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 SEYMOUR DURST 
 
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 Because it has been said 
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Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 
 Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library 
 
A SHORT 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 T O 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR: 
 
 WITH 
 
 CRITICAL NOTES. 
 
 A NEW E D I T I O No 
 
 By Dr. L O W T H E. 
 
 i^am ipfum Latine loqui, eft illud quidem in magna Iar.de 
 ponendum : led non tarn fua fponte, quam quod eft a pie- 
 rifque neglechim. Non enim tarn prasclarum eft fcire La- 
 Une, quam turpe nefcire ; neque tam id mihi oratoris boni, 
 quam cms Rcmani proprium videtur. Cicero. 
 
 W I L M I N G T N: 
 
 Printed and Sold by BON SAL and NILES. 
 idtjo fold at their Book-Store, 2?o. 173, Market-Street) 
 
 B ALTIMOR E. 
 
 i8co# 
 
AA 
 
P R E F A C E. 
 
 TH E Engliih Language hath been ranch cultivated 
 during the laft two hundred years. It hath been con- 
 fiderably poiiflied and refined ; its bounds have been greatly- 
 enlarged ; its energy, variety, richnefs, and elegance, have 
 been abundantly proved by nupnberlefs trials, in verfe and in 
 profe, upon all fubjedls, and in every kind of ftyle : but 
 whatever other improvements it may have received, it hath 
 made no advances in Grammatical Accuracy. Hooker is 
 one of the earliest Writers of confiderable note within the 
 period above-mentioned : let his writings be compared with 
 the belt of thofe of more modern date, and, i believe, it will 
 be found, that in correclnefs, propriety, and purity of Eng- 
 lidi ftyle, he hath hardly been furpafied, or even equalled, 
 by any of his fucceftbrs. 
 
 It is now about fifty years (ince Doctor Swift made a 
 pubHcremonftran.ee, addreffed to the Earl of Oxford, then 
 L^rd Treafurer, on the imperfect State of our Language ; 
 alledging, hi particular, " that in many inftances it offended 
 " againft every part of Grammar." Swift muft be allowed 
 to have been a good judge of this matter ; to which he was 
 himfelf very attentive, both in his own writings, and in his 
 remarks upon thofe of his friends: he is one of the moft cor- 
 rect, and perhaps the beft of our profe writers. Indeed the 
 juftnefs of this complaint, as far as I can find, hath never 
 been queftioned; and yet no effectual method hath hitherto 
 been taken- to redrefs the grievance which was the obiect 
 • of it. 
 
 But let us confider, how, and in what extent, we are to 
 underftand this charge brought againft the Englift Language: 
 for the Author feems not to have explained himfelf with fuf- 
 fccient clearnefs and precifion on this head. Does it mean, 
 
*r PREFACE. 
 
 that the Englifh Language, as it is fpoken by the politeft 
 $>ai t of the nation, and as it ftands in the writings of our raotl 
 approved authors, often offends againft every part of Gram- 
 mar ? Thus far, I am afraid, the charge is true. Or does 
 it further imply, that our Language is in its nature irregular 
 and capricious; not hitherto fubject, nor eafdy reducible, to 
 a fy fern ©f 'rules ? In this refpeft, I am perfuaded, the 
 charge is wholly without foundation. 
 
 ihe Englifh Language is perhaps of all the prefent Eu- 
 ropean Languages by much the moll fimple in its form and 
 eonftrucYion. Of all the ancient Languages extant, that is. 
 the mod fimple which is undoubtedly the moff ancient : but 
 even that Language itfirlf does not equal the Englifh in Gin- 
 piicity. 
 
 r l he words of the Englifh Language are perhaps fubjedl 
 to fewer variations, from their original Form, than thofe of 
 any other. Its Subfhmtives have but one variation of Cafe : 
 nor have they any diftmcYion of Gender, befide that which 
 Nature hath made. Its Adjectives admit of no change at' 
 all, except that which expreffes the degrees of comparifon. 
 All the poffible variations of the original form of the Verb 
 are not above fix or feven ; whereas in many Languages they 
 amount to feme hundreds : and almoir. the whole bufmefs of 
 Modes, Times and voices is managed with great eafe by the 
 afliflance of eight or nine commodious little Verbs, called 
 from their ufe, Auxiliaries. The Gonftruc\ion of this Lan- 
 guage is fo eafy and obvious, that our Grammarians have 
 thought it hardly worth while to give us any thing like a 
 regular and fyftematical Syntax. The Englifh Grammar 
 that hath been laft preiented to the Public, and by the per- 
 ion beft qualified to have given us a perfect one, comprifes 
 the whole Syntax in ten lines ; for this reafon : " becaufe 
 <fc cur Language has fo little inflection, that its ConftrucYicn 
 " neither requires nor admits many rules." In truth, the 
 eaiier any fubjeel is in its own nature, the harder it is to 
 make it more eafy by explanation ; and nothing is commonly 
 more unneceffary, and at the fame time more difficult, than 
 to give a formal demonflration of a proportion almoft ielf- 
 e vide nr. 
 
 It doth not then proceed from any peculiar irregularity or 
 difficulty of our Language, that the general practice both of 
 
PREFACE. v 
 
 fpeaking' and writing it, is chargeable with inaccuracy. It 
 is not the Language, but the Practice, that is in fault. The 
 Truth is, Grammar is very much neglected among us; and 
 it is not the difficulty of the Language, but on the contrary 
 the fimpliclty and facility of it, that occafions this neglect. 
 Were the Language lefs eafy and fioiple, we Qiould find 
 ourfelves under a neceffity of Mudying it with more care and 
 attention. But as it is, we take it for granted, that we have 
 a competent knowledge and fkill, and are able to acquit our- 
 felves properly, in cur @wn native tongue : a faculty folely 
 acquired by ufe, conducted by habit, and tried by the ear, 
 carries us on without reflection ; we meet with no rubs or 
 difficulties in our way, or we do not perceive them ; we find 
 ourfelves able to go on without rules, and we do not fa much 
 as fufpect that we fta-nd in need of them. 
 
 A Grammatical Study of our own Language makes no part 
 of the ordinary method of inftruction which we pafs through 
 in our childhood ; and it is very feldom that we apply our- 
 felves to it afterward. „ And yet the want of it will not be 
 effectually fupplied by any other advantages whatfoever. 
 Much practice in the police world, and a general acquaint- 
 ance with the beft authors, are good helps, but alone will 
 hardly be fuinctent : we have writers, who have enjoyed 
 thefe advantages in their full extent, and yet cannot be re- 
 commended as models of an accurate ftyle. Much lefs then 
 vn\\ what is commonly called Learning, ferve the purpofe ; 
 that is, a critical knowledge of ancient languages, and much 
 reading of ancient authors : the grcateft Critic and moft able 
 Grammarian of the laft age, when he came to apply his 
 Learning and his Criticifm to an Englifli Author, was fre- 
 quently at a lofs in matters of ordinary ufe and common con- 
 firmation in his own Vernacular Idiom* 
 
 But perhaps the Notes fubjoined to the following pages, 
 will lurnifh a more convincing argument, than any thing 
 that can be faid here, both of the truth of the charge of in- 
 accuracy brought againtt our Language as it fubfifts in prac- 
 tice, and of the neceffity of invefiigating the principles of t, 
 and (baying it Grammatically, if we would attain to a due 
 degree of fkill in it. It is with reafon expected of every per- 
 .Ion of a liberal education, and it is indifpenfably required of 
 every one who undertakes to inform or entertain the Public, 
 
ti PREFACE. 
 
 that he fliould be able to exprefs himfelf with propriety and 
 accuracy. It will evidently appear from thefe Notes, that 
 our beft Authors have committed grofs miftakes for want of 
 a due knowledge of Englifii Grammar, or at leaft of a proper 
 attention to the rules of it. The examples there given, are 
 fuch as occurred in reading, without any very curious or 
 methodical examination : and they might eafily have been 
 much increafed in number by any one, who had leifure or 
 phlegm enough to g© through a regular courfe of reading 
 with this particular view. However, 1 believe they may be 
 fufficient to anfwer the purpofe intended; to evince the ne- 
 ceifity of the Study of Grammar in our own Language, and 
 to admonifh thole who fet up for Authors among us, that 
 they would do well to contider this part of Learning as an 
 objedl not altogether beneath their regard. 
 
 The principal defign of a Grammar of any Language is to 
 teach us to exprefs ourfelves with propriety in that Language, 
 and to enable us to judge of every phrafe and form of con- 
 llruction, whether it be right or not. The plain way of 
 doing this is, to lay down rules, and to iliuftrate them by 
 examples. But beiicle (hewing what is right, the matter 
 may be further explained by pointing out what is wrong. I 
 will not take upon me to lay, whether we have any Gram- 
 mar that fufriciently inftru&s us by rule and example ; but 
 I am fure we have none, that, in the manner here attempt- 
 ed, teaches us what is right, by (hewing what is wrong; tho* 
 this perhaps may prove the more ulefui and effectual method 
 cf inftrucYion. 
 
 Be fide this principal defign of Grammar in our own Lan- 
 guage, there is a fecondary ufe to which it may be applied, 
 and which, I think, is not attended to as it deferves : the 
 facilitating of the acquisition of other languages, whether 
 ancient or modern. A good foundation in the General Prin- 
 ciples of Grammar, is in the firft place neceflary for all thofe 
 •who are initiated in a learned education ; and for all others 
 likewife, who fhall have occafion to furnifh themfelves with 
 the knowledge of modern languages. Univerfal Grammar 
 cannot be taught abftracledly : it muft be done with refer- 
 ence to fome language already known, in which the terms 
 are to be explained, and the rules exemplified. The learn- 
 er is fuppofed to be unacquainted with all but his flaky? 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 tongue ; and in what other, confidently with reafon and 
 common fenfe, can you go about to explain it to him ? — 
 When he has a competent knowledge of the main principles 
 of Grammar in general exemplified in his own, he then will 
 apply himfelf with great advantage to the ftudy of any other 
 language. To enter at once upon the Science of Grammar, 
 and the Study of a foreign language, is to encounter two 
 difficulties together, each of which would be much lefTened 
 by being taken feparately, and in its proper order. Forthefe 
 plain reafons, a competent Grammatical knowledge of our 
 own Language, is the true foundation upon which all Lite- 
 rature, properly lb c?Uee!, ought to be raifed* If this me- 
 thod were adopted in our Schools ; if children were firfl 
 taught the common principles of Grammar by fome fhort 
 and clear Syftem of EnglilTi Grammar, which happily by its 
 fimpiicity and facility is perhaps fitter than any other lan- 
 guage for fuch a purpofe, they would have fome notion of 
 what they were going about, when they fhould enter into 
 the Latin Grammar ; and would hardly be engaged fo many 
 years, as they now are, in that moil irkfome and difficult 
 part of literature, with fo much labour of the memory, and 
 with lb little affiftaace of the underflanding. 
 
 A defign fomewhat of this kind gave occafion to the fol- 
 lowing little fyileR], intended merely for a private and do* 
 meflic ufe. The chief end of it was to explain the general 
 principles of Grammar as clearly and intelligibly as poffible* 
 In the definitions therefore eafinefs and perfpicuity have been 
 fometimes preferred to logical exadlnefs. The common di- 
 vifions have been complied with, as far as reafon and truth 
 would permit. The known and received terms have been 
 retained, except in one or two inftances, where others offer- 
 ed themfelves, which feemed much more fignificant. All 
 difquifitions, which appeared to have more of fubtilty than 
 cf ufefulnefs in them, have been avoided. In a word, it 
 was calculated for the ufe of the Learner, even of the loweft 
 clafs. Thofe who would enter more deeply into this fubject 
 will find it fully and accurately handled, with the greateft 
 acutenefs ef invefiigation, perfpicuity of explication, and ele- 
 gance of method, in a Treatife intitled, Hermes, by James 
 Harris, Efq. the mod beautiful and perfect example of Anal* 
 jus that has been exhibited unce the days oiArifiotk* 
 
Mill 
 
 V 11 E F A C E. 
 
 The Author is greatly obliged to feveral Learned Gpntle 
 inen, who have favoured him with their Remarks upon the 
 firft Edition ; which was indeed principally defigned to pro- 
 cure their afliftance, and to try the judgment of the public, 
 lie hath endeavoured to weigh their observations without 
 prejudice or partiality? and to make the beft ufe of the lights 
 which t;hey have afforded him. He hath been enabled to 
 correel feveral miftakes, and encouraged carefully to revile 
 the whole, and to give it all the improvement which his pre- 
 fent materials can furnilh. He hopes for the continuance of 
 their favour, as he is fenfible, there will ftill be abundant oc- 
 cafion for it. A Syflem of this kind, arifing from the col- 
 kcYion and arrangement of a multitude of minute particulars, 
 which often elude the rnpft careful fearch, and fometimcs 
 efcape obfervation when they are mofl obvious, mud always 
 ftand in need of improvement. It is indeed the necefiary 
 condition of every work of human art or fcience, fmall as 
 well as great, to advance towards perfection by flow degrees ; 
 by an approximation which, though it flill may carry it for- 
 ward, yet will certainly sever bring it to the point to which 
 it tends. 
 
 A SHORT 
 
A SHORT 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 T 
 
 ENGLISH GRAM MAR* 
 
 GRAM M A R. 
 
 jt^i R A M M A R is the Art of rightly exprefllng our 
 VJ Thoughts by Words. 
 
 Grammar in genera], or Univerfal Grammar, explains the 
 Principles which are common to ail languages. 
 
 1 he Grammar of any particular Language, as the Englifn 
 Grammar, applies thofe common principles to that particular 
 language, according to the eftablilhed ulage and cuitom 
 of it. 
 
 Grammar treats* of Sentences, and of the feveral parts of 
 which they are compounded. 
 
 Sentences CQiifift of Words ; Words, of one or more 
 Syllables ; Syllables, of one or more Letters. 
 
 So that Letters, Syllables, Words, and Sentences, make 
 up the whole fubjecT; of Grammar. 
 
 LETTERS 
 
xo 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 AL E T T E R is the firft Principle, or at leaft part 
 of a Word. 
 
 Articulate Sound is the found of the human voice, 
 formed by the organs of fpeech. 
 
 A Vowel is a fnnple articulate found, formed by the im- 
 pulfe of the voice, and by the opening only of the mouth 
 in a particular manner. 
 
 A Gonfonant cannot be perfectly founded by itfelf ; but 
 joined with a vowel forms a compound articulate found, by 
 a particular motion or contact of the parts of the mouth. 
 
 A Diphthong, or compound vowel, is the union of two 
 or more vowels pronounced by a fmgle impulfe of the voice. 
 
 In Englifti there are twenty-fix Letters : 
 
 A, a; B, b; C, c ; D, d"; E, e ; F, f ; G, g ; K, h ; 
 I, i ; J, j ; K, k ; L, 1 ; M, m ; N, n ; O, o ; P, p ; 
 Q^q ; R, r ; S, s ; T, t ; U, u ; V, v ; W, w ; X, x ; 
 Y, y ; Z, z. 
 
 J j, and V v, are confonants ; the former having the 
 found of the foft g ; and the latter that of a coarfer/*; they 
 are therefore intirely different from the vowels i and u, and 
 diftinct letters ©f themfelves ; they ought alfo to be difiin- 
 guiflied from them, each by a peculiar Name ; the former 
 may be called jaj and the latter vee* - 
 
 The names then of the twenty-fix letcers wilt be as fol- 
 lows : a, bee, cee, de, e, efi gee, ditch, i, ja, ka, el, 
 em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, efs, t$e, u, wee, doubh u, oc, 
 y, zad. 
 
 Six of the letters are vowels, and may be founded by 
 themfelves ; a, e, i, o, u, y. 
 
 E is generally filent at the end of a word ; but it has its 
 effect in lengthening the preceding vowel ; as bid, bide : 
 and fometimes likewife in the middle of a word ; as, un- 
 grateful, retirement* Sometimes it has no other effect 
 than that of foftening a preceding g : as, lodge, judge, 
 judgement; for which purpofe, it is quite neceflfary in thefe 
 and the like words : 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR* 
 
 11 
 
 T is in found wholly the fame with i ; and is written 
 inftead of it at the end of words ; or before i, as, flying) 
 denying : it is retained likewife in fome words derived from 
 the Greek ; and it is always a vowel, [i] 
 
 W is either a vowel or a diphthong : its proper found is 
 the fame as the Italian u, the French ow, or the Englifh oo : 
 after o, it is fometimes not founded at all, fometimes like a 
 fingle ti* 
 
 The reft of the letters are confonants ; which cannot be 
 founded alone : fome not at all, and thefe are called Mutes, 
 bi c, d, g, p) q y t : others very imperfedlly, making a 
 kind of obfcure found, and thefe are called Semi-vowels, or 
 Half-vowels, /, m, n, r, J] s ; the firft four of which are 
 alfo diftinguifhed by the name of Liquids. 
 
 The Mutes and the Semi-vowels are diftinguifhed by their 
 names in the Alphabet, thofe of the former all beginning 
 with a confonant ; bee, cee y &c. thofe of the latter all be- 
 ginning with a vowel, ej\ eJ, &c» 
 
 X is a double confonant, compounded of c, or k y and j. 
 
 Z feems not to be a double confonant in Englifh, as it 
 is commonly iuppofed : it has the fame relation to j, as v 
 has to /, being a thicker and coarfer exprefiion of it. 
 
 H is only aw Afpiration, or Breathing : and fometimes at 
 the beginning of a word, is not founded at all; as, an bour 9 
 an bonejl man. 
 
 \ 
 
 [i] The fame found which we exprefs by the initial y, 
 ; our Saxon Anceftors in many infrances expreiTed by the vow- 
 jel e ; as eower, your ; and by the vowel i; as iw y yew ; 
 ieng, young. In the word yew the initial y has precifely 
 |the fame found with i in the words view* lieu, adieu : the 
 \i is acknowledged to be a Vowel in thefe latter ; how then 
 can the j, which has the very fame found, poffibly be a Con* 
 ifonant in the former ? Its initial found is generally like 
 that of i in Jhlre> or e e nearly : it is formed by the open- 
 ing of the mouth, without any motion or contad of the 
 :>arts : in a word, it has every property of si Vowel, and not 
 wie of a Confonanta 
 
12 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 C is pronounced like A, before a, o, u ; and foft, like /. 
 before e, i, y : in like manner g is pronounced always bard 
 'before <2, o, w ; fometimes hard and fomermes foft before 
 f and y ; and for the mod part loft before e. 
 
 The Englifh Alphabet, like moll others, is both deficient 
 and redundant ; in fome cafes, the fame letters expreffing 
 cine rent founds, and different letters exprelling the fame 
 founds* 
 
 SYLLABLES. 
 
 A SYLLABLE is a found either Cmple or com* 
 jfjL pounded, pronounced by a fingle impulfe of the voice, 
 and conftituting a word, or part of a word. 
 
 Spelling is the art of reading by naming the letters fmgly, 
 and rightly dividing words into their fyllables. Or, in writ- 
 ing, it is the expreffing of a word by its proper letrers. 
 
 In Spelling, a fy liable in the beginning of middle of a 
 word ends in a vowel, unlefs it be followed by x ; or by two 
 or more confonants ; thefe are for the moft part to be fepa- 
 rated, and at lead one of them always belongs to the pre- 
 ceding fyllable, when the vowel of that fy liable is pronounc- 
 ed thort. Particles in compofition, though followed by a 
 vowel, generally remain undivided in fpelling. A Mute 
 generally unites with a liquid following ; and a liquid, or a 
 mute, generally feparates from a mute following : le and re 
 are never feparated from a preceding mute. Examples : j 
 ex-e cra-ble 9 ex af-pe-rate^ difitin-guifi, dif'trefs-ful, czr~\ 
 Vef-pon*dtfig. 
 
 But the beft and eaneft rule for dividing the fyllables in 
 fpelling, is to divide them as they are naturally divided in 
 a right pronunciation ; without regard to the derivation of 
 Tvcrcls, or the poflible combination of confonants at the be*, 
 ginning of a fyllable. 
 
 WORDS* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR* 
 
 W O R D S. 
 
 WORDS are articulate founds, lifed by camraou 
 confer.t, as Tigris of ideas, or notions. 
 There are in Englifh nine Sorts of Words, or as they 
 are commonly called, Parts of Speech. 
 
 1. The ARTICLE, prefixed to fubfhntives, when they 
 are common names of things, to point them out, and to (hew 
 feovv far their fjgnification extends, 
 
 2. The SUBSTANTIVE, or NOUN, being the name 
 of any thing conceived to fubfift, or of which we have any 
 notion- 
 
 3. The PRONOUN, (landing mftead of the noun. 
 
 4. The ADJECTIVE, added to the noun to exprefs the 
 quality of it. 
 
 5. The VERB, or Word by way of eminence, fignify- 
 ing to be, to do, or to naffer. 
 
 6. The ADVERB, added to veibs, and alfo to adjec- 
 tives a-nd other adverbs, to exprefs fome circumftance belong- 
 ing to them. 
 
 7. The PREPOSITION, put before souns and pronouns 
 chiefly, to connect them with other words, and to fliew their 
 relation to thofe words. 
 
 8. The CONJUNCTION, conne&ing fentences toge- 
 ther. 
 
 9. The INTERJECTION, thrown in to exprefs the af- 
 fection of the fpeaker, though unneeefTary with refpeft to 
 the conftrudlion of the fenteiice. 
 
 EXAMPLE, 
 
 1272512 47 28 
 The power of fpeech is a faculty peculiar to man, and 
 
 .5 5 7 3 7 3 4 271 
 
 was beftowed on him by his beueficient Creator for the 
 B 
 
14 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 486 4 289665 
 
 greateft and moft excellent ufes; bat alas! how often do 
 
 3 5 3 7 14 7 2 
 we pervert it to the worft of purpofes ? 
 
 In the foregoing fentence, the words the, a, are Articles ; 
 power, fpeeeb, faculty , man, creator, ufes, purpofes, are 
 Subftantives : him, bis, me, it, are Pronouns ; peculiar, 
 beneficent, great eft, excellent, wcrfl, are Adjectives; is, 
 •was befowed, do pervert, are Verbs: mojl, bow, often, 
 are Adverbs ; of to, on, by, for, are Piepofitions ; and, 
 but, are Conjunctions ; and alas is an Interjection. 
 
 Hie Subftanti ves power, fpeeeb, faculty, and the reft, 
 are General, or Common, Nmncs of things ; whereof there 
 are many forts belonging to the fame kind, or many indivi- 
 duals belonging to the lame fort, as there are many forts of 
 power, many forts of fpeech, many forts of faculty, many 
 individuals of that fort of animal called man; and fo on. 
 Thefe general or common names are here applied in a more 
 or left extenfive figni6cation, according as they are ufed 
 without either, or with the one, or with the other, of the 
 two articles a and the. Hie words fpeeeb, man, beirg 
 accompanied with no article, are taken in their largeft ex- 
 tent, and fignify all of the kind or fort, all forts of fpeech, 
 and all men. The word faculty, with the article a before 
 it, is ufed in a more confined fjgnif cation, for fome one 
 cut of many of that kind ; for it is here implied, that there 
 are other faculties peculiar to man befide fpeech. The words 
 power, creator, ufes, purpofes, with the article the before 
 them (for bis Creator is the fame as the Creator of him ) 
 are ufed in the moft confined fignification for the things here 
 mentioned and afcertained : the pswer is not any one inter- 
 mediate power out of many forts, but that particular fort of 
 power here fpecifte.d, namely, the power vf fpeech ; the Cre- 
 ator is the one great Creator of man, and of dl things ; the 
 ufes, and tbe purpofes, are particular ufes and purpofes ; 
 the former are explained to be thofe in particular, that are 
 the greateft and moft excellent ; fuch for inftance, as the 
 glory of God, and the common benefit of mankind; the lat- 
 ter to be the worft, as lying, flandering, blafpheming, and 
 the like. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I£ 
 
 The Pronouns Z?im, his, we, it, ftand inftead of Tome of 
 the nouns, or fubftantives, going before them ; as him iup- 
 pliesthe place of man ; his of man's ; we of men (implied 
 in the general name wan, including all men, of which num- 
 ber is the speaker ; it of the power, before mentioned. If 
 inftead ot thefe pronouns, the nouns for which they ftand had 
 been ufed, the tenfe would have been the. fame, but the fre- 
 quent repetition of the fame words would have been difa- 
 greeable and tedious : as, the power of fpeech, peculiar to 
 man, beftowed on man, by mans Creator, &c. 
 
 The Adjectives peculia r, beneficent, great eft, excellent) 
 worft, are added to their feveral fubftantives, to denote the 
 character and quality of each. 
 
 The Verbs is, was beftowed, do pervert, fignify feve- 
 rally, being, fuffermg, and doing: By the Unlit is implied, 
 that there is fuch a tiling as the power of fpeech, and it is 
 affirmed to be of fuch a kind ; namely, a faculty peculiar to 
 man : by the fecond it is fa id- to have been acted upon, or to 
 have had fomething done to it ; namely, to have been be- 
 flowed on man: by the lafl, we are laid to act upon it, or 
 to do fomething to it, namely, to pervert it. 
 
 The Adverbs moft, often, are added to the adjective ex* 
 eellent, and to the verb pervert, to fhew the circumftance 
 belonging to them ; namely, that of the higheft degree to 
 the former, and that of frequency to the latter : concerning 
 the degree of which frequency, alfo a queftion is made br 
 the adverb IfowS added to the adverb often. 
 
 The Prepofitions of, to, on, by, for ', placed before the 
 fubftantives and pronounr,, fpeech, man, him, &c. connect 
 them with other words, fubftantives, adjectives, and verbs, 
 as power, peculiar, beftcwed, t?c. and ihew the relation 
 which they have to thofe words ; as the relation of fubjecr, 
 object, agent, end ; for denoting the end, by the agent, an, 
 the object ; to and of denote poiTeffion, or the belonging of 
 one thing to another. 
 
 The Conjunctions and, and but, connect the three parts; 
 of the fentence together ; the firft more clofely both with 
 regard- to the fentence and the fenfe; the fectwid connecting 
 the parts of the fentenee, thoagh lefs ftrictly, and at th© 
 fame time expreifmg anoppofition in the fenfe. 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The ImerjecYion alas ! exprefies the concern and regret 
 of the fpeaker ; and though thrown in with propriety, yet 
 might have been omitted without injuring the conitrudtioii of 
 the fentence, or deftroying the fenle. 
 
 ARTICLE. 
 
 TH E Article is a word prefixed to fubftantives, to point 
 them out, and to {hew how far their fignification ex- 
 tends. 
 
 In Englifh there* are but two articles, j, and the ; a be- 
 comes an before a vowel, y and nv [2] excepted, and before 
 a filent b preceding a vowel. 
 
 A is ufed in a vague fenfe to point out one fingle thing 
 of the kind, in other refpedts indeterminate: /Redetermines 
 what particular thing is meaned. 
 
 A iubftantive without any article to limit it is taken in its 
 wide ft fenfe ; thus man means all mankind j as, 
 
 11 The proper ftudy of mankind is man." Pope. 
 
 Where mankind and man may change places without mak- 
 ing any alteration in the fenfe. A man means fome one or 
 other of that kind, indefinitely ; the man means definitely, 
 that particular man, who is fpoken of : the former therefore 
 is called the Indefinite, the latter the definite, Article- [3] 
 
 eoooceooeoMKxM 
 
 [2] The pronunciation ofy, or w, as part of a diphthong 
 at the beginning of a word, requires fuch an effort in the 
 conformation of the parts of the mouth, as does not eafily 
 admit of the article an before them. In other cafes, the 
 article an in a manner coalefces with the vowel which it 
 precedes : in this the effort of pronunciation feparates the 
 article, and prevents the difagreeable confequence of a fen- 
 £ble hiatus. 
 
 [3] « And I perfecuted this way unto the death." Atls 
 xxii. 4. The Apoftle does not mean any particular fort of 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. l 7 
 
 Examnle: " Man ywmvlf for fociery, and ought to 
 extend his good-will to all men: but a man will naturally 
 enceitain a more particular kindnels for the men with Wboht 
 he has the mod frequent intercourfe, and enter into a itiit 
 clofer union with the man whole temper and difpofition iuit 
 bell with his own." 
 
 It is of the nature of both the Articles to determine or 
 limit the thing fpoken of : a determines it to be one fingte 
 thing of the kind, leaving it ftill uncertain which ; the ■de- 
 termines which it is, or of many, which they are. The firft 
 
 Btxecoaoocoooaa 
 
 death, but death in general : the Definite Article therefore 
 is improperly ufed. It ought to be unto death> without 
 any article. See alfd 2 Chron. xxii. 24. 
 
 \« When He, the Spirit of Truth* is come, he will guide 
 you into all Truth:' John xvi. 13. That is, according^ 
 to this tranflation, into all Truth whatfoever, into Truth of 
 all kinds : very different from the meaning of the Evange- 
 lic, and from the Original, into all the Truth ; that is, in- 
 to all -Evangelical Truth, 
 
 " Truly this was the Son of God." Matth. xxvii. 54^ 
 * and Mark xv. 39, This Tranflation fuppofes, that the Ro- 
 man Centurion had a proper and adequate notion of the cha- 
 racter of Jefus/as the Son of God in a peculiar and incom- 
 municable fenfe ; whereas it is probable, both from the cir- 
 cumftances of the Hirtory, and from the exprefiion of the 
 Original (a Son of God, or, of a God, not the Son) that he 
 only meaned to acknowledge him to be an extraordinary per- 
 fan, and more than a mere man ; according to his own no- 
 tion of Sons of Gods in the Pagan Theology. This is alfo 
 more agreeable to St. Luke's account of the fame confeflion 
 of the Centurion ; " Certainly this was a righteous man 
 not the Juft One. The fame may be obferved ef Nebuchad- 
 nezzar's words, Dan. hi. 25. — " And the- form of the fourth 
 is like the Son of God it ought to be exprelTed by the 
 Indefinite Article, like a Son of God : that' is, like an An- 
 ' gel 1 according to Nebuchadnezzar's own account of iu w 
 
is a short introduction 
 
 therefore can onl^ be joined to Subflantives in the Angular 
 number ; [4] the laft may alfo be joined to pluraJs. 
 
 There is a remarkable exception to this rule, in the ufe of 
 the adjectives few and many (the latter chiefly with the 
 word great before it) which, tho' joined with plural Sub- 
 ftantives, yet admit of the lingular Article a: as, a few 
 men, a great many men; 
 
 " Told of a many tboufand warlike French r— 
 " A care-craz'd mother of a many children**' 
 
 Shakefpear 
 
 :the 28f.l1 verfe : « BlefTed be God, who hath fent his Ange! r 
 and delivered his fervants." See alfo Luke xix. 9. 
 
 " Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel." Pope. 
 
 It ought to be the wheel ; ufed as an inftrument for the par* 
 ticniar purpole of torturing criminals : as Shakefpear ; 
 
 u Let them pull all about mine ears ; prefent me 
 Death on the wheel, or at wild horfes heels." 
 
 " God Almighty hath given reafon to a man to be a light 
 unto him-" Hobbs, Elements of Law, Part I. Ch. v. 12. 
 It fhould rather be, " to man," in general. 
 
 Thefe remarks may ferve to (hew the great importance 
 of the proper ufe of the Article ; the near affinity there is 
 between the Greek Article, and the Englilli Definite Arti- 
 cle ; and the excellence of the %nglifti Language in this re- 
 ipeft, which by means of its two Articles, does moft pre- 
 cifely detetmine tke extent of fignification of Common 
 Names : whereas the Greek has only one Article, and it has 
 puzzled all the Grammarians to reduce the ufe of that to 
 any clear and certain rules. 
 
 [4] " A good character mould not be refted in as an end, 
 but employed as a means of doing ftill farther good." At- 
 terbury's Sermons, ii. 3. Ought it not to be a mean? " I 
 have read an author of this tafte, that compares a raggtd 
 coin to a tattered qoIqhu%\ Addifon on Medals. Dial, u 
 
TO ENCLISH GRAMMAR. 1$ 
 
 The reafon of it is manifeft from the effect which the Arti- 
 cle has in thefe phrafes : it means a fmall or great number 
 collectively taken, and therefore gives the idea of a Whole, 
 that is, of Unity. [5] 
 
 Thus likewife a hundred, a thoufand, is one whole num- 
 ber, an aggregate of many collectively taken ; and there- 
 fore ftill retains the Article a, though joined as an Adjective 
 to a Plural Subftantive : as, a hundred years* [6] 
 
 " For harbour at a thoufand doors they knock'd ; 
 " Not one of all the thoufand but what waslock'uV r 
 
 Dryden* 
 
 •cotooesoooeooet 
 
 [5] Thus the word many is taken collectively as a Sub- 
 stantive : 
 
 * O Th®u fond Many t with what loud applaufe 
 Didft thou beat heav'n with blefling Bolingbroke, 
 Before he was what thou wouldft have him be? 
 
 Shakefpear, 2 Hen. IV. 
 
 But it will be hard to reconcile to any Grammatical pro- 
 priety, the following phrafe : " Many one there bs that 
 fay of my foul, There is no help for him in his God. 
 
 Ffal» iii. 20- 
 
 W How many a mejfage would he fend ? 
 
 Swift, Verfes on his own Deaths 
 
 lf He would fend many a tneffage" is right : but the quef- 
 tion bow feems to deftroy the unity, or collective nature,, 
 of the Idea ; and therefore it ought to have been exprefiedy 
 if the meafure would have allowed of it, without the arti- 
 cle, in the plural number : how many mejfages t** 
 
 [6] There were {lain of them upon a three thoufand 
 men that is, to the number of three thoufand. 1 Mac, 
 iv. 15, " About a?i eight days that is a fpace of eight 
 days. Luke ix. 28. But the expreffion is obfolete, or at 
 lead vulgar; and we may add likewife improper: for nei; 
 
20 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Definitive Article the isfometimes applied to Adverbs 
 in the Comparative and Superlative Degree, and its effect is 
 to mark the degree the more ttrongly, and to define it the 
 more precifely : as The more I examine it, the better I 
 like it, I like this the leqjl of any. 
 
 SUBSTANTIV E. 
 
