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Colinnlria (Bnitifntftp THE LIBRARIES Graduate SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Library ''^^mmttmn^mmam^^mm^^ I i^ I I im~'«K>mmmt'«m^^Kmmwwm < f»*lf%,i««»y«Wss,*»|Iil~i#f_, K#'>--'^ ■ . ^.'*-^^ lOKIMHKPw*^..^ THE BUSINESS OF RAILWAY TICKET SCALPING IN THE UNITED STATES iJEix<; 3?J UNNECESSARY, ILLEGAL AND DEMORALIZING, A XT) TJ:AI)I\(i TO FRAUDS UPON TRAVELERS, AM) In Daily Violations of the Inter-State Commerce Law siiori.D .\(n riiE PUBLIC AND THE RAILWAYS JOIN IN ITS SUPPRESSION? iiriliiiiliMirii Tfii .^ !BiiS!i P^'ml w#:^np^yji-.^ .t i. THE BUSINESS OF -.^^^mjM'^ S/j^i —- .- ■■i^ B f y . ..I— ■.■ M l II I IW ipi'llpil RAILWAY TICKET SCALPING ! J « 's IN THE UNITED STATES BEIX(r UNNECESSARY, ILLEGAL AND DEMORALIZING, AXI) T.EADIXG TO FRAUDS UPON TRAVELERS, AND TO Daily Violations of the Iriter-S'tate Coiimerce Law siiouLi* y.j'i'' THE PUBLIC AND THE RAILWAYS JOIN IN ITS SUPPRESSION? mW^^M^^^ £«^S2i^ift^' •-'■■•^ H?i!i^:li!':*j! VXi^SS 6U ■' Resist the Devil and he will flee from you."— James iv, 7. 1 1 < • » < * » t • Hjj l^yW^'^^ilW tw^'nr ^pnt- ''wp^L!. a: CD n LO CD WHAT IS THF BUSINESS OF RAILWAY TICKET SCALPING'? o It is a device for violating the Inter-Stato Commerce Law oond\,clors'' "'""''''' ''°'' ""'"'"'■''•='' '""'■"•^'^ '''^^'^ >'"l'^' ''""J^ of dishonest It offers an iiiducenu'iit for persons eharc-cHl with iha i-,o,.-ik, ^ m tickets to sell them unlawfully for their own ad^^u!^^^^^ '''"^""^^^ ^^ '''"^^^^'^^^^ It furnishes a fence for lost, stolen, and forged railway trans]>ortation It otiers a premium for foriiery, the paKsen<>-er who «i.v times every day in ahnost everv ,itv if, the land "" l,t;;if "/ ^^ many of the most repntable business men parties' to the erossest vio lations ol state and national criminal laws. ' <-» lo me grossest mo- ,.„i'tr'''"''''"'.''*r"""'?*^'slaiiii!! frauds upon unsuspectinir traveler^ who «,n. pose they are deahnj; with the authorized a-ents of the railn.adt ' ^ syh':„'.y^ i'im^'i':.f,fdt,di:r;;;'. "'" '"•"""""' ''■^- ■"" '" "- *=--' ^""- °f ^'-.n. It leads directly to violations of the Inter-State Commerce I aw Tt IS prohibited and prevented by law in Canada, in l-ngland, and in Kurope. oft^^i!;;r!^fc^i:':?:?^.:;?;^{-S::'&'^;,^ Ci.ll"^^,'"''-'^ ", \"-' '" "i*" ""^"" "f « ''1'*^<^'''I «Sfnt of the i)ostollice depirini,.nf i„ Cliicago to steal his employer's railroad passes°and sell tlu-m to a s«d per ' sellVh'"uZ a sclrp;;." " ""™'' ^'"'"' "' ^'"^'"-'« to ^toal railroad tickets and thejtSfni^;i::rjiSe^,:;Va^run;;:t-f^^^^^ riVi'i^- ■;;;f„.;.!;.t f-^-"^""- '"■ '"•■ -"•^"'- • '<• -^•" ^^ »-hoiest'e"ii:\:i::;;!i:i''«,;! /'Stolen tickets are j.referrcd by the scalpers to anv other because the f,- i.„* hieves having no other fence at which t,. dispose of ti,e lopert an. , ,!„ ,' f 1 to ake whatever the scalpers choose to give them. The p Zs n s ol , t eke; are^ herelore, three times as much as on tickets purchased of the honS hsinnal which point strongly to the suspicion that these two 'professions' are iiw'o/l? siun, or, to say the least, very i^lainly showing- that the ^r^iln^lc f4- '^^" s^aJ^^;^,-eih:di-;e£ nitimacy^and ^-partnership between Chicag?«:i^;^I!s'r/S^^ ^^^^:^^:^:j^''-- ■ -" -"o -™ -""^e ^^'^^ -i™ .m1^ JudgeLudlow, of Philadelphia, savs: "Fraud havin^^ heen nr.rnf.f..f i unsuspecting ],e..ple by ticket scalpers, the le- Sat re had friS /^^^^ 'T'' authorizing any police regulation tUreak it up ' ^^'' ^"^ ^^^'^ '' ^^^^' their business tile br.aid if il,egality:!n:^Jf^^^^^ .should in future be shunned and given as wide a ])erth as possible/' ^ ■"-^^* 9ry,. iau. "^mi^.- SWORN TESTIMONY AS TO HOW THE BUSINESS OF RAILWAY TICKET SCALPING IS CONDUCTED. From tilt' records of tlu' ('riminal Court of ( ook Countv. Illinois, in the rase of the people of the State of Illinois vs. Read, Stein and "others, before .lndi:e Collins. Novend)er Term, of 1S87, Jml^'H Lonj^enecker, Prosecuting Att<.rn(v, stated that he would prove by witnesses that it was a common thin cents each, was lost by the purchaser at the stock vards, and afterward the tickets foimd their way into a scalper's otlice, an^ee era.se any tickets? A. I have seen Mr. Read lix tickets. 1 have seen Mr. Stein fix tickets. I have seen Mr. Reeves tix tickets. Q. When* did you .see them do that ? A. I'irst one otlice and then another. *^ What did they do with those tickets after they changed them? A. ( ienerally .sell them to the first man that came along. n. Did you ever see anything like that? ( Exhibiting pass to the witness.) A. Yes, sir. I have seen them do lots of passes. <^ Did you ever see anythinu like that ? Objected to by counsel for defenihuits. Judge Longenecker: I want to show they woiild take any pass and then change the name of the man in the pass. Have you seen them do that? The Court : You may state all you have ever seen them do in connection with passes. Kxcejition ]>y counsel for defendants. Judire Longenecker; Q. Tell what chamre they would make in a pass like that. A. I have seen Mr. liead fix pas.ses. I have seen Mr. Stein, and, as I said before, also Mv. Reeves. •" - ^ A, <^ A. A, ( ). -V. <2. A. A. By Judge L(jngenecker : ired? A. Yes. sir. U- ^\^'Lat did they do with reference to that? A. They would take it ott" with acids, as a general thing, and fix the stamp over on the back, and sometiuies, if it was a ticket, it had to be pluu'ged. il. W hat do you mean by ''plugging?" A. They take an " L " punch and plug out and extend the limit. Sav the ticket expired on the 10th of this month, and a man came in todav and wanted that ticket. They would turn around and take the " L "' punch, leaving the month just the .^ame, ]»nt take this - L" out of here and extend it, mav be, to the 31st If they wanted to fill the " L " in here ( indicating;. ^^ The piece that was punched out thev would put in tlie old hole? , ,}\ V\^\ \vould put the " L " they took out here (indicating) and i)Ut it in the old 'L ^hole, put a ])iece of paper on the back, and fix it up ju.