of the Sanitary Service, under the supervision of a Council composed as follows: For dentists, of two members being surgeons of the Superior Sani- tary Council, and one dentist named by the Sanitary Board. Candi- date for examination must pay the fees pertaining thereto. Doctors of medicine, veterinary surgeons, and pharmacists must pay three hundred lei (francs), equal to about $47.90 U. S. currency. A special regulation will determine the matter of holding such exam- ination, and the payment of fees.' Article 83 provides: "Dentistry, as is the case with any other specialty of medical practice, cannot be practised by persons other than doctors of medicine, having obtained such right according to the terms of this law, and having a diploma or certificate which confers the right to practise dentistry in this country. Dentists without the degree of doctor of medicine, but who have studied their specialty in a school of dentistry, and who have been engaged in the practice of dentistry four years prior to the time of the pro- mulgation of this law, shall continue to have such right to practise. All those who have obtained the right to practise under previous legislation shall continue to enjoy the right to practise. Persons without academic degrees, and designated as "dental mechanics" will only be allowed to work in connection with doctors and dentists who practise according to the terms of this law." In regard to Secret Partnerships, Article 83 provides: "The formation of a partnership by which such a person (dental mechanic) places himself under the protection of a doctor of medi- cine who does not practise dentistry, for the purpose of thus prac- tising in an illegal manner this specialty of medicine, is considered as a violation of the law, and the offender will be prosecuted. A doctor who is proven to have conveyed to another by such a secret understanding, a right which according to the law is absolutely personal, shall be subjected to a fine of from two hundred to two thousand lei (francs), and the person who has profited by such a right, which the law does not recognize as belonging to him, shall be considered as practising medicine illegally, and shall be prosecuted according to the terms of Art. 88." "St. Petersburg, Russia, February 19th, 1912. "All persons wishing to practise den- Russia, tistry in Russia are required to produce a certificate showing that they have grad- uated from at least six classes of a high school (gymnasium), and must pass their examinations, conducted in the Russian language. These examinations are held in an Imperial Military Medical Acad- emy or an Imperial Russian University, and are as follows : "Theoretical: 1. — General pathology and pathological anat- omy. 2. — Phamacology and medical prescription as applied in the c)6 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. practice of dentistry. 3. — Pathology and therapeutics of the hollow of the mouth and teeth and hygiene of the same. "Practical: 4. — Anatomy and physiology of the hollow of the mouth, with demonstration of anatomical preparations. 5. — Clinical examination in connection with the practice of dentistry. 6. — Technics appertaining to artificial teeth and filling of teeth, with demonstration of technical process. "All graduates of foreign dental colleges must take the exam- inations in order to obtain a license to practise." "San Salvador, Salvador. "Neither diploma nor examination is Salvador. necessary in order to practise dentistry in this Consular District. Honduras and Salvador are the same in regard to requirements." "Dresden, Saxony, February 28th, 191 2. "There is no Saxon dental law, the Saxony. practice of dentistry being governed by Imperial laws, which are very voluminous. The conditions and requirements for practising dentistry in Ger- many are briefly as follows : Neither license nor diploma is required to practise, nor is there any examination. There are two classes of dentists ; the Zahnarzt, who has attended a dental school attached to a German University, and who receives a license (not diploma) upon passing his examinations ; and the Zahnkunstler or Zahntech- niker, who has taken no course of lectures. The latter is allowed to practise dentistry as a business, as German law provides that every man is entitled to earn his living at his trade. It is under the latter head that the American dentist is allowed to locate and practise. "The American diploma is not recognized by law, and the use of the American degree is prohibited on the ground that no foreign degree shall be recognized which does not obtain in Germany, and also from the fact that American dental colleges are not under State control, and are therefore looked upon as being inferior (or at least the diploma) to those in Germany. The use even of business or visit- ing cards bearing the D. D. S. or degree is prohibited. In my opin- ion, there is no opening for further American dentists in Saxony, as each large city has from two to six American dentists already prac- tising, in addition to numerous German dentists." "Edinburgh, Scotland, Aprill 11, 1912. "Dentistry has made great progress in Scotland. this country during the last twenty years. Facilities for dental education have been increased and improved, and the requirements for obtaining the license have been advanced. As a result, the standard of the pro- DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 97 on is now high, not a few of the members having had six or twelve months' experience of practical work in leading American 1 colleges, or in the offices of prominent American dentists, after passing the examinations here. "The question yon put as to the conditions under which an American graduate may be admitted to the examinations of the college i- one that has aot infrequently been put to me by gentle- men who desire to practise here or in a British Colony. I should draw your attention first of all to the fact that a license to practise dentistry is only obtained by registration on the Dentists' Register which in turn can only be obtained by holders of a British degree or license, which again can now only be obtained by fulfilling the required curriculum of study and passing the prescribed ex- ••. initiation.-. "The :urriculum in American dental schools differs somewhat from that in force here, so far as what may be called the general subjects (as Anatomy. Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, and attend- ance at a general hospital) are concerned. Then, again, an examin- ation in general or preliminary education, while insisted on here, is quite generally dispensed with in America. As a consequence, it very seldom (never in my experience) happens that an American L.D.S. is in a position to at once satisfy the requirements of the college in respect to his curriculum, and the absence of any proof of having passed any preliminary examination is often a stumbling block. "The holders of certain degrees or licenses in dental surgery gnized by the college will be admitted to the First and Second Professional Examinations, with exemption in the subjects of chemistry and physics, provided they produce evidence (a) of having passed a satisfactory preliminary examination in general education, lb) of having completed the curriculum of profes- sional study required by these regulations, and (c) of having passed the required professional examinations for their degree or license in dental surgery. The following are the degrees and licenses at present recognized : D.M.D. — University of Harvard. D.D.S. — University of Pennsylvania. D.D.S. — University of Michigan. License of Dental Board of Victoria, Australia. Bac. Den. Surg. — University of Sydney, Australia. Every candidate for a license to practise dental surgery must produce certificates showing: i. That he is 21 years of age. 2. That he has been registered as a dental student. 3. That he has completed his period of attendance on all the subjects for the examinations desired. 98 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. 4. That he has subsequently to the date of registration been engaged in professional study for at least four years. 5. That he has attended courses of instruction in the following general subjects of a recognized medical school: (a) Chemistry, with laboratory instruction, for at least five months, and Physics, with laboratory instruction, for at least two and a half months; (b) Human Anatomy — Lectures, for at least five months; (c) Dissections, with demonstrations, for ten months; (d) Physiology, with laboratory instruction, for five months ; (e) Surgery, includ- ing Surgical Pathology, for five months; (f) Medicine, including Medical Pathology, for five months ; (g) The practice of a recog- nized General Hospital, with certified instruction in Clinical Sur- gery and Clinical Medicine, for a period of at least twelve months. The requirements which American graduates have most diffi- culty in satisfying are embodied in Section 5 of the foregoing, and the important question is — how are these difficulties sur- mounted ? I think a good man, not afraid of work, if he can get over the preliminary examination difficulty, might manage to get in the balance of the curriculum in one year — though it really means hard work. As regards the purely dental part of the cur- riculum, the college recognizes qualifying courses of instruction given at any reputable school, so there is usually no difficulty about that part, the only exception perhaps being Comparative Dental Anatomy. At any rate, all subjects can be overtaken in twelve months, the first professional examination certainly should be passed at the end of that time ; and if the candidate is an exceptionally good, earnest student, the final also is possible. You should understand that here we have three bodies con- cerned in dental education, viz: 1. The Medical Council, which prescribes the curriculum and keeps the dental register. 2. The Royal College of Surgeons, which conducts the exam- ination and grants the diploma. 3. The Dental Hospital and School, which provides the instruction. This multiplication and complexity of governing bodies is not easily understood by your graduates, accustomed to a simpler order of things." "Belgrade, Servia. "The Servian Law requires the same Servia. qualifications from dentists as from prac- tising physicians, viz. : Par. 9. of the amended Law of 1904 relative to physicians says : 'Every physician, including dentists, who desires to obtain the right to freely practise in Servia, has to be a Servian citizen, must have graduated as doctor of medicine, or possess certificate from a medical college of DENTAL LAWS. CONDENSED. 99 equal academic rank; he has, besides, to pass a Government exam- ination in Servia, before a committee composed of members of the General Medical Council, and has to serve for one year as assistant physician at one of the State hospitals named by the Minister of the Interior. The last quoted provision does not apply to candidates who can prove that after the} have graduated as doctor of medicine they have spent one year as students at some recognized foreign hospital or clinic." "Siamese Legation, Washington, D. C. "There are no legal obstacles in the way Siam. of foreigners desiring to practise dentistry in Siam. and a properly qualified dentist holding the diploma of such universities as Harvard and Pennsyl- vania would be free to open an office in Siam." "Vladivostok, Siberia, March 14th, 1912. "Before foreign dentists can perma- Siberia. nently locate and practise in Russia or Siberia, it is necessary for them to pass the Russian examination. Special permits are, however, occasionally granted for the purpose of practising temporarily, a time limit being fixed. While there are a number of dentists in this city, they are not, as a rule, acquainted with up-to-date methods, and there is undoubtedly a good opening for American dentists in some of the larger cities of Siberia." S<^i^fUo^r±, **?**. /. IOI are n<»t accepted in Switzerland. ( me American dentist in Zurich has been practising as an understudy with a Swiss For ten yi lie has a diploma lYi'in the University of Pennsylvania, and has an excellent reputation in his profession, bul lu- has never heen able to obtain a license to practise in his own name, notwith- Standing that he has powerful influences hack of him, even to men high up in the profession and in the College of Mental Sur- gery in the Swiss University. "American dentists stand high in Switzerland, as they do elsewhere in Europe, but, as above stated, the law and the opposi- tion of dentists in the country make it practically impossible to obtain permission to practise. The American dentists here are Swiss citizens, who got their degrees in American colleges." "Jerusalem, Syria, March 15, 1912. "The Turkish regulations provide that Syria. a foreigner, in order to practise dentistry, must be possessed of a diploma from some regularly recognized foreign dental school, and that this diploma must be registered with the local government at the place where the dentist in question desires to locate. In fact, however, there seems to be little desire on the part of the Jeru- salem Government to enforce these regulations. "While there is not now so good an opportunity for an American dentist as existed two years ago (an Englishman hav- ing established himself here within that period), there still re- mains a fairly profitable field for moderate priced work. With the exception of the English dentist already referred to, there is also a properly qualified German and a large number of others whose qualifications are doubtful. Any American with a diploma from one of the institutions you mention (Universities of Penn- sylvania, Iowa, California, Harvard, Minnesota, Vanderbilt, Michigan, Valparaiso at Chicago, Northwestern University), would have no difficulty in securing a permit to practise den- tistry. "The Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, Syria, has recently opened a course in dentistry, and in a few years the graduates of this school will probably have filled any available opportunities in this part of Turkey. I would suggest that any person who contemplates coming to Syria to practise ought to correspond with the professor of dentistry at the aforementioned college." "Beirut, Syria. March 20, 1912. "The laws of Turkey to-day require that all who desire to practise dentistry within the Ottoman Empire must be in legal possession of a diploma from a recognized dental school such as the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, etc.. must present the same at Constantinople to the Imperial Medical Council, who 102 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. will license the applicant after a pro forma colloquial examina- tion. This is done at an expense of about twelve pounds sterling. "Should the applicant fail to give satisfaction at the above mentioned examination, he is given another chance, at a later date, when the examination is a full examination in writing of all of the regular dental subjects, which are pretty much the same as those of the dental requirements of the United States. The examinations are all conducted either in French or in Turk- ish, no other language being acceptable. "Openings for American dentists do exist in Syria, but he must be a brave man who will leave the United States to face the trials and tribulations of a dentist in Turkey. Two dental schools exist in Turkey to-day : the American School at Beirut, and the Imperial School at Constantinople." "The procedure in the case of dentists Transvaal. desirous of becoming registered to prac- tise in the Transvaal is identical with that prescribed in respect of the registration of medical practi- tioners. * * * A similar form of declaration of identity is required from a dentist as from a medical practitioner. The fee for registration is ten pounds (about $50). All dental degrees, diplomas or qualifications recognized by the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom are accepted for registration in the Transvaal." "Tunisia, Northern Africa. "The laws governing the granting of a Tunisia. license to practise •dentistry in Tunisia are the same as those of France, i. e., two years of probationary work in a dentist's office or a laboratory of a dental college, and three years of actual attendance at a recognized dental college, and an examination before the