 A SUBSTANTIVE, or Noun, is the Name of a thing; 
 of whatever we conceive in any way to fubfifr, or of 
 which we have any notion. 
 
 Subftantives are of two forts ; Proper, and Common, 
 
 Names- Proper Names are the names appropriated to indi- 
 viduals ; as the names of perfons and places: fuch are George. 
 London* Common Names (land for Kinds, containing ma- 
 ny forts ; or for forts, containing many individuals under 
 them; as, Animal, Man* And thefe Common Names, 
 whether of kinds or forts, are applied to exprefs individuals 
 by the help of Articles added to them, as hath been already 
 fhewn ; and by the help of Definitive Pronouns, as we fhall 
 fee hereafter. 
 
 Proper Names being- the' names of Individuals, and there- 
 fore of things already as determinate as they can be made, 
 admit not of Articles, or of plurality of number ; unlefs by 
 a Figure, or by Accident : as when great Conquerors are 
 
 called Alexanders ; and fome great Conqueror An 
 
 Alexander, or c lbe Alexander of his age ; when a Common 
 Name is underftood, as The Thames, that is the River 
 Thames; The George, that is, the Sign of St. George: or 
 when it happens that there are many perfons of the fame- 
 name; as, The two Sci/ios* 
 
 •oec;c-ocsces5coe 
 
 ther of thefe numbers has been reduced by ufe and conveni- 
 ence into one collective and compact idea, like a hundred* 
 and a tboufand ; each of which, like a dozen* or a fczre* 
 we are accnflomed equally to confider pn certain occajiofl^ 
 is a finaple Unity. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 21 
 
 Whatever is fpoken of is reprefented as one or more, in 
 Number : thefe two manners of reprefentation in refpect of 
 dumber, are called the Singular, and the Plural, Number. 
 
 In EngliPn, the Subftantive Singular is made Plural, for 
 the mod part, by adding to it s ; or es, where it is neceffary 
 for the pronunciation ; as, king, kings ; fox, foxes ; leaf 
 leaves: in which laft, and many others, f is alfo changed 
 into v, for the fake of an eafier pronunciation, and more 
 ag-reeable found. 
 
 Some few Plurals end in en; as, oxen, children, bre- 
 thren; and men, women, by changing the a of the Singu- 
 lar into e. [7] This form we have retained from the Teu- 
 tonic ; as likewife the introduction of the e in the former 
 fy liable of two of the lafl inflances; weoinen (for fo we pro- 
 nounce it) brethren, from woman, brother : [8] fomething 
 like which, may be noted in fome other forms of Plurals ; as, 
 moufe, mice ; louje, lice ; toothy teeth ; foot, feet; goofe> 
 geefe. [9] 
 
 The words JJjeep, deer, are the fame in both Numbers. 
 
 Some Nouns, from the naturp of the things which they ex- 
 prefs are ufed only in the Singular, others only in the Plu- 
 ral, form ; as, wheat, pitch, gold, Jloth, pride, &c. and 
 bellows, fcijfars, lungs, bowels^ &c. 
 
 The Englitli Language, to exprefs different connections 
 and relations of one thing to another, ufes, for the moft part, 
 Prepofitions. The Greek and Latin among the ancient, and 
 
 [7] And anciently, eytn, Jhoen, boufen, ho/en; fo like- - 
 wife anciently, foiven, CQVjen^ now always pronounced and 
 written fwine, kine. 
 
 [S] In the German the vowels a, c, «, of monofyllable- 
 Nouns, are generally in the Plural changed into diphthongs 
 with an e ; as der hand, the hand, die hande, der hut, the 
 hat, die hute ; der knopff, xhe button (or knop) die knopfe, 
 <fcc. 
 
 [ 9] Thefe are directly from the Saxcn: mus } mji ; h*s : 
 Ijs; toth, teth ; fot* fet ; gos, ges. 
 
22 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION" 
 
 fome too among the modern languages, as the German, vary 
 the termination or ending of the Snbftantive to anfwer the 
 fame purpofe. Thefe different endings are in tttofe languages 
 called Cafes. And the Englif-h being derived from the fame 
 origin as the German, that is, from the Teutonic, [i] is not 
 -wholly wichout them. For inftance, the relation of Pofltff- 
 ion, or Belonging, is often exprefled by a Cafe, or a differ- 
 ent ending of the Subftantive. This Cafe anfwers to the 
 Genitive Cafe in Latin, and may ftill be fo called ; though 
 perhaps more properly the Pcfleflive Cafe. Thus, " God's 
 grace which may alfo be exprefled by the Prepofition ; as 
 "the grace ef God.' 1 It was formerly, written God is grace: 
 we now always tfiorten it with an Apoflropke ; often very 
 improperly, when we aTe obliged to pronounce it fully ; as, 
 " Thomas's b^ok ;" that is, * Thcmasis book not " The* 
 mas bis book as is commonly fuppofed. [2] 
 
 When th© thing, to which another is faid to belong, is 
 exprefled by a circumlocution, or by many terms, the flgri 
 of the Pofleflive Cale is commonly added to the l&ft term : 
 
 eooocQOOMotooe* 
 
 [1] " Lingua Anglorum hodierna avita? Saxonicas formam 
 in plerifque orationispartibus etiamnum retinet. Nam quoad 
 particulas cafuales, quorundam cafuum terminationes, con« 
 jugationes verborum, verbum fubftantivum, fo/mam paflivaj 
 vecis, pronomina, participia, conjuncYiones, et praepofniones 
 omnes ; denique quoad idiomata, phrafium^ue maximam par- 
 tem, etiam nunc Saxonicus eft Anglorvm iei-mo.'' Hickes, 
 Thefaur. Lingg. f*eptent« Praef. p vi. To which may be 
 added, the Degrees of Comparifonj the form of which is the 
 very fame in the Englifh as in the Saxon. 
 
 [2] " Chrlfi bis fake/' in our Liturgy, is a miftake, ei- 
 ther of the Printers on of the Compilers- 
 
 " Where '13 this mankind now ? who lives to age 
 Fit to be? made Methufalem his page ?" 
 
 Donne. 
 
 " J3y young Telemachus his blooming years." 
 
 Pope's Odyfiey* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 
 
 as, « The King of Great Britain's Soldiers." When it is 
 a Noun ending in j, the fign of the Poffeflive Cafe- i? fome- 
 times not added ; as, < ; for right eoufnefs fake :"* nor ever 
 to the Plural Number ending in s : as on eagles wings." f 
 Both the Sign and the Prepofnion feem fometimes to be 
 ufed ; ?.s, 44 a foldier of the king's :" but here are really 
 two Pcffeflives; for it means, " one of the foldiers of the- 
 kins." J 
 
 •000509 MCO300OC 
 
 " My paper is the Ulyfts bis bow, in which every man 
 of wit or learning may try his ftrength." Addifon, Guardian, 
 No. 98. Th is is no flip of Mr, Addifon's pen 1 he gives us 
 his opinion upon this point very explicitly in another place. 
 " The fame (ingle letter [j] on many occafions does the of 
 flee of a whole word, and reprefents the bis and bcr of our 
 forefathers." Addifon, Speft. No. 135. The latter in^ 
 ftance might have fhewn him how groundlefs this notion is: 
 for it is not eafy to conceive how the letter s added to a Fe- 
 minine Noun, mould reprefent the word ber ; any more 
 than it mould the word their, added to a Plural Noun ; as, 
 " the children's bread." But the direct derivation of* this 
 Cafe from the Saxon Genitive Cafe, is fufficient of itfelf to 
 decide this matter. 
 
 * In Poetry, the Sign of the PolTefTive Cafe is frequently 
 omitted af-er Proper Names ending in j, or x ; as, " The 
 wrath of Pelus' Son." Pope- This feems not fo allowable 
 in Profe : as " Mofes' miniiler." Jofh. i. 1. « Phineas' 
 wife. 1 ' i Sam. iv. 19. « Feftus came into Felix' room." 
 Acts, xxiv. 27. 
 
 t " It is very probable, that this Convocation was called 
 to clear fome doubt, that king James might have had, about 
 the lawfulnefs of the Hollanders, their throwing off the 
 Monarchy of Spain, and their withdrawing for good and all 
 their allegiance to that Crown." Welvvood's Memoirs, p. 
 31.6th Edit. In this Sentence, the Pronominal Adje&ives 
 their is twice improperly added; the Poffeffive Cafe being 
 fufhciently exprefTed without it* 
 
44 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Englifh in its Subftantives has but two different ter* 
 minations tor Cafes ; that of the Nominative, which fimply 
 expreffes the name of the thing, and that of the Pofleffi?e 
 Cafe. 
 
 Things are frequently confiderered with relation to the di- 
 ftincYion of Sex or Gender; as being Male, or Female, or 
 Neither the one, nor the other. Hence Subftantives are of 
 the Mafculine, or Feminine, or Neuter, that is, Neither 
 Gender : which latter is only the exclulion of all confidera- 
 tion of Gender. 
 
 The Englifh Language, with fingular propriety, follow- 
 ing nature alone, applies the diftimftion of Mafculine and 
 Feiriinine only to the names of Animals ; all the reft are 
 Neuter : except when by a Poetical or Rhetorical fidlion, 
 things inanimate and Qualities are exhibited as Perfons, and 
 confequently become either Male or Female. And this gives 
 the Englifh an advantage above moft other languages in the 
 Poetical and Rhetorical ftyle : for when Nouns naturally 
 Neuter are converted into Mafculine and Feminine, [3] the 
 Perfonification is more diftin&ly and forcibly marked. 
 
 ososooocsooeeobc 
 
 [3] * C At his command th' uprooted hills retir'd 
 
 Each to bis place : they heard his voice, and went 
 Obfequious : Heaven bis wonted face renew'd, 
 And with frefh flow Vets hill and valley fmil'd." 
 
 Milton, P. L. B. Vu 
 
 " Was I deceiv'd, or did a fable Cloud 
 Turn forth ber lilver lining on the Night ?*' 
 
 Milton, Comusc 
 
 " Of Law no lets can be acknowledged, than that ber 
 feat is the bofom of God ; ber voice the harmony of the 
 world. All things in heaven and earth do her homage ; the 
 •very leaft, as feeling ber care ; and the greateft, as not ex- 
 empted from ber power." Flooker, Book i. 16. 
 
 " Go to your Natural Religion : lay before ber Mahornct 
 and his difciples arrayed in armour and in blood : — (hew ber 
 the cities which he fet in flames ; the countries >vhich he 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2$ 
 
 Some few Subflantives are diftinguifhed in their Gender, 
 *by their termination ; as, prince, princefs ; ablor, acirefs; 
 lion, lion'fs ; hero, heroine, &c. 
 
 The chief ufe of Gender in Englifh, is in the Pronoun of 
 -the Third Perfon, which muft agree in that refpect with the 
 Noun for which it (lands* 
 
 PRONOUN. 
 
 A PRONOUN is a word (landing hide ad of a Noun, 
 as its Subftitute or Rcprefentative. 
 In the Pronoun are to be confidered the Perfon, Number, 
 Gender, and Cafe. 
 
 There are Three Perfons which may be the Subject of any 
 difcourfe: firft, the Perfon whofpeaks, may fpeak of himfelf ; 
 jecondly, he may fpeak of the Perfon to whom he addreffes 
 .himfelf; tkirdly, he may fpeak of fome other Perfon. 
 
 ccaoooosoootoM 
 
 ravaged :— when JJje has viewed him in this fcene, carry 
 her into his retirements ; (hew her the Prophets chamber, 
 
 his concubines and kis wives : when foe is tired with this 
 
 profpeel, then fhew her the bleffed Jefus-" — See the whole 
 paffage in the eotrdufioa of Bilhdp Serlock's ninth fermon, 
 vol. i. 
 
 Of thefe beautiful pafifages, we may obferve, that as m 
 the Englifh if y®u put it and its inftead of his, fue, her, 
 you confound and deftroy the images, and reduce, what was 
 before highly Poetical awd Rhetorical, to mere Profe and 
 common difcourfe ; fo if you render them into another lan- 
 guage, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, or German, in which 
 HilK Heaven, Cloud, Law, Religion, are conftar.tly maf- 
 culine, or Feminine, or Neuter, refpe&ively, you make the 
 images obfeure and doubtful, and in proportion diminrfh their 
 beauty. 
 
 This excellent remark is Mr. Harris's, Hermls, p. 58* 
 C 
 
26 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Thefe are called, refpe£tively, the Firft, Second, and 
 Third, Perfons: and are exprefTedby the Pronouns I, Tbcu 9 
 
 As the Speakers, the Perfons fpoken to, and the other 
 Perfons fpoken of, may be many, fo each of thefe Perfons 
 hath the Plural Number ; IVe, Yc> They. 
 
 The Perfons fpeaking and fpoken to, Leirg at the fame 
 time the Subjects of the difcourfe, are fuppofed to beprefent, 
 from which and other circumRances, their Sex is cemmenly 
 known, and needs not to be marked by a diflindtion of Gen- 
 der in their Pronouns ; but the third Perfon or thing fpoken 
 ot being abfent, and in many refpecls unknown, it is necef- 
 fary that it fliould be marked by a diitinclion of Gender ; at 
 leaft when fome* particular Perfon ©r thing is fpoken of, 
 •which ought to be more diftinclly marked : accordingly the 
 Pronoun Singular of the third Perfon hath the Three Genders, 
 He, Sbe, It. 
 
 Pronouns have Three Cafes ; the Nominative; the Geni- 
 tive, or Pofleffive; like Nouns; and moreover a Cafe, which 
 fellows the Verb AcYrve, or the Prepofuion, expreffing the 
 Objedl of an AcYion, or of a Relation. It anfwers to the 
 Oblique Ca fe in Latin ; and may be properly enough called 
 the Objective Cafe. 
 
 According to their Perfons, Numbers, Cafes, and Genders* 
 
 He. 
 
 PRONOUNS; 
 
 PERSONS. 
 
 i. ^ i. 3 . 
 
 Singular, 
 I, Thou, Me ; 
 
 We, 
 
 Ye or Ycu, They. 
 
 CASES, 
 
 Nom. Poff. Obj. Kim. 
 
 Firft Perfon. 
 I: Mine, Me ; We, 
 
 Poff. Obj. 
 
 , Ourfj Us. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2J 
 
 Second Perfon. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I. 2. 3. I. 2. 3. 
 
 Thou, Thine, Th§e ; Ye or You, Yours, You. [ \} 
 
 Third Perfon. 
 IJjfc- He, His, Him;Y 
 
 Fern. She, Hers, Her ;> They, Theirs, Them* 
 Niut- it, Its [5] It; 3 
 
 ocao c roo : 009 ccoo 
 
 {4] Some Writers have ufed Te as the Objective Ca.fe 
 Plural of the Pronoun of the Second Perfon: very impro 
 perly and ungrammatically. 
 
 " Tiie more fliame for ye : holy men I thought ye?* 
 
 Shakefpcar, Hen. VIII. 
 
 <J But Tyrants dread ye, Urfl your juft decree 
 Transfer the pow'r, and let the people free." 
 
 Prior. 
 
 " His wrath, which one day will defiroy ye both." 
 
 Milton, P. L. ii. 734* 
 
 Milton ufes the fame manner of expreffion in a few other 
 places of his Paradife Loft, and more frequently in his 
 Poems. It may perhaps be allowed in the Comic and Bur- 
 lefque flyle, which often imitates a vulgar and incorrect pro- 
 nunciation : as, u By the Lord, l knew ye y as well as he 
 that made ye." Shake fje-ar, 1 Hen. IV. But in the ferious 
 ami folemn ftyle, no authority is fufEcient to joftify fo ma- 
 nifeft a Solecifm. 
 
 The Singular and Plural Forms feem to be confounded in 
 the following fentence : 
 
 " Pafs ye away, thou inhabitant of Saphir-" 
 
 Micah, i. 1 r. 
 
 [5] The Neuter Pronoun of the Third Perfon had for- 
 merly no variation of Cafes. In (lead of the Poffeffive Hit 
 they ufed which is now appropriated to the Mafculine. 
 H Learning hath bis infancy, when it is but beginning, and 
 almoft childiih j then bis youth, when it is luxuriant and 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Perfonal Pronouns have the nature of Subftantives, 
 and as fuch fland by themfelves: the reft have the nature of 
 Adjectives, and as fuch are joined to Subftantives ; and may 
 be called Pronominal Adjectives. 
 
 Tby, My, Her, Our, Tour, Their, are Pronominal Ad- 
 jectives : but Ilts (that is, Re's) Her's, Our's, Tour's, 
 Tbeir's, have evidently the form of tiie PolTeihve Cafe 2 
 
 •ooeeoo 0000 ooo« 
 
 juvenile ; then Bis ftrength of years, when it is folid and 
 reduced; and hilly, bis eld age, when it waxeth dry and 
 cxhauft." Bacon, Eflfay 58. 
 
 In this example bis is evidently ufed as the Poflefllve Cafe 
 of it* Bat what fhall we fay to the following, where ber is 
 applied in the fame manner, and feems to make a ftrange 
 confufion of Gender? 
 
 " He that piicketh the heart maketh it to fhew ber know- 
 ledge." Eccltis. xxii. 19. 
 
 M When, what I long muft love, and long muft mourn, 
 With fatal fpeed was urging bis return*" Prior. 
 
 Wbat ) though fometimes applied to Perfons in afking a que- 
 ftion, as, " Wbat man is he V* yet is generally neuter, as 
 it muft be in this place. It ought rather to be ivbom ; the 
 Antecedent be being omitted by an Ell ipfis common in Po« 
 etry. 
 
 " Oft have I feen a timely-parted ghoft, 
 Of afliy femblance, meagre, pale, and bloodlefs,- 
 Beisig all defcended to the tabVmg heart, 
 Who, in the conflict that it holds with death, 
 Attracts the fame for aidance 'gainft the enemy." 
 
 Shakefpear, 2 Hen. VI. 
 
 If the Poet had faid be inftead of it, he would have avoid- 
 ed a confufion of Genders, and happily completed the %>i- 
 rited and elegant Profopopoeia begun by the Perfonal Rela - 
 tive iv bo* The Neuter Relative ivbicb, would have made 
 the fentence more ftri&ly grammatical, but at the fame time 
 more profaic. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2$ 
 
 and by Analogy, Mine* Thine [6] may be efteemed of the 
 fame rank. Ail thefe are ufed, when the Noun they belong 
 to is underftood : the two latter fometimes alfo inftead of 
 my, thy, when the Noun following them begins with a 
 vowel. 
 
 Beiide the foregoing, there are feveral other Pronominal 
 Adjectives ; which, tho* they may fometimes feem to Hand 
 by themfelves, yet have always fome Subftantive belonging 
 to them, either referred to, or underftood : as, Tbis, that, 
 other, any, fome, cne, none ; thefe are called Definitive, 
 becaufe they define and limit the extent of the Common 
 Name, or General Term, to which they either refer, or are 
 joined. The three firft -of thefe are* varied to exprefs Num- 
 ber ; as, Tbefc, tbofe, ethers ; the laft of which admits of 
 the Plural form only, when its fubftantive is not joined to 
 it, but referred to, or underftood : none of them are varied 
 to exprefs the Gender : only two of them to exprefs the 
 Cafe; as, other, owe, which have the PofTelTive Cafe. One 
 is fometimes ufed in an Indefinite fenfe (anfwering to the 
 French on) as in the following phrafes ; " one is apt to 
 think " one fees;" " one hippoles/ Who, 'which, that % 
 are called Relatives, becaufe they more directly refer to 
 fome Subftantive going before ; which therefore is called the 
 Antecedent. They aifo conneel the following part of the 
 -Sentence with the foregoing. Thefe belong to all the three 
 Perfons ; whereas the reft belong only to the Third. One 
 of them only is varied to exprefs the three Cafes \ Wbo y 
 
 COMCOMJ000003& 
 
 [6] So the Saxon 1c hath the Poffeffive Cafe Min ; Thu f 
 Poffeffive Thin ; He, Poffeffive His : from which our Pof- 
 feffive Cafes of the fame Pronouns are taken without altera- 
 tion. To^ the Saxon Poffeffive Cafes, hire, urc, eoiver,hf- 
 ra, (that is, her's, our's, your's, their' s) we have added 
 the /, the Characleriftic of the Poffeffive Cafe of Nouns. 
 Or our's, your's, are directly from the Saxon urts, eowet s; 
 the Poffeflive Cafe of the Pronominal Adjectives ure, ebwerj 
 that is, ou r) your. 
 
 C % 
 
S a A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 wbofe, [*] that is, who's, [7] vbom ; none of them nave 
 different endings for the Numbers. Who, which, what, 
 are called Interrogatives, when they are ufed in afkingquef- 
 itions. The two latter of them have no variation of Num- 
 ber or Cafe. Each, every, [8 J either, are called Diftri- 
 butives, becaufe they denote the Perfons, or Things, that 
 make up a number, as taken feparately and fmgly. 
 
 Own and felf, in the Plural felvcs, are joined to the 
 Poffeffives my, our, thy, your, his, her, their ; as, my 
 fw* hand ; rnyfe 1 /, your j elves ; both of them expre fling 
 eraphafis, or oppoiition ; as, * I did it my own felf," that 
 is, and no one elfe : the latter alfo forming the Reciprocal 
 Pronoun; as, " he hurt himfelf" Himfelf tbemjelves, 
 fcem to be ufed in the Nominative Cafe, by corruption, in- 
 
 •0*0 ooce CM* 00*0 
 
 [*] Wbofe is by fome authors made the Poffeffive Cafe 
 ©f which, and applied to things as well as perfons ; I think 
 improperly. ^ 
 
 " The queftion, wbofe folution I require, 
 
 Is, what the fex of women moil defire ?" Dryden. 
 
 fS Is their any other doftrine, wbofe followers are pun- 
 ched Iff Addifon. 
 
 The higher Poetry, which loves to confider every thing 
 as bearing a Perfonal Character, frequently applies the per- 
 sonal Pofiefiive wbsfe to inanimate beings : 
 
 M Of man's firft difobedience, and the fruit 
 Of that forbidden Tree, wbofe mortal talle 
 Brought death into the world, and all our woe/' 
 
 Milton. 
 
 [7] So the Saxon bwa hath the PoflTefllve Cafe hwess. 
 
 Note, that the Saxons rightly placed the Afpirate before 
 the w ; as we pronounce it. This will be evident to any 
 one that fliail confider in what manner he pronounces the 
 -words what, when ; that is, boo-at, boo-en» 
 
 [8] Every was formerly much ufed as a Pronominal Ad- 
 Jeclive, (landing by itfelf j as, [\ £[e propofeth uflto G$i 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR J I 
 
 fteadof his felf their J elves ; [9] as, " he came himfelj; 
 they did it them/elves s" where bimfelf, tbsm/elves, can- 
 not be in the Objective Cafe. If this be lb, felf mud be # 
 in thefe inftance3, not a Pronoun, but a Noun. Thus Dry- 
 den ufes it : 
 
 « What I ihow 9 
 Thy felf may freely on thy felf beftow." 
 
 Ourfelf, the Plural Pronominal Adjective with the Sin- 
 gular Subftantive, is peculiar co the Regal Style, 
 
 Own i3 an Adjective ; or perhaps the Participle ( owenj 
 [10] of the obfoiete verb to owe; to ponefs ; to be the 
 right owner of a thing. [*} 
 
 All Nouns whatever in Grammatical ConftrucYion, are of 
 the Third Perfon : except when an addrefs is made to a Per- 
 Ion : then the Noun (anfwering to what is called the Voca- 
 tive Cafe in Latin) is ot the Secoud Perfou. 
 
 ADJECTIVE* 
 
 •0003000900*0009 
 
 their neceflities, and they their own reqdcfrs, for relief ia 
 every of them." Hooker, v. 39. We now fhould fay, 
 €very one* 
 
 [9] His felf and their J 'elves, were formerly in ufe, 
 even in the Objective Gafe after a Prepofition : " Every of 
 us, each for bis felf, laboured how to recover him." 
 
 Sidney* 
 
 " That they would willingly, and of their felve?, en- 
 deavour to keep a perpetual chaftity 1" Stat. 2 and 3. Ed* 
 vi. c. 21. 
 
 [10] Chaucer has thus exprefTed it : 
 
 " As friendly, as he were his ovoen brother." 
 Cant. Tales, 1654. Edit. 1775. And lo in many othes 
 places ; and, I believe, always in the fame manner.: 
 
 £*] R The man that ovttfb this girdle. " Ads xxj. 1 u 
 
3% A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 ADJECTIVE. 
 
 AN Adjective is a Word added to a Subflantive, to ex- 
 prefs its Quality, [i] 
 In Englifli, the Adjective is not varied on account of Gen- 
 der, In umber, or Cafe. [2] The only variation it admits cf 
 is, that of the Degrees of Companion. 
 
 Qualities for the rnofl part admit of more and lefs^ or of 
 different degrees ; and the words that exprefs fuch Qualities 
 have accordingly proper forms to exprefs different- 'degrees. 
 When a quality is limply exprefled, without any relation to 
 the fame in a different degree, it is called the Pofitive ; as, 
 ni'i/e, great. When it is exprefled with augmentation, or 
 with reference to a lefs degree of the fame, it is called the 
 Comparative ; as, wfers greater. When it is exprefled as 
 being in the higheft degree of all, it is called the Superlative; 
 as, wifeft, great ejl* 
 
 So that the limple word, or Pofitive, becomes Compara- 
 tive, by adding r, or er ; and Superlative, by adding J} or 
 efty to the end of it- And the Adverbs more and mofi placed 
 
 [1] Adjectives are very improperly called Nouns ; for 
 they are not the Names of things- The Adjectives good, 
 white, are applied to the Nouns man, fnoiv, to exprefs the 
 Qualities belonging to thofe Subjects ; but the Names of 
 thofe Qualities in the Abftract (that is, confidered in them- 
 felves, and without being attributed to any Subject) are good* 
 nefs, ivbitentfs ; arid the f£ are Nouns, or Subftanrives. 
 
 [2] Some few Pronominal Adjectives mutt, here* be ex- 
 cepted, as having the Poffeffive Cafe ; as, otie, other ^ 
 then 
 
 u By ones own choice." Sidney. 
 
 £ Teach me to feel another's woe. 5 ' 
 
 Pope ; Uruverfal Frayerv 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR* 33 
 
 before the AdjecYive have the fame effect ; as, wife) mors, 
 wife, mojl wife, [*] 
 
 Monofyliables, for the moft part, are compared by er and 
 eft ; and DifTyllables by more and 7110ft ; as, mild, milder) 
 mildeft ; frugal, more frugal, mo ft frugal. DiiTyliables 
 ending in y, as, happy, lovely ; and in le after a mute ; 
 as able, ample; or accented on the laft fyllable, as difcreet, 
 polite ; eatily admit of er and eft. Words of more than 
 two fyllabfes hardly ever admit of thofe terminations. 
 
 In iome few words the Superlative is formed by adding the 
 Adverb mojl to the end of them : as, netbermoft r utter- 
 moft, or utmoft, undermoft, upper mojl, for emoft. 
 I In Englifh, as in mod languages, there are iorne words 
 of very common ufe, in which the caprice of Cuftom is apt 
 to get the better of Analogy, that are irregular in this re- 
 flect : as, goody better, beft ; bad, worfe, worft ; little^ 
 
 And the Adjectives former and latter, may be confjdereel 
 as Pronominal, and reprefenting the Nouns to which they 
 refer ; if the phrale in the following fentence be allowed to 
 be juft : " It wasliappy for the ftate, that Fabius continued 
 in the command with Minucius : the former's phlegm was 
 a check upon the latter- 5 vivacity," 
 
 [*] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper % 
 
 The Duke of Milan, 
 And his more braver Daughter could coniroui thee." 
 
 Shakefpear, Tempeft, - 
 
 " After the mojl ftraiteft feci of our religon, I have lived 
 a Pharifee." Acts xxvi. 5, So likewife Adjectives, that 
 have in themfelves a Superlative fignification, admit not pro- 
 perly the Superlative form fuperadded : " Whomever of you 
 will be chiefejl, ffoall be fervant of all" Mark x. 44. 
 " One of the firfl and chief e [I in fiances of prudence," At- 
 terbury, Serm- IV. 10. " While the extremeft parts of 
 the. earth were meditating a fubmil ^ flon. ,, Ibid. I, 4. 
 
34 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 lefts [3] haft ; much, or many, more, moft ; and a few 
 others. 
 
 And in other languages, the words irregular in this refpeft, 
 ?.re thofe which expreis the very lame ideas with the fore- 
 going. 
 
 VERB. 
 
 AV ERB is a Wcrd which fignifles to be, to do, or 
 to fuffer. 
 
 1 here are three kinds of Verbs j Active, Paffive and Neu- 
 ter Verbs. 
 
 A Verb Active expreffes an AcTion, and neceffarily im- 
 plies an agent, and an object acUri upon : as, to love ; " I 
 love Thomas." 
 
 A Verb PafTive exprefTts a Paffion, or a Suffering, or the 
 Receiving of an Action ; and neceiTarily implies an objeft 
 a<fted upon, and an agent by which it is adled upon j as, to 
 be Icved ; M Thomas is loved by me." 
 
 CCOC C09C CC0CDCO3 
 
 <r But firft and chief eft with thee bring 
 
 Him, that yon ibars on golden wing, 
 
 Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne, . . 
 
 The Gherub Contemplation." Milton, II Penferofo. 
 
 M That on the fea's extremeft border flood." 
 
 Addifon's Travels. 
 
 But Poetry is in pofTeflion of thefe two improper Superla- 
 tives, and may be indulged in the ufe of them. 
 
 The Double Superlative moft bigbeft is a phrafe peculiar 
 to the Old Vulgar Tranflation of the Pfalms, where it ac- 
 quires a lingular propriety from the Subject to which it is 
 applied, the Supreme Being, who is higher than the high- 
 
 *fi* : 
 
 " LeJJer, fays Mr, Johnfon, is a barbarous corrup- 
 tion of Lefts, formed by the vulgar from the habit of termi- 
 nating comparifons in er." 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 35 
 
 So when the agent takes the lead in the fentence, the 
 Verb is" Active, and is followed by the Objedl: when the 
 Object takes the lead, the Verb is Paffive, and is followed 
 by the Agent. 
 
 A Verb Neuter expreffcs Being ; or a ftate or condition of 
 being ; when the Agent and the Objedl acted upon coincide, 
 and the event is properly neither Action nor Pafiion, but ra- 
 ther fomething between both ; as, lam, I Jleep, I wake. 
 
 The Verb Active is called alfo Tianfitive, becaufe the 
 Action paffetb over to the objedl, or hath an effect upon 
 fome other thing : and the Verb Neuter is called Intranfi- 
 tive, becaufe the effect is confined within the Agent, and 
 doth not pafs over to ?ny objedl. [4] 
 
 Ktxooofteooaooo* 
 
 I . t « Attend to what a lejfer Mufe indites." Addifon. 
 
 K The tongue is like a race-horfe ; which runs the fa(!er> 
 the lejfer weight it carries. Addifon, Spedl. No. 247* 
 
 Worfer founds much more barbarous, only becaufe it has not 
 been lb frequently ufed : 
 
 41 Chang'd to a worfer fhape thou canft not be," 
 
 Shakefpear, 1. Hen. VI* 
 
 "A dreadful quiet felt, and worjer far 
 
 Than arms, a fallen interval of war." Dry den. 
 
 The Superlative leajl, ought rather to be written without 
 the a, being contracted from lejfeji ; as Dr. Wallis h.uh long 
 ago obferved* The Conjunction of the fame found might be 
 wiitten with the for diiimcVion. 
 
 [4] The diftindtion between Verbs abfolutely Neuter, as 
 to Jleep, and Verbs Active Intranfitive, as to *walk 9 though 
 founded in nature and truth, is of little ufe in Grammar. 
 Indeed it would rather perplex than affift the learner : for 
 the difference between Verbs Active and Neuter, as Tranfi- 
 tive and Intranfitive, is eafy and obvious ; but the difference 
 between Verbs abfolutely Neuter and intranfitively Active, 
 is not always clean But however thefe latter may differ ic 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 In Englifh many Verbs are nfed both in an AcYive and 
 Hooter fignification, the conftruction only determining of 
 which kind they are. 
 
 lb the fignification of the Verb is fnperadded the deHgna- 
 tion of Perfon, by which it correfponds with the feveral Per- 
 fonal Pronouns ; of Number, by which it eorrefponds with 
 the Number of the Noun, Singular or Plural ; of l ime, by 
 which it reprefents the being, action, or paliion, as Prefent, 
 Pad, or Future ; whether Jmperfedlly or Perfectly ; that is 
 whether palling in fuch time, or then finHhed ; and laftly of 
 Mode, or of the various Manner in which the being, aclion, 
 or paflion is expreffed. 
 
 In a Verb therefore are to be confidered the Perfon, the 
 Number, the Time, and the Mode. 
 
 The Verb in lbme parts of it varies its endings, to exprefs 
 or agree with, different perfons of the fame Number ; as, 
 " I love, Thou lovejl, He lovetb, or loves. 
 
 So.alfo to exprefs different numbers of the fame Perfon ; 
 as, " Thou lovefi, Ye love ; He lovetb, They love." [5 ] 
 
 So likewife to exprefs different Times, in which any thing 
 is reprefented as bei»g, acting, or acted upon ; as, "llovey 
 1 loved ; 1 bear, I bore, I have borne." 
 
 The Mode is the Manner of reprefenting the Being, Ac- 
 tion, or Paffion. When it is fimply declared, or aquefiion 
 aiked in order to obtain a declaration concerning it, it is 
 called the Indicative Mode ; as, " I love, lovejl thou ?" 
 when it is bidden, it is called the Imperative ; as, " love 
 thou :" when it is Subjoined as the end or defign, or men- 
 tioned under a condition, a fuppofition, or the like, for the 
 moft part depending on lbme other Verb, and having a Con- 
 junction before it, it is called the Subjun.cYrve 5 as, " if I 
 
 -poooecocoooeoooo 
 
 .nature, the Conftruclion of them both is the fame: and 
 .Grammar is not fo mueh concerned with their real, as their 
 Grammatical, properties. 
 