-t as nice as thev could, oi course. " '' <2- The man w(»uld go «>fi' rejoicing? A.s a general thing, they' would go through all right. l)id you see stamps there ? Yes, sir. What kind of stamps? They used to have a little box of rubber stamps that thev would change tile date and the month on the back of a ticket. ' ^ (^ I)iy Judge Longenecker: <^ For instance, had they an arrangement so thev cr.uld make vellow — that IS, could they make a ticket all right if thev erased anvthintr ofi' there '* ' -\. Yes, sir. ' - e • <^ Could they make a white ticket yellow ".* A. They had a box of all colored ])encils that thev could do that with <2. Alake it blue, yellow, red or anvthing that thev Avanted to'* A. Aies, sir. Another witness in the above named case being calle.! to the stand testified that he ha.l been a ticket broker in Detroit anlan for makin- an expired ticket -o,m1 was"" tor in.stance, the ticket was to expire on the 10th, thev culd make it gT.od until the Kith by makiiig the " one " a - two.'* Witness was talking of goin^r into the A. A. f 4 i I ^J -- -^^--v^%^ SWORN TESTIMONY AS TO HOW THE BUSINESS OF RAILWAY TICKET SCALPING IS CONDUCTED. From the records of the Criminal Court of Cook Countv, Illinois, in tlip case of the people of the State of Illinois vs. Head, Stein and'others, before .hul<:e Collins. November Term, of 1S87, Judge Longenecker, Prosecuting Attorney, stated that lie would prove by witnesses that it was a common thintr for ticket scalpers to use acids to erase names, and write in others. During the progress of this case it was shown bv evidence that a package of ten tickets sold by the agent at Dalton, Illinois, to Berger, Illinois, for 50 cents for the package, or o cents each, was lost by tlie purchaser at the stock vards, and afterward the tickets found their way int«» a scalper's othce, and a part or all of them were changed to read Dalton to Pittsburgh, their value thus increased from 5 cents to .$14.90 each. It was also shown by the evidence that one of these tickets being sold to a passenger by a scalper, the passenger attempting to ride upon the same was ejected from the train, the ])as-ienger having no knowledtre that the ticket had been altered. Transcript from the Stenographic Record of the Trial. Judge I.ongenecker, in (juestioning the witness, asked him how lontr he had been in the employ of Read and Stein. il. How long have you been in their employ? A. I have worked for them, I believe, three dilferent times ; four different times, (I. This last time? A. 1 think I liave been there this last time three or four months, Q. U'ithin a year of this time— of last March— tell what thev did. How they did business there. A. As I said befy Judge Longenecker: <^ For instance, had they an arrangement so thev could make vellow that is, could they make a ticket all right if they erased anvthing off there " ' A. "\ es, sir. <2. Could they make a white ticket vellow '.' A, They had a box of all colored i)encils that thev could do that with <^ :Make It blue, yellow, red or anvthing that thev wanted to"' A. ^ es, sir. Another witness in the above named case being called to the stand testified that he had been a ticket broker in Detroit and in Chicago ; that he had known Read stein and Reeves, ticket brokers, for about three or four vears • that he had clerk e.l for some months in the oflice of a ticket broker in ('li"icaer which. punched. It would be written in in ink in a blank space. That ticket would have to be erased with acid ; the date would have to be erased with acid. Q. Where did you get your acid ? A. I got my acid from Air. Read and Stein. Q. What is that acid used for. A. Well, it is used for erasing ink; no matter what you want to erase any- thing oft' of. ' "^ Q. From what? A. From paper; probably you can also use it to erase ink stains off clothincr Q. Have you ever seen that class of bottles in Read & Stein's office? "" A. I have. Q. Have you ever seen any acids used there for any purpose ? A. Yes, sir. <2- What purpose did you? A. Well, for taking the date oft' tickets so as to put in a new date. Q. IIow would it be done ? A. Here is, for instance ; this pass was oridnally made good until October '^(J 1880. AVell, we would erase October 2G, if it had expired, and ])ut in anvthing we liked. ^ e Q. Erase it with what ? A. With those acids that they had there. Q. If it was some colored ticket or pass, what would be done? A. If the ticket was like this, for instance, on colored paper, the acid would leave a mark. It might fade it almost white just where the acid touched Now usually, before you would re-write anything in it, you would color it with a yellow pencil, if the ticket was orignally yellow. If it was blue, with a blue pencil If It was that color (indicating) you would go over it with that colored pencil so it was hardly noticeable that the date had been changed. ' ' Q. Did you ever see any tickets in Read c*c Stein's where the tickets and passes were colored and had been changed, and these pencils had been used to restore the color ? A. I have ; yes, sir. You see the most of the tickets we would iret would be on colored paper. The witness stated that he had a record in his book of P.i\ tickets that he had changed between the last week in December, 188(5, and the first day in April, 1887. Q. Have you ever seen Read c^ Stein change any tickets— alter any tickets that have been sold ; any other tickets than these ? A. T have. Q. Tell the court and jury about how many, and when it was? A. Well, I must have seen them change tickets a dozen times. Q. AVhere? A. At their office. Q. Did you ever see Defendant Reeves alter any tickets? A. AA^ell, I have seen him working with tickets. I don't know what he was doing with them. Q. AAliere? A. Down at Mr. Read & Stein's office. Q. AAliereabouts in the office did they generally do this changing of tickets'* A. R^ght in front of a doorway, just behind a counter. Q. AAliat was Defendant Reeves working with at the time vou saw him '* A. AA^orking with the tickets. Q. AVhat did he have ? A. I have seen him take the acid bottle in his hand. Q. And use it ? A. Yes, sir. On cross-examination by counsel for the scalper : (^ You were fixing tickets right along since 1885 without having an office of your own, were you ? A. No, sir ; I was not. Q. Can you tell me if Mr. Stein, as you claim, was an expert at fixing and knew a.l about it and could instruct you, why didn't he fix that ticket himself? A. hie was not an expert. Q. But you are an expert, now, are you not ? v „■„-,■,- -l|»«v*«W$|r'jBai«.