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AUTHOR: 
 
 WALSTON, CHARLES 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 THE AGRIVE HERAEUM 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 DATE: 
 
 1 902-05 
 
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
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 WaJston, Sir Charles, 1856-lyii7« 
 
 ... The Aigive lleracuin, hy Charles "WuUlstcin ... with 
 the cooperation of George lionry Chase land others) ... 
 Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 
 1902-05. 
 
 2 V. front., illiis.. cxuv pi. (p.-n t col., part fold., incl. plans) SSI"". 
 
 .'\t lica«l of title: Archaeological institute of America, American school 
 of classical studies at Athens. 
 
 CoNTE.NTs.— V. 1. General introduction, by C. Waldstcin. The geology of 
 the Heracum region, by H. S. WashinRton. The architecture of the Ar- 
 pivc Ilcracum, by E. L. Tilton. Marble statuary from the Heraeum, by 
 C. WaUlstein. Inscriptions from the ArRive Ilrraeum. by K. H. Richard- 
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 Walston, Sir Charles, ISoG-tyJiY,.. The Argive Heraeuia 
 
 ... 1902-05. (Card 2) 
 
 Contents— Continued. • 
 
 and G. II. Chase. The terra-cotta reliefs, by C. Waldstein and \. C..Ho: - 
 pin. The vases and vase fragments, by J. C. Hoppm. Inscriptions < n 
 vases, by T. W. Heermancc. The bronzes of the Arpive Heraeum, ' v 
 II f' l)e Cou. Engraved stones, gems, and ivories, by R. Norton. Cor s 
 from the Argive Heraeum. by H. F. Dc Con. Egyptian, or Gracco-Eg> - 
 tian, olijccts, by A. M. Lythgoe. 
 
 1 Argoj. Heraeum. i. Archaeological institute of America, i. 
 
 American school of classical studies at Athens, iii. Washington, Hen y 
 •Stephens, 1867- iv. Tilton, Edward Lippincott, 1861- ,. ^ J'char l- 
 
 son, Ruft.8 Hyam, I8.t5-1914. vi. Whrrlcr, James Rignall. 1859-1918. vr. 
 Cl.asc, George Henry, 1874- viii. Hoppm. Joseph Clark, 1870- » :. 
 
 Heermance Theodore Woolsey, 1872-1905. x. De Cou, Herbert FIctch. r. 
 d. 1911. xl. Norton. Richard. 1872-1918. xii. Lythgoe, Albert Mort.vi. 
 XIII. Title. -> „, . .. 
 
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 THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
9rct)acological Snstitute of amertca 
 
 lamcrtcan ^cl)ool of ClaiSiEiical ^tuDicjs at 2t^tm 
 
 THE ARGIYE HEEAEUM 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES WALDSTEIN 
 
 I'a. IK, L. U. /A, Lnr. D. 
 SOMETIME lur.Krroi: ah- Tin: ivin/ctx stirooi, of < i.assk al stidies at atiiexs 
 
 VSIVERSITY llEAltEi: f.\ C/.ASS/rAE Al!(l/AEO/.iHi y, A.\H EEI.I.OW OF 
 
 KlSirs iOU.EuE, CAMIinilMiE 
 
 HOMETtME IHUECTOI: OF THE FITXWII.I.IAM MISFCM. A.\/t SLADE J'J:oFEtiSOIi 
 
 OF FI.\E ART, rAMltnilKiE, ETC., ETC. 
 
 WITH THE COOI'EUATION f)F 
 
 GEORGE HENRY CHASE, HERHEUT FI.ETCHER I)E COU, THE()IK)RE WOOLSEY 
 
 HEERMANCE, JOSEPH (LARK HOl'PIN, ALBERT MORTON LYTHGOE, RICHARD 
 
 NORTON, RUFUS HYAM RICHARDSON, EDWARD LIPPINCOTT TILTON 
 
 HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON, AND JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES 
 VOLUME 1 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION, GEOLOGY. ARCHITECTURE 
 MARBLE STATUARY. AND INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
 
 Sl)r Uibrrtfior ^ttM, CainbhDge 
 
 1902 
 
TO 
 
 coPYRir.nr, 1902 
 
 BY THE TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOl, OK CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 Published St-ptenikr, tqoi 
 
 T 
 
 CHARLES ELIOT NORTON 
 
 FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 
 
 THIS WORK IS DEDICATED 
 
 C 
 
 V 
 
 ^N^ 
 
 
 330744 
 
 / 
 
kviVI 
 
 NOTE 
 
 This work is issued by the authority and under the auspices of the Arehaeoloj^ical 
 Institute of America and tlie American School of Classical Studies at Athens, which 
 share the financial responsibility for it. The suijervision of its publication has been 
 intrusted to a Committee which consists of representatives of both bodies. 
 
 Each contributor has been left entii-ely free to express his opinions and sentiments 
 regarding the subjects treated by him — even where in these he differed from his asso- 
 eiates — and is therefore solely responsible for the statements made in the articles 
 
 written by him. 
 
 Committee on Publication : — 
 
 JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, 
 HAROLD N. FOWLER, 
 
 EDWARD ROBINSON, 
 
 On behalf of the Institute. 
 
 THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, 
 JAMES R. WHEELER, 
 
 JOHN H. WRIGHT, 
 
 On behalf of tfie School at Athens. 
 
 / 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The excavations on the site of the Argive Ileraeum were carried on by tlie American 
 Seliuol of Classical Studies at Athens, with the active support of the Archaeoloj^ical 
 Institute of America, under my direction, diu-ing the four springs from 1892 to 1895. 
 
 In presenting tliis olticial i-ecord of the work there done, I venture to hope that this 
 puhliciition will in some degree be worthy of tlie excavations themselves. It cannot 
 be denied that the site itself antl the remains there discovered by us are of extreme and 
 exceptional imjMjrtance. No j)eriod of ancient Hellenic life, historic or j)rehistoric, is 
 known to us at the present day, of which our excavations have not yielded instructive 
 illustration. All the new evidence concerning the prehistoric period of the ancient 
 ckussical world furnished by the Ileraeum and other sites becomes the more impoi-tant 
 and illuminating from the fact that our excavations show an undoubted and continuous 
 connection between the Mycenaean age, its immediate precursors and successors, and the 
 historical |>eriods of ancient Hellas. No other site can furnish such evidence in the 
 8ame way and to the sjime degree. In this respect the Argive Ileraeum holds a posi- 
 tion unique among all sites of the ancient world hitherto excavated. 
 
 Slundd tiiis publication be at all worthy of the results of our excavations, I feel that 
 this will have been achieved in the face of exceptional difliculties, which made them- 
 selves felt in the work of excavation itself, as well as in every phase of the prei>aration 
 and elaboration of the finds and their publiciition. 
 
 The young men who acted as my assistants at the exc^ivations, who one and all stood 
 by me so loyally in all difficulties and ultimately became so efficient in their work, came 
 to me, with hardly an exception, Jis novices who, in those days, had not even been able 
 to pursue a complete coui-se in archaeology in any of the Inmie universities (a want 
 which is now being i-a})i(lly supphed in many American universities). In most cases, 
 when they had thus become really efficient assistants they were called away by the offer 
 of some apiM>intment at home or by some other inducement, the organiziition of the sfciff 
 was disturbed, and the same period of preparation and probation had to be gone through 
 anew with others. Among those who remained with me for more than one campaign, 
 and whose help was in consequence the more efficient, as the part they played in the 
 excavations was more important, are Professor J. C. Hoppin, Professor Richard Nor- 
 ton, and Dr. H. S. Washington. 
 
 I should like to say at once that the proportion of work done by the several assist- 
 ants at the excavations is not adequately shown by the part they tiike in the publica- 
 tion. This I regret much ; but it has been inevitable. I had hoped that all those who had 
 done service at the excavations might in some way be directly associated with the publi- 
 
, PREFACE 
 
 cation. But it happened in many eases that, when it eanie to the work of preparinjr the 
 material at Athens, and, still later, of writing on the material thus prepared, the fonner 
 assistants were occupied elsewliere or could not Hnd time for tlie work. Professor 
 Norton, who has since been made Director of the American School in Rome, is repre- 
 sented in this book by a sliort chapter, which is far from showing the prominent i^irt lie 
 took in tlie excavation at the Heraeum and in the sorting and arranging of the finds at 
 Athens. The siime is true of Dr. Washington. So too the prominent pairt fciken by 
 Professor C. L. Brownson during the first year's work receives no acknowledgment at 
 all, so far as his participation in this book is concerned, owing to the fact that his Uni- 
 vei-sity work has kept him occupied in America since ISIKJ. The same was the case with 
 his colleague, our architect during the fii-st year, Mr. Thomas A. Fox, who furnished the 
 excellent plan of 1892 {American Jouriuil of Archneohnjn, 1893, VIII. PI. xii.). Hw 
 place was taken in the last year of excavation by his able successor, Mr. E. L. Tilton. 
 Among those who find no place at all in the publication are Professor W. C. Polani», 
 Mr. John Alden, Dr. C. L. Meai»er, Professor Barker Newhall, and Dr. .1. D. 
 Rogers. The latter has, however, given a careful preliminary publication of the inscrii.- 
 tion on a bronze tablet found in 1895 {Anu-rkiin Jonrna/ of Anhntoloijn, Second 
 
 Series, 1901, V. pp. 159 ff.). 
 
 In looking back ui>on my association with all these scholars, so different in tempera- 
 ment and tmining, I cannot hell, feeling intensely gratitieil when I recognize that all 
 have become and remain my sincere friends. 
 
 I must further thank the Greek authorities, notably M. Cavvai.ias and liis eplu.rs, 
 for the manner in which they furthered the work of excavation and were always ready 
 to meet my wishes, while conscientiously fulfilling the duties which their office laid ui>on 
 them. Our relations have been from beginning to end those of cimiplete and undis- 
 turi.ed harmony and friendliness. 1 must also express my thanks in this connection 
 to the Archaeoh>gical Institute of America, which provide<l about Imlf of the funds 
 for this excavation ; and among those i)ersons who privately contributed when funds 
 were most needed I must reconl my sense of gratitude to the late Mr. .T«>hn Taylor 
 Johnston and to Mrs. J. W. Clark, as well as to Professor Hoppin and Mr. W. C. 
 
 Schermerhorn. 
 
 Few readers are aware h«.w large and important a pjirt of the labor in such archaeo- 
 logical undertiikings is given to the work of cleaning, piecing together, classifying, 
 and studying the remains which an excavation has pn.duced, before the results can be 
 made puiilic'^in a book. When 1 but mention, among other similar tiisks, that alniut 
 26;> baskets of vase fragments had to be cleaned, sorted, and, as far as possible, pieced 
 together before they could Ihj studied properly ; that the sjune is true of tlioustinds of 
 snwll terra-cottjis; that bronzes often were found in a shapeless mass in which all iiuli- 
 cation of their fom, probable design, and inscribe<l marks were hidden by corrosion 
 and incrustation, and that these bronzes luid to be treated by a liborious and lengthy 
 process of innnersion in acids and of cleaning, before the original design and decoration 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 xt 
 
 couhl l>e restore<I, — when I merely enumerate these facts, some idea will be gained of 
 the important pi-eliminary work necessitiited before an account of the excavation could 
 be presented in book form. 
 
 If such work always presents many difficidties, they were much enhanced in our case : 
 
 (1) The plan of our excavation couhl not be laid out on a large and permanent scale 
 at the outset, and therefore provision could not be made for the proper storing and 
 arnmgement of the objects found tliat all might be kept together from one season to 
 another. 
 
 (2) All our iM)rtid>Ie finds had to be transferred from Argos to Athens, where they were 
 deiM)sited in the National Museum. If such a transference of unclassified material — 
 mmii in baskets, some in boxes, and some unpacked — contributed to confusion, the fact 
 that in the National Museum we had twice to move from one room to another did not 
 diminish these difficulties. In spite of these unavoidable inconveniences, I must here 
 ri^cord the willingness on the part of the officials of the Museum to further our work, 
 and I have much ple<isure in thanking M. Cavvadias, the Director, and his distinguished 
 assistints, MM. Stals, Tsountas, Castriotes, and Lionardos. 
 
 (3) Our difficulties in this stage of the work were still further increased by my desire 
 to cjirry out the suggestion, informally made, of the Managing Conunittee of the School, 
 that all the students should make, for purposes of study, direct use of the material fur- 
 nished by the School's excavations, and should therefore be drawn into the actual work 
 of sorting and cle<ining. I complied with this suggestion for a time, but soon foun<l 
 that not only the students, unprepared for such work, gained but little advantjige, but 
 the hibor of arranging and classifying the matericil was impeded and made much more 
 difficult. 
 
 (4) Finally, although, after I had resigned the Directorship of the School, I came to 
 Athens every year and Liid down the system of cbissification to be followe<l, the great 
 difficulty to which I have referred aln.ve made itself felt most banefully in this phase of 
 the work ; for the main sui)ervision passed fi"om one hand to another, and, in matters of 
 detjiil, one new man had to take up the half-finished work of another at the point where 
 it had been left. 
 
 All these difficulties recurred in another form when it came to the actuiil writhiir of 
 the book. Not one of my assistiints intrusted with the separate depiirtments was present 
 during the whole of the excavation, nor could they — with the exception of Professor 
 Hoppin and Mr. De Cou — remain for any continuous time in Gi-eece while eUiborating 
 their imiteriiil and writing their chapters. Still, the principle I followed was to allow 
 each meml)er intrusted with a department as much independence as possible ; and thou<»h 
 I have arranged with ejicli the general lines of his publication and have revised all the 
 numuscripts, so that I may claim an organic unity of conception and execution for the 
 book as a whole, I have not stood in the way of the expression of well-founded individual 
 opinion, for which each collaborator deserves the credit and retains the resi)onsibiHty. 
 But, scattered as these workers were and changing their residence all over the globe, from 
 
I 
 
 Xll 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 Eirypt, Gi-eeee, and Italy to various jwrts of the United Stiites,the extra lal.or which was 
 enbiiled by the attempt to keep in touch with each man, the correspondence it necessi- 
 tated, and the compHcations which increased the difficulties incidental ti> the publication 
 of such work even under the conditions most favorable to speedy and facile publica- 
 tion, can easily be imagined. 
 
 The work of conducting all these matters through correspondence and the consetpient 
 delays were considerably increased by the fact that from England 1 had to communicate 
 and arrange, not directly with the publisher and printer in America, but with a Com- 
 mittee which had to decide uiM)n the ways and means of publication (which occupied 
 some years), — a task to which the members devoted themselves with much siicrifice of 
 
 time and labor. 
 
 The inevitable result was considerable delay in publication. For it is but right that 1 
 should state that my own manuscript (written more than four years ago), as well as that of 
 Professor Hoppin, has been in the hands of the Committee on Publication, ready for the 
 press, for nearly three years. Thus, besides the difficulty of ivturning, when correcting 
 pr(.ofs, to a subject which had lost much of its freshness and some of its familiarity, it 
 was imiM)Ssible to take note of the results of similar excavations which have since been 
 undertiiken and are still in progress ; while anticipations of importiint new light thrown 
 upon archaeological impiiry by our finds and our publication, and for which a certiiin 
 amount of honorable credit might be claimed, are not so manifest at this sfcige of publi- 
 cation. To recast the whole book was not possible. I have therefore left the manuscript 
 as it stood, only adding a few footnotes with regard to work done since 181)8. 
 
 I had hoped to publish both volumes at the siime time, but owing to the delay of one 
 contributor, we have determined to publish the first volume at once and to leave the 
 second volume to follow within a few nM>nths. I regret this the nu)re as Professor Hop- 
 pin's work on the Vases, which has been ready for press shice 181)9, will thus be kept 
 
 back still longer. 
 
 In spite of these regrettiible deliiys, I do not think that we have been exceptionally 
 lono- in brincrintr the results of our excavations Iwfore the public after their c<nnpletion 
 in 1895. When it is remembereil that an interval of seventeen years elapsed between 
 the ctmipletion of the excavations of Olympia in 1879 and the official publication in 
 189G, and that the excavations of the Acroi)olis of Athens, c<mipleted in 1889, have not 
 yet been published, our own publication must be considered a comparatively sjjeedy one. 
 Nor can 1 be unmindful of the kind help tendered me by all members of the Committee. 
 But I must esi>ecially mention with gratitude that received from Professor Seymour and 
 Professor Fowler, who h)oked over the manuscript of my General Introduction and 
 offered useful criticism and correction ; from Professor White, Professor Wheeler, and 
 Mr. Robinson, who also made valuable suggestions at different stages ; and, above all, 
 froui Professor Wright (assisted by Dr. Chase), who acted in my stead while the book 
 went through the press in America, and without whose labor and kindness the publica- 
 tion must have been indefinitely delayed. 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 xui 
 
 All other acknowledgments will, I hoiH*, be found in their due place in the book. 
 
 The difficulties with which I have had to contend have been rehearsed above, and I 
 have thought it right and just that they should be known. Painful and distivssing as 
 these conditions were, they vanish from the horizon now that the work is done, and I 
 look bjick upon the scenes of labor behind me with unmixed pleasure and with deep grati- 
 tude, — gratitude first to the American School at Athens which, in 1889, when for nearly 
 ten years I had been occupied with official work here in England, should have jriven me 
 such brilliant opportunities of research in Greece and of direct association with an institu- 
 tion of learning belonging to my native home ; gratitude to the University of Cambridge 
 and to my own College here, in my adopted home, which allowed me to undertake work 
 officially associiited with another country, gjive me the necesssiry leave of absence, and 
 enabled me to retain the post in this University which I have now held continuously for 
 twenty-two years. I venture to think that this example of international comity and 
 generosity in the cause of science, of which I have been the immediate beneficiary, is not 
 only a significjint instance and i-esult of the uniting power of science and learning, but is 
 more directly an e<irnest of the confraternity of the two great English-sjieaking nations. 
 That it should be in the cause of Hellenic culture that this international and fraternal 
 spirit should manifest itself against the survival (if not revival) in our times of blind an«l 
 savage international alienation and hatred sounds like the faint echo to the pledge of 
 civilized humanity made in Athens more than two thousand years ago by Aeschylus in 
 the Eumenides. That great drama seems to me to glorify, with all the consummate skill 
 of artistic expression, the estiiblishment of civilization and its laws, superseding the blind 
 spirit of savagery, hatred, and revengeful fury. By the intercession of the great goddess 
 of Wisdom is founded the Areopagus, the first court of law to embody the ideas of 
 hiunan justice ; the hounding Erinyes are converted into Eumenides ; by the persuasive 
 and gladdening language oi Reason, blending Truth and Beauty with Goodness, the 
 vindictive Furies are tamed and are given a home in the centre of civilized life, violet- 
 crowned Athens ; and, adopting the tuneful and joyous measure of Attic poetry, they 
 
 sing : 
 
 Kino'a College, Cambridge, April 30, 1902. 
 
 CHARLES WALDSTEIN. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY CHARLES WALDSTEIX 
 
 AXTIQUITY AND SlOXIKlrAXCE OP TIIK Cl'LT OF TlIK AWJIVK HkKA 
 
 ToiHKiKAFHY OK THK AutilVK HkRAKUM 
 
 TmK KaRLY HlSTOKY OK THK HkKAKI'M 
 
 TlIK KviItKNTK OK TIIK FiXIW AS TO THK A<iE OK THK HeKAEUM . 
 
 Tkrka-<;otta Imaoi-m 
 
 Vamkm 
 
 Hkonzks . . . 
 
 Knokaykh Sto\r.s 
 
 h^JYITlAX ()K.IK«T8 
 
 History ov Phkvioits Excayatioxs 
 
 KXOAVATIONS HY THK AmKRK'A.V S'HOOL AT ATHKXS 
 
 Campaiox ok 1S9*J 
 
 Cami'Aiox of 1X*K{ 
 
 Camfaujx «>k 1W>4 
 
 Notk A: Stkabo ox THK Aroiyk Hkkakitm 
 
 Notk B: View krom the Site 
 
 pare 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 49 
 01 
 04 
 M 
 04 
 70 
 7.'i 
 74 
 70 
 85 
 86 
 
 THE GEOLO(iY OF THE HERAEUM REGION 
 
 BY HKXKY STEPHENS WASHINGTON 
 
 Gkolo<iy of Aroolh 91 
 
 KlTRIAL OF AxriKXT Kkmain's 94 
 
 The Heraeitm Site and its Burial 97 
 
 Note on the Ioxeous Rim ks fouxd ix thk Excayatioxs at the Hkkakum 99 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 BY EDWARD LIPPINCOTT TILTON 
 
 towkiraphy axi) survey 105 
 
 Old Wallh 108 
 
 Cyclopeax Walls 109 
 
 The Oli> Temflk Platform axd thk Oli> Tkmplk HD 
 
 The Upper Stoa 112 
 
 The NtJRTHEAHT Stoa 114 
 
 East Buildixo 116 
 
 The Seconi) Temple 117 
 
 The South Stoa , 127 
 
 The Steps 180 
 
 The West Buildixo l.'U 
 
 The Northwest Buildixg l.'U 
 
 The Romax Buildixo 134 
 
XVI 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Thk Lowkr Stoa 
 Cisterns . . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 I'M 
 
 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 BY ( HAllLES WALDNTEIX 
 
 SiXliLE StATUKS 
 
 AKflllTErTrKAI. S^'l'I.ITrRK 
 
 The Mktoi'es 
 
 The Pkihmexts 
 
 The General Style ok the Heraeum Marbles . 
 The Perioi. axi» Scihhil oe the Hekaeim Makules 
 
 PoLYCLEITlS AXI» THE HeRAEI'M MaRKLES .... 
 
 Desc'RIFTion ok the 1'lates 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 BY KUFITS BYAM HU'IIAKIJSON AND .lAMUs KKJNALL WIIKKI.ER 
 
 140 
 144 
 14(1 
 14« 
 
 ir^? 
 
 1G4> 
 177 
 
 PART I. iNsrRij^utNs «iN Stone 
 PART II. Stami'EIi Tiles . . 
 
 Tni»ex 
 
 197 
 216 
 
 225 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 FIOl'RE PAGE 
 
 1. Map of thk Region about the Heraeum. Enlarged from Steffen's Karten von Mykenai 
 
 (Argolis), with additions 7 
 
 2. General Plan of the Site : actual state after excavation 9 
 
 3. The Aroive Plain, with the Second Temple in tlie foreground 11 
 
 4. The Aruivk Plain, with excavated remains of the Old Temple in the foreground 12 
 
 5. View of Mount Euboea, with South Stoa in the foreground 13 
 
 6. Site of Heraeum from the East 14 
 
 7. Site of Heraeum from the Southwest 15 
 
 8. Man-hole and Rock-cut Conduit at Stream-bed of Revma-tou-Kastrou 17 
 
 9. Drum and Capital from Second Temple, as found hehind the South Stoa 19 
 
 10. Foundations of the Second Temple, showing statue-hases at the eastern end .... 21 
 
 11. it. b. Two Coins of Argos. The Hera of Polycleitus 22 
 
 12. Coin of Aruos. The head of Polyeleitus's Hera 22 
 
 13. Early Shaft-tomb, containing vases of dull-colored •• Mycenaean " style 41 
 
 14. Beehiye Tomh, near the Heraeum. on the road to Mycenae 42 
 
 15. Early Stone •• Pillar iMACiE." From the Heraeum 43 
 
 1(5. Primitive Terra-cotta Fkiurine. From the Heraeum ... 43 
 
 17. Early Female Figure, showing development of drai)ery. From the Heraeum 44 
 
 18. Early Se.\ted Figure. From the Heraeum 44 
 
 19. Mycenaean Type of Terra-<otta. From a Tomb near the Heraeum 4.5 
 
 20. Figure of the " Dipylon " Class. From the Heraeum 4G 
 
 21. Figure of Advanced Argive Style (with human face). From the Heraeum 47 
 
 22. Mycenaean Vvse. with dull unglazed color. From Furtwiingler and Loeschcke. Mijkenisclie 
 
 Vasen. pi. xxiv. No. 175 50 
 
 23. Mycenaean Vase (from lalysus), naturalistic, with lustrous glaze. From Furtwiingler and 
 
 Loeschcke, Mykenische Vaaef, pi. v. No. 281 50 
 
 24. Mycenaean Vase, with lustrous glaze, conventional. From Furtwangler and Loeschcke, 
 
 Mijkeulsche Vaseu, p. 29, fig. 17 51 
 
 25. Dipylon Vase. From Mon. d. Inst. IX. pi. 39 52 
 
 26. Argive (Proto-Corinthian) Vase. Linear style. From the Heraeum 53 
 
 27. AiMJiVE (Proto-Corinthiai) Vase, later style. From the Heraeum 53 
 
 28. My<'ENAEAN Tomhstone, with carved and painted decoration. From Tsountas, 'Ec^i/ficpt? 
 
 ' Ap)(aioKoyiKrjf 1896 54 
 
 29. Examples of Incised Linear Ornament. From the Heraeum 55 
 
 30. Example of Painted Linear Ornament. From the Heraeum 57 
 
 31. Iron Bars excavated at the Heraeum 63 
 
 32. Colonel Mure's Plan of the Site of the Heraeum. From his Journal of A Tour 
 
 in Greece, %'ol. I. p. 179 65 
 
 33. Qeneral Gordon's Plan of the Site of the Heraeum. From Leake's Peloponnesiaca, 
 
 1846 66 
 
 34. Ranoab^'s Plan of the Site of the Heraeum. From his Ausf/rabinig heim Tempel der 
 
 Hera imweit Arr/os, 1855 67 
 
 35. Bursian's Plan of his Excavations 68 
 
 36. The Secont) Temple Platform, before the American excavations 71 
 
 37. Site of the Old Temple Platform, before excavation 72 
 
 38. The Second) Temple, at the close of the season of 1892 73 
 
 39. Work on the Slope betweex the Old Temple and the Second Temple, in the second 
 
 season 75 
 
 iHMiltfMiH 
 
XVIU 
 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 
 45a. 
 
 46. 
 
 47. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 51. 
 
 52. 
 
 53. 
 
 54. 
 
 55. 
 
 56. 
 
 57. 
 
 58. 
 59. 
 60. 
 61. 
 
 62. 
 
 63. 
 
 64. 
 
 65. 
 
 66. 
 
 67. 
 
 68. 
 
 69. 
 
 70. 
 
 71. 
 
 72. 
 
 73. 
 
 74. 
 
 75. 
 
 76. 
 
 77. 
 78. 
 
 79. 
 80. 
 81. 
 82. 
 83. 
 
 84, 
 85, 
 86 
 87 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 7A 
 
 Piece of Wall from West Building, first apiiearance ' ' * * to 
 
 CoRXER OF THE Secoxd Platform, with front of East Building in right foreground . . . T» 
 
 The Roman Building, with Southwest Stoa on the left, and portion of West Building in the 
 
 o(' 
 
 foreground «< 
 
 First Trench dug at South Stoa 
 
 South Stoa. after excavation ^ 
 
 We-st Buildixg. after excavation 
 
 Section- back of South Stoa, 1894 
 
 View of the Argive Heraeum from the North 
 
 Argive Heraeum : View of the site from the east ^^^ 
 
 Argive Heraeum : View of the site from the west • 
 
 View looking North upon the Cyclopean Wall and Northeast Stoa IW 
 
 Old Temple Plan: restored 
 
 Argive Heraeum : Capitals, and details of their profiles drawn to a large scale Jjo 
 
 Columns. From the Argive Heraeum 
 
 Argive Heraeum : Stone with doves carved in relief '^ 
 
 Argive Her.^eum : Stone carved xvith fish and waves, by incised lines ... • • • • • "^ 
 View looking Northe.xst upon the East BuiLoiN.i and the retaining wall on its northwest side 117 
 
 Argive Heraeum : East Building, restored ', ," o i 
 
 View from the Southeast, looking upon the flight of steps; the South Stoa and the Second ^^^ 
 
 Temple above -20 
 
 Actual State of a Stvlobate Stone of the Second Temple J^ 
 
 Front Elevation of Second Temple. Restored by Edward L. Tilton l^i 
 
 Column and Stylobate Stone of Second Temple , ' ' ', " ' LJ 
 
 Marble Cyma-moulding and Lions Head Water-spout. From Second Temple: one fifth 
 
 the actual size. Measured and restoreil by Edward L. Tilton -,',*,' 
 
 Marble Lion's Head Gargoyle and Water-spout. From Second Temple: one fifth the ^^^ 
 
 actual size -^g 
 
 Metope FROM THE Second Tkmple. Restored from fragment - 
 
 Ar<hve Heraeum : Restored Section of Second Temple, showing statue of Hera 1^ 
 
 View looking F^st on the South Stoa ' 
 
 West Building ; free restoration of the elevation 
 
 View looking Northwf.st upon the Northwf.st Building J 
 
 View looking We.st from the Northwe.st Building 
 
 Roman Building : plan and elevation restored 
 
 Fragment of a Stone Pillar ^^^ 
 
 Fragments of Archaic Sculpture C, ' ' " • j ' * * iai 
 
 Marble Fragments, probably part of a Female Figure of the Graeco-Roman period .... 141 
 
 Late Torso, found on the South Slope 
 
 Miscellaneous Marble Fragments. From the Argive Heraeum • • • • • • • * ' *** 
 
 Marble Fragments, as arranged for sorting on the floor of a Room m the Central Museum, ^^^ 
 
 MaIble 'image, with hand graspin'g ii ai the back. Probably from the Western Pediment of ^^^ 
 
 the Second Temjjle j_^ 
 
 Fragment of a Metope, with pelta , ' ' ' * i * * 
 
 Corner of the Room in the Central Museum, Athens, contoinmg fragments of drai)ery. 
 
 From figures in the round, probably from the pediments of the Heraeum . • • • • • • J-j* 
 
 Fragment of a Leg resting upon a Cushion. Probably from a pediment of the Heraeum la2 
 
 Fragment of a Pedimental Figure. From the Heraeum J^ 
 
 Legs and other Fragments. Probably from the iHjdiments of the Heraeum 15* 
 
 Fragments from the Metopes: Hands that held swords and spears, and feet . . . • • 1«> 
 
 Fragments from the Metope-s, illustrating chiefly the sharp yet delicate cutting of the folds ^^ 
 
 in drapery ,* ' 4> ' i ' lAA 
 
 , Small Marble Head from Brauros. In the possession of Professor FurtwUngler . . . iw 
 
 Head of one of the Korai. From the Erechtheum 
 
 . Head of the Doryphorus (Naples) 
 
 . Head of the Dladumenus (Dresden) 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT > xlx 
 
 88. a, The Linrh of the Mouth. From the Heraeum Metojjes 179 
 
 88. //, The Links of the Mouth. In the Lemnian Athena 179 
 
 89. ft. Profile of the Upper Lip. From the Heraeum Metopes 180 
 
 S9. />. Profile ok the Uppkr Lip. In tlie Lemnian Athena 180 
 
 90. Mis< ELLANEous Marble Fragment.s. Fioiii the Heraeum 194 
 
PLATES 
 
 Platk Paoe 
 
 Front itij/iece. Hkai> ok Hkka : in jirofile. Probably from the Western Pediment of the Second Temple 189 
 
 I. DtrrAiLs OF THE Secoxd Temi'LE. axi> Cvma-mouldixgs from the South Stoa . 104 
 
 II. View of the Second Temple, looking south from the Cycloi>ean Wall 106 
 
 III. View ok the Site ok the Akuive Heraeum from the South 106 
 
 IV. Gexerai. Plan of the Site : actual state after excavation 106 
 
 V. General Plan of the Site: restored 108 
 
 VI. Restoration of the Argive Heraeum in Perspective. In colors 108 
 
 VII. View looking Northeast ui*on the Flight of Steps 108 
 
 VIII. Old Temple Platform: actual state 108 
 
 IX. The Old Temple and the North and Northeast Stoas: actual state and restoration 108 
 
 X. View hm>king Southwest upon the Old Temple and its Platform 110 
 
 XI. Section through the Site from North to South : actual state and restoration . 110 
 
 XII. Plan of North Stoa, Northeast Stoa. and E.v.st Building: actual state . . • 112 
 
 XIII. Plans and Elevations of Various Wallss 116 
 
 XIV. View LOi>KiX(j Southwest upon the Second Temple. From the Cyclopean Wall . 118 
 XV. View looking Southeast upon the West Building 118 
 
 XVI. Second Temple: actual state 118 
 
 XVII. Plan of the Second Temple: restoreil 118 
 
 XVIII. Side Elevation <»f the Second Temple: restored 118 
 
 XIX. Outline Plan and Elevations, showing the i»roportioiis of the Second Temple . . 120 
 
 XX. South Stoa and Stei*s leading to Upper Level : actual state 126 
 
 XXI. South Stoa: Plan and Elevation. Hestore«l 128 
 
 XXII. South Stoa: Se<-tion and Details. Restored 128 
 
 XXIII. Painted Terra-cotta Architecturvl Fragments 130 
 
 XXIV. West Buildincj : actual state 130 
 
 XXV. View lookincs Southwest ui-on the West Buildin*; 132 
 
 XXVI. West Building: jtlan and details 132 
 
 XXV'II. Northwest Building: actual state 134 
 
 XXVIII. Roman Buildincj and Lower Stoa: actual state 134 
 
 XXIX. Roman Building : floor-construction, and fragments from other buildings 134 
 
 XXX. Met«)PE from the Heraeum 177 
 
 XXXI. Three IIeai>s from the Metopes. Two views of a youth's head; head of Amazon ; 
 
 head of a warrior 178 
 
 XXXII. Three Female Heads from the Metopes 181 
 
 XXXIII. Head of Athena, from the Metopes; ])ortions of two heads in the round .... 183 
 
 XXXIV. Torso of Nude Youth from the Metopes 185 
 
 XXXV. Three Draped Torsos from the Metopes; warrior with breastplate; an Amazon; 
 
 another female torso 187 
 
 XXXVI. Head of Hera : three views. Probably from the Western Pediment 189 
 
 XXXVII. Torso of a Draped Female Figure from the Pediments 191 
 
 XXXVIII. Fragments of Drapery from the Pediments 192 
 
 XXXIX., XL. Additional Marble Fra«jments from the Metopes 193 
 
 XLI. Additional FRA<i.MENTH of Drapery and Feet. Probably from the Pediments . . 193 
 
 %• The Plates are dtscribetl at the payes indicated, but Plates II.-XXIX. are grouped after jMge 13,j, and Plates XXX.-XLI. 
 
 after page 1U4. 
 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 J 
 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 By CHARLES WALDSTEIN 
 
 The Arjrive Heraeiim was (me of the most impoitiiiit saiictuaiies of ancient Hellas ; 
 iiuleejl, its jmsition in the life of the ancient Greeks, and more especially its relation 
 to and illnstration of the earliest history of the Hellenic people, make it appear to 
 have been at one time the foremost sanctuary of Peloponnesus, jierhaps of the whole of 
 Greece. 
 
 Archaeolojrieally, too, the Heraeum holds a unique position in regard to the early 
 history of Gi-eece, and the finds made on this site have in consequence a special 
 importance. For while similar objects have been found at Hissiirlik, on the Islands, at 
 Tiryns, and Mycenae, their i-ektion to the phice in which they were found does not "ive 
 them the siime significance as perfciins to the objects from the Heraeum. For the 
 Heraeum lay not only in Gi-eece proper, but was the centre of the earliest Greek life as 
 such, — which cannot be said for Hissarlik or even for the Islands ; while the continuity 
 of its history transfers the element of continuity to the objects there found, — and this 
 cainiot Ikj siiid for Tiryns or Mycenae, each of which represents definite and distinct 
 peri<»ds only. 
 
 To write a complete history of this siinctuiiry would be to write the history of the 
 Argolic plain.' For while Tiryns, Mycenae, and Argos, in turn, had political preemi- 
 nence in this district, the Heraeum always i-emained the chief religious centre. And as 
 these three cities, in the early ages, wei-e the most importiint political centres of Hellenic 
 civilisMition, the histijry of the Heraeum is an imporfcint part of the history of Greece. 
 
 Whenever these three political centres — Tiryns, Mycenae, and Argos — were distinct 
 and seiKinite sfcites, they ckshed and struggled for preeminence. In the earliest days, 
 indeed (according to tradition the days of Phoroneus and his successors down to Abas), 
 there was unity of dominion over the " Argive " land ; but, as we shall see, the sub- 
 division begiin under the sons of Alias ; and from this time on, until the final supremacy 
 
 ' A clear (Ictiiiitioii uf tlie name Arj^lis was not given 
 to tlic land liefure Roman times ; thungli Argos, with 
 all the confusing vacillation in the use of this term to 
 which I shall recur, certainly designated the same district 
 in the earliest |>oriod. It comprised three districts : 
 (1) the eastern |>enin8ula, Acte, (2) the northern slopes 
 from the mountains to the Gulf of Corinth, and (3) the 
 southern sIojm; from these mountains down to the gulf of 
 Nauplia. The third p4>rtion is Argolis proper. The plain, 
 hounded by the Arachnaean range on the east and the 
 mountains of Artemisium on the west, — which converge 
 at the northern eml, while to the south the plain opens out 
 to the gulf, — was called Argos in the earliest prehistoric 
 time, and is the district to which we shall specifically 
 apply the term Argive. The original meaning of the 
 wonl "Apryvs must have been lost to the later Greeks, so 
 that Stephaims Ryzantinus explains it as irx*^^>' 'S" viio¥ 
 tcari 9JiKa/iot». But this meaning is too restricted, as is 
 
 3 
 
 evident from the existence of the Orestian Argos in the 
 interior of Macedonia, the Pelasgian in Tliessaly, and the 
 modern survival of the term to designate small plains 
 surrounded by mountains in the interior of several islands. 
 (Cf . Kiepert, Lekrhuch der A Iten Geographie, p. 271.) This 
 Argive plain is of light chalk soil, has much less rain- 
 fall than the western coast of Peloponnesus, and is thus 
 subjected to drought ( itoAwJ/i^iof 'Apyos). The mountain 
 streams run dry in the summer ; but in the rainy sea.son 
 all combine to swell the Inachus. To sink wells is there- 
 fore of great importance in the present day and was so 
 in the earliest times, as is evident from the myths of the 
 Danaides. Danaus (explained as ^rip6s by the gramma- 
 rians) is the inventor of the art of digging wells, and as 
 Archegetes of the Danaans, the inhabitants of the plain, is 
 himself a representative of the plain. Through this arti- 
 ficial irrigation by means of wells, the plain was and is 
 fertile in com and (Misture, xoK^wvpof, iww6$oToi> 'Apyos. 
 
4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 of the city of Argos, there was rivalry between the several cities. _But through all i>eriods 
 the one point of union in the ArgoUd amid all the elements of rivah-y and disruption, 
 even when the ties of blood and common descent were of no cohesive efficiency, was 
 this central sanctuary, which represented at once the oldest as well as the most con- 
 tinuously ruling religious cult in the district, — the worship of Hera. Apimrently 
 only during one short period was the worship of Hera superseded by another in the 
 city of Aro-08, namely, when the Dorian supremacy was estabHshed and when the 
 cities which fell to the " lot of Temenus " formed a kind of confederacy under 
 the direction of Argos,* with the sanctuary of Apollo Pythaeus, at the foot of the 
 Larisii of Argos, as the centre. The Argives maintamed that theirs was the oldest 
 sanctiuiry of Apollo Pythaeus;- even in later times the Argives collected contribu- 
 tions for this sanctuary,^ and made it the repository of treaties.* But the supreme 
 importance which the Hemeiim had for the city of Argos ^ from the earliest to the 
 ktest times is amply proved, among other evidence, by the fact that the Argives always 
 reckoned their time by the years of office of the priestesses of Hera, and that these 
 chronological tables were used also elsewhere in Greece.' ^ 
 
 ' The cult of Hera at our Heraeum was thus the principal worship of the city of Argos, 
 and before the preeminence of the city of Argos in the Argive district, the Heraeum 
 was the chief sanctuary of Mycenae. As Strabo puts it,' it was the sanctuary used 
 in common by both these cities. , 
 
 Not only was Hera the earliest divinity for the i)eoples which dwelt in the Argive 
 plain, but the Argive Heraeum presented the earliest form of this divhiity and her wor- 
 ship in ancient Hellas. 
 
 In Homer, Hera is called 'Apyeiri.' In the Iliad (iv. 51), Argos, Sparta, and 
 Mycenae are her favorite cities. The oldest of the sanctuaries of Hera mentioned at 
 Sparta is evidently « that of "Hpa 'Apycia, said to be "founded by Eurydice, daughter 
 of Lacedaemon and wife of Acrisius, the son of Abas." Thus not only the attribute 
 « Argive," but also the tradition of its original dedication, through the Argive kings 
 Acrisius and Abas, immediately point to its Argive derivation. 
 
 No doubt in this use of the term " Apyo? and the attribute 'Apyeir;, the ancient Argive 
 district, including, both geographically and historicaUy, Tiryns and Mycenae, is meant, 
 and not the city of Argos.'" The city of Argos itself had four — possibly six — separate 
 sanctuaries of Hera," each with a separate cult. Still, as we have seen, our Heraeum 
 remained its chief sanctuary, as it was the oldest. 
 
 » Herod. I. 82 ; StraLo VIII. 3. 33. 
 « Paus. II. 35. 2 (Telesilla, Frafftn. 3). 
 « Thucyd. V. 53 and Diod. XII. 78. 1. Le Bas, Itucr. 
 rec. a Argos, No. 8. 
 
 * Thiicyd. V. 47. 13. 
 
 * It looks also as if at one time the Poseidon cult 
 endangered Hera's supremacy, which may he inferred 
 from the legend (which probably has some foundation in 
 the earliest ethnological history of the land) related by 
 Pausanias (II. 15. 5, 22. 4 ; cf. also Plut. Q. Conv. xi. 
 6). Compare the similar struggle between Athena and 
 Poseidon at Athens. The division of national patronage 
 between her and Zeus Nemeios (Paus. IV. 27. 6) is evi- 
 dently of later origin and naturally arises out of the Up6s 
 yifios and its special cult. 
 
 • Thuc. II. 2, IV. 133. For references to Hellanicus 
 
 of Mytilene, his 'Up*Mt as well as the AtlhU and Pemca, 
 see Busolt, Gr. Geschichfe, I. pp. 151 ff. 
 
 ■f TOT* 'Afryos (col tAi Muichwat, ical rh 'Hpaiop «Ifo» itoirhr 
 Itpiii' TO wphs ToTi Mvc^fait aii^t». Strabo VIII. 6. 10. 
 
 « Horn. //. V. y08 ; cf. Hesiod, Theog. 12 ; Aesch. Suppl. 
 299. Pind. Nem. x. 2, certainly refers to the Heraeum 
 when he says 'Ap7o» 'Hpat Wm" ^to^p*-'**- Cf. also Eurip. 
 Tro. 23, Herad. ;«9. 
 
 » Paus. III. 13. 8. The temple mentioned by Pausanias 
 (III. 11. 9) as in the market-place, which she apparently 
 held in conjunction with Apollo, as well as that of Hera 
 Aphrodite (which may be the same as the Argtia) an«l 
 Hera Aigophagos (III. 13. 8 and III. 15. 9) are evidently 
 later. 
 
 '• See Note A. 
 
 " Cf. Roscher in Roscher's Lexicon d. Or. and Rom 
 Mytkologie, I. pp. 2075 B. 
 
 
 ri^ri 
 
 ANTIQUITY OF THE CULT OF THE ARGIVE HERA 
 
 6 
 
 There can hardly be a doubt that all the other cults of Hera, such as those of Samos, 
 Corinth, Olympiii, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, those in Thrace, on Lesbos, and many other 
 islands of the Aegean, as well as the important cults of Sicily and Magna Graecia, e. g. 
 at Croton and on Eryx, are all directly derived from the Argive cult.* The most 
 importiint of all these other cults, after that of the Heraeum (in later times perhaps 
 siirjKissing this in splendor), was the famous sanctuary on Samos. But all the evidence 
 goes to show that this Samian cult was derived and imported from Argos. Tmdition 
 had it" that the Samian temple was founded by the Argonauts, who brought their 
 sacred image with them from Argos. The Samians, of course, maintained that Hera 
 was born on their island, on the banks of the Imbrasus or Parthenius,"^ under a 
 willow (Xuyo?), which was preserved in the Samian Heraeum in the times of Pausanias. 
 But the development of the Epidaurian myths concerning the birth of Asclepius, 
 a divinity evidently imported from the north, and many similar instances in ancient 
 mythology, show too well the prevailing tendency to make a divinity and a cult au- 
 tochthonous, to allow us to attach much weight to an isolated tmdition. Moreover, this 
 tradition may have arisen merely out of a confusion of the traditions grouping round the 
 Xvyo?, itself again a survival of a still more ancient rite of which the original meaning 
 was lost. According to Menodotus of Samos * the Samian Heraeum is an Argive foun- 
 dation by Admete, daughter of Eurystheus. We stand on much firmer historical ground 
 when we hear that the first human-shaped (ai/SptairociSc?) image of Hera was intro- 
 duced into Samos from the Argolid (Epidaurus) cVt II/jokXcou? dp\ovTo<;,^ i. e. about 
 the time of the Ionian migration. At all events, the change from the board to the 
 image assigned by Clement to the immigration of Procles seems to me to imply the 
 importation by him of the cult of his house. These traditions, all of which indicate 
 the dependence of the Samian on the Argive Heraeum, while this dependence is reversed 
 in none, establish the primacy of our sanctuary and cult. 
 
 The nature and evolution of the Argive Hera and her worship is a question of 
 great complexity, and would demand an elaborate exposition.^ In studying carefully 
 all the indications in ancient authors concerning this divinity, the customs and rites of 
 her worship, and the archaeological evidence concerning her sanctuaries, we see that 
 long before she had been defined by the Homeric " theology " in the Olympian circle 
 of divinities as the spouse of Zeus, she was the supreme goddess of an earlier people, 
 or of earlier peoples. Whether we call the people who originally worshiped her as 
 *Hpa ncXao-yi'?,' Pelasgians, or by any other name, this fact remains : that all the 
 
 » Cf. O. Muller, Dorier, I. 396. 
 « Paus. VII. 4. 4. 
 
 * Sch(d. Aiwll. Khod. I. 187 ; Appuleius, Met. 6. 4. 
 
 * Ap. Atlien. XV. 672 a-e. 
 
 ' Clem. Alex. Protr. IV. 46. See infra the evidence 
 furnished by the terra-cottas found in our excavations. 
 
 * Most of the passages relating to Hei-a and the cult of 
 Hera will be found in Roscher's able monograph on .funo 
 und Hera, 1875, and his article in Roscher's Lexicon, as well 
 as an account of the literature which deals with the sub- 
 ject. His work, however, s^hmiis soint>what vitiated by his 
 tendency to consider Hera alnive all as a " moon-goddess," 
 which, so far as her primitive nature is concerned, is un- 
 tenable. I would also make special mention of two older 
 monographs which enumerate the greater part of the 
 literature on the subject of her cult, namely, R. Furster's 
 
 Die Hochzeit des Zeux und der Hera (Breslau, 1867), and 
 Ueber die dltesten Heruhilder (1868). Of course for her 
 cultus, Iwan Miiller's Handhuch (vol. v. part 3) on Gr. 
 Sakralalterthiimer, by Stengel, A. Moramsen's Heortologie 
 and Fegte Athens, and the older works, K. Fr. Hermann's 
 Gottesdiensd. Alterthtimer, and Schomann's Gr. Alterth., 
 are important. In the Argonautic tales Jason is also 
 founder of temples of Hera : Strabo VI. 1. 1 ; Paus. 
 VII. 4. 4. 
 
 ' I leave it to my friends, Professor Ridgeway and 
 Mr. J. G. Frazer, to enlai^c upon the ethnological signif- 
 icance of this female deity, as well as to explain further 
 the interesting features in the Samian rites, the ifpbs 
 ydfiot, by means of the excellent methods of compara- 
 tive mythology which Mr. Frazer lias applied to good 
 purpose. 
 
• 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 indications seen in a careful study of the material now before us i>oint to Hem 
 aiiu.no these early peoples, not as the spouse of the supreme King, hut as hei-self the 
 Queen,' though she may have had her consort. Had these peoples dwelluig in the 
 Ar«rolic plahi remained ui supreme and unbroken possession of the land, and retaine<l 
 the" sway over it, and had Argolis maintiiined its hegemony over the Greek iK-oples in 
 historic times, the Heraeum might have become the Olyinpiii of HelUis, and would have 
 brought the Greek peoples together in the highest form of national federation, as in the 
 oldest Greek colonies the cultus of the Ljiciniiin Hem at the promontory near Crottni 
 brought all the Greek communities of Magna Graeci;i together at her festival.- We 
 migh't then have had a Panhellenic Hem as the presiding Hellenic divinity ; and Zeus 
 might possibly have found his place as Consort to the Queen of the gods. 
 
 Of this primitive divinity we can single out seveml clear chamcteristics, some of 
 which the subseipient adaptiition to the pi-evailing theology accentimted or repressed. 
 
 That Hera was, as we have sjiid, the chief divinity of the peoples who dwelt in the 
 Argolic plain, and of those who were derived from them, is evident from the simple fact 
 that her winship remained supreme in this region through all times. She is then the 
 chief guardian of the city and the citiidel, and from this conception must lie derived the 
 epithet Acria, which maintiiined itself at Argos=* and jdaces which derive their cult 
 from Argolis.^ For as the selection and fortification of such a citjulel was one of the 
 first acts of a community which had come to occupy fixed habifcitions, so the consecra- 
 tion to the national divinity would be a necessjiry consequence. There can Ik* but little 
 doubt that Tiryiis and Midea had a worship of Hera on their citiulels ; thougli the 
 importance of these cities and, in consequence, of the worship on their citjidels was 
 destroyed at a comparatively early date.^ 
 
 Jhiis we may supjiose that the Argive Hera guarded the land and the life and prosr 
 perity and presided over the occupations of the jieople who spread about the foot of this 
 fortified stronghold. The dwellers in the lirirofioTov and noXvirvpov Argive jilain clearly 
 led a pastoral and agricultural life. The name Euboea ' given to the hillock upon whicli 
 the Heraeum stood clearly iioints to it as a favorable site for the grazing of cattle, and 
 the intimate connection with the cow, the siicred herds at the temple,'' the position 
 of the white cows in her rites," and perhaps the immediate relation of the ^owtti^ 
 goddess herself to the cow into which she is once changed and with which the myth 
 of lo is so curiously connected, and finally the transpliinting of these associations into 
 the Hera-cult of other districts, — all this clearly indicates the original life of the early 
 
 » C. I. A. 172 KKfiSuvxos $aai\Tiiioi 'Hpas. Cf. Pilld. 
 Nein. i. r)9(39); Horn. Ilifmn. xii. 1 seq.; Nuiiiius, Diimifs. 
 viii. 2()7; Kaibel, Epig. 2G8. 3; 82*2 a, 7; Kiukel, Epic. 
 Gnuc. Fnififf. |>. 211. 
 
 -* Aristot. Mirab. 9G ; Strab. VI. 1. 11 (Kramer); Dion. 
 Perieg. 371. 
 
 3 Pans. II. 24. 1; Hesyeh. .«. r. tucpia. Cf. Paiiofka, 
 • Die Gottheiten auf Larissa, der Iluchbiirg von Argos,' 
 Ahh. (I. Bed. Mad. 18.")4, pp. 5.j2-i>.">4. It is a notewor- 
 thy fact that the district of the Heraeum was divided into 
 Euboea, Acraca, and Prosy mna ; Paus. II. 17. 
 
 * Among these the most ini]>ortant is the one on the 
 Acmpolis of Corinth (Apollod. I. 9. 28; Eurip. Med. 
 1379; Musaeus ap. Schol. Eur. Med. 10; Didymus and 
 Creophylus np. Srhol. Eur. Med. 273. Another very ancient 
 sanctuary "f Hera Acraea lay between I^chaeum and Pa- 
 gae, probably the same as the one mentioned in Strabo 
 
 (VIII. 0. 22), whicli was an ancient orach', ami thus 
 ]toiuts to a primitive goddess of the land. Liv. XXXII. 
 :«; Xen. Hell. IV. .">. ."». Cf. Itoueh^U'cIerc*!, Hist, de 
 la divination dam VAnttij. II. pp. 39r» f. 
 
 6 Paus. II. 17. 1. The whole island of EulMx-a was 
 sacred to Hera (Apoll. KIkmI. iv. 1138), and here, too, the 
 Up>>s yiitos takes an imi>ort)Uit place. She is esiM'cially 
 associated with the mountains Ocbes and Dirphys. It is 
 also worthy of note that similar importance is given to 
 her, and similar rites are found in lioeotia, especially on 
 the Cithaeron (Eurip. Phoen. 24). Cf. Cephal. ap. Malal. 
 p. 4.">, and Schol. to 24 as well as 1700. Cf. also Pint. 
 ap. Euseb. I'r. Ev. III. 83; Pans. IX. 2, 7; III. 1-9. 
 
 « Arg. Pind. Nevi. iii. p. 425 (Boeckb) ; Palaeph. 51 ; 
 Herod. I. 31. 
 
 ^ 8em. Again. 354. 
 
 Fig. 1. — MaF ok THK UK<iIU.\ AIIOUT THK IlKICAKt-M. 
 
 Enlarged from Steffen's Karten run Mykenai (Argolis), with additions. Heights iu metres. The rectan'Me incloses 
 an enlarged section of the llemeum .Site as indicated on the Map (see Fig. 2). 
 
 7 
 
 ■.> 
 
« 
 
 (IKNKKAL INTKODrrnoX 
 
 1)11 
 mi 
 
 indications seen in a earetiil study of the material nt)W l>et'oie us point to Ileia 
 amoni; these early peoples, not as the spouse of the supreme Kinj;-, hut as herself the 
 (iiieen,' though she may have had her etinsort. Had these peoples dwelling; in the 
 Ari»olie plain remained in supreme and unhroken possession of the land, aiul retanied 
 the^ sway over it, and had Arj>idis maintainetl its hegemony over the Greek pe«.ples in 
 historic times, the lleraeum miuht have heeome the Olympia of Hellas, and would have 
 hrou^ht the Greek peoides toi«ether in the highest form of national federation, as ni the 
 «d(h'sUi reek colonies the cultus of the Luinian Hera at the promontory near Croton 
 hrought all the Greek connniiuities of Magna Graecia together at her festival. W e 
 
 glU then have had a Panhellenic Hera as the presiding Hellenic <livinity ; and Zeus 
 
 ght possihly have found his place as Consort to the Queen of the gods. 
 
 Of this primitive divinity we can single out several clear characteristics, some of 
 which the suhse«puMit adaptation to the prevailing theology accentuated or repn-ssed. 
 
 That Hera was, as we have sjiid, the chief divinity <»f the peoples who dwelt in the 
 Argolic plain, and of those who were derived from them, is evident from the simple fact 
 that her worshi|> remained supreme in this region thnuigh all tinu-s. She is tlu-n the 
 chief guardian of the city and the ciUidel, and from this conception must he derived the 
 epithet Acria, which maintained itself at Argos ' and places which derive their cult 
 from Argolis.' For as the selection and fortification of such a citadel was one of the 
 first acts of a connnunity which had come to JKCUpy fixed hahitations, so the «onM'cra- 
 tion to the naticmal divinity would he a necessjiry consequence. There can he hut little 
 douht that Tiryns and Midea had a worship of Hera on their citadels; though the 
 inijMMtance of these cities and, in consequence, of the worship on their citadels was 
 ♦lestroved at a comparatively early date. 
 
 Thus we may suppose that the Argive Hera guarded the land and the life and pros- 
 perity and presided over the occupations of the people who sprea«l ahout the foot of this 
 fortilicd stronghoM. The dwellers in the Itttto^otoi/ and iroXvnvpov Argive plain ch'arly 
 led a pastoral and agricultural life. The name Euhoea ' givi'U to the hilloik upon which 
 the Heraeum stood clearly points to it Jis a favorahle site for the gnizing of cattle, and 
 the intiniate connection with the cow, the s;ured lienls at the temple,' tin- jiosition 
 of the white cows in her rites," and perluips the innnediate relation of the ^owttk; 
 goddess herself to the cow into which she is once changed and with which the myth 
 of lo is so curiously connected, and finally the transplanting (»f these associations into 
 the Hera-cult of other districts, — all this clearly indicates the original life of tlie early 
 
 > ('. I. A. \1'2 K\tii.i>x'>^ flarr.AT|.'8«t 'Hpa*. Cf. 1*111.1. (VIII. <J. *-'-'). wliiili was all aiui.iit oiarl.-. ami llii.-* 
 
 AV,». i. .-.!» (:•.<»); //.</«. I/>im>,. xii. 1 m'.|.; Xoiiniis, />/»/.»/.«. iK.hits to a piimilivf j;o«Ule.s.s of tin- laii.l. Kiv. XXXII. 
 
 viii. •.'«»7: KallK-l, E,>i<j. 2«W. :i; SJ'J a, 7; Kiiiktl, /•>>. 'M; Xeii. Ht-ll. IV. .",. .",. Cf. l»oiichrf-Uil.'m|. Ilisl. >lr 
 
 6/7/ <•. Fmiiq. p. -Ml. '" '/«<•'■""''"" '/""•'« /'••«'"/• "• l'l»- •'*•••"''• 
 
 - Arist..t.'.U;m/». JKi; Strab. VI. 1. 11 (Kramer); Pioii. * Taus. II. 17. 1. TIh- wIm.I.. i.laii.l of Kiiho.:, xvmh 
 
 Peri»'". ;171. sacred t<» Ih-r-.i (.Xpoll. IUmmI. iv. n:W), ami l..r»-. t.M., tin- 
 
 3 hiiis. II. 24. 1; Ilisyi'li. s. r. Sutpia. Cf. Paiiofka, Upi'S 7«tM»» takes an iiiiiK>rtaiit platf. She is es|NeiaUy 
 
 'Die (Jottlieiteu auf Urissa, (ler H.Hliburfj von Arg.K«,' nss.H-iatea with tlie uioiiiitaiiis Oelies aii.l Dirplivs. It 'w 
 
 Ahh. <l. Ilrrl. Mu>l. lH.-)t, j.p. .V)_'-.-v-)4. It is a iiotewor- also worthy of note that similar im|.ortanee is ^iveii lo 
 
 thv fa.t that the .li>tiiet of the Ilenieuin wasdividwl into her, aiul similar rites are foiiii.l in Il.Holia, esineiallv on 
 
 Kuh.Ha, .\er.iea, ami l'r.«*ymna ; I'ans. II. 17. the Cithaeron ( Knrij.. Phoe,,. L'l). Cr Cei-hal. »./.. .Malal. 
 
 • .\mong these tin- most imiH.rtant is the one <m the y. Vk ami Scbul. to 24 as well as X'VA). Cf. also I'Int. 
 
 .\ero,,oIis of Corinth (ApollcMl. I. '.». 2S ; Eiirij). Me,l. ap. Kiiseb. J'r. AV. III. 8.1; Pans. IX. 2, 7; III. 1 '.». ^ 
 VM'.); .Miisaens a,,. SrU. K.ir. .l^</. lO; Di.lymus ami •"' An/. I'iml. \,m. iii. \>. 425 (Iloeckh) ; I*alae|ih. .M ; 
 
 Creojihyhis «/». NcAf*/. Kiir. Mfil.'^TX Another very aneieiit HenMl. I. 'M. 
 saiietnarv of Hera Acrjiea lay between Leebaeiini ami I'a- ' Seni. Atftim. 354. 
 
 gae, jirobalily the same as the one luentiuneil in Stmbo 
 
 " — i TTTTTfTTrTrTTTy V - ■ i i ■ ^ » t 
 
 Via. 1. — M.\i' OK TiiK. UnaoN .viioit tiik IIkicakcm. 
 Knlargeil fi-oni Steffeii's K<irl»n run Mifkenui {.\r<j«»lis). with additions. Heights in metres, 
 an eiilaifjed seetimi of the lleiaeiim Site :is indieated on tlie Map (see Ki 
 
 7 
 
 Till- leetangh- incloses 
 2). 
 
M 
 
 II 
 
 8 (iENEKAL INTUODUCTIOX 
 
 Hera-worsliii>ers in the Argive plain. Perhaps also the fact that saered horses were 
 kept at Argos for Hera points to the same oonehision.' As to Hera as tlie protectress of 
 vegetation, the epithet *Ai/^€ia- and the ceremonies connected with this aspect of the 
 divinity, as well as the snrvivals of ceremonies connected with the hiding of the image 
 nnder the Xvyo^ at Samos and varions customs in the Upoq ya/nos — all make her out 
 as a goddess of vegetation and vernal i)ower. 
 
 But hesides presiding over the land and the <Kcupation of if s inhahitiints, Hera guarded 
 and regulated the social and domestic life of her jHJople. By itself the fact that the 
 chief divinity of these early i)eoples was a goddess indicates that the woman and the 
 mother may have held a dominant jMisition in the family and trihal history of these 
 cimnnunities, and, in the beautiful story oi Cleohis and Biton, and the filial piety which 
 it illustrates, Ave may see, perhaps, a survival of the supreme ])osition occupied hy the 
 mother in Argive tmdition. In the Upos ya/mo? or sjicred marriage, which formed a 
 central feature of the gieat festival of Hera at Argos and elsewhere,' her rehition to 
 Zeus appears to reflect a change of classification in Gi-eek theology in the process ot 
 orgjiniziition to which subsetpient ages led, as well as corresponding social changes in 
 the domestic and tribal life of the Greek nation ; but that side of Hera which makes her 
 preside over the domestic^ and family life, as the guardian of women and of marriage, 
 always remains prominent^ 
 
 The ceremonies in connection with this icpo? ydfio^* were repnxliutions of the actual 
 marriage ceremonies of ancient Greece, in which probably some of the forgotten customs 
 of a ruder nature-worship of agricidtural jieoples survived. No <loubt the young 
 affianced couples made dedications at this temple (and hence may have come many of 
 the votive offerings found in our excavations), as the affianced girl visited the temple 
 and performed certiiin functions before the wedcKng. Hera was thus ab.o the protectress 
 of maidens.'^ But it was chiefly to the mother, the child-bearing mother, that Hera ex- 
 tended her helpful protection ; and this she does as Hera Eileithyia. There is but little 
 doubt in my mind that, as in the relation of Nike to Athene, so here Eileithyia was Hera 
 in one of her functions, and only later developed into a separate divinity. Most of her 
 temples in other parts of Greece and those of Juno in Italy were centres of a worship 
 where the goddess responded to the prayers and offerings of the women who required 
 such help ; and thus the Heraeum of Argos, with its baths, formed a kind of special 
 sanitarium for women in their troubles.* 
 
 Besides the ceremonies connected with the tcpo? ya/io? at the Heraeum, there was a 
 great public offering of cows, of which i)erhaps even one hundred were offered up at the 
 chief festival, and those cattle were probably taken from the temple-herds sacretl to 
 Hera.' The feast was thus called cKaro/x/Saia.^ 
 
 •I 
 
 ' Diodor. IV. 1.",. 
 
 2 Paiis. II. 22. 1; cf. Pollux IV. 78, Cometas Anthol. 
 Or. ix. 586. 
 
 ■ Ilennione, Attica, Boeotia, Cithaeron (the Daidala), 
 Eiiboea, Samos, Lcslws, Cyme, Cnossus, etc. 
 
 * For the numerous passages on this subject we can 
 best refer to R. Fiirster, Die Hochzeit dea Zeux und der 
 Hera, cited above, and Roscher, Lex. I. pp. 298 ff. 
 
 5 A very curious and significant feature of the myth 
 is that she herself, after bathing in the fountain Canathus 
 at Nanplia every year, became a virgin (Pans. II. 38. 2; 
 Schol. Pind. (H. vi. 149), and that as XlofSivox she protects 
 maidens. 
 
 ' Cf. what I have said in the preriniinary publication 
 ( Ezravation.i of the American School of Athens at the He- 
 raion of Argon, 1892), p. 20, and note the terra-cotta, PI. 
 viii. No. 19, as well as No. 8, which eorrespomls to an- 
 other holding the bow as an attribute of Hera Kileitliyia 
 — the latter dating from almut n. c. .KX). 
 
 ^ Pind. Nem. x. 22, Bov»v(Tlap "Hpat ; Parthen. A'arr. 
 13 ; Eurip. Electr. 172 seq. ; St-n. Agam. '.WA. 
 
 « C. I. G. l.">l.-> a, 1. 10, b, 1. 8, 171o ; Schol. Pind. 
 CH. vii. 152; cf. also the customs at the Olympian Ile- 
 raetim and the prize of olive wreath and part of the victim 
 sacrificed to the maiden runners (Paus. V. 16 and I'T). 
 
 
 
 a 
 ss 
 
 3 
 
 ■A 
 
8 (iENKlJAL INTUODrcTIOX 
 
 Ilei"i-W(nsli;])ers in tlie Aii-ive i.laiii. IViliaps also tin- fact tliat sjicit'd luuscs wi'i-e 
 la'[»t at Aii»os for Hera iM>ints to tlu' sjinie coiKlusion.' As to Hria as iUv piott'ctivss of 
 vt'ovtatioii, tlu> t'pitlit't 'Ai^^cia- ami tlu' ct'ivmoiiit's comuMtcd with this asptM-t of the 
 (llvliiitv, as wt'll as the survivals of cfrfinouifs comu'tttMl with the liidiiii;- of tlic imaj^e 
 uiuU'r the Xu'yo<? at Samos and various customs in the Upo<; ydfioq — all niakt' hor out 
 as a i^inMcss of vci»vtation an<l vernal power. 
 
 IJut hesides presidinir over the land and the occupation of its inhahitants, Hera i»iian led 
 and rei>ulated the social and donu*stie life of her people. IJy itself the fa<t that the 
 chief (livinitv <d' these earlv peoples was a go(hless indi«ates that tin- woman and the 
 mother unv have hehl a (lominant position in the family and trihal history of these 
 connuunities, and, iu the heautiful story of ('le«ihis and Hiton. and tlu- Hlial piety whiih 
 it illustrates, we u>ay see, perhaps, a survival of the suprenie position occupi«Ml hy the 
 mother in Arrive tradition. In the Upos yd/io? or sured marriage. \vhi«h formed a 
 central feature of the ••reat festival of llera at Ar<;os and t'lsi'where,' her relation to 
 Zeus ai»i)ears to reHect a change of classiKcation iu Greek theology in the process of 
 ori;anlz;ition to which suhsequent ajjfes led, as well as ciurespomliiii;- social chani;es in 
 the (h)mestic and trihal life of the Greek nation ; hut that side of Ilera which makes her 
 preside over the domestic and family life, as the j-iiardian of women and of marriai>^e, 
 always remains prcmiinent. 
 
 The ceremonies in connection with this lepo<; ydfio<;* were reproductions of the actual 
 marriao:e ceremonies of ancient Greece, in which pr<d»ahly sonu* of tlu' for«»;otten customs 
 of a ruder nature-worship of agricultural peoples survived. No douht the ytuujji; 
 affianced couples made dedications at this temple (and hence may have come many of 
 the votive otterinos fouiul in our excavations), as the attianced j^irl visited the temple 
 and performed certain functiitns hefore the weddin;^. Hera was thus ah.o the protectress 
 of maidens.' But it was chiefly to the mother, the child-hearino- mother, that Her.i ex- 
 tended her helpful protection ; and this she does as Hera Eileithyia. There is hut little 
 douht in my uiind that, as iu the relation «»f Nike to Athene, so here Eileithyia was Hera 
 in one of her functions, and only later developed into a separate divinity. Most of her 
 temples in other parts of Greece and those of Juno in Italy were centres of a worship 
 where the ooddess responded to the prayers and <»tt'erings of the women who recpiired 
 such help; and thus the Heraeum of Argos, with its haths, fornu'd a kin<l of special 
 sanitarium for women in their trouhles.'" 
 
 Besides the ceremonies connected with the icpo? ya/xo? at the Heraeum, there was a 
 (Treat puhlic olfering of cows, of which ])erhaps even one hundred were offered up at the 
 chief festival, and those cattle were ]nohahly taken from the temidi-herds sjicred to 
 Hera.' The feast was thus called tKaTo/n/Saia."* 
 
 1 l)io,l„r. IV. !."». " Cf. wli.it I hnvv said iu tin- pri'limiiiary ]>ii1i1ioittioii 
 
 - Pans. II. 'J2. 1; cf. Pollux IV. 78, C'oinctas AiithoL (Exmmtiim.i nf the .limriani Srhml „/ Alhinx nl the He- 
 
 Gr. \\. .">>><». '■""*" ']f' •irifit.t, ISJt-J), J). "JU, ami note tlif ternwtJtta, PI. 
 
 3 Ilcrmiono, .Vttit-a, P.oeotia, Citliacion (the Daidala), viii. No. 11>, as well us Xo. 8, which eornspoiids to nii- 
 
 EiilMKa, Sainos, L(s1k)s, t'yiiie, Ciiossiis, etc. other holding the bow as an attril.nte of llcni Kileith.via 
 
 * For the nmiierons passages on this snhjett we can —the latter datin<j from alH>nt n. v. ."»•«). 
 
 b«st refer to U. Fi.rster, Die Ih^hzfll ile.i Zeus und iter ' Pind. Nem. x. •_'-J. Bou«i;.n'av "Hf«* ; Purthen. Sarr. 
 
 Hera, cited above, and Roschcr, Lex. I. pp. 2i« tf. VA ; Knrip. Khctr. 172 >e<|. ; S-ii. Atjiim. '.MW. 
 
 5 A verv cnrions and significant feature of the myth ** (\ I. G. VtVt a, 1. 10, b, 1. 8, 171.".; Srhi>l. I'ind. 
 
 is that she herself, after bathing in the fountain Caniithus 01. vii. l.">2 ; cf. als.i the customs at the Olympian H.>- 
 
 at Naujdia every year, Ixcanie a virgin (Pans. II. :W. 1\ racum and tlu- prize of olive wreath and part of the victim 
 
 Srhnl. Pind. 01. vi. 1 1I>), and that as nopflfVot she protects sacriRcetl to the maiden runners (Pans. V. Hi and 17). 
 maidens. 
 
 "'■*rfffl)»''' '.J *-%„ 
 
 
 
 
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 71 
 
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 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -'■■ .- '.">■--■• III.'--;,, I, '. '-,(* rr.'-.kt,,^ "».-...■ ■- .. " ? , C ? 
 
10 (JKNEKAL INTKOnrCTIOX 
 
 ' Anotlifi- j;Teat feature of the chief festival at the Arj^ive Heriieiiin were tlie j^aiiies, 
 whifli, from the nature of the prizes olfereil, were called da-nU iv "Apyci or c^ " Xpyov^ 
 ao-TTi? ' »)r ^a\K€o<i dyutVj' a name sometimes jfiven to the whole festival. The prize 
 to the victors in these contests consisted of a hronze shield or some other ohitH-t in hronze 
 and a myrtle wreath.' This may in jKirt account for the numerous <»hjects in hronze 
 f«>und on this site durinj»; our excavations.^ The j^ames were supposed to have heen 
 founded hy Lynceus or Archinus,'" and in historical times t<M)k place in the stiulium of 
 Ar«»;os.'' Then followed a jjreat nofinij' or procession in which were armed y«niths, 
 maidens, etc., reminding us of the main features of the Panathenaic prm^ession. In the 
 times of the sui)remacy of the city of Arj»;os this pnK-ession prohahly traversed the whole 
 distance from the stadium of Arji^os to the Heraeum, a featui-e which no <louht was uitut- 
 duced when the chief care of the Heraeum was transferred to Arjjos from Tiryns and 
 Mycenae. ~~! 
 
 TOFOCiRAPHY. 
 
 To appreciate the historical relation which the Heraeum ])ore to the three jifreat cen- 
 tres of early Greek history in the Arj^olid we must consider the topoo;rapliy of the 
 temple precinct ( Fij^s. 1-4).'* 
 
 Pausjinias'* tells us that the Henieum is fifteen stiidia from Mycenae. Str.iho,'" on 
 the other hand, siiys that the Heraeum was forty sbulia from Arj^os an<l ten from 
 Mycen:ie. Both authors underestimate the distance* from Mycenae, which is ahout 
 twenty-five stiidia, or a little more than three miles ; while the distiince from Arjjos is 
 forty-live stadia, or a little more than five miles. The distance from the Hemeum to the 
 site of thu ancient Midea is slightly greater than to Mycenae, while that from the 
 Heraeum to Tiryns is about six miles, i. e. slightly greater than to Argos. 
 
 Were we to judge merely from actual distance, the Heraeum would thus l)e most closely 
 associated with Mycenae. We must, moreover, note that both Pausanias and Stralxi 
 appear to associate the Heraeum only with Mycenae and Argos. The closer association 
 with Mycenae implied in the notice of Pausiinias is to l)e ascrihe<l simply to the fact that 
 his journey naturally took him from Mycenae to the Heraeum. Straho, on the other 
 hand, makes Argos his centre ; and while he recognizes the priority of Mycenae in the 
 
 TOP()(iKAPHY 
 
 11 
 
 1 r. I. a. 234 ; 10G8. 
 
 - I'iiid. Nem. x. 2*2 ; Hesyeli. s. e. 
 ' KailR'l, Epiyr. M6. 
 
 ' An t'pignim on the Ikisc of a statne erected to King 
 Nicwreon of Cyprus mentions as the cuuse of eri'ctinjj 
 the st.itne the sending by liini of brtnize 'Hpai hw *ls (pomp 
 ■Kiii.wo[i> it]9\a, vioit, Le Bii»-Foucart, Pilop. 122 ; Roscher, 
 L.T. I. ,). 2077. 
 
 - Hyg. Fah. 275, 170 ; Schd. Find. 01. vii. 152. 
 « Fans. II. 24. 2. 
 
 7 .\en. Tact. 1. 17, Enrip. El. 172 ; Dion. Hal. I. 21. 
 
 * The chief passages in ancient authors on this 8u1>- 
 ject are Pausan. II. 15 ff., and Stralni VIII. 0. 
 
 The chief modern btniks on the topography are these : 
 Steffen, Knrten eon Mi/kenai, Berlin, 1884, and pp. 30-42; 
 Bursian, Geogmphie ron Griecheidnnd, II. pp. 47 seij. witii 
 map of the Heraeum (Tapei); W. Vischer, Erinnerunt/en 
 und Eindriicke aiw firiechenland, pp. 316, 317, and the ex- 
 cellent short account in Frazer's Pau^tanian, III. pp. 165- 
 181. For earlier books cf . Leake, Peloponnesiaca, pp. 258- 
 
 264 ; Mure's Journal, II. pp. 177-182 ; Cnrtins, /Vr Peln- 
 fMnnen, II. pp. 306—400, 560 ff. ; W. G. C'lark, I'elu/nm- 
 ue.swt, pp. 81 ff. 
 
 * The passage in Fansanias, so far as it n-Iates t«> the 
 topography runs (II. 17. 1 and 2): Muttyiviy Si t¥ ipnrr*p^ 
 Wrrf (hr»xf t xal 8f «a irriSia rb 'Hpofof. ^tt 8« nark ri)» dtbn SSmp 
 'EAtvtft'piof KaAovufKof ' xp<*""'<" '* o"'''^ rpbs ita$dp<ria tu wtfA 
 rh Upiiv Hal rwK 9v<nii¥ i% t4< kuopf^roui avrh 8( rh iipcy iarin 
 iv x^o/uoAtrrffi-w rni Ev/So/av. rk "^/kp 8^ upot rovro oirofiiCovouf 
 Edfioiav, Af'yovTfT 'Acrrfplmin yti^a$ai rf voTaftf Bvyartpas 
 EC|9oiay «rai UpdiTv/ivay ical 'Atcpa/av, f frai 8f rpu^bf r^t 'Hpa% • 
 Hal av& 'AKpaias tu upat itaAuMri ri awavrticpv rod 'Hpalov, awh 
 ii Eu/Soias uffuf w.pt rb itpbif, Xlpiirvfiifay 8< r^y vrh rh 'Hpa'ov 
 X<ipay. 6 if 'Aartpimw oiros p*m¥ irwip rb 'Hpaion is <t>ctpayya 
 iffwiwrttf ipaifi^trai. 
 
 "> The pas.sages in Stnibo are (VIII. 6. 2. 368) : 4wi H 
 ToCApTovt (II rh 'Hpaion rtootfiitowra, tv9t¥ ii (it Mi/K^yai 
 S^ita, and (VIII. 6. 10. 372)t«<t( 'Kpyoi ica) rkt Mi/icWf, 
 Kol rb '\iptuo¥ (Trai KOif^v itpb¥ rh -rpbt raU Mvir^faif dft^oir, 
 K. T. A. 
 
 phrase to npo^ raU MvKijvai^y in other re8i)ects, when dealing with the history of these 
 two centres of early history, he reverts to Argos as the historical protagonist and ignores 
 the historical imjiortance of Tiryns and Midea. 
 
 We can understtind then (see Note A) why we find no mention in Strabo of the rela- 
 tion which the Heraeum Indds to Tiryns. The importiince of this remark will become 
 
 Fig. 3. — Thk Aroive Flain with the Second Tkmplk in the kokkgkuind. 
 Argos and I.Arisa are at the upper right-hand corner, the Nauplian Gulf at the left. 
 
 clearer when we come to the history of the Heraeum and consider the archaeological 
 evidence which the excavations have yielded. But it is well to say at once, what will 
 require and receive fuller confirmation as we proceed, that three main periods are dis- 
 tinguishable in the history of the Heraeum : the first, the period of its construction, 
 and its conne(*tion with Tiryns ; the second, the Mycenaean period ; and the third, that 
 in which the Heraeum is directly under the influence of the city of Argos. 
 
 Though nearer in space to Mycenae and to Argos than to Tiryns and Midea, the 
 Heraeum is not so as regards natural connections. It is most improbable that the site 
 of the Heraeum would have been chosen as that of the sanctuary by the inhabitants of 
 either Mycenae or the city of Argos. For, as regards Mycenae, far up in a moun- 
 tiiinous corner at the northeast extremity of the Argive plain, it is not visible from the 
 Heraeum, nor could the Mycenaeans see their sanctuary from their citadel. And as 
 regards the city of Argos, the Heraeum is separated from it by the Iiiachus, which is at 
 times unfordable, and the two have, in so far, no immediate connection. The Inachus 
 divides the plain into halves, and, as we shall see, this division is recognized by the early 
 traditions of the Argive region. The district on the western bank is well defined, and 
 completely commanded by the heights which terminate in the Larisa or citadel of the 
 city of Argos, jutting out into the centre of this part of the plain. The wider eastern 
 
10 
 
 (iKNKKAL INTIJODIHTION 
 
 AiiotluT j-ivat tVatiiif of tin* rliit'f tVstival at tlii' Aii;ivi' lloianim wvvv tin* i^ann's, 
 wliirli, tio?ii till' iiatmi' of till' pii/.i's ollfi-nl, wi'iv i-alli'il aurnU tV ".Xpyti or c^ 'A^iyou? 
 acrTTK ' or ;^ttXKCo'> dycov,' n iiaim* sonu-tiiiu's i;;ivi'ii to tiit' wlioli* ft'stival. Tin* |uiy.i' 
 to till' virtors in tlu'st- »-oiiti*sts consistcil of a luonzi' sliii'M or some other oltjt'ct in Inon/i' 
 anil a nivrtli' wrrath;' Tliis may in part arronnt for tlii' nnnu'ions ol»j»'rts in Inoii/i- 
 foinhl Oil this sitt' iliirini^ our exravatioiis.* The «;aiiit's were siipposi'd to have het-n 
 foiMided h\ LviH-i'iis or Arehiinis,' and in liistori«al times took plaee in the stadium of 
 Ari^«»s.'' Then followed a ijreat TTOfinrj' or |»roeession in wlii«li were armed youths, 
 maidens, ete., remimlini«; lis of the main features of the Paiiathenaie proeession. In the 
 times of the siipremaev (d" the eity of Aii»i»s this profession prohaldy traversed the whole 
 distanee from the stadium of Art;os to the lleraeiim.a feature whieli no doiiht was iiitro- 
 diieed when the ihief lare of the lleraeiim w;is transferred to Ar^os from Tirviis and 
 
 >I 
 
 veenae. 
 
 Tol'CMJHArilY. 
 
 To ap|>reeiate the Iiistori«aI relation whieli the Heraeiim l»ore to the three i^reat eeii- 
 tres of earlv (heek historv in the Aii»;olid we must eoiisi<ler tlu* topoi;iaphy of the 
 temple preeiiiet ( Fii»s. 1-4)/ 
 
 I'aiisaiiias' tells us that the Fleraeiim is fifteen stadia from Myeeiiae. Str.iho.'" on 
 the other hand, savs that the Ileraeum was forty stadia from Ary;os ami ten from 
 Mveen:ie. Both authors underestimate the distaiu .■ from Myeeiiae. whieli is :ihoiit 
 twi'iitv-Kve stadia, or a little more than three miles ; while the «Hstanee from Ari»os is 
 fortv-live statlia, or a little more than Hve miles. The distanee from the Ileraeum to the 
 site of thv' aneient Mi<lea is sli<»litly ijreater than to Mycenae, while that from the 
 Ileraeum to Tirviis is ahoiit six miles, i. e. slightly «;reater than to Ar»»os. 
 
 Were we to jud<»e merely from aetual distanee, the Ileraeum would thus he most elosely 
 assoeiatetl with Myeenae. We must, moreover, note that hotli Paiisanias and Straho 
 appear to associate the Ileraeum only with Mycenae and Arjjos. The closer association 
 with Mvceiiae implied in the notice of Paiisanias is to he ascrihed simply to the fact that 
 his jouriiev naturally took him from Mycenae to the Heraeiim. Straho. on the other 
 liami, makes Aii;"os his centre; and while he recon^ni/es the priority of Mycenae in the 
 
 > r. /. a. 'SM ; iiMW. 
 
 - I'iimI. AV/m. X. '12 ; Hesycli. x. t: 
 
 • K:iil>i-I, Ei'i'jr. ^H>. 
 
 ' All fpijjiiiiii on tin- liaso of :i st;ihM' cn'ctfil to Kiiijj 
 XiiMHTfoii of Cyprus nifiitions as tin- i-aiis*- of iTrrtiiij; 
 tli«' statue tlie sfiiiliiij; l»y liiiii of liroii/.f "Hpai tr »i» (portv 
 TTffuro'i' fi*|OAo viois, \a: IJjis-Koiicart. I'ilo/t. l'J"J ; Uosulier, 
 A- r. I . p. Mil. 
 
 •• llvg. Fnh. -JT.",, 170; Sri, J. Piii.l. (tl. vii. l.VJ. 
 
 ' I'jiiis. II. L'l. 2. 
 
 • Aon. Ta.t. 1. 17. Knrip. Kl. IT'J ; Dion. Hal. I. •_'!. 
 
 ' Tlie ciiiff passap's in aiifii-iit aiitliors on this siil>- 
 ji-ft art' Paii.saii. II. !."> ff., and .Stralio VIII. I». 
 
 Tile oliit'f iiuMl<-rii IxMiks on tin' topo^jrapliy are tlii'se : 
 Sti'ffiMi, Kiirliii rihi Miiki'iiiii, I'MTlin, 1SX4, ami pp. :M>-4'.i; 
 Mnrsiaii, (txii/ni/ilii'' run (irifrheuliiiul, II. j»j>. 17 si-q. with 
 map of tlic Ik'raeiini (Tapei); W. Vischer, ErininTHmjen 
 mill hymilriirki' aus firlfrheiiliintl, p|i. ',\U>, 'Ml. and tin* ex- 
 cellent sliort account in Krazcr's I'lmsiiuius, III. pp. Kht- 
 181. For earlier buuks ef . Leake, PelujMimesiaca, pp. 258- 
 
 'JTkI ; Mnre's Journal, II. pp. I77-1K-J ; Ciirtiiis, /Vr I'lh- 
 /Hwn»s, II. pp. :WMM«>, rAiH ff. ; \V. (J. (lark, I'tlofn,,,- 
 iifsus, ]»p. SI ff. 
 
 '•• The passapfc in I'aiisanias, so far a* it relates to tin* 
 topojjraphy runs (II. 17. 1 and-): yivKttfvyii tfipurrtfia 
 WfTf av»x'< *"■' S*Ka (rraSia rh'Hpa'ov. fiti ii nark r^foSiiv viuft 
 'EA(i/0rf>i»<' KaKoi'iutyoy ' xpvyrai 8( aiira irpoi KaBiftata ai wtpl 
 rh i*ftiiv Koi rwv tfvtriiiiy t% rat iwoftfrriTovf aiirli Si t2i itp)>tr iirnw 
 iv xttaaaKwrify r'lf Ku0<iiav t2) 'j/o.p S>) upo\ riivro opofiaimnriy 
 EC/3«iai-, A«yiivTf5 'Airrtplwvi y*y*iT0jn rip wuraftf BuyaTtpai 
 ECSuiaf Hal npotrvffay Kai '\Kp3.iav, *li>ai 8f r^'i^out r^t "Hpas • 
 Kai diru A/c^i'at ru up'it KaKuim to awayriKitv rov 'H^nh'iiv, dir?i 
 8( Ev&ina\ 'it(Tuv w fn ru iffiiiv, riixoruufaf 8* rify Cirh rb H^m ay 
 XtifXiy. o S« 'ATTfptW uiiTot JMity vwiii ru 'Hpm»n it iftapayya 
 itnriwraiv iupayi(^*rai. 
 
 '" The passa;jcs in Stralw) arc (VII I. 0. *_». .T««) : awl Si 
 roa'Apyovs tit rh 'Hpaioy rtaat^oLKovra, tv9*v Si fit Mvir^fat 
 Sf'nca, and (VIII. ('. 10. '.\Tl)r6Tt 'Apyu% wal rit MuKhyat. 
 ical rh 'Hpaioy thai KOtyhy itfiiy rh »p.'>t to~s Mvin7t'ai< du^uiV, 
 
 K. T. K. 
 
 T()1*(m;haimiy 
 
 11 
 
 phrase to tt/jo? rat*; Mu»c>;Vai?, in other respects, when dealini^ with the history of these 
 two centres of early history, he reverts to Argos as the historical protajjonist ami i<;nores 
 the historical importance of Tirviis and Midea. 
 
 We can uiMh-rstaiul then (see NoTK A) why we find no mention in Straho of the rela- 
 tion wliiili the Ileraeum lndds to Tiryns. The importance of this remark will hecome 
 
 Ki«;. .". — TiiK. AKiavK I»i..vin with tiik Swond Tkmplk ix tiik KoKi-:iiKoi-M>. 
 Argos and I.^irisa are at the upper rijrht-hand comer, the Nauplian (inlf at the left. 
 
 clearer when we come to the historv of the Heraeuni and consider the archaeidosrital 
 evidence which the excavations have vielded. But it is well to sjiv at once, what will 
 ivipiiiv and receive fuller confirmation as we proceed, that three main peri<»ds are dis- 
 tin«<^iiishalde in the history of the Ileraeum : the first, the period of its c»»iistruction, 
 and its connection with Tiryns ; the second, the Mycenaean period ; and the third, that 
 in which the Ileraeum is <lirectlv under the influence of the citv of Arjros. 
 
 Thoit^h nearer in space to Mycenae and to Argos than to Tiryns and Midea, the 
 Ileraeum is not so as rejj^anls natural connections. It is most improhahle that the site 
 of the Ileraeum would have heeii chosen as that of the sanctuary by the inhahitants of 
 either Mycenae or the city of Arjijos. For, as rejjards Mycenae, far up in a moun- 
 tainous corner at the northeast extremity of the Argive plain, it is not visible from the 
 Ileraeum, nor could the Mycenaeans see their sjinctuary fnmi their citiulel. And as 
 regards the city of Argos, the Ileraeum is separated from it hy the Inachus, which is at 
 times iinfordahle, and the two have, in so far, no immediate connection. The Inachus 
 divitles the i>lain into halves, and, as we shall see, this division is recoffuized hv the earlv 
 traditions of the Argive region. The district on the western hank is well defined, and 
 completely coniinanded hy the heights which terminate in the Larisa or cifculel of the 
 city of Argos, jutting out into the centre of this part of the plain. The wider eastern 
 
jjl GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 half occupies the greater part, and while it directly overlooks the sea, the best means 
 of protecting the plain were found in the fortresses built on elevations soniewhat tarther 
 inland, namely, at Tiryns and Midea. Furthermoi^, the marshy nature of the s.nl close 
 bv the sea naturally led the inhabitants in the northerly direction n.land We thus have 
 a well-defined broad plain, bounded on the south by the sea, on the west by the Inachus, 
 on the east and north by the Arachnaean gioup of hills, and on the north by the 
 Euboean crroup. This northern hill projects, moreover, in a southerly direction into 
 the plain fn a similar manner to that hi which the Lycone-Urisa hills project ni an east- 
 erly direction hito the western portion of the Argive plain. The Heraeum is thus the 
 fittest northern ending to the district commanded by Tiryns and Midea and is really 
 most accessible from Tiryns, as the plain is comimratively level from the foot of Euboea 
 to Tiryns itself. Mvcenae behind its hUls is a kind of " after-thought built m this 
 northeinmost corner^ for special reasons of inland defense, and the earliest tmditions, 
 as we shall see, when subdividing the regions of the Argive country, do not know even 
 
 K,G.4.-AKtiIVE PUUX WITH EXCAVATED REMAINS OF THE OlD TeMPLE IN THE »OKEOBOUND. 
 
 Argos and Larisa are near the upper left-hiiml corner. 
 
 its name. But as the visitor approached from the south, the sanctiuiry of the 
 Heraeum in its commandhig position could be seen from every point. And as the 
 visitor stands upt)n its platforms, the most entrancing survey of the whole plaui lies 
 
 before him (see Note B). r r, i »» 
 
 According to Pausanias the Heraeum stood "on one of the lower sloi>es of Euboea. 
 The term Eriboea did not designate the eminence upon which the Heraeum is placed, or 
 
 MOUNT EUBOEA 
 
 13 
 
 Fig. o. — View ok Mount Euboea, with South Stoa in the kokkokoixd. 
 The fouuilations of the Second Temple rise above the South Stoa, and above these the Cyclupeau supportiug 
 
 wall of the Old Temple. • 
 
 only the mountain-top behind the Heraeum ; but, as Pausanias distinctly indicates, the 
 group of foothills and the hilly district adjoinmg the mountain. When once we admit 
 that Euboea desig^iated not only the hill immediately behind (to the northeast of) the He- 
 raeum (Fig. 5) which is 532 metres high, but also the hilly district adjoining it, the gen- 
 eral scale of distance on which we identify the sites mentioned by Pausanias must grow 
 larger. He divides the territory of the Heraeimi ' into three parts, viz., Euboea, Acraea, 
 and Prosymna. Two of these (Euboea and Acraea) are manifestly mountainous districts; 
 the other designates the plain. We should thus follow Steffen in his identification of 
 Euboeii (see Fig. 1), which, even among the modern inhabitants, has the name of 
 Evvia, while we should see Acraea, lying " opposite the Heraeum," opposite Euboea to 
 the east, in the mountain now called Elias Berbatiotikos. While it is difficult to define 
 the extent of each hill-country, it is still more difficult to fix the bounds of the low- 
 lying land Prosymna, which Pausanias defines as " the district below the Heraeum." I 
 am inclined to believe that this part of the " sacred domahi," which, though below the 
 hill-land of the Heraeum, was, relatively to the plain, nearer Tiryns and the banks of 
 the Inachus, " lofty and green " as Stjitius calls it,' was of considerable extent. The 
 passages in Strabo' (ravrj; [MiSe'a] Bo^opoq npoarvfjiva) and Stephanus of Byzantium 
 
 ' The land belonging to the sauctuary, the glebe land, 
 must have extended far beyond the ri^tpot itself, as is 
 already suggested by the fact that from the sacred herds 
 probably one hundred head were sacrificed at the festival 
 alone. In the passages quoted below from Statins, the poet 
 it dearly speaking of large and wide tracts and subdivi- 
 sions of points on the whole Argive plain : Larisa, Lerna, 
 Prosymna, Midea, — and thus evidently implies a large 
 
 tract of grazing land under Prosymna. So too in the 
 passage quoted from Stephanus Byz., his definition of 
 rpoffvfwcuos as 6 o'lKiirup, shows that a habitable district is 
 meant. Cf. the curious epithet wpotrifivri of Demeter at 
 Lerna. Paus. IL 37. 1. 
 
 •■' Thdt. i. 383; iii. 325; iv. 44. 
 
 « VIII. 6. 11. 373. 
 
 -- =^ 
 
13 
 
 (iKNKHAL INTKODrcTIDN 
 
 half occunies the on-atcr part, u.ul wliile it directly overlooks the sea, the hest means 
 of on.teetino- the piain were found in the fortresses luiilt on elevations somewhat farther 
 i„la„d, nam'elv, at Tirvns and Midea. Furthermore, the n.arshy nature ot the sod close 
 hv the st'a na'turallv led the iniuddtants in the northerly direction ndand We thus have 
 .'well-defined hroa'd plain, hounde<l on the south hy the sea, <»n the west hy the Ina.hns, 
 on the east and north hv tiie Araehnaean -roup of hills, and on the north hy the 
 EulMK.an .n-oup. This northern hill pn.jeets, moreover, in a southerly dnectmn mto 
 the idain hi a similar manner to that in which the Lyn.iu^Lirisa hills project in an east- 
 erlv direction into the western p.ntion of the Ai-ive plain. The lleraeum is thus the 
 fittest northern endin- to the district c<mimanded hy Tlryns and Midea and is^ really 
 most accessihle from Tirvns, as the plain is ccniiparativcly level from the t.M>t .|f Kuhoea 
 to Tirvns itself. Mvcenae hehhid its hills is a khid of " after-thoui,dit, hu.lt u. this 
 northernmost corner" for special reasons of iidaml defense, and the earliest traid.t.ons, 
 as wc shall see, when suhdividing- the regions <.f the Argive country, <lo not know even 
 
 llG. 4.-AluaVE PI.US WITH KXCAVATKD REMAINS OK TIIK Ol-I* TkMII.K IX TIIK foKK.lK..lSl>. 
 Afos and Larisa are near the iipiwr Itft-haiMl corner. 
 
 its name. But as the visitor ajiproached from the south, the siinctuary of tlie 
 Heraeum in its commanding p«.sition could he seen from every p<nnt. And as the 
 visitor stands upon its platforms, the most entrancing survey of the whole plain lies 
 
 hefore him (see Note B). ,, 
 
 A«-cording to Pausjuiias the Heraeum stood " on one of the lower slo|>es of Euhoea. 
 The term Euhoea did not designate the eminence upon which the Heraeum is placed, or 
 
 MOrXT ErUOKA 
 
 n 
 
 FlO. ."i. — ViKW OK MOCXT KflJOKA, WITH SOCTH STOA IX THK H»KK;H<»rXI». 
 
 Thf fuuiidatiuiis of the Second Temple rise above the South Stoa, and above these the Cyclopean supporting 
 
 wall of tlie Old Temple. 
 
 only the nu.untain-top heliind the Heraeum; hut, as Pausiinias distinctly indicates, the 
 group of footliills and the hilly district adjoining the mountahi. When once we admit 
 that Euhoea designated not only the hill immediately hehhid ( to the northeast of) the He- 
 raeum (Fig. ')) wiiicii is 5132 metres high, hut also the hilly district adjoining it, the gen- 
 eral scale of distance on which we identifv the sites mentioned hv Paus;uiias must iiiow 
 larger. He divides the territory of the Heraeum ' into three })arts, viz., Euhoea, Acraea, 
 and Prosymiia. Two of these ( Euhoea and Acraea) are manifestly mountainous districts ; 
 the other designates the plain. We should thus follow Stett'en in his identification of 
 Euhoea (see Fig. 1), which, even among the modern inhahitants, has the name of 
 Evvia, while we should see Acraea, lying " opposite the Heraeum," opposite Euhoea to 
 the east, in the nKUintain now called Elias Berhatiotikos. While it is difficult to define 
 the extent of each hill-country, it is still more difficult to fix the hounds of the low- 
 lying land Prosymiia, which Pausiinias defines as " the district heh)w the Heraeum." I 
 am inclined to helieve that this part of the " siicred domain," which, though helow the 
 hill-land of the Heraeum, was, relatively to the phiiii, nearer Tiryns and the hanks of 
 the Inachus, " lofty and green " as Statins calls it," was of considerahle extent. The 
 passiiges in Straho^ (ravrrf [MtSc'a] S'o/io/jo? Up6<rvfxva) and Stephanus of Byamtium 
 
 • Tl>e land U'longing to the sanctuary, the glebe land, tract of grazing land under Prosynina. So too in the 
 
 must have extended far l)cyond the rtfityos itself, as is j>assage tpioted from Stephanus Byz., his definition of 
 
 already suggested by the fact that from the sacred herds xpoffpfivalos as 6 uUriTup. shows that a liabitable district is 
 
 probably one hundred lu-ad were sacrificed at the festival meant. Cf. the curious epithet vpoainvx) of Demeter at 
 
 alone. In the passages tpioted below fr«>ni Statins, the poet Lerua. Pans. II. ,'S7. 1. 
 
 is clearly s|»eaking of large and wide tracts and sulnlivi- - Theh. i. 383; iii. 325; iv. 44. 
 
 sions «>f |M>ints on the whole Argive plain : Larisa, Lerna, ' VIII. 6. 11. 373. 
 Prusymua, Midea, — and thus evidently implies a large 
 
1 s 
 
 14 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 (npotrv/xi/a, iiolpa toC "Xpyov^Y might lead one to helieve that it bordered to the south 
 on the territory of Midea, and to the west on the territory of the city of Arjr<»s. It 
 would thus perhaps have included the site of such modern v-illages as Chonica. Anyphi, 
 and Pasia. But it is uncertain whether we have any right to include tlie passjige from 
 Strabo as applying to the Prosymna of our Heraeum. The i^issage in Strabo, as it now 
 stands, tells us that Prosymna was near Midea, and als*) confciined a temple of Hera.' 
 And thou<rh the coins of Midea have on the reverse a head of Hera Argeiaj^* and that 
 place possibly may have had a small Hera temple of its own, it would be a curious 
 coincidence if it also had a district bordering on the Herneum to which the same name 
 was given as to that of the adjoining Heraeum territory ; still, the Greek of the iKisssige 
 in Strabo, which, moreover, mentions the Upov (and he has l)een sjieaking uf the Heraeum 
 but a page before this) without the article, points to a separate temple and a seiKir.ite 
 Prosymna. In the time of Stephanus, we must remend)er (see ab<.ve) that the term 
 Argos might well have been used to include Uie great siinctuary of that city, namely, the 
 
 Heraeum. i • i i i 
 
 Pausanias begins his description of the Heraeum by telling us that " beside the rtmd 
 flows a water which is called the Water of Freedom (Eleutherion)." And he subse- 
 quently iiifonns us that " the Asterion [he calls it a river, Trora/io?. a few lines before] 
 
 THE STREAMS NEAR THE HERAEUM 
 
 16 
 
 Fig. 6. — Sitk of Hkrakim kkom thk Ka8T. 
 The I-last Revma iu the immediate foreground ; beyond it the three teri»ces : the Old Temple, 
 
 the Second Temple, and the South Stoa. 
 
 flowing above the Heraeum falls into a gully and disapi)ears." Early travelers and top**- 
 graphers like Mure,* whose whole scale of identification was smaller, sjiw the Asterion 
 Tn the Glykia stream which descends from the mountain behind the Heraeum, and 
 loses itself in the gully or Revnui to the southeast of the temple rock ; while i\w Elcu- 
 therion woidd be the present Revma-tou-Kastrou bordering the nnk on the northtust. 
 This view was held also by us when we began our work at the Heraeum.' Hut Captain 
 Stetfen's" convincing arguments in favor of his new identification of tliis river have 
 
 ) 
 
 ^ Steph. Byz. «. o. wpiffv/ira. 
 
 ■■' Sj>eaking of Midea he continues: rair^ Viftopos llpi- 
 ffufiM [koI] aSni Ufitw ^x<"^o*HfMf. Unfortunately there 
 are nine or ten letters missing in one MS. between v/hntv 
 and aiJTTi. Kramer's note says : sed au« modo sec. m. 
 restituit : inde itol om. cgh. Videtur autem scriptuni 
 f uisse np6avtJivi i<m, x?) tAr^ k. t. \. — ko) —'Hpat om. B 
 (sed sec. m. iu marg. add.) /. Whatever is done, the 
 
 ofrni, and the omission of the article Iw-for*' Ut>if. |M»iiit lo 
 a second temple. 
 
 • Head, H'txtorin Sumor. j». :i70. 
 
 • Journal, II. p. 1«0. 
 
 ■> Cf. C. L. Brownson,.4m^r. Jimrn. Arch. Vlll. (1«!)3), 
 p. 'J06. 
 
 • L. c. pp. 40 ff. 
 
 commanded acceptiince. He identifies the Asterion with " the river which rises among 
 the mountains to the northeast of Mycenae, flows down to the eastern flanks of the 
 Prophet Elias mountain and Euboea, and then, after traversing the narrow glen of 
 tlie KlLsura, enters tlie Argolic plain about two and a half miles to the southeast of the 
 Heraeum. Many small tributiiries descend to it from the slopes of Mount Euboea and 
 Acraea, the two mount;iins which wei-e mythically represented as the daughters of the 
 river. Pausanias's stiitement that the Asterion dis{ipi)eared in a gully applies well to the 
 river in ipiestion, the water of which, about a quarter of a mile south of its entrancj' 
 
 FlO. 7. — SiTK OF THE HkKAKI'M FROM THK SoUTHWKST. 
 
 The iievma-tou-Kastrou in immediate foreground ; beyond, the succession of terraces. Tlie corner 
 of the Southwest Stoa shows in tlie foreground ; above it, in the middle, the West liiiilding. 
 
 into the nan-ow Klisura glen, vanishes wholly among the shingle and boulders of its 
 rugged l)ed." * So soon as we interpret Euboea, Acraea, and Prosymna as larger heights 
 and districts, and not merely as the inunediate border-lines of the temple itself, and 
 remember that Asterion was considered the father of the three localities personified, we 
 cannot identify him with the small Glykia stream (smaller than the one on the north- 
 west), but must seek him in one of the hirger rivers of the whole Argive district. When 
 Pausanias, moreover, mentions Inachus, Cephisus, and Asterion as the arbitrators in the 
 legend of the strife between Poseidon and Hera," this river must be on a scale with 
 Uie other two. (Cf. Figs. G, 7.) 
 
 The same claim f<n- size does not hold good for the Eleutherion. Pausjinias at once 
 indicates the difference in speaking of the Asterion as worafio^;, while the other, Eleu- 
 therion, he calls vScjp. We must first examine the passiige itself, as given by 
 Pausjinias,^ and see how it defines the exact position and the nature of the Eleutherion. 
 A good deal will de]>end upon how we transLate the phrase Kara ttjp ohov. As Pausa- 
 nias has just left Mycenae, and s|)eaks of the distance between it and the Heraeum, it 
 is but natural that his next remark, in which he mentions the road, is made as if from 
 the road. The usual translation of the phrase in question would be " beside or down 
 by the road flows," etc. In this case the Eleutherion would be identified with the 
 Revma-tou-Kastrou running round the northern side of the Heraeum, and immediately 
 below its western |>eribolus towards the south of the plain. 
 
 * Frazer, Pausauiaa, vol. III. p. 181. 
 
 =« Paus. II. 15. 5. 
 
 Pans. /. c. 
 
14 
 
 CiEXEKAL IXTUOnrcTlON 
 
 (npoavfiua, /ioZpa roC 'Apyov?) ^ inij?lit lead one to believe that it l.onleie.l to the south 
 on the teiritorv of Mitlea, and to the west on the teiiitorv «.f the eity of Arjros. It 
 wouhl thus perhaps have inehidea the site of sueii modern villajres as Ch/.nic.i. Anyphi, 
 and Pasia. But it is uneertiiin whether we have any rij,d»t to in* lu(U' the passiijr,. f.oni 
 Straho as applvinj- to the Prosymna of our Heraeuni. The pass;»jre in Straho. as it now 
 stands, tells us that Prosymna was near Midea, and also eontaine«l a tenjple of llera." 
 And thoujrh the eoins of Midea have on the reversi' a head of Hera Arj^eia/' and that 
 place poss'ihly mav have had a small Hera temple of its own, it wouhl he a enrious 
 coineidenee if it also had a district bordering on the Heraeum to which the sjime nan.e 
 was jviven as to that of the adjoininj? Heraeum territory ; still, the Greek of the passjijre 
 in Stmbo, which, moreover, mentions the Up6v(iiud he has been siK'akinj? of the Heraeum 
 but a pajre before this) without the article, points to a separate temple and a separate 
 Prosymuju In the time of Stephanus, we must remend»er (see above) that the term 
 Ar«ros mi'Hit well have been used to include the j,neat s;inctuary t»f that city, namely, the 
 
 Heraeum. i • i i 
 
 Pausiinias begins his description of the Heraeum by telling us that " beside the rtM.I 
 
 Hows a water which is called the Water <.f Freedom ( Eleutherion )." And he sid.s,'- 
 
 <piently informs us that " the Asterion [he calls it a river. 7rora/xo?. a few lines b.dore] 
 
 Fio. 0. — SiTK OK IIkrakcm kkom tiik Ka«»t. 
 riie Kast Keviim ii> tlie inuiudiate foreground ; Ijejoml it the tlirt'o t.rrat-cs : the Old Teiiii.l.-, 
 
 the Second Temple, and the South St«):i. 
 
 flowing above the Heraeum falls into a gully and disjippears." Kirly travelers and top.»- 
 graphers like xMure,' whose whole scale of identification was smaller, s;iw the Asterion 
 iii the Glykia stream whi<h descends from the mounbiin behind the Heraeum, anil 
 loses itself in the gully or Revma to the southeast of the tt'mple rcM-k ; while the Eleu- 
 therion wouhl be the present Revma-tou-Kastrou bordering the rock on the northeast. 
 This view was hehl also by us when we began our work at tln' Heraeum.' But daptain 
 Stetfen's" conviming arguments in favor of his new identification of this river have 
 
 ' Stei»h. Hyz. >. i\ wpiavfiya. "I^nft and the omission of th.- aili«h- Uf..!.- Mp**-. |MMnt lo 
 
 - S|Makiii}rof Mid»a he continues: ra^ii V inopos n,>6- a second temple. 
 
 (TvAioa I (tail aSr-n Itphw fxooca'Hpat. Unfortunately there • Head, Histurio y>im.,r. p. :»70. 
 
 are nin«' or ten letters iiiissinj; in one MS. Iietween *poav * Jimnul, II. 1>. 1>»0. 
 
 and aSrn. Kriuner's note s;iys : sed /iw modo sec. ni. ■ Cf. C. I.. Brown.sou,.l«er. .A.«r«. .^r^•A. Vill (\m\), 
 
 rcstitiiit : inde itol om. ajh. Videtnr autem scriptuni p. -<N». 
 
 fui.sse nf»6<rvtiva firri, Kal aurri it t. K. — Koi — 'H^hii om. B * L. f. pp. 40 If. 
 (sed sec. m. in marj,'. add.) /. Whatever is done, the 
 
 THE STKE.XMS XEAK THE lIEliAEl'M 
 
 15 
 
 connnanded a«ceptance. He identifies tiie Asterion with '' the river which rises among 
 the mountains to the northeast of My<-enae, flows down to the eastern flaidvs of the 
 Prophet Elias mountain and Euboea, and then, after traversing the narrow glen of 
 the Klisura, enters the Argolic plain al)out two and a iialf mih's to the southeast of th<' 
 Heraeum. .Many small tributari«*s th'scend t(» it from the slopes of Mount Kuiioea and 
 Ai'raea, the two mountains whi<h were mythically represente<l as the daughters of the 
 river. Pausjinias's statement that the Asterion disappeared in a gullv applies well to the 
 river in «pi4'stion. the water of which, about a quarter of a mil«' south <d' its entrance 
 
 Fio. 7. — Sny. ok tiik IIkk.vkim krom tiik Sol'tiiwkst. 
 
 The Kevina-tou-Kastf«>n in innncdiate fore<rionnd ; iH'Vtnid, the succession of terraces. Tin- lornei- 
 
 of the Southwest Sttia shows in the foreirrounil ; aliove it, in the middle, tin- West l>iiililin<r. 
 
 into tin* narrow Klisiira glen, vanishes whoUv amony: the shin<iK' and boulders t)f its 
 rugged bed." ' So soon as we interpret Euboea, Acraea, and Prosymna as larger heights 
 and tlistricts, ami not merely ;»s the imnuMliate bonier-lines of the temj>le itself, and 
 remember that Asterion was considered the father of the three hwalities personified, we 
 cannot identify him with the small Glykia stream (smaller than the one on the nortli- 
 w«'st), iuit must seek him in one of the larjier rivers of the whole Artrive di.strict. When 
 Paiis;inias, m»)reover, mentions Inachiis, Cephisn.s, and Asterion as the arbitrators in the 
 legend of the strife b<'tween Posi'i»lon and Hera,' this river mu.st be on a scale with 
 the other two. (Cf. Figs. (>, 7.) 
 
 The same claim for siz** (hies not hold go«)d for the Eleutherion. Pausanias at once 
 indicates the difference in speaking of the Asterion as 7roTa/xo<?, while the other, Eleu- 
 therion, he calls vhtop. We must first examine the pas.s;ige itself, as given bv 
 l\iiisiinias,' and se«' how it <lefines the exact position and the nature of tlH> Eleutherion. 
 A good deal will depend upon how we translate the phrase Kara rrji/ oSov. As Pausii- 
 nias has just h'ft Mycenae, and speaks of the distance between it and the Heraeum. it 
 is but natural that his next remark, in which he mentions the road, is made as if from 
 the road. The usual translation of the phrase in (piestion would be "' beside or down 
 by the road flows," etc. In this case the Eleutherion would be identified with the 
 Ilevma-tou-Kastroii running round the northern side of the Heraeiun. and immediatelv 
 below its western periboliis towards the south of the plain. 
 
 * KniJer, J'iiusaniii.<, vol. III. p. ISl. - I'aus. II. l.l. 5. Pans. /. c. 
 
16 
 
 GENEKAL DsTRODLXTION 
 
 CISTERNS AND CONDUITS 
 
 )t 
 
 Those who would look for the Eleutherion on the road to Myeeuae at some distcinee 
 from the Heraeum may well point to the phrase airro hf to Upov, which immediiitely 
 follows Pausanias's words on the Eleutherion, and which, marking this phrase as the 
 oi)ening of the description of the temple itself, implies that hi the piissage preceding 
 it the writer is not yet sui)i>osed to have arrived at the siinctuary. Capt<iin Steifen ' 
 thus supports the view, first expressed hy Lolling, that the Eleutherion is to he found 
 ui a well which flows to the present day near the Panagia cha}>el, near the road which 
 leads from Mycenae to the Heraeiun, and about three qiuirters of a mile from the latter. 
 He points out, further, that the form of the name (Eleutherion) is not suited to the 
 designation of a stream. We at once raise the (piestion, " Why, then, did Pausanias 
 not use the tenn Kptjvrjy which was used for the Eleutherion drinking-fountiiin hy 
 Hesychius and Eustiithius ? " - The answer may be that he is here i-eferring to baths, 
 while the others refer to drinking-fountains ; and that both baths and drinking-foun- 
 tiiins were supplied by the water in the stream. But Steffen would answer this by 
 maintiiining the fact that the stream in question was dry for the greater juirt of the 
 year, and thus would not yield water. On the other hand, the well near the Panagia 
 chapel " on the road " is a branch of the stream which is fed by a basin from which the 
 shepherds now take their water. This again is supplied by a well with fine old masonry, 
 a little higher up, about which are grouped ruins of very ancient dwelling-houses. Steffen 
 surmises that these dwellings belonged to the Heraeum and served for the attendants of 
 the temple as well as for the freed slaves avIio drank from the well, of which the sjH^cial 
 name Avas Cynadra. In sui)port of this view we might urge that during our excavations 
 we were forced to get oiu- supply of drinking-water from a dishince, and, finding the 
 water of this very Panagia well purer and cooler than that of the well in the vilhige 
 of Chonica, the continuous journeys of the donkeys with water-barrels along the 
 Mycenae " road " formed one of the many picturesque scenes which lent a j)eculiar 
 charm to our day's work. Furthermore, if in identifying the landmarks given by 
 Paus<inias, we arrange our topography on the kirge scale which we have adopted as 
 regards Euboea, Acraea, Prosymna, and Asterion, then the Panagia well and stream, on 
 the very slopes of Euboea, would come within the domaui of the Siinctuary, and would 
 not appear too far removed from the temple. 
 
 But, on the other hand, we must recall the definite statement of Pausanias, — which, 
 considering the paucity of his remarks on the great siinctuary, and the numerous remains 
 and mteresting works and records before bun, throws this fact into the strongest 
 relief, — " that the women who minister at the sanctwiry employ it (the water of Eleu- 
 therion) for purifications and for seci-et sacrifices." Now it seems to me hard to believe, 
 when we consider the integial part which this water played in the important, nay essen- 
 tial, functions of the temple, in the rites and ceremonies, by the very nature of the cult, 
 that we must look for it over a hilly jmth three quarters of a mile from the Siinctiuiry 
 itself.^' And this doubt is gi-eatly confinned — nay, becomes almost insumi<»untjible 
 — when we consider the elaborate system (vf water-works Avhich our excavations have 
 so clearly laid bare within the sanctuary itself, and which are manifestly in immediate 
 relation to the Revma-tou-Kastrou. We have here not only cisterns and aqueducts, but 
 also baths and di-inking-fountams, and they form a marked feature of tlie whole site. 
 
 * Op. cit. pp. 41 and 42. tion we often experienced at the delay of donkeys and 
 
 2 See below, p. 18. chatting agoyats in bringing the water over this rough 
 
 ^ Especially when I recall the impatience and irrita- and hilly path from such a distance. 
 
 17 
 
 Indeed, I believe that the extensive early-Greek Southwest Stoa (the largest building on 
 the site), the Roman house on the west, and the bath and well-house on the west sidL of 
 the North Stoa, and perhaps also the West Building, were in more or less direct connec- 
 tion with these water-works, the ceremonies to which they ministered, and the character 
 of quasi health-resort which the sanctuary must have had. 
 
 Cisterns are scattered about the siinctuary, all, however, in the direction of the bed 
 of the stream. With the exception of the more open cistern marked A, to the west of 
 the Old Temple, they are cave-like, or in the forms of rock-cut tombs.^ Among these 
 the cross-shaped one, mentioned by earlier travelers, below the West Building (VII) 
 and the northeast end of the L<,wer Stoa (X), is closest to the actual temple butldings. 
 Immediately beside this is the semicircular basin cut into the rock - in which a strigil was 
 found, and which was probably a bath adjoining the cistern. Another rock-cut cistern 
 running far into the hillside is below the northwest slope of the Heraeum hill towards 
 the bed of the stream, and seems to have been fed by the overflow from the river. For 
 although, as is the case even with the Inachus and most rivers of Greece, the bed of the 
 stream^ is generally dry, after rains the streiim swells to a very torrent and overflows its 
 banks.^' Still more clearly do we realize this intimate connection of the temple with the 
 sti-eam when we consider the underground cisterns, bath-like chambers cut into the rock, 
 and rocktnit aqueducts, on the river bank about two hundred yards to the southwest 
 of the temple, at which Mr. Brownson * and Mr. Fox excavated with untiring energy. 
 Here, also, we find a subterranean conduit (Fig. 8) cut into the solid rock, with three 
 " avenues leading, one toward the plain 
 and town of Argos, the second back 
 toward the temple, the third at right 
 angles to the direction of the other two, 
 or about southeast." The second and 
 third lead back into the bed of the 
 river, and were thus evidently feeders for 
 the main channel of the waters in the 
 stream. The fii-st runs back, however, 
 at least 13.70 m. towards the temple, and 
 was followed by Mr. Brownson and Mr. 
 Fox with their gang of "mhiers" for 
 34.70 m. in the direction of Arjros. 
 This hard work was not carried farther. 
 Mr. Brownson suggests that this might 
 have been connected with a system of 
 irrigation for the plain. There is another 
 possibility to which we shall return pre- 
 sently. Meanwhile I must at once re- 
 mark that this rock-cut watercoui-se reminds us of that discovered by Dorpfeld at 
 Athens in connection with the identification of the Enneacrunus, and I shall have to 
 point to otiier i-esemblances between the waters of Eleutherion and those of Enneacru- 
 
 » We at first considered tlieni such. They were prob- Athens at the Heraion of Argos, 1892, p. 4; cf. also Brown- 
 ably used as dwellings or churches in Byzantine times. son, /. c. pp. 210, 211. 
 
 • K in Mr. Fox's plan of the excavations of 1892. See • Cf. C. L. Brownson, /. c. p. 206. 
 
 Twelfth Annual Report of the A rch. hiM. of America, 1894. * L. c. pp. 211 S. 
 See also Waldstein, Excavatiom of the American School of 
 
 Fig. 8. — Max-holk and rock-cut Conduit at 
 
 8TKKAM-BED OF ReVMA-TOU-KaSTROU. 
 

 10 
 
 GEN KliA L INTKUDLCTIUN 
 
 CISTKKNS AM) CONDriTS 
 
 Those wlio would look for the Eleutherlon on the road to Mycenae at some distanee 
 from the lleraeiuii may well j»>iiit to the phrase auro 8c to upov, whieh immediately 
 follows Pausanias's words on the Kleiitherion. and which, markin*^* this |thrase as the 
 openinj^ of the description of the temple itself, implies that in the iKissiijje preceding- 
 it the Avriter is not yet supposed to have arrived at the s;inctuary. Captain StelVen ' 
 thus su}»ports the view, first expressed hy Lolling, that the Eleutherion is to Im' found 
 in a well which Hows to the present day near the Panagia chapel, near the roa«l which 
 leads from Mycenae to the Ileraeum, and ahout three quarters of a mile from the latter. 
 He points out, further, that the form of the name (Eleutherion) is not suited to the 
 designation of a stream. We at once raise the ipu-stion. " Why. then, ditl I'ausanias 
 not use the term Kprjvr], which was used for the Eleutherion drinking-fountain l»y 
 Ilesvchius and Eustathius ? " - The answer mav he that he is here referring- to hatlis, 
 while the others refer to drinking-fountains ; and that hoth haths and drinking-foun- 
 tains were supplied hy the water in the stream. But Stelfen wouhl answer this hy 
 maintaining the fact that the stream in (|uestion was dry for the greater part of the 
 year, and thus would not yield water. On the other hand, the well near the Panaoia 
 chapel "on the road" is a hranch of the stream which is fed hy a hasin from which the 
 shepherds now take their water. This again is supplied hy a well with fine (dd masonry, 
 a little higher up, ahout which are grouped ruins of very ancient dwelling-houses. StelVen 
 surmises that these dwellings hehmged to the Ileraeum and si-rved for the attendants of 
 the temple as well as for the freed slaves who (hank fnun the well, of which the special 
 name was Cynadra. In support of this view we might urge that dining our excavations 
 ^ve were forced to get our supply of drinking-water from a distance, and, finding the 
 water of this very Panagia well purer and cooler than that of the well in the vilhigc 
 of Chonica, the continuous iournevs of the donkeys Avith watei-harrels alonir the 
 Mycenae '"road" formed (me of the many pictures(pu' sienes which lent a pe( uliar 
 charm to our day's W(uk. Furthermore, if in identifying the landmarks given hy 
 Pausiinias, we arrange our tojiography on the huge scale which we have ad(»pted as 
 regards Euhoea, Acraea, Prosvnnia, and Asterion, then the Panagia well and stream, on 
 the very slopes of Euhoea, would come within the domain of the sjinctuarv, and would 
 not appear too far removed from the temple. 
 