Medical Faculty." "Constantinople, Turkey, February 20th, 191 2. "Foreigners desiring to practise den- Turkey, tistry in Turkey are required to send in their application (in Turkish) with their dental diploma to the Imperial Medical Council, Sublime Porte. Upon paying an entrance fee of fifteen Turkish pounds ($66.00), an examination is given in either the French or Turkish language ; no interpreter is allowed. On a successful passing of this examin- ation, a further fee of five Turkish pounds ($22.00) is paid, for which the applicant receives a diploma permitting him to practise in the Turkish Empire. "The above requirements have only lately been put in practice ; under the old regime, simple registration was all that was required, D li X T A L I. A W S CONDE N S l . I >. IO3 and even thai was rarel) attended to. Applicants are now required to have a preliminary education equivalent to the Batchelor of Arts degree of the secondary course in the Turkish schools. While there are manj native dentists in Constantinople, there are only two Americans practising here, and both are doing fairly well. They practise principally among the foreign residents, as the native popu- lation does not pay very much attention to its teeth." "Legacion del Uruguay. Washington. D. C. "Any title of the United States needs Uruguay. ratification, and that is only obtained after paying $200 and passing an examination. Urugua) has treaties with some nations, and according to them the title is accepted without examination, but there is no such treaty with the I'nited States." "Legation de las Estados Unidos de Venezuela. "A dentist, duly graduated, to be able to Venezuela. practise in Venezuela must submit to a practical examination on medical dentistry before a Board of Dentistry, and comply with the provisions of the Code of Public Instruction of Venezuela, promulgated April 12, 1908." "Zanzibar, Zanzibar, November 27th, 191 t. "There are no legal restrictions upon Zanzibar. the practice of dentistry in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and no qualifications are re- quired. There is but one dentist in Zanzibar at this time who has received foreign training, so far as I can learn; there are, however, dentists (so-called) among the Indian and Arab population, who practise the profession. I submitted your question whether there was need for a dentist in Zanzibar to our most prominent physician here, and his answer was in the affirmative. He stated further that, in his opin- ion, a competent dentist who came here could make a good living. It seems necessary to explain that Zanzibar is a town of about 35,000 people, of whom only about 250 are Europeans or Ameri- cans ; the remainder are British Indians, Arabs. Goans, etc. For anyone who came here to practise, it would be possible to go to -li Easl Africa at stated periods to see his clients, and neces- sarily a proportion of the practice would be among the so-called inferior races. "The climate of Zanzibar, while not bad, is certainly not good, and fever must be expected. In British East Africa, dentists are required to be registered, but, 'Any person who can satisfy the Registrar that he is entitled to be registered in the United Kingdom as a colonial or foreign dentist' is entitled to registration." APPENDIX AMENDED LAWS. AMENDED LAWS We have selected eight recently amended laws for publication. namely, Alabama, Kentucky. Minnesota, New Jersey, New York'. North Carolina. Virginia and Wisconsin dental laws, because they represent typical legislation that may be anticipated in any one of the I Inked States. ALABAMA DENTAL LAW. and the McKinnon Bill. Approved March 21, 191 1. The McKinnon Bill. An Act to provide for the regulation and licensing of dentists in the State of Alabama ; to establish a Board of Dental Exam- iners, provide for their election, and prescribe their duties, powers, qualifications, terms of office and compensation ; to provide for the examination of applicants to practise den- tistry in the said State ; to provide penalties and punishment for violation of the provisions of said Act, and to repeal all general and local laws in conflict with said Act. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama : First. — That on and after the passage of this Act, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation not licensed as a dentist or dentists within the meaning of this Act, to engage in the practice of dentistry, or any of its branches, in this State ; and it shall be unlawful for the owner or manager of a dental office, dental parlor, or other place of business, to cause or permit any person who is not duly and legally licensed as a dentist to prac- tise dentistry, or any of its branches, in such office, parlor, or other place of business ; provided, however, that if student of ■dentistry may be permitted to remain in an office and practise under the supervision of legal practitioner of dentistry in the interim between sessions for a total period of time not to exceed twelve months. Second. — That all persons now registered or licensed as den- tists under the laws of the State of Alabama, shall be entitled to continue in the practice of said profession unmolested by the provisions of this Act. 107 Io8 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Third. — Any person who shall hereafter desire a license to practise dentistry in this State shall file, or cause to be filed with the Secretary of the Board of Dental Examiners an application in writing, and under oath setting forth the name and age of the applicant, the school or college from which he or she graduated ; and shall appear at such time and place as may be designated by said Board of Dental Examiners and submit to an examination both practical and theoretical as to his or her qualifications for registration as a licensed dentist. Fourth. — No person shall be licensed as a dentist under the provision of this Act who is not twenty-one years of age, and of good moral character ; nor until he or she shall present to the said Board of Dental Examiners satisfactory evidence that he or she has graduated in dentistry at some reputable school or college of dentistry recognized by the National Association of Dental Faculties ; and shall also, upon examination, attain an average grade of seventy-five per cent, on all dental branches. Fifth. — That, if upon examination and investigation, said Board of Dental Examiners shall determine that the applicant possesses the necessary qualifications as to character and educa- tion as herein provided, they shall enroll his or her name upon a register to be kept by said board for that purpose, and, issue to him or her a license, which said license shall entitle such person to practise dentistry in the State of Alabama for life. Sixth. — That on and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful for said Board of Examiners to grant a temporary license or permit to practise dentistry, or any of its branches to any person, firm, or corporation ; except that a person coming into this State at a time between the regular meeting of the board, who holds a permanent license as a dentist granted by any Board of Dental Examiners within the United States, may be granted a permit to practice during the interim between the time of making application for a license and the time of the next meeting of said Board of Dental Examiners. Seventh. — That the licenses herein provided for must be signed by the president of the board and countersigned by the secretary, and must within thirty days after the granting thereof, be filed and recorded in the office of the Judge of Probate of the county of the residence of the person to whom it is issued ; and after the same has been recorded, the Judge of Probate shall endorse thereon, and certify under the seal of the court, the fact of its record, and the time of its filing, and for which he is entitled to a fee of one dollar. Eighth. — That such licenses so recorded and certified shall be evidence of authority of the person therein named to practise dentistry; and if the same is lost or destroyed a certified copy of the record shall be sufficient. DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. IO9 Ninth. — That any person who shall engage in the practice of dentistry. 1 »r any of its branches, without being duly licensed as herein provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than one hundred dol lars. n<>r more than five hundred dollars, and in addition thereto, upon a second conviction may he sentenced to hard tabor for the county for a period of not less than thirty days and nol more than ninety days. Tenth. — That any license to practise dentistry obtained through fraud, or by any false or fraudulent representation or practice shall be void; and any person who shall procure by false or fraudulent representation or practice such license : or who shall make any false or fraudulent representation for the purpose of procuring such license, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars, nor more than three hundred dollars. Eleven. — That said Board of Dental Examiners shall consist of five persons who shall be members in good standing of the Alabama Dental Association, and not connected with or inter- ested in any dental college or school and shall be graduates of some reputable dental college or school, and legally licensed den- tists and must have practised dentistry in this State regularly for not less than three years ; that the present members of said Board of Dental Examiners shall constitute said board and shall hold office until their successors are elected and qualified; that one member of said board shall be elected at each annual meeting of the Alabama Dental Association, and shall hold office until his successor is elected and qualified; that all members of said board shall be elected by the Alabama Dental Association as herein provided, except that vacancies on said board caused by death, resignation or removal from the State, shall be filled by appoint- ment of the president of the Alabama Dental Association, such appointee to hold during the unexpired term of his predecessor. Twelfth. — That it shall be the duty of each member of said board, within ten days after the receipt of his commission and notice of his election of appointment to file with the Judge of Probate of the county in which he resides an oath to properly and faithfully discharge the duties of his office, which oath may be taken before any officer authorized to administer oaths in this State. Thirteenth. — That annually said Board of Dental Examiner- shall organize by the election of a President, Secretary and Treas- urer, all of whom shall be members of said board, and who shall hold their respective offices for one year, and until their succes- sors are elected and qualified : that the Secretary and Treasurer shall each give bond in such sums as may be prescribed by said board, conditioned to discharge the duties of their respective IIO DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. offices according to law which bonds shall be made payable to said Board of Dental Examiners and approved by the President of the board. Said Board of Dental Examiners shall hold an annual meeting at the time and place of the meeting of the Ala- bama Dental Association for the examination of applicants for license and for the discharge of all such other business as may legally come before it ; and may hold such additional meetings as may be necessary for the examination of applicants upon the giving of thirty days' notice thereof, and at these meetings said board may transact any and all business that may legally come before it. Fourteenth. — Said Board of Dental Examiners shall have a common seal, and shall have the power and authority to adopt such rules, by-laws and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of this State, as may be necessary for the regulation of its proceedings, and for the discharge of the duties imposed upon it ; and shall have power and authority to employ counsel to assist in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act, and for such other purposes as may be deemed necessary by the board. Said board shall keep a true and correct record of its proceedings and a register of all persons to whom licenses have been issued ; and the book and register of said board, or a copy of any part thereof, duly certified by the secretary under seal, shall be received as evi- dence of the matters and things therein recorded and so certified in all the courts of this State. A majority of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of all business ; and the members of said board shall have power to administer oaths in all matters pertaining to the discharge of the duties to them under this Act. Fifteenth. — The Secretary of said Board of Dental Exam- iners shall receive such salary as may be prescribed by said board and his necessary expenses while engaged in the performance of his official duties; and the other members of the Board of Dental Examiners shall each receive the sum of five dollars for each day actually employed in the discharge of their official duties, and their necessary expenses while so engaged. All fees collected by the secretary for the examination of applicants for license shall be paid over to the treasurer of said board, and shall be placed to the credit of a fund which is hereby appropriated solely for the use of the Board of Dental Examiners in the execution and enforcement of the provisions of this Act and the payment of the salaries, expenses and other costs herein provided for, said moneys to be paid out upon warrants drawn upon the treasurer and signed by the president and secretary of said board. Sixteenth. — Each applicant for license to practise dentistry in this State shall pay to the Secretary of the Board of Dental DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Ill Examiners of the time of filing his application an examination fee of ten dollars. Seventeenth. — It shall be the duty of said Hoard of Dental Examiners to investigate all charges of violation of this Act, or any other laws of this State regulating the practice of dentistry, brought to their knowledge ; and whenever there has been a viola- tion of said laws or when advised by any legal member of the profession that there has been a violation of the provisions of this Act, or either of them, it shall be the duty of said board, through its secretary, to report such violations to the circuit or county solicitor, or other prosecuting officer, of the county in which such violation is alleged to have occurred, whose duty it shall be to prosecute for all violations of this Act. Eighteenth. — Any person violating any of the provisions of this Act, not herein specifically provided for, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be lined not less than fifty dollars and not more than five hundred dollars. Nineteenth. — All laws and parts of laws, both general and special in conflict with the provision of this Act, are hereby expressly repealed. Approved March 21st, 191 1. DENTAL LAW OF KENTUCKY. Enacted March, 19 12. The following bill, which originated in the House of Represen- tatives, was read the first time, ordered to be printed and placed upon the calendar : An Act in relation to the Kentucky State Board of Dental Exam- iners and to regulate the practice of dentistry in the State of Kentucky. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky : Continuance of Board and Manner of Appointment. Section 1. That the Kentucky State Board of Dental Exam- iners heretofore created be continued, to consist of five practising dentists, whose duty it shall be to carry out the purposes and enforce the provisions of this Act as hereinafter specified. The members of said board shall be appointed by the Governor from a list of three names, to be recommended by the Kentucky State Dental Association, at its annual meeting, and at the time of their appointment upon said board must have been actual residents 112 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. •and legally licensed practising- dentists of this State for a period •of five years or more immediately preceding their appointment; provided, however, that no person shall be eligible to appoint- ment to said board who is in any way connected with or inter- ested in any dental college or dental department of any institu- tion of learning or dental supply business. The term for which the members of said board shall hold office shall be five years, provided the present members of the board in office at the time of the passage of this Act shall continue in office until their respective terms have expired and until their successors are appointed and qualified. All vacancies in said board shall be filled by the Governor from said list. Officers, Meetings, Records, Etc. Section 2. Said Board of Dental Examiners shall choose one of its members president, and one secretary-treasurer, thereof, at an annual meeting on the first Tuesday in June of each year. Said board may meet oftener if necessary in the discretion of the board at such places as it may deem proper, for the examination of applicants who may desire to practise dentistry in this State, and for the transaction of any other business that may come before it. Said board shall keep a record book in which shall be registered the names, addresses and license numbers of all per- sons legally entitled to practise dentistry in this State. A major- ity of the members of said board shall at all times constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the proceedings of said board shall be recorded in a minute book open at all reason- able times to public inspection. The secretary-treasurer shall execute to the said board bond with approved security for the faithful performance of his duties. Licenses and Registration and How Granted. Section 3. No person shall practise dentistry in this State or attempt to do so after the passage of this Act without first apply- ing for and obtaining a license for such purpose from the said Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiners, and registering such license as herein provided, and this provision applies to all per- sons whether they have heretofore practised dentistry or not in this State, except such persons as have been heretofore licensed and registered. Application shall be made to the said board in writing for license and shall in every instance be accompanied by the examination fee of twenty dollars, which sum is author- ized to be charged for each examination by said board. The applicant must be of good moral character, at least twenty-one years of age at the time of making the. application, and the appli- cation of each person seeking a license must be accompanied by satisfactory evidence to said board that the applicant so applying DEN T A I- U A W S C N D B N S K D. 1 13 is a graduate of and has a diploma From the faculty of a reputable dental college, school or dental department of a reputable university. Examinations musl be both written and clinical, and of such a character as to thoroughly test the qualifications of the applicant to practise dentistry, and the board may, in its discre- tion, refuse to grant license to any person they find guilty ol cheating, deception or fraud during such examination. Registering License with County Clerk. Section 4. Every person licensed to practise dentistry in this State by the said Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiner-, as herein provided, shall, before the beginning of practice of den- tistry, cause said license to be registered with the county clerk of the county or counties in which such person desires to engage in the practice of dentistry by appearing before such clerk and filing his affidavit, showing that he has been examined and licensed as herein provided, and the county clerk of each county is authorized to receive a registration fee of fifty cents for each registration. Display of License and Certificate of Registration. Section 5. The license to practise dentistry herein provided, and the certificate of registration, shall at all times be displayed in a conspicuous place in his or her office wherein he or she shall practise the profession of dentistry, and he or she shall, whenever requested, exhibit such license to any of the members of the Board of Dental Examiners or its authorized agent. Revocation of License. Section 6. The State Board of Dental Examiners may refuse to issue licenses or suspend or revoke the same for any of the ft »11( iwing causes : 1. The presentation to the board of any diploma, license or certificate illegally or fraudulently obtained, or one obtained from an institution which is not reputable, or an unrecognized or irreg- ular institution or State board, or the practice of any fraud or deception. 2. The commission of a criminal operation or conviction of a felony involving moral turpitude, or chronic or persistent in- ebriety or addiction to drugs, or if the person holding the license shall advertise to practise dentistry without causing pain, or shall in any other manner advertise with a view of deceiving or de- frauding the public, or advertise to use any drug, nostrum, patent or other proprietary drug or medicine of any unknown formula, or be guilty of any grossly unprofessional conduct likely to deceive or defraud the public, or which disqualifies the applicant to practise with safety to the people. 114 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. In all proceedings for a suspension or revocation of license, the holder thereof shall be given thirty days' notice to prepare for a hearing, and he shall be heard in person or by counsel or by both. The president and secretary of the State Board of Den- tal Examiners shall have the power to administer oaths, in the hearing of all matters arising in the course of their duties, and in such trials as are herein referred to, the State Board of Dental Examiners may take oral or written proof for or against the com- plainant, as it may deem will best present the facts. In all cases of refusal to issue license, suspension or revocation, the applicant or holder may appeal to the Governor of the State within thirty days after such action by the State Board of Dental Examiners. Failure to Register License. Section 7. Any failure, neglect or refusal on the part of any person obtaining a license to practise dentistry from the State Board of Dental Examiners, to register said license with the county clerk of some county in this State within ninety days from the date of the issual of such license, shall work a forfeiture of such license, and no license when once forfeited shall be restored except upon payment to the said board of the sum of ten dollars for such neglect, failure or refusal to register such license. Examination Fees and Compensation to Members of the Board. Section 8. In order to provide the means for carrying out and enforcing the provisions of this Act, the said board shall charge each person applying for an examination for a license to practise dentistry in this State an examination fee of twenty dollars, and in addition thereto, a fee of one dollar for every license or dupli- cate license issued by said board, and out of the funds coming into possession of the said board under the provisions of this Act, the members of said board shall each receive as compensation the sum of five dollars for each day actually engaged in duties of the office, and all legitimate and necessary expenses incurred in attending the meetings of said board ; provided that the secretary of the board shall be allowed a reasonable salary to be fixed by the board and no per diem ; all expenses shall be paid from the fees, fines and penalties received and recovered by the board under the provisions of this Act; provided that no part of said expenses shall be paid out of the State treasury. All moneys received in excess of said per diem allowances and other expenses, herein provided, shall be held by the secretary-treasurer of said board as a special fund for meeting the other expenses of said board, and for such use as the said board may deem necessary in the enforcement of this Act, and said board shall make an annual report of its proceedings to the Governor on or before the 31st day of December each year, showing all moneys received and dis- bursed by it pursuant to this Act. I ) i; N T A I, LAWS CONDENSED. 1 1 5 Renewal Certificates of License. Section <;. ( >n or before the 31st day of December each year, every dentisl legally licensed to practise dentistry in this State •-hall transmit to the secretary of the said Board of Dental Exam- iners his signature and address, together with the fee of one dollar, and the number of his or her registration certificate, and receive therefor a renewal license certificate. Any license granted by said board shall be cancelled and annulled if the holder thereof ils to secure the renewal certificate herein provided for within a period of three months after December 31st, of each year, pro- vided any license thus cancelled may be restored by the board upon the payment of a fee of five dollars if paid within one year alter such cancellation. Penalty for Fund in Obtaining Certificate of Registration. Section 10. Any person filing or attempting to file as his own the diploma or license of another, or a forged affidavit of iden- tification or qualification, shall be deemed guilty of a felony and be punishable upon conviction by imprisonment in the penitentiary of not less than one nor more than five years. Dentistry Defined. Section 11. Any person shall be regarded as practicing den- tistry, within the meaning of this Act, who shall diagnose or profess to diagnose, or treat or profess to treat, any of the diseases or lesions of the oral cavity, teeth, gums, maxillary bones, or extract teeth, or shall prepare or fill cavities in the human teeth, correct malposition of teeth or jaws, or supply artificial teeth as substitutes for natural teeth, or administer anaesthetics, general or local, or any other practice included in the curricula of recognized dental colleges. Provided, That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to prevent regularly licensed physicians and surgeons from extracting teeth or treating any diseases coming within the province of the practice of medicine. Exemption From Jury Service. Section 12. All dentists of this State shall be exempt from service as jurors in any of the courts of this State. Signatures, Seal, Etc., on License. Section 13. All licenses issued by said board shall bear a serial number, the full name of the applicant, the date of the issue, the seal of the board, and be signed by a majority of the members and attested by its president and secretary. Unlawful to Practice Under Name of a Company. Section 14. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to practise or offer to practise dentistry or dental surery under the name of any company, association, or corporation, except those 1 16 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. who have been in actual business for fifteen years or more prior to the 19th day of May, 1908, and every person or persons prac- tising or offering to practise dentistry or dental surgery, shall practise under his or her own respective names only. Dental Reciprocity. Section 15. Said board may in its discretion issue a license to practise dentistry without examination other than clinical to a legal and ethical parctitioner of dentistry who removes to Kentucky from another State or territory of the United States whose standard of requirement is equal to that of Kentucky, and in which he or she conducted a legal and ethical practice of dentistry for at least five years immediately preceding his or her removal, provided such applicant shall present a certificate from the dental board or a like board of the State or territory from which he or she removes, certifying that he or she is a legal, competent and ethical dentist, and of good moral character; and provided further, That such cer- tificate is presented to the Kentucky State Board of Dental Exam- iners within six months from the date of its issue, and that the board of such other State or territory shall permit in like manner by law the recognition of licenses issued by the Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiners when presented to such other board by legal practitioners of dentistry from this State who may wish to remove to or practise in such other State or territory. Reciprocity Leaving State. Section 16. Any one who is a legal, ethical and competent practitioner of dentistry in the State of Kentucky, and of good moral character, and known to the Board of Dental Examiners as such, who shall desire to change his or her residence to another State or territory, or foreign country, shall upon application to the said Board of Dental Examiners of this State, receive a special cer- tificate of the signature of the president and secretary of said board and bearing its seal, which shall attest the facts above men- tioned in section 15 and give the data upon which he or she was registered and licensed. Reciprocity Fees. Section 17. The fee for issuing a license to a legal practitioner from another State, as provided in section 15, shall be twenty-five dollars, and the fee for issuing a certificate to the legal practitioner in this State as provided in section 16, shall be five dollars, and in each case the fee shall be paid in cash before the license or certifi- cate respectively shall be issued. Penalty for Practicing Without License or Certificate. Section 18. Any person who shall practise or attempt to prac- tise dentistry in this State without having been licensed and regis- I) K N T A I. r. A W S C O N D i: N S E D. I 1 7 tered for that purpose, as herein provided, or who shall violate any of the provisions Of this act, for which no specific penalty has been provided herein, shall be subject to a fine of not less than five dollars nor mure than twenty dollars for each offense, and each act of dentistry shall be deemed a separate offense and consti- tute a practising of dentistry within the meaning of this Act, and each day that a person shall hold himself out as practising in any name except his own shall be deemed a separate offense. The opening an office for the purpose of practising dentistry, or to announce t<> the public in any way a readiness to do any act de- fined herein as being dentistry, shall be deemed to engage in the practice of dentistry within the meaning of this Act. Disposition of Fines and Fees. Section i<). All fees, as well as all fines, imposed and collected under the provisions of this Act, shall be paid to the secretary- treasurer of the Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiners for the use of said board. Druggists May Fill Dentists' Prescriptions. Section 20. Legally licensed druggists of this State may fill prescriptions of legally licensed dentists of this State for any drug necessary to the practice of dentistry. Section 21. This Act shall not prevent students from per- forming dental operations under tli£ supervision of competent in- structors within the dental school, college or dental department of a university recognized by the Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiners. Repealing Former Dental Laws. Section 22. All laws or parts of laws in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed. REVISED DENTAL LAWS OF MINNESOTA, 1905. Amended 191 1. Sec. 2313. Board of Dental Examiners — Appointment — The Board of Dental Examiners shall consist of six practising dentists of the State, appointed by the Governor, each for the term of three years and until his successor qualifies, and no member shall serve more than two successive terms. The Board shall at all times in- clude four members who shall have been appointed on the recom- mendation of the Minnesota State Dental Association, if such recom- mendation be made at least ninety days before the term of the member of that class expires ; otherwise the Governor may appoint without such recommendation. Every vacancy caused otherwise Il8 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. than by the expiration of a term shall be filled in the same manner and from the class to which the retiring member belongs. If the association is entitled to and fails to recommend a candidate for such unexpired term within thirty days after the vacancy occurs the Governor may appoint without such recommendation. If a member shall be absent from two consecutive regular meetings, the board shall declare a vacancy to exist. The association shall recommend not less than two candidates for each appointment. Provided the governor shall immediately after the passage and approval of this act appoint one member of said board of dental examiners for the term of three years. Sec. 2314. Officers — Meetings — Compensation — Report — The Board shall elect from its members a president and secretary, and shall have a common seal. It shall hold regular meetings on the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March and November in each year, and special meetings at its pleasure. All meetings shall be held at the College of Dentistry of the State University. Out of the funds coming into the possession of said board, the members thereof shall receive as compensation the sum of ten ($10.00) dollars per day and necessary traveling ex- penses for each day actully engaged in the duties of their offices as examiners, the secretary shall in addition be paid a salary to be fixed by resolution by the Board not to exceed five hundred ($500.00) dollars per year. All moneys received by said Board in excess of the expenditures for the diem allowance, trav- eling expenses, and salary of the secretary as above provided for, shall be held by the secretary of said Board as a special fund for prii ing, postage, and other necessary expenses of the board for can ing out the provisions of this act. The secretary of the board shah give a bond in an amount to be fixed by resolution of the Board and in form to be approved by the Attorney General con- ditioned for the faithful discharge of his official duties. Before December 15th in each year the Board shall report its proceedings and the items of its receipts and disbursements to the Governor of the State of Minnesota. Sec. 2315. Dentistry Defined — Inhibition — Exception — All persons, firms, corporations, or associations shall be said to be prac- tising dentistry, within the meaning of of this section, who shall use the word or letters "Dentist," or "D. D. S." or any other letters in connection with his or their names which in any manner represents him or them as engaged in the practice of dentistry, or »who shall advertise or permit it to be done by sign, circular handbill, news- paper or otherwise, that he or they will attempt to perform dental operations of any kind, treat diseases or lesions of the human jaws or replace teeth by artificial ones, or attempt to correct mal- positions thereof, or who shall for a fee, salary or other reward, paid or to be paid either to himself or to another person, perform dental DBNTAl LAWS CONDENSED. 