-«A?5^:«».««g8l«r''- m ■^Mimmmmmmmtmt A. Well. I should not exactly call myself an expert. Q. Jiut you would call yourself a verv accomplished scholar in that art would you not ? ' A. Well. I ixiiess I would ; after a man clianges fiftv or one hundred tickets I guess he ou^ht to know how to change them. ' ' Q. Yes, 1 think he should. A. And your clients changed six thousand. Referring to the lot of expired tickets before them : Q. Is it not a fact that there is no value upon tliose tickets at all '.' A. Most decidedly there is no value upon them. Q. Is it not a fact that you can go to these ticket brokers' offices ordinarilv and get those tickets for nothing? A. You cannot. Q. You cannot ? A. You 'bet your life you cannot. Tliev all want vou to pav them tiftv per cent for them. That's what they will sell them to you for. < ). iMfty per cent of the face value for them ? A. Yes, sir. '*' • .i^^Bi . swiff ^y i^.*^* ■ if 7T T 9 Copy of the Law of the State of Illinois to prevent the handling of Railway Passenger Tickets by Scalpers. I ■ AN ACT To prevent frauds upon travelers and owner or owners of any railroad steaynhoat or oilier conveyance M the transportation of passem,trs. [Approved 1; W/To StT In force July ],lS7o. L. 1875, j9. 81.J i U '^^ta .vpra u, ii,to. Agents must be Authorized to sell Tickets o.Ssx.!.4: Th;:t i^fi^i t Ktf .;^:.^? i^z^:^^^:!:^j'[^'^ steamboat for the transportation of passengers, trprovideTR'haten/^w^^^^^^^^ '''' be authorized to sell tickets, or other certHicates ?nt7tHng U e hoiS^r To n- v^ri' upon any railroad or steamboat, with a certificate settin forth thpn^^^ . r such agent to make such sales, which cert S sLll be du I i^t^^^^^^^ corporate seal of the owner of such railroad or steamboat ' '^'^ ^^' ^^'^ Unauthorized Persons not to Sell Tickets holder s title to travel on any railroad or steamboat, whether the same bethn.fi f operated or owned within or without the limits of this shae. ^situated. Penalty for Violating Act punished by a fine not exceedin-five hundnM Ido^^^^^^^ '^ ^'''^'^'' ^^ ^"^ Agent to Exhibit Certificate on Request. Sec. 4. That it shall be the dutv of everv lo-pnf ^»i.,^ oL.,ii i .^i • -. , sell tickets, or parts of tickets, or otlfer evi iTnct^of 1 e ml. er's t il?'to7;''^ ^ exlnh.t to a,iy person desirinir to purchase a ticket o^to anv'offlf er of ?1 ' *" who ,„.y re„„e.st bin,, (A,, cerUficMte of his mUhorU.tC l?.Mln!^loL I ^d ^'i^ Uhcate posM ,„ a compumom place in his offie,for the InfonnationTlrJdZ. Dutv of Owxer to Provide for Redemption of Tickets Sec. 5. That it shall be the dutv of the owner or ownora r.f ,-o;i../'i boat, by their agents or managers; to pr.'v?,]e LV I'c "edenlt'on 1^' or any parts or coupons of any ticket or tickets, as they nmriav^ ^^ h^ purchaser, for any reason, has not used, and does Aot (le frl^ o use at a rate wh > shall be equal to the ( itference between the nrirp L\Altiul'^\ \-? ^\h\vh prohibit any person who has purchase'd a tickeuf^m n^'a^e t aut ,"t« ' 1 thi* Penalty for Refusing to Pledeem Tickets fh^c'^f' !'■ ^""V '"^i^^'o^^ «^ steamboat companv that shall, bv anv of its aL^ents in this state, refuse to redeem anv of its tickets'or nirt^ of Vi-;^-. u '\o ^^^^t.s n subsequent to such refusal, to sell any ticl^ef^^J-'li^ifets iLTh'is'sSt^^^uVrffie - ifi -,«*.^, 187-"). entitled "An act to prevent frauds upon travelers and owner or owners of anv railroad, steamboat or other conveyance of passengers." :Motion is made to quash the indictment on two grounds : (1.) Tliat the act is not within the scope of the police power, is an unwarrantable restricticm upon the rights of private ])ropertv, and, therefore, unconstitutional. (2.) It was not constitutionally passed : The act relates to the business of cominon carriers. It has been the settled law in Kngland and in this country that the business of a common carrier is not only atiected with a public interest, but it is a public emi)lovment. This propo- sition is so elementary that a multiplication of authorities 'is unnecessarv. So far as relates to railroads acting under charters or acts of incorporation,' their franchises are partly of a public and partly of a private nature. So far as the safety, convenience and comfort of passengers are concerned thev are pahlici juris ; so far as they relate to capital and the production of revenue they are primli juris. There never has been any question of the power of the State Legislatures to pass laws in the nature of police regidations atlecting the exer- cise of such franchises so far as they were puhlici juris, such as those designed to secure passengers from not only danger, but imposition. The himring i)oint in the case of Munn and Scott vs. The I'eople, carried bv writ of error to the United States Supreme Court from our Supreme Court, and taken into and decided by the former, was, whether the business of keeping a grain warehouse as a mere private enterprise was a public emplovment, so as to subject it to the police i)Ower which might extend to a full supj.res.sion of the busirie^ss. Bv the common law it was not such public employment, nor was there anv valid statute changing that law. But a majority of the United States Supreme" Court diverg- ing, as many think, from established lesal principles, athxed to that business a character whicli the law of the state did not give to it more than to any other business, viz : that it was so affected with a public interest as to be entirely subject to the police power of the state. But all good lawvers and all courts concede that, ever since the decision in Coggs vs. Bernard, common carriers are recognized as being engaged in a public employment, and nothinir can be clearer than that, in this state railroad companies, so far at least as concerns the safety, comfort and convenience of passengers, are proper subjects of the police power. Of this there can be no question. If the business itself be sub- ject to the police power, then so ipust all