 [5] In the Plural Number of the Verb, there is no vari- 
 ation of ending to exprefs the different Perfons ; and the 
 three Perfons Plural are the fame alio with the .firft PeHofi 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAk, 3/ 
 
 fof e ; if thou love when it is barely exprefled without 
 tiny limitation of per fon or number, it is Called the Infini- 
 tive; as, u to love .and when it is exprefled in a form in 
 which it may be joined to a Noun as its quality or accident, 
 partaking thereby of the nature- of an Adjective, it is call- 
 ed the Participle ; as, " loving." [6] 
 
 But to exprefs the Time of the Verb, the Englifli ufes 
 &lfo the affiihnce of other Verbs, Called therefore Axui'iu 
 
 eooeeooeooee 
 
 Singular : moreover, in the Present Time of the Subjunc- 
 tive Mode all Perfonal Variation is wholly dropt. Yet is 
 this fcanty provifion of terminations fufficient fcr all the pur- 
 pofes of difcourfe, nor does any ambiguity rife from it ; the 
 Verb being always attended either with the Noun expre fl- 
 ing the Subject acYmg or a&ed upon, or the Pronoun repre- 
 fenting it. For which reafon the Plural termination in en, 
 they loveii, they vteren, formerly in ufe, was laid afide as 
 'Imneceflary, and hath long been obfolete. 
 
 [6] A Mode is a particular form of the* Verb, denoting 
 the manner in which a thing is, does, orfuffers; or exprefl- 
 Jng an intention of mind concerning fuch being, doing, or 
 fufFering. As far as Grammar is concerned, there are no 
 more Modes in any language than there are forms of the 
 Verb appropriated to the denoting of fuch different 'manners 
 of representation. For inftance ; the Greeks have a pecu- 
 liar form of a Verb by which they exprefs the fubjedl, or 
 matter, of a Wifh ; which properly conOitutes an Optative 
 Mode : but the* Latins have no fuch form : the fubjedl of a 
 Wifh in their language is fiibjoined to the Wi;h itfelf either 
 exprefled or implied, as fubfequent to it and depending on it ; 
 they have therefore no Optative Mode ; but what is exprefl- 
 ed in that Mode in Greek, falls properly under the Subjunc- 
 tive Mode in Latin. For the fame reafon. in Englilh the 
 feveral expreffions of Conditional Will, Polfibility, Liberty, 
 Obligation, &c. come all under the Subjunctive Mode : The 
 jmere expreffions of Will, PolTibility, Liberty, Obligation^ 
 "&c. belong to the Indicative Mode : It is their Condition- 
 
 D 
 
3$ A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 aries, or Helpers; do, be, have, Jljall, will : as, il I rfd 
 love, I Jiff love ; I loved, I was loved ; I Z>#^e loved^ 
 I km £ce7j loved ; I JJmll, or ti>i//, love, or be loved." 
 
 eoococomooe* 
 
 ality, their being fubfequent, and depending upon fomething 
 preceding, that determines them to the Subjunctive Mode* 
 And in this Grammatical Modal Form, however they may 
 differ in other refpects, Logically or Metaphyseal! y, thcry 
 all agree. That Will, Pofiibility, Liberty, Obligation, &c. 
 though expreffed by the fame Verbs that are occafjonally 
 ufed as Subjunctive Auxiliaries, may belong to the Indi- 
 cative Mode, will be apparent from a few examples : 
 
 " Here we may reign fecure."— 
 
 11 Or of th' Eternal co-eternal beam 
 May I exprefs thee unblam'd , 
 
 i6 Firm they might have flood, 
 Yetfell."-^/ Milton.* 
 
 ** What we would do, 
 ■We Jhould do, when we would*' 
 
 Shake fpear, Hamlet. 
 
 "Is this the nature 
 Which pafTion could not Fnake ? whofe folid virtue 
 The (hot of accident, or dart of chance, 
 Could neither raze, nor pierce V* Id. Othelo. 
 
 Thefe fentences are all either declarative, or fimply inter- 
 rogative ; and however exprefftve of Will, Liberty, Pofiibil- 
 ity, or Obligation, yet the Verbs are all of the Indicative 
 Mode. 
 
 It feems, therefore, that whatever, other Metaphyseal 
 Modes there may be in the Theory of Univerfal Grammar, 
 there are in Lnglifh no other Grammatical Modes than thofe 
 above deicribed. 
 
 As in Latin the Subjunctive fupplies the want of an Op- 
 tative Mode, fo does it like wife in Englilh, with the Auxili- 
 ary may placed before the Nominative Gafe : as, 44 Long 
 piay be live!" Sometimes chiefly when Almighty God k 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 39 
 
 The two principal Auxiliaries, to bave, and to be y are 
 thus varied according to Perfon, Number, Time, and Modj» 
 
 Time is Prefent, Part, or Future. 
 
 To HAVE, 
 
 Indicative Mode. 
 
 Prefent Time. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 1 . I have, We ") 
 
 2- Thou haft [;] Ye >-have. 
 
 3« He hath, or has [8] ; They J 
 
 cooooccoocco 
 
 the fubjeft, the Auxiliary is omitted: as, <l The LORD 
 blejs thee, and keep thee;" Numb. vi. 24. But the 
 phrafe with the Pronoun is o.bfoiete : as, * (Jrato which be 
 vouebfafe to bring us ali . Liturgy. 
 
 That the participle is a mere Mode of the Verb, is mani- 
 feft, if our Definition of a Verb be admitted : for it figni- 
 fies being, doing, or fuiFering, with the defignation of Time 
 fuperadded. But If the eflence of the Verb be made to 
 con fill in afprrnajtion, notonlythe Participle will be exclud- 
 ed from its place in the Ve» b, but the Infinitive itfelf alio, 
 which ceitain ancient Grammarians of great authority held 
 to be alone the genuine Verb, denying that title to all the 
 other Modes. See Hermes, p. 164. 
 
 [7] Tbbu?\tx the Polite, and even in the Familiar Style, 
 is diluted, and the plural You is employed inftead of it : we 
 fay You bave, not Thou baft. Though in this cafe we ap- 
 ply You to a i'mgle Perfo;i, yet the Verb too muft agree 
 with it in the Plural Number : it mud necefTarily be You 
 have, not You baft. You was, the Second Perfon Plural of 
 the Pronoun placed in agreement with the Firfl or Third 
 Perfon Singular of the Verb, is an enormous Solecifm : and 
 yet Authors of the fit ft rank have inadvertently fallen into 
 it. * Knowing that you was my old mailer's good friend, 
 Addifou, Sped. No. 517. " Would to God you was with- 
 
4<* A SHCRT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Part Time- 
 
 U I had,. We ) 
 
 * Thou hacift Ye ( had, 
 
 y lie ha<j They J 
 
 eoeeeooeedce;c&* 
 
 in her reach." Lord Bolingbroke to Swift, Letter 46. u If 
 ; '< u waj.here-' 1 Ditto. Letter 47. "Iam juft now as 
 well as when- you was here." Pope to Swiit, P. S. to 
 letter 56. On the contrary, the Solemn St} le- admits not 
 4*f You for a Single Perfon. This hath led Mr. Pope into 
 a great impropriety in the beginning of his Mefliah : 
 
 li O T/k;u my voice infpire 
 Who toueb'd Ifaiah's hallowed lips with Ere \ n 
 
 The Solemnity ®f t.he ; Style would not admit of You for 
 T/»ou in the Pronoun ; nor the meafure of the Verfe touch" 
 cdft, or dldjl Joucb, in the Verb;, as it indifpenfibly ought 
 to be, in the one or the other of thefe two forms ; You who 
 touched y or -Thou who toucbedJ}> or didji touch. 
 
 " What art thou, fpeak, that on defigns unknown, 
 While others fleep, thus range the eamp alone V 9 
 
 Pope's Iliad, x. 90V 
 
 " Accept thefe grateful tears; for thee they flow : 
 For theeythat ever felt another's wee." 
 
 Ib. xix. 319. 
 
 " Faultlefs thou draft from, this unerring fkill." 
 
 Dr. Arburthnot, Dodfley's Poems, vol* 1.. 
 
 Again : 
 
 " Juft: of thy word, in every thought fincere, 
 Who knew no wifh but what the world might hear." 
 
 Pope, Epitaph- 
 It ought to be your in the firft line, or knewejl'm the fe* 
 cond. 
 
 In order to avoid this Grammatical inconvenience, the 
 two diftind forms of Thou and Tou are often ufed promif- 
 cuoufly by our modern Potts, in the fame Poem, in the fame 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4 1 
 Future Time, 
 i. I (hall, or will, *) We ") (hall 
 
 3 
 
 , I (hall, or will, *) We } (hall 
 
 Thou (halt, or wilt[o], Uave ; Ye \ox will, 
 He (hall,- or will, J They J have. 
 
 Imperative Mode. 
 
 Let me have Let us have 
 
 Have thou, Have ye, or, 
 
 or, Do thou have £>°> e have 
 
 Let him have Let them have. 
 
 Subjunctive Mode* 
 Prefent Time. 
 
 I I We 1 
 
 Thou Uiave; Ye J»have, 
 
 J They J 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3- He 
 
 0C0fi«»C»»M 
 
 Paragraph, and even in the fame Senteace ; very inelegantly 
 and improperly : 
 
 " Now, now I fevze, I clafp thy charms ; 
 And now you buift, ah cruel i from my arms." 
 
 Popeo 
 
 [8] Hatb properly belongs to the ferious and folemn 
 ftyle ; bas, to the familiar. The fame may be obfereed of 
 ilotb and does. 
 
 w But, confounded with thy art, 
 
 Inquires her name, that bas his heart." Waller* 
 
 4t Th' unwearied Sun from day to <lay 
 
 Does his Creator's pow'r difplay." Addifon. 
 
 The nature of the ftyle, as well as the harmony of the verfe ; 
 items to require in thefe places batb and doth. 
 
 [9] The Auxiliary Verb will is always thus formed in 
 the fecond and third Perfons fingular ; but the Verb to will, 
 j&o; being an Auxiliary, is formed regularly in thofe Ter? 
 
 D % 
 
4* A SHORT INTRODUXTIOft 
 
 Infinitive Mode. 
 Prefent, To kave : Part, To have had. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Prefent, Having : Perfed, [i] Had : 
 
 Paft, Having had. 
 
 T O B E. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Prefent Time. 
 
 1. lam We Tf 
 
 2. Thou art Ye >are» 
 
 3. He is They J 
 
 Or, 
 
 J.I be We 
 
 2. Thou beefl Yc 
 
 3. He is [2] They 
 
 ■fnafWfoir 
 
 fons r I will. Thou willejl) He willeth) or wUlsi M Thou y 
 that art the author and beftower of life, canft doubtlefs re* 
 (lore it alfo, if thou will' ft) and when thou will 1 ft : but whe-- 
 ther thou wUVft [wilt] pleafe to reftore it, or not, that Thou 
 alone knowefL" Atterbury, Semi. I. 7. 
 
 [1] This Participle reprefents the a&ion as complete and 
 finiJTied ; and, being fubjoined to the Auxiliary to bave r 
 conftitutes the Perfect Time : I call it therefore the Perfect: 
 Participle. The lame fubjoined to the Auxiliary to fc, con- 
 ftitutes the PafTive Verb : and in that ftate, or when ufed 
 without the Auxiliary, inapafiive fenfe, is called the PafT- 
 ive Participle. 
 
 [2] " 1 think it be thine indeed for tho,u liefl in it-'*" 
 
 Shakefpear, Hamlet* 
 
 Be) in the Singular Number of this Time and Mode, efpe- 
 eiall'y in the Third perfon, is obfolete \ and is become fome* 
 what antiquated in tjie 
 
tO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 4g 
 Part Time. 
 
 . I was We 1 
 
 . Thou waft Ye >>were» 
 
 . He was They J 
 
 Futare Time. 
 
 i.I mall, or will 1 We l*al^ 
 
 2. Thoa (halt, or wilt J>be ; Ye >>dr will 
 
 j. He fhall or will j They J be. 
 
 Imperative Mode. 
 
 1. Let me be Let tfs be* 
 
 2. Be thou Be ye 1 i 
 
 or, Do thoa be or, Do* you be 
 
 3. Let him be Let them be 
 
 Subjunctive Mode,- 
 Prefent Time. 
 
 1. I "1 We 
 
 2. Thou 
 cr. He 
 
 ") We i 
 
 M>e; Ye ^be* 
 
 J They J 
 
 Paft Time. 
 
 i. I were We 
 2r Thou wert [3] Ye £>werei 
 
 3. Me were They 
 
 Infinitive Mode. 
 Prefent, To be ; Paft, to have been. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Prefent, Being; Perfect, Been} 
 
 Paft, Having been. 
 
 l3l * Before the fcn, 
 
 * Before the heav-ns thou w*r/»" MUtom 
 
44 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Verb Active is thus varied according to Perfcn, 
 Number, Time, and Mode. 
 
 Indicative Mode. 
 
 Prefcnt Time. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 £ i.I love We 1 
 
 2. Thou lovefl Ye Vloye. 
 
 |J 3. He loveth, or loves ; They J 
 
 Pa ft Time. 
 
 1. I loved We 
 
 2. Thou lovedft Ye J- loved. 
 
 3. He loved They 
 
 Future Time. 
 
 1. I mail or will ?] We "| (hall, 
 
 2. Thou (halt, or wilt ^>love; Ye £>or will 
 
 3. He mall, or will J They j love 
 
 eootooooooet 
 
 a Remember what thou wett?* Dryden. 
 
 ic I knew thou wert not flow to hear." Addifon, 
 
 " Thou who of old ivert fent to lfrael's cofcrt." Prion 
 
 u All this thou wert." • Pope. 
 
 €< Thou, Stella, wert no longer young, 
 When firft for thee my harp 1 flrung. Swift. 
 
 Shall we, in deference to thefe great authorities, alJov/ 
 wart to be the fame with waft, and common to the Indica- 
 tive and Subjunctive Mode ? or rather abide by the practice 
 of our befl ancient writers ; the propriety of the language, 
 which requires, as far as may be, diflincl: forms for different 
 Modes ; and the analogy of formation in each Mode ; I 
 nvasy Thou waft ; I were, Thou wcrt : all which confpire 
 to make wtrt peculiar to the Subjunctive Mode. 
 
•3*0 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, r 4^ 
 Imperative Mode. 
 
 1. Let me love Let us love * 1 
 
 2. Love thou Love ye 
 
 or, Do thou love or, Do ye lov& 
 
 3. Let him love Let them love 
 
 SubjuncYive Mode. 
 Prefent Time. 
 
 1. T H We 1 
 
 2. Thou >Iove; Ye )>love 
 
 3. He love J- They J 
 
 And, 
 
 t. I may We may love ; 
 
 2. Thou may eft >!dve; Ye )> and 
 
 3. He may J They J have loved [4] 
 
 PaftTime. 
 
 1. I might "1 We might love; 
 
 2. Thou mighteft £>love; Ye and 
 
 3. He might J . They J have loved [4] 
 
 And, 
 
 I could, fhould, would ; Thou cculdft, &c. love ; and have 
 loved. 
 
 0000 >cx» oood 
 
 * The other form of the 8f# Perfon Plural of the Imp*- 
 rative, love <we, is grown obfolete. 
 
 [4] Mote, That the Imperfect and Perfect Times are 
 here put together. And it is to be obferved, that in the 
 Subjunctive Mode, the event being fpoken of under a con- 
 dition, or fuppofiiion, or in the form of a wiffy and there- 
 fore as doubtful and contingent, the Verb itfelf in the Pre- 
 fent, and the Auxiliary both of the Prefent and Part Im- 
 perfect Times, often carry with them fomewhat of a ftu 
 ture fenfe : as, " If he come to-morrow, I may fpeak 
 :o him :"— — If he mould, or would, come to-mor- 
 : *<iw, 1 might, would,, could, or ihould, foeak to him*" Oj* 
 
46 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Infinitive Mode. 
 Prefent, To love ; Part, to have loved. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Prefentj loving ; Perfect, Loved ; Part, Having loved. 
 
 Indefinite, or Undetermined, Time : 
 Prefent, Pair, Future, 
 
 I love ; I loved ; I (hall love. 
 
 Definite, or Determined Time» 
 
 Prefent Imperfect : I am (now) loving. 
 Prefent Perfect : I have (now) loved. 
 
 Fad Imperfect : I was (then) loving. 
 Pad Perfect : I had (then) loved. 
 
 Future Imperfect: : I fhall ( then ) be loving. 
 Future Perfect : I (hall (then) have loved. 
 
 It is needlefs here to fet down at large the feveral Varia- 
 tions of the Definite Times ; as they confift only in the pro- 
 per Variations of the Auxiliary, joined to the Prefent or 
 Peifect Participle, which have already been given. 
 
 To exprefs the Prefent and Pad Imperftct or the Active 
 and Neuter V ero, the Auxiliary do is fometimes ufed : 1 de 
 ( now ) love \ \ did (then) love. 
 
 Thus with very little variation of the principal Verb, the 
 feveral circumdances of Mode and 'l ime are clearly ex- 
 preiTed by the help of the Auxiliaries, be, have, do, let, 
 may, can, JJmd, will* 
 
 The peculiar force of the feveral Auxiliaries 13 to be ob- 
 ferved. Do and did mark the Action itfelf, or the Time of 
 
 ferve alfo, that the Auxiliaries Jljould and would in the Im- 
 perfect Times, are ufed to exprefs the Prefent and Future 
 as well as the Pad; as, " It is my defire, that be JJjould, 
 or would, come now, or to-morrow as well as, " It was 
 my delire, that he Jljould, or would come yefterday" So 
 that in this Mode the precife 1 ime of the Verb is very 
 much determined by the nature and drift of the Sentence* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4? 
 
 l it, [5] with greater force and diftincYion. They are alfo of 
 frequent and almoft neceffary ufe in Interrogative and Nega- 
 tive Sentences. They fometimes alfo fupply the place of 
 another Verb, and make the repetition of it, in the fame or 
 a fubfequent fenttnce, unneceffary ; as, 
 
 " He loves not plays, 
 As thou dojtj Antony." Shake fpear, Jul. Gaef. 
 
 Let does not only exprefs permiffion, but praying, exhort- 
 ing, commanding. May and might exprefs the poffibility 
 or liberty of doing a thing ; can and c Quid, the power. Mufi 
 is fometimes called in for a helper, and denotes neceffity. 
 Will in the firft perfon fingular and plural, promifes or threat- N 
 ens ; in the fecond and third perfons only foretells ; Jljall on 
 the contrary, in the firft perfon fimply foretells ; in the fe- 
 -cond and third perfons promifes, commands, or threatens [6] 
 But this muft be underftood of Explicative fentences ; for 
 when the fentence is Interrogative, juft the reverfe for the 
 moft part takes place : Thus, u I /ball go ; you will go; 5 ' 
 exprefs event only : but, will you go ?" imports intention- 5 
 
 •COCfcOOCCOeO 
 
 [<;] H Perdition catch my foul 
 
 ~But I do love thee !— — " 
 
 " This to me 
 
 In dreadful fecrecy impart they did. 11 Shakefpear* 
 
 " Die he certainly did,* 1 Sherlock, Vol- I. Difc. 7. 
 
 " Yes, I did love her i" that is, at that time, or once ; 
 intimating a negation, or doubt, of prefent love. 
 
 u The 'Lord called Samuel : and he ran unto Eli, and 
 
 faid, Here ami, for thou calledjl me. -And the Lord 
 
 called yet again, Samuel. And Samuel arofe and went to 
 'Eli, -and faid, Here am J, for thou did]} call me." 
 
 ' 1 Sam. iii. 4 — 6. 
 
 [6] This diftincYion was not obferved formerly as to the 
 word Jljall, which was ufed in the fecond and third perfon s 5 
 to exprefs fimply the Event* So like wife JJjould was ufed, 
 where we now make ufe of would* See the Vulgar Trans- 
 lation of the Bible, 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTlStf 
 
 and, " Jljall I go?" refers to the will of another. Butagaifi, 
 « he Jball go, 1 and, " jhall he go?" both imply will, ex- 
 prefling or referring to a command. Would primarily de- 
 notes inclination of will ; und Jbduld, obligation : but they 
 both vary their import, and are often ufed to exprefs fimple* 
 event. 
 
 Do and bake make the prefent time ; di d, bad,* the paft ; 
 flail, wilt) the Future : let is employed in forming the Im- 
 perative Mode ; miy, mighty could, would, fiiould, in 
 forming the Subjunctive. The Prepofition to placed before 
 the Verb makes the Infinitive Mode. [7] Have, through 
 
 toweooeooo 
 
 [*] It has been very lightly obferved, that the Verb b.ld, 
 in the common phrafe, I bad rather, is not properly 11 fed j 
 either as an AdYive or as an Auxiliary Verb ; that, being in 
 the Paft Time, it carmot in this cafe be properly expreflive o r 
 Time Prefent ; and that it is by ne means reducible to any 
 Grammatical conduction. In truth, it feems to have arifen 
 fr.ora a mere miftake, in refolving the famiriar and ambiguous 
 abbreviation, I'd rather, into I had rather, infteafl of I 
 would rather; which latter is the. regular analogous and 
 proper expreftion. See Two Grammatical Efiays, London, 
 1768. Effayi. 
 
 [7] Bifhop Wilkins gives the^ following elegant invefti- 
 gation of the Modes, in his Pveal Character, part iii. Chap 5. 
 
 " To fhew in what maimer the fubject is to be joined 
 with his predicate, the Copula between them is affected with 
 a Particle, which from the ufe of it is called Modus, tke 
 manner or Mode* 
 
 Now the Subject and Predicate may be joined together 
 either Simply, or with fome kind of Limitation ; and ac- 
 cordingly thefe modes are Primary or Secondary. 
 
 The Primary Modes are called by Grammarians Indica- 
 tive and Imperative. 
 
 When the matter is declared to be fo, or at leafl when it 
 feems in the fpeaker's power to have it be fo, as the bare 
 Union: of Subject and Predicate would import, then the Co- 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMA*. 49 
 
 iis feveral Modes and Times, is placed only before the Per- 
 fect Participle ; and be, in like manner, before the Prefent 
 and PaiTive Participles : the reft only before the Verb, or 
 another Auxiliary in its Primary Form. 
 
 When an Auxiliary is joined to the Verb, the Auxiliary- 
 goes through all the variations of Perfon and Number, and 
 
 soe*ecM:ooa 
 
 pufa Is Hakedly exprefTed without any variation : and this 
 manner of expreffing it is called the Indicative Mode. 
 
 When it is neither declared to be fo, nor feems to be im- 
 mediately in the fpeaker's power to have it fo ; then he can 
 (Jo no more in words but make out the expreflion of his will 
 to him that hath the thing in his power ; namely to 
 f fuperior^ f Petition, ^ 
 
 his <^ Equal J> by < Perfuafion, £>And the 
 ^ Inferior J ^ Command. J 
 
 manner of thefe affecYmg the Copula. Be it fo, or, Let it 
 be fo, is called the Imperative Mode ; of which there are 
 thefe three varieties very fit to be diftinclly provided for.. 
 As for that other ufe 01 the Imperative Mode, when it fig- 
 nifies Perrnlfflon ; this may be fufficiently expreffed by the 
 Secondary Mode of Liberty ; You may do it. 
 
 The Secondary Modes are fuch, as, when the Copula is 
 affected with any of them, make the fentence to be (as Lo- 
 gicians call it) a Modal Propofition* 
 
 This happens, when the matter in dilcourSe^ namely, the 
 being, or doing, or fuffering of a thing, is considered, not * 
 Jimply by it/elf, but gradually in its caufes % from which 
 it proceeds either contingently, or neczjfarily. 
 
 Then a thing feems to be left as Contingent, when the 
 Speaker £xpre!Tes only the PoJJlbility of it, or his own Li- 
 berty to it. 
 
 1. The Pojfibility of a thing depends upon the power of 
 its caufe ; and may be expreffed, 
 
 * hen IcondkLl} h ? the Particle IcoSl'd. 
 
50 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 the Verb itfelf continues invariably the fame- When there 
 are two or more Auxiliaries joined to the Verb, the firfl of 
 them only is 7aried according to Peifon and Number, The 
 Auxiliary mufi admits of no variation. 
 
 The Paffive Verb is only the Participle Paflive, (which 
 for the moft part is the fame with the Indefinite paft time 
 AcYive, and always the fame with the perfect Participle) 
 joined to the Auxiliary Verb to be, through all its Variati- 
 ons ; as, I am loved ; I ivas loved ; 1 have been loved ; 
 I JJjall be loved ; and fo on, through all the Perfonsj the 
 Numbers, the Times, and the Modes. 
 
 The Neuter Verb is varied like the AcYrve ; but having 
 fomewhat of the Nature of ihe Paflive, admits in many in- 
 ftances of the Paflive form, retaining (till the Neuter figni- 
 fication ; chiefly in fuch Verbs as fignify foine fort of mo- 
 tion, or change of place or condition : a3, I am come ; I 
 
 co*ecooo!io»oooeo 
 
 2. The Liberty of a thing depends upon a freedom from 
 all obftacles either wichin or without, and is ufually exprelTed 
 in our language 
 
 Then a thing feems to be of Kecefflty, when the Speaker 
 cxprefleth the resolution of his own will, or fome other Qb« 
 ligation upon him from without. 
 
 3. The Inclination ef the Will is expreifed, 
 
 J Abfolute T. . „ . . C Will, 
 - tf I Conditional/^ Partlde j Would. 
 
 4. The Neceflity of a thing from fome external Obliga- 
 tion, whether Natural or Moral, which we call Duty, is 
 exprefjed, 
 
 < Abfolute I , Particle '$ Mu{> > °"g ht > & M * 
 
 r I Conditional ^y the Fai ttqle £ Muftj 0l?g 6 ht> q^,, 
 
 See alfo Hermss, Book 1. Chap, viii. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. $g 
 
 was gene : I am grown ; I was fallen. [8] The Verb 
 am, was, in this cafe precifely defines the Time of the ac- 
 tion or event, but does not change the nature of it ; the 
 Paflive form ftiil expreffing, not properly a Paflion, but onlj 
 a ftate or condition of Being* 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 [&] I doubt much of the propriety- of the following ex« 
 amples ; 
 
 Cl The rules of our holy Religion, from which we are in- 
 finitely fwerved" Tillotfon, Vol. I. Serm. 27. u The 
 whoh obligation of that law and covenant, which God made 
 with the Jews, was alfo ceafed." ib. Vol. 1L Sermon 52. 
 " Whofe. number was now amounted to three hundred." 
 Swift, ContelU "and DiiTentions, Chap- 3. " This Maref- 
 chal, upon fome difcontent, was entered into a confpiracy 
 againft his matter." Addifon, Freeholder, No. 31. " At 
 the end of a Campaign, when half the men are deferted or 
 killed." Addifon, Tatler No. 42. 
 
 Neuter Verbs are fome times employed very improperly as 
 Aftives : " Go, flee thee away into the land of Judah.'* 
 Amos, Vii. i2, il I think it by no meas a fit and decent 
 thing to vie cbaritie s , and erect the reputation of one up- 
 on the ruins of another." Atterbury, Vol. I. Sermon z* 
 " So many learned men, that have fpent their whole time 
 and pains to agree the Sacred with the "frophane Chrono- 
 logy." Sir William Temple, Works, Fol. Vol. I. p. 295. 
 
 " How would the Gods my righteous toils fucceed?" 
 
 Pope, OdylT. xiv« 447. 
 
 If Jove this arm fucceed." Ibid.xxi. 219* 
 
 And Active Verbs are as improperly made Neuter ; as, 
 M I muft premife with three circumftances." Swift, Q. 
 Anne's Lafl ; Miniftry, Chap. 2. " Thofe that think to 
 ingratiate with him, by calumniating me." Bentley, Dif- 
 fers on Phalaris, p. 519, 
 
5- 
 
 A SHORT iNf RODUCTlOTi' 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS, 
 
 IN Englifh, both ibe Paft Time Active and the Partici- 
 ple Perfect, or Paffive, are formed by adding to the 
 -Verb ed ; or d only, when the Verb ends in t ; as, turn, 
 turned; hvc 9 loved* The Verbs that vary from this rule, 
 in either or in both cafes, are efteemed Irregular. 1 
 
 The nature of our language, the accent and pronunciation 
 of it, inclines us to contract even all our Regular Verbs: 
 'thus I eve d, turned, are commonly pronounced in one fyl- 
 lable, ZcV</, turned ; and the fecond perfon, which was 
 originally in three fyllabJes, lovedfji, turnedeji^ is become 
 a difly liable, lovedJI, turncdji ; for as we generally throw 
 the accert as far back as poflible towards the firft part of the 
 word (in fome even to the fourth fy liable from the end) the 
 ftrefs being laid on the firft f) llables, the reft are pronounced 
 in a lower tone, more rapidly and indiflinctly ; and fo are 
 often either wholly dropt, or blended into one another. 
 
 It fometimes happens alfo, that the word which arifeS 
 from a regular change, does not found eafily or agreeably ; 
 fometimes by the rapidity of our pronunciation the vowels 
 are fhortened or loft ; and the confonants which are thrown 
 together do not eafily coalefce with one another, and are 
 therefore changed into others of the fame organ, or of a kin- 
 fired fpecies. This occafions a further deviation from the 
 jcgular form; thus, lovetb, turnetb, are contracted into 
 lov'tb, turn' thy and thefe for eafier pronunciation immedi- 
 ately become love*, turns. 
 
 Verbs ending in cb> ck, p, oc, Js> in the Paft Time 
 Sidlive, and the Participle perfect or paffive, admit the change 
 ©f ed into t ; as, [*] fnatcbt, cbeckt, fnaft, mixt> drop- 
 
 •00000003009 
 
 [*] Some of thefe Contractions are harfli and difagrce- 
 able : and it were better, if they were avoided and difufed : 
 but they prevail in common difcourfe, and are admitted into 
 Poetry ; which latter indeed cannot well do without them. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 53 
 
 ping alfo one of the double letters, dwelt, pajli for fnatcb- 
 ed, checked, flapped, mixed, dwelled, pajfed : thdfe that 
 end in /, m, n, p, after a diphthong, moreover fhorten the 
 diphthong, or change it into a (ingle fhort vowel ; as dsalt^ 
 dreamt, meant, felt, flept, &c. all for the fame reafon ; 
 from the quicknefs of the pronunciation, and becaufe the d 
 after a fhort vowel will not eafily coalefce with the preced- 
 ing confonant. Thofe that end in ve change alfo v miof; 
 as> bereave, bereft : leave, left ; becaufe like wife v after 
 a fhort vowel, will not eafily coalefce with r. . 
 
 All thefe, of which I have hitherto given examples, are 
 coiifidered not as irregular, but as contracted only; and in 
 mod ©f them the intire as well as the contracted form is ufed; 
 and the intire form is. generally to be. preferred to the con- 
 tracted* . 
 
 The formation of Verbs in. Englifh, botk regular and ir- 
 regular, is derived from the Saxon. 
 
 The Irregular Verbs in Englifti are all Monofyllahles, un- 
 lefs compounded ; and they are for the moft part the fame 
 words which are Irregular Verbs in' the Saxon. 
 
 As all our -Regular Verbs are fubject to fome kind of cos- 
 traction, fo the firft Clafs of Irregulars is of thofe that be^ 
 cams. fo. from the fame caufe> . 
 
 r.L 
 
 Irregulars by Contraction. . 
 
 Some Verbs" ending in ' d or t have the Prefent, the Paft 
 Time, and the Participle Perfect and PafTive, all alike, 
 ■without any -variation : as, Beat, burfl, [9] caft, [i.]cofr ? 
 
 [9] Thefe two. have alfo beaten and burjien in. the Par- 
 ticiple ; and in that farm they belong to the Third Clafs of 
 Irregulars. 
 
 [1} Shakefpear ufes the Participle in the Regular form: 
 E z 
 
54 A SHOUT IffTRODirCTtOtf 
 
 cut, heat, • [2] hit, hurt, knit, let, lift, • light, * [3] put, 
 quit, • read, [4] rent, rid, fet, fhed, fhred, (hut, flit, fpilt, 
 [5] fpread, thruft, wet. * 
 
 Thefe are Contractions from heated) burfted, cafledj &c. 
 becaufe of the difagreeabk found of the fyllable ed after d 
 ©r /. [6] 
 
 And when the mind is quicken'd, out of doubt 
 The organs, tho' defunct and dead before, 
 Break up their drowfie grave, and newly move 
 With cajted flough, and frefti celerity 
 
 Hen. V. 
 
 The Verbs marked thus * throughout the three Gaffes 
 •f Irregulars, have the Regular as well as the Irregular form 
 in ufe. 
 
 [2] " He commanded, that they fhould heat the furnace 
 one feven times more than it was wont to be beats* 
 
 Dan. iii. 19. 
 
 [3] This Verb in the Paft Time and Participle is pro- 
 nounced fhort, light) or lit ; but the regular form is prefer- 
 able, and prevails moft in writing* 
 
 [4] This Verb in the Paft Time and Participle is pro- 
 nounced fhort ; read) red) red ; like lead) led) led ; and 
 perhaps ought to be written in this manner ; ©ur ancient 
 writers fpe It it redde. 
 
 [5] Shakefpear ufes the Participle in the Regular form « 
 
 « That felf hand, 
 Which writ his honour in the acls it did, 
 Hath, with the courage which the heart did lend it, 
 Splitted the heart itfelf " Ant. and Cleop. 
 
 [6] They follow the Saxon rule : u Verbs which in the 
 Infinitive end in dan or ra«, M (that is, in Englifh, dmdt; 
 for an is only the Chara&eriftic termination of the Saxon 
 Infinitive) " in the Preterit and Participle Preterit com* 
 inonly, for the fake of better found throw away the final edt 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Others in the Paft Time, and Participle Perfect and Paff- 
 ive, vary a little from the prefent by (hortening the diph- 
 thong, or changing the d into t : as, Lead, led;fweat, fwet ;£*] 
 meet, met ; bleed, bled ; breed, bred ; feed, fed ; fpeed, 
 fped ; bend, bent; * lend, lent; rend, rent; fend, fent ; 
 fpend, fpent; build, built; * geld, gelt; * gild, -gilt; * 
 gird, girt ; lofe, loft. 
 