1 10, operation of any kind, treat diseases or lesions of the human jaws or teeth, to replace lost teeth by artificial ones, or attempt to correct in.il positions thereof. Provided, however, that the foregoing - provisions of this sec- tion shall not apply to students enrolled and regularly attending any Dental College and to their acts done under the direct super- vision of a licensed dentist. Sec. 2316. Examinations — License — Revocation — Assumed Name— A person not already a registered dentist of the state desir- ing to practise dentistry therein, shall apply to the secretary of the Board for examination and pay a fee of twenty ($20.00) dollars for the first examination and twenty ($20.00) dolllars for each subse- quent examination, which in no case shall be refunded. At the next reg- ular meeting he shall present himself for examination and produce his diploma from some dental college in good standing, of which standing the Board shall be the judges, also satisfactory evidence showing that the applicant is of good moral character. The Board shall give the applicant such an elementary, practical examination as t< 1 th< >r< mghly test his fitness for the practice and include therein the subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, thera- peutics, metallurgy, histology, pathology, and operative, surgical and mechanical dentistry ; and the applicant shall be required to demonstrate his skill in operative and mechanical dentistry. If the applicant successfully passes the examination, he snail be registered by the Board as a licensed dentist, and supplied with the certificate of registration signed by all members of the Board of Dental Examiners. Provided that any dentist who has been in legal practice in another state having and maintaining an equal standard of laws reg- ulating the practice of dentistry with this state, for five years or mi >re and is a reputable dentist of good moral character, and is desirous of removing to this state and deposits in person with the Board of Dental Examiners a certificate from the Examining Hoard of the state in which he is registered, certifying to the fact of his registration and that he is of good moral character and pro- Eessional attainments, and upon payment of a fee of fifty ($50.00) dollars may. at the discretion of the Board, be granted a license to practice in this State without further theoretical examination. The Board upon hearing, after twenty days' notice thereof may revoke the license of any one who, with intent to deceive the public, shall practise dentistry under an assumed name or where it shall be shown that the holder of such license is not of good, moral and upright character. It shall be no defense for a person prosecuted for practising dentistry under one name, without a license, that he shall have been licensed under a different name, unless it shall be shown that such practice was without intent to defraud or deceive. Sec. 2317. Record of Certificate — Fees— Within six months 120 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. after its issuance, the certificate of registration shall be filed for record with the clerk of the district court in the county where the holder resides. If he changes his residence to another county, he shall file his certificate, or a certified copy of the record thereof in such county before practising therein. Such clerk's fee for recording a certificate or copy shall be fifty ($0.50) cents and for a certified copy one ($1.00) dollar. The fee of the Board for a dupli- sate certificate shall be one ($1.00) dollar. Sec. 2318. Annual Fee — Before the first of May in each year every registered dentist shall pay to the Board a license fee of one ($1.00) dollar, and in default of such payment the Board may, upon hearing and upon twenty (20) days' notice, revoke the license of the dentist in default ; but the payment of such fee on or before the time of hearing, with such additional sum not exceeding five ($5.00) dollars, as may be fixed by the Board, shall excuse the default. The Board may collect such fee by suit. Sec. 2319. Prohibition — Penalties — Disposition of Fines — No person shall practise dentistry in the state without having complied with the provisions of this subdivision. Any person who shall practise, or who shall attempt ot practise dentistry, either as a pro- prietor, employe or assistant, shall keep his annual renewal license in open view of his operating room, failing to do so he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Any licensed dentist, proprietor, partnership, association, or corporation owning, running, operating or controlling any room or rooms, office or dental parlors where dental work of any kind is done, or provided for, or contracted for, who shall employ, keep, or retain, contrary to the provisions of this law, any unlicensed dentist shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person who shall falsely pretend that he holds a certificate of registration from the Board, or shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The Board may when it deems best for the enforcement of the law, employ such attorney as the Attorney General shall appoint. All fines collected under the provisions hereof shall be paid into the school fund of the county in which the conviction occurred. Section 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 18, 191 1. DENTAL LAW OF NEW JERSEY. Amended 191 1. An Act to Regulate the Practice of Dentistry in the State of New Jersey, and to Repeal Certain Acts Now Relating to the Same. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey : D i; N I A 1. 1. A. W iS CO N 1) !• N S E D. 121 Licentiates. i. The following persons only shall be deemed licensed to practise dentistry in this State: A. Those who are now duly licensed and registered as den- tists pursuant t<> the provisions of this act. B. Those who may hereafter be duly licensed and registi as dentists pursuant to the provisions of this act. The State Board of Registration and Examination in Dentistry. 2. The members and officers of the State Hoard of Registra- tion and Examination in Dentistry, as now constituted pursuant to chapter one hundred and forty three of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, may continue to hold office until the expira- tion of their term, unless previously removed; the New Jersey State Dental Society shall, at each of its annual meetings, recom- mend to the Governor for appointment as a member of said board a dentisl of good repute, residing and practising in this State, whom the Governor shall appoint : the member so appointed shall, hold office for five years, or until his successor is appointed; the Governor shall also fill, for the unexpired term only, vacancies occurring in the board by reason of death, resignation or other- wise: cause being shown before him, he may remove a member from office upon proven charges of inefficiency, incompetency, immorality or professional misconduct; the board shall, at its annual meeting, elect from its members a president and secre- tary; it shall hold at least two meetings annually for examining and licensing persons to practise dentistry in this State, at which meetings three members shall constitute a quorum ; said board shall have the power to determine the good standing and repute of any dental college, school or department of a university, and may from time to time designate in some public manner schools, colleges or departments or universities whose diplomas will be received by it ; it shall annually make a report of its proceedings to the Governor and to the New Jersey State Dental Society; the seal heretofore adopted by it shall continue to be the common seal of the board ; it may sue or be sued, and in all actions brought by or against it the board shall be designated as "The State Board of Registration and Examination in Dentistry." Examination. 3. The board shall from time to time adopt rules for its own government and for the examination of candidates for licenses to practise dentistry; any rule altering the nature or increasing the severity of the examination or the subjects to be included therein shall not be enforced within six months after its adoption and public promulgation ; the examination of applicants shall be con- fined to written or oral, or both written or oral, examinations 9 122 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. upon subjects properly relating to the science of dentistry, the knowledge of which is necessary to the proper and skillful prac- tice of said science ; the board may also require from applicants, as part of the examination, demonstration of their skill in opera- tive and mechanical dentistry ; no person shall be examined by said board unless he or she be twenty-one years of age, of good moral character and shall present to said board a certificate from the Superintendent of Public Instruction of this State, showing that before entering a dental college he or she has obtained an academic education consisting of four years' course of study in an approved public or private high school or the equivalent thereof ; and unless he had been graduated in course with a dental degree from a dental school, college or department of a university ap- proved by said board, or shall hold a diploma or license conferring full right to practise dentistry in some foreign country and granted by some authority recognized by the board ; any member of the board may inquire of any applicant for examination con- cerning his qualifications and may take testimony of any one in regard thereto, under oath, which he is hereby empowered to administer. Examination Fees. 4. Every applicant for license to practise dentistry shall file his application with and pay to the secretary of said board a fee of twenty-five dollars and present himself for examination at the first regular meeting of the board after such application, due notice of which shall be given ; such fee shall not be refunded, unless from sickness or other good cause appearing to the satis- faction of the board such applicant was prevented from attending and completing such examination ; further or subsequent examin- ations under such application may be given to applicant, in the discretion of the board, without payment of additional fee. Expenses of the Board. .5. The board may cause to be paid out of the fees, fines and penalties had and received by the secretary all proper expenses incurred by it under the provisions of this act, including mileage to each member at the rate of five cents per mile for all distances necessarily traveled in discharge of his duties and an annual sal- ary of one hundred dollars to its secretary; all moneys received shall be held by the secretary, and paid out only upon resolution of the board and warrant of its president; the secretary shall give bond in such sum and with such surety as the board may from time to time direct and approve ; a statement of all the moneys received and disbursed by the board shall be annually submitted to the Governor in the annual report of said board, and the sur- plus, if any, after payments as aforesaid, shall be paid to the State treasurer. I) K N T A I. LAWS ( \ l> i: N S E I'- 123 i). Said board shall register a- licensed dentists, ami under its seal and the hand of it> president and secretary, issue to all persons who shall successfully pa--- said examination, its license to practice dentistry in this State; the board ma) also, without the examination herein above provided for, issue its license to any applicant therefor who shall furnish proof satisfactory to it that he ha- been duly licensed after examination to practice « K- n tistry in any State after full compliance with all the requirements of its dental laws; provided, however, that his professional edit cation shall not he less than that required in this State ; every license so given shall state upon it- face the grounds upon which it is -ranted and the applicant may he required to furnish his proof upon affidavit; fee for such license shall he twenty ti\e dollar.-. Revocation of License. 7. Upon presentation to the hoard of a certified copy oi a conn record, showing that a practitioner of dentistry has been convicted of felony or misdemeanor, that fact may he noted upon the record of license, and the license and registration shall he marked canceled ; any person whose license shall he so canceled -hall l»e deemed an unlicensed person, and, as such, subject to the penalties prescribed for other unlicensed persons who prac- tise dentistry. 2. Section eight of the act of which this act is amendatory he and the same is herehy amended so that it shall read as f< >llows : 8. This act shall not be construed to prohibit an unlicensed person from performing mechanical work upon inert matter in a dental office or laboratory; or to prohibit a duly licensed physi- cian from treating the diseases of the mouth or performing opera dons in oral surgery; nothing in the provisions of this act shall he construed to permit the performance of dental operation- by any unlicensed person under cover of the name of a registered practitioner; any person shall he regarded as practising dentistry within the meaning of this act who shall advertise by sign, card, circular, pamphlet, or newspaper, or otherwise indicate that he will perform by himself or his agents or servants any operation on or make examination of, with intent of performing or causing to he performed any operation on the human teeth or jaws, or who i- manager, proprietor or conductor of a place where dental operations are performed, or who shall use the words or letters "Doctor of Dental Surgery," or "D.D.S." or "D.M.D." in connec- tion with his or her name, or any other title intended to imply or designate him or her as a practitioner of dentistry, or who in con nection with such title or titles, or without the use of such titles or any of them shall treat or profess t<> treat, either by himself 124 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. or his agent or servant, or as agent or servant of another, any of the diseases or lesions of human teeth or jaws, or extract teeth, or shall prepare or fill cavities in human teeth, or correct the malposition of teeth, or supply and insert artificial teeth, crowns or bridges as substitutes for natural teeth, or perform any opera- tion on or make examination of with the intent of performing or causing to be performed any operation on the human teeth or jaws. Association or Companies Practising Dentistry. 