its incidents and accessories be subject to it. All exi>erience teaches that the necessities of the business require the issuing and use of tickets. They are as necessarv to the convenience (if both traveler and carrier as baggage-checks or way-bills' in case of freight. Tiie busi- ness and all its common incidents being ju-oper subjects of the police power, then it follows from settled principles that the nature and character of the police regulations must be determined by the legislative, and not the judicial, l)ranch of the government. After giving this matter much consideration, we are of the opinion that the act in (luestion, being a matter of mere police regulation of a public business, is constitutional and valid. There mav arise cases where the contract for carriage was made in another state, which constitutional principles 11 of the legis ative journals, was put into our hands. We cinnot ct nnnn \hlt question without evidence-competent evidence-- o estaW sh thi f ^t ^ ^chdedsion is to be .^de.. wLre alS S^ophuon ^^^J^e^Zi^l^ sufficiently expressed by the title of the act. The motion is overruled The opinion bears the following indorsement : >.nJ'-^^^'''%T'"'^'\J''^^'\°^ ^^^^ ''^^'^ t^ J^^^^^e Moore, who was with me at thp arrh"!f at''^' ""'^'"' ''' '"'^"""^^ "^^ ^^ '^^ ^^^^^ he'concu?s\n^the crclulions MarS^ w;rS^ryrto ^^- '^^'^"" ^'^ ^'^"^^ ^^^^'^^' ^" -^ «f i^« --- in l,n 'iT'Y^ it became known among the scalpers vesterdav that Jud^^e Mc\llister had declared the scalpers law, prohibiting the sale of railroad tiketsbvun author ized agents constitutional, there was quite a tiutter anion- them If a bo nhshr i had ex|>loded in their midst thev could not have been mlire agitated TI^^pv 'e quite confident that McAllister would decide in theirfaxor" hrh«v;J "i selected with the hope that lie would do so o le wi e Ui^e maUer wouM have been oiled had been sold to a " scalper " on Randolph street for $8. The thief, who is still at large, must have left the train at Twenty-second street and struck out on a bee-line for the scalping shop, since there is proof that the ticket had been sold to the broker and re-sold by him to one William C. Ct^lumbine, before 6 o'clock. Old ^Ir. icion that these two ' professions ' are m collusion, or, to say the least, very plainly showing that the ' scalpers ' otter encouragement to thieves, and furnish a medium for them to dispose of stolen railroad tickets, as severely to be .M.. at 1 wenty-second street, Mas safely on the scalpers' counter for sale befoiv SIX. What is to be thought of such truly astonishing intimacy and cooart- nership between Chicago thieves and Chicago'' scalpers ' ? Yet this is onlv one incident out of scores occurring here of just such black offenses a-ainst the well ordering of society." From the Chicago "Tribune," of April 10, 1879. AN ALLEGED SWINDLE. A Mrs. G AV. Harrington, from Grand Rapids. :\Iich., savs that a few weeks ago she purchased a railroad ticket from Mr. Nat. Reeves, of the firm of Midford c\c Mckenzie, to Denver and return for ^?>i\. Tlie ticket was made out in the name of a Lrentleman, and was a limited one, dated Man-h !). The time had expire " thus making the date 2Wis%: • .•*^-»*^??^*« ^"^W^' ,M ^§M^ fe&. ^ppf^jl>P I ^ \ 14 it when used by a lady. ^Mrs. Harriiifrton accepted the ticket, and started on her voyage. She got as far as Omaha without trouble, but west of that point the Union Pacific conductor detected the change, and refused to accept the ticket, compelling the lady to pay her fare to Denver. Mrs. Harrin<:ton had not suffi- cient money to pay for her return trip, but was passed on the I'nion l*acilic upon leaving her trunk as security. She arrived here yesterday afternoon, and in com- pany with Ca})t. Hodsdon, of the Union Pacific, went to iind the scalper who had sold" her the ticket, and get lier money refunded. They went to Mulford & McKenzie, on Clark street, which the lady thought was the'place where the ticket was purchased, and at once identified Mr. Reeves as the one who had sold the ticket. She demanded her money back, but it was refused by the scalper, who eaid he had to see his lawyer first. This did not satisfy Mrs'. Harrington, and she went at once to the office of a justice of the i»eace, and swore out a war- rant against Mr. Keeves for swindling and forgery. Mr. Reeves could not be found by the constable last evening, but will no doubt be arrested this morning. Mrs. Harrington is a respectable lady of considerable grit, and she says she is determined to bring the scalper to justice. She has taken cpiarters at the Clifton House, where she will remain until the case is decided. She will be aided in the prosecution by the Chicago Railway Association, which will furnish the lawyer and the means to bring the case to trial. From an Editorial in the Chicago "Tribune," of April i6, iSyg. *'In another part of this issue are presented some facts' relative to the larceny of a i-ailway ticket from an over-confiding traveler and the })romj)t disposition of the ticket by the thief to a scalper, and its sale the second time to an innocent purchaser, all within an liour or two — facts which are pressed upon the attention of the Illinois Legislature as having an important bearing upon the pending bill for the repeal of the law prohibiting scalpers from dealing in railroad tickets. The circumstance here detailed, together with many of the sanie sort that are of daily occurrence at large railroad centers, demonstrates the need of the law which the scalpers are trving to have repealed. A system which ofi'ers a perpetual premium upon the stealing of railroad tickets, by railroad employes or others, should be .