 Others not ending in d or / are formed by Contraction ; . 
 have bad, for baved ; make, made y iox makedj flee, fied % 
 iorfie-ed; (hoe, Jhod, for jljoe-cd.' 
 
 The following, befide the Contraction, change, alfo th* 
 Vowel : Sell, fold ; tell, told ; clothe, clad. • ' 
 
 Stand, ftood ; and dare, durft (which in the Participle 
 hath regularly dared) are directly from the Saxon, Jian* 
 dan, Jiod i dyrran, der/ie* * 
 
 II, 
 
 [Irregulars- in g bt* * 
 
 The Irregulars of the Second Clafe end in gbt, both in , 
 the Paft Time and Participle ; and change the vowel or 
 diphthong into au or ou : they are taken from the Saxon*. , 
 in which the termination is btc* 
 
 *9) beot, afed, (both in the Preterit and Participle Prete^ 
 rit) for heated, afeded ; from beotan, afsdtn." Hickes, 
 Grammat. Saxon. Cap. iv. So the fame Verbs in-EngUfib,.^ 
 beat, fed, inftead of beated, feedei* 
 
 [*] " How the drudging goblin fwet.'* 
 
 Milton, Allegro. 
 
 Shakefpear ufes fivcaten, ?s the Participle of this Verb : 
 
 " Greafe that's fiveaten 
 From the murtherer's gibbet, throw." Macbeth, 
 
 In this form it belongs to the Third Oafs ot Irregular* 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Saxon. 
 
 Bring, 
 
 brought i 
 
 Bringan, 
 
 brohte* 
 
 .nuy, 
 
 bought i 
 
 Bycegean, 
 
 bohte. 
 
 
 caught i 
 ,uu b ,u • L/J 
 
 
 Fieht, 
 
 Ff nfan 
 
 1 uiiu 
 
 Teach, 
 
 taught : 
 
 Tsechan, 
 
 tsht. 
 
 Think, 
 
 thought : 
 
 Thenchan, 
 
 thohte 
 
 Seek, 
 
 iought : 
 
 Secan, 
 
 fohte. 
 
 Work, 
 
 wrought : 
 
 Weorcan, 
 
 worhte. 
 
 Fraught feems rather to be an Adjective than the Parti 
 ciple of the Verb to freight, which has regularly freighted*.. 
 Raught from reach is .obfolete. t 
 
 IH. . 
 
 Irregulars in en. . 
 
 Th6 Irregulars of the Third Clafs form the Part Time by * 
 changing the vowel or diphthong of the Prefent ; and the 
 Participle Perfedl and Paflive by adding the termination . 
 €«, be fide, for the mod part, the change of the vowel or - 
 diphthong Thefe alfo derive their formation in both parts i 
 
 from the Saxon... 
 
 Prefent. Paft. , Participle.. . 
 
 a changed into \ e 
 
 Fall, fell,' fallen. 
 
 a into i o, 
 
 Awake, awoke,* [awaked.] ~ 
 
 a into - co, 
 
 Foifake, forfaok, forfaken... 
 
 aoooaoo* 
 
 [7] u As in this glorious and well foughten £eld 
 We kept together in our chivalry." 
 
 Shake fpear, Hen. W 
 
 " On the foughten field : 
 Michael, and his Angels, prevalent, 
 Encamping, plac'd in guard their watches round." 
 
 Milton, F, L- VI. 
 
TO ENGLISH' GRAMMAR'. 
 
 SI 
 
 Shake, fhook, fhaken [8] 
 
 Take, took, taken. 
 
 aw into ew, 
 
 Draw, drew, drawn. [9] 
 
 ay into iw y 
 
 Slay, flew, flayn. [9] 
 
 e into a or 0. 
 
 Get, gat, or got, gotten. 
 
 Help, [helped,] [f} helper).* 
 
 Melt, [melted,] molten.* 
 
 Swell, [fwclled,] fwollen.* 
 
 ea into a or 0. 
 
 Eat, ate, eaten. 
 
 0. 
 
 Bear, bare, or bore, born. 
 
 Break, brake, or broke, broken. 
 
 Cleave, clave, or clove,* cloven, or cleft* 
 
 Speak, fpake, or fpoke, fpoke n. 
 
 Swear, . fware, or f wore, fworn* 
 
 This Participle fccm» not agreeable to the -Analogy of 
 derivation, which ob:ains in this Glafs of Verbs- 
 
 [8] « A fly and conftant knave, not to be fiak'd ft 
 
 Shakefpear, Cymb* 
 
 " Wert thou fome fhr, that from the ruin'd roof 
 Of JJjak'd Olympus by mifchance did fall.'' 
 
 Milton's Poems. 
 
 The Regular farm of the Participles in thefe places is im- 
 proper. 
 
 [9] When en follows a Vowel or Liquid, the e is drop* 
 ped : fo drawn, flayn, (or Jlatn,) are inftead of drawn, 
 Jlayen ; folikewife known, born, are for knowen y boren? 
 in the Saxon cnawen y boren : and fo of the reft. 
 
 Lt] The ancient Irregular form bolj>e> is ftill ufed in con- 
 variation. 
 
5* A SHORT INTRODUCTION- 
 
 J Cdl , 
 
 tare, or 
 
 tore, torn. 
 
 Wpar 
 » » Vdl , 
 
 wdit) or 
 
 wore, worn. 
 
 l"Jeave, 
 
 hove^* 
 
 hoven.* 
 
 Shear, 
 
 fhore, ■ 
 
 fhom% 
 
 Steal, 
 
 HU1C, 
 
 lioicii, or iioin* 
 
 Tread, 
 
 trode, ' 
 
 
 \j V P B t/ 
 
 v v cavij 
 
 wove, 
 
 woven* 
 
 into 
 
 
 
 Creep, 
 
 trope,* 
 
 [creeped or crept 
 
 
 £foze, 
 
 frozen* 
 
 
 1UU, 
 
 louucn* 
 
 into 
 
 
 
 
 Taw, - 
 
 leen. 
 
 * IfMI/Y tMf A ' 
 
 » l^i'Vi HltO 
 
 * inorr. 
 
 i fhort* ' 
 
 Bite, 
 
 DI v, 
 
 bitten* 
 
 Chide, • 
 
 cina, l J 
 
 chidden* 
 
 Hide 
 
 illU, 
 
 hidden, - 
 
 Slide, - 
 
 Hid, 
 
 
 
 Ok 
 
 I riiori* 
 
 .Abide, 
 
 ti DUUti 
 
 
 v jI llli 
 
 CaUI: J I/, 
 
 LCiimocci. j « 
 
 TVri VP 
 
 drove, • 
 
 cirivcii* 
 
 "Ride 
 
 rode, 
 
 ridden* 
 
 Jaiic, 
 
 rore, f 1 3 
 
 rifen* 
 
 j>hine. 
 
 (hone, 
 
 finned* 
 
 Shrive, 
 
 fhrove, 
 
 fhriven* 1 
 
 Smite, 
 
 fmote, 
 
 fmitten. ; 
 
 Stride, 
 
 ftrode, 
 
 ftridden* • 
 
 Strive, i 
 
 ft rove,* * 
 
 ftriven. * 
 
 ©oo«ocaco©« 
 
 [•] " Jacob cbode with Labin." Gen. xxxi. 36. Niim. 
 
 [1] Rife with 1 ilibrt, hath' been improperly ufed as the 4 
 Pad Time of this Verb ; ^ That form of the firft or primi- 
 genial earth, -which rift, immediately out of Chaos, was not 
 the-fame, nor like to : that of the prefent earth/' Burnet, 
 Theory of the earth, B* I* Chap. iv. " If we hold fail to 
 that fcripture conclufjon, that all mankind ri/e from one 
 bead," Ibid. B. II. Chap. vii. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAH. 
 
 Thrive, -throve [2] .thriveru 
 
 Write, [3] wrote, ^written. 
 
 i long into u- t fhort. 
 
 Strike, (truck, ftricken, or ftruckeno 
 
 i fhort int$ a* 
 
 Bid, bade, bidden. 
 
 Give, gave, given. 
 
 Sit, fat, iitten. 
 
 [2] Mr. Pope has ufed tlie Regular form of the Paft 
 Time ot this Verb : 
 
 11 In the fat age of pleafure, wealth and eafe, 
 
 Sprung the rank weed, and tbriv'd with large increafe." 
 
 Effay on Crit> 
 
 [3] This Verb is aifo formed like thofe of i long into J 
 fhort, Write, writ, written : and by Contraction writ in. 
 the Participle ; but I think, improperly. 
 
 [^"] Frequent mMakesare made in the formation of the 
 Participle of this Verb. The analogy plainly requires Jit~ 
 ten \ which was formerly/in ufe : "The army hw\v\<gjitttn 
 there fo ; long."— " Which was enough to make him ftir, that 
 would not have jfa/enftill, though Hannibal had been quiet*" 
 Raleigh. " That no parliament thould be difTolved, till it 
 had fitt&n five months. Hobbes, Hift- of Civil Wars, p. 257. 
 But it is now alm©ft wholly difufed, the form of the Paft 
 Time Jat having taken its place. The court was fat A 
 )>efore Sir Roger came." Addifon, Spe£t. No. 122. See 
 ajfo Tatler, No. 253. and 265. Dr. Middleton hath, with 
 great propriety, .refWred the true Participle : " To have fa- 
 sten o\\ the heads of the Apoftles : to have Jltten upon each 
 of them." Works, Vol. II. p. 30. M ^lefled is the man- 
 that hat}i not fat in the feat of the fcornfuU" Pfal. i. 1. 
 Tne old Editions have Jit; which may be perhaps allowed, 
 as a Contraction of fittcn, " And when he was fet, his 
 difciples came unto him," Matt. v. 1.— who fct on th« 
 [ right hand,"— " and is fet down on the right hand of the 
 
6o A 
 
 SHORT 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Spit, 
 
 fpat, 
 
 fpitten [*] 
 
 i fhort into 
 
 
 
 dug * 
 
 Idigged] 
 
 he into 
 
 <!)'• 
 
 
 Lie [5] _ 
 
 lay, 
 
 lien, or lain* 
 
 into 
 
 e. 
 
 
 Hold, 
 
 held, 
 
 holden. 
 
 into 
 
 i. 
 
 
 Do, 
 
 did, 
 
 done, u e. doen, 
 
 00 into 
 
 0. 
 
 
 .Chocfe, 
 
 chofe, 
 
 chofen* 
 
 ci/ into 
 
 
 
 Blow, 
 
 blew, 
 
 blown. 
 
 Crow 
 
 crew, 
 
 [crowed] 
 
 throne of God:" in both place?, Keb. viii. 1. and xii. 2. 
 (fee alfo Matt, xxvii. 19. Luke xxii. 55. John xiii. 12. 
 Kev. lib 2f.) 
 
 Set can be no part of the Verb to Jit- If it belong to 
 the Verb to fet, the translation in thefe parages is wrong; 
 for to fet, fignifies to place, but without any defignation of 
 the pofture of the perfon placed ; which is a circumftance of 
 importance exprefifed by the original- 
 
 [*] u Spitted on." Luke xviii. 32. 
 
 (5) This Neuter Verb is frequently confounded with the 
 Verb AcYive to lay (that is, to put cr place ;) which is Re- 
 gular, and has in the Part Time and Participle laycd or laid* 
 
 " For him, thro' hoftile camps 1 bent my way ; 
 For him, thus proftrate at thy feet I lay : 
 Large gifts proportion^! to thy wrath 1 bear." 
 
 Pope, Iliad xxiv. 622. 
 
 Here lay is evidently ufed for the Prefent Time, inflead 
 of lie. " Before they were laid down." Joili. ii. 8- 
 
 " And he war laid down." 2 Sam- xiii. 8- Jt ought to 
 be had lien, or lain down. See alfo Ruth lib 7- * Sam# 
 iii, 2, 3. 1 Kings, xix. 6- xxi. 4* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 6l 
 
 Grow, grew, grown, 
 
 Know, knew, known, 
 
 Throw, threw, thrown, 
 
 y into ew* ow» 
 
 Fly (7) flew, flown (8) 
 
 The fallowing are irregular only in the Participle ; and 
 that without changing the vowel* 
 
 Bake, (baked) %aken * 
 
 Fold, (folded) folden^ (+) 
 
 (7) That is, as a bird, volare ; whereas to flee fignifies 
 fugere, as from an enemy.. So in the Saxon and German, 
 fleogan y fliegan y volar e : fleon, fltcben y fugere. This 
 feems to be the proper diftincYion between to fly, and to 
 flee ; which in the Prefent Times are very often confound- 
 ed. Our Tranflation of the Bible is not quite free from this 
 miftake. It hath flee for volare, in perhaps feven or eight 
 places out of a great number ; but never fly for fugere. 
 
 (8) " For Rhyme in Greece or Rome was never known, 
 Till by barbarian deluges o'er flown," 
 
 Rofcommon, Eflay. 
 
 " Do not the Nile and the Niger make yearly inundati- 
 ons in our days, as they have formerly done ? and are not 
 the countries fo overflown, ftill fituate between the tro- 
 picks.?" Bentley's Sermons. 
 
 u Thus oft by mariners are fliown 
 
 Earl Godwin's caftles overflown" Swift. 
 
 Here the Participle of the Irregular Verb to fly y is con- 
 founded with that of the Regular Verb, to flow- It ought 
 to be in all thefe places overflowed. 
 
 (f) u While they be folden together as thorns." 
 
 Nahum, !• 10. 
 
 F 
 
62 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Grave (graved) graven * 
 
 Hew (hewed) hewen, or hewn * 
 
 Lade (laded) laden 
 
 Load (loaded) loaden * 
 
 Mow (mowed) mown * 
 
 Owe (owed, or ought) owen * 
 
 Rive (rived) riven 
 
 Saw (fa wed) fawn * 
 
 Shape ((haped) lhapen • 
 
 Shave (fhaved) fhaven 
 
 Shew (mewed) Ihewn * 
 or 
 
 Show ((bowed) fhown 
 
 Sow (fowed) fown * 
 
 Straw, -ew, or ow, (ftrawed, Sec.) flrown • 
 
 Wa(h (warned) wamen * (f ) 
 
 Wax (waxed) waxen * 
 
 Wreath (wreathed) wreathen 
 
 Writhe (writhed) writhen 
 
 Some Verbs which change i fliort into a or «, and t Ions 
 into ou> have dropt the termination en in the Participle. 
 
 i fhort into a or «. u* 
 
 Begin began fyegim 
 
 Cling clang, or clung clung 
 
 Drink drank, drunk, cr drunken 
 
 Fling flung, flung 
 
 Ring rang, or rung rung 
 
 Shrink fhrank, or fbrunk fhrunk 
 
 Smg &ng, or * UR g Ifing 
 
 Sink fank, or funk funk 
 
 Sling # an gj or flung flung 
 
 Slink flunk flunk 
 
 Spin fpan . or fpun Ipun 
 
 Spring %ang, or fprung Jprung 
 
 MM04MUM 
 
 (f) With unwafoen hancb. Mark, vii, 4, 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 63 
 
 ftung 
 flunk 
 flrung 
 fwura 
 fwung 
 wrung 
 
 In many of the foregoing, the original and analogical 
 form of the Pafl Time in a, which diftinguifhed it from the 
 Participle, is grown quite obfolete. 
 
 i long into ouj ou* 
 
 Bind bound bound, or bounden 
 
 Find found found 
 
 Grind ground graund 
 
 Wind wound wound 
 
 That all thefe had originally the termination en in the 
 Participle, is plain from the following confiderations. Drink 
 and bind frill retain it ; drunken^ bounden ; from the Sax- 
 on, druncen*, bund en : and the reft are manifeOly of the 
 fame analogy with thefe. Bcgonnen> fonken, and founden^ 
 are ufed by Chaucer ; and fome others of them appear in 
 their proper fhape in the Saxon; fcruncen> fpunncn, fprun- 
 gen, Jlungea, wunden* As likewife in the German, which 
 is only another offspring of the Saxon : begunnen, geklun- 
 gen y getruncken, gefungen, gefuncketij gefpunnen, ge- 
 fprungen, gejiuncken y gefebwummen, gefchwungen* 
 
 The following feera to have loft the en. of the Participle 
 
 in the fame manner. 
 
 Hang (9) hung * hung • 
 
 Shoot fliot fhot 
 
 Stick fluck fluck 
 
 ting ftung 
 
 ^tink flank, or flunk 
 
 tring fining 
 
 Swim fwam, or fvvum 
 
 Swing fwung 
 
 Wring wrung 
 
 (9) This Verb, when Active, may perhaps be moft pro- 
 perly ufed to the Regular Form ; when Neuter, in the Ir- 
 
64 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Come came come 
 
 Run van run 
 
 Win won won 
 
 Hangcn, and fcoten, are the Saxon originals of the two 
 firft Participles ; the latter of which is likewife Hill in ufe in 
 its firft form in one phrafe ; a Jl:otten herring. Stuck feems 
 to be a contraction from Jlucken, as Jiruck is now in ufe for 
 ftrucketu Chaucer hath cov.cn and ivonntn : becommcn is 
 even ufed by Lord Bacon. (1) And moft of them ftilL nib- 
 fifl intire in the Gtrman ; gibangen^ kommen, gerannen > 
 gcnvGnncn. 
 
 To this third Clafs belong the Defective Verbs, Be, been; 
 and Go, gone ; i. e. goen. 
 
 From this diftribution and account of the Irregular Verbs, 
 if it be juftj it appears, that originally there was no excep- 
 tion from the Rule, That the Participle Preterit, or Paffive, 
 in Englifti ends in d> or «. The firft form included all 
 the Regular Verbs, and thofe which are become Irregular 
 by Contraction ending in r. To the fecond properly belong- 
 ed only thofe which end in gbt. To the third, thofe from 
 the Saxon Irregulars in en, which have Rill, or had origin- 
 ally, the fame termination. 
 
 The fame Rule affords a proper foundation for a divifion 
 of all the Englifh Verbs into Tim e Conjugations, or Clafies 
 of Verbs, diftinguifhing one from another by a peculiar for- 
 mation, in fome principal part of the Verbs belonging to 
 each ; of which Conjugations refpectively the three different 
 Terminations of the Participle might be the Characteriftics. 
 Such of the Contracted Verbs as have their Participles now 
 ending in f, might perhaps be beft reduced to the firft Con- 
 jugation, to which they naturally and originally belonged ; 
 and they feem to be of a very different analogy from thofe 
 in gkt» But as the Verbs of the firft Conjugation would 
 
 eoesoocoeeoo 
 
 regular. But in the Active fenfc of furntjlnng a ream nvltb 
 draperies, the Irregular Form prevails- The Vulgar trans- 
 lation of the Bible ufes only the Regular Form. 
 (1) Effay xxix- 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 
 
 io greatly exceed in number thofe of both the others^ which 
 together make but about 117 ; L*] and as thofe of the 
 third Conjugation are fo various in their form, awd incapable 
 of being reduced to one plain rule ; it feems better in prac- 
 tice to confider the firft in ed as the only Regular form, 
 and the others as deviations from it ; after the example of 
 the Saxon and German Grammarians. 
 
 To the Irregular Verbs are to be added the Defective ; 
 which are not only for the moft part Irregular, but are alfo 
 wanting In fomeof their parts. They are in general words 
 of moft .frequent and vulgar nfe ; in which cuftom is apt to 
 get the better of Analogy. Such are the Auxiliary Verbs, 
 moft of which are of this number. They are in ufe only in 
 fome of their Times, and Modes ; and fome of them are a 
 Competition of Times of feverai Defective Verbs having the 
 fame fignification.. 
 
 Pre fen t. 
 Am, 
 Can, 
 Go, 
 May,, 
 Muft, 
 Ought, 
 Quoth, 
 Shall, 
 
 Weet, wit, or wot ; 
 Will, 
 
 Wis,. 
 
 Baft. v Participle, 
 was been, 
 could, 
 
 went, gone, 
 might. 
 
 ought. 
 
 quoth* 
 
 mould'. 
 
 wot. 
 
 would. - 
 
 wift. 
 
 [2] The whole number of Verbs in the Englifh language, 
 Regular and Irregular, Simple and Compounded, taken to- 
 gether, is about 4300. See, in Dr. Ward's Efflays on the 
 Englifti Language, the Catalogue of Englifh Verbs. The 
 whole number of Irregular Verbs, the Defective included,, 
 is about 177. 
 
66 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 There are not in EnglHhfo many as a Hundred Veibs 
 (being only the chief part, but not all, of the Irregulars of 
 the Third Clafs) which have a diftinft and different form for 
 the Pfcfi Time AcYive and the Participle Perfect or Paf- 
 five. The general bent and turn of the language is towards 
 the other form, which makes the Pad Time and the Parti- 
 ciple the fame. This general inclination and tendency of 
 the language feems to have given occafion to the introducing 
 of a very great corruption ; by which the Form of the Part 
 Time is confounded with that of the Participle in thefe 
 Verbs, few in proportion, which have them quite different 
 from one another. This confuGon prevails greatly in com- 
 mon difcourfe, and is too much authorifed by the example 
 of fomeof cur btft Writers. [3] Thus it is faid, He begun> 
 
 ooMooeoeovtooo* 
 
 [3] tt He would bave /poke.' 9 
 
 Milton, P. L. x. 517. 
 
 ft Words interwove with fighs found out their way." 
 
 P. L- i. 621* 
 
 " Thofe kings and potentates who have ftrove" 
 
 Eiconoclaft. xviu 
 
 u And to his faithful fervanlf batbin place 
 
 Bore witnefs glorioufly*" Sam- Ag. ver. 1752* 
 
 « And envious darknefs, ere they could return, 
 
 Had fiole them from me." Comes, ver. 195. 
 
 Here it is obfervable, that the Author's MS. and the fir ft 
 Edition have it Jlolne. 
 
 " And irr triumph have rode* P. R. iii. 36. 
 
 « I have cbofe 
 
 « Thisperfea: man/' i- ™5* 
 
 V The fragratit brier was wove between," 
 
 Drjden, Fablts- 
 
 w I will fcarce think you bavefwam in a Gondola-" 
 
 Shakeipear, As You Like IU 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Gj 
 
 for he began; be run, for be ran ; be drunk, for be drank; 
 the Participle being tifed inftead of the Pad Time. And 
 much more frequently the Fait Time inftead of the Partici- 
 ple : as, I bad wrote, it ivas wrote, for I bad written, it 
 was written ; I have drank, for I have drunk ; bore, 
 for borne ; cbofe, for cbofen ; bid, for bidden ; got, for 
 gotten, &c. This abufe has been long growing upon us, 
 and is continually making further incroachments : as it may 
 be oblerved in the example of thofe Irregular Verbs of the 
 
 00O0OO0ASOO000O* 
 
 " Then finifli what you have began : 
 But fcribble fafter if you can. 
 
 Dryden, Poems, Vol. II. p. t,jz 9 
 
 H And now the years a numerous train have ran J. 
 " The blooming boy is ripen'd into man.' 
 
 Pope's Ody ff. xi . 5 5 5 *, 
 
 tt Which I bad no fooner drank, but I found a pimple rifing 
 in my forehead. 1 ' Addifon, TatlerfNo. 131.. 
 
 1 Have Jprang." Atterbury, Serm. I. 4. " bad fpake— 
 had began*— * — Clarendon, Gontin. Hift. p. 40. and 120.- 
 * The men begun to embeilifh the mfe Ives." 
 
 Addifon , Speft. 434*- 
 
 " Rapt into future times the bard begun" 
 
 Pope, Meffiah.- 
 
 And without the neceflity of rhyme : 
 
 u A fecond deluge learaing thus oer run, 
 
 And the Monks fuiiQi'd what the Goths begun" 
 
 Eflay on Critic ifm a . 
 
 w Repeat you verfes wrote on glafles." Prior. 
 
 w Mr. MhTon has wrote. 1 * Addifon, Preface to his Travels. 
 
 He could only command his voice, which was broke with 
 fighs and fobbing?, fo far as to bid her proceed/* Addifon, 
 Sped. No. 164. 
 
 <( No civil broils ba*v& fince his death arofe." 
 
 Dryden^on 0, Cromwell* > 
 
63 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Third Clafs, which change i fliort into a and u ; as, Cling, 
 clang, clung : in which the original and analogical form of 
 the Pah: Time in a is almoft grown obfolete ; and the u pre- 
 vailing inftead of it, the Paft Time is now in mod of them 
 confounded with the Participle. The Vulgar Tranflation 
 
 u Illuftrious virtues, who by turns have rofe*' ^ 
 
 Prior*. 
 
 " Had not arofe." Swift, Battle of Books 5 and Boling.- 
 broke, Letter to Wyndham, p. 233.- 
 
 " The Sun has rofe, and gone to bed, 
 
 Juft as if Patridge were not dead/' Swift. 
 
 * This nimble operator will have Jlole it." Tale of a Tub, 
 Sed. x. 
 
 " Some Philofophers have mhjlooh" Ibid. Se&. ix.. 
 
 " That Diodorus has not mtftook blmfelf in his account 
 of the date of Phintia, we may be as fure as any hiftory can 
 make us." Bentley, Diflert. on Phalaris, p. 98. 
 
 " Why fall the fouls that were, were forfeit once : 
 And he that might the Vantage heRbave tcok y 
 Found out the remedy." 
 
 Shakefpear/Meaf. for Meaf 
 
 " Silence 
 
 Was took ere fhe was ware." Milton, Comus, 
 
 u Into thole common places look, 
 Which from great authors I have took*" 
 
 Prior, Alma. , 
 
 4< A free Conftitution when it has been Jhookby the iniquity- 
 of former administrations." Bolingbroke, Patriot King, 
 p. in. 
 
 « Too ftrong to hejbookby hi* -enemies." 
 
 Atterbury % 
 
 * Ev'n there he mould have fell." Prior, Solomon. 
 « Sure fome difafter has befell^ Gay, Fabler j 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 69 
 
 cf the BibJe, which is the be ft ftandard of our language, is 
 free from this corruption, except in a few inftances ; as, bid 
 is ufedfor bidden, held for bolden, frequently ; bid, for bid- 
 den ; begot for begotten, once or twice 5 in which, and a 
 few other like words, it may perhaps be allowed as a Con- 
 traction. And in fome of thefe Cuftom has eftabliftied it 
 beyond recovery. In the reft itfeems wholly inexcufable. 
 The abfurdity of it will be plainly perceived in the exam- 
 ple of fome of thefe Verbs, which cuftom has not yet fo per- 
 verted. We fhculd be immediately fhockedat I bave knew, 
 I bave faw, I bave gave, Sec. but our ears are grown fa- 
 miliar with I bave wrote, 1 basse drank, I bave bore, &c. 
 which are altogether as ungrammatical. 
 
 There are one or two fmall Irregularities to be noted, to 
 which fome Verbs are fubject in the formation of the Pre- 
 fent Participle. The Prefent Participle is formed by adding 
 ing to the Verb : as, turn, turning* Verbs erding in e 
 omit the e in the Prefent Participle : as, love, loving. Verbs 
 ending in a fingle Gonfonant preceded by a fingle Vowel, 
 and if of more than one Syllable, having the Accent on the 
 laft Syllable, double the Confonaat in the Prefent Partici- 
 ple> as well as in every part of the Verb in which a Sylla- 
 ble is added ; as, put, putting, puttetb : forget, forgetting^ 
 forgettetb ; abet, abetting, abetletb.[*'] 
 
 ADVERB. 
 
 ADVERBS are added to Verbs and Adje&ives 
 to denote fome modification or circumftance of an ac- 
 tion or quality ; as, the manner, order, time, place, 'dif. 
 
 MOOOOMCOOOMOO 
 
 [*] Some Verbs, having the Accent on the laft Syllable 
 but one, as vjorfiip, counfel, are leprefented in the like 
 manner, as doubling the laft con fon ant in the formation of 
 thofe parts of the Verb, in which a Syllable is added ; as 3 
 
70 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 tance, notion, relation, quantity, quality, comparifon, deubt , 
 affirmation, negation, demonftration, interrogation. 
 
 In Englifh they admit of no variation ; except fome few 
 of them, which have the degrees of comparifon : as, [4] 
 " often, ofiener, oftenett ;" foon, fooner, iboneft ;" and 
 thofe Irregulars, derived from Adjectives (5) in this refpedl 
 likewife irregular ; well, better, befl. 
 
 An Adverb is fometimes joined to another Adverb, to 
 modify or qualify its meaning ; a?, " very much ; much too 
 little ; not very prudently. 
 
 PREPOSITION. 
 
 INCHMMH 
 
 worfhipping, court felling. But this I rather judge to be 
 a fault in the fpclling j which neither Analogy nor Pronun- 
 ciation juflifies. 
 
 (4) The formation of Adverbs in general with the Com- 
 parative and Superlative Terminations feems to be improper; 
 st lead it is now become almoft obfolete : as, " Touching 
 things which generally are received — we are bardlicft able 
 to bring fuch proof of their certainty, as may fatisfy gain- 
 layers." Hooker, B. V. 2. " Was the eajilier perfuad- 
 ed." Raleigh. u That he may the Jlrongiier provide." 
 Hobbes, Life of Thucyd. w The things highliefl import-, 
 ant to the growing age." Lord Shaftfbury, Letter to Lord 
 Molefworth. " The quefticn would not be, who loved 
 himfelf, and who not ; but, who loved and ferved himfelf 
 the rigbteft, and after the trueft manner," Id. Wit and 
 Humour. It ought rather to be, moji hardly, more eqfily } , 
 more firongly, moft highly, moji right or rightly* But 
 thefe Comparative Adverbs, however improper in Profe, are 
 fometimes allowed in Poetry : 
 
 " Sceptre and powV, Thy giving, I aflume ; 
 
 And gladlier Ihall refign." Milton, P. L. vi. 73%. 
 
 (5) See above, p. 25. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 7 1 
 
 PREPOSITION* 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, fo called, becaufe they are com- 
 monly put before the words to which they are ap- 
 plied, ierve to connect words with one another, and to (hew 
 the relation between them. 
 
 One great ufe of Prepofitions in Englifh is to exprefs 
 thole relations, which in lbme languages, are chiefly marked 
 by Cafes, or the different endings of the Noun. 
 
 Moft Prepofitions originally denote the relations of Place, 
 and have been thence transferred to denote by fimilitude 
 other relations. Thus, out, in, through, tindery by, to, 
 from, of Sec. Of is much the fame with from ; " alk of 
 me," that is, from me : made of wood " Son of Philip 
 that is, fprung from him. For, in its primary fenfe, is pro, 
 loco qlterius, in the ftead, or place, of another. The no» 
 dbii of Place is very obvious in all the reft. (•) 
 
 lOMSOMOIH 
 
 (*) The Particle a before Participles, in the phrafes a 
 coming, a going, a walking, a (hooting, &c. and before 
 Nouns, as, a -bed, a- board, a^fhore, a-foot, &c> feems to be 
 a true and genuine Prepofition, a little difguifed by familiar 
 ufe and quick pronunciation* f)r» Wallis fuppofes it to be 
 the Prepofition at* I rather think it is the Prepofition on ; 
 the fenfe of which anfwets better to the intention of thofe 
 exprelTmns. At has relation chiefly to place ; on has a 
 more general relation, and may be applied to acilon, and 
 many other things, as well as place. " I was on coaling, 
 en going," &c. that is, employed upon that particular ac* 
 tion : fo likewife thofe other phrafes above*mentioned, a* 
 bed, &c. exactly anfwer to on bed, on board, on (here, on 
 foot. Dr. Bentley plainly fuppoied a to be the fame with 
 $n ; as, appears from the following paflage : " He would 
 have a learned Univerfity make Barbarifms a purpofe." Dif« 
 fert. on Phalaris, p. 223. The depths on trembling fell.'* 
 J. Hopkins, Pf» Ixxvii. 16. That is, as we now fay in com* 
 
72 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Prepofitionsare alfo prefixt to words in fuch a manner a? 
 to coalefce with them, and to hecome a pan of them. Pre- 
 pofitionis, (tending by themfelves in Conft.ru cYion, are put 
 before Nouns and Pronouns ; and fometimes after Verbs : 
 but in this fort of Compofition, they are chiefly prefixt to 
 Verbs: as, to outgo, to overcome, to undervalue* There 
 are alfo certain Particles, which are thus employed in com- 
 pofition of words, yet cannot Rand by themfelves in Con* 
 itrucTion ; as, a, be, con, mis, &c. in abide, bedeck, con- 
 join, mijlake, &c. Thefe are called Infeparable Prcpofi- 
 tions. 
 
 CONJUNCTION. 
 
 TH E Conjunction connects or joins together Sen- 
 tences ; fo as out of two to make one Sentence. 
 Thus, " You and I, and Peter, rode to London," is one 
 fentence made up of thefe three, by the Conjunction and 
 twice employed ; " You rode to London ; I rode to Lon- 
 don ; Peter rode to London." Again, " You and I rode 
 
 ooocoooeeoet 
 
 tnon dtfcourfe, " they fell a trembling." And the Prep©- 
 fition on has manifeftly deviated into a in other mflances : 
 thus the Saxon compounded Prepofitions owgean, owmang, 
 cnbutan, are become in Engl i ft, by the rapidity of pronun- 
 ciation, tfgainlt, Among, about.; and what is in the Saxon 
 Gofpel, " Ic wylte gan on fixoth," is in the Englifh Tranf- 
 lation, " I go a fifliing." John xxi. 3. Much in the fame 
 manner, John of Nokes, and John of Styles, by very fre- 
 quent and familiar ufe, become John a Nokes, and John a 
 Stiles : and one of the clcck, or rather on the clock, is writ- 
 ten one o'clock, but pronounced one a clock. The phrafes 
 with a before Participles are out of ufe in the folemn ftyle; 
 but Rill prevail in familiar difecurfe- They are eftabliflied 
 by long ulage, and good authority ; and there feems to be 
 no reafbn why they fhould be utterly rejected. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 73 
 
 to London, but Peter ftaid at home," is one fentence made 
 up of three by the Conjunctions and and but : both of which 
 equally connect the fentences, but the htter expreffes aa 
 Oppofition in the fenfe. The firft is therefore called a Con- 
 junction Copulative ; and the other, a Conjunction Disjunct- 
 ive. 
 