 But. on the other hand, we must recall the definite statement of Paus;inias, — whicli, 
 considering the paucity of his remarks on the great siinctuary, and the ninnerous remains 
 and interesting works and records before him, throws this fact into the strongest 
 relief, — ''that the women who minister at the sjinctuary employ it (the water of Eleu- 
 therion) for purifications and for secret sjicrilices." Now it seems to me hard to l)elieve, 
 when we consider the integral part whicli this water played in the important, nav essen- 
 tijil, functions of the temple, in the rites and ceremonies, hy the very nature of the cult, 
 that we must hiok for it over a hilly path three (piarters of a mile fnun the siinctuary 
 itself." And this (h)id)t is i»Teatlv confirnu'd — nav, heconu's almost insurmountahle 
 — when we consider the elaborate system of watei-W(uks which «mr excavations have 
 so clearly laid hare within the sanctuary itself, and which are manifestly in innnediate 
 relation to the IJevma-tou-Kastrou. We have here not only cisterns and a(pieducts, hut 
 also baths and drinking-fountains, and they form a marked feature of the wlnde site. 
 
 ' Op. r!t. ]^\^. 41 ami 42. tioii we often exp«Tioiu-e<l at tlie iXiAny of donkeys and 
 
 - Si-e below, ji. IS. cliattini; ajjoyats in 1)rin<jin<j tlie water over this rou<;li 
 
 " KsiHicially when I recall the imiMitieuce aud irrita- and hilly path from sueh a distance. 
 
 17 
 
 
 Indeed, I believe that the extensive early-Greek Southwest Stoa (the largest b..ildiiig on 
 the site), the Roman h.mse on the west, and the bath and well-house on "the west .sid"- of 
 the N(.rtli Stoa, and perhaps als(, the West Building, were in more or less direct connec- 
 tion with these water-works, the ceremonies to whi.h they ministered, and the character 
 of (piasi health-resort which the siinctuary must have had. 
 
 Cisterns are scattered about the s.nctuary, all, however, in the direction (.f the bed 
 (.f the stream. With the excepti(»n of the n.ore open cistern n.arked A, to the west of 
 the Old Temple, they are cave-like, or in the fV.rms of n.ck-cut tond»s.' Among these 
 the cross-shaped one, mentioned by earlier travelers, below the West Building^ ( VII) 
 and the northeast end of the Lower Stoa (X), is closest t(» the actual temple buildings. 
 Immediately besi(h. this is the semicircular basin cut into the rock - in which a strigil was 
 found, and which was probably a bath adjoining the cistern. Another rock-cut cistern 
 running far int<» the hillside is behiw the northwest slope of the Ileraeum hill towards 
 the bed of the stream, and seems to have been fed by the overflow from the river. For 
 although, as is the case even with the Inachus and most rivers (.f Greece, the bed of the 
 stream is generally dry, after rains the .stream swells t(. a very torrent and overHows its 
 banks.' Still nuue clearly (h) we realize this intimate connectiiui of the temple with the 
 stream when we consider the underground cisterns, bath-like chandjers cut int(. the rock, 
 and rock-cut a(puMlucts, on the river bank ab«.ut two hundred yards to the southwest 
 (»f the temple, at which Mr. Browiison ^ and Mr. F..x excavated with untiring energy. 
 Here, also, we find a subterranean c(mduit (Fig. S) eut into the solid rock, with three 
 '* avenues leading, one toward the plain 
 
 and town of Arg(»s, the second back 
 
 toward the temple, the third at right 
 
 angles to the direction of the other two. 
 
 or about southeast." The second and 
 
 third lead back into the bed of the 
 
 river, and were thus evidently feeders for 
 
 the main channel of the waters in the 
 
 stream. The first runs back, however, 
 
 at least l.'J.TO m. towards the temple, and 
 
 was followed by Mr. Brownson and Mr. 
 
 Fox with their gang of "miners" for 
 
 34.70 m. in the direction of Aruos. 
 
 This hard work was not carried farther. 
 
 Mr. Brownson suggests that this might 
 
 have been connected with a system of 
 
 irrigation for the plain. There is another 
 
 possibility to which we shall return pre- 
 sently. Meanwhile I must at (»nce re- 
 mark that this rock-cut watercourse reminds us of that discovered by Diirpfeld at 
 
 Athens in connection with the identification of the Enneacrunus, and I shall have to 
 
 point t(» other resenddances between the waters of Eleutherion and those of Enneacru- 
 
 » We at first eonsiiUn-d them smli. They wei-e pr«)li- Athens at the Hiraioi, o/Arrjos, 1891', p. 4; cf. also liiown- 
 
 alily nsed as dwellings or chnnhes in Byzantine times. .s(»n, /. ,: jip. I'lU, 211. 
 
 » K in Mr. Fox's plan of the excavations of 1S92. See » Cf. C. L. Brownson, l. c. p. 206. 
 
 Tirt-lfth Annual lie/mrt of (he Arch. Inst, of America, 1894. * L. c. pp. 211 ff. 
 
 See also Waldstein, Exaicutiuus of the American School of 
 
 Kl<;. S. M.W-IIOI.K VXK KtKK-<lT CoXlHIT AT 
 
 STKKAM-BKI) OK UkV.MA-TOU-KaSTKOC. 
 
18 
 
 GENERAL LNTKODUCTION 
 
 THE ELEUTIIEHIOX 
 
 19 
 
 I1U8 Besides these watei-works iinineiliutely c<>iiiieete<l with tlie stream, tliere was an 
 elaborate well-house and hath with chanihers on the southwest corner of the second }»lat- 
 f'onn, abutthig on the North Stoa (II). Adjoinutg this well-house, which no (K)uht 
 contained water for drinking and sacriticiiil i>uriN)ses, we i'eco<rnized a hath ' in a Hat, 
 cemented si|uare with a channel for the off-How of water, found during the fii*st year of 
 our work. A channel of terni-cottii j)i|>es ran from this well-house, lietween the north 
 side of the Second Temple and the North Stoa towards the northeast end of the temple. 
 It is probable that the sjicred water was thus conducted to the east platform to be used 
 in the sacrifices and ceremonies which took )»lace before the temple. 
 
 Enough has been said to show how elaborate and ini|N)rtant wei-e these watei-works 
 within the temple precinct, and that they bear some immediate relation to the stream 
 — these facts all being in favor of the identification of the latter with the Eleutherion 
 mentioned by Pausiinias. It is {M)ssible that tlie waters of the stream, store<l in these 
 cisterns, were fed also by some other watercourses belonging to its immediate system," 
 but the stream itself would be the centre and bear the name ; and so this name could 
 not be given to the Panagia well. 
 
 Mr. Frazer^ strives to reconcile the two conflicting views by suggesting that |M>ssi])lv 
 the waters from the Panagia well may have been conveyed in the rock-cut aqueduct 
 to the temple. But even if the direction of our aipieducts did not contradict this, it 
 would not solve the difficulty. For the name Eleutherion, if given to the water drunk 
 at the Heraeum and led in the conduits by the stream-bed " which Hows by the road," 
 would have to apply not to this transported water but to the stream itself, or to the 
 distant well.^ 
 
 The ])uzzling question is further complicated by the jKissages in Eustathius" and 
 Hesychius,'' according to whom this water of freedom came from a well called Cynadra 
 at Argos, of which the slaves drank on being freed. Not much weight need be given 
 to the term Argos as used loosely by these late writers. Still, if their evidence stiinds, 
 it seems to me worth suggesting that the rock-hewn aqueduct discovered by us leading 
 in the direction of Argos may have taken the siicred water from the siinctuary to the 
 market-place of Argos, and have been there used in the ceremony of freeing slaves. 
 
 The water of Eleutherion was thus used primarily by the priestesses for the immediate 
 ceremonies of their own cult, and secondarily in the ceremony of freeing slaves. It is 
 worth considering for a moment whether there may not be some inner connection be- 
 tween these two uses. 
 
 This old lustral ceremony of the temple of Argive Hera reappears in other cults. At 
 the temple of Artemis Trichiria at Patrae it is connected with the offering which took the 
 place of human sacrifice and with the beautiful story of Comaetho and Melanippus.^ 
 There it is the river AmiUchus, ^' the stream," in the waters of which the children must 
 
 ' See first Rqmrt and Excavations, I. c. 
 
 ^ I was told by some workmen that there was a vrisi 
 and wnlied well in the gully immediately to the north- 
 west of the Heraeum and belonging to this system, and 
 once set out to hunt for it but without success. Owing to the 
 multifarious and continuous tasks before me, necessarily 
 connected with the work of directing such excavations, 
 and to the im{>os!sibility of realizing at the time how impor- 
 tant each smallest point may become, I did not sift this 
 question to the bottom. I hope some member of the 
 American School will some day again explore the whole 
 
 neighborhood. For a well there might be immediately 
 connected with the stream — or {terhaps there may have 
 been one which is now dried up. 
 
 ' Pausaniof, vol. III. p. IHl. 
 
 * See also Mr. Frazer's pertinent criticism (Pausanias, 
 vol. III. p. 180) of Wilamowitz-Miillendorflrs sugges- 
 tions in Hermen, XIX. (1884), pp. 463-4(>5. 
 
 ^ Eustathius, VIII. 408. 
 
 ' Hesyeh. .«. r. 
 
 » Pau«. VII. l»-20, 2. 
 
 bathe. At Lebadea it is the river Hercyna ' in whose waters he who wished to consult 
 the oracle of Trophonius had to bathe, " while observing strict rules of purity and not 
 Imthing in warm water." - At the tenq)le of the Cranaean Athena near Ektea the boy 
 priest " acts sis priest for five yeai*s, during which he lodges with the goddess and bathes 
 in tubs after the «ancient fa.shion."^ 
 
 Now, all these ceremonies point to very ancient customs. At the Heraeum no doubt 
 these were connected with the siicml and " secret sacrifices " of the Upoq ydfio<;, the 
 tyi>e of actiuil marriage ceremo- 
 nies. It is well to remend)er the 
 import<int part which the bath 
 played in the wedding of the an- 
 cients.^ For this s()ecial water 
 was u.sed.'^ The kovrpov vviKJiLKov 
 was tiiken at Athens from the well 
 Callirrhoe, made over by Pisi.stra- 
 tu8 into the Enneiicrunus ;*' at 
 Thel)es the water was t<iken from 
 the Isnienus;' at Troy from the 
 Scamander." 
 
 This lustral use of the water in 
 connection with marriajre would 
 precede its use as a |Kirt of the 
 ceremony of emancipation, which 
 already presupiM)ses a thoroughly 
 deveh)j)ed and complicated civic 
 orgiiniztition ; but we can under- 
 
 stiind that the Eleutherion water, when used for nuptial ceremonies at Argos, might be 
 used also in the emanciixition of slaves, and that " drinking the water of freedom " might 
 become a proverbial phrase for being freed. Strange as it may appear to us, the act of 
 marriage to the ancient Greek, especi<illy to the Greek maiden, kept in the strict seclu- 
 sion of her nap0€V(ot/y the step which made her yafierij or even a naXkaK-^, was one of 
 com|)arative freedom and emancipation.^ 
 
 While the balance in the weight of evidence thus appears to us to incline towards the 
 identification of the Revma-tou-Kastrou with the ancient Eleutherion, the arguments in 
 fjivor of the Panagia well appear to ils still to be very strong, and we can therefore not 
 8i)eak with anything approaching to cerfciinty on this point of topogmphy. 
 
 Fi«;. y. — Dkcm a.\i» Capital hcom .Sf.cond Tk.mplk, as 
 
 FOUND UKHIND THE SOUTH StOA. 
 
 > Pans. IX. 39, 2-7. 
 
 ^ It is i>erhaps worth noting that the older city of le- 
 badea " originally stood on high ground, and was named 
 Midea," bearing the same name as the high ancient city 
 in the Argive plain. 
 
 » Pans. X. SI, 8. 
 
 * I cannot enter here into the interesting question of 
 the Kourpo^ipot. 
 
 ' Cf. I.Asaulx, ' Zur Geschichte nnd Philos. der Ehe 
 bei den Griechen,' Abh. d. k. Hayr. Akad. 18.^1, phil. cl. 
 VII. Abth. 1, p. 73; cf. Becker, CkariklcK, III. p. 300. 
 
 '' Aristoph. LysUtr. 378; Thucyd. II. 15; Poll. III. 43; 
 — IIar|Hx:rat. s. Aovrpo^Jpot. 
 
 ^ Kurip. Phoen. 347. 
 
 8 Athen. X. G80. 
 
 ^ The passages quoted by Athenaeus, III., 123, from 
 Antiphaues or Alexis, in which a woman says : "may 
 I never drink of the water of freedom, if," etc., is prob- 
 ably said by a slave-woman as meaning " may I never be 
 freed." But it is just conceivable that they might have 
 been used by a girl as meaning *' may I never find a hus- 
 band." For other passages referring to this use of the 
 term Eleutherion see Casaubon on the aliove passage of 
 Athenaeus. Attention may be drawn also to the fact 
 that by the end of the fourth century b. c. it was custom- 
 ary for freed slaves at Athens to dedicate to Athene silver 
 saucers which were known by the name of fii\ai t^f\tv0tpt. 
 •fo/. Cf. e. ^. C. /. .4.11. 2. 720. 
 
If 
 
 18 
 
 (iKNKUAL INTKOnrcTlON 
 
 TIIK KLKrTIIKKIOX 
 
 19 
 
 mis IJt'sides tlwsv watt'i-woiks iiniiu'diatcly comu'i'ti'il with tin* str«'ain, tiu'ir was an 
 t'lalioiatr wt'11-lnmst' ami iiatli with cliamhi'is on tlif sjuithwest nuinT of tin' M'nnnl plat- 
 I'onn. alnittin^- on tlie Nortli Stoa (II). Adjoining tliis wi'll-honsc, wiiicli no (hniht 
 contained water for drinkin«^ and siifriHciai jMirposes, we reeo«»nized a hath ' in a Hat, 
 cemented scpiare witii a channel for tlu' olV-How of water, fonn<l dnrin^' tin- first year of 
 our work. A channel of terra-cotta pipes ran from this well-honse, hetw«'en the north 
 sitle of the Secon«l Temple and the North Stoa towanis the northeast end of the temple. 
 It is prohal)le tiiut the sacred water was thus conducted to the east platform to he used 
 in the sacrifices and ceremonies which took plac«' hefor*' the temple. 
 
 Knou*;'h has heen siid to show how elahorate and important were these water-works 
 within the temple precinct, and that they hear some immediate relation to the stream 
 — these facts all hein«»- in favor of the identification of the latter with the Kleutherion 
 mentioned hy Pausmias. It is possihie that the waters of the stream, stored in these 
 cisterns, were fed also hy some other watercourses helon«;in«»* to its immediate system," 
 hut the stream itself would he the centre and hear the name ; and so this name could 
 not he y:iven to the Panaj»ia well. 
 
 Mr. Frazer ' strives to rec«)ncile the two conflictiuii^ views hy suj;;jjt'stin«'" that possihiv 
 the waters from the Pana^ia well may have heen conveyed in the rock-cut atpiediict 
 to the temple. But even if the direction of our aipu'ducts did not contradict this, it 
 would not solve the difficulty. For the name Kleutherion. if «;;iven to the watt-r drunk 
 at the Ileraeum and led in the conduits hy the stream-hed " which flows hy the road," 
 wouhl have to apply not to this transported water hut to the stream itself, or to tilt* 
 distant well.' 
 
 The pu/zlin*;; <pu*stion is further complicated hy the jtassjij^es in Kustathius'' and 
 llesychius,'" acc«M-din«'" to whom this water of free(hnn came from a well called (>vnadra 
 at Arj^os, of which the slaves drank on heinj^ freed. Not ujuch weij^^ht need he j^ivtMi 
 to the term Ar«»os as used loosely hy these late writers. Still, if their evidence stands, 
 it seems to me worth su»^j»estinj;' that the rock-hewn a(|ueduct discovered hy us leadin<^ 
 in the direction of Arj^'cjs mav have taken the sicred water from the sinctuarv to the 
 market-place of Ar»»os, and have heen there used in the ceremony of freein«j slaves. 
 
 The water of Kleutherion was thus used ]n-imarily hy the pri«'st«'sses for the innnediate 
 ceremonies of their own cult, and secondarily in the ceremonv of freeinir slaves. It is 
 worth considering^ for a moment whether there may not he some inner connection he- 
 tween these two uses. 
 
 This old lustral ceremony of the temple of Arj^ive Hera reapjH-ars in other cults. At 
 the temple of Artemis Trichiria at Patrae it is connected with the ofl*erin«»; which took the 
 place of human surifice and with the heautifid story of Comaetho an«l Metanippus.* 
 There it is the river Amilichus, "the stream," in the watei*s «)f which the children must 
 
 ' See first Report niitl K.nnrnlions, I. r. 
 
 - I was ti>hl l>v some workmen that tliere was a rrisi 
 uiul walled well in the <;iilly immediately tu tlie north- 
 west uf the Ileraeum and lielon<;in*; tii this system, and 
 once set out tu hunt for it but without sneeess. Owing to tlie 
 multifarious and eontinuous tasks In-fore me, neeessarily 
 eonneete<l with the work of direeting sneli exeavations, 
 and to the imjiossiliility of realizing at the time how iniftor- 
 tant each smallest (mint may l)eeome, I did not sift this 
 question to the bottom. I ho|ie some mendH'r of the 
 Auieriean Sehool will some day again explore the whole 
 
 neighborhoo<l. For a well there might Im> immediately 
 connected with the stream — or |M'rha|is tliere may have 
 been one whieli is now dried u|>. 
 ' Piiusiiuins, vol. III. |». ISl. 
 
 * Sec also Mr. Frazer's |H-rtinent eritieism (/'nusaniait, 
 vol. III. |>. 1K4I) of Wilamowilz-MollendortT's sugges- 
 tions in I/trmes, XIX. (1HH4), |i|>. -ItKt—lUo. 
 
 ' Kustathius, VIII. 4UH. 
 
 • Ilesyeh. .«. r. 
 
 • rau.H. VII. iy-20,2. 
 
 hathe. At Lehadea it is the river Hercyna ' in whose waters he who wished to considt 
 the oracle of Trophonius had to hathe, " while ohservino- strict rules of piiritv antl not 
 hathin;;- in warm water."- At the temple of the Cranaean Athena near Klatea the Ix.y 
 priest " acts as priest for five years, <liirin«; which he lodj^es with the j-oddess and hathes 
 in tuhs after the ancient fashion."'' 
 
 Now, all these ceremonies |>oint to very ancient customs. At the Ileraeum no (hndit 
 tiiesj' wen* ctmiiected with the s;icre«l and " .se«ret .sjtcrifices " of the Upo^ ya'/xo«j, the 
 typ«* of actual marria«;e ceremo- 
 nies. It is Widl to remendter the 
 important part which the hath 
 playe<l in the weddini»' of the an- 
 cients.* For this special water 
 was used.' The \ovTpov uvfiffuKoi' 
 was taken at Athens from the well 
 Callirrhoe, made over hy Pisistra- 
 tu.s into the Knneacrunus ;'" at 
 Thehes the water was taken from 
 the Ismenus;' at Trov from the 
 Scamander.'* 
 
 This lustral use of the water in 
 connection with marriai;'e would 
 precede its use as a part of the 
 ceremony of (>n:an(-ipation. which 
 already presupposes a thorou«>-hlv 
 di'veloped and complicated civic 
 or«^ani%iition ; hut we can under- 
 stand that the Kleutherion water, when used for nui>tial ceremonies at Ariros, mi<»lit he 
 used also in the emancipation of slaves, and that " drinkin<»- the water of freedom" mi«»ht 
 become a jiroverhial phrase for hein?;- freed. Strange as it may appear to us, the act of 
 marriaji-e to the ancient Greek, especially to the Greek maitlen, ke|>t in the .strict seclu- 
 sion of her irapB(.voiv, the step which matle her yap.€Tri or even a iraWaK-q, was one of 
 com|»arative freedom and emancipation.'* 
 
 While the halance in the wei«»ht of evidence thus appears to us to incline towards tlie 
 iih'ntification of the Uevma-tou-Kastrou with the ancient Kleutherion, the ar«»uments in 
 favor of the Pana<;:ia well appear to us still to he very stron<»-, and we can therefore not 
 S|M'ak with anythin*^ approaching- to certainty <ui this point of topo<»ra|)liy. 
 
 > Pans. IX. :J9, '1-1. » Athen. X. (>80. 
 
 -' It is |N>rha|is worth noting that the older city of Ix^- •' The passages quoted by Athenaeus, III., 123, from 
 
 bfidea " originally stiMid on high ground, and was named .\ntipliancs or Alexis, in which a woman says: "may 
 
 Midea," bearing the same name as the high aiicieut city I never drink of the water of freedom, if," etc., is proli- 
 
 in the Argive plain. ably said by a slave-woman as meaning "may I never be 
 
 » Pans. X. .'M, 8. fi-eed." Hut it is just conceivable that they might have 
 
 * I e.innot enter here into the interesting question of been used by a girl as meaning " may I never find a hus- 
 the Kovrpixpi^tt. band." For other passages referring to this use of the 
 
 * I'f. Lasaulx, ' Zur (lesehiehte und IMiilos. der Klie term Kleutheriou see CasaulMin on the alto ve passage of 
 liei den (irieelien,' Ahh. il. k. lUti/r. AhuL 1S.'.1, phil. el. Atluitaeus. Attention may be drawn also to the fact 
 VII. Abth. 1, p. 7.'J; ef. lU-eker, C/iariUrs, III. p. 'MH\. that by the end of the fourth century B. c. it was custoin- 
 
 " Arist<»pli. Lti*istr. .'178; Tliueyd. II. 15; Poll. III. 43; ary for freed slaves at Athens to dedicate to Athene silver 
 — Ilarp<H-rat. s. A»i>Tp..^.(^i. saucers which were known by the name of ^iaA.at c{<\cu0cpi. 
 
 ^ Kurip. PhiHh. ;U7. ifoj. Cf. /. g. C. I. III. 2. 720. 
 
 Fii;. 1». -^ DuiM .\.M» Cai'itai. hsom Sk.coxd Tk.mi'i.i;, .\s 
 
 KOCNII ItKIII.NU TIIK SoCTII StOA. 
 
20 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 Pausiinias, having^ fixed the general topojjfiapliy of the Heraeum, proceeds to describe 
 the site, and what he considered the objects of chief intei-est there. He begins with the 
 temple which he saw before him in jHirfect condition in his own day, and tells us that 
 " they sjiy that the architect of the temple was Eupolemus, an Argive." This Argive 
 architect is otherwise unknown to us. The foundations of this temple (the Second 
 Temi)le), which was built innnediately after the burning of the Old Temple in 423 R. v., 
 were laid completely bare by us after previous excavatoi-s had made shallow cuttings 
 at the east, noi-th, and south sides. A suilicient niunber of architectunil details (cf. Fig. 9) 
 were discovered to enable Mr. Tilton to draw not only ground-plms, but also elevations 
 of this importiint and beautiful building.' The temple, as far as the south, southwest, 
 and southeast sides are concerned, was constructed on elaborate foundations of limestone, 
 rising, at the southwest corner, to a height of about three metres. The rock on which 
 the temple stood was cut and leveled, especially on the north side and in the interior, 
 while the i-emaining inequalities of the rocky summit of this " platfonn " wei-e i*enioved 
 by elaborate filling up with dry rubbish, similar to the pn)cedui*e on the Aci-opolis of 
 Athens in Cimonian times. Before the Second Temple was built, this rocky phitform 
 must have been used fi-om the earliest tinies.- 
 
 Pausiinias then describes, in the following terms, the sculptures which decorated the 
 temple : ^ " The sculptures over the columns represent, some the birth of Zeus and the 
 battle of gods and giants, others the Trojan war and the taking of Ilium." These sculi>- 
 tures, of which many interesting fmgments have been found, will be dealt with at length 
 in the special chapter on Sculpture. But we may sjiy here that the expression vnep rov^ 
 Kiovaq refei-s not only to the metopes, of which there were sixty-two in the temple, 
 but also to the pediments, from the sculptures of which undoubted frjigments have been 
 discovered by us. We hope to prove, also, that the sculptured decorations of the temple 
 illustrate Polycleitjin art at its best. 
 
 Having described the outside of the temj)le, and stinding at its east end, or entrance, 
 Pausiinias continues : " Before the entr.ince stand stiitues of women who have been 
 priestesses of Hem, and stiitues of heroes," etc.* Some of the bases for such statues 
 have been found in our excavations to the northeast of the Second Temple (see Fig- 
 ures 2 and 10). It is importiint to note that there are no traces of such statues at 
 the Avest side of the temple, where, moreover, the nature of the space would not have 
 admitted of their erection. This fact alone would contradict the assumption that 
 
 .) 
 
 ' See chapter on Arcliitoctiire (pp. 117 ff.). 
 
 '^ Oue or more lar<;e altars doubtless stood on the 
 site later occupied by the Second Temple. Some vestiges 
 of these altars may remain in the rough masonry within 
 the foundations of the temple, while the so-called black 
 layers of soil, to which reference will be made below, 
 though almost continuous round and below the founda- 
 tions of the temple from east to west on the south side, 
 were thicker and richer in finds at certain points or " ]>ock- 
 ets," and must, as at Olympia, have marked the locality 
 of an ancient altar. The slight remains of the rudest 
 form of early walls, to my nund antedating the Cyclopean 
 wall of the upper terrace, to be seen on the bed-rock on 
 the sonthemmost slope and to the west of this temple 
 platform, also confirm the earlier use to which this part 
 of the Heraeum precinct was put before the building of 
 the Second Temple. 
 
 * I give throughout Mr. Frazer's translation. 
 
 * Cf. also Paus. III. '>,€> ;Thucyd. IV. 133; Amob. VI. 
 23 ed. ReiiT. p. tK)7. Such statues were certainly placed 
 there before the middle of the fifth century B. c, and 
 probably much earlier; for ChryseVs had been priestess 
 for forty-eight years at the beginning of the IVlo|Kinne- 
 sian War (Thucyd. II. 2). Moreover, as Curtius (<»>*. 
 Ahhandl. I. 44) has drawn attention to the fact that the 
 Argives did not remove the statue of Chrysek's in spite of 
 the destruction of the temple through her negligence, 
 such statues of priestesses must have been erected during 
 the lifetime of the priestesses: Hitzig-Bliimner, Pau- 
 mnias, I. 2, p. 508. Similar statues are mentioned by 
 Pausanias at Hermione (II. 35,8) and in Cynneia in Acliaia 
 (VII. 2.^ 7), and were probably placed before the temple 
 of Asclepius at Epidaurus. See Cavvadias, Fouille* tV 
 Eftidaure ; Frazer, PatuanUu, III. pp. 182 f.; Uitzig- 
 Bliiiniier, I. 2, p. Mo. 
 
 ' V\ 
 
 THE STATUE OF IIEUA 
 
 21 
 
 .such stJitues existed at the west end, even if Pau-saniiis did not distinctly limit them to 
 the east end. 
 
 Now, entering the temple, Pausjinias sjiys : "In the fore-temple are ancient images of 
 the Graces on the left, and on the right is a couch of Hera, and a votive offering consist- 
 ing of the shieKl which Menelaus once took from Euphorbus at Ilium." He then enters the 
 i/ad? proper, and is there at once confronted by the great gold and ivory image of Hera 
 by Polydeitus, the culminating work of art of the whole .sjinctuary, of the whole Argive 
 district, nay, with the Olympian Zeus and the Athene Parthenos of Phidiii.s, of the whole 
 of ancient Greece. For we must never forget that ancient authorities use terms of praise 
 with regard to this work (upon which the fame of Polydeitus to a great extent rested) 
 which correspond to those applied to the great works of Phidias,' and that one authority, 
 Strabo,- calls it " the most beautifid work of all." Though colossiil in dimensions the 
 
 Fig. 10. — Foundations ok the Skc«».m> Tk.»ii'lk, showing sTATUt-u.4st> at the ka&tkun i.xd. 
 
 stiitue of Hera was not so kirge as either the Zeus or the Athena of Phidias. Accord- 
 ing to Mr. Tilton ^ the totiil height of the image, including the base and the top of the 
 throne, was about eight metres, the seiited figure of the goddess alone about 5.50 metres. 
 Pausanias describes it as follows : — 
 
 " The stiitue of Hera is seated on a throne, and is of colossal size : it is made of gold and ivory, 
 and is a work of Polydeitus. On her head is a crown with the Graces and Seasons wrought on it 
 in relief : in oue hand she carries a pomegranate, in the other a sceptre. The story about the 
 pomegranate I shall omit as it is of a somewhat mystic nature ; but the cuckoo i>erched on 
 the sceptre is explained by a story that when Zeus was in love with the maiden Hera he changed 
 
 * See Overbeck, Schriftqtiellen, pp. 166 and 167. Lucian 
 {Somn. 8), while referring to the four greatest artists 
 (Phidias, Polydeitus, Praxiteles, and Myron), singles out 
 two works — the Zeus of Phidias and the Hera of Poly- 
 deitus. Plutarch (Perid. 2) couples the same two statues, 
 
 while Martial (X. 89) says Phidias would have been 
 glad to claim the Hera as his work. 
 
 2 VIII. p. 372 (Overb. Schriftquellen, No. 933). 
 
 » See his own account of the temple below, pp. 117 T. 
 
'20 
 
 GKNKKAL INTKODrCTIOX 
 
 TIIK STATl'K ()|- I IKK A 
 
 21 
 
 PaiLsinias, liavini*- fixed the i;;»'iH'ral topoi»iapliv of tlu' ncraciiin. |»i*(m*(h»(1s to <U*scnl)e 
 tlu' site, aiwl wliat he considrre*! the ol>ie«ts of ehief interest there. He ht'uins with tlie 
 temple which lie s;iw hefore him in perfect condition in his own dav, and t**lls us tliat 
 "* tliey siy that the architect of tlie temph' was Enpolemns. an Arnive." This Ar«;ive 
 architect is otiierwise nnknown to ns. The foun«lations of tliis temple (the Si'cond 
 Temple), which was huilt innnediatily after the hnrnini;- of the Ohl Temph* in 42IJ v.. r., 
 were laid completely hare hy ns after previous excavators had ma(h' shaUow enttinj;s 
 at the east, north, and sonth sides. A snfticient nnndw-r of architectnral <h'tails (cf. Fi«;. IM 
 were discovered to enahh' Mr. Tilton to draw not only »;;ronnd-plans, hut also elevations 
 of this important and heantifnl hnildini;-.' The temple, as far as the sonth, southwest, 
 and southeast sides aiv concerned, was eonstriu'ted on elahonite foundations of linu'stone, 
 risini;-, at the southwest conu'r, to a height of ahout three metres. The rock on which 
 the temple stood was cut and leveled, especially on the north sidi' and in the interior, 
 while the remainini;- inequalities of tlu' rocky siunmit of this " platform " were removed 
 hy elahorate fillini»- up with dry ruhhish. similar to the procedniv on the Acropolis of 
 Athens in Cimonian tinu*s. Before the Second Temple was luiilt, this rocky platform 
 nnist have heen used from the earliest times.-' 
 
 Paus;inias then describes, in the followini»' terms, the sculptures which deconited tlu' 
 temple : ' '' The sjulptures over the colnmns represent, some the hirth of Zeus and the 
 hattle of oods ami i;iants, others the Trojan war and the takin«»- of Ilium." These si-nlp- 
 tures, of which many interestinji* franinents have het'U foun<l. will he <h'alt with at len^i'th 
 in the special chapter on Sculpture. But we may s,iy heiv that tlu' expression vntp toi»<j 
 Kiova'i refers not only to the metopes, of which there w<'r<* sixty-two in the temple, 
 hut also to the pedinuMits. from the seul[>tures of which nndouhted fra«;;ments have heen 
 discovered hy us. We hope to prove, also, that the sculptured decorati<»ns of the temph' 
 illustrate P<»lycleitau art at its hest. 
 
 Ilavini;- descrihed the outside of the temple, and standin«»- at its east end. or entrance. 
 Pausanias continues : " Before the entraui-e stand statues of wonu>n who have he«*n 
 priestesses of Hera, and statues of heroes," etc.^ Sonie of the hases for such statues 
 have heen f<»inid in our excavaticnis to the northeast of the Secontl Temple (see V'v*,- 
 ures 2 and 10). It is important to ni>te that theiv are no traces of such statues at 
 the west side of the temple, where, moreover, the nature of the space would iH»t have 
 admitted of their erectitin. This fact ahme wtuihl contradict the assumption that 
 
 » See tliai.t«T on Arcliitrttiire (pp. 117 ff.). ' Of. als.. runs. III. .-.,« ;Tlm«-ya. IV. \X\; Ani..l.. VI. 
 
 -One or more larjje altars «loiilitK-ss stood on tlip *_':{ e<l. Ilciff. p. 'JOT. Siuli statm-s wen- ffrtainly placi'il 
 
 sitf later oceupitd by the Second 'IVniple. Some vestiges there Iwfore tlie middle of the liftli century n. »-., and 
 
 of thes«- altars may n'main in the ron!;h masonry within i)rolmldy much earlier; for Cliryscis had U-en priestess 
 
 the foundations of the temple, while the so-called Mack for forty-eijjht years at the U-jjinning of the I'elojM.nne- 
 
 layers of soil, to which reference will he made Itdow, sian War (Thucyd. II. ti). Moreover, .-is Curtius (^V*. 
 
 thoui,'h almost continuous round and below the founda- Ahhauilt. I. 11) has drawn attention to the fact that the 
 
 tions of the temple from east to west on the smith side. Arrives did not remove the statue of Cliryseis in spite of 
 
 were thicker and richer in finds at certain points or " pcM-k- the destruction of the teinide through her negligence, 
 
 ets," and must, as at <>lym))ia, have marked the l<H-ality such statues of priestesses must have lK>eii erected during 
 
 of an ancient altar. The slight remains of the rudest the lifetime of the priestesses: Ilit/ig-Uliimiier. Aim- 
 
 form of early walls, to my mind antedating the Cyclopean simlns, I. '2, ji. 'AtH. Similar statues art! mentioned by 
 
 wall of the upper terrace, to \>c seen on the lM'd-r«>ck on ransanias at IIermi<me ( II. .Tj, 8) and in Cynneia in .\cliaia 
 
 the southernmost slope and to the west of this temi>le (VII. 'J.'., 7). and were jtrobably placed liefore the temple 
 
 platform, also eontirm the earlier use to which this part of Asclepius at Kpidaurus. S«'e Cavvadias, Fouiflt* tl' 
 
 of the Ileraeum precinct was put liefore the building of K/iii/mirf ; Fnizer, I'oHsnnins, III. pp. 182 f. ; ilitzig* 
 
 the .'^ecfiiid Temple. Uliimner, I. 'J, p. .">».">. 
 
 ' I give throughout Mr. Frazer's translation. 
 
 
 .such statues existed at the west end, even if l*aus;iMia>> did not distinctiv limit them to 
 the east end. 
 
 Now, enterin;; the temph-, Pausiinias s;iys : "In the fore-temph' are ancient imai;es of 
 the (Jraces on the left, and on the rii;ht is a «ouch of Hera, and a votive oUVri mi; consist- 
 inj;- of the shield which .Menelaus once took from Kujihorhus at Ilium." He tluii inters the 
 I'tto? pro|M'r, and is there at once confronted hy the «;reat ••old and ivorv imai;e of Hera 
 hy Polych'itus. the culminatin««- w«uk of art (d" tin* whole sanctuarv. of the wh(de Arrive 
 district, nay, with the Olympian Zeus and the Athene Parthenos of Phidias, of tiie whole 
 ^t{' anci«'nt (Jreec*-. For we nuist never forget that ancient autlnuities use terms <d' praise 
 with rei;ard to this work (upon which the fame <»f Polyehitus to a ^reat extent rested) 
 which correspond to those applied to tlu' i;reat works of Phidias,' and that one authoritv, 
 Straho,- calls it " the most heaulifid work of all." Though c<dos.s;il in ilimensions the 
 
 In.. 10. — KoU.NUATIONS OK TUK .SkC<».\I» Tk.»I1'I.K, »iII«>\VI.\(i .-T.V 1 1 K-i:.V.->K> .V 1 TIIK K.VMKII.N INK. 
 
 statue of Hei-a was not so lari;:e as either the Zeus or the Athena (»f Phi<lias. Accord- 
 in*;; to Mr. Tilton ' the total heii;ht of the imai;e, includini;- the hase and the top of the 
 throne, was ahotit eii-lit nu'tres, the seated fii;iue of the goddess ah)ne ahout .>.50 metres. 
 Pausiinias deserihes it as foUows : — 
 
 "The statue of Hcru is .seated on a throne, and is of colos.sal size : it is made of gold and ivorv, 
 and is a work of Polvoleitus. On her head Is a crown with the (i races and Seasons wroiijrht on it 
 in relief: in one hand she carries a poniegranate. In the otiier a sceptre. The story alioiit the 
 |>onie<;;ranate I shall omit as it is of a somewhat mystic nature : Imt the ciu'ko(» jHichod on 
 the sceptre is ex]>lalned hy a story that when Zeus was in love with the maiden Hera he ehanged 
 
 > SeeOverbeek, .SV/<r{>?7w//e«, pp. KMJandKw. Liieian while Martial (X. 89) says Phidias would have been 
 
 {SitiHH. 8), while referring to the four greatest artists glad to claim the Hera as his work. 
 
 (Iliidias, I'olycleitus, Pra.\iteles, ami .Myr«»n). singles out - VIII. p. .•J7'J (Overb. Srhrl/h/uellen, No. 1)33). 
 
 two works — the Zeus of Phidias and the Hera of Poly- » See his own account of the tem|de below, pp. 117 r. 
 cleitus. IMutarch (/'« rid. "J) coiiplesi the sitine two statues, 
 
" r 
 
 
 22 
 
 (JENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 ) 
 
 II 
 
 iM 
 
 6 
 
 Fig, 11 a, b. — Two Coins of Argos. 
 Hkka ok Tolvclkitus. 
 
 The 
 
 himself into this bird, and that Hera caught the bird to play with it. . . . It is wiid tliat Wsidc 
 the image of Hera ouce stood an image of Hebe, also of ivory autl gold, a work of Naueydes." 
 
 The exact position for the base of this sfcitue of Hera is shown in Mr. Tilton's phuis 
 (cf. Plate XVI.). We are heli>ed in forming some conception of the general coniiKisi- 
 tion of this great sfcitue by extant Argive coins ; » though we must remember the evident 
 truth that small coins of a Liter period (these belong to imperial Rome) can hardly convey 
 any adequate idea of the artistic spirit or finish of such colossiil statues by a master-hand. 
 However, these coins show us the seated Hera on her throne, and even represent the 
 pomegranate in her right hand, and tiie sceptre upheld by her left hand (Fig. 11). We 
 
 naturally c<ime much closer to the artistic spirit 
 of the stiitue in such coins as do not attempt to 
 render the whole figure and throne, but merely 
 give the head. One of these Argive coins," in 
 jKirticuLir, has been recognized by all authorities 
 as being directly inspired by the gold and ivory 
 stiitue of Polycleitus (Fig. 12). Furtwjingler* 
 goes so far as to consider it a direct copy of the 
 stiitue. If this be so (and I am inclined to 
 agree with him) we must alwiiys allow, esi)ecially in the rendering of detiiils and oniii- 
 ments, for the necesstiry modifications to be made in reducing a head and neck from iit 
 least four to five feet in height to a flat relief half an inch in diameter. We are, then, 
 not suri>ri8ed that the elaborate decoration of the arafxiinf with Graces and Seasons,' 
 should be reduced to a decoration of flowers and honeysuckle scrolls. To realize 
 how this reduction in ornament occurs, we need only comjMire with one another the 
 several coins of this series," which present this siime tyi>e in varying degrees of artistic 
 accuracy and excellence, to find how the (TTt<f>dtrrj becomes smaller and 
 less significaut, and reduces its ornament. But in view of the evidence 
 furnished by the coiii as to the ornamentiition of the <rr€<f}dirq on the 
 gold and ivory statue, it may i>erhaps be advisiible t(i compare a jms- 
 sage ill TertiUlian = with the description of Pausiinias. If Tertullian 
 is referring to the Polycleitan Hera, he implies in his vine-wreiith ii 
 plant-ornamentation about the head. The band jiart of the crown 
 possibly — or even probably — was decorated with such a scroll jwt- 
 tern; while the Graces and Seasons (omitted fi-om this coin) were 
 fashioned in the roiuid or in high relief, and projected as iM)ints to 
 this crown. The coins which give the whole figure show such jMiints. 
 
 The importance of this fact and its bearing upon the results of our excavations will 
 
 THE HEAD OF POLY'CLEITUS'S HERA 
 
 23 
 
 Fio. 12. — Coin OK 
 Aroos. The 
 iiKAi> ok Poly- 
 cleituh'm IIkra. 
 
 h 
 
 * See Imhoof-Bliinier and Gardner, Xuminmatic Com- 
 mentary on Pausanias, p. 34, pi. i. 12, 13, 14, 15; Gard- 
 ner, Types of Greek Coins, p. 137, and pi. viii. 13; Over- 
 beck, Kunstmythologie, III. p. 41, and MunUafel ii.and iii.; 
 Head, Historia Nummorum, p. 367; Frazer, Pauaanias, III. 
 p. 184, fig. 29; Hitzig-Blumner, op. cit. i. 2, pi. xvi. No. 18. 
 
 ' Imhoof-Bliinier and Gardner, op. cit. pi. i. 14; Over- 
 beck, op. cit. Miinztafel ii. 6; Hitzlg-Bliimuer, op. cit. pi 
 xvi. 19. 
 
 ■ Meisterwerke, p. 413. 
 
 * Cf. the several types as given in Gardner, Types of 
 Greek Coins, pi. viii. 
 
 * De Cor. Mil. 7. Botticber, KiuLitmifth. II. 288, 
 and Brunu, Gesch. der Griech. Kiimtler, 1. p. 21.3, refer 
 this passagt; to the Polycleitan Hera, though others doubt. 
 Cf. Hitzig-Bliiiuuer, op. cit. I. 2, p. 560 : these same 
 scholars (p. 567) <i«ote several authorities in support of 
 their view that theantheniia (/^a/inW/m) ornament is in- 
 timately related to Graces and Seasons : " In der symbo- 
 lischen Bedeutung stimmen freilich beide Uberein ; denn 
 wie die Chariten und Horen Bliiben und Anrauth bedeu- 
 ten. so geht auch das Anthemien-Ornament atif vegeta- 
 bilischeu Segen." 
 
 become evident when we coiiipjire the ornamentation on the crrc<^aVr/ of the coin with 
 the marble nima' from the second temple, which once contained this statue, and sev- 
 erjil pieces of which we discovered in our excavations (see Architecture, Fig. 53). For 
 it will readily Ikj seen tliiit the scroll pattern with honeysuckle is the same in both. 
 Niiy, it is possible that even a marked and individual feature of our sima ornament recurs 
 in the ornament on the crrc«^aVT; of the coin ; for in the left-hand upi>er corner, between 
 the two honeysuckles, there are individiuil traces of what I believe to be a bird, perched 
 on ii smaller volute of the scroll pattern, exiictly in the phice where such a bird appears 
 in our nlma, fi.rming the most distinctive and characteristic feature of this Heiiieum 
 marble-work (see Figures 12 and 53). 
 
 It will rejidily be seen of what greiit importiince this observation of a detiiil is in its 
 bcjiring upon iill the sculptures which we discovered in the Heraeum. For if the sculp- 
 tured decoration of the temple and its stone-ciirving show such immedijite dependence 
 upon the sculpture in the temple-stiitue by Polycleitus, we have a strong bit of evidence 
 from the works themselves that the sculptures which ornamented the temple itself stood, 
 as regards tiieir authorship, in immediate relation to the temple-stiitue. Such evidence^ 
 arising directly out of the works themselves, has, from the nature of the case, never 
 lK?fore api»eiired,and it is manifest what light by analogy this nmy throw upon the great 
 question of the rehition which Phidiiis held to the Parthenon sculptures — nay, upon the 
 whole question of the authorship of sculptured decorations in Greek temples. 
 
 This Argive coin is thus the most authentic illustration exfcint of the type of Her.i as 
 embodied by Polycleitus in his gold and ivory statue. For many years attempts have 
 been made to identify extiuit miiri)le heads with this great work of Greek sculpture. 
 The fjimous Juno Ludovisi has had to cede her place to the Hera Farnese; - nor could 
 the bust of Hem from the Egreniont collection, now in the British Museum,^' maintiiin 
 its claim. The beautiful marble head (Frontispiece) discovered in our fii-st year's 
 excavation * api»eared and still appejirs to me to reflect the style of Polycleitus most 
 dii-ectly, iind to have been in so far influenced by the great statue. But I never meant 
 to maintiiin or imply that it aimed in any Wiiy at being a direct copy or reproduction 
 of the gold Jind ivory stiitue in the temple. On the other hand, I must lay stress upon 
 tiie fact that it was in studying the style of this and other heads from the Heraeum 
 sculptures that I was able to single out a bust in the British Museum (hitherto known 
 as a head of Aim>11o, Biicchus, or Dionysus °) iis reproducing the chief characteristics 
 of this style. This done, a confrontation of the profile of this bust with the Argive 
 coins led to the identification of a marble reproduction of the Polycleitan Hera which 
 will, I believe, be universiilly accepted. This I hope to establish in some other place.'' 
 
 By the side of the colo.ssiil statue of Hera there once stood a gold and ivory statue of 
 Hebe. This statue, standing beside the seated goddess, is reproduced on coins of Argos 
 
 ' One piece of this was first published in my Excava- 
 tions at the Uerainn of Argos, 1892, pi. vii. This sima will 
 lie more fully dealt with by Mr. Tilton in the chapter on 
 Architecture (pp. 123 f.). 
 
 " Lucy M. Mitchell, Ilixtorif of Anc. Sculpture, pp. 
 3«) ff. ; Murray, History of Greek Sculpture, I. pp. 305 
 ff. ; Collignon. Histoire de la Sculpt, grecque, I. pp. 511 
 ff. ; Overbeck, Gesch. d. Griech. Plast.,Uh ed., I. pp. 509- 
 51 1 ; Friederiehs-Wolters, Gypsabgusse, Nos. 500, 501 ; 
 Baumeister, Denkmiiler, p. 1352. 
 
 • Archiiol. Zed. XXVII. p. 32. 
 
 * See my Excavations, p. 11. Though I do not think 
 it " quite certain " that this head is that of Hera, it 
 corresponds more to that divinity than to any other ; and, 
 in spite of what Furtwangler says {Meisterwerke, pp. 557 
 and 576 ff.), I hold the same as regards the Farnese bust. 
 
 ■' No. 140 in the Graeco-Roman Guide to the British 
 Museum (Xewton) ; Museum Marbles, XI. pi. 5 ; Ellis, 
 Townley Gallery, I. p. 322. 
 
 « Since this was written (in 1898), I have established 
 this identification in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 
 XXI. (1901), pp. 31 ff., pis. ii., iii. 
 
T 
 
 9'7 
 
 (iKNKKAL INTHODrcTION 
 
 Fig. 11 a, h. — Two Coins ok Akc.os. 
 
 HkKA ok l*OI.YLl.KITLS. 
 
 TlIK 
 
 liimself into tills I>ir.l, ami that Ihra caujjlit the l»ir»l to play with it. . . . It is saiil that hositlc 
 the iinagf of Jlera once stoml an inia<,'e of Hebe, also of ivory an<l gohl, a work (.f Naiuytles." 
 
 The exatt position for the hase of this statue of Hera is shown in Mr. Tilton's plans 
 (cf. Platk XVI.). We are helped in fonnino; some conception of the o:eneraI composi- 
 tion of this great statue hy extant Arj,nve coins ; ' tIiouj,Hi we nuist rememher the evident 
 truth that sniall coins <.f a later period (these helonj; to imperial Rome) can hardiv convey 
 any a«le(piate idea of the artistic spirit or finish t»f such colossjd .statues l»y a master-hand. 
 However, these coins show us the si-ated Hera on her throne, and even represent the 
 pomegranate in her right hand, and the sceptre upheld l.y her left hand (Fig. 11). We 
 
 naturally come much clo.ser to the arti.stic spirit 
 of the statue in such coins as do not attempt to 
 render the whole figure and throne, hut merely 
 give the head. One of these Argive coins,' in 
 particular, has heen recognized l»y all authorities 
 as lu'ing «lirectly inspired by the gold and ivory 
 .statue of Polycleitus (Fig. 12). Furtwiingler =' 
 goes so far as to consider it a direct copy of the 
 statue. If this he so (and I am incline<l to 
 agree witli him) we must always allow, especially in the rendering of details and orna- 
 ments, for the necessjiry n.odifications to he made in re«lucing a head and neck from at 
 least four to five feet in height to a fiat relief half an inch in dianu-ter. We are, then, 
 not surprised that the elaborate decoration <.f the (TT€<j>dt^r) with Graces and St'a.siin.s 
 shouhl he reduced to a decoration of fiowers and honeysuckle .sirolls. To ivalizt' 
 how this reduction in ornanu-nt occurs, we need only compare with one another the 
 several coins of this series,^ which juesent this .siune iy\K' in varying <legrees of artistic 
 accuracy and excellence, to find how the aTofxivq becomes smaller and 
 less significant, and reduces its ornanuMit. But in view of the evidence 
 furnished hy the cohi as to the ornamentation of the (m^dvq on the 
 gold and ivory statue, it may perhaps he advisjihle to compare a pa.s- 
 siige in Tertullian ^ with the description of Pausiinias. If Tertullian 
 is referring to the Polycleitan Hera, he implies in his vine-wreath a 
 plant-ornamentation about the head. The band |Kirt of the crown 
 possibly — or even probably — was dec<uiited with such a scroll pat- 
 tern; while the Graces and Sea.sons (omitted from this coin) weiv 
 fashioned in the roun<l or in high relief, and projected as points to 
 this crown. The coins which give the whole figure show such points. 
 
 The nnportance of this fact and its bearing upon the results of our excavations will 
 
 Knj. 12. — luixoK 
 
 AlltiOM. TlIK 
 nK.*l» OK Toi.Y- 
 CUJTls's IIkua. 
 
 * See IiiihtHtf-Hliinier and Giinlmr. Nnmisinntic Cnm- 
 mentanf on rnmnnias, p. 'M, j,l. i. l'_>, i;j, M, ir>; (;ar(l- 
 ner, Ttf/ies „/ Greek Coin.*, \>. l.'JT, and pi. viii. i;{; Over- 
 beck, KunMmythMgie, III. p. 41, and Miinitafel ii.atid iii.; 
 Heail, Iligtoria Nummornm, p. :«J7; Frazer, Pnusanias, III. 
 p. 1H4, fig. 21); Ilitzig-Hliiiuuer, op. cit. i. L», pi. xvi. No. 18. 
 
 * Indiuof-Hluiner and Ganhier, o/,. rit. pi. i. 14; Over- 
 beck, op. cit. Miknztafel ii. G; Ilitzlg-liliiuiuer, op. cit. pi. 
 xvi. 19. 
 
 • MeiMerwerke, p. 413. 
 
 ♦ Cf. the several types as given in Ganlncr, Types of 
 Greek Coins, pi. viii. 
 
 • I)e Cor. .Mil. 7. Huttielier, Knnstmnth. II. 288, 
 and Hrnnn, 6V.«rA. der flriech. Kihmtler, I. p. 21.'», refer 
 this passagf to the Tul} eleitan lleni, though others doubt. 
 Cf. Ilitzig-Kliininer, op. cit. I. 2, p. 7M(\ -. these .same 
 sfholars (|». r>H7) (piotc several authorities in support of 
 their view that tlieantheuiia (I'almtlfrn) uruanieut is in- 
 timately related to (;niees and .Seasons : " In der syndio- 
 lischen liedentung stiinmen freilich beide iilicrein ; denn 
 wie die Chariten und Iloren Itlulien und Aninutli liedeu- 
 ten, so geht aueh das Anthemien-Ornament anf vegeta- 
 bilischen .Segvu." 
 
 TlIK IIK.M) OF I'OLVCLKITrss IIKH.V 23 
 
 become evident when we compare the ornamentation on the trr6f/>aV>7 <>!' the «oin with 
 the marble .sinin ' from the second temple, which once contained this statue, and .sev- 
 eral pieces of whi<li we discovered in oin- excavations (see Arciiite«ture, Fig. .'j.'i). For 
 it will readily be se«'n that the scroll pattern with honeysuckle is the sjuue in both. 
 Nay, it is possibh- that even a marked and individual featme of oiu- shua ornament recurs 
 in the ..rnament on the (rTeffidurj of the coin ; for in the left-hand ujiper corner, between 
 the two honeysiickh's. then' are in<livid.ial traces of what I believe to be a bird, perched 
 on a smaller volute of the scroll pattern, exactly in the place where such a bird aj.pears 
 in our suno, forming the most distinctive and characteristic feature of this Heiaeum 
 marble-work (see Figures 12 and .">.'{). 
 
 It will readily be .seen of what great importance this observation of a detail is in its 
 bearing upon all the sculptures wlii«h we <liscovere«l in the Heraeum. For if the .scidp- 
 t.ired decoration of the temple and its stont-carving sln.w siuh innnediat*- (h'pen.lence 
 upon the siulpture in the tempk-statue by Polycleitus, we have a strong bit of evi<lence 
 from the works themselves that the sculptures which ornamented the temple itself stoo<l, 
 as ivgards their authorship, in innnediate relati«»n to the temple-statue. Such evidence, 
 arising directly <mt of the w.nks themselves, ha.s, from the nature of the case, never 
 before appeared, an<l it is manifest what light by anah.gy this may throw upon the great 
 tpiestion of the relation which Phidias held to the Parthenon .scidi»tures — nay, up«»n the 
 whole ipu'stion of the authorship of .sculptured decorations in Greek temples. 
 
 This Argive coin is thus the most authentic illustration extant of the type of Hera as 
 embodied by P.»Iycleitus in his gol.l antl iv<»ry statue. For many years' attempts have 
 been made to identify extant marble heads with this great W(uk of Greek sculpture. 
 The famous Juno Ludovisi has had to cede her place to the Hera Farnese ; ' nor coidd 
 the bust of Hem from the Kgremont collecti(»n, now in the British Museum,' maintain 
 its claim. The beautiful marble head (Fuontisimkck) discovered in our first year's 
 excavation ' appt-ared and still a|>pears to me to refiect the style of P«.lycleitus most 
 tlirectly, and to have been in .so far iuHuenced by the great statue. But I never meant 
 to maintain or imply that it aimed in any way at being a direct copy or i-epro<luction 
 of the gold and ivory .statue in the temple. On the other hand, I must lay stress upon 
 the fact that it was in studying the style of this and other heads from the Heraeum 
 sculptuivs that I was able to single <.ut a bust in the British Museum (hitherto known 
 as a head <.f Apollo, Bacchus, or Dionysus ^) as re[uodiuing the chief characteristics 
 of this style. This done, a c<»nfrontation of the profile of this bust with the Argive 
 coins UmI to the identification of a marble rei.rodiution of the Polycleitan Hera which 
 will, I believe, be univers;illy accepted. This I hope to establish in s«nne other place.« 
 
 By the side of the colossjil statue of Hera there once stood a gold and ivory statue of 
 Hebe. This stiitiie, standing beside the seated goddess, is reproduced on coins of Ari-os 
 
 • One pieee <.f this was first published in my Krcaca- * .See n.v Excu-ntions, p. 11. Thou-rh I do not think 
 imnsalthe/lenuonor .lr;^,s,lH:)^2.i>\.yii. This ../,«« will it " quite certain " that this head is that of Hera it 
 Ih. mor.. fnlly .lealt with by Mr. Tilton in the chapter on corresponds nu.re t.. that .livinitv than to any other ; and 
 Aixlutecture (pp. 12;{ f.). j,, ,,,1^^ „f „,,,,jt KurtwiingKr sa; s (Mei.*t,ncPrke. pp. 5.-,7 
 
 ■«- « ,. ■ ^*'^'''"'"' ''""'"■'' "^' •'"'• •'»''•"//'""•''. VV a»'>''7<iff.), I hold tiie .same as reganls the Farnese bust. 
 . .«» ff. : .Murray. Ii,.s,or,, ../ tire,k Srulplnre, I. pp. .TO.", ■• No. 140 in the Graeco-Uotmn Gni.h to the British 
 
 n. ; ( ollignon. Ha,to,re ,le la Scnipt. greapie, I. pp. .',11 Museum (Newton) ; Museum Marbles, XI. pi. 5 • Ellis 
 
 ff. ; < >verlK'ck, Gesch. ,1. firierh. Plnsl., 4th «'d., I. pp. Tm- Tofrnle,, Galler;,, I. p. .322. 
 
 511 ; Fri.>derielis-Wolters, G;,ps„hg,isse, Xos. .iOO, .-,01 ; « Since this was written (in 1898). I have established 
 
 BaumeisU-r, lienkmoler, p. i:i-,2. this i.b.ntification in the ./ournnl of Hellenic Studies, vol 
 
 * Arvhaol. Zeit. XXVII. p. SI. XXI. (11)01), pp. 31 If., pis. ii., iii. 
 
•u 
 
 GEXKKAL IXTlfODL'CTlOX 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 ih 
 
 of the Roman iiiiperial times.' The iKissage rehitiiijr to it in Pausjinias is very obscure. 
 Mr. Frazer translates it : " It is siiid that beside the imaj^e of Hem once stood an imajje 
 of Hebe, also of ivory an«l gold, a work of Naueydes." In view of the date and evi- 
 dence of the above-mentioned coins, it luis been remarked that the expi-ession of doubt 
 (Xcycrai) refei-s to the authorship of Naucydes and not to the existence of the stiitue. I 
 might add that if it does not refer to the existence of the stiitue, it might ai)j)ly to the 
 identiHcation of the stiitue as Hebe — nay, to identification and artist together. Thus 
 either Pausanias did not see the statue (which appears to cj>nform to the usual reading 
 of the Greek); or he refers doubtfully to its being a work of Naucydes; or he doubts 
 whether it is a stiitue of Hebe ; or, finjilly, he doubts whether the stiitue beside Hem is 
 the Naucydean Hebe. This Njiucydes is recognized as the son of Piitrocles,- nephew and 
 probiibly pupil of the great Polycleitus. His brothers, also well-known sculptoi-s, were 
 Daediilus jind the younger Polycleitus. He niiiy in his youth hiive been an assistiint, 
 besides being the pupil of Polycleitus, jind hence, as is the case with the pupils jind 
 assistiints of Phidiiis, the ascription to him of part of the gold and ivory stiitues in the 
 Hemeum mjiy have been open to doubt. 
 
 The mind of Pausiinias is evidently still in the tem])le when he j)roceeds to descril)e 
 more arcluiic inuiges of Hera such as the one he mentions as being on a pillar. This 
 statue nuist not be confused with the earliest syndxiliciil pillar repi-esenting Hem men- 
 tioned by Clement of Alexandria.^ Of this earliest syndiolical i)illar we shall ha\e 
 nu)re to siiy when we deal with the sculpture ; for it is highly prolmble that we have 
 discovered a portion of it in our excavations (see Fig. 15). The pillar may not luive 
 stood within the second temple. The most ancient initige seen by Pausjinias in the 
 temple was " made of the wood <if the wild peai-tree : it was dedicjited in Tiryns by 
 Pimsiis, son of Argus, and when the Argives destroyed Tiryns they brought the image 
 to the Hemeum : I siiw it myself." The early term-cottiis, which we have found in 
 great nund)ers during our excavations, will perhaps throw some light on the njitui-e of 
 the earliest inuige seen by Pausanias j and hi the chapter on term-cottas we shall tigjiiu 
 refer to this wooden imjiire. 
 
 Pausiinias then notes '• some other i-emarkable dedicatory offerings " in the temple, 
 such as an altiir of silver with reliefs i-eiii-esenting the marriage of Hebe and Hemcles, 
 and a golden pejicock Jidorned with " shining stones," dedicated by the Emi^ror Hadrijin. 
 A peacock, this bird being siicred to Hera, is figured on the Argive coin with Hem jind 
 Hebe referred to above. Geneml Gordon (see p. G;>), in his account of his excavations 
 at the Heraeum, mentions ji part of ji marble jieiicock which he exciivated thei-e. I no 
 h)nger believe tluit the bronze bird we found at the end of our first year, and which I 
 described jis a jwiicock,* is really a peacock. Pjiusjinias further mentions "a golden 
 crown and purple robe, offerings of Nero," jimong the votive offerings in the temple. 
 
 The Periegete then leaves the interior of the temple and, unfortunately for us, brejiks 
 off his description of the site \\\Hn\ which were at lejist nine buildings besides the second 
 temple. But we nuist be gmteful that at least he did refer to " the foundations of the 
 
 'h 
 
 1 Inilioof-Bluiner and Gardner, op. cit. pi. i. LI ; Ilitzijj- 
 Rliinmer, op. cit. I. p. ofiT, where esi>eti,il stress is laid 
 upon the unusual position of rixyyi NawicuJowi. 
 
 - See Murray, Hist, of Gr. Sc. II. p. 2M ; Collijfnon, 
 Hist, de Satlp. grecque ; E. Gardner, Gr. Sndpt. II. p. 
 338; Kurtwiingler, Manlerpiects, p. 225 ; see also Frazor's 
 note on Pausan. VI. 1. 3, The passages which refer to 
 
 the work of this eminent artist are in Overbeck, Schrifl- 
 rpiellen, etc. No. 095 to 1001, as well as Noa. 983, 932, 
 fAl. For the inscription on the extant base of the Olym- 
 pian victor Eucles, see Die Inschrijien v. Olifmpia, No. 
 irt9 ; Liiwy, Ituckr. Gr. Bildk. No, 86 ; and Frazer, /. c. 
 
 » Strom. I. 24. 151. from the Phoronis. 
 
 * Excavations, etc. p. 5. 
 
 THE EARLY IIISTOKY OF THE HERAEUM 25 
 
 fonner temple above this [second] temple, together with the few other remains of it 
 which escaped the flames." F(n- it wjis the extiint Cyclopean supporting wall above the 
 Second Temple phitform which put the identificjition* of this site beyond a doubt, espe- 
 ciiilly when in our excavations we found the hiyers of charred wood and other remains, 
 clearly bearing out the Jiccount of its burning. With the record of the accident caused 
 by the carelessness of the juiestess Chrysei.s, the chapter ends, jind Pausiinias dismisses 
 the Hemeum. We shall often refer to the Old Temple, and its remains will be 
 described by Mr. Tilton in the cluipter on Architecture. He will there also treat of 
 the numerous other buildings of which Pausjinijis nuikes no mention. 
 
 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE HKRAEUM 
 
 We have seen that geographicjilly and topographicjilly the Heraeum bears the closest 
 relation to the phiin defined on the south and east by Tiryns and Midea, while it is less 
 closely connected with Mycemie and the city of Argos. The original estiiblishment of 
 the earliest temple of Hem on the site which it occupies would thus come from Tiryns 
 and Mideii, neither from Mycenjie nor from the city of Argos.' This conclusion is 
 borne out by all the results of our excavjition, the evidence of the architectuml 
 remains on the site, as well as of jill the individujil finds there made, and also by the 
 tmditions of the eariiest history of the Argive Phiin. In fact, a careful consideration of 
 all the material before us forees us to this conclusion." 
 
 The chronology which I venture to give in the following pages does n<.t aim at being 
 absolute, but only compamtive. I follow the genejilogical system of Pausiinias, believing 
 
 > As will be evident from passages below, there are good summary ..fSchliemann's own monographs on Troja, 
 
 tnices of a pre-Tirynthian occupation of the Heraeum 
 site. I have in the first instance been mainly concerned 
 with showing that the Heraeum is prc-Mycenaean and 
 bears an earlier relation to Tiryns. I was unwilling at 
 the time to complicate the presentation of this view by 
 the introduction of further hypotheses. But there can 
 hardly be any doubt that there was a pre-Tirs-nthian 
 ]>criod of the Heraeum — in fact, it looks as if this 
 was the citadel of the earliest community in the Argive 
 country. I have since this was written publishecl my 
 views on this subject in an article on ' The Earliest Hel- 
 lenic Art and Civilization, and the Argive Heraeum,' 
 Amerittm Journal of Archaeology , vol. IV. (1900), pp. 40 ff. 
 Compare alsii an article in the North American Reiuetc, 
 vol. CLXXII. No. 532 (1901), pp. 431 ff., on • Kecent 
 Di.scoveries in Greece and the Mycenaean Age,* as well 
 as the Classical Review, Dec., 1900, pp. 473 ff., on 'The 
 Argive Heraeum and Bacchylides (xi. 43-84).' 
 
 * It would incumber this exposition too much were I 
 to attempt to give the various views of all the authori- 
 ties who have written on the Mycenaean and Pre-Myce- 
 naean age. I must remain content with naming a few 
 of the chief works to which I have referred and which the 
 reader will find most useful. Perrot and Chipiez' VArt 
 dam VAntiquitc contains a masterly synthesis of all the 
 material. Mr. Tsountas's articles in the Ephemeris have 
 licen summarized in his own book, which has been trans- 
 lated and reedited in Tsountas and Manatt's The Myce- 
 naean Age. Schachhardt's Schliemann's .iusgrabungen has 
 passed through two editions and has been translated into 
 English by Mrs. Eugenie i>ellers-Strong. This book gives a 
 
 Mycenae, and Tiryns. To these must Ikj added Diirp- 
 feld's more recent articles in the .4 then. Mitth. vols. III. 
 1878), pp. 1 ff., and VIII (1882), pp. 241 ff. ; Ilelhig, Das 
 Ifomerische E/xts ; Milchhoefer, Die Anfdnge der Kunst. 
 More recent works of importance have lieen contributed 
 by Diimuiler, Alhen. Mltth. XI. (1880), pp. 1 ff., 44 ff. ; 
 XII. (1887), pp. 1 ff.; XIII. (1888), pp. 273 ff. ; Percy 
 Ganlner, Neio Chapters in Greek History ; Frazer's Pau- 
 sanias, vol. III. pp. 98 ff., containing an excellent critical 
 summary of Mycenaean Anti«piities ; Reisch, Die Myke- 
 nische Frage. Professor Kidgeway has raised a most im- 
 portant issue in his article, ' What People pr<Hluced the 
 Objects called Mycenaean?' (Journal of Hellenic Stud. 
 XVI. [1896], pp. 79 ff.),and has long been engaged on a 
 comprehensive work dealing with this question, entitled 
 the Early Age of Greece, of which the first volume has 
 recently been juiblished. I can say with confidence 
 that his studies must command most serious attention. 
 In my own conclusions here given I have endeavored 
 conscientiously to put from my mind all wider problems 
 based upon a wider sphere of induction. The very first 
 year of our excavation produced material which showed me 
 that many accepted views would have to be reconsidered. 
 Since then I have limited myself to allowing the actual 
 facts revealed by our si>ades to speak for themselves, and 
 have introduced other spheres of study and inference only 
 as they affect the body of evidence which I can actually 
 control. I venture to believe that our work will be the 
 more useful in its liearing upon wider questions from 
 being thus centralized. Individual references to other 
 works will be made as the occasion arises. 
 
 l\ 
 
II 
 
 GENERAL IXTHODUCTION 
 
 him to liave secured his accounts from the most trustworthy sources, — at the Ilenunnu 
 and at Argos. I am well aware that a vast amount of wholly imaginative matter has 
 been mingled with these myths, but I believe that a residuum of historical truth is 
 not only contiiined in the stories but is attainable by us. I am not here concerned with 
 any individual name or figure, not with Phoroneus, Proetus, etc. ; but what I do feel is 
 that the succession of Argive rulers, as handed down in the genealogy given by Pausanias, 
 confirms the evidence we derive from other sources, — that there was a continuous 
 " jMditical" community in the Argive Plain huig before the advent of the Atridae. 
 
 The first importiint evidence as to the age of the Heraeum is to Ik* derived from the 
 comparison of the walls of Mycenae with those of Tiryns. All authorities to my know- 
 ledge are agreed upon considering the circuit wall of Mycenae later than those of Tiryns 
 and Midea. To quote the words of Schuchhardt : ' " The walls of Tiryns jrive one 
 the impression of being older than even the oldest part of the circuit wall of Mycenae. 
 They consist of colossal blocks very httle hewn and show no trace of having l)een 
 restored at a later time. The circuit wall of Mycenae, on the other hand, was built origi- 
 nally of somewhat smaller stones, and has been subsequently strengthened and conq>lete<l 
 at various times with carefully executed ashlar and polygonal masonry." 
 
 Now the Cyclopean supporting wall of the older Heraeum corresponds to the oldest 
 IKirts of the wall of Tiryns. The colossiil unhewn blocks — some of which are as much 
 as thirteen and eighteen feet long, larger than any I have seen at Tirjns — are piled up 
 one upon the other, supported in places by smaller stones inserted between them, and 
 tiix our imagination to suggest the methods ap]die<l by the early peoples in moving them 
 about. We can well understand how in the minds of the Greek ])eople the legends con- 
 cerning the Lycian Cyclopes should have been grouped round such structures. Now, as 
 we shall see, according to tradition it was Proetus who brou<rht these Lycian craftsmen to 
 build the walls of Tiryns, and to the siime hands are to be ascribed the foundation walls 
 of the temple of the Heraeum. On the other hand, as we shall see, tradition placed the 
 founding of Mycenae two generations later than Proetus, — ascribing it to Perseus. 
 
 The remains which our excavations have kid bare confirm the earlier date of Tiiyns 
 in a striking manner. The upper platform upon which the Old Tenqde stoo<l, facing t<» 
 the east, with the broad flattened sjwce in front, overlooked the plain towards Tiryns 
 and Midea. Access to this front was g-ained either over the lower hills to the east, 
 from the northeast, or from the southeast, where the present path from Chonicii leads 
 up to the temple. The entrance to the older siinctiuiry at this s<uitlieast corner jmssed 
 over the elevation upon which the Second Temple was subseipiently built, either at the 
 east or more probably at the west end; and it is here, on the slope of the Second 
 Temple, that we found, below the remains of the steps that in later times of Argive 
 supremacy were built for the Second Temple, a large number of very early objects, 
 especially primitive teri-a-cottas. 
 
 The buildings below the original temple platform veer round more and more, as it were, 
 towards the west. Here they extend down towards the stream, not only because of the 
 Eleutherion rites, to which reference has been made above, but, as is clearly the case in 
 building VHI, which distinctly reminds one of a propylaeum, because we liei-e aj)proach the 
 road leading from Mycenae. It is, moreover, on this site, about two hundred yards along 
 the road to Mycenae, that we discovered three beehive-shaped tombs, with " Alycenaean " 
 objects that are cerfciinly connected with the Heraeum. Thus in this second period of 
 
 ' Schliemann\t Amtgrahunpeu. 2(1 eil., p. 119. 
 
 THKEE PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF THE HERAEUM 27 
 
 the architectural history of the Heraeum, as manifested by the remains before us, there 
 is an inclination towards, an attraction to, Mycenae ; and while the Eiist Building (IV) and 
 maiiy of the buildings at the exti-eme eastern angle of the Second Temple pirtform still 
 point to a living relation with Tiryns, the three large Western Buildings (VII, VIII, 
 and X) distinctly show the growing preponderance of Mycenae. This is the Mycenaean 
 Period. But at the risk of appearing fanciful and exaggerating the import of the mere 
 position of such buildings, we wouhl point out that the West Building (VII) and the 
 I>)wer St<w (X), while placed at the west or Mycenae end, sIk.w a tendency towards the 
 south or Argos side, as they undoubtedly belong to a period in which the power of 
 Argos asserted itself moi-e and more. 
 
 When, however, the second [jlatform was cleare<l and filled in to the level and the 
 temple of Eui)olemus was built, about B. c. 420, the edifices of this period, the tenq)le 
 itself (V), the chand)ers and buildings at the northeast of the second terrace (II), and the 
 South Stoa (VI), with the elaborate terrace and steps below it, and the others to the east 
 of it, all change their c(miinon orientiition, and the splendid entrance to this temple, on 
 the south slojie, distinctly faces the city of Argos, which now reigns supreme over the 
 land and has complete charge and patronage over the Heraeum. In the topograi)hical 
 history of the sjicred precinct itself, the loc<ition of the buildings thus indicates three 
 main periods, — the Tiryntliian, the Mycenaean, and that of the city of Argos. 
 
 The point which concerns us most at present is the origin of the early temple, which 
 leads us back to Tiryns and to Proetus. 
 
 But the site which we have excavated has yiehled monumentiil evidence pointing to an 
 earlier date for the occuiKition of this site by a tem])le of Hera than the erection of the 
 Cychqwan walls. Objects which show the existence of inhabitiints possessing distinct 
 forms of civilized life have been found below these Cyclopean walls. We have also 
 come upon a system of ruder and smaller walls, which point to a period anterior to the 
 building of the Cychq)ean foundation wall ; for the walls in question, built of rude 
 unhewn small stones, which probably formed the foundation for sui>eradded Avails of sun- 
 dried brick or mud, correspond to the walls found by Schliemann at Hissjnlik in his First 
 and Second City. Now if the palace in the Second City of Hissjulik corresponds to the 
 Tirynthian Palace of Proetus,' then the structures corresponding to the earlier His- 
 sjiriik settlements must be eariier in date than the foundation walls built for Proetus at 
 Tiryns or the Heraeum. I am here referring to the slight remains of walls inmiediately 
 Mow the Cychq)ean foundation wall on the rise above and to the east of Stoa II as well as 
 t<i a series of such primitive walls found by us in excavating down to the bed-rock behind 
 the South Stoa and between the West Building and the Second Temple. These rude 
 walls from their primitive construction were readily destroyed, and we must consider 
 ourselves fortunate in having found so many clear traces of them. The mass of these 
 beh)w the Cycl(q)eiin foundation wall were mentioned by me in my Annual Report for 
 1892-93.- Since within these we found the most primitive form of cooking-pot, 
 
 * This Second City was formerly, with great assur- 
 ance, — evidently nnwarrante<l seientificully in view of 
 the complete reversal of the last opinions expressed by 
 Diirpfeld, — identifie<l with the Homeric city. We now 
 hear that it is the sixth city which can " with certainty " 
 be identifie<I with the Homeric Troy. If this be the case, 
 then a Jhrtiori must tlie palaces of Tiryns and perhaps 
 Myceuae, which correspond to the second city of Hissar- 
 
 lik, be older. To nse Diirpfeld's own words : " The 
 second stratum must be «»lder than this stratum with the 
 Mycenaean vases [Sixth City] — how much older it is im- 
 ])ossible to say, but the interval cannot have been a short 
 one, as between the two lie two otlier strata of poor 
 settlements." Cf. Tsountas-Manatt, op. cit. p. 3C8. 
 
 2 Twelfth Annual Report of the American School at 
 Athens, pp. 30, 31. 
 
1' 
 
 28 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 DR. PENROSE ON THE DATE OF THE OLD TExMPLE 
 
 29 
 
 tt 
 
 I then surmised that they might have been dweUing-houses for the priestesses of the 
 early temple. This may be m ; but they at all events api)ear to me now to antedate the 
 supporting wall of the Proetean temple. The rude h.wer walls of this class run with 
 fair continuity from east to west on the lower southern s\o\)e of the Second Temple plat- 
 form behind the South Stoti ; but what remains of them now (ni the west side of the 
 sloi>e abutting on the supporting wall which separates the West Building from the Second 
 Temple platform presents an unintelligible line, and certiiinly one which has n<» i-elation to 
 the later structures of the West Building or of the Second Temple platform.' Outside 
 of these walls were found the small " Salaminian " shaft-tond)s ( Fig. 13), an<l these tond»s 
 were evidently put there after the walls had been erected. It apjiears to nu' that these 
 walls mark the peribolos of the earliest sanctuary when the Second Temple was not 
 thought of, when the site upon which it was erected was uneven ground containing 
 merely an altar, and that the Cyclopan foundations were not yet built in the time of 
 Proetus. Mr. Tilton, moreover, succeeded in discovering some plan in the present indi- 
 
 cations. 
 
 At all events, it is highly probable that l)efore the erection of the temjde to which 
 the Cycloi)ean supporting wall and polygonal idatform behnig (which wouM hardly have 
 been built on this site unless for a long time before it had been associated with the 
 cult of the goddess), there was some form of sjinctuary on this spot." 
 
 All tliese considerations lead us back to times long anteri<u- to the date hitherto assigned 
 to the beginnings of Greek civiHaition ; that is, earlier than the Mycenaean iHM-iod, gen- 
 erally grouped round the fifteenth century n. c. We must, moreover, always War in 
 mind that the Argive Heraeum is distinguished from Ilissjirlik-Troy, in that it is not 
 only a site in the heart of Greece pro])er, but is in a district associated with the earliest 
 records and traditions of the Hellenic jieople, nay, it was the spiritual centre of the 
 earliest Hellenes of whom we have knowledge. The i-emains of the temple belonging 
 to the Cycloi>ean wall, which we are justified in assiM-iating with Proetus of Tiryns, thus 
 form a central point for the dating of the earliest iieriod, with evidence of preceding 
 and succeeding occuiwtion. Now the method of dating Greek temples by means of their 
 orientation, as applied by Dr. F. C. Penrose,^' has provided us with definite dates ft)r 
 these buildings; and I have heard from the most competent astronomical authorities 
 that, as regjirds the astroncmiical side, his computations rest on a sound scientific Iwsis. 
 In the case of our Heraeum such inference is much strengthened in that we have two 
 temples, one above the other, the date of the later one absolutely fixed in historical times, 
 and that these two temples show mme divergence in the line of their orientation. Dr. 
 Penrose has concluded that the earlier Heraeum is one of the two oldest temjdes in the 
 ancient Greek world, the other being the earliest temple of Athena on the Acropdis of 
 Athens, and he assigns to these two temples the date of B. c. 1830. I here give Dr. 
 Penrose's letter on this subject : — 
 
 * Since I wrote this I have conferred with Mr. Tilton, 
 our architect, who, working independently on the archi- 
 tectural remains, has come to the same conclnsion as to 
 the early date to be assigned to these walls, lie has 
 succeeded further in discovering indications in the vestiges 
 of these walls at the west end which point to what was 
 
 • See my articles cited in note 1 on p. 25. 
 
 =' 'On the Orientation of Greek Temples and the 
 Dates of their Foundation derived from Astronomienl 
 Considerations, l»eing a Supplement to a Paper published 
 in the Transactions of the Kciyal Society in ISlKt,' by 
 F. C. Penrose, F. K. S., in PkllMophical Tmntadiom of 
 
 prolmbly a tower marking the entrance to the second the Royal Society for 1SU7, London, 1898, vol. 190 (A), 
 terrace here. This will be made clearer in the introduc- p. 43. 
 tion to the section on Architecture (pp. 108 ff.). 
 
 " In answer to your qut'stious, the most ancient temples as derived from the orientation are 
 (that is, acconlinjj; to the arbitrary constants I have used in the calculation, which, however, admit 
 of certain allowances which I will refer to afterwards) : — 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1830 
 
 1580 
 1445 
 1370 
 1000 
 
 The Archaic Temple on the Acro|)olis ) 
 The Heraenni of Argos ^ 
 
 3. The Athena Temple at Tegea ..... 
 
 4. The 1 leraeum at Olympia 
 
 5. The Asclepienm at Kpidaurns ..... 
 G. The Olympieum at Athens ; i. e. iVncalion's f«>nndations 
 
 The later Argive Heraeum is not connected in its orientation with the .same star as theOhl 
 
 Temple. The arbitrary constants, as 1 have called them — and esi>ecially one of them, namely, 
 
 the depression of the sun below the horizon when the star conld he recognized, is a subjective 
 
 matter which wouUl allow of a little variation. In my schenie I do not allow of any capricious 
 
 variation of this constant — and by so 
 
 doing I hold that I get a tok-rably rigid ex- y 
 
 pi-ession for the rchitive dates of the foun- "h it 
 
 dations; but thei-e wouhl be no great <lis- 
 
 turbancc of the i)rinciple if we allow a little 
 
 more depression of the sun than would be 
 
 abs»»lutely necessiuy for a clear visioneil observer to siglit the stiir in average fine weather. 
 
 " By allowing an additional degree of solar depression in the case of your Heraeum before the 
 star's api»earance was to l>e announced, the 18.30 would l>ecome 15)10. This arrangement would l>e 
 very easily managed in practice, for insUmce, by allowing it to rise to the height of some mark 
 [see cut] before it was said to be heliacal." 
 
 This, then, — b. c. li)l(>-1830, — is the date which we adopt for the Proetean 
 Heraeum, and we have indications at the Heraeum of long-continued habitation before 
 this tlite. We are thus driven biick to dates much earlier than those hitherto assumed 
 for the beginnings of Hellenic civilization. The oidy fixed (kite connected with the 
 Argive i-egion which we find is that a.s.signed, according to Acusilaus, to Plioroneus, i. e. 
 10*20 yeai-s before the first Olympiad, which brings us close to the year b. c. 1800. For 
 the present it is enough to s;iy that this computation of Acusilaus seems to have been 
 made on some good grounds ; but I should be inclined to pUice the period marked by 
 Plioroneus much earlier. 
 
 But evidently it is necessjiry to weigh critically the ancient genealogies of the Argive 
 rulers handed down by tradition, pi-eserved to us in greatest completeness by Pausiinias ; 
 and our main contention, of the existence of a Pre-Mycenaean period of Greek civiUzii- 
 tion, towards which all our evidence converges, will be strongly supported by such 
 critical study. It will be finally confirmed, I believe, by the objects of earliest art and 
 craft which we have had the good fortune to discover on this site. 
 
 In tiiking serious account of the local traditions of earliest Greek history handed 
 down in ancient literature, and in weighing and sifting them critically, we must feel a 
 general misgiving as to whether we are justified in attiiching any weight to them for 
 the purposes of historiciil research. This doubt is caused by the intrusion of so many 
 myths and legends grouped round certain individiuil names which in themselves form a 
 rational and simple genealogical table. But these misgivings will be greatly allayed 
 when we consider the parallel instances within oiu- well-authenticated historical ken to 
 some of which my friend Professor Ridgeway has drawn my attention. It will then be 
 seen that, by what might aUnost be called a mythogenetic kw, popidar legends have an 
 
 ,^i 
 
so 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE ARGIVE GENEALOGIES IN PAUSANIAS 
 
 SI 
 
 
 inherent tendency to •»i(»n|) round the most famous imd historical fi«>ures. Tliere can, 
 for uistance, be no douht that Charlemagne and Arthur and Vergil and Alexander the 
 Great are historical figures, with a continuous roll of sober historical records preceding 
 their own lives and times and following upon them. And yet tliere is a rich mine of 
 legend clustering al>out the name of Charlemagne, the Arthurian C<>urt, about Alexander 
 the Great and Vergil, and, I might add, the Greek philosopher Pythagoras. These 
 legends were s<nnetimes formed by slow growth centuries after the period in which the 
 central hero lived. Nay, we can, in our own day, immediately about us, study and realize 
 the process by which story and legend are formed and crystallized about one central 
 figure, when we but notice or recall how striking incidents or deeds, clever or epigram- 
 matic siiyings, witty or comic remarks or actions, show a natural tendency to be fathered 
 u}M)n persons whom we have known oui'selves, and who were remarkable for any one of 
 the (pialities or actions mentioned above. So the imaginative and woiulei-loving mind 
 of the i)eople spins its web of legend round the solid core of some prominent personality 
 in the actual tradition of its past ; and if not round a person, then round a striking 
 object or hicality. As Belger has shown in discussing Mycenae,' this is esi>ecially the 
 case with graves and sepulchral monuments. Aiul he has shown this process in a com- 
 paratively recent instiuice in the case of the tond) of a certain Count Gleichen. We can 
 furthermore hardly be charged with arguing in a circle if, in considering carefully and 
 «rivin«» due weiirht to the earliest Argive chronologies as i)reserved in the traditions 
 handed down especially by Pausiinias, we lay stress upon the fact that the i-esiduum of 
 fact which we tlius obtain is strengthened by all colhitenil evidence in exbint literature 
 and in the ancient monuments at our disposiil, and is supported by all the results of our 
 excavations at the Heraeum. When once we grasp and control the confused mass of 
 literary traditions concerning this earliest period of Greek history, and cai-efully sift the 
 crude statements, placing them side by side in an (»rderly manner, the logical sobriety, 
 the sidient figures, and their org-anic relation to one another become manifest and ctiu- 
 vincing. 
 
 As regards the earliest Argive geneahjgies, Pausiinias is and will ever remain the chief 
 and siifest guide. His account in the sixteenth and eighteenth chai)ters of the second 
 book was evidently derived from the best traditions extiint in the localities themselves in 
 his day — and this at a time when the printing-press had not yet destroyed the yter- 
 sistence and accuracy of individual as well as tniditional memory. Moreover, the student 
 of Pausiinias must realize that this very sphei-e of antiquarian i-esearch was the one in 
 which that author was most interested and showed considerable critical caiwcity. In 
 this very (sixteenth) chapter Ave are struck by the critical selection he makes of what 
 is on the face of it the soundest tradition, and then adds the ])opuhir variants. Take, 
 for instiince, the cai-eful manner in which he rendei-s the doubtful record ascribed to 
 Acusilaus concerning an eponymous hero of Mycenae, — Mycenaeus as a son of a simi- 
 larly fictitious Sjjarton — and then rejects it. " I cannot accept the account which they 
 attribute to Acusilaus, that Mycenaeus was a son of S{)arton, and Siwrton a son of 
 Phoroneus ; for the Lticedaemonians themselves do not admit it. The LiicedaenM)niau8 
 certiiudy have in AmycLie a stjitue of a woman Simrtii ; but it would surprise them even 
 to hear of Sparton, son of Phoroneus." 
 
 At first sight we must be somewhat confused by the two different accounts of the 
 genealogy of Argive riders, as given in the sixteenth and eighteenth chapters of Pausa- 
 
 • Die Mtjkenische Lokalsagc, pp. 1 ff. Cf. also article " Heros," iu Kusc-lier's Leiiim, and Rhode's Psyche, pp. 164 ff. 
 
 niiis. As there given they apjiear to be entirely disconnected, while dealing with the 
 same region. But a moi-e cai-eful study will show that they supplement one another. 
 We understiind this best when we realize what Pausiinias, the traveler and iintiquarian 
 in the time of the Antonines, really did to c<illect this information, and what sources of 
 informati<»n he Imd at his disposiil on the spot. 
 
 In his journey in the pi-evious chiijitei-s Pausiinias had come southwards from Sicyon, 
 Titiine, Phliiis, iind Nenieii, to the northern opening of the Argive plain nearest to 
 Mycenae, just as the modern r.iilwiiy traveler iipproiiches this district. Of the great 
 centi-es of early Greek civiliziition in this plain three were practically destroyed and 
 deserted, namely, Myceuiie, Mideii, and Tiryns. The centres which he found flourishing 
 were the city of Argos and the Heraeum. Of these two the city of Argos had not 
 always possessed supi-eme iind prunary importiince in the history of the plain, or, as we 
 shiill i-ealize more and moi-e, it had not gained its prominent jjosition until a compara- 
 tively bite jKiriod of this early history. The Heraeum, on the other hand, had retained 
 its essential iind intrinsic importiince in an unbroken sequence from the earliest times to 
 the yeiir in which it Wiis visited by Pausiiniiis. This intrinsic importiince, moreover, was 
 knit up with the very function of keeping siici-ed and traditional records of the past, not 
 only by meiins of the list of priestesses there deposited, which served as the chronological 
 foundation for the i-eckoning of the people, but iilso the function of preserving with piety 
 the honor of the greiit goddess and the memory of the heroized ancestoi-s of the people 
 who founded her worship and were alwiiys intimately iissociated with it. At the close 
 of the fifteenth chapter, where he leaves the Corinthian and Sicyonian regions to enter 
 the Argive pkiin proper, he nuikes some })reliminiiry remarks referring to the worship of 
 Hera in this pLiin, and about the fii-st figure in the genealogical series of Argive rulei-s, 
 Phoroneus. Entering the pLiin, the fii-st point he arrives at naturally is Mycenae, of 
 which he gives ii comiKiKitively meiigre description in the next chapter, after which he 
 proceeds to the Heraeum and then continues his journey to Argos. It is thus at least 
 unlikely that he would have found in the deserted vilLige of Mycenae living records of 
 etirly history, or, if he had, that he would have remained content with those that he 
 found there in view of the living traditions in the most competent hands among the 
 priestesses of the thriving siinctiuiry which he at once visits. From the Heraeum he 
 agiiin joins the niiiin road, where he sees and describes the tomb and shrine of Perseus, 
 and then enters the city of Argos. Now it is in this chapter that he gives us the 
 genealogy of the rulers of the city of Argos. 
 
 The genealogy which Pausiinias gives in the sixteenth chapter he received at the 
 Heraeum, while that of the eighteenth chapter he gathered in the city of Argos. We 
 are not astonished, then, to find that the Argtis tradition only begins with Megai)enthes, 
 the fourteenth link in the chain of Argive rulers preserved in the Heraeum tradition ; 
 while the Heraeimi tradition leads us much farther back. The relative lateness, more- 
 over, of the foundation of this Argos dynasty, as compared with the history of the whole 
 Argive pLiin, is confirmed by all other evidence. To gain a comprehensive view of this 
 chronology before entering into details, I will at once give the following table of the two 
 traditions and their relation to one another : — 
 
 
32 
 
 (lENEKAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 VARIANTS IN THE LEGENDS 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 ,1 
 
 HERAEl'M TRADITION 
 
 B. c. Phoroneus 
 
 Daughter of Plioroiieus 
 
 Argus 
 
 Pirasus ami Pliorb;i8 
 Triopas 
 
 lasus Agenor 
 
 lo Crutupus 
 
 Stlieiielas 
 (ic'lanur 
 
 AIt»08 TUADITION 
 
 Danaus 
 Lynceus 
 Abas 
 circ. 1830 b. c. Acrisius and Prortus (Tiryns 
 and lleraemn) 
 Danai', Megaiienthes (Argos) 
 Perseus (Mycenae) 
 Four generations 
 Agaiueuiuou 
 
 MegapenthoH 
 
 Argus 
 Auaxagoras (Melauipus aud liias^ 
 Alector 
 (Ipliis, Capaneus) 
 Stheuelus 
 (Agjunenuion) Cylaraljes 
 Orestes ( " Master t»f Argos, for lie dwelt near," 
 and added the larger jiart of Arcadia to his do- 
 main, Spartii, etc.) 
 
 Tisanienu:; 
 
 ( Dorians ) 
 
 Tenienus and Cresphontes 
 
 etc 
 
 The first person we meet with in the genealoj^y of PunsiiniuK, Phoroneus, is prohaldy 
 the native founder of the Ar«pve j)eo})le, or, inoi-e probably, the i-hieftiiin who raised the 
 people out of their " unpolitieiil " stiite into one of coin)Kirative soeiiil order and unity. 
 As Pausjinias siiys : ' " he brouj^ht mankind together for the first time, for hithei-tu 
 they had lived scattered and solitiiry, and the pUice whei-e they fti*st assembled was naineil 
 the eity of Phoronieum." That he was native born is siiown by the fact that he is called 
 the son of the river Inachus. Now his act of civiliaition consisted, in the fii-st place, in 
 brin«>;ing the people toj^ether in a city, a phice of union within and a place of sti-enjfth 
 towards the outside world. The sjiine act of civiliziition is, as i-ej»;jirds the Attic i>e<»ple, 
 thei-e ascribed to Theseus in his Sifuoikismoffy an event i>eri)etuated in the history of 
 Attica by the Panathenaic Festival.- Similar memorials of this definite step in civiliza- 
 tion may be found in other Greek centi-es. 
 
 Besides this act of political union, Phoroneus jpive spiritiud and social unity to the 
 inhabitants by the establishment of the worship and the cult of Hem.' His p-ave 
 was shown at Arj^os in later days, and he was there worshij)ed as a hero. EusebiiiH, 
 quotinj]^ fnnn Acusilaus,* estiimites his date as havinj^ been 1020 years l)efore the fii-st 
 Olympiad, which would brinjj us to about the year n. c. 1800. We must assipi a much 
 earlier date to him, on the ground of the genealogy of Pausanias, — about 2200 B. c. 
 
 > II. 15. 5. ■ HyR. Fah. 143 ; Tatian, Or. adv. Graeco*, 60 ; and 
 
 * Cf. Waldstein, Essays on the Art of Pheidias, Note 39, p. 1-W. I'aiisaniaH, /. c, ascribes this to luacbus. 
 E, p. 255. * Praep. Eo. X. 10. 
 
 In the case of Phoroneus, as well as of the subse<iuent Argive rulers mentioned above, 
 the different ancient authors present variants as to the exact relationship which they held 
 to one another. But I maint^iin emphatically that such variation, so far from proving the 
 purely fictitious nature of these personalities, is evidence of their real existence in remote 
 antiquity. It shows the vitiility of ancient tradition, and illustrates the living manner 
 in which it is handed on. For, if such st<»ries and genealogies were the pure figment of 
 some jM)etic or imaginative brain, they would then be more likely to show complete 
 unanimity and logical consistency in the presentjition of the individual lives as well as of 
 the set|iience in the genealogical series. The variation brings home to us and illustrates the 
 actiml process by means of which these traditions were kept alive and handed on in the 
 different localities. And it is in this natur.il process, in the popular growth of tradition, 
 that some deviation and confusion will arise as it is handed on in distinct localities. 
 Thus we hear ' that Phoroneus was the brother of Aegialeus, or Pegeus, and the husband 
 of Peitlio. And we have still greater confusion in that Peitho is made the mother of 
 Aegialeus and Appia. The jMisition held by Ni<d)e is also confusing. In ApoUodorus,-' 
 Phoi-oneus is the husband of the nymph Laodice, and thus the father of Apis and Ni<d)e. 
 Still another authority^ makes him the father of Pelasgus, lasus, and Agenor, and 
 attributes to him the subdivision of the Argive district among his sons, which, we shall 
 see in the account of Pausiinias, takes place eleven generations later under Abas. The 
 confusion which thus arises is no doubt attributiible to the inaccunicy of various local 
 traditions, increased by the jM>etic remoulding when once the rhapsodist and the artist 
 puts his fashioning hand to the rough material of popular tradition. In the case of 
 Phoroneus, we know that this was the case, and that there existed an ei)ic poem called 
 Phoronis.* 
 
 It is a significant fact that the inheritance seems to have passed on from Phoroneus to 
 his grandson through the mother. According to Apollodorus (/. f.), the next ruler was 
 the son of Phoroneus's daughter, by Zeus, here called Niobe. This second Argive ruler 
 is called Ai-gus, a name which naturally is common within these genealogies, and is found, 
 also, at a later jieriod, in the tradition of the city of Argos. He is mentioned by most 
 of the authorities quoted abf)ve, as well as by Herodotus ° and the Scholiast to Euripi- 
 des." He is readily confused with the other Argus Panoptes, the great grandson of this 
 Argus, son of Agenor, whose story is so fancifully interwoven into the legend of lo. 
 
 According to the geneahigy of Pausanias, Argus has two sons, Pirasus and Phorbas. 
 Pirasus is interestinjr to us inasmuch as it is to him that the very ancient wooden image 
 which Pausanias saw at the Heraeum " is ascribed. Phorbas, who becomes the father of 
 the next ruler, Trioi)as, and the gi-andfather of lasus and great-giandfather of lo, is con- 
 fusingly merged into the whole lo gioup of storiis, as his own name and the name 
 Euboea all i)oiiit(see above, p. G) to legends giouping round the cow and the pasture-land 
 of the Hei-aeum. But this distinctly lies beyond our province. It is enough to say that 
 this name would lead us towards Rhodes, which archaeologically shows an interesting 
 connection with the Argive district, as well as with Thessaly and Messene. These 
 remarks apply also to Triopas, the son of Phorbas. 
 
 » Schol. Eurip. Or. G32. 
 « ApoIIod. II. 1. 1. 
 ' Hellanicus ap. Kustath. p. 38.'), 38. 
 « Sc*o/. Apoll. Rhod. i. 1129 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. I. 25, 
 p. 380. Cf. Kinkel, Epic. Graec. Fragg. pp. 209-212. 
 * Herod. VI. 8. 
 
 « Eur. Phoen. 11 IG. 
 
 " Pans. II. 17. 5. See also passages in Overbeck's 
 Srhriftqrtellen, etc. 143-146. We attach some importance 
 to tliis tradition as regards tbe earliest images of Hera, 
 and shall refer to it when dealing with tbe terra-cottas 
 from the Heraeum. 
 
 W*' 
 
 Wi. 
 
34 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE ADVENT OF THE ATRIDAE 
 
 35 
 
 II 
 
 The sons of Triopas are lasus and Agenor. In the case of lasns we ajpiin have 
 traces of great confusion of tradition, inasmuch as he is alternately called the son of 
 TriojKis, the son of Phoroneus, and brother of Pebisgus and Agenor ' son of Argus 
 and Evadne or Peitho, etc." He is father of lo. We dare not enter here into the 
 problems gi-ouping round lo, in whose story we cannot go far wrong if we see either 
 an indication of the spread of the Argive jieojde far into the distiince, to Byziintium, 
 Ethiopia, and Egypt, — or at least some indication of intereourse l)etween the Argive 
 people and those of these distant realms. Nor can we here decide the puzzling (piestion 
 of lo's relation to the Hem cult in Argos and in Euboea, her identification with the cow, 
 or even her possible identification with Hera herself. We can only point to the more sol)er 
 records concerning her, which identify her with the first priestess of Hera under the 
 name of Callithoe who headed the list of priestesses preserved at the Heraeum.' It is 
 she who decorates the earliest image of Hera at the Heraeum in the form of a jjillar 
 (kCuv) with ribbons and wreaths.* Thus, leaving all the fanciful legends aside, we have 
 a j>ersonality intimately connected with the worship of Hem in the Argive district. 
 
 The line of rulers j)roceeds in the son of lo's uncle Agenor to Crotojius, her cousin, 
 who is succeeded by Sthenelas, a name which we meet with in a slightly different form 
 in the subse(pient tradition of the city of Argos and which again ap]>ears in the Homeric 
 story associated with this district. 
 
 With Gelanor we c<mie to a j>eriod which undoubtedly has indications of troubled 
 times and the jKissing of Argive sway into (»ther hands, — from Gelanor to Danaus. 
 
 But Danaus in jill traditions is of the blood of Argive kings, though he comes fnmi 
 abroad. As the tradition grouping round him ])oints to a violent change in the ordinary 
 succession of previous rulers, it also confirms the ])revious existence of generations of 
 indigenous rulers. This im])ortiint figure, who undoubtedly c<mies in or returns from 
 abroiid, probably from Egypt, illustrates the mythogcnetic " law," which we referred to 
 above, in concentrating upon himself a rich layer of myths. This is es|>ecially the case 
 with the Danaids, his daughters, who are ultimately identified with the nymphs guanling 
 the wells by means of which an early ruler increased the fertility of the dry Argive plain. 
 
 It is with one of his daughters, Hy]>ennnestra, that Lynceus, the only survivor among 
 the sons of Aegyptus, is wedded. Lynceus succeeds Danaus, either in the natural course 
 of events or by slaying him, and is in turn succeeded by his son Abas. 
 
 It is difficult to determine what is the lehition of this Abas to the warlike tribe, the 
 Abantes, localized in Euboea. But the connection between Euboea and Argos is fully 
 indicated throughout all traditions. It is to Abas that his father Lynceus gives the 
 shield of Danaus which strikes terror among his enemies,'"' and it is owing to this relic 
 shown in the Heraeum that, tradition has it, bronze shields were given to the victors in 
 tlie games and that these games received the name of ao-TTi? iv 'Apyti. 
 
 As Danaus marked a change in the noimal development of Argive rule, so another 
 new era opens at the death of Abas, who, ficcording to the account given in Pausiinias, 
 divides the Argive district between his two sons, Acrisius and Proetus. The district is 
 naturally divided by the Inachus, Acrisius taking the western half, aiul Proetus the eastern 
 half. But the brothers are from the very beginning '^ inimical to one another. Proetus 
 
 » Eiistath. p. 389, 39. 
 
 2 Schol. Eiirip. Phoen. 1151 (1123, etc.). 
 
 • Cf. Rosclier, Lex. s. r. 
 
 * Phm-onis (fr. 4) ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. 25, p. 418. 
 
 » IIvRin. Fab. 170 and 273. 
 
 * AecortlinfT to A|m>1Im1. II. 2. 1. these twin brotben 
 were at variance even before they were actually burn. 
 
 has to leave the country, and finds a shelter with lobates of Lycia, whose daughter 
 Antea or Sthenoboea he marries. He then returns and holds his portion of the plain. 
 He brings with him the Lyciaii masons who build for him his fortress and palace at 
 Tiryns. These foreign artisjins thus introduce a new form of architecture and forti- 
 fication among the connnunities civilizetl by Phoroneus. It is important to remark that 
 no such act is attributed to Acrisius at Argos, and that we have no ground for believing 
 that up to this time the city of Argos had such fortifications. It is two generations 
 later that Perseus builds the walls of Mycenae ; and we are thus not astonished to find 
 that, while the Iliad speaks of Tiryns as TipvvOa Tci;(toccro-ai' and of Mycenae as 
 ivKTifitvov TTTokUOpov aiid €vpvdyvi.a MvKijvr) and of Ilios's Kkvra reix^a or of the city 
 as evTtCxeov, etc., there is no attribute of this kind atfciched to the term Argos in the 
 Homeric |H>ems.' Acrisius is followed by his grandson, the son of his daughter, Perseus. 
 
 In connection with this prominent figure of Perseus again legend and myth have been 
 freely develojHjd. But the account of his life and deeds points, on the one hand, to 
 foreign travel (Seriphus and Ethioi>ia) and, on the other hand, to Argos and Thessjily. 
 The story of his accidentiilly killing his grandfather Acrisius at Ljirisii in Thessiily, or 
 at Argos-Lirisji (the early name for the city of Argos), points to an ethnical connection 
 i»etween Thessiily and Argos. He then exchanges territories with the son of Proetus, 
 Meg.iiHjuthes, or wrests the district from him. And we now find Megapenthes esfcib- 
 lished on the Lirisji- Argos side, and Perseus on the other or Tirynthian side. The latter 
 now goes farther inland to the north end of the pkiin, and there founds the fortress-city 
 of Mycenae." As with Acrisius and Proetus we had the foreshadowing of a political 
 division of the Argive district, wliicii before had a unity of rule, so n(iw we have a 
 distinct and clear dualism fixed by definite fortified cities. The tradition concerning 
 Acrisius and Proetus seems to be based upon disunion. It leads to the building of the 
 Tirynthian fortress ; then follows the fortification of Mycenae ; and with Megapenthes 
 l)egins the real estciblislunent of the city of Argos. For it is a noteworthy fact that the 
 genealogical tiible which Pausanias derives from the city of Argos does not begin with 
 Acrisius or Abas but with Megapenthes. 
 
 It is not necessjiry for us to continue a detailed consideration of the succeeding rulers 
 at Mycenae and the city of Argos as illustrated in the fcible given above. It continues 
 from Meg.i|)entlies for at least seven generations, with the indications of internal dissen- 
 sions and changes, until, in the time of Cylarabes at Argos, Agamenuion takes posses- 
 sion of Mycenae, and his son Orestes extends his rule over the city of Argos, over Arcadia 
 and into Liiconia. 
 
 The advent of the Atridae thus marks another epoch, which, however, does not bear 
 such clear traces of foreign irruption. But it may be admissible to adduce even a poetic 
 tradition in so late an authority as Dictys Cretensis (I. 16) to show that the Heraeum 
 maintained its religious sway during the j)eriod of the Atridae at Mycenae, For it is 
 at the Heraeum that Agamemnon is reported to have been chosen leader of the expedi- 
 tion against Troy. 
 
 The great change in the leadership of the Argolid takes place when in the time of 
 Tisiimenus the Dorians flood the country. 
 
 In giving this genealogy of riders in the city of Argos as it is linked to the earlier 
 series of indigenous rulers which we found preserved in the Heraeum tradition, the link 
 
 ^ Sec my note on ' The Argive Heraeum and Bacchy- * Paus. II. 16. 
 
 lides, xi. 43-84,' Classical Review, December, 1900. 
 
\] 
 
 II 
 
 36 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 being in Megapenthes, I have not considered the house of Melaniptis, who, as Pjiusanias 
 tells*'us, was the ancestor of six kings in six generations down to Amphiloclius, son of 
 Amphiaraus. I have not done this because, as Pausaniiis continues, " the native dynasty 
 of the house of Anaxagoras outlasted the other two." Nor have I referred to that 
 splendid figure in the Homeric poems, Diomed, who is probably connected with the 
 house of Bias, inasmuch as the name Aegialeus occurs in the genealogy and Aegiiilea 
 was the wife of Diomed. I am not here concerned with an indei>endent study of these 
 Aroive genealogies. The mahi i-eason why I have entered ujMJn this topic at all is that 
 any account of the striking evidence which our excavations yield, as i-egards the earliest 
 monuments found, would be imperfect unless the literary traditions of these remote ages 
 were considered and studied in the light of these finds, and the indications which they 
 afford were used, to a certain extent, as guides in our threading of this labyrinth. 
 
 The main results which these early traditions thus yield us are, first, the confirmation 
 in a striking manner of the chronological sequence in the history of the Argive idain — 
 first Tiryns, then Mycenae, and then Argos ; secondly, the confinnation of the evidence 
 presented by our excavations of a considerable iHjriod of compiratively civilized life at 
 the Heraeum, not only before the so-called Mycenaean i>eriod, but also before the building 
 of the Cyclopean temple ascribed to Proetus of Tiryns. The study of these geneah»gies, 
 moreover, confirms our belief that, though around many of these figures is groujied a 
 rich and variegated mass of legend, and though there be variants and divergencies in 
 the account of the succession among these rulers, the list, taken as a whole, distinctly 
 points to the existence of organized social communities in this district long before the 
 political life described by Homer. 
 
 With the death of Orestes and the reign of Temenus the hegemony in the Argive 
 plain is transferred from Mycenae to the city of Argos ; and here it remains ever after, 
 until the whole district loses its prominent position in Greek history when the leadership 
 is transferred to Athens and Sparta. 
 
 We can hardly doubt that the city of Argos obtained its real preeminence with the 
 conquest of the land by the Dorians. What became of Mycenae and Tiryns in this 
 period, it is difficult to detenuine exactly. On the one hand, we hear that all the inhal)- 
 itants of the Argive district subdued by the Dorians, whose political centre was in the 
 city of Argos, were repressetl into a position corresponding very much to that of the 
 Lacedemonian helots and were called yvfjLvrJTe^ or yu/xi/T/Vioi.' As contrasted with 
 the inhabitants of the city of Argos they became metics, or, as they were called from 
 the first of these subdued centres, Orneae, ircpiotKot 'Opvearair Mycenae certainly 
 appears after this time to have held a dependent relation to the city of Argos. On the 
 other hand, both Mycenae and Tiryns must have retained a considerable amount of inde- 
 pendence ; this is evident from the fact that Mycenae sent eighty men to Thennopylae, 
 and Mycenae and Tiryns together 400 men to Plataeae, while Argos sent none. At the 
 close of the sixth century B. c, moreover, we find that the slaves at Argos, the f/t/wnesiif 
 after their successfid revolt, settled at Tiryns and held this i)lace against the Argives 
 
 for some time.' 
 
 During the whole of this Argive period the Heraeum, no doubt, retained its religious 
 importance over the weakened centres of Mycenae and Tiryns as well as over the Dorian 
 
 THE DORIANS AND THE HERAEUM 
 
 37 
 
 city of Argos. But we must not forget that, with the rise to power of Temenus at 
 AnroH and the prominent position which that city held as the capital of the Dorian con- 
 federacy or " amphictyony," new temples and new cults were established on the western 
 bank of the Inachus and in closer proximity to the city itself ; and that, moreover, as 
 was indicated above (p. 4), the new national religion and divinities of the victorious 
 inva<ler were naturally pushed forward as much as possible. Thus a more or less con- 
 scious attempt would be made to give prominence to such a cult as that of Apollo 
 Pythaeus, who was the religious expression of the distinctly national Dorian supremacy, 
 and whose temple on the Larisji of Argos was the local centre for the Dorian league of 
 cities (Cleonae, Plilius, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Troezen, and Aegina). We can thus under- 
 stiind how under the Dorians there may have been a tendency to counteract the dominant 
 supremacv of the Heraeum. Perhaps it was this spirit of Dorian separatism which still 
 survived into the fifth century b. c. and caused the city of Argos to refrain from sharing 
 the gh»rv of Thermopylae and Plataeae when Mycenae and Tiryns entered the lists. 
 
 Still, as was remarked above (pp. 4-0), the overiM)wering prestige of the Heraeum, the 
 most ancient of the great centres of ancient Hellas, withstood all these temporary attempts 
 at repression, and itretiiined its supreme sway and its high position in the Greek religious 
 world so hmg as the Argive district itself remained a place of importance. With the 
 successoi-s of Temenus, however, the Dorians could not retain for any great period the 
 preeminence which Argos had i)reviously enjoyed. For after Medon, who succeeded 
 Cisus, as second after Temenus, the power of Argos began to wane. It is then, about 
 the ninth century B. c, that the great struggle with Spai-ta began for the possession 
 of Cynuria,' and it is well known who ultimately carried off the victory and gained 
 undoubted preeminence in Peloponnesus. The rulers following Medon, Thestius, 
 Merops, Aristodamidas, Eratus, maintained this struggle. Then followed one great 
 figure who again gave preeminence to Argos, namely, Phidon. Under this powerful 
 ruler, Arg()s revive<l its supremacy. He is, however, especially interesting to us for his 
 more peaceful deeds in the history of ancient civiliziition ; for to him is attributed, not 
 only the estiiblishment of a standard of fixed weights and measures, but also the coin- 
 age of money. His activity probably belongs U) the second half of the eighth century 
 B. C, though according to some it may have extended into the seventh century. We 
 shall see of what interest he is in connection with the results of our excavations, when 
 we come to give a summary account of the metal work there found. 
 
 A few words may suffice to indicate the subsequent history of the Heraeum in strictly 
 historical times. After Phidon the power of Argos declines steadily during her struggle 
 with Sixirtii. The crushing victory which Cleomenes of Sparta gained over the Argives 
 about B. c. r)20 is immediately connected with the Heraeum. For, as we are told by 
 Plutiirch,- when the SjMirtiin had reduced the plain he mockingly asked for the keys of 
 the temi)le that he might sjicrifice to Hera. But the doors remained locked, and the 
 heights were guarded by the enemy. So he had to remain content with sacrificing 
 below the temple. Herodotus ' makes him justify himself to his accusers after his 
 return to Sparta by referring to an oracle and the miraculous phenomena on the image 
 of Hera in whose sanctuary he had sacrificed.* 
 
 If Argos lost its poUtical preeminence after the age of Phidon, it on the other hand 
 
 1 Poll. III. 83. 
 
 « Herod. VIII. 73 ; cf. also Strab. VIII. 6. 11. 372 and 
 P*u». V. 23. 2. 
 
 ■ Herod. VI. 83. 
 
 » Paus. II. 19. 2. 
 
 « Plutarch, Cleom. 26. 
 
 • Herod. VI. 76, 82. 
 
 * Pausanias (II. 20) gives other reasons why be did 
 not actually take the city. 
 
 -.-* I >■■ ■ im 
 
'p 
 
 '} I 
 
 8S GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 always retained its high position among the communities of Greece as a centie of the 
 highest culture, its preeminence in music and in art. In the first half of the fifth 
 century B. c. it Avas the home of the most famous school of sculptui-e, for it is to the 
 sculptor Ageladas at Argos that the three nu>st prominent artists of that age are reported 
 to have gone to learn their craft, namely, Myron, Phidias, and Polycleitus. Under 
 Polycleitus the fame of Argive sculptors rivaled that of Athens, and stood alone in its 
 supremacy after the death of Phidias. These traditions of art maintiiined themselves 
 through many generations of artists after Polycleitus. And when in 42:J «. c. the old 
 temple was hurned and the new temple erected by Eupcdemus was adorned with the 
 sculptures of Polycleitus, the Heraeum received an importance and a splendor which, 
 to some extent, counterbalanced the loss of pi-eeminence which, as the religious centi-e, 
 it had held in the centuries when the term " Argos " stood for the nuist representjitive 
 jMirt, nay for the whole, of the Hellenic world. With the growth and preponderance of 
 other pcditical centres in the subsequent history of Greece and the rising pi-eeminence, 
 not only of the (►ther religious centres themselves, but also of the religious imporbmce 
 and weight of other divinities — a process which strikingly follows in the wake of political 
 changes in the history of Greece — the Heraeum did not retjiin the highest pjsition in 
 the ancient religious world. It is after the downfall of Greek indei>endence that, under 
 the Romans, the Argolid agjiin receives compjirative political importance, and by accounts 
 of the gifts of Hadrian and Nero,' and by the vestiges of Ronum buildings which our 
 excavations have laid bare, we have evidence of this late revival. 
 
 We cannot follow the history of the Heraeum through the Byzjintine, Mediaeval, 
 Frankish, Venetian, and Turkish times. If, however, we can picture in our imagination 
 the ten or more splendid buildings erected on its lofty site, gleaming with their white 
 marble over the distant plain, we can well understand how these late " Vandals," whether 
 Christians or Moslems, were attracted by it, and how it had to jwy the i)enalty of its i)re- 
 eminence and beauty by becoming the quarry from which they di-ew the material for the 
 erection of their churches, fortifications, and dweUiugs in the modern Naupliii an<l Argos 
 and in the villages of the plain. 
 
 THE EVIDENCE OF THE FINDS AS TO THE AGE OF THE HERAEUM. 
 
 The records of ancient traditions which we have just examined thus confinu the e\\- 
 dence furnished by the general topography of the sanctimry as well as by the special 
 topography of the site as revealed in the relation of extant buildings to one another and 
 their relative changes. The general conclusions to which these sources of evidence jMiint 
 are further strengthened when we examine the finds of individual objects made on the 
 site during our excavations. In the examination to which I wish to subject these finds 
 in this place I am far from aiming at any complete accoiuit of these various objects in 
 themselves, nor do I projKise in any way to give a complete list of what has thus been 
 found. These will be separately dealt with by myself and the various colkborators at 
 our excavations. But in this place I am considering these finds in their totidity, in the 
 relation which the several groups of objects bear to one another, and in the ultimate 
 light which they can thus shed uiwn the history of the Heraeum as a whole, and hence 
 upin the relation which the sanctiuiry and what it contained held to the general history 
 of Gi-eek civiUzation and art. 
 
 » Pans. II. 17. 
 
 PAUCITY OF ORTECTS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 
 
 39 
 
 When we consider the totidity of our finds in individual objects, one striking fact at 
 once impresses itself upon us from the very outset — a fact which I mentioned at once 
 in the report of the first year's digging as well as in subsequent yeai-s,' — namely, the 
 iKiucity of objects dating from the classical and later jMiriods as compared with the vast 
 luunber of primitive and pre-classical objects. Of marble sculptures we have, of course, 
 the largest nund)er tilting from the construction of the Second Temple, about 420 n. c. ; 
 and the dis{ip|)earance of other marble works, such as inscriptions, as well as of larger 
 bronze fi'aues, will be readily accounted for when we come to consider these objects. 
 But the paucity of works from the " classical " and later periods becomes more striking 
 with regard to vases, terra-cottas, small bronzes, engraved stones, etc. Here we should 
 certiiinly have been justified in exi)ecting to find objects counting at least by hundreds 
 when cmupared with the mass of pre-classical objects, which are nund>ered by thousjinds. 
 Yet, as we shall see, we have but few si>ecimens of these objects, — in fact they are 
 
 counted by units. 
 
 To account for this striking phenomenon I would make the following suggestions : — 
 1. The jMisitiou of the sjinctiwry itself on the hill-slopes, in a district whei-e the occa- 
 sional rains sweep down with sudden violence and wash all before them, would naturally 
 cause all smaller objects on the innuediate surface to be washed down the slopes and to 
 spi-ead far afield over the plain. And this would be the case especially after the masonry 
 and stones, massed on the surface, which would have arrested the downward How of 
 portable objects, had been carried away as building material by the later hordes that 
 passed over the Argive plain. The peculiar situation of the Heraeum would thus favor 
 the dispersion of the later objects as compared with objects originally on a level site. 
 But even on such level sites the sjime conditions have been found to prevail, and have, 
 for instiince, been noticed by the German excavatoi-s at Olympia." In speaking of the 
 large proportion of pre-classical smaller objects there found, Furtwangler sjiys: "By 
 far^the greater portion of our bronze finds are votive otterings or fragments of these 
 of the early i)eriod which had already found their place below the earth before the 
 classical eiH>cli. That it was just the lowest layers which were richest in l)ronzes is to 
 l)e explained by the fact that the simple, and partly rude, votive offerings of the oldest 
 times had subsequently made room for others, and had come under the protecting cover 
 of the earth at an early iKjriod ; while, on the other hand, the votive offerings of the 
 classical i)eriod were highly valued and carried off or cast in the melting pot in later 
 ages by people who prized them, at least for their metallic value." 
 '^ We must i-emend)er, moreover, that the chief places in which we found these smaller 
 objects were all far below the level of the stylobate, i. e. below the actual necessary 
 foundations of the Second Temple. 
 
 Tluiugh this fact undoubtedly accounts for a good deal, we must still feel astonished 
 that on^various iHiints of the site we did not come upon a greater number of objects 
 Iwlonging to the classical and subsequent i>eriods. 
 
 2. To account for this we nuist consider also the possibility that in classical times, 
 with the rise of the city of Argos and its political sui)remacy over the district, as well 
 as with the numerous other sanctuaries there built, the Heraeum may have lost the posi- 
 tion of vnique inq>ortiince which it had previously occupied, and may thus not have 
 attracted the sjime number of pious donors as was previously the case. 
 
 > See Reports, 1892-05. * Olffmpia {Architectur, Dorpfeld), vol. II., and espe^ 
 
 cially Die Brmizeti (Furtwangler), vol. IV. pp. 1 £E. 
 