-abolished by law, and the j)enalties for the violation of such a whole- some law >hould be rigidly enforced. So far from the present law being repealed, its provisions should be made yet more stringent, and these ticket 'fences' broken up and suppressed." From an Editorial in the Chicago "Tribune," of April ig, 1879. •' In the notice yesterday of the proceedings relating to the robbery of a granger of his railroad ticket at one of the depots, the subsequent sale of the ticket to a scalper, and the finding of the stolen ticket upon the person to whom the scal{)er sold it, we did injustice by intimating that the robbery was a put-up job by the railroad authorities We are assured that it was an actual robbery by a thief who evidently knew where he could sell the ticket, and who did sell it at one of the scalping: offices. We are further assured that there is no occasion for putting up any job in the matter of stealing railroad tickets — such things are of daily occurrence; and it is insisted on as a fact that every stolen railroad ticket finds a purchaser at the scalping <^)ffices, which ofiier the same inducements to ticket thieves that are ortered to other thieves by the 'fences' and other receivers of stolen goods. Stolen tickets an' preferred l)y the scalpers to any other, because the ticket thieves, having no other 'fences' at which todisjtoseof the i)r(»perty,are compelled to take whatever the scalpers choose to give them. The profits on stolen tickets are, therefore, three times as much as on tickets purchased of honest holders. The rob])ery of the venerable granger was therefore an infamous out- rage, and the thief should be punished severely, and the law should provide ample protection to travelers by making the sale of such property when stolen an impossibility." ^5 Copy of the Law of the State of Indiana to Prevent the Selling of Railway Passenger Tickets by Scalpers: Section 1. Be it enacted l)y the General Assemblv of the State of Indiana Tliat it shall not be lawful, from and after the taking ellect of this act, for any othcer or agent of any railroad company, steamboat, or other public convevance of passengers f(^r hire or reward, or for the operator or operators, manager or managers (or his or their agent or agents), of any such railroad, steamboat or other public conveyance, to issue or sell any pass, ticket, or coupon of a ticket or certificate evidem-ing the holder's right to travel over or be transpc)rted in or upon such railroad, steamboat or other jniblic conveyance, subject to any condition contained in or endorse(l npon or appended to such pass, ticket, coupon or certifi- cate, whereby the liabiliiy of such carrier shall be abridged or limited, or wherebv the rightsof the holder of such pass, ticket, coupon or certificate shall be decreased or abridged, unless such condition shall be })rinted in nonpareil tv])e, or in tyi^e or characters as large or larger than nonpareil type. Anv such" ofi'icer, a-ent operator or manager, or the agent of such operator or manager, who shall' violate the provisi(ms of this section of the act, shall, u|>on conviction thereof, be fined not less than ten dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars, for each juiss, ticket or coupon which he shall issue or sell, contrarv to the provisions of this section • Provided howtvvr, that nothing herein shall be held or construed to chan^'e or in any manner alfect the law as it now exists, regulating the liabilitv of coinmon carriers, or to enlarge their right to limit, or restrict their liabilities on account of having such attempted limitation printed, as required by this act. Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the owner or owners, or operator or oper- ators, of every railroad and steamboat or other j-ublic convevance lor the trans- portation of i)assengers for hire, or reward, to })rovide each agent, who mav be authorized to sell tickets or other certificates evidencing the rik'ht of the holder thereof to travel or be transported upon such railroad, steamboat or other pu])lic conveyance, with a certificate, setting forth the authoritv of such aL'ent to make such sales, which certificates shall be signed bv the manatring officer, and duly attested by the corporate seal of the owner or operator of such railroad steani- boat or other public conveyance. ' Sec. :\. It shall be the duty of the owner or owners, operator or operators of every railroad, steamboat, or other })ublic convevance of passengers for hire or reward, to provide at eai-h agency, for the sale of tickets, for the redemption of the whole of any ticket or any part or parts, or coupon of anv ticket, which thev may have sold, and which the purcliaser, for anv reason, shall not have used at the follovving rates, namely : where the whole ticket is presented for redemptii.n at the lull price paid for the same, and when a part or coupon of the ticket onlv IS presented for redemption, then the redemption shall be at a rate which shall be equal to the difierence between the pri(>e ])aid for the whole ticket and the cost of a ticket between the points for which the ])art of said ticket was actuallv used • and the sale, by any person, of the unused portion of anv ticket, otherwise nmn by the presentation of the same for redemption as aforesaid, shall be deemed to be a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than fifty dollars; P/-oi-;c?rt/, however, that this act shall not prohibit any person who shall have purchased a ticket from an aj^ent, authorized as bv this act provided, with the bona Me intention of travelimr on the same from selling such ticket, or any i^art or coupon thereof, to anv other person to be u«ed in good faith by such person in traveling over such railroad, or in or upon such steamboat, or other public conveyance. f • Sec. 4. If any owner, operator or manager of anv railroad, steamboat or other public conveyance of passengers, or his agent, shall* violate anv of the provisions ot the third section of this act, he shall be deemed guiltv of a^misdemeanor and dolhrV'^^'^^'*" tbereot, shall be fined not less than ten, nor more than one hundred Sec. 5. It shall not be lawful for any i^erson, not possessed of the authoritv mentioned in the second section of this act. and not evidenced as therein pro- vided for, to se 1, barter or transfer, within this state, for anv consideration whatever, the whole or any part of any ticket or tickets, passes of other evidence -M I :^~ X" - ii?