9. That hereafter if any association or company of persons, whether incorporated or not, shall engage in the practice of den- tistry under the name of "Company," "Association," or any other title, the said company or association shall cause to be displayed and kept in a conspicuous place at the entrance to its place of business the name of each and every person employed by said company or association in the practice of dentistry; and any per- son employed by such company or association whose names shall not be displayed as above provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as hereinafter provided, and the said association or company, if in- corporated, or the persons comprising the same, if not incorpo- rated, shall for such failure to display the aforesaid names be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished as hereinafter provided. Annual Registration. 10. That hereafter there shall be an annual registration of every person, persons, company or association practising den- tistry within the State, together with an annual registration of each and every assistant in the employ of every such person, per- sons, company or association ; it shall be the duty of the secre- tary of this board, not later than the first day of December in each year, to prepare and mail to every person, company or asso- ciation known to be practising dentistry within this State a docu- ment to be known as the "annual registration blank," upon which shall be proper space for the endorsement of the name, residence and location of office of the person, company or association to whom the same is sent, together with the name and residence of every assistant employed in any such office ; and it shall be the duty of every person, company or association upon the receipt of said blank, to fill in the same, residence and location of office of said person, company or association, and also the name and resi- dence of each and every assistant or association, and also the name and residence of each and every assistant employed by said person, company or association m any such office; said return shall be fully completed, and returned to the secretary of this board within thirty days after its receipt; for failure to comply DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. I25 herewith the person, company or association shall be liable to a fine of ten dollars, beside costs, to be sued for in the name of the board, in any court of competent jurisdiction ; said fine to be paid into the treasury of the board; any person, company or associa- tion making a false statement concerning or touching any matter or thing covered by this section shall for such an offense be liable to a fine of fifty dollars besides costs, for each and every offense, to be sued for in the name of the said board, in any court of com- petent jurisdiction; said fine to be paid into the treasury of said board. List of Practitioners and Assistants. 11. That hereafter it shall be the duty of every person, com- pany or association practising dentistry within this State, upon demand in writing made by the secretary of this board, to furnish within thirty days after said demand to the State Board, through its secretary, the name and address of each and every person prac- tising dentistry or assisting in the practice thereof, in the office of said person, company or association, together with a statement showing under and by what license or authority the said person, company or association in practising; for failure to do the said person, company or association shall be liable to a fine of ten dollars, besides costs, to be sued for in the name of the board in any court of competent jurisdiction, said fine to be paid into the treasury thereof; and any person, company or association making any false statement concerning or touching any matter or thing covered by this section, shall for such offense be liable to a fine of fifty dollars, besides costs, for each and every offense, to be sued for in the name of said board in any court of competent jurisdiction, said fine to be paid into the treasury of said board. Penalties and Fines. 12. Any person, company or association practising or hold- ing himself or itself out to the public as practising dentistry, not being at the time of said practice or holding out legally licensed to practise as such in this State, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable upon conviction of a first offense by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, and upon conviction of a subsequent offense by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, or by both fine and imprisonment. 13. Any person, company or association, for failure to com- ply with each and every provision and condition contained in the 9th, 10th and nth sections of this act, shall be guilty of a misde- meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished with a fine of not less than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not less than six months, or both fine and imprisonment. (1) Who shall sell or barter, or offer to sell or barter, any •diploma or document conferring or purporting to confer any den- 126 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. tal degree, or any certificate or transcript made or purporting to be made, pursuant to the laws regulating the license and regis- tration of dentists ; or (2) Shall purchase or procure by barter any such diploma, certificate or transcript with intent that the same shall be used as evidence of the holder's qualifications to practise dentistry, or in fraud of the laws regulating such practice ; or (3) Shall, with fraudulent intent, alter in a material regard any such diploma, certificate or transcript ; or (4) Shall use or attempt to use any such diploma, or certifi- cate or transcript, which has been purchased, fraudulently issued, counterfeited or materially altered either as a license or color of license to practise dentistry, or in order to procure registration as a dentist ; or (5) Shall practise dentistry under a false or assumed name; or (6) Not being duly licensed and registered as a dentist, shall assume the degree of "Doctor of Dental Surgery," or "Doctor of Dental Medicine," or shall append 'the letters "D.D.S.," or "D.M.D.," to his or her name, not having had duly conferred upon him or her by diploma from some college or school legally empowered to confer the same, the right to assume said titles ; or shall assume any title or append any letters to his or her name with the intent to represent falsely that he has received a dental degree or license; or (7) Any person who, in any affidavit or examination re- quired by an application for examination, license or registration under the laws regulating the practice of dentistry, shall willfully make a false statement in material regard, shall be guilty of a high misdemeanor, punishable upon conviction thereof by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding five years, or both, at the discretion of the court. 14. All fines and penalties or forfeitures imposed or collected for violation of any of the foregoing provisions of this act shall be paid as follows : one-half thereof to the county collector of the county in which the prosecution is had, and one-half thereof to the secretary of this board, to be held, disposed and accounted for by him as herein above directed ; and it shall be the duty of the county collector for each county, upon receipt by him of any such fine, penalty or forfeiture, to forthwith pay over to the secretary of this board one-half of the same; said board or member or offi- cer thereof may prefer complaint for violation of the law regu- lating the practice of dentistry before any court, tribunal or magistrate having jurisdiction, and may by its officers, counsel and agents aid in presenting the law or facts before said court, tribunal or magistrate in any proceedings taken thereon ; and it D E N I A I, I. A W S CUXI) K N S i: D. I27 shall be the duty of the prosecutor oi the pleas <»i" the counties of this State to prosecute all violations of the aforesaid pro's isions of this act. Additional Fines and Penalties in Civil Proceedings. 15. In addition to all the fines, forfeitures and penalties herein above provided for, it -hah he lawful for the said hoard to institute civil proceedings in any court of competent jurisdic- tion against any person, company or association for the violation of any of the provisions of this act: such proceedings shall be brought in an action in debt, and upon conviction thereunder the person, company or association so convicted shall be liable to a hue. which shall be the same amount fixed in the section of this act for violation of which the suit shall have been brought : and all the tine^ and penalties collected by any court under the provi- sions of this section of this act shall be paid over to the secretary oi this board, to be received and disbursed by him in accordance with the provisions of this act. 16. The following laws are hereby repealed, to wit : Chapter two hundred and sixty of the laws of eighteen hundred and sev- enty-three ; chapter twenty of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-four; chapter one hundred and forty-three of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, and chapter forty-four of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety- four. 17. This act shall take effect immediately. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. DENTAL LAW. Approved July, 191 1. DENTISTRY. Public Health Law. Ch. 45 of the consolidated laws. Became a law February 17. 1909, amended June, 1910 and June, 191 1. Article 9. — Dental Societies and the Practice of Dentistry. Section 190. Definitions. — As used in this article, the terms "University." "Regents" and "physicians" have respectively the meanings defined in Article 8 of this chapter. "Board," where not otherwise limited, means the Board of Dental Examiners of the State of New York. "Registered medical or dental school" means a medical or dental school, college or department of a university, registered by the Regents as maintaining a proper educational standard and legally incorporated. ''Examiner." where not other- wise qualified, means a member of the board. "State Dental Societ\ •" means the Dental Societv of the State of New York. 128 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. Sec. 191. State Dental Society. — The Dental Society of the State of New York is continued, and shall be composed of eight delegates from each district society divided into four classes of two delegates, each to be elected annually, and of two delegates from each incorporated dental school of the State to be elected annually. The State Dental Society shall annually meet on the second Wed- nesday of May, or at such other time and at such place as may be determined on in the by-laws of the society or by resolution, at the preceding annual meeting. Twenty members shall be a quorum. The society shall elect annually a president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, who shall hold their offices for one year, and until others shall be chosen in their places, and may elect not more than sixteen permanent members at any annual meeting from among eminent dentists of the State, who shall have all the privileges of delegate members. The society may elect honorary members from any State or county not eligible, to regular membership, who shall not be entitled to vote or hold any office in the society. Sec. 192. District Dental Societies. — The existing district dental societies are continued. In any judicial district in which a district dental society is not now incorporated, fifteen or more den- tists of such district authorized to practise dentistry in this State may become a district dental society of such district, by publishing a call for a meeting of the dentists of the district to be held at a time and place mentioned therein within the district, in at least one newspaper in each county of the district, at least once a week for at least four weeks immediately preceding the time when such meet- ing is to be held, and by meeting at the time and place specified in such notice with such dentists authorized to practise dentistry in the district as may respond to such call, and by making and filing with the secretary of the State Dental Society a certificate, to be executed and acknowledged by the dentists so meeting, or by at least fifteen of them, which shall set forth that such meeting has been held pursuant to such notice, the corporate name of the society, which shall be the district dental society of the judicial district where located, the names and places of residences of the officers of the society for the first year, or until the first annual meeting, which officers shall be a president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, the time and place of the annual meeting of the society, the general objects and purposes of the association and the names of eight delegates to the State society divided into four classes of two delegates each, to hold office until the first, second, third and fourth annual meeting thereafter, respectively. And thereon the persons executing such certificate and all other dentists in good standing and authorized to practise dentistry in such district, who shall subscribe to its by-laws, shall be a corporation by the name expressed in such certificate. D t NT A I. LAWS CONDE X S K D. 1 29 Sec. [93. Powers of District Dental vSocieties. — Every licensed and registered dentist in the judicial district in which such society is formed, shall be eligible to membership in tin- district society of the district where he resides or practises dentistry. Every district society shall at every annual meeting choose two delegates to the State Dental Society, each to serve four years, and may fill all vacancies occurring in their respective delegations in the State society. Every district dental society shall at its annual meeting appoinl m>t Ks^ than three nor more than five censors to continue in office f.»r one year and until others are chosen, who shall con- stitute a district hoard of censors. The dental societies of the re- spective districts of the State shall have power to make all needful by-laws not inconsistent with the laws of this State for the manage- ment of their affairs and property and the admission and expulsion of members; providing, that no by-law of any district society shall be repugnant to or inconsistent with the by-laws of the State society. Said societies may purchase and hold real and personal estate for the purposes of their incorporation; provided that the property of a district society shall not exceed in value $5,000 and the property of the State society shall not exceed in value $25,000. Sec. 194. Licentiates. — Only the following persons shall be deemed licensed to practise dentistry: 1. Those duly licensed and registered as dentists in this State prior to the first day of August, [895, pursuant to the laws in force at the time of their license and registration. 