 The ufe of Copulative Conjunctions is to connect, or to 
 continue, the fentence, by expreffing an addition, and; and 
 a fuppofition, or condition, (/, as ; a caufe, becaufe (6) 
 then; a motive, that; an inference, therefore, &c. 
 
 The ufe of Disjunctives is to connect and to continue the 
 fentence ; but withal to exprefs Oppofition of meaning in 
 different degrees : as, or, but, than, altbof unlefs, &c. 
 
 INTERJECTION. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS, fo called becaufe they are thrown 
 in between the parts of a fentence without making any 
 other alteration in it, are a kind of Natural founds to ex- 
 prefs the affection of the fpeaker. 
 
 The different paffionshave for the moft part different In- 
 terjections to exprefs them. 
 
 The Interjection placed before a Subftantive. expreffes 
 more ftrongly an addrefs made to that perfon or thing ; as it 
 marks in Latin what is called the Vocative Cafe. 
 
 SENTENCES. 
 
 (6) The Conjunction becaufe, ufed to exprefs the motive 
 or end, is either improper or obfolete ; as, " The multitude 
 rebuked them, becaufe they fhould hold their peace.*' Mat, 
 xx. 31. " It is the cafe of fome, to contrive falfe periods 
 of bufinefs, becaufe they may feemmen of difpatch.'V Ba- 
 con, Eflay xxv. We (hould now make ufe of tbaU 
 
74 A SHORT I'NTRODUCTrOV 
 
 SENTENCES, 
 
 A SENTENCE is an affemblage of words, "eft- 
 prefTed in proper form, and ranged in proper order, 
 and concurring to make a complete (enfe. 
 
 The Conftruclion of fentences depends principally upon 
 the Concord or Agreement, and the Regimen, or Govern- 
 ment, of Words. 
 
 One word is faid to agree with another, when it is requir- 
 ed to be in like cafe, number, gender, or perfon. 
 
 One word is faid to govern another, when it caufeth the 
 other to be in fome Cafe or Mode.. 
 
 Sentences are either Simple or Compounded. 
 A Simple Sentence hath in it but cne Subject and one 
 Yin ite Verb ; that is, a Verb in the Indicative, Impera- 
 tive, or Subjunctive Mode.. 
 
 A Phrafe is two or mere words rightly put together in 
 order to make a part of 'a Sentence ; and Tome-times makirg 
 a whole Sentence. 
 
 The mort common Phrases uied in "fori pie Sentences are 
 the following : 
 
 ik Phrafe : The Subftantive before a Veib Active, Fafc 
 ive, or Neuter; when it is faid what thing fx, docs, or is 
 done : as 44 I am M Thoju writeft M Thomas is loved;" 
 *wHere 7, Ti^w* Thomas^ are the Nominative [7] Cafes j 
 
 '[7] " Irfe, ivbom*y'c ' pretend 'reigns in heaven, is fo far 
 &bW protecting the miferabfe fons of men, that he perpetu- 
 'afry delights to bla'ft'tne fweeteft 'rlowrets in the Garden of 
 'Hope, ^venturer, No. 76. 
 
 It oiignt to he'ivbdy the Nominative Cafe to reigns ; hot 
 wAow', as $ it^th f mt^f^0vk ^tt governed by r pf€- 
 tend* 
 
tO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 75 
 
 and anfwer. to the queftion ivbo, or what ? as, « Who is 
 loved ? Thomas." And the Verb agrees with the Nomi- 
 native Cafe in Number and Perfon ; [8] as Thou being the 
 Second Perfon Singular* the Verb witeft is fo too. 
 
 2d Phrafe : The Subftantive after a Verb Neuter or Paf- 
 five ; whenit4s- ^raid; that fuch a thing ir, or is made, or 
 thought, or called, fuch another thing ; or, when the 
 
 il If you were here, you would find three or four in the 
 parlour after dinner, whom ye would fay pafled their time 
 agreeably. Locke, Letter to Molyneux. 
 
 V Scotland and Thee did each in other live." 
 
 Dryden, Poems, Vol. 31. p. 220. 
 
 w We are alone ; here's none but Thee and I." 
 
 Shakefpear, 2 Hen. VI. 
 
 It ought in both places to be Thou ; the Nominative Cafe 
 to the Verb exprefTed or underftood. 
 
 [8] % But Tbou, falfe Arcite, never JJjall obtain 
 
 Thy bad pretence." Dryden, Fables. 
 
 *• That Thou might Fortune to thy fide engage." 
 
 Prior. 
 
 It ougHt to be fialt, migbteft- The miftake feems to 
 arife from the confounding of Thou and You as as equiva- 
 lent in every refpedl ; whereas one is Singular, the other 
 Plural. See above, p. 33. 
 
 u Anil where foe'er Thou cajls thy view.'* 
 
 Cowley, on the Death of Hervey. 
 
 " There'/ [chere are] two or three of us have feen 
 ftrange fights." Shakefpear, Jul. Gef. 
 
 u Great fains has [have] been taken." Pope, P. S. to 
 the Gdyffey.' 
 
 " I have confidered nvbat have [hath] been faid on both 
 fides in this controverfy.'' Tillotfon,' Vol- I. Serm. 27. 
 
7<> A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Subftantive after the Verb is fpoken of the fame thitfg or 
 perfon with the Subftantive before the Verb : as, " A calf 
 becomes an ox;" u Plautus is accounted a Poet « J am 
 He." Here the latter Subilantive is in the Nominative 
 Cafe as well as the former ; and the Verb is faid to govern 
 the Nominative Cafe : or, the latter Subftantive may be 
 laid to agree in Cafe with the former. 
 
 3d Phrafe : The Adjectives after a Verb Neuter or Paf- 
 five, in lite manner : as, 44 Life is fieri, and Art is long. 1 * 
 
 44 Exercife is ejlccmcd whole/owe" 
 
 4th Phrafe : The Subflantive after a Verb Active, or 
 Tranfitive : as when one thing rs faid to a 8 upon, or da 
 fomething to, anether : as, 44 to open a door ;" u to build a 
 houfe ; n M Alexander conquered the Perfians." Here the 
 thing acted upon is in the Objective [9] Cafe : as it appears 
 jlaudy when it is expreffed by the Pronoun, which has a 
 
 co«eoo«teot» 
 
 44 One would think, there war more Sophifts than one 
 had a finger in this Volume of Letters. Bentley, Differs 
 ©n Socrates' EpifUes, Sect. IX. 
 
 44 The number of the names together were about an hun- 
 dred and twenty." Acts, i. 15. See alfo Job, xiv. 5. 
 
 44 And Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldeft forj 
 Efau, which were with her in the houfe, and put tbcm upon 
 Jacob her youngeft fon." Gen. xxvii. 15, 
 
 " If the blood of bulls and of goats, and the afhes of an 
 beiter, Jprinkl'mg the unclean, fan&ijietb to the purifying ©f 
 the flefh." Heb, ix* 13. See alfo Exod- ix. 8, 9, *o« 
 
 fo] 44 For who love I fo much? 
 
 v Shakefpear, Merch. of Ven. 
 
 ** Who'er I woo, myfelf would be his wife." 
 
 ' 7 Id, Twelfth Night. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 77 
 
 proper termination from that Cafe ; ¥ Alexander conquered 
 them-," and the Verb is faid to govern the Objective Cafe. 
 
 5th Phrafe : A Verb following another Verb ; as, " boys 
 love to play : M where the latter Verb is in the Iftfihitiv* 
 Mode. 
 
 6th Phrafe ; When one thing '13 faid to belong to ano- 
 ther ; as, u Milton's poems :" where the thing to which the 
 other belongs is placed firft, and is in the Poffeffive Cafe ; 
 or elfe laft r with the Prepofition o/befbr$ it r as, " the poems 
 of Milton." [1] 
 
 7th Phrafe : When another Subftantive is added to ex- 
 preis and explain the former more fully * r as, w Paul th* 
 Apoftle ;" u King George ;" where they are both in the 
 fame cafe, and the latter is faid to be put in Appofitioa Jo 
 the former. 
 
 ^Tell who loves who ; what favours feme partake^ 
 And who is jilted for another's fake." 
 
 Dryden, Juvenal, Sat. 
 
 " Thofe, vjbo'hc thought true to his party*" Clarendon, 
 Hift. Vol. T. p. 667. 8vo. " Who (hould I meet the other 
 night, but my old friend." Spea. N"o. 32. M Who mould 
 I fee in the lid of it, but the Doctor I" Addifon, Sped. 
 No. 57. " Laying the fufpicion upon fomebody, I know 
 not <wboy in the country." Swift, Apology prefixed to a 
 Tale of aTub„ In all thefe places it ought to be whom. 
 
 Who 6 ver the King favour s r 
 The Cardinal will find employment for, 
 And far enough from court." Id . Hen. VIII. 
 
 [1] Phrafes like the following, though very common are 
 improper ; " Much depends upon the Rule's being obferv- 
 ed ; and error will be the confequenee of its beiug long ne- 
 gkRedi" For here is a Nouh, and a Pronoun reprcfenting \t t 
 
 G % 
 
J9 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 8th Phrafe : When the quality of the Subftantive is ex- 
 prefled by adding the Adjective to it ; as, « a wife man 
 *J a black horfe." Participles have the nature of Adjec- 
 tives y as " a learned man }" u a loving father." 
 
 9th Phrafe : An Adjective with a Verb in the Infinitive 
 Mode following it ; a*, " worthy to die " fit to be 
 trulled-" 
 
 ictli Phrafe: When a ctrcumR'ance is added to a Verb* 
 or to ah Adjective, by an Adverb : as, " you read well 
 4 he is very prudent." 
 
 t iKh : Phrafe: When a circumflance rs added to a Verb or 
 an Adjective by a Subftantive with a Prepofition before it ; 
 Us, " 1 write for you M he fesiSs with care " ftudious of 
 praife " ready for mifchief*" 
 
 1 2th Phrafe: When the fame (Quality in different Sub. 
 jects is compared ; the Adjective in the Pofitive having af- 
 ter it the Conjunction as^ in the Comparative the Conjunc- 
 tion than, and in the uperlative the Prepofition cf : as, 
 white as fnow wifer than I ;" " greateft of all." 
 
 The Principal P arts of a Simple Sentence are the A* 
 gent, the Attribute, and the Object. The Agent is the 
 thing chiefly fpbken of; the Attribute is the thing or action 
 affirmed or denied of it ; and the Object is the thing affect* 
 t& by fuch action* 
 
 eset ©c x fr*oo eo©« 
 
 each in the Pofieff.ve cafe, that is, under Goverment of ano* 
 ther Noun, but "without any other Noun to govern it : for 
 being obfervedy and being negleSled, are not Nouns ; nor 
 can you fupply the place of the PoiTeiXive Cafe by the Pre* 
 pofition of before the Noun, or Pronoun. Note alfo, that 
 Adjectives are incapable of the Pofiefiive Cafe : the follow- 
 ing Phrafe, for" example Would be improper :"It was happy 
 tor the ftate, that Fabkis continued in the command 
 Minucius : the former's phlegm was a check upon the tet- 
 ter's vivacity.'' 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. J$ 
 
 In Englith the Nominative Cafe, denoting the Agent, 
 nfirally goes before the Verb, or attribution ; and the Ob- 
 jective Cafe, denoting the Object, follows the Verb Active > 
 and it is the order that detei mines the Cafe in Nouns: as> 
 " Alexander conquered the Perfians." But the Pronoun, 
 having a proper form for each of thofe Cafes, fometimes 
 when it is in the ObjeeYive Cafe, is placed before the Verb* 
 and when it is in the Nominative Cafe follows the Object 
 and Verb : 2% u WUom ye ignorantly worfhip, him de- 
 clare I unto yoa." And the Nominative Cafe is fometimes 
 placed after a Verb Neuter : as, " Upon thy right hand did 
 Jland the Queen " On a fudden appeared the King? 
 And frequently with the Adverbs there and then :— as,, 
 u There was a man" " Then came unto him the Pha* 
 rifees" The reafon of it is plain : the Neuter Verb not 
 admitting of an Obiedlive -Cafe after it, no ambiguity of 
 Cafe can arife from fuch a pofition of the Noun ;. and where 
 no inconvenience attends it, variety kfelf is pleafing.£*] 
 
 Who, which, wkat, and the Relative that, though in 
 the Objective Cafe, are always placed before the Verb ; as, 
 are alfo their Compounds, whoever, whofoever, &c. as, 
 tt He whom you feek " " This is what, or the thing which 
 or that, you want, " Whomfoever you pleafe to appoint*. 
 
 When the Verb is a Paflive, the Agent and Object 
 change places in the Sentence and the thing acted upon is 
 
 [*] " It mull: then be meant of kis fins who makes, not 
 ©f him who ^corne r, the convert.'* Atterbury, Ser* I. 2* 
 
 " In him who is, and him who fin ds a friend" 
 
 Pope, Eflay on 'Man. 
 
 " Eye hath not fzen, nor ear heard, neither have enter- 
 td into the 'heart of man, the th'mgs, which God hath pre- 
 pared for them that love him*" 1. Cor. ii. 9. 
 
 There feems to be an impropriety in thefe fentences, in 
 which the fame Noun ferves in a double capacity, perform- 
 ing at the' fame time the offices both of the Nominative and 
 Objective Cafe* 
 
SO A SHORT ItfTRODUCTrON- 
 
 in the Nominative Cafe, and the Agent is accompanied with 
 
 a Frepofition ; as, " The Perflans were conquered by Alex- 
 
 anderJ* 
 
 The Action exprefled by a Neuter Verb being confined 
 within the Agent, iuch Verb cannot admit of an Objectise 
 Cafe after it, denoting a perfon or thing as the Object ©f 
 action. Whenever a Noun is immediately annexed to a 
 preceding Neuter Verb, it either exprefles the fame notion 
 with the Verb ; as, to dream a dream to live a virtuous 
 life : or denotes only the circumfiance of the action, a Fre- 
 pofition being underftood ; as, to fieep all night, that is, 
 through all the night ; to walk a mile, that is, through 
 the rpace of a mile. 
 
 For the fame reafon, a Neuter Verb cannot become a Paf- 
 five. In a Neuter Verb the Agent and Object are the- 
 lame, and cannot be feparated even in imagination ; as in the 
 examples, to Jleep, to walk : but when the Verb is Paflive,. 
 ene thing is acted upon by another, really, or by fuppofition^ 
 different from it. [2I 
 
 [2]. That fome Neuter Verbs take a Paflive Form, but 
 without a Paflive Signification, has been obferved above ^ 
 fee p. 50. Here I fpeak of their becoming both in Form 
 and Signification Paflive ; and (hall endeavour further to 
 illuftrate the rule by example. To fplit, like many other 
 Englifh Verbs, hath both- an Active and a Neuter fignifica- 
 tion : according to the fonner we fay, " the force of gun- 
 powder fflit the rock according to the latter, " the fhip 
 fp lit upon the reck and converting the Verb Active into 
 a Paflive we may fay, 6 the rock was Jplit by the force o£ 
 gun-powder ; or, u the Jhip was fplit upon the rock." But 
 we cannot fay with any propriety, turning the Verb Neuter 
 into a Paflive by inverfion of the fentence, M the rock was 
 fplit upon by the fhiu $ 9 as in the paflage following :— 
 u What fuccefs thefe labours of mine have had, he knows 
 bed for whafe glory they were defjgned. It will be one 
 fejre and comfortable fign to me ti>at tJfeey have had fonie,. if 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. &I- 
 
 A Noun of Multitude, [3] or fignifying Many, may have 
 the Verb and Pronoun agreeing with it either in the Singu- 
 lar or Plural Number ; yet not without regard to the import 
 of the word, as conveying unity or plurality of idea ; as, 
 My people is foolifh ; they have not known me." Jer. iv. 
 22. " The ajembly of the wicked have inclofed me:" 
 Pfal. xxi. 16. perhaps more properly than, " bath inclofed 
 me." w The ajfembly was very numerous s u much more 
 properly than M were very numerous.'' 
 
 Two or more Nouns in ti e Singular Number, joined to- 
 gether, by one or more Copulative Conjunctions, [*] have 
 
 it (hall appear, that the words I have fpoken to you to-day 
 are not in vain ; if they fhall prevail with you in any mea- 
 fure to avoid thofe rocks which are ufually fplit upon in E- 
 lecYious, where multitudes of different inclinations, capaci- 
 ties, and judgments are inte^Red," 
 
 Atterbury, Sermons, IV. 1 2# 
 
 [3] " And reftores to his Ijland that tranquility and re- 
 pofe, to which they had been Jit angers during his abfence." 
 Pope, Diflertation prefixed to the Odyfley. Ijland is not 
 a Noun of Multitude : it ought to be, his people ; or, it had 
 been a Jiranger. fi Whatreafon have the Cburcb of Rome- 
 to talk of modedy in this cafe ?" Tillotfon, Vol. I.Serm. 
 49. " There is indeed no Qonftitution fo tame and can;- 
 lefs of their own defence, where any perfon dares to give 
 the leaft fign or intimation of being a traitor in his heart." 
 Addifon, Freeholder, No. 52. a All the virtues < f man- 
 kind are to be counted upon a few fingers, but bis follies 
 and vices are innumerable. " Swift, Preface to Tale of a 
 Tub. Is not mankind in this place a Nou.i of Multitude, 
 and fuch as requires the Pronoun referring to it to be in the 
 Plural Number, their ? t 
 
 [*] The Conjunction Disjunctive hath a contrary effect ; 
 and as the Verb, Noun, or Pronoun, is referred to the pre- 
 ceding terms taken feparately, it muft be in the fi-gular 
 Number* The following Sentences are faulty in this re^ 
 
92 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Verbs, Nouns, and Pronouns, agreeing with them it) the 
 Plural Number: as, " Socrates and Plato were wife ; they 
 were the moft eminent Pbilofcpbcrs of Greece." But 
 iometimes, after an enumeration of particulars thus connect- 
 ed, the Verb follows in the Singular Number: and is un- 
 derfiood as applied to each of the preceding terms : as, — 
 l S The glorious Inhabitants ef thofe facred palaces, where 
 nothing but light and bieffecl immortality, no fhadow of 
 matter for tears, discontentments, griefs, and uncomfortable 
 paflions to work upon ; but all joy, tranquility, and peace, 
 even for ever and ever, doth dwelV Hooker, Book i. 4. 
 44 Sand, and (alt, and a mafs of iron, is eafier to bear, than 
 a man without underftanding." Ecclus. xxii. 15. [f] 
 
 If the Singulars fo joined together are of feveral Perfons, 
 in making the Plural Pronoun agree with them in Pcifon* 
 the fecond Perfon takes place of the third, and the firft ot 
 both : u He and Ton and I wen it at t;he hazard of our 
 lives : Tfjk and lie Hiared it between ycu" 
 
 fpefl : h A man may fee a metaphor, or an allegory, in a 
 picture, as well as read them [it] in a defcription. ,) Addi- 
 ibn, Dial. J. on Medals. " Itmuft indeed be confeffed, that 
 a, lampoon, or a fatire, <2onot carry in them rcberry or mur- 
 der." Jd. Sped. No. 23. 
 
 [t] " And fo was alfo James and John the fons of 
 Zebedee, which were partners with Simon." Luke v- 10. 
 Here the two Nouns are not only joined together by the 
 Conjunction Copulatire, but are moreover clofely connected 
 in fenfe by the part of the fenteuce immediately following, 
 in which the correfpondent Nouns and Verbs are Plural ; 
 the Verb therefore preceding in the Singular Number ij 
 highly improper. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 8j 
 
 The Neuter Pronoun it is fometimes employed to expreis, 
 i . the fubjec) of any djfcourfe or enquiry: 2. the ftate or 
 condition of any thing orperfon : 3, the thing, whatever it 
 be, that is the caufe of any effect or event ; or any perfun 
 or perfons confidered merely as a Caufe. Examples ; 
 
 1. w 'Twas at the royal feafc for Perfia won 
 
 By Philip's godlike fort?' Bryden* 
 
 # Who is it in the preft that calls, on me ?" 
 
 Shakeipear 8 Jul. CxC 9 
 
 2. " H. How is it with you, Lady _? 
 Q^Alas ! how is it with you V 9 
 
 Shakefpear, Hamlet, 
 
 3. a You heard her fay herfelf,'**' was not I— 
 'Twas I that kill'd her.'' 
 
 Shakefpear, Othello. 
 " 'Tis tbefe that early taints the female foul." 
 
 Pope # 
 
 & It rains , it mines ; it thunderV' 
 
 From which laft example? it plainly appears, that there is no 
 .foch thing in Engliih, nor indeed in any language, as a fort 
 of Verbs which are really Jmperforral. The Agent or Per- 
 ion in Englifh is exprefled by the Neuter Pronoun : in fome 
 other languages it is omitted, but underftood. [4] 
 
 The Neuter Pronoun it is fometimes omitted, and under- 
 Trobd : thus we fay, " as appears ; as follows;" for, " as it 
 appears ; as it follows and, " may be, " for, M it may 
 be?' - • . . ■ ox t n>' t * m *u ' 
 
 The Verb to Be has always a Nominative Gafe after it 5 
 'i -i * It *was I, and not 2Je, that did it unlefs it be in 
 
 •OOO ?OO6 30O« OOOO 
 
 1 [4] An Example of Impropriety in the ufe of the Neuter 
 Pronoun, fee below, p. 97 — 98. note r. 
 
84 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 the Infinitive Mode ; " Though you thought it to be him." 
 
 ts3 
 
 I he Adverb? *vben s nubile, aftet, &c. being left out, 
 the phrafe is formed with the Participle independent on the 
 red of the lentence ; as, 44 The doors being fhut, Jefus 
 {bod in the rnidft." This is called the Cafe Abfolute. And 
 the Cafe is in Lnglifh always the Nominative ; as, 
 
 44 God from the mount of Sinai, whofe grey top 
 Shall tremble, He defending, [6] will himfelf, 
 
 nnnmum 
 
 [5] 44 Whom do men fay that I am ? — But ivbom fay 
 ye, that I am ?" Matt. xvi. 13. 15. So likewife Mark 
 van. 27, 29. Luke ix. 18, 20. 44 Whom think ye, that 
 I am §" A£b xxiii. 25. It ought in all thefe places to be 
 nvbo ; which is not governed by the Verb fay or think, but 
 by the Verb am ; or agrees in Cafe with the Pronoun I. 
 If the Verb were in the Infinitive Mode, it would require 
 the Objective Cafe of the Relative, agreeing with the Pro- 
 noun me : u Wbem think ye, or do ye think, me to be ?*' 
 
 M To that, ivbicb once was thee." Prior. 
 
 It ought to be, wbicb was tbou ; or, wbicb thou waft* 
 
 H It is not me you are in love with." Spect. No. 290. 
 
 The Prepofition with, mould govern the Relative ivbom 
 underftood, not the Antecedent me ; which ought to be I. 
 " It is net I, or, I am not the ferjon, with whom you are 
 in love." 
 
 44 Art thou proud yet ? 
 Ay, that I am not tbee*' Shakefpear, Timon. 
 
 11 Tisne was, when none would cry, that oaf was me ; 
 But now you ftrive about your pedigree." 
 
 Dryden, Prologue. 
 " Jmpoffible ! it can't be me." Swift. 
 
 [6] On which place fays Dr. Bentley, " The Context 
 denrmdsthat it be— 2£m defcending, lib defcendente.' — 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. S$ 
 
 In thunder, lightning, and loud trumpet's found, 
 Ordain them laws." Milton, P. L. xii. 227. 
 
 To before a Verb, is the fi gn of the Infinitive Mode : but 
 there are fome Verbs, which have commonly other Verbs 
 following them in the Infinitive Mode without the fign to ; 
 as, bid, dare, needy make, fee, bear, feci ; as alio let, 
 and fometimes bave> not ufed as Auxiliaries ; as, " I bade 
 
 But bim is not the Ablative Cafe, for the Englifh knows no 
 fuch Cafe ; nor does bint without a Prepofjtion on any oc- 
 cafion anfwer to the Latin Ablative illo, I might with bet- 
 ter reafon contend, that it ought to be M bis defcending," 
 becaufe it is in Greek, in the Genitive ; and it would be as 
 good Grammar, and as proper Englifli. This comes of forc- 
 ing the Englifh under the Rules of a foreign Language, with 
 which it has little concern: and this ugly and deformed 
 faulty to ufe his own expreffion, Bentley has endeavoured 
 to impofe upon Milton in feveral places : fee P. L. vii. 15. 
 ix. 829. 883. H47» x. 267. icoi. On the other hand, 
 where Milton has been really guilty of this fault, he, very 
 inconfiftently with himfelf, corre&s him, and fets him right. 
 His Latin Grammar Rules were happily out of his head, and 
 by a kind of vernacular inftinSl (fo, I imagine, he would 
 call it) he perceived that his Author was wrong. 
 
 " For only in deftroying I find eafe 
 To my relentlefs thoughts ; and, bim defiroy'd, 
 Or won to what may work his utter lofs, 
 For whom all this was made, all this will foon 
 Follow, as to him link'd with weal or woe." 
 
 P. L. ix. 1 29. 
 
 It ought to be, " be deftroy'd— . .that is, " be being de- 
 ftroy'd." Bently corre&s it> « and man deftroy'd." 
 
 .Archbifhop Tillotfon has fallen into the fame miftake t 
 H 
 
S6 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 him do it ; you dare not do it ; 1 faw him [7] do it ; I heard 
 him fay it.'' [8] 
 
 The Infinitive Mode has much of the nature of a Sub- 
 ftantive, exprelTmg the aclion itfelf which the Verb fignifies; 
 as the Participle has the nature of an Ac^jeclive. Thus the 
 Infinitive Mode does the office of a Subftantive in different 
 cafes; in the Nominative; as, ' e to play is pleafant : M 
 in the Objective; as " boys love to piay" In Greek it 
 admits of the Article through all its cafes, with the Prepofi- 
 tion in the Oblique cafes ; in Englifh the Article is not 
 wanted, but the Prepcfition may be uled : " For to 'will is 
 prefent with me ; but to perform that which is good I find 
 not," Rom. vii. 18. u All their woiks they do for to 
 
 0000:000 *oo© 
 
 * Solomon was of this mind ; and I make no doubt, but 
 he made as wife and true Proverbs as any body has done 
 fmce : Him only excepted^ who was a much greater and 
 wifer man than Soloman." Serm. I. 53. 
 
 [7] " To Jee fo many to make fo little conference of fo 
 great a (in. " Tillotfon, Serm. I. 22. 
 
 w It cannot but be a delightful fpecxacle to God and An- 
 gels, to fee a young perfon, befieged by powerful temptati- 
 ons on either fide, to acquit hirnfelf glorioufly, and refo- 
 lutely to bold againft the mod violent afTaults : to be- 
 hold one in the prime and flower of his age, that is courted 
 by pleafures and honours, by the devil and all the bewitch- 
 ing vanities of the world, to rejeel all thefe, and to cleave 
 fiedfafUy unto God." Ibid. Serm. 54. The impropriety of 
 the phrafes diftinguifhed by Italic Characters is evident.?— 
 See Matt, xv- 31. 
 
 {8] 4k What, know you not, . 
 
 That being mechanical, you Qyigqt not ^alk . 
 
 Upon a labouring dny, without the fign 
 
 Of your prpfeffion I" Shakefpear, Jul. Caef. 
 
 Eoth Grammar and Cuftam require, " ought not to walL" 
 Qugbt is not one of the Auxiliary Verbs, %h»' often reck* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 87 
 
 be feen of men." Matt, xxiii 5. [1] (But the ufe of tha 
 Prepofition, in this and the like phrafes, is now become ob» 
 folete.) 
 
 * For not to have been dipfd in Lethe's lake 
 Could lave the lbn of Thetis from to die-" 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 Perhaps therefore the Infinitive and the Participle might 
 be more properly called the Subflantive Mode and the Ad- 
 jeftive Mode. [2} 
 
 eooooceococoscco 
 
 oned among them : that it cannot be fuch, is plain from 
 this consideration ; that it never admits of another Verb im- 
 mediately following it, without the Prepofuion to. 
 
 M To vjijh him vjrejlle with affection." 
 
 Sbakefpear, Much Adc. 
 
 " Nor with lefs dread the loud j 
 Etheriai trumpet from on high 9 gan blow." ! . 
 
 Milton, P. L, vi. 60. 
 
 Thefe phrafes are poetical, and by no means allowable ra 
 profe. 
 
 [1] The following fentences feem defective either in the 
 construction, or the order of the words : " Why do }e that, 
 
 which is not lawful to do on the fabbath day ? -The 
 
 fhew-bread, which is not lawful to eat> but for the priefts 
 alone." Luke vi. 2, 4. The Conuruction may be recti- 
 fied by fnpplving it ; " which it is not lawful to do ; which 
 it is not lawful to eat : or the order of the words in this 
 manner ; ^ to do wbich^ to eat which, is not lawful :" 
 where the Infinitive to do, to eat, does the office of the 
 Nominative Cafe, av,d the Relative which is in the Object- 
 ive Cafe. 
 
 [2] " Here you may fee, that viGons are to dread." 
 
 Dryden, Fables. 
 
 " I am not like other men, to envy the talents I cannot 
 reach." Tale of a Tub, Preface. 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Participle with the Prepofition before it, and ftill re- 
 taining its Government, anfwers to what is called in Latin 
 the Gerund : as, M Happinefs is to be attained, by avoiding 
 evil, and by doing good ; by feeking peace, and by purfu- 
 ing it." 
 
 The Participle, with an Article before it, and the Prepo- 
 sition of after it, becomes a Subftantive, exprefling the Ac- 
 tion itfelf which the Verb fjgnifies : [3] as, " Thefe are the 
 Rules of Grammar, by the obferving of which, you may 
 avoid miftakes." Or it may be exprelfed by the Participle 
 or Gerund ; u by obferving which 2" not, * by obferving 
 of which; nor, " by the obferving which:'* for either of 
 thofe two phrafes would be a confounding of two diftintt 
 forms* 
 
 •O6cot«oetoesoo« 
 
 14 That all cur doings may be ordered by thy govern- 
 ance, to do always that is righteous in thy light." Litur- 
 gy. The Infinitive in thefe places feems to be improperly 
 ufed. 
 
 [3] ru ^ e arifes from the nature and idiom of our lan" 
 guage, and from as plain a principle as any on which it is 
 founded : namely, that a word which has the article before 
 it, and the PofTeilive Prepofition of after it, muft be a Noun ; 
 and if a Noun, it ought to follow the ConftrucVion of a 
 Noun, and not to have the Regimen of a Verb. It is the 
 Participial Termination of this fort of words that is apt to 
 deceive us, and make us treat them as if they were an am- 
 phibious fpecies, partly Nouns, and partly Verbs. I be- 
 lieve there are hardly any of our Writers, who have not 
 fallen into this inaccuracy. That it is fuch, will perhaps 
 more clearly appear, if we examine and refolve one or two 
 examples in this kind : 
 
 " God who didfl. teach the hearts of thy faithful people, 
 by the fending to them the light of thy Holy Spirit : — 99 
 Collect, Whitfunday. Sending is in this place a Noun ; 
 for it is accompanied with the Article : neverthelefs it is alfo 
 a Tranfitive Verb, for it governs the Noun Light in the 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 89 
 
 I will add another example^ and that of the be ft autho_ 
 rity : — M The middle ftation off life feem3to be the mod: ad 
 vantageoufly fituated for the gaining of wifdom. "Poverty 
 turns our thoughts too much upon the /applying of our 
 wants, and riches upon enjoying our fuperfluities." Ad- 
 difon, Sped. No. 464. 
 
 Objective Cafe: but this is inconfiftent ; let it be either the 
 one or the other, and abide by its proper Conftru&bn. 
 That thefe Participial Words are lbmetimes real Nouns is 
 undeniable ; for they have a Plural Number as fuch ; as, 
 " the outgoing* of the morning.'* The fending is the 
 fame with the MiJJion 1 which neceilarily requires the Pre- 
 pofition of after it, to mark the relation between it and the 
 light; the mijjlon of the light ; and lb, the fending of 
 the light* The Pharfe would be proper either way, by 
 keeping to the Conftru&ion of the Noun, by the fending 
 of the light 1 or of the Participle, or Gerund, by fending 
 the light* 
 
 Again : * Sent to prepare the way of thy Son our 
 Saviour, by preaching of repentance: — ** Colled, St. 
 John Baptifh Here the Participle, or Gerund, hath as im- 
 properly the PrepoGtion of after it; and £b is deprived of it* 
 Verbal Regimen, by which as a Tranfitive it would govern 
 the Noun Repentance in the Objective Cafe. Befides, the 
 phrafe is rendered obfeure and ambiguous ; for the obvious 
 meaning of it in its prefent form is, H by preaching con- 
 cerning repentance, or on that fubjedt whereas the fenfe 
 intended is, i by publifhing the Covenant of Repentance, and 
 declaring Repentance to be a condition of acceptance with 
 God** The phrafe would have been perfect iy right and de- 
 terminate to this fenfe either way ; by the Noun,- by the 
 preaching of repentance ; or by the Participle, by preach* 
 ing repentance. 
 
 " So well bred Spaniel* civilly delight 
 
 In mumbling *f the game they dare not bke." 
 
 Pope, Epift. to Arbuthnot* 
 
 H z 
 
9 o 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Participle frequently becomes altogether an Adjec- 
 tive ; when it is joined to a Subltantive merely to denote 
 its quality ; without any refpedl to time ; exprefling, not an 
 Action, but a Habit ; and as fuch it admits of the degrees 
 of Companion ; as, a learned, a more learned, a mod learn- 
 ed, man j a loving, more loving, molt loving, father. [4] 
 
 44 By continual mortifying our corrupt afFecYions." Col- 
 left, Eafte.r-Eve. 
 
 It ought to be, by the continual mortifying of y or by 
 Continually mortifying^ our corrupt affsclions." 
 