/.X-'^' ^;, mi ^Bf-SV**- jf ^ ..in, I iith day of January, 1879. at and in the CVmnty of Marion, did then and there unlawfully barter and sell, for a valuable consideration, to wit, the sum of ten dollars, to some person whose name is to the grand jurors unknown, a railroad ticket. * * * Said Fry was not then and there the agent of the railroad, and was not then and there' authorized to sell tickets or other certificates, and he did not then and there have a certificate provided him bv said railroad. settiuLT forth his authority as agent of said railroad, signed bv the'man- atring otlicer of such railroad, and duly attested by its corporate seal": that said George W. Fry had not purchased said ticket 'with a honn ride intention of travelin-jf on the same. AN'herefore the grand jurors aforesaid. upy, was and is contrary to the form of statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and diirnity of the State of Indiana." In closing the decision, the Court said : "In the case at bar, our conclusion is that the statute of this state, above quoteil, is not in conflict with th(> constitution or laws of the Ignited States, but was a legitimate exercise by the state legislature of the police powers of the state. Therefore, we hold that no error was committed by the court bel])el hint's motion for a new trial. That error, even if it existed, must therefore be regarded as waived. " The judgment is athrmed, at the api)ellant's costs." 17 Copy of An Ordinance to Prevent the Handling of Railway Passenger Tickets by Scalpers in the City of Augusta, Ga. From the Augusta (Ga.) Clironicle, July ]!», 1888. AX ORDIXAX('E, To A77iend An Ordhumce Entitled "An Ordinance to Fix the Annual and Specific Taxes of the City of A ugusia on Business Occupations and Professions for the Year 1888, and to Provide for the Collection of the Same. Adopted December 30, 1887." Section 1. Beit ordained by the Citv Council of Augusta, and it is herebv ordained by the authority of the same, that from and after the passage of tin's isiness what the Pawnshops are to Other Branches OF Trade, Serving as 'Fences.' The Herald recently published a verv full account of an attempt on the part of some ticket scalpers to defraud the railwavs and the i)ublic generallv bv a forgery of railway tickets, a considerable number of which were sold to scalpers in this market, and some of them res(^ld by the scalpers to the public." The paper then ([notes an article from the Railway Age on the same subject, in which the writer makes the following points : ' ' ."' ^^y ^" these days of the inter-state commerce law, oppressive state railway legislation, arbitrary rulings by the state railwav commissioners, and inquiries of foreign and other stockholders into the management of American raihvavs, I have thought that it might be a ju'oper question for the managers of our railwavs to ask their own oHicials and themscdves whv are such leeches as the ticket scalpers of the United States left to fatten upon the body politic of railway management. '''2d. The fact that a forged railwav ticket could find a purchaser. Xo one supposes that for ^ilatf •"*•- .i-i* .1 ^^■i'.^,. -•« a^i^k^.^ >«»;«»« A'^- ■*i»iP3isg5S**«**-r#-= ■S«B^*» .«.■>■- r3f4- " f 18 shop did for the sale of silverware, <-lothincr, etc., and that if there were no ticket seaipers ottices there would be no inducement whatever for anyone to steal or lorjre railway tickets. • "i ''^^^;.?^'^' irreparable injury that is done the railways of the country in the minds ot the public by such disreputable and dishonest transactions. The piil>lic ^enerallv, and particularly that portion of it which is not thoroughly versed in the conduct of railway trathc, suj.pose that the railways themselves are to blame lorall transactions .,f this character, and that if not done bv the railway a-ents tneniselves It is by their permission, and it is not infrequently the occurrence that the scalper Irads the passen-er to believe that he is the re\ the presentation of the same for redemption, as pro- •u t m!?« , 11 K '"^'''i'' f'^'^K^l ^^^^^<^ to be a violation of the i.rovision.s of this «h;i; nJ be P'lnished as IS hereinbefore provided. [Provided, *That this act a hoH?.dCt;-'^ any person who has purchased a ticket from any agent authoiized by this act with the bona fid'- intention of traveling up..n the rJ!h"^pl' ^f '' ^^(^9f'ii>'< :^*.fi ^^» 20 J.^fi'l!i?i-\ ^? •^'' '^?L "'"'"^ ""V^^^ reasoninc: whicli follows may apply to such a case but that is not the cause ' V'^'x'^^^ "^^^ *'"^ ''■'"• ^^'^^ established a ftw.smm in l*hiladelphia, kLl'1 "" -^^'"^ ''^ '''^''''^' '^ ^^ ^^"'^^^^^ ^" railroad tickets; he is, in fact, a ticket oroKor. ^f /)' ^'i' it Js said that this law abridoes the privilejjes and immunities of citizens ^FfV- V'l- 'V^^f f • L ^*"" ^^'"^ ^^''^^ admitted here, what privile-e or immunity ?/i VV",^"^^,"*^-^!'^ has been abridged? His right to establish a certain business, \Uiu:h the le-islature has roniotive of domestic order, morals, health and safety. * * It may be admitted that the police power of a state justilies the adoption of precautionary measures against .social evils. Under it a state may legLslate to {U'event the spread of crime, pauperism, or disturbance of the peace.' No state legislature may with impunitv interfere with the power which Con- gress po.ssesses ' to regulate commerce witirfbreiu'u nations and among the .several shites.' Why? Because this power has been directly veste * j'r# oiaii?" ..(,■ 1 --'ii-'i' iiif'kS. JjiSfeii^feitilSaiV^ -4 "'iiliii :v/:'r.9»«S?*%^:«:-j^^*».f,«iP|P^»^^ .. Mr p^.^ wMMii^HilMi (SS^^ • -•> -^ ' ■kMHaii S ;f4*jiiiii^s fdis—ri^e ■I'll V j^m.Mi^m ll!l l: 'iij O') been iriyen to an enip]oy(' of the road to enable liim to travel from Altoona to Philadelphia a.d retnrn. This employe tindin^r hi. services war t'There so the l^Zl^e:'''"' ^-^-int, in any city, town or village in Canada, such person or persons as they or he may choose, as airents for the sale of passenger tickets to pa.ssengers or persons desiring to travel bv the railway of the complmv employ- ing such agent, or by any (fovernment railway, as the case may be. 2. The Minister of Railways and Canals or company hereinbefore described employing any such agent, shall give him a certificate of his appointment, which ^w^ *^»o* lio shall be under the hand of the said :\rinister or the corporat,' seal of theComnanv appointing him, and such agent shall keep the same framed or exhibited in some consi^cuous part of his ofhce or place of business where it can be seen and read D,\ tiiose resorting to the ofhce. fl,A.