2. Those duly licensed and registered after the first day of August, 1895, pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. Sec. 195. State Board of Dental Examiners. — The existing State Hoard of Dental Examiners shall be divided into four classes and their terms of office shall continue except that said terms shall expire on the 31st day of July in each year. After July 31, 1910, the State Hoard of Dental Examiners shall be increased by the addition of a member residing in the Ninth Judicial District, who shall be appointed in the manner provided by this section, for a term of four years, commencing on the first day of August, 1910, and who shall be a member of the class whose terms commence on such date. Before the day when the official terms of the members of any of said classes shall expire, the Regents shall appoint their successors, to serve for the term of four years from said day. Such appointment shall be made from nominations in number twice the number of the outgoing class made by such society to the Regents prior to the second Tuesday in June of each year. In default of such nominations, the Regents shall appoint such examiners from the legally qualified dentists in the State belonging to the State Dental Society. The Regents, in the same manner, shall also fill vacancies in the hoard that may occur. All nominations and ap- 1 30 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. pointments shall be so made that every vacancy in the board shall be filled by a resident of the same judicial district in which the last incumbent of the office resided. The board shall elect at its annual meeting from its members a president and a secretary and shall hold one or more meetings each year pursuant to call of the Regents. Xo person shall be appointed an examiner unless he shall have received a dental degree from a body lawfully entitled to confer the same, and in good standing at the time of its conferment, and shall have been engaged within the State during not less than five years prior to his appointment in the actual and lawful practice of dentistry. Nor shall any person connected with a dental school as professor, trustee or instructor be eligible to such appointment. Cause being shown before them the Regents may remove an exam- iner from office on proven charges of inefficiency, incompetency, immorality or unprofessional conduct. Sec. 196. Examinations. — The Regents shall admit to exami- nation any candidate who shall pay the fee herein prescribed and submit satisfactory evidence, verified by oath if required, that he : 1. Is more than 21 years of age. 2. Is or good moral character. 3. Has a preliminary education equivalent to graduation from a four-year high school course registered by the Regents, or an education accepted by the Regents as fully equivalent. 4. Subsequently to reeiving such preliminary education either has been graduated in course with a dental degree from a re- gistered dental school, or else, having been graduated in course from a registered medical school with a degree of doctor of medicine, has pursued thereafter a course of special study of dentistry for at least two years in a registered dental school, and received therefrom its degree of doctor of dental surgery, or else holds a diploma or license conferring full right to practise dentistry in some foreign country and granted by some registered authority or else has lawfully prac- tised dentistry for more than twenty-five years without this State and within the United States. Provided that any person who then being a bona fide student of dentistry in this State under private precept- orship was entitled to file on or before the 31st day of July, 1895, with the secretary of the State Dental Society a certificate of study under private preceptorship and who did at any time prior to the first day of January, 1904, upon sworn proof of such fact file such a certificate with the Regents, may be admitted to examination before the board. Any member of the board may inquire of any applicant for examination concerning his qualifications and may take testimony of any one in regard thereto, under oath, which he is hereby empowered to administer. Sec. 197. Degrees. — No degree in dentistry shall be conferred in this State except the degree of doctor of dental surgery. Sain degree shall not be conferred upon any one unless he shall have D I'. N T \ I. I. K WS ^ " N 1> B N S K I). [31 satisfactorily completed a course of at least three years in a regis- tered dental school, or having been graduated in course from a registered medical school with the degree of doctor of medicine -hall have pursued satisfactorily thereafter a course of special study (if dentistry for at least two years in a registered dental school; nor shall said degree he conferred upon any one, unless prior to matricu- lation in the institution conferring his professional degree, or hefore beginning the second course of lectures counted toward such dc Ik- -hall have hied with -aid institution a Regents' certificate that he has received the required preliminary education evidenced as aforesaid; provided further, however, that the Regents may confer upon all persons who shall have received the degree of master of dental surgery under the laws of this State, prior to March 28, 1901, the degree of doctor of dental surgery in lieu of said master's degree. Sec. 198. Licenses. — On certification by the Board of Dental Kxaminers that a candidate has successfully passed its examina- tions and is competent to practise dentistry, the Regents shall issue to him their license so to practise pursuant to the rules established by them. On the recommendation of the board, the Regents may also, without the examination hereinbefore provided for. issue their license to any applicant therefor who shall furnish proof satisfactory to them that he has been duly graduated from a registered dental school and has been thereafter lawfully and reputably engaged in such practice for six years next preceding his application ; or who holds a license to practise dentistry in any other State of the I'nited States granted by a State board of dental examiners, indorsed by the Dental Society of the State of New York, provided, that in either case his preliminary and professional education shall have been not less than that required in this State. Every license so issued shall state on its face the grounds on which it is granted and the applicant may be required to furnish his proofs on affidavit. Sec. 199. Registration. — Every person practising dentistry in this State and not lawfully registered before April 17, 1896. shall register in the office of the clerk of the county where his place of business is located, in a book kept by the clerk for such purpose, his name, age. office and post office address, date and number of his license to practise dentistry and the date of such registration, which registration he shall be entitled to make only upon showing to the county clerk his license or a duly authenticated copy thereof, and making an affidavit stating name, age, birthplace, the number of his license and the date of its issue: that he is the identical person named in the license ; that before receiving the same he complied with all the preliminary requirements of this article and the rules of the Regents and board as to the terms and the amount of study and examination; that no money, other than the fees pre- scribed by this article and said rules, was paid directly or indirectly 132 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. for such license, and that no fraud, misrepresentation or mistake in a material regard was employed or occurred in order that such license should be conferred. The county clerk shall preserve such affidavit in a bound volume and shall issue to every licentiate duly registering and making such affidavit, a certificate of registration in his county, which shall include a transcript of the registration. Such transcript and the license may be offered as presumptive evidence in all courts of the facts stated therein. The county clerk's fee for taking such registration and affidavit and issuing such certificate, shall be $1. A practising dentist having registered a lawful author- ity to practise dentistry in one county of the State and removing such practice or part thereof to another county, or regularly engag- ing in practice or opening an office in another county, shall show or send by registered mail to the clerk of such other county his certificate of registration. If such certificate clearly shows that the original registration was of an authority issued under seal by the Regents, or if the certificate itself is indorsed by the Regents as entitled to registration, the clerk shall thereupon register the appli- cant in the latter county, on receipt of a fee of 25 cents, and shall stamp or indorse on such certificate, the date and his name, preceded by the words, "registered also in county," and return the certificate to the applicant. Any person who having law- fully registered as aforesaid shall thereafter change his name in any lawful manner shall register the new name with marginal note of the former name ; and shall note upon the margin of the former registration the fact of such change and a cross reference to the new registration. A county clerk who knowingly shall make or suffer to be made upon the book of registry of dentists kept in his office any other entry than is provided for in this section shall be liable to a penalty of $50 to be recovered by the State Dental Society in a suit in any court having jurisdiction. Sec. 200. Examination Fees. — Every applicant for license to practise dentistry shall pay a fee of not more than $25. From the fees provided by this article the Regents may pay all proper ex- penses incurred by them under its provisions, and any surplus at the end of any academic year shall be paid to the society nominating the examiners to defray its expenses incurred under the law. Sec. 201. Revocation of Licenses. — If any practitioner of den- tistry be charged under oath before the board, with unprofessional or immoral conduct, or with gross ignorance, or inefficiency in his profession, the board shall notify him to appear before it at an appointed time and place, with counsel, if he so desires, to answer said charges, furnishing to him a copy thereof. Upon the report of the board that the accused has been guilty of unprofessional or immoral conduct, or that he is grossly ignorant or inefficient in his profession, the Regents may suspend the person so charged from the practice of dentistry for a limited season, or may revoke his D E N T A i- LAWS C O N D i. \ S i. D. I 33 license. Upon the revocation of any license, the fact shall be noted upon the records of the Regents and the license shall be marked as cancelled, of the date of its revocation. Upon presentation of a certificate of such cancellation to the clerk of any county wherein the licentiate may be registered, said clerk shall note the date of the cancellation on the register of dentins and cancel the registration. A conviction of felon) shall forfeit a license to practise dentistry, and upon presentation to the Regents or a county clerk by any public officer or officer of a dental society of a certified copy of a court record showing that a practitioner of dentisty has been con- victed of felony, that fact shall be noted on the record of license and clerk's register, and the license and registration shall be marked "cancelled." Am person who. after conviction of a felony shall practise dentistry in this State, shall be subject to all the penalties prescribed for the unlicensed practice of dentistry, providing that if such conviction he subsequently reversed upon appeal and the ac- cused acquitted or discharged, his license shall become again oper- ative from the date of such acquittal or discharge. Sec. 202. Construction of This Article. — This article shall not be construed to prohibit an unlicensed person from performing merely mechanical work upon inert matter in a dental office or laboratory, or the student of a licentiate from assisting the latter in his performance of dental operations while in the presence and under the personal supervision of his instructor ; or a student in an incorporated dental school or college from performing operations for purposes of clinical study under the supervision and instruction of preceptors ; or a duly licensed physician from treating diseases of the mouth or performing operations in oral surgery. But nothing in this article shall be construed to permit the performance of inde- pendent dental operations by an unlicensed person under cover of the name of a registered practitioner or in his office. Nor shall anything in this article be construed to require of students matricu- lated in registered dental or medical schools before the first day of January, 1905. any other or higher qualification for the dental license or degree than was demanded by existing laws as interpreted by the regulations of the Regents at the date of their matriculation. 203. Penalties. — a. A person who, in any county of this State, practises or holds himself out to the public as practising dentistry, not being at the times of said practice or holding out, a dentist licensed to practise as such in this State and registered in the office of the clerk of such county, pursuant to the gen- eral laws regulating the practice of dentistry, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and punishable upon conviction of a first of- fense by a tine of not less than $50, and upon conviction of a subse- quent offense by a fine of not less than $100. or by imprisonment for not less than two months or by both such fine and imprisonment. Any violation of this section by a person theretofore convicted under 1 34 DENT A L LAWS CONDE N SED. the then existing laws of this State of practising dentistry without license or registration, shall be included in the term a "subsequent offense." Every conviction of unlawful practice or holding out subsequent to a first conviction thereof shall be a conviction of a second offense. Every practitioner of dentistry must display in a conspicuous place upon the house or in the office wherein he prac- tises his full name. If there are more dental chairs than one in any office or dental parlor the name of the practitioner must be dis- played on or by said chair in plain sight of the patient. Any person who shall practise dentistry without displaying his name as herein prescribed ; and any proprietor, owner or manager of a dental office, establishment or parlor who shall fail so to display or cause to be displayed the name of each person employed as a practising dentist or practising as a dentist in said office, establishment or parlor, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable upon a first conviction by a fine of $50, and upon every subsequent conviction by a fine of not less than $100, or by imprisonment for not less than sixty days, or by both fine and imprisonment. b. A person shall be deemed guilty of a midemeanor, and upon every conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than S250, or by imprisonment for not less than six months, or by both fine and imprisonment, who 1. Shall sell or barter or offer to sell or barter any diploma or document conferring or purporting to confer, any dental degree or any certificate or transcript made or purporting to be made pur- suant to the laws regulating the license and registration of den- tists ; or, 2. Shall purchase or procure by barter any such diploma, certificate or transcript with intent that the same shall be used as evidence of the qualifications to practise dentistry of any person other than the one upon whom it was lawfully conferred or in fraud of the laws regulating such practice ; or, 3. Shall, with fradulent intent, alter in a material regard any such diploma, certificate or transcript ; or, 4. Shall use or attempt to use any such diploma, certificate or transcript which has been purchased, fradulently issued, counter- feited or materially altered either as a license or color of license to practise dentistry or in order to procure registration as a dentist; or. 5. Shall practise dentistry under a false or assumed name; or, 6. Shall assume the degree <>f bachelor of dental surgery, doctor of dental surgery, or master of dental surgery, or shall ap- pend the letters B. D. S., D. D. S., M. D. S., to his name, not having been duly conferred upon him by diploma from some college, school or board of examiners legally empowered to confer the same, the right to assume said titles ; or shall assume any title or append or prefix any letters to his name with the intent to represent falsely that he has received a medical or dental degree or license, or, i) i: \ r a '■ haws co \ D !