 . [4] In a few i nftances the AcYive Piefent Participle hath 
 been vulgarly ufed in a Paflive fenfe ; as, beholding for 
 beholden ; owing-tor owen, And lbme of our writers are 
 not quite free from this miftake : 44 I* would not be behold- 
 ing to fortune for any part of the victory*" Sidney*. 
 
 44 I'll teach you all what*s owing to your Queen." 
 
 Dryden 
 
 " The debt, owing from one country to the other, can-, 
 not be paid without real effe&s fent thither to that value." 
 
 Locke* 
 
 M We have the means in our hands, and nothing but the 
 application of them is wanting" 
 
 * 4 His eftate is dipped, and is eating out with ufury." 
 
 Steele, Sped. No. 1 14. 
 
 So like^ife the Paflive Participle is often employed in an 
 .Active fenfe in the word mijlaken^ ufed, in (lead of tnjfr- 
 faking : 
 
 44 You are too much mtfiaken in this King. 
 
 Shake fpear, Hen. Vi 
 
 44 1 miftake ;'' or, 44 1 am miftaking ;" means, 44 I mifun- 
 derftand :" but, " I am miftaken," means properly, M I am 
 arjifiinderftood." 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR- g\ 
 
 Simple Sentences are, i. Explicative, or explaining:—. 
 2. Interrogative, or aiking ; 3. Imperative or command- 
 ing* C5I 
 
 1 . An Explicative Sentence, is when a thing is faid to be, 
 ©r not to be ; to do or not to do ;. to Suffer or not to fuffer, 
 in a direct manner^ as in the foregoing examples. If the 
 Sentence be Negative, the Adverb not is placed after the 
 Auxiliary ; or after the Verb itfelf when it has no Auxilia- 
 ry : as, u it did not touch him or,, " it touched him 
 not. [6} ; 
 
 •eo«o«oesoce 
 
 But in fome of thefe Participles the Abufe is fo authorized 
 by Guftom as almoft to have become an Idiom of the lan- 
 guage. 
 
 [5] Thefe are the three Primary Modes, or manners of 
 expreffing our thoughts concerning the being, doing, or fuf • 
 fering of a thing. If it comes within our knowledge, we 
 explain it, or make a declaration of it ; if we are ignorant 
 of it or doubtful, we make an inquiry about it ;. if it is not 
 immediately in our power, we exprefs our de fire or will con- 
 cerning it. In Theory therefore the Interrogative form 
 feems to have as good a Title to a Mode of its own, as either 
 of the other two :■ but Practice has determined it other- 
 wife ; and has in all the languages with which we are much 
 acquainted, fupplied the place of an Interrogative Mode, 
 either by Particles of interrogation, or by a peculiar order 
 of the words in thefentence. If it be true, as I have fome- 
 where read, that the Modes of the Verbs are more numer- 
 ous in the Lapland Tongue than in any other, poffibly the 
 Laplanders may be provided with an Interrogative Mode. 
 
 [6] M The burning lever not deludes his pains.'* 
 
 Dryden, Ovid. Me tarn ..Book xii. 
 
 "I hope my Lord, faid he* 1 not offend." 
 
 Dryden, Fables. 
 
 Thefe examples make the impropriety of placing the. Ad^ 
 
92 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. In an Interrogative Sentence, or when a Queflion is 
 afked, the Nominative Cafe follows the Principal Verb, or 
 the Auxiliary : as, u <was it be t n a did Alexander con- 
 quer the Perfians ?" So that the Queftion depends entirely 
 on the oider of the words. [7] 
 
 3. In an Imperative Sentence, when a thing is command- 
 ed to be, to do, to fuffer, or not, the Nominative Cafe fol- 
 lows the Verb or the Auxiliary : as, " Go, thou traitor 
 
 verb not before the Verb very evident. Shakefpear fre- 
 quently places the Negative before the Verb : 
 
 " She not denies it." Much Ado* 
 
 w For men 
 
 Can counfel, and give comfoit to that griefj 
 
 Which they themfelves not feel.'' Ibid* 
 
 It feems therefore, as if this order cf words had anciently been 
 much in ufe, though now growaaltogether obiolete. 
 
 [7] " Did he not fear the Lord, and befougbt the Lord* 
 and the Lord repented him of the evil, which he had pro- 
 nounced againft them ?" Jer. xxvi- 19* Here the Interro- 
 gative and Explicative forms are confounded. It ought to- 
 be, 44 Did he not fear the Lord, and befeecb the Lord ? and 
 did not the Lordrcpent him of the evil?". — "If a man have 
 an hundred flieep, and one of them be gone aftray, dotb he 
 not leave the ninety and nine, and goctb into the moun- 
 tains, and feeketb that which is gone aftray i" Matt, xviii. 
 12. It ought to be, go, and/ieA ; that is ; " dotb ke not 
 £o } and feck that which is gone aftray 2" 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 93 
 
 or, w do thou go :" or the Auxiliary let with the Objective 
 [8] Cafe after it is ufed : as, u Let us be gone."[Q] 
 The Adjective in Englifh, having no variation of Gender 
 
 MMftMVMMIfAM 
 
 [8] " For ever in this humble cell 
 
 Let Tbee and I, my fair-one, dwell/' Prior. 
 It ought to be Me* 
 
 [9] It is net eafy to give particular rules for the manage- 
 ment of the Modes and the Times of Verbs with refpect to 
 one another, fo that they may be proper and confident : nor 
 would it be of much ufe ; for the beft rule that can be giv- 
 en is this very general one, to obferve what the fenfe ne- 
 ceflarily requires. But it may be of ufe to confider a few 
 examples that feem faulty in thefe refpects, and to examine 
 where the fault lies, 
 
 " Some who the depths of eloquence have fiund, 
 In that unnavigable Stream zvcre drami'd." 
 
 Dryden, Juv. Sat. x. 
 
 The event mentioned in the Hrft line is plainly prior in time 
 to that mentioned in the fecond ; this is fubfeqnent to that, 
 and a confequence of it. The firft event is mentioned in the 
 Prefcnt Perfect. Time , it is prefer.t and completed ; u they 
 have [now] jound the depths of eloquence." 1 he fecond 
 event is expreffed in the Pad Indefinite Time ; it is pad and 
 gone ; but when it happened, uncertain : kC they were 
 drown d" We obferved, that the lafl mentioned event is 
 fubfcqucnt to the flrd : but how can the Paft Time be fub- 
 fequent to the Prefent ? It therefore ought to be in the fe- 
 cond line arc, or have been, drown'd, in the Prefent Inde- 
 finite, or Perfect, which is confident with the Prefent Per- 
 fect Time in the firft line ; or in the firfl line bad found in 
 the Pafl Perfect:, which would be confident with the Paft 
 Indefinite in the fecond line. 
 
 <c Friend to my life, which did not you prolong, 
 The world bad wanted many an idle long." 
 
 Pope, Epift. to Arbuthnot« 
 
94 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 or Number, cannot but agree with the Subftantive in thofe 
 refpefts; fome of the Pronominal Adjectives only excepted, 
 
 It ought to be, either, bad not you prolonged ; or, would 
 want. 
 
 There feeras to be a fault of the like nature in the follow- 
 ing paffage : 
 
 u But oh ! 'fwaj little that her life 
 
 O'er earth and waters bears thy fame Prior. 
 
 It ought to be bore in the fecond line, 
 
 Again ; 
 
 " Him portioned maids, apprentice! orphans blefty 
 The young who labour^ and the old who reft." 
 
 Pcpe, Moral Ep. Hi. 267, 
 
 u Fierce as he mov'd, his filver fliafts re founds 
 
 Iliad, B. T. 
 
 The fir ft Verb ought to be in the fame time with the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 u Great Queen of Arms, whofe favour Tydeus woir, 
 As thou dtfcndft the lire, defend the fon." 
 
 Iliad, x. 337* 
 
 It ought to he defended ft* 
 
 " Had their records been delivered down in the vulgar 
 tongue, — they could not now be underftood, unlefs by An- 
 tiquaries, who made it their Rudy to expound them." — 
 Swift, Letter on the Englifh Tongue. Here the latter 
 part of the lentence depends entirely on the Suppofuion ex- 
 pretfed in the former, 44 of their records being delivered down 
 w the vulgar tongue therefore made in the Indicative 
 Mode, which implies no Suppofition, and in the Paft Inde- 
 finite Time, is improper : it would be much better in the 
 Paft Definite and Perfect, bad made ; but indeed ought to 
 be in the Subjunctive Mode, Prefent or Paft Time, ftjould 
 make or Jlxould have made.. 
 
T6 ENGLISH GRAMMA*. 95 
 
 which have the Plural Number : as, tbofe, tbefe ; which 
 rouft agree in Number [1] with their Subflantives. 
 
 POOC«0C 9005 0000 
 
 " And Jefus anfwered, and faid unto him, What wilt 
 thou, that I fhould do unto thee ? The blind man laid unto 
 him, Lord, that I might receive my fight." Mark, x. 51. 
 " That I may know him, and the potaer of his refurreclion, 
 and the fellowfhip of his fufFerings, being made conformable 
 unto his deaih : jfby any mean? I might attain unto the 
 refurreclion of the dead/' Phil. iii. 10, ti« It ought to 
 be may in both places, See alfo John, ix. 39. Ephef. iii. 19. 
 Col. i. 9, 10. 
 
 w On the morrow, becaufe he fould have known the cer- 
 tainty, wherefore he was accufed of the Jews, he loo fed 
 mm* Acls xxi. 30. It ought to be, becauie he would 
 know ; or rather, being willing to know, 
 
 " I thought to have written laft week," is a very com- 
 mon phrafe : the Infinitive being in the Pah 1 Time, as well 
 as the Verb which it follows. But it is certainly vicious : 
 for how longfoeverit now isfince I thought, to write was 
 then prefent to me ; and muft {fill be conndered as prefent, 
 when I bring back that time, and the thoughts of it. It 
 
 ought to be therefore, M I thought to write laft week.'* 
 
 u - I cannot excufe the rerahTnefs of thofe, whofe bufinefs it 
 Jhould have been, as it certainly was their intereft, to have 
 ihterpofed their good offices.' 1 Swift. ' 4 There were two 
 circumftaiKes, which would have made it necelTary for them 
 to have loft no time." Ibid. " Hiftory Painters would 
 have found it difficult to have invented fuch fpecies of 
 beings." Addifon, Dial- I. on Medals. It ought to be, 
 ^' to i?iterpofe ) to lofe, to invent-'* 
 
 - [1] " By this means thou fhalt have no portion on this 
 fide the river:" Ezra. iv. j6. 44 It renders us carelefs of 
 approving ourfelves to God by religious duties, awd by that 
 means ftcuring the continuance of his goodnefs*" Atterbu- 
 ry, Sermons. Ought it not to be, by tbefe means, by tbofe 
 
96 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Nouns of Meafure, Number, and Weight, are fome- 
 tirn<*s joined in the Singular form with Numeral Adjectives 
 denoting Plurality : as, vfc fifty foot ; fix fcort. 
 
 "Ten thoufand fathom deep." 
 
 Milton, P. L. ii. 934* 
 
 44 An hundred bead of Ariftotle'* friends." 
 
 Pope, Dunciad, iv. 192. 
 
 4( About an hundred pound weight." 
 
 John x ! x«39. 
 
 means f or by this mean, by thai mean, in the fmgular 
 number ? as it is ufed by Hooker, Sidney, Shakefpear, &c. 
 
 44 We have ftric/t flatutes, and mofl biting laws, 
 Which for this nineteen years we have let deep." 
 
 Shakefpear, Meaf. for Meaf. 
 
 14 T have not wept this forty years." Dryden. 44 If I had 
 left off troubling myfelf about tbofe kind of tilings." Swift, 
 Letter to Steele. 44 I fancy they are tbofe kind of Gods, 
 which Horace mentions in his allegorical veffel." Addifon, 
 Dial. II % on Medals. 44 I am not recommending tbofe kind 
 of fufTerings to your liking." Bp. Sherlock, Vol. ii. Difc. 2» 
 The foregoing phrafes are all improper. So the Pronoun 
 muft agree with its Noun : in which refpec"t let the follow- 
 ing example be confidered. 44 It is an unanfwerable argu- 
 ment of a very refined age, the wonderful Civilities that 
 have paffecl between the nation of authors and that of rea- 
 ders." Swift, Tale of a Tub, Sect. x. As to thole wonder- 
 ful Civilities, one might fay, that u they are an unanfwera- 
 ble argument, &c." but as the Sentence ftands at prefent, 
 it is not eafy to reconcile it to any grammatical propriety. 
 44 A perfen [that is, one] whom all the world allows to be 
 fo much ycer betters." Swift, Battle of Books. <4 His 
 face was eafily taken either in painting or fculpture 5 and 
 icarce any on*, though never fo indifferently /killed in their 
 
TO "ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 97 
 
 The Adjective generally goes before the Noun : as, " a 
 -wife man ; a good horfe unlefs fomething depends on 
 tlie Adjective ; as, " ftaed convenient for me or the Ad- 
 jective be emphatical ; as," Alexander the great;" and it 
 •itands immediately before the Noun, unlefs the Verb to be % 
 oivany Auxiliary joined to it, come between the Adjective 
 and the Noun : as, " happy is the man ; happy (hall he be/* 
 And the Article goes before the Adjective : except the Ad- 
 jectives alL fucby and many, and others fubjoined to the AcL 
 verbs /i, as, and bow: as, " all the men \" w fucb a man 
 f many a man M fo good a man .;" " as good a man as 
 ever lived " bow beautiful a profpect is here!" And 
 fometimes when there are two or more Adjectives joined to 
 the Noun, the Adjectives follow the Noun j as, u a man 
 learned and religious." 
 
 There are certain Adjectives, which feem to be derived 
 without any variation from Verbs, and have the fame fig- 
 nification with the Pafiive Participles of their Verbs : they 
 are indeed no other than Latin Paffive Participles adapted 
 to the Englilh termination.: as, anntbilate> contaminate^ 
 elate. 
 
 # To deftruction facred and devote" Milton. 
 The alien compoftjs exbaujl." Philips, Cyder* 
 
 ait, failed to hit it. 5 * Welwood's Memoirs, p. *68. 6th Edit, 
 j And the Phrafe which occurs in the following examples, 
 though pretty common and authorifed by Guftom, yet feems 
 to be fomewhat defective in the fame way : 
 
 <* 'Tis tbefe that early taint the female foul." Pope. 
 
 " 'Tis tbey that give the great Atrides' fpoils ; 
 
 'Tis they that ftili renew Ulyfles' toils." Prior. 
 
 " Who was't came by ? 
 'Tis two or tbree> my Lord, that bring you word, 
 JMaedufF is fled to England.'* Shakelpear, Macb» 
 
£0 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 . Thefe (fome few excepted, which have gained adrnffion 
 into common difcourfe,) are much more frequently, and more 
 allowably ufed in poetry than in profe. [2] 
 
 The Diftributive Pronominal Adjectives each, every, ei* 
 tber, agree with the Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs of the 
 Singular Number only : [3] as, " The king of Jfrael and 
 
 •eooooosooot 
 
 [2] Adjectives of this fort are fometimes very improper* 
 lyufed with the Auxiliary bave, or had, inflead of the Ac* 
 tive Perfedl Participle: as, " Which alio King David did 
 dedicate unto the Lord, with the fllyer and gold that he bad 
 dedicate of all nations which he fubdued." 2. Sam. viii, 1 it 
 " And Jehoafh took all the allowed things, that — his fa- 
 thers, kings of Judah, bad dedicate" 2. Kings xii. 18. 
 So likewife Dan. iii. 19. It ought to be had dedicated. 
 « When both interefts of Tyranny and Epifcopacy were 
 fttsorgorate into each other," Milton, Eiconoclaft. xvii. 
 
 [3] Let eacb efleem other better, than tbemfejves" Phil, 
 ii. 3. It ought to be bimjelf. " It is requifite that the 
 language of an heroic poem (hould be both perfpicuous and 
 fublime. In proportion as either of thefe two qualities are 
 [ is) wanting, the language is imperfedt." Sped. No. 285. 
 u 'Tis obfervabie, that every one of the Letters bear date 
 after his banifbment ; and contain a conapleat Narrative of 
 all his ftory afterwards," Bentlty, Diilertation on The- 
 Hiiftocles's Epiftl.es, Seel. ii. It ought to be bears, and 
 tbey contain* 
 
 There is a like impropriety in the following Sentence : 
 44 I do not mean by what I have faid, that I think any one 
 to blame foi- taking due care of tbeir health." Sped. No. 
 
 Eitber Is often ufed improperly in Head of eacb ; as, <c The 
 Icing of ifrael and Jehofaphat king of Judah fat eitber [each] 
 of them on his throne.'' 2 Chron. xviri. 9. " Nadab and 
 Abihu, the fons of Aaron, took eitber [each] of them tip 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR- 99 
 
 Jehofophat kiag of Judah, Tat each [king] on his throne, 
 having [both] put on their robes." i Kings, xxii. 10. 
 * Every tree is known by his own fruit,*' Luke' vi. 44* 
 u Lepidus flatters both, 
 Of both is flatter'd ; but he neither loves, 
 Nor either cares for him." . . 
 
 Shakefpear,. Ant* and Cleop. 
 
 Unlefs the Plural Noun convey a colle&ive Idea ; as, 
 " That every twelve years there fhould be fet forth two 
 {hips." Bacon. 
 
 Every Verb, except in the Infinitive or the Participle 
 hath its Nomkive Cafe, either exprefled or implied [4] i 
 
 " Awake, arife,or be for ever fall 'n ; 
 that is, Awake je, &c. 
 
 ©00*0000 oooooooo 
 
 cenfer." Lev. x. r. Each fignifies both of them, taken! 
 diftincl:ly> or feparately : either properly fignifies only the 
 ene, or the other, of them, taken disjunctively. For which 1 
 reafon the like expreflion in the following' pafTages feems 
 alfo improper ; u They crucified two other with him, on ei- 
 ther fide one, and Jefbs in the midft." John xix. 18. tk Of 
 either fide of the river was there the tree of life.'' Rev* 
 xxii. 2. See alfo 1 Kings, x. 19. " Propofals for a truce 
 between the ladies of either party." Addifon,. Freeholder,-. 
 Contents of No. 38. 
 
 [4] " Forafmuch as it hath pleafed Almighty God of his^ 
 goodnefs to give you fafe deliverance, and bath prejerved 
 you in the great danger of Childbirth — Liturgy. The 
 Verb hath preferved hath here no Nominative Cafe ; for it 
 cannot be properly fupplied by the preceding word God, 
 which is in the Obje&ive Cafe. It ought to be, " and He 
 bath preferred you \*T 01 rather, u and to preferve you." 
 Some of our beft Writers have frequently fallen into this, 
 which I take to be ho futall inaccuracy : 1 fhall therefore add 
 fome more examples of it, by way of admonition ; infertiiag. 
 iu each, within Parenthefis, the Nominative Cafe that is defi- 
 cient, and that mult necefCarily be fupplied to fupport tko-' 
 
ICO A SHORT INTRODUCTION' 
 
 Every Nominative Cafe, except the Cafe Abfolutc, when 
 an addrefs is made to a Perfon, belongs to fopie Verb,,eL» 
 
 coceoooetoMoco* 
 
 proper Coiiftruftion of the Sentence. " ffthe calm in which' 
 he was born, and ( which) lafted (o long, had continued.'' 
 (Clarendon, Life, p. 43. " The RemonflrlbcQ he had lately 
 received from the Hcufe of Commons, and (which) was dif~ 
 periVd througliout the Kingdom." Clarendon, Hill. VoL h 
 pi 366. 8vo» " Thele we have extracted from an Hiflorian 
 of undoubted credit, a reverend bifhop, the learned Paulus 
 Jovius ; and (they) are the fame that were praclifed under 
 the pontificate of Leo X," Pope, Works, Vol. VI. p. 301.. 
 •* A cloud gathering in the North ; which we have helped to 
 raife, and ( which) may quickly break in a ftoTm upon our 
 heads." Swift, Conduct of the Allies. " A man whofe in. 
 elinations led him to be corrupt, and (who) had great abili- 
 ties to manage and multiply and defend his corruptions. 
 Gulliver, Part I. Chap. vi. <c My Mafler likewife menti. 
 ©ned another quality which his fervants had difcovered in 
 snany Yahoos, and (which) to him was wholly unaccounta- 
 ble. Gulliver, Part IV. Chap. vij. « This I filled with 
 the feathers of feveral birds I had taken with fpringa made 
 of Yahoos hairs, and (which) were excellent food." Ibid. 
 Chap. x. " Ofirisj whom the Grecians call Dionyfius, and 
 (who ) is the fame with Bacchus." Swift, Mechan. Opeiv 
 of the Spirit, Seel. ii. 
 
 " Which Homer might without a blufh rehearfe^ 
 And haves a doubtful palm in Virgil's verfe." 
 
 Dryden, Fables, Dedication. 
 
 H Whofe own example ftrengthens all his laws, 
 And is himfelf the great fublime he draws." 
 
 Pope, Eflay on Crit. 
 
 « Will martial flames forever fire thy mind, 
 And never, never be to heav'n refignd ?*' 
 
 Odyffey, xii. 145* 
 
 * And will (it, thy mind), never-—— 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 IOI 
 
 ther expreffed or implied [5] ; as in the anfwer to a Quef- 
 tion ; " Who wrote this book? Cicero:" that is, " Cicero 
 wrote it." Or when the Verb is underftood ; as, ; 
 
 4i To whom thus Adam ; ■ 
 that is, /pake* 
 
 Every" PofTellive Cafe fuppofes fome Noun tb which it' 
 belongs : as when we fay, H St. Paul's, or St. James's" we 
 mean St. .Paul's Churchy or St; James's Palace. 
 
 Every Adjective has relation to fome Subftantive, either 
 expreffed or implied : as, " The Twelve," that hdpojiles; 
 " the wife, the elect," that is, ferfons* 
 
 In fome inftances the Adjective becomes a Subftantive, - 
 and has an Adjective joined to it; as, " the chief Good \" 
 " Evil, be Thou my Good [6] i" 
 
 [5l u Which rule \ if it had been obferved, a neighbouring 
 Prince would have wanted a great deal of that incenfe, 
 which hath been offered up to him by his adorers." Atter- 1 
 bury, Vol. I. Serm- I. The Pronoun it is here the Nomina- 
 tive Cafe to the Verb obferved ; : and which rule is left by 
 itfelf a Nominative Cafe without any Verb followingit. This 
 manner of expreffion, however improper, is very common. It 
 ought to be, " It this rule had been obferved, &c." " We 
 have no better materials to compound the Prieflhood of, than 
 the mafs of mankind : which y corrupted as it is, thofe who 
 receive Grders muft have fome vices to leave behind them 
 when they enter into the Church." Swift, Sentiments of % 
 Church of England man. • 
 
 (6) Adjectives are fometimes employed as Adverbs ; im- 
 properly, and not agreeable to the Genius of the Englifh 
 Language,. As, " indifferent honeiTy excellent well 2" 
 Shakefpear, Hamlet. • " extreme elaborate : Dryden, Efiay 
 on Dram. Poet, " marvellous graceful :" Clarendon, Life, 
 p. 18. « marvellous worthy to be praifed :" Pfal. cxiv. 3, 
 for fo the Tranflators gave it : " extreme unwilling ;" " ex* 
 treme fubject :" Swift, Tale of a Tub, and Battle of Books 9 
 * extraordinary rare ;" Addifon, on Medals. « He bg) 
 
102 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 In others, the Subftantive becomes an Adjective, er fup- 
 flies its place ; being prefixed to another Subftantive, and 
 
 ecee&oocx>oceooo 
 
 liaved himfelf conformable to that blefled example*" Sprat's 
 Sermons, p. 80. 
 
 * I fhall endeavour to live hereafter fui table to a man 
 in my . Nation' Addifon, Sped. No. £30. 4 The Queen 
 having changed her miniftry fit it able to her own wifdom.' 
 Swift, Examin. No. 28. ' The aflertibns of this Author 
 are eajily detected.' Swift, Public Spirit of the Whigs. 
 * The Characteriftic of his Seel allowed him to affirm no 
 Jlronger than that.' Bentley, Phil. Lipf Remark liii.. 
 1 If our author had fpoken nobler and loftier than ano- 
 ther.' Ibid. * Xenophen fays exprefs* Ibid. Remark 
 Xiv. c I can never think fo very mean of him.V Id. Dif- 
 fertation on Phalaris, p. 24. 4 Homer defcribes this river 
 agreeable to the vulgar reading.' Pope, Note on Iliad ii.. 
 V. 1032. So exceeding, for exceedingly, however im- 
 proper, occurs frequently in the Vulgar Tranflation of the. 
 Uible, and has obtained in common difcourfe, i Many men 
 reafon exceeding clear and rightly, who know not how to 
 make afyllogifm.' Locke. 1 We mould live foberly, righ- 
 teoufly, and godly in. this prefent world.' Tit. ii.. 1 2*. See 
 alfo 2 Tim. iii. 12- 4 To convince all, that are ungodly 
 among them 5 . of all their ungodly deeds, which they have 
 Ungodly committed. Jude 15* * I think ,it very mafierly :! 
 written.' Swift to Pope, Letter lxxiv.. 
 
 ' O Liberty !. Thou Goddefs heavenly bright." 
 
 Addifon*, 
 
 The Termination ly,. being a contraction ofWe, exprefies 
 fmiliiude, or manner ; and being added to Nouns forms 
 ^Adjectives ; and added to Adje&ives forms Adverbs. But 
 Adverbs expreffmg fmilitude, or manner, cannot be fo- 
 formed from Nouns : the few Adverbs that are fo formed 
 have a very different import; as, . daily ^ yearly ; that is, 
 flSy by day,- year by year. Early, both - Adjective and 
 ^dverb, is formed frojn the Saxon Prepofition <rr, before. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IOJ 
 
 linked to it by a. mark of conjunction : - as, * fea-water; fb^ 
 reft-tree.' 
 
 Advef.bs have no Government. [7] 
 
 The Adverb, as its name imports, is generally placed 
 clofe or. near to the word, which it modifies or affects; and 
 
 eo9« 3OOOJOO0- 
 
 The Adverbs therefore above noted, are not agreeable to the 
 Analogy of formation eftablifhed in our language, which re-^ 
 quires godlily, ungodlily, heavenlily : but thefe are dis- 
 agreeable to the ear, and therefore. could never gain admit- 
 tance into common ufe.. 
 
 The word lively ufed as an- Adverb,, inftead of Vi-vdily,. 
 is liable to the fame objection ; and. rot being fo familiar to 
 the ear, immediately offends it.. i That part of poetry mwflfe 
 needs be beft, which defcribes- mofl lively our actions and 
 paffions, our virtues and our vices."' Dry den, Pref. to State 
 of Innocence- 4 The whole defign muft refer to the Golden 
 Age, Avhich. it lively reprefents." Addifon on Medals, 
 Dial. ii. 
 
 On the other hand", an Adverb is improperly ufed as an 
 Adjective in the following paffages : ; We may calt in fuch 
 feeds and principles, as we judge mod likely to take foinzfi 
 and deepeft root.' TilLotlbiv Vot I..Serm. 52. ' After 
 thefe wars, of which they hope for a foon and profperous. 
 lime-" Sidney. 4 Ufe a little wine for thy ftomach's fake, 
 and thine often infirmities." h Tim. v. 23. Unlets Jlkn, 
 and often were formerly Adjectives, though now wholly ob- 
 folete in that form-. See Jphnfeh'kl)ifclk)taaty >; Oftenflmef 
 and Soonly* 
 
 [7] " How much focver the Reformation of this cor- 
 rupt and degenerate. Age is almoft utterly to be defpaired 
 fcfj, we may yet have a more comfortable profpect of future 
 times" Tillotfon, Vol. I. Pref. to Serm- 49. The firft 
 part of the fentence abounds with Adverbs, and tUjfe-fuch 
 &§ are hardly confiftent. with one another.. 
 
JO4 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 its propriety and force depend on its pofition. (8) Its place 
 for the moft part-is before Adjectives; after Verbs Active or 
 Neuter; and it frequently ftands between the Auxiliary and 
 the Verb : as, < He made a very eloquent harangue ; he 
 jpake unaffectedly and forcibly ; and was attentively 
 beard by the whole audience." 
 
 Two Negatives in Ebglifti deflroy one another, ©r are 
 equivalent to. an Affirmative : (9) as,. 
 
 osee: 000005 a- , 
 
 [8] Thus it is commonly faid, < I only fpake three words/* 
 when the intention of the fpeaker manifeiUy requires, < I. 
 fpake only three words." 
 
 ' Her body fhaded with a flight- cymarr, 
 Ker bofom to the ^iew was only bare-' 
 
 Dryden, Cymon and Iphig, . 
 
 The fenfe neceffarily requires this order, , 
 
 4i Her bofom only to the view was bare.' 
 
 [9] The follow mg. are examples to the contrary : 
 
 6 Give not me counfel, 
 Nor let no comforter delight mine ear/ ' 
 
 Shakefpear, Much Ado.. 
 
 * She cannot love* 
 Nor take no fhape n or project of affection/ Ibid. 
 
 Shakefpear ufes this conduction frequently. It is a re- 
 lique of the ancient ftyle abounding with Negatives, .which 
 is now grown wholly obfolete : 
 
 1 And of his port as meke as is a mayde, , 
 
 He never yet no vilanie ne fayde 
 
 In alle his 1 if* unto no manere wight ; 
 
 He was a veray parfit gentil knight/ Chaucer.- . 
 
 4 I cannot by no means allow him, that this argynjijU ! 
 muft prove. - Eentley. DifTert. on Fhalaris, p. 5159 
 
TO ENGLISH GR A'MIVfARV 
 
 c Nor did they not perceive the evil plight 
 
 In which they were r or the fierce pains not feel." 
 
 Milton, P. L. i. 335* 
 
 Prepositions have a Government of Cafes ; and in Eng- 
 lifh they always require the Objective Cafe after them 5 as^ 
 nvitb him ; from her ; to me. (1), 
 
 The Prepofuion is often feparated from the Relative which 
 it governs, and j-oined to the Verb at the end of the fen- 
 tence, or of fome member of it ; as, 1 Horace is an author, 
 whom. I am much delighted with* i The world is too well' 
 bred to mock: authors with a truth, ivbicb generally their 
 bookfeilers are the firft that inform; them of.* (2) This is an 
 Idiom which our language is ftrongly inclined to; it pre- 
 vails in common converfation, and fuits very well with the- 
 iiamiiiar ftyle in- writing ; but the placing of the Prefofition 
 
 That we need not, nor do not, confine the purpofes of 
 God.' Id. Serm. 8. 
 
 (1) ' Who ferveil thou under ? 
 
 Shakefpear, Henry V. 
 1 Who do. you fpeak to P As You Like It,. 
 
 * I'll tell you, vbo Time ambles witba!, nob+Ttme trots 
 wtbal, <wbo Time gallops withal, and nubo he ftands ft ill 
 •LuitbaL' 
 
 ■ 1 pr'y thee, wbo doth he trot ivitbal i Ibid. 
 
 * We are ftill much at a lofs, tube civil power belongs 
 to.' Locke. ^ * 
 
 In all thefe places it ought to be whom* 
 
 * Now Margaret's curfe is falTn upon our heads, 
 When flie exclaim'd on Hafiings, you, and L* 
 
 Shakefpear, Rich. Ill* 
 
 It ought wo be me. 
 
 [2I Pope, Preface to his Poems. 
 
io6 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 before the Relative is more graceful, as well as more perfpi- 
 cuons; and agrees much better with the folemn and elevated 
 ftyle. (*) 
 
 « Verbs are often comnour.ded of a Verb and a Prepofiti- 
 on ; as, to uphold, to outweigh) to overlook: and this 
 compofition fometirnes gives a new fenfe to the Verb ; as, 
 to underftand, to withdraw, to forgive* [3] Eut in Lng- 
 lifli the Prepofition is more frequently placed after the Verb, 
 and feparate from it, like an Adverb ; in which fituation it 
 is no Ids apt to affedt the fenfe of it, and to give it a new 
 meaning ; and may Hill be confidered as belonging to the 
 Verb, and as a part of it. As, to caji, is to throw; but 
 to caft up, or to compute an account} is quite a different 
 thing : thus, to fall on, to bear out, to give over, &c. 
 So that the meaning of the Verb, and the propriety of the 
 phrafe, depend on the Prepofition fubjouied. [4} 
 
 ©oocecocoeoseooo 
 
 [*] Some writers feparate the Prepofition from its Noun, 
 in order to connect different Prepofitions with the lame 
 Noun ; as, * To fuppofe the Zodiac and Planets to be effi- 
 cient of and antecedent to, themfelves.' Bentiey, Serin. 
 6. This, whether in the familiar or folemn ftyle, is always 
 inelegant ; and mould never be admitted, but in Forms of 
 Law, and the like ; where fulnefs and exacV.els of expreff- 
 ion iBiift take place of every other confideration. 
 
 [3] With in compofition retains the bonification, which 
 it has among others in the Saxon, of from and againft : 
 as to withhold, to withftand. So alfo for has a negative 
 fignification from the Saxon : as, to forbid, forbeodan j to 
 fjrget, forgitan, 
 
 [4] Examples of impropriety in the ufe of the Pre por- 
 tions in phrafes of this kind : 
 
 « Your chara&er, which I, or any other writer, may now 
 value ourfehes by, (upon) drawing.' Swift, Letter on the 
 Englifli Tongue. ' You have bellowed your favours to 
 (upon) the moil deferving perfons.' Ibid. 1 Upon filch 
 occafions as fell into (under) their cognizance/ Swift, Cc*k 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IO7 
 
 As the Prepofitton Tub joined to the Verb hath the Con- 
 ftruttion and nature of an Adverb, fo the Adverbs bere> 
 
 tefts and DilTentions, &c. Chap, vu 1 That variety of fac- 
 tions into (in) which we are (fill engaged.' Ib. Chap, v* 
 * 4 To reftore myfelf into (to) the good graces of my fair 
 Crkics. , Drvden, Pref. to Aureng. 1 Accufed the minif- 
 ters for (of ) betraying the Dutch.' Swift, Four Laft Years 
 of the Queen, Book ii. 4 Ovid, whom you accufe for (of ) 
 luxuriancy of verle.' Dryden, on Dram. Poefy. 4 The 
 people of England may congratulate to themfelves, that,'— 
 Dryden- 4 Something like this has been reproached to Ta- 
 citus. ' Bolinghroke, on Hiftory, Vol. J. p. 136. 4 He 
 was made much on (of) at Argos-'— ' He is fo refolved of 
 (on) going to the Periian Court.' Bentley, Diuert. on The- 
 miltocles's Epiftles, Set\. iii. 'Neither the one nor the 
 other Jh all make me iwerve out of (from) the path which I 
 have traced to my feltV Bolingbroke, Letter to Wyndham, 
 P. 252. 
 