40 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 CHRONOLOGY AS INDICATED IJY THE FINDS 
 
 41 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 if 
 
 4 
 
 3. Finally, we must not overlook a very importiint point which applies not only to the 
 Henieum, but to the whole of Peloponnesus and of Greece. If the hiter hordes carried 
 off the metal they found, as well as objects of intrinsic value, we cannot l>elieve that they 
 would have tiiinspoiied or annihilated ceramic works, both vases and terKi-cottiis. Now 
 it is with regard to these that the puzzlintj^ phenomenon which we are endeavorin«r to 
 account for most clearly presents itself to us. Is it not jM)ssible, and even ]>robable, 
 that the early style of working cheap objects, manufactui'ed by inferior artisiins and 
 sold by small hucksters at the gates of the temple-precinct, continued and iixed to some 
 extent the ruder ancient style of workmanshi}) handed down from the earliest ages? 
 This makes it all the more incumbent u})on us to bear in mind, that, though such 
 objects probably continued to be made in later times, they even then illustnite the earlier 
 and cruder phases of art and craft which they continue. Some can be proved to be of 
 earliest date, some may be of a later origin ; but the style of both is the sjnue, and the 
 Liter are merely a continiuition of the earlier. But when, for inst<iiice, we find on this 
 site comimratively so few vases, both black-figured and red-figiu*ed, of the ordinary Greek 
 type, while we find later developments of the Argive (or so-called Proto-Corinthian) and 
 Corinthian styles which mark the supreme finish of Liter dates — may we not then conclude 
 that these typical black and red figured Vcises were never manufactured in the Argive 
 district?' With the exception of Corinth they were perhaps never made in Peloponnesus, 
 and found the real centre for their industrial ))rodiiction at Athens, Eretria, Corinth, 
 and in Apulia, Campania, Etruria, and other Graeco-Roman centres. 
 
 Perhaps all these three causes together may have had their influence in affecting the 
 general proportion of the objects we have found. Yet, as I have siiid before, by far the 
 greater number of these objects were found in layers which obviously antedate the build- 
 ing of the Second Temple — nay, the fifth century B. c. Still it would be rash to say 
 that the actual provenience {FnH(lf<tef/e) was, in the case of most of these objects, a safe 
 guide to their chronology within the broad outer limit I have just given. For we must 
 consider : (1) the rimgh, uneven, and shiping ground occupied by these various buildings ; 
 (2) the fact that by far the greater portion of these objects were found in the ground 
 surrounding the Second Temple pLitform, which ground was evidently made even and 
 smooth, strengthened by supporting walls, for the prei)anition of the building ; and the 
 hollows and sides of the terrace were filled with what buildei-s call " dry rubbish," prol>- 
 ably taken from the site of the burnt and destroyed temple above and packed with 
 objects which had accumulated during centuries; and (3) that the more rugged second 
 platform before the building of that temple served for simie sjicred function in the eai*- 
 liest times, and most probably contained a great altar, and that thus it would accumuLite 
 such objects round it in the " bLick layei*s," which we found here like those foiuid bv the 
 excavatoi-s of Olympia round the altars there. When we consider thesi' facts, we have 
 even less ground for using the provenience as a definite means of fixing the date than 
 the Gennan excavators had at Olympia. But even there Furtwjingler - has conscien- 
 tiously remarked : " Though the general characteristics of the Liyei-s as defined by us 
 were easily recognizable throughout, they are still individimlly and sharply defined at but 
 few points to allow of more definite chronological distinctions. Generally these layt^rs 
 gradually run into one another, and often their reguLir succession is disturbed. This 
 
 ^ Herod. V. 88 amply accounts for this. The Argives • The Argive Exclusion of Attic Pottery,' Clns.timl Ue- 
 instituted an embargo on Attic pottery. Cf. Hoppin, view, 1898, p. 8C. 
 
 * L.e. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 '^ 
 
 
 1 -'.^rsJ'A---'".^^ . ■'--■-- ■ 
 
 
 Fig. 13. — Kakly Shakt-tumii ct»XTAixix«j V'asi-» ok nL'Li.-c-oi.oKKi) 
 
 " MvcKSAKAx •' Styli-;. 
 
 couhl hardly be otherwise with the gradiuil construction of larger and smaller buildings 
 and bases, of a<iuediicts and, at List, even of Christian graves. For these all necessi- 
 tiited an upheaval of the lower layei*s. It could thus happen at any time that older 
 objects were transported from the lower to the higher layei-s, also that Liter objects found 
 their way to greater depths. The individual occurrence of objects in this or that Liyer 
 can therefore only be used with great caution for chronological conclusions." Furt- 
 wjingler finds such conclu- 
 sions admis-sible onlv when 
 there is a regiiLir itn-urrence 
 <»f objects in a definite Liyer. 
 Finally he points to a ditti- 
 culty which n fortiori a|>- 
 plies to the conditions of oiir 
 excavation : " For only in 
 comparatively few instiinces," 
 he sjiys, " have we accurate 
 re<*ord of observations in in- 
 dividiuil finds of this kind. 
 In order to carry this out 
 systematically at every point 
 in an excavation of such ex- 
 tent, it would have re(juired 
 a sjHK'ial stiiff, spe<-ially 
 
 trained for this purjiose, and a slow and very careful peeling off of single layers. Unfor- 
 tunately the conditions of our excavations did not admit of such care." 
 
 With these limit<itions we can, however, point to certain facts which may be cLiimed 
 as chronological landmarks beyond the broad distinctions of the earlier and Liter temples 
 and buildings. 
 
 1. Many of the earlier objects discovered on the upper terrace were found not only 
 below the burnt layer which marked the destruction of the early temple, but below the 
 portion of the extiint wall of this temple which was visible when the temple was com- 
 plete. The small piece of styhibate, which, fortunately for us, still remains standing on 
 the Old Temple })latform, is reguLirly and smoothly cut half way down ; but below this 
 jjoint it remains rough. It is manifest that the rough portion was not meant to be seen 
 when the temple was comjdete. We are thus justified in claiming for the objects found 
 below this jniint a jKjriod ante(Liting the first temple. Objects Avere also found below 
 the huge Cyclopean stones of the supporting wall. 
 
 2. The rude smaller and earlier walls, referred to above as being on the south slope of 
 the Second Temple platform, evidently belonged to a period when this platform was 
 in all probability used as an altar. Portions of these walls were built on the bed-rock ; 
 and the objects found on this bed-rock level most probably beL)nged to the earliest period 
 of their construction. 
 
 3. The small horizontal tomb (Fig. 13) found immediately to the south of these walls 
 contiiined quaint vases decorated with linear ornaments in dull (mattfarbige) colors (see 
 below. Fig. 22); while the rock-cut beehive tombs (Fig. 14) found by us in the vicinity 
 of the Mycenaean Road contained Mycenaean vases * of Furtwiingler-Loeschcke's third 
 or fourth periods. 
 
 * These will be described by Dr. Hoppin in the section on Vases. 
 
40 
 
 ( i EN KKA L I NTKUDrcTION 
 
 3. Finally, we must not overlook a very iuiportant point wliicli applies not only to the 
 Hemeuni, hut to the whole of Pehiponnesus and of (in't'ti-. if tlu* latiT hordes cariii'd 
 oil' the metal they found, as well as <d»jeets «>f intrinsic vahu-, we eannot helit'Ve that thry 
 would have transported or annihilated t-framic works, hoth vaM's and tcrra-rottas. Non- 
 it is with rei;ard to these that tlu' pu//lini>- pluMiomcnon which \\v an- cndcavorinyf to 
 account for most clearly presents itself to us. Is it not possihh'. an<l even prohahle, 
 that the early style of workinjf cheap ohjei-ts, manufactured hy inferior artisins and 
 sold hy small hucksters at the ••ates of the temple-precinct, continued and lixe«l to sonu* 
 extent the ruder aiuient style of workmanship handed down from the e.irliest ai;;es? 
 This makes it all the more incundient upon us to hear in mind, that, thon«;li snch 
 jdijects prohahly continued to he matle in later tinu's, they even then ilhistrate the earlier 
 and cru<ler phases of art and craft which they continue. Some can he proved to he of 
 earliest (hite, some mav he of a later origin ; hut the style of hoth is the sime, and the 
 later are nu'rely a continuation of the earlier. But when, for instance, wj' find on this 
 site comparatively so few vases, hoth hlack-H«;;ured and red-Kjiured, of the ordinary (Jreek 
 type, while we Hnd later developments of the Ari;;ive (or so-calh'd Proto-Corinthian I and 
 Corinthian styles which mark the suprenu' finish of later dates — may we not then conclude 
 that these typical hlack and red finured vast»s were never manufactured in the .\rj;ive 
 district ? ' With the exception of (Jorinth they were perhaps never made in Peloponnesus, 
 and found the real centre for their industrial production at Athens, Kretria, Corinth, 
 and in Apulia, Campania, Etruria, and other Graeco-lvoman centres. 
 
 l*erha|»s all these three causes to<»ether may havt' had tiieir inHu(>nce in affect inj;- tlu* 
 »»eneral proportion of the ohjects we have fountl. Yet, as 1 have said hefore, hy far the 
 «»;reater nund>er of these <d>jects were fouml in hiyers which ohviously antedate the huild- 
 iuii" of the Second Temple — nay, the fifth century v.. r. Still it would he rash to say 
 that the actual provenience (Ftimlstilh) was, in the case of most of these ohjects, a s;jfe 
 j;;uide to their chronology within the hroad outer limit I have just i;iven. For we nuist 
 consider : ( 1 ) the roui>'h. uneven, and sIopin«>' i>round oceupie<l hy thes<' various huildin«;;s ; 
 (2) the fact that hy far the «|fieater portion of these ohjects were found in the <>-round 
 surroundin*;' the Sec<md Temple platform, which <»round was evi<lently made even and 
 smooth, streuiithened hy supportini»" walls, for the preparation of the huildini;-: and the 
 hollows and sides of the terrace were filled with what huihlers call " dry riddush," proh- 
 ahly taken friun the site of the hurnt and destroyed temple ahove and packed with 
 ohjects whi<h ha<l accunndated duriu}^ centuries; and (IJ) that the m«u-e rui'«;ed secon<l 
 platform hefore the huildin<>' of that Temple si'rved for some suri'd function in the eai*- 
 liest tinu's, and nu)st prohahly contained a <^reat altar, and that thus it would accumulate 
 such ohjects round it in the " hlack layers," which we found here like those found hv the 
 excavatoi-s of Olympia round the altars there. When we consider thes«' facts, we have 
 even less ••round for usin<»- the provenience as a (h'finit** means of fixiiii;' the date than 
 the German excavators had at Olympia. But even there Furtwiinu'ler " has conscien- 
 tiously remarke<l : " Thou}»h the <>eiuMal characteristics of tin- layers as (h'iined hy us 
 were easily re<'oo;nizjd»le throughout, they are still individually and sharply defined at luit 
 few points to aUow of more definite chron<do4;;ical distinctions. Generally th»'s«' layers 
 iiradually run into one another, ami often their reuular succession is disturhe<l. This 
 
 ' llerixl. V. S8 amply accounts for tliis. The Arjjivcs • Tlie Ar<;ive Kxeliisiuu of Attic I\)ttt'rv,' TYimxiVyi/ /,V- 
 iiisttitiitetl an embargo on Attic jtottcry. Cf. Iloppin, vifii; 1H{)8, p. 86. 
 
 ■' L. c. 
 
 CIIKONOLOdV AS INDICATED liY THE EINDS 
 
 41 
 
 I Hi. i;{. 
 
 K.VK1.V SlIAKT-TOMIJ COXTAIXINU V.VSKS OK lUI.I.-t ol.oKKI* 
 •• MVCKXAKAX " STVI.K. 
 
 could hardly he otherwise with the ^'radual coustru<tion of laruer and smaller huildinu^s 
 and has**s, of aipieducts and, at last, even of (Christian •••raves. For tlu-se all n«*cessi- 
 tJited an uplu'aval of the lower layei-s. It <-oid<l thus ha|>|>en at any time that older 
 ohjects weiv transported from the lower to the hi«»her layers, also that later ohjects found 
 their way to j;;i-eater depths. The in<lividual occurrence of ohjects in this or that layer 
 can therefore only he used with ••reat caution for chrono]o«>'ical conclusicMis. " Eiirt- 
 wiinuler fin<ls such coiiclu- 
 sions admissihle only when 
 tlu're is a re«;ular recurreme 
 of ohjects in a delinitt' layer. 
 Finally he points to a difli- 
 cidtv which n fortiori ap- 
 plies to the conditi«>nsof our 
 excavation : ** For only in 
 comparatively few instances." 
 he sivs. •• have wi* accurate 
 record of ohservations in in- 
 dividual finds of this kind. 
 In order to carry this out 
 systematically at every point 
 in an <'Xcavation of such ex- 
 tent, it would have retpiired 
 a special staff. spe«ially 
 
 tniined for this purpose, and a slow and very careful peel in«»" off of sin»»le layers. I'nfor- 
 tunatclv the conditions of our excavations di<l not admit of such care." 
 
 With tlies*' limitations we can. howevi'r. p<»int to certain facts which may he claimed 
 as chronolo<;'ical landmarks heyond the hroa<l distiiutions of the earlier ami later tem}»les 
 an<l huildin*;s. 
 
 1. Many of the earlier ohjects discovered «in the upper terra<e were foun«l not only 
 helow the hurnt hiyer whi«li marked the destruction of the early temple, hut helow the 
 portion of the extant wall of this temple which was visihie when the temple was com- 
 plete. The small piece of stylohate, which, fortunately for us, still remains standini»" on 
 the Old Temple platform, is re«»ularly and snu>othly cut half way (h»wn ; hut helow this 
 point it ivmains rou«»h. It is manifest that the rou«>h portion was not nu*ant to he seen 
 when the tt-mple was <-ompIete. We are thus justified in clainnn*;' for the ohjects found 
 helow this point a jHMiod ante<latin<^ the first temple. Ohjects were also found heh>w 
 the hu«;;e Cyclojiean stones of the supportinjn; wall. 
 
 2. The rude smaller and earlier walls, referred to ahove as beinjjf on the south slope of 
 the Second Temple platform, evidently l)elon«»ed to a period when this })latform was 
 iu all probability used as an altar. Portions of these walls were built on the bed-rock ; 
 and the obje<-ts found on this bed-r«M-k level most juobably belon»»ed to the earliest period 
 of their construction. 
 
 *\. The small horizontal tond> (Fijr. V.i) found innuediately to the s(uith of these walls 
 contained «piaint vases decorated with linear ornaments in dull {tn(tff/(trbi(/e) cohus (see 
 below, ¥\*r. 22); while the rock-cut beehive tcnubs (Fi<r. 14) found by us in the vicinity 
 of the Mycenaean Road contained Mycenaean vases ' of Furtw;in«»ler-Loesehcke's third 
 or fourth periods. 
 
 * These will lie dcscribetl by Dr. Iloppiii in the section ou Vases. 
 
w 
 
 42 
 
 (JENKKAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 PRE MYCENAEAN TERRA COTTA IMAGES 
 
 43 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 !i' 
 
 4. Besides stone implements which point to the Neolithie jMriod, copiier and hionze 
 were found in every jKirt of the excavation. Iron was found in jrieatest profusion at 
 the northeast corner of the Second Temple i)latform, as well as at the Simthwest Stoa. 
 We have thus traces of the Neolithic, the Bronze, and the Iron Ages on this site. 
 
 With these facts before us we must bej^in a jreneral survey of the individual objects 
 foinid, in view of the light which they may throw upon the general historical (juestions 
 before us. 
 
 TKHKA-COTTA IMAGES. 
 
 In dealing with the sunnnary evidence of the terr.i-cottiis we must premise a few words 
 on plastic art in general. Besides the sculptures of the Second Temple we found a few 
 isolated fragments of archaic or transitional sculpture in stone, but no actual stone 
 sculptines of the earlier dates. Though there is one exception in carvetl stone-work 
 to be found in the block whicli was subsequently used in one of the walls to the nortli 
 of the Second Temple upon which the early waved pattern has been carved, tiiere is no 
 instance of such early sculpture in stone. From the |KUicity of even primitive terra- 
 
 cottii images on the Old Temple platform 
 we may naturally conclude that the l>egin- 
 nings of woi-ship on this site were in 
 an aniconic form. The first step to the 
 civation of an image was the erection of 
 the pillai-s or kiones which Paussinias still 
 sjiw there in his time, and of the existence 
 of which in other centres of Gi-eek wor- 
 ship we have ample evidence.' 
 
 Now, as I ventured to sunnise at the 
 tinie of its discovery," it is liigldy proba- 
 l)le that in the lower fragments of a hirge 
 limestone " pillar " we have preserved to 
 us the very kion which Pausiinias saw, 
 and which syndiolizes the fii-st image to 
 Hera on this ancient site (see Fig. 15). 
 The stone in question is carve<l into a 
 pilliir t«ii)ering towards the top in tlie 
 rudest manner, evidently with primitive 
 to(ds, the marks of which can still Ik? jier- 
 ceived. At the brcKider " foot " there is a projection forward which serves as a plinth 
 to keep the pillar in an upright ]M>sition, the projection being merely in front and not 
 behind. It thus corresjMUids to the lower portion of the rudest images in stone and 
 eliiy of which we have cogniamce. The edges at either angle ui front are leveled off 
 
 • Pausaiiias (II. 9. 6) mentions one representing Ar- fonn of two pillars (Overbeck, /. r. I. p. 5). So also 
 
 temis Patrtia at Sicyon. He also saw thirty of these at Zeus is represented as a 8<piare pillar on a vase ((lcrhar<l, 
 
 Pharae in Achaia, eaeh having the name of a god (VII. Akadem. Ahhnndl. p. .TO, Xos. 2, 3, 4, 7 ; cf. Colligiion, 
 
 22. 4). Coins and vases give us later renderings of these Hut. Sculpt. Gr. p. 10.3). 
 
 early objects. So an Apollo on a coin of Ambracia * See Repnri, 1892, and my Ezrnvationn of the Ameri- 
 
 (Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmyth. V. pp. l-o, Miinztafel i. can School at the Heraion, etc. p. 19. 
 Nos. 1-7). A coin of Ceos has Her.i and Zeus in the 
 
 Fks. 14. — Ukk.iiivk Tom« nk.xk tiik IIkkakim, on 
 
 THK KOAD TO MyCKNAK. 
 
 s(» as to make it hexagonal. This pillar could have served no architectural purpose of 
 which we know, and, standing upright as it does, with all the marks of the most primi- 
 tive workmanship, we are justified in believing that such an object of no intrinsic value, 
 which survived to the second century of our era, might be and is preserved to us now. 
 
 Of primitive idols in stone and marble chips, such as were found at His.sarlik, Paros, 
 Naxos, Amorgos, etc., we have no specimens 
 here at the Her.ieinn. On the other hand, 
 we have the richest collection ever found 
 of terra-cottii i(h)ls, presenting a new and 
 unbroken series from the very earliest to 
 the classical times, and though these terra,- 
 cotttis will receive more detailed treatment 
 iu a sjiecijil chapter by Dr. Chase and myself, 
 we must now consider them in their general 
 connection, and their bearing upon the 
 main point before us. 
 
 I may sjiy at once that we find tyj^es of 
 " Mycenaean " figurines at the Heraeum, 
 but we also find a much larger nund>er of 
 ty|K»s distinctly earlier in an unbroken 
 
 series, among which we can distinguish at 
 
 Fig. 15. — Eaki.y 8tunk " Pillak Imauk." 
 From the Heraeum. 
 
 least two categories. 
 
 Tlie fii-st and earliest type was probably develojied out of the symb<dic k'lon (Fig. 1(5). 
 The primitive coroplast has merely taken small lunijis of clay, and has fashioned them 
 into a mere suggestion of a human form by indicating projections for the arms. The 
 lower portion of the body remains in rude, uneven roundness, and for the head he has 
 merelv allowed the upi)er |M>rtioii to be squeezed into an almost conical shape. There is 
 no furtlier articulation, and no distinction of sex. But this primitive coroplast is not as 
 vet tied down to any fixed conventionalized tyj)e, and so there is a gradual development 
 and progress in his naturalism within the narrow range of his artistic power (Fig. 17). 
 Gradually the arms become more extended, the clay is pinched more firmly, 
 accentiuiting the waist still further, until, at last, the workman gives 
 another pinch between his two fingei-s to the portion which he has left 
 for the head, and proceeds to add two minute globules of clay on either 
 side of this protuberance of the head to indicate the eyes. From this 
 moment he proceeds to ekiborate this bird-like face, adding a round 
 circle of clay to the top, which is meant to indicate either the hair, or 
 more probably, in this case, the imlos or early diadem of the goddess 
 Hera. Without indicating the sex of the figurine by means of modeHng, 
 lie does so by the indication of dress ; and to the bird-like head is added 
 a series of ornate decorations runnhig round the neck and breast from 
 Flu. Hi. - pRiMi- shiudder to shoulder, which soon becomes one of the most striking 
 11 FiuuRiNK features in these Heraeum terra-cottiis. In the special chapter on terra- 
 From the Heraeum. t^^t^iSj we shall deal with the question whether these ornaments are 
 necklaces with brooches at the shoiUders, or scarves, or even wreaths 
 of flowers, or, finally, indicate an elaborate folding and ornamentation to the top of 
 the low-necked dress. We have summarized m a few words what really represents a 
 most varied series, illustrative of a very long and continuous development. 
 
 • iHinK 
 
 kc- 
 
4-2 
 
 (iKNKNAL INTKOnrCTION 
 
 4. IJesMh's stoiu' iinplcnu'iits wliuli jMnnt to tlu' NVoIitliir |K'ri<Ml, rojUMM- :iii«l l.nmz.^ 
 wfiv t'ouiul ill I'Vfrv pait of tlic fxcjivatlon. Iron was fomul in i>:ivat«'st jirolnsion at 
 t\\v noitlu'ast coiiu'r of tlir SimoimI Tcinph' platfoiin, as wfll as at tlu- Sontliwest Sttwi. 
 Wt' have thus traces of tlie Neolitliie, the Hroii/e, aiul the lion Aj;es on this site. 
 
 With tiM'se fa«ts h«'foie us we must hejjin a «;eneial survi'V of tlie iinli\l«hial ohjeets 
 fouiul, in vii'w of the ni;ht whieh they may throw upon tlie j^eiieral historical 4Uestioiis 
 hefore us. 
 
 TKHUA-C'Ol TA IMACJKS. 
 
 In (haliiii- with the summary evidence of tlie terra-«ottas we must uremise a few wonis 
 on plastic art in i^eiieral. Hesitles the sculptures of the Secoml Teniph' we fouinl a few 
 is.>late«l frannients of archaic or transiti<mal sculpture in stone, hut no actual stone 
 sculptures of the earlier dates. Thouj-h there is one exception in carved stoiii-work 
 to he foumi in the hlock which was suhse(|uently used in one of the walls to the north 
 of the Second Temple uptui which the early waved pattern has lu'cn carved, there is no 
 instance of such early sculpture in stone. From the paucity of even primitive teir.i- 
 
 eotta iiiiaj^es <mi the Old Temple platform 
 we may naturally conclude that the lM'<»in- 
 niiii»s of worship on this site were in 
 an aiiic<uiic form. The first step to the 
 creation of an iiiia«»;e was the erection of 
 the pillars or ki(ni(s which I'ausinias still 
 siw there in his time, and of the existence 
 of which in «»ther centres <»f Greek woi- 
 ship wi' have a»nple evidence.' 
 
 Now, as I ventured to sunni.s(> at the 
 time of its discovery,' it is hii»lily proha- 
 hle that in the h>wer fra«»ineiits of a lar«;e 
 limestone " pillar" wv have jueserved to 
 us the very kion which Pausiiiias sjiw, 
 and which symholizes the first imajie to 
 Hera on this ancient site (see Fi»»*. !.">). 
 The stone in (piestion is carved into a 
 pillar taperinj;' towards tin* top in the 
 rudest manner, evidently with primitive 
 to«ds, the marks of which can still he per- 
 ceived. At the hroader '* foot " theiv is a projection forward wlii«li serves as a plinth 
 to keep the pillar in an upright p<»sitioii, the projettion heiiij;; merely in front and not 
 heliind. It tlius corresponds to the lower portion of the rudest imaj^es in stone and 
 elav of which we have co^nizjince. The ed«;es at either anj^le in front are leveled off 
 
 ' Puiisanias (II. 9. 0) iii*-iiti<)iis oiio lejircseiitiiifj Ar- form of two pillars (Overl»o»'k, /. r. I. |». r,). Si» also 
 
 teiiiis Patroa at Sicyoii. He also »aw thirty of these at Znis is rp|»rt'seiittMl as a sqiian- pillar on a vas*- ((Jfrhanl, 
 
 Phar.ic ill Acliaia, each liaviiij; the name of a ginl (VII. Mndem. Ahhnudl. p. .')•), Xos. 1, '\ \, 7 ; ef. Colli;;non, 
 
 '_"J. t). Coins and vas«'s fjive ns later ri'inlerings of these Hist. Sculpt, fir. p. IfKl). 
 
 early ohjeets. So an Aik)11o on a ct)in of .Vinhracia * See /if^/wrf, IWI-J. and my Kjtimntmit.* of the Ameri- 
 
 (OverWck, driech. Kumtmijth. V. pp. 1-.'), Miinztafel i. row School at the Heraiun, etc. p. 10. 
 Nos. 1-7). A eoiu of Cetw has Hem aiwl Zeus in the 
 
 Kl(i. 11.— llKK.IIIVK ToMI; XK.\i: illK HkICAKIM, O.N 
 TIIK l:o.\I) TO MVCK.N.VK. 
 
 1»KK MYCKNAKAN TKHKA COTTA LMA(iKS 
 
 43 
 
 Km. 1.-,. 
 
 K.XKI.V SKiNK •• 1'ILI..\K l.M.VUK." 
 
 From the lleraeum. 
 
 s*t as to make it hexao^onal. This pillar ciudd have served no architectural |uir[>ose of 
 which we know, and, standiii"^ uprijj^ht as it does, with all the marks of the most primi- 
 tive workmanship, we are justifie<l in helievino; that such an ohject of no intrinsic vahu*, 
 which survived to the .second century of our era, mi«;ht h»* and is preserve*! to us now. 
 
 Of primitive i(hds in stone and niarhle chips, su<-li as were found at Hissarlik. l*aros, 
 Naxos. Amor«;os, etc., we have no specimens 
 here at the lleraeum. On the other hand, 
 we have the richest collection ever found 
 of terra-cotta iihds, presentinj;" a new and 
 unhrokeii series fr<»m the very earliest to 
 the ela.ssi«al tiim's, and thou«»h these terra- 
 cottas will re<-eive more detailed treatment 
 in a special chapter hy Dr. Chase and my.self. 
 we must now c<uisi<ler them in their general 
 connection, and their hearin««' upon the 
 main point hefore us. 
 
 I may siiy at tuice that we find types of 
 '• Mycenaean " fijiurines at the Heraeum. 
 hut we also find a much hiri^er numher of 
 typ«'s distinctly earlier in an unhroken 
 series, anionj;' which we can distinjiuish at 
 least two categories. 
 
 The first and earliest type was prohahly developed «Mit of the symlxdic I'ifni {Fi<»-. KJ). 
 The primitive ciuophist has merely taken small lumps (»f day, ami has fashioned them 
 into a mere su«;j;'estion of a human form hy indicatin*;' projections for the arms. The 
 lower portion of the hody remains in rude, uneven roundness, and for the head he ha.s 
 merely allow(>d the upper portion to he s«|ueezed into an almost conical shape. There is 
 no further articulation, and no distinction of .sex. But this primitive corojilast is ii<»t as 
 vet tied down to any fixed conventionalized type, and so there is a «»Tadual development 
 aiul progress in his naturalism within the narrow ran«»e of his artistic power (Fi»;'. 17). 
 (jiadually the arms hecome more extended, the clay is pinched nunc firmly, 
 acceiituatiii«^ the waist still further, until, at last, the workman j»ives 
 another pinch between his two fin<>ers to the portion which he has left 
 for the head, and proceeds to add two minute <»lohules of clay ou either 
 side of this protuherance of the head to indicate the eyes. Fr<mi this 
 moment he proceeds to elalMuate this bird-like face, addiiia;- a round 
 circle of clay to the top, which is meant to indicate either the hair, or 
 more probably, in this case, the j}oh.s or early diadem of the jijoddess 
 Hera. Without indicatin«»- the sex of the figurine by means of nuKlelinj;-, 
 he does so by the indication of dress ; and to the bird-like hea<l is added 
 a series of ornate decorations running round the neck and breast from 
 In. Hi. - I'ki,mi- shoulder to shoulder, which soon becomes one of the most striking 
 ... v. .. y features in these Heraeum terra-cottas. In the sjiecial chaiiter on terra- 
 
 I A r Mil KINK. * • 
 
 Fioni the Heraeum. f^ttiis. We shall deal witli the (piestion whether these ornaments are 
 necklaces with brooches at the shoulders, or scarves, or eyen wreaths 
 of flowers, or, finally, indicate an elab<uate folding and ornamentiition to the top of 
 the low-necked dre.ss. We have summarized in a few words what really represents a 
 most varied series, illustrative of a yery long and continuous development. 
 
h 
 
 4' 
 
 / 
 
 44 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 mycp:naean terra cotta images 
 
 45 
 
 !i' 
 
 A new staj^e is reached when these figures that have l)een represented as stiindinj; erett 
 
 are represented as seated (Fig. 18). This is done in a ipmint manner, hi that the Hat 
 
 lower portion of the figure is hent forward, thus fornung a stei>-Hke projection, and then 
 
 two thin, tusk-Uke pieces of clay are stuck on hehind, like the legs of a chair, which 
 
 made it possible for the figurine to he set down in this (piasi- 
 
 seated posture. In technicpie and detail work, this second class 
 
 is also much further advanced. Besides the elaborate ornamen- 
 
 tiition round the shouldei-s, the arms are in many cases actu- 
 
 allv modeled, and the waist is indicated with greater njituralism. 
 
 A few more ambitious coroplasts have attempted to nM>del the 
 
 whole chair or throne, and actually to place one of these figures 
 
 upon it. When we recall the fact that the erection of a seated 
 
 ima«''e in wood is attributed to Pirasus,' the sou of Argus, and 
 
 that Pausiinias saw this early image made of i>eai-ti-ee at the 
 
 Ileraeum, whither it had been brought from Tii-yns, and tiiat, 
 
 further, this sacred image was seated, — we may attribute the 
 
 innovation in our terra-cott<is which, from this point, belong 
 
 chiefly to the seated type, to the influeiue of such an image 
 
 endowed with great siinctity. But the id<ds of this class do not 
 
 rise above the bird-shaped 
 head ; and, in spite of the 
 prominent influence of some 
 such seated examples, even 
 upon the standing tyjws of 
 this period, there is no 
 hard and fast conventional- 
 ized tyjKJ to be found. I mean by this, that with 
 all the quaint and crude artistic imperfections of 
 the primitive coroplast's work, there is a free and 
 naturalistic tendency, which leads him to pnxluce 
 varieties, with marked diiferences in the extent to 
 which he indicates articulation and individual details 
 among these tyi^s. 
 
 It is important to note that specimens of these 
 two earliest tyi)es were found by Schliemann at 
 Tiryns," but that to my knowledge few have been 
 found at Mycenae.^ We thus call this second cate- 
 gory, marked by the seated figure of earliest tech- 
 nique, Tirynthian-Argive. 
 
 The next, or third category with which we have 
 
 to deal, the Mycenaean t\\H' (Fig. 19), is found 
 
 chieflv at Mvcenae and Mvcenaean centres ; and 
 
 has been found also at Tiryns and the Heraeum. 
 
 As in the "-raves of Mvcenae, so in the rock-cut beehive tond)s with Mycenaean pottery, 
 
 1 See above, p. 24. ' Since I wrote this, Dr. Cliiise has inforiiie.l me that 
 
 « rir>im, pp. 150 ff., figs. 77-93; p. 359, fig. 159; iu one "exceptional" grave at Mycenae, Tsountas has 
 and Perrot-Chipiez, vol. VI. p. 750. found isolated specimens of such terra-cottas. 
 
 Kicj. 17. — Kaki-y Fk.mai.k 
 KnaRK, siiowixtj Dkvki.- 
 
 UI>MKNT OK DkAPKKV. 
 
 From the Ilerai-nm. 
 
 Fig. 18.— Early Skatki> Fkji'kk. 
 From the Ileraeum. 
 
 discovered by us in close proximity to the Henieum, these early images are found with 
 the nuist beautiful si>ecimens of Mycenaean ware in pottery as well as other materials. 
 
 At first sight it might appeiir that these thoroughly conventional figurines are earlier 
 
 than some of those we have just described. They consist, in form, generally of a round 
 
 elongated foot, like that of a cup, a flattened, moi-e or less circular or semicircular body 
 
 above it, agsiin reminding us of a Mycenaejin cup, and an upper portion which generally 
 
 curves outward and leaves the top like the lip or rim of a vase. This general outline, in 
 
 si)ite of all detiiiled variation, is kept in a fixed and stereotyped manner, and is adhered 
 
 to as a convention by the modeler in so manifest a way, that he clearly tells us he 
 
 does not intend to follow nature, though he is well able to do so. Thus in their bare 
 
 outline they are further removed from naturalism than many specimens of the primitive 
 
 tyjH? we have just examined. On the other hand, the fine clay of which they are made, 
 
 tlie certiiinty of touch and neatness with which they ai-e modeled in this conventionalized 
 
 form, and, above all, the modeling and painted decor.ition on any portions which the 
 
 artist chose thus to decorate, show a degree of artistic skill and 
 
 a suppressed power of naturalism which is never to be met with 
 
 in the works of the previous cks.s, and is not always found in 
 
 some of the succeeding classes. W^ithin the circumference of 
 
 this rounded, shield-.shaped, flattened surface which represents 
 
 the torso, the female breasts and the arms hidden under the 
 
 drapery (coiniKire Fig. 19) ai-e indicated with great delicacy and 
 
 skill, and are certjiinly out of keeping with the stiff convention 
 
 of the outline form. Moreover, the painted ornamentiition 
 
 shows a power of free-hand brush-work, a fluency and variety of 
 
 line, which are the revei-se of conventional, and which, together 
 
 with the fflazed color used, are to be found onlv in vases of the 
 
 Mycenaean order. 
 
 We are here brought face to face with a most curious pheno- 
 menon : whereas the chief distinctive cliaracteristic of Mycenaean 
 art in other spheres is its naturalism (especially when contrasted 
 with the " Geometric " style which succeeds it), we have the 
 most pronounced instance of stereotyped conventionalism in the 
 fonn of these figures. But this archaeological paradox is most 
 rejidilv accounted for by the explanation which the facts invari- 
 ably attending their discovery necessarily force upon us. These 
 figurines are, we may say, almost always found together with 
 
 Mycenaean vases ; and their painted decoration betrays the hand of the maker of tlie.se 
 vases. Their shai)e, moreover, is constructively and hitrinsically " vase-like." They are 
 distinctly ceramic figurines, and not coroplastic figurines. Now it was the Mycenaean 
 potter who produced the greatest innovations and marks the greatest advance in ceramic 
 art, — we may siiy for all times. But besides his chief characteristic of naturalistic 
 jminting and his introduction of glazed color into ceramic painting, there is one thing 
 which appeai-s to me almost greater and more important, — he was the fii-st really to 
 estiiblish constructive and final ceramic forms and shapes for the vessels that were to 
 receive, retain, and preserve fluids. And it is this central tectonic attitude of nund of 
 the cerami.st which has influenced him in fashioning these Mycenaean figurines, and in 
 giving them the stereotyjied form to which he adheres. We have this mteresting phe- 
 
 FlG. 19. — M Y C K X A K a N 
 
 Typk ok Tkrka-cotta. 
 
 From a Tomb near the Ile- 
 raeum. 
 
44 
 
 (JKNKKAL INTKODrCTlOX 
 
 MYCKNAKAN TKKHA COTTA IMA(;KS 
 
 45 
 
 A new stai;(' is roaclicil wlicii tlu'sc Houivs tlmt liave lu-i'ii rcpn'st'iitc*! as standiii;; rmt 
 aiv rquvseiiU'd as scatcil ( Fijv. IS). Tliis is Aouv in a quaint niannt-r, in tliat tin- Hat 
 lower portion of tlu' ti.nnre is hent tonvaid, thus foijuin.i;- a step-like piojtHtion. an<l tlu-n 
 two thin, tusk-like pieees of elav are stuck on liehind. like the le^s of a ehair, which 
 made it possible for the Hi^iuine to he set (h)wn in this tpiasi- 
 seated jiosture. In teehniipu' and detail work, this sei-ond class 
 is also nnicli further advanced. Besides the elalnuate ornamen- 
 tation round the shoidders, the arms are in many eases actu- 
 ally nuuleled, and the waist is indicated with j^reater naturalism. 
 A few more amhitious coroplasts have attempted to model the 
 whole chair or tluone, and actually to place one of these li«;ures 
 upon it. When we recall tlie fact that the erection of a seated 
 ima«»e in wood is attributed t«» Pirasus,' the son of Arj^^us. an<I 
 that rausiinias siw this early ima«;;e made of pear-tree at the 
 Ileraeinii. whitlier it had heen brought from Tiryns. and that, 
 further, this sacred ima«>;e was seated, — we may attribute the 
 innovation in our terra-cottas which, fnun this point, behmn; 
 chieriv to the seated ty[>e. to tlie influence of such an ima«;»' 
 endowed with great siinctity. But the i(hds «(f this class i\o not 
 
 rise above the bird-shaped 
 head ; and, in spite of the 
 prominent intluenceof some 
 such seated examples, even 
 upon the stan«linj;- types of 
 this iKM'iod, there is no 
 hard and fast conventional- 
 
 i/e«l tyiK' to be fouml. 1 mean by this, that with 
 all the (plaint and crude artistic imp»rfections of 
 the primitive coroplast's work, there is a free and 
 naturalistic tendency, which leads him to produce 
 varieties, witii marketl ilillerencis in the extent to 
 which he indi<ates articulation and individual details 
 among' these ty|>es. 
 
 It is important to note that s|H'«imens of these 
 two earliest types were found l»y Schli«'mann at 
 Tirvns,- but tliat to my knowledge few have been 
 found at Mycenae.' We thus call this second catt*- 
 jrory, marked by the seated ligure of ♦arliest teeh- 
 ni<pie, Tirynthian-Argive. 
 
 The next, or third category with wliich we have 
 
 to deal, the Mycenaean type (Fig. llh, is found 
 
 chieHv at Mycenae and My«enaean centres ; and 
 
 has been f<unjd also at Tiryns an«l the lleraeum. 
 
 As in the graves of Mycenae, so in the rock-cut beehive tond»s witii Mycenaean pottery, 
 
 1 Si-e alM)v.', |). 24. ' ••>>"«« I wn.te tliis, Dr. CImsi' lias iiif.)niMil me that 
 
 - ri,y„s, pp. 150 flf., Hfjs. 7--l«; p. 3.j9, Hjj. 1.->9 ; in one " exct-ptioiiar' gnivt- at .Myifiiao, rsoiiiitas lias 
 and IVrrot-Chipitz, vol. VI. p. 750. f«>nn.l isolati-.l siwciuiens of such teira-vottas. 
 
 Kh;. 17. - Kaim V Ki m\ik 
 I'na UK. simwiNt, hi \n.. 
 
 OI-.MKNT OK Iht.VfKUV. 
 
 rioiii tlio llor.ii-uiii. 
 
 Vui. IS.— K.VUI.V Sk.\TKI> KHiCKK. 
 
 From tlio lloiaeiiin. 
 
 \ 
 
 discovered by us in cIos4' luoximitv to the Heraeum, these earlv images are found with 
 the most beautiful specimens of Mycenaean ware in pottery as well as otlier materials. 
 
 At iirst sight it might appear that these tiniroughly conventional lignrines are earlier 
 
 than some of those we liav»- just described. They consist, in form, generally of a round 
 
 eloiigateil foot, like that of a cup, a Hattened, more or less circular or semicircular body 
 
 above it, again reminding us o!' a Mycenaean cu|>, aiul an ujnier portion wiiich g«'nerally 
 
 curves outward and leaves the top like the lip or rim of a vase. This general outline, in 
 
 spite of all detailetl variation, is kept in a Hxed and stereotyped maniu'r. an<l is adherecl 
 
 to as a c«)nvention by the uiiMleler in so manifj'st a way. that he clearly tells us he 
 
 does not inten<l to follow natur*-, though he is well able to «lo so. Thus in their bare 
 
 tnitline they are further removed from naturalism than many specimens of the prnnitive 
 
 tvpe we have just examined. On the other hand, the tine clay of which they ar«' made. 
 
 the certainty of touch an<l neatness with which they are modeh'd in tiiis conventionalized 
 
 form, and, above all. the modeling and painted «UM-orati<»n on any p<utions which the 
 
 artist chose thus to deccnate, sh«»w a «legree of artistic skill and 
 
 a suppressed power of naturalism which is never to be met with 
 
 in the w«nks of the previous chiss, and is n«>t always found in 
 
 84nne of the suc<-eeding classes. Witiiin the »ircumferenc«' of 
 
 this rounde<l. shield-shaped, Hattene<l surface which represents 
 
 the tor.so. tlu- female breasts and the arms hid<len under the 
 
 drapery (ecnnpare Fig. lih are indicate<l with great delicacy and 
 
 skill, and are certainly (uit of keeping with the stilf convention 
 
 of the outline form. Moreover, the painted ornamentation 
 
 hIiows a ])ower of free-hand brush-work, a Huen<y and variety of 
 
 line, which are the reverse of conventional, and which, together 
 
 with the iilazed color used, are to be found only in vases of the 
 
 Mycenaean «M<l«'r. 
 
 We are hen* brought face to face with a most curious phen<H 
 nienon : whereas the chief distinctive cliaracteristic of Mycenaean 
 art in otiier spheres is its naturalism (especially when contrasted 
 with the '-Geometric" style which succeeds it), we have the 
 most ])ronounced instance of stereotyped conventionalism in the 
 form of these figures. But this archae«)logical paradox is most 
 readily accounted for by the ex}danation which the facts invari- 
 ably attending their discovery necessjirily force upon us. These 
 figuriui's are. we may sjiy. almost always found together with 
 
 Mycenaean vases ; and their painted decoration betrays the hand of the maker of these 
 vases. Their shape, moreover, is constructively an<l intrinsically " vase-like. They are 
 distinctly ceranne figurines, and not coroplastic figurines. Now it was the Mycenaean 
 potter who pro<luce«l the greatest innoyati<ujs and marks the greatest advance in ceramic 
 j,it, — we may sjiy for all times. But besides his chief characteristic of naturalistic 
 painting and his introduction of glazed cohir into ceramic painting, there is one thing 
 which appears to nie almost greater and more important, — he was the first really to 
 establish constructive ami final ceramic forms and shapes for the yessels that were to 
 receive, retain, and preserve fluids. And it is this central tectonic attitude of mind of 
 the ceramist which has influem-ed him in fashioning these Mycenaean figurines, and in 
 giviiij; them the stereoty[»ed form to which he adheres. We have this interesting phe- 
 
 Fi»;. IM. — .M vc K N A I A X 
 
 I'VIM MK 'iKIiltA roll A. 
 
 rroiii a Toiiih iiciir tlio lle- 
 raiMiin. 
 
 *~~. 
 
46 
 
 GKNEKAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 TKHHA COTTA FKUTKINKS 
 
 47 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 )p 
 
 if 
 
 nomenon in the early history of clay-work : the primitive clay-worker is before all a 
 coroplast, and actiuilly models his vessel with his hand. He is thus sometimes mis<ruided 
 into giving eccentric animal or human shapes to some of his early vessels.' The Myce- 
 naean clay-worker is before all a ceramist, and thus introduces ceramic conventionalism 
 into his terra-cotta fijjurines. 
 
 It is curious to note how the vase-rimmed head is even introduced into a most complex 
 terra-cotfci of this Mycenaean class, in which a female fi«^ii-e is represented as hoKlin«r an 
 infant in her arms." 
 
 This third Mvcenaean class was not |M>werful enough to drive the pi-evious classes out 
 of the Held, for these show a continuous development. 
 
 It is to Dr. Chase that I owe the identiHcation of a " Dipylon " class <if figurines, 
 recognized by him as such chiefly by the colored ornament<ition on the dresses which 
 indicate the Dipylon style (Fig. 20). These ty|)es, while pi-esenting the sjime marked c(U»- 
 
 trasts to those of the Mycenaean onler as 
 the previous classes, and showing a genei-jil 
 relation to the more primitive figurines, ai-e 
 more advanced in the treatment of the liead, 
 in which they do not, however, attiiin the 
 distinct naturalism of the succeeding class. 
 The most marked fact to be noticed in this 
 category is the exti*eme jKiucity of the spe- 
 cimens of human figures, — there is com- 
 jKiratively a greater abundance of animal 
 term-cottas of this class. This fact, it 
 ajuieai-s to me, can be explained by one of 
 two causes : either the human figure was 
 not fit?(piently represented liy the " artists " 
 of the Dipyh)n |>eriod, or the j)eople to 
 whom they belonged did not dwell for a 
 long j)eriod in the Argive district, nor exei- 
 cise great influence upon the artistic life of 
 the place. 
 
 When we realize how imperfect and 
 wooden, how completely " decorative ** and 
 conventionalized is the treatment of human 
 figures on the Dipylon vases, we must at 
 the sjime time realize that this purely con- 
 ventional and decomtive tivatment does not 
 lend itself to the spirit of art production in 
 plastic works, — either in terr.i-cottii or 
 stone. The statue and statuette as such, 
 which arise out of a naturalistic as opposed to a decorative impulse, are not likely to l>e 
 developed by such workers. In bronze, we might more readily find them, l)ecause the 
 maker of bronze vessels and implements of jHjace and war wouhl use the sjime technitpie 
 
 Fio. 20. — FitJURK or thk " Dipylon 
 From the Heraeiim. 
 
 CLASS. 
 
 » See Scblieinann's Ilios, pp. 340-345 ; 375, 377, etc. ; op. cit. VI. p. 743, and Colligiioii, Hist. d. I. Siulftt. fir. I. 
 Rayet-Collignon, Hist. d. I. Ceram. Gr. pp. 1 and 7. 
 3 'E^/i«f>'i. 1888, pi. ix. fig. 16 ; cf. also Ferrot-Chipiez, 
 
 of l>eating the metcil, and might make such figures as ornaments or appendages to the 
 impk'ments. 
 
 When, however, we consider according to what I hear from Mr. De Cou, tliat there 
 wei-e also comparatively few specimens of bronzes in the Dipylon (i. e. the " Attic 
 Geometric ") style, and that, as I hear from Dr. IIop])in, even the vases of this stvk' are 
 of small number compared to those of the other classes, we are tempted to conclude 
 that the j>eople who represented this techni<|ue did not dwell so long on tliis site, and 
 were either assimilated rapidly, or were not adapted to leave a la.sting stani[) upon art 
 production. 
 
 The fifth stiijre is reached in that a marked advance is made amon*>' the seated idols : 
 namely, the bird face is supei*- 
 .seded by the human face (Fig. 
 21 ). To the profusi' and 
 elaborate deconitions rtunid 
 neck, bi-east, and shouldei-s of 
 the second tyjw?, we here have 
 added most elaborate head- 
 dresses, in which I can see not 
 only varieties of the y>o/o.s, 
 but also floral ornamentations 
 which j)robably refer to the 
 Antheia side of the Hera cult, 
 and for which flowers from the 
 river Asterion were woven 
 into wreaths. How long this 
 human shape of Heraeum fig- 
 urines continued we cannot 
 determine. We are, however, 
 actually at the g*ates of re- 
 corded history when we learn ' 
 that the Argive tyi>e of the 
 human-shai)ed Hera was car- 
 ried to Sjimos by Procles, the 
 son of Pityreus, when the lat- 
 ter was expelled by the Dori- 
 ans from £pidaurus. This 
 would bring us to about the year 1000 b. c. This human-.shaped image superseded the 
 stnils^ or board-shaped id(d, which was i)reviously woi-shiped at Samos.- 
 
 The next (sixth) class, though not numeroits, shows in subject, technique, and style 
 the infusion of orientid influence. 
 
 After this sixth category, our terra-cotfcis lead us to the archaic Greek type of figurine 
 corres|KUuling to the erect bretas-ii\ia\)ed stiitues of the class of the Artemis found at 
 Delos." 
 
 An eighth class is distinguished from this as marking the advanced archaism of the 
 close of the sixth and the beginning of the fifth centuries n. c. ; until, finally, we have 
 
 KllJ. 21. — FiGCKK or ADVANCKD ARGIVK STYU: (with IICMAN FACK). 
 
 From the Heraeum. 
 
 p. 52. 
 
 ' PiiiiK. VII. 4. 4; Menodotiiii uf Samoa up. Athen. 
 XV. 672*. 
 
 « Clement Alex. Protrepl. IV. 18, p. 184. 
 
 m. 
 
40 
 
 iionu'iion in 
 
 (IKNKRAL INTKODrCTION 
 
 the eailv histoiv of clav-wnrk : tlu' piiinltiv*' rlav-woiktT is liffoio all a 
 foioplast, and actually uumU'Is his vessel with his hand, lie is thus sonM'tinit's niisi»ni«UMl 
 into ni\ in«;" crcfntric animal or human shajM's to soinr of his «'arly v»'ss«'ls.' Thr Myci'- 
 naean elav-wtukfr is ht-foiv all a eeianiist, and thus introilutvs coiainif ronvi'iitionalisni 
 into his ttMra-r«»tta fii;urin«'s. 
 
 It is curious to note how the vas«-rinnncd head is even introduced into a most com|de\ 
 tena-cotta of this Mycenaean class, in which a female ti«;iiie is represented as holdin*;- an 
 infant in her anns.- 
 
 This third Mvtenaean class was not powerful enou«»h to <lrive the previous classes out 
 of the Held, tor these show a continuous devtdopment. 
 
 It is to Dr. Chase that 1 owe the identification of a " Dipylon " class of tii;urin<'s, 
 recoi»ni/ed bv him as such «hieHy hy the colored ornamentation on the dresses which 
 indicate tlu' Dipvlon stvK' ( Fii;. 20). These types, while presentinj;- the sime marked con- 
 trasts to those of the Mycenaean order as 
 the previous classes, and showini»' a ••eneral 
 relation to the mon* primitive finuriiu's, are 
 more a<lvanced in the treatment of the lu-atl, 
 in which they do not, luAvever, attain the 
 distinct naturalism of the succee<lini»' class. 
 The most marke<l fact to he noticed in this 
 (.'ate«»orv is the extreme pau<ity of the s|m»- 
 cinuMis of human H«;ures, — there is com- 
 paratively a «;;reater ahundance of animal 
 terra-cottas of this class. This fact, it 
 appears to me, can he explained hy one of 
 two causes : either tin* human fi«»ure was 
 not fre<piently repri'sente<l hy the "artists" 
 of the Dipylon period, or the people to 
 whom they heh)n«»ed did not dwell for a 
 lon<»" period in the Ar«^;ive district, nor I'xei- 
 cise <»reat iuHuence upon tin* artistic life of 
 the place. 
 
 When we realize how imperfej-t ami 
 wooden, how completely " decorative " and 
 conventionalized is the treatnu'ut of hinnan 
 fii^ures on the Dipylon vases, we must at 
 the same time realize that this purely con- 
 ventional and decorative treatment does n<it 
 len«l itself to the spirit of art production in 
 plastic works, — either in terra-cotta or 
 stone. The statue and statuette as such, 
 which arise out of a naturalistic as opposed to a decorative impulse, are not likidy to he 
 develoued hv such workers. In hronze, we mi*rht more readily Hud them, hecause the 
 
 J. « ~ ■ 
 
 maker of hronze vessels and implements of peace and war would use the sjime technitpu* 
 
 Kni. jn. 
 
 FnaUK OK Till'. '• DlI'VI.O.N 
 
 Fruiu the lli'nieiiiii. 
 
 « I.ASS. 
 
 • See Sc-hlieinaiiirs Jlios, \>\t. 'M()-'M~j ; ;i7."i, 377, etc.; «/>. <•«/. V'l. p. 7411, ami C'lilligiioii, Hisf. il. I. SmlfiL f,'r. I. 
 Ravft-Collitjiion, /list. d. t. Cfnim. (ir. pp. 1 aiitl 7. 
 - 'E<f)i),ufpis. 18S8. pi. ix. Hjj. IG ; c-f. also i'errut-Chipiez, 
 
 p. 32. 
 
 TKi{i:.\ conw I'KiruiNKs 
 
 of heatin<;' the metal, and mi«>ht make such li*;-ures as ornaments or a|»p<'nda«>-(>s to the 
 implements. 
 
 When, howt'ver, w»* consider according" t<» what I lu-ar from Mr. De (Jou. that thcii' 
 were also comparatively few specimens of bronzes in the Dipylon (i. e. the •• Atti<- 
 GeouM'tric") style, and that, as I hear from Dr. Iloppin. ivcn the vases (d this st\ic arc 
 of small nnudter compare<| to tJiose of the other classes, wc ;ire tempted to conchi<lc 
 tiiiit the people who represented this techiiiipie di<l nut dwell so |nni> on this site. an<l 
 were either assimilated rapidly, or were not adapte<l to leave a lasting- stamp upon art 
 production. 
 
 Tlu* fifth sta«»«* is iea<hed in that a marked advance' is made aiiioui; the seated idols: 
 namely, the bird face is supei- 
 seded by the human face ( Ki^'. 
 "IX I. To the pnd'use and 
 elaborate (h'corations roinid 
 neck, breast. an<l shoulders of 
 the s«*cond type, we here have 
 added most elaborate hea<l- 
 dresses, in which I can see not 
 oidy varieties of the y>o/o.s-, 
 but also tloial (unamentations 
 which probably refer to the 
 Antheia side of tlu' Ilera «ult, 
 and for which flowcMs from the 
 river Asterion were woven 
 into wreaths. How Ion<;' this 
 human shape of Ileraeum fi<>'- 
 urines continued we cannot 
 determine. We an*, however, 
 actually at the «»ates of re- 
 corded history when we learn ' 
 that the Ar«;iye type of the 
 human-shape<l Hera was cai^ 
 ried to Samos by Procles, the 
 son of Pityreus, when the lat- 
 ter was expelled by the Dori- 
 ans from Epi(hiurus. This 
 would brin«»' us to alMUit the y<'ar 1(MM) n. c. This hnman-shape«l imam* snpersedt'd the 
 soiiis, or b«Kird-shaped idol, which was previously worshiped at Samos.- 
 
 The next (sixth) class, though not numerous, shows in subject, techniijue. and style 
 the infusion td' oriental influence. 
 
 After this sixth cate«»ory, our terra-cottas lead us to the archaic Greek type of figurine 
 Ciuivspondinj;" to the erect />/v7^(.s-shaped statues of the class of the Artemis foinid at 
 Deh»s.^ 
 
 An eiiihth class is distin<>'uishe<l fronj this as markini> the advanced archaism (d' the 
 eh»se of the sixth and the be«»innin«> of the fifth centuries 15. c. ; until, finally, we have 
 
 ' I'aiis. VII. 4. 4 ; M.iUMlotiis .if Samos ,i/,. Atheii. - Cljiiiiiit Al.x. /'r»ln,,r IV. IS, p 1S4. 
 
 XV. «7Ja. 
 
 Fu;. 1!1. — FhauK ok .vdvaxckd .\i»avK .•iTvi.K (with ui.man k aci ). 
 
 From the Ileraeum. 
 
'*• 
 
 48 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE VASES 
 
 49 
 
 III 
 
 a few fine specimens of heads forming a ninth class, and illustrating good Greek art of 
 the fifth century b. c. 
 
 Before drawinjr the conclusions to which this survey of our terra-cottiis leads us, I must 
 point to the interesting collateral evidence furnished by the earliest tyjies of bronzes 
 found at Olympia and classified in so thorough a manner by Professor Furtwiingler. We 
 cannot but regret that the terra-cotta figurines, of which he tells us large numbers were 
 found in the lowest Liyers round the Heraeum at Olympia,' did not receive the sjime 
 thorough treatment at his hands, and ai-e not represented in a sufficient number of 
 s})ecimens in the plates which illustrate the German j)ublication. On ])lates xviii. and 
 xix. of the Olympia Bronzes he has presented a most instructive series of bronze animals 
 from the earliest primitive class to the fixed type of Geometrical style, the so-called 
 Dipylon horse.'- 
 
 The earliest and rudest primitive bronzes representing animals are made out of thin, 
 flat sheets of bronze, and have, like our earliest terra-cottas i-ei>resenting human figures, 
 only the vaguest suggestion of natural forms. The thin sheets of metiil ai-e cut to indi- 
 cate legs and head, and are then twisted in various directions. The style of this rudest 
 class is called by Furtwiingler the "sheet-style" (lihchstyl). Then follows a very 
 numerous class which evidently has been influenced by the jirocess applied in fashion- 
 ing such primitive figurines in terra-cotta, to which he gives the name the " Terror 
 cottensti/l." ^ More and more within this long series, presenting a most intei-estiug 
 evolution, the early bronze-worker is trying to develop a style suited tectonically to his 
 manipulation of bronze in beating and casting, until, at last, he arrives at a fixed settled 
 shape of hoi-se from this technical point of view which, irresi)ective of natuniHsm or the 
 exact imitation of what he saw in nature before him, satisfies his artistic instinct and 
 becomes a fixed type for the small bronze horse. This stereotyping of bronze technique 
 in this direction checks development and free effort in the tendency towards naturalism 
 which is noticeable in the earlier primitive ware ; and apparently for many generations 
 after this establishment of the Dipylon horse, that form holds the ground and practically 
 ends the series as far as these early layers of discoveries at Olympia are concerned.^ 
 
 Somewhere within this series is to be placed a comparatively small number of animal 
 representations,^ into which the goat seems for the first time to have been introduced, 
 which are strikingly contrasted with the main continuous series in that they possess 
 advanced naturalism. I would suggest that these are the strictly " Mycenaean" tyjies 
 which apparently were found in the vicinity of the Pelopeum wall. 
 
 Now the excavators of Olympia tell us that the terra-cottas come from the very earliest 
 layers, and, as far as their position in the earth is concerned, corresj)ond to the very 
 earliest bronze figures found there. These terra-cotta human figures, to judge from the 
 specimens which are published,'' mark a later stage than our earliest figurines. They 
 are much more advanced in articulation and the sex is clearly indicated. All these terra- 
 cottas and bronzes were found in the " black layers " surrounding the earliest altar to the 
 south of the Heraeum wall at Olympia, towards the wall of the Peloj)eum. The lowest of 
 these layers, and partly the second as well, are earlier than the building of the Heraeum 
 of Olympia." The earliest layer runs beneath the foundation walls of that temple. 
 
 » See Olympia, IV., Bronzen, pi. xvii. Nos. 279, 280, 
 281, 283, 284, iu which a few specimens of terra-cottas 
 are given. 
 
 ^ Op. cit. pis. X., xi., xii., xiii., xiv., xr., and xvi. 
 
 = Op. cit. pi. X. Nos. 106-133, pi. xi. to about Nos. 
 177 ur 178. 
 
 • Pis. xiii., xiv. 
 
 • Pis. xi. and xii. Nos. 178-196. 
 
 • PI. XTii. Nos. 279, 280, 281, 283, 284. 
 
 ' Furtwiingler, Olympia, IV., Bronzen, p. 2. 
 
 Now the Heraeum of Olympia, which is the oldest temple there, and, by these finds 
 beneath it, points to a worship of Hera on this site before the woi-ship of Zeus was 
 there introduced, — this Heraeum of Olympia, we are told,' was built by Scilluntians 
 eight yeai-s after Oxylus had taken possession of Elis, which would lead us back to the 
 Dorian invasion (between B. c. 1100 and 1000) for the building of the temple. The 
 renuirkable replacing of the old wooden pillars by later stone ones has been carefully 
 noted by Di»rpfeld.- Dr. Penrose assigns this temple to the year 1445. The date 
 given by Pausjinias may refer to the erection of the stone jrillars in the early temple, 
 which retained its original orientation and was built there by Pre-Dorian people. 
 
 Be this as it may, we know that, long before the foundations of this Olympian temple 
 were erected, the remains of the altar and the accumulation of primitive votive offerings 
 in the black layers surrounding it point U) many generations of Hera cult on this very 
 8|M)t. The terra-cottas found in these early layers are much later in style than Class I. 
 and II. of our Heraeum terra-cottas. Thus the bronzes and terra-cottas of Olympia 
 confirm the early date which we assign to our Pre-Mycenaean terra-cottas from the 
 Argive Heraeum. 
 
 VASES. 
 
 The finds of early ceramic ware at the Heraeum are so numerous and complete, and 
 have such important bearings upon the earliest art of Greece, that, in dealing with them 
 here, we cannot confine ourselves to their consideration merely in the light of the strik- 
 ing illustration they offer to the main point which we have hitherto considered in the 
 history of the Heraeum. For their bearing upon the early history of ceramic art in 
 Greece is such that I venture to maintain they will lead to a new classification of this 
 importiint branch of archaeological evidence, or at least to a thorough reconsideration 
 of the classification hitherto accepted. Nay, beyond this I believe that these finds furnish 
 most invaluable material f<ir the study of the origin and development of art in general. 
 But while this latter asi)ect is most important, so that we can hardly resist drawing 
 conclusions which the objects presented by our spades have revealed to us, we feel that 
 the introduction of so \^'ide and far-reaching a topic would lead us too far and would be 
 out of proportion to the main scheme of this publication. We must therefore reserve 
 the treatment of this aspect of our finds for some future occasion. On the other hand, 
 it would be impossible for us to utilize our collective material of vases for the infomia- 
 tioii they give as to the earliest history of the Heraeum without considering the new 
 light which these finds throw upon the whole classification of early Greek pottery.^ 
 
 At the close of our first year's digging (in 1892) one fact of fundamental importance 
 impressed itself upon me. And though I ventured to give partial pubHcation to these 
 views at the successive public meetings of the American School at Athens, I did not feel 
 justified in fixing them in print until the huge number of specimens which we had trans- 
 ported to Athens had been cleaned, and to some degree classified by the inteUigent 
 industry of my coUeague, Dr. Hoppin.* After careful observation of the material thus 
 before us and the mature application of inductive principles, I now feel confirmed in the 
 
 > Paus. V. 16. 1. 
 
 » Olympia, II. (Architecture), p. 35. 
 
 " Since this was sent to the printer, among other impor- 
 tant discoveries and publications, the striking discoveries 
 of Messrs. Evans and Hogarth in Crete and the publica- 
 tion of Professor Ridge way's Early Age of Greece mark 
 
 a new departure in such inquiry. I am happy to find 
 that these results in the main confirm the conclusions to 
 which the Heraeum discoveries led me. 
 
 * The detailed classification of all the rich finds in 
 vases will be given by him in the special chapter devuted 
 to these works. 
 
60 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF EARLY VASES 
 
 51 
 
 II 
 
 !l' 
 
 Fui.ytJ. — Myi'knakas Vask, with 
 
 IU'LL rSOLAZKI* Coi.OK. 
 Fruiii Fiirtwiingler aiul Loc!«vli«-ke, 
 Mjfkeinnvke TVui^n, pi. xxiv. Nu.l75. 
 
 Hrst impression wliich the excavations themselves forced 
 
 upon me, and feel justified in submitting them to the 
 
 judgment of archaeologists. 
 
 The preponderance on this site of so-called " Proto- 
 
 Corinthian " ware attracted our attention at the very l>e- 
 
 «»inninir of the excavations. And when further the fact 
 
 forced itself upon our notice that in the distinctive chai^ 
 
 acteristics of this ware there was a continuity, not only in 
 
 its development from the earhest primitive to the latest 
 
 vases, hut also from the most inferior and cheapest hand- 
 made vessel — prohahly sold for the smallest coin in the 
 
 booths of the local potter hefoi-e the walls of the sjinctuary, 
 
 together with the cheap and rude id(ds — to the most j>er- 
 
 fect specimen of delicate ceramic work, I then felt that we 
 
 here had to deal with local manufacture j>eculiar to the 
 
 Heraeum or the Argive plain, to which I propose to give the name of Arijire-Lhiear. 
 
 But if this he true, then the current and estiiblished classification of all the early Givek 
 
 jHittery will have to be reconsidered, 
 and the nu>difications thus caused in 
 this important class of archaeological 
 evidence will tend to nuxlify our views 
 with regjird to the early history of the 
 Gi-eek people. 
 
 The current view most widely ac- 
 ce])ted by aix-hawdogists for the his- 
 torical classification of early Gi-eek 
 pottery is chiefly based upon the fun<la- 
 mentiil work done by Furtwiingler and 
 Loescheke ' on Mycenaean vases. In a 
 lirief f<»i-m this classification is marked 
 by the following subdivisions.- 
 
 Primitive ware, for which we ]U"ic- 
 tically rely ujmui the finds of Hissiii^ 
 lik, consists chiefly of rough hand- 
 made jM»tterv, either of the simplest 
 rounded bowl shape, with holes f<»r 
 suspension by means of a cord instead 
 of handles, or eccentric human and 
 animal forms, which I woidd call the 
 
 Ki«. I'a. — Myiknakan Va»k(kmom Iai.ysis), NATiKAu»ru, roroplustlc jthasc of early jMittery. 
 
 The decorations upon these are chiefly 
 those modeled or incise<l. This cate- 
 gory receives scant treatment at the 
 
 hands of most writei-s on Greek ceramics, and is practically left as an unknown (puintity^ 
 
 WITH I.rSTKUl'8 (iLAZK. 
 
 Frwin Furtwiingler aiul I^<N-sflu'ki', Mffkfiiisrke Vfuten, pi. v. 
 
 No. 'J81. 
 
 ' Ftirtwiiiigler ami L«»eselit'ke, Mykfui^ehe Vaaen and Klassinrken Allerthims, article 'VaseiikiiiMle ;' Knyet et 
 MyLeuiicke Thonyefiisse. CoUipnon, Hint. <l. I. Ctramitfue (iria/ue ; Uuiuunt et 
 
 • Cf. Vou Roktleu in I*anmeister's Denkmiiler des Chaplain, Les Ceram. d. l. Gr'tce Propre. 
 
 preceding the second class with which the spe»-ifically Greek antiquities, as well as 
 traditional history, have been supposed to begin, — namely, Mycenaean ware. This 
 broad and divei*sified chi.ss includes a very early form of vase, decorated in color, which, 
 especially in the tvi^s of Them (Santmini), forms a transition from th'j primitive to the 
 Mycenaean. As a matter of fact the Santorini vases cannot be distinguished in their 
 eK.sential (pialities fnnn tiie earliest specimens included among the Mycenaean vases. 
 Fii-st, tliei-e are vasses with dull, unglazed color ( Fig. 22). From these rudimentary 
 beirinninsrs the Mvcenaean vases rise through manv categories, minutelv distinguishe«l 
 by Furtwiingler and <»thers, to a very high form of ceramic perfection. Tliis is especially 
 the case when the new featui-e of glazed or lustrous color is added (Fig. 2IJ), which 
 gives such variety to their painted decorations and fores]iad<>ws the most beautiful vases 
 of the later historical Greek periods. These vases found at Mycenae and on Mycenaean 
 sites in com|)Jiny with beautiful work in gold and other materials have hitherto been 
 connected with the Homeric descriptions of the 
 surroundinirs in which the Atridae and their 
 fellow heroes lived at Mycenae and elsewhere. 
 Tiie third category (Fig. 24) diffei-s essentially 
 from the Mycenaean class; and though it 
 maintjiins, as ivgards the actual performance 
 of the jMitter's skill, a very high stan<lard, the 
 |»eculiar t«i.ste in the forms a(h)pted by him, as 
 well as the peculiar system of painted orna- 
 mentation, mark a distinct change or break 
 from the previous traditions which appear to 
 vani.sh wiien this third class comes into the 
 field. And as ivgards artistic feeling this 
 third class distinctly shows a retrograde move- 
 ment of a moi-e inartistic people. This period 
 has been identified with the inroad if the 
 Dorians which swept away the Achaean civili- 
 Ziition preceding it. From the i)eculiar style 
 of ornamentation on these vases they ai-e known 
 jis " Geometric," or, as some of the most strik- 
 ing examples were fii-st found about the Dipy- 
 lou gate of Athens, as " Dipylon " ware (Fig. 2.")). Next follows a fourth class of gen- 
 erally smaller va.ses of jieculiar shape and refined workmanshii». with neat linear orna- 
 mentation (Fig. 2()), into which subsecpiently friezes of certain animals are introduced 
 (Fig. 27), the so-called Proto-Corinthian ware, for which Dr. Hoppin has with good rea- 
 son proposed the name " Argive." ' This gradually becomes more elaborate and redun- 
 dant in its decoration, until it naturallv leads over to a class intimatelv related to it, 
 namely, the fifth cla.ss, or Corinthian ware. It is at this point that orientiil influences are 
 manifest in the wealth, as well as in the sj)ecific detiiils, of ornamentiition. But in time 
 these foreign characteristics ai-e eliminated in this Corinthian ware, and the final emanci- 
 pation from archaic conventionalism as well as from alien influences is gradually worked 
 out in the estiiblishment of the typical Greek style of historical times. This is done 
 chiefly at Athens in the earlier black-figui-ed and then in the beautiful red-figured ware 
 
 • See /Iw. Jour. Arch. IIHM). p. UTt. 
 
 Fig. '^4. — Myi'k.xakax Vask, with i.istuocs 
 
 (Jl.A/.K, CO.NVKNTIOXAI,. 
 
 From Furtwiingler and Lm'scluke, Mi/keuixcfie Vusen, 
 p. 29, Hg. 17. 
 
 \ 
 
 Al 
 
)0 
 
 (; KN KKA L IN rH( )]W{ TI( )N 
 
 Kl<i.ti*J. — MYfKXAK.AN Vaj»K, WITH 
 
 Kii.i. rx«ii..\/>i» Coi.uu. 
 Fiimi Kiiitwiiii<;1t'r aiitl LtR-sclicki-, 
 Mfiki'itisrlir Vtisiii, jil. xxiv. N«». 17."i. 
 
 liist iinpirssion wliicli tin* excavations tlii'inst'lvfs t'nrcjMl 
 
 ii|MMi nu', and iVcl jiistiticd in sulnnitting tlu'ni to tlie 
 
 judgment <»£ ar(Iiacoloi»ists. 
 
 Tlu' ]nv|)ontU*rancf on tliis site of so-tallrd " Proto- 
 
 Corintliian " waiv attracted onr attention at the verv l»e- 
 
 ijinnini;- of the excavations. An«l wlien fnither the fact 
 
 forced itself uj>on our notic*' that in the distinctive ehai^ 
 
 acteristics of this ware tliere was a continuity, not only in 
 
 its devehnnnent from the earhest |»riniitive to the latest 
 
 vases, hut als(> from the nu>st inferior and cheapest hand- 
 made vessel — lUithahlv s<dd f\>r the smallest coin in the 
 
 hoothsof the hnal jtotter hefore the walls of the sjinctuary, 
 
 too-ether with the cheap and rude idols — to the most pei- 
 
 fect specimen of tlelicate <eramic w«»rk, I then felt that we 
 
 iu're had to tleal with hual manufacture peculiar to the 
 
 lleraeum or the Ariiive ]>lain. to which 1 propose to j»ive the name «d' Artfirr-Lltnnr. 
 
 JJut if this he true, then the current and estahlished classiHcation of all the early Clreek 
 
 jM)ttery will liave to he reconsi<lere«l, 
 an<l the nuxlitications thus caused in 
 this im]>ortant class of archaeological 
 evidence will tend to modify our views 
 with reuard to the earlv historv of tlie 
 Greek people. 
 
 The cmrent view most wi(h'ly a<- 
 cepted hy archaeoloo;ists for the his- 
 torical classification of early (Ireek 
 I'ottery is chiefly ha seil upon the funda- 
 mental work done hv Furtwiin<>'ler and 
 I.oeschcke ' on Mycenaean vases. In a 
 hrief form this classification is marked 
 hv the folhfwinn" sulMlivisions.- 
 
 Primitive ware, for which we prae- 
 ticallv relv uiion the finils of llissii- 
 lik, consists chieffy of rouj;li hand- 
 made pottery, either of the simph'st 
 rounded howl shape, with holes for 
 suspension hy means of a cord instead 
 of handles, or eccentric human and 
 animal forms, which 1 would call the 
 rot'opfosftr jt/tosi of i-arlv potterv. 
 The <lecorations upon these are chii'fly 
 tiiose mo<leled «u- incis«'d. This cate- 
 gory receives s»-ant treatment at the 
 
 hands of most writers on Greek ceramics, and is practically left as an unknown (piantity, 
 
 ' Kiirtwiinjjler aii«l L«>fsclii'k»-, Mi/kmisrhe Vitsfu anil KlnssinrhHt .Mtrrthums, article ' ViiSi-iikiiiHlf ; ' Kayct rt 
 }-1 •fkiu'isrhi- Thouiiffii.ts)'. ('(illi;r|iiiii, ///.</. tl. I. Ci ritmiiiuf (I'rfri/uf ; l>utii(ilit et 
 
 '■^ Cf. Noll Kohtlfii in Itaiiincister's Ihutmidtr dea Ckaplaiii, Le.i t'entin. d. I. (Jrtce J'ropre. 
 
 I i«.. ::;». .M\iiN\f\N \' \>K ( i-i;i»M I \i.^>i>). .\\n i:\i.imu , 
 
 Willi l.rSTKoCS (iLAXK. 
 
 Kruiii FiiilwiiiijjltT uutl LtM-.M-litkr, Mifimisfhr Vum^ii. |>I. v. 
 
 No. "JSl. 
 
 I 
 
 ("LASSJFICATION OF KAKJ.V \ ASi:S r,l 
 
 precedinjj^ the second class with which tiic specilically Greek anti(piities. as well as 
 traditional historv. have he«'ii supposed to he^iii, — namelv. Mvci'iiaeaii ware. This 
 hroad and diversifieil class includes a very earlv form <d' vase, dccoiated ni color, which. 
 I'speciallv in the tvpes of Thera (Santorinil. forms a transition from th;* primitive to tiie 
 Mvcenaean. As a matter of fact the Santorini \ases cannot he distinmiished in their 
 essential ipialities from tlu* earliest specimens inchidiMl amon;4" the M\ccnaean vases. 
 First, tlu'ie are vasi's with dull, unnla/.ed color i KiiL;. -'2\. From these rudimentary 
 h«'«»innini>s the Mvc«'naean vases rise through manv cateii(uies. minutelv <listini»uished 
 hv Furtwiiiii>ler and others, to a very hi^h form (d ceramic perfection. This Is especially 
 the case when tlu* new feature of i;la/,cd or lustrous color is added ( Fi^. '2'.)), which 
 i»"ives such varit'tv to their painted decorations and foreshadows tlu* most heautiful \ases 
 of the later historical Greek pi'iiods. These vases found at M\cenae and on Mycenaean 
 siti's in <-ompanv with ln-antifnl work in i^old and other materials ha\e hitherto heen 
 conn»'cted with the Ihmieri*- descriptions id' tlu' 
 surroundin*>'s in which the Atridae and their 
 fellow heroes lived at Mycenae and elsewhere. 
 The third catei««My ( Fi«;-. 24 I dillers essentially 
 from the Mvcenaean class; and thoie^h it 
 maintains, as regards the actual |»erforman<e 
 of the potter's skill, a very hii;h standard, the 
 peculiar taste in the forms adopted hy him. as 
 well as the peculiar system <d painte<l orna- 
 mentation, mark a distinct chani;(' or hieaU 
 from the prevituis traditions whi<-h appear to 
 vanish when this thir<l class comes into the 
 field. And as rei;ards artistic feelini; this 
 third class «listinctly shows a retroi;ra<le move- 
 ment of a more inartistic peoph*. This jieiiod 
 has heen identified with the inroa<l d" tlu' 
 Dorians which swept away tlu' Achaean civili- 
 zjition precedini;' it. From the pe»uliar style 
 of ornanu'ntation on these vas«'s they an* known 
 us *' Geonu'tric," or, as s<nne of tin* most strik- 
 inj"" examples were first found ahout the Dipv- 
 lon «;ate of Athens, as " Dipylon " ware ( Fii;-. '2')). Next follows a fourth class <d' nen- 
 erallv smaller vases id' peculiar shape and refined workmanship, with n«'at linear orna- 
 mentation (Fiir. -<> I. into which suhseiiuentiv frie/es of certain animals are intr<Kluced 
 (Fi«»-. 27), the so-called Proto-Corinthian ware, for which Dr. lloppin has with «;-ood rea- 
 son proposed the nann- '• Arrive." ' This gradually heconu's nuu-e elahorate and redun- 
 dant in its decoration, until it naturally leails over to a class intimately related to it. 
 namely, tin* fifth class, or Corinthian ware. It is at this point that oriental influences are 
 manifest in the wealth, as well as in the specific details, of ornamentation. Hut in time 
 these foreiirn characteristics aiv eliminated in this Ciuinthian ware. an<l the final emanci- 
 pation fronj archai*- conventionalisuj as well as from alien influences is L»Tadnally worked 
 out in the estahlishment of the typical Greek style of histori<al times. This is done 
 chiefly at Athens in the earlier hlack-lii;nred an<l tlu'n in the heautiful red-fii;ure<l ware 
 
 ' See Am. Jimr. A nit. I'.MMl. p. 44."i. 
 
 i'l«i. •_'!. - .M^^ I NAI AN \ \>l . Willi IISIKOIS 
 (il \/l . < itW I Mli.NAI.. 
 
 I'luiii l'"iilt\\:ilii;liT :ilnJ I.ocsriii-kr, Mi/Lniisrlu \asni, 
 y. -Jl*, tij,r. 17. 
 
h 
 
 li 
 
 •II 
 
 52 GENKKAL IXTHODLX^TION 
 
 of the classical \>er'uH\ (7 aiul 8). In this rapid survey, 1 liave (.f toui-se omitted the 
 minor intermediary subdivisions loeaUzed in the Greek islands and elsewhere. 
 
 What we are here ehietly eoneerned with is the relation whiih the Mycenaean vases 
 and the stvle they represent hold to those forms with which in time and sjnue they ccnne 
 
 into inunediate contjut. The chief 
 and most strikinj; characteristic of 
 Mycenaean ware, besides the j^reat 
 advance that is made in the refine- 
 ment and elahoKition of the clay 
 itself, and the char.icteristic variety 
 of beautiful shapes which are j;^iven 
 to the vases as such, is to be found 
 in the distinct artistic quality of the 
 painte<l decoration, which (piality c<u- 
 responds to that of the desijj^ns in 
 pivcious met<d, in cut stones, jjems, 
 and other materials. This charac- 
 teristic is the free naturalism both in 
 the fcelini"; for line as well as in tiie 
 fonns, an<l in the life which these 
 lines and colors render. And this 
 freedom of naturalistic drawinj;; is 
 directlv oppostnl, and marks an anti- 
 thesis, to the jreometrical or moi*e 
 mechanical feelinj;; of ornamentation ; 
 and thus the decorations on the typi- 
 cal Mycenaean vase can be appreciated 
 in their chanicteristic (pialities by 
 eontrastinj; them with those of the 
 Geometric vase by which they are 
 succeeded, and by the nu'chanical 
 feelinj? <d' primitive decor.ition in the 
 vases which j)recede them. The 
 Mycenaean principle would thus In? 
 naturalistic as opposed to decorative and linear, and fi-eehand in drawinjr as opposed to 
 the more conventional decorative feelinji; and mechanical drawinjj of the j,reometric order. 
 While a<lmittino-, nay, contirmini,^ this distinctive attribute of Mycenaean vase-<lecora- 
 tion, 1 on the one hand nmintain that it does not apply to the earliest j^roups included 
 in this subdivision, namely, the dull-colored vases, nor to a jj^ieat nund)er of later dis- 
 tinctly Mycenaean vases, esi)ecially small vases ; and on the other hand, 1 would insist 
 uiM)n the fact that at no time was a certiiin jreometrical element entii-ely excluded from 
 the ornamentiition of the Mycenaean vases. I niay at once say now, what will receive 
 fuller confirmation as we juoceed, that, though, in the latest fonns <»f Mycenaean vases 
 showin*'- si«rns of dejreneracv, the jj^rowth of conventionalism juepares the way for their 
 supei-sedence by the Dipylon vases, and shows transitional stiiges between the two, 1 inain- 
 tiiin that also at the other end of the Mycenaean scale, at its earliest beginnings, we have 
 a preponderance of geometric feeling. 
 
 DIPYLON VASES 
 
 53 
 
 Fig. *J."». — Dii'VLoN Vask. 
 
 Fn>m.l/u/<. '/. Inst. IX. pi. :». 
 
 Fig. *JG. — Ar<;ivk (Pkoto-Couinthiax) 
 
 Vask, Link.ar stylk. 
 
 Fi-oiii tlie rieraeuiu. 
 
 The greatest confusion has been caused by the misnomer " Geometric," ' applied to 
 
 the so-called Dipvhin vases. As we shall see, the geometric feeling of ornamentation 
 
 prevails in the earliest times, and is never lost in any 
 
 |K*riod within the history of all these early vases. 
 
 The characteristic difference in the a})plication of 
 
 this principle in the s«>-called Dipylon va.se is not 
 
 8o much in the linear, meaningless decoration, as 
 
 contrasted with the rendering of life and nature, as 
 
 in the redundancy of geometrical ornament over 
 
 the whole vase, which is thus subdivided by these 
 
 designs into " compartments " that hold a mathemat- 
 ical relation to one another ; and in the fact that 
 
 these crowded elements of decoration are repeated, 
 
 if not always with identity, at least with the greatest 
 
 similarity of character. It has thus been justly i-e- 
 
 marked that this style of ornamentiition on painted 
 
 va.ses seems to have been borrowed from some other 
 
 form t)f manufacture in which the design, owing to 
 
 the mechanical system of its production, neces.sjirily 
 
 leads to this redundancy, and to this repetition. This 
 
 is to be found chiefiy in the art of weaving j)atterns 
 
 or of basket-work, and it is highly probable that 
 
 these crafts had their influence upon the decorative feehng of the Dipylon vase-painter. 
 The iinpiutant \nm\t upon which I wish to insist is that the geometric feeling as 
 
 expressed in regular and symmetrical lines, whether straight or curved, irrespective of any 
 
 iinihition of objects in nature or of any meaning beyond the direct ajipeal to the aesthetic 
 
 sense of vision as such, was always luesent as a prominent element in the decoration of 
 
 Mycenaean vases, and that at the earlier stiiges it was predominant, because these earlier 
 
 sta«»-es were the direct and natural development of the same luinciple in primitive art. 
 Among the various groups into which Mycenaean vases have been divided, 
 m -^ there is not one in which we could not find vases the decoration of which 
 
 I \ consists solely of linear or geometrical ornaments. This is especially the 
 
 ca.se with the Mvcenaean vases of smaller size, — in fact, it is generally 
 only in the Lirger and finer specimens that the more elaborate, natural- 
 istic ornament is introduced. And where this naturalistic ornament is 
 present, we must not forget that it is set off by a series of lines drawn 
 round the vase, the most importiint part of its general ornament, which 
 
 Fi<;. '21. — .\KGivK is so much like the Argive-Linear, hitherto called Proto-Corinthian deco- 
 (l'KoT«»-i'oKiMiii- i-ition, that when we merely find fragments of Mycenaean vases contain- 
 A.>) Vask:, latkk .^^^^ j.^^^_^^ ornaments, it is extremelv difficult, if not impossible, to 
 
 Fruui the lleraeuiii. decide whether they belong to a vase of the naturalistic Mycenaean class 
 or to the Argive-Linear class. This is still more difficult, if not impos- 
 sible, in the case of small vases, wliere we merely have a shape that has been assigned 
 to them as distinctly Mycenaean, but which does not seem to me to justify us in classing 
 them as Mycenaean instead of our advanced Argive-Linear (Proto-Corinthian). 
 
 » I sincerely hope that the term "Dipylon," which "Mycenaean," will be henceforth used instead of " Geo- 
 in itii connotation of locality corresponds to the term metric." 
 
:)-j 
 
 (JKNKK'AL INTK'OnrcTlON 
 
 
 of tlu' (lassiral |M'iio.l (7 aiul SK In tliis i;.].!.! sunt y, I liavc of .oui-sj' omitt*-*! the 
 minor inttniUMllarv sulxlivisioiis locallztMl in tlir (M«'«'k islands an<) ;'ls«\\ In-rt'. 
 
 What Nv»> ail' hi'if cliittlv loncciiM'tl witli is tliv nlation wliirli tlu- Myrrnai-an vas«'s 
 and tlu' styl«' tiny n'pn-M'nt lu»M to tln»sr forms witli whirli in tinn- and span- tln-y <onu' 
 
 into imnu'diatr rontart. Tin* rliit-f 
 and most stiikinn" rliaiartnistif of 
 Mvrt'naran wan*, ln-sidrs tin* ;;irat 
 advanri- that is niad«* in thr rrtim- 
 mcnt and i-hdnnation of th«' rlay 
 itsrlf. and tin* rharartt'iistir vaiit-ty 
 of hrautifnl sliapi's wliich air i;iv«'n 
 to the vas«'s as snth. is to Iw foninl 
 ill thr distiiut artistir ijnality of tin' 
 jiainti'd dcroiation. which «|nality coi- 
 n'sponds to tliat of tlu' dt'siuns in 
 prcrions mrtal. in «nt stonrs. n«'ms. 
 and other materials. 'I'his j-harac- 
 tci-istir is the free natnraiisin Itotii in 
 the fi'elini»- for line as well as in the 
 forms, and in the life whieh thes*' 
 lines and eolors rend«'r. And this 
 freedom of natnralistie jlrawini* is 
 direetlv o|i|iosed. and marks an anti- 
 thesis, to the i»-eometrieal or mon* 
 ineehanieal feelin*;- id' ornamentation ; 
 and thns the deeoratiitns on the typi- 
 eal Mveena«'an vas«« ean Ueapjneeiated 
 in th«'ir eharaeteristie <|naliti«'s hy 
 eontrastini* them with thos«' of tlie 
 (Jeometrie vasj- l»y whi<h tlu'y an* 
 sm-eeedt'd. and hy the meehanieal 
 feelini*" of primitive deeoration in the 
 vas«'s whieh pretede them. The 
 Mveenaean principle wonid thus he 
 natnralistie as opposed to decorative and linear, and freehand in drawing as oppowd to 
 the more conventional decorative feelinj-- and mechanical ilrawini;- of the oeonutric order. 
 While admittin--. nay. conlirminL-- this distinctive attrihnte of My«-ena»'an vaM-deconi- 
 tion. I on the one haml maintain that it does not apply to the earlM'st «;T«Mips imhnh'd 
 in this snhdivision. namely, the didl-colored vases. n..r to a .ureat nnml.er of later dis- 
 tinctly Mveenaean vases, especially small vases; an«l on the other hand. I w«nild insist 
 upon the fact that at no tinu' was a «ertain neonutrical eh'inent entirely excluded troni 
 the ornanu'iitation n\' tin* Mycenaean vases. I may at once siy now. what will receive 
 fuller coidirmation as we pnueed. that. thon«rh, in the latest forms of >[ycena<'an vasi-s 
 showing- si<;ns of deoeneracv. the urowth of convj'ntionalism prepares the way for tlu'ir 
 snpersedeiMi' hv the Dipvlon vases, and shows transitional stages lutween tin' two. 1 main- 
 tain that also at the other end of the Mycenaean scale, at its earliest hei; innings, we have 
 a preponderance of geometric feelini»-. 
 
 From Mi'ii. 'I. /"<'■ IX. i»l. :VX 
 
 DIl'VI.ON VASK.-^ 
 
 - AlKilVK (l'ltoT«(-('oKINTIII.\X) 
 
 Vask. I,im \i: >tyi.k. 
 From tin.' llciufiiiii. 
 
 The i;reatest ionfnsion has l»eeii caused hy the misnomer " (Icometric." ' apjdied to 
 
 the s«M'all»'d Dipvlon vases. As we shall see. the geometric feeling of ornamentation 
 
 prevails in the earliest times, ami is never lost in any 
 
 pericul within the history of all tln's«' early vases. 
 
 The characteristic dilVereiice in the applic;iti<ni <d' 
 
 this principle in the so-caUed Dipyloii vase is not 
 
 so much in th«' linear, meaningless decoration, as 
 
 contrasted with the ren<leriiii»- of life and natme. as 
 
 in the redundancy of j;-eometri«al <»rnameiit over 
 
 tin* winde vas«'. which is thns siilMlivided hy tln-se 
 
 desii;ns into " compartments " that hold a mathemat- 
 ical relation to one aiiotlu'r ; and in the fact that 
 
 these crow (led elements of decoration are repeated, 
 
 if not always with i«lentity,at K-ast with the j;r«atest 
 
 .similaritv of character. It has thus hei-ii justly re- 
 marked that this style of ornameiitati i |>ainted 
 
 vases sei'Uis to have heen horrowed from some <»ther 
 
 form of manufacture in which the «lesii;n. owini; to 
 
 the mechanical system of its pr<Mluction. necessirily 
 
 leads to this redundancy, and to this n-petition. This 
 
 is to Im' found chieHy in the art «d" weavini; patterns 
 
 or of haski't-work. and it is hii;hly prohahle that 
 
 tiiesi' crafts had their iidlnence upon the dec<uative fet'lim; <d* tin- Dipyhui vase-painter. 
 The important point upon whi<h 1 wish to insist is that the n«'ometric feeling; as 
 
 expresM'd in re^iularand synimetri«al lines, whether straii;lit (»r curved, irrespective of any 
 
 imitation of ohjects in nature or of any meaniii;^- heyond the direct ajipeal to the aesthetic 
 
 s*'iis4' of vision as siuh, was alwavs present as a prominent element in the decoration of 
 
 .Mveenaean vasj-s. and that at the earlier sta,«;es it was predominant. Incause these earlier 
 
 .stai;es were tin- ilirect and natural devlopineiit «d' the s;im«' principle in primitive art. 
 Amonin the various i;roups into which Mycenaean vases have heen divided, 
 there is not one in which we could not find vases the <lecoration (d' which 
 consists s<delv of linear or i»eometrical ornaments. This is es[>ecially the 
 case with the Mycenaean vases of smaller size, — in fact, it is i;fnerally 
 onlv in the lari;('r and finer specimens that the more elahorate, natural- 
 istic ornament is introduced. And where this naturalistic «»rnament is 
 present, we must not forj;et that it is set off hy a series of lines drawn 
 round the vase, the most important part <d* its general ornament, which 
 Ki.;. -JT. - Au'.iv. is so uiiu-h like the Ar«;ive-Linear. hitliert<» called I'roto-Corinthian deco- 
 (I'lcio-CoiiiMiii- ,.;,tion, that when we merely find frai-nients of Mycenaean vases contain- 
 VN) \ ASK, I.ATIK .^^^ ^j^^^^ Wm^ny oruainents. it is extremely diflicult, if not imp«>ssihle, to 
 From tlK- lliiacu,.,. «lecide whether they heloiij-- to a vase of the naturalistic Mycenaean class 
 or to the Ariiive-Linear class. This is still more difficult, if not impos- 
 
 Kihie, in the ease of small vases, where we merely have a shape that has heen assijrned 
 to them as distinctly Myc<-naean. hut which <loes not seem t<» me to justify us in elassin«r 
 tliein as Mycenaean instead of our advanced Ari»ive-Linear ( Proto-Corinthian ). 
 
 » I siiKMrrly 1i..|k' that tlie term "Dipvlon," wliuh ' Myifiiacaii," will be hcucefoitli used instead of " (ieo- 
 iu its i-unntitatittn of lot-ulity corresponds to tlie term metric." 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 f)l 
 
 !l» 
 
 54 
 
 (iENERAL INTRODITCTION 
 
 But it may l>e mixed that these* smaller Mycenaean vases eonfciininjr linear ornaments 
 like that of the Argive-Linear elass helong to a late and degenerate iHniod, when Myce- 
 naean naturalism was dying out, and having passed into the stiige of growing conven- 
 tionaliziition, left the field open to pure geometric design. To this 1 answer that the 
 pure linear geometric feeling is present, and runs si<le hy side with the most complete 
 naturalism on the hest specimens of all classt's of Mycenaean vases, that, as we shall see, 
 the earliest dull-colored class is purely linear, and that instiinces of undouhte<lly Myce- 
 naean ware can he found in which linear «unamentation is demonstrahly earlier than 
 naturalistic ornamentation found on the sjinie site. 1 will here give a most striking and 
 conclusive instance of such evidence furnished hy the actual conditions of excavations. 
 Tsountas* discovered a most importiint tondi at Mycenae, in which, hesides numerous 
 
 other ohjects of distiiutly Mycenaean ware, were vases 
 that are decidedly not of the latest jieriod of Mycenaean 
 vase-painting. The end of the drohtos, at the entrance 
 to the t(md) proi)er, was hlocked up, as is frequently the 
 case, hy stones, among which was made the happy dis- 
 coverv of a stone hearing a jKiinted procession of warriors 
 (Fig. 28)corresp«»n(hng to those that were already known 
 from Mycenaean vase-paintings. But this discovery is 
 still more important fr<mi the fact that helow the stucco 
 which had hcen applied to the surface of the stone to 
 juepare it fin- the painter, in the upper portion, where 
 this is chipped away, are the remains of earlier carved 
 decoration, and this decoration, corres}M>nding to that of 
 sever.il Argive-Linear jdates and vases which we have 
 ftiund, consists of simple straight hues connected with 
 circles, — a purely Hnear and geometrical ornamentiition. 
 Now there can he no d«ud>t that the juiinted stone, which 
 was thus used with other materials at hand to stop up the 
 entrance to the tond), and so must have been Ijnng about 
 useless for some time (there is no sign of its having 
 fornu'd an integral jwirt of the decoration of the tomb), 
 must have been considerably earlier than the objects in 
 Fig. '28. — Myckxakan Tombstonk the tond) itself. The structure which it embellished had 
 WITH cARVKi. AM» PAixTKi. ut.co- |^^j^,^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ y^r\^^,^^ ^his stone, embelUshed 
 
 ir"*^^ . ,on.. bv jreometrical ornaments, was covered with stucco uimui 
 
 which hgures were jKinited, it had again completely lost 
 its original use to make it thus available as raw material for the piinter. This again 
 implies a considerable interval. Evidently, therefore, the linear ornament on the stone 
 antedates the Mycenaean painting upon it, and l»y a still greater \tev'\od the Mycenaean 
 vases in the t(md>.- 
 
 So far horn linear ornament marking a later degeneration of the Mycenaean style, 1 
 maintain that that class of ware which has hitherto been considei-ed the earliest stage of 
 
 » 'E4h,^€p.'5, 1896, pp. 1 ff. pis. i., ii. * VI., V.) are either completely geometrical iii tlie caae 
 
 ' I would ills.! draw attention to the fact that the of the architectural carvings, or are subdivided by geo- 
 
 stone carvings found at Mycenae (Schliemann, Mycenae ; metrical decorations, as in the case of the rudely carved 
 
 Tsountas-Manatt, pp. 5)1, 119, I'JO, etc. ; Pern>t-Chipiez, tombstones with human and animal figure*. 
 
 LINEAR ORNAMENT 
 
 55 
 
 that style, namely, the class with dull-cohu-ed paintings, shows throughout nothing but 
 this linear system ; while the prevalence of hand-made ware, the ruder material, and the 
 incompleteness in the devehipmeiit of ceramic forms in these vases, urge us to classify 
 them in the Pre-Mycenaean rather than in 
 the distinctly Mycenaean class. 
 
 If this system of linear decoration is con- 
 tinuous with the Mycenaean period and can 
 in its purity be traced also in vases that be- 
 long to the Dipyh)!! period, so that it always 
 will be difficult to distinguish some speci- 
 mens of so-called Proto-Corinthian ware from 
 vases that nuiy be ascribed to both these 
 <»tlier categories, the Ileraeum finds, espe- 
 cially in small vases, show that this system 
 presents an ludu'oken develoiunent from the 
 earliest primitive forms to the hitest sjKJci- 
 nieiis of perfect ceramic craft. In drawing 
 attention to this development as illustrated 
 by ()ur finds, I will exclude the consideration 
 of the eccentrically shaped primitive vases. 
 F(»r, as has been sjiid above, the impulse 
 which led to the creation of these vases comes 
 from the coroplast rather than from the 
 ceramist. To introduce them into this (pies- 
 tion at this stiige would only confuse mattei-s. 
 
 The earliest ornamentiition of our primitive pottery, as in the primitive ware all over 
 the world,' consists not of painted decoration but of incised lines, scratched, pi-essed, or 
 cut with rude instruments and with uncertiiin hand, upon the clay of the hand-made pot, 
 generally in its softer stage. I hei-e give a few specimens (Fig. 29) of this ornamentiition 
 in what wei-e meiint to be straight parallel lines or zigaig or waved ornaments.- This 
 rude and uncertiiin decoration corresponds to the work of the potter who did not use the 
 wheel. We find the same kind of pottery and ornament on all the earliest sites of the 
 ancient world.^ Linear decoration in the sjinie stage of incipient development is found 
 also in other early crafts, such as in what might be called gem-engraving, of which our 
 
 FUJ. 'J9. — EXAMI'I.KS OK IXCISK!) LiNKAK OKXA.MKNT. 
 
 From the Heraeum. 
 
 • Cf. Flinders- Petrie, Egyptian Decorative Art, pp. 9 ff. 
 
 • See, for instance, for the pottery found in the lowest 
 stratum at llissarlik (Troy), Schliemann, Ilios, pp. 216, 
 217, 295, 354, 359, etc. ; also, p. 563, and Nos. 1817- 
 2000. 
 
 • Tlie early graves excavated by Diimmler at Amor- 
 gos, Athen. Mittk. XI. pp. 15 ff., whether " pre-IIel- 
 lenic " or not, certainly show a preponderance of the 
 geometrical ornamentation in the pottery, where we have 
 not the " coroplastic " eccentricity of the primitive cera- 
 mist . Compare also the decorated ware found in tombs 
 of the Neolithic and Kronze periods in Sicily by Orsi 
 {Qnaltro Anni de Esplorazioni SicuU nella Provincia di 
 Siracusa, 1890-93), as well as the painted vases published 
 in that volume, which show striking analogies to our 
 own finds. It is also interesting to study the ornaments 
 
 of purely geometrical design on the rude objects in pre- 
 historic lake dwellings in the valley of the Po, such as 
 those published by Striibel and Pigorini (in the Bullet, 
 di paleotUol. Italian. I., II., III., especially IV, pi. 1, 1). 
 Cf. also Helbig, Italiker in der Poebene. The remote an- 
 tiquity of such forms of ceramic decoration can be appre- 
 ciated when we study the pottery found in Egypt, such 
 as that of which Messrs. Flinders-Petrie and Quibell tell 
 us tliat it cannot be later than the 12th dynasty, which 
 brings us to the second half of the third millennium B. c. 
 See Petrie and Quibell, Nagada and Ballan, and the 
 other interesting Egyptian discoveries of this able excava- 
 tor, which bring us, in the case of Tell-el-Amarna, face to 
 face with Mycenaean pottery. Analogies might be found 
 in every centre of prehistoric, nay savage, art all over the 
 world ; but I must postpone studying this wider aspect. 
 
 tflk 
 
54 
 
 (JKNKIJAL INTHOniTTIOX 
 
 ..^■ 
 
 But it iiKiv Ih' uii;«(l tliat tlu'sc smaller Mvifnai'an vast's ruiitainint" lintar onianifiits 
 likf tliat (»f tlu' Ar«;ivt'-laiu'ar tlass lu'lnn«»- to a late ami «K'«;ciu'iatt' pfiitMl. wlii-ii Mvi-i- 
 iiacaii naturalism was i\\\w^ .uit, ami liavinj;- imsmm! into tlu* stai-v of j^mjwinj,^ coiivrn- 
 ti<.nalization. K'ft tlu- fiil«l opi-n to |»un' i;voim'tric <h'sii;n. To tliis 1 answtT that tin; 
 luiiv limar nt'onu-trif tVi-iini; is jmsrnt. ami runs si«lf l»v sitlt- with thf most »ompK'te 
 naturalism on tlu' in-st sptrinuiis of all classes of My««'nacan vasfs, that, as wv shall S4'«s 
 tlu- t'ailit'st (liiil-roloml class is puivlv linear. an«l that instances of lUMlouhtiMllv Mvct- 
 iiaean ware can he fouml in which linear ornamentation is denmnstrahlv earlii-r than 
 naturalistic ornamentation fouml on the snne site. I will here «,nve a most striUin«;- am! 
 contlusive instance of such evi<lem e furnished hy the actual conditions of excavations. 
 Tsountas' ♦lis«oveicd a most important tond> at Mycenae, in which, hesides numerous 
 
 other ohiects of distinctlv Mvcenaean wans were vasi*s 
 that are decidedly not of the latest period of Mycenaean 
 vase-pain tini;-. The end of the dnumts, at the entraui-e 
 to the tond» proper, was hlocked up, as is frequently the 
 ease, hv stones, amonj;; which was made the happy <lis- 
 eoverv of a stone heariny^ a painted protession of warriors 
 ( Fiij. *JS) correspondiiii;; to those that were already known 
 fnnn Mvcenaean vase-pain tinn's. IJut this discovery is 
 still more important from the fact that helow the stucco 
 which had heen applied to the surface of the stone to 
 I prepan- it for the painter, in the upper portion, where 
 ^ this is <hipped away, are the remains of earlier carved 
 ■\/t decoration, and this decoration. «orrespondin«;- to that of 
 "^ several Ariiive-Linear plates and vases which we have 
 found, consists of simple straii^ht lines connected with 
 cinles. — a purely linear and <»eonu'tri«al ornamentation. 
 Now there can he no <h»uht that the painted stone, which 
 was thus used with other materials at hand to stoj) up the 
 enti.iuce to the tond», an<l so must have heeji lyiuj^ ahout 
 useh'ss for some tinie (there is no sij^u of its liavinj^ 
 formetl an intenral part of the decoration of the tondi), 
 must have heen considerahly earlier than the «»l»jects in 
 Fi... js. — My(kn\kan Tomhstonk the tond» itself. The structure whiih it endu-llished had 
 WITH » AuvKi. AM. lAiNTn. i.M o- j^^^^^. ^.^^j^^. ^^^^^ ^^jf ^j^. jj„j ^^ j,^.„ ^j,}^ stouc, endK'llishe«l 
 
 , .,^. hv geometrical ornanu'nts, was coveretl with stucco upon 
 
 From Isoiintas. 'K^Tiju. Apx l^y<>. • ^. • i • i i • i ^ i i ^ 
 
 which tii;ures were painted, it had a«;aiii completely lost 
 its orij^inal use to make it thus availahle as raw material for the painter. This a«;ain 
 implies a considerahle interval. Eviilently, therefore, the f:,nfir ornament on the stone 
 antedates the Mycenaean painting- upon it, and hy a still <;reater perio<l the Mycenaean 
 
 vases in the tomh.' 
 
 So far from linear «»rnament inarkin«;- a later deoeiieration of tlu' Mycenaean style, 1 
 maintain that that class of ware which has hitherto heen consith-red the earliest sta«;e of 
 
 
 ■>';-■':»- 
 
 ■5x'- 
 
 %■<.■■. r- -■; J In-.x ■■■'■■ ■■» v> •'fc'^ 
 
 » -Epvi^fpii, 1«1»!, l«l». 1 n. i)ls. i., ii. VI.. V.) are eitl.er coiiiplotely {jcoiiutrical in llie cane 
 
 - I wouia also .haw att»iitioii to the t;ut tliat the of the arfhitertiiraKarx ings, or are siibtlivid.d hy };eo- 
 
 stoiie carvings foiin.l at Mvi-.na.' (Slilieiiiaiin. M>i<;')mf ; nutriial ihioratioiis, as in th«' lase of tlio ru«ltly tarved 
 
 T>onntas->Ianatt, |t|>. in. 111». I'JO, .ti-. ; P.-riot-Chipit-/, tonihstoni-s with hnnian anil animal tigurvs. 
 
 LINKAK OKNAMKNT 
 
 ;>o 
 
 tiiat stvh*, namelv. the class with dull-colored paintini;s. shows throui;hoiit nothini; hut 
 this linear svstem ; while the prevalence of hand-made ware, the ruder material, and the 
 incompleteness in the d«'Velopmeiit of ceramic forms in these vases. uri»e us to classify 
 them ill the l*re-Mycenaean rather than in 
 the distimtly Mycenaean class. 
 
 If this system of linear «lecoration is con- 
 tinuous with the Mycenaean period and can 
 in its purity he traced also in vases that he- 
 loiij;' to the Dipvlon period, so that it always 
 will he diflicult to distinguish some speci- 
 nn'iis of so-calle<l Proto-Corinthian ware from 
 vas»'s that may he ascrihe*! to hoth these 
 other »-atc<;ories, the Ileraeum finds, espe- 
 cially in small vases, show that this system 
 presents an unhrok(>ii <levelopment from the 
 earliest primitive f<»rms to the Litest speci- 
 mens of perfect ceramic craft. In drawing 
 attention to this devehtpment as illustrate<l 
 hy «uir finds, I will exclude the consideration 
 of the eccentrically shaped primitive vases. 
 For, as has heen sii<l ahove, the impulse 
 wiiich led to the creation of these vases comes 
 from the c«>rophist rather than from the 
 <*eraiiiist. To introduce them into this (|ues- 
 tioii at this stage wouhl only confuse matters. 
 
 The earliest ornamentation of our primitive ijottery, as in the primitive ware all over 
 the world,' consists not of painted decoration hut of incised lines, scratched, pressed, or 
 <iit w itli rude instruments and with uncertain hand, upon the clay of the hand-made pot, 
 generally in its softer stage. I here give a few specimens (Fig. 21)) of this «»rnamentation 
 in what were meant to he straight parallel lines or zigzag or waved ornaments.- This 
 rude and uncertain decoration corresponds to the work of the potter who did not use the 
 wheel. We find the siiine kind «»f pottery and ornament on all the earliest sites of the 
 ancient world.' Linear dec«uation in the siime stage of incipient development is found 
 als«) in other early crafts, such as in what might he called gem-engraving, of which our 
 
 ' Cf. Flinaers-Petrie, Kgm'tian Decnmllre Art, pp. flf. of pnrcly geometrioal design on the rude ohjects in pre- 
 
 - See, for instanee, for the pottery found iu tiie lowest historie lake dwellings in the valley of the Po, .such as 
 
 stnitum at llissarlik (Troy), .Si-hlieniann, Ilios, pp. liKJ, those publislud hy Sthibel and Pigoriui (in the Iiull,t. 
 
 'J17, '»X,, 354, 3oy, etc. ; also, p. .jOa, and Xos, 1817- di jtakontol. Ititllati. I., II., III., especially IV. pi. 1, 1). 
 
 2(K|0. Cf. also Ilelhig, Itnllker in iler Poebene. The remote an- 
 
 • The early graves excavated hy Diiinnder at Anmr- ti<piity of such forms of ceramic decoration can Ik" appre- 
 
 gos, Athen. Mitl/i. XI. pp. lo ff., whether " pre-llel- ciated when we study the pottery found in Egypt, such 
 
 hnic " or not, certainly show a preponderance of the as that of which Messrs. Klinders-Petrie and Quihell tell 
 
 ge«»metrical ornamentation in the lottery, where we have us that it cannot be later than the I'Jth dynasty, which 
 
 not the "coroplastic " eccentricity of the primitive cera- brings us to the second half of the third millennium B. c. 
 
 mist. Compare also the decorated ware foun«l in tondis See Petrie and (iuibell, Nagada and liallas, and the 
 
 of the Neolithic and Hrony-e i»eriod» in Sicily by Orsi other interesting Egyptian discoveries of this able excava- 
 
 (Qualtro Anni de Ksidornzioni Sinde nella Provincia di tor, which bring us, iu the case of Tell-el-Amarna, face to 
 
 Siracum, 1S«)0-«KJ), as well as the painted vases published face with Mycenaean pottery. Analogies might be found 
 
 in that volume, which show striking analogies to our in every centre of prehistoric, nay savage, art all over the 
 
 own linds. It is also interesting to study the ornaments world ; but I must postpone studying this wider aspect. 
 
 Via. '2'J. 
 
 E.VAMI'I.l S Ol IXCISKIt LiNKAU OllXA.MK.M. 
 
 From the Heraoum. 
 
56 
 
 (J EN ERA L INTKODrCTIOX 
 
 " VU( no C( ) K I NTI 1 1 A \ " W A K E 
 
 57 
 
 « 
 
 li 
 
 -^ 
 
 earliest tyjie ineiely shows a rounded stone with linear s<'ratciiinj»s u|N)n it.' In early 
 hronze work we see the siinie j^^eneral system ; only heix' the earliest t'onn of deeoration 
 is produced not so much hy seratehin*^ or incisin*;' as hy heatin*^ out small hosses.' 
 
 Artistic skill and feelin«»; for symmetry j»;rew and wei*e aided es|»ecially hy the intro- 
 duction of the potter's wheel. For the mechanical process now came in to aid the 
 potter in producing the exactness and re»«;ularity which are essential to linear and j;eo- 
 metric decoration. And thus the fnij^ments which I liaye placed hehiw these earliest 
 linear scratchinj»;s show the deyelopment to which they lead after the |M»tter's whwl ih 
 used. For the incisinjjf instrument need then he merely held firndy while the cLiy 
 revolves, and the parallel lines are accurately i)roduced without further effort. The 
 hi«»;her standard of decorative workmanship which is thus attained drives the deconitinj^ 
 potter to devise means of producing; the same exactness in other linear and j^^eometrical 
 forms, whether it he a comhination of zij^aijj^ lines, waved |Kitterns, ciivles, or a succes- 
 sion of impressed dots, or even masses of chiy applied to the hody in 8tnii«^ht or wavy 
 lines in relief. 
 
 When color is introduced and painted oniamentation is apjdied to vases, we luive the 
 Siime development as the one I have just noted with refeI^•nce to incisions. The earliest 
 dull-colored ornaments are, as I have siiid, linear, and helonj^ to hand-made vases ; the 
 geometric design is thus not exact, regular, and symmetrical. With the introduction 
 of the wheel, not only does the form of the vase hecome more precise and symmetrical 
 in shape, but the painted decor.ition follows the sjime lines. I have here chosen from 
 among our finds a series (Fig. 30) of the simplest and earliest forms of vases of which 
 similar specimens have heen found in the earliest stratii at Hiss<irlik, and we may any on 
 all ancient sites. It is the simjile sn)all shell-like round howl, with a hole added for 
 suspension in the earliest specimens. The four sj)ecimens here phiced in the ujtpermost 
 line are hand-made, the others mark the introduction of the wheel. The one placed 
 first at the left-hand corner is ornamented in the most elementary way hy means of 
 incision. Two Hues are scratched iii the inside of the howl cnissinir each other in the 
 middle in the simplest shape of a cross. Besides this, small notches are pressed into the 
 rim. The next marks the step to painte<l ornamentation, and in this we have one simple 
 line pahited across the inside of the howl ; the sjime in the next ; while the fourth has 
 f(»ur such lines crosshig one another. But these lines are drawn in a rude, uncertain 
 manner — freehand. The specimens hehiw them have the sjime Ihiear ornamentation. 
 But the potter has wisely desisted from dniwing stniight lines across, and has given a 
 much more effective and constructive ornament;ition of straight lines round the inside of 
 the bowl, thus presenting concentric circles. This was easier for him, because they wei-e 
 drawn by simply holding the brush in the inside while the bowl was turned. The rough 
 notching on the rim of the first rude specimen is i-ei>roduced (»n two fragments of the 
 second line by reguhirly jwiinted dots of color round the rim. And these elements 
 remain continuous. Now the sj)ecimens on the third line would at present be classed 
 as Mycenaean, and they certiihdy l>elong to that i>eriod chronologically ; the i-ounded 
 
 ' Mr. R. Norton will give a full aiul systematic corated by small reptmsst dots meant to he in regular 
 
 account of tlie interesting series of early engraved stones «>Hler, hut really in wavy and uncertain lines, such as 
 
 discovere*! in our excavations, as well as of the earlier Nos. 3l&2-\i(Hi, .VXi, and then proceed gradually to N«>s. 
 
 bone and ivory implements. 3()7, 309, 308. ITiese show a similar process of technical 
 
 * A most interesting series might also be made if we development such as I am here endeavoring to demon- 
 were to take the specimens of slieet bronze found at strate in our pottery. 
 01ympi;i (Uronzen, pi. xviii.), beginning with those de- 
 
 fniffments am(»ng them are identical with the linear <»rnamentation on most Mycenaean 
 vases. The s[>e<*inu'ns on the lowest line are also distinctly what is calle«l Proto-Corin- 
 thian. But thei-e <'an be no doubt that these last two lines belong to the siime system 
 of ornamentjition and nva a continuous devehtpment out of the system rudely applied in 
 the flat cups at the top. 
 
 In all the more fully developed .specimens of the form I have just enumerated, glazed 
 color has superseded the earlier dull-cohned decoration. The heritage handed on by the 
 vase-jminter from the early dull-colored style is the art of fre(>hand drawing which the 
 Mycenaean vase-painter adopts and develops still further in his naturalistic freedom 
 when his imitative instinct dii-ects his eye to natuiv, and the <»Teater luxury of the life 
 surrounding; him leads to more richly dwo- 
 nited vases. But the «»ther element in these 
 dull-colored vase-paintings, the geometrical 
 element, survives, and, following the more 
 exact method suggested by the improved 
 (•eramic ])rocess in the use <)f the wheel, 
 surrounds the part between the foot and 
 the belly of the vase and that between the 
 belly and the shoulder with a perfected sys- 
 tem ((f linear ornaments. 
 
 In the smaller vases this latter process of 
 lineiir ornamenfcition prevails, and a.s.serts 
 itself thnuigh the Mycenaean and the Dipy 
 h>n |)eriods down to the latest developnuMit 
 of Argive-Linear ware, the so-called Proto- 
 Corinthian vases. 
 
 These final sj)ecimens of the development 
 of the Arjrive-Linejir vase are always small, 
 an<l correspond in their es.sential form and 
 dec<u-ation to the earlier specimens of small 
 vases wh'"li run through the preceding pe- 
 riods as just enumenited. But these earlier 
 small vases differ from these later ones in 
 that they jrenenilly have the manifest char- 
 
 acteristic of cheapness stiimped upon them, as wares of inferior vahie and Innnbler uses. 
 We are thus not astonished to find that the simpler and ruder techniques survive in 
 them. For it must never be forgotten that the hiunbler forms of indigenous art retiiin, 
 even in the latest periods, the teehniipie and gener.il charact<?ristics of the earlier art, 
 and this is true not only in ancient Greece, but in all times and countries.' 
 
 Now the advanced Argive-Linear, the so-called Proto-Corinthian ware, shows the most 
 complete mastery over the potter's techniciue, and the greatest cerfciinty in the use of the 
 brush on the part of the decorator. Since the maker of the earlier small specimens of 
 Argive-Linear wai-e was probably incapable of giving to his cheaper small vases the fine 
 brush-work required f<u- further ornamentjiti<m which the skilled vase-painter of the 
 Mycenaejin period put into the moi-e costly large vases, — this earlier exponent of Argive- 
 Linear techni(pie had to remain content with mere linear decoration. More elaborate 
 
 ' Cinnpare, for instance, cheap clay figures such as may l»e seen in poor sliops at Florence, or the art of the baker. 
 
 Flu. 30. 
 
 KXAMI'I.KS oy I'AINTKI* LiNKAK 
 
 Ornamknt. 
 From the Heraeum. 
 
•)6 
 
 (iKNKUAL INTUODrCTION 
 
 "IM{()T() (OK I NTH IAN" \\ WtK 
 
 in 
 
 rarlit'st tv|)i' nu'irly shows a i-oiiii<li>(l stoiu- with liiu-ar s«iat«hiiii;s iipoii it.' In rarlv 
 hioii/c work wt* si'o the snuw <»viitial svsti'in ; onlv ht'i*' tho railii'st tnrni of (h'coiatioii 
 is itroddcinl iM»t so iiiiuh i>v s( ratrhiii<>' or iiicisiiii;- as hy licatiii*;' out small hosscs.' 
 
 Aitistif skill ami IVfliii«»" for syiniiu'trv «»ivw aiul were ai«le<l es|MMiallv hv the iiitr<»- 
 <liu-tioii of the potter's wheel. For the ineehaiiieal proeess now eanie in to aid the 
 potter in producinj; the exaetness and re«;nlaritv which are essential to linear and j;eo- 
 nietrie decoration. And thus the fra;»nients which 1 have placed helow thes«* earliest 
 linear scratchinj;s show the development to which thev lead after the pottt*r's wheel is 
 nsi'tl. For the ineisin<»; instrument need then he nu-rely held firndy while the elay 
 revolves, and the parallel lines are accurately product-d without further ell'ort. The 
 hii;her standard of decorative workmanship which is thus attained drives the decoratin;^ 
 potter to devise means of producing; the sime exactness in other linear and j»fom«'tricaI 
 forms, whether it he a condtination of zii»Ziii;; lines, wavetl patterns, circles, or a succes- 
 sion of impressed (h)ts, or even masses of elay aj>plied to the hody in straight or wavy 
 lines in relief. 
 
 When color is intro(hiced and painted ornamentation is applied to vas<'s, \\v liave the 
 s;ime deveK)[)ment as the <Mie I havt' just noteil with n-ference to incisions. The earliest 
 dull-colored ornaments are, as I have siid, linear, and helonj;; to hand-made vast's ; the 
 ••eometric desii;n is thus not exact, rei»ular, and synnuetrical. With the introduction 
 of the wheel, not onlv does the form of the vast* heconu' mon* precise an<l svnnnetrical 
 in shape, hut the painted decoration follows the snue lines. I have heiv chosen from 
 amoni*; our finds a series ( Fij;;. IJO) of the simplest and earliest forms of vases of whieli 
 similar specimens have heen found in tin- earliest strata at IIiss;(rlik, and we may sjiy on 
 all ancient sites. It is the simple small shell-like round howl, with a hole added for 
 suspension in the earliest spe«inu'ns. The four specinu'us here placed in the uppermost 
 line are hand-iuiide, the others mark the introduction of the wheel. The one placed 
 lirst at the left-hand corner is ornanuMited in the niost elenu-ntarv way hv nu-ans of 
 imision. l\vo lines are scratched in the inside <»f the howl tiossini;- each other in tlu' 
 mithlle in the simplest sha|>e of a cross, liesides this, small not<hes are pressed into the 
 rim. The next marks the step to {Kiinted ornanu'utation, and in this we Iiav*- one simple 
 line painted across the inside of the Ih»wI ; the s;ime in the next ; while the fourth has 
 four such lines crossini;; one another. But these liiu-s ar»' drawn in a rude, uncertain 
 manner — freehand. The specim»'ns helow them have the sune linear ornamentation. 
 IJut the i)otter has wisely desisted from drawin««- straiuht lines across, and has irivi-n u 
 much nu)re elVective and constructive ornamentatitm of straiiiht lint'S nunid the insi<le of 
 the howl, thus presenting- concentric circles. This was easier for him, hecause they >vere 
 drawn hy simply holdiui;; the hrush in the inside while the howl was turiu'd. The rou;;h 
 notchinj;- on the rim of the first rude specimen is n'])roduced on two fra^nu'uts of the 
 second line hy rei;idarly painted d.»ts of cohu* round the rim. And thes*' elements 
 remain continuous. Now the specinu-ns on the third line wouhl at juesent he classe<l 
 as Mycenaean, and they certainly helonj;- to that period chronoloj;ically ; the rounded 
 
 ' Mr. \{. Norton will jjivf a full ami systt'inatii- coratrd l>y small n/Mnixnr dots incaiit ti> Ik* in rr«jiilnr 
 
 aceoiiiit of till- iiitfristiii>jsfrii-s of i-arly fii^ravnl >>toii('s unlir, liut naliy in wavy and nnccrtain lini-s. siu-li as 
 
 disi-ovt-rtMl in our exravatiuns, as wvll :w of llio larlier Nos. ."MH' ;54M;, ;MKt. and tii«-n iiriK-ffd jjradnally to Xos. 
 
 iM.ne and ivory ini|d»iiants. ;«»7, :MK», .'MW. TIm's.. show a similar i.riMcss of tiiliiiii-al 
 
 * A most intert'stiiijj series mi<,'lit also W made if we development such as I niu hcrt- endeuvorin<r to demun- 
 
 were to take tiie s|K-eimens of sheet hron/.e fonnd at strate in our jtuttery. 
 Olyinpia {Untnztin, j»l. xviii.), Iiegiiiuiiig with those dc- 
 
 fraij^nuMits ammii;' them are identical with the linear ornamentation on most Mycenaean 
 vases. The specimens on the l«»west line are also distinctly what is called l*roto-( /orin- 
 thian. Hut there can he no douht that these last two lines heloni; to the same system 
 of ornamentation and ar(> a continuous developnu'iit out of the system rudely applied in 
 the Hat cups at the top. 
 