^^''''7.f'''^'''^,"''^!l^ by any agent shall have the name of such agent and wi u • ' f't^Myntten or stamped plainly upon it. and anv person fraudu- lently altering, changing or imitating such signature or date, shall be ^niiltv of an offence against this Act. This Act shall also apply to the agents of Ci<^n ra1l- ^ av companies doing business in Canada, who shall be required, before issuin- li. ^/T-T ^^"'^^^^'"/ lines to be duly authorized for such purpose by the Minis" ter ot Railways and Canals, or company over whose line they ' l^a^-e previously «pll^'.?'?>.r^'^?" whosoever, except those authorized as above mentioned, shall nt ^r nct.n'" f "^^^^'/]P>^ ^'^^^^^^'^>^ passenger ticket, or ])ass ticket, certificate or other mstiument, enabling any person or persons, or jnirporting to entitle any person or i^^rsons, to travel on any one railway, or more than on? railway, or on any i)art of one railway, or parts of several railways, to which this Act applies • and any person or persons offending against this Act shall, upon summary con- Mc ion thereof befoiv any Justice of the Peace, be subject to a fine of not less than to nl^nt io't "%r^'' than fifty dollars, in the discretion of such justice, and to pa> the costs of the prosecution and conviction, or to imprisonment for not less than ten days, nor more than ninety days, in the common gaol, or to both fine and imprisonment, m the discretion of the justice. iwf,;/^^^ ^•<'inplaints regarding the contravention of this Act shall be prosecuted s;^ ioXn'Tn'/r^^^^^ ^'' subject to the provisions of the Act passed in the Session held in the thirty-second aiul thirty-third years of Her Majesty-s reign VeLlTfn " ^'^ respecting the duties of Justices of the Peace out hf Sessions, in relation to summary convictions and orders:' ; , n s-ile'of^icko;«li".fi''' '^''^ TJ^^^T^!] ^« '^^-^'-'^'^ the appointment of agents for the SnHnn o ^^'; l^Preveut tlio statioii agents of the minister or company at their stations, and m their ticket offices at such stations, from sellin- tickets t'o passen- gers about to enter upon and travel by railway from the said sUition^. ^ in thP m-o-^n'^'.'''?'V\'''" of any complainant or witness, taken or heard under oath intnepies'nceof the person accused, on the hearing of anv complaint for anv a^^'nf'^hfli 1.1'^ f provisions of this Act (if the person charged, orYls^-ounsd o^ 'A^it rn^s w IP iVvl ;'l ^^'? opportunity of cross-examining such complainant or ,\ VI • ; ^T ^'''' *^'"^ '^ '''' "^^t^' "^'^y^ on the hearin- of any appeal from Pv^n in ^•'''' ?^'"'^' inagistrate, be used in evidence, provided the Ws.n whose examination IS so used is out of the jurisdiction of the court to which the • Dneal nXced 'ut^^'"'''^^ ^'''''r' '''^' ^^^ '^^^^ examination (i Jlldence ms K no^- le I'v Vf ' ^";!,^;^^^:,^^e».^^^-ned by the person whose examination it pur- oT fhp . i • f "^'J^'"'' ^H' "^^''^ examination to be read and taken as evidence on tiie hearing of such appeal, it shall only be necessary to produce the certificate cer f .• .^r f'/f ^' ^^VT' ^^^^^'^ ^^'^^^"^ tl^« '^'^^ trialwas had, under his Imnd Wm ^ Lc^l^.^inc'^'f^tf ^*^''*^T^ ^^^^f ^ \' ^^^^^*^ ''' evidence was taken befbn^ am ea • uf rnYl ^ ^^^ ,t^^^;.^'oniP^","t which forms the subject matter' of the said Seof s d ibpjr^ '''''} ^^^^^tlficate, the said deposition or evi- tohtn >,f,of o,^;h^^?T'.• '^^^'" H^ ^^^^^^, ^"^^ ^^^^^^^-^^^ ^« evidence, without lui uKi i)iooj, on the trial of any such appeal. railwav'co.nnInv''T.['- ^^^|^^^;;yS as regards any Government raihvav and everv \y [rl^'n^^^^^^^^^ ''^^^'^' Parliament of Canada, or to olrthecos^rh^"^^^^^^^ ^1^^.1879 " applies, shall repay to anv ticket n JiQLi ine cost of his ticket if unused in whole or in part, less the ordinarv and I bI A ^^^M^fi-^lhi^ikk j^^~ jesf»». -~ ^,»- ly, I 1 iinffiariii 'I,! I,». . .f~^ T??'''' carriers having their rates fixed bv law, have a ri-ht to exnect leillT^^^^^^^ ''''^ ^''''^''^ their' railroad tlckA' <^-' the legaii} authorized agents of such common carriers. filed wulrtlWuirs/^'/^?-''^ ^^'^ '^'\'P^'^' .^'? P^^^ted in plain type, posted and II n. ^^^^t^^e Inter-State Commerce (Vimmission, in accordance wi h law and it IS as unfair and should be as illegal for passengers to make use of dev ces to cir cumvent the law as it would be for the railroads to do so REDEMPTION OF RAILROAD TICKETS BY RAILROAD COMPANIES. f^nil^f^'^'^'^T^^rl'-'^';''' the impression that railroad companies will not redeem inon the^^bnt"^ V-^'^^^^ "^ -«^^ faith by persons intending to tmye upon them but ^yhlch, for some reason, they have not been able to Ti^^e This mipression is entirely erroneous, as will be proven bv aSl upon the (ieneral Umted sf ft"' 1^^ ^"? ''^^l^'^^^^' ''''^'''''^- Ti^'ket scalpers in various parts oft he L tre e^^ ll^^^^^^^ from time to time made the pretense that the railroads would not redeem ticke s, and hence their claim that their business of purchasing rail- Know. General Ticket Agents mall parts ' ^'''^^ ^^^^^' ^^ ^he purchaser for any [ft r!v 1 ^^^^ ^^ '^^^'^ ^'^^ ^'"^"■e to use, at a rate which shall be e.mal to beu^ir^^^^^^^^ f f -f ?f ''''''' ''\'''' - -^^ ^i^^ket aiKl the coit of"' tick ? The^e is ,^3nf ^1 l''^' the proi»ortion of said ticket was actually used." that the mill c do not* ' '" f demption of unused portions of railroad tickets iceivrfrrm the r. rn.f """^ ^"^ ^-^''^ discovered, and that is that thev would heirtickets% an^t^ l^^^^^^^^ a very much larger proportion of cash for ruleof fhfriilrondiSn / ^"^.^^^^^^y, ^^^'^'^^istances, get from the scalper: the onli ?i,l railroads being to refund to the passenger the difierence between the Tf h'/'^tsln^e^tf tt" ^^^^^'^ ^^^- the original starthfrpoU VI me passengei to the point where the service of the railro-id (MKLuf Fnr examj.le, a passenger purchases a ticket from New York to Kan^s City yK ^?SVS^^^l:[f!t^^-'J^ T --h^?