•: x s i. d. [35 7. Shall falsel) presonate another at any examination, held 1>\ the Regents or by the board, of the preliminary or professional education of candidates for dental student certificates, dental de- grees or licenses, or who shall induce another to make or aid and abet in the making of such false personation, dr who shall know- ingl) avail himself of the benefit of such false personation, or who >hall knowingly or negligently make falsely any certificate required by the Regents or board in connection with their examinations. c. Any person who in any affidavit or examination required of an applicant for examination, license or registration under the laws regulating the practice of dentistry, or under the laws, ordinances or regulation^ governing' the Regents' examinations of the prelim- inary education required for a dental student's certificate shall make wilfully a false statement in a material regard shall be guilty of perjury, and punishable upon conviction thereof by imprisonment not exceeding ten years. d. All courts of special sessions and police justices sitting as courts of special sessions shall have jurisdiction in the first instance to hear ami determine all charges of misdemeanors mentioned in this article committed within their local jurisdiction, and to impose all the penalties provided for misdemeanors in this article; provided, however, that the power of said courts and justices to hear and determine such charges shall be divested, if before the commence- ment of a trial before such court or justice, a grand jury shall present an indictment against the accused person for the same offense, or if a justice of the Supreme Court or a county judge of the county shall grant a certificate in the manner provided by law in cases of misdemeanor, that it is reasonable that such charge be prosecuted by indictment. e. All fines, penalties and forfeitures of bail imposed or col- lected on account of violations of the laws regulating the practice <'i dentistn must be paid to the State Dental Society. Said society may prefer complaints for violations of the law regulating the practice of dentistry before any court, tribunal or magistrate having jurisdiction thereof and may by its officers, counsel and agents aid in presenting the law and the facts before such court, tribunal or magistrate in any proceeding instituted by it. STATE OF NEW YORK.* In Assembly, February 9, 191 2. A11 Act to amend the public health law, in relation to the licens- ing of dentists. The People of the State of Xew York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Section one hundred and ninety-eight of chapter forty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and nine, entitled "An ♦Note. — Defeated in Senate, I36 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. act in relation to the public health, constituting chapter forty-five of the consolidated laws," is hereby amended to read as follows: Section 198. Licenses. — On certification by the board of dental examiners that a candidate has successfully passed its examinations and is competent to practise dentistry, the regents shall issue to to him their license so to practise pursuant to the rules established by them. On the recommendation of the board, the regents may also, without the examination hereinbefore provided for, issue their license to any applicant herefor who shall furnish proof satis- factory to them that he has been duly graduated from a registered dental school and has been thereafter lawfully and reputably en- gaged in such practice for six years next preceding his application; or who holds a license to practise dentistry in any other state of the United States granted by a state board of dental examiners, indorsed by the dental society of the state of New York, provided, that in either [case] of such cases his preliminary and professional, education shall have been not less than that required in this state ; or who files with the board a certified copy of a license to practise dentistry in any other state of the United States granted to him by a state board of dental examiners accompanied with proof that the standard of requirements of the board of such other state at the time of the granting of such license was not lower that that then required in this state, provided that the state granting such license shall issue on similar proof its license to persons licensed by the regents of this state. Every license so issued shall state on its face the grounds on which it is granted and the applicant may be re- quired to furnish his proofs on affidavit. Section 2. This act shall take effect immediately. DENTAL LAW OF NORTH CAROLINA. Revised 191 1. Section 3148. — Who Entitled to Commence the Practice of Den- tistry. 1879, C. 139 S. 1. No person except regularly authorized physicians and sur- geons shall commence the practice of dentistry unless said person has been graduated and received a diploma from the faculty of a reputable institution where this specialty is taught and chartered under the authority of some one of the United States, or of a foreign government acknowledged as such, or shall have obtained a certificate from a board of examiners duly appointed and authorized by this chapter to issue such certificate. 1 1 i: N T A L LAWS C O N D E N S K 1 >. 1 37 ion 3149. — Board of Examiners; Vacancies. 1879, C. [39, S. 2. The said Board of Examiners hereinbefore provided for shall consist of >ix members of the North Carolina Dental Society, to be elected by the said society at its next annual meeting and shall hold office a> follows: Two for one year, two for two years and two for three years, or until their successors are elected. The said board shall also have power to fill all vacancies for unexpired terms, and they shall be responsible to said State Society for their acts. "ii 3150. — Meeting of the Hoard. 1879, C. 139, S. 3. The Hoard of Examiners shall meet annually at the time and place of the meeting of the North Carolina Dental Society, and at such other times and places as the said board or any four members thereof shall agree upon, to conduct the examination of applicants, thirty days' notice of said meeting being given by advertising in at least three newspapers published in this State. Section 31 51. — Board to Grant Certificates, Etc.; Proviso. 1879, C. 139, S. 4. Said board shall grant a certificate of proficiency in the knowledge and practice of dentistry to all applicants who shall undergo a satisfactory examination, and who shall receive a majority of votes of said board upon such proficiency, which cer- tificate shall be signed by the members of the board conducting said examination, and shall bear the seal of the said North Car- olina Dental Society; provided, any person wishing to engage in the practice of dentistry at any time prior to the regular meeting of said board may be examined by any one member of said board, and if competent may receive a temporary certificate, which shall be in force only until the next regular meeting, and no member of said board shall grant a temporary certificate a second time to the same person. Section 3152. — Hoard to Keep Record of Persons to Whom Cer- tificates Granted; Evidence. 1879. C. T 39> S. 5. Said board shall keep a book in which shall be entered the name- and proficiency of all persons to whom certificates shall be granted under this chapter, and the date of granting said certifi- cate, and the book so provided shall be deemed a book of record, and a transcript of any such entry therein, certified to under the hand of the Secretary and seal of the North Carolina Dental Society, shall be admitted as evidence in any court when the same shall be otherwise competent. Section 3153. — Quorum. 1879, C. 139, S. 6. Four members of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of such business, and should a quorum not be 1 38 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. present on the day appointed for the meeting- of said board, those present may adjourn from day to day until a quorum is present. Section 3154. — Misdemeanor to Practice Dentistry Without Obtain- ing Certificate, Etc.; Provisos. 1879, C. 139, S. 6. Any person who shall practise dentistry in this State with- out having first passed the examination and obtained the certifi- cate hereinbefore provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined twenty-five dollars ; provided, any person so convicted shall not be entitled to sue for or recover any fee or charge for dental service in any court, and any sum of money paid to a person so convicted for dental services rendered may be recovered by the person so paying the same, or his legal representative ; provided further, no one applying for a license to practise dentistry shall be denied such license on account of race, color or previous condi- tion of servitude. Section 3155. — Fines Appropriated to School Fund. 1879, C. 139, S. 8. All fines and penalties so recovered shall be appropriated to the school fund of the county in which the same shall have been recovered. Section 3156. — Chapter not to Apply to Persons Now Practising Dentistry. 1879, C. 139, S. 8. Nothing in this chapter shall apply to any person engaged in the practice of dentistry before the seventh day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, nor to prevent any one from extracting teeth. The following amendments have been made by the Legisla- ture of North Carolina since the above chapter was enacted in 1883 and embodied in The Code. The following chapter was enacted by the Legislature of 1887. See chapter 178: An Act to Amend Chapter Thirty-four, Volume Two of the Code of North Carolina, Relating to Dentistry. The General Assembly of North Carolina do Enact : Section 1. That section three thousand one hundred and forty-eight of the Code of North Carolina, being chapter thirty- four, volume two, be stricken out and the following inserted in lieu thereof: Hereafter no person shall commence the practice of dentistry who has not obtained a certificate from a Board of Examiners duly authorized and appointed in accordance with sec- tion three thousand one hundred and forty-nine and that part of chapter thirty-four which relates to dentistry, which certificate shall be registered in the office of the Clerk of the Superior Court D i: N T A i. I, A WS CO \ i' i. N SED. 139 of the county in which such person proposes to practise, for which the clerk shall receive a fee of fifty cents; provided, this Act shall not apply to any dentist holding a diploma from a char- tered dental institution. Sec. _'. Any failure, neglect or refusal OB the part of any person holding such certificate to register the same as above directed for a period of six month- shall work a forfeiture of the certificate; and no certificate when once forfeited shall be re- stored, except upon the payment to said Board of Examiners of the sum of twenty-five dollar- as a penalty for Mich neglect, fail- ure or refusal. Sec. 3. In order to provide means for carrying out and main- taining the provisions of this Act the said Board of Examiners may charge a fee of ten dollars for each person applying for a cer- tificate, which in no case shall be returned, and funds so derived shall he placed in the hands of the Secretary to be used in defray- ing the necessary expenses in conducting the meetings of said board, and under no circumstances shall any part of such expense come out of the treasury of the State. 4. Within six months from the time this Act takes effect it shall he the duty of every person who is at the time lawfully Lged in the practice of dentistry in this State to cause his or her name, residence, date of diploma or license and date of com- mencing the practice of dentistry to be registered with the Sec- retary of the State Board of Dental Examiners authorized and appointed as aforesaid in a book kept for that purpose. The state- ment "f every such person shall be verified on oath before a notary public or justice of the peace in such manner as may be prescribed by the said Hoard of Examiners, which shall provide, upon application, blanks for this purpose. It shall be the duty of the secretary of the board to furnish the Clerk of the Superior Court of each county a certified list of the names of all persons in said county who have registered according to the provisions of this Act: and it -hall be the duty of such clerk to register such names in a book kept for that purpose upon the payment to him of a fee of fifty cents. Any person thus registered can practise in one or more counties upon filing in such county or counties a duly certified transcript of such registration. All persons now practising who -hall fail to register according to the provisions of this Act within the time prescribed, and who shall offer to practise dentistry, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon condition shall be fined not more than fifty dollars nor than twenty-five dollars for each offense. Any person who shall knowingly and falsely claim or pretend to have or hold a certifi- cate of proficiency granted by said Board of Examiners shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not more than fiftv dollars nor less than twentv-fivc dollars for each I4O DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. offense. All fines and penalties so recovered shall be appropri- ated to the school fund of the county in which the same shall have been recovered. Sec. 5. Nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to pro- hibit any one from extracting teeth. Sec. 6. That section three thousand one hundred and fifty- six of said chapter thirty-four is not intended to apply to this Act. Sec. 7. That this Act shall take effect from and after its rati- fication. In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the 3d day of March, A. D. 1887. That chapter 34 of The Code, volume two, was further amended by Acts of 1889, chapter 228, which reads as follows : An Act to Extend the Time for Registration of Dentists in North Carolina. The General Assembly of North Carolina do Enact : Section 1. That the limit of time provided in chapter one hundred and seventy-eight, section four, laws of one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven, for the registration of dentists, be and the same is hereby extended twelve months from the pas- sage of this Act. Sec. 2. That the State Board of Examiners shall, within the above prescribed time, forward the necessary blanks for registra- tion to the clerks of the Superior Courts of the respective coun- ties, whose duty it shall be to notify all persons practising den- tistry of said requirements in said county. Sec. 3. That this Act shall be in force from and after its rati- fication. Ratified the 25th day of February, A. D. 1889. That chapter 34 of The Code, volume two, was further amended by the Acts of 1891, chapter 251, which reads as follows : An Act to Amend Chapter One Hundred and Seventy-eight of the Laws of Eighteen Hundred and Eighty-seven and Relat- ing to Dentistry. The General Assembly of North Carolina do Enact : Section 1. That section one of chapter one hundred and sev- enty-eight of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-seven be amended by striking out the proviso in said section. Sec. 2. That this Act shall be in force from and after its rati- fication. Ratified the 3d day of March, A. D. 1891. Sec. 36. On each and every practicing lawyer, practicing physician and dentist, the sum of five dollars and one-half of one 1 1 i: \ T A I- LAWS CONDENSED. I4I per centum on gross receipts for his profession over and above one thousand dollars: provided, that no city, town or county shall levy any additional tax oil lawyers, physicians and dentists; pro- vided, that any and all persons who shall write deeds, mortgages, conveyances or other legal instruments for a pecuniary consider- ation, shall be deemed as practising law, and subject to the tax imposed by this section. CHAPTER 137. An Act to Amend Section 4467 of the Revisal of 1905 and to Authorize the Board of Dental Examiners for the Practice of Dentistry to Revoke License to Practise Dentistry. The General Assembly of North Carolina do Enact : Section 1. That section four thousand four hundred and sixty-seven of the Revisal of one thousand nine hundred and five be amended by adding at the end of said section the following: "The Board of Examiners created by section four thousand four hundred and sixty-three of the Revisal of one thousand nine hun- dred and five for the examination of those desiring to obtain a certificate to engage in the practice of dentistry may refuse to grant a license to any person guilty of felony or gross immorality, or who is addicted to the use of alcoholic liquors or narcotic drugs to such an extent as to render him unfit to practise dentistry; and the Board of Dental Examiners may, after due notice and hear- ing, revoke a license for like cause or