 In all the moil- fully developed s|)ecimens of the form I have just enumerated. i;la/.ed 
 coliu' has supersede<| the earlier didl-colored decoration. The heritai^e handed on l)\ the 
 vasi-painter from the early didl-colored style is the art of freehand drawing; whi<h the 
 Mycenaean vas«-painter adopts and «levelops still furthei in his naturalistic freedom 
 when his imitative instinct dire<ts his eve to nature, and the ureati'r luxury of the life 
 surroundin<> him leads to more richly «h'co- 
 rated vases. Hut the other element in these 
 dull-colored vase-paint ini»s. the geometrical 
 element, survives, and, following the more 
 exact method su«;j;'ested hy tlu' improv«'d 
 ceramit- process in the use <d the wheel, 
 surroinnis the part hetw<'en the toot and 
 the Ixdlv of the vase ami that lietwi*en the 
 helly and the shotdder with a perfected sys- 
 teni of linear ornaments. 
 
 In the smaller vases this latter pro<'«'ss of 
 linear ornamentation prevails, and asserts 
 itself throu<>ii the Mycenaean and the Dipy- 
 Ion periods down to the latest development 
 of Ari»ive-Linear waiv, the so-ealle<l l*roto- 
 Oiuinthian vases. 
 
 These final specimens of the development 
 of the Ariiive-Linear vase are always small, 
 and correspond in their essential form and 
 d(H'oration to the earlier specimens of small 
 vas<'s wh'-h run throu«»h the precedini»- pe- 
 rioils as just enumerated. 15ut these earlier 
 small vases diHVr from thes<» later ones in 
 that they ucnerallv have the manifest char- 
 
 ai-teristic of cheapness stamped upiui them, as wares <d' inferi<u- yalue and hinnhh 
 We aiv thus n(»t astonished to fiml that the simpler and ruder techniques siuvive in 
 them. For it must never he forj^otten that the hmnhler forms of indi««enous art retain, 
 even in the latest periods, the teehniipie and «;eneral characteristics of the earlier art, 
 and this is true not only in ancient Greece, hut in all times and c«unitries.' 
 
 Now the a<lvance«l Aruive-Linear, the so-called Proto-Corinthian ware, shows the most 
 e<un|dete mastery over the potter's te<hni(|ue, and the «;reatest certainty in the use of the 
 hrush <ui the part of the decorat<u-. Since the maker of the earlier small specimens of 
 Arj^ivj-Linear ware was prohahly incapahle of .ifivin«»- to his cheaper small vases the fine 
 hrush-work re<piired for further ornamentation which the skiUed vase-painter of the 
 Mycenaean |M'riod put into the more costly lari>e vases, — this earlier exp<nient of Ari;iye- 
 Linear techniipie had to remain content with nu-re linear <leeoration. M<ue elahorate 
 
 ' Coiii|i:ire, for in.stuuue, eheap elay lijjures sneli as may l»e seen in jioor siiojis at Kloivn«-e, or the art of the haker. 
 
 I-Hi. ;M>. 
 
 K\ AMPI.KS OF I'AIXTKIi IjNKAK 
 
 Okxamkxt. 
 From tiie llenieuiii. 
 
 uses. 
 
I-' I 
 
 58 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 CONTINUITY OF THE ARGIVE-LINEAR 
 
 59 
 
 II 
 
 •|i 
 
 forms of decorative work are thus absent from the earUer Arjj^ve-Linear ware. But in 
 the advanced period this is no longer the case ; and, by successive stiiges, we at last 
 arrive at those most perfect specimens of ceramic art and decoration, unsurpassed by the 
 best work in any jwriod, which culminate in the miniature " Proto-Corinthian I^ecy thos " 
 presented by Mr. Macmillan to the British Museum,' and, next in order, the similar si>eci- 
 men in the Berlhi Museum." In these vases (cf. Fig. 2(>), and in many of the sjime 
 order i>receding them by many yeai-s in time, small vases are distinctly considered worthy 
 of the hiuhest ceramic and decorative elaboration. 
 
 I venture to suggest the following explanation for this change in the chanuter 
 of such small vases. The elaborateness of the vase follows the use to which it is put. 
 The simpler and humbler this use is, the less elaborate is its artistic form and decoration. 
 I believe that much error would be avoidetl by archaeologists dealing with vases if this 
 general truth wei-e borne in mind. A sepulchral vase, a prize vase, a gift between lovers, 
 would naturally invite the maker to more beautiful and luxurious decoration than when 
 the object is a rough cooking utensil or the gift of a poor person, who buys, for the 
 smallest coin from the huckster outside the sjinctuary walls, the object which she will 
 offer to the divinity.^ Now, until the end of the Dipylon period these small vases had 
 generally served these humbler puii)oses — they wei-e the cheaper votive offerings. From 
 this time on they become more expensive wai-e, probably because they ai-e turned to nun-e 
 costly uses. They now become the recepfcicles for the precious unguents and perfunu's 
 Avhich more luxurious forms of life introduce. These luxurious forn>s of life were hardly 
 natural and indigenous to the male portion of the Doric ]>opulation at Argos. 
 
 If we examine the large mass of si>ecimens of advanced Argive-Linear ur Proto-Corin- 
 thian wai-e fouiul at the Heraeum, we shall see that as they advance in pi-fection and 
 elaboration they tend to become, in the style of tlieir decoration, more and more 
 orientiil in character, and it is in these later sfciges that they naturally lead over to the 
 orientiiHzing style of early Corinthian vases. The name Prot<>-Corinthian has thus 
 some intrinsic justification when applied to this limited category of the Argive-Linear 
 ware. Now I consider it highly probable that the more luxurious habits introduced into 
 the Doric communities at the time when these small l<Kal vases were develoiied in their 
 peculiar later style were introduced from the East. These were chiefly commercial arti- 
 cles, not meant ifor the male portion of the community, but for the women. The vases 
 which came to be used to hold these oriental unguents and j)erfumes became articles de 
 toUette. But these articles ai-e costly and luxurious, and the vase contjiining ])i-eciou8 
 material is worthy of most careful ti-eatment at the hands of the ceramist. We occasion- 
 
 » Cecil Smith, Journ. Ilellen. Stuil. XI. (1800), pp. 167 
 If. pis. i., ii. 
 
 - Berliner Viiseiisaniinluiijj, Xo. 33G. 
 
 ^ III illustration of the sliding; scale of the value of 
 votive offerin<js aeoonliiig to the means of the tlonor, anil 
 of the inferiority of terra-cotta i<loU an<l pinaces, niaile 
 hy inferior craftsmen, as compsired with su|terior works 
 of art, Mr. Walter Ileadlani has furnished nie with the 
 following interestinjj passages : — 
 
 ru\tKTopos T(ii/8', SmiD' oiV/iyt TOixtn* 
 it^pvKa 0vt>, ratrlSopira* 8({ai(r0f- 
 ov yap Ti iroAAJji' ovi' iroi^iOD amKtvufP, 
 ^■»*l Tox' tiy fio'iv fl vfvunfvuv xotpov 
 iroAA^f ipopiyjii kovk aKiitrnp' liirpa 
 * Itrimrrl oiilv : it ntiinot nervn for the mmil itiiplf (Amma). 
 
 vovamv iwoitvutirBa. rkt awt'i^riaa% 
 iw' rf-wiat ah X'*^* ^ 6''a^ rtitmt. 
 
 T^i 'T7uii|t. 
 
 II.T.Hlii!.. IV. 12-m 
 
 Non epo tore mo«lo ant picta tna t«-nip1ii tabflla omalMi. ant 
 
 piiris N<>rta ff ram nianilius ; 
 ConiipT hunt arifs liinnilis. h. d maxima taiinis victima wicra- 
 tiis tinppiet lionoru f<H>iM. 
 
 Vergil. ii</ VmtrnH, Baehrena' I'Delar Lutini Minnrrt, 
 II. p. ITC. 
 
 Htnttp &>> tt Tit 4«i8/ai> roll rh rrit 'A^qrai (Sot tprfaaapuntp 
 tuAm'.'ij •foA*?!' Kopow\a0oy. 1) Zfrjii' Kal nappdaiof riiy auri,p 
 
 iMcnUM. Or. XV. :;. 
 
 ally found specimens of this ware of which the clay was so highly levigated and beauti- 
 fully worked that, thin as i)aper, it crumbled in our hands, and could not be preserved. 
 We must thei-efore not be astonished to find that orientiilizing tendencies and decora- 
 tions are gKulimlly introduced into these vases, as we must remend)er that some of the 
 nu)st chanuteristic fonns — the aryballos, the alabastron, the pyxis, certain forms of the 
 small oinochoe — existed long l>efoi-e their appearance in Greece in glass, glazed and 
 unglazed pottery of Egyptian and Phoenician origin. These foreign forms, no doubt, 
 also had their influence on the development of the shapes in the local Argive ware of 
 these periods. 
 
 This orientiilizing phase marks the last sfcige in the development of the Argive-Linear 
 pottery, which we can trace from the earliest beginnings through the linear and dull- 
 colored painted wai-e, retaining its vitiility especially in the smaller vases, during 
 the Mycenaejin and Dipylon periods, but manifestly also influencing the decoration 
 of the larger vases in these times ; and then, when these two great and distinct i)eriods 
 have passed and their influence has spent itself, the Argive-Linear form still survives in 
 what has hitherto been called Proto-Corinthian ware, and leads organically, in its orien- 
 talizing phase, when it has run its course of many centuries, to the Corinthian ware. 
 Though I insist ui>on urging the continuity of Argive-Linear pottery through all ages 
 in the history of the Heraeum, I do not mean to imply that we cannot distinguish here 
 and elsewhei-e a fixed and clearly defined class called Mycenaean, which in the importiint 
 introduction of glazed color, in the evolution of beautiful ceramic shapes, and in its artistic 
 individuality of decoration, stiinds out clearly in general historical development. The 
 moi-e we recognize the continuity of the Argive-Linear ware, the more does the Mycenaean 
 jieriod stand out in bold relief as a striking though natural development of some of the 
 elements pre-formed in the more primitive didl-colored ware. So, too, the so-called 
 Dipylon ware is ecpially characteristic and distinct, though it also exists at the Heraeum 
 side by side with tlie Argive-Linear wai-e. The Dij)ylon ware i-eally marks a more dis- 
 tinct change in its decorative characteristics (in spite of the word "geometrical ") than 
 does the Mycenaean ware. For its element of redundant geometrical decoration points, 
 as has been said above, to the introduction of new principles borrowed from some other 
 technique, whereas the Mycenaean, in spite of the marked advance which it represents, is 
 still essentially a development of the principles which underlie the dull-colored primitive 
 decoration. 
 
 This ceramic evidence seems to show that we have a continuous indigenous element 
 represented by the Argive-Lineiir ware, and that the Mycenaean, as well as the Dipylon, 
 periods are laid over, though they cannot extirjKite or hide from our view this con- 
 tinuous indigenous layer. They may, and probably did, mark an important political or 
 ethnical change and modification within the Argive district, be it through conquest from 
 without, violent change of dynasty, or peaceful change through marriage and heredity 
 within, the gi-afting of a new dominant class upon the older population, or, finally, 
 peaceful commercial influences through intercommunication of peoples or exchange or 
 imi)ortation of goods. It is beyond tlie purpose of our work to enter into the problems 
 of ethnology, or to draw the historical conclusions from the archaeological material 
 before us ; l)ut we must cLissify and arrange scientifically the material which good foi- 
 tune has placed in our hands. 
 
 One important conclusion, bearing immediately upon the history of the Heraeum, we 
 are bound to draw from the evidence of ceramic ware which has forced us to insist upon 
 
 l« 
 
 m\ 
 
 4 
 
GO 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 it/ 
 
 a new classification of early Greek pottery. This conclusion is the same as that impressed 
 upon us by the Heraeuni terra-cottas in confirmation of all the other evidence which 
 we have hitherto examined : — that, lonjj^ before the Mycenaean period, the potter's craft 
 passed throuj^h many stajijes of development at the Ilemeum, and furnishes evidence 
 of a continuous woi-ship on this site for many jj^enerations precedino; the Mycenaean age, 
 and that this continuity speaks for the unbroken continuance of an early popuhition, 
 subject to chanjjes in its social and political life — but always there. 
 
 I must draw attention finally to the complete iwirallelism furnished by our finds 
 between the series of terra-cottjis and the successive phases in the history of the t'arly 
 vases found at the Heraeum. In the vases we have the earliest sj»ecimens of primitive 
 Arj^ive-Linear ware with incised ornaments which correspond to our ju-imitive chiss of 
 Ar'i-ive terra-cottas. The early A rjjfive- Linear with |wiinted ornamentiition and the dull- 
 ccdored paintings cori-espond to what I should call terra-cottjis of the Tirynthian-Heraeum 
 class. We then have the middle Argivi-Linear surviving during the Mycenaean and 
 Dipylon period, corresj)onding to the terra-cotfcis which we call Mycenaean-Argive aiul 
 Geometric-Argive. The advanced Heraeinn tyi>e of terra-cottiis with the human shape 
 would cori-espond to the advanced Argive-Linear (j)roto-Corinthian) i)eriod, in which cer- 
 tain specimens of terra-cottas show the sime techniijue as in the vases, and fonn a 
 transition to the following class of archaic terra-cotfcxs. But befoi-e we arrive at the 
 archaic terra-cottas, we must introduce liei-e a series of terr.i-cottas that ai-e distinctly 
 oriental in character, and that would cori-espond to the orientiUizing Argive-Linear period 
 in the vases. We then come, in vases as well as in teri-!i-cott;is, to the clearly historical 
 periods in which, through the Corinthian and the early black-figui-ed vases, we are 
 led to the best classical red-figured wai-e. Of this latter we have a few is(dated speci- 
 mens at the Heraeum, as we also have through the archaic and advanced archaic terr.i- 
 cottas a few isolated specimens of images belonging to the best cLissical period. The 
 f<dlowing table will illustrate the jwrallelism. 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 BRONZES. 
 
 61 
 
 Dates B. C. 
 
 Tradition. 
 
 Terra-Cottas. 
 
 Vases. 
 
 Arrliitectiire. 
 
 Befoi-p eirr. 
 
 Phoronens ami 
 
 Priujitive Argive. 
 
 Primitive Argive- 
 
 Earliest small- 
 
 2000. 
 
 his house, etc. 
 to Proetus. 
 
 
 Linear 
 
 stone walls. 
 
 Cii-c. 1800. 
 
 Proetus. 
 
 rirynthian Argive. 
 
 Early Argive-Linear 
 (dull-coh>i*ed Myce- 
 naean). 
 
 (\vclop. Rup- 
 )H)rt;ng wall 
 at temple. 
 
 Ciro. 1500. 
 
 Perseus. 
 
 Middle Heraeum an«l 
 
 Middle Argive-Linear 
 
 N. W. Building, 
 
 
 
 Mycenaean. 
 
 and Mycenaean. 
 
 gnives, etc. 
 
 Circ. 1400. 
 
 Persi<lae, Atri- 
 
 MidiUe Heraeum and 
 
 Middle Argive-Linear 
 
 ? N. E. l»eribo. 
 
 
 (lae. 
 
 Dipvlon. 
 
 and r)ii)ylon. 
 
 lus walls. 
 
 Circ. 1000. 
 
 Procles. 
 
 Advanced Argive 
 
 Advanced Arg.-Lin. 
 
 Up|)er S t o a . 
 West Buihl- 
 ing. South- 
 west Stoa, 
 Second Tem- 
 ple. 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 (huuian shaj)e<l). 
 
 ( Proto-Corinthian). 
 
 To circ. 700. 
 
 Circ. 520. 
 Circ. 4G0. 
 
 Phiilou, etc. 
 
 Orientalizing. 
 
 Anthaic Greek. 
 Advanced Archaic. 
 
 Orientalizing Argive- 
 Linear (Corinthian). 
 Black-figured. 
 Early i-ed-figured. 
 
 Circ. 421. 
 
 
 Free classical. 
 
 Free classical. 
 
 t 
 
 The bninze and metiil ware fcnmd at the Heraeum will receive exhaustive treatment 
 at the hands «if Mr. De Con. But in connection with the general history of the Heraeum 
 ami with the light which our individual finds throw ui)on it, 1 must here point to <nie 
 most interesting feature of our discoveries which impressed itself upon me from the 
 very earliest st;iges of our excavation. One of the singuhir facts in the relative number 
 of objects found is that, with the exception of a few isidated cases in which coins api>eared 
 near the surface in our excavation, no coins whatever came to light in any of the strata 
 in which thousiinds of other objects were found. The natural inference is that hi the 
 times to which these finds belong there was no coinage at Argos. This fact is more- 
 over borne out by the general history of coinage in Greece. And (as we are able to 
 furnish a most striking and fortunate illustration of this fact) it is to Phidon of Argos 
 tiiat the introduction of coinage at Aegina and of a system of weights and measures are 
 asiribed. 1 cannot at this time enter into the vexed question of the exact date when 
 Phidon of Argos lived.' Although we found no coins in the lower layers, we did, 
 on the other hand, find innumerable objects ui metid, especially bronze, among which a 
 certiiin simple kind of bronze pin, deveh)i)ed out of the ordinary nail shape into more 
 »)riianieiitid and elaborate forms, constiintly recurred in all the earlier layers. " Alio 
 k(nnbi!" (another nail) was the constiint call of our excavators when another one of 
 these nail-like pins was found. Besides these we were conthiually coining upon pieces 
 of thinner or tliicker bronze wire or rods, which in many cases had knobs at intervals, 
 as if to be used for handles. The thought at once came to us that these were spits. In 
 the s;ime way we came uimhi iriui rods in other Uiyers, and pieces of wire twisted into 
 decorative shai>es (for instiiiice, the rrdzil shape, C2!> )• Finally, in the northeast end 
 of the Second Temple platform we were much astonished to find two huge <d)jects of 
 iron (Fig. 31). The one was greeted by our workmen with the call of " a cannon," for 
 it certiiinly was of the dimensions and weight of a field-gun. The other, slightly smaller, 
 was a solid mass <)f iron, a sipuire bar Hattened out into a lance-shaped curve, of which 
 the point has been Hattened down. The cannon-shaped iron mass was found to consist 
 of innuinen.Me rounded bars of metid ciuning to a point and held together at either end 
 by an iron coil tightly twisted round tliein, so that they all presented one mass. If it 
 had belonged to Uomaii times, one would have called it a huge iron rendering of the 
 lictor's stiiffs. 
 
 Now when, even in the fii-st yeiir, this vast number of bronze spits and pins were found, 
 the thought at once presented itself that these objects were used for their money value 
 in inetid ; for it is quite impossible to believe that the men and women were constantly 
 shedding the pins which held their garments together on this site, in a manner to i)ro- 
 duee such a mass of bronze objects as compared with the number of other finds. Nay, 
 I felt convinced that not only these but also the innumerable bronze rings of various 
 sizes and thicknesses — though they iiuiy have had some ritual meaning as offerings to 
 Hera from affianced couples — were dedicated and preserved here as objects of metdlic 
 value, — and that in the diiily life of the people these were used in lieu of ordinary coin. 
 We only need study the primitive currency of other early peoples and of savages - to 
 
 > Holm (Grieck. Ge»ch. I. p. 205) gives B. c. 770, also Busolt, Grieck. Gesch. I. pp. 579-625 ; Ridgeway' 
 Stais (Uptutruti, 1895, p. 236) 745 ; while Belot-ij (Griech. Origin of Currency and Weight Standard, pp. 210 flf. 
 GeMck. I. p. 280) puts him into the sixth century. See - Coiupare RicU-gway, op. cit. cap. i. Sir John Kirk 
 
 rM>' 
 
 wm 
 
62 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRONZES 
 
 G3 
 
 I \i 
 
 il' 
 
 I 
 
 see how such metal ohjects, wire riiij^ aiitl pins and spits, were everywhere used for 
 money. When, finally, the two huge iron ohjeets (Fig. 31), which couKl not eoneeivahly 
 have served any iietiml use, were found, the account which ancient authors give of the 
 dedication of the spits' (o/ScXiVkoi) at this very Heraeum of Argos, when first Phidon 
 struck money at Aegina, seemed the only explanation of the facts of our fiiuls, which 
 thus, on their side, furnish us with a most striking urchueulogicul cuufiruiutiuu uf the 
 stcitements of ancient historical writers. 
 
 The evidence of all the several departments of individual finds, each dealt with l»y my 
 competent collaborators, tends to confirm my main thesis concerning the earliest history 
 of the Heraeum, and to bear out the chronological classification foired uyton me by the 
 general and si)ecial topogmphy of the Heraeum, the architectur.d evidence of the remains, 
 the local traditions of the district, and by a careful study of the terra-cM»tt<is and vases. 
 
 Mr. De Cou, who for more than four years has devoted himself to the cleaning and 
 most painstiiking study of the bronze objects for purposes of final chissification, sends 
 me the following brief abstract of the general chronological grouping of the bronzes 
 which he has been led to ad(»pt from his prolonged study of the objects themselves. It will 
 be seen that his classification, arrivetl at quite independently from those of the other 
 objects, strictly corresponds in the main to these. His caution regarding the bronzes of 
 the primitive period is but natural, as we should ex|)ect but few objects of this material 
 at this early stjige of civil iziition. It is also interesting to note that, as in the case of 
 our terra-cottas, the bronzes belonging to the " Geometric " style are comiwratively few 
 in nund)er. 
 
 The bronzes from the Argive Heraeum he has classified as follows : — 
 
 " The objects described in tlie catidogiie are arranged : (1) acconling to what they are or repre- 
 sent ; (2) according to their style : e. g. all the horses or all the birds are kept together, but are 
 arranged in classes and catalt>gue reference according to their style. 
 
 ^* Evidence for date and style is not furnished by the conditions of the site, except for the ter- 
 minus ante quern 423 B. c. — nor do any of the bronzes appear of themselves to be subsequent to 
 that date. For details one must dej)end mainly on the excavations of graves in Argolis, Attica, 
 the Cydades, etc. 
 
 " There is no evidence that any of the bronzes from the Heraeum are of other than native niann- 
 factiue. In the case, however, of the nude female figure with lotus head-<lres8, reflex Rhodian 
 influence may be suspected. 
 
 " The objects may be assigned to a Primitive, a Mycenaean, a Geometric, and an Archaic style 
 and jieriotl in rough chronological sequence. Objects which suggest the so-calle<l Oriental style 
 are included with the Archaic. 
 
 " Primitive. There are no bronze objects from the Heraeum which necessarily must be put here, 
 but it is probable that some of the wire, nails, and chisels, some of the plain rings, and a ]>ortion 
 of the single head straight pins (No. 52, etc.) should be put in this periotl. The same is, ]>crhnps, 
 true of a small suspension vase somewhat resembling the Aegean tyj>e with standard and sui)ension 
 holes at the side. Other objects which possibly may be of this period are an oblong plain liead 
 (No. 1547), some of the plain shallow saucers, certain headless corrugated straight j>in8 (e. g. No. 
 116), and the plain open bracelet (No. 970). 
 
 " Mycenaean. 1. Shaft-grave perio<l. The Acropolis graves of Mycenae have the following 
 
 has also informed me of a similar phenomenon in Zanzi- 8mv 'Apytlos v6m<Tna fitmi>§v i» Atylinf ital Sols rh vinuTfia teal 
 
 bar, where the natives use metal arrow-heads as coin; kvaKafiav rovs o0*KiirKovs wiBriKt r^ ir'Apytt'Hp'- /vtiS^ 8* 
 
 but have huge, useless and thin arrow-heads over two feet r6r* ol 6$t^^(rKo^ r^f x*'l» ^'Aiipavv, rovrivri r^y Spixa, vti*U, 
 
 high, as representing larger sums. Kolwtp ^^ whripovprot riiw Spixa tm t( i06Kois Spaxi^h* airr^r 
 
 ^ Etjfmol. Magn. s. v. ifitXlvKos : . . nitnmr 8« vptvrot ^t- At ^u^t v nofi. rh 8^air0«t. 
 
 objects which aiv represented in kind at the Ilerneuni: Round and diamond-shaped wire, both in 
 straight pieces and coils, nails, spikes and chisels, large plain disks with edge folded under (cf. No. 
 1713), an<l the wishljone tyj>e of l)owl-handles. 2. Of the later i)eriod represented by the graves 
 of the lower city and other Mycenaean sites, e. g. Tiryns (in i>art), Vapliio, Menidhi, Salaniis, etc., 
 the Heraeum finds are more numerous, and conq)rise nails with thick flat heads, plain and orna- 
 mented rings, cylix or ImiwI handles of wishbone type, a small pitcher, sliallow saucers with and 
 without handles, disks, etc. Many of the straight pins with bead and corrugated heads, as well 
 as those with spool-hea<ls and inserted bronze or iron pin-shafts (Nos. 352-382), and about 
 fifty fibulae (Nos. 808-857), together with the open screw-thread bracelet with corrugated ends 
 (No. 972), iK'long here. It is also probable that the sinq)k'st form of ball spit is to be put here. 
 ^^Geometrie. To this style behmg the horses, except Nos. 14-17 (early naturalistic and transi- 
 
 -•>.H^.. A^ 
 
 
 Fiu. 31. — Inox Bars kxcav.vtkd at thk IIekakum. 
 
 tional) and No. 18 (ai-chaic), the birds, the deer (Nos. 10,20), the fragments of large tri|>ods, the 
 straight pins (Nos. 722-807), the fibulae ( Nos. 8.>^!-881), the ornamental bands (Nos. 1748, 1749), 
 and probably most of the engraved and punc'ietl coatings and the engraved spits. Under the influ- 
 ence of this style stand further the cow's head ( No. 23 ), and the bird's tail (No. 49). 
 
 ^ Airhaic. 1. Later and reflex Mycenaean (so-called Oriental) influence: cow's head (No. 25), 
 lion (No. 29), fibulae (Nos. 883-918). 2. Moi-e independent and developed archaism: fragments 
 of statues (locks of hair), statuettes, horse (No. 18), cows (Nos. 20, 27), mouse (No. 30, frag. No. 
 31), bird's head (No. 50), mirrors, saucers, sphinx anq)hora, fragment of rim with lotus and 
 ]»almettes, h)w tri)>o<l stand, hand strainer, handle with engraved horses' heads, fragment of chariot 
 antyx, imitition harness straps, ring-fibulae (Nos. 919-945), lion fibula (No. 946), cut figures 
 (e. g. dolphin, head and neck of bird). A considerable number of the straight pins also belong 
 here. 
 
 *' The (ieonietric style, while interjwsed between tlie Mycenaean and Archaic styles, is represented 
 by a smaller numl>er of objects thsin either, and has left but few traces of its influence on the 
 later style. As a result of the slight impression made by the Geometric style on the Mycenaean, 
 the latter, through its later stages, passes either directly or with slight modiRcation into the early 
 Archaic. Between the two there is, as may be seen, for example, from the various types of straight 
 pins, no essential change in technique, the difference lying maiidy in the introduction of some 
 elements of ornamentation derived from the Geometric style and some subjects like the griffin 
 derived from the Orient. An Oriental atyle does not exist among the bronzes from the 
 Heraeum." 
 
 w 
 
 Vi. 
 
' 
 
 62 
 
 G EN ERA L I NTHOnrCTIOX 
 
 CLASSIMCATION OF THE T.KONZES 
 
 i)?. 
 
 set' li(»w siuli ini'tal «»l»jccts, wire linj^s and pins and spits, wvrv everywhere used for 
 nionev. When, finally, the two hu«;e iron ohjetts ( Eii>-, 151), whicli conl«l not tonieivaldy 
 have served anv aetnal use, were found, tlie account whicli ancient authoi-s j;;ive of the 
 (h'dication of the spits' (6/Sc\icrKot ) at this very Heraeuuj of Arj^os, when first Phidon 
 struck money at Aej^na, seemed tlie only explanation of the facts of our finds, which 
 thus, on their side, furnish us with a most striking; archaeuhigical contirmatiun of the 
 statements of ancient historical writers. 
 
 The evidence of all the several dei>artn»ents of individual finds, each dealt with l»y my 
 c«>mpetent collaborators, tends to confirm my main thesis concernin«^ the earliest history 
 <»f the Ileraeum, and to hear out the chnuudoj'ical classification forced upon me hy the 
 general and sj)ecial t«»ponrapliy of the Ileraeum, the architectural evidence of the remains, 
 the local traditions of the district, and hv a careful stu<lv of the terra-cottas and vases. 
 
 Mr. De Con, who for more than four years hais devoted himself to the cleaning;; and 
 most painstakini;' study of the bronze objects for purposes of final classification, sends 
 me the followin*;" brief abstract of the j;fneral chronolo»»ual «;;roupin<^ of the broiiM's 
 which he has been led to adopt from his prolonj^ed study of the objects themselves. It will 
 be seen that his classification, arrived at (piite independently from those of the otlu'r 
 objects, strictly corresponds in the main to these. His caution re«;;ardin;;; the bronzes of 
 the primitive period is but natural, as we sluudil expect but few objects of this material 
 at this early sta«;e of civilization. It is also interestinj^ to note that, as in the case of 
 our terra-cottas, the brcuizes belonj^inj^ to the *'" Geonu'tric " style are compjiratively few 
 in iMunber. 
 
 The bronzes from the Ar«»ive Ileraeum he has classified as follows : — 
 
 "The objects described in the i'atalogue are arnuiged : (1 ) a»*cording to what they ar«>or repre- 
 sent : (2) according t«> their style ; e. g. all the horses or all the birds are kept tiigether, Imt aitJ 
 arranged in classes an»l catalogue reference acconling to their style. 
 
 " Evidence for date and styh' is not furnished by the conditions of the site, except for the trr- 
 inhius antv quem 423 B. c. — nor do any of the bronzes apjiear of themselves to be siiliseqiient to 
 that date. For details one nuist dejM'nd mainly on tlie excavations of graves in Argolis, .\ttica. 
 tiu' ( 'ydades, etc. 
 
 " There is no evidence that any of the bronzes fnMu the Ileraeum are of otlu-r than native manu- 
 facture. In the case, l)«>wever, of the nude female figure with lotus lieatUlress, reflex liluHlian 
 inffueuce may be suspected. 
 
 "The objects may be assigned to a Primitive, a Mycenaean, a Geometric, and an Archaic style 
 and iktiimI in rough chronological se«|uence. Objects whicli suggest the so-called ( >ricntal style 
 are included with the Archaic. 
 
 " Pt'iniitivv. There are no bronze objects from the Ileraeum whi«'h necessarily nmst 1m' ]»ut hero, 
 but it is probable that some of the wire, nails, and diisels, some of tlic plain rings, and a portion 
 of the single head straight ])ins (No. r)2. etc. ) should be juit in this )>eri<Kl. The same is, )K>rhaps, 
 true of a small sus{)ension vase somewhat resendiling tlie Ai'gean tyi>e with standard and su|H>nsi(ui 
 holes at the side. Oth«'r f»bjects which |)ossibly may I>e of this ]H'ri<Hl are an oblong plain U-ad 
 (No. 1547), some of the plain shallow saucers, certain licatUess corrugated straight pins (e. g. No. 
 116), and the plain o|H>n bracelet (No. 070). 
 
 " MijcvitiUiin. 1. Shaft-grave periml. The Acrojiolis graves of !Mycenae have the following 
 
 luis also infuriiK-d nic of a similar ]ilii>ii<ini)>ii(in in Zaiizi- Swv 'K^*w% r6ftitTna fita^*if iv Alylfti- Hal tout rh yu^ifr^ta koI 
 
 liiir, where the natives nse metal arrow-Iieails as coin; aifa\aBuiv roi/s o/9(Aiir«covi ayftfrytr* r^ iv'.\pyti'Hp-- fwniii Si 
 
 lint have hiijje, useless ami thin arrow-lieails over two feet tot* ix' o3*A((tkui tjik x"V« i^^vpov, rovriirrt t^*- SpJuca. iin*U, 
 
 hi<^h, as representing lar<;er sums. ita/vfp firi w\ijpovfTos riiw SpdKa roit {( o^JAois Spaxt^h" airriiw 
 
 * Elymul. Magn. n. v. ojSfXiiTKaj : . . wivruv S< v^Mrot 4f u Afyu^fv ■uapa ru Spo^airSat. 
 
 objects which an* represented in kind at tiic Ileraeum: Koun<l and diani<»n(l-shape<l wire, both in 
 straight pieces and coils, nails, spikes and chisels, large plain tlisks with «Mlgc folded under (cf. No. 
 171'J), anil the wishbone type of l»owI-han«lles. 2. Of the later period repr«*sented by the graves 
 of the lower city and other .Mycenaean sites, e. g. Tiryns (in part), Vaphio. Mcnidhi, Salaniis, etc., 
 the Ileraeum finds are more numerous, and comprise nails witii thick flat heads, plain and orna- 
 mented rings, cylix or 1m)w1 handles of wishi>one type, a small pit«'lier, shallow saucers with and 
 without handles, disks, etc. Many of tln' straight pins with bead an«l corrugated heads, as well 
 as those with sjMxd-heads and insertecl br«)uze or ir«)n pin-shafts ( Nos. ^•')2-3K2), and al»out 
 fifty tiliulae ( Nos. 808-857). together with the open screw-thread bracelet with corrugated ends 
 ( No. 072 ), iM'hing here. It is also probable that the simplest form of ball spit is to be put here. 
 ^^(ivnmvtrir. To this style beh>ng the horses, except Nos. 14-17 (farly naturalistic and transi- 
 
 Fio. :>1. — Ikon Uaks kxc.vv.\tki> at tmk IIki:aki;m. 
 
 tioiial) and No. 18 ('archaic), the birds, the deer (Nos. 10.20). the fragments of large tripods, the 
 straight pins (Nos. 722-807 ), the fibulae ( Nos. ,s:)S-88I ), the ornamental bands (Nos. 174\ 1740), 
 anil proliably nmst of the engrave«l an«l punc'ie»l coatings an<l the engraved spits. l'n»ler the influ- 
 ence of this style stand further the cow's head ( No. 23 ), and the bird's tail ( No. 40). 
 
 " .Ifr/nfk: 1. Later an«l ivtlex Mycenaean (so-calh-d Oric-ntal) influence: cow's head (No. 25), 
 Hon (No. 20), filudae (N«»s. 883-018). 2. More inde[>endent an»l develo}>e<l archaism: fragments 
 of statues ( hn-ks of hair), statuettes, horse ( No. 18), cows ( Nos. 2<», 27 ), mouse ( No. 30. frag. No. 
 31), bird's head (No. 50), mirrors, .sau<*ers, sphinx amphora, fragment of rim with lotus and 
 jialmettes, h»w tripml stand, h:uul .strainer, handle with engraved horses" heads, fragment of chariot 
 antyx, imitation harness straps, ring-fibulae ( Nos. l>10-045). lion fibula ( No. 040), cut figures 
 (e. g. dolphin, head and neck of bird). A considerable nund>er of the straight pins also belong 
 here. 
 
 *'The(Jeonictric style, while interposi'd l)etween the My<"enaean and -\rchaic styles, is represented 
 by a snndler numlter of objects than either, and has left but few traces of its influence on the 
 later style. As a i-esult of the slight impression made by the Geoujetric .style on the Mycenaean, 
 the latter, thi-ough its later stages, ]>asscs either directly or with slight mollification into the early 
 .\rchaic. Iletween the two there is, as may Ik; seen, for ex:nnple, from the various types of straight 
 pins, no e.s.sential change in teclmitpie, the dif^'erence lying mainly in the introduction of stune 
 elements of ornamentation derived from the (leometrie style and some subjects like the griffin 
 tlerived from the Orient. An Oriental t^ti/le does not exist among the bronzes from the 
 Ileraeum." 
 
h 
 
 64 
 
 1 11 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 GENERAL INTKODUCTIOX 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES. 
 
 (lENERAL (iOHDONS EXCAVATIONS 
 
 05 
 
 f 
 
 Mr. lluhanl Norton has had ohar«»t' of the engraved stones from our excavations, 
 and will j^ive a separate account of these. But I may siiy at this place that his classifi- 
 cation fully hears out the general conclusions concerning the Ileraeiun antiquities to 
 which I have been led by the study of the other finds on our site. 
 
 EGYPTIAN OBJECTS. 
 
 In the important chronological conclusions to which we have been led by the stu<ly of 
 the antiipiities found at the Heraeum, the Egyptian objects were left unnoticed, because 
 I did not feel qualified to judge of them. But it appeared to me when the excavations 
 were eomi»leted that these could throw no light upon the earliest history of that site. No 
 Egyptian object was found below the black layer of the Old Temple, and, as far as 1 
 could ascertiiin from the actual finds, none came from the lowest layers near the bed- 
 rock on any of the other sites. Those that were found would thus most probably be 
 related to tlie later " orientalizing " period, as we noted it in terracottas, vases, etc. 
 
 Mr. A. M. Lythgoe has undertaken the publication of these objects and will further 
 make a comparative study of those found at the Heraeum with those discovered at Eleusis 
 and Aegina. Meanwhile he assures me '* that there is no object earlier than the begin- 
 ning of the so-called Late New Empire — in fact, probably not earlier than the reign of 
 Amasis, Twenty-sixth Dynasty. That dating would include also the scarabs bearing the 
 cartouche of llamen-cheper." 
 
 HISTORY OF PREVIOrs EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 The site of the Heraeum remained unkn<(wn for many centuries. Its discovery and 
 final identificati<»n by means of excavation wei-e achieved in our age by Colonel (hiter 
 General) Gordon of Cairness in the year ISJH. The first notice of this discovery was 
 pui»lished by William Mure in 11^2.' He gives the following account of the discovery 
 and of the site : — 
 
 •'It was not until my arrival at Athens that 1 Icarntd that the site of the Hei-neuni, or temple 
 of Juno Argive, iHjrhaps the most imiHirtant sjiuctuary of ancirnt (ireece, after those of Olympia 
 and Delphi, and hence so long, so anxiously, and so vainly sought for hy travelers, had lu'en dis- 
 coverer! hy General Gordon, several years before.'-* . . . The form of this eminence, of which the 
 accompanying sketch (Fig. 32), without any pretensions to geometrical accuracy, will give a fair 
 general idea, is nearly that of an isosceles triangle with its apex i>ointing to the mountain and its 
 base to the plain. The surface is divided into thi-ee esplanades, or terraces, rising in gradation one 
 above another, from the lower to the uj^mt extrenjity. The central one of the three [our Old Tem- 
 ple] is supported by a massive Cyelopean substructure, still in gmxl preservation, to a considerable 
 height, an<l a conspicuous objeet from some distance. It was this wall, aceonlingly, which first 
 attracted the genei-al's attention. On the lowest of the three terraces he made an excavation. 
 
 ' Journal of n Tour in Greece and ike Ionian Islantl.i, 
 London, 184'J, pp. 177 ff. He made his journey in 18,'W. 
 
 - Tliis General Ciiordon he mentions in an earlier pas- 
 sage (p. 162) : " Argos was at this time the headquarters 
 of my countryman. General Gortlon, who commanded in 
 chief in the Pelo|M>nnesus. Ilis arrival from Athens liad 
 preceded mine by several days, and a genenil invitation 
 
 to his table, during the period of my stay, assured me 
 both agreeable society and excellent fare during my re- 
 turn from my daily rambles. The general, in addition 
 to his extensive knowledge of the country and people, is 
 an accomplishe<I antitpiary ; and his long residence in 
 this district had rendered him more esjR-cially familiar 
 with its objects of interest." 
 
 which fidly confirmed his jn-cvious susjucion that this was the site of the Iloraeum. Besides many 
 fragments of ornamental masonry, both in stone and marble, lie disinterred various pieees of sculp- 
 ture. Among these was the tail of a |>eaco<'k in white marble, possibly a fragment of tliat which 
 Pausanias descrilies as dedicate<l by Hadrian to the goddess,* with several small votive images, 
 some of them l>earing di.stinct allusions to her worship : besides ]ain])s, vases, and otlier arti«'les 
 in bronze and terra-cotta. Anmng fragments of eohuuns are none which could be considere<l 
 worthy of having iM'longed to the jMjrticos of so noble 
 an edifice. The greater part of the edifice, it may be 
 presumed, has Ih'cu removed during the later ages, 
 for the construction of mo<lern edifices, sacred or 
 pi-ofane. Around the mouths of wells on the ])lain 
 Ixdow, and on the sites of several ruins of Byzantine 
 or Turkish |K*rio<ls, are strewe<l massive drums of col- 
 uunis of the Doric order, with fragments of a similar 
 de.seri)>tion. The lower terrace has also its substruc- 
 tions of i-egular Hellenic masonry,'-^ forming a. breast- 
 work to the base of the triangle towards the jdain. 
 The excavation was conducted at the general's own 
 cost, and ujion a limited scale ; but, to judge by its 
 success, were it to be followed up on a niore extended 
 plan, it could not fail to l>e productive of valuable 
 ivsults. 
 
 "The lenjrth of the surface of the hill mav l>e 
 alxuit two hundred and fifty yards; its jiresentbn'adth 
 aliout half its length. It is ])rotecte<1 on its flanks 
 by steep precipices beneath which is the l)ed of a 
 small torrent descending from the mountain l>ehind, 
 as in<licated by Pausanias," etc. 
 
 Ill communicating this discovery of General 
 Gordon's to C<donel Leakt*, Mr. Finlay sjiys : ^ 
 " It is a few hundivd yards neai*er the hills than 
 where you pas.sed, but tw(» ravines isohite the 
 site, and pi-eveiit it from being i-eached by riding 
 ch)se along the slope of the hills." On November 21, 18*51, Finlay further writes to 
 Leiike : — 
 
 " While at Xauplia I visited the IIera<'um, and spent the whole day there; and I had the good 
 fortune to discover a curious subterraneous passage,* which escajMid the attention even of Pro- 
 fessor Thiersch of Munich, who had visitetl the site several times. A projection of Mount Euboea 
 lengthens the roatl from Mycenae to these ruins, and obliges a horseman to keep so far down in 
 the plains, that a small knoll hides the ]»lace from those who pass near it, while it remains visible 
 at a disUuice, and can he seen Imth from Argos and Nauplia.^ The eminence on which the ruins 
 are situate<l is an irregular triangular jdatform having a precipitous apex towards Mount Euboea, 
 and inaccessible though not very elevated. The base of the triangle is towanls Argos, and is sujv 
 
 Fi<i. .'Vi. — Coi.oxKi, MuuKs Pi. AX ok thk Site 
 
 OK THE HeKAEIM. 
 
 From his Journal of A Tour in (ireere, vol. I. 
 p. 179. 
 
 ' This is a mistake, as Hadrian's gift was "a peacock 
 of gold and shining stones" (Pans. III. 17. (»). Still the 
 allusitm to Hera remains, as there were also sacred ]>ea- 
 cocks in the sanctuary of Hera at Sanios, etc. Cf. Fra- 
 zer's Pausanias, Vol. III. pp. 185 ff. 
 
 ' Gordon must therefore, in his excavations, have got 
 down to the foundation walls of the Second Temple. 
 
 •'' I^ake's Pelo/Htnnexiacii [supiilement to his Travels 
 in the Mortal, published iu 1840, pp. 258 if. 
 
 * Tliis is cither a broad cavernous passage or the 
 slope l>ehind the buildings, to the northwest of the Old 
 Temple, or a passage near the river to the southwest of 
 the site inuuediatoly l)eside the " manhole " passage which 
 we excavated in the first year. I do not think this one is 
 meant. 
 
 ^ I^eake's fiiotnote : " From the Larissa of Argos it 
 be.irs N. '27 K. from Palamidhi, N. 10 W." 
 
 ■\i-^ 
 
I 
 
 I ■ r 
 
 ) 
 
 , \ 
 
 IP< 
 
 ' I 
 
 hi 
 
 GO 
 
 r 
 
 GENERAL IXTUODLTTION 
 
 RANCiABES EXCAVATIONS 
 
 67 
 
 \^ .t^,**f(j^« -^.■„ ^„>#*. 
 
 SITE or Tax HER^V 
 
 nrar 
 
 hy James Robanon Etf. 
 
 OR t*> ,rta<r of 
 
 Xqor Gaeral Cordon 
 
 £>ncKl)K£r of Ihr CrrtJc Forc*l 
 
 Fig. 33. — Gkxkkal Gordon's Plan ok tiik Sitk ok tiik IIkuakuu. 
 From I^ake's PelojMnneaiacn, 1846. 
 
 ported l>y a terrace in masonrj', above wliicli, at the base of the iieak, is an npper terraee and a 
 quadrangular platform. The walls of the lower terraoe are generally of an inferior kind of regular 
 niasonryl but an angle towartls Nauplia [probably XI on the Plan (Fig. 2), and the wall to the 
 east of this] is of fine workmanship, and differs from all the remaining walls, in consisting of two 
 layers of large blocks, succeede<l by a narrower course. The whole of this wall is i)ierced with 
 square holes, like those made for l)eanis, very numerous, and extending over the whole surface. 
 Below this terrace I found part of the shaft of a Doric column, eleven feet six inches in circum- 
 ference, with twenty flutings. This column was of limestone, and covered with cement. The wall 
 of the npiJer terrace consists of blocks, heaped rudely together in a very rough Cycloi)ean style ; 
 three layers of stone generally remain. One stone of a triangidar form was twelve feet in the 
 sides, and fonr to five feet thick ; another eighteen feet long and six feet thick ; the breadth was 
 concealed by the earth. Below this terrace is another piece of a column, which seems not to have 
 belonged to the same edifice of which that before mentioned formed a i)art, being of a harder 
 limestone, roughly worked, unfluted, and 4 feet 1 inch in diameter at the only end I could mea- 
 sure.' There are considerable quantities of pottery scattered about." 
 
 » From the Ol.l Temple. 
 
 AftiT (lescril)iii«; his .search of the watere<)Ui*ses and his discovery of the aqueduct at 
 the back of the Old Temple, Finlay ends his letter. But Leake mentions a .second 
 eomnuniieation from Fiiday in tiie sprin<^ of 18.*30 after he had .spent a few days at 
 Arj»;os with Genenil Gordon, who undertook a small excavation at the ruins.' He 
 also mentions the peacock, the terra-cotta antefix, " a lion of bronze about six inches 
 lonj^, well pi-eserved, some other bronzes mucii c<»rrode(l, and s<nne terra-cotta very rude." 
 S<M)n afterwards Finlay sent Leake a plan of the site, which Leake published in iiis 
 volume, and winch is here reproduced (Fi«;". Ii3). It is of especial interest to us as .sliow- 
 in«^ the extent of Gctrdon's excavations on the Second Temple platform. 
 
 In the year IS.").'} the late arcliae«>h)oi.st, poet, and stiitesman, A. Rizo Ilangabe, made 
 a j»;reat effort to c(dlect money from all quarters of the civilized world for tlie purpose of 
 excavatinj^ Olympia. His attempt was not successful, for the whole sum raised fell short 
 of .^2(M) ( i'lJl), 7s.), and it was evidently (|uite impossible to undertiike with tiiis sum an 
 excavation whicii, from the numifest indications on the surface, would necessiirily assume 
 
 IMaii 
 
 ■ Hit drr 
 
 IJMGLGKND. 
 
 .■■'.'■•''i:'''>)'iVv«^#» " 
 a. 
 
 
 A." 
 
 Fig. .'U. — Rangab^'s Plax ok thk Site ok the IIkraeum. 
 Fruiii J;is A mtfrahung beiiii Tempel der Hera unweit A rgos, 1855. 
 
 huo;e (limensifHis. Thus Ranji^abe, who Avas joined by the Gennan sclndar Bursian, 
 decided to bej^in at what was evidently a much smaller site, but one whicli seemed second 
 in importiince only to Olympia, — namely, the Arjifive Heraeum. These excavations 
 were thus bejjfun in 1854. As was to be expected from the restricted means at the dis- 
 jMJSjil <»f these excavators, the work could not be carried very far, and, as is evident 
 from Kanj^abe's phm hei-e reproduced { Fij^. 34), as well as fnnn the account given by 
 both Iian<;;al»e - and Bursian,^ was su}>erficial. In fact, their work of excavation con- 
 sisted in (li«jf«»^inj>^ trenches ah)iig the northern side of the Second Temple foundations, 
 
 ' Gowlon's excavation must therefore have been made ^ A. Rizo Rangah^, Auxgrabung beim Tempel der Hera 
 
 in 18.%, liis discovery of tlie site in 1831. unweit Argox, IlaUo, 1855. 
 
 * BuUetini dell. Inst, di Corresp. Arch. 1854, pp. xi-xvii. 
 
 A' 
 
68 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 > .h< 
 
 I' I 
 
 if 1 
 
 round the east side, and, for a short distance, along the eastern jwrtion of the south 
 foundation wall (Fig. 3i>). In our own excavation we could trace the work done l>y 
 Rangabe and Bursian, but found that their trenches were not carrie<l beyond a few feet 
 in depth. In spite of the slightness of the work, a considerable number of intei-esting 
 marble fragments from the Second Temple were discovered, one head and torso which 
 we shall reproduce in deahng with the sculptures of the temple. We should iu>t be 
 justified in expecting in those infant days of excavating a proper appreciation of all the 
 minor finds and fragments, their careful pieservation and classification. There is thus no 
 record in the accounts given by Bursian and Rang-abe of the numerous objects of minor 
 art which they found. The individual objects coming from this excavation were dei>osited 
 in a house at Argos, where, a few years later, ui ISTu, they were seen by the Cambridge 
 scholar W. G. Clark,' who expressed his disappointment at the results (see below, p. 70). 
 Rangabe's excavations, we have seen, only consisted of a shallow trench along the 
 outside of the foimdation wall of the Second Temple ; and as soon as he came to the 
 level of this (about a foot from the surface), he went to no further depth. He thus mis- 
 took the top of this foundation wall for the juivement of the temple," and carried his 
 
 work no further into the interior of the temple.' But even 
 on the surface of this wall he went to no further depth, and 
 thus was led to "believe that the " luivement " ended where 
 the upj)er layers of the foundiition had Iwjen removed. It is 
 owing to this fact that on his plan he reaches only one half of 
 the southern wall ; while at this point we found it contained 
 two layers of stone beneath, and followetl it down at the 
 southwest corner to a depth of twelve feet. He thus also 
 shows nothing of the west side of the foundation wall, and 
 has to make a guess as to its position.* We thus find his 
 work at the Second Temple to have consisted only in digging 
 a trench to a depth of not more than two to three feet, and a 
 width of not more than five feet, from the north side, round 
 the east, and half way down the south side. The blocks of 
 2)oros stone (M and K on his map) projecting from the northeast corner of the temple 
 he conceived to have been pavements of altsirs {Fiif<sbo(len von Altiireti) iind }Kirts of 
 the temple, and makes a conjecture that the larger of the two (K) held the silver altar 
 mentioned by Pausanias. 
 
 Beyond this work at the Second Temple the excavations of Riingabe were hardly carried, 
 though trenches were dug at various points, without leading him to believe that tnues of 
 other buildings existed. They were merely undertaken for comi)leteness' stike, at least to 
 make sure that nothing was to be found there.^ We must deei)ly regiet that we do not 
 hear more about the trench dug at the southeast corner of the platform and below it (out- 
 
 ♦^ 
 
 •fc 
 
 r 
 
 
 Fig. 35. — Bursian's Plan. 
 
 1 His account is given in his Peloponnesus, pp. 83 If., 
 published in London, 1858. 
 
 ' Ausgrabung, etc. p. 13, "Dieser Streif scheint der 
 Fussboden des Peristyls zu sein." 
 
 ■'' Op. eit. p. 14, "Von der inneren Flache des Tem- 
 pels ist nichts mehr vorhanden ; " p. 18, " Ueber die in- 
 nere Einrichtung und den inneren Scbmuck des Tempels 
 sind alle Vennuthungen schwer." 
 
 * Op. cU. p. 14, "Es ist aber unter den vorhandenen 
 Yerhaltnissen ebenso schwierig zu sageu, welche die ge- 
 
 naue Form des Tempels war als auch zu wissen, ob die 
 Tierte [western] Seite nicht, aus irgcnd eineni unU>kaun- 
 ten Grunde, weit entfenit von den zwei langen lag." 
 
 •^ Op. eil. pp. 19, 20, " Die Ausgrabung wiire nicht 
 ToUstiindig, wenn ausser der eigentlichen Teni|)elstatte, 
 auf der diese Resultate gewonnen wurden, man nicht 
 auch andere von den umliegenden Stiitten untersucht hUtte, 
 um wenig^tens zur Gewissheit zu gelangen dass dort 
 nichts zu erbeuten seL" 
 
 RANGABE'S DISCOVERIES 
 
 69 
 
 I 
 
 side the sup|Kjrting wall), where he seems to have struck one of the earliest layers. For 
 here they " came upon a spot close to the entrance, where there were a few isolated 
 graves. They ap|>eared to have been made of ponuis stone, so that the sides of these shaft- 
 tombs crumbled away on the .spot, and were dissolved into a yellowish earth, in which 
 were found several vases, most of them undecorated, of common workmanship and 
 form." ' Manifestly these (in continuation of the region outside the earliest perlbohts- 
 wall) were small, rude shaft-tombs of the Sjilaminian order, such as we found at the 
 south slope, and in which were the early vases with " dull-colored " ornament. Here, or 
 near it, he <'ame also upon the early vases, figurines, bronze pins {NiUjel), etc., which 
 made up our black layer. 
 
 All in all, Riingab:' appears to have found .'552 separate objects. Bursijin'- tells us of 
 550 " architectural and glyi)tic (>bjects." But he is evidently inaccurate, as Rangabe 
 gives a cla.ssificd list of the various objects found, adding " numerous vase-fragments, 
 pie<*es of iron, and of bronze." 
 
 The most import<int objects found wei-e no doubt the fr.igments of marble sculpture, of 
 which (evidently counting even the smallest chi})) he counts 375. Among these are 114 
 fragments of legs and feet and 1(5() fragments of drapery. Not all of these have been 
 preserved. The only comi)lete piece he i-efers to is the female metope head here embodied 
 among ours (Plate XXXII. ). " None of them," he says,' "is complete, and as they are 
 of diiferent dimensions, some life-size, some colossal, and others, again, and these form 
 tJie greater number, under hfe-size, it is impossible to determine whether, or if so, which 
 belong to single statues (i>erhaps to those of the priestesses), and which to pedimental 
 figures or other ornaments of the temple." They were chiefly found at the jjronaos 
 and the northern side, where he excavated.* 
 
 The evidence of our own excavations and, in the light of these, the account which 
 Rangabe and Bursian themselves give show that their excavation does not deserve this 
 name in the full and modern acceptiition of that term. I do not say this in a spirit which 
 ignores the high-minded enthusi^ism of these scholars, who labored under the great diffi- 
 culties of such restricted nie<ins at that imjierfect stage of the " art " of excavating. But 
 it is for truth's siike necessjiry to sjiy that the work of 18.54 consisted in mere scratching 
 of the surface and digging of a few trial trenches. The fact of their being hitherto 
 quoted as " excavations of the Heraeum " led many, ourselves included, to assume that 
 nothing more was to be found ; and it was only when we were brought face to face with 
 the actiuil site, and were impressed with the promise of the soil as it appeared on the sur- 
 face and the few indications of walls, that Mr. Brownson and I agreed in 1891 as to the 
 desirability — nay, necessity — of completing the work of Rangabe. 
 
 I should, in fine, like to quote the remarks of a Cambridge scholar, W. G. Clark, 
 whose work was published in 1858,° but who visited the site in 18.54 while Rangabe 
 was excavating, and I shall give the passage relating to the Heraeum more fully, as his 
 remarks in general, and especially those on " Prosymna," seem to me so cogent and 
 interesting. 
 
 ' Op. cit. p. 20, " Einer von diesen Grsiben fiihrte zu 
 einer Stelle hart am Eiugang, wo eiuige isolirte Graber 
 waren. Sie scheinen aus poriisem Stein bestanden zu 
 haben, so dass ihre Seiten auf der Stelle verfault, sich in 
 eine gelbliche Erde aufgeliist haben, worin sich einige 
 Vasen, die meisten unverziert, von gewuhnlicher Arbeit 
 und Form vorgefunden haben." 
 
 * Bulletini dell. Inst, di Corresp. Arch. Rome, 1854, 
 p. xvi, " Tutti questi oggetti con tutti i rimasugli archi- 
 tettonici e glittici (essendo questi ultimi 550, . . . etc.)." 
 
 •'' Ausgrabung, etc., p. 23. 
 
 * Op. cit. pp. 18 and 19. 
 
 ^ Peloponnesus, London, 1858, pp. 83 B. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
l i 
 
 70 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 " The ancient Ileraeum was a fortress as well as a city. The jnisition eonibiiiin^ natural strength 
 with a copious water-supply so far resembles that of Mycenae, hut differs from it inasmuch as it 
 stands out on a projecting spur, instead of nestling in a recess of the mountain chain. . . . 
 
 " Recent excavations — still in progress when we were there — have laid hare parts of the foun- 
 dations of the temple, so as to leave no douht as to its exact site, hut bringing nothing to light by 
 which the dimensions could be estimated with anything like certainty. The complete disappear- 
 ance of the buildin*' at so irreat a distance from anv town seems to prove that its materials were 
 convertible into lime. If it had been built of marble, Pausanias wouhl ju-obably have said so: 
 moreover, in another place (VIII. 41) he says that no temple in the l\'h»iM»nnese, except that of 
 Tegea, surpassed in beauty of material that at liassae, which we know from its remains to have 
 been built of limestone. The Ileraeum was therefore, in all j)robability, of limesttine too, always 
 excepting the decorative sculpture in the frieze and ]>ediments. Immediately in front were a flight 
 of steps, and jwrhaps j)ropylaea, fronting the road to Argos, and from which a path h'«l to the 
 right to a lower terrace. inten<led probably for the abode of the servants of the temple. . . . Imme- 
 diately above the site of the temple just described is a i)olygonal wall sui)|M»rting the highest t«'r- 
 race of all : on which, no doubt, the more ancient temple stoinl, though not a vestige now remains. 
 Some religious scniple seems to have prevented the Argives from meddling with the relics of the 
 first temple. It was originally built on the lonely hill, ])erhaps as a common holy place for all 
 the inhabitants of the Argive jdain, and a peculiar sanctity attached to it on account of its imme- 
 morial anti(piity The Argives, and probably the other communities, so long as they retained their 
 independence, dated the jmblic acts according to the year of the ])riestess of Hera. Thucydides, 
 evitlently expecting that his work would be known and read in the I*elo)M>nnesc, gives the date of 
 the connnencement of the war, according to the Argive calendar, "when Chryseis was in the 
 forty-eighth year of the priesthood" (Thuc. II. 2). The accident to the teinjtle oecurivd eight 
 years and a half afterwards ( IV. 133). 
 
 ''Tiie excavations undertaken by the government had Ik'CU much talked of, and their results 
 vaunted even in the English pa|)ers. We were very much disap]>ointed with what we saw collected 
 at Argos. Some shelves in a little room contained the whole — a few small fragments. There was 
 one beautiful female head with the hair in a band gathered in a knot behin<l, and also some feet and 
 hands of niarble. There was a fragment of a frii'ze with the honeysuckle ornament ])ninted jiale 
 yellow on a black ground, with re«l in the eentrc. There was a lion's head with ojm'U mouth, wiru-h 
 must have been a gargoyle, and a i)ieee of moulding of which the ornament represented a buckle 
 and tongue. I do not know the an^hitectural name [egg and dart]. . . . 
 
 '' All the district comprehended under these three nan>es was probably destined for the sup|>ort 
 of the temple and its ministers. ... I find, from another passage in the same writer (Pans. 11. 
 37. 1), that Prosymna was one of the titles under which Demeter was worshi|H'd by the Argives. 
 I conclude, therefore, that it was some j)rovincial name for arable land, as the lowest part of the 
 mountain is. There is i)erhaps no trade or art, besides agricultui-e, which so abounds in l<H*al and 
 provincial terms not generally understood. Farmers and laborers ti-avel less out of their own 
 neighborhood and their own class than any other jM*ople." 
 
 From 1854 to 1802 no atteiin)ts were made to explore this iiii]>ortaiit site. Duniijj 
 these tliirty-ei«»;ht years, time had done its w(n-k, and had ohlitenited all traces of pre- 
 vions excavations. No donbt the iidiahitants of the nei«>;hl)orino; viUat^es had continued 
 the practice of previous centuries (a j)raetiee we found it difficult to pi-event even durinji^ 
 our excavations) of carry injif off iM>rtal)le stones for building material. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS. 
 
 In 1891 I wrote to the Manajjinjj^ Connnittee of the Selnxd of Athens as f<dh)ws : — 
 
 " I have succeeded in obtaining from the Greek government a concession (which will have to lie 
 confirmed by the Chamber} of the right to excavate for seven years on two sites to be chosen by 
 
 AMERICAN EXCAVATIONS HE(tUN 
 
 71 
 
 Kio. :«». — Thk Skconh Tkmi'LK Pi-atkohm liKKouK Excavation. 
 
 me out of five which I suggested. In order to decide ujion this choice, I left Athens on April 1. 
 accom])anie<l bv Mr. lirownson. and examined the site of the Ileraeum of Arffos and Ariros itself, 
 Tcgca, Sparta, Messcnc, and Elis. I was told of difficulties which might arise in the exjiropria- 
 tion of jjrivatc projMirty at Sparta, but I have convinced myself on the spot that these will not lie 
 serious : while, on the other hand, from the nature of the soil, as well as from the indications of 
 what has already been found there, I am bound to consider Sparta one of the most hoiH'fid sites in 
 Ci recce. With regard to the other sites, the difficulty lies in choosing between Messene and Elis. 
 Elis is a ju'lfirl I'.ie most promising, but Messene seems from the configuration of the soil to be 
 preferable. Near the village of Mavromati, within the city walls, it appears that the ancient 
 Agora is mcII covered with a thick layer of soil washed down by the stream from the hill of 
 Ithome. Elis also looks well, but bears traces of frequent devastation. On the whole I find 
 it <lifficult to decide between these two sites, one of which, certaiidy, we shoidd choose. If I 
 should tdtimately succeed in gaining the concession, I projwse to l)egin early next season to dig 
 at Eretria and at the Ileraeum of Argos, where the excavations of Bursian and Rangabc. many 
 years ago, certainly require completion. Later in the season, Sparta should be tried, and either 
 Messene or Elis." * 
 
 In 1802, after the work was fairly hejfun at the Heraeum, I bep^an ex])lorative exca- 
 vations at SjKirtii, assisted by Mr, Meader, the results of which have since been pub- 
 lished." 
 
 When we bejjf.m our work at the Heraeum, the site was clearly marked by the Cych»pean 
 Kupportin<r wall of the Older Temple, some traces of the supportino" wall of the second 
 platform at the east and southeast ends, and some traces of the wall at the southern 
 
 ' .Sco 7Vm/A Amiunl Tieiwrt of the Mn»ngi»g Committee * Am. Journ. Arch. VIII. (18^3), pp. 410-428; cf. 
 
 of the .\merirnu Sihtwi n/ Classlitil Studies at Athens, 1890- Eleventh Annual Hejwrt of the Managing Committee, etc. 
 lU, pp. 29 ft. (Director's I(e|M>rt). (Director's Report), p. 31. 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
70 
 
 GKNKHAL INTKODrcTlON 
 
 AMKIMCAN HXCAVATIONS IlKCilN 
 
 71 
 
 " Tlie ancient Hi'rai'um was a fortress as well as a eity. The ]>4*sitioM (■oHil)inin<>- natiiial strenylli 
 with a eopious water-snpply so far resembles that of Myet-nae, but tlitl'ers from it inasmueh as it 
 stands out on a j)rojeetini;- sjjur, instead <»f nestlinjr in a reeess of the mountain eliain. . . . 
 
 " Keeent excavations — still in progress when we were there — havt- lai«l baic jtarts of the foun- 
 dations of the temple, so as to Icavt' no donht as to its I'xaet site, hut hrinnin;;' nothin<; to lijilit liy 
 which the dimensions eould he estimated with anytliinj; like (-ertainty. Tiie <-omplete disappear- 
 ance of the hiiildini; at so j^reat a distance from any tt>wn s<'ems to prove that its materials were 
 eonvertihlc into lime. If it had been built of marble, Pausanias would ])robal>ly have said so: 
 moreover, in another jdaee (VIII. 41 ) he says that no temple in the Peloponnese. except that of 
 Te«i;ea, surpassed in beauty of material that at liassae. which we know from its remains to have 
 l»een built of limestone. Tiie lleraeum was therefore, in all probaliility, of linu-stone too, always 
 i'xceptins;- the decorative sculpture in the frie/t; an«l ]»«>dinH'nts. Immediately in front were a tliuht 
 of stej»s, and perhaps ]>ropylaea, fronting' the road to Arjios. and from which a path leil to the 
 riji'ht to a lower terrace, intended ]>robably for the abode of the servants of the tem]ile. . . . Imme- 
 cliately above the site <»f the temple just described is a polygonal wall supportinjj the hij;hest ter- 
 r:ice of all : on which, no doubt, the more ancient temple stood. thou<,di not a vcsti'je now remains. 
 Sonu* relij^ioiis scruple seems to have ])revented the Arijivi's fr«)m med<llin^' with the relics «»f the 
 tirst temple. It was orii^inally built on the lonely hill. ])erliaps as a eonnnon holy plac(> for all 
 the inhabitants of the Argive ]>lain. an«l a ]>eculiar sanctity attached to it on ac«-oinit of its imme- 
 morial antitpiity The .\r<iives, and probably the other communities. si> long as they retained their 
 indeitendence, ilated the public acts according to the year of the priestess of Hera. Tlnwydides. 
 evidently expecting that his work would be known and read in the IVloponnes*'. gives the date of 
 the eonnnenecment of the war, aecor«1in<r to the Arrive calendar, "when Chrvseis was in the 
 forty-i'ighth year of the priesthood " (Thin*. II. 2). The accident to the tem|de (M'curred eight 
 y«'ars and a half afterwards ( IV. \'.Mi^, 
 
 "The excavations undertaken by the government had b««cn nujch talked of, and their residts 
 vaunted even in the Knglish ]»:ipers. We were vi-ry much disa|)pointed with what we saw collected 
 at Argos. Some shelves in a little room contained the whole — a few small fragments. There was 
 one beautiful female head with the hair in a band gather«'d in a knot behind, and also some feet and 
 hands of marble. There was a fragment of a frie/*- with the honeysu«'kle ornament ]>ainted )»;de 
 yeUow on a black ground, w ith r»-d in the centre. There was a lion's head with ojwn mouth, which 
 must have been a gargoyle, and a ])ieee of moulding of which the ornament ri-presented a buckle 
 and tongue. I do not know the architectural name [egg and dart J. . . . 
 
 •• All the distrii't comprehended un«ler these three names was ]>robably destined for the sup|>ort 
 of the ti'uiplc and its ministers. ... I tin«l, from anotlu-r j)assage in the same writer ( Pans, II. 
 ^{7. 1), that Prosymna was «)ue of the titles under which I )enu'ter was worsliip»'d by the .\rgives, 
 I i'oncluile, therefore, that it was s«une jirovincial nanu' for arable land, as the h»west part of the 
 mountain is. There is )>erhaps no trade or art. 1)esides agriculture, which so .ibounds in loe:d an«l 
 provincial terms not generally untlerstood. Farmers and lab<»rers travel h-ss out of their own 
 neighborhood and their own class than any other |H'ople." 
 
 From IS.14 to 1S02 no atteinpts were nuule to explore this important site. Diirino- 
 these tliirty-eij»lit years, time ha<l <lone its work, and lia«l olditerat«'«l all traces of pn*- 
 vioiis cxeavatioiis. No doiiltt the iiihahitants of the iieii^hhoriiio- villa;;'es had eontiiined 
 the practice of previous ji'iitiuies (a practice we found it difheidt to prevent even dnrin^ 
 our excavations) of carrying;; oil" portable stones for hiiildino- material. 
 
 KXCAVATIO.NS IJY THK AMKKICAN SCHOOL AT ATIIK.XS. 
 
 In 1S!H I wr«»te to the Manao-ino; Connnittee of the ScluMd of Athens as follows : — 
 
 " I iiave succeeded in obtaining from the (ireek government a concession (which will have to be 
 contirmed by the Chandter) of the right to excavate for seven years on two sites to Im* chosen by 
 
 III.. :U>. - \\\i .Sm oXI» J'kMI'I.K I'l.ATKOKM ItKKOKK KXCAVATIOX. 
 
 ine out of live which I suggested. In order to decid«? upon this choici*. I left Athens on April 1. 
 nceonipanied bv .Mr. iirownson. and examined the site of the lleraeum of Ariros and Ar"<»s it>elf. 
 Tcgea. Sparta, .Messene, and Flis. I was told of difti<'ulties which might arise in the expropria- 
 tion of private pro))crty at .Snarta, but I have convinced myself on the spot that these will not be 
 Rerious : while. <in the other hand, from the nature of the soil, as well as from the in»lications of 
 what has .-dready been found there. I am boimd to consider Sparta one <»f the most hopeful sites in 
 (ireece. \\\\\\ I'cgard to the other sites, tin; <lithculty lies in choosing between Messene an<l Klis. 
 VX\s\9. a ftri'tri , lie most jjromising. but Messene seems from the configuration of the soil to be 
 preferalde. Near the village of Mavromati, within the city walls, it ajjpears that the ancient 
 Agora is well covered with a thick layer of soil washed down by the stream from the hill of 
 Ithomc. Klis also hniks well, but l>ears traces of fre<pient devastation. On the whole 1 find 
 it diftieult to deciile between these two sites, one of which, certainly, we should choose. If I 
 should ultimately succeed in gaining the concession. I jtropose to begin early next season to dig 
 at Kretri.i and at the Ileraenm of Argos, where the exeavatitms of liursian and liangal»e. many 
 years ago, cert:iinly require completion. Later in the season. Sparta should be trie«l. and either 
 Messene or Klis.'' * 
 
 In ISD'J. after the work was fairly heotm at the Heraeiin), I heoan explorative exca- 
 vations at Sparta, assisted hy Mr. Mea<ler, the lesnlts of which have sinct- been pnb- 
 Iishe«l." 
 
 WIhmi wc l»ei>an onr work at the Ih-raeinn. the site was clearly marked hy the f 'yclo})ean 
 snpportino- wall of the Ohh-r T»*niple. some traces of the sii]»portino' wall of the sec(»nd 
 platform at the j-ast and sontheast ends, an<l sonte traces of the wall at the southern 
 
 ' Si't' Titilh Aiiiiiial lir/Mut lit' t/iiMiiiiiit/iiii/ Comwilhf - Am. Jourii. Arch. VIII. (ISIVJ). pp. 4in-4'JS ; cf. 
 
 of'thi.linrnivinSiliiMjof'CliisslitilSliiilii'snlAlhens, 1SJM> Elert'nlh Annual Ite/nirt of ttn .Mnnfif/ltii/ Cummittct; otf. 
 in, pp. tiOfT. (Ilirei'toi's K.pi.H). (Direttor's Report), p. M. 
 
¥ 
 
 \i: 
 
 •' \l 
 
 ' i-' 
 
 72 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 end of the Lower Stoa. The rude sqimre turret-shaped wall at the southeaHt en<l of 
 the second platform was so clearly manifest that, after digginj^ in the interior of tiiis 
 squiire tower, I at once erected a Phykikeion (XI on the Plan) over this to contiiin our 
 tools and «»;ive some shelter agiiinst the sun during our midday recess. This was the 
 only spot where I coidd predict that no further excavations would he needed. From the 
 report to the committee quoted ahove, it will be seen that I did not ex|)ect to find so 
 large a site and so many buildings. The fact that jirevious " excavations " had l)een 
 conducted, and the reference of Pausanias to only one building, the Second Temple, and 
 to the burnt ruins of another, the older temple, naturally led me to suppose that we 
 had only to clear away the surface of the temple, to exph)re the Old Temple platform, 
 and to make out the meaning of the isolated walls to the southwest, in order to com- 
 plete our excavation of the site and to supplement the inqwrfect work (h»ne in previous 
 years. 
 
 Instead of this we have found nine sej>arate buildings, each of considerable dimensions 
 
 'I I 
 
 Fig. 37. — Sitk of thk Old Tkmplk Platform bkfork Excavation. 
 
 and importance, and remains of several other structures and walls. Moreover, the work 
 done at the two temj>les could only be termed " scratching " the surface, and the system 
 of going to the lowest depths, to bed-rock, on these sites has l)een }>roved by our finds 
 to be one of the first i)rinciples of excavation. 
 
 When we began our work, in 1892, there were no indications of ancient remains 
 beyond those mentioned above. The Second Temple platform (Fig. \VS) was nothing 
 but a rough, stony, ploughed field, and the upper terrace as well as all the other i)arts 
 of the sjinctiuiry presented the same aspect (Fig. 37). 
 
 I have given a fuller account of our first year's work in a separ.ite pid)lication.' Dr. 
 Brownson has also written special pajjers on the results of that year's digging in the 
 American Journal of Archaeology (Vol. VIII. [1893], pp. 205 ff.). Mr. Fox's excellent 
 plans of the excavations in that year will be found in the Twelfth Anmial Iteport of 
 the School. These papers and works have been reprinted in the Papers of the Ameri- 
 can School at Athens, Vol. VI. But in attempting to give a short history of the excava- 
 tions themselves during our foiu- successive campaigns, I will here quote from my Reports 
 to the Ct)mmittee of the American School, written towards tlie close of the excavations 
 in 1892, and of each succeeding year. 
 
 ^ Excavations of the American School at the Heraion of Argot, 1892. 
 
 ^Vl 
 
 AMERICAN EXCAVATIONS IN 1892 
 
 73 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1892. 
 
 " On February 13 I started for Argos, accompanied by Mr. Brownson and Mr. Fox. Before we 
 began active work we were joined by Mr. De Cou and Dr. Newhall. On March 4 Professor 
 Poland also joine<l us, and took charge of the work for a week, during which time I accompanied 
 Mr. Washington to Phlius, and then returned to Athens. To the hearty co<">peration of all these 
 geutlenien the success of our work is largely due. 
 
 " We began our work at the lleraeum in an explorative manner, to test the nature of the several 
 sites there groujKid. At first we employed sixty-three men and three carts, and rose to one hun- 
 dred and eighty men and twenty-six carts. We were exceptionally favored by good we<itlier ; in 
 the fii*st mouth we lost only one half-<lay from bad weather. Our chief energies were concentrate<l 
 on the Second Temple (Fig. 38) ; but we dug trenches also on the site of the earlier teuiple, where 
 
 Fig. 38. — Thk Skcosu ThMPW. at thk Closk of thk Skason of 1892. 
 
 we came uiHin its pavement, consisting of flat polygonal stones, and also upon a continuous layer 
 of charred wood, — an interesting confirmation of the record of the burning of the temple. We 
 found ruins of what may prove to be early Greek baths, and of a stoa. At a depth of between ten 
 and fifteen feet, on the slope at the west end of the Second Temple, we came upon a curious layer 
 of black earth, in which we found a great number of archaic bronze objects, amber beads, some 
 gold and silver rings, terra-cotta ornaments, fragments of early vases, bone needles, stone seals, 
 etc. The terra-cotta plaques are almost unique in character, while the vases make a valuable addi- 
 tion to our knowledge of early ornamental ceramic art. 
 
 " We were fortunate enough to find a large number of the marble sculptured ornaments of the 
 Second Temple in a more or less fragmentary condition. . . . We were still more fortunate in dis- 
 covering two well-preserved heads, about two thirds life-size, which belonged to the meto}>es, and 
 also a well-preserved male torso from one of the metopes. Finally, immediately in front of the 
 west end of the temple, we had the great fortune of finding the marble head of Hera, of which 
 you have already heard. This head, of at least life-size, is recognized by all who have seen it as 
 the best preserved specimen of a female head from the fifth century b. c." . . . 
 
72 
 
 ( i KN K K AL I NTRODUCTKXX 
 
 end of the Lower Stoji. The rude stjiiare turret-shaped wall at the southeast end of 
 the s<'('ond platform was so elearly manifest that, after dij;'«;in«; in the interior ot this 
 s«juare tower, 1 at onee ereeted a Pht/fuke'nm (XI on the Plan) over this to contain our 
 tools and liive some shelter a<>'ainst the sun durin«»- our middav reeess. This was tln' 
 onlv spot where 1 could predict that no further excavations would he needed. From the 
 rep<»rt to the conuuittee (pioted ahove, it will he seen that I did not expect to find S4» 
 lari;e a site and so manv huildini»^s. The fact that previous " excavations " liad heen 
 contlucted, and the reference of Pausanias to only oue huildin<;;, the Secon«l Temple, and 
 to tlic hunit ruins of another, the older temple, naturally led nu* to suppose that we 
 had only to clear away the surface of the temple, to exph)re the Old Temple platform, 
 and t«> malv«' out the meanin*>; of the isolatecl walls to the southwest, in order to com- 
 plete our excavation of the site and to supplenuMit the imperfect work don*- in previous 
 years. 
 
 Instead of this we have found niiu- st^parate 1)uildini»;s. each of j'onsiderahle dimensions 
 
 FmJ. 37. — SiTK OK TIIK Ou> TkMPI.K Pi.ATKOKM KKIUKK KxiAVATInX. 
 
 and importance, and remains of several other structures and walls. Mon-over. the work 
 <h»ne at the two temples could only he termed " scratchinjj^ " the surface, anil the svstem 
 of .i;"oin,n" to the lowest depths, to hed-rock, on these sites has Im'I'U prove<l hy our tin«ls 
 to he one of the Hrst principles of excavation. 
 
 When we hej^an our work, in 1S1)2, there were no indications of ancient remains 
 heyond those nu'utioneil ahove. The Second Temple platform ( Fi«j. ^Mi) was nothin<r 
 hut a rou«»;h, stony, plouj^hed Held, and the up|K'r terrace as well as all the other |»;irts 
 of the sanctuary presented the siime asj>ect (Fij^. 37). 
 
 I have given a fuller account of our first year's work in a s«'parate puhlication.' Dr. 
 Brownson has also written special papers on the results of that year's di«;;<;in«»; in the 
 Amcrkau Join-nnl of Archfwolof/tf {Yo\. Vlll. [18015], pp. 2()."> ff.). Mr. Fox's excellent 
 plans of the excavations in that year will he found in the Tirctffh Aunnal Uiport of 
 the S<'ho<d. These pa|)ers and works have heen reprinted in the Pnju'rs of tin- Anirrl- 
 can Sr/tool of Athens^ V(d. VI. But in attemptinj^^ to «>:ive a short history of the excava- 
 tions themselves durinj;- our four successive canijKn<>ns, I will here (piote from mv Kejjorts 
 to the Conuuittee of the American Sduxd, written towards the ch)se of the excavations 
 in 1S1)2, and of each succeedin<»; year. 
 
 ^ Excavations of the American School at the Heruioit of i4r5roti,1892. 
 
 AMKKU'AN KXCAVVTIONS IN l89:i 
 
 CAMl'.VKJX OF is<.»_>. 
 
 73 
 
 "On Fchrnary 1'5 I started for Argos, accompanied hy Mr. lirownson and Mr. Kox. licforc we 
 l»ej;an active work we were joined hy Mr. I)e C'ou and Dr. Xewliall. On .March 4 Professor 
 Polan<l also joined us, and took charge of the work for a week, (hu"ing whieh time I aeeoiii|tanie(l 
 Mr. Washington to Phliiis, and then returned to Athens. To the hearty eo<iperation of all these 
 gentlemen the success of our work is largely due. 
 
 ** We hegun our work at the Ileraeuni in un exi»lorative manner, to test the nature of the several 
 sites there grouped. At first we employed sixty-three men and three earts, and rose to one hun- 
 «lred and eighty men ami twenty-six earts. We were exeeptionally favored hy good weather : in 
 the lh"st month we lost only one lialf-»lay from had weather. Our chief energies were concentrated 
 on the Second Temple ( Fig. 38) : but we dug trenches also on the site of the earlier temple, wherr 
 
 Fui. 38. — Tin: Si-x-osu Tkmhlk at tiik Ci-osk ok thk t>KAsox ok 18«.rj. 
 
 we came u(>on its pav«'ment, consisting of flat polygonal stones, and also upon a continuous lay«r 
 of charred wood, — an interesting confirmation of the record of the burning of the temple. We 
 fouml ruins of what nniy prove to be early (ireek baths, and of a stoa. At a depth of between ten 
 and fifteen feet, on the sIojm? at the west end of the Second Temple, we came upon a curious layer 
 of hlai'k earth, in which we found a great number of archaic bronze objects, and)er l»eads, some 
 gohl and silver rings, terra-4'otta ornaments, fragments of early vases, hone needles, stone seals, 
 etc. The terra-cotta pla»pics are almost uni<pic in character, while the vases make a valuable addi- 
 tion tt» our knowledge of early ornamental ceramic art. 
 
 " We were fortunate enough to find a large number of the marble scul))tured ornaments of the 
 Secon<l Temple in a more or less fragmentary condition. . . . We were still more fortunate in dis- 
 covering two well-preserved hcad.s, about two thirds life-size, which belonged to the metopes, and 
 also a well-preserved male torso from one of the metopes. Finally, immediately in front of the 
 west end of the temple, we had the great fortune of finding the marble head of Hera, of which 
 you have already heard. This head, of at least life-size, is recognized by all who have seen it as 
 the best preserved specimen of a female head from the fifth century b. c." . . . 
 
u-^ 
 
 74 
 
 GEN KHAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF im\. 
 
 n 
 I 
 
 if, 
 
 " Til our second campaign, in 1803, 1 was assisted by Messrs. Lythgoe, Meadcr, an»l Noi-t(»n, wlio 
 took part in the excavation from the beginning to the end, and hatl each charge of delinite iM>r- 
 tions of the site as resjionsible overseers and directors of the workmen nnder their command. 
 These "entlemen, with Dr. Washington, remained on the site, and continuetl the excavations for 
 several days after I was forced to leave, and during these days some of the niost intensting objects 
 of scnli)ture were found. . . . 
 
 " We pitched our camp on the rocky elevation above the Older Temple <m IVIai-ch 30, the (J reek 
 government having kindly lent us tlii-ee g«MMl tents from their army stores. The exiierinunt of 
 camping on the site itself has prove<l a great success, and one which it would be well to a»lo|>t in 
 the future. We at once engaged workmen, and were enabled to start the next day with 112 men 
 and 23 carts. On April 1, we had 130 men and 30 carts ; on April 3, 200 men an«l 38 carts. Our 
 force at last reached the numl)er of 240 men. We began to excavate on the ui)iK!r plateau, the site 
 of the Older Temple. . . . We cleared oflf all the top s»)il <lown to the early substructure, alM)ut 45 
 metres in length by 35 metres in breadth. The burnt layer alluded to in my rei>ort of last year 
 a-niin appeai*ed on various portions of this site, together with masses of poioit stone, which had evi- 
 dently been split into smaller pieces by the heat of a gi-eat conflagration. We were fortunate enough 
 to find still standing on this terrace a jnution of the early wall, about 14.30 metres in length by a 
 little over a metre in width, which certainly must have lielonged to this intetvsting structure, jH-r- 
 haps the earliest temple of Hellas. The pivsence of this piece of wall may prove of exceptional 
 importance, inasnnich as its lower portion was evi<lently not visible at the time the temple was 
 completed, and the objects found beh)W this line would thus antedate the erection of the temple. 
 Two other stones apjK-ar to be hi »itu. But it is imi^ssible at this moment to hajKird even a sug- 
 gestion with regard to the construction of the early temple. At all events, we have cleared this 
 imp«)rtant site, and it is now in a state to be carefully studied for the light it may thniw upon the 
 earliest history of civilization in Greece. The yield in objects of early ceramic art, some bronzes 
 and peculiar rude engraved stones, was very rich, and of extreme im|>ortance an«l interest. 1 have 
 little doubt that these fimls alone are of sufficient weight to justify the energy and money exi>einled 
 u|H)n the undertaking, as they are sure to throw most valuable light on the history of the earliest 
 art in Greece. We dug two broad trenches outside the Cyclojiean wall to the east and west of the 
 plateau, in order to make sure whether there were any objects of interest which had fallen over 
 the supporting walls. 
 
 '* When the work on the platform of the Old Temple was completed, we made the slo|)e from 
 the upi)er terrace down to the terrace of the Second Tem})le the centre of our exertions (Fig. 30). 
 It was exceedingly difficult to excavate on this site, l)ecanse the existence of buildings at the inune- 
 diate foot of the slojw had already been proved by our discovery last year of the outer line of the 
 Stoa (II). We had therefore to work with great care from alM>ve, immediately l»elow the Cycl«>- 
 pean wall of the upper terrace, and had to construct a steep road leading from the i)oint markeil 
 T to the top of the slope, dumping our earth either at the southeast dump or at the southwest 
 dump. When we had dug several feet below the Cyclojiean wall, we at once came njion very rich 
 layers of early pottery of all descriptions, and soon found various vestiges of buildings. These 
 were erected on the height above the buildings corresjMinding to the North Sttia, and immediately 
 below the Cyclo|)ean wall. They consisted of })ortions of walls built of loose unhewn stones ]»lacetl 
 together without mortar or clamps, and evidently formed the smaller, jHirhaps domestic, counterpart 
 t») the structures known as Cyclopean walls. The objects found in some of these make it iwt 
 improbable that they may have been the houses in which dwelt the priestesses or attendants of the 
 earlier temple, though I should not venture upon any hy)>othesis at this monuMit with any claim to 
 your serious consideration. There are also traces of a rough jiavement sloping <lownwards from 
 about the middle of the Cyclopean wall (below it) to the west, an«l behind the back wall of Stoa II. 
 This may have been an early road leading up to these dwellings. With due care to preserve the 
 remains of these early buildings, we dug down to the bed-rock on this sh)j>e; and then came 
 the task of clearing the whole series of buildings on a line with the Stoa. The length of these 
 
 THE EXCAVATIONS IN 1893 
 
 75 
 
 FiO. 30. — WOKK ox TUK SloI'K ItKTWKKX TIIK OlU TkMI'I.K AND TIIK 
 
 Skcoxi) Tkmi'Lk, IX TUK Skcoxd Skasox. 
 
 strm-tures is about 100 metres, with an average depth or width (including the back walls) of about 
 10 metres. 
 
 "Of Stoa II. nuM-cly the outer stylobate had been discovered last year. Behind this, the inner 
 colonnade measures 8.G5 metres, an«l is backed by a wall of over one metre in width, which is 
 built against the sloj)e. Tliere wei-e at least nineteen pillars running along the centre of this stoa. 
 Some of the pillars were found in .s/<«. There is also an interesting system of drains and water- 
 works attached to this building, with some curious structures within it, which, however, are \no\>- 
 ably of a later date. But I do not think that this can be assumed of a curious structure towards 
 the northeast corner of the 
 east end oi the Stoa as ex- 
 cavated last year : it is a 
 depressed flat <'emented sur- 
 face, 3.H0 metres in length by 
 three metres wide, reminding 
 us of the B:itli of Tiryns, and 
 probably serving the sjime 
 purjK)se. The Stoa (II) 
 runs, from a few metres to 
 the east of the cast cn<l dis- 
 covered last year, for 55.52 
 metres to the west, ending 
 about on a line with the east 
 end of the Second Temple. 
 A more intricate buihling was 
 discovered to the east of the 
 Stoa, extending farther cast 
 than the eastern limit of the Cyclopean wall of the upper terrace (HI). The original structui-e, 
 of which much is still stamling, was evidently rebuilt at a later period : and the stone inscribed 
 with AIFONVilO (i. c. Atfoiwrioi-, containing, as you see, a diganuna) was evidently innuured at 
 a later licriml. . . . 
 
 " Besides a rich fiiul in jMjttery, tcrra-cotta, bronzes, and smaller objects (among which I must 
 nH'ution a later clay lamp containing tlu' figure of the Polycleitan Doryphorus), this building 
 yielded a beautiful torso of a drajKid female figure, probably from the metopes of the temple, three 
 fine marble heads, and many other fragmt'uts. 
 
 "Together with this work at the northeast portion of the second platfonn^extensive excavations 
 were carrieil on at the southeast corner. The ground to the east and north ,. the Phijlahlon (XI ) 
 was leveled ; while to the outside of the eastern terrace wall the trench was continued, antl inter- 
 esting walls or steps wer» laid bare as far as the dump. Both these points yielded a very rich 
 harvest of ceramic and bronze works, engraved gems, and glass scarabs. . . . 
 
 " South of the foundation walls of the Second Temple, the whole ground was cut away at the 
 level of last year's deep cutting at the southwest angle of the temple, lielow and slightly to the 
 west of the house (F) a deep and wide trench was cut. In all these cases we came upon layers that 
 antedated the construction of the Second Temple, as was shown by the arcluiic objects found. 
 
 "I also testtnl the ground at the f<K)t of the hill to the south and southwest of the steps (1), 
 and was pleased to find that we soon came u|)on native rock. It was thus jiossible to dig upwards 
 from below and to avoid a distant transiwrtation of the earth. We had merely to dig up the earth 
 until we had reached virgin soil, and to shovel it back upon the lower rock-bed. In this man- 
 ner we cleared the %\o\vi up to the steps (I) which were found last year. 
 
 '* Perhaps the most interesting ])ortion of this year's work will prove to be the excavations at 
 the southwest platform below the Second Temple. I began by cutting a trench at the southwest 
 corner of the old retaining wall, running from west to east. I soon came upon a wall of beautiful 
 Greek masonry (Fig. 40), of which four courses of well-cut blocks were still standing. We car- 
 rieil this ti-euch on as far as the continuation of the retaining wall at the east of last year's deep 
 
OKNKKAL INTUODrCTION 
 
 ("AMI'AUi.N OF |s«»;:. 
 
 " III »nir s«'i'oii(l i'Miiipjii.mii. ill 1H*.»:{, I was assistrd l»y Mossrs. lAtlij;oi-. Mciulrr, and NnrtMii. who 
 t»M>k i»ait in tlie t-xravation trom tin- iK'niniiint; to tlu- «'n«l. and had « aili cliar.ne ol driinitr |»<.i- 
 tions of till' site as ivs|HHisilile ovirst'urs and directors of the wiukiinn under their <'oniinand. 
 These i^entlemeii, with Dr. Washiiigt«)ii. ruiiiained ou the site, and continued the e\eavati<»iis f«»r 
 several days after I was forced to leave, and dining these «lays some of the most inteieNtinmd.jeels 
 t>f scnl[»ture were found. . . . 
 
 " We pitched our eamj) on the r«ieky elevation above the Olth-r Temple on March :{0, the (Jreek 
 government havinij kindly lent us three good tents from their army stores. The experiment of 
 camping on the site itself has proved a great success, and one which it would Ik- well to adopt in 
 tlu' future. We at once engaged workmen, and were cnaltled to >tart tin- next day with 11« men 
 and 2o carts. On Ai>ril 1. we had loO men and 150 carts: on Ajuil :5. 'iOO men and oH eaits. Our 
 
 force at last reached the niimherof -240 men. We hegan to excavati the upper plateau, the site 
 
 of the OKhr Temple. . . . We cleare«l off all the top soil «h»wii to the early sulistructme. ahoiit 4") 
 iiietivs in length hy li") metres in hreadth. The huriit layer alliuUd to in my report of la>t year 
 again appeared on various portions of this site, together with masses of pmus stone, which had evi- 
 dently licen split into smaller pieces l»y the heat <»f a great conflagration. We were fortunate enough 
 to tiiid still standing lUi this terra«e a portion of tlu- early wall. al>out 14.:{0 metres in length l»y a 
 little «ner a metre in width, which certainly inu>t have Indonged to this iiiteiestiug structure. |M'r- 
 haps the earliest temple of llellas. The presence of this piece of wall may juove of exce|ttional 
 iiiiportaiue, inasnnuh as its lower portion was evidi'iitly not visihle at the time the temple was 
 completed, and the ohjects found Itclow this line would thus antedate the erection «)f the temple. 
 Two other stones appear to he in }<ifn. IJut it is inipossiMe at this moment to ha/aid even a siig- 
 •••estion with reganl to the construction of the early temple. At all events, we have cleared this 
 important site, and it is now in a state to he carefully stiulied for the light it may throw upon the 
 earliest history of civilization in (Ireece. The yield in ohjects of «arly ceramic art, some hroii/.es 
 ami peculiar riulc engraved stones, was very rich, and of extreme importance and intciest. 1 have 
 little douht that these iiiuls ahme are of siitticieiit weight to justify the energy and money expeiidid 
 ii|M.u the undertaking, as they are sure to throw most valuahle light on the history <if the earliest 
 art in (ireece. We dug two hroad trem'hes outside the C'yclo|Man wall to tin- east and west of the 
 plateau, in onUr to make sure whether there were any ol)jects of interest which had fallen over 
 the supixutiiig walls. 
 
 •'When the work on the jdatform ot the Old Tempi*' was edinpleted. we made the slope from 
 the upper terrace down to the terrace of the Second Temple the centre of our exerti«>ns (Fig. iJth. 
 It was excee«lingly ilifheult to excavate on this site, lieeause the I'xistence of huildings at the imme- 
 diate f<M»t of the sloiHj ha<l already Wen proved l»y our <liseovery last year of tin- <»uter lim; «if the 
 Stoa (II ). We had therefore to work with great care from ahove. immediat«'ly helow the Cyclii- 
 pean wall of the upper terrace, ami had to construct a steep road leading fiom the iM>int marked 
 T to the top of the slope, dumping our earth either at the southeast dumj» «m- at the southwest 
 dump. When we had ilug several feet below the (\«-lopeaii wall, we at once came upon veiy rich 
 lavers of early pottery of all descrij)tions. and soon found various vestiges of huildings. The>e 
 w»re erected on the height ahove the hu'ldings corresponding to the North Stoa, and immediately 
 helow the CVcloiHjan wall. They consisted of i>ortions of walls built of loose unlu'wn stones plaee«l 
 together without mortar or claiii)>s. and evidently formed the smaller, perhajjs domestic, counterpart 
 to the structures known as Cyclopean walls. The objects found in some of these make it not 
 improbable that they may have lieen the houses in which dwelt the priestesses or attendants of the 
 earlier temple, though I shoulil not venture upon any hyiM>thesis at this moment with any claim to 
 your seri»ms consideration. There are also traces of a r(»ugh jiavement sloping «lownwards from 
 about the middle of the CyclojH'an wall ( below it) to the west, ami behind the back wall of Stoa II. 
 This may have been an early road leading uj) to these dwellings. With due care to preserve the 
 remains of these early buildings, we dug down to the l>ed-rock on this s1o|k,» : and then caiiio 
 the task of clearing the whole series of buildings on a line with the Stoa. The length u{ these 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Till-: KXCAV A'noNS IN IH<»;; 
 
 tit 
 
 I'ui. oD. — W«»i:k ox ink Si.«»|'k iti::wi.F.N lui: Oi.i» 'rKxici.K .\xi» tiik 
 Skcoxi» TKMn.K, IX Tin; Siroxo Skasox. 
 
 structures is about lOU metres, with an average depth or width (iiK-luding the back walls) of about 
 lO metres, 
 
 "Of Stoa II. merely the outer styl«»bate had been discoverc«l last year. I'ehiiid this, the inner 
 c«doiinaile measures HM't metres, and is backed by a wall of (»ver one metic in wiilth. which is 
 built against the slope. Tln.'re were at least nineteen pillars running along the eeiitie of this stoa. 
 Some of the pillars were found Ift sift/. There is als<» an inteicstiug system <if drains and water- 
 works attached to this buihliug. with some curious structures within it. which, however, are pr«d>- 
 ably of a later date. Ibit I do not think that this can be assumed of a curious stiiietuie towaid> 
 the ni>rthea>t eorner of tin* 
 east end of the Stoa as ex- 
 cavat«'d last year : it is .-i 
 depressed flat cemented sur- 
 face, JI.^U metres in Iciigfh by 
 tlint' metres wide. iM-minding 
 us of the Until of Tiryiis. and 
 proltably serving the same 
 purpose. The Stoa (II) 
 runs, from a few metres to 
 the cast of the east end dis- 
 covered last year, for .Woii 
 inetrcs Ui the west, ending 
 aiNMit on a line with the east 
 end of the Second Temple. 
 A more intricate buihliug was 
 diseovercil to the east of the 
 Stoa, extending farther east 
 
 than the east«'rii limit of the ('yclo|M'aii wall of the upper terrace (III ). The original striiefmv. 
 «»f which much is still standing, was evidently rebuilt at a latei- perioil : and the stone inscribed 
 with All'o.WiKJ (i. e. A(f»iivi<*i, containing, as you see. a digamma) was evidently immuretl at 
 u lat«'r period. . . . 
 
 " I»esides a rich find in iMittery, terra-cotta. br<»nyA's. and smaller objects (among which I must 
 mention a later clay lamp containing the figure of the rolyclcitan Doryphoriis ). this buihliug 
 yielded a beautiful torso of a clraped female liguie, jtrobably from the metopes of the tenijile, three 
 line marbli' heads, and many other fragments. 
 
 -Together with this work at the northeast portion of the scc(»nd platform 'xtensive excavations 
 were carried on at the southeast corner. The ground to the east and iioilh . the /'/ii/hi/,;li,ii ( XI ) 
 was levele<l: while to the outside of the eastern terrace wall the trench was contiiiuc«l. an«l inter- 
 esting walls «»r steps weiM laid bare as far as the dump. Iloth these points yithled a very rich 
 harvi'st of «-eramic and bron/e works. <'ngrave»l gems, and glass scarabs. . . . 
 
 •• S«mtli of the foundation walls of the Second Temple, the whole ground was cut away at the 
 level of last year's deep cutting at the southwest angle of the temple. lielow and slightly to the 
 west of the house ( F) a «lcep and wide trench was cut. In all these cases we <-ame upon layers that 
 anteilated the construction of the Second Tcmi»le. as was shown by tin* archaic objects found. 
 
 •• I also tested the ground at the f»M»t of the hill to the south and southwest of the stejts ( I ). 
 and was ph'ased to find that we soon came upon native rock. It was thus possible to dig upwards 
 from iK'lowand to avoid a distant trans]>ortation of the earth. We ha»l merely to dig up the earth 
 until we ha«l rea<-lied virgin soil, and to slmvel it back ui)on the lower rock-bed. In this man- 
 ner we ch'ared the slope up to the steps ( I ) which were found last year. 
 
 '• l*erha[»s the most interesting {Nirtion of this year's work will prove to be the excavations at 
 the southwest platform below the Second Temple. I began by cutting a trench at the southwest 
 corner of the ohl retaining wall, running from west to cast. I soon came ui)on a wall of JMautiful 
 Circi'k masonry ( Fig. 40), of which four courses of well-cut bhicks were still standing. We car- 
 lieil this trench on as far us the continuation of the retaining wall at the east of last year's deep 
 
76 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE EXCAVATIONS IN 1894 
 
 77 
 
 /, 
 
 1 1 
 
 • i" 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 cutting. We then worked northwanls. Messrs. Wasliington and Norton euntiinied the work 
 after my departure, with the residt that two sides (and the interior inclosed within them) of a very 
 interesting building have been iniearthetl, witli walls, and column-bases hi ttitii, the whole pre- 
 senting a very interesting ground plan. This building we call the AVest Building (Fig. 41). Below 
 the south wall of this buildin<; we also excavated as far as the nu)st western of the broad outtinirs 
 on the south slojie below the temple marked N on last year's map. Immediately in front of this 
 wall (south wall of West Building) large |)ortionsof the entablature of a Doric buihlingwere found, 
 upon which were distinct traces of color, — reds, blues, greens, etc. After my departure other 
 polyclironie pieces were found. 
 
 " liesides interesting smaller objects from this site, a number of fragments of marble sculptures, 
 evidently coming from the Second Temple and forming ])arts of the metopes, and I Iwlieve also of 
 the ))ediments, were found. I nuist also add that among the heads discovered, one head (probably 
 from a metope) is in excellent preservation, and very nearly etpials in beauty the head of Hera 
 found last year : while the torso of a drai>ed female figure from the mcto{>es forms a fitting counter^ 
 j>art to the torso of the nude warrior of last year's metojie." . . . 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 18M. 
 
 ^'The third campaign was l>egun on March 21, ISW. The regular staff consisted, Wsides my. 
 self, of Dr. Washington and Mr. Norton, and of Messrs. Iloppin and Alden, students of the 
 School. All the members and students of the School were invited to stay for a few days in the 
 
 camp, in order to study and gain exi>erience 
 in excavations as such. Of this invitation, 
 Messrs. Parsons, Fallis, and Hill availed them- 
 selves : while the other students, though they 
 were prevented from staying with us owing 
 t«) their travels with Dr. DJirpfeld, saw the 
 excavations on the occasion of the visit which 
 Dr. DJirpfeld and his party paid us. My 
 colleague. Professor Richanlson, paid us two 
 visits, during one of which he remained with 
 us over a week. Professor White was ahso 
 our guest, though I am afraid he will not 
 consider it an hospitable camp in which we 
 allowed the storm to carry away his tent in 
 the middle of the night. We had many other 
 visitoi*s of all nationalities. Among our Amer- 
 ican visitors, ladies and gentlemen, I must 
 single out Mr. Edward Robinson, of the Boa- 
 ton Museum of Fine Arts : and Mr. Thayer, 
 of lioston, who, on the sjKjt, contributed one 
 hundred dollars to the fund of excavation. 
 Dr. Diirpfeld made the Heraeum a point for 
 one of his instructive lectures during his 
 Peloponnesian tour. With him were a num- 
 ber of distinguished scholai*s, among them 
 Professors Loeschcke, Wecklein, and Friinkel. 
 Dr. Dorpfeld and Pi-ofessor Loeschcke joined 
 Professor White in staying in our camp the 
 night of their visit. We also had a visit 
 from Mr. Kabbadias, the Ephor-General of 
 Antiquities, who was our guest for a day and night. . . . The British Minister, Mr. Egerton, also 
 paid us a visit. The School must also feel honored by a second instance of the interest which 
 
 
 Fig. 40. — Pikck of Wall from Wf^t Hiimuno, 
 FIRST appf:arancf:. 
 
 the Royal Family of Greece has shown in our work. The King and Queen, the Crown Prince 
 and Cnjwn Princess, and Princess Mary, with their suite, made our excavations the object of a 
 special journey. It was the first time they had visited an excavation away from Athens. They 
 remained with us over five hours, and manifested the keenest interest in the progress of the work. 
 
 " Our camp was pitched on the same site as last year, the government providing us with five 
 tents, while I had ordered a sixth from England, provided with a double fly, which experience had 
 shown me was absolutely necessary as a refuge against the sun in the heat of the day. This tent, 
 together with the to<ds and instruments we have accunudated, will form a useful addition to the 
 School's apparatus for exploi-ation and excavation in future years. 
 
 " Our party arrived at Argos on March 21, and we were able to begin work with one hundred 
 and eighty-five men and twenty-six carts on March 22. The following day we worked with two 
 hundred and fifty men and thirty carts, below which number we did not fall, increasing our corps 
 to two hundreil an<l seventy men. 
 
 '* The first task we had set ourselves was to complete the clearing of the whole east side of the 
 second platform (Fig. 41). We thus had to cut away the hillside to the east of the buildings we 
 had found hist year, which are now called the East Chand>ers, in which was the inscription AIFO- 
 NV2IO. We carried this cutting about twenty feet in depth to a length of ninety feet, to the old wall 
 marked T in the map. This was very difficult digging, inasnmch as there were huge blocks, 
 indiedded at every stage, which had fallen from above, while below we came upon complicated 
 early walls of diffei*ent jMjriotls, which ha<l to be spared and carefully cleared. The nature and 
 purjiose of these will retpiire careful study. Backing the slope, and acting as a supporting wall 
 to the upi)er terrace, below and to the east of the great Cyclopean wall of the upper terrace, 
 another Cycl<»pean wall runs for about eight feet, when it ends abruptly, lines of sloping rubbish 
 clearly showing in the cutting how the earth luul drifted over this end for ages. 
 
 " Ik'low and partly underneath this Cyclopean wall, there were large masses of jwttery, iron, bronze, 
 and smaller objects, the majority belonging to the ' Dipylon ' and Mycenaean periods. Farther 
 to the south there were deposits of rubbish which evidently dated from a period of destruction in 
 later years, as we here also found a marble head of the Roman period. Here it was that we found 
 also, in beautiful preservation, an interesting specimen of Gi-eek sculpture, a head of an ephebus 
 from the meto|)es of the Second Temple. The head is in excellent preservation, even the tip of the 
 nose being intact. This head bears beyond a doubt, in my mind, the characteristics of Polycleitan 
 art as hitherto known to us. There is the same square and massive proportion of the head as a 
 whole, the heavy treatment of the jaws and chin, that we find in the head of the Naples Dory- 
 phorus, — in fact, it seems to me to be a i*eproduction of the type of the Doryphorus in the style 
 of these ujetoiMJS. Moreover, it will interest you to hear that, in spite of some mutual divergences, 
 this head has, in common with all the others which we have found on this site, some i>eculiarities of 
 treatment, such as the slightly oix*ned mouth and peculiar protrusion and curving of the under lip. 
 I do not wish to convey the idea that I claim this or any of the other heads as work by the hand 
 of Polycleitus, but I maintain that they bear out in their general character and in details of work 
 the natural exi>ectation that the scidptures which decorated the second Heraeum of Argos would 
 be related to the art of the sculptor Polycleitus, who created the temple-statue of Hera in this 
 sanctuary, as Phidias created the Athena in the Parthenon, and who, like the great Attic sculptor, 
 was the inspiring hea<l of a thriving school of sculpture in his own locality. 
 
 " Among the many objects found here, I must mention the large number of objects in iron. 
 In fact, throughout our excavations we have often found iron together with bronze and even stone 
 implements. A strange object was a large mass of iron about five feet long and a foot in diameter, 
 which proved to be a mass of iron si)ears bound together with bands of iron at both ends. We 
 found at the same place another large, solid, rectangular bar of iron, flattened out about a foot 
 from one end, which is quite inexplicable. 
 
 " At the easternmost angle of the terrace of the Second Temple, above the retaining wall W, to 
 the north of the dump S, another building was discovered, which we have named the East Build, 
 ing (to distinguish it from the East Chambers). This building, supported by strong walls on 
 south and east, built against the hill-slope, has on the north side a wall of poros strengthened 
 
76 
 
 (JKNKKAL INTHOnrCTlOX 
 
 cuttinj^. We tlu'H Wdrked nortliwards, Messrs. Wasliingtoii :nnl Xtirtoii ntiitiiiiicd tlio work 
 after my «lei>:irtiire, with the result that two sides (and the interior inclosed within them) «>f a very 
 interesting huilding have heen nnearthed. with walls. an«l eolnmit-1)as«'s in situ, the whole |trc- 
 senting a very interesting; ijroinid jdan. This luiildini; we eall the W»'st litiildintj ( Fij;. 41 ). Ikdow 
 the sonth wall of this hnildini; we also exeavated as far as the most we>tern of the hroad cuttings 
 on the south sloj>e helow the temple marked N on last year's map. Immediately in front of this 
 wall (south wall of West Huildinjj) large portions of the ental)lature«)f a l)orie huilding were fonn«l. 
 ujxHi whieh were tlistinet traces of color, — reds, hhies, greens, etc. After «iy departure other 
 polyehrome j)ieees were found. 
 
 " liesides interesting smaller ohjeets from this site, a niunher of fragments of marble sculptures, 
 evidently coming from the See»»nd Teniple and forming j)arts of the metopes, anil 1 lielieve also of 
 the pediments, were ft^ind. I nuist also add that among the heads discovered, one head ( prohahly 
 f rom a nu'tope ) is in excellent preservation, and very nearly equals in heauty the head «»f Ilera 
 found last year: whiK' the torso of a draped female figure from the metopes forms a fitting etuinter- 
 jKirt ti) the torso of the nuilc warrior of last year's ineto|H'." . . . 
 
 I A.MI'AHJX OF 1«M. 
 
 "The thiril cam])nign was Wgun on March '2\. 1^14. The regular stalT <M»nsiste«l, In-sides my- 
 self, of Dr. Washington and Mr. Norton, and of Messrs. llojtpin an«l Alden, students of the 
 ISehool. All the mendiers and students of the Sclmol w«'re invited to stay for a few days in the 
 
 camp, in order to study and gain e.\j>erienee 
 in excavatii)ns as such. ( )f this invitation, 
 Messrs. Parsons. Fallis. ami Hill availed them- 
 -iclves : whih' the other .-tndents. thon;:h thev 
 were prevented from >taying with us owing 
 ti» their travels with I)r. DiWpfehl, .saw the 
 excavations on the m-casion t»f the visit which 
 I>r. l>itrpfelil and his party j»ai»l us. My 
 colleague. i*rofes>or Richardson, paid u.h two 
 visits, during luie of whieh he remained with 
 us over a week. Professor White was also 
 (tur guest, though I am afraid he will not 
 consider it an hospitalde camp in which we 
 allowed the storm to carry away his tent iu 
 the middle of the ni«;ht. We ha<l manv other 
 visitors of all nationalities. Amttnv; our Amer- 
 ican visitors, ladies and gentlemen. I nuist 
 single t)ut Mr. Kdward Koliinson. of the lk>s- 
 ton Museum .»f Fine Arts: and Mr. Thaver, 
 
 of ]>oston. wli n the s)>ot. contrihuted one 
 
 luintlred tlollars to the fund of excavation. 
 l)r. Di'irpfeld made the ]ler:ieum a point for 
 one of his instructive lectures dtiring his 
 I'eloponnesian tour. With him were a nuni- 
 her of distinguishcil scholars, among them 
 Professors Loeseheke. Weekh-in. and Friink«'l. 
 Dr. DJtrpfeld an«l Professor Ijoeschcke joineil 
 Professor White in staying in <mr camj) the 
 night of their visit. We also had a visit 
 from Mr. Kahhadias, the Ephor-( ieneral of 
 Antitpiities. who was our guest for a day and night. . . . Tlw British Minister. Mr. Egerton, also 
 paid us a visit. The School must also feel honored hy a second instance of the interest which 
 
 Fui. 4n. 
 
 I'lKCK l»K WaI.I. KKOM WkST Hi ll.l>IX«i. 
 HKSr APCKAKAXlK. 
 
 TlIK KXCAVATIONS IX 181>4 
 
 77 
 
 the Hoyal Fandly of (Jreoce has shown in our work. The King and Quoon. the (^own Prince 
 and Crown Princess, and Prince>s Mary, with th«-ir suite. ma«le our excavations the oltject of a 
 special journey. It was the first time they had visited an excavation away from Athens. They 
 remained with us over five hours, and manifest«'d the keenest interest in the progress of the work. 
 
 '• Our camp was pitched on tiie same site as last year, the government providing us with five 
 tents, while I h:id or<lere<l a sixth from Kngland. provi<led with a double Hy, which experit-'Uce had 
 shown me was al»s(»lutely necessaiy as a refuge against tlie sun in the heat of the day. This tent, 
 togj'ther with the tools and instruments we have accuuudated, will form a useful addition to the 
 School's :ipparatus for exploration and excavation in future years. 
 
 "Our p:irty arrived at Argos on March 2\. :in<l we were able to begin work with one hundred 
 and eighty-live men and twenty-six carts on March 2:i. The following day we worked with two 
 hundred and fifty men and thirty carts, below which nundter we did not fall, increasing our corps 
 to two hundred and seventy men. 
 
 "The first ta>k we had set ourselves was to comj)lete the clearing of the whole east si«le of the 
 second platform ( Fig. 41). We thus had to cut away the hillside to the e:ist of the Imihlings we 
 had found last year, which ar«' now called the Fast C'hand)ers, in which was the inscription AlKO- 
 NVi K). We carried this cutting about twenty feet in depth to a length of ninety feet, to the old wall 
 nmrked T in the map. This was v»'ry dif^cult digging. in:isnutch as there were huge Idocks, 
 indtedded at every stage, which had f:dh-n from above, while below we came ujxm complicated 
 early walls of diftcrent periixls. which had to be spared and carefully detired. The nature and 
 purpose of these will n-ipiire i-areful study. IJacking the shtpe, and acting as a supporting wall 
 to the upper terrace, below and to the east of the great Cyclopean wall of the upper terrace, 
 another Cyclopean w:dl riuis for about eight feet, when it ends abrui)tly, lines of sloping rubbish 
 clearly showing in the cutting how the earth had drifted over this cJid for ages. 
 
 " IVlow and |»artly untlerneath this Cyclopean wall, there were large masses of pottery, iron, bronze, 
 an«l smaller objects, the majority beh)nging to the * Dipylon ' and Mycenaean periods. Farther 
 to the south there were de|)osits of rubbish which evidently dated from a period of destiiiction in 
 later ye:irs, as we h«'re also found a marble head of the lioman period. Here it was that we found 
 also, in be:iutiful i>res«'rvation. :in interesting specimen of (J reek sculpture, a head of an ephebus 
 from the nu-t«4H's of the Sec(»>i<l Temi»le. The head is in excellent preservation, even the tip of the 
 nose being intact. This head bears beyond a doubt, in my nnnd, the characteristics of Pitlycleitan 
 art as hitherto known to us. There is the same scpiare and massive proportion of the head as a 
 whole, the heavy treatment of the jaws and chin, that we find in the head of the Naples Dory- 
 phorus, — iu fact, it seems to nie to be a reproduction of the type of the Doryphorus in the style 
 of these met<»pes. Moreover, it will intei-est y<ju to hear that, in spite of some mutual divergences, 
 this hea«l has, in common with :dl the others which we have found on this site, some peculiarities of 
 treatment, such as the slightly opened mouth and peculiar protrusion and curving of the under lip. 
 I dt» not wish to «'onvey the i<lea that I claim this or any of the other heads as work by the hand 
 of Polydeitus, but I maintain that they bear out in their general character and in details of work 
 the natural exiH'ct:ition th:it the s<ulptures whicii decorated the second Ileraeum of Argos would 
 be rehited to the art of the sculptor Polydeitus, who created the temple-statue of Hera iu this 
 sanctuary, as Phidias created the Athena in the l*arthenon, and who, like the great Attic sculptor, 
 was the inspiring head of a thriving school of sculpture in his own h»cality. 
 
 "Among the many objects found here, I must niention the large number of objects in iron. 
 In fact, throughout «»ur excav:itions we have often foiuid iron together with br«mze and even stone 
 implements. A strange object w:is a hirge mass of iron about five feet h>ng and a foot in diameter, 
 which proved to be a niass of iron sjH'ars boiuid together with bauds of iron at both ends. AVe 
 found at tin* same jihu-e another large, solid, rectangular bar of iron, flattened out about a foot 
 from one eutl, which is quite inex)>lic:dde. 
 
 " At the easternmost angle of the terrace of the Second Temple, above the retaining wall W, to 
 tlu' north of the dumj) S, another building was discovered, which we have named the East Build, 
 ing ( to distinguish it from the East Cluunbers). This building, supported by strong walls on 
 south and east, biult against the hill-sloi)e, has on the north side a wall of poros strengthened 
 
u;^ 
 
 78 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 
 I 
 
 ,»■' I 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 by a limestone wall. The bases of three rows of five columns are extant in the interior, while 
 at the west front (facing the temple) it had a portico. In this building numerous objects in 
 gold, silver, bronze, and terra-cotta were found, as well as a scarab with a cartouche, probably of 
 Thothmes III. 
 
 " We also cleared away all the earth remaining to the east of the tcmph*, and to the west of the 
 dump S, without finding much tliere. 
 
 ** We then turned to the west and south sIojmjs of the terrace, — the main points of this year's 
 excavations (Fig. 42). 
 
 "The larger portion of the West Building, which lies Indow the west rnd of the Si'cond Temple, 
 al)out twenty-five to thirty feet l»elow the top of the foundation walls of the t(>mple, was excavated 
 last year. We now cleared the north end, where the s])ace for tlie builtling has Iwcn «'ut out of 
 the rock wliicli rises at the north en<l. We here found thi-ee cliambers wliich eonnnunicate with 
 the e«donnade an«l central court. The whole is a very interesting building, the pur|N)se of which 
 (whetlier gymnasiinn, treasury, or eiHubination of buihlings) I do not venture to decide at ))resent. 
 It is a building about one hundi-cd feet (33 metres) by ninety -three (30 metres), consisting of a 
 colonnade sin-rounding an o])en court in the centre, while to the north it is flanked by the three 
 
 Fig. -11. — C'oRNKK OK thk Skcoxd Platform, with front of East ltriLi>i.\(i i.n rhhit FoRHiRoiNn. 
 
 chaml>ers running from east to west. It appears to be older than the Second Temjde. not later 
 than the fii-st half of the fifth century B. C. Here, as in the UpjHjr Stoa. there aiv drums of col- 
 umns in sUti, besides the pillar bases, and in some places sevenil layei-s of the ston«' walls. In 
 this building there were numerous fragments of the architectural decorations, as well as frag- 
 ments of sculpture and smaller objects. 
 