 ' And virgins fmil'd at what they bluhYd before.' 
 
 * At what they blufh'd (at.') Pope, Enay on Cric. 
 
 4 They are now reconciled by a zeal for their caufe to 
 what they could not be prompted to (by) a concern for their 
 beauty/ Addifon, Specl. No. 81. 4 If policy can prevail 
 upon (over) force.' Addifon, Trav. p. 62. ' Idolikewife 
 .difTent with (from) the Examiner.' Addifon, Whig. Ex- 
 ,amin. No- 1. 4 Ye blind guides, which firain at a gnat, 
 and fwallow a .camel.' Matt, xx'ni. 24. Which (train 
 out, or take a gnat out of the liquor by {training it : the 
 impropriety of the Prepofition has wholly deftroyed the 
 meaning of the Phrafe. 4 No difcouragement for the au- 
 thors to proceed." Tale of a Tub, Preface. 4 A fcricl ob- 
 fervance after times and fafhions. Ibid. Sect. ii. Which 
 had a much greater fhare of inciting him, than any regards 
 after his father's commands/ Ibid. Sec\. vi. 4 Not from 
 any peri'onai hatred to thera, hut in juftification to (of) the 
 
1C# A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 there, iibcre, frith a Prepofition fubjoined,as hereof, there- 
 mitb) nberetipon, (5) have the cor.Rrudion and nature of 
 Pronouns. 
 
 . The Prepcfitions to and fcr are often iinderftoed, chtefijr 
 
 tooctoooooes 
 
 be R of Queens,' Swift, Examiner, No. i*. In t!ie I aft 
 example, the Verb being TranGtive and requiring the Ob- 
 jective Cafe, the Noun formed from it feems to require the 
 Poffeffive Cafe, or its Prepofition after it. Or perhaps he 
 meant to fay, ' In juftlce to the bed oft^ueens. 3 Obferve al- 
 io, that the Noun generally requires after it the fame Prepo- 
 lirjorij as the Verb from which it is formed : 4 It was perfectly 
 in compliance to (with) feme perfons, for whofe opinion I 
 have great deference.' Swift, Pref. to Temple's Memoirs. 
 4 The wifefl: Princes need net think it any diminution to 
 (of) their greatnefs, or derogation to (from) their fufficiency, 
 to rely upon council.' Bacon, Effay xx. So the Noun 
 Averfion (that is, a turning away) as like wife the Adjective 
 a-verfe, feems to require the Prepofition from after it ; and 
 nr r fo properly to admit of to or for, which are often ufed 
 with it. 
 
 (5) Thefe are much d in:. fed in common difcourfe, and are 
 retained only in the Solemn or Formulary fryle. 4 They 
 (our Authors) have of late, 'tis true, reformed in fome mea- 
 fure the gouty joints and darning-work of ivbereunto'f, 
 *wberet>y's, thereof 's, therewith 1 r, and the reft of this kind,; 
 by which complicated periods are fo curioufly ft rung, or 
 hooked on, one to another, after the long- fpun manner of 
 the bar or pulpit. Lord Shaftibuiy, Mifcei. V. 
 
 4 Fra f(he thlr wordis had fay'd.' 
 
 Gawin Douglas, j£n.x» 
 
 4 Tbir v/ikket fchrewis.' Ibid. Jfcn* adj* 
 
 That is, f thefe words 1 thefe wicked fhrews.' Theyr 
 ibcfe,y or thofe^ mafculine ; tbaer, ibefe 7 or tbofe, feM* 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IO9 
 
 before the Pronoun ; as, 4 give me the book ; get me fome 
 paper;' that is, to me, for me. (6) 
 
 The Prepofition in, or on, is ©ften underftood before 
 Nouns expreffing Time ; as, 4 this day ; next month ; lafi 
 
 nine, Iflandick. Hence, perhaps, thereof, therewith, &e« 
 of, with, them ; and fo, by analogy, the reft of this clafs 
 of words, 
 
 (6) Or in thefe and the like phrafes, may riot me, thee,, 
 bitn, her, us, which in the Saxon are the Dative cafes of 
 their refpec*live Pronouns, be conftdered as ftuM continuing; 
 fuch in the Englim, and including in their very form the 
 force of the Prepofitions to and Jar? There are certainly 
 fome other phrafes, which are to be refolved in this man- 
 ner: 1 Wo is met* The phrafe, is pure Saxon: 4 wa is 
 me :' me is the Dative cafe ; in Englifh, with the Prepoft- 
 tion, tome. So, 6 fnethinks Saxon, 4 methinSb ;* 4 As 
 iis tboaghte Sir John Mandeville. * Metbougbts* this 
 {hort interval of iilence has had more mu(ic in it, than any 
 of the fame fpace of time before or after it.' Addifon, Tat- 
 ler, No. 133. See alfo Spect. No. 3 and 64. It ought to 
 be metbougbt. * The Lord do that which feemctb him. 
 good-' 2_Sam. x. 12. See alfo 1 Sam. ill- 18. 2 Saro» 
 xviii- 4. 4 He mall dwell with thee, — in one of thy gates* 
 where it liketb him beftV Deut. xxiii. 16. See alfoEfm. 
 viii. 8 4 O well is thee!' Pfal. exxviii, 2. « mi bis 
 the, 1 id eft, bene eft tibi. Simeon Durielm, apud X. Scrip- 
 teres, cob 135. 4 Wei is him, that thermai be.' Anglo- 
 Saxon Poem in Hickes's Thefaur. Vol- I. p- 231. * Well 
 is him, that dwelleth with a wife of underftanding.'— 4 Well 
 is him, that hath found prudence.' Fxclus. xxv. 8, 9 — 
 The Tranfiitor thought to correct his phrafe afterwards ; 
 and fo hath made it neither Saxon nor Englifh : 4 Well 13 
 be, that is defended from it-' Ecclus. xxviii. 19. 4 Wd 
 worth the day V Ezek, xxx. 2« that is, 4 Wo be tg tht 
 K 
 
HO A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 year that is, f on this day,' 4 in next month ;* c in laft 
 year.' 
 
 In Poetry, the common Order of Words is frequently in, 
 verted, in all ways in which it may be done without ambi- 
 guity or obfcurity. 
 
 Two or more Simple Sentences, joined together by one 
 or more Connective Words, become ft Compounded Sen* 
 tence. 
 
 There are two forts of Words which connect Sentences : 
 I. Relatives; 2. .Conjunctions, 
 
 Examples :. i, i Blefled is the man, ivbo feareth the 
 
 Lord." 2. Life is fhort, and art is long." 1. and 2. , 
 
 * BleiTed is the man, ivbo feareth the Lord, and keepeth his 
 commandments, ' 
 
 The Relatives who, wbieb, tbat r having no variation 
 of gender or number, cannot but agree with their Anteced- 
 ents. Who is appropriated to Pei Tons ; and fo may be acr 
 counted Mafculine and Feminine only : we apply ivbicb 
 now to Things only ; and to Irrational Animals, excluding 
 them from Personality, without any confederation of Sex : 
 nvbicb therefore may be accounted Neuter. But formerly 
 they were both indifferently u fed of Perfons: f Our Father, 
 'mibicb art in heaven. " That is ufed indifferently bpth of 
 Perfons and Things ; but it would .better become the folemn 
 ftyle, to reftrain it more to to the latter than is ufuajly done,. 
 What \nclndes both the Antecedent and the Relative \ as, 
 
 c*saccoteooc«cp« 
 
 day !" The word ivortb is not the AdjecTive, but the Sax- 
 on Verb wcortbany or wortban, fieri) to be, to become I 
 ?which is often ufed by GhaUcer, and is flill retained as an 
 Auxiliary Verb in the German Language, 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Ill 
 
 « This was what he wanted ;' that is, 4 the thing which 
 he wanted [7] 
 
 The Relative is the Nominative Cafe to tjie Verb, "when 
 no other Nominative comes between it and the Verb : but 
 when another Nominative comes between it and the Verb, 
 the Relative is governed by fome word in its own member of 
 the fentence : as, 4 The God, who preferveth me ; nvbofe 
 I am, and whom I ferve-' [8 ] Becaufe in the different mem- 
 bers of the fentence, the Relative performs a different of- 
 fice : in the firft member it reprefents the- Agent; in thefe- 
 cond the FoiTcflbr ; in the third the objed of an a&ion : 
 
 CCO* 
 
 [7] That has been ufed in the fame manner, as including 
 the Relative which ; bat it is either improper, or obfolete : 
 as, To confideradvifedly of tbat is moved.' Bacon, EfTay* 
 xxii. 1 We fpeak that we do know, and teftify tbat we 
 have feen.' John ii*u 11. So likewife the Neuter Pronoun 
 it : as, ' By this alfo a man may un'derftand, when it is that 
 men may be faid to be conquered ; and in what the nature 
 of Conqueft and the right 01 a Conqueror confifteth : for this 
 fubmiflion is it [that which] implyeth them all.' Hobbes, 
 Leviathan, Conclufion. 4 And this is it [that which] men 
 mean by diftributive Juftice, and [which] is properly term- 
 ed Equity." Hobbes, Elements of Law, Part I. Chap, 
 iv. 2. 
 
 [8] IVbo, inftead of going about doing good, they are 
 perpetually intent upon doing mifebief.' Tillotfon, Serm. 
 I. 1 8. The Nominative Cafe they in this fentence is fu per- 
 ilous : it was expreffed before in the Relative who. ' Com- 
 mend me to an argument tbat like a Flail, there's no Fence 
 againft it.' Bentley, DhTert. on Euripides's EpifUes, Seel, 
 i. If tbat be defigned for a Relative, it ought to be which % 
 governed by the Prepolition againft, and it is fuperMuous r 
 thus, 6 againft which there is no fence : but if that be a 
 Conjunction, it ought to be in the preceding member, 4 fuch 
 an argument-' 
 
II? A 3*?0*T INTRODUCTION 
 
 and therefore mud be in the different Cafes ccrrefponding to 
 ihofe offices. 
 
 Every Relative mud have an Antecedent to which it re- 
 fers, either exprefled or underftood ; as, | IVbo (teals my 
 purfe, deals trafh that is, i the man <wbo ■ 
 
 The Relative is of the fame perfon with the Antecedent ; 
 ^pdthe Verb agrees with it accordingly ; as, 1 Who \% ibis, 
 that cometb from Edom ; tbij, that is gloibus in his ap- 
 parel ? I, tfrat fpeak in righteouJneft;.' Jfaiah Ixiii. i. 
 \ O Shepherd of Jirael ; Tbou, that Uadefi Jofrph like a 
 flock ; Tbou, that dwellcji between the Cherubims.'-r— * 
 
 [9] < I am the Lardy (bat maletb all things ; that 
 JtrtJ$betb forth the heavens alone.' 'Jfaiah xliv. 24* THhs 
 far is right: tbe Lord in, the Third Perfon is the Anteced* 
 cnt, and the Verb agrees with the Relative in the third Per* 
 fen : 'I am the Lord, wbicb Lora*, or He tbat mahetb all 
 things.' It would haye been equally right if I had been 
 jnade the Antecedent, and the Relative and the Verb had 
 agreed with it in the Firft Perfon : 1 Jam the Lord, tbat 
 made all things, 1 But when it follows, 6 tbat fpreadctb 
 abroad the earth by tnyfeif>' there arifes a confufion of per* 
 fens, and a manifeft foiecifm. 
 
 1 Tbou great firft Caufe, leaft underftood; 
 
 Wbo all my fenfe confined) 
 To know but this, that Tbou art good, 
 
 And that myfelf am blind : 
 Yet gave me in this dark eftate," &c. 
 
 Pope, Univerfal Prayer. 
 
 Tt ought to be C6hjinedjl, or didjl confine ; gavefiyor dldji 
 givey &c. in the lecond perfon. 
 
 < O Tbou fimreme ! high thron'd all height above I 
 O great Pelafgic, Dodonean Jove! 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1 1 J 
 
 When this, that, tbefe, tbofc> refer to a preceding fen- 
 tence ; tbis % or tbefe, refers to the latter member or term > 
 tbat<> or tbofe, to the former ; as, 
 
 i Self-love j the fpring of motion, acts the foul ; 
 Reafon's comparing balance rules the whole ; 
 Man, but for that* no a&ion could attend ; 
 And, but for tbis> were a&ive to no end ' 
 
 Pope, Eflay on Man* 
 
 ' Some place the blils in a£lion, fome in eafe : 
 
 Tbofe call it pleafure, and contentment tbefe.' Ibid- 
 
 The Relative is often underftood, or omitted \ as, c The 
 majft I love j that is, whom I love. [10] 
 
 escecoaa.eoaocsa 
 
 Wboy 'midft furrounding froiTs, and vapours chill, 
 Preiide on bleak Dodona's vocal hill !' 
 
 Pope, Iliad xvu 2X4* 
 
 < Nor thou, lord Arthur, (halt efcape,. 
 
 To thee 1 often call'd in vain, 
 Again ft that affaffin in crape ; 
 
 Yet tbou could'ft tamely fee me flain* 
 Nor when I felt the dreadful blow,. 
 
 Or chid the dean, ov pinch' d thy fpoufe/ 
 
 Swift,. Market-hill, Thonu 
 
 £10]; « Abufe on all he lev'd, or lbv'd him, fpread.' 
 
 Pope, Epift, to Arbuthnot- 
 
I 14 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 The accuracy and clearnefs of the fentence depend very 
 isuch upon the proper and determinate ufe of the Relative : 
 fo that it may readily prefentits Antecedent to the mind of 
 the hearer or reader, without any obfcurity or ambiguity. 
 The fame may be oblerved of the Pronoun and the Noun : 
 which by fome are called alio the Relative and the Ante- 
 cedent, [i] 
 
 umii^iiiiMw 
 
 That is, i all whom he lov'd, or who lov'd him :* or, to 
 make it more eafy, by fupplying a Relative that has no va- 
 riation of Cafes, all that he lov'd, or that lov'd him.' The 
 ConftrucYion is hazardous, and hardly juftifiable, in Poetry. 
 1 In the temper of mind he was then.' Addifon, SpeCt.. No, 
 549- i In the poftu^e I lay.' Swift, Gulliver, Part I. 
 Chap. 1. In thefe and the like phrafes, which are very 
 common, there 13 an Ellipfis both of the Relative and the 
 Prepofition ; which would have been much better fupplied : 
 c In the temper of mind in which he was then.' 4 In the 
 poflure in which I lay.' 4 The little fatisfaclion and con- 
 fiHency [which] is to he found in moft of the fyftems of Di- 
 vinity [which] I have met with, made me betake myfelf to 
 the fole reading of the Scripture (to which they all appeal) 
 Jbr the undemanding [of] the Chriftian Religion.' Locke, 
 Pref, to Reafonablewefs of Chriflianity. In the following ex- 
 ample the antecedent is omitted : 4 He defired they might 
 go to the author together, and jointly return their thanks to 
 whom only it was due.' Addifon, Freeholder, No. 49. 
 Jn general, the omifiion of the Relative fsems to be too 
 much indulged in the familiar ftyle ; it is ungraceful, in the 
 folemn ; and, of whatever kind the ftyle be, it is apt to be 
 attended with obfcurity and ambiguity. 
 ' [1] The Connective parts of Sentences are the mofl im- 
 portant of all, and require the greateft caie and attention ; 
 for it is by thefe chiefly that the train cf thought, the coiirfe 
 r>f reafoning, and t}ie whole progrels of the mind, in conti- 
 nued difcourfe of all kind., is laid open ; and on the right 
 w'e of thefe the perlpicuityj that is, the firft and greateft 
 beauty, of ftyle principally depend*. 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I i 5 
 
 Conjunctions have fome times a Government of Modes. 
 Some Conjunctions require the Indicative, fome the Sub- 
 
 000&0O00CJ33302* 
 
 Relatives and Conjunctions are the inflruments of Con- 
 nexion in difcourfe ; it may be of ufe to point out fome of 
 the moft: common inaccuracies, that writers are apt to fall 
 i-2to with refpect to them ; and a few examples of faults may 
 perhaps be more inftrudlive, than any rules of propriety that 
 can be given. Here therefore (hall be added fome further 
 examples of inaccuracies in the ufe of Relatives. 
 
 The Relative placed before the Antecedent : Examples : 
 * The bodies which we daily handle, make us perceive, that 
 whilft they remain between tbem^ they do by an unfurmount- 
 able force hinder the approach of our bands that prefs 
 them.* Locke, EiTay, B. ii. C. 4. Seel:- 1. Here the fenfe 
 is fufpended, and the fentence is unintelligible, till you get 
 to the end of it ; there is no antecedent, to which the Rela- 
 tive ib titty can be referred, but bodies ; but, 4 whilfi the 
 bodies remain between the bodies/ makes no fenfe at alL 
 When you get to bands, the difficulty is cleared up, the 
 fenfe helping out the Conftruction. Yet there fiill remains 
 an ambiguity in the Relatives tbey> tbem> which in num- 
 ber and perfon are equally applicable to bodies or bands : 
 this, though it may not here be the occafion of much obfeu- 
 rity, which is commonly the effect of it, yet is always dis- 
 agreeable and inelegant : as in the following examples : 
 
 4 Men look with an evil eye upon the good that is in 
 others ; and think, that tbeir reputation obfeures tbtm ; and 
 that tbeir commendable qualities do (land in tbeir light : 
 and therefore they do what tbey can to caft a cloud over 
 tbem, that the bright finning of tbeir virtues may not ob- 
 fcure tbem-' Tillotfon, Sermon I. 42. 
 
 4 The Earl of Falmouth and Mr. Coventry were rivals, 
 who fhould have moft influence with the' Duke, ivbo loved 
 the Earl beft, but thought the other the wifer man, ivbo 
 fuppoited Penn, ivbo difobliged all the Courtiers, even a- 
 gainft the Earl, ivbo contemned Penn as a fellow of no 
 fenfe. Clarendon, Com. p. 264. 
 
Il6 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 jun&ive Mode, after them: others have no influence at all 
 on the Mode. 
 
 Hypothetical, Conditional, Concern* ve, and Exceptive 
 Conjun&ioas, feem in general to require the SubjuncYive 
 Mode after them : as, if, though, unlefs, except, ivbc- 
 tber> — or, &c. but by ufe they often admit of the Indica- 
 tive ; and in fome cafes with propriety. 
 
 »©M9O<J3«»00 802-1 
 
 But the followiwg Sentence cannot poffibly be underftood,. 
 without a careful recolledion of circumftances through fome 
 pages preced'ng : 
 
 4 All which, with the King's and Queen's fo ample pro- 
 mifes to him [the Treafurer] fo few hours before the con- 
 ferring the place on another, and the Duke of York's man- 
 ner of receiving him [the Treamrer] after he [the Chancel- 
 lor] had been Ihut up with him [the Duke,] as he [the Trea- 
 fiirer] was informed, might very well excufe him [the Trea- 
 furer] for thinking he [the Chancellor] had fome fhare in the 
 affront he [the Treafurer] had undergone.' Clarendon, 
 Cont* p. 276., 
 
 ' Breaking a Conftltution by the very fame errors, that 
 fo many have been broke before.' Swift, Contefts and 
 DifTentions, &c. Chap. 5. Here the Relative is employed 
 not only to reprefent the Antecedent Noun the Errors, but 
 likewife the Prepofition by prefixed to it. It ought to be, 
 
 * the fame errors by which fo many have been broken be* 
 fore. 
 
 Again : < — An undertaking : which, although it has fail- 
 ed, (partly &c and partly, &c.) is no objection at all to 
 an enterprizs fo well concerted, and with fuch fair probabil- 
 ity of fuccefs.' Swift, Conduct of the Allies. That is, 
 
 * Which undertaking is no objection to an exterprize fo well 
 concerted ; that is, 1 to itfelf ;' he means, c the failure or 
 mijcarriage cf ubkb it no objection at all tQ 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 "7 
 
 "Examples: If thou be the Son of God.' Matt. iv. 3. 
 
 * Though he flay ire, yet will I put my truft in him.' 
 Job xiii. 15. * Unhfs he wajlj his flefh.' Lev. xii. 6. 
 
 * No power, except it were given from above-' John xix. 
 ti. £ Whether it were I or they, ib we preach.* 1 Cor. 
 3tv. :i. The Subjunctive in thefe in fiances implies fome- 
 thing contingent or doubtful ; the Indicative would exprefs 
 n more abofointe and determinate fenfe. [2] 
 
 [2] The following example may ferve to illuftrate this 
 ©bfervation ; s Though he were divinely infpired, and fpake 
 therefore, as the oracles of God, with fupreme author ity ; 
 though he were endued with fupernaiura! powers, and could 
 therefore have confirmed the truth of what he uttered by 
 miracles ; yet in compliance with the way in which human 
 nature and reafonable creatures are tffoaHy worked upon, he 
 reafoned.' Atterbury, Serin. IV. 5. 
 
 That our Saviour was divinely infpired, and indued w!th 
 Supernatural powers, are pofitions that are here taken for 
 granted, as not admitting of the leaft doubt : they would 
 therefore have been better expreiTed in the Indicative Modej 
 i though he was divinely infpired \ though he was indued 
 with Supernatural powers.' 
 
 The Subjunctive is ufed in like manner in the following 
 example : 1 Though he were a Son, yet learned he obedi- 
 ence, by the things which he fullered.' Heb. v. 8. But in 
 a fimilar pafiage the Indicative is employed to the fame pur- 
 pofe, and that much more properly : 4 Though he was rich, 
 yet for your fakes he became poor.' 2 Cor. viii. 9. The 
 proper ufe then ef the Subjunctive Mode, after the Con- 
 junction, i3 in the cafe of a doubtful fuppofition or concefli- 
 on : as, 4 Though he fall, he mail not be utterly call down/ 
 Pfal. xxxvii. 24. And much the fame may be laid of the 
 red. 
 
 The fame Conjunction governing both the Indicative and 
 the Subjunctive Mode in the fame fentence, and in the 
 lame circumftances, though either of them feparately would 
 be right, feems to be a great impropriety : as, 
 
1 I S A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 That, expreiling the motive or end, has the Subjunctive 
 Mode, with may, might, ftiould, after it. 
 
 Left, and that annexed to a Command, preceding; and 
 if with but following it ; neceffarily require the Suhjun driver 
 Mode : Examples : 4 Let him, that ftandeth, take heed left 
 he fall." i Cor. x» in 'lake heed, that thou [peak 
 rot to Jacob.' Gen. xxxi. 24. { If he do but touch the 
 lulls, they mall fmoke.' Pfal. civ. 32. [3] 
 
 Other Conjunctions, exprefling a Continuation, an Ad- 
 dition, an Inference, &c. being of a pofitive and abfolute 
 nature, require the Indicative Mode; or rather leave the 
 Mode to be determined by the other- circumftances and con- 
 ditions of the fentence* 
 
 When the Qualities of different things-are compared ; the 
 >atter Noun, or Pronoun, is not governed by. the Conjunc- 
 tion than, or as (for a Conjunction has no Government of 
 Cafes) but agrees with the Verb,, or is governed by the 
 Verb, or the Prepofition, expreffed, or underftood. As, 
 i Thou art wifer than I [am].' 1 You are not fa tall as I 
 [am].' 1 You think him handfomer than [you think] me ; 
 and you love him more than [you love] me.* 
 
 In all other inftances, if you complete the Sentence in 
 like manner, by fupplying the part which is underftood ; the 
 Cafe of the latter Noun, or Pronoun, will be determined. 
 
 eoceeo**»CM 
 
 < Though heaven's King 
 Ride on thy wings, and thou with thy compeers, 
 Us'd to the yoke, drawft his triumphant wheels 
 In progrefs through the road of heav'n ftar-pav'd.' 
 
 Milton, P. L.lV.973. 
 
 « If there be but one body of legiflators, it is no better 
 than a tyranny ; if there are only two, there will want a 
 catting voice/ ■ Addifon, Sped. No. 287. 
 
 [3] In the following inftances, the Conjun&ion that, ex- 
 prefted, or underftood, feems to be improperly accompanied 
 with the Subjunctive Mode : 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I 19 
 
 Thus, * Plato obferves, that God geometrizes : and the fame 
 thing was obferved before by a wifer man than be f that is, 
 than be was. « It is well expreffed by Plato ; but more elc- 
 gantly by Solomon than blm that is ; than by bim* [4] 
 
 * So much (he fears for William's life, 
 
 Tbat Mary's fate me dare not mourn.' Prior, 
 
 M Her eyes in heaven 
 Would through the airy region ftream fo bright, 
 That birds would fing, and think it were not night.' 
 
 , Shakefpear, Rom. and Jul. 
 
 [4] fi You are a much greater lofer than me by his death,' 
 Swift, to Pope, Letter 63, 
 
 * And tho' by heaven's fevere decree 
 She fuffers hourly more than. rjieS 
 
 Swift, to Stella, 
 
 * We contributed a third more than the Dutch, who were 
 obliged to the fame proportion more than us.' Swift, Con* 
 duel of the Allies. 
 
 f King Charles, and more than binij the Duke, and the 
 Fopilh Faction, were at liberty to form new fchem.es.-- Bo- 
 lingbroke, Diff, on Parties, Letter 3, 
 
 * The drift of all his Sermons was, to prepare the Jews 
 for the reception of a Prophet, mightier than ffim, and 
 whofe fhoes l)e was not worthy to bear.' 
 
 Atturbury, Serm. IV. 4, 
 
 * A Poem which is good in jtfelf cannot lofe any thing cf 
 iff real value : though it mould appear not to be the work 
 of fo eminent an author, as birri, to whom it was firfl im- 
 puted- ' Congreve, Prefc to Homer's Hymn to Venus. 
 
 ' A (lone is heavy, and the fand weighty : but a fooPg 
 wrath is heavier than tbem fectht Proy, xxvii. 3* 
 
120 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION" 
 
 But the Relative wfa, having Reference to no Verb or 
 Prepohtion underftaod, but only to its Antecedent, wh$o it 
 ftllows tban, is always in the Objective Cafe ; even though 
 
 < If the King gives us leave, you or I may as lawfully 
 preach, as them tkat do/ Hobbes, Hift. of Civil Weirs, 
 page 62. 
 
 i The fun upon the calmed fea 
 
 Appears not half fo bright as Thee* Prior. 
 
 i Then fmifh, dear Chloe, this Paftoral war, 
 And let us like Horace and Lydia agree ; 
 
 For thou art a Girl as much brighter than ber, 
 As he was a Poet fublimer than me." 
 
 4 Phalaris, who was fo Kiuch older than her* Bentley, 
 DhTert. on Phalaris, p. 537. 
 
 In thefe paflages it ought to be, I, lVe> He, They, Tbou, 
 She, refpetlively. Perhaps the following example may ad- 
 mit of a doubt, whether it be properly exprefTed or not : 
 
 ( The lover got a woman of a greater fortune than her 
 he had mifs'd.' Addifon, Guardian, No. 97. Let us try 
 it by the Rule given above ; and fee, whether fome correc- 
 tion will not be neceflary, when the parts of the fentence 
 which are underftood, come to be fupplied : i The lover got 
 a woman of a greater fortune, than Jhe [wax, whom] he 
 Jiad mifs'd.' 
 
 Nor hope to be myfelf lefs miferable 
 By what I feek, but others to make fuch 
 As L' Milton, P. L. ix. 126. 
 
 The Syntax, fays Dr. Bentley, requires, * make fuel? as 
 we,' On the contrary, the Syntax r.eceflarily requires, 
 J make fuch as I;' for it is not, « I hope to make others 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 121 
 
 the PeiTonal Pronoun, if fubftituted in its place, would be 
 in the Nominative ; as, 
 
 * Beelzebub, than whom, 
 Satan except, none higher fat." 
 
 Milton, P. L. ii. 299* 
 
 which, if we fubftrtute the Perfonal Pronoun, would be, 
 
 4 none higher fat, than he* 
 
 The Conjunction that is often omitted and underftood ; 
 as, 4 I beg you would come to me 4 See thou do it not 
 that is, 4 that you would,;' 4 that thou do. £5] 
 
 The Nominative Cafe following the Auxiliary, or the 
 Verb itfelf, fometimes fupplies the place of the Conjunction, 
 
 or though : as, 4 Had -he do«e this, he had efcaped 
 * Charm he never fo [6] wifely j' that is, 4 if he had done 
 this 4 though he charm.' 
 
 Some Conjunctions have their correspondent Conjuncti- 
 ons belonging to them : fo that, in the fubfequent Member 
 of the Sentence, the latter anfwers to the former : as a!" 
 though, ycty or nevertbehfs j whether—, or ; either*— 5 
 
 fuch, as to make me f the Pronoun is not governed by the 
 Verb to m ake y but is the Nominative Cafe to the Verb am, 
 •underftood ; 4 to make others fuch as I am' 
 
 [5 ] 4 But it is reafon, the memory of their virtues remain 
 to their pofterity.' Bacon, EfTay xiv. In this and many 
 the like phrafes, the Conjunction were much better inferted 1 
 * that the memory, &c.' 
 
 [6] Never fo — 4 This phrafe, fays Dr. Johnfon, is juftly 
 accufed of SolecuW It fhould be, ever fo wifely. ; that 
 
J22 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 cr ; neither, or nor— , nor; as — , as ; exprt fling a Com- 
 panion of equality ; c as white as fnow as~ , jo ; tx- 
 pre fling a Compari fon fometimesof equality : as the ftars,/o 
 ihall thy feed be that is, equal in number : but moft com* 
 monly a Comparifon in refpect to quality ; ' and it (ball be 
 GS with the people, fo with the prieft ; as with the fervaut, 
 fo with his mafler * as is the good, fo is the finner ; as 
 the one ditth, fo dieth the other that is, in like manner : 
 fo — , as, with a Verb, exprefling a comparifon of quality ; 
 ' To fee thy glory, fo as 1 have leen thee in the fan&uary 
 but with a Negative and an Adjective, a Comparifon in le- 
 fpect of quantity; as, * Porepey had eminent abilities : but 
 !>e. was neither fo eloquent and politic a flatefman, nor fo 
 brave and flcilful a general : nor was he upon the whole fo 
 great a maa as Caefar /o— , that exprefling a confequence , 
 
 •oooooeoeoce 
 
 is, how wifely foever, * BeHdes, a llave would not have 
 been admitted into that fociety, had he had never fuch bp- 
 portunities.' Bently, Differt. on Phaiaris, p. 338. 
 
 [7] I have been the more particular in noting the proper 
 fcfes of thefe Conjunctions, becaufe they occur very frequent- 
 ly, and, as it was obfervtd befcre of connective words in 
 general, are of great importance with refpecl to the clear- 
 nefs and beauty of ftyle. I may add too, becaufe mifnkes 
 in the ufe of them are very common ; as will appear by the 
 following examples : 
 
 The Diftributive ConjimcYibn either, is fametimes irnpio- 
 perly ufed alone, in-fiead of the fim pie Disjunctive cr : 4 Can 
 the fig-tree bear olive-berries ? either a vine, figs ?' James, 
 .iii. 12. ' Why beholdelt thou the mote, that is in thy bro- 
 ther's eye ; but perceiveft not the beam, that is in thine own 
 •eye ? Either how canft thou fay to thy brother, Brother, 
 let me pull out the mote that is in thine eye ; when thou 
 thyf lf beholdeft not the beam, that is in thine own eye V 
 iiuke vi. 4r ; 4?, See. alfo Chap, xy. 8. and Phil. iii. 12, 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I & J 
 
 Interjections in Englifh have no Government. 
 
 tfeilber "19 fometimes fuppofed to be included in its cor* 
 
 refpondent nor : 
 
 4 Simois, nor Xanthus, fhail be wanting there.' 
 
 Dryden; 
 
 4 That all the application he could make, nor the King's 
 gwii interpofition, could prevail with her Majefty.' Cla- 
 rendon, Hitl. Vol. III. p. 179. Sometimes to be fnppiied 
 by a fubfequent Negative : 4 His rule holdeth ftill, that Na- 
 ture, nor the engagement ei words, are not fo forcible as 
 cuftoFn.' Bacon, Effay xxxix. * The King, nor the Queen 
 were not at all deceived.' Clarendon, Vol II. p. 363* 
 Thefe forms of expreilion feem both of them equally im* 
 proper. 
 
 Or is fometimes ufed inftead of hot*, after neither:-— 
 4 This is another life, that, in my opinion, contributes ra- 
 ther to make a man learned than wife, and is neither ca- 
 pable of pleafing the underftanding, or imagination/ Ad- 
 dition, Dial. I. on Medals. 
 
 Neither for nor : 4 Neither in this world, neither in the 
 world to come.' Matt. xii. 32. 
 
 So — as y was ufed by the Writers of the lafl century, to 
 exprefs a Confeo A uence, inftead of fo — that: Examples: 
 4 And the third part of the flars was fmitten : fo as [that] 
 the third part of them was darkened. 1 Rev. viii. 12. 4 The 
 relations are fo uncertain, as [that] they require a great 
 d-.-al of examination.' Bacon, Nat. Hift. 4 So as [that] it 
 is a hard calumny to affirm — ' Temple. 4 -So as [that] 
 his thoughts might be feen.' Bentley, Diflert. on jEfsp's 
 Fables, Seel. vi. 4 There was fomething fo amiable, and 
 yet fo piercing in his looks, as [that it] infpired me at once 
 with love and terror.' Addifon, Specl; No. 63. 4 This 
 computation being fo eafy and trivial, a.r-[that] it is a fhame 
 to mention ut.' Swift, Conduft of the Allies. 4 That the 
 
Ifi<f A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Though they arc ufually attended with Nouns in the No- 
 
 •cceoeetece. 
 