any license which has been procured by fraud, or any license issued to a person who shall upon notice and hearing be proven to the satisfaction of two- thirds of the members of the Board of Examiners to be incom- petent to practise dentistry; and any license or permits obtained through fraud or by any fraudulent or false representation shall be void and of no effect. Sec. 2. This Act shall be in force from and after its ratifica- tion. Ratified this the 7th day of March, A. D. 191 1. DENTAL LAW OF VIRGINIA. Amended 1910. New Dental Law of Virginia : A bill to define dentistry, to regulate the practise of the same, and to provide penalties for the violation of the provisions of this Act : — Recognizing that dentistry is a specialty of medicine and surgery; therefore, I42 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia. That after this act goes into effect, it shall be unlawful for any person to engage in the practice of this specialty for compensation as either assistant or employee, or to receive a license from any com- missioner of the revenue to praise this specialty, except he shall have passed the examinations provided for by this Act and re- ceive the certificates herein provided, and an}* person practicing this specialty in this State without having passed examinations and received certificates, as herein provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two hun- dred and fifty dollars for the first offense, and for the second offense a fine of not less than five hundred dollars, or imprison- ment of from three to twelve months in jail, or both, in the dis- cretion of the jury. Nor shall such person receive any compensa- tion for services rendered by him ; provided, that nothing con- tained in this section shall prevent any authorized physician or surgeon from extracting teeth or any other person from extract- ing teeth from anyone suffering from toothache, or to prevent a bona fide student in regular attendance upon any dental college in this State from ji«B£tising dentistry under the direct supervi- sion of one of its teachers in the regular infirmary of such college. On the trial of any person charged with violation of any of the provisions of this Act, it shall be incumbent on the defendant to show that he has authority under the law to practise this speci- alty in this State in order to relieve himself from the penalties herein prescribed. Any commissioner of the revenue who shall, in violation of section one, issue a license to any person not authorized to prac- tice this specialty by this Act, shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars, and no license issued by any commissioner in violation of this Act shall be valid. 2. From and after January 1, nineteen hundred and fourteen, anno domini, the practice of this specialty in this State shall be a branch or specialty of medicine and surgery, and no person, after this Act goes into effect, shall be given the examination or a certificate required by section four of this Act unless he shall first show to the satisfaction of the examining board provided by law for applicants to practice medicine or surgery, and has re- ceived from the Virginia State Board of Medical Examiners the certificate thereof as required by law to be given by them to such applicants. 3. There shall be for the commonwealth of Virginia a board of dental examiners consisting of three practitioners of dentistry of acknowledged ability in the profession, to be appointed by the I) K N T A i- I, A \Y s C O N DE N S I 0. 1 43 Governor upon recommendation of the Virginia State Dental Association. Snch examiners shall hold office for a term of three years. The board shall continue to be divided into three classes with one member each, one of which classes shall go out of office each succeeding year. And the Governor shall annually appoint the successors of each class, as it goes out of office, for the term of three years. He shall make the appointments in each case from two persons who shall be nominated by the Virginia State Dental Association and reside in different sections of the Stale. All vacancies for unexpired terms shall be filled by the Gov- ernor on nominations made by the board. If no such nomination be made, the Governor may appoint such persons as he may deem tit. 4. It shall be the duty of this board to meet annually at a time and place of meeting of the Virginia Dental Association, or at such time and place as the board may agree upon, to con- duct the examination of the applicants. They may also meet for the same purpose at the call of two members of the board at such time and place as may be designated by them. Thirty- days' notice of the meetings shall be given by advertising in at least two of the daily papers published in the State. It shall be the duty of the said board to grant a certificate to practise this specialty to all applicants who undergo the State examination and receive at least two votes, which certificates shall be signed by the members of the board and be stamped with a suitable seal. It shall further be the duty of such board to register the name and qualification, as far as practicable, of every person to whom such certificate is granted in a book to be kept for such purposes. 5. Any member of the board may, upon presentation by any applicant of the evidence of the necessary qualifications to practise this specialty under this act, grant a temporary license to practise until the next meeting of the board and no longer; provided that not such temporary license shall be granted to any person who has not passed the examination and obtained the certificate of the Virginia State Board of Medical Examiners. 6. The book provided for by section four shall be a book of record, and transcripts from it certified by the officer who has it in keeping, with the seal of the board affixed, shall be evidence in any court of the State. 7. Every person practicing this specialty in the common- wealth of Virginia at the time of the passage of this Act shall annually register his name and post-office with the Board of Examiners before renewing his license, and it shall be the duty of the board to issue to each person so registered a certificate of registration stamped with the seal of the board and signed by 144 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. its secretary. Such person so registered may continue such practice without incurring any of the liabilities imposed by this chapter by annually causing his name and residence or place of business to be registered by such board, who shall keep a book for that purpose. Such registration may be made by furnishing proof of the fact of being then so engaged in the manner pre- scribed by law. All persons holding a certificate of ability from said board shall annually register in like manner. A certified list of the persons registered from each city or county shall be furn- ished the clerk thereof, except that in the city of Richmond such list shall be furnished the clerk of the Chancery Court of said city, and each name on such list shall be at once recorded by such clerk in a book to be kept for that purpose, for which he shall receive a fee of fifty cents for each certificate of the person so recorded, to be paid by said board. Every person who prior to the passage of this act was duly authorized by said board to prac- tise this specialty in this State, and whose certificate is duly registered and recorded as herein prescribed, shall be allowed to continue to so practise. But no license to practise this specialty shall be issued by any commissioner of the revenue to any person whose name is not so recorded in the clerk's office of the city or county as herein prescribed, and any person who shall engage in the practise of this specialty and fail to register with the board as herein prescribed, shall, after ninety days' notice in writing from said board of such neglect, be liable to the penalties pre- scribed in this Act. 8. Fees from applicants and registration. — Said board shall charge each person who appears before them for examination a fee of two dollars for each examination, and shall charge for each person registering one dollar. From the funds received all proper and reasonable expenses of the board and each of its members, incurred in carrying out and maintaining and enforc- ing the provisions of this chapter, must be paid. No part of such expense shall be paid out of the State treasury. Any excess of receipts over disbursements shall be paid by the board to meet future expenses of the board and members. The secretary of the board shall have custody of its funds and may be required to give bond in such terms as the board may direct. An itemized report of the proceedings of the board, containing an account of all moneys received and disbursed, pursuant to this chapter, shall be made to the Governor on the first day of February of each year. 9. This Act shall be in force from and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and fourteen, anno domini. 10. All Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions •of this Act are hereby repealed. \ i \ i LAWS CONDENSED, 145 DENTAL LAW OF WISCONSIN. Enacted 1909. Section 1. Section 1410b. of the statutes, 1- repealed. Sec. 2. Sections 1410c. 14101" and i4iog, of the statutes, are amended to road. Section [410c 1. The State Board of Dental Examiners, as heretofore constituted, is * * * continued. Ii shall consist of five practicing dentists, at least three of whom Shall be members of the Wisconsin State Dental Society. The members of such board shall be appointed by the Governor for the term of five years and until their successors are appointed, and any such appointee may be selected by the Governor from among such persons as may be recommended to him therefor by the Wisconsin State Dental Society. Vacancies shall be filled by the Governor for the unexpired portion of the term. It shall be the duty of said board to enforce the provisions of this chapter. Each member shall before entering upon the duties of his office take and subscribe the oath prescribed by law to be taken by other officers appointed in like manner. (3). Xo person shall be eligible to appointment on said board who is in any way connected with or interested in any den- tal college or dental department of any institution of learning. Sec. i4iof. The officers of the board shall be a president and a secretary, who shall be chosen from the members thereof in such manner and for such terms as may be provided by the by- laws. One meeting of the board shall be held in the month of June in each year and at such place as may be fixed * * * by the board for examining and licensing persons to practise den- tistry in this State and transacting such other business as may be necessary. Other meetings may be called as often as the board may deem it advisable. A majority of the members shall consti- tute a quorum. The secretary's record of the proceedings of the board shall be open to public inspection at all reasonable times. Sec. i4iog. Every person who was engaged in the lawful practice of dentistry in this State on the thirtieth day of Septem- ber, 1885. may continue such practice without incurring any of the liabilities imposed by this chapter, by annually causing his name and residence * * * and place of business to be regis- tered by said board, who shall keep a book for that purpose. Such registration may be made by furnishing proof of the fact of being then so engaged ami paying a fee of one dollar. All person- licensed by the board shall annually register in like manner. * Every person who, prior to the passage and publication of this act, was duly licensed by the board to practise dentistry in this State, and wdio has annually registered according to law, shall be allowed to continue to practise dentistry in this State, I46 DENTAL LAWS CONDENSED. so long as he shall conform to the requirements of * * * this chapter * * *, and said board shall have power to revoke the license of any person who has failed or may hereafter fail, to annually register as herein provided, if. for ninety days after notice in writing" from said board of such neglect, such person shall fail to so register. Sec. 3. There is added to the statutes a new section to be numbered Section iziioh to read: Sec. 1410I1. 1. After the year 191 1 no person shall be examined by the board for a license to practise dentistry in this. State who shall not file with the sec- retary of the board credentials showing that he has a general education equivalent to that required for graduation from a high school or academy in the State of Wisconsin having a four-year course beyond that of the elementary school, and who is not a regular graduate of a reputable dental college or dental depart- ment of a university, provided, however, that the privileges of such examination are not denied an applicant therefor who holds a license to practise dentistry in some other State. (4). The State Board may, without examination, issue a license to any applicant therefor who shall furnish satisfactory proof, said proof must be deposited in person with the secretary of the State Board of Dental Examiners of this State that he has been duly licensed to practise dentistry in some State other than Wisconsin, and that he has been lawfully and reputably engaged in said practice for five years next preceding his application, pro- vided, however, that the State recommending such applicant re- quires a preliminary education required in this State, and pro- vided the State in which he lives extends to the dentists of this State, who may remove to said State, a similar privilege of prac- ticing without examination ; provided, however, that if a dentist who is licensed to practice in this State removes to another State and engages in the practice of dentistry there, he shall have his name carried on the list of dentists of this State upon the pay- ment of the annual registration fee while out of this State. The fee for such license shall be twenty-five dollars. See. 4. Sees. i4ioi and 1410J of the statutes, are amended io read : See. i4ioi. Any person who shall practise dentistry in this State, without being annually registered or without being licensed as herein provided, shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred for each and every offense ; each patient treated shall be a separate offense ; pro- vided, that this chapter shall not be construed so to prevent any duly licensed physician or surgeon residing in this State, * * * from extracting teeth or performing any operation upon the pal- ate or maxillary bones. DENTAL LAWS CONDSNSS D. I47 A person shall be deemed to be engaged in the practice of dentistry within the meaning <>i this act who shall treat disc or lesions of the human teeth or jaws or perform operations of any kind thereon, or * * * insert any artificial teeth, fixtures or appliances for the restoration, regulation or improvement of the dental organs. But nothing in this acl contained shall he construed * * * to prevent a bona fide student, in regular attendance upon any dental college in this State- from practising dentistry, under the direct supervision of one of * * * his teachers, in the regu- lar infirmary of such college. Sec. [410J. Said hoard may charge each person applying for a license to practise dentistry in this State, whether such appli- cant he examined or not. a fee of * * * twenty-five dollars, which, in no ease, shall he returnahle, unless from sickness or some other good cause such applicant was prevented from attend- ing and completing such examination. * * * Out of the funds coming into the possession of the board under the provi- sions of this act, the members of the board shall each receive as compensation the sum of ten dollars for each day actually en- gaged in the duties of the office, and all legitimate and necessary expenses incurred in attending the meetings of the board. The secretary of the board shall receive an annual salary to be fixed by the board. The secretary of the board shall have custody of its funds and * * * shall be required to give a bond in such terms as the board may * * * require. An annual report of the proceedings of the board, containing an account of all moneys received and disbursed, pursuant to this chapter shall be made to the Governor on the thirtieth day of * * * November. Sec. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and publication. . . *i '•■