 " We also clearetl the ground to the north of this building to the l>ed-ro<'k, and at the western 
 point, to the south of the dump S, we again came upon ruins of interesting buildings. AlH)ve the 
 old supporting walls is the building which we call the Northwest Building. It was difficult <ligging, 
 since here too we found intricate walls, and it required Mr. Hoppin's best attention to carry on 
 the work which was placed in his charge. However, the plan was finally workeil out with clear- 
 ness, and shows a long building (31 metres long by 11.40 wide) of early structure. In digging 
 here we turned up some fragments which had fallen down from the Second Temple : the face of a 
 colossal female head, bronze and terra-cotta cows' heads, objects in gold and silver (among them 
 a silver ring studded with gold an<l inseril>ed), etc. This building may be connectetl with the 
 traces of the building in the field lielow, which in the first year we thought might Ih' Roman. 
 
 it' 
 
 THE EXCAVATIONS IN 1894 
 
 79 
 
 ** On the south sIoikj below tlie Second Temple, we began on the same system we had previously 
 atlopted, working at the bottom of the hill below, and to the east and west of the steps (Ij. Find- 
 ing bed-rock, we had merely to turn over the earth as we advanced ui)wanls, and ultimately we 
 were enabled to turn the whole of the part to the south of the steps (1) into a large dump for all 
 the mass of earth we had to cut away between the Second Temple and these steps. We found a 
 thick wall running from east to west at a depth of over tihovn feet below last year's surfae*- on the 
 s«»uth of the seeond plateau, and upon this abutted the beautiful limestoiu! wall which we found 
 projecting southward last year from the southeast corner of the West Building. This limestone 
 wall must have formed part of the west fi-ont of the great building which we are now excavating on 
 the south slope. About ninety feet of this building, with pillar bases, upon some of which drums 
 are in sifit, have already Ihhmi lai<l bare ; and we shall have to continue to carry away the great 
 mass »>f earth which covers this buihling along the whole south slope. I have no doubt that it will 
 prove to have l>een a very im|><u'tant and im|Kising structure. In the mass of earth which covers 
 it, we have found fragments of masonry from the Second Temple : large drums from the cohnnns, 
 as well as complete Doric cajiitals, also two torsos of sculpture, and many fragments behinging to 
 the metoiHis of the Seeond Ti-mple. At the same time, anotlun- large gang of workmen was engaged 
 in cutting away the s«uith shi\Mi towards the east, in the region l)eh)w the house (F), and we are thus 
 working fr«>m lM>th sides Ut clear away the accumulated earth, while we are making a continuous 
 terrace of the dump IhjIow the stairs (I ). When the excavations are completed, there will thus be a 
 continuous series of interesting buildings running from the foot of the hill upwards, tier up«>n tier, 
 t<» the ten-ace of the first temple on the summit. With the completion of this part of our work, as 
 well as with the thorough investigation of the regions about the Lower Stoa (CC, J, K, and L), 
 which ar«! bounde<l by the river, the whole site will have been thoroughly investigated. I must als() 
 remark that behind the poros sup{K)rting wall, running from n<n-th to south at the east of the West 
 Buihling, we have fouml rich layers of early anti(piities corresi)onding to the 'black layer ' we 
 found in the first year. In fact, it appears to me that this layer is continuous with the one found 
 in the first year, the objects being arrested by the retaining wall. Considering the variety and 
 number of objects fouml here, it wouhl be im|)ossibIe for me to give any adequate idea of the rich- 
 ness of our liiul. They comprise every material, from a beautiful large solid gohl pin to objects 
 in lead, ii-on, bone, ivory, and clay, and touch uj^n every field, — epigraphy as well as art, mytho- 
 K»gy, and antiquities. We have brought to Athens over eighty baskets full of objects of this kind, 
 together with larger fragments of marble sculpture, cornices in stone and terra-cotta. A curious 
 and interesting discovery was made to the north of the back wall of the building on the south 
 sloiHj, at some depth below what was the original ancient surface. There were found some early 
 graves of the Mycenaean perio«l, such as have been recently foiuid at Salamis. One of these was 
 well preserved, — a small shaft-tomb containing the bones of the deceased, and several vases in 
 jMirfect preservation, of the earliest Mycenaean tyjK?. They evidently belong to a jKM-iod when the 
 temenus of the early temple of Hera was limited by the upi)er terrace, and the region of these 
 graves nnist have been quite outside the per iholutf wall. 
 
 " The climax of our good fortune was reached when, a few days before the close of this cam- 
 jKiign, we found, what for several years we had been seeking in vain ; namely, the beehive tombs 
 of the Mycenaean periotl. The first is about three hundred yards to the northwest of the temple, 
 l>eyond the Eleutherion ; the second, only al>out sixty yards to the northwest of the Eleutherion. 
 They are both of the l)eehive shai)e, cut into the rock, without interior masonry, — the approach 
 iM'ing by the narrow dromon which leads into the underground door, which after the burial was 
 bhM'ked by means of large stones. The interior is circular, the diameter being about 2.40 metres, 
 the height being 3.38 metres. The first of these tombs, discovered on April 20, was the rei>ository 
 for at least three corpses, and may have contained more. The dead were certainly not laid out in 
 the tomb, as the Ixmes were found massed together without any anatomical relation to one another. 
 The fimls in the first tomb were exceedingly rich. It contained forty-nine vases, nearly all in \tev- 
 fect preservation, three terra-cotta figurines of the earliest ty|>e, one chair with intt^resting Myce- 
 naean ornaments, one engraved stone of the ' Island ' tyi^e, four steatite whorls, one ivory needle, 
 and a numl>crof beads. The second tomb contained a large number of beads and whorls, but onlj' 
 
 ".' 
 
78 
 
 (JKNKKAL INTKOIUHTION 
 
 liy a linu'stonc wall. The bases of three rows of five eoliinins are extant in th»' int«'rioi-, wliile 
 at the west front (faeiny; the temple) it had a |)ortieo. In this l)uil«liii<; iiinneroiis oltji-ets in 
 _i;oM, silver, hron/e, and terra-eotta were f<tunil, as well as a s«'aral» with a eartonehe, j>rolial>ly of 
 Thothnies 111. 
 
 " We also elearetl away all the earth reniaininc^ t<» the east of tlu' teniph', and to flw wcsf of thi- 
 dump S. without findin<; nuieh there. 
 
 '• Wr then turned to the west and south sIojm's of the terraee, -the main |M»ints of thisyrar's 
 exeavations < Kii;. 4J). 
 
 "Tlie larj^er portion of the. West I'MiiMini;, whifh li«'s Im>1ow the west cntl i)f the S«Tond T-mph'. 
 alwiut twentv-tive to thirty feet Udow the top «>f thf foundation walls t»f tin* Icniplf. was exeavati*d 
 last year. We now eleared the north end, where tlu' spaee for the huildint;' lias Imtu v»i out of 
 the UH'k which rises at tlw north rnd. We her«' found three «'hand>rrs which comnninicatc with 
 the colonnade and central court. The whole is a very intcre-^tin^ l>uildiMi;-. the pui pose of which 
 (whether iivnmasium. treasury, or condtination of buildings) I do not venture to ilecide at proent. 
 It is a Ituildini; ahout one hundre<l feet {'V.\ metres) l»y innety-three ( oO metro), consist in i; of a 
 eolonnade surround in;;; an ojm-u «*otirt in the centre, while to the north it is tIanUed hy the three 
 
 l"lU. U. — Cok.NKK OK lilt. SKtO.Nn I'LATKOUM, WITU I'K»>XT ok KaST liriLltl.Vli I.\ llMillT FoKKOUol Mt. 
 
 eliand»ers running from east to west. It a)>]>ears to l)e older than the Second Tentple. not later 
 than the first half of the fifth century li. c. Here, as in the I'pper Stoa. there an* drums of cid- 
 umns /// .siht, Itesides the pillar bases, and in some places sevend layers of the stone walls. In 
 this buihlinjj there were numerous frairments of the architectural decorations, as well as fray;- 
 ments of sculi>ture and smaHcr objects. 
 
 "■ We also cleared the gr<mn<l to the north of this building to the b«'d-ro<'k, and at the western 
 point, to the south of the dump S, we again came upon ruins of interesting buihlings. AImivc the 
 old supporting walls is the building which we call the Northwest Huilding. It was«lifficult digging, 
 since here too we found intricate walls, and it recpiired Mr. IIop)»in"s l)est attention to carry on 
 the work which was placed in his charge. However, the plan was finally worked out with (dear- 
 ness. and shows a long buildin*; (81 metres lon<r bv 11.40 wide) of earlv structure. In (liiririni: 
 here we turned up sonje fragments which had fallen down from the Second Temple : tin? face of a 
 colossal femah' head, bronze and terra-eotta <*ows' heads, objects in gold aiul silver (among them 
 a silv«'r ring studded with g<dd and inscribed ), etc. This binhling may be eonnect<'d with the 
 traces of the buihling in the field below, which in the first year we thought ndght be Roman. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 THK i:X( AVATIONS IN 1K<»4 
 
 79 
 
 '•On the smith slope Iielow the .Second Temple, we began on the same system we had previously 
 adoptcil, working at the bottom of the hill bel.»\v, aiid to the east and west of the steps (1 ;. l"nu\- 
 ing l>«'«l-rock, we had nier»dy to turn ov«'r the earth as we advanced upwanis, and ultimatelv we 
 were enabled to turn the whole «)f the part to the south of the steps ( 1 > into a large dump for all 
 the mass of eaith we luul to cut away lietwecn the .S-cond Temple and these steps. We found a 
 thick wall running from t-ast to west at a tiepth of ov« r fifteen feet In-low last year's siuface on tlie 
 south of the second plateau, and n|Hin this abutted the beautiful limestone wall which we found 
 projecting southward last year from the southeast ciuiier of the West Uiiilding. This liniest.tn*' 
 wall umst hav«> formed part of the west fi-ont of the great Ituildiug wliicli we aic now excavating on 
 tin? south slope. .M»out iHuety feet of this buihling, with pillar bases, upon some of which drums 
 are /// .v/V//. hav«' already bc«'U laid bare; and we shall have to continue to carry awav tlu; great 
 mass of eartli whit h covers this building along the whole south slope. I have no doid>t that it will 
 prove to have Im-cu a very important and imposing structure. In the mass (»f earth which covers 
 it, we hav«' found fragments of mastuiry from the .S«.'«'ond Temide : large drums from the colniuns, 
 as Well as complete Doric capitals, als(» two torsos of s«'ulpture, and many fragments iteloni;ing to 
 the metopes of the Second Temple. At the sanu' tiuH', an<tther larg(! gang of workmen was eu^aged 
 in cutting away the south s\n\n' towards tin; east, in the region beh»w the house (F). and we are thus 
 working from both sides to <dcar away tlu- accumulated <'arth, while we are making a <ontinuous 
 terrai-eof the dump l»eh>w the stairs ( I ). When the excavations are <-omphted, there will thus be a 
 continuous series of interesting buihlings running fnun the foot of the hill upwards, tier upon tier, 
 to the terrace of the first temple on the sunuuit. With the comph'tion of tiiis part of our w.uk. as 
 well as with the thorough investigation of the regifuis about tlu- Luwtr Stoa (t'C. d. K, and L ». 
 wliitdi are bounded by the river, the whole site will have been thoroughly investigated. 1 must also 
 remark th.it behind tin- poivts supporting wall, running from north to south at the east of the West 
 Huilding, we have found rich layers of early anticpiities corresponding to the * bhH-k laver ' we 
 found in the first year. In fact, it appears to me that this layer is continuous with the one found 
 in the first year, the objects being arrested by the r«'taining wall. Considering the variety and 
 niunber of idtjects found here, it would be impossible for me to givi' any adeipiate i<lea of the ritdi- 
 ness of our find. They comprise every material, from a beautiful large solid gold pin to objects 
 in lead, iron, bone. iv<uy, and '.lay, and touch upon every field. — epigraphy as wtdl as art. mvtlio- 
 h»gy, and aiiti*piitics. We have brought to Athens over eighty baskets full of objects of this kind, 
 together with larger fragments of marble sculptiin', cornices in stone and terra-<'otta. A curious 
 ami interesting tliscovery was nnule to the north of the back wall of tlu' building on the south 
 slojK', at some «lepth below what was the original ancient surface. There were found some early- 
 graves of the .Mycenaean period, such as have been re«'ently found at Salainis. One of these was 
 well ju'escrvcil, — a small shaft-tomb containing the bones of the deceased, ami several vases in 
 pi-rfcct preservation, of the earliest Mycenaean tyi)e. They evidently belong to a i)eiiod when the 
 friHctitts of the early temple of Hera was limited by the upper terrace, and the region of these 
 graves nnist have been «pute outside the j Hi' i hi Jks wall. 
 
 "The <dimax of our g(K)d fortune was reached when, a few days before the <dose of this cam- 
 ]Kiign, we found, what f«n* several years we had been seeking in vain: namely, the be<diive tombs 
 of the Mycenaean period. The first is about three hundred yanls to the northwest of the temph', 
 beyond the Kleutherion : the .second, oidy about sixty yards to the northwest of the Kleutherion. 
 They are both of the beehive shape, <'ut into the rock, without interior masonry, — tin; ap))roach 
 ln'ing by the narrow dnniinx whiidi leads into the undergrouml door, which after the burial was 
 bl<M-ke<I by means of large stones. The interior is cin-ular, the diameter being about 2.4t! metrt's, 
 the height being 8.38 metres. The first <>f these tondis, discovered on Ai>ril 20. was the repository 
 for at least three <'orpses, and may have contained more. The dead were certainly not laid out in 
 the tomb, as the bones were f<unid massed together without any anatomical relation to one another. 
 The finds in the first tomb wen' exceedingly ri« h. It contained foity-nine vases, nearly all in \^ev- 
 fect preservation, three terni-cotta figurines of the earliest type, one chair with interesting Mvce- 
 naean ornaments, om' engraved stone of the * Island ' type, four steatite whorls, one ivory needle, 
 an«l a niindwrttf beads. The second tond> coutainetl a large number of beads and wIku-Is. but onlv 
 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 [\ 
 
 one complete vase and a number of fragments. These finds appear to me of exceeding interest 
 and importance with regai-d to early Mycenaean pottery ; and the interest of the discovery may be 
 increased by the fact that the sun shone into the opening which had been broken into the top of the 
 rock, so that we were able to take photographs of the vases and bones /;* situ. . . . 
 
 " The last campaign was begim on March 22, 1895. As I was kept at Rome on my way here 
 by an attack of influenza, I telegraphed to Mr. Hoppin to begin work according to the plan we 
 had arranged before he left for Greece. Accortlingly, on March 22, Mr. Hoppin began to exca- 
 vate the south sloi>e below the Second Temple at the point at which we had left it last season, and 
 thus had charge of the work for several days before I arrived. During these days Mr. Hoppin 
 was not only able to make most valuable discoveries, such as the two best preserved metojie heads, 
 but he pushed on the clearing of the South Stoa for many feet, having to clear away about twenty 
 feet of superimiK)sed earth for the whole length and width of the stoa. He has since proved a 
 most efficient aid to me, and with his two years' experience in excavation, as well as his archaeolo- 
 gical studies in German universities, he is likely to become a well-equipped archaeologist. I am 
 much gratified to hear from him that he intends to spend the winter and spring of the two coming 
 years at Athens to arrange and elaborate our finds from the Heraeum. In this task he will be 
 
 h^ 
 
 l"# 
 
 |« 
 
 i 
 
 Fui. 42. — Thk Roman Hi'ildini;, with Souxiiwi-aT Stoa on thk leit, and Portion of West Biiluinjj 
 
 IN thk Furkurouno. 
 
 aided by Mr. Heennance from Yale University, who joined Mr. Hoppin at the beginning of our 
 work this year, and was with us for several weeks, until he went with Dr. Diirpfeld's party on the 
 Peloponnesian tour. I venture to predict that he also will be of the greatest help in arranging and 
 working out our finds, while he himself will gain much experience and valuable information in 
 performing this task. Mr. Rogers, of Columbia College, New York, has been with us for several 
 weeks now, and is taking charge of all the work on the west side. He will remain till the cam- 
 paign is ended, and will undoubtedly be of great assistance to us. . . . 
 
 " I owe the Committee a great debt of gratitude for the wisdom with which they have selected an 
 architect to assist us in our work here, and to prepare plans and drawings of the excavations. Mr. 
 Tilton has taken up his work with such energy and intelligence that we may hope for an adequate, 
 
 THE EXCAVATIONS IN 1895 81 
 
 perhaps a brilliant, presentation of the architectural side of our publication. Mr. Tilton purposes 
 to remain here for a week after the excavations are closed, to supervise the cleaning of the build- 
 ings, with about ten workmen. Mr. Rogers has promised to join him during this period. In the 
 course of the summer Mr. Tilton intends to meet me in England, in order that we may discuss and 
 decide ui>on the general plan, as well as the details, of the architectural publication. 
 
 " The work we have this year done on the south sl<>i>c (below the Second Temple) appears to me, 
 as I see It now, astonishing with regard to the amount of earth that has been removed. Tliis 
 would not have been iwssible, had we not at the beginning of last season found bed-rock at the 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. 43. — First Trknch dug at South Stoa. 
 
 bottom of the little valley and for some way up, so that we could place a continuous dump half way 
 up the hill on the south slope. Our carts had thus to travel but a short distance before our eyes, 
 and we could make a continuous dump below the line of building found on the south sloi)e. 
 
 " At the close of the last season we had found the beginning of a building, one side of which 
 abutted on the southeast corner of what we have hitherto called the West Building, and which ran 
 from east to west along the south slope about forty feet below the top of the foundation wall of 
 the Second Temple, and parallel to it. We had also cut in for about ten feet behind the supjwrt;- 
 mg wall east of the West Building, which separates this building from the Second Temple above it 
 We now continued to clear out this South Stoa (Fig. 43). It was difficult digging, as there was 
 an average of twenty feet of earth to be removed for its whole length, and large stones, drums of 
 columns, capitals, and blocks ha<l fallen from the terrace above, aU of which had to be removed 
 to the nearest point where they would not block the way for excavation, and carefully deposited 
 there. As I am now writing the building is quite clear (Fig. 44). It is a beautiful stoa, imposing 
 in its vast length, with walls of most perfect Greek masonry, of which four and even five layers ar^ 
 standing all around. Within there are nine Doric pillars. AU the pillar bases are in situ ; three 
 have the lower drum, while one has two drums, — the remaining four, together with the capital in 
 good preservation, having fallen immediately in front of this. At the back wall (north) there are 
 well-worked pilasters, one to each alternate pillar. The stoa is about forty-five metres long by about 
 thirteen metres wide. It faces towards the south (i. e. towards Argos), and is approached by a 
 continuous flight of steps. The temple above it must have fallen in before this stoa was destroyed, 
 
80 
 
 GEXKKAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 one coiuj>lete vaso and a nunilwr n{ fra<;nients. These finds appear to me of exceeding interest 
 and importance \\ itli regard to early Mycenaean jwttery : and the interest of the <liscovery niay Ikj 
 increased by the fact that the sun slione into the ojiening which had been broken into the top of the 
 vock, so that we were able to tak»' photograj)hs of the vases and bon«'s /// .«////. . . . 
 
 '•The last campaign was begun on March '2'2. ISDo. As I was kept at Home on my way here 
 by an attack of influenza, I telegraphed to Mr. iloppin to begin work according to the plan we 
 liad arranged before he left for (i recce. Accordingly, on March '2'2, Mr. Iloppin W'gan to exca- 
 vate the south slope below the Second Temple at the jMiint at which we had left it last season, and 
 thus had charge of the work for several days before I arrived. During these days Mr, Iloppin 
 was not only able to make most valuable discoveries, such as the two best preserved niet«>i>e heads, 
 but he ])ushcd on the clearing of the South Stoa for many feet, having to clear away alM)ut twenty 
 ftet of supcrimi>osed fvuth for the whole length and width of the stoa. Hf has since prove<l a 
 most efticicnt aid to mc, and with his two years' ex|KMience in excavation, as well as his archaeolo- 
 gical stutlics in (lerman universities, he is likely to become a wellH'<piippcd archaeologist. I am 
 much gratified to hear from him that he intends to spend the winter and spring of the two coming 
 vears at Athens to arrange and elaborate our finds from the Ileracum. In this task he will lie 
 
 Kl<;. 12. — TlIK lloMAN l!riI.DIN»;, WITU S.ITUWKST St«»A ox TUK I»-T, ANU I'oIJTIOX ok NVksT lilll.niNti 
 
 IN IIIK KoKKtiKorXlt. 
 
 our 
 
 aided by Mr. Ileermance from Yale University, who joined Mr. Iloppin at the beginning of 
 work this year, and was with lis for several week.s, until he went with Dr. Diirpfehl's party on the 
 iV'loponnesian tour. I venture to predict that he also will be of the greatest help in arranging and 
 working out our finds, while he himself will gain much exi^rience and valuable information in 
 IM-rforming this task. Mr. Rogers, of Uobuubia College, N»'W York, has Iwen with us for sevcml 
 weeks now, and is taking charge of all the work on the west side. He will remain till the cam- 
 l)aign is ended, and will undoubtedly be of great assistance to us. . . . 
 
 " I owe the Committee a great debt of gratitude for the wisdom with which they have selected an 
 architect to assist us in our work here, and to prepare plans and drawings of the excavations. Mr. 
 Tilton has taken up his work with .such energy and intelligence that we may hoiie for an adeqnat.', 
 
 THE EXCAVATIONS IN ISO') 
 
 81 
 
 perhaps a brilliant, presentation of the architectural side of our publication. Mr. Tilton purposes 
 to remain here for a week after the excavations are closed, to supervise the cleaning of the build- 
 ings, with about ten workmen. Mr. Rogers has promised to join him during this i)eriod. In the 
 course of the summer .Mr. Tilton inten.ls to meet me in England, in onlcr that we may di.scuss and 
 deci.le upon the general jdan. as well as the details, of the architectural publication. 
 
 " The work wc have this year done on the .south .sl<»pe ( Mow the Second Temple) appears to me, 
 as I see it now, astonishing with regard to the amount of earth that has been removed. Tills 
 would not have been iK.ssiblc. had we n..t at the b».ginning .)f last season foiuid bed-rock at the 
 
 Fi«i. 4.;. — KiKST i 
 
 KK.NLII 1>H, Xl .^1H TU .SjO.V. 
 
 bottom of the little valley and for some way up, so that we coidd place a continuous dump half way 
 up the lull on the south slope. Our carts had thus to travel but a short distance before our eyes, 
 and we couhl nuike a continuous dump below the line of building found on the south sloi)e. 
 
 " At the close of the last season we had fotmd the beginning of a building, one .side of which 
 abutted on the smitheast corner of what we have hitherto called the West Building, and which ran 
 from ea.st to west along the .soutli slope about forty feet below the top of the foundation wall of 
 the Second Ten.ple,an<l parallel to it. We had also cut in for about ten feet behind the support- 
 ing wall east of the West Building, which separat<'s this building from the Second Temple above it. 
 ^^ e now continued to clear out this South Stoa (Fig. 43). It was difficult digging, as there was 
 an average of twenty feet of earth to Iw removed for its whole length, and large stones, drums of 
 columns, capitals, and blocks ha.l fallen from the terrace above, all of which ha.l to be removed 
 to the nearest point where they wouhl not block the way for excavation, and carefullv <lepositcd 
 there. As I am now writing the building is quite clear ( Fig. 44 ). It is a beautiful stoa, imposing 
 in its vast length, with walls of most iK-rfect (Jreek masonry, of which four and even five layers are 
 stiiu.ling all around. Within there are nine Doric pillars. All the pillar bases are hi sUu ; three 
 have the h.wer «lrum, while one has two drums, — the remaining four, together with the capital in 
 goo<l i)reservation, having fallen immediately in front of this. At the back wall (north) there are 
 well-worked pilasters, one to each alternate pillar. The stoa is about forty-Hve metres long by about 
 thirteen metres wide. It faces towards the south (i. e. towards Argos), and is approached by a 
 eontimious flight of .steps. The temple above it must have fallen in before this stoa was destroyed, 
 
«2 
 
 GENKKAL INTKODrCTION 
 
 Fig. 44. — 6h)utii Stoa, ai^tkk Excav.xtion. 
 
 sinc'f, I'sjHjfially i" the western half, we f«mn(l huge dniiiis of the cohiniu f fom the teiii])K' which liiul 
 eraslietl tlirough tlie roof, with ijvhon blocks, and, fortunately for us, also nietoi>es and »ihnt. The 
 tltM)ring was thus in parts littered with fragments of marble from roof tiles and metojies. Among 
 these were several pieces of sculptured metojies, and of the simu^ fragments of arms, legs, torsos of 
 bodies, etc., all from the high relief of the meto{H.'s, and two well-i)reserve<l hea<ls (one «piite 
 |H?rfect), with ))ortions of three <)thers. This stoa is jierhaps the best jireserved of all tlie buildings 
 which we have found, and is ecrtaiidy one (»f the most imposing I know in (ireece. 
 
 •• We also cut into the slope to the west of this stoa, but were soon convinced that no ancient 
 building stood here ; we found, however, the traces <)f a huge staircase which c«»vere<l the wh«de 
 .slope on this side leading up to the great jdatform of the temple. There was thus on the south 
 siile of the temples facing Argos a magnificent approach to the sanctuary : and it is interesting to 
 note that the line of buildings and the access to them liehmging to this |>eri(Ml face to the south 
 and east, while the earlier buihlings are massed on the west side. This corresiMinds to the change 
 fnnu the Mycenaean to the Argive supreniacy. 
 
 '' At the close of the last season, we had cut off the slo])e evenly lu'liind the back wall of that 
 portion of the stoa whi<*h was then discovered. It was a huge cutting. Uinm arriving this spring, 
 I found that the rain ha<l washed away some of the earth from the side of the cutting, and here 
 apjM'ared a })ortion of a coliimn-<li'um from the Se<*ond Temple. How this lia<l fallen there it i.s 
 difficult to explain. Reluctantly (for I knew there could l>e no building there), I felt l>ound to dig 
 here again. We thus had to cut away further ten feet of earth to a depth of over twenty feet 
 and for a length of forty-five metres. All this earth was filling for the foundations of the up|H'r 
 temple, and contained a great mass of j)re-archaic Cireek objects, such as we had foiiml in pre- 
 vious years in this same filling. We also dug down to bed-rock for the whole length inside (to 
 the east) of the supi)orting wall before the West Building (Fig. 45). 
 
 " Some interesting results api)eared from this work. We were much astonished last year when 
 Dr. Washington found in the corner behind this snj)porting wall and the back of the South Stoa 
 wall Mycenaean graves such as have been found at S<alamis. I could only explain this to myself 
 by the supiwsition that this site was outside the earliest perilxdus. We now found such early 
 
 (t 
 
 TIIK EXCAVATIONS IX 189r> 
 
 83 
 
 walls of the Mycenaean pericwl here, together with some such graves, and a great number of vases 
 and small objects outside these early walls. Such walls also api)eared on the whole west slope, 
 north and northeast of the West Building, where Mr. Rogers hatl charge of the work, and where 
 we have cleared the whole site down to bed-rock. We can now say witli confidence that nothing 
 remains unexcavated within the Viwcxcwt poriholuH. 
 
 " We have now attacked also tlie fields to the west and soutliwest, outsith the peribolus walls, 
 where in exploring during the first season we had traced a large stoa and conjectured that there 
 was a Koman temple. This conjecture was a happy one in so far as in the field below, in.medi- 
 ately to the west of the temple and bordered by the stream (Eleutherion) on its outer (northern 
 and western) sides, we have found buildings of the Koman period, — an extensive and complex 
 sy.stem of Roman baths. Tliis is interesting also in its bearing upon the whole nature and func- 
 tion of the sanctuary. 
 
 " The other large field I shall excavate as far as possible, and shall esjiecially do my best to 
 enable our architect to make plans of the buildin'>-s. 
 
 " A few words about our finds. In this respect we have been as lucky as ever. I liave already 
 
 (1 1 
 
 FlO. 45.— W|.»T Ik-II.I>INO (VII), AKTKK KXCAVATION. 
 
 referretl to the metope fragments and to the heads. These latter corresi^nd to those we had 
 already found and belong to the metojMJS. They are worked in a vigorous manner, and are still 
 of such careful execution that I l>elieve even those of the Parthenon can hardly rival them in this 
 resi)ect One head of a youth with a helmet is in perfect preservation, even the tip of the nose 
 remaining Intact We shall now have a large number of fragments at Athens, and we may hope 
 to be able to piece some together. At all events the sculptures coming from this temple built by 
 the Argive Eupolemus, with Polycleitus as the sculptor of the temple-statue, are among the most 
 imimrtant sjtecimens of the great art of the fifth century B. c. 
 
 •r 
 
s-J 
 
 (JKNKKAI. INTIiODlC TION 
 
 Fl(i. 44. — S»ITII STOA, AfTKK KXC.WATIOX. 
 
 since. rs|u'cially ill the uestrni lialf. wi- found lintjo tiruins of tin- cohinin Ironi tliu ti'ni|il«' wliirli 1i:i«| 
 rr:islic«l thron^^li tlu' roof, with t/risoti hhicks. and. foitunati-ly for us. alx* ni<>to|H-.s ami siiiio. Tliu 
 lliMuini; was thus in parts litti'ied with fragnu-nts of niaihU' from roof tiles an«l nieto|H's. Aiuoni; 
 tliese were several pieces of sculptured nH'to|K's, and «»f the siniu. fragments of arms. U"^>, torsos of 
 l»odies, ete.. all from the high relief of the metopes, and two well-preserveil heads (one ipiit*- 
 perfect ). with ]H>rtionst>f three otliers. This stoa is perhaps the best jMeserveil of all the huildings 
 which we have found, an«l is eertaiidy one of the most im|>osin<; 1 knt»w in (ireeee. 
 
 •• We also cut into the slope to the west of this stoa, hut were soon i-onvinced that no ancient 
 Ituilding stood here: we found, however, the traces of a huge stain-ase which covered the whole 
 slop!' on this side leading uj> to tln' great ])latfitrni of the temple. There was thus on the south 
 sid«' of the temph-s facing Arg(»s a magnitiecut approach to the sanctuary : and it is inten-sting to 
 note that the line of huihliugs and the access to them ludonging to this ]»eriiHl face to the south 
 and east, while the curlier huildings aiv massed on the west side. This corresponds to the change 
 from the Mycenaeaji to the .\rgive supremacy. 
 
 "•At the close of the last season, we had cut off the sIojm! evenly lichind the hack wall of that 
 )H>rtiou of the stoa which was then discovered. It was a huge cutting. I'pou arriving this spring, 
 I touud that the rain had washed away sonu' of the earth from the side of the cutting, and here 
 appeared a [)ortion of a cnhnim-drum from the Second Temple. How this had fallen there it is 
 ilit^icidt to explain. Hehu-tantly (for I knew there could he no huilding there). I felt hound to dig 
 here again. We thus had to «-ut aw:ty further ten feet <»f earth to a depth of over twenty feet 
 and for u h'Ugth of forty-five nutres. All this earth was filling for the foundati«»ns of the uj»per 
 temph-. and contained a great mass of pre-archaic (Jreek ol»jects, su<*li as we had found in pre- 
 vious years in this same fdling. We also dug down to hed-rock for the whole length inside (ti> 
 the east ) of the su]»porting wall hefore the West Huilding (Fig. 4')). 
 
 '• Sonu! interesting residts ait]>eared from this work. We were much astonished last y<'ar when 
 Dr. Washington foiuid in the coriu-r hehiiul this su]>]Mtrting wall and the hack of the South .Stoa 
 wall Mycenaean grav«'s su<*h as have l>een found at Salamis. I could oidy «'X|dain this to myself 
 hy the sup[Mjsition that this site was outside the earliest pctibolus. We now found such early 
 
 TIIK i:X( AVATIONS 1\ isO", 
 
 83 
 
 walls (.f the Mycenaean iK-rltMl here, together with sonic such graves, and a great number .»f vases 
 and small objects outside tlu'sc early walls. Su.h walls also app.ared on the whole west slope, 
 north and n<.rtlieast of th.- West liuihling, where Mr. Kogers had charge of the w«»rk, an.l wh.Me 
 we have cleared the whol,. site down to bed-rock. We can now say with confidence that nothing 
 riMuains unexcavated withiii the ancient /k rihohis. 
 
 " We have now attack.-.l also the iields t.i the west and southwest, (nitshtr \\w jxrlhoJns walls, 
 where in exploring during the first seas.Mi w.' had traced a larg.. stoa and conjectured that there 
 was a lioman temple. This conjecture was a happy .»ne In s.) far as in the field below, immedi- 
 ately to the west of the temide and bordered by the stream ( Kleutherion ) on its outer ( northern 
 and western ) sides, we have found buildings of the Roman period, - an extensive and complex 
 system of Homan baths. This is interesting also in its bearing up.>n the whole nature and func- 
 tion *>{ the sanctuary. 
 
 "The other largv field 1 shall excavate as far as i>ossible. and shall especially do mv best to 
 enabh' <Mir architect to make plans of the buildiii^^s. 
 
 " A few words alKiut our finds. In this resiHict we have Im'cu as luckv as ever. I have alroadv 
 
 
 
 
 Fuj. 4."».— Wust r>rn.i>iMi (VII), aktki: Kxt avati«»x. 
 
 referred to the metope fragments and to the heads. These latter correspond to those we had 
 alreaily f<unul and belong to the metoiws. They are worked in a vigorous manner, and are still 
 of such careful oxocution that I believe even those of the Parthenon can hardly rival them in this 
 respect. One head of a youth with a helmet is in perfect preservation, even the tip of the nose 
 remaining intact. We shall now have a large number of fragments at Athens, and we may hope 
 to be able to piece some together. At all events the scidptures coming from this temple built by 
 the Argive Kupolemus, with Polyeleitus as the sculptor of the temple-statue, are amono^ the most 
 im))ortant s]M>ounens of the great art of the fifth centinv H. c. 
 
84 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 [)' 
 
 1, ■ 
 
 I 
 
 " From the filling to the Second Temple we have al)oiit seventy-six haskets full of vases, terra- 
 cottas, bronzes, etc. Though a great part of these came from the tlry ruMiish iisetl to fill u]> the 
 platform, I am more and more convinced that in the earlier jierioils there was some sacred build- 
 ing or great altar on the site of this temple. The early Mycenaean walls along the slo])es belong 
 to these, as well as most of the finds which were votive offerings. We have again found here a 
 nufnber of Egy]>tian objects, including several scarabs. 1 hoj>e that a Fivnch Egj'}>tologist. now 
 sojourning at the French School, will be able to throw some light uj)on our Egyptian fiuds. Of 
 smaller objects, gems, and terracottas, this year has given a very large liarvest. 
 
 " We have found several inscriptions, — some of the Roman j^eriod ; but the most inqiortant 
 epigraphical find, perhaps, of the whole excavation, is a bronze ])]a(]ue about eight inches S4*uare 
 with eleven lines of Imustrophedon inscrij)tion in the earliest Argive characters. 
 
 " Owing to the generosity of Mrs. J. W. Clark and of Mr. Ho])pin, whose contributions (♦1200) 
 have greatly increased the sums which I have received from the Institute (♦500) and fi-oni the 
 School (#250), as well as that in hand from last year (about ♦GSO), we have been well supplied 
 with means this year. I hope to have a considerable sur])lus. Since Mr. Ho])pin has authorized 
 me to use what remains of his and Mrs. Clark's contribution for the ]>reparation of illustrations of 
 our work, I have the j)hotogTapher Merlin here now, who is taking views of the buildings and the 
 sites, and I shall proceed to make arrangements with Mr. Tilton for the most adequate form of 
 publication. 
 
 " It is rash to make promises. More than thirteen years passed l>efore the Germans published 
 the results of their excavations at Olympia ; the va.se fragments from the Acro|)olis, wliich have 
 been in their hands for at least five years, are not jet publisheil, and they tell me that their main 
 difficulty now is to provide proj)er means of reprotluction and publication. I shall do my best, 
 and Mr. Tilton promises to use all his energies to assist me to put into the printer's hands the first 
 volume, containing the introduction, the architecture, and possibly the sculpture, by the autumn of 
 189G. 
 
 " By next spring, after Mr. Iloppin and Mr. Ileemiance have worked at our finds during the 
 winter, I may be able to make more definite pro]K)sals with regard to the other volume or vol- 
 
 umes. 
 
 W 
 
 .1 . 
 
 NOTE A (Seepage 11). 
 
 In this case, as in so many others when problems of ancient ai-chaeology and history are con- 
 cerneil, it is imiK>rtj»nt to consider the jiersonal wpiation of the authors and the conditions and cir- 
 cumstances under which they wi-ote, before using or quoting passages from them, as historical or 
 critical evidence. In this si>ecial case it is well to bear in mind that, of the two travelers, Pau- 
 sanias has a bias in the direction of folk-lore and mythography, pervading and sometimes over- 
 lH>wering his antiquarian or archaeological interests ; while Strabo is a geographer with a stronger 
 historical bias, i^ssessed of more sober and critical insight and a pronounced api)reciation''of 
 literary tradition, the Homeric jioems being to him the centre of literary importance. While we 
 may often deplore the inaccuracy and credulity of Pausanias, or at least the inadequacy of his 
 description of objects which to us are of supreme interest; while we are often impatient and irri- 
 tated with him for his diffuse excursions into the regions of unprofitable hearsay, when he omits 
 the mention or to descril>e most imiwilant facts and monuments, we must recognize that tliese 
 very faults make him a most useful source of information to the student of folk-lore and mytho- 
 logy, and even to the historian who has to consider the local traditions and the eariiest sources of 
 information. 
 
 Strabo, on the other hand, clings to the historical facts before him, and probably draws much of 
 his information from such writers as Ephonis ; and when he goes beyond these he turns to literature, 
 — the liUirature which he had before him, — ami ignoivs folk-lore and tradition. To him Homer 
 is not only the \wet, 6 ttoittt;?, but also the central rej^sitory of the eariiest lore and the only soui-ce 
 from which trustworthy information concerning the eariiest history of the Hellenic land and 
 Hellenic traditions can be had. Thus in couuuon with writers of his own age, and with most 
 scholars of our own times, he becomes in matters archaeological and historical a Homer wor- 
 shiper. But we are now in a position to assert that, as regards the earliest history of Greek life 
 and Greek religion. Homer himself becomes the more useful and instructive the more we supple- 
 ment the Homeric |M>em8 by the recortls of local and popular traditions in word and stone. These 
 are scattered through the authors and exhuraed from the earth, they iwint to still eariier periods, 
 and show the constitution of the material which the genius of the great epic iJoets has put into 
 such splendid and monumental artistic onler. 
 
 Thus it is that Strabo, who is fully informed with regard to the Mycenaean and Argive i>eriods 
 in the early history of the Heraeum and of the whole plain and country, is practically ignorant of 
 or ignores the Tirynthian period. There are two main causes for this omission on his part. 
 
 (1) When he wrote about this district the city of Argos hatl a great history, and was thus natu- 
 rally the centre on which he stood in order to focus and to observe the historical region which he 
 attcmptetl to exi)lore critically. Mycenae was in time and space nearest to Argos, and he could 
 follow more readily its destruction by the latter, and its previous hegemony. This led him as far 
 back as the Homeric \yer'ux\, and here he stoi)ped. Tiryns and Midea, on the other hand, were 
 desertetl ^ in his time, and seemed at best only to have been " fortresses," 3 apparently as opposed 
 to cities. He herein forgot that the early cities consisted both of such a fortress or citadel, built 
 of more durable material, and of the town itself, built of perishable material, spreading round the 
 foot of the citadel, such as the Hissarlik-Troy, the eariy Mycenae itself, and probably the early 
 city of Argos. 
 
 (2) The second cause for the omission of Tiryns in Strabo's consideration of the historical 
 phases of the Argive plain and the Hei-aeum lies in the fact that he restricted himself to Homeric 
 evidence, and that, in his admirable attempt at a careful examination of the passages in Homer, he 
 
 1 Stnb. VIII, 6. 11. .373 C ffm/ios 8* ;^l iciKtiyn ' rf fiff oiv TlpvvOi 6pttnTripi<p xpri<ra<rOai SoKt't. 
 
 [Tiryus] ko} ^ wK^gloi> Mt<(c. 
 
86 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 ■■^r 
 
 K' 
 
 '>' 
 
 il 
 
 is misled by the ambiguous use of the term "Argos." He himself felt, what has been felt often in 
 the writing of this very book, that it is important and difficult to make clear whether one is using 
 the term " Argos " to mean the district or country or the city. He labored under this difficulty 
 himself at the outset of his description in the fifth chapter of the fifth book, and he careftdly 
 weighs Homer's use of the term to show that it was used, not only for the district, but also for 
 the Pelo|K)nnesus, — nay, the whole of Hellas.^ But he at once lapses into this i-rror which he 
 tries to avoid when, further on,^ he says : ** And I think that the imputation of this city brought 
 it about that both Pelasgians and Danaans, as well as the Argives themselves, were named after it. 
 And for that, the Greeks as well." And a few lines l)elow he quotes those passages from Homer 
 in which the term " Argos " is used to include Sparta and Corinth and islands. No doubt he finds 
 it difficult -^ to understand how the city of Argos could be called parched and waterless, with its 
 river flowing by it, and considers the tale a figment of the ])oets ; for he cannot see how the tra- 
 dition of the sinking of wells associated with Danaus, which turned, in the words of Euripides, 
 the waterless (ai-vSpof) Argos into a plain rich in water (eii-Spof), applieil to the district on the 
 other side of the Inachus, made fertile at this very day by a like system of wells. 
 
 For Strabo the history of the district begins with the Danaans, whom he associates exclusively 
 with the city of Argos and Mycenae. " When the descendants of Danaus," he says,* " received the 
 inheritance of his sway in Argos, and there mixed with them the Amythaonidae, originating in 
 Pisatis and Triphylia, one would not wonder that, kinsmen as they wei-e, they divided the district 
 into two kingdoms : at first, in such a way that the two sovereign cities in those kingdoms were to 
 be seen situated close to one another at a distance of less than fifty stadia, — namely, the cities of 
 Argos and Mycenae, — and that the Heraeum, standing towards Mycenae, was the sanctuary com- 
 mon to both of them." It will be seen that he has entirely omitted any mention of Tirjns. He 
 then summarizes the histoi-y of the district in the following terms : " Originally, then, Argos was 
 the more predominant, after that Mycenae, which received considerable impulse through the immi- 
 gration of the Peloi)idae to it. For after all had joineil the sons of Ati-eus, Agamemnon, as lieing 
 the older, received the sovereignty, and, by the aid of goo<l fortune and ability combined, adde<l a 
 large district of the country to the ]K)ssessions which he had before receiveil. And, in ]>articular, 
 he added the Argolic district to the Mycenaean. Thus Menelaus had the Laconian district ; while 
 Mycenae and the country as far as Corinth and Sicyon, and the land which at that time was called 
 the land of the lonians and Aegaleans, fell to the share of Agamemnon. We are told that, after 
 the Trojan war, Agamemnon's rule came to an end, and Mycenae was humbled : and this was 
 esj)ecially so after the return of the Heraclidae. For the Ileraclidae m-cupied Pelo{K>nnesus, and 
 exi)elled the former rulers ; so that those who held Argos also held Mycenae, now united with 
 Argos. But in after years Mycenae was destroyed by the Argives, so that now not a trace of the 
 city of the Mycenaeans is to be found [?]. Seeing that such has been the fate of IMyeenae, one 
 ought not to wonder if some of the places catalogued under Argos are no longer in existence." 
 And thus Strabo leads over to his short account of the "deserted " Tiryns and Midea. 
 
 It has been necessary to quote this ])assage in full, l)ecause it makes clear that the researches of 
 Strain) do not lead him further back than the Danaans, since he is restricted to the Homeiic ]>oi>ms 
 as his supreme guide. We may also j)oint to the change of locution, the moment his Homeric 
 information ceases with the downfall of the house of Atreus as bearing u|K>n this question. 
 For, without warning, he passes from the direct statement to quotation in using the infinitive 
 (Tairtivia^rifai), which he has not used before, and which he does not aj)ply afterwanis when he 
 comes to the inroad of the Dorians. 
 
 " i 
 
 NOTE B (See page 12). 
 
 Our j)rimary interest in the ancient remains of this inijiortant site and tlieir history need not 
 debar us from dwelling for a moment ujMjn the supreme beauty of the natural scenery. Indeed, 
 the primary claim to archaeological and historical interest which the country of Greece naturally 
 
 » Cf. end of VIII. 6. 5, 369. » VIII. 6. 4 and 3. 370. 
 
 » VIII. 6. 9, 371. « VIII. «. 10, 372. 
 
 il 
 
 Vi 
 
 THE VIEW FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 87 
 
 puts forwai-d has often stoo<l in the way of the due appreciation of the transcendent beauty of its 
 natural scenery, so that this feature often takes the visitor by surprise. 
 
 Of all the many beautiful views in Greece, that from the Heraeum is certainly one of the most 
 Ijcautiful. If in this brilliant atmosphere, clear and lucid, yet never lapsing into flaring vulgarity, 
 without ever having the coarseness of the too-manifest, we stand on the temple platform and gaze 
 over the Argive plain, we see on the left, to the southwest, the peaks of Parnon and Parthenion 
 rise in a i>ale blue limpid light, which seems but a continuation of the blue strip of sea in the 
 Nauplian Gulf, and which causes the azure sky behind, cut into graceful fretwork by the delicate 
 outlines of the mountains, to api>ear a paler blue. This delicate line of mountain range, chi.seled 
 in its finely cut yet never hard features, like beautiful profiles on Greek gems, continuous in its 
 course, harmoniously varied, flows in one long-tlrawn sweep from our left to our right. And in 
 this evenly flowing outline we can distinguish Arteraisium opposite, shelving down by steps, Lycone 
 and Larisa, to where Argos lies, its white mona.stery of the Panagia crouching and nestling to the 
 rock, a bright white si>eck al>ove the town. The line of mountains is carried on to the more distant 
 and higher ranges grouping round Cyllene, until, at our right, it is lost in the hills that encircle 
 Nemea. And you know that, jealously guarding the plain where the passes lead to these northern- 
 most mountains, Mycenae crouches among its rocky glens, like a mediaeval keej), wilder, more 
 dismal, as if it stood on guard against a northern land and jieople. But on our left again, to the 
 south, where Tiryns lies, when the sun turns after noon, the rock fortress of Palamidi juts forth 
 into the blue sea ; the sun's rays beat upon its walls, and the windows from the houses of Nauplia 
 gleam and twinkle in the distance, like earth-born daylight stars. And before us, all the time, in 
 IMjaceful languor, stretches the generous plain of broad-breasted mother Gaia, with all shades of 
 green vegetation in its wheat, barley, and oats, and clumps of olive-trees. Between this green are 
 the bared, dark, red-brown patches of earth where the rude metal-tipjied wootlen plough, drawn 
 by oxen goaded on by the long-iwintetl rml, has cut its furrows. These await the tobacco plant, 
 which in its delicate infancy has been sheltered fi-om the rough winds by wicker hurdles, and is 
 growing hapjHly, as from the distance it paints the bright, golden strips between the brown and 
 green. As the sun shines on the snow of the peaks, they gleam like broadened lance-heads of 
 lK)lished silver ; and farther <lown their sides, in the gullies and beneath the rocky ledges, the 
 strong ribs and sinewy flanks of these lofty giants, where the snow has remained, the silver gleam 
 flows out into winding threads. 
 
 And all this rich variety of line, form, and color is changed and multiplied in its aspect, though 
 harmonized in its unity of tone, by tlie succession of the seasons, of the day's lights, and of the 
 capricious effects of atmosphere. But even in the still moonlight nights, when the bells of the 
 sheep, grazing on the sloi>e8 of EulH>ea, sounded in our tents as if they were but a few feet from 
 the canvas and awakene<l us, and the owl screeched its shrill and monotonous call, the sight at 
 our feet — the plain, the mountains, the sea, and sky — exercised a sihjII of beauty unrivaled in 
 any part of the globe. 
 
 To the effect of this natural beauty come the historical associations of the spot to intensify the 
 artistic charm ; for where can such condensed historical associations, big with man's history, and 
 rising out of the very earth before you and from the remains recovered from her womb, crowd in 
 upon the imagination ? They stamp their most characteristic features on your mind in the form 
 of a general artistic mood (which often years of learned reading and thought fail to produce in 
 the scholar), which represents the quintessence and living soul of each past period. And this mood 
 is evoked, not by vague and uncertain and nebulous suggestion, but by the very handiwork of 
 the men who in the distant past produced these remains now restored to the present, — nay, 
 made part of the present and its spiritual life by the pick and spade of the excavator ; for the 
 clay moulded, the stones cut, the metal wrought, is now as it was then, and contains the life and 
 the soul infused into them from the worker's liands, now as they did thousands of years ago, — 
 
 ..." pure crude fact 
 Secreted from man's life when hearts beat hard 
 And braius, high-blooded, ticked [long] centuries ago." 
 
88 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 r 
 
 >•: 
 
 Standing above the Upjier TenjjJe platform, the behuhler has Iiefore liini, innnediately at his feet, 
 the remains of the Older Temple, eovering, without hiding, vestiges of man's history which preeeiletl 
 by centuries the age of Homer's heroes. Here the descendants of Phoroneus marked the begin- 
 nings of man's civilized life in Greece : here the Cycloi>ean masons built their wall in the times 
 of Proetus of Tiryns. At our very feet stood the temple where the Acliaeans worshiiMMl, and 
 where (Dictys tells us) they chose Agamemnon as their leader when they set out for Troy. Hither 
 the stunly Dorians came, — Temenos and all his clan. Here Phidon set up the symbols which 
 marked an era of wider commerce. At the gates of this temple Cleomenes HI. of Sparta in vain 
 sought admittance into the shrine. 
 
 And in the glorious age when the Hellenic genius manifests itself in all its lasting spleiulor, 
 when Athens leads the world, after the Persian host from the east has been driven back, when the 
 figure of Pericles stands forth in shining light and Phidias hallows the Parthenon with the lasting 
 beauty of his sculpture, — then Polycleitus fashions a statue, " the most beautiful of all," for 
 that temi)le the foundations of which so clearly lie at our feet below the older shrine. One of the 
 buildings at our left was probably erected in the time when Alexander the Gix'at undertook the 
 conquest of the world. On our right the elaborate walls on the lowest level of the precinct were 
 crecteil by imperial Rome, perhaps when Hadrian presented his golden |)eacock to the temple. 
 And then we see the early Christians, the Ryzantines, and the Frankish and Norman knights take 
 possession of the country, destroy this sanctuary, build out of its ruins the churches you see scat- 
 tered over the plain, and erect their fortresses at PiUaniidi and Argos. Then the devasting Turk 
 lays his yoke on the people of the jdains. We see the traces of his handiwork in the plain, — Pasha, 
 the village straight before us is called, — and of the army of the great Venetian republic, all trans- 
 jK)rting building material fi-om this shrine to their mosques or their castellated citadels over yonder. 
 The Venetian rule is succeeded again by that of the Turk ; until, in the narrow pass, Dervenaki, 
 up there to the north, in that glorious struggle of the new Greeks for freedom, Kolokotroni 
 annihilates the Turkish host. Argos yonder was once the capital of this young republic. All 
 these stages in man's history, like gi*eat earth-ghosts, rise from the land at our feet as we gaze 
 over the plain. Suddenly there is a distant, faint, yet shrill wliistle, and we are awakened out of 
 this over-full, dreamlike succession and condensation of historical moods ; and here we see, far over 
 the plain, on our right, threading its way along like a centijiede, a weird, elongated, moving thing, 
 puffing smoke from its head and rapidly gliding on to Argos. 
 
 It is then that we are recalled to the life immediately before us, at our feet ; the hundreds of 
 workmen with marked Southern features, in varied and picturesque costumes ; the small native 
 horses drawing numerous carts with their rumbling noise, through which the shouts of the drivers 
 pierce, — and all these men sjieaking the language of ancient Greece, changed and attenuated 
 and abused, but still the tongue of ancient Hellas. Dotted among them are foreign-looking young 
 men, different in feature and garb and tongue, watching over the work. And we ask, Who 
 are these new men, these new Dorians, who s\)eak the foreign tongue ? and whence come they, and 
 wherefore? And the answer is. They come from afar, from the land of the setting sun, thou- 
 sands of miles over the salt sea. But they come not to destroy and conquer, but to restore to the 
 light of day the life that has been buried under that soil for countless ages. And we are over- 
 come by the sense of the great poetic justice, the rightness of things, — that the youngest inheritors 
 of Hellenic culture among the nations should restore to the light of day the oldest sanctuary of 
 ancient Hellas. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE HERAEUJNI REGION 
 
 t' 
 
 It 
 
 fi^i 
 
> i 
 
 i I 
 
 1, '' 
 
 ^1^' 
 
 ) 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE HERAEUM REGION 
 
 By henry STEPHENS WASHINGTON 
 
 The ^^'♦♦^"Sy of AijTolis, as ((uniKued with that of other parts of Greece, is simple. 
 Argolis is not only, from a j^eologital stiindpoiiit, quite recent in formation, l)ut it has 
 also been tiie scene of much less disturbance than other jjarts of Greece. None of the 
 rocks exposed date back beyond the Jurassic Period, and there is Httle of the profound 
 nietiimorphism whicii has produced the marbles and schists of Attica, which according- to 
 Lepsius ' are either Palaeozoic or Archaean. 
 
 In the pi-esent paper it is purposed to sketch briefly the jreoloory of the district imme- 
 diately surroundinji^ the Arrive Heraeum, siiy within a radius of fifteen kilometres, to 
 examine the ajjjencies which tend to bury ancient remains, and to discuss the site of the 
 Heraeum in the light of the information so gained. 
 
 I 
 
 
 m 
 
 ,1 
 
 GEOLOGY OF ARGOLIS.2 
 
 Alluvinm. — Tlie geographical and sociological centre of Arg(dis is the Argive plain, 
 a flat expanse of loose alluvium, roughly triangular in sha}>e, the apex to the north, 
 with an area of approximately 170 s(puire kilometres, and an average elevation above sea 
 level of i)erhaps twenty-five metres. Near the coast are swamps v.hich apparently are 
 slowly drying up, and which will eventiuilly disjippear as marshes or will nu)ve seaward. 
 Beyond these, to the north, is a flat, nearly horizontiU plain, formed of brown, partly 
 loose and sandy, and partly cLiyey loam, without stones. Nearer the mountjiin borders, 
 esi)ecially to the east and north, the altitude is higher and the sloi)e greater, and the 
 ground cont«iins many i>ebbles brought down from the mountiiins. This pebbly, higher 
 zone extends north of a line curving round from Merbaka to Kutzopodi. 
 
 This plain is the Litest formation of the Argive district, having been formed in geo- 
 logically very recent times by the deposition, in a pi-eviously existing bay, of sediment 
 brought down from the surrounding mountains. It is difficult, if not impossible, to give 
 even an approximate estimate in years of the age of this plain. Measurements of the 
 rate of de[>osition along the coast would furnish a basis for calculation, but at present 
 such datii are wanting. They would also yield uncertain results, since it is highly 
 j)robable that the rate of deiK)8ition at present is different from, and probably greater 
 than, that of former times. The matter is still further complicated by the fact that the 
 coast along the Gulf of Naujdia probably has been, and is now, sinking. This fact is 
 discussed by Cold,' who cites several instances of ancient Greek ruins now lying beneath 
 the seji. He mentions, among others, the site of Lerna, and also refers to a road which 
 led from this place to Nauplia along the shore, which was restored by the Venetians, 
 
 1 I^psiiis, Geologie von Attica (Berlin, 1893), p. 170. ' C. Cold, KMetwerunderungen im Archipd (Munich, 
 
 2 For the greater part of my infonnation about this 1886), p. 14. 
 region I am indebted to the excellent work of Dr. A. 
 Philippson, Der Peloponnes ( Berlin, 189*2). 
 
 9L 
 
» ; 
 
 98 
 
 THE (JEOLOGY OF THE HEKAEUM REGION 
 
 I, 
 
 ■iC 
 
 (.' I 
 
 ,,v 
 
 but which now at several places is no longer above sea level, so that without doubt a 
 sinking must have tiiken i)lace since that time. Whether this sinking is going on at 
 the present day is not known, nor, if so, whether the deposition of sediment is tiking 
 place along the shore at a greater rate, with consequent seaward growth of shore line. 
 The latter is probably the case. 
 
 At any rate, it is eertiiin that in its general features the Argive jjlain has changed 
 little in historical times ; and although to-day considered one of the most fertile districts 
 of Peloponnesus, the charaeteriaition of no\vBl\fn.ov given it by ILmier (II. iv. 171) still 
 a{)plies to it. It is probable that, like the rest of Greece, it was once far better wooded 
 and watered than at present, and that it is consecpiently dryer, siindier, and less well 
 cultivated than of yore, the deforesting of the surrounding mountiiins not <udy tending 
 to dry up the streams, but also allowing more rapid and extensive denudation, and a 
 consequent increased dejM)sition of detritus on the plain below. 
 
 The Argive phiin is drained by seveml streams, of which only the Erasinos, on the 
 southwest, contiiins water throughout the year. The others, Dervenaki, Panitzii (Inachus), 
 Xerias, and several more of less im|M)rtance, have for the gi-eater jwrt of the year dry 
 beds, covered with rounded limestone ])ebbles, not even a brook trickling through them. 
 On occasions, as at the melting of the winter snows or during heavy rainfalls, they 
 become for a few days or hours raging torrents, which, as certiin visitors and niendiers 
 of our party have good cause to remember, are awkward to cn)ss. At these times they 
 overflow their low banks, and cover considerable areas of the surrounding land with 
 mud, sand, and pebbles. 
 
 Neogene. — Bounding the Argive plain on the north is an area of conglomerate 
 belonging to the Ljvte Tertiary (Neogene) Period. This is a southerly extension of the 
 Terti;»ry belt which stretches along the north coast of Pelo]H)nnesus as far as Pylos. 
 The Tertiary is the period preceding the present or Quaternary, and the fossils found 
 in the Late Tertiary indicate (for Europe, at least) a climate and set of conditions less 
 tropical than during the Early Tertiary, and more nearly like those prevailing at present. 
 The road from Corinth tf» Argos, as far as Phichtia, runs through dei)osits of this age, 
 and in it are excavated the beehive tombs t»f Mvcenae. The rock south of Nemea is 
 chiefly a coarse conglomerate formed of limestone j)ebl)les imbedded in a flne calcareous 
 cement. The same rock is found at the foothills traversed by the jwth which leads from 
 the Heraeum to Mycenae. 
 
 Eocene. — The lower flanks of the Arcadian Mountains, bounding the Argive pkiin 
 on the west, are composed of a very line-grained, light-colored limestone, which splits 
 readily into slabs. This limestone (the Olonos-KaJk of Philippson)' underlies Neogene 
 conglomerate to the north, and belongs to the Early Tertiary Period, when the climate 
 of Greece was far more tropical than now. The hill crowned by the ancient citadel of 
 Argos (Larisa) is composed of this limestone. 
 
 Cretaceous. — To the east of the Argive plain we meet with the oldest rocks of this 
 region, — limestimes, shales, and sandstones of Lower Ek>cene, Cretaceous, and ]>ossibly 
 Jurassic age. The sloj)es from east of Merbaka southward to about Naupliii are com- 
 posed of shales and sandstones (Philippsou's Lyyourio-Schie/er),- which dip to the 
 south. 
 
 Northward as far as Hagios Vasilios, on the railroad, and eastward to the Gulf of 
 Aegina, the mount<iin masses of Hagia Trias, Tzernikelo, Tra{)ezona, and Arachnaeon are 
 
 > Op. cU. pp. 400 ff. 2 Op. eU. pp. 53, 300. 
 
 I' 
 
 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE REGION 
 
 93 
 
 composed of a gray, compact, fine-grained limestone. This limestone, which underlies, 
 and hence is older than, the Lygourio shales, is referred by Philippson ' rather doubt- 
 fully to the .Jura.ssic Period, and the Lygourio shales U) the Lower Cretiiceous. Lepsius- 
 thinks that it is Crefciceous. Owing to the paucity of good fossil remains, the question 
 is difficult to decide definitely, but I am inclined to agree with Lepsius as to its age, 
 esjiecially on the ground of its i)etrographic resembLmce to the Cretiiceous limestones of 
 Attica and the similar occuri-ence of gabbros and seri>entuie, which are found in several 
 pLices breaking up through the limestone. 
 
 Geological History of the Region. — During Cretiiceous and Eocene times the region 
 which now forms the Argolic Peninsula was beneath the level of the sea, and the beds 
 of limestone were being accumulated largely thrcjugh the growth of marine organisms on 
 the shallow and slowly sinking sea-bottom. The accumulation was aided by the depo- 
 sition of sediment brought from then existing land areas near by, which have in jiart 
 disiipi>eared through denudation and subsidence, and in part are left on the mainland j>f 
 Gi-eece and in the Cyclades. 
 
 In Post-Neogene time there was an elevation of this area, and the immense mass of 
 rock which had been forming and hardening for ages beneath the sea was raised slowly 
 many thousand feet into the air. This elevation, though gradual, was the means of still 
 further const)li(Liting the rock-mass through pressure and partial metamorphLsm, and 
 was accompanied by much cracking of the crust. 
 
 In<leed, the Aegean Sea and the surrounding countries have been the scene of so much 
 disturbance that the wlnde region is, as Cold puts it, crossed by a " network of cracks." 
 One of the most important of these is that which, beginning at Cos, curves round 
 through Siintorini, Melos, and Aegina to the Isthmus of Corinth, and thence along the 
 Gulf of Corinth. It is on part of this line that the Greek volcanoes have been formed. 
 In fact, it is to these cracks that the main configuration of these Aegean countries is 
 due, with their lines of islands and peculiar coastal features. 
 
 Only two of these fracture-lines, however, concern us. One is the volcanic line 
 ah-eady mentioned, which cuts off Argolis abruptly on the e<ist, and on which we find 
 the volcano of Methana, the small eruptive mass of Poros, and the small outflows of 
 dacite near Kahimaki. The other is that which runs in a southeasterly direction from 
 about Phlius, through the Argive phiin and out into the Gulf of Nauplia. This latter 
 seiNirated the massif of Argolis from that of Arcadia. 
 
 As soon as the Argolic massif had been raised above sea level, it became subject to 
 the destructive effects of the atmosphei-e, rain and wind, heat and frost, which agencies 
 ai-e constantly tending to reduce all elevations of the earth's surface to a so-called base 
 level, which would be eventiuilly (if other forces did not come into play) that of the sea. 
 The rain fell on the upraised surface of the old sea-bottom, and dissolved it and washed 
 it off. The heat of the sun and the frost of winter split up the rocks, and vegetation 
 springing up aided the disintegration. The surface material was washed seaward, the 
 rainfall gradually forming i-eguLir channels for itself, as one can see in miniature on a 
 sandy road after a heavy rain. 
 
 The main lines of drainage would be determined by the two fracture-lines, which 
 would offer channels for the drainage, and which would be the parts toward which the 
 surface water would flow. Toward these, then, the small streams made their way, gradu- 
 ally widening and deejicning their own channels and cutting back farther and farther 
 
 » Op. at. p. 390. » Op. cU. p. 81. 
 
I , 
 
 94 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE HEHAEUM REGION 
 
 ! i 
 
 11 
 
 ir' 
 
 )! 
 
 iuto the limestone massif. This was fousequeiitly cut by valleys 8lopiii<r toward the fault 
 lines, and the ridges between them were subject to the sjime changes through the action 
 of smaller streiims tributary to the first. An examination of Philippson's toi)ogi-cii>hical 
 map of the region will reveal traces of the coui-se of events, though subsequent erosion 
 is the cause of some obscurity. 
 
 In this way the main topography of the mountains has been carved out by running 
 water, and they themselves were sul)ject to the sjime unceasing forces till their sides 
 were furrowed and their spurs in many cases were cut off from the }Kirent mounhiin. It 
 was on such a spur, isolated by erosion from the mountiiin uuiss of Uagiii Triiis, that the 
 Temple of Hera Avas built. 
 
 The site is near the top of a small eminence, i*oughly triangular in sha})e. The i\\ie\ 
 is toward the mountiiin to the north, from which it is se]Kirated by a deep valley ; this, 
 coming down from above, forks at the Heraeum hill. The ravines on either side, the 
 ancient Eleutherion and Asterion, are gullies in the limestone, generally dry, but o<*casion- 
 ally flowing Avith rain-water. Toward these and at the apex, the sides of the hill are 
 l)recipitous, with tiilus and earth-slo|)es below. The surface of the hill slo|)es somewhat 
 steeply down from the apex toward the plain, the sIojh? being broken by two terraces, 
 on which the two temples lay. At the top the gray cretiiceous limestone of the moun- 
 tiiins crops out in abundance, but l)elow it is hidden by deposits of earth, part of which 
 lie beneath the temples and other buildings, and part of which serve to cover and pre- 
 serve the remains. 
 
 It is to the consideration of the accumulation of this protective mantle that the fol- 
 lowing pages will be devoted. 
 
 BURIAL OF ANCIENT REMAINS. 
 
 The questions of the methods by which soil an(^ other materials accumulate over ruined 
 buildings, and the sources whence the material is derived, are often of great interest. 
 Little, or nothing, so far as I am aware, has been written 8j)ecially on this subject, so 
 that it may be not without interest to the archaeologist to discuss the matter in general, 
 pointing out the various agencies that may contribute to the result. I feel that this 
 may be especially useful, since I was often asked during the excavations how so much 
 soil could collect on the surface of the isolated hill on which the temples stood. 
 
 The various agencies by which, in the course of time, ancient remains are covered up 
 may be grouped under two main heads, inortjanic and orf/anic. Ejich of these may 
 be further subdivided, but it nuist be understood that in the great majority of cases the 
 |)roce8s is complex, and that more than one of the various agencies have been active. 
 It is also to l)e remend)ered that the conditions of the site, to{M)graphical, geological, 
 and meteorological, as well as the surrounding fauna and flora, and its relations to war 
 and later occupiition, are the complex factors which determine the processes involved 
 at any site. 
 
 Inorganic Agencies. — The two principal inorganic agencies wliich tend to bury objects 
 lying on the surface of the ground are wind and water, and of these let us consider first 
 the wind, this being that which has been chiefly involved at the Heraeum. 
 
 TVind. — The action of the wind in raising and transporting dust and siind is a matter 
 of common observation on any dry, windy day, but it is only on further considemtion 
 that its importance from this point of view is recognized. Although the air is 813 
 
 h I 
 
 ' ' I 
 
 BURIAL OF ANCIENT REMAINS 
 
 95 
 
 times lighter than water, and its carrying power consequently far less, yet, owing to its 
 greater velocity of motion, its power of transporting material of cerfciin kinds is fully as 
 great. On an average the largest sjind grain which can be sust^iined by ordinary winds is 
 oidy 0.1 mm. in diameter,' so that the material transported by wind is naturally only the 
 finest in grain. It must also naturally be dry. Furthermore, since the raising of dust 
 into the upper layers of the air, where velocities are greater, is greatly facilit<ited by gusts, 
 swirls, and eddies, its transportiition will be facilitiited by conditions tending to produce 
 tliese. Hence, as Udden sjiys, " the conditions favoring wind erosion are a dry climate 
 and a topogra})hy of abrupt and broken reliefs." 
 
 It will be seen that the climat«il and topographical conditions of Greece and especially 
 of the Heraeum site are highly favorable to wind transportation. There is the dry, 
 dusty plain surrounded by mountiiins, the former suj)plyuig the material and the latter 
 aiding by rendering the normal winds gusty and irregular. It was by no means uncom- 
 mon to see from the excavations the clouds of sjind and dust drifting across the plain 
 below, and the amount of dust raised by the winds from the excavations themselves was 
 at times a serious annoyance. 
 
 As to the deposition of the dust so raised, it is evident that, since its transportation 
 dei>ends largely on the velocity of the winds, anything tending to check the motion will 
 tend to deposit its earthy burden. Objects j)rojecting above the surface will do this, so 
 that any ruins will become a nucleus for aeolian deposits (as they are called) on a small 
 scale. The growth of giiiss and bushes will also have the same effect, and the growth 
 about ruins is facilitiited by the presence of the fine aeolian deposits, which, through the 
 selective action of the wind and other causes, are richer in plant food than the soil they 
 are derived from, and where also such material is in a more easily assimilable condition. 
 The application of these remarks to the Heraeum will be deferred to a later page, but 
 attention may be called to the calculation of Lanciani - that dust (largely wind blown) 
 accumuliites on the floor of the Forum of Trajan at the rate of an inch a year, or over 
 eight feet in a century. 
 
 In this connection may be mentioned, for the sake of completeness, the burial of build- 
 ings and towns in Holland and elsewhere by sand dunes. In this case, however, the 
 motion of the dunes is a rolling one, the wind blowing the back and top layers of sand 
 continuously forward, so that the diuie moves bodily forward as a whole through the 
 motion of its conqMinent particles. 
 
 Water- — The action of water in burying ancient remains is of the highest impor- 
 tance, and tiikes place in several ways. 
 
 Riiin falling on sloping surfaces of earth tends to wash the loose surface matter down- 
 ward, and hence to bury objects wliich lie at the bottom of the slope. Rivers and brooks 
 carry enormous amounts of sediment down from higher to lower levels, where part of the 
 material is dejMisited, the rest passing out to sea or being deposited on the bottoms of lakes. 
 Low-lying sites in river valleys and on plains at the foot of mountains are especially 
 apt to be buried by such means. 
 
 This action of rivei*s is greatly aided by the occurrence of freshets, where the stream, 
 much increased in volume and velocity, and hence carrying far greater loads of sedi- 
 ment than usual, spreads far from its banks and deposits material over areas wliich 
 the normal flow never reaches. A well-known instance of this is the site of Olympia, 
 which was covered largely by material brought down by the Cladeus and deposited in 
 1 J. A. Udden, Journal of Geology, II. (1894), p. 322. ^ Lauciaui, Ruins of Ancient Rome (1897), p. 99. 
 
r 
 
 > , 
 
 96 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE HERAEUM REGION 
 
 ^^pi| 
 
 %f* 
 
 M- ' ' 
 
 ) 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 times of flood. A similar action, aided by the detritus washed downward hy the rain, 
 is seen at S<irdis, whieli is buried to a great depth by the deposit of sediment from the 
 overhanjjing heights of Sart Kalessi, the ancient AcropoHs. This height is composed of 
 loose, crumbling, siindy marls, which are easily washed away, not only by brooks but by 
 falling rain. To such an extent has this erosion tciken place that the nu)untiiin crest 
 is a mass of fantiistic pinnacles and turrets, and of the ancient Acropolis but a very small 
 part remains. The rest is gone to bury the city at its base, thus preserving the dead 
 remains of what it protected in life. 
 
 In the case of sites near the seashore and at the mouths of large rivers, under certain 
 conditions the sea is a prominent factor, causing a deposition of sediment where the 
 river current is checked on entering the sea, gKidually closing up harbors, forming 
 deltiis, and adding to the land. Ephesus and Miletus are prominent exami>les of this 
 class. 
 
 Another agency in which water plays an imporfcint part are kndslides. Here 
 the water acts by loosening strata or by lessening the friction between two Liyers of 
 earth or rock, so that large sections of a mountiiin-side may slij) suddenly down, over- 
 whelming all that lies in their path. Instiinces of this will be recalled by any one who 
 has visited SwitzerUmd, and landslides from Mount Cronium aided materiiilly in burying 
 Olympia. 
 
 Finally we must note the deposition of carbonate oi lime or travertine, etc., from 
 solution in water. This action is exti-emely local and of little importiince in classical 
 archaeology, though in the case of cave deposits it has been the means of preserving for 
 us most important remains of prehistoric man. 
 
 Volcanoes. — As a final inorganic agency may be mentioned the action of volcanoes 
 which bury sites at their bases, not only by Liva streams, but by flows <»f mud and by 
 the ejection of immense quantities of ashes and scoriae. Pomi)eii and Hercukmeum will 
 occur to every one in this connection, and the prehistoric remains of Siintorini may also 
 be cited. 
 
 Organic Agencies. — Of the organic agencies, man is by far the most important, at 
 least in the region of ckissical archaeology. The sujierposition of one building on the 
 remains of an older, the giowth of a new settlement on the site of an older one, the 
 general use of mud brick for private houses in antiquity, the immense accumuLition of 
 stone, brick, earth, mud, and rubbish of all kinds wherever man abides, are exeni)>lified 
 at Troy, Nineveh, Athens, Rome, hi fact, wherever the excavator's pick has jwnetrated. 
 
 This mode of buriiil is in many respects the best known to archaeologists, jiartly 
 through its obvious features, and partly through the un]K)rtance of the superincumbent 
 artificial masses. It is needless to enlarge on this factor, but reference may be made to 
 the striking remarks by Lanciani ' on the burial of Rome. 
 
 Of other animals than man only one, the h' ble earthworm, constitutes a factor 
 of any importance. This animal brings up earth from its burrows and de]M>sits it at the 
 surface in the form of the familiar wonn-casts. In one of his shorter but very interest- 
 ing books Darwin - devotes much space to the deveh)pment of the theory that worms are 
 to a large extent responsible for the burial of small objects lying on the surface of the 
 groimd, and even of ruins. He gives several instances of the pavements of recently 
 excavated Roman villas in England being gradually buried beneath such dejwsits and 
 slowly sinking. Though Darwin is perhaps inclined to attribute to the worms more 
 
 > Op. cit. pp. 98 ff. 2 Vegetable Mould attd Eartkwomu. 
 
 THE HERAEUM SITE AND ITS BURIAL 
 
 9T 
 
 than their fair share in these cases, yet the effect is undoubted. While the rate of 
 deiM)sition of worm-casts, and consequent subsidence and burial, is very slow, yet these 
 animals form a factor not to be entirely overlooked in considering the subject. 
 
 In addition to the animal organisms, plants must not be forgotten, since they aid very 
 materially, not only by acting as wind-breaks and consecjuent dust-gatherers, but also 
 through the accumulation of matter by their death and decay. They also promote the 
 preservation of buried remains by binding the soil together, so that wind and mhi have 
 less opportunity for action in removing it. 
 
 THE hp:raeum site and its burial. 
 
 In talking up tlie site of the Ileraeum more in defciil, it must be recalled that the temples 
 are situated on a spur of Mount. Hagia Trias, which is cut off from the main mass by 
 a deep erosion valley. As has already been s;iid, this hill is largely composed of gmy 
 limestone, which lies close to the surface at the upper part, north of the old temple. *' As 
 the rocky surface sloped too steeply, the massive Cyclopean retaining wall was built for 
 the support of the Old Temple platform, which was probably largely artificial. Below 
 this no limestone was met with in the course of the excavations, and it is rather uncertain 
 to what extent the sloi)e is natural. From the fact that layers of gravel were met with at 
 low levels in several places, we can infer that much of it was part of the old mountain 
 slojie, while in other places there has been extensive filling in before the construction of 
 buildings. Covering all the remains of buildings was a layer of soil and earth, which 
 varied in depth from about half a metre over the Old Temple to four or five along the 
 south and west shqies, esi>ecially against retiiining and back walls. 
 
 This soil is of course subsequent to the destruction of the buildings, and it will be 
 not without interest to see whence it was derived. 
 
 The existence of the deep erosion valley back of the hill precludes the j^ssibility of 
 any wash of earth from the mounfciin sloi)es above. It was also evident from the results 
 of the excavations that there had been no settlement, at least of any size, on the hill 
 since the abandonment of the site as a jilace of woi-ship of Hera. In this respect it 
 diffei-s radically from such sites as those of Troy and Plataea. This is due partly to 
 the fact that the site, at least since the earliest primitive times, was never a place of 
 residence, but only of worship and pilgrimage, and partly, also, because the hiU was of 
 little or no strategic importance, as was that of Plataea. In some respects, from the 
 excavator's standpoint, this is a misfortune, since not only would the accumulations of a 
 settlement have aided in preserving the ruins, but also the use of the site as a qimrry 
 would have been localized, and the blocks and other objects would not now be scattered 
 far over the Argive plain. 
 
 The main agency involved, then, must be attnbuted to the wind, as has been already 
 mentione<l, the material being derived from the mountain above, and still more from the 
 jdains below. These aeolian dei^sits were never of gi-eat thickness, except against steep 
 slopes and in hollows. This is to be expected, in view of the small area of the hill 
 and the lack of abundant vegetation. Trees are entirely absent, and, except for a 
 few thyme bushes, the only vegetation is short, coarse grass and plants of no greater 
 height. 
 
 Worms may have played some part in the process, but in all probability only to a small 
 extent. As far as I can recall, worm-casts were very rare on such suifaces as that of the 
 
rf''' 
 
 ( ; 
 
 98 
 
 TiiK (;eology of the iiekaeum kegion 
 
 • 1 
 
 I I 
 
 |V» 
 
 i>' 
 
 I )*' 
 
 1 '' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 fleaned-ui) j)latf()rin of the Old Temple, and the atciiniulatioii of soil which necessitated 
 an occasional sweepinj^; for visitors was practically all wind-horne dust from the plain or 
 from the excavations. 
 
 In this connection there may he described a somewhat striking insfcince of what may 
 he called archaeohijiical oeolojrj-, especially since it throws some lijjht on the metlnxls 
 of the old huilders. 
 
 The hack of the South Stoa, which is several metres helow the level of the Second 
 Temple, is a wall <»f blocks of y>oro.y stone,^ which measures about J30 cm. in heij^ht. 
 As this buildin<>; was uncovered in 18iM, a steep Imnk, some -4 metres deep, was left for 
 a time behind it. In this section, at the west end, immediately behind the spjice where 
 formcrlv were the upper courses of the back wall of the stiKi, there were seen five 
 narrow (2 to 3 cm.) parallel and horizontd stripes of white earth, sbindiuf^ out clearly 
 against the brown earth background. The acc(mijKinying figure, drawn fron> a sketch 
 and measurements made at the time, shows the state of aft'airs. 
 
 Examination of the thin white strips showed that they were c<mnK)sed of the dust of 
 jtoros stone, mingled with some chi})s of the siime. The earth between them varied 
 
 somewhat in character. At the bottom 
 
 w ^''*'-'^ ^ was i-ed clay and loose gr.ivel, in which 
 
 were found s<nne objects of bronze and a 
 small grave, lined with rough stones, con- 
 tiiining a skeleton and the Mycenaean 
 vases described elsewhere. Above this is 
 about 1 metre of blackish earth, overhiid 
 j:h<wiJ i p^?M\m^:^K^i>^^^ i ^^^ { by 4 cm. of yellow earth. Then follows 
 
 Ip^^E^^^C^J^^^^^^^^^^M^i^ ' 'i^* t*m. of earth with s<»me gravel, and 
 
 above this, in alternate order, three 2 cm. 
 layers of jtorox dust aiul three (2i* to 
 \M) cm.) of solid In-own earth, the last of 
 those being overlaid by J3 cm. of j^orott 
 dust. Above this the relations are s<nne- 
 what cimiplicated by the presence of 
 obli(pu> stnitii of gravel, but we have here 
 also />() cm. of earth, 3 em. of jtoros dust, 
 
 tin 
 
 
 JMa^.*^..i\,mvirM\m.\ 
 
 
 Fig. 45a. — Skctu»x back or tiocTii Stoa, 18U4. 
 Explanation : 1, Soil. 2, Poros dust. 3, (Jrarel. 4, S<iil 
 with some gravel. 5, Yellow earth. 0, lilavk earth. 
 7, Red clay and gravel, with grsive. 
 
 geoiogj', 
 
 place the red clay and gravel at the base 
 of the section, and in which the grave 
 was found, is evidently subsoil, existing 
 ])rior to settlement at the hjcality, while 
 the black earth which covers it is the old surface soil. Porox stone is quite foreign to 
 the h>cality, and the presence of layers of this can only be attributed to the agency of 
 
 ' This is a soft whitish travertine, extensively used for huiUling in Greece. It derives its nauie fruiu uiie of tli« 
 locr.lities in which it is found. 
 
 ♦ I 
 
 lONEOUS ROCKS FOUND AT THE HERAEUM 99 
 
 man, and derived fmm material iise<l in construction, presumably that of the l)ack wall 
 of the stoa, which is constructed of this stone. It will be observed that the Liyers of 
 earth are each about 2."i cm. thick, or multiple of tliis by two or three. 
 
 The hypothesis which accounts best for these facts is as follows : When the stoa was 
 to be built, it was necess;iry to cut away some of the bank behind it, about down to the 
 old soil. In this, the first few courses wei-e laid in a trench, as foundation blocks. Above 
 these, three courses of Idocks were hiid, which would make the height about as great as 
 a man could work comfortably. Earth was then thrown in behind, and the blocks for 
 the next coiuse worked into shape, the dust from this making the first thin 2)0ros layer. 
 One course was laid, earth filled in, and more blocks worked, and so on, the space behind 
 being fille«l in sometimes after one and sometimes after two courses. The sloping 
 bands of gravel in the upi>er part are somewhat more difficult of explanation, but are 
 probably dciive<l from earth thrown out of some excavation near by, forming talus slopes. 
 This was possibly that of the West Building, since the direction of up-slope is toward 
 this. 
 
 NOTE ON THE IGNEOUS ROCKS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE 
 
 HERAEUM. 
 
 During the excavations at the Heraemn site a ninnber of rough, as well as worked, pieces of 
 igneous rock were met with. Since, as has been previou.sly explained, the only rocks occurring iu 
 the immediate vicinity are limestones and shales, it is evident that these igneous rocks were brouo^ht 
 from a distance, and it is believed that a study of them might throw some light on their possible 
 places of origin. 
 
 The writer accordingly brought home a number of representative pieces, none of any archaeo- 
 logical value, per se, and has studied them by the ordinary petrographical methods, the results of 
 which are here l)riefly given. Since but a small amount of space can be devoted to this topic, 
 which is rather foreign to an a' chaeological volume, no explanation of the technical terms employed 
 has been attempte«l, and, to the archaeologist, only the few conclusions which may be drawn will be 
 of innnediate interest. The si>ecimens are grouped according to their i)etrographical characters. 
 
 Gabbro. — With the exception of one un>«orked piece, all the specimens of this rock are repre- 
 .sented by so-called " hammer-stones." These are cuboidal in .shape (i. e. cubes with rounded edges 
 and angles ), which vary in diameter from 3.5 to 7.5 cm., and in weight from 150 to 400 gnus. 
 The surfaces ai-e smoothed but not i^lished, and in some cases rather rough and pitted from in- 
 cipient weathering. 
 
 The use of " hannner-stones " was, as the name implies, for poimding, either taking the place of 
 oin- mo<lern liannuer, or as a pe.stle for reducing grain to meal. For this purpose a hard, tough 
 material is essential, and this quality being characteristic of the gabbros, this rock is highly suit- 
 able for the ])nr|><ise. 
 
 Hammer-stones are very connnonly found in prehistoric deposits in all parts of the globe, having 
 been evolved from the primitive, naturally rounded jjebble. Their relative abundance at the 
 Ileraeum, as well as at Plataea (where I also met with numbers of them) and at other Greek 
 sites, would indicate that they were in conmion use among the Greeks down to a quite late date. 
 It would be of interest to collect and study all the facts available as to their occurrence at Greek 
 sites, since the apparent survival of such decidedly primitive implements among a people in such 
 a high state of culture is striking. It seems possible that this may have been the result of their 
 use in i-eligious ceremonies, e. g. for preparing the meal for sacrifices, just as the flint knife was 
 used in sacrificial ceremonies in many countries long after the knowledge of bronze and iron had 
 become general. 
 
 A number of those found show signs of wear by the presence of an especially rough surface or 
 chipi^ed edges, while others which present a very smooth, lUmost polished face, indicate that they 
 
h' 
 
 98 
 
 TllK (JKOUKiV OF THE IIKKAKL'M KIXilON 
 
 (■K'aiu'«l-uj> ]>1atfonii «>t' tlu' Old Tt'inpl*', and the accinnulatloii of soil wliicli lu'ct'ssitatcd 
 ail oi-casional s\vt'«'|Mn<;- tor visitors was ]u;uti<ally all wiiid-honu' dust from the plain or 
 from tlu' excavations. 
 
 In this eonneetion there mav l»e described a s«»niewhat strikinj; instance of what mav 
 he called archaeolo»»ical i«eol<(i;v, esjM'cially since it throws some li^ht on the methods 
 of the old hnilders. 
 
 The hack of the South Stoa, which is several nietres helow the level of the S<'cond 
 Temple, is a wall of hl<»cks of pnrns stone,' whi«h measures ahout lU) cm. in height. 
 As this huihlint;- was uncovered in 181M, a steep hank, sonu' 4 nu'tres deep, was left for 
 a time hehind it. In this section, at the west end, immediately hchind the spac(> where 
 formcrlv were the uj>per courses of the hack wall of the stoa, ther«* were seen Hve 
 narrow (2 to l» cm.) parallel an<l horizontal stripes of white earth, standin«>^ out clearly 
 a«;ainst the hrown earth hack<;'round. The accompanyin«>' fi»;;ure, drawn from a sketch 
 and measurements ma«le at the tinu', shows the state (d' affairs. 
 
 Examination of the thin white strips showed that they were comjiosed <»f the dust of 
 jtniuts stone, mini;led with some chips <d" tin* sime. The earth hetween them varied 
 
 sonu'what in character. At the hottom 
 was re<l clay and loose «>Tavel, in whith 
 were found sonu' ohjects «d' hron/e and a 
 small j^nive, lined with rcuij^h stones, con- 
 tiiinin": a skelet«)n and the Mvcenaean 
 vases iIcscHIkmI elsewhere. Ahove this is 
 ahout 1 nu'tre of hlackisli earth, overlaid 
 by 4 cm. of yellow earth. Then foHows 
 7."> cm. of earth with s<une «;;ravel, and 
 above this, in alternate order, three 2 cm. 
 layers of jun'os <lust and three (2.*) to 
 'M) cm.) of solid brown earth, the hist of 
 these bein«»" overlaid by li cm. of jmros 
 dust. Above this the relations are some- 
 what complicated by the presence «»f 
 oblitpie strata of j^ravel, but we have here 
 5 also ."»() cm. of earth, •$ cm. aH jtoros dust. 
 
 KJNKOrS liOCKS FOrXI) AT TIIK IIKKAEUM 
 
 99 
 
 w 
 
 z_j2:2yztvrg&5a^Lfr^'^.^^^w^^^ J hy 
 
 
 >~ -« — -^ 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 45a. — Skition hack ok .Soitii Stoa. 1«M. place the red clay and j^^ravel at the base 
 
 Kx|.1iui:itiou : 1, S,il. '_', Pmw dust. :i. (Jnml. 4, Soil „jr ^|,^. s<'ction. and iu which the jriavf 
 
 with some gravel. .">, Yt-llow oartli. <», liliwk eiirlli. . , . • i i i -i • • 
 
 7, Kea clay ami gniul, with Knue. '^^•»;* f"'>"<«- '^ evidently subsi.ll, eXIstlUjr 
 
 prior to settlement at the huality, while 
 the black earth which covers it is the old surface soil. l*in'tm stone is jpiite forei»»;n to 
 the hM-alitv, and the lu-esence of lavers of this can onlv be attributed to the a":encv of 
 
 ' This is a soft whitish tntvertiiif, fxteiisivi-ly iisi>«l for i>iiililiiig in (in.*t!«.*v. It dt-rivvs its iiuiiic fnnii one of thf 
 locr.litios in whii-li it is foiiiiil. 
 
 man, and derived from material used in construction, presumably that of the back wall 
 of the stoa. which is constru<te«l of this stone. It will be observed that the layers of 
 earth art' each almut 2.") cm. thick, or multiple of this bv two or three. 
 
 The hypothesis which accounts best for these facts is as follows: When the stoa was 
 to be built, it was ne<-essiry to cut away some of the bank behind it, about down to the 
 old soil. Ill this, the first few courses were laid in a trench, as foundation blocks. Above 
 these, three courses of blocks were laid, which would make the heii-ht about as oreat as 
 a man could wink comfortably. Eirtli was then thrown in behind, and the blocks for 
 the next ccMirse worked into shape, the dust from this niakino- the first thin y^oro.s- layer. 
 One course was laid, earth filled in, and UKue blocks worked, and so on, the space behind 
 beino- filled in sometimes after one and sometimes after two courses. The slopinj;- 
 bands of i-ravel in the upper part are somewhat nuue diflicult of explanation, but are 
 probably derived from earth thrown out cd some excavation nearby, formino talus slopes. 
 This was p.»ssibly that of the West Huildino, since the direction of up-.slope is toward 
 this. 
 
 NOTE ON THE KiNEOUS KOCKS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE 
 
 HEKAEFM. 
 
 Diiriiiu: the excavations ut the Hrraenin site a miinbcr of rough, as well as worked. i)ieces of 
 ij,'iieoiis lock were met with. Since, as has heeii previously explained, the only rocks occurring in 
 the immediate vi«-inity are limestones and shales, it is evident that these igneous rocks were l)iou<dit 
 fr«»m a distance, and it is believed that a study of them nnght throw some light on their jjossible 
 l»laees of origin. 
 
 The writer accordingly brought home a number of representative pieces, none of any archaeo- 
 logical value, fx,' .s<; and has studied them hy the ordinary petrogniphical methods, the results of 
 which are lu-re l.rietly given. Sime hut a siuall amount of space can be devoted to this topic, 
 which is rather forcigu to an a'chaeologi<al voluiue. no explanation of the technical terms eniploved 
 has been atteuipte.l, and, to the archaeologist, only the few conclusions whicli may be drawn wilj be 
 of iuMuediate inteicst. The specimens are grouped according to their petrographical characters. 
 
 G-abbro. — With the exception of one unworked i)ieee, all the specimens of this rock are repre- 
 sented by .so-call.'d " hammer-stones.*" These are cjiboidal in shape (i. e. cubes with rounded edges 
 and angles ), which vary in diameter from 3.5 to 7.5 cm., and in weight from b50 to 400 grms. 
 The surfaces are smoothed but not indished. and in some cases rather rough and pitted from in- 
 cipient weathering. 
 
 The use of "hammer-stones" was. as the name implies, for i)oimding, either taking the place of 
 cm- UMMlern hammer, or as a pestle for reducing grain to meal. For this purpose a hard, tough 
 material is essential, and this tpiality being characteristic of the gabbros, this rock is highlv suit- 
 able for the purpose. 
 
 Hammer-stones ai-e very eoiumoidy found in ))rehistoric deposits in all parts of the globe, havin"- 
 been evolved from the primitive, naturally rounded iiebhle. Their relative abundance at the 
 lleraeum, as well as at Fhitaea (where I also met with nund)ers of them ) and at other (J reek 
 sites, woidd imlicate that they were in connnon use among the (Jreeks down to a quite late date. 
 It would Im' of interest to e<»llect and stiuly all the facts available as to their occurrence at (Jreek 
 sites, since the .apjiarent .smvival of such decichdly primitive implements among a people in such 
 a high state of cultiu-e is striking. It seems jjossible that this may have been the result of their 
 use in ivligioiis ceremonies, e. g. for preparing the meal for sacrifices, just as the flint knife was 
 used in sacrificial ceremonies in many countries long after the knowledge of bronze and iron had 
 become general. 
 
 A number (tf those fotmd show signs of wear by the ])resence of an especially rough surface or 
 cliipiKMl edges, while others which present a very smooth, almost i)olished face, indicate that they 
 
 i 
 
« , 
 
 100 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE HERAEUM REGION 
 
 • r| 
 
 ^^/♦'l 
 
 M'i 
 
 tV 
 
 f 
 
 
 ii 
 
 were used as grindei's or rubbers for making meal, just as similar implements are employed at the 
 l)resent day by the Mexican Indians and other ])eoples. One specimen even showed signs of both 
 uses, having its largest face quite smoothly rubbed, but with rough depressions in the centre, as if 
 it had also been used as a hammer against a chisel or other hard metallic instrument. 
 
 Gabbros are rather frequently met with in the eastern part of Greece, having been described as 
 coming from Euboea, Attica, and near the Isthmus of Corinth. As I met with one or two masses 
 of this rock cutting the limestone near Mycenae, it is probable that the material of these hammer- 
 stones comes from the neighborhood of the Heraeum, and that they were of home manufacture. 
 
 Petrographically these gabbros offer no especially noteworthy features. They are somewhat 
 coarse-grained, and under the microscope are seen to be i-ather ophitic in structure, some of them 
 being almost true diabase. They are composed of automorphic, rather basic labradorite, pale 
 diopside, and occasionally diallage, which are frequently uralitized, with some magnetite. A little 
 orthoclase is sometimes seen, which may be connected with the tendency of many of the rooks of 
 the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin to a monzonitic character. In general they corre- 
 spond with some of the descriptions of Becke and Lepsius of Euboeau and Attic gabbros, though 
 no tendency toward glaucophanization of the pyroxenes was observed. 
 
 Felsite Porphyry. — Several rounded, waterworn pebbles and fragments of two hammer-stones 
 comiK)sed of a dense green felsite were found. These are all more or less iwrphyritic, the pheno- 
 crysts being entirely of an apparently alkaline feldspar. In one or two instances there is a well- 
 defined flow structure in the apparently originally glassy base. But all the specimens examined 
 are thoroughly devitrified, the feldspars having lost their transparency, and the base l)eing changed 
 to the usual very finely granular, cryptocrystalline aggregate. 
 
 These porphyries are somewhat similar to the well-known labradorite-porphyry of Laconia (verde 
 antko), though the phenocrysts are by no means as prominent or numerous, the color is much 
 lighter, and the feldspars are a})parently alkaline rather than a basic plagioclase, but in their pre- 
 sent altered condition this point can be decided only by a chemical analysis. 
 
 It seems scarcely likely that the jjcbbles would have been brought from any considerable dis- 
 tance, and they may possibly have been brought down by torrents from dikes in the neighboring 
 limestone, and this, possibly, is also the origin of the material of the two hammer-stones. While 
 it would not be surprising to find dikes of such rock in the region, yet it must be remarke<l that I 
 met with none such in my tramps about the district, and that none were noted by Lepsius. A 
 fragment of a similar felsite was found by me on the north coast of Aegina, where it almost cer^ 
 tainly was not derived from the island itself, and it mCcuis possible that the peculiar color of these 
 rocks may have been the cause of their transport from a distance. 
 
 Andesites. — The si)ei'imens representing these rocks were with few exceptions rough frag- 
 ments of various sizes. Apart from these, one rather large oval slab was found, with a depression 
 in the centre, apparently a rough mortar for grain, as well as a fragment of a rather thin flat corn- 
 grinder, marked on one side with parallel grooves. 
 
 These andesites vary from rather coarse to fine grained in texture, one or two being quite dense 
 and vesicular. They are all homblende-andesites, showing well-formed phenocrysts of yellowish 
 brown or brownish-green hornblende, a little greenish biotite, and a rather basic andesine or acid 
 labradorite, in a dusty glassy groundmass, which is hyalopilitic with microlites of the same minerals. 
 
 With one exception they are closely similar to the homblende-andesites of Aegina, and it seems 
 reasonable to suppose that tlie blocks were brought from that island. This, at least, is the nearest 
 locality, though closely similar rocks are met with at Melos and on the west coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 The only excei)tion is the corn-grinder, which differs from all the andesites of Aegina, Methana, 
 Melos, and Asia Minor that I have studied. There seems to be some reason * for thinking that 
 this came from the small island of Nisyros (off the coast of Asia Minor north of Rhmles), which 
 was, according to Strabo,^ noted for its millstones. 
 
 Obsidian. — A number of flakes and " cores " of a black obsidian were found, which are exactly 
 like those found during the excavations at Plataea. Under the microscope they show a well-marked 
 
 ' Cf. H. S. VVashiogton, Journal of Geology, III. - Strabo, X. 5-lti. 
 
 (1895), p. 73. 
 
 OBSIDIAN FOUND AT THE HERAEUM 101 
 
 flow sti-uctm-e, occasionally banded (eutaxitic), but without phenocrysts of any kind, the flow 
 structure being brought out by the numerous globulites and other excessively minute bodies scat- 
 tered through the mass. Apart from the colorless glass the only constituents are small microlites 
 of magnetite, diopside, and fehlspar, whicli last is often in pretty skeletal forms. 
 
 No such obsidians have been found in the neighboring Aegina and Methana, but closely similar 
 volcanic glasses are met with on Melos and Santorini (Thera), and it is highly probable that one 
 of these islands is the place of origin for these siiecimens. 
 
 One or two obsidian arrowheads were found at the Heraeum, and it is possible tliat the flakes 
 an<l cores ai-e the remains of the manufacture of these, or possilily of knives for some sacred use. 
 The occurrence of these flakes and stone weapons is in line with that of tlie ])rimitive hammer- 
 stones, all of them belonging anthropoh)gically to a nuich earlier period of development than that 
 of tiieir place of discovery. 
 
» ■/ 
 
 II I 
 
 ■f\ 
 
 ■"l^'i 
 
 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
) . 
 
 » ;/ 
 
 f\ 
 
 i»» 
 
 f'! 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARCIVE HERAEUM 
 
I , 
 
 f 
 
 ,fl 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 I p' 
 
 > 
 
 I'' 
 
 l;'^l 
 
 The Aruive IIekakum 
 
 Platk I 
 
 TEMPLE OF HERA ARCO: 
 
 DETAILS 
 
 ARGIVE HEHAEUM. — DETAILS OF THE SECOND TEMPLE, AND CYMA-MOULDINGS FROM THE 
 
 JsOUTH STOA 
 
I , 
 
 M 
 
 ,*)/; 
 
 5 M . > 
 
 
 1 1' 
 
 1, 
 
 eI 
 
 |R 
 
 MM 
 
 The Aruivk IIkkakum 
 
 Plate I 
 
 TEMPLE OF HERA ARCOS 
 
 DETAILS 
 
 ARGIVE HEKAEUM. — DETAILS OF THE SECOND TEMPLE, AND CYMA-MOULDINGS FROM THE 
 
 SOUTH bTOA 
 
» ; ' 
 
 I) 
 
 H 
 
 ? ' 
 
 !,»' 
 
 ')' 
 
 . i'» 
 
 1 
 
 AlK IIITECTITKE OF TUE AlKrlVE IIEIJAEIM 
 
 By EDWARD LU'PLNCOTT TILTON 
 
 The Aijrivf Heiaeum was at a very early time a place of liinli iinportanee in Greece, 
 ami its areiuteetural reuiaiiis silently indicate that it continued to he a religious centre 
 for many centuries. The huildinos themselves have indeed heen entirely destroyed, hut 
 it i8 still possihle to piece tog^ether the fragments into a whole which may in a measure 
 simulate the original, to restore as a result from excavations the temples, porticoes, and 
 other huildings of the famous siinctuarv of Hera. 
 
 TOl'OGRAPHY ' AND SURVKY. 
 
 Tlie Ai-give plain consists chiefly of an alluvium deposited during the course of ages. 
 It comprises an approximate area of one hundred square miles, extending from the 
 Gulf of Argos northerly ahout ten miles to the entrance of the gorge of Mycenae, and 
 
 ■*J3!»w7sr 
 
 Fig. 4G. — Argiv>; Hkrakitm : Vikw from thk north. 
 Showiiijj in the distance the hills back of Nauplin. The rocky eminence in the foreground is northeast of the 
 
 Old Temple. 
 
 as many miles east and west. This excejitionally flat expanse of country is hordered on 
 three sides hy low foothills, heyond which roll higher hills and mountjiins like petrified 
 waves northward toward Corinth, eastward toward Epidaurus, and westward until they 
 hlend with the mountiiins of Arcadia. The first ripple into which the plain hreaks on 
 
 * See also lutroduction, pp. 10-2o. 
 105 
 
Ai{( iHTKiTrni: or nii: aimmm: iikijakim 
 
 IJy KDWAlil) I.I1M»1NC()TT lll/roN 
 
 Thk Ar«;iv«' Ilrracum was at a vnv eailv tiiiu* a place of lii^li iiiiixdtaiicc in (mcccc. 
 and its aicliitiMtural icniains silent Iv iiidicat*' tlial it contiiiiH'd to Ih' a religious centre 
 for many «-«'ntnries. Tlu' ItuiLlinL-s tlnMnselves liave intle.-d I.een entinlv destroved, hut 
 It IS still possible to piece tooetlier tile trai; iiieiits into a whole wliidi may in a measure 
 sniinlate the oriirinal. to restore as a result from excavations the temi»les. porticoes, and 
 other hiiihliiios of the famous saiictiiarv <tf Ileia. 
 
 T<H'()(;i{AI'IIV AM) sruVKV. 
 
 The Arj^ive phtiii consists iliieHy of an alluvium deposited durinir' tlu- course <d" a<««.s. 
 It comprises an a|>pid\imat«- area of one hundred sijuar*- miles, extendini;- from the 
 (nilf of Ai-oos northerly ahoiit ten miles to the entranc.- of the i;<ui;-e (d' Mvcenae. and 
 
 Fn;. Hi. — Ait<avK Hkuaki'm : Vn w hh>m thk xoktii. 
 Sliowiii!; in tin- <liNt:iiu-<- tin- Iiills Icuk of Xaiipiia. llie ri»cky eiiiiin-iuf in tin- l<)n'i,'ii>iiml i- northeast of tlio 
 
 Oia IViiiple. 
 
 as many miles east and west. This exceptionally Hat exjtanse of <(nintrv is hordered on 
 three sides hy low foothills. heyiMul which rcdl higher hills and mountains like petrified 
 waves northward toward Corinth, eastward towanl Epidaurus. and westward until they 
 hh'iid with the mountains of Arcadia. The first ripple into which the plain hreaks on 
 
 ' See also liitrotliictiuu, j>j». lO-liw. 
 1(X> 
 
n 
 
 106 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 iVi 
 
 n 
 
 the north rises about five hundred feet (152 metres) above the sea level, and the beauty 
 of the site is sufficiently attested by the fact that the Greeks chose it for the sanctiuiry 
 of Hera (Plates II., III., Figs. 4G, 47, 48). 
 
 Fig. 1 (p. 7) is a map of the Argive plain based upon Steffen's map of the ArgoHd 
 given in his Karten von Mt/kenaij 1884. The site of the Heraeum is indicated u|)on it 
 by a small recfcuigle which is enlarged and shown in detiiil in the upj)er right-hand 
 
 <fl 
 
 'Iff 'I 
 
 till 
 
 <)' 
 
 Fig. 47. — Argive Hkrakcm : View of the site from the east. 
 Tlic rocky eminence is the same as shown in Fig. 4C, below which the tents of the excavating p.irty 
 are pitched. In the centre of the picture is the Cyclopean wall which supports the Old Temple 
 terrace ; next, to the left, is the Second Temple platform ; then the phylakeion and the .slope to 
 the South Stoa. The retaining walls of the East Building are visible near the centre of the 
 picture and in about a line below the Cyclopean wall. The tilled ground in the foreground 
 is shown on Plate IV. 
 
 
 It' 
 
 corner of the illustration.' Again on this enlarged plan is shown, by a small white 
 sipiare, the position of the entrance to the tunnels or subway aqueducts which are 
 referred to by Dr. Waldstein in the General Introduction (pp. 14 ff.). 
 
 The Heraeum lay api>roximately three miles sijutheast by south from Mycenae,- four 
 and one half miles northwest from Midea, six miles north-northwest from Tiryns, eight 
 miles north-northwest from Nauplia, and four and one half miles northeast from Argos. 
 The site is shielded on the north and northeiist by the mountain i)eaks of Euboea and 
 Hagios Elias(Berbatiotikos), which tower in heights that vary from one to two thousand 
 feet above the level of the gulf. Plate IV. is a general map of the site of the Henieum 
 showing the present condition of the ruins after excavation. The map is drawn on a 
 true north and south axis, the variation of the compiiss needle beuig G° 43' west of true 
 north when this survey was made in April, 1895.' 
 
 ^ The small Roman numerals on this larger rectangle 
 are the same as in Plate IV., and are explainetl in the 
 legend of this Plate. They are also used throughout this 
 chapter, and elsewhere in this publication. 
 
 - Pausania.s, II. 17 : "To the left of Mycenae, at a dis- 
 tance of fifteen furlongs (stadia) is the Heraeum " (Fra- 
 zer's translation). As a stadium was about G(X) feet, 
 Pausanias's statement would make the distance 9000 feet, 
 or less than two miles. 
 
 ■ To survey the site I began on the rising ground north 
 of the Old Temple and placed the theodolite on the spot 
 indicated on Plate IV. by a circle and cross-lines. The 
 direction of true north was obtained as follows : Thurs- 
 
 day, April 4, 1895, at midnight and four minutes I 
 sighted Polaris with the star Alioth in line above it. 
 Waiting until 12.28, I sighted the north star nlone and 
 marked the spot (No. 1) under the plummet of the instru- 
 ment, and another (No. 2) under a plummet depending 
 from a pole 1.35 m. from No. 1, and then placed a pin at a 
 point (No. 3) in line with No. 1 and No. 2, and 5.48 m. from 
 the former. Friday morning, April 5, I fastened a taut 
 string along the line 1, 2, and 3, and another string from 
 No. 1 in the direction of the coropa.H8 needle. Then 
 sighting each string in turn through the theodolite, I read 
 the degrees of variation as 6° 43' west of true north. 
 From this station-point of the instrument I found the 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY 
 
 107 
 
 \< 
 
 The dry stream-bed around the north and west of the site is the Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
 and may be the Eleutherion of Pausiinias, while a natural assumption would identify the 
 nvei-bed on the east as the Asterion, although the balance of evidence seems finally to 
 uphold Steffen's view that the Asterion is the stream which flows down the far eastern 
 flank of Mount Elias and loses itself in the Klisura glen, and is not shown upon our 
 map.* 
 
 The architectural remains of the Heraeum are unfortunately too few to afford an exact 
 restoration of all the buildings. The peculiar prominence and accessibility of the site 
 
 Fio. 48. — Akgive llEKAEtM : View ok the site kko.m the west. 
 The men are excavating the Lower Stoa (X). 
 
 rendereil it a convenient (piarry for later builders, and the mediaeval churches on the 
 plain and the fortresses on the adjacent hills have been largely constructed of .stones 
 
 direction of one peak of Mount Kub(»ca to be .'{0° 32' 
 east of true north, and its elevation above the horiiun 
 18" 8'. Anotlier peak was 27° 53' north of east and 
 elevated 12° 41'. Mount Araehnaeum was 18° 37' south 
 of east and elevated 2° 55'. Directly south wsis the 
 island Bourzi, near Nauplia, with its water line 0° 51' 
 below the horizon. Directly west the mountain sum- 
 mit was elevated 2° .*W'. From the first station-|)oint of 
 tlic tlif04lolite I ran a line due south, and from this 
 erected verticals east and west as bii.sc lines and obtained 
 the angle that the ruins of each building mjule with the 
 base lines. The running measurements were made with 
 a steel metric ta|>e, wherein I was assisted by lohannes, a 
 little Greek boy from Chonica. 
 
 The extent of the site occupied by the construction is 
 about ."jOO mi. north and south by 1000 m. east and west. 
 The difference in levels between the highest building (the 
 Old Temple, I) and the lowest building (Stoa X) is 
 2i)JM m., as is shown by the table in the text (p. 108). 
 When measuring the ruins my primary object was not to 
 formulate any theories, but to obtain exact data, and to this 
 end I made careful running measurements of the joints 
 of every accessible stone in the ruins of each building and 
 made drawings of each to the scale of one centimetre to 
 the metre, verifying all to insure accuracy. I next mea- 
 sured and drew to a larger scale plans, elevations, sections, 
 
 and isonictric perspectives of all the loose stones and 
 architectural fragments found on the site, 310 in all, and 
 made full-size drawings of all capitals to obtain their exact 
 profiles, afld of the ornamental details, e. g. lions' heads 
 and cyma-niouldings, and gave to each of the 310 frag- 
 ments a number in order to facilitate reference. Finally, 
 I made colored drawings of the terra-cotta fragments and 
 water-color sketches of the landscapes. 
 
 The method of procedure is described in full to show 
 that, notwithstanding the lack of expert assistance and of 
 fine measuring instruments, a careful endeavor was made 
 to obtain exactly all the data yielded by the site. The 
 results are now presented to the reader, who is thus fur- 
 nished with all the materials, and can make his own 
 restorations of the buildings should he disagree with the 
 deductions of the author. 
 
 It may be well to note here that the shadows on all of 
 the drawings are projected at 45'', thereby enabling one 
 to determine the height of an object by the width of its 
 shadow on the plan, and the projection of an object by 
 the height of its shadow on the elevation. 
 
 I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Milton Bancroft, 
 Mr. E. A. Josselyn, and Mr. E. B. Nolan, who have 
 assisted me in rendering some of the drawings. 
 
 * Cf. Dr. Waldsteiu's Introduction, p. 15. 
 
 ft 1 
 
 ll 
 
 u 
 
100 
 
 AHC'IIITKCTURE OF TIIK AK(JIVK IlKHAKl'M 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY 
 
 10( 
 
 the iiortli risi's alumt five huiulml fW't ( 1.V2 meti-es) above tlie sea level, and tlie heauty 
 of the site is suftieiently attested hy the fact that the Greeks chose it for tlie smctiiary 
 ..f Hera (Platf:s H., HI., Figs. 40, 47, 48). 
 
 Fig. 1 (p. 7) is a map of the Argive plain hased upon Steffen's map of the Argoli<l 
 given in his Karfnf rott Mt/kcnal, 1884, The site of the Heraeiun is indicated upon it 
 hy a small rectangle which is enlarged and shown in detail in the upper right-hand 
 
 Fi<;. 47. — Argivk IIkkakim : Vikw ok thk sitk. from tiik kast. 
 The n>cky t'luiiu'iice is the same as shown iu Fig. 40, below whieli the tents of the exciivatiiig party 
 are pitched. In the centre of the )>ieture is the Cyclopean wall which supports the Old Temple 
 terrace ; next, to the left, is the Sec<»nd Temple platform ; then the phiflakrion and the sloj»e to 
 the South Stoa. The retaining walls of the East Kuilding are visible near the centre of the 
 picture and in about a line below the Cyclopean wall. The tilled ground in the foreground 
 is shown on Platk IV. 
 
 corner of the illustration.' Again on this enlarged ])lan is shown, by a small white 
 square, the position of the entrance to the tunnels or subway acpiediu'ts which are 
 referred to by Dr. Wald.stein in the General Introduction (pp. 14 ff.). 
 
 The Heraeum lay ap})roximately three miles southeast by south from Mycenae," four 
 and one half miles nt)rthwest from Midea, six miles north-northwest from Tiryns, eight 
 miles north-northwest from Nau})lia, and four and one half miles northeast from Argos. 
 The site is shielded on the north and northeast by the mountiiin peaks of Kuboea and 
 Hagios Elias (Berbatiotikos), which tower in heights that vary fnnn one to two thousand 
 feet above the level of the gulf. Plate IV, is a general map of the site of the Heraeum 
 showing the present condition of the ruins after excavation. The map is drawn on a 
 true north and south axis, the variation of the compass needle being 0^ 43' west of true 
 north when this survey was made in April, 189/).' 
 
 ' The small Koman numerals on this larger recUinglc 
 are the same as in Plate IV., and are explained in the 
 legend of this Plate. They are alst> used throughout this 
 chapter, and elsewhere in this publication. 
 
 - Pausania.s, II. 17 : "To the left of Mycenae, at a dis- 
 tance of fifteen furlongs (stadia) is the Heraeum" (Fra- 
 zcr's translation). As a stadium was about <J()0 feet, 
 Pausanias's statement would make the distance U00() feet, 
 or less than two miles. 
 
 ' To survey the site I began on the rising ground north 
 of the Old Temple and placed the theodolite on the spot 
 indicated on Plate IV. by a circle and cross-lines. The 
 direction of true north was obtained as follows : Tlmrs- 
 
 day, April 4, 1805, at midnight and four minutes 1 
 sighted Polaris with the star Aliotli in line above it. 
 Waiting until 12.128, I sighted the north star alone and 
 marked tlie spot (No. 1 ) under the plummet of the instru- 
 ment, and another (No. 'J) under a plummet dc|H'iiding 
 from a |)ole 1.35 m. from No. l,and then |>laced a pin at a 
 ]>oint (No. [\) in line with No. 1 and No. 'J, and •'>.48 m. from 
 the former. Friday morning, .\pril o, I fastened a taut 
 •tring along the line 1, 2, and .'t, and another string fmni 
 No. 1 in the direction of the compass needle. Then 
 sighting each string in turn through the thi><Mlolite, I read 
 the degrees of variation as (1° 43' west of true north. 
 From this station-point of the instrument I found the 
 
 I 
 
 The dry stream-bed around the north and west of the site is the Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
 and may be the Kleutherion of Pausanias, while a natural assumption would identifv the 
 river-bed on the east as the Asterion, although the balance of evidence seems finallv to 
 uphold Stetfen's view that the Asterion is the stream which flows down the far eastern 
 flank of Mount Elias and loses itself in the Klisura glen, and is not shown u|>on our 
 map.' 
 
 The architectund remains of the Hei-aeum are unfortunately too few to afford an exact 
 restorati(»n of all the buildings. The peculiar prominence and accessibilitv of the site 
 
 I'lu. 48. — Ak<jivk IIkkakcm : Vikw ok the site kkom the west. 
 The men are excav.ating the Low^er Stoa (X). 
 
 HMnlcred it a convenient quarry for later buildei-s. and the nuMliaeval rhureln's on the 
 plain and the fortresses on the adjacent hills have been largely constructed of st«»nes 
 
 direction of one peak of Miuint KnlMK-a t«» be 'M° .*t2' and isometric iK-rsiK-ctives of all the loose st«in«s uimI 
 east of true north, and its elevation alnive the liorizon areliitcctui-iil fnigments found on the site, 'MO in all. and 
 18° 8'. Another |Kak was '_'7° .jJi' north of east and made full-size drawings of all capitals to obtain I iuir ex.ict 
 elevated I'J" 41 . Mount Arachnacuni was 18° 37' south profiles, aftd of the ornamental details, e. g. lions' heads 
 of cast and elevated '2° ."»'. Directly south was the and cyma-mouldings, and gave to e.-ich of the :5lO frag- 
 island Bourzi, mar Nanplia, with its water line U" 51' nients a number in order to faciiit.ite reference. Finally, 
 l*elow the horizon. l)in>ctly west the mountain sum- I made colored drawings «if tin- tcrni-cotta fragments aiid 
 mit was elevated 2° :t8'. From the first station-point of water-color sketches of the lands<ai»es. 
 the tlwMHlolite I niii a line due .south, and frtiin this The methotl of procedure is dcs.rilHMl in full to show 
 erected verticals rast and west as base lines and obtained that, notwithstanding the lack of eX|K'rt .issistan*-*- an«l of 
 the angle that the ruins of each building nnide with the fine measuring instruments, a careful endeavor was made 
 baselines. The running measuiiMuents were nnide with to obtain exactly all the data yichled by the site. The 
 a steel metric tape, wherein I was assisted by lohannes, a results are now presented to the rcailcr, who is thus fur- 
 little (i reek Uty from Chouica. nished with all the materials, and can make his own 
 The extiiit of the site occu|»ied by the construction is restorations of the buildings should he disagree with the 
 about .'MK) m. north and south by KMM) m. east and west, deductions of the author. 
 
 The diflfereuce in levels l)et ween the highest building (the It may be well to note here tli.it the shadows on all of 
 
 Old Temple, I) and the lowest building (Stoa X) is the drawings are projected at 4.*>, thereby enabling one 
 
 •_»1».3I m., as is shown by the table in the text (p. 108). to determine the height of an object by the w idtli of its 
 
 When measuring the ruins my primary object was not to shadow on the plan, and the proj»Hti»>n of an object by 
 
 fornndatc any theories, but to obtain exact <lata, and to this the height of its shadow on the elevation, 
 
 end I made careful running measurements of the joints I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Milton Uancroft, 
 
 ofevcry accessible stone in the ruins of each building and Mr. E. A. Jos.selyn, and Mr. E. \i. Nolan, who have 
 
 made drawings of e.ach to the scale of one centimetre to assisted n«e in n-nderiug some of the drawings, 
 
 the metre, verifying all to insure .ice u racy. I next me.i- » Cf. Dr. Waldstein's Introiluction, p. 15. 
 Bured and drew to a larger scale plans, elevations, sections, 
 
 kl 
 
108 
 
 AKCHITECTURE OF THE AR(iIVE HEKAEUM 
 
 OLDEST WALLS 
 
 109 
 
 I 
 
 from this source. At Olympia the position of the Altis between the hill Cronium and 
 the rivers CLideus and Nepheus favored a more speedy buriiil beneath the rapid aeeunui- 
 lation of sand and material which was dei>osited by the river's huindations and washed 
 down from the hills by the rains, and consequently a better preservation of its ruins. 
 The Argive Heraeum, on the contrary, occupied a foothill of Mtmnt Euboea,* above the 
 level of the phiin, and its once sacred buildings had no doubt been robbed and demol- 
 ished by desecrating hands before the action of the rains and dust-storms had concealed 
 tlie foundations that now remain. 
 
 The ruins are sufficient, however, to indicate that the site was occupied throughout 
 the ages from prehistoric to late Roman times, and to justify the attem})t at a restora- 
 tion shown on Plates V. and VI. FoUowhig is a list of the ruins exhumed, with the 
 orientation and relative level of each. 
 
 The stylobate of the Old Temple is taken as the (hittim level, and the levels of all the 
 other buildings, being lower, are indicated by the minus sign. 
 
 
 
 Orientation. 
 
 Levkl ok thb 
 
 Metres. 
 
 I. 
 
 Old Temple 
 
 17° 18' S. of E, 
 
 Stylobate 
 Terrace 
 
 0.00 
 - 0.45 
 
 II. 
 
 Upper Stoa 
 
 15° S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 -10.85 
 
 in. 
 
 Northeast Stoa 
 
 13° S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 - 8.75 
 
 IV. 
 
 East Building 
 
 7° S. of W. 
 
 Wall 
 
 -11.10 
 
 V. 
 
 Second Temple 
 
 16° 23' S. of E. 
 
 South Wall 
 Stylobate 
 
 -11.93 
 -10.71? 
 
 VI. 
 
 South Stoa 
 
 16° 30' S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 Bottom Stei> 
 
 -22.98 
 -25.26 
 
 VIL 
 
 West Building 
 
 8° 30' E. of N. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 -21.35 
 
 nn. 
 
 N. W. Building 
 
 26° 45' S. of E. 
 
 Ohl Bases 
 
 -17.90 
 
 IX. 
 
 Roman Building 
 
 25° 50' S. of E. 
 
 Tile Floor 
 
 -26.41 
 
 X. 
 
 Lower Stoa 
 
 23° W. of S. 
 
 Colunni Bases 
 
 -29.84 
 
 Besides the above the Phjhikeion No. XI. is indicated on the jdan. This is a small 
 house built for use during the work of excavating and since occupied by the Greek 
 guardian. 
 
 A, B, C, D, E, and F on the Plan are cisterns and baths. 
 
 OLD WALLS. 
 
 In addition to these generally well-defined ruins, there are numenius remains of old 
 walls that apparently antedate the earliest of the above-named buildings, and may be 
 classed as primitive Argive work and possibly Pre-Mycenaean.- Of these we would men- 
 tion in particular the walls south and west of the Temple, which may be jwrtions of the 
 peribolus which inclosed the original tememis (cf. Plate VII.). This theory is con- 
 firmed by the abutments that lie at an obtuse angle to the western wall and resemble the 
 tower-foundations of the early constructions at His.siirlik and Tiryns. They apparently 
 mark an ancient entrance to the sanctuary. Furthennore, two very old graves were 
 found just outside the southern wall (indicated on Plate IV. as two black sjMits between 
 
 » Pausanias, II. 17 : " The sanctuary itaelf is on the 
 lower slope of Euboea. For they name this mountain 
 Euboea." 
 
 * Cf. Dr. Waldstein's latnxluction, p. 27. 
 
 , f - 
 
 > 
 
 * ▼ — ^ 
 
 _ :^ .' r-.^r^^^^;^^ — ^-^ 
 
 ^■' ^^'-^■'"-V.l^^-V 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 49. — Argive Heraeum : View looking north cpon the Cyclopean wall and Northeast 
 
 Stoa (III). 
 
 Stoa VI and the old wall), and as burijil within the temenus was doubtless prohibited, 
 the evidence is strengthened that this old wall is a portion of that which orig^ally 
 inclosed the sanctuary. 
 
 Further remains of very old walls are shown on Plate IV. lying just south of the 
 Cycloj)ean wall ; these may be the ruins of dwelling-houses for the priestesses or attend- 
 ants. Other vestiges of old stone work are distinguishable in the interior of the Second 
 Temple (V), indicating, at this most important point of the old temenus, the possible 
 ]H>sition of the ancient altar, which probably stood on or near this site long before the 
 construction of this temple. 
 