 Spaniards were fo violently affected to the Houfe of Auftria, 
 as [that] the whole kingdom would revolt/ Ibid. 
 
 Swift, I belie re, is the J a A of our good writers, who has 
 frequently ufed this manner of cxpreffion : it feems impro- 
 per, and is defervedly grown obfoleie. 
 
 u4fj inflead of that^ in another manner: 4 If a man have 
 that penetration of judgment, as (that) he candifcern what 
 things are to be laid open.' Bacon, Eflfay yu 4 Jt is the 
 nature of extreme felf-lcvers, as (that) they will fet an houfe 
 on fire, and it were but to roaft their eggs." Id. Eflay 
 Xxiii. 4 They would have given him fuch fatisfacYion in 
 other particulars, as (that) a full and happy peace mud have 
 enfued.' Clarendon, Vol. III. p. 214. 
 
 4 I gain' J a fon ; 
 And fuch a fon 5 as all men hail'd me happy/ 
 
 Milton, Samf. Ag. 
 
 * We fliould fufficiently weigh the objects of our hope ; 
 whether they be fuch, as (that) we may reafonably expect 
 from them what they propofe in their fruition, and whether 
 they are fuch, as we are pretty fure of attaining.' Addl- 
 fon, Sped. No. 535. 4 France was then difpofed to con- 
 clude a peace upon fuch conditions, as (that) it was not 
 worth the life of a grenadier to refufe them.' Swift, Four 
 Laft Years of the Queen, B. ii- 
 
 As inftead of the Relative that, <wbo, or which : 4 An it 
 had not been for a civil Gentleman, as (who) came by — 
 Sir J. Witto), in Congreve's Old Batchelor- c The Duke 
 had not behaved with that loyalty, as (with which) he ought 
 
 to have done/ Clarendon, Vol. II. p. 46c <- With 
 
 thofe thoughts as (which) might contribute to their honor.^ 
 Ibid. p. 565. 4 In the order as they lie in his Preface.' 
 Middleton, Works, Vol. III. p. 8. It ought to be either 
 'in order) a3 they lie;' or, 4 in the order in which they 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I2£ 
 minative Cafe, and Verbs in the Indicative Mode ; yet tlig 
 
 lie * * Securing to yourfelves a fucceffion of able and wor- 
 thy men, as (which or who) may adorn this place*' Atter- 
 bury, Serm. IV. 12. 
 
 The Relative that inftead of .as •; 4 Such fharp replies^ 
 thai (as) cod him his life in a few months after/ Claren- 
 don, Vol. III. p. 179. And inftead of fitcb — 4 If he was 
 truly that (fuch a) fcare-crow, as he is now commonly 
 painted. But I wifh I could do that (Such) juOice to the 
 memory of our Phrygian (as) to oblige the painters to 
 change their pencil.' Bentley, Differt. on iEfop's Fables,; 
 Sect, x. 
 
 The Relative <wfco — , inftead of as ; 6 There was no 
 man fo fanguine, who did not apprehend fome ill confe-- 
 queuce from the late change.' Swift,. Examiner, No. 24. 
 It ought to be, either, 4 fo fanguine, as not to appre* 
 hend ;< — or, 4 There was no man, bo<w fanguine foevery 
 who did not apprehend.' 
 
 As improperly omitted : 4 Chaucer followed' nature every 
 where : but was never fo bold (as) to go beyond her.' Dry* 
 den, Preface to Fables- 4 Which nobody prefumes, or is fo 
 fanguine (as) to hope/ Swift, Drap. Let., v. 4 They are 
 fo bold (as) to pronounce. — ' Swift, Tale of a Tub, Seel, 
 vii. 4 1 muft however be fo juft (as) to own.' Addifon, 
 Speft. No. 35* 4 That the difcourfmg of Politics (hall be 
 looked upon (as) dull as talking,on the weather.' Addifon, 
 Freeholder, No. 38.. 
 
 The Conjunction but inftead of than : 4 To truft in Chrifl 
 is no more but to acknowledge him for God.- Hobbes, Hu- 
 man Nature, Chap. xi. 11. 4 They will concern the fe- 
 male fex only, and import no more but that fubje&ion, 
 they fhould ordinarily be in to their hufbands.'' Locke.— 
 4 The full moon was no fooner up, and mining in all its 
 brightnefsj but he privately opened the gate of Paradifc. 
 K * 
 
126 a SHORT INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Cafe and Mode are not influenced by them, but determined 
 by the nature of the Sentence. (8) 
 
 eCC»?OCCC35« 
 
 Addifon, Guardian, No. 167. < This is none other but the 
 lioufe of God-' Genefis, xxxvii. 17. 
 
 Too — , that, improperly ufed as Correfpondent Conjunc- 
 tions : 4 Whole characters are too profligate, that the ma- 
 naging of them fhould be of any a^eq^^ce.' Swift, Ex- 
 aminer, No. 24* It ought to he, c So profligate, that the 
 managing of them cannot be of any confequence.' Aad, 
 too — than : i You that are are a (lep higher than a Philo- 
 lofopher, a Divine ; yet have too much grace and wit than 
 to be a Bifhop.' Pope, to Swift, Letter 8o- It ought to- 
 be, i Too much grace and wit to be a Bifhop:' without than*. 
 So — but :■ * If the appointing and apportioning of penalties 
 to crimes be not fo properly a eonfideration of juftice, but' 
 rather (as) of prudence in the Lawgiver.' Tillotfon, Serm., 
 
 And to conclude with an example, in which, whatever 
 may be the thought of the accuracy of the expreflion, the 
 juftnefs of the obfervation will be acknowledged: which 
 may fcrve alfo as an apology for this and many of the pre-, 
 ceding Notes : * No eirors are fo trivial, but they deferve. 
 to be mended.' Pcpe > to, Steele, Letter 6. 
 
 (8) } Ah me!' fcems to be a phrafe of the fame nature 
 with < Wo is me ! ' fop the refolution of which, fee above. 
 
 PUNCTUATION, 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 127 
 
 PUNCTUATIO N. 
 
 PUNCTUATION is the art of. marking in writing the 
 feveral paufes, or refts, between fentences and the 
 parts of fentences, according to their proper quantity or pro* 
 portion, as they are expreffed in a juft and accurate pronun- 
 ciation.. 
 
 As the feveral articulate founds, the fytlables and; words, 
 ef which fentences confift, are marked by Letters ; fo the 
 refts and paufes between fentences and their parts, are mark-, 
 ed by Points. 
 
 But though thefeverak articulate founds are pretty fully 
 and exactly marked by Letters of known and determinate 
 power ; yet the feveral paufes which are ufed in a juft pro-, 
 nunciation of,, difcourfe, ara very imperfectly expreffed by- 
 Points. 
 
 For the different degrees of connexion between the feve«~ 
 ral parts of fentences, and the different paufes in a juft pro- 
 nunciation,, which exprefs . thofe degrees of connexion ac-. 
 cording to their proper value, admit of great variety ; but . 
 the whole number of Points, whkh we. have to exprefs this , 
 variety, amounts only to Four. 
 
 Hence it is, that we are under a necdlity of expreflfing^ 
 panfes of the fame quantity, ,on different occafions,. by dif- 
 ferent points ;. and more frequently, of/expreiftng paufes of/ 
 different quantity by the fame points. 
 
 So that the doctrine of Punctuation muft needs he very 
 imperfect few.precife Rules can be given which will hold 
 without exception in all cafes ; but much muft be left to> 
 the judgment and-tafte of the writer.. 
 
 On the other hand,, if a greater number of marks were 
 invented to exprefs all the poflible different paufes of pro- 
 nunciation ; the doctrine of them would be veiy perplexed- 
 and difficult, and the ufe of . them would ratber embarrafs, 
 *han affut.thc feader* . 
 
128 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 It remains therefore, that we be content with the Rules 
 of Punctuation, laid down with as much exactnefs as the 
 nature of the fubject will admit: fuck as may ferve for a 
 general direction, to be accommodated to different occafi- 
 ons ; and to be fupplied, where deficient, by the writer's 
 judgment. 
 
 The feveral degrees of Connexion between Sentences, 
 and between their principal conftructive parts, Rhetoricians 
 have confidered ufider the following dilHnctions, as the moft 
 obvious and remarkable : the Period, Colon, Semicolon, and 
 Comma. 
 
 The Period is the whole Sentence, complete in itfelf, 
 wanting nothing to make a full and perfect fenfe, and not 
 connected in conftrudtion with a fubfequent fentence. 
 
 The Colon, or Member, is a chief conftructive part, or 
 greater divifion of a Sentence. 
 
 The Semicolon or Half-member, is a lefs conftructive 
 part, or fub-divifion of a Sentence or Member. 
 
 A Sentence, or Member, is again fub-divided into Com- 
 mas, or Segments f, which are the leaft conftructive parts of 
 a Sentence or Member, in this way of confidering it ; for 
 the next fub-divilion would be the refolution of it into Phraf- 
 es and Word*.. 
 
 The Grammarians have followed this divifion of the Rhe- 
 toricians, and have appropriated* to each of thefe diftincti-? 
 ons its Mark or Point ; which takes its name from the part 
 of the fentence which it is employed to diftinguifh ; as fol* 
 
 lows : 
 
 The Period f • 
 
 The Colon Li s thus marked <J : 
 
 i he Semicolon j j ; 
 
 The Comma J. L » 
 
 The proportional quantity, or time, of the points,with refpect' 
 to one another, is determined by the following general rule:: 
 The Period is a paufe in quantity or duration double of the 
 Colon ; the Colon is double of the Semicolon ; and the Se- 
 lnicolon is double of the Comma. So that they are in the 
 fame proportion to one another, as the Semibref, the Minim, 
 the Crotchet* and the Quaver, in Mufic- The precife quan- 
 tity, or duration, of each Paufe or Note, cannot be defined;, 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 129 
 
 for that varies with the Time ; and both in Difcourfe and 
 Mufic, the Tame Cotnpofition may be rehearfed in a quicker 
 or a flower Time : but in Mufic the proportion between the 
 Notes remains ever the fame ; and in Difcourfe, if the doc- 
 trine of Punctuation were exact, the proportion between 
 the Paufes would be ever invariable. 
 
 The- Points then being defigned to cxprefs the Paufes 
 which depend on the different deg-ees of connexion between 
 featences, and between their principal conductive parts; in 
 order to underftand the meaning of the Points, and to knovi 
 how to apply them properly, we mu3 confider the nature of 
 a fentence, as divided into its principal conftrudYive parts ; 
 and the degrees of connexion between thofe parts, upon 
 which fuch divifion of it depends. 
 
 To begin with the leaf! of thefc principal constructive 
 parts, the Comma. In order the more clearly to determine 
 the proper application of the Point which marks it, we mufl 
 diflinguifli between an Imperfect Phrafe, a Simple Sentence,, 
 and a Compound Sentence. 
 
 .An Imperfect Phrafe contains no affertion, or does not 
 amount to a Propofition or Sentence. 
 
 A Simple Sentence has but one Subject, and one Finite 
 Verb. 
 
 A Compounded Sentence has more than one Subject, cr 
 one finite Verb, either exprefiVd or underftood ; or it con* 
 fids of two or mere fimple fentencei connected together. 
 
 In a Sentence the Subject and the Verb may be each of 
 them accompanied with feveral Adjuncts; as the Object, the 
 End, the Circumftances of Time, Place, Manner, and the 
 like ; and the Subject or Verb may be either immediately 
 connected with them, or mediately ; that is, by being con- 
 nected with fome thing, which is connected with fome other j 
 and fo on. 
 
 Jf the feveral Adjuncts affect the Subject or the Verb in 
 a different manner, they are only fo many imperfect Phrafes ? 
 and the fentence is fimple. 
 
 A Simple Sentence admits of no Point by which it may- 
 be divided, or dnTm;>iufhed, into narts. 
 
130 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 If thi feveral Adjuncts affect the Subject or the Verb in 
 the fame mai mer, they may be refolved into fo many 6m- 
 ple Sentences : the Sentence then becomes Compounded, 
 and it smut be divided into its parts by Points. : 
 
 For, if there are feveral fubjects belonging in the fame 
 manner to one Verb, or feveral Verbs belonging in the fame 
 manner to one fubject, the Subjects and the Verbs are uill 
 to be accounted equal in number; for every Verb muft have 
 its Subject, and every Subject its Verb ; and every one of 
 the Subjects, or Verbs, Ihould or may have its Point of 
 Diftinction. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 11 The paffion for praife produces excellent effects in wo- 
 men of fenfe." Addifon, Spect. No- 73, In this fentence 
 pajfijii is the fubject, and produce:^ the Verb: each of 
 which is accompanied and connected with its Adjuncts. The 
 fubject is not paffion in general, but a particular paffion de- 
 termined by its Adjunct of Specification, as we may call it, 
 the paflien for praife. So likewife the Verb is immedi- 
 ately connected with its object, excellent effeSls ; and me- 
 diately that is, by the intervention of the word effecls, 
 with women, the fubject in which thefe effects are pro- 
 duced : which agah>is connected with its Adjunct of fpftfci- 
 fieation ; for it is not meaned of women in general, but of 
 women of fenfe only. Laflly, it is to be obierved, that the 
 Verb is connected with each of thefe feveral Adjuncts in a 
 different manner ; namely, with effe&s, as the object ; with 
 women, as the fubject cf them ; with fenfe, as tke quality 
 cr charadterifiic ot thofe women. The Adjuncts therefore 
 are only fo many imperfect Phrafes ; the fentence is a Am- 
 ple fentence, and admits of no Point, by which it may be 
 diffmguifhed into parts. 
 
 " The paffion for praife, which is fo very vehement in 
 the fair fex, produces excellent effects in women of fenie." 
 Here a new Verb is introduced, accompanied with Adjuncts 
 of its own ; and the fubject is repeated by the Relative Pro- 
 noun wbicb. It now becomes a Compounded fentence, 
 made up of two iimple Sentences, one of which is inferted 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IJI 
 
 in the middle of the other; it mufl therefore be diftinguim- 
 ed into its component parts by a Point placed on each fide 
 of the additional fentence. 
 
 w How many inflances have we [in the fair fex] of chaf- 
 tity, fidelity, devotion 1 How many Ladies diftingmfli 
 themfelves by the education of their children, care of their 
 families, and love of their buhbands ; which aie the great 
 qualities and atchievernents of womankind ; as the making 
 of war, the carrying on of traffic, and the adminiflration of 
 juflice, are thofe by which men grow famous, and get them* 
 ielves a name 1" Ibid. 
 
 In the fei ft of thefe two fentences, the Adjuncts cbaftity, 
 fidelity, devotion, a*e connected with the Verb by the word 
 injiances in the fame manner, and in effect make fo many 
 duttnft fentences : " how many inflances have we of chal* 
 tity ! How many inflances have we of fidelity ! how many 
 inflances have we of devotion !" They mufl therefore be 
 (eparated from one another by a Point. The fame may be 
 faid of the Adjnn&s, 1 education cf their children, &c.' in 
 the former part of the fentence : as likewife of the feveral 
 fubje&s, < the making of war, '&c.' in the latter part; which 
 have in effect each their Verb ; for each of thefe 4 is an at- 
 chievement by v/hich men grow famous,' 
 
 As fentences themfelves are divided into Simple and Com*, 
 pounded, fo the Members of Sentences may bw- divided like* 
 wife into Simple and Gompou nded Members : for whole fen* 
 tences, whether Simple or Compounded, may become Mem* 
 bers of other fentences by means of fome additional connex- 
 ion. 
 
 Simple Members of fentences clofelv connected together 
 in one Compounded Member or Senuvice, are diflinguifhed 
 or feparated by a Comma : as in the foregoing examples. 
 
 So likewife the Cafe Abfolute ; Nouns in Apportion, when 
 con lifting of many terms; the Participle with fomething de- 
 pending on it; are to be di^inguifhed by the Comma : for 
 they may be refolved into fimple Members. 
 
 When an addrefs is made to a perfon, the Noun, anfwer- 
 ing to the Vocative Cafe in Latin, is difVingui-hed by a Com- 
 ma. 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1 This foid, He form'd thee, Adam ; thee, O man, 
 Dull of die ground.' 
 
 i Nov? Morn, her rofy Heps "in th* eaftem clime 
 Advancing, fow'd the .earth with orient pearl.' 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Two Nouns, or two Adjectives, connected by a fingle 
 Copulative or Disjunctive, are not fepa rated by a Point; 
 but when there are more than two, or where the Conjunc- 
 tion is undei flood, they muft be diffmguifhed by a Comma. 
 
 Simple Members connected by Relatives and Compara- 
 tives, are for the moft part .difVuiguifhed by a Comma : but 
 when the Members are fhort in Comparative Sentences ; and 
 when two Members are clofely connected by a Relative, rt*- 
 (training the general notion af the Antecedent to a particu- 
 lar fenie ; the paule becomes almoft infenfible, and the Com- 
 ma is better .omitted. 
 
 "Examples. 
 
 4 Raptures, tranfports, and extacies, are the rewards which 
 fhey confer: fighs and tears, prayers and broken hearts, are 
 ihe offerings which are paid to them. ' Addifon, ibid. 
 
 { Gods partial, changeful, paflionate, unjuit ; 
 Whofe attributes were rage, revenge, or lull.' Pope. 
 
 < What is fweeter than honey ? and what is ftronger than 
 a. lion ?' 
 
 A circumftance of importance, though no more than an 
 Imperfect Phrafe, may be fet off with a Comma on each fide, 
 to give it greater force and diftinction. 
 
 Example* 
 
TO ENGLISH 6RAMMAR. IJJ 
 
 Example* 
 
 { The principle may be defective or faulty ; but the con- 
 fequences it produces are fo good, that, for the benefit of 
 mankind, it ought not to be extinguilhed.? Addifon,- ibid^ 
 
 A Member of a fentence, whether Simple or Compounded,* 
 that requires a greater paufe than a Comma, yet does not of 
 itfelf make a complete fentence, but is followed by fomething: 
 clofely depending on it, may be diilinguUhed by a Semi-- 
 colon. 
 
 Ex A MP-LEv 
 
 * But as this paffion for admiration, when it works- accord- 
 ing to reafon, improves the beautiful part of our fpecies in 
 every thing that is laudable ; fo nothing is more deftrucYive 
 to then?* when it is governed by vanity and folly. AddU- 
 fon, ibid*. 
 
 Here the- whole fentence is divided into two parts by the 
 Semicolon ; each of which parts is a Compounded Member, 
 divided* into its fimple Members by a Comma* 
 
 A Member of a Sentence, whether Simple or compound- 
 ed, which of itfelf would make a complete fentence, and fo 
 requires a greater paufe than a Semicolon, yet is followed 
 by an additional part making a more full and perfect fenfe, 
 may be diftinguifiied by the Colon. 
 
 Ex A MPL Ei 
 
 Were all books reduced to their quinteffcnce, many a bulky 
 author would make his appearance in a penny paper : there 
 would be fcarce any fuch thing in nature as a folio: the 
 works of an age would be contained on a few (helves : not 
 to mention millions of volumes that would be utterly aran* 
 hilatedt Addifon, Spett. No. 124* 
 M- 
 
534 
 
 A SHORT INTRODUCTION 
 
 Here the whole fentence is divided into four parts by Co- 
 lons ; the firfi and laft of which are Compounded Members, 
 each divided by a Comma ; the fecond and third are fimple 
 Members. 
 
 When a Semicolon has preceded, and a greater paufe is 
 flill necefiary ; a Colon may be employed, though the fen- 
 tence be incomplete. 
 
 The Colon is alfo commonly ufed, when an example or a 
 fpeech is introduced. 
 
 When a fentence is fo far perfectly finifhed, as not to be 
 connected in conftruclioQ with the following fentence, it is. 
 marked with a Period. 
 
 In all cafes, the proportion of the feveral Points in refpecY 
 to one another, is rather to be regarded, than their fuppofed 
 precife quantity, or proper office, when taken feparately. 
 
 Befide the Points which mark the paufes in difcourfe,' 
 there are others which denote a different modulation of the 
 voice in correfpondence with the fenfe-. Thefe are 
 
 The Interrogation Point "V f ? 
 
 The Exclamation Point. V thus marked < I 
 The Parenthefis J i. ( ) 
 
 The Interrogation and Exclamation Points are fufficiently 
 explained by their names : they are. indeterminate as to their 
 quantity or time, and may be equivalent in that refpec"ltoa 
 Semicolon, a Colon, or a Period, as, the fenfe requires.^. 
 They mark an Elevation of the Voice. 
 
 The Parenthefis inclofes in the body of a fentence a .Mem- 
 ber inferted into it, which is neither necefiary to tke fenfe, 
 nor at all afledls the GonflrucYian. It marks a moderate de-- 
 preflion of the voice with a paufe greater than a Comma.. 
 
 A PRAXIS; 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 A PRAXIS: 
 
 o R, 
 
 EXAMPLE of GRAMMATICAL RESOLUTION. 
 
 IN the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Csfar, Pon- 
 tius Pilate being Governor of Judea, the word of God 
 came unto John the fon of Zacharius in the Wildernefs. 
 
 2. And he came into all the country about Jordan preach- 
 ing the baptifm of repentance for the remiffion of fins. 
 
 3. And the fame John had his raiment of camel's hair, and 
 a leathern girdle about his loins, and his meat was locuAsand 
 wild hone/. 
 
 4. Then faid he to the multitude that came forth to be 
 baptized of him, O generation of vipers, who hath warned 
 you to flee from the wrath to come? Bring forth therefore 
 fruits meet for repentance. 
 
 5. And as all men mufedin their hearts of John, whether 
 he were the Chrifr, or not ; John anfwered, faying unto them 
 all, I indeed baptize you with water ; but one mightier than 
 I cometh, the latchet of whofe fhoes I am not worthy to 
 imloofe : he (hall baptize you with the Holy Ghoft and with 
 fire. 
 
 6 Now when all the people were "baptized, it came to 
 pafs, that, Jefus alfo being baptized and praying, the heaven 
 was opened, and the Holy Ghoft defcended in a bodily 
 frnpe, like a dove, upon him ; and lo ! a voice from heaven 
 faying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am welLpleafed. 
 
 I. In is a Prepofition ; the the Definite Article ; fifteenth 
 4 an AdjecYive ; year, a Subflantive, or Noun, in the Object- 
 ive Cafe, governed by the Prepofition in ; of } a Prepofiti- 
 
A SHORT TNTROb ITCTION 
 
 on ; the Reign, a Subftantive, Objective Cafe, governed by 
 the Piepofition of; Tiberius Ccsfar, both Subftantives, 
 Proper Names, Government and Cafe as before ; Pontius 
 Pilate, Proper Names ; being, the Prefent Participle of 
 the Verb Neuter to be ; Governor, a Subftantive; ofju- 
 dea, a Proper Name, Government and Cafe as before ; Pon- 
 tius Pilate bting Governor^ is the Gafe Abfolute, that is, 
 the Nominative Gafe with a Participle without a Verb fol- 
 lowing and agreeing with it ; the meaning is the fame -as, 
 when Pilate was governor ; the word, a Subftantive ; of 
 God, a -Subftantive, Objective Gafe, governed by the Piepc- 
 fion of; came, a Verb Neuter, Indicative Mode, raft 
 Time, Third Perfon, Singular Number, agreeing with the 
 Nominative Cafe word; unto, a Prepofition ; John, a Pro- 
 per Name ; the Son, a Subftantive, put In Apportion to 
 John ; that is, in the fame Cafe, governed by the fame 
 Prepofition unto; of Zcicharias, a Proper Name; in, a 
 Prepofnion ; the Wilde rnefs, 9 a Subftantive, Government 
 and Gafe as before. 
 
 2. And, a Conjunction Copulative ; he, a Pronoun^ 
 *Third Perfon Singular, Mafculine Gender, Nominative Gafe, 
 fending for John; came, as before ; into, a Prepofition,; 
 ell, an Adjective ; the Country, a 'Subftantive ; about, a 
 Prepofition ; Jordan, a Proper Name ,; Objective Cafes., 
 governed by their Prepofttions; preaching, the Prefent Par* 
 .fciciple of the Verb Active to p reach, joined like an Adjec- 
 tive to the Pronoun he ; the bdptifm, a Subftastive in the 
 Objective Cafe following the Verb Active p reaching, and 
 governed by it ; of repentance, a Subft. Government and 
 •Gafe as before ; for, a Prep- tht Remiffion of Sins, Sub- 
 ftantives, the latter in the Plural Number, Government and 
 .Cafe as before. 
 
 3. And, (b. that is, as before ;) the fame, an Adjec- 
 tive ; John; (b) had, a Verb Active, Indicative Mode, 
 Paft Time, Third Perfon Singular, agreeing with the Nomi- 
 4ia$ive Cafe John ; his, a Pronoun, Third Perfon Singular, 
 -Pofleffive Cafe ; Raiment, a Subftantive in the Objective 
 Cafe, following the Verb Active had, and governed by it ; 
 
 camel's, a Subftantive, Poffeffiye Cafe j pair, Subftaiv- 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IJ7 
 
 tive, Objective Cafe, governed by the Prepofition of the 
 lame as, of the hair of a camel ; and ; (b-) a, the defi- 
 nite Article ; leathern, an Adj. girdle, a SuMu about, 
 (h.) his (h.) /ow, Subfr. Plural Number., Obje&tye Gale, 
 .governed by the Prepofition about s and (b*) meaty 
 Subft. was, Indicative ie, Paft Time, Third Perfon 
 Singular, of the Verb Neuter to be : Tocu/ls, Subftantive, 
 Plural Number, Nominative Gale after the Verb was ; and 
 (b.) wild) Adjective ; honey, Subflantive, the fame Cafe. 
 
 j 4« Then, an Adveffe ; faid, a Verb Active, Pad Time, 
 Third Perfon Singular, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe 
 be (b.) to, a Prep, the multitude, Subft. Objective Gafe, 
 governed by the Prep, to j that, a Relative Pronoun, its 
 Antecedent is the multitude \; came, (b.) forth, -an Ad- 
 verb; -to, a Prep, and'before a Verb the fign of the Infini- 
 tive Mode ; be baptized, a Verb Paffive, made of the Par- 
 ticiple Paffive of the Verb to baptize, and the Auxiliary 
 Verb to be, in the Infinitive Mode ; of him, Pronoun, 
 Third Perfon Sing. Handing for John, in the Objective 
 Cafe, governed by the Prep, of ; 0, an Interjection ; ge- 
 neration, Subft. Nominative Cafe ; of vipers, Subft. Plu- 
 ral Number, Objective Cafe, governed by the Prepofition 
 of; who, an Interrogative Pronoun ; bath warned, a Verb 
 A&ive, Prefent Perfect Time, made of the Perfect Parti- 
 ciple warned, and .tire Auxiliary Verb hath, Third Perfon 
 Singular, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe who ; you f 
 Pronoun, Second Perfon Plural, Objective Gafe, following 
 the Verb Active warned, and governed by it : to fee, 
 Verb Neuter, Infinitive Mode from, a Prep, the wrath* 
 Subft. Objective Cafe, governed by the Prep, from j to 
 come, Verb Neuter, Infinitive Mode ; bring, Verb Active, 
 Imperative Mode, Second Perfon Plural, agreeing with the 
 Nominative Cafe j/e underftoqd, as if it were, bring ye; 
 forth, an Adverb ; therefore, a .Conjunction ; fruits, a 
 Subft. Plural, Objective Cafe, following the Verb .Active 
 bring, and governed by it ; meet, an Adjective, joined tp 
 fruits, but placed after it, becaufe it hath fomething depend- 
 ing on it ; for repentance, a Subftantive, governed by ft 
 -PrepoQtion aj> before,, 
 
A SHORT INTRODUCTION' 
 
 Hurrf ^mb^rj a Verb Neuter, Paft Time, Third 
 
 • ?l\ L agreeing with the Nominative Cafe men ; 
 [V * Pronominal /^djedivc, from the Proittun 
 
 tbey; hearts, Subft. Plural Number, Objedive Cafe, crd 
 yernedby the Prep, in; of Job,, (b.) i&ffar, a Con- 
 junction ; be, (b.) were, Subjundive Mode, governed by 
 the ConiundHoti <^^r, Pail Time, Third Perfcn Sing. 
 °A U 'A -n J° be " a S reeil -g with the Nominative Cafe be; 
 tbcLbrijl, Subft. Nominative Cafe after the Verb wre; 
 or, a^Disjundive Conjunction-,, correfponding to the oreced- 
 ing Conjunction ivbelber; not, an Adverb; Joih f (b.) 
 ^>er^, a Verb Adive, Indicative Mode, Paft Time, 
 i bird Perfon Sing. agreeing with the Nominative Cafe John; 
 Jaytng, Preient Participle of the Verb Adive to fay, join. 
 ^• t0 , r, e ^antive ««/o(b;) ^em, a Pronoun, 
 
 ihird lerfon Plural, Object e Cafe, governed by the Pre- 
 pohtion unto ; all, (b.) / Pronoun, Firft Perfon Singular; 
 weedy an Adverb; baptize, a Verb Adive, Indicative 
 Mode, Prcfent Time, Firft Perfon Singular, agreeing with 
 the Nominative Cafe L; you, Pronoun, Second Perfon 
 nuralj Objedive Cafe, following the Verb Adive baptize, 
 •and governed by it; with, a Prep, water, Subft. Objedive 
 Cale, governed by the Prepofition with ; but, a Disjunct- 
 ive Conjunction ; one, a Pronoun, (landing for fome Per- 
 ion n.Dt mentioned by name : migbtier, an Adjedive in the 
 Comparative Degree, from the Pofitiye mighty; than,* 
 Conjunction, ufed after a Comparative word ; I, (b.) the 
 verb am being underftood, that i?, lb an I am; cometb, 
 a Verb Neuter, Indicative Mode, Prefent Time, Third Per- 
 ion Sing, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe one; tbe 
 iaicbet, Subft. of (b.) <wbpfe, Pronoun Relative, one be- 
 ing the Antecedent to it, in the Poffeffive Cafe ; Jhoes, 
 Subft. Plural, Objedive Cafe, governed by the Prepofition 
 V / { 5 (b.) am, Indicative Mode, Prefent Time, Firft Per- 
 son Sing, of the Verb to be ; agreeing with the Nominat- 
 ive-Cafe I; mt,(b.) vortby, an Adjective : to unloofe, 
 a Verb Adive, in the Infinitive Mode, governing the Sub* 
 ftantive latchet, in the Objedive Cafe ; he, (b.) Jball bap- 
 tize, a Verb Adive, Indicative Mode, Future Time, made 
 fry the Auxiliary fmll, Third Perfon Sing, agreeing witlj 
 
TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1^9 
 
 the Nominative Cafe be ; you, (b.) with tbe, (b.) Holy,. 
 an Adje&ive ; Gboft, a Subft. and wtb, (i>.) fire, a Sub- 
 ftantive ; this and the tl rmer, both in tli<3 Objective Cafe^ 
 governed by the Prep, with* 
 
 6. Now, an Adverb ; nvben, a Conjunction ; <3#, (b.) 
 tbe people, a Subft. tiere baptized, a Veib Paflive, made 
 of the Auxiliary Verb to be, joined with the Participle Paff- 
 ive of the Verb to baptize, Indicative Mode, Pali Time,, 
 Third Perfon Plural, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe 
 Singular, people, being a Noun of multitude ; it, Pronoun^ 
 Third Perfon Singula'-, Neuter Gender,. Nominative dale ;. 
 Game, (b.) to pafs> Verb Neuter, Infinitive Mode ; that,. 
 a Conjunction ; Jefus, a Proper Name; aljo, an Adverb; 
 being, Prefent Participle of the Verb to be ; bap- 
 tized, Participle Pajfive cf the Verb.«ro baptize ; and, (b.) 
 praying, Prefent Participle of the Verb Neuter to pray % 
 J ejus being baptized and praying is the Cafe Abfolute, 
 as before ; tbe heaven, Subftantive ; was opened, Verb 
 Paflive, Indicative Mood, Paft Time, Third perfon Singu-. 
 lar, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe heaven, the Aux- 
 iliary Verb to be being joined to the Participle Paflive, as 
 before; and tbe Holy Gboft, (b.) descended, Verb Neu« 
 ter, Indicative Mode, Paft Time, Third Perfon Singular,, 
 agreeing with the Nominative Cafe Gboft; in a (b.) bodily y 
 an Adjective ; ftjape, a Subftantive, Objective Cafe, go- 
 verned by the Prepofition in ; lik^ an Adjective ; a dove,., 
 a Subftantive, Objective Cafe, the Prepofition to being un- 
 derflood, that is, like to a dove ; upon, Prepofition ; bim, 
 Pronoun, Third Perfon Singular,' Objective Cafe, governed 
 by the Prepofition upon ; and (b.) h, an Interjection ; a 
 voice, Subftantive, Nominative Cafe, there was being un- 
 derflood, that is, thete was a voice ; from, Prepofition;; 
 heaven, Subftantive, Objective Cafe (b.) faying, (b.J this, 
 a Pronominal Adjective, perfon being underftood ; is, In- 
 dicative Mode, Prefent Time, of the Verb to be, Third 
 Perfon Singular, agreeing with the Nominative Cafe this; 
 my, a Pronominal Adjective ; beloved, an Adjective ; Son^ 
 a Subftantive, Nominative Cafe afteF the Verb is ; in, (b.)- 
 whom* Pronoun Relative, Objective Cafe, governed by the 
 
140 A SHORT INTRODUCTION, &C. 
 
 Prepofition in, the Subftantive Son being its Antecedent; 
 lam, (b.) nvell) an Adverb ; pleafcd^ the Paflive Partici- 
 ple of the Verb to pleafe, making with the Auxiliary Verb 
 am, a Paflive Verb, in the Indicative Mode, Pre tent Time, 
 Full Perfon Singular,. agreeing with the Nominative Cafe I* 
 
 1 I N- I S> 
 
I 
 
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