^ Chicago he^ds'tharbusi^ss v^il us2 the port rofh^^^^^ to ^ew\ork consequently he will not be able to mi.dittivM. M.v ^'^ticket reading from C^hicago to Kansas City. The scalper S ir\ n . rlLV -''h ^^f ^T"" ^^ ^^ ^'' ^^^ the ticket, owing to the state of he co^^an V, p^^^^^^^^^^ it but should he c^ll upon the railroad Asthpfn.oi? ;• /^^- *^t '^"^^ explain his position, he would receive sn 7.-, run the risk of sell mfu^^^^ to pay $11., o for such a ticket, as he would have to margin! t KTefore ^^^dd h^^t^nf'^f ''"f^ i''""'/" "^^^^^ ^ P^^^^^ "^^^^^ ^t. The The ra Iroad commnv on f] r f ""'^ ^' 1''? ^'^ ^'^-^ ^''^ ^^^'^ ^"^^^""t for it. ticket ac^irnmw?' ^^i^ ^^^^"^ h^"^' h'^^'"^^' ^^o intention of sellim: the re^larSr tlfr^ ^^ take more from the passenger than their regular tarilt rate for the distance traveled, would lose nothing by refunding him i 9 \ s. .., .-, ...V ^.■,..^, ,..,4 .■■,.=.*^.^ .-^^a III J. ijiwiutJwi4J|iii^jwyaawi^.!Wb^ »4:*.»*«y.ij^B!j»asf 1^-5-^ o-]*pfcti^iiMj»> ■■^^fxtmimrimmitmmmmmmmgm^ifmi^m H' illllmii»«iii m Will ill III iiw iiiiii 28 mLraTAvonH T ^^'^ ''^^'Z ¥"u^ '^'^l^'^ -'^^" ^ f"^"^^' f^^"^ the fact that the inHrPlf f.i w^ T ^^ the railroad company intended to do what was D?e mis^s Thpr rn^"';?""^ 1 '! "^^^ ^^ ^^"^^^ reasonably ask them to do in the wXthennh i? T> '-^f '^•^^'"' ^^ •}}'^ '^^'^^^^^ ^^^onld have no further weight rornint nnd ori. • ?'' ^>"^»."e^^ ^^ i l^gal, demoralizing, leading to all manne? of fhVnl^i criminal practices, and should be discountenanced by all right- imnKing men. "^ " no JmfJIuZT-^ ^^ ^T^-^ "''■'' f?'?"^ t^'^ ticket scalpers of the United States ^rP not 111 1^ - ' ^^^ ? business which from its nature attracts so man v men who such f corrnntinc'^ln^^ "" '''''''' ^^^^^'^P^table and dishonest practices, and has nnf}JZT^'^ infiuence upon many persons outside of its own limits, should frater^ tv "'''^^ ^ '''''^'^ ^^'^"^'" "^^"' ^^^^side or inside the 'railway OVER SIX THOUSAND FORGERIES. swoTn^P^.?in?^l? 'f^ travelers in all parts of the United States is called to the s^orn testimony of a Chicago ticket scalper quoted in another portion of this 01 n nnes in%tftf '^"' '^'^'i ^^l^er Chicago ticket scalpers had changed the dates b i.TneTs ,?tir.t/ 'f "'^ railway tickets thus perpetrating, in the course of their ! n 1 f 1 '^" ticket scalpers, SIX th..usand forgeries ; this ticket scalper at the same time admitting that he had personally changed hundreds of such tickets EXTRACTS FROM THE CHICAGO PRESS REGARDING THE RECENT INVESTIGATION OF THE SCALPERS AT CHICAGO BY THE INTER-STATE COMMERCE COMMISSION. Chicago "Tribune." December i i, i888. "THE IXTEK-STATE COMMISSIONERS INVESTIGATE. "T.iEv Find that the Business of the Scalpers is Illegal, and Hold the Roads Responsible for a \'iolation of the Law — The PpvACTice of Pavinc; Commissions Must be Stopped. +1 '1 Fi^^- I'i'^^tice of doing their through ])usiness through scalpers, who admitted that their luisiness is carried on in violation of the law, will have to be stopped and the method of paying commissions for the sale of tickets either to the scalpers or coupon ticket agents will also have to come to an end, as these commissions can be used f^r the purpose of cutting rates and discriminating against retnilar passengers It is intimated that the Commissioners will render a decision'that these practices are contrary to the letter and spirit of the law, and that whatever rates are made over any road by the scalpers, or other parties, must be made at the regular ticket othces of those roads, and intermediate rates must be made to themseP - '^ through rates, whether made by the scalpers or the railroads Chicago "Tribune," December 12, 1888. "The scalpers must go. The Inter-State Commissioners have a word to say 1 tie practice of selling to brokers at reduced rates defined as illegal." " Railway Age," December 8, 1888. " TICKET SCALPING DOOMED. ''The position in regard to the injuriousness and illegality of the business of ticket scalpmg, or brokerage, as it is more euphoniouslv called, which has alwavs been taken by this journal, and esi)ecially in recent editorials and communications ■■I " ■«» 29 has received a formidable reinforcement from the Inter-State Commerce Commis- sioners In his address to railway officers in Chicago this week, Judge Coolev devoted his attentKm largely to the abuses and demoralization which -row out oY the existence of ticket scalping offices, and characterized the issue of tickets to scalpers as illegal, demoralizing, injurious and discriminating. We published last weelv, the Illinois statute, which makes the sale of railway tickets bv anv others than the regular authorizc the business here in Chicago 1 he reporter found the brokers and scali)ers in a ferment no? only over the action of the commission, but on account of recent distur])ances in their own organization. In short they are in a quarrel among themselves over the spoils, and have decided to si)lit u}> and fight each other. S(T far as their local organization goes. The result is that the uniform minimum rate no l.aK'er obtains, and the wide-awake ticket broker's customers can now o],tain " bottr3m rock 'rates. Of course, he railroad ticket and scalping business is of immense importance. Like a good many other ente.Trises out of joint with existin- laws It has grown hnancially strong a])parently on that account. The Chica<'o ?nd of the business has grown with equal proportion to the development of general rail- road business.unti the money exchanged over the scalpiig counters annua Iv reaches far up into the millions. aaiiuaii\ ■There are about three hundred ticket brokers, rebaters and scalpers in the : V. " ^,..cv.c..^vv.^. xiv^i^ci, jMuiveis ."Lssociaiion. in ( iiicatro these two associations have each a pretty strong foothold, the first bv thirtt^en concerns including the heaviest engaged in the business, the last bV five concerns some of them, however, decidedlv weak. - >« t^umeins, bome "In the face of these facts Judge Cooley's decision is most timelv Imt the brokers themselves think less of its importance than the railwav officials' do Mr Franks thought it would be hard on some brokers, Imt theie was kmnNW smile on his face that told plainly that he expected to obtain tickets in the f 1 uri as in the past although he