 These walls consisting of un worked small-sized stones, laid up as rough irregular rub- 
 ble without mortjir, indicate a very primitive state of architectural art, similar to the 
 walls found in the lowest layers of Hissarlik, and, like these, they may have had supei- 
 structures of sun-dried bricks. 
 
 CYCLOPEAN WALLS. 
 
 Next in chronological sequence are the massive Cyclopean walls which supported the 
 Upper Terrace (I) ; these are shown on Plate IV., and in the plan on Plate VIII., and 
 in elevation on Plate IX. (cf. Plate III. and Fig. 49). The walls resemble and are 
 doubtless coeval with the earliest walls of Tiryns, which Dr. Waldstein supposes to have 
 been built by Proetus about 1900 b. c* One (»f these huge, irregular boulders measures 
 5.20 m. in length by 2.00 m. in height. Its width is concealed by the terrace. These 
 
 1 Cf. Dr. Waldstein's Introduction, p. 2. 
 
 II 
 
 vl 
 
108 AKCHITECTURE OF THE AR(JIVE HEKAEL'M 
 
 from this source. At Olympia the position of the Altis between the hill Croiiiiun and 
 the rivers Cladeus and Nepheus favored a more si)eedy burial beneath the rapid accumu- 
 lation of sand and material which was deposited by the river's inundations and washed 
 down from the hills by the rains, and consequently a better preservation of its ruins. 
 The Argive Heraeum, on the contrary, occupied a foothill of Mount Euboea,' above the 
 level of the plain, and its once sacred buildings had no doubt been robbed and demol- 
 ished by desecrating hands before the action of the rains and dust-storms had concealed 
 the foundations that now remain. 
 
 The ruins are sufficient, however, to indicate that the site was occupied throughout 
 the ages from prehistoric to late Roman times, and to justify the attempt at a restora- 
 tion shown on Plates V. and VI. Following is a list of the ruins exhumed, with the 
 orientation and relative level of each. 
 
 The stylobate of the Old Temple is taken as the (fatHm level, and the levels of all the 
 other buildings, being lower, are indicated by the minus sign. 
 
 OLDEST WALLS 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Orientation. 
 
 Level of the 
 
 Metres. 
 
 I. 
 
 Old Temple 
 
 17° 18' S. of E. 
 
 Stylobate 
 Terrace 
 
 0.00 
 - 0.45 
 
 II. 
 
 Upper Stoa 
 
 15° S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 - 10.85 
 
 in. 
 
 Northeast Stoa 
 
 13° S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 - 8.75 
 
 IV. 
 
 East Building 
 
 7-= S. of W. 
 
 Wall 
 
 -11.10 
 
 V. 
 
 Second Temple 
 
 16^ 23' S. of E. 
 
 South Wall 
 Stylobate 
 
 -11.93 
 -10.71? 
 
 VI. 
 
 South Stoa 
 
 16° SC S. of E. 
 
 Column Bases 
 Bottom Step 
 
 -22.93 
 -25.26 
 
 VH. 
 
 "West Building 
 
 8° 30' E. of N. 
 
 Column Biises 
 
 -21.35 
 
 VIII. 
 
 N. W. Building 
 
 26" 45' S. of E. 
 
 Old I^ses 
 
 -17.90 
 
 IX. 
 
 Roman Building 
 
 25^ 50' S. of E. 
 
 Tile Floor 
 
 -26.41 
 
 X. 
 
 Lower Stoa 
 
 23° W. of S. 
 
 Column Bases 
 
 -29.34 
 
 Besides the above the Pht/fftkeioii No. XI. is indicated on the plan. This is a small 
 house built for use during the work of excavating and since occupied by the Gi-eek 
 
 ffuardian. 
 
 A, B, C, D, E, and F on the Plan are cisterns and baths. 
 
 OLD WALLS. 
 
 In addition to these generally well-defined ruins, there are numerous remains of old 
 walls that apimrently antedate the earliest of the above-named buildings, and may be 
 classed as primitive Argive work and possibly Pre-Mycenaean." Of these we woidd men- 
 tion in particular the walls south and west of the Temple, which may be portions of the 
 periholm which inclosed the original tememis (cf. Plate VII.). This theory is con- 
 firmed by the abutments that lie at an obtuse angle to the western wall and resemble the 
 tower-foimdations of the early constructions at Hissiirlik and Tiryns. They ai)i)ai-ently 
 mark an ancient entrance to the sjinctuary. Furthermore, two very old graves were 
 found just outside the southern wall (indicated on Plate IV. as two black spots between 
 
 * Pausanias, II. 17: "The sanctuary itself is on tlie 
 lower slope of Euboea. For they name this uiouutaia 
 Euboea." 
 
 * Cf. Dr. WaldkUiia'a iutruductiuii, p. 27. 
 
 Fig. 49. — Akoivk IIerakum : Vikw ux>king north cpon the Cvclopean wall and Northeast 
 
 Stoa (III). 
 
 Stoa VI and the old wall), and as burial within the temenus was doubtless prohibited, 
 the evidence is strengthened that this old wall is a portion of that which originally 
 inclosed the sanctuary. 
 
 Further remains of very old walls are shown on Plate IV. lying just south of the 
 Cycloj)ean wall ; these may be the ruins of dwelling-houses for the priestesses or attend- 
 ants. Other vestiges of old stone work are distinguishable in the interior of the Second 
 Temple (V), indicating, at this most imj)ortant point of the old temenus, the possible 
 ]M>sition of the ancient altar, which probably stood on or near this site long before the 
 construction of this temple. 
 
 These walls consisting of unworked small-sized stones, laid up as rough irregular rub- 
 ble without mortjir, indicate a very primitive state of architectural art, similar to the 
 walls found in the lowest layers of Hissarlik, and, like these, they may have had supei"- 
 structui-es of sun-dried bricks. 
 
 CYCLOPEAN WALLS. 
 
 Next in chronological sequence ai*e the massive Cyclopean walls which supported the 
 Upi)er Terrace (I) ; these are shown on Plate IV., and in the plan on Plate VIII., and 
 in elevation on Plate IX. (cf. Plate III. and Fig. 49). The walls resemble and are 
 doubtless coeval with the earliest walls of Tiryns, which Dr. Waldstein supposes to have 
 been built by Proetus about 1900 b, c' One of these huge, irregular boulders measures 
 5.20 m. in length by 2.00 m. in height. Its width is concealed by the terrace. These 
 
 ^ Cf. Dr. Waldstein's Introductiun, p. 2. 
 
 II 
 
 ■li 
 
110 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 THE OLD TEMPLE 
 
 111 
 
 large unhewn conglomerate boulders were laid up as rubble work without mortar, Rtted 
 together roughly with little or no cutting, their interstices being filled with smaller 
 stones, but produce a result that shows a great advance over the earlier walls and one 
 which arouses our admiration and wonder ; for even with modern appliances it would 
 be no small feat to construct a wall of such huge blocks with counterpoise sufficient to 
 withstiind the thrust of the terrace, the shocks of earthquakes, and the disintegmting 
 action of centuries. 
 
 THE OLD TEMPLE PLATFORM AND THE OLD TEMPLE. 
 
 The terrace platform was originally leveled by removing the natural rock and earth 
 from the north side and by filling in behind the CyclojMjan retaining wall (cf. Plate X.). 
 Li order to make a firm foundation and to prevent the earth from being washed away 
 by the rains, a stone pavement was laid in width about eight metres jKinillel to the 
 retaining wall. The pavement resembles the oldest paving in a courtyard at Tiryns and 
 consists of irregidar limestone blocks dressed roughly on the top, most of them triiingubir 
 in shape and averaging in length about 70 centimetres. The Old Tem|)le ( I ) was built 
 pirtly upon this })avement, but mostly upon the natural earth and rock of the terrace. 
 The remains of the Old Temple, though vei-y meagre, are still sufficient to justify the 
 restoration shown on Fig. 50, Plates IX., XI. All that exists in »itVj as apjHiars 
 on the plan on Plate VIII., is a portion of the stylobate, of a reddish limestone, 19.20 m. 
 long, 1.04 m. wide, and 0.45 m. high. The diiigonal jointings indicate early work. The 
 tops of the stones have fljiked off and are much disintegrated, as though by the action 
 of heat when the temple was burned.' This disintegi'ation, however, may be accounted 
 for in part by the character of the red limestone, which deteriorates naturally in the course 
 of ages and is far inferior in quality to white limestone." Before our excavations, the 
 platform had been covered by dirt to a depth of one metre, and a layer of harder earth 
 similar in texture and ap})earance to caked lime was found in various places 0.30 m. above 
 the pavement, while beneath this layer lay a stratum of black burnt matter and charcoal. 
 
 Fortunately distinct traces are still preserved of three circles slightly depressed in 
 the stylobate, which indicate the position of columns. These circles are 0.80 m. in 
 diameter and spaced from centre to centi-e, 3.50 m. and 3.51 m. resj>ectively, making 
 their intercolumniation 2.70 m. and 2.71 m. or about three and one third diameters.^ 
 
 The columns and entire superstructure were doubtless of wood, as is indicated by the 
 small diameter and wide spacing of the columns, by the lack of any architectural stone 
 fragments,^ by the remains of charcoal and other burnt matter, and by the absence of 
 any foundation under the stylobate. 
 
 * Pausanias, IL 17 : " Above this temple are the foun- 
 dations of the former temple, together with the few other 
 remains of it that escaped the flames. It was burned 
 down through Chryseis, the priestess of Hera, having 
 fallen asleep, when the flames of the lamp caught the 
 wreaths. Chryseis fled to Tegfea and took sanctuary in 
 the temple of Athena Alea. In spite of this g^reat 
 calamity the Argfives did not take down the statue of 
 Chryseis, and it still stands in front of the burnt temple." 
 
 • Dorpfeld, Tiryns, cap. vi. B, Technical Remarks. 
 
 ' The columns of the Heraeum at Olympia vary in 
 diameter from 1.00 m. to 1.28 m. and the distances be- 
 tween centres vary from 3.09 m. to 3.63 m., making the 
 intercoluiuniations average about two diameters. 
 
 * I found several very archaic stone capitals and a 
 broken coIumn-<lruni below this terrace which may have 
 belonged to the Old Temple, although I concluded they 
 were more probably fragments of the North Stoa (II), 
 and the West Building (VII) ; see Plate IV. The 
 capitals are shown on Fig. 51, B, C, H, and will be 
 referred to again in connection with the North Stoa. 
 The column-drum (V in Platk XXIX.) shows a slit 
 for lifting by means of a rope. Of course, it is quite pos- 
 sible that stone columns were gradually substituted for 
 the wooden ones as the latter decayed, which was done at 
 the Olympia Heraeum, especially as the late date, 4*23 
 B. c, of the destruction of the building would lead us to 
 
 At a distance of 7.18 m. north of the stylobate is a base built of irregular stones. 
 This base measures 1.80 m. square, as is shown on the plan.' In my restoration of the 
 ground plan of the Old Temple (Fig. 50), I have assumed this base to be part of the 
 foundation of the old statue of Hera, and to lie on the longitudinal axis of the building. 
 North and south of this axis and at equal distances from it I found slight indications of 
 what I assumed to be the foundations of the cella-walls. The 8ui)erstructure may have 
 been of sun-dried bricks, since no definite vestiges remain. 
 
 I continued the jjeristyle by spacing the columns three and one half metres on centres 
 (B, C, D, Fig. 50), following the indications on the stylobate before mentioned, and 
 found tliat one of the columns of the pronaos (A, Fig. 50) coincided exactly with a 
 mason's centring mark on a stone 24.90 m. east of the base of the statue. The stone 
 is shown on the plan (Plate VIII.). The result of the calculation was a hexastyle tem- 
 ple with fourteen columns on the side and a cella 36.30 m. long and 8.50 m. wide, or 
 with width to length about as 1 : 41. The proportions of the naos inside are, width to 
 length, as 1 : 4. This is about tlie proportion which we should expect to find in a temple 
 of great antiquity .- 
 
 My restoration of the entablature and roof is entirely hypothetical and illustrates only 
 the possible api)earance of the temple. I have assumed that the beam ends showed with 
 
 _©- 
 
 © © 
 
 i2_ 
 
 
 
 Q © 
 
 — T 1 
 
 —■ *- — 1«»— < 
 
 Fio. 50. — Argivk Heraeum : Old Temple vij^ts : restored. 
 
 open spaces between them, which seems to have been the early method of Doric con- 
 struction, whence were developed later the triglyphs and the metoi)es.^ 
 
 The orientation of the building is 17° 18' south of east. The heliacal orientation of 
 its axis may assist in determining the antiquity of the building.^ 
 
 expect stone colunms and walls even though the entabla- 
 ture of wood remained. 
 
 ' This may be the foundation of an altar. Close by 
 it is a hole surrounded by irregular stones, which may be 
 the remains of a sacrificial pit similar to that discov- 
 ered by Dr. Diirpfcld at Tiryns. 
 
 • The proportions of the Heraeum at Olympia are as 
 follows : — 
 
 Exterior width of cella to its length as 1 to 3.30. 
 Interior width of naos to its length as 1 to 3.80. 
 
 Tlie Temple C at Selinus : — 
 
 Exterior width of cella to its length about as 1 to 4. 
 Interior width of naos to its length about as 1 to 3. 
 Temple S at Selinus : — 
 
 Interior width of naos to its length alraut as 1 to 4. 
 Cf. Durm, Die Bauhmat der Griechen, p. 114, and 
 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de VArl dans FAnliquite', tome 
 VII. chap. III. 
 
 * Following this suggestion. Dr. Waldstein obtained a 
 letter on the subject from Dr. Penrose. Cf. Intro<luc- 
 tion, page 29. 
 
 ii 
 
 liiMi 
 
112 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 UPPER STOA. 
 
 Below the terrace of the Old Temple are several buildings (IT, TTl, and IV on Plate 
 IV.), shown in section on Plate XI., and in elevation on Plate IX. ; the present state 
 of their plans is shown in detail on Plate XII. 
 
 The walls in parts present some confusion, owing to later buildings having been super- 
 imposed on earlier constructions. For example, the west end of Stoa II seems to have 
 been built on foundations of an earUer building. In the Northeast Stoa (III) are later 
 partition walls, and between this and the East Building are several older foundation walls 
 which run at various angles that bear no definite relation to the buildings named. 
 
 I have attempted a somewhat free restoration of these buildings (see Plate IX.), since 
 the fragments found were too few to insure accuracy throughout. 
 
 In Stoa II (Plate XII.) the stone bases for the columns are in situ ; they are light lime- 
 stone and nearly every one has a smaU pry-hole, which indicates the position of a column. 
 They are cut true on top and on the sides to a certain depth, below which the stone is 
 left rough, having been concealed by the flooring of mosaic or tile. The stylobate stones 
 are similarly cut on the inside and bear vestiges of pry-holes. On the outside exposed 
 surfaces the stylobate stones and steps are well cut and neatly jointed. Where some of 
 the stylobate stones have been removed, a foundation is revealed of irregular stones, as 
 shown on the plan. 
 
 Two column-drums, of 0.60 m. diam. and with sixteen flutings, remain on bases in the 
 Stoa, and I conclude that the very old capitals of Fig. 51 were from this building, together 
 with two old cornice {geison) blocks, one of which bears traces of colored plaster. Owing 
 to the smallness of the columns and their wide intercolumniation, it is very probable 
 that the entablature of the Stoa was of wood, and the stone cornice blocks may have 
 belonged to an inclosed portion of the building at the west end. Tlie height of the 
 portico columns could not have exceeded three metres (cf. Fig. 52, E). The rear wall 
 was built of poros stone, and a drain behind the wall indicates that the roof pitched to 
 the rear as weU as to the front, with a ridge in the centre. This drain carried the rain- 
 water into a small reservoir running back into the ground, as shown on the plan (Plate 
 XII.), and in the elevation of the present state (Plate IX.). Adjacent to this reservoir 
 are remains of three cisterns or baths, B, C, D, with plastered floors. 
 
 Between this Stoa II and the Northeast Stoa is a level platform cut out of the con- 
 glomerate rock with a rear wall of fairly good workmanship (cf . Fig. 49). Several bases, 
 probably for statues, still remain on this platform, one being partially concealed by a later 
 wall. One of these bases at the west end of the platform is shown in detail on Plate 
 XXIX., B and H. It consists of light limestone in three sections rebated one over the 
 other, with joints cut to a nicety and filled with lead. Besides these bases there are many 
 cuts in the stylobate and elsewhere for stelae. This platform may at one time have been 
 roofed. The two walls which project forward from the rear are later than the rear wall 
 and are not bonded into it in any way. In my restoration I have assumed that the plat- 
 form was open and that steps ascended from it to the upper terrace, feeling justified in 
 this conclusion by the presence of the statue-bases and the absence of any evidence of 
 columns. 
 
 An interesting stone is one of a confused group shown on the plan about the centre 
 of the front steps of the platform. On it are carved two birds, probably doves (Fig. 53). 
 Another stone of great antiquity (Fig. 54) was found in the adjoining Building III, with 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 .1 1 
 
 -^ — 
 
114 
 
 ARCHITECTUKE OF THE ARGIVE HEKAEUM 
 
 carving of fish and waves. The hole through it was probably for the puqmse of secur- 
 ing cattle before the sacrifice, and would lead one to consider it jwrt of an old altar. 
 
 STOA III. 
 
 The Northeast Building or Stoa (HI) is uiside its walls 20.G0 m. in length and 6.00 m. 
 in width. The conglomerate rock was {mrtially leveled to receive its finislied flooiing, 
 which appears to have consisted at one time of poron stone blocks, as shown in the north- 
 west corner, where ten of them still remain in situ. It is evident, however, that these 
 
 
 \i ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 17 
 
 A, Second Temple (V) : exterior eoliiinn. 
 
 H, Second Temple (V) : interior columnR, as restored. 
 
 C, West Building (VIII) : interior culumnit, tut restored. 
 
 I), South Stoa (V'l) : column. 
 
 K, Upper Ston (II) : column. 
 
 ¥, Nortbwest Stua (VIII) : columu. 
 
 e 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ f l I I I Ml 
 
 iii 
 
 il i 
 
 I I 
 
 ! I 
 
 l>! 
 
 1 1 
 
 J_ 
 
 A B C 
 
 Fio. 52. — Columns from the Argivk Hkkaeum. 
 
 stones were not jmrt of the original flooring, since they are above the level of the column 
 bases. The original walls at the rear and side remain to the height of about one metre 
 (cf. Fig. 49). They are built of light limestone carefully tooled, finely jointed, and laid 
 up without clamps or mortar. The east wall is O.GO m. thick and does not bond with the 
 rear wall, indicating that the original intention may have been to extend tlie Stoa farther 
 
 THE NORTHEAST BUILDING 
 
 115 
 
 Fio. 53. — Argivk Herakum : Stone with doves carved in relief. 
 
 toward tlie east. The exterior of this east wall is irregular, having been concealed by 
 the bank of earth or by steps ascending to the higher level of the upper terrace. The 
 level of this building is 
 about two metres above 
 that of Stoa II, and remains 
 of steps exist along the en- 
 tire length. On Plate IX. 
 I have indicated a sugges- 
 tion for the restoration of 
 these steps. 
 
 The foundations of the 
 steps are of jtoros stone, 
 the steps having doubtless 
 i>een light limestone and a 
 continuation of those which 
 exist in front of the Stoa II 
 and the open platform be- 
 tween II and III. 
 
 In the Northeast Build- 
 ing (III) there are six lime- 
 stone column bases in nltii, averaging 0.00 m. square, and along the front a stylobate of 
 limestone rubble level with the bases. Upon this stylobate are some blocks of breccia 
 which seem to be of later date, as are also the partition rubble walls in the Stoa which 
 cover two of the colunni bases. A small drum of a column, 0.50 m. in diameter, and 
 having sixteen flat faces, stands upon one of the bases. 
 
 The two antae-caps, C and K on Plate XXIX., were found on the wall of this Stoa. K 
 may belong to the East Building (IV). C had traces of stucco upon which a fret orna- 
 ment was scratched and 
 which was, originally, no 
 doubt, painted. A cornice- 
 block showed a heijrht of 
 0.15 m., and a small tri- 
 glyph fragment showed the 
 width to be 0.312 m., 
 whence the following pro- 
 portions would follow : 
 Height of triglyph, about 
 0.47 m. ; of epistyle, about 
 0.47 m. ; of cornice, 0.15 
 m., making the total en- 
 tablature 1.09 m. in heiffht. 
 The corresponding colimms 
 would then measure in 
 height about 3.27 m., in 
 <liameter about 0.60 m. ; and if spaced to allow two triglyphs between, there would 
 Ihj seven columns 2.49 m. on centres, as shown on Plate IX. If spaced with one 
 triglyph between, there would be thirteen columns 1.51 m. on centres, althou^-^h this 
 
 ^'i^rM4 
 
 - n: 
 
 - ■..'^: 
 
 'Jr^. 
 
 V^^" 
 
 ;^?%'^^j;p^^^^ 
 
 Fio. 54. — Argivk IIkrakum : Stone carved wrru risu and wavi'Is, 
 
 BY incised UNES. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
I 
 
 114 
 
 AKClllTECTUKE OF THE AKGIVE IIEKAEUM 
 
 farving of fish and waves. Tlie hole through it was probably for the i)ur|>ose of secur- 
 ing cattle before the sacrifice, and would lead one to consider it jwirt of an ohl altar. 
 
 STOA III. 
 
 The Northeast Building or Stoa (III) is inside its walls 2().G0 m. in length and G.OO m. 
 in width. The conghinierate rock was partially leveled to receive its finished fiooring, 
 which aj)}>ears to have consisted at one time of ponts stone blocks, as shown in the ncnth- 
 west corner, where ten of them still remain iit situ. It is evident, however, that these 
 
 I 31 
 
 \ 
 
 r* 
 
 T?J 
 
 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 •b 
 
 -.1 
 
 m 
 
 T 
 
 A, Second Teiiiple (V) : exterior roliinin. 
 
 B, Second Temple (V) : interior coltinins, n« resttired. 
 
 C, West Kiiildin); (VIII) : interior culunino, us restored. 
 1), Sontli Stoa (VI) : coliunn. 
 
 K, Upper Stosi ( 1 1 ) : colnnin. 
 
 F, Northwest Stun (VIII) : eoliiniu. 
 
 ^ 
 
 -M^ 
 
 Nf 
 
 
 1 1 ' 
 
 M 
 
 iiii 
 
 I'! 
 
 I' 
 
 ^ 
 
 i"^ 
 
 A B C D E F 
 
 Fig. 52. — Colcmnb from thk Abgivk IIkrakum. 
 
 stones were not part of the original flooring, since they are above the level of the cohunn 
 bases. The original walls at the rear and side remain to the height of about one metre 
 (of. Fig. 49). They are built of light limestone carefully tooled, finely jointed, and hiid 
 up without clamps or mortar. The east wall is O.GO m. tliick and does not bond with the 
 rear wall, indicating that the original intention may have been to extend the Stoa farther 
 
 THE NORTHEAST BUILDING 
 
 115 
 
 Fig. .jS. — Argivk Hkrakum : Stonk with i>ovks carved in relief. 
 
 toward the east. The exterior of this east wall is irregular, having been concealed by 
 the bank of eiirth or by steps ascending to the higher level of the upj>er terrace. The 
 level of this buildin&f is 
 aiM)ut two metres above 
 that of Stoa II, and ramains 
 of .steps exist along the en- 
 tire length. On Platk IX. 
 I have indicated a sugges- 
 tion for the i-estoration of 
 these steps. 
 
 The foundations of the 
 steps are of poros stone, 
 the steps having doubtless 
 l>een light limestone and a 
 continuation of those which 
 exi.st in front of the Stoa II 
 and the open phitform be- 
 tween II and III. 
 
 In the Northeast Build- 
 ing (III) there are six lime- 
 stone column bases ni n!tn, averaging ().()0 m. square, and along the front a stylobate of 
 limestone rubble level with the bases. Upon this stylobate are some blocks of breccia 
 which seem to be of later date, as are also the i>artition rubble walls in the Stoa which 
 cover two of the colunui bases. A small drum of a column, 0.50 m. in diameter, and 
 having sixteen flat faces, stands upon one of the bases. 
 
 The two antje-caps, C and K on Plate XXIX., were found on the wall of this Stoa. K 
 may belong to the Eji.st Building (IV). C had traces of stucco upon which a fret orna- 
 ment was scratched and 
 which was, originally, no 
 doubt, painted. A cornice- 
 block showed a heijrht of 
 0.15 m., and a small tri- 
 glyph fragment showed the 
 width to be 0.312 m., 
 whence the following pro- 
 portions woidd foUow : 
 Height of triglyph, about 
 0.47 m. ; of epistyle, about 
 0.47 m. ; of cornice, 0.15 
 m., making the tofcil en- 
 tiiblature l.Oi) m. in heijrht. 
 The corresponding columns 
 would then measure in 
 height about 3.27 m., in 
 diameter about O.GO m. ; and if spaced to aflow two triglyphs between, there Avould 
 Ik? seven colunnis 2.49 m. <m centres, as shown on Plate IX. If .spaced with one 
 triglyph l)etween, there would be thirteen coliunns 1.51 m. on centres, althou<«h this 
 
 Fig. 54. — Aruive Hkraecm : Stone carved with fish and waves, 
 
 by incised une8. 
 
IIG AKCIUTECTLKE OF THE AKGIVE HEKAKrM 
 
 arrangement would not allow the front eolunins to eointitle with those of the ulterior. 
 It is furthermore possilile that the building had at one time only a wall in the front 
 with doors and windows, or again a high soele with a colonnade of small columns. 
 
 The general iharacter of the masonry iiulieates that the «»riginal huihling was a refined 
 structure and later in date than Stoa II. The still later interior imrtition walls and the 
 front breccia wall seem to show that the building was at one time divided into rooms 
 and possibly used as a dwelling by the attendants of the siinctuary or as a treasure-house. 
 
 EAST BUILDING IV. 
 
 Next in order of position, although not in order (d" chronology ' is the East Building 
 (IV), which is 2iS.lK) m. (about iM> feet) hmg over all, by 17.10 m. (about r>7 ftn-t) wide 
 ( Platk XII., cf. Fig. 55), The line of its northern wall produced will strike the northeast 
 angle of the existing ramp to the Second Temple ( V ), lea<ling one to conclude tlmt its 
 orientation may have had some connection with the functions or mysteries of the Temple. 
 The plan of tlu? building resembles somewhat the earlier " Hall of Initiation" at Eleusis.' 
 antl is nearly the sjime in length, although less in width. The early Tvlextn'iuH of 
 Eleusis measured about 82 feet s«piare inside, and its nnd' was supporteil by five rows 
 of five columns each. The main hall of our building measui-es inside the walls about 
 TS feet in lenjrth by about 50 feet in width, and its roof was supporte<l by three rows 
 of five columns each. Both buildings had portico entrances ; that of ours facuig westward, 
 while that at Eleusis faced eastward. A row of cidumns on the central axis is foun<l in 
 each building and seems peculiar, although it is a feature common in Greek buildings 
 and is structurally a good arrangement, as it gives direct support to the ridge of the 
 roof. The orientation of the main axis of our building is seven degrees south of west. 
 I should place the date of its construction in the latter half of the fourth century n. v. 
 The fiiul of Egy[)tian siarabs in it suggests that its religious functions may have been 
 allied to the mysterious rites of Egypt. 
 
 A fine redlining wall of cut conglomerate stone supports the terrace on the south and 
 east sides (Platk XIII.). The conglomerate is of rounded ]>ebbles. The wall is 
 built in reo-ular coursed ashlar work with stones about 0.3.') m. high, between two other 
 
 ^ mi • 
 
 courses about 0.74 m. high, and with an offset at each of the narrow courses. The jomts 
 are much mutilated, from which I judge that the stones were originally fastened together 
 by metal clamps which have been stolen. The foundations of the north and west walls 
 and of the central piers or bases are built of y>oros stone. On the north wall ai-e some 
 conglomerate stones, and a few finely tooled limestone bhuks with clami»-hole8. 
 
 I have attempted a free restoration of the building (Platks VI., XI.), since no definite 
 remains of the superstructure were found. Since the completion of the drawings, how- 
 
 ' A possible chronological sequence of the various con- 
 structions might be as follows : — 
 Old walls. 
 Cyclopean walls. 
 ()ia Temple (I). 
 Upper Stoa (II) and }M>ssibly early construction on the 
 
 site of the Northeast Stoa (III). 
 Early structure on site of Northwest Kuilding (VIII). 
 Part of Lower Stoa (X). 
 West Building (VII), sixth century B. c. 
 Early Greek building on site of Konian Building (IX). 
 
 Rest of I^wor Stoa (X). 
 
 Stoa on site t»f Northwest Building (VII). 
 
 Second Temple (V), 420 B. c. 
 
 Lower Stod (VI) and steps. 410 B. C. 
 
 Reconstruction of Stoa (III)- 
 
 East Building (IV), fourth century B. c. 
 
 I^ter construction on Northwest Buildin*; (VIII). 
 
 Partition walls in Stoa (III)- 
 
 Roman Building (IX), first century H- C. 
 
 * Cf. Frazer's I'umanin*, vol. iii., plan on p. TM. 
 
 THE SECOND TEMPLE 
 
 117 
 
 Flu. Do. — .\UGIVK HkKAKL'M : ViKW UM»KIN<i XOKTIIKA8T CI-OX THK EaST BcILUIXC. (IV) AND THE RETAIXIN«J 
 
 WALL OX ITS X«mTllWKST hlUE. 
 
 ever, I have concluded that a corner trijjlvidi of black stone belonired to this buildinof. 
 The form of the elain[>-holes and the cut of the grooves indicate fourth century b. r. 
 work, or a date later than the best period. The triglyph measures 0.^i(> m. wide and 
 ().G7 m. high, which indicates an epistyle about 0.G7 m. and cornice 0.2(i m., making 
 total ent<iblature l.GO m. in height. The columns would be about 4.80 in. high, 0.80 m. 
 in diameter, and spaced 2.07 m. on centres. This would give seven columns in futfls to 
 the front instead of the three shown in the drawings, and would coincide exactly with 
 the total width of the building (cf. Fig. 56). 
 
 SECOND TEMPLE. 
 
 We may ih»w turn to consider the Second, or Fifth Century, Temple (V). where we find 
 ourselves (ui firmer grmmd both historically and architecturally ; for the principal part of 
 Paiisjinias's description ' of the sanctuary is devoted to this temple, while the architec- 
 
 ' Pausanias, II. 17. ',\-G : "They say that the architect 
 of the temple was Eupolemus, an Argive. The sculpture 
 over the columns represent, some the birth of Zeus and 
 the battle of the gixls and giants, others the Trojan war 
 And the taking of Ilium. Before the entrance stand 
 dtatucs uf women who have been priestesses of Hera, and 
 stiitues of heroes, including Orestes ; for they say that 
 the statue which the inscription declares to be the Em- 
 pert)r Augustus is really Orestes. In the fore-temple are 
 ancient images of the Graces on the left ; and on the 
 right is a conch of Hera and a votive offering consisting 
 of the shield which Menclaus once took from Euphorbus 
 at Ilium. The image of Hera is seated on a throne and 
 is of colossal size ; it is made of gold and ivory and is a 
 
 work of Polycleitu.s. On her head is a crown witli the 
 Graces and the Seasons wrought on it in relief : in one 
 liand she carries a pomegranate, in the other a sceptre. 
 The story about the pomegranate I shall «miit, .is it is of a 
 somewhat mystic nature ; but the cuckoo perched on the 
 sceptre is explained by a story, that when Zeus was in love 
 with the maiden Hera, he changed himself into this bird. 
 and that Hera caught the bird to play with it. This and 
 similar stories of the gods I record, though I do not 
 accept them. It is said that beside the image of Hera 
 once stood an image of Helie, also of gold and ivory, a 
 work of Naucydes. And beside it is au antique image of 
 Hera on a column. But her most ancient image is made 
 of the wood of the wild pear-tree : it was dedicated in 
 
IIG 
 
 ARCIIITECTUKK OF THE AHOIVE IIEKAErM 
 
 THE SECOND TEMPLE 
 
 117 
 
 aiiangement would not allow the front eolunins to eointitle with thost* of the interior. 
 It is furthermore possible that the buildinj; had at one time only a wall in the front 
 with doors and winthiws, or a«;ain a high soele with a colonnade of small tolumns. 
 
 The general character of the masonry indicates that the original huihling was a refined 
 structure and later in date than Stoa II. The still later interior jKirtition walls and the 
 front breccia wall seem to show that the building was at one time diviiled into roonis 
 and possibly used as a dwelling by the attendants of the sjinctuary (uas a treasure-hous*-. 
 
 EAST BUILDING IV. 
 
 Next in order of |»osition, although not in order of chronology ' is the Ejist Buihiing 
 (IV), whicii is 28.1K) m. (about IMJ feet) h)ng over all, by 17.10 m. (about "iT fi-et) wide 
 ( Pi.ATK XII., cf. Fig. ')'*). The line of its northern wall produced will strike the northeast 
 angle of the existing ramp to the Second Temple (V), leading one to conclude that its 
 orientation nwiy have had some connection with the functions or mysteries of the Temple. 
 The plan of tlie building resenddes s^unewhat the earlier " Hall of Initiation " at Kleusis.' 
 and is nearly the s;ime in length, although lesw in width. The early JVtesfn'ioit of 
 Eleusis measured about 82 feet stpiare inside, and its roof was supporte«l by five rows 
 of five columns each. The main hall of «uir building measures inside the walls about 
 73 feet in lenirth bv about 50 feet in width, and its roof was supported by three rows 
 of five columns each. Both buihlings had portico entrances ; that of ours f acnig westwartL 
 while that at Eleusis faced eastward. A row of columns on the central axis is found in 
 each building and seems peculiar, although it is a feature c<mimon in Greek buildings 
 and is structurally a goo<l arrangement, as it gives dire<t support to the ridge of the 
 roof. The orientation of the main axis of our building is seven degrees south of west. 
 I should place the date of its construction in the latter half of the fourth century H. v. 
 The find of Egyptian scarabs in it suggests that its religious functions may have been 
 allied to the mysterious rites of Egypt. 
 
 A fine retaining wall of cut conglomerate stone supports the terrace on the south an«l 
 east sides (Platk Xlll.). The conglomerate is of roun«led pebbles. The wall is 
 built in regular coiuse<l ashlar work with stones about ().3r> m. high, between two other 
 c«»urses about 0.74 m. high, and with an offset at each of the narrow courses. Tlie joints 
 are uuuh mutilated, from which I judge that the stones were originally fastened together 
 by metid clamps which have been stolen. The foundations of the north and west walls 
 aiid of the central piers or bases are built of /toros stone. On the north wall aiv some 
 conglomerate stones, and a few finely tooled limestone blocks with clami>-hole8. 
 
 I have attempted a free restoration of the building (Platks VI., XL), since no <lefinite 
 remains of the sujierstructure were found. Since the completion of the drawings, luiw- 
 
 ' A |)ossible fliroiM»Ii»jjical sequence of the various coii- 
 striu-tioiis iiiijrlit be as follows : — 
 Old walls. 
 Cyclopean walls. 
 Old Temple (I). 
 Upper Stoa (11) ami p«»ssil>ly early construction i>n the 
 
 site of the Nortii.'ast St.ui (HI). 
 Early structure on site of Northwest Building (VIII). 
 Part of L«.wer Stoa (X). 
 West Building (VII), sixth century a. c. 
 Early Greek building on site of Kuniau Building (IX). 
 
 Rest of I^wer .*»too (X). 
 
 Stiia on site of Northwest Building (VII). 
 
 Second Temple (V), 4*_'0 B. r. 
 
 I^rfiwer Sto» (VI) and steps. 110 H. r. 
 
 Reconstructi«)n of .Stoa (III)- 
 
 Knst Building (IV), fourth wntnry B. r. 
 
 iMter constniction on Northwest Building (VIII). 
 
 Partition walls in Stoa (HI)- 
 
 Uoman Building (IX), Hrst century B. C. 
 
 ■•* Cf. Kraier'a I'uiisaium, vol. iii., plan on p. >M. 
 
 Vm. 55. — AiiGiVK Hkkakom : Vikw i.<K»Ki\ii xoktiikast ci-ox tiik East Bl-ildix(; (IV) axd thk rktaixixh 
 
 WALL «)X ITS X«IKTI1WK8T SIUK. 
 
 ever, I have concluded that a corner triglvi)h of black .stone belouired to this buil<lin«r- 
 The form of the clam|»-hoIes and the cut of the grooves indicate fourth century b. c. 
 work, or a date later than the best period. The triglyph measures 0.3() m. wide and 
 0.()7 m. high, which indicates an epistyle about 0.G7 m. and cornice 0.2(5 m., making 
 totiil entablature l.GO m. in height. The columns would be about 4.80 m. high. 0.80 in. 
 in diameter, and spaced 2.07 ni. on centres. This would give seveji columns in onl'tx to 
 the front instead of the three shown in the drawings, and would coincide exactly with 
 the total width of the building (cf. Fig. 56). 
 
 SECOND TEMPLE. 
 
 We may now turn to consider the Second, or Fifth Century. Temple ( V). where we find 
 tnirselves on firmer ground both historically and architecturally ; for the principal part of 
 Pausiinias's description ' of the sjinctuary is devoted to this temple, while the architec- 
 
 ' 1'ausania.s, II. 17. .'MJ : "They say that the architect 
 of the temple wiu Eupolemus, an .\rgivc. The .scidpture 
 over the columns represent, some the birth of Zeus and 
 the battle of the gtxls and giants, others the Trojan war 
 aiul the taking of Ilium. lieforc the entrance stiind 
 dtiitues of women who have been priestesses of I lera, and 
 statues of her«K>s, including Oresti's ; for they say that 
 the statue which the inscription declares to be the Em- 
 pen»r Augustus is really Orestes. In the forc-templc are 
 ancient images of the (iraces on the left ; and on the 
 right is a conch of Hera and a votive offering consisting 
 of the shield which Menelaus imcc took from Euphorbus 
 at Ilium. The image of I lera is seated on a throne and 
 is of colossal size ; it is made of gold and ivory and is a 
 
 work of Polycleitus. On her head is a crown witli llio 
 (iraces and the Seasons wrought on it in rt>licf : in one 
 hand she carries a pomegranate, in the other a sceptre. 
 The story about the pomegranate I shall omit, as it is of a 
 somewhat mystic nature ; but the cuckoo perched on the 
 sceptre is explained by a story, that when Zeus was in love 
 with the maiden Hera, he changed himself into tiiis bird. 
 an<l that Hera caught the bird to jtlav with it. This and 
 similar stories of the gwls I record, though I do not 
 accept them. It is said that beside the image of Hera 
 once stood an image of Heln^, also of gold and ivory, a 
 work of Naucydes. And l)esidc it is an antique image of 
 Hera on a column. But her most ancient image is made 
 of the wood of the wild pear-tree : it was dedicated in 
 
 ) 
 
118 
 
 ARCIIITECTUKK OF THE AKGIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 tiinil reinains, alth(>ii<rh few, are fortunately sufficient tu justify a cuuiplete restoration 
 of it (cf. Plate XIV.). 
 
 The great revolution in the whole history of the Heraeum is marked by the burning of 
 the Old Temple in 423 b. c. and the ei-ection of this new temple on the second platform. 
 And it is well to i-ecall that, about forty years earlier in the century, the Mycenaeans were 
 finally overcome by the inhabitants of the city of Argos, who thenceforth maintained their 
 absolute predominance on the pUiin. We expect, therefore, the new buildings to l>ear 
 the impress of Argive artists ; and as the Argive School of Art was in the fifth century 
 rivaled only by that of Athens, we need not be surprised to find the architectural details 
 etpialing in beauty and refinement those of the Parthenon. 
 
 The first tiisk of the Argive architect Eupolemus and his colleagues was to level the 
 second platform upon which an ancient altiir probably stood. The platform consists 
 
 § 
 
 -ELEVATIOfMy 
 
 ^ternr . 
 
 I : I KLMN- III' 
 
 £.-^r_l_ J!. 07- I >?07- j , JL07. ^ JL07 I Jt-07 J, A'«? j ^v^J"- ^ 
 
 , Fig. 06. — Argivk IIkrakum : East Building, KKSTtmKn. 
 
 of a conglomerate rock sloping towards the south. Eupolemus cut away the WK-k fwmi 
 the north side and filled in the south and west sides, building a retaining wall of p(nos 
 stone outside the wall of the ancient i)eribolus, which was completely covered and so 
 remained until exhumed in our excavations. 
 
 Tiryiis by Pirasus, sou of Argos, aud when tlie Argives 
 destroyed Tiryns they brought the image to the Heraeum. 
 It ia a small seated image : I saw it myself. Amongst 
 the remarkable dedicatory offerings is an altar, on which 
 is wrought in relief the fabled marriage of Hebe aud 
 
 Hercules. The altar is of silver. Further there is a 
 peacock of gold and shining stones dcdieatod by the Em- 
 ]>eror Hadrian, because this bird is considered sacred to 
 Hera. There is also a golden crown and a purple robe, 
 offerings of Nero " (Fnuer). See Introduction, pp. 21 ff. 
 
 THE SECOND TEMPLE. 
 
 119 
 
 The retiiining wall was built nearly parallel to the new temple on the south and west 
 about 20 m. distant. Along the western side of the terrace, the direction of the wall was 
 regulated by the position of the West Building (VII), which had been constructed in 
 the previous century (cf. Plate XV.). 
 
 Agiiinst the southern retaining wall a beautiful Stoa (VI) was built, and a handsome 
 flight of steps leading up from the lower level to the platform of the new temple, both 
 of which I shall describe in order (cf. Fig. 57.). 
 
 Turning again to the temple, we find its orientation to be 16° 23' south of east. The 
 plan of the present state of the crejmloma or foundation walls is shown on Plates IV. 
 
 Fig. 57. — Abgivk Hkraevm : Vikw kkom thk southkasjt looking rrox the flight ok steps ; the South 
 
 Stoa and the Second Temi'le above. 
 
 and XVI., the section of the walls on Plate XI., and the elevation of the south wall on 
 Plate XIII. These foundation walls measui*e 39.54 m. ah)na: the north ed<re : 39.G5 
 along the south edge ; 20.08 m. and 20.10 m. along the east and west, resj)ectively. 
 The natural conglomerate rock had been carefully cut away and leveled to serve as foot- 
 ing for the northern walls of the crepidoma and the cella. The southern wall of the 
 cella starts from a footing course of large flat irregular stones, while the southern crepi- 
 donui walls are carried down to a dej)th as sliown in section (Plate XL). 
 
 These walls are built of porox stone in regidar courses of alternate headers and 
 sti-etchers carefully breaking joints vertically (excepting in one case on an interior jiier 
 where the joints coincide in two courses). The average dimensions of these squared 
 stones are 1.20 m. in length, 0.60 m. in width, and 0.37 m. hi height. The totjil width 
 of walls is 3.73 m. The stones are laid up without mortar or clamps, but so nicely fitted 
 that at some of the joints they seem tf) have grown together. 
 
 . I shall now describe the course of reasoning which T followed in my restoration of 
 the temple (Plate XVIL). Fig. 58 shows a beautifully veined limestone block resem- 
 
118 
 
 AIK'IIITECTUKE OF THE AlUJIVE IIEKAEUM 
 
 tural reiiKiiiis, altli<>ii«>;ii few, are furtiiiiately sufficient to justify a euniplete restoratiun 
 of it (cf. Plate XIV.). 
 
 The great revolution in the whole history of the Heraeuni is marked by the burning of 
 the Old Temple in 423 b. c. and the erection of this new temple on the second platform. 
 And it is well to recall that, al>out forty years earlier in the century, the Mycenaeans were 
 finally overcome by the inhahitiints of the city of Argos, who thenceforth maintained their 
 absolute predominance on the j)lain. We expect, thei-efore, the new buildings to War 
 the impress of Argive artists ; and as the Argive School of Art was in the fifth century 
 rivaled only by that of Athens, we neetl not be surprised to find the architectural detiiiU 
 e(jualing in beauty and refinement those of the Parthenon. 
 
 The first t<isk of the Argive architect Eupolemus and his colleagues was to level the 
 second platform upon which an ancient altiir probably stood. The platform couhists 
 
 
 —A 
 
 ♦ELEVATlOfM-' 
 
 J <■ _J ^^ 
 
 9_ 
 
 =.« 
 
 *iere»s . 
 
 QSE 
 
 1 QFCp (T) Q CD G) G) [ 
 
 ' ' I I i ' 
 
 I ' I PL^N- I i i ' 
 
 I I I i i > ' I 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. uC. — Aruivk IIkuakum : East BuiLiMMi, kkstokkd. 
 
 of a conglomerate rock sloping towards the south. Eupolemus cut away the rock from 
 the north side and filled in the south and west sides, building a retiiining wall «»f />o/o.s 
 stone outside the wall of the ancient jieribolus, which was completely covered and so 
 remained until exhumed in our excavations. 
 
 Tiryiis by Pirasus, son of Argos, and wlieii tlie Argives Hercules. The altar is of silver. Further there is a 
 destroyed Tiryns tbey brought the image to the Heraeuin. peacock of gohl and shining stones dedicated by tlie Em- 
 it is a small seated image : I saw it myself. Amongst jicror Hadrian, because this bird is considered sacred to 
 the remarkable dedicatory offerings is an altar, on which Hera. There is also a gi>!den crown and a purple robe, 
 is wrought iu relief the fabled marriage of Hebe and offerings of Nero" (Frazer). See Introduction, pp. 21 ff. 
 
 THE SECOND TEMPLE. 
 
 119 
 
 The ret<iining wall was built nearly parallel to the new temple on the s(»uth and west 
 ab()ut 20 m. distiint. Along the western side of the terrace, the direction of the wall was 
 regulated by the position of the West Building (VII), which had been constructed in 
 the previous century (cf. Plate XV.). 
 
 Agjiinst the southern retaining wall a beautiful Stoa (VI) was built, and a handsome 
 flight of steps leading up from the lower level to the platform of the new temple, both 
 of which I shall describe in order (cf. Fig. 57.). 
 
 Turning again to the temple, we find its orientation to be 16° 23' south of east. The 
 plan of the present state of the vnpidwnu or foundation walls is shown on Plates IV. 
 
 
 f^ _:^;S<— ••- • k-- • ■— "^ ' ,^^tj>tit, 
 
 ..-••"!Sf--r-A^.H; 
 
 Fig. i>7. — Augivk. Hkkakim : Vikw kkom the soutiik.ast ixkjkixg rrox thk kuoht ok stki's ; the Soi'th 
 
 Stoa axd tiik Second Temi'le above. 
 
 and XVI., the section of the walls on Plate XL, and the elevation of the south wall on 
 Plate XIII. These foundation walls measure 39.54 m. alonir the north ed««e : 39.(}5 
 along the stuith edge; 20.08 m. and 20.10m. along the east and west, respectively. 
 The natur.il conglomerate rock had been carefully cut awav and leveled to serve as foot- 
 ing for the northern walls of the crepidoma and the cella. The southern wall of the 
 cella starts from a footing course of large flat irregular stones, while the southern crepi- 
 d«»ma walls are carried down to a depth as shown in section (Plate XL). 
 
 These walls are built of porox stone in regular courses of alternate headers and 
 stivtchers carefully breaking joints vertically (excepting in one case on an interior pier 
 where the joints coincide in two courses). The average dimensions of these squared 
 stones ai-e 1.20 m. in length, O.GO m. in width, and 0.37 m. in height. The total width 
 of walls is 3.73 ni. The stones ai-e laid up without mortar or clamps, but so nicely fitted 
 that at some of the joints they seem to have gi'own together. 
 
 I shall now describe the course of reasoning: which I followed in mv restoration of 
 the temple (Plate XVIL). Fig. 58 shows a beautifully vehied limestone block resem- 
 
120 
 
 ARCHITKCTUUK OF THE AUCJIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SECOND TEMPLE 
 
 121 
 
 ^ijj 
 
 L-«« 
 
 3E 
 
 :553a: 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 ^irrAT/oN or /acc or^TONti. 
 
 Wing inar]»le. It measures 1.633 m. in length, 0.32 m. in height. Tlie other diniensions 
 C'ouhl nut be measured, as the stone was broken. The face of this stone is cut with a 
 drafted edge at one end, and with two HUets and a slight cove moulding along the bottom. 
 
 Its toji shows sufficient traces of tiie 
 *- HvmniHi to determine exactly the size 
 of the base of the cohunns. The 
 channelings cut on the stone were 
 sufficiently inbict and clear to enable 
 me to Hnd the centre of the circle by 
 erecting {)er)>endiculars to the chords 
 of two flutings. At the hitersection 
 of these })er|>endiculars I found a 
 small centring hole and a mason's 
 scratch-mark at right angles to the 
 face of the stone. One leg of the 
 mason's comjKiss had been set in the 
 hole, and with the other a radius of 
 O.GG m. had l)een nuirked off' on the 
 stone. The nidius to the chord of 
 the channelings is ().G5 m. 
 
 These dunensions are of es]>ecial 
 interest, as they give a clue to the 
 unit of measurement which I found 
 prevailed throughmit the building.' 
 The Greek unit equals 0.32G m., mak- 
 ing the length of the stone, as beftu-e 
 given, 1.G33 m., equal to five units, 
 and the dijimeter of the columns be- 
 tween chonls (twice the radius O.fVj m. = 1.30 m.) equal to four units. I found the 
 triglypiis measured two units and the meto|)es three units. By referring to the eleva- 
 tions (Fig. 59 and Plate XVIII.), it will \m seen at a glance that if the triglyphs are 
 s{>aced five units on centres, the columns will be s]Niced ten units on centres, except the 
 corner ones, which, owing to the jiosition of the triglyphs, are spaced one unit less from 
 the next adjacent column or nine units from centre to centre. 
 
 Proceeding on this line still further, I found the following proportions develo|)ed as 
 shown graphically on Plate XIX. The front of the tenq)le measures from centre to 
 centre of columns, in units, 9 + 10 -f- 10 + 10 + 9 = 48 units. The height of tenqde to 
 the under side of the cornice equals 3G units. Considering 48 units the base of a right- 
 angled triangle and 36 units its height, the liy|M»thenuse will W 60 units, which if thrown 
 over and added to the base of 48 units, yields 108 units, or the length of the tenqile, viz. : 
 9 -H 10 + 10+10 + 10 + 10+10+10 + 10 -1-10 + 9= 108. The alM.ve triangle may have 
 
 Off* M€T€m 
 
 Fio. 58. — Akuivk IIkrakum : Actual statk. ok a btylobate 
 
 8TUME OF TliK SKCOND T»:MrLb. 
 
 ' III this connection, I wish to express my obligation 
 to Dr. Durpfeld, who first discovered, when looking over 
 my note-books and diagrams, that the measurements 
 shown by the stone in question coincidetl with the unit of 
 measurement at Olympia, or about 0.326 m., being I of 
 an inch longer than the English foot, which equals 
 a304m. 
 
 Many of the minor mcasnrrnients seem to iiidirati- that 
 the unit may have been subdivided into twelfths, like the 
 English foot, as follows : — 
 
 ,«, = .027- 
 
 ,S=1.08- 
 
 ,^, = 1.90- 
 
 H=2.71 
 
 ^=.(irA- 
 
 ,S = 1.3.-.- 
 
 ,», = 2.17- 
 
 U = 2.1« 
 
 A=081- 
 
 ,\ = 1.63- 
 
 A = 2.44- 
 
 \i = 3M 
 
 each side divided by 12, reducing it to 4 for base, 3 for height, and 5 for hypothenuse, 
 which is the sinqdest right-angled triangle known.' 
 
 To return to the detiiiled reconstruction of the temjde : I found several poros stone 
 capitals with well-preserved i>rofiles. The firm line of the echinus (Fig. 51, A, and Fig. 
 52, A) and the gener.d proportions of the capifcil closely resemble those of the Parthenon. 
 The width of the abacus is 1.36 m. or, like the Parthenon, a little more than the 
 
 Fio. 30. — Akuivk Hkrakum : Front Elkvation of Second Tkmple. Restored by Edward L. Tilton. 
 
 diameter .at the base of the column ; the height of abacus is 0.24 m., eqiuil to ^^ of a 
 unit ; the height of the echinus including annulets is 0.203 m., and height of the neck is 
 
 ' This proportion of the length equaling the width 
 plus the hypothenuse of a triangle which has as its third 
 side the height to the cornice prevails here because the 
 temple has but twelve columns on the side. A similar 
 pro|N>Kion may be found in these hcxastyle temples : 
 that of Zeus at Olympia, the "Theseum" at Athens, and 
 the temple of Poseidon at Paestum, if limited to the 
 twelfth ooliimn on the side and if this twelfth column is 
 spaced as a corner column. 
 
 I found another series of equations as follows : The 
 width of temple to outside of columns (see Plate XIX.) is 
 5'2 units, its corres{>onding length is 112 units, and its 
 height to top of rorona is 37 units, whence develoi>ed — 
 
 37 is to 52 as 2.^ is to ^, or 37 x 3^=52 X 2^ = 130, and 
 
 37 is to 112 as \\ is to 4^, 37x-4 = 112x 1^ = 1G7. Or 
 the height to the width of the temple is as in the major 
 scale in music, viz. : two full tones and a half tone to three 
 full tones and a half tone, and height is to length of 
 temple as in the minor scale in music, viz. : one full tone 
 and a half tone to four full tones and a half tone. I cite 
 this analogy because so much has been written about 
 the relation between Greek architecture and music, 
 although I do not suppose that any such musical propor- 
 tion was considered by Eiipolemus. It does convey the 
 idea, however, that what is pleasing to the eye may bear 
 a certain harmonious relation to that which is pleasing to 
 the ear in music, and to the mind in geometry :ind iimth- 
 ematics. 
 
120 
 
 AKClIITKCTrKK OK TIIK AUCilVK IIKKAKl'M 
 
 £t.cvATioN or fAcc orSroNC. 
 
 ])Hiig mjirl)lu. It iiiejisiires l.()3*J in. in lenj^th, 0.32 ni. in lu'ij^ht. Tlit* otluT dinuMisions 
 (M>ul<l not l»e nieasnied, as the stone was broken. The face of this stone is eut with a 
 drafted edge at one end, and with two HUets and a slij^ht cove niouldin<>; ahinj; the hottoni. 
 
 Its top shows snificient traces of the 
 Y f«(tuiif/i to determine exactly the size 
 of the base «»f the cohiinns. The 
 channelin<;;s cut on the stone were 
 sufficiently int<U't and clear to enahle 
 nie to find the centre of the circle hy 
 erectinjj j)er|>endiculars to the chords 
 of two Hutin*^. At the intersection 
 of these |>erpendiculars I found a 
 small centrin<f hole and a masoirs 
 scratch-mark at ri«;ht any;les to the 
 face of the stone. One lej^ of the 
 mason's comjmss had heen set in the 
 hole, and with the other a radius of 
 O.OG m. had heen marked olf on the 
 stone. The radius to the chord of 
 the channelin«^s is (KGo m. 
 
 These dimensi(U)s are of esiH'cial 
 interest, as they j^ive a clue to the 
 unit of measurement which I found 
 prevailed throu(]^hout the huihling.' 
 The Greek unit equals O.IJ2() m., mak- 
 ing the length of the stone, as Itefore 
 given, 1.G33 m., etpial to five units, 
 and the diameter of the columns l>e- 
 tween chords (twice the radius O.O.'Ji m. = 1.30 m.) equal to four units. I found the 
 triglyphs measured two units and the meto|)es tlii*ee units. Hy referring to the eleva- 
 tions (Fig. 59 and Plate XVIII.), it will he seen at a glance that if the triglyphs are 
 8|){iced five units on centres, the columns will be spaced ten units on centres, except the 
 corner ones, which, owing to the })osition of the trigly[>hs, are spaced one unit less from 
 the next adjacent column or nine units from centre to centre. 
 
 Proceeding on this line still further, I found the foHowing proportions dcvclo|KMl as 
 shown graphically on Plate XIX. The front of the temple measures from centre to 
 centre of ctdumns, in units, 9-1-10+10 + 10 + 9 = 48 units. The height of temple to 
 the under side of the cornice etpials 3G units. Considering 4tS units the base of a right- 
 angled triangle and 3G units its height, the hypothenuse will be 60 units, which if thrown 
 over and added to the base of 48 units, yields 108 units, or the length of the temple, viz. : 
 9 + 10 + 10+10 + 10 + 10 +10 + 10 +'lO + 10 + 9= 108. The above triangle may have 
 
 Om«- McTcm 
 
 Fio. 58. 
 
 Akuivk IIkkakum : Actual statk. ok a stylobate 
 
 STUNK OF TIIK SKCOND TkMI'LK. 
 
 ' III this connection, I wish to express my obli{|^ti«>ii 
 to Dr. Diirpfehl, who first discovered, when looking over 
 my note-books and diagrams, that the ineasiireiiients 
 shown by the stone in question coincided with the unit of 
 measurement at Olympia, or about 0..'}2G m., being \ of 
 an inch longer than the English foot, which equals 
 0.304 m. 
 
 Many of the minor measurements seem to indicate that 
 the unit m.iy have been sulnlivided into twelfths, like the 
 Kiiglish foot, as follows : — 
 
 ,i5 = .0-.'7- 
 
 ,S=i.o«- 
 
 ;, = 2.17- 
 A = 2.44- 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 2.71 
 }i = '_MI8 
 
 KKCONSTKUCTIOX OF TIIK SKCOM) TKMPLK 
 
 121 
 
 each side divided by 12, reducing it to 4 for base, 3 for height, and 5 for hypothenuse, 
 which is the simplest right-angled triangle known.' 
 
 To return to the detiiiled reconstruction of the temjde : I found several porns stone 
 capit^Us with well-[)reserved profiles. The firm line of the echinus (Fig. 51, A, and Fig. 
 52, A) and the general proportions of the capit^il closely resendde those of the Parthenon. 
 The width of the abacus is l.IiG m. or, like the Parthenon, a little more than the 
 
 Fh8. r»9. — AuoiVK IIkkakum : Fkont Elkvation ok Second Temple. Restored by Edward L. Tiltox. 
 
 diameter at the base of the column ; the height of abacus is 0.24 m.. equal to ^^ of a 
 unit ; the height of the echinus including annulets is 0.203 m., and height of the neck is 
 
 ' This proportion of the length equaling the width 
 pins the hy|H>tlieiiuse of a triangle which has as its third 
 side the height to the cornice prevails here because the 
 temple has but twelve columns on the side. A similar 
 pnqH»rtioii may Ih> found in these hexastyle temples : 
 that of Zeus at Olympia, the "Theseum" at Athens, and 
 the temple of Poseidon at Paestum, if limited to the 
 twelfth column on the side and if this twelfth column is 
 spaced as a corner column. 
 
 I found another series of equations as follows: The 
 width of temple to outside of columns (stH> Plate XIX.) is 
 5'i units, its corres)tonding length is 112 units, and its 
 height to top of corona is .'17 units, whence develojied — 
 
 37 is to 52 as 2\ is to 3^, or 37 X 3^ = 52 X 2 J = 130, and 
 
 :i7 is to 112 as 11 is to 4i, 37x 4.\ = 112 X U = 1G7. Or 
 the height to the width of the temple is as in the major 
 scale in music, viz. : two full tones and a half tone to three 
 full tones and a half tone, and height is to length of 
 temple as in the minor scale in music, viz. : one full tone 
 and a half tone to four full tones and a half tone. I cite 
 this analogy because so much has lieen written alnnit 
 the relation between Greek architecture and music, 
 although I do not siqqtose that any such musical pro|Hir- 
 tion was considered by Eupolemus. It does convey the 
 idea, however, that what is pleasing to the eye may bear 
 a certain harmonious relation to that which is ])leasing to 
 the ear in music, and to the mind in geometry and nrith- 
 eiuatics. 
 
122 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARRIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 0.127 m., which toj^ether is 0.33 in., e<}ualin<]r one unit or one fourth of the diameter of 
 the cohunn at base. Dowel-holes exist both in the top and bottom of capitals, one 
 
 measuring 0.15x0.17 m. and 0.20 in depth (cf. Fig. 
 51, A). The diameter of the hypotrachelium Ihj- 
 
 r->^- ^"-^ tween bottom of channels is .%7 m. or three units, 
 
 I V'^ .^s=^ ^===e5>. ^W exactly the proporti<m of the Parthenon. 1 found 
 
 several drums of jioros stone which fitted properly 
 one over the other (cf. Fig. 60), the lower one 
 agreeing exactly with the M'fimiifi on the above- 
 described stylobate stone (Fig. 58). Some of the 
 drums nie<isured slightly longer on one side than on 
 the opposite, and doubtless inclined inward toward 
 the building, a refinement practice<l in the l)est pe- 
 riod.' The columns had twenty channelings. The 
 length of the chord of a channel at the hypotrache- 
 lium measured .16 m. or one half of a unit ; the 
 depth of the channel was .013 m. Slight vestiges 
 of plaster remained which originally no doubt cov- 
 ered the columns to offer a smooth surface for paint- 
 ing. I determined the heights of column drums as 
 follows, beginning with the bottom (cf. Fig. GO) 
 (the interrogiition niiirk indicates that the excict 
 height was not found) : .87 + .80 + .80 + .86 + 
 .84? + .^? + .84 + .84? -H .57 m., making a 
 total, including ciipital, of 7.38 m. or 22 ,'0 units 
 or 5.07 diameters. The Parthenon columns measure 
 10.42 m. or 5.29 diameters. The columns of the 
 " Theseum " measure 5.72 m. in height or 5.55 
 diameters. 
 
 I arrived at the dimensions of tlie entablature as 
 follows : — 
 
 A fragment of pornn triglyph gsive the distance 
 between centres of glyphs as scant 0.22 m. ; three 
 times which showed the totjd width of triglyph to 
 l>e 0.05 m. or two units. The totiil height of tri- 
 gly])h of this period is about 3^ x 2 their width, 
 which in this case would be 3/j X .325 = 1.029 m. 
 
 Tn temples of this period the height of the epistyle 
 equals the height of the triglyphs ; a fragment of 
 the epistyle confirmed this measurement by showing 
 the tiienia to be 0.09 m. high, and the regula 0.06 m. 
 
 ' Since none of the stylobate stones remained in situ, I was unable 
 
 to ascertain wliether there were any of the refineil curves whicli Pen- 
 
 nethome discovered as having prevailed throughout the Parthenon ; 
 
 but judging from the general beauty of detail in the existing frag- 
 
 Fio. 60. — Argivk IlKKAEt'M : Column raents, it would seem tlrnt every aesthetic refinement known at the 
 
 AND STYLORATR 9TONK OF SECOND time must have been practiced in the design and construction i>f this 
 
 Tr5l?LK. Argivc temple. 
 
 ORNAMENTATION OF THE SECOND TEMPLE 123 
 
 high, which are in due proportion for an epistyle 1.02 m. high.* Remains of stucco 
 adhere to this epistyle frag^nent. 
 
 The guttae under the regula were 0.058 m. in diameter. A cornice block (f/eison), also 
 of j)oro8 stone, gave the width of the mutules as 0.64 m., the diameter of dieir guttae as 
 0.055 m., and their distance on centres, 0.115 m. The mutules were spaced 0.172 m. 
 apart, making the distance from centre Ui centre of the mutules over the triglyjjhs 
 1.624 m. or (practically 1.63 m.) =5 units. The height of the face of the cornice from 
 the top of mutules to the top of the beak-moulding was 0.315 m. ; add the height of 
 mutule, 0.047 m., and we have 0.362 m. 
 
 We now have the total height of the entablature as follows : — 
 
 Epistyle 1.029 
 
 Frieze 1.02 
 
 Coniice, omitting vyiua or crowu moulding 362 
 
 2.411 m. 
 Tliis is a little le&s than one third the height of the columns, which, as above shown, 
 was 7.38 m. The exact proportion is as 1 to 3.05. The proportions in the Parthenon 
 are as 1 to 3.07." 
 
 The sIoim; of the i)ediment I could not verify exactly, so I assumed the height of the 
 tymitanum equal to one ninth of the total length of the horizontal cornice,^ Avhich is 
 equal to the width of eleven triglyidis at 0.652 m., or 7.17 plus ten metopes at 0.978 m. 
 or 9.78 m. plus the overhang of the cornice at each end, which, omitting the beak-mould- 
 ing, is 0.49 ni., and for both ends is 0.49 m. X 2 or 0.98 m. The total horizontal length 
 therefore is 17.93 m., which equals 55 units. 
 
 The height of the tymi)anum is i X 17.93 or 1.99 -f-. 
 
 The height from the stylobate to the ajjex of the tyuqmnum is therefore shown to be 
 as follows : — 
 
 Columns 7.38 m. 
 
 Entablature 2.41 m. 
 
 Tynq>anum 1.99 m. 
 
 11.78 m. 
 
 This is almost exactly 36 units (cf. Plate XIX.). 
 
 The cyma-moulding and lion's head water-spouts are shown in detail on Figs. 61, 62. 
 They are of white marble. In this connection I may remark that white marble is the 
 material which was used for all the sculpture and carA-ed i>ortions of the temple, i. e. 
 the metojies, the })ediment figures, and the cyma-mouldings, and for the roof tiles as well. 
 The crown-mould of the cornice or cyma is beautifully carved hi high i-elief with the 
 conventional anthemion oniament intersiiersed with Hera's typical bird, the cuckoo- 
 dove {Macropi/fjia .^), symbohcal of gentleness, peace, and love.* The anthemion orna- 
 ment was frequently used to decorate the cyma during the best jieriod of Greek art, but 
 
 ' I made the measurements with great care, but owing ' This pitch is a little steeper than that of the Parthe- 
 
 to the worn condition of many of the stones and the non, but nearly the same as that of the " Theseum " and 
 
 slight differences caused by the stucco, absolute accuracy less than that of the temple at Sunium. 
 could not be assured. In the drawings of the restored * Compare the old stone, Fig. 53, and the Argive 
 
 elevations the epistyle is a little too low and the frieze as coin which shows Hera's crown ornamented like the cyma 
 
 much too high, making the total height correct. with anthemion (Fig. 12), and again her sceptre as de- 
 
 * P. Faur^, Thenrie de$ Pro/tortiutu en Architecture, scribed by Pausauias (cf. Note on p. 117, and Fig. M). 
 Parts, 1893, plate 16. 
 
 — — - 
 
 ■«fti 
 
 ^ 
 
124 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 in other examples which are left to us it is 
 only painted ; this carved cynia is therefore 
 quite unique. I found a great niany frag- 
 ments of the cyma, some well preserved and 
 others much weathered, probably due to their 
 relative exposures on the north and south si<les 
 of the temple. A diflFerence in execution was 
 also discernible, showing that different carvers 
 had been employed. The profile of the mould- 
 ing is shown in Fig. 62 ; its height over all is 
 approximately 0.27 m. or {5 of a unit, or about 
 eqiml to the combined heights of the cornice 
 fascia and beak-moulding. The broad fillet of 
 the cyma is O.OT.'i m. high, the small moulding 
 at top 0.028 m. and the overhang is 0.03 m. 
 beyond the line of its fillet. 
 
 Many fragments of lion's head watei^spouts 
 were found attache<l to ]M>rtion8 of the cyma 
 and well carved from the same white marble. 
 They are superior in design and execution to 
 most of such gargoyles as are left to us from 
 the temples of the periotl. Several of these 
 heads, which were almost perfect, were of two 
 sizes. In my restoration I have placed the 
 larger head over each column and two smaller 
 ones between, as this arrangement seemed to 
 space properly when laid out full size with the 
 anthemion. 
 
 The roof of the temple was coveretl with 
 white marble tiles, which, we are t<»ld by 
 Pausanias, had been used at Olympia about 
 forty years earlier.' Plate I. (Frontispiece 
 of this chapter) shows the details. The width 
 of the flat tiles was about 0.54 m. or } .1 units. 
 
 The ridge-tiles covering the joints were 
 0.19 m. or V^ units wide. Every alternate 
 ridge-tile was carried down and attached to 
 the back of the cyma, while those in a line 
 with the lions' heads were closed at the ends 
 and stopped about a half length back of the 
 cyma to allow the water to run out of the 
 lions' spouts. 
 
 * In describing the Temple of Zens at Olympia, Pau- 
 sanias writes (V. 10): "The architect was Libon, a 
 native. The tiles are not of baked earth, but of Pentelie 
 marble, which is wrought into the shape of tiles. They 
 say that this was a contrivance of Byzes, a Naxian, who 
 is said to have made the images in Nazos which bear the 
 following inscription : — 
 
 ' luargari, • Nuian, dedicated me to the offeprinc of LAtooa, 
 , WMi of Byiee, who lint made tile* of itooe.' 
 
 " This Byzes lived in the time of Alyattes, the Lydian, 
 and of Astyages, the son of Cyaxares, king of the 
 Medes." 
 
 PLAN OF THE SECOND TEMPLE 
 
 125 
 
 The groups of sculpture shown in the pediment and the metopes in the restoration are 
 com)H)se<l entirely from imagination to give the ])ossible appearance of the original temple. 
 We know in general, however, from Pausanias ' that the subjects of the sculptures were 
 " The Birth of Zeus," " The Battle of the Gods and Giants," and " The Siege of Troy 
 and Taking of Ilium." One of the pediment groups probably illustrated " The Birth of 
 Zeus." Fig. 63 shows a fragment of metoj)e with a possible restoration, which is offered 
 to show how some of the larger torso 
 fragments and heads found may properly 
 belong to the metoiKJS.'"' 
 
 Before entering the temple, we may 
 consider its plan more fully. The tem- 
 ple was a hexastyle-i)eripteros-i)ycnostyle, 
 having six columns at each end, twelve 
 on the side, and with intercolumniations 
 of one and one half diameters. The 
 rest<»red pLm is shown on Plate XVII. 
 The inside of the foundation is indicated 
 by the dotted line which shows that the 
 corner columns centre over a 45° line 
 that connects the outer and inner angles 
 of the foundation.' The pteroma was 
 pave<l with limestone similar to that of 
 the stylobate. These jjaving stones are 
 
 shown stjuai-e on the plan, although many were oblong; beneath them were breccia 
 blocks which rested on the poros stones of the foundation. The walls of the cella were, 
 I think, of poroii stone, like the columns, and similarly plastered with stucco. The ceil- 
 ing of the pteroma was coffered and formed of limestone, the sides of each lacuna being 
 decorated with a fret ornament cut in the hard stone to a depth of two millimetres.* 
 
 The plan of the temple develo})ed certain proportions, graphically illustrated on 
 Plate XIX., which I discovered after the completion of the plan of the restoration. 
 The width of the cella is g of 48 units, or I of the width of the front of the temple 
 between the axes of the end columns. The distance from the axis of the sixth column 
 on the side to the anta of the cella wall is 36 units, which equals the height of the tem- 
 ple to under side of roof. The distance measures also 36 units from the same anta to a 
 line tangent to the columns on the opposite side. Again a triangle with a height of 36 
 units an<l a base equal to the width of the cella will have a hypothenuse which, if swimg 
 around and added to the height, will give the total length of the cella. 
 
 The approach to the temple is by a ramp similar to that of the temple of Zeus at 
 Olympia. 
 
 In Fig. 64 I liave attempted a restoration of the interior of the temple.^ The height 
 
 Fig. 62. — Argive Herakl'm : Marble lion's head gar- 
 goyle ANH WATER-SPOUT FROM SECOND TeMPLE. OnE 
 FIFTH THE ACTUAL SIZE. 
 
 I Cf. Note on p. 117, and Introduction, pp. 21 ff. 
 
 ' For the architectural sculpture see the next chapter. 
 
 ' As it was more usual to have an uneven number of 
 columns on the side of the temples of this period, I at first 
 attempted a restoration of this one with thirteen side 
 columns, but found afterwards, upon piecing together the 
 fragments of the entablature, that twelve columns fitted 
 exactly both the superstructure and the crepidoma. 
 
 The intercolumniations equal one and one half diam- 
 eters, making a pycnostyle, the proportion usual for the 
 best fifth century work. 
 
 * I found stones from the ceiling and the crepidoma of 
 the temple built into the walls of the Chapel of the Pana- 
 gia near the village of Merbaka. 
 
 ' For sections through the entablature see Plate I., 
 frontispiece of this chapter. 
 
124 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 in other examples which are left to us it is 
 only painted; this carved cyma is therefore 
 quite unique. I found a great many fnig- 
 mi-nts of the cyma, some well preserved an<l 
 others much weathered, probably due to their 
 reliitive exjMJSures on the north and 8<iuth sides 
 of the temple. A difference in execution was 
 also discernible, showing that different carvers 
 had been employed. The j)rofile of the mould- 
 ing is shown in Fig. 62 ; its height over all is 
 approximately 0.27 m. or }5 of a unit, or about 
 eqiml to the combined heights of the cornice 
 fascia and beak-moulding. The broad fillet of 
 the cyma is O.Oirt m. high, the small moulding 
 at top 0.028 m. and the overhang is 0.03 ui. 
 beyond the line of its fillet. 
 
 Many fragments of lion's head watei^spouts 
 were found attiched to jNirtions of the cyma 
 and well carved from the same white marble. 
 They are superior in design and execution to 
 most of such gargoyles as are left to us from 
 the temples of the |>eriod. Several of these 
 heads, which were almost jwi-fect, wei-e of two 
 sizes. In my restoration I have placed tlu» 
 larger head over each column and two smaller 
 ones between, as this arrangement seemed to 
 space properly when laid out full size with the 
 anthemion. 
 
 The roof of the temple was covered with 
 white marble tiles, which, we are told by 
 Pausanias, had been used at 01ym])ia about 
 forty years earlier.' Plate 1. (Frontispiece 
 of this chapter) shows the details. The width 
 of the flat tiles was about 0.54 m. or | S units. 
 
 The ridge-tiles covering the joints were 
 0.19 m. or Vo units wide. Every alternate 
 ridge-tile was carried down and attached to 
 the back of the cyma, while those in a line 
 with the lions' heads were closed at the ends 
 and stopped about a half length back of the 
 cyma to allow the water to run out of the 
 hons' spouts. 
 
 * In describing the Temple of Zens at Olympia, Pau- 
 sanias writes (V. 10): "The architect was Libon, a 
 native. The tiles are not of baked earth, but of Pentelic 
 marble, which is wrought into the shape of tiles. They 
 say that this was a contrivance of Byzes, a Naxian, who 
 is said to have made the images in Nazos which bear the 
 following inscription : — 
 
 " ' KiMgiw, • Naxiaii, dedicated me to the offiprioR o( Latoas, 
 Bnergus, eon of Byaea, who flrat made tile* of itone.' 
 
 "This Byzes lived in the time of Alyattes, the Lydian, 
 and of Astyages, the son of Cyaxares, king of tiie 
 Medes." 
 
 PLAN OF THE SECOND TEMPLE 
 
 125 
 
 The groups of sculpture shown in the pediment and the metopes in the restoration are 
 com|M>sed entirely from imagination to give the possible appearance of the original temple. 
 We know in general, however, from Pausanias ' that the subjects of the sculptures were 
 " The Birth of Zeus," " The Battle of the Gods and Giants," and " The Siege of Troy 
 and Taking of Ilium." One of the jiediment groups probably illustrated " The Birth of 
 Zeus." Fig. G3 shows a fragment of metoj)e with a possible restoration, which is offered 
 t<» show how some of the larger torso 
 fragments and heads found may proi>erly 
 belong to the metojies.'' 
 
 Befoi-e entering the temple, we may 
 consider its plan more fully. The tem- 
 ple was a hexastyle-iHjripteros-pycnostyle, 
 having six columns at each end, twelve 
 on the side, and with intercolumniiitions 
 of one and one half diametei-s. The 
 restored pLm is shown on Plate XVII. 
 The inside of the foundation is indicated 
 by the dotted line which shows that the 
 corner columns centre over a 45° line 
 that connects the outer and inner angles 
 of the foundation.' The pteroma was 
 ])iived with limestone similar to that of 
 the stylobate. These paving stones are 
 
 shown square on the plan, although many were oblong; beneath them were breccia 
 blocks which rested on the jjoros stones of the foundation. The walls of the cella were, 
 I think, of porox stone, like the columns, and similarly plastered with stucco. The ceil- 
 ing of the pteroma was coffered and formed of limestone, the sides of each lacuna being 
 decorated with a fi-et ornament cut in the hard stone to a depth of two millimetres.* 
 
 The plan of the temple develoi>ed certain proportions, graphically illustrated on 
 Plate XIX., which I discovered after the completion of the plan of the restoration. 
 The width of the cella is I of 48 units, or I of the width of the front of the temple 
 between the axes of the end columns. The distance from the axis of the sixth column 
 on the side to the anfci of the cella wall is 36 units, which equals the height of the tem- 
 ple to under side of roof. The distance measures also 36 units from the same anta to a 
 line tiingent to the columns on the oi)posite side. Again a triangle with a height of 36 
 units and a base eqiuil to the width of the cella will have a hypothenuse which, if swung 
 around and added to the height, will give the total length of the cella. 
 
 The approach to the temple is by a ramp similar to that of the temple of Zeus at 
 Olympia. 
 
 In Fig. 64 I liave attempted a restoration of the interior of the temple.'' The height 
 
 Fig. 62. — Argivk Herakum : Marblk lion's head gar- 
 goyle ANI> WATER-SPOUT FROM SECOND TeMPLE. OnE 
 FIFTH THE ACTUAL SIZE. 
 
 > Cf. Note on p. 117, and Introduction, pp. 21 ff. 
 
 * For the architectural sculpture see the next chapter. 
 
 * As it was more usual to have an uneven number of 
 columns on the side of the temples of this period, I at first 
 attempted a restoration of this one with thirteen side 
 columns, but found afterwards, upon piecing together the 
 fragments of the entablature, that twelve columns fitted 
 eiactly both the superstructure and the crepidoma. 
 
 The iiitercolumniations equal one and one half diam- 
 eters, making a pycnostyle, the proportion usual for the 
 best fifth century work. 
 
 * I found stones from the ceiling and the crepidoma of 
 the temple built into the walls of the Chapel of the Pana- 
 gia near the village of Merbaka. 
 
 ' For sections through the entablature see Plate I., 
 frontispiece of this chapter. 
 
126 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 from floor to ceiling as shown is about 8.60 m. The seated figure of Hera is base<l on 
 the description of Pausanias (see note on p. 117, and above, pp. 21 if.), and u})on repre- 
 sentations of the goddess found on Argive coins. It is interesting to note that her crown 
 or aT€<f>dvr) was decorated with ornament which resembled the cyma-moulding descrilied 
 above.* The details of the throne are partly taken from Laloux's restoration of the 
 stiitue of Olympiiin Zeus. 
 
 The interior columns in the naos I have restored as shown in Fig. 52, B. The jmroa 
 stone capitcil for the lower cohmm (Fig. 51, F) I found in the museum at Argos. It 
 has no remains of channels, but it has scpiare dowel-holes at top and bottom, and on 
 opposite sides of the neck there are round holes, as though a grille of metal had been 
 secured between the columns. The capital for the su))erimposed columns, also of 2>oron 
 
 Fig. 63. — Argive IIerakum : Mktope from the S»xokd Temple, restored 
 
 from fragment. 
 
 stone, I found lying in the West Building (VII). It has a profile almost straight, square 
 dowel-holes, and a section cut out of the echinus, as shown in Fig. 51, L, as though a 
 wooden upright had been fastened to the column. 
 
 1 Cf. Waldstein, Journal o/HeUm. Studies, XXI. (1901) pp. 31 ff. 
 
 THE SOUTH STOA 
 
 127 
 
 it.etiuri'd by Eiltmtit L. Tulun. 
 
 Fig. W. — Argivk Hkraeim : Kestorku Section of Second Temple, showing Statl'e ok IIeka. 
 
 MoTB. — Kur tlie correct wctiou through eiitabUture mx Plate I. 
 
 SOUTH STOA. 
 
 If we leave the Second Temple and turn to the right, we soon reach the head of the 
 l)eautiful flight of steps which descends to the lower level and to the South Stoa (VI). 
 (Cf. Plate IV.) 
 
 The actual state of the ruins is shown on Plates XX. and VII., and Figs. 57 and 
 65. On Plate XX. the height of the various objects is indicated by the shadows, 
 which upon all the drawings are projected at 45°. The Stoa measures, inside the walls, 
 44.45 m. in length, including walls 46.09 m., and from the inside of the rear wall to the 
 outside of the stereobate 12.74 m. The stereobate is 1.08 m. in width. The long axis of 
 the Stoa is 16° 30' south of east, and its level is 22.93 m. below that of the Old Temple. 
 The rear wall is 21 m. south of the Second Temple foundation, and is nearly parallel to 
 it. The face of the rear wall consists of light limestone, the joints are very close, and 
 the tops of the stones are fastened together with clamps about 0.60 m. long of the 
 double T-shape which were used in the fifth century b. c. and thus aid in establishing 
 the date of the building. The existing wall has three offsets of 0.065 m., and the 
 height of the first course above grade is 0.20 m., of the second 0.37 m., and of the 
 top one 0.39 m. There are four projections from the rear wall (cf. Fig. 65) resembling 
 pilasters and possibly intended to take trusses, although the projections do not all 
 
126 
 
 ARCIIITPXTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 THE SOUTH STOA 
 
 127 
 
 from floor to ceiling as shown is about 8.G0 m. The seated figure of Heni is hase<l on 
 tlie description of Pausanias (see note on p. 117, and above, pp. 21 if.), and u|M)n i*epre- 
 sentiitions of the gotldess found on Argive coins. It is interesting to note that her crown 
 or (TT€<f>dtnj was decorated with ornament which resembled the cyma-moulding descril>ed 
 above.* The details of the throne are partly tciken from Liiloux's restoration of the 
 stiitue of Olympian Zeus. 
 
 The interior columns in the ntios I have restored as shown in Fig. 52, B. The j)orn8 
 stone capitiil for the lower column (Fig. 51, F) I found in the museum at Argos. It 
 has no remains of channels, but it has stpmre dowel-holes at t4)p and bottom, and on 
 opposite sides of the neck there are round holes, as though a grille of metal had been 
 secuitid between the columns. The capital for the su{)erimposed columns, also of poron 
 
 FiQ. C3. — Aruivk Herakvm : Mktopk. krom thk StxoNU Tkmplk, k»u»torkd 
 
 KROM KUACMKNT. 
 
 stone, I found lying in the West Building (VII). It has a profile almost straight, wpiare 
 dowel-holes, and a section cut out of the echinus, as shown in Fig. 51, L, as though a 
 wooden upright had been fastened to the column. 
 
 1 Cf. Waldstein, Journal of HeUen. Studies, XXI. (1901) pp. 31 ff. 
 
 \ 
 
 e 
 
 10 
 
 MCTKE* 
 
 i^etiorcil bg Eiliriiiil L. TiiUm. 
 
 Flu. U4. — Akuivk Hkraki'm : Ki-jjtorku Skction or Skcxind Tkmplk, siiuwixu ^^tatce ok Hkka. 
 
 MoTB. — Kur tlie correct lectiuii tbrough eiiUbUtun; ■«« Platk I. 
 
 SOUTH STOA. 
 
 If we leave the Second Temple and turn to the right, we soon reach the head of the 
 beautiful flight of steps which descends to the lower level and to the South Stoa (VI). 
 (Cf. Plate IV.) 
 
 The actual stiite of the ruins is shown on Plates XX. and VII., and Figs. 57 and 
 65. On Plate XX. the height of the various objects is indicated by the shadows, 
 which ujwn all the drawings are projected at 45^. The Stoa measures, inside the walls, 
 44.45 m. in length, including walls 46.09 m., and from the inside of the rear wall to the 
 outside of the stereobate 12.74 m. The stereobate is 1.08 m. in width. The long axis of 
 the Stoji is 16° 30' south of east, and its level is 22.93 m. below that of the Old Temple. 
 The rear wall is 21 m. south of the Second Temple foundation, and is nearly jmrallel to 
 it. The face of the rear wall consists of light limestone, the joints are very close, and 
 the tops of the stones are fastened together with clamps about 0.60 m. long of the 
 double T-shajie which were used in the fifth century b. c. and thus aid in establishing 
 the date of the building. The existing wall has three offsets of 0.065 m., and the 
 height of the first course above grade is 0.20 m., of the second 0.37 m., and of the 
 top one 0.39 m. There are four projections from the rear wall (cf. Fig. 65) resembling 
 pilasters and possibly intended to take trusses, although the projections do not all 
 
128 AKCIIITErTrHE OF THE ARfJIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 exactly coincide with the cohiiniis in front of them. The lower portions of the end walls 
 are also constructed of lij^ht limestone, forming socles or dados (as shown on Plate XI.) 
 to the height <if the rear coui-ses (cf. also Fig. Gi5). The base of the tlado is 0.26 m. 
 and the main course O.HO m. in height. Over this are three courses of porot< stone eiwh 
 i)Mrt m. high. The St<Ki was built against the retiiining wall of the termces which had 
 be»'n previously constructed of jxints stone fastened together with T-cLimps. The 
 retaining wall is about two metres thick, and is strengthened by buttresses 2.00 X 1.80 m. 
 extending into the bank. Still farther back are the two ancient graves, and a )M)rtion 
 of the old [leribolus wall described above (cf. Plates XX. and VII.). On the floor of 
 tht> Stoa there still remain nine limestone column-lnises of the dimensions and sjKicing 
 as are shown on the plan. The existing crepidoma or stereobate is carefully built of 
 /ioros stone, the blocks averaging in size 1.20x0.00x0.35 m. The architectural frag- 
 nuMits that were found were suiticient to enable me to make a restoration of the Stoa 
 which is shown on Platk XXI. Owing to the variation in the width of several of the 
 meto}»es, it seemed possible to restore the Stoji with either seventeen or nineteen columns 
 along the front; the latter I am convinced is really the correct solution (Plate XXI.), 
 as this arrangement makes every other colunni of the front coincide with a column in the 
 centre, and it makes the I'elation of diiimeter to intercolumniation about as 1 is to 1.], 
 a pycnostyle arrangement like that of the Second Temple, while the wider meto|)es tit 
 un the end walls. 
 
 The })roHles of tlie columns resemble those of the temple (cf. Plate XXII. and 
 Fi:.^ r/i, D). 
 
 Four interior bases had column-drums in sltn^ the most eastern base having two drums 
 erect, while the remaining drums and capitiil of this column, all of pnnts stone, were 
 lying prostnite as is shown in section (Plate XI. and Fig. G.5). Traces of stucco 
 painted yellow were a}>jKirent on the drums, and red |Kiint on the echinus of the capitjil. 
 Vustijjfes of stucco were visible also on the entablature. 
 
 I shall letter the drums downward from the top as A, B, C, D, E, F, beginning with 
 the capitiil, and give the height and the bottom diameter of each measured between 
 the chords of the channels. 
 
 DiAMKTKR. IIf.IGIIT. 
 
 Capital ••...... .GiJS .458 
 
 A 704 .964 
 
 B 74:] 1.025 
 
 C 78 1.015 
 
 D 812 1.015 
 
 E 840 1.03 
 
 F 87 .85 
 
 Total height of coliunnH ....... G.357 m. 
 
 — which is exactly IDi units of 0.32G m. each. 
 
 The height of the column is eipial to 7.30 dianietei-s of the Iwse, which at first ap|>ear8 
 out of proportion for Greek work of this period, but by referring to the section (Plates 
 X1.«nd XXII.) it will be observed that these interior columns support only a wooden 
 roof, whereas the outer columns are one drum less in height, or .'5.342 m., which is about 
 G.IG diameters.* 
 
 ' At Olympia the interior columns of the Kulpiiterion anieter bein^ measured just above the plinth. The Leo- 
 are 7.70 diameters in hciji^ht and the eolunms of the front nidaeuni columns are 6.42 diameters high, 
 iu the Echo Colonnade are U.40 diameters high, the di- 
 
 THE SOUTH STOA 
 
 120 
 
 Some of the column-drums meiisui'e one centimetre higher on one side than on the 
 other, indicating that they inclined slightly inwards. The drums had dowel-holes at both 
 top and bottom, about 0.10 m. s([uare and 0.10 m. deep, with an offset. The capitals 
 had similar dowel-holes and mason's scratch-marks to show the centi-es. The abacus is 
 1.03 m. square and 0.18 m. high ; the echinus, annulets, and neck together, 0.278 m. 
 in height. 
 
 The entablature of poros stone, stuccoed and ]>ainted, and the cyma, with its fillet, was 
 of terra-cottii. The epistyle was 0.71 m. high, and was made up of two stiuies in thickness 
 0.42(5 m. eju'h, together equaling the diameter of the column at its base. The triglvphs 
 wei-e 0.77 m. high. 
 
 The top of the epistyle had a scratch-mark to show the locati<»n <»f metoj>e, 0.045 m. 
 back from the face of the fillet. One of the e}>istyle bh)cks had on its face under the 
 
 Fui. G5. — Argivk Hrrakum : Vikw looking kast on tiik South Stoa (VI). 
 
 Note the tiue rear wall with its pilaster-like projections, and the column-drums and bases. Mount Arachnueum 
 
 shows in the centre distance. 
 
 centre of a triglyph a snmll hole which may have been made by a nail that seemed a 
 bronze or other ornament. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the unit of measurement of the temple, e(pial to 0.320 m., 
 prevailed throughout this Stoa. 
 
 The clue to the restoration is given by a cornice {geisou) block whose mutules weiv 
 0.475 m. wide and spaced 0.0i)7 m. apart ; and as a mutule is the width of a triglyph and 
 every alternate mutule centres over a metope, we have the width of the triglyph 0.475 m., 
 and of the metope 0.097 -}- 0.475 -f-0.0i)7 m. = 0.GG9 m., making the distiince from centre 
 to centre of the triglyjdis 0.475 -f 0.(J00 m. - 1.144 m. Twice this, or 2.288 m., gives 
 the spacing l>etween column centres, but 2.288 m. is seven units (within six millimetres 
 
128 AUnilTECTrHK OV TIIK AKCilVK IIEKAKrM 
 
 c'x;utly eoiiicMh' with tlu* colmiiiis in front of tliiMU. The lower portions of the eml walls 
 are also eoiistrneted of lij>^ht limestone, forniin«^ s<K-les »>r dados (as shown on Platk XI.) 
 to the heij;;ht of the rear tonrses (cf. also Fij«;. Go). The Iwise of the dado is ().2G ni. 
 and the main eojirse ().8G m. in hei«>;ht. Over this are three conrses of poi'us stone eaeli 
 {).'Xi m. hi^h. The Stoa was hnilt a«>^ainst the ret;iinin<>; wall of the termces which had 
 heen previously constructed of jtoros stone fastened tojjjether with T-clam|»s. The 
 n'taininy; wall is ahout two metres thick, and is stren^'thened hy huttit'sses 2.00 X 1.80 m. 
 extendini;- into the hank. Still farther hack are the two ancient <|friives, and a {Nirtion 
 of the old peribolus wall dcscrihed ahove (cf. Platks XX. and VII.). On the H<M»r of 
 the Stoa there still remain nine limestone column-lKises of the dimensions and s|KU'in^ 
 as are shown on the plan. The existin*; crepithima or stereohate is carefully built of 
 jkh'os stone, the blocks avera«»;in«^ in size 1.20x0.00x0.35 m. The architectural frajj- 
 inents that were found were sufficient to enable n>e to make a restoration of the Stoii 
 which is shown on Platk XXI. Owin<^ to the variation in the width of several of the 
 meto)M>s, it seemed possible to restore the Stoji with either seventeen or nineteen columns 
 alon«»- the front; the latter I am ccuivinced is really the correct s<dution (Platk XXI.), 
 as this arranu'cmeut makes every other colunni of the front coincide with a column in tho 
 centre, aiul it makes the n'lation of diameter to intercolumniation about as 1 is to 1^,, 
 a pycnostyle arrangement like that of the Second Temple, while the wider metu|)es tit 
 on the end walls. 
 
 The profiles uf the colunuis resemble those uf the temple (cf. Plate XXII. and 
 Fi-. r>2, D). 
 
 Four interior bases had cohunn-drums hi s'ltffj the most eastern base having two drums 
 erect, while the remaining drums and capital of this column, all of jtorott stone, were 
 lying prostrate as is shown in section (Pl^vtk XI. and Fig. iiTt). Tmces of stucco 
 IKiinted yeHow were apparent on the drums, and red [Kiint on the echinus of the capitd. 
 Vestijres of stucco were visible also on the entablature. 
 
 I shall letter the drums downward from the top as A, B, C, D, E, F, beginning with 
 tlu' capital, and give the height and the bottom diameter of each measured between 
 the chords of the channels. 
 
 DiAMI'TKR. llKinilT. 
 
 Capital ........ .♦»<»o .458 
 
 A 704 .%4 
 
 B 74.) 1.025 
 
 C 78 1.015 
 
 I) 812 1.015 
 
 K 84«; 1.03 
 
 F 87 .85 
 
 Total lifijjjlit «)f t'oluinns ....... G.357 ni. 
 
 — which is exactly V.)-j units of 0.32G m. I'acli. 
 
 The height of the colunui is cipial to 7. .'JO diameters of the base, which at first appears 
 out of proportion for Gi-eek work of this period, but by referring to the section (Platks 
 XI.Mud XXII.) it will be observed that these interior columns support only a wooden 
 roof, whereas the outer columns are one drum le.ss in height, or 5.342 m., which is about 
 G. i(> diameters.' 
 
 ' At Olympia the interior eoliiiiins of the Hiilcnterioii anieter beinj; measured just almve the plinth. The I.ieo- 
 are 7.70 iliaiueteRi in ht'i<r|it anil tho columns of thu front uidaeum columns are ti.42 diameters high, 
 ill the Kchu Colonnade arc G.4U diameters high, the di- 
 
 TIIK SOUTH STOA 
 
 120 
 
 Some of the column-drums measure one centinu'tre higher on one side than on the 
 other, indicating that they inclined slightly inwards. The drums had dowel-holes at both 
 top and bottom, about 0.10 m. sjpiare and 0.10 m. deep, with an offset. The cajiitals 
 had similar dowel-holes and mason's scratch-marks to show the centres. Tin* abacus is 
 1.03 m. s(|uare and 0.18 m. high ; the echinus, annulets, and neck together, 0.27S m. 
 in height. 
 
 The entidilature of pornn stone, stuccoed and jiainted. and thecyma, with its fillet, was 
 of term-cottji. The epistyle was 0.71 m. high, and was made up of two stmies in thickness 
 0.42G m. each, together e(pialing the diamettM- of the column at its base. The triglvphs 
 were 0.77 m. high. 
 
 The top of the epistyle had a scratch-mark to show tho l<»cation of nietojK'. O.iM.li in. 
 back from the face of the fillet. One of the epistyle blocks lia<l (mi its face under the 
 
 KiG. C5. — Aruivk. Ukkakcm : Vikw UM>KiN«i k.\st ox TIIK. South Sto.\ (VI). 
 
 Note the fine rear wall with its pilaster-like projections, and the eolumn-driims and bases. Mount Arachnaeiiiu 
 
 shows in the centre distance. 
 
 centre of a triglyph a small hole which may have been made by a nail that secured a 
 bronze or other ornament. 
 
 It is inteitisting to note that the unit of measurement of the tennde. e<|ual to 0.*>2() m.. 
 pi'evailed throughout this Stoa. 
 
 The clue to the restoration is given b}' a cornice (f/fison) block whose mutules were 
 0.475 m. wide and sjKiced 0.097 m. apart ; and as a mutule is tiie width of a triglyph and 
 every alternate mutule centres over a metope, we have the width of the triglyph 0.475 m.. 
 and of the metope 0.097 -f- 0.475 -}-0.0i)7 m. = 0.(>G9 m., making the dist^mce from centre 
 to centre of the triglyjdis 0.475 -fO.GGOm. = 1.144 m. Twice tiiis, or 2.28S m., giv«'s 
 the s}>acing between column centres, but 2.288 m. is seven units (within six millinietres 
 
' i 
 
 130 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 or one fourth of an inch). The distance from each end cohimn to the outside of the 
 anta is a half triglyph more, or 2.52 m. = 7, "3 units, which gives a total as follows : — 
 
 Spacing at ends 7/^X2= 15*.^ units 
 
 Spaces between colunnis . . . . 18 X 7 = 12G 
 
 141,*. units at 0.326 m. equals 46.07 m. This is only two centimetres (three fourths 
 of an inch) less than the measurement of the actual ruins given ahove, viz. : 46.01> n«. 
 This gives nineteen columns to the front or one opposite each interior column and one 
 opposite each space between. 
 
 For the end walls a corner triglyph measured 0.428 m. wide on one face and 0.363 m. 
 on the other. I found that eleven times 1.144 (the width of triglyphs and metoiMJ as 
 above) plus 0.428 gave 13.01 m. which coincided with the actual measurements of the 
 ruins. This distance, 13.01 m., furthermore, e(|uals 40 units. 
 
 To return to the front, the entire height of the order is, as before shown : — 
 
 Columns 5.342 m. 
 
 Epistyle 71 
 
 Triglyph 77 
 
 Cornice from top of beak-mouUling to bottom of mutule which 
 
 lines with the top of triglyphs .296 
 
 7.117 in. 
 
 This is nearly 22 units (22 units would l>e 7.172 m.), and I found the difference 
 accounted for by a terra-cotta fillet which fitted into the cut above the beak-moulding as 
 shown in the detail on Plate XXII. The fillet is de8cril)ed below. 
 
 The height of the entablature, which is made up of the sum t)f ejnstyle, triglyph, and 
 cornice, as above, is 1.77.'> m., and is thus one third the height of the columns. 
 
 The cyma was .20 m. high, of colored terra-cotta, shown in detiiil on Plate 
 
 XXIII., G. 
 
 The different pieces of terra-cotta cyma prol)ably were secured by a rod running 
 through the hole. A violet line, 0.023 m. wide, along the under side sliowed tliat the 
 cyma overhung the fillet so far. 
 
 The fillet below the cyma was a flat terra-cotta band, 0.07 m. high, decorated with a 
 fret similar to that attached to the antefix (Plate XXIII., B). The soffit of this Imnd 
 was painted for a distance of .08 m. back from its face, showing that it overhung the 
 beak-moulding of the cornice, and it had a projection cast on it which fitted into a cut on 
 the top of the cornice and was thereby kept in place. (Cf. detail section, Plate XXII.) 
 I found a fragment of a painted terra-cotta lion's head, from which I restored the entire 
 head, as shown in the upper right-hand corner of Plate XXII., and assumed that 
 it belonged to this Stoa. A small piece of a ridge-antefix similar in design (Plate 
 XXIII., C) also may have lielonged to this building. 
 
 THE STEPS. 
 
 Our attention is next naturally directed to the broad flight of steps which lead up to this 
 Stoa from the south and continue upward along the east side to the level of the temple. 
 The length of the flight in all was 81 m., or about 25 units ; its run about 30 m. and 
 
 THE WEST BUILDING 
 
 131 
 
 its rise about 13 m. The eastern retaining wall (shown on Plate XIIL, A) resembled 
 that of Building IV., the stone work being laid in courses where two wide courses alter- 
 nate with one narrow course. At an obtuse angle from this wall ran another in the 
 form of high steps, each course being about 0.75 m. wide and of the same height. The 
 remains of the main flight of steps under consideration consist of j^oros stones carefully 
 jointed but without clamps. The finished steps were probably limestone. The width 
 of the treads measured on the jjoron foundations is about 0.45 m., and the rise 0.32 m. 
 Portions of the foundation stones were, fortunately, in situ at the eastern end and 
 half way up the sloi)e, which indicated that the steps had been continued to the temple 
 terrace. 
 
 In my restorations I have placed an altar at the head of the steps on the rectangle of old 
 walls, upon which the Phylakeion now stands, and various cuttings in the stones imply 
 that other altars and stelae may have been placed at different levels on the steps. 
 
 WEST BUILDING. 
 
 The next building in order of position is the so-called West Building (VII), of which 
 I have attempted two free restorations, one shown in the perspective on Plate VI. and 
 the other in Fig. 66, but owing to the insufficiency of data, for neither of them can I 
 claim any certainty. The ruins are, however, of interest. 
 
 The orientation of the building is 8° 30' east of north, and its level is 21.35 m. below 
 that of the Old Temple. The foundations measure over all 33.30 m. along the east side 
 and 30.40 m. along the south ; allo>ving for offsets, the main walls must have measured 
 almost, if not exactly, 100 X 90 units of 0.326 m. each. It is much older than the Second 
 
 Fro. 06. — Argivk Hkraeum : Wtar Building; free restoration of the elevation. 
 
 Temple and probably dates from the sixth century b. c, as is indicated by («) the paving 
 stones in the central court, {h) the dove-tail clamps, (r) the columns whose channels are 
 fourteen and sixteen in number instead of twenty, and {(I) the spread of the echinus of 
 the capitals, as is shown in detail in Fig. 51, E, I, and K. (See Plate XXIV.) 
 
 The building lay outside the original walls of the peribolus on the south side of an early 
 road which led up to the sanctuary. The ground for the building had been leveled by 
 cutting away the native conglomerate rock (at the northeast corner to a depth of nearly 
 five metres), and by filUng in the lower sides against retaining walls previously con- 
 structed. The walls remaining along the south (Plate XIII.) and half of the eastern 
 sides are of fine light Hmestone with tooled faces and carefully fitted joints. The backs 
 of the stones are irregular, having been buried in the earth. The western retaining wall 
 
132 
 
 AKCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 was Imilt of larger blocks many of which had been later removed, thereby causing the 
 partial destruction of the terrace. These walls on the west side appear to be older than 
 the others, and may have belonged to an earlier Stoa to which was added later the rest 
 of the building. The foundation stones of the north and east sides are of regular poros 
 blocks similar to those of the temple and as carefully fitted and leveled (cf. Plate 
 XXV.). The plan of the building comprised a peristyle court with five columns on 
 the north and south sides and six on the east and west, counting the corner columns 
 twice. The positions of several of these colimins are shown by the circles on the lime- 
 stone base course. The distances between the centres of corner columns measure 13.10 m. 
 and 10.90 m., or about 40 and 33 units. The main entrance to the building was on the 
 north side, where a limestone sill 0.75 X 1.73 m. has two dowel-holes about one metre 
 a})art and 0.35 m. from the stone jambs, indicating wooden casings (see the plan). The 
 door opens into a vestibule about 2.50 m. wide and 6.50 m. long leading to the central 
 court. Three rooms, each about 6 X 8 m., occupy the remainder of the north side of the 
 building. On the other three sides the roof-span is supported by columns whose spacing 
 is somewhat irregular. On Plate XXIV. the present state of the building is shown ; 
 on Plate XXVI. I show a plan and section restored, and in Fig. 52, C, a detail of the 
 columns. 
 
 The original destination of the building is uncertain, and conjecture has made it a 
 gymnasium. Its location, however, and arrangement lead me to think that it may have 
 been a hospital especially for women, which would be a natural accessory to the Heraeum, 
 whose goddess was the sjiecisil patroness of births and marriages. In the two rooms 
 flanking the vestibule were benches or couches, shown on Plate XXIV. These couches 
 consist of upright blocks of limestone rebated 0.05 m. deep into the base course of the 
 rooms. The uprights are 0.25 X 0.75 m. and 0.55 m. high with dowel-holes in their 
 upper surfaces by which the horizontal slabs were secured. Lead is still visible in one of 
 the dowel-holes. The distances between the uprights varies, as is shown on the plan, 
 from 1.22 to 1.45 m., to which the addition of twice 0.25 m., the width of the uprights, 
 makes the total length 1.72, 1.95 m. The width of couches, as similarly indicated, was 
 one metre. It is possible that the horizontal slabs overhung the supports both in length 
 and width, and they may have been of wood, since I found no stone which fitted the 
 position.* 
 
 The most easterly of the three rooms has no indications of stone couches, and may 
 have been used as a strong room to keep the gifts, money and tokens, received from the 
 patients. It had a noteworthy limestone door, a fragment of which is shown on Plate 
 XXVI. (cf. Plate XXV.). The pivot was 0.10 m. in diameter, cut from the solid stone 
 of the door, and originally it revolved upon a bronze plate let into the dowel-holes in 
 the limestone door-sill.' 
 
 The right side of the door-sill is worn more than the left, indicating that the corre- 
 sponding valve of the door was more frequently used. The dimensions of the door-sill 
 are shown on Plate XXVI., and the sunken cuts at either end indicate that there 
 were wooden door-jambs.' The doors were evidently fastened by a bolt which slipped 
 into the rebate shown on the face of the sill. The stone step inside of this room was 
 
 1 For couches of similar construction found in a rock- a grave at Palititza now in the LouTre ; Henzey, Miuitm 
 
 cut grave on Aegina see Expedition de More'e, III. p. 40. Archrdogique de Macfdoine, pi. xxi. 
 
 Also Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greek* and Romatu, ' For the arrangement of wooden door-jamb« and 
 
 Figs. 102 and 103. casings, see Durm, Die Baukunst der Griecken, and also 
 
 3 For a similar stone door see the marble door from the Olympian Heraeum in the German work on Olympia. 
 
 THE WEST BUILDING 
 
 133 
 
 FiQ. 07. — Aboivk Heraeum: View looking northwest upon the Northwest Building (VIII). 
 
 Mycenae lies among the hills iu the right distance. 
 
 made of pieces which were secured together by metal clamps. Flanking the doorway on 
 the east side ai-e two j)oros stones with centres carefully hollowed out, although for what 
 reason is uncertain. 
 
 In the central court we find an old paving of irregular blocks not unlike that on the 
 Old Temple terrace. Over this older paving was a better one of limest<jne blocks, about 
 flusli with the podium or stylobate, with which, in the plan of the restoration, I have 
 shown the entire building to have been jmved. From the court a stone drain carried the 
 water beneath the floor and through the south wall. 
 
 The only column-drum remaining upright is on the northeast base (cf. Plate XXV.). 
 It measures 0.58 m. in diameter between the chords of the opposite flutings, which are 
 sixteen in number. 
 
 The only fragments I found with which to attempt a restoration were the small poros 
 stone capitab (Figs. 51, E, I, and K), each with only fourteen channelings, the capital B 
 with sixteen channeUngs, and the pieces of entablature (Plate XXVI.), cornice, triglyph, 
 and epistyle stones ; and as regards the cornice block, I am in some doubt, since the shape 
 of the clamps would indicate a later building. This apparent discrepancy may be ac- 
 counted by supposing that the building had been, at a later time, reconstiucted or 
 repaired. In other respects, the stone might have belonged to this structure. Another 
 block which resembles it has the earHer dovetail-shaped dowel-hole, and still another has 
 a very large T-shai)ed hole, as though to take a dowel of wood instead of metal. The 
 lifting-holes are shown on the top of the stone. The mutules alternate with rows of five 
 and four guttae, and I found one which had been repaired by fastening a gutta in place 
 
132 
 
 AKCIIITECTURE OF THE AKGIVE IlERAEUM 
 
 was Imilt of larger blocks many of which had been later removed, thereby causing the 
 |Kirtial destruction of the terrace. These walls on the west side ai>i>ear to be older than 
 the others, and may have belonged to an earlier Stoa to which was added later the rest 
 of the building. The foundation stones of the north and east sides are of reguUir poro8 
 blocks similar to those of the temple and as carefully fitted and leveled (cf. Platb 
 XXV.). The plan of the building comprised a j)eri8tyle court with five columns on 
 the north and south sides and six on the east and west, counting the corner columns 
 twice. The positions of several of these columns are shown by the ciR-les on the Unie- 
 stone base course. The distances between the centres of corner colunuis measure 13.10 m. 
 and lO.lK) m., or about 40 and 33 units. The main entrance to the building was on the 
 mirth side, where a limestone sill 0.75 X 1.73 m. has two dowel-holes about one metre 
 a[Kirt and 0.35 m. from the stone jambs, indicatuig wooden casings (see the phm). The 
 door opens into a vestibule about 2.50 m. wide and G.50 m. king leading to the central 
 court. Three rooms, each about (J X 8 m., occupy the remainder of the north side of the 
 building. On the other three sides the roof-span is sujiported by columns whose spacing 
 is somewhat irregular. On Plate XXIV. the present state of the building is shown ; 
 on Plate XXVI. I show a phm and section restored, and in Fig. 52, C, a detail of the 
 columns. 
 
 The original destination of the builduig is uncertain, and conjecture has made it a 
 gymnasium. Its location, however, and arrangement lead me to think that it may have 
 been a hospital especially for women, which would be a natural accessory to the Heraeum, 
 whose goddess was the special patroness of births and marriages. In the two rooms 
 flanking the vestibule were benches or couches, shown on Plate XXIV. These couches 
 consist of upright blocks of limestone rebated 0.05 m. deep into the base course of the 
 rooms. The uprights are 0.25 X 0.75 m. and 0.55 m. high with dowel-holes in their 
 upper surfaces by which the horizontal slabs were secured. Lead is still visible in one of 
 the dowel-holes. The distances between the uprights varies, as is shown on the plan, 
 from 1.22 to 1.45 m., to which the addition of twice 0.25 m., the width of the uprights, 
 makes the totiil length 1.72, 1.95 m. The width of couches, as similarly indicated, was 
 one metre. It is possible that the horizontal slabs overhung the supports both in length 
 and width, and they may have been of wm>d, shice I found no stone which fitted the 
 
 position.' 
 
 The most easterly of the three rooms has no indications of stone couches, and may 
 have been used as a strong room to keep the gifts, money and tokens, received from the 
 patients. It had a noteworthy limestone door, a frag^nent of which is shown on Plate 
 XXVI. (cf. Plate XXV.). The pivot was 0.10 m. in diameter, cut from the solid stone 
 of the door, and originally it revolved ujion a bronze plate let into the dowel-holes in 
 the limestone dooi'-sill.'- 
 
 The right side of the door-sill is worn more than the left, indicating that the corre- 
 sponding valve of the door was more frequently used. The dimensions of the door-sill 
 ai-e shown on Plate XXVI., and the sunken cuts at either end indicate that there 
 were wooden door-jambs.^ The doors were evidently fastened by a bolt which slipped 
 into the rebate shown on the face of the sill. The stone step inside of this room was 
 
 * For couches of similar construction found in a rock- a grave at Palititza now in the louvre ; Henzey, M'usion 
 
 cut grave on Aegina see Expedition de More'e, III. p. 40. Archfdogique de Macedoine, pi. xxi. 
 
 Also Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, • For the arrangement of wooden door-jambs and 
 
 Figs. 102 and 103. casings, see Durm, Die Baukunst der Griecken, and also 
 
 2 For a similar stone door see the marble door from the Olympian Heraeum in the German work on Olympia. 
 
 THE WEST BUILDING 
 
 133 
 
 Fio. 07. — Aroivk Hkrakum : Vikw umking northwest upon thk Nortuwkst Hciluing (VIII). 
 
 Mycenae lies among the hills in the right distance. 
 
 made of i>ieces which were secured together by metal clamps. Flanking the doorway <mi 
 the east side are two jforos stones with centres carefully hollowed out, although for what 
 reason is uncerbiin. 
 
 In the central court we find an old paving of irregular blocks not unlike that on the 
 Old Temple terrace. Over this (dder jKiving was a better one of limestone l)l()cks, about 
 flush with the iKxlium or stylobate, with which, in the plan of the restoration, I have 
 shown the entire building to have been jKived. From the court a stone drain carried the 
 water beneath the floor and through the south wall. 
 
 The only column-drum remaining upright is on the northeast base (cf. Plate XXV.). 
 It measures 0.58 m. in diiimeter between the chords of the opposite flutings, which are 
 sixteen in number. 
 
 The only fragments I found with which to attempt a restoration were the small poros 
 stone capitals (Figs. 51, E, I, and K), each with only fourteen channelings, the capitid B 
 with sixteen channelings, and the pieces of entablature (Plate XXVI.), cornice, triglyph, 
 and epistyle stones ; and as regards the cornice block, I am in some doubt, since the sliape 
 of the clamps would indicate a later building. This apparent discrepancy may be ac- 
 counted by supposing that the building had been, at a later time, reconstructed or 
 repaired. In other respects, the stone might have belonged to this structure. Another 
 block which resembles it has the earlier dovetail-shaped dowel-hole, and still another has 
 a very large T-shaped hole, as though to take a dowel of wood instead of metal. The 
 lifting-holes are shown on the top of the stone. The mutules alternate with rows of five 
 and four guttae, and I found one which had been repaii-ed by fastening a gutta in place 
 

 134 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 with lead. The epistyle block also has but five guttae under the regula. The face of 
 the cornice is plain and may have been covered with terra-cotta like that of the Treasury 
 of Gela at Olympia, since a nail-hole is seen on one of the cornice stones. 
 
 The soffits of the cornice bear evidences of red paint. The cyma may have been as 
 on Plate XXIII., D. 
 
 The southern outlook over the plain from the site is so beautiful that one might expect 
 
 Fig. 68. — Abgive Ueraeum : Vikw looking wkst krom the Nokthwest Bi;ui>iNG (Vlll). 
 
 The meu are excavating the Roman Building (IX). 
 
 an open colonnade on this side, but the existing walls evidently did not support columns. 
 In order to harmonize the idea of a wall with a colonnade, I have made a sketch as a 
 suggestion in Fig. 66. 
 
 THE NORTHWEST BUILDING. 
 
 In the Northwest Building (VIII) there is still less to guide one in attempting a 
 restoration (cf. Fig. 67, and Plate XXVII.). The rough walls are built over lime- 
 stone bases, which indicate an earlier Stoa. It is possible also that this may have been 
 the site of an ancient Propylaeum. I think the capital P, Fig. 51, shown agaui in Fig. 
 52, F, may have belonged to the late building on this site. 
 
 THE ROMAN BUILDING. 
 
 The remains of the Roman Building (IX) (Plates XXVIII. and XXIX., and Fig. 
 68), are somewhat confused, but the construction of the floor is interesting. An earlier 
 Greek structure had occupied the eastern part of this site, the remains of which are a 
 finely cut limestone wall, door-sill, j»oro8 stone foundation, and a fragment of mosaic floor. 
 
 THE LOWER STOA 
 
 135 
 
 shown in detail on Plate XXIX., W. The Roman flooi-level was about 0.56 m. above 
 tliat of the Greek. On the plan in Plate XXVIII. the four irregular circles are indica- 
 tions of what appear to be cisterns, which were in depth from 1.50 to 3 m. 
 
 The principal interest in the building centres in the hypocaust or hollow floor and 
 
 if^m^yy^y^/y^Y^^^^^^ 
 
 Fig. 69. — Aroive Hkraeum : Roman Bcildixg (IX) : plan and elevation restored. 
 
 wall construction, through which warmed air circulated as in other Roman buildings, 
 notably the baths at Pompeii. On Plate XXIX., A and G, are shoMii the actual plan 
 and a restored section. The floors were first covered with flat tiles about 0.(50 m. square, 
 uiM)n which were built piers about 0.70 m. high of smaller square or round tile and in 
 one case of stone. On these piers large tiles were laid, upon which was spread the con- 
 crete about 0.17 m. thick, and all was finished with a floor of mosaic or marble tile. The 
 hollow walls were made by si)ecial flat tiles about 0.49 m. square by 0.02 m. thick, ^nth 
 projecting lugs, as is shown by a fragment, Plate XXIX., A, and the section G. 
 
 A coat of plaster was first applied to the wall of the building to even the surface and 
 to take the jwints of the tiles, which left an air space of about 0.06 m. The tiles were 
 then covered and held in place by a coat of plaster 0.0&5 m. thick.' 
 
 Small j)assages or ducts through the walls were left between the rooms and under the 
 floors to permit the wai-med air to circulate throughout the various apartments. 
 
 * The Stabian Tliermae at Pompeii have the floors 
 and walls of the tepidariuni constructed as above de- 
 scribed, but the walls of the calidarium are made of tile 
 pipe rectangular in section, measuring inside about O.OG 
 
 by 0.10 m. Tliis pipe construction starts from the top of 
 the hollow floor, and is carried up the walls around the 
 vaulted ceiling and down to the floor again, thus permit- 
 ting a complete circulation for the hot air. 
 
134 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 with lead. The epistyle block also has but five giittae under the reguLu The face of 
 the cornice is plain and may have been covered with terra-cottii like that of the Treasury 
 of Gela at Olympia, suiee a nail-hole is seen on one of the cornice stones. 
 
 The soffits of the cornice bear evidences of red iwint. The cyma niay have been as 
 on Plate XXIII., D. 
 
 The southern outlook over the plain from the site is so beautiful that one mijj^ht expect 
 
 Fig. 68. — Argivk IIeraeum : Vikw looking wkst from tiik Noktiiwest Building (VllI). 
 
 The meu are excavating the Ruiuau Building (IX). 
 
 an open colonnade on this side, but the existing walls evidently did not support columns. 
 In order to harmonize the idea of a wall with a colonnade, I have made a sketch as a 
 suggestion in Fig. 66. 
 
 THE NORTHWEST BUILDING. 
 
 In the Northwest Building (VIII) there is still less to guide one in attempting a 
 restoration (cf. Fig. 67, and Plate XXVII.). The rough walls are built over lime- 
 stone bases, which indicate an earlier Stoa. It is possible also that this may have been 
 the site of an ancient Propylaeum. I think the capital P, Fig. 51, shown again in Fig. 
 52, F, may have belonged to the late building on this site. 
 
 THE ROMAN BUILDING. 
 
 The remains of the Roman Building (IX) (Plates XXVIII. and XXIX., and Fig. 
 68), are somewhat confused, but the construction of the floor is interesting. An earlier 
 Greek structure had occupied the eastern part of this site, the remains of which are a 
 finely cut limestone wall, door-sill, j>oro« stone foundation, and a fragment of mosaic floor. 
 
 THE LOWER STOA 
 
 135 
 
 • 
 
 shown in detiiil on Plate XXIX., W. The Roman flooi-level was about 0.56 m. above 
 that of the Greek. On the plan in Plate XXVIII. the four ineguhir circles are uidica- 
 tions of what appear to be cisterns, which were in depth from 1.50 to 3 m. 
 
 The principal interest in the building centres in the hypocaust or hollow floor and 
 
 'fM//////////f///////^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^^WTTTPTn^^^^^T^T^ww I II II !!> 
 
 lIlttliEn iHIHHHH III HI Ittti^^ 
 
 n 
 
 Fig. G9. — Abgiv>: Ih:R.\EUM : Roman Bi'ilding (IX): plan and klf.vation restored. 
 
 wall construction, through which warmed air circulated as in other Roman buildings, 
 notably the baths at Pompeii. On Plate XXIX., A and G, are shown the actual plan 
 and a restored section. The floors were first covered with flat tiles about 0.60 ni. square, 
 upon which were built piei-s about 0.70 m. high of smaller s(|uare or r<»un(l tile and in 
 one case of stone. On these piers large tiles were laid, upon which was spread the con- 
 crete about 0.17 m. thick, and all was finished with a floor of mosaic or marble tile. The 
 hollow walls wei-e made by sj^cial flat tiles about 0.49 m. sqiuire by 0.02 m. thick, with 
 projecting lugs, as is shown by a fragment, Plate XXIX., A, and the .section G. 
 
 A coat of plaster was first applied io the wall of the building to even the surface and 
 to take the points of the tiles, which left an air si)ace of about 0.06 m. The tiles were 
 then C()vered and held in place by a coat of plaster O.OS") m. thick.* 
 
 Small passages or ducts through the walls were left between the rooms and under the 
 floors to permit the warmed air to circulate throughout the various apartments. 
 
 > The Stabian Thermae at Pomjteii have the floors by 0.10 ni. This pipe construction starts from the top of 
 and walls of the tepidarium constructed .is above dc- the hollow floor, and is carried np the walls around the 
 8cribe<l, but the walls of the calidarium are made of tile vaulted ceiling and down to the floor again, thus permit- 
 pipe rectangular in section, measuring inside about 0.06 ting a complete circulation for the hot air. 
 
136 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 The central room on the plan (Plate XX VIII.) is where the fire was probably made, 
 as it is supplied with what appears to be a smoke-flue, and there are vestiges of burnt 
 matter. 
 
 Many of the rooms have floors of plaster, which is spread directly on the earth with 
 rounded plaster-angles between floors and walls, indicating that the walls were also plas- 
 tered. Some of these compartments may have been used as reservoirs and others as 
 pliuige-baths. The sketch-restoration (Fig. G9) is merely a suggestion and makes no 
 claim to accuracy. In the plan I have assumed that the purpose of the various rooms 
 may have been as follows : — 
 
 A. Atrium. 
 
 B. Room for Attendant. 
 
 C, M, and N, and jwssibly E. Wanned rooms. 
 
 D, G, J. Passages. 
 
 F. Kitchen and Furnace-room. 
 
 K. Sleeping chamber. 
 
 L. Anteroom. 
 
 O. Cisterns or tanks for swinnning. 
 
 LOWER STOA. 
 
 South of the Roman Building are the remains of an L-shapd building (X), one leg 
 measuring over all 74.33 m. and the other about 52 m. in length. At the extreme 
 southern end a retjiining wall was built which was continued l)eyond the line of the 
 building, and it may have been the original intention to carry the building around one 
 or both of the two ojwn sides. It may have formed a court for herding cattle before 
 the sacrifice. 
 
 The remains are insufficient to justify an attemj)t at restomtion. The outer walls are 
 too narrow for colinnn foundations, and indicate that the building was inclosed with a 
 central row of columns to support the roof. See the plan of site restored, Plate V. 
 
 CISTERNS. 
 
 Several cisterns or baths are shown on the general plan, Plate TV. : A, west of the 
 Old Temple; B, C, D, in the Upi)er Stoa (II); E, Efi, east of the Lower Sttwi. This 
 last is underground and cross-shai)ed. F, a small bath south of E ; in this chamber a 
 strisril was found. There were several drains. The one dotted on the plan between the 
 Upi^er Stoa and the Temple was constructe<l of tile pi}>e, a detiiil of which is given on 
 Plate XXIX., Y. The underground aqueducts south of the site have been referred to 
 by Dr. Waldstein (above, p. IG). 
 
 
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 111 
 
im 
 
 ARCIIITECTUKE OF THE AKtilVE HERAEUM 
 
 The central room on the i)lan (Plate XXVIII.) is where the Hre was probahly made, 
 as it is supphed witli what appears to he a smoke-Hue, and tliere are vesti«(es of hurnt 
 
 matter. 
 
 Manv of the rooms have Hoors of plaster, whieli is spread (Ureetly on tlie earth with 
 rounded plaster-ancles hetween Woors and walls, in<licatini;- that the walls were also plas- 
 tered. Some of these compartments may have been used as reservoirs and others as 
 pluno-e-haths. The sketch-restoration (Fi^-. (>!>) is merely a sui>««estion and makes no 
 claim to accuracv. In the plan 1 have assumed that the purpose of the vari»)us rooms 
 mav have heen as follows : — 
 
 A. Atrium. 
 
 R Ho<»m for Atteiulant. 
 
 V, M. ami X, and possibly E. AVunned ro^uns. 
 
 D, G, J. Passages. 
 
 F. Kitflii'U and Furnacf-rooni. 
 
 K. Sh'fpiiii; «'liaiiibcr. 
 
 L. AnttTooiu. 
 
 O. Cisterns or tanks for swiunuinf^. 
 
 LOWER STOA. 
 
 S(uith <»f the Roman Buildino- are the remains of an L-shape<l huildinij (X). <hm» lejj 
 measurino over all 74.:>:> m. and the other ahout .V2 m. in lcni;:tli. At the extreme 
 southern end a retainino- wall was huilt which was continued heyond the line of the 
 huildino'. and it may have heen the original intention to carry the huiklino: around one 
 or hoth of the two open sides. It may have tornu'd a court for herdino- cattle hefore 
 
 the sjuritice. 
 
 The remains are insutticient to justify an attempt at restoration. The outer walls are 
 too narrow for c«dumn foundations, and indicate that the huildiu"- was inch>se<l with a 
 central row of colunnis to su])port the roof. See the plan of site restored, Pi.atk V. 
 
 risTKUNS. 
 
 Several cisterns or haths are shown on the neneral plan, Platk TV.: A, west of the 
 Old Temple; 15. (\ D, in the Upper Stoa (II); K, Kn, east of the L»wer Stoa. This 
 last is underground and cross-shape<l. F, a small hath south of E; in this chand)er a 
 stri<»-il was found. There were several <lrains. The one dotted on the j»lan hetween the 
 Upi>er Stoa and the Temple was constructed of tile ])ipe. a detail of which is •••iven on 
 Platk XXIX.. Y. The underi;rouiul aqueducts south of the site have heen referred to 
 hy Dr. Wahlstein (above, p. IG). 
 
 < 
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 < 
 
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The Asgive Heraeum 
 
 Plate IV 
 
 1 1 
 
 ARGIVE HERAEUM. — GENERAL PLAN OF THE SITE : ACTUAL STATE AFTER EXCAVATION 
 
 I. OUl Temple 
 II. North Stoa 
 
 Drawn and mirrei/rif b'f Eilwartl L. Tiffoii, Arrfiiffrt 
 
 III. Northeast Stoa V. Second Temple VII. West Huilding 
 
 IV. E;ist Building VI. South Stoa VIII. Northwest Building 
 
 XI. Plylukeion A, B, C, D, E, F. Cisterns and Baths 
 
 IX. Roman Building 
 X. Lower Stoa 
 
 ♦ . 
 
)<1 
 
 The Argive IIerakum 
 
 Plate IV 
 
 1. Ol.l Temple 
 II. North St«a 
 
 AUGIVE IIEUAEUM. — GENERAL PLAN OF THE SITE: ACTUAL STATE AFTER EXCAVATION 
 
 Jh-iiiVii oihI siirrrjffil b;i Ji'lmirtl L. Tifton, Ai-rhitiH 
 III. Northeast Stou V. Secoiul Temple VII. West lUiihling IX. Roman Buiklmg 
 
 IV. Vm>X. IJuildini,' 
 
 VI. Soiitli Sto:i 
 
 VIII. Northwest lUiilUiiij; 
 
 X. Lower Stoa 
 
 XI. J'ft/hth'ion 
 
 A, H. (*. I), E, F. Cisterns and Uaths 
 
' 
 
 a 
 
 » 
 
 ■JU 
 
 OS 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
t i 
 
 " 
 
The Akgive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate VI 
 
 Ui 
 
 ARGIVE HERAEUM. — RESTORATION IN PERSPECTIVE 
 
 By Edward L. Tilton, Architect 
 
The AiiuivK IIkkakim 
 
 Plate VI 
 
 ARGIVE HERAEUM. — RESTORATION IN PERSPECTIVE 
 
 By Ethrnt'il L. Tlitoii, Architect 
 
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 Plate VIII 
 
 • I 
 
 ARGIVE HERAEUM. - OLD TEMPLE PLATFORM : ACTUAL STATE 
 
The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate IX 
 
 AKGIVE HERAEUM. — THE OLD TEMPLE AND STOAS H. AND IIL : ACTUAL STATE AND RESTORATION 
 
 MmHui'ed and Jie*hnd Oi/ Eilicurd L. Tiltua 
 
TiiK AiuuvK IIkkakim 
 
 Plate IX 
 
 AUGIVK IIEliAElM. — TIIK OLD TEMPLK AND ST()A> II. AND III.: ACTUAL STATE AND KESTOPtATlON 
 
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 Plate XI 
 
 • i 
 
 ARGIVE llERAEUM. — SECTION THROUGH SITE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH: ACTUAL STATE BELOW AND 
 
 RESTORED VIEW ABOVE 
 
 Measured and Jiestoi'ed by Edu-ai-d L. T'dton 
 
The Akgive IIekaeim 
 
 Plate XI 
 
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 ARGIVE llEKAEUM. — SECTlOxN THROUGH SITE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH 
 
 RESTORED VIEW ABOVE 
 
 3Itasunil mid Jiiatond bif EUwanl L. TUtun 
 
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 B, C, I). ("ISTKKNH OR UaTHM 
 
ARGIVE HERAEUM. — PLAN OF NORTH STOA, NORTHEAST STOA, AND EAST BUILDING: PRESENT STATE 
 
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Plate XII 
 
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 Plate XVI 
 
 
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 ARGIVE IIERAEUM. — SECOND TEMPLE: ACTUAL STATE 
 
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 ARGIVE HERAEUM. — SIDE ELEVATIOiN OF THE SECOND TEMPLE: RESTORED 
 
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PI.ATE XVIII 
 
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The ARnivE Heraeum 
 
 Plate XIX 
 
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 ARGIVE HERAEUM.-OirrLINE PLAN AND ELEVATIONS, SHOWING THE 
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 ARGIVE UERAEUM.— ACTUAL STATE OF 
 
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 Plate XXIII 
 
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 AUGIVE HER AEmi. — PAINTED TERRA-COTTA ARCHITECTT'RAL FRAGMENTS 
 
The Aruivk IIkrakcm 
 
 I'latk XXIII 
 
 AUr.IVE HEKAErM. — PAIXTKI) TEIMJA-COTTA AU( HITErTTRAL FIJAGMENTS 
 
Plate XXIV 
 
 AROIVE IIERAErM.-WB>r Urii.HlNO (VII): ACTUAL STATE 
 
 MtasurttI ■'■•) l^fluur,, I. TUtom 
 
The Argivk IIkkaki m 
 
 Platk XXIV 
 
 AKIUVE HKKAKIM.-WIM Ul'lI-'IVO (Vll): ArTl AL STATE 
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 West BuililinK' (^'TI) : Srrtioii restored 
 
 Plate XXVI 
 
 West BuiMiii}; (VII) : Plan restored 
 
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 Actual state of wall retaining tlie west side of the Temue of tlie Second Temple, and adjacent to the West Building 
 
 
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 f«>niice, tri{r|yph, and epistyle blocks 
 
 ARGIVE HER AKUM. — WEST milflNG (VII): PLAN AND DETAII^ 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
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 ROMAN BUILDING (IX) : FuWONSTRUCTION (A, G). FRAGMENTS FROM OTHER 
 
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MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 
MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 By CHARLES WALDSTEIN 
 
 THOUCiH there were iiumeruus finds of plastic work in other materials made during 
 the excavations on this site (nofcibly in terra-cotta and bronze), the larger works of scidiJ- 
 ture are almost exclusively of marble. This has been the case in most great excavations, 
 owing mainly to the fact that statues of other materials, bronze and gold and ivory, 
 were, from the intrinsic value of the material, seized and utilized by the hordes that suc- 
 cessively swept over the sites of classical antiquity. 
 
 An exception is furnished by two fmgments of large terra-cotta sculpture, which 
 escai)ed our notice while we were arranging our finds transported from the Hemeum to 
 the Centr.il Museum at Athens. They were rediscovered, by Professor Richard Norton, 
 at the bottom of one of the numberless baskets in our storeroom. He tells me that they 
 are cerfciinly archaic, but were too fragmentary and amorphous to be pubhshed. 
 
 Another exception is furnished by the fragment of the rude stone pillar referred to in 
 my Gener.il Introduction (p. 43), which, though it cannot be called a work of sculpture, 
 must find its place here (Fig. 70), for if I 
 am right in my surmise, it would be the 
 earliest ext;int synd)olical inuige in stone of 
 a Gi-eek divinity. That such pillars were 
 frequently symbolical i-enderings of Gi-eek 
 divinities has been recognized ; and at the 
 Hemeum we hear of such a pilhir as the 
 eiirliest " image " round which the priestess 
 Callithoe wound her ribbons.^ This " pil- 
 hir " was fnictured at about half its height, 
 and smaller fragments of the upper part 
 were subse(juently found. It was probably 
 hcdlowed out at the fractured end in later 
 times. In its present state it is 0.91 m. 
 high by 0A7 m. wide at the base. This 
 base is formed by cutting away the four* 
 
 cornei-s of the sqiuire block so as to give a hexagonal form to the pillar, and only leaving 
 them at about a foot from the bottom. At the front, moreover, this base projects 
 slightly in the middle as well as at the angles, thus giving it the general appearance of 
 the rudest primitive terra-cottas. The whole pillar tai)ers upwards ; but just before the 
 point where it is now fractured, in the front view there is a slight turn outwards. There 
 is no arehitectural or other purpose which we could assign to it ; and considering the 
 rough primitive method in which it is worked and the corners are beveled away with 
 some rude implement used like a saw, we venture to suggest that the most ancient 
 pillar-like image of Hera has here been preserved to us. 
 
 * Phoronis ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. 24, § 151. 
 139 
 
 Fig. 70. — FRAGMEirr ok a Stone Pillar. 
 
MAK15LE STATITAIIY FROM THE IIERAEUAr 
 
 Bv CHAULES WALDSTEIN 
 
 
 TuoiKJii tliei-e were numerous finds of plastic work in other materials made durin 
 the excavations on this site(notiihly in terra-eotta and bronze), the larger works of seulj 
 ture are almost exelusively of marble. This has been the ease hi most "reat excavations, 
 owinj^ mainly to the fact that stiitues of other materials, bronze and gold and ivory, 
 were, from the intrinsic value of the material, seized and utilized by the hordes that suc- 
 cessively swept over the sites of classical antiquity. 
 
 An exception is furnished by two fraj^ments of lar<i^e terra-cotta sculpture, which 
 escaped our notice while we were arran«»-in«^- our finds transported from the Heraeum to 
 the Central Museum at Athens. They were rediscovered, by Professor Richard Norton, 
 at the bott(un of one of the nund>erless baskets in our storeroom. He tells me that they 
 are certainly archaic, but were too fra«»iuentiiry and amorphous to be published. 
 
 Another exception is furnished by the fraj^ment of the rude stone i)illar referred to in 
 my General Introduction (p. -tIJ), which, thou<;h it cannot be called a work of sculpture, 
 must find its place here (Fi«^. 70), for if 1 
 am ri«;ht in my surmise, it would be the 
 e:irliest extant symbolical imaw in stone of 
 a Greek <livinity. That such j)illars were 
 fre(piently synd»olical renderinj^s of Gi-eek 
 divinities has been reco«»;nized ; and at the 
 Heraeum we hear of such a pillar as the 
 earliest " ima«»e " roinid which the priestess 
 Callithoi' wound her ribbons.' This " pil- 
 lar" was fractured at about half its heijrht, 
 and smaller fraj'iiu'nts of the upper part 
 were subse(juently found. It was probably 
 ludlowed out at the fractured end in later 
 times. In its present stiite it is 0.91 m. 
 hij-h by 0.47 m. wide at the base. This 
 base is formed by euttino- away the four 
 
 corners of the stpiare block so as to <rive a hexagonal form to the pillar, and only leavinjr 
 them at ab(uit a foot from the bottom. At the front, moreover, this base projects 
 slio-htly in the middle as well as at the anjrles, thus j;ivino- it the oeneral appearance of 
 the rudest primitive terra-cotfcis. The whole piHar tapers upwards ; but just before the 
 point where it is now fractured, in the front view there is a sli<»ht turn outwards. There 
 is no architectural or other purpose which we could assign to it ; and considering the 
 rough primitive method in which it is worked and the corners are beveled away with 
 sonu' rude implement used like a siiw, we venture to suggest that the most ancient 
 pillai-like image of Hera has here been preserved to us. 
 
 1 Phorouis ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. 24, § 151. 
 139 
 
 Fig. 70. — Fragment ok a !Stonk Pillar. 
 
140 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 It k a noteworthy fact that out of so large a number of '«'»'P'"f /"^mento "f sto,« 
 preserved, there should be only two insignificant pieces of j>oros statimry, all the othe« 
 nTcTjUble. One of thei y»ro- fragments represents the hock of a colossal horse. 
 Th^ prlbly belonged to pedimental groups of early buildmgs erected nu.„y yea« 
 befl Z desLtion of the oid Temple, and may possibly have come *"'«»«»*"»*'»»» 
 oiZ Temple at a date corresponding to the erection of the temple on the AcroH» 
 at Athens, which was adorned by the poros groups there found during the last exca 
 vations. 
 
 SIKGLE STATUES. 
 
 It is also remarkable that out of this large number of nmrble f™g"«".;«^''™^"* 
 
 few isolated specimens that can, with any degree of probabihty, be ascnbed o separate 
 
 WlT te^e^ statues, that is, which stood by themselves on separate pedesU^s. whether 
 
 ZI^ Z buUdings or in the open air. We can, in fact, d»tu.g«.sh as belonging to 
 
 *1 !lTu7f:gL.lti:::;^gi:"tm:ie figure of the archaic .«riod about lif^i. 
 /fL 7*7 Ho Tis a mass of r^ilar folds gradimlly converging ; straight gnnives, not 
 d5y i, "th a rounded rise Lween each two grooves. Ho. 1 « a more elaborate 
 
 SINGLE STATUES 
 
 141 
 
 
 ■y 
 
 
 5 ' 
 
 Fio. 71. — FRAOireim or Auchaic Sctjiptcm. 
 
 n.ass of the same drapery, with a broad, central pleat-hke ^* f ^^^^^^^^ ^"^'l, 
 
 folds descend terrace-like. The edges are here mo- ;harp jr cut, but - ^"^^^^^ 
 this central massing we find the same rounded folds with straight shallow grooves. 
 nI 3 shows ^e same general folding, only here the edge of the garment falls m freer 
 ^Lc.^^ N^^^^^^ same size .. No' 2. This class of drapery is well known in 
 
 S^Grlk marble sculpture and has its analogies in extant statues.' No. 6 api>ea« 
 
 > Cf . e. g., the Hera of San.o, (CoUignon. H... .e U. iiW in.); tbe "^^JfJ^J-f ^^'J^ '^' ^"°^^- 
 SaUpLGr i. p. 63); the draped female figure, from (Cavvad..,, Mu.ee d Athene., 1886), etc. 
 Delos (HomoUe, BuUet. de Corresp. HeUen. III. 1879, pU. 
 
 to be a fragment of an upper arm extended, with indications of straight folds and 
 possibly of the long hair hanging over the shoulder. A larger fragment. No. 5, may 
 have belonged to the same figure, with shallow but firmly cut grooves at larger inter- 
 vals than in the other fragments, converging towards one point, probably the shoulder. 
 This api)ears to be a portion of the back covered by the himaiion or upper garment, and 
 being at the back, the elevation of the folds is flatter than in the other fragments. The 
 statue in question could 
 not have belonged to a 
 later time than the first 
 qiuirter of the fifth century 
 B. c. 
 
 II. — Small archaic torso 
 of a female figure, with 
 close-fitting up))er garment 
 and indications of a girdle 
 {zone) at the waist (Fig. 71, 
 No. 7). There were long 
 curls hanging over either 
 shoulder. There are two 
 terra-cottas of the archaic 
 period ' which correspond 
 to this marble torso.'* 
 
 Between these fragments 
 of archaic sculptui'e and 
 those belonging to the 
 Graeco-Roman period there 
 are no works which we 
 could ascribe to single and 
 separate statues. But of 
 the Graeco-Roman period 
 there are portions of two 
 statues, the one evidently 
 over, the other sUghtly un- 
 der, life-size. 
 
 III. — Five fragments, 
 probably belonging to the 
 
 same statue, remain of a larg^ draped female figure, probably seated (Fig. 72). The 
 marble appears to me to be Parian. No. 1 is the upper and front portion of a large 
 female head, from upper lip to occiput. It was found dui-ing the digging at the West 
 Building, and was evidently transferred here, at some distance from its original position, 
 in later times. The dimensions are the following : — 
 
 Greatest height of fragment (in centimetres) 29.50 
 
 Greatest width »* " 22.50 
 
 Fig. 72. — Marble Fragments, probably part of a Female Figure 
 
 OF THE GrAECO-KoMAN PERIOD. 
 
 * These will be figured and described in the second 
 volume. 
 
 ^ Cf. the winged "Nik^" attributed to Archermus 
 (CoUignon, op. cU. I. p. 135) ; the statuette of one of the 
 "Eumenidea" from Olympia (P. Gardner, Joutiwl of 
 
 Hellen. Studie., XVI. 1896, p. 277); Olympia, III. p. 27, 
 pi. T. ; similar types, CoUignon, op. cit. I. pp. 120 ff. 
 
 I must thank Dr. Carroll N. Brown, who rendered val- 
 uable assistance in the taking of measurements of the 
 marbles at Athens in 1896. 
 
140 XIAKULE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEl'M 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that out of s„ large a number of scul,.ture<l fraginents of stone 
 Jjll there should be .u.ly t»o insiguifieant ,,!«.» of ,oro. st,.t.u,ry, all the othen. 
 E" . f narble. One of the^ ,>o,-o. fragments m-resents the hock ot a eoh.s«>l ho,«. 
 T^:; robably Monged to ,«dimental gro«,s of early buiUhngs c^^ted u.any yean, 
 b tW he destnutiont-f the iui Tem,.le, and may p-^ibly have come from ,.sto,-at,o « 
 ' t -s Temple at a cUUe eorre«,.nding to the erection of . W teu.j.le on t^- A^. h - 
 at Athens, ^vhich «as adorne,! by the ,,oro. group there lound Amng the Ust exca 
 vations. 
 
 SINGLE STATUES. 
 
 It is also remarkable that out of this la.-ge nnmln-r of uuuble fr..gn>ent» there are but 
 
 few il^l ed specimens that can, with any degree of pr«b..bility, be ascnbed o separate 
 
 II e b nes- statues, that is, which stoml by themselves on se,«rate ,«<lestaU, whether 
 
 Se tXmng. or in the o,K>„ air. We can, in fact, d.tn.gu.sh as belong,ng to 
 
 ^F ; 71 NO 2 is a ma.s o? regular folds gn.dually eouvergiug ; stnught grooves, not 
 Sy cX ^1 a rounded rise between e.«.h two grooves. Ho. 1 « a more eU.b..r-ate 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 Fig. 71.— Fragmf.sts or Archaic Scri.PTVRK. 
 
 nnss of the same drai^erv, with a hroacl, central pleat-hke foUl hum .hieh the smaller 
 J^Ws^WuTtlace-like. The edges are here more sharply cut, hut <m either sule ot 
 £ ciir nl^^-^^ r we find the ^ame rounded folds with straight shaHow <n<,oves. 
 t 3^sZ ..L general folding, only here the edge of the garment hdls m^^^r^^^^ 
 ^°zals No 4 is of the same size as No. 2. This class of drai>ery is well kno.n .n 
 aSc G^ek marhle sculpture and has its analogies in extant statues • No. 6 appear 
 
 . Cf.,e.g.,the Hen. of S.nos (ColUgnon. H.,. .. la u^aad iU.); ^^;:-:^'XT^ ^^^ 
 ScnlpL Gr i. p. 63); the drai>ed female figure, from (Cavvadias. Mus^e d Atk.ne., 1880), 
 Delos (HomoUe, Bullet, dt Carrtsp. Hellin. 111. ISTU, pla. 
 
 SINGLE STATUES 
 
 141 
 
 to be a fragment of an upper arm extended, with indications of straight folds and 
 l)ossibly of the long hair hanging over the shoulder. A larger fragment, No. 5, may 
 have belonged to the sjime figure, with shallow but firmly cut grooves at larger intei- 
 vals than in the other fragments, converging towards one point, probably the shoulder. 
 This ap{)eiii-s to be a portion of the back covered by the hhiidtion or upper garment, and 
 being at the back, the elevation of the folds is flatter than in the other fragments. The 
 statue in question could 
 not have belonged to a 
 later time than the first 
 (puirter of the fifth century 
 B. c. 
 
 II. — Small archaic torso 
 of a female figure, with 
 close-fitting upi>er garment 
 and indications of a girdle 
 {zone) at the waist (Fig. 71, 
 No. 7). There were long 
 curls hanging over either 
 shoulder. Tliei*e are two 
 terra-cottas of the archaic 
 period ' which correspond 
 to this marble torso.-' 
 
 Between these fragments 
 of archaic scul})ture and 
 those behuiging to the 
 Graeco-Roman |)erio(l there 
 are no works which we 
 could ascribe to single and 
 sejiarate stiitues. But of 
 the Gmeco-Ronian period 
 there are portions of two 
 stiitues, the one evidently 
 over, the other slightly un- 
 der, life-size. 
 
 ni. — Five fragments, 
 probably belonging to the 
 
 same statue, remain of a large draped female figure, probably seated (Fig. 72). The 
 marble appears to me to be Parian. No. 1 is the ui)per and front portion of a large 
 female head, from upper lip to occiput. It was found during the digging at the West 
 Building, and was evidently transferred here, at some distance from its original position, 
 in later times. The dimensions are the following : — 
 
 Greatest height of fragment (in centimetres) 29.50 
 
 Greatest width " " 22.50 
 
 Fig. 72. — Marble Fragmknts, probably part ok a Fk.m.\le Figure 
 
 OK THE (JrAECO-RoMAN PKKIUU. 
 
 ^ These will be figured and described in the secoud 
 Tolunie. 
 
 ■■' Cf. the winged " Nik<? " attributed to Archernius 
 (Collignon, op. cit. I. p. I'.io) ; the statuette of one of the 
 " Eumeuides " from Olympia (P. Garduer, Journal of 
 
 Hellen. Studies, XVI. 1896, p. 277); Olympia, III. p. 27, 
 pi. V. ; similar types, Colliguon, op. cit. I. pp. 120 ff. 
 
 I must thank Dr. Carroll N. Brown, who rendered val- 
 uable assistance in the taking of measurements of the 
 marbles at Athens in 1896. 
 
142 MARBLE STATUARY FKOM THE IlERAEUM 
 
 12. 
 
 Width between outer angle of eyelida ^^^ 
 
 From pupil to pupil g 20 
 
 From root of nose to extant end of nose . • "" 
 
 « u u u " end of forehead, middle of hair • 
 
 ... \i.o\) 
 
 From temple to temple . 
 
 The heaais evidently iconic, as is clear from the reeding forehea.l ^vith i..o.,c.tn.s 
 
 1, J^ benlTh which the eyes a,,,H,ar .lee,«*t and at the .une tnne hulRinj: an, heavy, 
 
 : lei h;tnd-like evelil. These eyelids seem to join at the onter ed^e -m he same 
 
 ; :, and Ihns, in connection with their band-like treatment -«»;•;•»«■"«/;' ^^ 
 
 Lt (when viewed hastily or from a distance) an archaic char-acter, hke that ot the .j.» 
 
 that a * H-'e "* the oLr angle of the jnnctnre of the lids nuuks the contn.uat.on „f 
 .e .; .,t id over the lower lid la characteristic which, 1 have Ions s...ce ...amt., ncd, 
 m^k the .a..se fr.m. archaic sc-nlptare to the highest fr^Kh.m al„.»t the year 4^ H c. 
 The s..tr6ciar" archaic "a,,,H-ara„ce of the eye is thus co.n.ten.cted as ».g.mls the 
 ul Tth ter cha.-acter is fnrther accent.u.ted l.y the deeply cnt eyek. 1 w.th ,... -.1 
 T \ link the ..revaiUn.' in.nressio,. which has fo.n.d its way ...to hterat..re, that 
 
 T"-"l .t , V he eyet.in,y s^^nlptnred incision ...arks a late Ro...a.. ong... .s as 
 ;Z M ^^^^^ ^.e ,J...liar dee,. c..tti..g of the ,...,.i. ..oticeal e ,„ . e 
 
 i;Tve of this held seems to n.e to ,H.int to a later ,«riod. I.. ge..en,l, In.we er, t w.l 
 1 wd f!r . ol.r.lr that in'...«hle st..t..es of all ..riods where the .r.s .s ..o 
 irdkl . ..^s^a lines, it was ,.ai„te.l in ; and that i.. l.ea.ls like the very .arly he.^ 
 HerTfr .. the Her..e.... at 01vn.,.ia (0/,y»./">'. "'• 1-'- *> "-^ '^ .nd.cat.o..s of the 
 Ifsedi" while in l.ro..» a..d chryselei,l.a,.ti,.e sc..l,.t..re the eye was generally ^ .- 
 ZTl in U det..il by various ...aterials. It was o.,ly Utter, whe.. n. the Helle..«>t,c an 
 tm . V iod U.e sc^h-tor, reveh..g i.. his technical skill as a ,«.. .....deler, d.s,....sed 
 
 r...Id I we ev i^^ and the si..ki.,g h. of the te...,les at the end of the ro...al lH...e; 
 r::^ thl f.I;^ l.ti..g away from the ..ostril and acce..t«ati„g the fle,h...ess ot the 
 cheek <Hves individ.u.litv, while indicating a ...ore adva..ced age. 
 
 The^kbo.^te an-ange...e..t of the hair, with braid folIow.ng ..pon bra.d w.m. d ro. nd 
 the 1 IrUpalleled h. „«.ny heads of the Roma., period, and ap,H.ars to ...e cl.arac e. 
 i^^c . the coiifnre adoptcl bv priestesses. From this fact alo..e .t « «..t .m,K.ss.We 
 ^t he ttue ...ay havi been thit of a priestess of Hen. n. ^«^"^j;^ ^^ 
 ;n.r to Pmsmias (11. 1«. 5), st.M.d before the te.nple. B.it the late chanitter ot t ne 
 ;!rk is »aXt from the mecha,.ical and, at the s.u..e ti...e, slovc.ly t-f;-".;^ , ^^ 
 Zid, or twistecl ...eshes of hair. These are imUcate.1 by ...ea..s of sl.aUow aralk 
 „"oves subdividing the hair at e<i.ua distances, witl.o..t a..y var.ety or modeh,.g to 
 
 Hr.trL:^!^,:!™' t-proWdy l.h.nging to this statue. It ^.«s to repr«.n. 
 the sho.Jder and upper ann covered by dra,«ry. The di.nens.ons are : - 
 
 From top of shoaWer to massed folds below centre (in centiraetrcO . . 46. 
 
 Extreme height 29. 
 
 " width . . '>2.50 
 
 depth " ' 
 
 The folding is flat and superficial on the side of the nhoulder and ann, deei>er on the 
 
 SINGLE STATUES 143 
 
 mass hanging down inside the shoulder. But these more deeply cut fold-grooves are 
 mechanical and coai-se and throughout show the use of the drill. The short groove 
 hetween the two deej^jr and longer folds on the top illustrates this. 
 
 No. 3. Part of a di-aiwd upper arm, with bare forearm of similar dimensions and 
 marble to the previous fragments. What remains of the folding is similar in late chai- 
 acter to the previous fragment. Compare tlie mechanical cutting, the shallower short 
 perpendiciUar fold near the bare portion of the arm. It is not impossible that frag- 
 ments 4 (hand) and 5 (thumb with round object) belonged to this arm, though the 
 fractures ai-e not such as to allow of piecing them together. It cannot be determined 
 with certainty what the object to which the thumb is attached is, but it seems probable 
 that it was the internal boss of a sacrificial patera held in the extended hand of the 
 priestess, an action which is familiar in statues, vases, and terra-cottas. The fractured 
 foot with elaborate sjindal (6) also may have belonged to this statue. 
 
 The dimensions of the fmsfment of arm are : — 
 
 Extreme length (in centimetres) 
 
 width 
 
 " depth 
 
 Inside elbow joint to end of fracture<1 forearm 
 Bare forearm ...... 
 
 46. 
 29. 
 21. 
 18. 
 11.50 
 
 IV. — Torso of a dni\)ed figure, probably male, two thirds life-size (Fig. 73). Found 
 at no great depth on the south sloiie. It apparently i-epresents a boy, holding a large bird 
 (dove ?) in his left hand. Dowel-holes 
 at the neck of the figure and of the 
 bird probably point to later restora- 
 tions, after the head had been broken 
 off. The figure is cLul in three dis- 
 tinct garments: (1) a chiton which 
 api»ears clearly under the triangukr 
 ojHjp.ing of the second giirment beh)w 
 the neck, (2) a thick, fluffy shirt-Hke 
 garment, eitiier of sheepskin or of 
 rough, hairy Limb's wool, such as 
 {leasiints and shepherds, jjarticularly, 
 wetir to-day, and (3) a heavy himation 
 over the back, the ends falling over 
 the left shoulder and arm, which it 
 covers ; dmwn under the left arm, it 
 leaves the gretiter i>ortion of the left 
 arm and shoulder bare. The work- 
 manship is rough and unskillful, and is either quite provuicial or very late, or both. 
 
 v. — Finally there are several smaller fragments (Fig. 74) — heads of various sizes 
 and workmanship, as well as an object, perhaps representing a hydrk — which cannot be 
 assigned to the main body of Argive scidpture with any degree of probability. The 
 only one of these about which there can be any doubt is the much corroded head with a 
 portion of neck, cheek, and lower portion of hair, between which and the fractured upper 
 portion of the head there is a sharply cut groove. The fragment of a helmet distinctly 
 belongs to the metopes. 
 
 Fio. 73. — Late Torso, found on the South Slope. 
 
i 
 
 142 
 
 MAKBLE STATUARY FKOM TllK IIEKAF.UM 
 
 SINGLE STATUES 
 
 143 
 
 12. 
 8.30 
 8.20 
 4.70 
 
 17.30 
 
 Witlth between outer angle of eyelitU 
 
 From pupil to pupil 
 
 From root of nose to extant entl of nose • • ' 
 
 ,t u *. u " enil of forehead, mitltHe of hair . . . • 
 
 From temple to temple . • • . 
 
 The hea.l is evUlentlv U-nic, »s is .leav frnn, .1... n..e,li,,, f,....!....! w.th V''^^^S 
 ,1. ,vl,i..l, t'h.. fves ai.l.euv (Im-set and at tlu- same tnue l.iiljfil.!; and luMVX. 
 
 • H . r,l fnm the O vm,.ia ,.e.linu.nts. l!ut .,,...,. .los..,- ins,.e.t,o» it w.U l.e «,•„ 
 H ; r. .e ' .tel anile of the junefue of the li.ls nnuks tin- eontnuiafon ot 
 
 a.k t le .luunn. fron. arehaie seul,.tuve to the highest f,ve.lon, ahon. the veav 4.. ... 
 
 ..hppV oives individualitv, while ii.(licatin«,^ a more atlvaiiteil aoe. 
 
 tL 1 . -^^ <•** tl- hair, with hraia foUowino- upon hraul w.>una roun 1 
 
 tl J :^ i: iarallelea in man, heads of the lloman ^riod, -d ^H--- " - 
 istie <.f the -oitture adopted hv priestesses. From this tact ah.ne i is m t i nposs, e 
 Tt le St ttue mav hav heen thlt of a priestess o^ Hera in Roman t.mes wlneh, aeeo d- 
 
 ;r ^^:::i:: fll. lO. .), stood l>efore tl. temple. But ti.e U. ^r^ <> h^ 
 work is manifest from the mechanical and, at the s^tme tune, slovenl> treat mnt ot a 
 W i^; J"^ d meshes <.f hair. These are indicated by means ot shallovv pralkd 
 !:r;.: slividin, tl. hair at e,ual distances, without any variety or modehn, to 
 
 the shoulder and upper arm covered l.y drai>ery. The dnnens.ons are : - 
 From top of shoulder to massed folds below centre (in eentimetres> . 
 Extreme height 
 
 width . 
 depth . 
 
 4C. 
 53. 
 20. 
 22.50 
 
 o 
 
 le 
 
 46. 
 29. 
 21. 
 18. 
 
 The folding is Hat lud superticiul on the side of the shoulder and arm, deeper on the 
 
 nuiss hanjrinj.- down inside the shoulder. IJut these more deeply cut fold-orooves are 
 mechanical and coarse and throughout show the use of the drill. Tlie short groove 
 between the two deeper and longer folds on the top illustrates this. 
 
 No. 3. Part of a draped upper arm, with bare forearm of sinular dimensions and 
 marble to the previous fragments. What remains of the folding is similar in late chai- 
 acter to the previ(uis fragment. Compare the mechanical cutting, the shallower short 
 perpendicular told near the bare portion of the arm. It is not impossible that frag 
 ments 4 (liaiid) and 5 (thumb with round object) belonged to this arm, thouoh tf 
 fractures ai-e not such as to allow of piecing them together. It cannot be determined 
 with certiiinty what the object to which the thumb is attached is, but it seems probable 
 that it was the internal boss of a sacrificial patera held in the extended hand of the 
 juiestess, an action which is familiar in statues, vases, and terra-cottas. Tlie fractured 
 foot with elaborate siunbd (6) also may have behinged to this statue. 
 
 Tlie dimensions of the fragment of arm are : — 
 
 Extreme length ( in centimetres) 
 
 " width 
 
 " depth 
 
 Inside ellwiw joint to end of fractured forearm 
 
 Rire f(>rearm ............ 11.50 
 
 IV. — Torso of a draped figure, probably male, two thirds life-size (Fig. 73). Found 
 at no great depth on the south sloiw. It apparently represents a boy, holding a large bird 
 (dove?) in Iiis left hand. Dowel-lndes 
 
 at the neck of the Hy:ure and of the 
 bird probably point to later restora- 
 tions, after the head had been broken 
 olf. The figure is clad in tliree dis- 
 tinct garments : ( 1 ) a chiton which 
 ap|H*ars clearly under the trianguhir 
 o|KM»ing of the second gannent bek)w 
 the neck, (2) a thick, Huil'y shirt-like 
 garment, eitlier of sheepskin or of 
 rough, hairy hiinb's wool, such as 
 I)easjints and shepherds, particularly, 
 wear to-day, and (.'{)a heavy hiination 
 over the back, the ends fallinir over 
 the left shoulder and arm, which it 
 covers ; drawn under the left arm, it 
 
 lejives the greater portion of the left 
 
 11111 mi 1 ''''"• ^^- — Latk Tokso, found on tiik South Slope. 
 
 arm and shoulder bare. The work- 
 manship is rough and unskillful, and is eitlier quite provincial or very late, or both. 
 
 V. — Finally thei-e are several smaller fragments (Fig. 74) — heads of various sizes 
 and workmanship, as well as an object, perhaps representing a hydria — which cannot be 
 assigned to the main body of Argive sculpture with any degree of probability. The 
 only one of these about which there can be any doubt is the much corroded head with a 
 lM)rtioii of neck, cheek, and lower i)ortioii of hair, between which and the fractured upper 
 portion of the head there is a sharply cut groove. The fragment of a helmet distinctly 
 belongs to the metojies. 
 
144 
 
 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE. 
 
 The whole large mass of sculptured marble fragments, with these exceptions, belongs 
 
 to one date and style of 
 workmanship, and, as we 
 shall later see, forms i^irts 
 of the sculptured orna- 
 mentation of buildings, 
 either metoiies, friezes, or 
 pedimental groups. 
 
 Yet it must not be be- 
 lieved that in the ancient 
 days of the Heraeum 
 thei-e were not numerous 
 single statues distributed 
 over the sacred precinct. 
 Pausanias' definitely men- 
 tions statues of priestesses 
 and of heroes as standing 
 in front of the temple. 
 Some of the bases belong- 
 ing to these and other 
 statues were found in our 
 excavations at the east end 
 of the temple. From ana- 
 logous experience in other 
 excavations (Olympia, Del- 
 phi, etc.), we know that a 
 small portion of the great 
 number of statues which 
 studded the sacred pre- 
 cincts of ancient sanctu- 
 aries, like trees in a grove, 
 have come down to us, and 
 how vastly the works of architectural sculpture predominate in proportion. 
 
 . Pans. II. 17. 3. a.8..«i^« .. ^^t^-- .p^ r,. i.6,o., dedicated to Athena, representing one of the g.rl basket- 
 
 Fig 
 
 74, _ 1-RAU.MKNT8 KKOM TUB AKUIVE UkKAKL.M. 
 
 Kai ywaiKiiy at -^ttivaaiv iiptiai t^j "Hpai, Ka\ Tjpci-i' «AA»v 
 T« «ol 'OpiffTov TbK yiii> i^lypaiiticL Ixo^na it *in SaffiA.ii 
 AC70u«rroi, 'Op«'<rT7,y €lKai Xf^offfiK. Ibid. 7. '\fr,t'ioi 8i Kalittf 
 KaKoZ TTtMKoirov wap6,nos a<pi'n rhr fl>c6y» »" -a**'^"" ■^» 
 Xpvffviios, iviiicf iTa. hi Koi ts rohs toC kooD toC KaraKavOiyros 
 tp,wpoo9*v. The latter passage seems to show that some 
 of the statues of priestesses before B. c. 423 still stood in 
 front of the ruins of the First Temple in the time of Pan- 
 sanias, while the statues before the Second Temple all 
 belonged to dates subsequent to b. c. 420. Statues of 
 priestesses stood also before the temple of Demeter at 
 Hermione (Paus. II. 35. 8), and at Cerynea in Achaia. 
 There were statues of women, said to be priestesses, at 
 the entrance to the sanctuary of the Eumenides. (Paus. 
 VII. 25. 7.) A sUtuette at Paestum has been found 
 
 bearers {^av^^ipoi) who figured in her worship. Professor 
 Curtius thinks that there may have been whole rows of 
 such stetuettes in the temples. See Arch. Zeit. 1880, pp. 
 27-30; Curtius, Gesammelte Ahhandlungen, II. pp. 286- 
 21W. The Argives dated their years by the priesthood of 
 Hera. Hellanicus the historian, B. c. 480-395, wrote a 
 history of the priestesses of the Argive Hera, which must 
 have been of great importance for Greek chronology. See 
 VTe\\eT,Ausgew(ihlteAu/$(it2e,Vp. 51 «f.; Fragmenia hittor. 
 Graec. ed. Miiller, I. pp. xxvii. seq. 51 seq. Frazer's Pau». 
 III. (notes), p. 182. Similar bases of statues to those in 
 front of the Heraeum have been found also at Epidaurus. 
 Statues and statuettes of basket-bearers have been found 
 at Athens, Eleusis — in fact, on most sites where there 
 was a temple dedicated to a female divinity. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL STATUARY 
 
 146 
 
 This is due to the fact, mentioned above, that a large proportion of such single statues 
 were of bronze, which were the first to be carried off, and, furthermore, to the fact that 
 statues which stood below, on the level of the terrace, were more readily destroyed and 
 taken away by tlie iconoclast and despoiler than those which ornamented metopes or pedi- 
 ments of a high building. We i-emember, for instance, what difficulties the Venetians, 
 and later Lord Elgin, had in lowering statues from the Parthenon. At the Heraeum 
 such statues could be procured only after the building had fallen in, and then had to be 
 extracted laboriously from beneath the debris of the ruined building. 
 
 Undoubtedly this was the fate of this ancient sanctuary of Hera. From its lofty posi- 
 tion on the slopes of the hills, it commanded the vast plain of Argos. But at the same 
 time this glorious group of resplendent buildings had to pay, as it were, the penalty of 
 its serene position and of the attractive beauty of its shrine gleaming through the limpid 
 atmosphere of Hellas to the furthest confines of the mountain-encircled plain. There was 
 no point from which it could not be seen. And thus the Byzantines, Franks or Normans, 
 Slavs or Albanians, Venetians, Turks and modern Greek peasants, passing through or 
 settling in any part of the plain, made the Heraeum their stone quarry and — their lime- 
 kiln.' The " Larisa " or mediaeval citadel of the town of Argos, the Palamidi of Nauplia, 
 and, nearer home, the Byzantine and Frankish churches of the neighboring villages, 
 Chonica, Merbaka, Anyphi, Priphtani, Pasia, as also the well-stones, lintels, and thresh- 
 olds of the peasants' houses, all made heavy drafts upon the ruined Heraeum for their 
 building material. 
 
 To this must be added as an important fact (to account for the comparatively small 
 rem<ains of extant architectural sculpture), that in the manufacture of the great amount 
 of excellent mortar used by these later buildei-s, the lime produced by the burning of 
 marble was preferred to all other, and that thus marble sculpture of all kinds was espe- 
 cially sought after. 
 
 What was not carried away or destroyed by the hand of man was undone by nature. 
 The buildings that were not actually pulled down were shaken down by earthquakes," and 
 the remains of sculpture lying about the ground and beneath the debris of the buildings 
 were either carried off by the despoiler, or further mutilated by the iconoclastic hordes 
 passing through or dwelling in the Argive plain, because they represented Pagan 
 religion. The great height from which the sculptures of pediment or entablature fell to 
 the ground caused the thinner and more undercut portions, extremities of bodies and 
 drapery, to breiik off most freely. It was not worth the barbarian's while to transport 
 these smaller fragments to his lime-kiln or to use them as building stones ; thus the 
 larger portable masses of marble — toi-si, larger heads, etc. — were first chosen by him, 
 and, if too large, they were split or cut into portable larger fragments. 
 
 We can thus undershind why the excavations yielded so few specimens of sculpture 
 besides architectural sculpture, and, furthermore, why there should be found so few 
 larger or complete specimens of even these works ; we can realize also how fortunate are 
 the accidents that have yielded such fine and representative specimens of important sculp- 
 ture, for which, under these untoward conditions, we hardly dared hope. 
 
 The vast number of smaller pieces, the numerous hands and feet of men and horses. 
 
 * See W. G. Clark, Peloponnesus, p. 84. 
 
 ' That there must have been some such destruction, 
 and that it was probably by earthquakes, is proved by 
 metope fragments found underneath other heaped-up 
 
 fragments from the South Stoa on the pavement of the 
 latter, the roof having been broken while other portions 
 of the Stoa stood when the temple fell in. 
 
lU 
 
 MAKBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIEKAEUxM 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE. 
 
 Tlie whole lai-e mass of sfulptured marble fragments, with these exceptions, belongs 
 
 to one (late and style ot 
 workmanship, and, as we 
 shall later see, forms jKirts 
 of the sculpt u red orna- 
 mentation of buildings, 
 either mcto\)es, friezes, or 
 |>t(limental groups. 
 
 Yet it must not be be- 
 lieved that in the ancient 
 davs of the Heracum 
 there were not numerous 
 single statues distributed 
 over the saci-ed precinct. 
 Pausjinias' definitely men- 
 tions statues of priestesses 
 jind of heroes as standing 
 in front of the temple. 
 Some of the bases belong- 
 in**- to these and other 
 statues were found in our 
 excavations at the east end 
 of the temple. From ana- 
 logous exi)erience in other 
 excavations (Olympia, Del- 
 phi, etc.), we know that a 
 small portion of the great 
 munber of statues whicli 
 studded the sacred pre- 
 fincts of ancient sanctu- 
 aries, like trees in a grove, 
 have come down to us, and 
 
 how vastly the works (,f architectural sculpture predominate in proportion. 
 
 ' Pans. II. 17. 3. i.8p.--s " ^'^-- 'P^ ^^' ^"''""^ «^"^'^'^^^'^ '" ^*''""' -P-^^"^"'^. ""^ °' '}"' ^t 'f '''■ 
 
 Fig. li. — Fkaumksts kkom tuk Akuivk Uek.\klm. 
 
 T. Koi 'Op4,rTov rhy 7af, iwiypau^a txoma. iv .Tt, 3affiA.J»t 
 Mryovaro^, 'Opiarw fivo. \iyov<Ti^. IhUI. 7. 'Apy^'^oi it Kaiwfp 
 KMod mKiKOVTOv irap6uros <T<t>[ai r^v tlKova ov Ka«t'i\ov T^f 
 Xpvaviios, iiyiKfirai hi Kal .'» rohs roi vooD toC KaTaKavOivros 
 «V»pofffl«y. The latter passage seems to show that some 
 
 bearers («avt,.>.<Jpo.) who figured in her worship. Professor 
 Curtius thinks that there may Jiave been whole rows of 
 such statuettes iu the temples. See -4 re*. Zeil. 1880, pp. 
 27-30; Curtius, Gemmmelle Ahhandlnugen, II. pp. 28C- 
 titW. The Argives dated their years by the priesthood of 
 Hera. Hellauicus the historian, H. c. 480-3l)o, wrote a 
 
 :;r:;.r:;:^=i^::i^-,;^:« -.1.;-^^ 
 
 front of the ruins of the First Temple in the time of Paii- 
 sanias. while the statues before the Second Temple all 
 belonged to dates subseciuent to B. c. 4l»0. Statues of 
 priestesses stood also before the temple of Demeter at 
 Hermione (Paus. II. 35. 8), and at Cerynea iu Achaia. 
 There were statues of women, said to be priestesses, at 
 the entrance to the sanctuary of the Eumeuides. (Pans. 
 VII. 25. 7.) A statuette at Paestum has been found 
 
 have been of great importance forCireek chronology. See 
 VK\\vT,AHi<iewiihUeAuf»iitze,\>^. 51 ff.; Fraffmeutu hlttor. 
 Crnec. ed. Miiller, I. pi.. xxvii. mi- 51 seq. Frazer's Pau$. 
 III. (notes), p. 182. Similar bases of statues to those in 
 front of the Heraeum have been found also at Epidaurus. 
 Statues and statuettes of basket-bearers have been found 
 at Athens, Elcusis — in fact, on most sites where there 
 was a teujple dedicated to a female divinity. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL STATUARY 
 
 145 
 
 This is due to the fact, mentioned above, that a large proportion of such single statues 
 were of bronze, which wei-e the first to be carried off, and, furthermore, to the fact that 
 statues which stood below, on the level of the terrace, were more readily destroyed and 
 tiiken away by the iconoclast and despoiler tlian those which ornamented metopes or pedi- 
 ments of a high buihling. We remend)er, for instcince, what difficulties the Venetians, 
 and later Lord Elgin, had in lowering stiitues from the Parthenon. At the Heraeum 
 such statues could be procured only after the building had fallen in, and then had to be 
 extracted laboriously from beneath the (febris of the ruined buildin<>-. 
 
 Undoubtedly this was the fate of this ancient sanctuary of Hera. From its lofty posi- 
 tion on the sloiHis of the hills, it commanded the vast plain of Argos. But at the same 
 time this glorious group of resplendent buildings had to pay, as it were, the penalty of 
 its serene position and of the attractive beauty of its shrine gleaming through the limpid 
 atnM)sphere of Hellas to the furthest confines of the mountiiin-encircled plain. There was 
 no point from which it could not be seen. And thus the Byzjintines, Franks or Normans, 
 Slavs or Albanians, Venetians, Turks and modern Greek peasjints, passing through or 
 settling in any part of the plain, made the Heraeum their stone quarry and — their lime- 
 kiln.' The " Lirisji " or mediaeval citadel of tlie town of Argos, the Palamidi of Nauplia, 
 and, nearer liome, the Byziintine and Frankish churches of the neiohborhisr villages. 
 Chonica, Merbaka, Anyphi, Priphtani, Pasia, as also the well-stones, hntels, and thresli- 
 oUls of the peasants' hou.ses, all made heavy drafts upon the ruined Heraeum for their 
 building material. 
 
 T<> this must be added as an imporfcmt fact (to account for the comparatively small 
 remains of extiint architectural sculi)ture), that in the manufacture of the great amount 
 of excellent mortar used by these later builders, the lime produced by the burnhig of 
 marble was preferred to all other, and that thus marble sculpture of all kinds was espe- 
 cially sought after. 
 
 What was not carried away or destroyed by the hand of man was undone by nature. 
 The buildings that were not actually pulled down were shaken down by earthquakes," and 
 the remains of sculpture lying about the ground and beneath the cUhrin of the buildings 
 were either carried off by the despoiler, or further mutilated by the iconoclastic hordes 
 passing through or dwelling in the Argive plain, becaiLse they represented Pagan 
 religion. The great height from which the sculptures of pediment or entablature fell to 
 the ground caused the thinner and more undercut portions, extremities of bodies and 
 dnipery, to break off most freely. It was not worth the barbarian's while to transport 
 these smaller fragments to his lime-kiln or to use them as building stones ; thus the 
 larger portiible masses of marble — torsi, larger heads, etc. — were first chosen by him, 
 and, if too large, they were split or cut into poi-tiible larger fragments. 
 
 We can thus understand why the excavations yielded so few specimens of sculpture 
 besides architectural .sculpture, aiul, furthermore, why there should be found so few 
 larger or complete specimens of even these works ; we can realize also how fortunate are 
 the accidents that have yielded such fine and representative specimens of important sculp- 
 ture, for which, under these untoward conditions, we hardly dared hope. 
 
 The vast number of smaller pieces, the numerous hands and feet of men and horses, 
 
 ' See W. G, Clark, Peloponnesus, p. 84. 
 
 ' That there must have been some such destruction, 
 and that it was probably by eartlupiakes, is proved by 
 metope fragments found underneath otiier heaped>up 
 
 fragments from the South Stoa on the pavement of the 
 latter, the roof having been broken while other portions 
 of the Stoa stood when the temple fell iu. 
 

 146 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 es -" "at iLt t,ve„ty-Bix, and pn.bably «ell over thirty sb. ues ,» the round. 
 Yet tho".:. of the metopes only three larger pieces and, fortunately for .«. seven eon - 
 nil 3 were found, only one of these larger pieces could, a ter pahent «.arch 
 ammJ h f ir.ents, b^ so supplemented as to form an almost complete metope (Platb 
 XXX ) W Ae ...imental stotnes there is only one torso and a few krger p.eees 
 wWle i fid of these but one head, the attribution of which to a pedmient, however, 
 
 '^ M ™ IS:, -th s.m.e degree of certainty, that all these marble fragments 
 t iriTof t e sculptured decoration of the Second Temple (the only arch.tectuia 
 
 p,;«?bcrof the saiue period give no evidence of having been decorated with figures and 
 
 %t t„"'o;tlief work, as well as of statues in the round, are all of the same 
 "Parian" marble/ 
 
 THE METOPES. 
 That metoiws surmounted the columns of this Doric temple is, of course proved 
 archU^tundl!-. The .p-tion is whether all, or how many, ot these were decoi-ated 
 
 "trS::ce'oS sculptu^a decorations is pn.ved by Pausanias's phnise W, ro« 
 „W Amou<r our finds the,, are marble reliefs which were undoubtedly fn.m meto,H.» 
 ' h s teml. " There are m, less than twenty-nine se,«rate fragments which show the 
 th" "fwork rising from the background of the metope; wh. e two met„,.s a. 
 nearly complete, and a^ least five larger fragments give us the essential l>''rt.o»"f » fi^^ 
 ^oL a met„i«. From these as well as from architectural evidence we learn that the«. 
 mil ^ei-e 1.029 m. high bv 0.978 m. wide, and that the block fr.m, which they were 
 TrXs about 0.34 m. thick. The unworked backing, or portion remainnig for he 
 rX.tmn d. averages about 9 cm. The highest H"* "« «l-f *""'' "^ -kgronnd is 
 % cm This corr:spo„ds with the height of the relief of the metopes of the Parthenon 
 The extreme ori-^inal thickness of the metopes would thus be about W cm , or about 
 le f™0..t of this background the relief rises very boUlly, the heads and the limbs 
 ^inlmite undercut and worked in the round. In falling these would break away from 
 SrwuSethe thin portions of the background would aUo be fractured into many 
 
 the specimens it would be difficult if not iminissible to 
 identify the marbles beyond all doubt. 
 
 TheM doubts and misgivings of Professor Ix?p»!u« have 
 been fully justified, for jwrtions of what can be proved 
 to be the same metopes were assigned to different mai^ 
 bles. I thus abide by the decision at which I arrived and 
 which is supported by the judgment of Dr. II. S. Wash- 
 ington, as well as our helpful friend Mr. Kalourgis, the 
 marble-worker at the Museum at Athens, in considering 
 all these heads and fragmenU to be of Parian marble. 
 
 > I did not think that on so imporUnt and technical a 
 question as the identification of different marbles I could 
 trust mv own judgn.ent; and considering the scientific 
 raineralogical work done by Professor Lepsius, of Darm- 
 stadt, on Greek marbles, I felt that in this instance his 
 help ou-rht to be invoked. Accordingly I sent him speci- 
 mens of marble chips taken from the fractured portions 
 of our sculptures, which were necessarily very small. He 
 warned me in his letter that in view of the smallness of 
 
 THE METOPES 
 
 147 
 
 pieces. Tlius it is that so niaiiy fracrments of legs, feet, and arms, and undercut drapery, 
 toj^ether with several solid hejids, have come down to us, and that the larger pieces of 
 metoiies that have heen preserved are those in which the torso formed one thick mass 
 with the background. 
 
 Contrary to what might be inferred from tlie description of Pausiinias (see below) and 
 from analogous buildings, such as tlie " Theseum " at Athens, the sculptured metopes of 
 tlie Hemeum were not confined to front and back, — perhaps overlapping for a few 
 intercolunniiations on either side, — but ran round the whole of the temple. This mio-ht 
 of itself have been inferred from the comparatively great number of limbs, hands, and 
 feet belonging to such metopes which have come down to us. A general view of fraoments 
 on the Hoor of one gallery in the Athens museum, assigned to us for purposes of sort- 
 ing, will illustrate this (see Fig. 75).' This is furthermore confirmed by the fact that a 
 
 Flu. 75. — Makiiij-: Fkaumknth, as akkanuici> kuk soktinu on tiik kluuk ok a K<mim ix the Ckxtkal 
 
 Ml'SKl'M, .\THEN8. 
 
 The statues iu the background do nut belong to the Heraeuin Marbles. The statue on the right is the 
 
 Diadu menus from Delus. 
 
 number of metoj)e fragments were actually found, not at the front and back of the temple, 
 l)ut at the north and south sides. Several of these (among them one complete and one 
 fragmenfciry metoi>e hejid) were discovered on the spot on which they must have fallen 
 from tlie entiiblature which is on the south side of the temple. Crashing through the roof 
 of the South Stoa, these and other fragments from the falling temple above were deposited 
 on the fl<K)r of this Stoa, and were covered anew when the Stoa itself was destroyed. 
 There is a further question, whether all these fragments of relief sculpture, which 
 
 * Kangab^ {Awgmhuugen, etc., p. 23) mentiuns 42 fnigiiieiits of bands and anus, and IGO fragments uf feet and 
 le«»s found during his tentative excavations. 
 
140 MAUltLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAKl'M 
 
 of umuv and .Iniperv, evi.lentlv WonRins t,. metopes or friezes iu n-Uef, »f themselves 
 Ik «" r L th'at ihe Sec-o.ui Temple »as ,lecorate<l with sixty-four .neto,H.s ; wh.le as 
 " m .rse. i he proved, the many ft^gments of larger «g»res m the nun.d Ije -nged to 
 h pX tal -'-"F <f tl-t temple, which each cmtuined at east thirteen l.te..ze hg- 
 es-" er"at 1 ast twe.,tv-si', and prohahly well over thnty statues n. the ronnd. 
 Yet tho '. of the meto,.s only three larger pieces and, fortunately lor -.--■>;;;■; 
 plete heads were found, only one of these larger pieces could, after P" >«"* -'-'' 
 11. the fra.nnents. hJ so supplemented as to form an almost complete n.etope (Plat. 
 XXX) O the pedimental st!.t«es there is only one torso and a tew larger pieces, 
 wldle t found of these hut one head, the attrihution of wh.ch to a ,«,du»e»t. l'-«^'^'' 
 
 '^ S;ni'r:lt!;:2i. .Ith .... deg,.e of eertamty, tlmt all these marhle fn;,n.e..ts 
 
 fomd ™rtof the sculptured decoration of the Sec.,u.d Temple (the only arch,tec.m.l 
 
 c Xture noted by Pau«u.ias on this site), and that the other hmldmgs ,n the sac.ed 
 
 ;:;:I^lct .,f rt.e saL period give no evidence of having been decorated wuh figures and 
 
 trrniins pitliev ill relief or in the round. 
 
 ^ Zse eomlusions are based upon the collective arguments wh.ch wdl form the rcnunn- 
 
 del- of this introduction. . ,, - , 
 
 The fragments of relief work, as well as of statues u. the round, are all of the san.e 
 
 "Parian" marble.' 
 
 THE METOPES. 
 That metopes surmounted the columns of this Doric temple is. of cours... proved 
 archLturally. The .p.estion is whether all, or how n.any, ot these were dec-o.a.cd 
 
 with sculpture in relief. , , .„ . , i e ^ < 
 
 The existeiu-e of sueh sculptured decorations is proved hy Pausamas s phrase u.ep rov. 
 J!Z Anion., our finds there are marble reliefs which were undoubtedlv from nietoip 
 : th : temple. There are m. less than twenty-nine se^Kirate fragments which show the 
 t .elief\vork risin, from the backc^ound of the metope; win e two metopes a e 
 j:uly complete, and at least five larger fra,nnents ,nve us the essential l-t-" <> ^ ^^ 
 re on a metope. From these as well as from architectural evidence we lean, that these 
 etl "e 1.029 m. hi.h by 0.978 m. wide, and that the block from which th.^- were 
 I^elwas about 0.34 m. thick. The unworked backing, or p.ntion remaining tor he 
 ^ lund, avera.es about 9 cm. The hij^hest point of relief from the background is 
 % cm This coriCsponds with the height of the ivlief of the metopes ot,, Parthenon 
 The extreme ori.anal thickness of the metopes would thus be ab<mt 34 cm or about 
 It f^t Out of this background the relief rises very boldly, the heads and the limbs 
 bn*- quite undercut and worked in the round. In falhng these w<uild l>-»^ -.ly from 
 the relilf, while the thin portions of the background would also be fractured into many 
 
 1 I ai.l not think that on so in.portant and technical a the s,K.cime„s it wonUl be aiflicnU if not in,.o.s..ible to 
 
 , Jir:r:ient.Heation o. .i.e.nt n.rUc, I conM ^'^^^J— ^"^^ :^trcssor ..... La.e 
 
 trust my own judgn.ent; and cons.denng the sc.ent.fic J^'^^ ~ ^^ Tor ,H,rtL.s of what can be proved 
 
 .„i„en.h,g.al work done ^^ ^-^^^-^:;:^Z ^ W e^tl^s lere assigned to aifferent .ar- 
 
 stadt, on Greek marbles I felt that m »----'_ ^^^^ , ^,„, ^.^j, ^ „., decision at which I arrived and 
 
 help ought to be invoked. Accordingh I sent hun sj^c. ,„,,_„rted bv the judgment of Dr. H. S. Wash- 
 
 niens of marble chips taken from the . -tnred i-rt.on w h.h -»1 J^-»J^ ....i, '^friend Mr. Kalonrgis. the 
 
 of our sculptures, which wer..^^^^^^^^^^^ Zrworker at the Muleum at Athens, in consnlcrin, 
 
 warned me in his letter that in view ot ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ fragmeuU to be of Parian marble. 
 
 TIIK MKTOPKS 
 
 147 
 
 pieces. Thus it is th;it so many fragments of legs, feet, and arms, and undercut drapery, 
 together witli several solid heads, have come down to us, and that the larger pieces of 
 metopes that have been preserved are tliose in which the torso formed one thick mass 
 with the backgnuind. 
 
 Contrary to what iniglit be inferred from tlie description of Paus;inias (see below) and 
 from analogous buildings, such as tlie '• Theseum " at Athens, the sculptured metopes of 
 the Heiaeuin were not confined to front and back, — perliaps overlapping for a few 
 iiitercoluniniations on either side, — but ran round the whole of the temple. This mi<»ht 
 of itself have been inferred from the comparatively great number of limbs, hands, and 
 feet belonging to such metopes which have c(»me down to us. A general view of fragments 
 on the fioor of one gallery in the Athens museum, as.signed to us for purposes of sort- 
 ing, will illustrate this (see Fig. To).' This is furthermore confirmed by the fact that a 
 
 In,. 13. — M.VKIII.I': l'K.V»i.MKXTS, .\S .VKK.V.NtiKli H>U .soHTI.Vti o.\ TIIK H.«M>K OK .V K«K».M l.N TIIK t'K.\TK.\L 
 
 MCSKCM. .\TIiKNS. 
 
 The Htulues in the backgnmiul do not belong to the lit-raetiiii Marbles. The statue on the right is tlie 
 
 Diadiiineiios from Delos. 
 
 number of met«)pe fragments were actually found, not at the front and back of the temple, 
 but at the north and south sides. Several of the.se (among them one complete and one 
 fragmentary metope head) were discovered on the spot on which they must have fallen 
 from the entablature which is on the south side of the temple. Crashing through the roof 
 of the South Stoa, these and other fragments from the falling temple above were deposited 
 on the fioor of this Stoa, ami were covered anew when the Stoa itself was destroyed. 
 There is a further (piestion, whether all these fragments of relief sculpture, which 
 
 ' KaMgalH« (.ItiKffrahunfftn, etc., p. 23) meiitiuiis 4*2 fragments of hands and arms, and 100 fragments of feet and 
 IftTH found during his tentative excavatiiuis. 
 
M 
 
 |i 
 
 148 MAKHLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 ration, and since these Uinereiices in »i«; ^i r i? *..,„„ fi.o Pirtlipnon 
 
 20 cm. ... he,g , t, -'"'%*; .'^;*; ^^^Ift^^^^^^^^^^ fro... the Parthe...... (Micl.aelU, D.r 
 
 ,„eas«reso..ly IJe... ^'""''y' f ^ *;;^°; j; j ^ies i.. the ai.,.e.,si<m» of other 
 I'.rtkenon p . .v. 32 a.„l pi. v. ^'^^X^^ohii ...ea.s..res b..t 25 «... r.......l the 
 
 • 0' ro. ..d the calf. The.*tore, the slight .Uscrej«u.cy ... s.ze betwee.. «o.,.e of ...r .e ef 
 fl.:i r..o wav affects o..r ccclusion, W.1 opon style and .ovk„.a..sh,p, that 
 
 .J^ZZ:^y after «e have exa,..i..ed the .,.estion of the ,.d....e..t.d sc...lpt..».. 
 
 THE PEDIMENTS. 
 
 thet is as ;et no conscsus of opinio., as to how the s.*nes e«.....emtol .y 1 . ...m..,. s 
 
 tl Itril uted. Now it api^ars evident, and is '«<l«' »*« . '>y »» '"'''T7\ 1^^^^ 
 7m Pa««.nias i.nplv a l.road twofold division i,. the d.stnb«t.on of the s,.bj« s 
 He tls ckl.lv to iudic;.te that the Birth of Ze..s and the GiRanton.ach,a were .... he 
 « .eTde (pmbably the front) and the T...jan War a..d the C,pt..re .,f Troy ..n the oth 
 eSr All authorities Ln agreed that one scene -tan.ly 1« o.^ea to a H 
 lit, probably the easten. or front H™'-'' — «"-'> *« ''""' "' ^"'- ^' " 
 
 » It is hanlly conceivable that this scene could have 
 been split up into single metope co«,iH«itiou», while its 
 intrinsic character would fit it for the principal ,«jdinient. 
 Exactly how the scene was represented it is difticult for 
 «s to conceive, for we have no bo«m1 guide in exUut raon- 
 uuients, nor do the literary records instruct us uik.u the 
 
 1 Frazer's translation, PoM.tamVw, I. p. 9."j (II. 17). The 
 (ireek text runs : i*6<ra 8i In^ip roif ,ctoyis ier.y .W«ffM».'«. 
 
 - Cf. Waldstein, Exmmlious of the Am. Sch. of Mhena 
 at the Heraim of Ary<>s, WJri, p. 6; Ftazer, op. cU. III. 182. 
 
 a 
 
 THE PEDIMENTS 
 
 149 
 
 the distribution of the three other scenes that we meet with tlie jrreatest diver«'-ence of 
 opinion. 
 
 Curtiiis * and, foUowinjr liim, Welcker - assijjn the Capture of Troy to the western 
 |>ediment, and then appropriately phice the Gigantomachiji below the Birth of Zeus in 
 the metoi)e8 on the east side, letiving scenes from the Trojan War to adorn the metoi)es 
 on the west, beneath the crowning event in the war, the Capture of Troy. Professor 
 Tarbell and Dr. Bates ^ put forward the conjecture — the ground for which I fail to 
 see — that the Birth of Zeus and the Battle of Greeks and Trojans occupied the pedi- 
 ments, the Gigantomachia and Iliupersis occupying the metopes. Mr. Frazer,* while 
 considering my fii-st suggestion " pLiusible," incHnes more towards the restoration of 
 Curtius. 
 
 In the preliminary publications of our first year's finds,'* I based my conjectural 
 distribution chiefly upon the comparison of this passiige in Pausiinias with his description 
 of the pediments of the Parthenon (I. 2Jr, 25). The description would thus follow the 
 usiuil method of the periegete in enumerating the various objects and places as he suc- 
 cessively siiw them in their pkice, and he would thus group together first those scenes 
 at the front and then those at the back. The further analogy of the Parthenon, in which 
 a .scene from the Capture of Troy was represented in the metopes, and the analogy of a 
 scene of departure and preparation to be found in the eastern pediment of the temple 
 of Zeus at Olympia, led me to assign the Capture of Troy to the metopes and the depar- 
 ture of the heroes for Troy to the pediment. The appropriateness of representing the 
 moment of preparation for 
 their depai-ture to Ilion is 
 manifest, as, according to 
 a late tradition,'' the He- 
 raeuni was the spot chosen 
 fur this purjiose. 
 
 But the bearing of at 
 lea .-it one of our subsequent 
 finds, the significance of 
 which is made clearer by 
 the very comparison with 
 the metoi>es of the Parthe- 
 non, causes me to doubt 
 the cliiiiiLs of my own con- 
 jecture and to revert to the 
 hypothesis of Curtius, the 
 strength of which, on other grounds, I had always felt. The find in question is the 
 archaic torso of a ^oavou, round the back of which a life-sized arm is roughly sculptured 
 — evidently the arm of one clasping the sacred image as a protection against an advan- 
 cing foe (Fig. 7G). This finds its complete parallel in the scene represented on a metope 
 of the Pai-thenon showing Helen clasping the Palladium, while Menelaus is advancing 
 
 Fig. 70. — Makblk Image, with Hand grasping it at the Back. 
 Probably from the Western Pediment of the Second Temple. 
 
 artistic presentation of this obscure moment in Greek 
 mythology. 
 
 ' Der Pelo/xmnex, II. p. 'tlO. 
 
 « .intile DfttLmtiler, I. pp. 191-194. 
 
 • .imerican Journal of Archaeology, First Series, VIII. 
 (1893/, p. 24. 
 
 * L. c. 
 
 ' Excavations of the American School at the Heraion, 
 p. 7. 
 
 « Dictys Cretens. Bell. Troj. I. 10. 
 
 >'l 
 
j^g MVKHLK STATUARY FKDM THE IlEKAKUM 
 
 •^ . • 1' • f.v.. Iiwf-iiwp ft«* IS tlu* cjist* 111 the laiiiu'iuMi. 
 
 these (inu .llttereiues in size are icmnnon in ancient Greek metopes. 1 lie 
 
 „. I p. .■ 1.1... ...e.;.,«s. The ..r.li,...., I..,.i.l. l.™.! f...... t ..• Partl.e...... ...casu,,. 
 
 . .."n •». in height. «h le a Ce,.ta...- I.ea.l f."... t.-,. t.. ,K....t oJ bear. ...casuros alnrnt 
 
 oH,. E e. ... the Parthe...... frieze there a.e .liffe«.,.ces n.ore ...arke.! .ha.. ... W 
 
 rie^^... fra^,.e.,ts Move „s. S., .he hea.l ..f Ze-.s fro,., the eastern fneze <"«•— •'' '"^ 
 '>nr .. h XH.t, whUe the heaa of the «irl fro... the ce,.t,.a sla , nnn.e-ha.e .v .esHle h .n 
 „ o..ly i: c.„. Fi..ally, if we take two ...etoiH. fro... the Parthe...... ^^"^""^^'^ 
 
 i:;:r „: ./ s :. • ::a the':;f iiK: =«> is as ....... as .... ..o .he ...... .....i 
 
 . ro , a the ealf. Therefore, the slight ,lisere,«..cy ... s.ze .etwee., so.ne o . 
 
 ;!atn."e..ts i.. ..o wav affects o..r eonclusi..... ha«..l ..,-... style a...l w„.k.,.a..sh>,., that 
 thev ill fon..e<l part of the ...etojies of the Sceo..<l Te...i.le. ., , .,., 
 
 H,w tlu s,.hWts ,«e..ti,...e,l Iv Pa..sa..ias are to l« .listr,l...te.l a,..,...« he .n..t..,H.s 
 ..a.": .11 ..,.:' J.,.. ly after we have e.a...i..ea the ....estion of the ,...l....e..tal se..l,.,..... 
 
 THE PEDIMENTS. 
 
 P.,...,..,.s deserilH.s tl... se..l,.t..re.l .le.-o.-ati.... of .l- TIerae.un i.. ">'• f"""-"'R »'■"»« = 
 
 .. Tt::ipt«.";>ver ...e eoU..I...s re,..vse..t. s ..the «ir.h of /e..s a...l the Battle of the 
 
 G...1S a...l Giants others the IVoia..^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 A <siiinni<»" for the moment that the jmiase "^t^i ""^ i i n • , 
 
 tl..t r ve .... eo.,se..s«s of o,,i..io.. as to how the s..e„..s e,...,.....atcKl hy I'.msj... 
 
 ,e ,Ustrilmte.l. Now it a,.,-... evi.le..t. a...l is a.l.nitte.l l.y all au.l,..r...es, that .he 
 .^ f P .^.nias i...,.lv a l..-oa.l twof,.l.l -Uvisi.-n i.. the .listr,l,«t,o.. ol the s-.I-j-ks. 
 seems eea. V to i... ieate that the Bi-th of Ze..s a,..l the Giffa..to,..aeh.a we.. .... he 
 
 elk! , rol.ai.lv the front, a..d the Troja., War a...l the Ca,t.... ..f Troy on he ..... 
 
 , helJ AU a...l.orities seen, agree.! that o..e s,.ene '-'""''.V '-";;«" J" j ' . 
 „.e,.t, ,.robahly the easter.. ur fro..t ,«.lhne..t, - na.nely the B.rth ..f /e..s. It .s 
 
 . „ . o-,II .71 TW » It U lmr<llv .■oiicoW.l.lo that this »cc..c eo.iMI»vc 
 
 ,;„...k t..x. ru,„ : M'. « ^^P -. '^•^' '•■"■: •■«;';•- ^ „rll ,e,„„l m it t!,r t.,c ,,ri„..i,«.l ,..di........ 
 
 rt ,), U ,V A,l„ V....... ..1 «." -^ 7..."- ^X," 'X... '» »^'» - ^^^ ^^^ „,,„»„tc,l it i, .Ufli..,.lt t,.r 
 
 . n. wa„.s.c.i„ .v,.,,„.»,,« ., ;-^;-; :; . ~ ;,:.;:::;:• Th-o.., ..t„:..'-i..».™»t „, „.... ...» 
 
 flf f/«e Ueraioh oj Aryos, IMKi, i». »», r razer, op. t«. m 
 
 TIIF-: PKDIMKXTS 
 
 140 
 
 the (listrihiitioii of the thi-ee otiier scenes that we meet with the "-reatest (Uver"eiice of 
 
 oninioii. 
 
 'I 
 Curtiiis' and, foUowinjr liim, Welcker - assijrn the Capture of Troy to the western 
 
 |)e(liment, and tlieii apprcjpriately place tlie Gi^antomachia helow the Birth of Zeus in 
 tlie meto|>es on the east side, k'avin<>^ scenes from tlie Trojan War to adorn the metopes 
 on the west, l>eneath the crowninj-- event in the war, the Capture of Troy. Professor 
 Tarhell and Dr. Bates ^ put forward the conjecture — the «»Touiid for which I fail to 
 see — that the Birth of Zeus and the Battle of Greeks and Trojans occui)ied the pedi- 
 ments, the Gi<rant<miachia and Iliupersis occupyinj^ the metopes. Mr. Frazer,^ while 
 eoiisideiin«; my first sujrjrestion " plausihie," inclines more towards the restoration of 
 Ciirtius. 
 
 In the preliminary imhlications of our first year's finds,' I hased my conjectural 
 distribution chieHy upon the comparison of this pass;ioe in Pausiinias with his description 
 of the pediments of the Parthenon (I. 24, 25). The description would thus foUow the 
 usual method of the periej^^ete in enuineratinjj^ the various objects and places as he suc- 
 cessively sjiw them in their place, and he would thus <»Toup tooether first those scenes 
 at the front and then those at the back. The further anah)<»y of the Parthenon, in which 
 a scene from the Capture of Troy was represented in the metopes, and the analogy of a 
 si'ene of departure and preparation to be found in the eastern pediment of the temple 
 of Zeus at Olympia, led me to assijrn the Capture of Troy to the metopes and the depar- 
 ture of the heroes for Troy to the i)ediment. The appropriateness of representing the 
 moment of preparation fur 
 their departure to llion is 
 manifest, as, according to 
 a late tradition,'' the He- 
 raeum was the spot chosen 
 for this pur))ose. 
 
 But the bearing of at 
 least one of our subsequent 
 finds, the significance of 
 which is made clearer by 
 the very comparison with 
 the metopes of the Parthe- 
 non, causes me tu doubt 
 the claims of my own con- 
 jectui-e and to i*evert to the 
 hypothesis of Curtius, the 
 strength of which, on other grounds, I had always felt. The find in question is the 
 archaic torso »)f a ^oauov, round the back of which a life-sized arm is roughly sculptured 
 — evidently the arm of one clasping the sjicred image as a protection against an advan- 
 cing foe (Fig. 70). This finds its complete parallel in the scene represented on a metope 
 of the Parthenon showing Helen clasping the Palladium, while Menelaus is advancing 
 
 Fiu. 70. — Makhlk Imaok, with Hand graspixu it at thk Hack. 
 Probably from tbe Western I'edimeut of the Secoud Temple. 
 
 artistic presentation of this obscnre moment iu (ireck 
 niytholo|ry. 
 
 ' I)er I'elofHiunes, II. p. .'»70. 
 
 ' AnlUe lhnkm<Her, I. pp. 191-194. 
 
 • Ameriraii Journal of A rchneology. First Scries, VIII. 
 (1893,, p. 24. 
 
 * L. c. 
 
 ^ Excavation.'! of the American School at the Herttion, 
 p. 7. 
 
 « Dictys Cretens. Hell. Troj. I. IG. 
 
150 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 towards her, a scene so ingeniously reeonstrueted from the fn.,nnenU.ry meU>,.s ^y 
 Miclmehs in' a comparison with a red-fisurea vase pmtn.g. But our ^oa.o., .ith the 
 L, must, from the dimensions,' be assigned to the i^^chment and not to the metoi>es, 
 and I therefore conclude with Curtius and Welcker that the general represent.it,<,n of the 
 Trojan War is to he assigned to the western iH^diment, and the seiKirate scenes from the 
 
 Troian War to the metopes below it.' , , • ,• • .i * 
 
 The disjointed scenes from the Trojan War would thus reach then- chmax m the m<.st 
 
 inu>ort.int and final event in that great drama, the Capture of Troy m the iK-dnnent. 
 
 iinpoiwnr ^^ .^ probable that the i^itron divnuty 
 
 of the Atridae, Hera, was the central 
 
 figure in this pediment, presiding over 
 
 j^ ^\ • ""^^H ^^^*^ victory of the Greeks. The high- 
 
 ^-.^OlJI^S^J^^H est tyi^es of Hellenic life in divine 
 
 - SP^ ^I^^^B J">a heroic mythology w(ndd thus be 
 
 '"' '^^1 forcibly presented in the front and 
 
 back of this temple, as in the Parthe- 
 non a great and ct)nsistent idea com- 
 bines the sculptures of the front and 
 back. We should then have repre- 
 sented on the Heraeum : — in the front, 
 the estiiblishment of the rule of the 
 ^1, ^ great Hellenic divinity, Zeus, whose 
 
 ^. \^ hirth marks the thiwnfall of Cronus 
 
 and the overthrow of the giants by 
 Zeus and the divinities over whom he 
 presides; in the rear, the assertion of 
 the national unity and national suihj- 
 F,u.77.-FuAUMKNTo» aMkto..;, WITH Pklta. riority of the Hellenic i>eople over 
 
 whom these gods rule, in the over- 
 throw of the great eastern rival, and the victory of the hennc ancestors of the historical 
 Hellenes (headed by the Argolic Atridae). All these sculptures dlustrate the great steps 
 in the establishment of Hellenic civilizjition, its social, conjugal, and domestic laws, over 
 which Zeus and Hera presided. The front refers to Zeus, as the rear shows the sway ot 
 Hera, in truly typical scenes from Greek mythology. t , -i i 
 
 In the preliminary publication I had also suggested that Pausjinias may have described 
 merely the metoi>es in front and rear, and that - as we should exi^-ct from his cur8<»ry 
 description of the Heraeum -he had omitted all mention of the scenes depicted in the 
 metopes of the side. Even after our first year's excavation it api)eared to me probable 
 that an Amazonomachia was represented in the metoi)e8 of at least one of the sides. This 
 hypothesis has since received confimation from our discoveries. Among our marbles 
 there are a head (Plate XXXI., No. 3) and several torsi (Plate XXXV.) which are 
 distinctly of the type of Amazons ; another fragment of rehef api>ears to me a \^\ti 
 (Fig. 77), the shield characteristic of Amazons. 
 
 ^ Der Parthenon, v.i:i9. Thicke,t part of am. on back 8-2 
 
 « The dimensions of this fragment are : - Le«Rt»' "' -~ '«"« -"-J »«;''«'' , ' ; •. • f 
 
 • I bow to the force of Mr. Frazer's criticism (/. c.) of 
 Extreme height (in centimetres) ' ' * ' ' '^^ „y rendering of the t4 Si i, ri.. wpht Tpola^ w6?<*^r as 
 
 ., JT 15. implying the preparation for the departure. 
 
 From breast to breast 9J» 
 
 THE PEDIMENTS AND METOPES 
 
 151 
 
 Moi-eover it is hardly conceivable that two definite battle-scenes could have been con- 
 tinued throughout sixty-six metopes. Even on the sides of the Parthenon the series of 
 Centaiiromachia-metopes was interrupted and varied by interpolated subjects. Thus the 
 Amazonomachia was probably introduced on one or both of the lon«- sides of the 
 Heraeum. If on one only, the other side may have been decorated with the Centauroma- 
 chiii, though no traces of this subject have come down to us among our fragments. 
 
 According to the evidence at our command, both literary and monumenfcd, we should 
 assign the following subjects to the diflFerent parts of sculptured ornamentation on the 
 Heraeum : — 
 
 The eastern i)ediment contiiined the Birth of Zeus — perhaps with Cronus and Rhea, 
 whose rule is about to cejise at that moment, in the centre. The western pediment had 
 the Capture of Troy, with jwrhaps Hera, or Zeus and Hera, presiding over this first 
 victory of the Hellenic race under their divine sway. The eastern metopes contained 
 scenes from the Gigantomachia, as the western had representations from the Trojan War; 
 and these scenes may have overlapped from the east and west front to either side on north 
 and south. But the bulk of the metopes on these sides were decorated with the Amazono- 
 machia and, possibly, the Centauromachia or some similar mythological scene. These 
 (with the exception of the Birth of Zeus, which appears to have been an individual and 
 
 Fig. 78. — Corskk «»k thk R<k»m in thk Ckntrai. Mcskum, Atiikns, containing Fragments of 
 
 DhAI'KRY KRt»M FlGURI-:8 IN THK KoUND, PROBABLY FRO.M THE PEDIMENTS OK THE HkRAEUM. 
 
 original idea of the great Argive artist) are subjects with which we are familiar in the 
 fifth-century buildings (the Parthenon, the temple of Athena at Aegina, the temple at 
 Siinium, the temple of AjKillo at Bassae, the temple of Zeus at Agrigentum, etc.) and 
 Oil numerous works of minor art in all periods. No doubt we must look backwards to 
 the great mural jmintings by Polygnotus for the establishment of these scenes in art, 
 and not to the works of sculptors, for he appears to have furnished the sculptors with 
 the dramatic compositions that deal with these subjects. 
 
 We have hitherto proceeded on the assumption that the Heraeum was decorated with 
 liedimental statiury as well as with metopes. Before our excavations this assumption 
 was founded on insufficient evidence ; for the phrase of Pausanias, virc/o tov% kIovo.^^ is 
 
150 MAUBLK STATrAUY FliOM THE IIEUAKr.M 
 
 towanis Lev. a s.-e„e so in«e„i.,«sly ■«.»ns.,uHe.l f,-.n.. .I,e f,aS"K.n.arv ,„et.,K.s l,y 
 MkLaelis i,,' a .muiK.rison «itl. a .-...l-fiji.ncMl va«. i«..nt.ns. But «.»• foa.o., ».t > tht 
 ■St. fvo... .hi .li..u.nsi..„s • U. a..i,nK.a t„ the ,.. i.no,,. a„.l n..t ... .lu; nK..o,>es, 
 .,,,,1 I .hcvtore n-nchule will. Crtius and WcKker .ha. the !je.H..al ,e,.r,.sen.a..on ,.t ... 
 'Tr..jan War is ... U' a»sis..e.l ... .ho »i.s.e.-.. ikhU,....,., a...! .he sfiaratc sicnes 1,„„> .h. 
 
 ■|'r..iaii War ... the metoi.es heh.w i..' , , • i- • ,i , 
 
 The .lisi..h,.«l scenes ir„.„ .h.. Tn.ja,, Wa,- «..„hl .hus rea.l, .!»•..■ .•ln,.ax in .he „...s. 
 
 h„,„.r.a». an.l final eve... in .ha. «-. .In.n.a. .he Ca,..«iy ,.t Tn.y ... ...■ ,.e.h,ne,... 
 
 ""1 It is |H(.l»al»U' that the iKitroii (hviiiity 
 
 of tiie Atiidae. Heia, was thr tfiitial 
 tii^iire ill this |K'(liuu'iit, iuvsi<liii«!f ovor 
 thf viitoiv «»f tlu- GrtH'ks. Tlie liijfli- 
 est tyiR's of Ilrllfnii- hfe in «livine 
 and iu'ioio mythoh>j;y wouKl thns he 
 foicihlv |ut'senttHl in the front and 
 hack of this tenjple, as in the Paithi- 
 iion a j^reat and consistent idea coni- 
 hines the scnlptnies of the front and 
 liack. We shouhl tht-n have repre- 
 sented on tlie Ileraenni : — in the front, 
 the estahhshnient of tin* ruU* of tlie 
 i^nat Hellenic divinity, /ens, whose 
 hirth marks the «lownfall of Cronns 
 and the overthrow of the j-iants l»y 
 Zeus and the divinities over whom he 
 |»resides; in the rear, the assertion of 
 the national unity and national supe- 
 riority of the Hellenic people over 
 whom these '^ods rule, in the over- 
 throw of the -reat eastern rival, and the victory of the heroic ancestors of the historical 
 Hellenes (heade<l hv the Aroolic Atridae.. All these sculptures illustrate the -reat steps 
 i„ the estal.lislnnent of Helienic civili/.ition, its social, conju-al. and donu-stic laws, over 
 which Zeus and Hera presided. The front refers to Zeus, as the rear shows the sway ot 
 Hera, in trulv tvpical scenes from Greek mytholoj^y. 
 
 In the preiiminarv puhlication 1 had also su-n-sted that Paus;,nias may have des.r.hed 
 merely the metopes in front and rear, and that - as we should expect from his cursory 
 description of the Heraeum -he had omitted all mention of the si-enes depicted in the 
 meto,>es of the side. Even after our first year's excavati«u» it api^-ared to me prohahle 
 that an Amaz^numiachia was represented in the metopes of at least one of the sules. 1 his 
 hvpothesis has since receive<l cinifirmation fron. our discoveries. Amonjr <,„r marhles 
 there are a head (Platk XXXI., No. I?) and several torsi (Platk XXXV.) which are 
 distinctly of the type of Amazons ; another fragment of relief appears to me a iK-lt^i 
 (Fi«'-. 77), the shield characteristic of Amazons. 
 
 1-Ki. 
 
 t t. 
 
 FuAiiMKM o^ A Mkiui'k, with I'klta. 
 
 > Der Parthenon, p. 139. 
 
 * The diinensioiis of this fra{»inent are : — 
 
 Extreme lieiiilit (in centimetres) »4. 
 
 breadth -•• 
 
 •* thickness ^•'• 
 
 From breast to breast 0..J 
 
 Thickest part of ann on back 
 
 I.en;;th of arm from wrist to elbow .... ".i-- 
 • I Ih>w t«» the force <»f Mr. Frazer's critii-ism (/. <•) "f 
 niT reuderin}! »f the ri Si it rh» wpit Tpow f&Xttiov as 
 implying the preparation for the dejMirture. 
 
 TIIE PEDIMENTS AND METC)PP> 
 
 151 
 
 Moreover it is hanlly conceivahle that two definite hattle-scenes could have heen con- 
 tinuetl thnuijrhout sixty-six metopes. Even on the .sides of the Parthenon the series of 
 Centaurtnnachia-inetopes was interrupted and varied hy interpolated suhjects. Thus the 
 Aiiiazonomachia was prohahly introduced on one or hotli of the lon<r sides of the 
 Heraeum. If on one only, the other side may have heen decorated with the Centiiunmia- 
 chia, thoiicrh no traces of this stihject have come down to us amonjr om- fmcrments. 
 
 Accordinj;' to the evidence at tuir command, hoth literary and monumental, we shoidd 
 assijrn the followinj;' suhjects to the different parts of sculptured ornamentiition on the 
 Heraeum : — 
 
 The eastern pediment contained the Birth of Zeus — perhaps with Cronus and Rhea, 
 whose rule is ahout to cease at that nitmient, in the centre. The western pediment had 
 the Capture of Troy, with perhaps Hera, or Zeus and Hera, presidinjr over this first 
 victtuy of the Hellenic race under their divine sway. The eastern metopes contained 
 s<-enes from the Gijranttunachia, as the western had representations from the Trojan War; 
 and these scenes may have overlapped from the east and west front to either side on north 
 and stuith. But the hulk of the metopes on these sides were decorated with the Amazono- 
 machia and, possihly, the Centauromachia or some similar mytholosrical scene. These 
 ( with the exception of the Birth of Zeus, which appears to have heen an individual and 
 
 Flli. 7.S. — ('oltXKK OK TIIK |{«M»M IX TIIK CkXTRAI, MfSKfM, .\TIIKXS, CONTAISIXCJ FltACMKXTS OK 
 
 Dkai'Kky kkom Fn;tKKs ix tiik Uolxd, I'Robablv kkom tiik I'kdimkxts ok thk Hkkakcm. 
 
 oriojiial idea of the jjfreat Arj^five artist) are suhjects with which we are familiar in the 
 fifth-century huildinjrs (the Parthenon, the temple of Athena at Aeo;ina, the temjde at 
 Sunium, the temple of Aim>Uo at Bassjie, the temple of Zeus at A«»rioentum, etc.) and 
 on numerous w<nks of minor art in all periods. No douht we must look hackwards to 
 the jrreat mural paintinj^s by Polyonotus for the estjihlishment of these scenes in art, 
 and not to the works of sculptoi-s, for he appears to have furnished the sculptors with 
 the dramatic ctmipositions that deal with these suhjects. 
 
 We have hitherto prtK-eeded on the assumption that the Heraeum was decorated with 
 pedimental statuary as well as with metopes. Before our excavations this assumption 
 was founded on insufHcient evidence ; for the phrase of Pausauias, vtrkp tovs /ctoj/a?, is 
 
152 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 so singular when applied to peaiments that, taken l.y itself, it would lead us to iufer that 
 rh^-vere only n^^opes, for had he n.ant to include j>edin;ents he -^MoHo^^ 
 his usa<.e, have added some such phrase as eV roc. KaXov^e.oc. acroc. Ev«» ^^ 
 recentlv since I puhlished the results of our first year's work m 1892, Mr. Stimrt 
 W ;.2^^^^^^ hat the phrase used hy Pausanias " unmistakahly refers to metoi>es 
 aJnot to pediments. But\he excavations show beyo.ul all ^^f^^^^J^^^ 
 tures in the i>ediments. Amonj? our finds are many fragments (Fig. 8), of the s,m e 
 stvle and per od, that formed i^rt of statues in the round and not of reliefs winch could 
 2t all ha -e belonged to single statues pWl sepamtely on their pedestals in monu- 
 m n al repose. TMie action of the bodies as indicated in the numerous fragmen s, the 
 iLng of drapery of figui^s moving rapidly forward or through the air, could not, 
 e e^^^^^^^^ in this perLl, have come from single statues placed m the oi>en air or within 
 buildini. Even if there had been one or two such exceptional st^itues there could no 
 il be^en so large a number as is suggested by a mere survey of such fragments massed 
 ogether, for purposes of sorting, in a c<,rner of our room in the Museum of Athens 
 U might perhaps be held that some of these fragments of drai>ery, drawn t ghtly 
 '^ ^ ^ round the limbs or fluttering freely, 
 
 belonged to Nike-like figures used as 
 Acroteria or corner decorations, as at 
 Epidaurus. But these fragments point 
 i€. '^ to statues in life-size, which Acroteria 
 
 *'**^ ^ would not have been. Furthermore, 
 even the extant fragments furnish too 
 large a number of such figures for 
 Acroteria. Finally, several of these 
 distinctly show that the stjitues to which 
 they belonged were meant to be seen 
 from a side >iew and not from all sides, 
 and this treiitment clearly indicates 
 pedimentiil statiuiry. 
 
 Further, the fragment representing 
 
 ^^ ^^^— ^--— mr-.^.^^^ th^ h*^^®^ portion of a leg resting upon 
 W^WP^^^^TC^-^^^2^^ a cushion (Fig. 79) can hardly In? ex- 
 plained unless as a imrt of a reclining 
 figure at the angle of one of the pedi- 
 FiG. 79.-FRAr.MKNT OF A L>:g besting upon a CisHioN, jj^pjj^g^ jjg ^e fi„a that the figures at 
 PKOBABLv FKOM A Pedimknt OF THE Heraeum. ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ westeru pediiueiit of 
 
 the temple of Zeus at Olympia were resting their arms -r.cu^on.r 
 
 Finally, this is confirmed by the backs of several ex.uit ^^S"-"^;^ f ;; ;^ ^^ ""^^ 
 toi^ of a draped female figure found by R;uigab^ (Plate ^XXV I.) shm>s, with the 
 e^isite finish'^f the fnmt, a rude treatment of the back, which could be fjnd on y 
 a Llimental figure. The last and most convincing evidence is furnished by a small 
 
 . ,.r r^ ««/„/ « l-W- "Waldstein Extreme length from end of drapery to button 
 
 1 Anc. Writers on Or. Sculpt V-l^ . Wad,te.n „, ,„,,,i„„ <;„ eentimefren) 3ft. 
 
 appears to take Pausanias's words to be a de«cnpt.o„ of j^,^„, b^,a,h .long leg ^■ 
 
 pediment sculptures. This would be ri ^r to., «to., in r^-^^,^ 24- 
 
 the language of Pausanias; while Tii»ipToi» moFM un- i,^„pth of leg from ends of fracture . ... 32. 
 
 mistakably refers to metopes." p^,„ b^i„w knee to fracture at uikls ... 251. 
 
 2 The dimensions are : — Tbickneaa of calf *^ 
 
 a 
 
 PEDIMENTAL STATUARY 
 
 153 
 
 fragment of a large figure (Fig. 80), a piece of drapery and shoulder, of which the back, 
 treated in the sjime manner as the female t<jrso, has a large square hole for a dowel 
 which, as we know from the Parthenon, was the regular means of fixing the pedimental 
 statues to the tympanum of the pediment.' 
 
 We shall be less astonished to find divergences of dimension among the pedimental 
 figures than in the case of the fragments from the metopes. We find these divero-ences 
 
 Fig. 80. — Fkacmk.nt of a I'kdimk.ntal Fiourk from tiik IIkraf.um. 
 The back view shows the duwel-hole. 
 
 in the earliest stages of pedimental sculpture in the round, such as the poros sculptures 
 from the Acropolis,- the figures found at Delos by the French,^ the pediments from 
 Aegina in which the statues of the eiistern pediment are on a distinctly larger scale than 
 those of the western,* the central figures of the Olympia i)edinieiits,'^ which are much 
 Lirger than those in the angles. In later times, in the Parthenon, we find that the 
 torsf) of Poseidon and that of Athene are on a much larger scale than are those further 
 removed from the centre. The same diflFerence is found in the stjitues ascribed to the 
 Epidaurian temple of Asclepiiis, and many others. 
 
 While, therefore, the pedimentjil sculpture of the Heraeum was in scale about life-size, 
 some fragments, such as the leg on the cushion, which probably was placed at the extreme 
 angle of the pediment, as well as several nude legs and feet of warrioi-s (see Fig. 81 ), are 
 slightly below life-size and diflFer slightly among themselves. 
 
 There are also slight divergences of workmanship and style, — certainly not greater 
 than are to be found among the Parthenon marbles, if as great, — yet all insignificant 
 in comparison with the technical resemblances. 
 
 THE GENERAL STYLE OF THE HERAEUM MARBLES. 
 
 The general workmanship, the actiuil method of carving the marble, and the peculiar 
 use of tools are markedly the same, not only among the fragments coming from the 
 
 ' The dimensions of this fragment of shoulder and 
 front of drapery are : — 
 
 Extreme height of fragment (in centimetrea) . 27. 
 
 brvadth .IT. 
 
 Thickntw 21. 
 
 Till- dowel-hole is (in mm.) in hfiglit .... 5 
 
 in width .... 4 
 
 in depth .... 7 
 
 * Collignon, op. cit. pp. 205-215. 
 
 =• Bullet, de Corr. Hellfn. III. (1879), pp. 515 flf. (!!.>- 
 molle). 
 
 * Collignon, pp. 28C-300. 
 
 * See Olympia, \l\., Sculpturen, pp. 44 ff. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
j.^ MAKBLK STATl-AUY KUOM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 „. sin.n,lar wi.en um,lie,l t,, ,H..li..u.nts that, tak.-, l.y its-^lf, it wouM Wm\ ..s t.. inf..- that 
 m singular , , ,h..,1 luflits ho wouhl, fon.)«inK 
 
 thtre wei-e only metopes, toi ha.l lit meant lo iini" i _ 
 
 his «»ase, have aa.le.l souk, s.u-h ,.h,-ase as cV ro« K«We.c., a.ro., Ku, ^tc 
 recentW, si.ue I ,.«hlishe,l the ..suits of our first ye-ar » work u IhOi M, b uart 
 .Toues- maiutaius hat the ,,h.-,.se use,l hy Pausanias •' uunustakahly rete.-s to .ueto,>e 
 luot to ...limeuts. But' the e.eavatious show heyo.u. all douh. ^at »•- -- sc..^ 
 tures in the iK.ain,ents. Amo»s our fimls are mauy trasmeuts (F «. .8), ot tht s,. «c 
 t e ana per „!, that tor.uea ,«rt of statues in the round a„a not ot .vhets, wh.eh c-o I 
 2i all ha e hel n,.ed to single statues plaeed separately on their i^des als ,n non .- 
 .tol rep.,se. T^.e action of the hodies as indicate,! in the nun.erm.s tn.sn.ents. .». 
 Lterin.A.f dmpery of figures moving rapidly forwar.1 or through the an, eoul.l o , 
 e H ialW in this period, have eon.e frou, siu«le statues plaeea ,n the open a.r or w.thn 
 huniin..;. Even if there had heeu one .n- two sueh exceptional statues there could no 
 e l.:en so lar«e a uund-er as is su«seste.l l.y a ...e.. survey of such ..a^.n.., ts ...a.s...l 
 .ether, for purposes of sorting, i" a c,.r..cr of o..r room ... the Muse... o Atl.e., 
 U ...ight perhaps Ik. held that some of these fVas,nue..ts „t drape.-y. dn.wn t r1. ly 
 ** ^ * louiul the Innl.s <.r Hutterinj,^ tiet'ly, 
 
 beloiijretl to Niki-like ti«;uies used as 
 Aeroteiia or corner tlecoratious, as at 
 Epidaurus. But these t'ia«,nueuts point 
 to statues in Ht'e-size, wliieh Acroteiia 
 would not have been. Furtherniore, 
 even the extiint f'ra«,nnents furnish too 
 larj^e a number of sueh fij-ures for 
 Aeroteria. Finally, several of these 
 distinctly show that the statues to which 
 thev helonjred were meant to he seen 
 frolu a side view and not from all sides, 
 and this treatment clearly indicates 
 pedimental statuary. 
 
 Further, the fraj^nuent representing; 
 the lower portion of a lej; resting- upon 
 a cushion (Fi«;-. 70) can hardly he ex- 
 plained unless as a part of a reclininj; 
 ti<riire at the angle «»f one of the pedi- 
 ments, as we find that the figures at 
 the angles of the western pediment of 
 the te.„ple of Zeus at Oly.npia were resti..^ their ar...s o.. cushi.,us = 
 
 Finally, this is c,...Hr.«e.l hy the hacks of several exfc.nt *'-^'K"'^''r;„f "• ' "" ''^: f' 
 to.s."of a a.apea fe,..ale fij;u.^. fou..a l.y lU«ffM (P..ATK XXXV . shows, w.tl the 
 
 a Lli...ent.d Hsnre. The last a,.a m..st co..vi..ci..R ev..le..ce ,s fur...»l.ea l.y a s,..all 
 
 I ....,• »^ . 1 1, t,^.,, oii<1 iif ilr»iM>rv to button 
 
 1 Anc. Writers on dr. Sculpt., p. IIW : " >N aldstem 
 
 PlO. 79. — FKAiiMKNT OK A Lwi RK.STIMS ll-OX A ClSIUON, 
 PROBABLY FROM A i'EUIMKNT OF THE IIeBAEUM. 
 
 appears to take Pausanias's words to l>e a description of 
 p,.diment sculptures. This would be rk .V tou a.rois iu 
 the hinguage of Pausanias; while ra i^ip rohi Kioyas un- 
 mistakably refers to metopes." 
 2 The dimensions are : — 
 
 Extreme l.iij;th from end »f drapery to button 
 
 of cushion (in i-entimetren) •'''• 
 
 Extreme breadth alonj; lej; •'-'• 
 
 Thickness * ' 
 
 Lenirth i>f le;; fn»m ends of fnutures .... :•*-• 
 
 Fn.iii below knee to fnicture at ankle . . • 2:1. 
 
 Thickness of calf 
 
 PKniMP:XTAL STATUARY 
 
 153 
 
 fragment of a large figure (Fig. 80), a i)iece of <lrapery and shoulder, of which the hack, 
 treated in the smim manner as the female t(u-so, has a large square hole for a dowel 
 which, as we know from the Parthenon, was the regidar means of fixing the pedimental 
 st^itues t(t the tympanum of the pedinuMit.' 
 
 We shall he less astonished to find divergences of (Hmension among the pedimental 
 figures than in the case of the fragments from the metopes. We find these divero-ences 
 
 Fig. 80. — KuA<iMKNT of a I*ki>imkxtai. Fkjuuk from tiik IIkuakum. 
 The hack view shows the dowel-hole. 
 
 in the earliest stag<»s of pedimental sculpture in the round, such as they>oro.s' sculptures 
 from the Acropolis," the figures found at Delos hy the French,' the pediments from 
 Aegina in wiiich the statues of the eastern pediment are on a distinctly larger scale than 
 tiu).se of the western,^ the central figures of the Olympia pediments,' which are much 
 larger than tlu)se in the angles. In later times, in the Partiienon, we find that the 
 toi-so of Poseidon and that of Athene ai-e on a much larger scale than are those further 
 removed from the centre. Tlie siune difference is found in the statues ascribed to the 
 Epidaurian temple of Asclepius, and many others. 
 
 While, therefore, the pedimental sculpture of the Ileraeum was in scale about life-size, 
 some fragments, such as the leg on the cushion, which j>robably was placed at the extreme 
 angle of the pedinu*nt, as well as several nude legs and feet of warriors (.see Fig. 81), are 
 slightly below life-size and differ slightly among themselves. 
 
 Tiiei-e ai*e also slight divergences of workmanship and .style, — ccrtaiidy not greater 
 than are to be found among the Partiienon marbles, if as great, — yt^t all insignificant 
 in comparison with the technical resendilances. 
 
 THK GENERAL STYLE OF THE HERAET M MARRLE.S. 
 
 The general workmanship, the actual method of carving the marble, and the ])eculiar 
 use of tools are markedly the sjime, not only among the fragments coming from the 
 
 • The dimensions of this fragment of shouhlcr and ^ Ccdlignon, op. ril. !>]». 2().">-21."». 
 
 front .)f dra|»orv are :— ■= Jhilhl. tie Corr. lleUm. III. (1870), pj*. 31,". flf. (H.k 
 
 Extreme hei(;ht of fra(;nient (in centimetres) . 'SI. molk'). 
 
 breadth .17, 4 Collignon, pp. 28r.-:5O0. 
 
 Thickness 21. s .S,.o 0/.ym/Ma, III., .Sculpturen, pp. 44 flf. 
 
 The dowel-hule is (in mm.) in hei{;ht .....*> 
 
 hi width .... 4 
 in depth .... 7 
 
I 
 
 154 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEI'M 
 
 ...etopes, but M, in U.ose .hich we as.sis.. t„ the H"-t«: J'' ^^^ff :i'th"e 
 the Parthenon nmbles (where even the ,«rts th,.t were not y.»,hle to l'« »l«^^ ' "'^ ' « 
 backs of the ...limenta fignres, r«eive.l a c.o„M«n.t.vely ...«. I'"';;''^" ^^ '^'^^^ 
 ron.'hlv blocke.1 ont on the back an.l on the niner sule of the hjj.ires that a.e t.-eely 
 it .t fr.^^^ baekgroun.1 of the meto,«s.- The treatme.U ot the back of the 
 
 tfi^sMe portions stan.ls in the strongest contrast to the h.^h an.l deluate hn.sh of 
 
 nSii^^of tT7t.r::rS ::; 7^.^^>^ ».... ... ..;,. ...... .h. 
 
 Ihe biocKi.. euefiillv wovked over in the finish when visihle) was can ml 
 
 ::r:;:r;:r a it Itr *.. t^ces of which ..„ .m .. Cean, r«.«ni.e... 
 out, moiei)>er, i ^j^.^ jteeuhar niethocl con- 
 
 sists in the free use that is 
 made of the (hill. The 
 (bill was of course fi-e- 
 quently resorted to, to hore 
 holes for the fixing of 
 bronze ornaments or ac- 
 cessories to the statues, as 
 is evident in the earh«»le 
 of the large Hera head 
 (Frontispikce and Plate 
 XXXVI.), at the side of 
 the helmet ( Plate XXXT., 
 4), at the side of the large 
 torso from the iK'dinjents 
 (Plate XXXVll.), or the 
 warrior head from the me- 
 tops (Plate XXX.); as 
 well as in the hands hold- 
 lug swords and spears 
 (Fig. 82). Its use is not 
 unconnuon for this pui- 
 |M)se, for we find it as 
 early as in the figures from 
 the pediment of the temple 
 (»f Athena at Aegina. But 
 a more peculiar use (d" the 
 drill for Idocking out or 
 undercutting the marble is 
 manifest in these Argive 
 sculptures, and this method 
 I have not met before. 
 When the sculptor had 
 to cut away the marble from the back or the side of a head, as it rose freely fron. the 
 
 1 Platk XXX., and the backs or sides of head, nearest the l«ckgro««d in the metopes. Plat.^ XXXL. XXXIL. 
 XXXIII. 
 
 FiO.SL-LkOS and t^THKR FRAGMKNT8, PROBABLY KROM TIIK 
 Jt»l':DIMKNTS OK TUK. HeRAEUM. 
 
 f! 
 
 GENERAL STYLE OF THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 155 
 
 background in the high relief of the metopes, he saved himself trouble by using the 
 drill, which he ran through the i)ortion of marble between the head and the background, 
 which was to be worked away in order that the head should stand out freely. He thus 
 weakened the " isthmus " 
 of marble, so that it did 
 not require violent chop- 
 ping with mallet and chisel 
 to cut away the solid mar- 
 ble, for this might have 
 fractured the whole head. 
 Thus in the female head 
 (Plate XXXIL, 1 and 2), 
 at the unfinished side near- 
 est the background, we 
 see two broad runs or 
 grooves which were forced 
 through the marble " isth- 
 mus " holding the head to 
 the background. It was 
 thus made easy for the 
 sculptor to work away the 
 marble from the back of 
 the head without fractures. 
 This same method, with 
 the same use of the drill, 
 we find applied, not only to 
 other heiids from the me- 
 topes, such as the back of 
 the head in Plate XXXL, 
 1 and 2, but also in other 
 portions of figures, even in 
 those from the }>ediments. 
 So, for instiince, the frac- 
 tured lower portion of a 
 draped figure from the ped- 
 iments ( Plate XXX VIIL) 
 clearly shows beneath the drapery that has been broken away, behind the foot and 
 between it and the plinth upon which the figure stood, the hollowing out and under- 
 cutting of a triangular space by mejins of a series of such drill holes. 
 
 Now in later times, especially in the Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman periods, the drill 
 was constiintly used by sculptors (see above, p. 143). But in those works this mechanical 
 appliance was used on the visible finished surface, in order to economize the artistic labor 
 of the sculptor in giving grooves to the drapery and similar phases of actual modeling. 
 The residt is an inferior artistic effect, in which the mechanical working obtrudes itself to 
 the detriment of the illusion which careful modeling and hand finish (such as we find in 
 our Argive marbles) produced upon the specfcitor. In our marbles the drill is never used 
 to work the finished fold groove, but has oidy been applied for the rough blocking out 
 
 Fig. 82. — Fragments from the Metopes : Hands that held 
 Swords and Spears, and Feet. 
 
154 MAKBLE STATUARY FROM TlIK IIKHAErM 
 
 metopes, but ak» in those wlntli we assijrn to the imiiuams 
 
 meiones, visil) »' to the speetator, the 
 
 Hi*» Piithenon uuiihles (where even the paits tiiai >>eit nui ' ' 
 
 rouohlv hhK-ked out on the hauk anil ou the ninei suU <»i n.^ ,.,,,, i- ,1... 
 
 iou.,nu iMutK , , , 1 r H... ...Ptones' T u* tieatuu-ut ot tlie l»a(k ot the 
 
 iiiKleirut from the hatkj-round «»t tlu' metopes. iiu i 
 uuleuui iiom ^ VVYVII ) ilhistrates this fuUv. This rou-h ^vorkn^o: ot 
 
 SnSr;'.;::. ir, '*".,' 4-. - » ■•- '»» "■■ — - 
 
 sists in the free use that is 
 made of the thill. The 
 drill was of coui-se fiv- 
 »|uentlv resorted to, to hore 
 holes for the Hxinj? of 
 hron/e ornanu'iits or m- 
 «rssori»'s to th»' statues, as 
 is evitlent in the earhole 
 <.f the larj^e Hera hea«l 
 (Fkontisimkck and Pi.atk 
 XXXV 1.), at the side of 
 the helmet ( Pi.atk XXXI., 
 4 ), at the side of the larp,e 
 torso from the jM'diments 
 (Pi.atk XXXVII.), or the 
 warrior heu«l from the me- 
 tn|»es (Platk XXX.): as 
 well as in the hands hold- 
 in«.- swords ami spears 
 (Fi«;-. S2). Its use is not 
 untommon for this pui- 
 pose, for we timl it as 
 early as in the fi«>:ures from 
 the jK'diment of the temple 
 of Athena at Aej^ina. Hut 
 a more peeuliar use of the 
 drill for Idockinj;- out or 
 undeiruttin*^ the inarhle is 
 manifest in these Arj,nve 
 sculptures, and this method 
 
 I have not met hefore. 
 When the sculptor hatl 
 to cut away the marhle from the hack or the si<le of a head, as it ros*- freely from the 
 
 1 P.ATK XXX., and the backs or si.hs ot beads nearest the backgrouud i» the u.etojK-s. I'.AT.s XXXI.. XXXll.. 
 
 xxxin. 
 
 Fig.81.-U:gs asi. othkr Fk.vumknts, i-mmABLY kku.m tiik 
 
 FkW.MK.STS ok TUK llEKAtUM. 
 
 (iKxNEKAL STYLE OF THE IIEKAEUM MARBLES 
 
 155 
 
 usin<^ the 
 
 us 
 
 haekjriouiid in the hi«;^li relief of the metopes, he sjived himself trouhle l)v 
 drill, whieii he ran throujrli the portion of marhle between the head and the hackjrroimd 
 whieh was to be worked away in order that the head should st<iiid out freely. He th 
 weakened the " isthmus " 
 of marble, so that it did 
 not ixMpiire violent eho|>- 
 pin(( with mallet and eliisel 
 to eut away the s<did mar- 
 ide, for this mijii-lit have 
 fractured the whole head. 
 Thus in the female hea<l 
 (Platk XXXIl., 1 and 2), 
 at the iinfini.siied si<le neai*- 
 est the back<<^round, we 
 see two bniad runs or 
 •grooves which were forced 
 tlirouo;ii the marble '' isth- 
 mus " holdin«>; the head to 
 the back<j^round. It was 
 thus made easy for the 
 sculptor to Wfuk away the 
 marble from the back of 
 the head without fractures. 
 This .s;ime method, with 
 the .sjime use of the drill, 
 we find applied, not only to 
 other heads fiH)m the me- 
 to|)es, such as the back of 
 th'.' head in Platk XXXI.. 
 1 and 2, but also in other 
 ])ortions of fij^ures, even in 
 those from the pe<liments. 
 So, for instance, the frac- 
 tured lower piU'tion of a 
 draped fi«»;ure from the pt»d- 
 imeiitsl Platk XXXVIII.) 
 clearly shows beneath the drapery that has been broken away, behind the foot and 
 between it and the plinth upon which the fijj^ure .stood, the hollowing out and under- 
 cutting of a triangular space by means of a series of such drill holes. 
 
 Now in later times, especially in the Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman periods, the drill 
 was constiintly u.sed by sculptors (see above, p. 14.3). But in those works this mechanical 
 ajjpliance was used on the visible finished surface, in order to economize the artistic labor 
 of the sculptor in giving gr(K)ves to the drapery and similar phases of actual modeling. 
 The result is an inferior artistic effect, in whieh the mechanical working obtrudes itself to 
 the detriment of the illusion which careful modehng and hand finish (such as we find in 
 our Argive marbles) produced upon the .spectjitor. In our marbles the drill is never used 
 to work the finished fold groove, but has only been applied for the rough blocking out 
 
 Fiu. 82. — Fragmk.nt."* kr«>m tiik MKropt:* : Hands that iiklu 
 SwoRi>s and Spears, and Fekt. 
 
' i 
 
 15tt MAKBLE STATUAKY FliOM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 ami working away of su,«rflu««8 material. We detect its use only iu those ,H.rtions 
 
 whifli are not meant to be seen. i x *i • ♦! 
 
 I„ all visible ,H,rtions »e must be struck by the complete naturalness and tmth n. t u. 
 ,.„,leri„g of poL and movement, and by the ex,,„isite finish of the surface. n t us the 
 mecba„i«d working of the material never obtrudes itself, and each nunutest ,«rt .s trea^d 
 with a care and finish «ne<,ualed ,.r, at all events, „nsur,,assed l>y any «xta„t works. 
 And this minute finish l«con.es the more reu.arkable when we remember hat the figures 
 in the meto,«.s were only half life-size, and, placed as they were about th,rty-e,gh feet 
 fro„> the ground, were hardly visible to the si«cbvtor in the defculs of the.r elaboration. 
 
 The fr^dom, naturalness, and boldness of ,K>se and n.oven.ent u. all these figm-es .s 
 not only evident in a few n.ther c.m.plete torsi that h.ave come down to us such as tW two 
 •^ metoi)es of Plates AAA. 
 
 and XXXIV., the (IiuikmI 
 torsi from the pdiments 
 of Plate XXXVIII., hut 
 in similar fra«;ments of 
 bodies (Fig. 83), as well aa 
 in the legs, hands, and 
 feet of Fig. 82, all of which 
 enable us to reconstruct in 
 our minds the flowing com- 
 position of metojKJS and 
 pediments. The attitudes 
 and movements of these 
 figures are, on the one 
 hand, as far removed from 
 the constmint of the ar- 
 chaic i)eriod or the severe 
 art of about the middle of 
 the fifth century as they 
 are, on the other hand, 
 from the violent contoi- 
 tions of the Hellenistic \>e- 
 riod, or even the more 
 passionate movement which 
 began with Seoims. 
 
 As reg;ird8 our appreci- 
 ation of the treatment of 
 the nude figure, we can 
 «)nly fall back up<m the 
 beautifidly preserved tor- 
 so of Plate XXXI V., — 
 which, however, is enough 
 in itself, - and the numerous smaller fragments of bo(hes, legs, hands, and feet. The 
 treatment of the nude female figure we can divine only through the treatment of those 
 portions which are covered with the thin undergarment, and this leads us to form the 
 very highest estimate in this particular. The absence of the nude female figure among so 
 
 Fig. 83. - Fragmknts krom the Metopes, illustrating chieely the 
 
 SHARP yet delicate CLTTING OF THE FOLDtt IN DRAPERY. 
 
 157 
 
 "•lue was 
 
 GENERAL STYLE OF THE HEKAEUM MARBLES 
 
 great a nund>er of fragments perhaps justifies us in concluding that tlie female fi 
 not represented in its nude form; and this would strengthen our general conclusion that 
 these works are not to be pkced in the fourth century b. c, but in the fifth. Judoin*'- 
 from the extant remains of draped female figures, however, we may venture to say that at 
 least as regjirds the supreme finish of modeling, no works of architectural sculpture mani- 
 fest the siime perfection. It is not too much to say that not one of the Lapitliae from the 
 Parthenon metoi)es shows the siune delicacy of modeHng and finished surface work as does 
 the torso of the youthful nude warrior from our metope. This is evident if we examine 
 every portion of the body ; and for the supreme finish of detiiil, I would draw special 
 attention to the hand pressed against the armpit, and to the peculiar and unique treat- 
 ment of the inguinal region, which is .so striking that anatomi.sts have assured me it must 
 have been copied from an individual model showing this abnormal idiosyncrasy.' 
 
 In spite of this minute finish it can never be siiid that the figures, taken as a whole, 
 present that exaggeration and obtrusion of the anatomical study of muscles or, on the 
 other hand, that extreme softness and sensuousness {morhldezza) in the treatment of the 
 nude which chardcterizes the art of a Liter period. There is in them still a certain hardi- 
 hood that shows them to be the offshoot of a Peloponnesian feeling, the precursors of 
 which we might find in the Aeginetjin marbles. 
 
 In the treatment of the dnii^ry, the fragments, whether in relief or in the round, 
 all manifest the sfime character. They are bold and free and delicate without conven- 
 tionalism or restraint, and yet without florid exaggeration or want of conciseness. The 
 larger folds cover the Hmbs in broad ma.sses, freely undercut and sharp in their edges, 
 resembling in this respect the pedimentiil drapery of the Parthenon. Yet if we 
 except the Reclining Fate (or Thalassa, as I should call her) from the eastern pediment 
 of the Parthenon, the elaboration or finish of the drapery in the majority of our figures 
 and fragments goes a step further and finds its nearest parallel in some of the Nikes from 
 the biilustrade of the temple of Nike-Apteros. This is especially the case with the system 
 of small folds encircling or stjirting away from the breasts of female figures. These 
 folds are worked in delicate relief from the smooth surfaces where the thin drapery is 
 stretched over the rounded forms ; yet in spite of the delicacy of these reliefs, they never 
 lose their sharpness of edge, as, for instjince, is the case with the Olympian Nike by 
 Paeonius. 
 
 No stu<lent who gives some time to the examination of the numerous fragments of 
 drajHTy from these marbles can fail to receive the impression that they are aU of the 
 same workmanship and style, whether they belong to figures in relief or in the round. 
 
 If now we turn to the heads, we shall find, tiiking them as a whole, that, compared 
 with the treatment of the bodies, nude and draped, they are comparatively severer. To 
 begin with, not one of them can be said to reflect in its expression the strong movement 
 and action which are manifest in the treatment of the extant bodies and as the .scenes we 
 know to have been depicted would lead us to expect. The female head of Plate XXXII., 
 3, wjis evidently pulled to the side with violence, the hair on the top of the head clutched 
 by a warrior; and yet the expression of emotion was limited to the attitude of the head and 
 a very delicate and slight indication in the upward and sideward turn of the eye, perhaps 
 also in the modeling between the nostril and the angle of the mouth. The graceful head 
 of Plate XXXIL, 4, has the lips well parted, with a clear indication of the teeth, yet 
 
 ' Further account will be given of tLis when dealing with this metope separately. 
 
15« MAlilSLK tiTATl'AUY KUOM TIIK HEKAKUM 
 
 a„.I «,..kins away of su,.erflm,i.s matevial. Wc Uetett its usi. ..nly in tl...se ,H,.ti.ms 
 
 whiih are not meant to be seen. i » .1 • ,1.. 
 
 1„ all visible poftioMs we nu.st be stru.k by tl.e c-on.plcte naturalness an,l tmtb n, b. 
 renderini; of ,.os.. an.l n.oven.ent, au.l by tl.e ..N.,uisite finisb of tl.e M.rtaee. .. t ..s be 
 „.e,l.anieal working of tl.e n.aterial nevr ol.tr.„les itself, a.nl eael. ........test |«rt .s treate.l 
 
 »itl. a eare a..d ti..isl. ,...e,,,.alea or, at all eve..ts. ....s,.r,.as.,e.l by any extant works. 
 
 A..a this .ni....te fi..ish beeo,.,t^ tl.e ...o.-e rc.arkable wl.e.. we re.n™.lH.r bat tl.e h}C.,reH 
 
 i,. tbe n.et,.pes were o,.lv half lif.-size. a,..l, (.laee-l as they were about tb..ty-e.Kb feet 
 fro,., tbe ™>.....l. were i.ardlv visible to tl.e »,.eeb.tor i.. tl.e .leta.ls of tl.e.r elaborat.on. 
 
 Tl.e free.lo.«. ..at,..al..ess. a...l boldness of pose a..d ...«ve...e..t n. all tbes.' hs...es .s 
 .„,t 0..IV evi.le..t h. a few .atl.er e«...l.lete torsi that have eo.ne dow., to us s.uh as tin' two 
 
 inft(>i>fs of Platks AAA. 
 aiitl XXXIV., tlu' (IraiKMl 
 toi-si from the [KMliiuents 
 of Platk XXXVllI., but 
 ill similar fiaj^ments of 
 bodies ( Fig. 81$), as well as 
 ill the legs, hands, and 
 feetof Fig.82,allof which 
 enable us to reeonstiuet in 
 our minds the Howing eoin- 
 |»osition of metopes and 
 pediments. The attitiuhs 
 and movements of these 
 figures are, on the one 
 hand, as far renujved from 
 the constraint «»f the ar- 
 chaic i»erio<l or the severe 
 art of about the miildle of 
 the fifth century as they 
 are, on the other hand, 
 from the violent contor- 
 tions of the Hellenistic pe- 
 riod, or t'ven the more 
 passionate movement which 
 besian with Seopas. 
 
 As regards our aj»preci- 
 1 atioii of the treatment of 
 the nude figure, we can 
 only fidl back upon the 
 beautifully preserved toi'- 
 so of Platk XXXI V., — 
 which, however, is enough 
 t„ itself, -and the numerous smaller fragments of bodies, legs, hands, and feet. The 
 treatment of the nude female figure we can divine <.nly through the treatment of those 
 portions which are covered with the thin undergarment, and this leads us to term the 
 very hiohest estimate in this particular. The absence of the nude female figure among so 
 
 Fhj. 83. - Fkagmkxts kk...m tiik Mktopks. illcstratix.; ciuk.h.y tuk 
 
 SHAKI- VKT DK.IJCATK CUTTISi; UK THK FOLDS IS I.KAl'KKV. 
 
 ni 
 
 GENEKAL STYLE OF THE HEKAEUM MARBLES 157 
 
 great a number of fragments perhaps justifies us in concluding that the female figure was 
 not represented in its nude form; and this would strengthen our general conclusion that 
 these w«.rks are not to be placed in the fourth century n. c, but in the fifth. Jud«nn«»- 
 from the extiint remains of draped female ligures, however, we may venture to siiy that a't 
 least as regards the supreme finish of modeling, no works of architectural sculpture mani^ 
 fest the sjinie perfection. It is not too much to say that not one of the Lapithae from the 
 Parthenon metopes sln»ws the same delicacy of modeling and finished surface work as doess 
 the torso of the youthful nude warrior from our metope. This is evident if we examine 
 every portion of the body ; and for the su[)reme finish of detail, I wcuild draw special 
 attention to the hand pressed against the armpit, and to the peculiar and unique treat- 
 ment of the inguinal region, which is so striking that anatomists have assured me it must 
 have been copied from an individual model showing this abnormal idiosyncrasy.' 
 
 In spite of this minute finish it can never be siiid that the figures, taken as a whole, 
 present that exaggeration and obtrusion of the anatomical study of muscles or, on the 
 other hand, that extreme softness and sensuousness {inorlthlczzn) in the treatment of the 
 nude which characterizes the art of a later period. There is in them still a certain hanli- 
 hood that shows them to be the olfshoot of a Peloponiiesian feeling, the precursors of 
 which we might find in the Aeginetiin marbles. 
 
 In the treatment of the drapery, the fragments, whether in relief or in the round, 
 all manifest the sjime character. They are bold and free and delicate without conven- 
 tionalism or restraint, and yet without florid exaggeration or want of conciseness. The 
 larger folds cover the limbs in broad masses, freely undercut and sharp in their edges, 
 resembling in this respect the pedimeiital drapery of the Parthenon. Yet if we 
 except the Reclining Fate (or Thalassa, as I should call her) from the eastern pediment 
 <»f the Parthenon, the elaboration or finish of the drapery in the majority of our fioures 
 and fragments goes a step further and finds its nearest parallel in s«»me of the Nikes from 
 the balustrade of the temple of Nike-Apteros. This is especially the case with the system 
 «tf small folds encircling or starting away from the breasts of female figures. These 
 folds are worked in delicate relief from the smooth surfaces where the thin drapery is 
 stretched over the rounded forms ; yet in spite of the delicacy of these reliefs, they never 
 lose their sharpness of edge, as, for instance, is the case with the Olympian Nike by 
 Paeonius. 
 
 N<» student who gives some time to the examination of the numerous fragments of 
 drapery from these marbles can fail to receive the impression that they are all of the 
 same workmanship and style, whether they belong to figures in relief or in the round. 
 
 If now we turn to the heads, we shall find, taking them as a whole, that, compared 
 with the treatment of the bodies, nude and draped, they are comparatively severer. To 
 begin with, not one of them can be said to reflect in its expression the strong movement 
 and action which are manifest in the treatment of the extant bodies and as the scenes we 
 know to have been depicted would lead us to expect. The female head of Plate XXXIL, 
 3, was evidently pulled to the side with violence, the hair on the top of the head clutched 
 by a warrior; and yet the expression of emotion was limited to the attitude of the head and 
 a very delicate and slight indication in the upward and sideward turn of the eye, perhaps 
 also in the modeling between the nostril and the angle of the mouth. The graceful head 
 of Plate XXXIL, 4, has the lips weU parted, with a clear indication of the teeth, yet 
 
 ' FurtLtT account will be given of this when dealing with this metope separately. 
 
158 MAKBLE STATUARY FROir THE tlERAEUM 
 
 it would be hard to fix u,H,n any definite shade of emotion in it.' The same applies to the 
 head of the warrior placed upon the torso of Platk XXX. The turn o the eyes with 
 Zt downward gaJin the head of the Amazon (Plate XXXI 3) would not he p us 
 far in appreciating an expression of pathos, if it were not for the act ua .lownwar.1 and 
 sideward droop of the head; for in the face itself there is but slight .£ any indication 
 
 of emotion. , ^ ,. . » , 
 
 All this tells us simply that our sculptor still clung to the severer traditions of art 
 maintained in the fifth century b. c, in which emotion was not yet freely expressed in 
 the heads of Hellenic type, though the bodies rendered with perfect freedom every phase 
 of life and action. To our knowledge the step towards more adequate expression c.t 
 emotion in the heads was not made before the thne of Scopas or towards the middle ot 
 
 the fourth century b. c. , , , . , c • u 
 
 If we commre these heads with each other we shall find, looking at them sui)erficially, 
 that thev present a certain variety of type and that there ai-e cerfciin diffei-ences oi 
 detailed 'treatment. As regards the variety of type, we shall find that this may cori-e- 
 spond to the variety of subject. For among the nine heads or f»^JJ»-"t« "^^ »;«^^^^ 
 three are heads of Greek youths, two of which have helmets (Plates XXX. ; XXXI., 1, 
 2, 4), and these are distinctly of the same type, while the <,thei-s aie female Ih.i<Is, one 
 of an Amazon, an(,ther probably of a helmeted goddess (Plates XXXI. 3; XXXIl., 
 XXXIIL, 1, 2), another of a young girl, two others «,f maturer young women and the 
 last of a girl whose hair is being clutched. The difference is thus seen to be due t<, the 
 
 difference of subject and action. , , • i , i 
 
 The siime applies to the differences of detailed treatment : a head with a d,»wnwai< 
 look is different in the ti-eatment of the eyes from one with a straight or upward 
 <.lance. So also as regards the position of the head as it follows the movement ot the 
 Torso. Moreover, it must be remembered that all these heads, with one exception, wei-e 
 worked in relief, and were thus meant to be seen only from one point, be it in proWe, 
 full face, or three-tiuarter view ; and that thus, among the comparatively small number 
 of such heads (we roughlv compute that there must have been in pediments and metopes 
 at least 100 heads) which have come down to us, we are fortunate m having so Large 
 a number as three belonging to the same category. 
 
 There is thus a very slight divergence in the ti-eatment of the eyes of one or two of 
 these heads, and there is some difference and uncerfciinty in the treatment of the hair. 
 If we compare the Parthenon metopes and frieze (unfortunately we have no head which 
 we can assign to the pediments beyond all doubt) as regards the treatment ot hair, we 
 shall find fully as great a variety, - from a cai>-like treatment to the finished modeling 
 of locks and strands ; so, also, in the i)ediments and metopes fr(,m the temple of Zeus 
 at Olympia, even with regard to the heads coming from the same pediment. Hut it 
 appears to me that in our marbles, and perhaps in those instiuices I have just «iuoted as 
 well the sculptor who has evolved a fixed style for the rendering of hair in monumenfcil 
 sculpture, in bronze or gold and ivory, may be still hesifciting and searching for the 
 proper manipulation in the rendering of such texture when he comes to marble sculpture 
 which -he uses in the decoration of great edifices. We must not forget that so far as the 
 evidence, both literary and monumental, now at our disposed goes, we have no proof of 
 the i>erfect working of marble in the minute indication of texture and all its inherent 
 artistic qualities before the advent of Scopas and Praxiteles. 
 
 . The earliest instance of showing the teeth known to the Third Temple, and in the fallen h*"- '«>- J^e eaat- 
 n.e is in the fallen giant from the metope of Selinus from em pediment of the temple of Athena at Aegma. 
 
 GENERAL STYLE OF THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 159 
 
 4 
 
 In spite of this slight divergence, I confidently maintiiin that no one who is thor- 
 oughly familiar with a large series of heads in the different periods of Greek art, and 
 has carefully observed and studied these sculptures from the Heraeum together, can fail 
 to see that they definitely belong to the Scime school, and that they have in common 
 marked characteristics which not only point to a common origin, but clearly disthiguish 
 them from the heads of other schools.* 
 
 To begin with, they all have the same structural frame, the same broad outline, the 
 sjime formation of the skull. It can best be described as square and massive ; and this 
 a)>plies to the profile as well as the full face. It is neither strongly oblong nor pear- 
 shaped with a point at the chin on a triangular system, nor oval, nor round and ball- 
 like.^ The hair is in its main arrangement close fitting, not free and rich in its 
 treatment as it rises from the head ; but it seems almost skivishly to follow in its outline 
 the main sqiuire shape of the skull. And this is so even in the case of the more profuse 
 hair of the female heads. With the exception of the female head whose hair is grasped 
 on the top, the hair, generally jiarted in the middle, is arranged in the siime system of 
 waves on either side of the central j)arting and covers the upper part of the ear. The 
 forehead is thus left in a comparatively smooth arch-like curve. The brows are cut in 
 the siune simple arch with the siime angle to the nose ; both lids of the eyes are then cut 
 in the sjime firm line with the same indication of the lacrimal irland. The nose is com- 
 paratively br(»ad and thick, with a strong bridge slightly thickened in the middle and a 
 broad rounded ti[). The nostrils, too, though they do not project far in comparison to 
 the breadth of the tip of the nose, are tiiick and well curved. The upper lip is well 
 arched and clearly defined, in most cases slightly opened, giving something of a pouting 
 expression to the mouth. Mr. Edward Robins«)n of the Boston Museum of Fine Aits 
 has drawn my attention to a marked peculiarity in the treatment of the upper lip, which 
 he has noticed in the heads hitherto ascribed to Polycleitus, and which is to be found in 
 all these heads from the Heraeum. It consists in an upturning and widening out of the 
 curves at either side of the central point, which accentuates the peculiar pouting expres- 
 sicMi. This expression is still more heightened by the hollow between the upper lip and 
 the nose and the marked protrusion of the lower lip, with the short, deep hollow between 
 it and the chin. There is thus a central mass of the lower lip, well defined in all these 
 heads, which protrudes in its rounded curve, and this central protrusion is clearly djvided 
 from either side of the lower lip. From the curve under the lower lip the strong, 
 rounded, but not over-long chin projects almost within a line of the foremost point of 
 the lower lip. The cheeks present a broad, well-rounded surface, not approaching chubbi- 
 iiess, but, on the other hand, far from thin or tapering towards the chin. In the profile 
 view the middle of the frontal bone above the nose, and the outer tip of the upper lip 
 are about on the same line. The forehead, rising upward, inclines slightly inward, as, 
 in a downward direction, the lower lip and chin slant inward. From this most promi- 
 nent iK>int of the frontal bone the nose projects outwards gradually. All these peculiar- 
 ities these heads have in common. 
 
 ' Since this was written I have endeavored to define 
 the style of these heads in an attempt to identify the 
 Argive Hera with a head in the British Mu.scnm. — 
 Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXXI. (1901), pp. 30 ff. 
 
 ' See the discussion on this point in my previous puhli- 
 cntion of one of these metope heads. Amfricdn Journal 
 of Archneolof/i/, IX., 1895, p. SSi {Papers of the American 
 School at Athens, VI. p. 252). 
 
y, 
 
 IGO 
 
 MAKBLE t?TATUARY FROM THE IIEKAEUM 
 
 THK I'ElUOl) AND SCHOOL OF THE HKUAKUM MARULES. 
 We must iu)w solve tlie question, To what i»eriod and to what school may we assign 
 
 these seuli)tures? , . . , u *i i * i f 
 
 The -eneral characteristics of art manifested ni these works, as well as the detiuls ot 
 style anTl workmanship, i><.int towards the fifth century n. c-. But if we compare these 
 ,uetoi>es from the Heraeum with the metoi)es fron. the l>arthen<m, we shall at once 
 assi-n to the former a later date than to the latter. They undouhteilly mark a greater 
 elaboration, nune detiiled modeling, moi-e accentuated finish n. the nude and in the 
 dr ipery than the most advanced of the Parthenon marbles. As an ..utside limit m the 
 other 'directi.m, 1 should put the fragments from the Tegean temi.le and ..f the Scj»- 
 pisian School, which certainly manifest a later development in the rendering of indi- 
 viiluulity and of emotion in the treatment of the heads. In their manifest outside 
 limits they must thus have been produced between the years B. c. 4:i8 and 3G0. 
 
 Positively we may coinimre them with the Phigalian marbles fnnn the temple of Apollo 
 at Bassiie. * But thesi- are coarser in workmanship and in sentiment. The heads are 
 rounder, more bullet-shai)ed, the movement more exaggerated, esiKJcially in the restlessly 
 llutterin- drai»ery, in the stretched folds of drapery drawn into parallel lines by the knees 
 bent apa"t-a feature characteristic of these sculptures. The Heraeum marbles have 
 the oreatest aiudogv among extant works, as regards the treatment of the body and of 
 draiil'iy, with the beautiful reliefs from the Balustrade of the temple of Nikt^ Apteros at 
 Athens, and with the reliefs and pedimental figures fnmi the temple of Asclepius at 
 Epidauius. Yet a minute examination will show that there is greater elaborateness and 
 sensm»usness, as well as ciunplexity, in the treatment of drai»ery in the Athenian reliefn 
 from the Balustrade, which appear to me distinctly less severe and, in so far, later in 
 character. The Epidaurian sculpture, again, has a very ch.se affinity in style ; but 
 esi>ecially when we take the Acroteria (Nereids and Flying Victories), it shows givater 
 softness in the hidication of the female figure and greater complexity and heaviness in the 
 treatment <»f drapery than we find in our works, which are in so far of an earlier iK«riod, 
 i e earlier than about :580 n. ( . The ditference betAveen the sculptures from these two 
 \r<.olic sites corresponds very much to the difference which 1 have noted ' with regard 
 to die ^imn from the Heraeum (see above, p. 124) and that from the Thoh.s at Eiji- 
 daurus. A careful comparative examination of the s'nnas of various Greek temples will 
 show that the Heraeum .suna is later than that of the Parthenon, and that of the temple 
 of ApolU. at Bassiie ; while it is distinctly earlier than those of the Epidaurian building, 
 the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the second temple of the Ephesian Artemis, and the 
 temple at Priene. The closest approximation to it is found in the ornamentiition of 
 the Erechtheum of Athens, but this shows signs of being a slightly later development 
 of the pattern which is given on the sinta of the Heraeuin.'- 
 
 1 See .uv Kjrcavations, etc., pp. 15 .-^nd 16. monn.uents and critical reuderinp of texts combined. I 
 ". It would be impossible to exaggerate the imp^irtancc cannot in this instance develop the full import of «.m1. a 
 of a careful compirative study of such architectural details, com,Kirison in all its details; but the n.ere outhne of the 
 which I feel confident will Uar the n.ost fruitful results, comparison I maile between these carvings .n the buildings 
 when viewed in the light of the whole history of Greek art. referred to in the text will illustrate my meaning. Coin- 
 In the present instance, a careful tabulation, followed by a pared with our sima, that of the Parthenon is simpler in 
 conscientious analysis of the honeysuckle pattern as given design and line, while the lions' heads are less co.nren- 
 on .imas and cornices, in connection with the treatment of tional. I do not mean by this that they have any of the 
 the lion's head serving as water-spout, will furnish a safer realism which some belonging to later buildings ( wl.uh 
 chronological foothold than many elaborate treatises of often combine these elements of realism with more de- 
 
 4 
 
 PERIOD AND SCHOOL OF HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 161 
 
 As we shall see more clearly the further we juoceed, there is everv reason to accept 
 a certain rehitionship between the Argive Heraeum and the Epidaurian works of art ; 
 only this rehitionship would mean that the Argive works inttneiice<l the construction of 
 those at Epidaurus.' The younger Polycleitu.s, grandson of the great sculptor, was com- 
 missioned to produce the beautiful Tholos at Epidaurus, and from the proximity of the 
 two places we might well exjiect an Argive inHuence there." 
 
 As the architectiir.d decorations have the clearest affinity with the Erechtheum of 
 Athens, so the head of Hem has some points in common with the heads <d" the Caryatids 
 from that temple. But as we shall see later, this resemblance, as far as it goes, makes it 
 more likely that the tyiHj of head in the Caryatids was influenced by Argive art than 
 that the reverse cnri*ent of influence was in force in that period.^ 
 
 All this internal evidence of the monuments themselves naturally leads us to fix the 
 (lite of these sculptui-es, judging them merely from their style, in the second half of 
 the fifth century n. c, later than the Parthenon and slightly earlier than the Erechtheum. 
 And when, further, we have the definite stjitement that the temple was burned down in 
 423 n. c, and bear in mind that it must have been rebuilt at once, we are justified in 
 assigning to these stailptures the date determined for the erection of the temiile, that is 
 420 n. V. This date, moreover, is the one assigned by Pliny (N. If. XXXI V. 40) to 
 Polycleitus, ami has univei-sjilly been admitted to refer to his making the statue of 
 Hem for our temi)le. When, further, we i*emember that, at all events, the metopes had, 
 for reiisons of construction, to be put in their place before the building was completed, 
 tliei*e can hardly be any further doubt respecting the date of these sculptures, a degree 
 of certiiinty which is hardly e<|ualed with regard to any other monimients that have 
 come down to us from Ancient Hellas.* 
 
 veloped conveiitimialization in other features) have. The 
 sima of the l'hig:iliaii temple is similar in arrangement 
 to ours, but is on the whole harder and less developcil. 
 On the other hand, .is I pointed out in the first publica- 
 tion in IHD'J, the Epidaurian simn is throughout more 
 " barocco," a distinctly later development. In the Mau- 
 soleum of Halicarnassus, the lotos and honeysuckles 
 alternating have a more conventional character, with a 
 toiieli of Orientalism, while the lions' heads with the 
 deeply sunk eyes are at once more realistic and yet have 
 a more conventionalize<l pattern to the " whiskers." The 
 lions' heads in the temple of Athene Polias at Priene are 
 similar, but are gencRilly coarsened in workmanship. Still 
 further conventionalization is to be noted in the Nereid 
 Monument from Xanthus, in which the lines about the 
 jaw, etc., cover the whole nose and cheeks, and have 
 become a mere decorative pattern. Perhaps earlier than 
 these, the lions' heads from the Kphesian temple of Arte- 
 mis confine these lines to a .symmetrical arrangement up 
 the nose ; the eyeball is sunk in a deep-cut circular clian- 
 nel surrounding it, the two ridges on the forehead have be- 
 come conventional channels. So, too, the beautiful scroll 
 pattern on the xima is an advanced elaboration of that on 
 ours with greater conventionalization. Each one of the 
 volutes is elaborately grooved (where it is simple in ours) 
 with foliage overlapping — blossom and twig are here 
 eonfiise<l and mingled with each other, as well as in the 
 neck of columns. On the other hand, the patterns round 
 the door and console of the Erechtheum are nearest to 
 our o'.vn, only there is additional grooving in the twirling 
 
 stem of the scroll pattern ; the whole is later and more 
 conventional. The similarity is still more striking if we 
 can assign the fragment with the bird to this building. 
 lint one thing seciiis to ine clear : that the Erechtheum 
 ornament and that from the sima of the Heraeum are 
 most closely related, and that of the two the Erechtheum 
 is slightly later and marks one step further in the natural 
 history of ornament. 
 
 ' According to the inscription published by Cavvadias 
 (FouUles fri'Jpidaure, I. p. 2.3), and Foucart {Bull, tie 
 Correap. Helltn. XIV. [1890], pp. 589-594), the moilols for 
 the {tediments were furnished by the artist Timotheiis for 
 the sum of 900 drachmae, inferior artists being engaged 
 under him. This famous artist Timotheus we can follow 
 in his successful career for many years in the fourth cen- 
 tury n. c. ^Ve know that he collaborated with Scopas, 
 Bryaxis, and I^ocharcs .it the decoration of the Mau- 
 soleum of Halicarnassus, but there is nothing to show to 
 what school he belonged, whether Attic or Argive. 
 
 - We cannot even say that Thrasymedes, who made 
 the gold and ivory statue of Asclepius in the Temple at 
 Epidaurus, belonged to the Attic school. His former asso- 
 ciation with Phidias as his pupil rests merely ujwn the 
 mistaken late statement of Athenagoras (177 A. D.) in 
 his Leg. pro Christ. 14, p. CI. 
 
 ' See below, p. 1G7. 
 
 * It might l)e said that the metopes were let in with 
 rough marble projections to be worked in relief in situ at 
 a later perioil, — there is absolutely no reason in favor of 
 this very unlikely proceeding. 
 
162 
 
 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HKRAKUM ^lARBLES. 
 The date of these works thus beiiicr fixed, the next question is thait of the sehool to 
 Avhich we must uscriUe them. We shall see more elearly, the further we luoeeed that 
 there is every reason, internal and eircumstiintiiil, for assignnij; them t,. the Polycleitan 
 seho(d, and no valid reason aj^ainst this. „ , , i • 
 
 In the first place, we must naturally assi-n to the leading seuli.tor of the idace, who 18 
 ehar<red with the creation of the great temple statue, the superintendence, if "«t the 
 desi"nin<^ and elaboration, of the sculi.tured ornamentation of this very temple. Ihe 
 l.robabiirties in favor of these temple ornamentations bein- representative of the art of 
 Poly cleitus are as great as, if not greater than, the probability that the Parthenon marb es 
 are rei.resentative of the art of Phidias. For while we know that Phidias had a powerful 
 opposition against him in the Athenian state which tended to limit or to interrupt or even 
 to stop completely his work at Athens, we know .»f no such disturbing elements winch cui^ 
 tailed and limited the donunating influence of the leading Argive artist in his home. If 
 the local Ar-ive artists were of inferior talent, or even second to some other leading artist 
 in Hellas, we could understand why part of the great work should be assigned to a 
 foreigner. But we find that at the time of the construction .»f the Heraeum, Polycleitus 
 was %vlh prhweps, that he stood unrivaled among the artists of the whole of Greece, 
 andthat he was at the head of a most flourishing school of sculpture, which for genera- 
 tions after, when this school passed on to Sicyon, made its influence felt upon all suc- 
 ceeding artists, so that even a Lvsippns in the following century acknowledges this direct 
 influeme. When we consider these general facts, there is at least no o i^non reason 
 for assuming the advent of foreign sculptors to decorate the temple f(U- which Polycleitus 
 
 fashioned his famous statue of Hera. , i i f 
 
 I have just emphasized the uniciue position held by Polycleitus after the death of 
 Phidias. But as a matter of fact, the prominent position of the Argive sculptor did not 
 depend merely upon the absence of his great Athenian rival, the greatest of ancient 
 sculptors. For subsetpient generations, who had the works of all the great masters before 
 them, assio-ned to Polvcleitus a place which (though in our eyes it does not detract from 
 the supreme genius of Phidias) secures f<»r him the siinie general plane of excellence from 
 which Phidias rose above his younger contemiH>rary. We may ignore for the moment 
 the mssiiges containing the exalted praise of his great statue of Hera, as well as those 
 concerning his peculiar artistic qualities, with which we shall deal later, and we still 
 find that the representative judges of the ancient world couple his name with that of 
 Phidias when they mention the greatest artists of antiquity ; just as in modern music — 
 and the analogy is tempting in many other respects - Mozart is coupled with Beethoven. 
 Xenophon,^ in speaking of the greatest artists, selects Homer to represent the ei>os, 
 Melanippides the dithyramb, Sophocles trage<ly, Zeuxis painting, and Polycleitus seuli^- 
 ture. Aristotle = and ^Dionysius of Halicarnassus ' single out Phidias and Polycleitus, 
 the latter placing Polycleitus first. Cicero chooses him by preference to illustrate the 
 hicrhest sculpture, and Siiys of his works,* " They are more beautiful and, in fact, quite 
 preferred." Quintilian, Statins^ Juvenal, Lucian, and Aeliaii all adopt the siime tone. 
 Finally Pliny ,^' speaking of bronze work, sjiys that Polycleitus developed this art to the 
 highest point, and carried to perfection what Phidias had opened out. 
 
 ' Memomhilin, I. 4. 3. 
 
 2 Eth. Mrnm. VI. 7. 
 
 ' Ik Dinarrho, 7, and De Imtcrate, 13, p. 541. 
 
 * llrnt. 18. 70. 
 
 » N. H. XXXIV. S6. 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 163 
 
 Is it at all likely that the Argives who kept up the tradition of the Polycleitan school, 
 of which they must have been proud, and allowed the grandson of Polycleitus, Naucydes, 
 to make the statue of Hebe to stand beside Hera, is it likely, with tliis giant artist in 
 their midst, with a thriving school (in which were his own sons and grandsons) spreading 
 its ramifications to other great art centres in Greece, that they would have turned to 
 other jKirts, even to Athens, for sculptors to decorate their great temple ? And at what 
 period would they be doing this ? 
 
 This was a time when Phidias was dead, and with him Pericles, and a strong wave of 
 Attic opposition was likely to counteract the vitality of the school of Phidias ; when the 
 Peloponnesian War was exhausting the wealth and checking the artistic advance of that 
 centre of Greek taste ; when, as a matter of fact, so far as undoubted evidence is con- 
 cerned, we have a lacuna as regards great sculpture in Attica. At this very time the 
 genius of Polycleitus and the vitality of his school reach their highest point. As Furt- 
 wjingler puts it : ' " The rise of Polycleitus in Argos marked no less an epoch than that 
 of Phidias in Athens ; the Doryphonis is as decided an advance on its predecessor as 
 the Lemnia and the Parthenos on theirs." 
 
 Is it not more likely even that Argive artists of the Polycleitan school would be called 
 to Athens than that Argives would call in inferior Attic artists, the two states being 
 allies at the time ? Are we not even more justified in expecting to find at this period 
 the artistic influence of Argive sculpture at Athens than post-Phidian influence at Argos,^ 
 esiHJcially when we remember that such influence had become traditional from the time 
 of Ageliiclis, that at an earlier i>eriod Polycleitus had vanquished Phidias with his statue 
 of an Amazon, and that, in the Attic talk of even the period when Phidias was alive, the 
 names of the two artists were familiarly coupled together, as is shown in Plato's Protago- 
 ras?^ If, moreover, as I hope to be able to do, I can establish the identity of pattern on 
 the diadem of the Hera from the Argive coin (admitted to be a reproduction of the 
 famous Polycleitan statue) and on our Hnna from the temple in a most individual feature, 
 I shall have gone far to show, by actually extant works, an immediate relation between 
 the maker of the great statue, Polycleitus, and the marble-workei-s of the temple — 
 a fortiori of the sculptoi-s who carved the metopes and pediments. 
 
 When now we find that among the marbles from the metopes of this temple we have 
 a head which is unmistakably Polycleitan, closely related to the head of the Doryi)honis 
 and to other heads rightly assigned to Polycleitus,* that the second of our six extant heads 
 
 ' Masterpiecet of Greek Sculpture, translated by Eu- 
 genie Sellers, 1895, p. 220. 
 
 * I shall liave to jwiiit out, for instance, how the weight 
 of probability goes to show that the Erechtheiim Caryatid- 
 type was influeucetl by a famous statue of Polycleitus. 
 
 ■'' Of this passage (.'Ul c) Furtwiingler says (p. 225) : 
 " Plato is evidently citing the two most celebrated artists 
 and leaders of the two schools most in renown at the time 
 in which the dialogue is supposed to have taken place." 
 
 * Any intelligent comparison of our Argive head with 
 that of the Doryphonis and the replicas of this statue will 
 at once demonstrate tliis. The difiFerence between the 
 two in the treatment of the hair is on the one hand to be 
 a.scribed to the difference of the development in the treat- 
 ment of hair in Polycleitan works from the Dorj'phorus 
 to the Diadumenus, as well as to the difference of bronze 
 and marble technique, — especially when we remember 
 that our head formed part of a metope placed high up in 
 
 a building and not of a statue on the eye-line. For this 
 variation in the treatment of hair, as well as for its simi- 
 larity to Polycleitan work, I would also ask for a com- 
 parison of our head with that in the possession of Sir 
 Edgar Vincent (Furtwiingler, fig. 103) and of the head in 
 the Hermitage of St. Petersburg (ibid. fig. 104), which 
 Furtwiingler considers to be the best copy of an athlete 
 by Polycleitus. He says of the hair : " The hair, though 
 individual enough, is not worked with much detail. The 
 style is distinctly Polycleitan ; this is still more the case 
 in a copy of the head in the Hermitage." I would fur- 
 ther ask for a careful comparison between our head and 
 that of the beautiful statue of a boy in Dresden as given 
 by Furtwiingler (ibid. fig. 112). It will then be seen 
 how in the profile view the general arrangement of the 
 hair round the ear and at the back of the head, though 
 roughly blocked out in the metope head and carefully 
 elaborated in the boy's statue, is essentially the same. 
 
1G4 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 from these metopes, that of the Amazon, shows close relationship to the tyiHJ of an 
 Amazon head hitherto identified with Polyeleitus, on what ground can we reasonahly 
 assign these sculptures from the Heraeum to any other school than to that of Polyeleitus 
 of Argos ? I firmly maintain that we cannot. 
 
 Still this hcis been done. Furtwiingler has rather hastily siiid (although he acknow- 
 ledcres, in a footnote, that he had not seen our finds) : » " All these sculptures have 
 not'' the least relation to Polyeleitus and his school. . . . The head of Hera, as well as 
 most of those pieces of sculptui-e from that place [Heraeum] known to me are certanily 
 
 Attic." .11 1 u 
 
 1 had intended to pass over this positive statement, together with other remarks by 
 the siime author, without further attention, believing that their somewhat dogmatic tone, 
 as well as the inadequate and sui>erficiiil habit and method of scientific observation of 
 which they seem to give evidence, would prevent their having an influence on the 
 thoughtful reader. But I find that he has repeated his assertions in the MeUtenrerke,' 
 a book that is widely read and contiiins much of extreme interest and value, although 
 this is closely connected with some rather precipitate and apjmrently unwarranted views, 
 which are unfortunatelv so expressed as to give the impression of being firmly established 
 facts. As this work is widely known and often quoted, I feel that it would not be deal- 
 mg justly by the treasures which a good fortune has put into our hands, if we were to 
 allow their proper scientific appreciation to be i>erverte<l or even retarded.^* I must there- 
 fore attempt a ref utiition of Professor Furtwiingler's doubts as well as of his assertions, 
 which will at the siime time lead to a more detiiiled appreciation of the light which our 
 discoveries throw upon Polycleitan art. 
 
 It is difficult to account for such opinions as those expressed by Professor Furtwiinglei , 
 or to find adequate reasons for them. In studying his Me'tsterwerki', however, to learn 
 the grounds upon which he rests his own conviction or opinion, I find that these views 
 rest 'Iipon a general theorv developed in an earlier portion of the book, into which he 
 is naturally led to fit other facts as they arise. This general theory is that of the 
 >videspread influence of the artist Cresilas. On p. 243 of his MeUterwerhe he says : 
 « We may assume a certain amount of Attic influence in the later i)eriod of Polyeleitus, 
 and for this Cresilas may well have been the medium ; for we know that he was working 
 at Argos jiLst at this time. And we must bear in mind that, as I have previously shown, 
 the fragments of sculpture from the Heraeum of Argos are worked in a style in which 
 Attic influence preponderated, and are decidedly akin to the figures on the Nike Balus- 
 
 1 Archaeologische Studien Heinrich Brunn Dargebracht, 
 April, 1893, pp. 89, 90. 
 
 2 Meu<tertcerke, p. 223. 
 
 « I feel this the more, because of course the work 
 which Professor Furtwiiiigler has done entitles him to a 
 very prominent position among archaeologists. If he 
 seems to me to be lacking in the power of delicate artis- 
 tic appreciation and to be overhasty in judging the rela- 
 tive value of evidence and the relative degrees of cer- 
 tainty, his apprehension of mechanical decorative detail 
 and his memory for these important matters are astound- 
 ing ; not so, I believe, his appreciation of pure sculpture 
 on the artistic side. Still, I fully recognize that his 
 stupendous productivity, his intimate acquaintance with 
 monuments and literature, assimilated into a phenomenal 
 memory, together with an excellent perception and mas- 
 tery of decorative forms and technical details in art. 
 
 have enabled Professor FurtwJingler to produce funda- 
 mental and enduring work such as we have in his great 
 monographs on vases, gems, bronzes, and in the intel- 
 ligent cataloguing of great collections. It is true Pro- 
 fessor Furtwangler's view has, so far as I know, not 
 been accepted by any authority. Collignou (Hist, de la 
 Sndpt. Grec. 1897, p. 1C8) says : " M. Furtwangler la 
 consid^re comme une oeuvre attique. Mais je crois que 
 M. Waldstein a raison d'y voir une oeuvre de style 
 Argien." Overbeck refers to the head in similar terms. 
 E. A. Gardner (Handbook of Gr. Sculp. II. p. 341), while 
 admitting the Argive origin of the Hera bead, hesitates, 
 and assumes an Attic influence, to be ascribed to the fact 
 that Argive artists had come under the influence of 
 Phidias. Tarbell hesitotes in a similar nianuer (//irt. of 
 Greek Art, pp. 211, 212). 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 165 
 
 trade at Athens, all of which seems to point to the probabiHty that Attic artists were at 
 work in Argos." In a footnote he adds : " The head lately found at the Heraeum 
 which Waldstein considered to be Polycleitan is more likely Attic." 
 
 Now this Cresilas is the point upon which rests Professor Furtwangler's assertion of 
 the transportation of Attic art into Argos. AU we know of this artist with certainty is 
 that he was not an Athenian, but a Cydonian, and that he most probably emigrated from 
 his Cretan home into Greece. He certainly made a portrait of Pericles which is inscribed 
 with his name,' the inscription having come down to us. A second inscription found 
 on the Acropolis was dedicated by a certain Hermolycus, and dates back to about the 
 middle of the fifth century.^ A third, found in the same place/' is considerably later. 
 A fourth inscription is on the base of an offering to Demeter Chthonia at Hermione * 
 in Argolis. A comi^nion inscription dedicated by the same man, Alexias's son, gives 
 the name of an Argive artist.^ To this Furtwangler adds : " Cresilas is thus shown 
 engaged on work for a family of Hennione in company with an Argive artist; and the 
 probabUity is that he was living at Argos at the time, and received the commission 
 jointly with the native artist." In the last two inscriptions Cresilas calls himself a Cydo- 
 nian. Upon these facts Professor Furtwangler builds up the life of this artist (p. 116) : 
 " Even from this view itself we can gather a good deal of information concerning tiie 
 artist's life. Born at Cydonia in Crete, he must have left home early in order to culti- 
 vate his talents, for we know of no school of artists in Crete at that time. ... It was of 
 course only natural tiiat the young artist should turn his steps to the brilliant and artistic 
 Athens. Here he seems to have succeeded in working his way up among the first artists 
 and in obtaining a great reputation, especiiilly as a portrait sculptor. Otherwise he 
 would certtiinly not have been intrusted with the bust of Pericles, the most distinguished 
 and most iK>werful niiiii in the city. ... As to the migration of Cresilas to Argos, it 
 was doubtless occasioned by the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, which must have 
 rendered residence in Athens unpleasant for an artist, especially if he was a foreigner," 
 etc. Now it is this Cydonian artist who, Furtwangler maintains, brings Attic sculpture 
 to Argos ui the time of Polyeleitus. 
 
 If we were so inclined, I believe we could more readily make a theory that this Cresilas, 
 who worked jointly with an Argive artist, who was beaten by Polyeleitus in the competi- 
 tion for the Amazon statue, who, as it were in imitation of the great artist, makes an 
 Amazon and a Doryphorus, migrated from his Cretan home to Argos, and might thus be 
 considered an Argive artist rather than an Athenian artist. But we should consider such 
 an attempt frivolous. 
 
 There are other more definite grounds upon which Furtwangler bases his assertion 
 that our Argive sculptures are Attic in style. These are to be found in a comparison he 
 establishes" between our life-size head of Hera and a small marble head of a boy (83 mm. 
 in height) which came from Brauron, and which, I am told, is in his private possession 
 (Fig. 84). To this head he assigns the date of circa b. c. 420. On a former occasion^ 
 Professor Furtwangler brought tiiis little head into direct relation with the Olympian 
 sculptures, and pointed to the similar treatment of tiie hair in the old man of the eastern 
 pediment and the treatment of the eyes in Olympian pedimental heads.^ These state- 
 
 1 A«XT/or ApxtuoK. 1889, p. 36. 
 « Loewy, Iruchr. G. BUdh. No. 46. 
 
 • Loewy, ibid. No. 47. 
 
 * Loewy, Ufid. No. 45. 
 
 • Loewy, ibid. No. 51. 
 
 • Archaeologische Studien, etc. p. 89, pi. iii. 
 ' Athen. MitlheU. V. (1880), p. 45. 
 
 • " Die Haare sind bebandelt wie z. B. an oem altcn 
 
A 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 166 
 
 MAKBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 ments he now retracts, and maintains that " the nearest parallel to my small ' Attic 
 head is the newly discovered beautiful head from the Heraeum of Argos, belonging to 
 the siime date. This head is that of a girl who, however, like our boy, has a hraiil at 
 the parting in front [the italics are all mine] ; behind the band, however, this braid is 
 not continued.* One of the Korai of the Erechtheum, also of the same date, luis quite a 
 
 Fig. 84. — Sm.\ll Makble Hkad from Braurox. 
 In the possession of Professor FurtwiiHgler. 
 
 similar braid at the parting. Aho the stromjhj ^caving hair is analogous in the heads 
 compared. With the head from the Heraeum our small head is furthermore sjmtaUt/ 
 connected through the cut of the eyes, the formation of the eyelids, and the lacrimal 
 glands (Thranenkarunkel), furthermore through the supreme sweetness of the mouth 
 and the flat dimple of the chin." » For every pohit of similarity which is here sui)posed 
 to establish a direct connection between these two heads we might almost put contrast or 
 marked difference, and I would ask the reader to compare the cuts here given with our 
 Plates (Frontispiece and XXXVI.). 
 
 1. The general build and outline are quite different. The upper part of the Brauron 
 head, when taken in full face, is broader throughout, and maint<iins this breadth across 
 the cheek. It thus follows a round, and not a square or rectiingular principle. In the 
 profile view, the top of the head rises more from front to back ; its highest point is not 
 in the middle, but more towards the back ; while the whole outline of the face, with the 
 receding forehead and the receding lower lip, the comparatively great breadth and flatter 
 suiface of the cheek between nostril and ear, give to this head a remarkably different 
 
 character from that of our Hera. 
 
 2. The " strongly-waving " hair is dealt with in so peculiarly delicate and almost washed- 
 out a manner tha^t \t stands in strong contrast to the well-cut waves of hair hi the Hera, 
 as well as in the Caryatids from the Erechtheum. It is no doubt this peculiar quahty of 
 \oncr, roundly cut waves which led Furtwiingler to make the comparison (justified in this 
 poi^t) between his head and some of those from Olympui. A further comparison of the 
 Bi-auronian head and its hair with that of the youthful Triptolemus from the famous 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 167 
 
 Manne vom Ostgiebel ; die Augeu ferner und das etwas 
 hervortretende Untergesicht sind widenini jenen Sculp- 
 turen direct verwandt." Would be thus also consider 
 our Hera direct vencandt with the pedimental heads from 
 Oljnipia as regards eyes and the lower face ? 
 
 » " Seine nachste Parallele ist der neugefundene eben 
 um diese Zeit [b. c. 420] datierbare schbne Kopf vom 
 Heraion bei Argos. Dieser stellt ein junges Madchen 
 dar, das aber wie unser Knabe vome auf dem Scheitel 
 
 eineu Zopf hat ; hinter der Binde setzt sich dieser indess 
 nicht fort. Einen ganz glcicliartigcn Scheitelzopf hat 
 eine der Korai des Erechtheions, die um dieselbe Zeit zu 
 datieren sind. Auch die stark wellige Behandlung der 
 Haare ist an den verglichenen Skulpturen analog. Mit 
 dem Kopf vom Heraion ist der uusrige noch besonders 
 durch den Schnitt der Augen, die Bildung der Lider und 
 der Thriiuenkarunkel, ferner durch den iiberaus lieblichcn 
 Mund und das tlache Kiungriibcheu verbunden." 
 
 Eleusinian relief might be uistructive and profitable. But m modeling there is no analogy 
 to the hair of our Argive head. 
 
 3. The outline of the receding, more wavy forehead in the Brauroiiian head, with its 
 straight line about the braid, diffei-s essentially from the simple circular sweep of forehead 
 in the Hera. 
 
 4. And as for the " cut of the eyes, the formation of the eyelids, and the lacrimal 
 glands," they are distinctly different. The orb of the eye itself is flatter and more 
 almond-shaiKjd in the Brauronian head. This is especially due to the different treatment 
 
 of the upper lid. In the Brauronian head the curve is very slight and flat, ^ \ while 
 
 in ours it has a bold circidar swee}) ^ ^^_ . This alters, not only the whole aspect 
 
 of the Hd, but the whole expression of the eye and face, which becomes more dreamy in 
 the Brauronian head. The " Thranenkarunkel " is Lirger and more prominent in the 
 Argive head. 
 
 5. The " supremely sweet " mouth, besides behig closed in the Brauronian head, is 
 much smaller, the projecting upi)er lip having more of an arch-like curve ; while the 
 lower lip has not the characteristic narrowly defined thickening which is so notable a 
 feature in all these Argive heads. 
 
 The one point of similarity between the two heads is the " braid," which runs from 
 the forehead to the back of the Brauronian head, and is not continued behind the band 
 in ours. No doubt it was this vague and trifling similarity of one detail which led 
 Professor Furtwiingler to make what I must call 
 superficial observation and to draw such a hasty 
 conclusion. The analogy in this arrangement of 
 the hair is much closer between our head and the 
 imiiden from the Erechtheum ; and no doubt this 
 obvious similarity again has led others to observe 
 an Attic character in the Argive head. But 
 though this peculiiir arrangement of the hair is 
 the siune, the Caryatid, with the long curls on 
 either side, shows a more mechanical and wooden 
 treatment in this central braid, coming straight 
 to the forehead, while in ours the waves of hair 
 part symmetrically and yet organically beneath and 
 beside it. It looks almost as if the sculptor of 
 the Caryatid (Fig. 85) had not fully understood 
 the natural arrangement as given in our heiid. 
 In spite of the similarity of arrangement between 
 these heiids, a glance at the rounded forms in 
 foreheiid and cheeks, the more fleshy treatment of the Attic work, compared with the 
 sjKire, sharply cut outline of our Argive work, will well illustrate the difference of style 
 in spite of the similarities. 
 
 If there be any connection between these two works as regards the type or subject repi-e- 
 sented, is it not more rational, in view of the general stiite of sculpture in that period, to 
 which we have referred above, to assume a Polycleifcm influence in Athens, rather than 
 a dei)endence of Argive sculpture upon Attica ? And does not this become still more 
 pressing ui this definite case, when we find that world-famous works by Polycleitus were 
 two Canephorae holding a sacred vessel on their heads " according to Attic custom " ? 
 
 Fig. 85. — Head ok one of the Korai 
 FROM the Erechtheum. 
 
1G6 
 
 MAKBLE STATUAHY FKOM THE IIEKAEL'M 
 
 ments lie now retracts, and maintains that " the nearest parallel t«. my small ' Attie 
 head is the newlv (liscovered heautit'ul head from the Henieum of Argos, belonj^ng tc. 
 the siime iLite. This head is that of a girl who, ht.wever, like our hoy, has a hnnd nt 
 th€2KU't',nij in front [the italics are all mine]; behind the band, however, this braid ih 
 not continued." Oiw of the Komi of the Erechtheum. also of the siiiiie date, l»as qiiite a 
 
 Fui. >W. — J^MALL Makblk Hk.ai. kkom Ukaukox. 
 lu the possossioii of I'rofessor Fiirtwiiiigler. 
 
 similar braid at the parting. Also tfw stroufjh/ irac'wi/ hu'w Is nnah^jous in the luads 
 connmred. With the head from the Heraeum imr small head is furthermore ^/mualfff 
 connected throufjh the cut of the ( //.x, the fonnation of the ej/e/ids, and the lucnmul 
 fdmuU (Thranenkarunkel), fnrfhennore thronrjh the supreme sweetness of the mouth 
 and the fiat dimple of the chin." ' For every p<unt of similarity which is here supposed 
 to establish a direct connection between these two heads we might almost put contrast or 
 marked difference, and I would ask the reader to compare the cuts here given with our 
 Plates (Frontispiece and XXXVI.). 
 
 1. The general build and outline are quite different. The upper juirt of the Brauron 
 head, wheiT taken in full face, is broader throughout, and maintains this breadth across 
 the cheek. It thus follows a round, and not a s(|uare or rectangular principle. In the 
 profile view, the top of the head rises more from front to back ; its highest point is n«»t 
 in the middle, but more towards the back ; while the whole outline of the face, with the 
 recedino- f„rehead and the receding lower lip, the comparatively great breadth and flatter 
 surface'of the cheek between nostril and ear, give to this head a remarkably different 
 character from that of our Hera. 
 
 2. The '• strongly-waving " hair is dealt with in so peculiarly delicate and almost washed- 
 out a manner thaVit stands in strong contrast to the well-cut waves of hair in the Hera, 
 as well as in the Carvatids from the Erechtheum. It is no dcmbt this peculiar cpiahty of 
 loner roundlv cut waves which led Furtwiingler to make the comi)arison (justified in this 
 point) between his head and some of those from Olympia. A further comparison of the 
 Brauronian head and its hair with that of the youthful Triptolemus from the famous 
 
 Manne vom Ostgiebel ; die Augcii fenier mu\ das etwas 
 bervortretende Uutergesicht siml widermii jeneii Sculji- 
 turen direct verwandt." Would be thus also consider 
 our Hera direct verwandt with the pedimental heads from 
 Olympia as regards eyes and the lower face ? 
 
 i " Seine nJichste Parallele ist der neugefundene eben 
 um diese Zeit [b. c. 420] datierbare scbbne Kopf vom 
 Ileraion bei Argos. Dieser stellt ein junges Miidihen 
 dar, das aber wie uuser Knabe vorue auf dem Scbeitel 
 
 ciuen Zopf hat ; hinter der Hindo set/t sich diesor indew 
 nicht fort. Einen ganz gltiehartigen Scheitelzopf hat 
 eine der Korai des Ereclitheions, die um dieselbe Zeit zu 
 datieren siud. Auch die stark welligc Ikhandlung der 
 Ilaarc ist an den verglicheuen Skulpturen analog. Mit 
 dem Kopf vom Heraion ist der unsrige noch besonders 
 durch den Schnitt der Augcn, die liildung der Lider uml 
 derThriinenkarunkel, ferner durch den iiberaus lieblichcn 
 Mund und das tiache Kinngriibchen verbunden." 
 
 POLVCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 1G7 
 
 Eleusinian relief might be instructive and profitiU)le. But in modeling there is no analogy 
 to the hair of our Argive head. 
 
 3. The (Uitline of the recetling, more wavy forehead in tiic Brauronian head, witli its 
 straight line about the braid, ditt'ei-s essentiidly from the simple circular sweep of forehead 
 in the Hera. 
 
 4. And as for the " cut of the eyes, the formation of the eyelids, and the lacrimal 
 glands." tliey are distinctly different. The orb of the eye itself is flatter and more 
 almond-shaped in the Brauronian head. This is especially due to the different treatment 
 
 of the upper lid. In the Brauronian head the curve is very slight and flat, ^ while 
 
 in ours it has a bold circular sweep ^ ^^. This alters, not only the whole aspect 
 
 of the lid, but the whole expression of the eye and face, which becomes more dreamy in 
 the Brauronian head. The " Thrjinenkarunkel " is larger and more prominent in the 
 Aigivt' head. 
 
 5. The " supremely sweet " mouth, besides being closed in the Brauronian head, is 
 much smaller, the projecting upper lip having more of an arcli-like curve ; while the 
 lower lip has not the characteristic narrowlv defined thickening which is so notable a 
 feature in all these Argive heads. 
 
 Tiie one point of similarity between the two heads is the '• braid," which runs from 
 the forehead to the iiack of the Brauronian head, and is not continued behind the band 
 in ours. No (hmbt it was this vague and trifling similarity of one detail wliicli led 
 Professor Furtwiingler to make what I must call 
 superficial observation and to draw such a hastv 
 conclusion. The analogy in this arrangement of 
 the hair is much closer between our head and the 
 maiden from the Erechtheum ; and no doubt this 
 ol)vious similarity again has led others to observe 
 an Attic character in the Argive head. But 
 though this peculiar arrangement of the hair is 
 the siiiiie, the Caryatid, witli the long curls on 
 either side, shows a more mechanical and wooden 
 treatment in this central braid, cominii- straij»ht 
 to the forehead, while in ours the waves of hair 
 part symmetrically and yet organically beneath and 
 beside it. It looks almost as if the sculptor of 
 tlie Caryatid (Fig. S7)) had not fully understood 
 the natinal arrangement as given in our head. 
 In spite of tiie similarity of arrangement between 
 these heads, a glance at the rounded forms in 
 forehead and cheeks, the more fleshy treatment of the Attic work, compared with the 
 spare, sharply cut outline of our Argive work, will weU illustrate the difference of style 
 in spite of the similarities. 
 
 If there be any connection between these two works as regards the type or subject repre- 
 sented, is it not more rational, in view of the general state of sculpture in that period, to 
 which we have referred above, to assume a Polycleitiin influence in Athens, rather than 
 a dependence of Argive sculpture upon Attica ? And does not this become still more 
 juessing in this definite case, when we find that world-famous works by Polycleitus were 
 two Canephorae holding a siicred vessel on their heads " according to Attic custom " ? 
 
 Fig. 8o. — IIkai) ok «»xe of the Kouai 
 
 HJOM TIIK KUKCIITIIKUM. 
 

 .f 
 
 f 
 
 168 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 Cicero* praises them for their supreme grace (eximia V€mit<tate), while Syinmaehus' 
 mentions them, together with the Zeus of Phidias and the famous cow of Myron, as 
 the most famous works of art in existence. If Polycleitus, whose fame was estahhshed 
 long before the Erechtheum was built, created a type of maiden carrying some object 
 on her head, a work of world->vide fame, is it not more Ukely that the inferior Attic 
 sculptor who fashioned these maidens for the Erechtheum should be influenced by such 
 
 a tj'pe than that the Argive sculptor should borrow 
 his type from the later Erechtheum ? 
 
 If there was such Polydeitan influence in Attic 
 works of the second half of the fifth century, there 
 might certainly also have l)een, and there most 
 probably was, a certain Attic influeiue in Argive 
 work. Even so great an artist as Polycleitus could 
 not fail to be affected by the technical advance 
 made by Phidias and the gieat sweep of his artistic 
 genius. We can thus trace the influence of the 
 technical progress made by the Van Eycks in oil- 
 painting through Antonello da Messina in nearly 
 all the great Italian masters ; the artistic spirit of 
 a Diirer even is modified by his travels in Italy ; 
 even a Giorgione and a Titian are not to be wholly 
 explained by the specifically Venetian current of 
 artistic growth; Raphael is affected by Michael 
 Angelo; Francia, even at an advanced age, by 
 Riiphael ; Mabuse the Fleming by Itiilian art ; 
 Rubens expands his genius after his sfciy in Itiily 
 and Spain ; so Van Dyck and so many others. But 
 these alien influences do not extiriMite or hide the 
 strong original and native " style " if it ever was 
 the direct expression of a marked and vital artistic i>ersonality. 
 
 So, too, while recognizing the strongly surviving "Doryphorus" element in the 
 youths' heads from our metopes, we see certain changes from the severer bronze technique 
 as manifested in the head of the Polydeitan Doryphorus (Fig. 86), especially in the 
 treatment of the hair. This is no doubt due, in the first instonce, to the change in 
 material, and consequently in technique, from bronze to marble. Polycleitus, more- 
 over, was chiefly noted as a bronze-worker, while Phidias (though his chief works are 
 caehiturae) was more proficient in actual carving.' But this must never lead us to 
 believe that the great sculptor and his thriving school were restricted in their work to 
 the one material, bronze, and could not extend their activity to the plastic decoration 
 of the great temple in which they were working, especially when we know that his Zeus 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 169 
 
 >Ye. 86. — Head of the Doryphorus. 
 
 Ancient marble copy of the statue now iu the 
 
 Museum of Naples. 
 
 1 Cicero, In Verr. IV. 3. 5. Erant aenea praeterea 
 [in the collection of Heius] duo signa, non maxima, verum 
 eximia venustate, virginali habitu atque vestitu, quae 
 manibus sublatia sacra quaedam more Atheniensinm vir- 
 ginum reposita in capitibus sustinebant, canephorae ipsae 
 vocabantur. Sed earum artificem ? Quemnam ? Recte 
 admones, Polycletum esse dicebant. 
 
 • Symmachus, Epist. I. 23 : Tune, inquies, audeas de 
 
 philosophis iudicare ? Licet alienas spectare virtntes : 
 nam et Phidiae Olympium loveni et Myronis bnculum ct 
 Polycleti canephoras rudis ejus artis houiinum pars magna 
 mirata est. 
 
 ' Dionys. Halicam. de Dtnarrho 7 : . . . «tal wxiirrai 
 rk no\vK\*lTOv Kol yAu^fli rk **iilou. 
 
 Aristot. Eth. Nicom. VI. 7.: . . . "Iw ♦«i8fay \ido*,fr,hv 
 
 Meilichius* was a marble statue. No actual marble statue is ascribed to Phidias. More- 
 over, his very excellence as a irXao-TT/?, as a modeler, would make Polycleitus best fitted 
 to make the wax or plastic models, tvttoi, for the architectui-al compositions such as the 
 Epidiurian inscriptions tell us were made by Theotimus for that neighboring temple, the 
 figures to be carried out in marble by his colleagues and pupils. 
 
 Furthermore, these deviations from the treatment of hair in the Doryphorus type are 
 U) be {i8cril>ed to the peculijir constructive purpose which these heads, as metope heads, 
 served in the architectural scheme of the temple. Small heads seen at such a height iu 
 the building by the 8i>ectator below could not receive the same delicate, almost engraved, 
 work in the modeling of the hair as is given to the Doryphorus heads seen on the eye- 
 line ; and thus they required the bolder and 
 more massive subdivision of locks, which is 
 found in ours. We know from the study of 
 the Parthenon marbles how carefully these 
 conditions of distance, lighting, and pecuhar 
 position of the works in their relation to the 
 sjiectatijr were considered by the sculptor.- 
 
 Finally, we must not forget the natural 
 development and advance of the sculptor liim- 
 self in his acquisition of greater breadth and 
 freedom. On this point I have been ably 
 anticipiited by Professor Furtwangler,^ who, in 
 discussing the development of Polydeitan art, 
 arrives at a conclusion which I had reached 
 indei)endently, and which our finds strikingly 
 confinn ; namely, that we can distinguish an 
 earUer, .severer, and a later, freer style in the 
 master's work on his Doryphorus and on his 
 Diadumenus. This is clearly noticeable when 
 we couqwre the heads of these two statues with 
 each other and then perceive the advance in modeling and general freedom of composi- 
 tion and execution in the Diadumenus (Fig. 87).* 
 
 With a very slight turn to the side, the head of the Doryphorus is placed almost 
 upright and at right angles to the chest in the simple and severe manner of earlier art. 
 Now, a marked feature is the "build of the skull" {iSchadelbau}, which is square in 
 its outline. The hair is laid over the square structure at an even height, never pro- 
 jecting strongly so as to interfere with the marked suggestion of the construction of 
 
 Fig. 87. — Head of the Diadumjjvus. 
 Ancient marble copy, now in Dresden. 
 
 ' Pausan. II. 20. 1 : Aths Vl*i\ixiov, \l9ou Xtvitov, TloXv- 
 KKtlrov ii (pryoy. TIlis work is ascribed by some to the 
 younger Polycleitiu. 
 
 * See Waldstein, Essays on the Art of Pheidias, p. 79, 
 Dote 1 ; pp. 201 B. ; note D, pp. 227 ff. 
 
 ' Mmterpiecex, pp. 243 ff. 
 
 * Before our finds at the Heraeum led me to recon- 
 sider carefully the extant monuments and records concern- 
 ing Polycleitus, I was wont to explain the difference of 
 phraseology applied to the two works by Pliny {N. H. 
 XXXIV. 55), fecit tnoUiter juvenem, for the Diadumenus, 
 and viriliter puerum, for the Doryphorus, as devoid of any 
 purpose of special characterization or distinction between 
 
 the two works, but simply as arising out of a literary 
 desire of the author to give variety of style. Pliny, or 
 the writer from whom he copied, I thought, desired to 
 avoid the repetition of the same phrase, and thus chose 
 terms which iu a different form expressed the same fact. 
 The technical distinction in ancient Greece marked by the 
 ephebic age was conveyed by the technical meaning of 
 juvenis and puer ; and thus the molliter drew down the 
 juvenis, as the virilUer drew up the puer to the same point 
 of age between youth and manhood. Though such a 
 literary desire may still have been active, I now think 
 that the two terms do qualify and actually distinguish the 
 two different works. 
 
 
'.^1 
 
 168 
 
 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 169 
 
 Cicero* praises them for their supreme grace {exlmia fenHsfatc), while Symmachiis- 
 mentions them, together with the Zeus of Phidias and the famous cow of Myron, as 
 the most famous works of art in existence. U Polycleitus, whose fame was estiihhshed 
 long before the Erechtheum was built, created a type of maiden carrying some object 
 on her head, a work of world-wide fame, is it not more likely that the inferior Attic 
 sculptor who fashioned these maidens for the Erechtheum should be influenced by such 
 
 a type than that the Argive sculptor should borrow 
 his type from the later Erechtheum ? 
 
 If there was such Polycleitan influence in Attic 
 works of the second half of the fifth century, there 
 miirht certaudv also have been, and there most 
 probably was, a certiiin Attic influence in Argive 
 work. Even so great an artist as P<ilycleitus could 
 not fail to be affected by the technical advance 
 made by Phidias and the great sweep of liis artistic 
 srenius. We can thus trace the influence of the 
 technical progress made by the Van Eycks in oil- 
 painting through Antonello da Messina in nearly 
 all the great Italian masters ; the artistic spirit of 
 a Diirer even is modified by his travels in Italy ; 
 even a Giorgione and a Titian are not to be wholly 
 explained by the specifically Venetian current of 
 artistic growth ; Riiphael is affected by Michael 
 Angelo; Francia, even at an advanced age. by 
 Raphael ; Mabuse the Fleming by Italian art ; 
 Rubens expands his genius after his stay in Italy 
 and Spain ; so Van Dyck and so many others. But 
 these alien influences do not extirpate or hide the 
 strong original and native " style " if it ever wjia 
 the direct expression of a marked and vital artistic personality. 
 
 So, too, while recognizing the strongly surviving '' Doryphorus " element in the 
 youths' heads from our metopes, we see certain changes from the severer bronze technitiue 
 lis manifested in the head of the Polydeitiin Doryphorus (Fig. 8G), especially in the 
 treatment of the hair. This is no doubt due, in the fii-st instance, to the change in 
 material, and consequently in technique, from bronze to marble. Polycleitus, more- 
 over, was chiefly noted as a bronze-worker, while Phidias (though his chief works ai-e 
 caeffitin-ar) was more proficient in actual carving.' But this must never lead us to 
 believe that the great sculptor and his thriving school were restricted in their work to 
 the one material, bronze, and could not extend their activity to the plastic deconition 
 of the great temple in which they were working, esi)ecially when we know that his Zeus 
 
 FlU. 80. — HkAD UK TIIK DoKYl'IIORUS. 
 
 Aucient marble copy of the statue novr iu the 
 Museum of Naples. 
 
 » Cicero, In Verr. IV. 3. 5. Erant aenea praeterea 
 [in the collection of Heius] duo sipna, non maxima, verum 
 eximia venustate, virginali habitu atque vestitu, quae 
 mauibus sublatis sacra quaedam more Atheniensium vir- 
 ginum reposita in capitibus sustinebant, canephorae ipsae 
 vocabantur. Sed earum artiiicem ? Quemnam ? Recte 
 admones, Polycletum esse dicebant. 
 
 - Symmachus, Epist. 1. 23 : Tune, inquies, audeas de 
 
 philosophis iudicare? Licet nVwnnn spectarr virtutcs : 
 nam et Phidiae Olynipium loveni et Myronis bucuhim ct 
 Polycleti eanephoras rudis ejus artis hotiiinum pars uingna 
 mirata est. 
 
 " Dionys. Halicam. dc Dinnn-ho 7 : . . . noS wkiirrai 
 
 Aristot. Eth. Nirnm. VI. 7.: . . . oiuf ♦««8i«»' Ai»i.i»(0^ 
 
 Meilichius ' was a marble stjitue. No actual marble stiitue is ascribed to Phidias. More- 
 over, his very excellence as a irXaa-T-qq, as a modeler, would make Polycleitus be.st fitted 
 to make the wax or pListic models, TuVot, for the architectural compositions such as the 
 Epidaurian inscriptions tell us were made by Theotimus for that neighboring temple, the 
 figures to be carried out in marble by his colleagues and pupils. 
 
 Furthermoi-e, these deviations from the treatment of hair in the Doryphorus type are 
 to be ascribed to the peculiar constructive purpose which these heads, as metope head.s, 
 .served in the architectural scheme of the temple. Small heads seen at such a height in 
 tlie building by the spectiitor below could not receive the same delicate, almo.st engraved, 
 work in the modeling of the liair as is given to the Doryphorus heads seen on the eye- 
 line ; and thus they requii-ed the bolder and 
 more massive subdivision of locks, which is 
 found in oui-s. We know from the study of 
 the Parthen<m marbles how carefully these 
 conditions of di.stance, lighting, and peculiar 
 p(»sition of the works in their relation to the 
 s|)ectator wei-e con.sidered by the sculptor.- 
 
 Finally, we must not forget the natural 
 development and advance of the sculptor him- 
 self in his acijuisition of greater breadth and 
 freedom. On this point I have been ably 
 anticipated by Professor Furtwiingler,' who, in 
 discussing the development of P(dycleitiin art, 
 arrives at a conclusion which I had reached 
 indepen<lently, and which our finds strikingly 
 confirm ; namely, that we can distinguish an 
 earlier, severer, and a later, freer style in the 
 master's work on his Doryphorus and on his 
 Diadumenus. This is clearly noticeable when 
 we conq)are the heads of these two statues with 
 each other and then perceive the advance in modeling and general freedom of composi- 
 tion and execution in the Diadumenus (Fig. 87).* 
 
 With a very slight turn to the side, the head of the Doiyphorus is placed almost 
 upright and at right angles to the chest in the simple and .severe manner of earlier art. 
 Now, a marked feiiture is the " build of the skull" {Stliaddbcm), wXnAi is square in 
 its outline. The hair is laid over the square structure at an even height, never pro- 
 jecting strongly so as to interfere with the marked suggestion of the construction of 
 
 Fig. 87. — Head of the Diadumenus. 
 Ancient marble copy, now in Dresden, 
 
 ' Pausan. II. 20. 1 : Aiij M«tA«x<'oi;, \l9oti XtvKov, UoXv- 
 KKtirou ii (pyov. This Work is ascribed by some to the 
 younger Polycleitus. 
 
 * See Waldstein, Enmyx on the Art of Pheidias, p. 79, 
 note 1 ; pp. 201 ff. ; note D, pp. 227 ff. 
 
 •' Masttrpiecex, pp. 243 ff. 
 
 * Beforo our finds at the Hemeum led rae to recon- 
 sider carefully the extant monuments and records concern- 
 ing Polycleitus, I was wont to explain the difference of 
 phraseology applied t<» the two works by Pliny (JV. H. 
 XXXIV. 55), fecit molliter juvenem, for the Diadumenus, 
 and ririliter puertm, for the Doryphorus, as devoid of any 
 pur{>ose of siM'cial characterization or distinction between 
 
 the two works, but simply as arising out of a literary 
 desire of the author to give variety of style. Pliny, or 
 the writer from whom he copied, I thought, desired to 
 avoid the repetition of the same phrase, and thus chose 
 terms which in a different form expressed the same fact. 
 The technical distinction in ancient Greece marked by the 
 ephebic age was conveyed by the technical meaning of 
 juvenis and puer ; and thus the molltter drew down the 
 JuvenLi, as the viriliter drew tip the puer to the same point 
 of age between youth and manhood. Though such a 
 literary desire may still have been active, I now think 
 that the two terms do qualify and actually distinguish the 
 two different works. 
 
y\ 
 
 i 
 
 170 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE IIERAEUM 
 
 the skuU, and is then worked in crraceful variety in the locks, engraved into this 
 uniform mass rather than modeled upon .»r chiseled out of it. All is kept ni restraint 
 and reserve bv a prevailino- sense of symmetry, which, with all the variety of line in 
 the hair, giving freedom and vitiility and removing any suggestion of archaic conven- 
 titmaUty, sdU casts a touch of severity over the life and vigor of this art. In nearly 
 all Polycleitan heads this symmetrv manifests itself in a characteristic manner in the 
 treatment of the h)cks in the middle of the forehead, where they form a distinct archer's 
 
 bow. So the Dorvphorus. 0.1 • r 
 
 If now we turn to the Diadumenus, we find a marked advance. This is fi.und espe- 
 cially in the head, but also in the bodies of the numerous ivplicas' of this once famous 
 statue, which were valued at the high price of one hundred fcilents in ancient days. 
 
 As regards the body, there can be no doubt that these copies of the Diadumenus pre- 
 sent in general l)uild and construction, as well as in attitude, the Siime type as that of the 
 Doryphorus. But the treatment of the surface, the indication of muscles and articula- 
 tion, the delicate transitions are more advanced,^ and herein they approach more nearly 
 to the modeling of the torso from our metoi)e8. This is still more the case with the 
 beautiful small terra-cotta figure now in the possession of Mr. C. Blacker in Lond()n,=' 
 thouoh we dare not attach too much importance to statuettes for comparison with life- 
 size figures as regards details. Of course the greater elaboration and greater delicacy 
 and imturalness of modeling may in these copies be due to the relative skill of the 
 copyist ; but especially in view of the changes in the head and the modeling of the hair, 
 the 'variations in the modehng of the body are more likely to be due to the difference 111 
 
 the bronze original. 
 
 The heads ag-ain are practically the same in general structure and form. The marked 
 shape of the skull is the siime, though with the different treatment of the hair the 
 superficial appearance of the outline may be somewhat altered. The features, nose, 
 mouth, eyes, cheeks, and chin, are of the sjime characteristic, somewhat heavy ipuihty. 
 On the other hand, as in the body, greater delicacy, more sentiment, are given by the 
 changed position of the head, which, compared with the almost upright and straight 
 lH)sitron of the head in the Doryphorus, is here more turned to the side and drooping, 
 though far from the moi-e sentimentid attitudes observed in fourth-century works. 
 
 But the great change takes place in the hair. No doubt the advance marked in the 
 modeling of the hair is amply explained by the progress made in the art of modeling by 
 the artist himself, with his practice and experience, as well as the observation of the 
 work of other masters, within a period of, say, twenty-five years. But the first real 
 cause in the change is t<» be found, as I have so freiiuently pointed out in other spheres 
 of Greek art, simply in the constructive conditions of the work, in the peculiar and iiidi- 
 
 » Besides the Vaisou statue, so frequently reproduced, head ; Paris, Monnm. et M^m., \mi, vol. IV. p. 62, pis 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 
 
 171 
 
 replicas of the Dia«lunieiius have been published by 
 Jklichaelis, Aunali del" Inst. Arch. Rome, 1878, pp. 1, seq., 
 Monumenti, pi. x. ; E. Petersen, Bullet, delta Comm. 
 Arch. Commmale, Kome, 1890, pp. 185 ff.; Furtwiingler, 
 Mmterpieces, etc., pp. "^38 ff., where the previous and 
 other replicas are considered. Since Furtwiingler's publi- 
 cation, the following replicas have been published : Mur- 
 ray, Rerue Arched. XXVII. (189.1), pp. 143 ff. pis. xi., xii., 
 a head in the British Museum ; Couve, Monuments et Mc- 
 moires, 1895, vol. III. pis. xii. and xiii.; the beautifully 
 preserved copy found in a house at Delos by the French, 
 a better reproduction of the Madrid statue, with body and 
 
 i., ii.; Bullet, de Correitp. HelUn. 1895. Another, perhaps 
 the most interesting of all replicas of the head, I saw two 
 or three years ago in the possession of a dealer in Athens, 
 but cannot trace it to-<lay. (See Infra, p. 171, note 1.) 
 2 Cf. Furtwiingler, Mmterpieve», p. 24*i ; Couve, /. e. 
 • A. S. Murray, Journal of Hellen. Stud., 1885, pi. 61. 
 The Ihxly of this statuette shows greater slininess and 
 delicacy than the other replicas, — though the Madrid 
 copy is an advance in this respect upon the copy from 
 Delos, and still more n|>on that at Vaison, — and is thus 
 nearer to the torso from our metopes. But too much im- 
 portance must not be given to so small a replica. 
 
 vidual subject dealt with. In this case it means that the Doryphorus had no taenia 
 or band wound tightly round his head and hair ; while in the Diadumenus this forms 
 the centr.il and most impoi-tant part of the action or situation depicted. Thus in the 
 Doryphorus the artist could naturally maintain with greater strictness his characteristic 
 insistence upon the sipiare shape of the skull, even while skillfully indicating the texture 
 of hair in his delicate cixeU modeling of each lock. He could also continue his severer, 
 tr.iditional system of bronze modeling of hair by means of careful engraved work, in 
 contr.idistinction to bold modeling of masses, — a featuie which was handed on from 
 the bronze technique which prevailed in the archaic period. But when once the tying of 
 a broad band round the head became, not merely a casual accessory, but the central func- 
 tion in the sfcitue he fashioned, the effect of such a tight band drawn over the pliiint 
 textui-e of hair had to arrest his attention and call forth his artistic skill in modeling, 
 now concentrated upon the changed character of the hair. The square outline of the 
 skull could no longer be so rigidly preserved, and the even, cap-like treatment of the whole 
 mass of hair, with its delicate surface-modeling and engraving, had to make way for a 
 much freer and radically different treatment. This hair had to rise out at the edge of 
 the tight band fhitly compressing, the locks under it to the skull, in higher relief ; locks 
 were disturbed in the regular arrangement ; one stood out higher than the other ; the direc- 
 tion of its curve was altei-ed, and some had to project over the band. 
 
 This is exactly the change which takes place in the hair of the Diadumenus. While 
 maintiiiniiig in some points its relationship, its " consanguinity," to the hair of the Dory- 
 l)horus, it rises out boldly over the fillet in a large plastic mass of locks, and escapes 
 beneath it. It produces a varied tangle of locks projecting beneath it at the back of the 
 ear, as well as above and in front of the ear over the temples — in fact, over the eye. 
 Now these changes are essentially the same in all the best rephcas, the Dresden, the 
 Cassel, the Madrid, the Delos — in fact, all Diadumenus heads. 
 
 Though the artist followed this " constructive " impulse, dictated by the subject he 
 deiilt with, the vigor and freshness of this new modeling of hair, when once he had 
 mastered it, mark an advance over the restrained and severe methods guiding him when 
 he made the Doryphorus, which is so pronounced that our appreciation of the art of 
 Polycleitus, as based upon the one head, must be essentially modified when we include 
 the other. Yet the various fine rephcas differ from one another in the actual elabora- 
 tion of this same general system, — especially in the manner in which the copyist was 
 able to reproduce, not so much the freely modeled, almost undercut, masses of projecting 
 locks, as in the nuinner of transferring to marble the peculiar crisp and firm finish of the 
 bronze locks in the original and the survivalof careful " engraved " work in the indication 
 of textui-e on the surface of each lock. 
 
 In this resi)ect I should place highest the head in the British Museum and the one I saw 
 at Athens, as I can clearly remember this characteristic treatment.' The bronze treat- 
 ment of the locks must here be much nearer the original than is the case in any of the 
 other replicas. Mr. A. S. Murray recognizes that la jiresence des characferes qui rap- 
 pellent la sculpture en bronze 2)arait attester la fideUte de la repliqiie? There is 
 
 * I have thought it right to leave the text of my manu- 
 script standing as I wrote it, and to add this footnote just 
 as we are going to press, for it appears to me a striking 
 confirmation of the facts I here enumerate that I should 
 have heard by accident, within the last few days, that the 
 
 head now in the British Museum and the one I saw at 
 Athens are — the same head. 
 
 2 Remit Archeolog. XXVII. (1895), p. 143. Recog- 
 nizing this truthfulness of the copy in its relation to the 
 original, Mr. Murray proceeds : " Mais ces charact^res 
 
%f 
 
 172 
 
 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 another curious feature in the British Museum copy which I distinctly remember in the 
 head I sciw at Athens ; namely, a slight puffiness, or rise of the skui m the infra-ocular 
 
 memes ne seraient-ils pas dus k une certaine affecUtion ? 
 Un tel luxe de fantaisie dans les details ne drfpasse-t-il 
 pas meme la portfe de I'^loge de Quintilien, diligentia 
 ac decor ? A mes yeux, la difficult** se p««sente dans les 
 termes suivants. L'exuWrance, la liberty et la beauts 
 des oheveux sont, d'une part, en si parfaite harmonie avec 
 le visage, qu'elles impliquent une conception non alter^ ; 
 d'autre part je ne puis trouver de preuve, meme chez 
 Quintilien, que Polyclete ait atteint, dans le traitement 
 des details, cette singuli^re richesse de fantaisie, au lieu 
 de la large simplicity que Ton attendrait de son style et 
 de son temps. En somme je considere comme certain 
 que la nouvelle tete appartient k une p^riode tr^s post^- 
 rieure k Polyclete ; cela est suffisamment attests rien que 
 par le traitement de I'oreille droite et de la boucle de 
 cheveux devant I'oreille. Ces details pr^sentent tous les 
 caracteres de I'art grec post^rieure au V' sifecle." I can 
 sympathize with Mr. Murray's difficulty, the more so as 
 (vid. infra) 1 formerly held the same general conception 
 of the art of Polycleitus, based upon the insufficient monu- 
 mental evidence formerly at our command, and the con- 
 sequent incomplete appreciation of all the passages in 
 ancient authors relating to that sculptor. If Mr. Murray 
 feels that the head contains a too careful elaboration of 
 details in the hair, why should he stop short at the well- 
 known passage from Quintilian concerning diligentia ac 
 decor f Why not, for instance, take note of what Cicero 
 {de Oral. II. 16. 70) says of the rendering of the lion-skin 
 and of the hydra, or what Plutarch (de Profectib. in Virt. 
 17) lets Polycleitus himself say concerning the complete 
 finish of modeling, — and then reconsider what Quintilian 
 means by diligentia ac decor f His difficulty is that, on 
 the one hand, he is forced to admit that the careful and 
 free working of the hair is of a piece with the whole, and 
 is therefore to be traced back to the original (though 
 something, however little, will have to be ascribed to the 
 transference from bronze to marble by a later copyist), 
 while, on the other hand, there is for him too much deli- 
 cate detail work for the severe Polycleitus and his age. 
 Now, if the artist of the Doryphorus normally advanced 
 from the stage marked by his earlier work, and, owing to 
 this natural progress and to special reasons in the making 
 of a youth binding a fillet round his head, advanced in the 
 freer rendering of the texture of hair, would he not aban- 
 don the flat relief work as well as the severer symmetry ? 
 Would not this treatment of hair with its careful, crisp 
 modeling of single locks be the natural result? So 
 much for the style of Polycleitus. And as to " his age," 
 I must ask Mr. Murray what fully authenticated head of 
 the fifth century, from a statue, an 6ya\fui, we have upon 
 which to found his denial ? Take the head of the beau- 
 tiful charioteer recently discovered at Delphi (Homolle, 
 Monum. et Mem. IV. 1898, pis. xv. and xvi.), and con- 
 sider the treatment of the hair in this statue, especially 
 in the treatment of the " ear and of the locks of hair in 
 front of the ear," not to mention the singular indication of 
 whiskers. Yet I doubt whether anybody will place this 
 head less than forty or fifty years before the year b. c. 420. 
 Moreover, these locks before the ear recur in all the other 
 
 replicas of the Diadumenus head. When Mr. Murray 
 considers all these facts, I believe he will not refuse 
 our congratulations on his having under his charge in 
 many respects the finest of the Polycleitan Diadumenus 
 
 heads. 
 
 I subjoin some notes taken before this head chiefly in 
 view of a comparison with our head of the youth from 
 the metopes of the Heraeura : — 
 
 Generally softer and more detail than in our head, but 
 coarser workmanship of actual carving excepting in hair. 
 Head slightly rounder and broader in cheeks, shortened 
 in proportion. The eye is similar to that of our metope 
 head, the iris somewhat oblique, showing a downward 
 look. Probably colored indication of iris, as in ours. 
 The upper eyelid overlaps slightly at angle, a sharp 
 short sunk line where upper lid fits into brow. Marked 
 lacrimal gland. Short upper lip, slightly opened mouth. 
 Lips do not come sharply to a point at angles, but the 
 « laughing " muscle bulges out slightly. Nose and lips 
 are much damaged, but the nose clearly the same broad, 
 thick character as in ours. Hair : the band seems suuk 
 more into curly hair, which gives way and spreads over 
 it, than in other Diadumenus heads. Curls well defined 
 on (its) right side of head. Bulge out strongly towards 
 back on that side. They are real curls worked in careful 
 bronze technique. Here an interesting point : While on 
 the top of the head and on sides we have really modeled 
 locks, separately modeled in relief, the flat Doryphorus 
 type of hair has survived in other parts. So in front, 
 under the curls there remains the engraving technique of 
 regular parting of the Doryphorus. Nay, this character- 
 istic symmetrical arrangement shows in the curious sur- 
 vival of two tusk-like meshes of hair further towards the 
 
 side showing under the band y yj • We also have 
 
 the same lock at the side of the ear in front. Behind and 
 above his right ear the band, which was crossed over be- 
 hind, was pulled out and held in his upraised hand. At 
 back on the right side there is a curious grooving work, 
 where the band might have been. This must have been 
 like drill-work at the back of our metope heads, though 
 now corroded away. 
 
 When the light falls from above we can detect a soft 
 rising or puffing under lower lid at the infra-ocular de- 
 pression, which I remarked in a clearer manner in the 
 Athens head. Also note slight " bronze " applique ridge 
 or sharp edge over left eyebrow as in eariier bronzes. 
 
 As far as the face, from the brow downwards, goes, 
 our metope head is nearest to this. The hair in ours is 
 in rougher masses and less defined, but locks by the ear 
 same in their general arrangement. 
 
 Let me finally add that when Mr. Murray notes the 
 pouting expression of the British Museum head, and con- 
 siders that this 'air morose' does not suit a victor, he 
 points to a characteristic feature which all the Polycleiton 
 heads, from the Dorjphorus downward, have in common. 
 It arises chiefly out of the peculiar treatment of the lower 
 lip, which can be seen in all our heads, in conjunction with 
 the generally heavy treatment of the nose and other fea- 
 
 POLYCLEITUS AND THE HERAEUM MARBLES 173 
 
 depression under the left eye of the head,' a degree of « literalness " in detail modeling 
 which is paralleled by the curious rise in the groin of our torso from the Heraeum 
 metope. And this work cannot be placed later than 420 b. c. 
 
 The result of any careful comparison of these heads shows that the Doryphorus, as 
 well as the Diadumenus, is clearly Polycleitan ; and that the Diadumenus marks a distinct 
 advance in freedom and delicacy of modeling over the Doryphorus. Furtwiingler,- 
 while assigning to the Doryphorus and the Amazon the date b. c. 440, thinks that the 
 Diadumenus should probably be assigned to the same later period of the artist's career 
 as the Hera (b. c. 420). «I think," he says, «I am not mistaken in finding certain 
 kinship with the coin of Hera." Without attempting to assign any precise date, all that 
 we are prepared to state is that the Diadumenus presents the master's latest style ; that 
 all these heads of the Diadumenus are of the same general character as the head of our 
 youth from the Heraeum metopes, and that some of them invite interesting comparisons 
 A^ith our larger female head, which we have called Hera, and that it was the revelation 
 of finish and dehcate modeling in our torso from the metopes which enabled me to 
 appreciate these qiiahties in the heads of the Diadumenus. 
 
 A full appreciation of the Diadumenus and of our Heraeum finds gives us quite a new 
 conception of the art of Polycleitus. For years I had in my teaching constructed a view 
 of Polycleitus based chiefly upon the Doryphorus, the poor copy of the Diadumenus from 
 Vaison,' and the Amazon, as well as upon the chief passages referring to him in Pliny * 
 and Quintilian."* In this light Polycleitus appeared as an artist of undoubtedly great 
 talent, but devoid of genius, who never attained to the truly artistic and spiritual expres- 
 sion, the grandeur of a Phidias, and was wanting in weight — deesse j)ondus. And 
 though he may have added ideal beauty to his statues, he never attained that ideal which 
 the Greeks, like Phidias, embodied in the statues of their gods — nam ut hiimanae formae 
 decorem addiderit supra veruniy ita non explevisse deorum auctoritatem videtur. His 
 great merit lay rather in the academic direction of sober construction, drawing together 
 in a masterly manner, in technical and more theoretical control over his art, the separate 
 currents of genius in the various Greek artists that made for the puie beauty, grace, and 
 grandeur which Hellas has handed down to posterity — erudisse but not aperuisse. 
 The highest praise bestowed upon him and his works is more of a theoretical and sober 
 nature, dHujentia ac decor. He is thus able to establish a canon of human proportions 
 from which subsequent artists could take the rules of art as from a law — quern canona 
 artifices vocant rmiamenta artis ex eo petentes velnti a lege quadam. But he achieves 
 this at the cost of the spontaneity and variety of his productive genius and imagination. 
 And thus there is a certain sameness in his work, which a mere survey of the subjects 
 ascribed to him — chiefly athletes and purely masculine figures — suggests, so that they 
 
 tures. It is another strong point showing that all these 
 heads, including our Heraeum heads, are of the same 
 school. 
 
 ' See account of the head at end of previous footnote. 
 
 ' Meisterwerke, p. 442. 
 
 * In the British Museum. This copy has long been 
 recognized as inadequate and as being worked over in the 
 head. It appears to me as if there had not been sufficient 
 marble on the left side of the head, or that some acci- 
 dent had forced the copyist into greater tlatness here. 
 
 * N. H. XXXIV. 56 : Proprium ejus est uno crure 
 ut insisterent signa excogitasse, quadrata tamen esse ea 
 tradit Varro et paene ad exemplum. 
 
 ' Inst. Oral. XII. 10. 7 : Dilig^entia ac decor in Poly- 
 cleto supra ceteros, cui quamquam a plerisque tribuitur 
 palma, tamen, ne nihil detrahatur, deesse poudus putant; 
 nam ut humanae formae decorem addiderit supra verum, 
 ita non explevisse deorum auctoritatem videtur ; quiu 
 aetatem quoque graviorem dicitur refugisse nihil ausus 
 ultra leves genas. 
 
 I 
 
VI 
 
 I . 
 
 174 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 are all after one pattern, or closely follow the model ^ propruim ad exempUtm or unum 
 exempbim. One can even recognize this in that it is thought necessary to tlmw atten- 
 tion to one definite attitude, the walking attitude, as peculiar to \um, — proprium eiitx 
 est tow crure ut Insisterent signa excogitnssey — an advance over the stiffness of archaic 
 artists which the transitional sculptors, Pythagoras of Rhegium, and Myron, had long 
 since achieved. And all his works are rather heiivy and massive, vigorous and sqimre in 
 type, — quadratae tamen esse ea tradit Varro, — sane and healthy and unsentnnentiil, 
 like the Doryphorus. On the whole, with all his greatness and the Listing advance his 
 activity marks in the history of Greek art, he followed the conservative spirit of Argive 
 tradition as confirmed by Ageladas and laid down in the archaic i)eriod by the sculptors 
 who said of themselves in an inscription that they practiced art " as handed down by 
 their forefathers." * ^ 
 
 This was, in short, the estimate I had previously formed of the art of Polycleitus. Yet 
 even while enunciating these views, I had frequent misgivings when I realized the 
 supremely high place accorded him by antiquity, his juxtaposition with Phidias, so that 
 sometimes, as is done by Cicero, he is even placed highest in the scale. I felt that the 
 Doryphorus by itself, as we know that statue, could not account for the beauty and grace 
 ascribed to his sfcitues and his heads, by trustworthy authorities. With the discovery of 
 oiu- Heraeum imirbles, and of the new and better copies of the Diadumenus and the 
 advance these mark in the treatment of the head, the doubt as to the fairness and 
 completeness of my former view became stronger, and a complete reconsideration of 
 the ancient Hterary records concerning that artist has convinced me of this one-sidedness. 
 While I feel that in general the former negative appreciation of the great master holds 
 good for the Doryi)horus, I am convinced that such a view would apply to the artist's 
 career only at the earlier stiiges, to which the Doryi)horu8 belongs (sjiy somewhere about 
 B. c. 450), while the work at the Heraeum (circ. b. c. 420) marks a later and far more 
 advanced period. Who could do justice to Riiphael if he only considered the works of 
 the earlier Peruginestiue i)eriod ? 
 
 While thus, in spite of its one-sidedness and consequent exaggeration, my former view 
 does apply to one characteristic side of this gieiit Argive sculptor, we must now i-ealize 
 that there were many sides not adequately touched by it, and these not only present a 
 greater variety and versatility of subject, but even show that the (juoted passiiges deal- 
 Fng Avith his style and technique suggest a different interi^retation in the light <»f the new 
 discoveries of the Diadumenus and of our Argive marbles. 
 
 The chief artistic qmilities of Polycleitus are summed up by Quintilian as d'ififjeHtia and 
 decor, (pialities which I formerly felt were not naturally in harmony with the master 
 of the Doryphorus, the creator of the square, massive, healthy tyi)e of physical strength, 
 with broad chest and strong limbs stiinding in simple jwiwer upon one leg, the other 
 resting on the toes behind. 
 
 This decor, as we can now understand it, comes nearest to our word " beauty," the 
 absolute beauty of form. To render tliis absolute beauty of form in human beings, the 
 artist had to avoid the developed forms of mature manhood, and had to limit lumself to 
 youth (nihil mtsus ultra leves genas)-, and though he no doubt idealized the forins of 
 youth into complete harmony and beauty of proportion (which he esfciblished ni his 
 canon) as they are not met with in nature, combining the actual details of life into the 
 
 > rix^iw «»<$T« iK wportpw, inscription on the work of mentioned by Pausanias, VI. 10. 4. ; ()verl)ock, Srhri/I- 
 the early Argive sculptors Eutelidas and Chrysothemis, quellen, No. 388. 
 
 THE ART OF POLYCLEITUS * 175 
 
 ideiil unity of perfect harmony {ut humauae formae decorem addiderit sujyra verum), 
 he could not give them that spirituality of expression and soul and character and dignity 
 inherent in the great gods like Zeus {nou explevisse deorum auctoritatem) which Phidijis 
 had given. He had further to avoid the violent contortions of the body and the expres- 
 sion of moods and pathos in the face to preserve his beauty of outline in the body and 
 his severe proportion of line in the face. And further, this absolute beauty did not 
 in his works dejiend upon the sensuoiLsness and softness of treatment (he is still the 
 sculptor of the " square " Doryphorus, a character maintained in essence in the body of 
 the Diadumenus), not upon the morbidezza of the modeling of flesh, as in the later 
 fourth-century art, nor upon the anatomical insistence in modelino- of muscles as in 
 Hellenistic art. It is thus significant that we find only two stiitues of female fio-ures 
 enumerated among his works ; one was the most serious and matronly divinity Hera, and 
 the other the most masi-uline woman, the Amazon. His " beauty " of treatment depended 
 upon proportion and line and upon the extreme and perfect finish of his work without 
 appeal to sensuous associations. This is expressed in the word diUgentia, which leads to 
 the decor. This finish within the careful study of line and outline in his composition of 
 every figure, he put into the most careful and complete modeling of every detiiil so that, 
 as Cicero ' indicates when he insfcinces the treatment of the lion-skin or the Hydra in 
 his stJitue of Heracles with the Hydra, every detiiil of modeling is given with the utmost 
 completeness and mastery. And this quality of art Polycleitus himself singles out with 
 emphasis in the words which Plutarch puts into his mouth.- "The earlier stages in 
 sculpture are not so important," he says; " the real work of the true artist begins when 
 it comes to the finest last point of finish, the fingei-nail point, when the clay adheres 
 to the fingei-nail." "There are," he observes, "the ordinary workers in any sphere, 
 and those who really advance their art in the world, — those with higli ideals, who must 
 go further than what is ' just good ' or ' just good enough,' ' who use their ideal as if it 
 were a measure,' and give the most difficult list touch of perfection which makes the 
 great work." 
 
 This was the aim he set himself, and in his sculpture it led to the complete harmony 
 of line and the extreme finish of the modeling. Without suggesting anything like real- 
 istic reproduction, it means supreme finish of detail ; and the instiinces of such supreme 
 finish in the nude male toi-so from our metopes and hi the hair of the Diadumenus help 
 us to realize this. 
 
 We can understand thus that, sacrificing everything to this absolute bejiuty of form, 
 he may be wanting in the weight [jyondus) and sublimity of a Phidias, in the sensuous- 
 ness and pathos of a Praxiteles and a Scoims, in the dramatic action of the Pergamenians 
 and Rhodians. R{ii)hael could not remain Raphael while giving the strength and gran- 
 deur of Michael Angelo, or the sensuousness and glow of Titian, or the dramatic sensa- 
 tions of the Carracci. Polycleitus is the sculptor of Beauty, as Phidias is the sculptor of 
 SubUmity, Praxiteles of Grace and pure Greek sentiment, and the Pergamenians and Rho- 
 
 ' De Orat. II. 16. 70 : Similiter arbitror in hac sive 
 ratione sive exercitatioue dicendi, qui illani vim adeptus 
 sit, ut eorum raentes qui . . . audiant ad suum arbi- 
 trium movere possit, ilium de toto illo genere reliquarum 
 orationum non plus quaesiturum, quid dicet, quam Poly- 
 cletum ilium, quum Ilerculciii fingcbat, quemadmodum 
 pellem aut Hydram fingeret, etiamsi haec numquam sepa- 
 ratim facere didicisset. This also shows, as regards the 
 
 subject and the situation, that the fully developed Poly- 
 cleitus w<is far from being restricted to the simple walk- 
 ing attitude of his Doryphorus; and we can understand 
 how, when his task was to represent battle-scenes, as in 
 our metopes and pediments, he could extend his diligenda 
 to the adequate rendering of figures in motion. 
 
 " De Profectib. in Virl. 17. Quaent. Conviv. II. .*?. 2. 
 
176 MARBLE STATUARY FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 tlians of Action. This beauty we have long since called "classical," in the restricted 
 sense, as distinguished from the ruder Gothic and the romantic. Polycleitus is thus the 
 most tridy classic artist of antiquity. 
 
 The fuller and truer appreciation of Polydeitus, our Heraeum discoveries enable us to 
 gi-asp and make our own. In the future these marbles, together with the replicas of the 
 Doryphorus and Diadumenus, wUl have to be the stiirting-point in the study of that 
 artist and his school, as the few fragments from Tegea must be the fixed point of depar- 
 ture in the study of the art of Scopas. 
 
 ' . I 
 
 i 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 Portion of a Metope fitted together out of seven separate fragments, consisting of Head, Torso, 
 Legs above the knee. Shield, and Portions of the icpper Background, jcith projecting hand from 
 top of a Metope. The arms and shoulders are broken away ; the left arm, extended, held the 
 shield, the inside of which is turned toward the spectator; the right arm and shoulder were drawn 
 back, and, no doubt, the hand held the sword or si^ear. The action of the figure is not clear : the 
 weight rested on the right leg, which was bent outward, the left leg drawn up so that the thigh 
 approached a horizontal iwsition, the botly twisted round toward the right and slightly drawn 
 back. The head, turned toward the right slioulder and inclined downward, suggests an adversary 
 lying or crouching on the ground, on or against whom the uplifted left foot may have been pressed.* 
 The action of the warrior would then denote a drawing back of the upper part of the figure in 
 order to strike or thrust downward. A small drill-hole in the abdomen near his right** groin 
 might, then, i)erhaps, have servetl to fix a bronze support to the shaft of the spear, which would 
 have ijassed from his upraised right hand, drawn backwards, down past his left thigh to the oppo- 
 nent at his feet. On the other hand, the action may denote a drawing or sinking back on the 
 part of a woundetl warrior, and the forward droop of the head might support this view, as well as 
 the fact that the shield is turned out so as to show the inside, and leaves the body unprotected. 
 The small drill-hole might, then, have held a bronze arrow, or the point of some other weapon, to 
 denote the fact that the warrior was wounded.^ 
 
 Like the warriors in the Aeginetan i)ediment and the groups at Olympia by Onatas,^ the warrior 
 was thus armed only with helmet, shield, and spear (or sword), and liad no breastplate or greaves. 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Total height as mounted yg „ 
 
 Breadth " *« !!.'.* «3. 
 
 Elevation of figure from backgrouud 175 
 
 Breadth of body at waist J5 7 
 
 " " " at groin ig 
 
 •* " " below shoulder 19 g 
 
 " of neck 7 g 
 
 " of right thigh 10.7 
 
 Deptli •« « jj^g 
 
 Height from base of neck to mouth 23. 
 
 Estimated breadth of shield (horizontal diameter) 54. 
 
 Unfortunately, the body of this warrior is so much fractured, and what remains of the surface has 
 suffered so much from corrosion, that the surface of the figure cannot give us an adequate notion 
 of tlie finished modeling carried to so high a point of excellence in these metopes, although it does 
 convey the life-like freedom in the pose and general composition. Fortunately, however, another 
 male torso from the metopes (Plate XXXIV.) is in a wonderful state of preservation with regard 
 just to the surface modeling of the nude, and thus supplements our knowledge of the style and work- 
 manship of the artists who made these metopes. Still, in spite of corrosions and fractures, the 
 working of the muscles on the warrior's right side above the waist, as well as in the region of the 
 groin ♦ and of the thighs, manifests careful observation and study of muscles and high finish of 
 modeling. There is but one further point to which it is important to draw attention, as bearing 
 
 > Compare for i)ossible parallels the metopes in Mi- has split away, it is conceivable that the drill-hole was 
 
 chaelis, Der Parthenon, pi. iii. Nos. iii., xxiii., xxiv., xxvi., used to repair this fracture (caused by some flaw in the 
 
 pi. iv. No. xxxi., pi. V. Nos. ix., xiii. ; cf., also, pi. iv. and marble) in ancient times, 
 what is said on this point there. « Pausauias, V. 25. 10. 
 
 ' Finally, as the whole of the front portion of the body * See on this point remarks on Plate XXXIIL 
 
178 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 uiwn what has been said in the lutroiluction to the Sculpture as reganls the methods of nianipula- 
 tion in the marble-work emi)loyed by Polycleitan artists : it is the frequent use of the drdl. This 
 is used to bore holes for the insertion of bronze bars or ornaments, as the small one at the groin, 
 the lar-er ones in front of the ear and immediately below the helmet, and the still larger ones 
 above the shield. The hole between the ear and the right temple either served to hold some bronze 
 ornament connected with the helmet, or held the end of a si>ear which indicated the fatal wound 
 received by the warrior. The large hole over the shield shows that these meto|)es, differing in 
 this from those of the Parthenon, were marble slabs, comparatively thin, fixed on a ground behind 
 the metope, and not the solid blocks, part of the whole construction of the entablature. It shows 
 that the marble imported from a distance was valuable material which had to be used economically. 
 Still more interesting is the use of the drill at the back over the buttocks, to work away the mate- 
 rial from the background, a practice already referred to in connection with the metoije heads. 
 The head, on the otlier hand, is in excellent preservation, not even the tip of the nose being 
 wanting. It is evidently that of a warrior with a crested helmet. A portion of the crest is broken 
 away. °The head and face have all the massive, square proportions common to the other metoi^e 
 heads (cf. Plate XXXI.), with the same broad forehead, the same massive, heavy cheeks an«l 
 rounded chin, the same nose, broad from root to tip, the same treatment of eyelid and orb, though 
 here the inward slant of the orb is probably connected with the downward look, which again may 
 be the only sign the sculptor adopted to indicate the suffering of a wounde<l warrior. Above all, 
 there is the same extremely characteristic mouth, with the short, protruding upper lip, and the 
 curious flattened arch, indicating more of the red jwrtion than is usually the case, while the lower 
 lip, not tightly pressed to the upi)er lip, has the same fullness and the projecting thickening in 
 the middle — all giving a i>eculiar pouting, stoliil expression which is borne out by the heavy 
 character of the face as a whole. 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Breadth of face 8.0 cm. 
 
 Length of face (helmet visor to chin) ^^^ 
 
 Depth of head (forehead to back of helmet) 1*^ 
 
 Outer corner of eye to outer corner *^ 
 
 Inner corner of eye to inner corner *** 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) *"* 
 
 Breadth of mouth *•' 
 
 Breadth of helmet, extreme **** 
 
 Length of nose 
 
 I a 
 Breadth of ridge over crest *•** 
 
 Heisht of visor 
 
 Breadth of eyes (outer corners) 
 
 It will be seen that these measurements are practically the same as those of the youth's head 
 
 figured as Nos. 1 and 2 on the next Plate. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2. Ttro views ofn TovtKs Head fmm a Metope. Parian marble. This head wan 
 first published by me in the Anencan Journal of Archaedofju ' shortly after its discovery in 1894. 
 As we realized immediately after its discovery, the head of this ephebui*, corre8i>onding in its 
 peculiar size and style of workmanship to all the other metope heads from the Heraeum, bears 
 the unmistakable characteristics of Polycleitan sculpture as manifested in the hitherto known 
 statues of the Doryphorus and Diatlumenns.^ 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment (neck, 8 cm.) ^^^ *™- 
 
 Breadth of face (cheek to neck) ' 
 
 » Vol. IX. (1894), pp. 331 ff. pi. nv. ; reprinted in the conditions of its diacorery, I must refer to the original 
 
 Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at 
 Athens, vol. VI. pp. '2>2 ff. pi. xx. It has since then been 
 reproduced by Mr. Frazer, Pausanias, vol. III. p. 172. 
 * For the further description of this point, as well as 
 
 paper in the American Journal of Archaeology, as well as 
 to what has been said on pp. 168 ff ., in the Introduction 
 to the Sculpture in this volume. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. : HEADS FROM THE METOPES 179 
 
 Height of face (hair to chin) |^« 
 
 Uepth of head (forehead to back) .00 
 
 Outer comer of eyes to outer comer T't 
 
 Inner corner to inner comer nn 
 
 I.<engtli of nose / 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) o^ 
 
 " " mouth '..'.27 
 
 " " eyes (inclusive lids) » • 
 
 Both in the profile and in the full face view the heatl shows the squareness and niassiveness char- 
 acteristic of Polycleitan types. These characteristics are moreover manifested in a marked manner 
 in all the other features, especially in the nose and mouth. The nose is perfectly preserved, and 
 presents a broad ridge from root to tip, with a very slight thickening about the middle. In pro- 
 portion to its width it is thus comparatively short, and adds to the heavy expression which this 
 and the other heads from the metopes have in common with the heads whose attribution to Poly- 
 cleitus is well-established. One of the most characteristic featui-es in this and in all our metoi>e heads 
 is the mouth. As the strikingly individual treatment of this expressive feature in the human face 
 is common to all these heads from the Heraeum (the Hera as well), and is to be found in the same 
 form in the heads hitherto recognized as Polycleitan, I must here enter into further details. 
 
 The peculiar pouting or, rather, stolid expression which all these heads have in common is due 
 not only to the strikingly thickeneil and protruding mass of the lower lip to which reference has been 
 niatle above,> but to the treatment of the mouth in every aspect and in every part. In the upper 
 lip, which is never firmly pressed ujwn the lower lip, the thickness of the projecting deep retl por- 
 tions of the human lip is markedly indicated in almost the whole extent of the lip towards either 
 corner of the mouth,^ whereas in most other sculptured heads this thickening serves to accentuate 
 the rise of the firm archer's bow (so^ialled Cupid's bow) on either side of the 
 V,.^ ) middle, and thus loses the effect of heaviness by contributing to 
 
 rr the well-curveil, symmetrical outline of this bow firmly drawn. ( \ 
 
 This difference can be best appreciated by comparing, for instance, Tl'^ 
 
 tlie mouth of any one of the Polycleitan heads (Fig. 88"), includ- — ' )_ 
 
 Fui. 88*. — From "?S ^^^ **""' w»'*» t^© type like the head at Bologna, identified 
 the Heraeum by Furtwiingler with the Lemnian Athena of Phidias (Fig. 88''). 
 Metopes. Owing to this difference, moreover, the downward protrusion in 
 
 the middle of the upper lip seems to be caused in mouths like ^^^^e^*' Lemu"'" 
 that of the " Lemnian Athena " by the upward curve of the two bows of the arch Athena. 
 on either side of the middle ; and this gives to the whole mouth an expression of 
 vivacity if it does not suggest a smile — the central protrusion seems to be caused by the upraising 
 and arching of the {Mrtions on either side of the centre. In our Polycleitan heads, on the con- 
 trary, this central ))rotrusion of the upi)er lip actually api>ear8 like a downward pressure of the 
 centre, bccanse there is no active suggestion of an upward movement in the jwrtions of the lip on 
 either side of the centre. 
 
 Still more characteristic and individual is the treatment of the upper lip when seen in profile. 
 The distance from the point where the lip joins the nose to the beginning of the " red " of the lip 
 is almost abnormally short in all the Polycleitan heads, especially when considered in projwrtion 
 to the distance between the beginning of the retl in the upper lip above and the end of the red in 
 the lower lip below. This will become clearer when all these heads from the Heraeum, together 
 with all the Doryphorus and Diadumenus heads known, as well as some of the most characteris- 
 tic Amazon heads (such as the Amazon of Berlin and one in the British Museum, London) ^ are 
 plsiced side by side. It will then be seen how all have this marked feature in common, and this 
 will be realized the more readily when the treatment of the upper lip in these is compared with 
 
 (/. p. 159. I should consider the Amazon heads which Michaelis 
 
 * Mr. Edward Robinson drew my attention to the (Jahrfmch des Kait. Deutschen Arch. Inst. Berlin, I. 1887, 
 flattening of this curve in the front view. pp. 27 S.) assigns to type I., as nearer the art of Polv- 
 
 • On the grouml not only of this feature, but of the cleitus than either type II. (the Amazon of Woerlitz, pi. 
 general outline and character of the heads as a whole, iv.) or type III. (the Amazon .it Petworth, pis. i. and ii.). 
 
; I. 
 
 , i 
 
 jg^j DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 distances are about equal. The ^"^^ ^^^^^^.^^^ heads is strongly curved 
 
 Furthermore, It is important o note that this '»^«^J^^»" ^ j. j^^,^ j„ ^he Lem- 
 
 inwards, the curve proieeting ^^^^^iJ!!;^^ without the 
 
 marked projection below. The effect thus producetl in the Poly- 
 cleitan heads is, that the upper lip, in fact the whole niouth, 
 protrudes, and accentuates in its totality the iK>uting or heavy 
 expression which we have already noted in the lower lip. 
 -O ^^^^ The chin is slightly damaged. 
 
 The hair has already been described on pp. 171 ff. 
 Reference has already been made to the peculiar use of the 
 drill in this head for purposes of undercutting where the head 
 approaches the background of the relief. ^ The left ^^^*^ oi the 
 head and the iK>rtion of the back of the head toward the left 
 side were nearest the background, and though they were rudely 
 undercut, there is no attempt at finished modeling l»ere, neither 
 ^^ the locks of the hair nor even the left ear being ^nd'cated 
 . or. V Deep grooves that are left manifest this rough work of the drill 
 Fig. 8ir. - From FiG SO'. - trom JB ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^.^^ j^ ^p^^^^ t^.^t 
 
 Lo^r"" ^:^ Thlad was not meant to be seen quite in profile, but slightly 
 
 ^ ■ turned round towanls the left shoulder of the figure. 
 
 W« 3 Head of Amaron from the Metopes. Parian marble. 
 ?Us bead! fom!.lin 1892, was already kgured an.. .Wibed by n.e .n tbe pn^hnuoary pub- 
 
 lication.^ 
 
 Dimensions:— 22.6 cm. 
 
 Height of fragment (pointea helmet included) ....••••• j_ 
 
 Breadth of fragment ] ] . . • 1--^ 
 
 Depth of head " , . . . 8J 
 
 Extreme breadth of face * ] ... 6.6 
 
 Width from outer corners of eye 2.4 
 
 Inner comer to inner corner 3.6 
 
 Length of nose 2.5 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostril-*) 2.8 
 
 Breadth of mouth ' . . . . 2Jl 
 
 Breadth of eyes , , » * 
 
 with the hair at that point. This piece ot drapery in in , .^ .^ 
 
 • ^r\r.^ «f "survival" of the soft Phrygian cap made of cloth, ihe cioin cap, a 
 
 Venice, ascribed to the Pergamenian school), was like the longpo i 
 
 • .• ■ ♦!.• .,^««rt;o« ' ExciMmtlnM of the Americnn School of Athens at the 
 
 . Of con«a there U a sligh. ,.mt,o„ ,n .h„ p»p.«.o.., ^ Jj"™ /,^,. ^, ,«, „. ,„. 
 
 as the lips are more or less parted.^ 
 
 3 Introduction to Sculpture, p. li>t ff- 
 
 PLATE XXXIl.: HEADS FROM THE METOPES 181 
 
 Neaiwlitan fishermen now wear, and either could be drawn far down over the back of the head with 
 the flap hanging down, or could be twisted or tied at the back. When a metal hehnet of this 
 form takes its place, it ap{)ears that a piece of drai)eiy was inserted under it at the back of the 
 head, probably meant to protect the back of the head from the sun, as is frequently done with 
 helmets and military caps in the present day. One of the Amazons from the frieze of the Mau- 
 soleum of llalicarnassus * shows this arrangement in a manner very similar to that of our Amazon 
 from the Argive Heraeum. 
 
 Though this head is slightly disfigured by abrasions at the tip of the nose, over the right eye, 
 and on cheek and chin, it is in a comparatively excellent state of preservation, and shows in a 
 marked manner all the characteristic features which we have hitherto ascribed to these heads. The 
 evident inclination of the head to the left shoulder gives more expression or sentiment to this head 
 than is usual among these works. The position of the head was almost in full face, slightly more 
 towards the background on the right side, in which direction the head is inclined. At first it 
 looked as if the mass broken away at the right was a kind of 2>untello joining the head to the 
 background, and that thus the head was in profile turned to the right ; but closer examination 
 makes it more probable that this projection represented a ma.ss of hair clutched by some adversary 
 pulling the Amazon over on the right side. Still the head must have been slightly turned inward 
 on the right, as this side of the face is less fully finished in carving than the other side, in which 
 the hair and the mass of drapery beneath the helmet were fully visible. 
 
 No. 4. A split Portion of the Head of a Warrior, from the Metopes. Parian marble. 
 
 There remains here the left half, including both eyes, of a helmeted head very similar to that of 
 the warrior on Plate XXX. 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment (chin to socket of crest) 16.G em. 
 
 Breadth of fragment ............. 9.3 
 
 Depth of fragment (foreliead to Iwck) 13.3 
 
 Height of face 10. 
 
 Outer corner of eye to outer corner 7. 
 
 Inner corner of eye to inner corner 2. 
 
 Length of nose 3.5 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) 2.3 
 
 Breadth of mouth 2.8 
 
 Breadth of eyes 2.6 
 
 The side here preserved was evidently not the one foremost, from the spectator's jwint of view, 
 since, towards tlie back, tlie carving is hardly finished, and must at that point have approached the 
 background of the relief. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 
 Nob. 1 and 2. Female Head, from the Metopes. Parian marble. Here given in full face 
 and in profile. 
 
 This head is the only one from the metopes which was discovered by Rangabe in his excava- 
 tions of 1854.2 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment 17. cm. 
 
 Breadth of fragment \2J5 
 
 Depth of fragment 15. 
 
 Breadth of face 8.4 
 
 Outer comer of eye to outer comer 6.6 
 
 Inner comer of eye to inner comer 2.1 
 
 Length of nose 3.3 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrik) 2.4 
 
 Breadth of mouth 2.7 
 
 Breadth of eyes 2.6 
 
 * Overbeck, Gefch. der Griech. Plastik; II. fig. 171, * See General Introduction, pp. 67 flf. 
 
 Series iv. No. 3. 
 
18-2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 The head is evidently that of a fully matured girl or young woman and, in its original i^sition, 
 was meant to be seen almost in full face (about ,; full faceV The variation from the full face view 
 consisted in the turn of the head to the right, so that the left side of the face was less fully visible 
 than the ri-'ht side. This is manifest from the fact that the right side (her left) is less complete 
 in its motleling and elaboration. The hair, sketchily treated throughout, is hardly modeled at all 
 on the left side, not more fiUly than it is on the back ; the eye on this side is smaller and less fully 
 and delicately worked in the orb, lids, and brow. The same applies to the cheek. In the profile 
 view here given we have nevertheless presented this imi>erfect side because it illustrates so fully 
 the methods of cutting away the stone from the background of the relief, and the use of the drill 
 for this purpose — to which frequent reference has been made above. The whole square and 
 massive outline characteristic of these heads is here manifest in both views, as is also the iieculiar 
 rendering of the several features, — eyes, nose, and, especially, the mouth. The hair, treated in a 
 more skelchy manner than is the case in any of the other heads, is parted in the middle, the masses 
 in front drawn over on either side, and tietl together behind. They thus cover the eai-s, leaving 
 only the lobes visible at either side. A noteworthy iieculiarity in the treatment of this hair is the 
 fact that the i)arting is not accurately in the middle of the head, above the centre between the 
 brows, and that its line and direction does not follow the line of the nose. Further notice will be 
 taken of this fact in the description of the helraeted head on Plate XXXIII. As this head was 
 not supiwsed to be seen in the profile view, neither of the ears is indicate<l with any degree of finish, 
 — the lobes are merely sketched in. If we bear in mind the sketchy character of the work and 
 the fact that this small head was to l>e seen at some distance from the spectator, we must be struck 
 by the grandeur and dignity coupled with a severe grace which the artist here succeeded in giving 
 to his work. 
 
 No. 3. Female Head from the Metopes. Parian marble. 
 
 A girl or young woman whose hair is grasped on the top of her heail by some adversary (traces 
 of the fingers still visible), the head being pulled over to the left. 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment (incluJiug 3 cm. of uct'k) ^•'•" *^"- 
 
 Breadth of fragment ***• 
 
 Depth of fragment **• 
 
 Extreme breadth of face **•" 
 
 Outer corner of eye to outer corner *•' 
 
 Inner corner of eye to inner corner *'^ 
 
 1.7 ? 
 
 Length of nose (broken) **•' 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) uncertain 
 
 Breadth of mouth *•" 
 
 o a 
 Breadth of eyes 
 
 The scene given in this metope was evidently one of contest in which a female figure is being 
 violently gras'Jjed by the hair. This situation is often presented in battles of Amazons (three times 
 on the Phlgalian Frieze, in the Mausoleum Frieze, and on numerous vases) ; or in scenes of the sack 
 of a city (as when Cassandra is dragged from the altar at which she has taken refuge) ; » or, finally, 
 in such scenes of aVluction as are to be found in the Centaur battles. As the destruction of Troy 
 was represented in the sculptures, according to the testimony of Pausanias, and the battles of Ama- 
 zons, from the testimony of the extant monuments themselves, this head would probably belong to 
 a group from one or other of these scenes. The situation, to the indication of which this head 
 ga^ve expression, is strongly individual, and thus the artistic treatment of this head differs in some 
 resi)ects from that of the others. It is more violently drawn to one side, and this action necessitates 
 a greater degree of expression than is to be found in the placid heads hitherto described. The 
 hair being drawn up on the top, the slightly indicated waves are all vertical in the grooves ; while 
 the line of demarcation between the hair and the forehead is indicated in a severe and precise arch 
 from temple to temple ; the brow remains comparatively smooth, but the line of the eyebrows is 
 not so " placidly " horizontal with flat, broadened lines as is the case, for instance, in the head that 
 we have just described. The line of the brow thus rises sharply upwawls from the outer angle 
 > Cf. Overbeck, B'ddwerke zum thebUchen und troischen Heldmkreif, pi. xxvii. 
 
 PLATE XXXII.: HEADS FROM THE METOPES 183 
 
 towartls the nose, and thus corresiH,nds to the line of the more i^inted arch in the demarcation of 
 the hair above the forehead. The eye itself is more widely open, the orb more prominent and 
 rounde<l than has hitherto been the case, while the lids are more evenly joined at the outer an-le 
 The nose is unfortunaUdy broken away. The treatment of the region immediately below the lower 
 lid is also softer than in the heads previously discussed. The total effect of this treatment is a 
 comparatively greater softness and less placidity and repose in the expression of this face than is 
 seen in the hea*! immediately above it. More complex sentiment is further produced by the hollow 
 groove beside the nostril, accentuated by a softer rise in the cheek at that point. There are no 
 further indications of emotion or suflfering, — unless these be found in the treatment of the mouth 
 which IS here more firmly closed than in any one of the other heads. The original iwsition of the 
 head was again probably almost full face. 
 
 No. 4. Head of a rountj Girhfrom the Metopes. Parian marble. 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment -^ 
 
 Breadth of fragment ' |1,\. 
 
 Depth of fragment 12.7 
 
 Extreme breadth of face « p 
 
 Outer eye to outer corner « a 
 
 Inner comer to inner corner « 
 
 length of nose ^ « 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostriU) ,, r 
 
 Breadth of mouth », - 
 
 Breadth of eves „ - 
 
 It was at first doubtful whether this head belonged to a male or a female figure, but further exam- 
 ination showed that it is undoubtedly that of a girl. The hair, though mwleled with some care 
 only in front (more esiwcially on the right side), is quite unfinished and roughly blocked out on 
 the top, back, and sides behind the ears, but the parting in the centre and the jwinted arch-like 
 demarcation of the line between hair and forehead show that it did not consist of short curls, but 
 of long strands gathered up from either side of the parting and tied together behind. Moreover, 
 the softer treatment in the modeling of the whole face shows it to be that of a girl and not of a 
 young man. The actual position of the heatl in the relief was about | full face, the head turning 
 towards the left (about like the view here given on the Plate), only slightly more turned to the left! 
 This is evident from the fact that the left half of the face is less fully elaborated on the side, and 
 more esiiecially from the treatment of the hair and the ear. The ear is but very slightly indicated 
 on the left side, while on the right side it is perfectly modeled, and seems slightly turned forward 
 in order that it should be properly visible. Further, the hair in front on the left side is merely 
 roughly blockeil out at the point above and in front of the ear, while no attempt at complete model- 
 ing is made on this side from the parting to the ear at a distance of half an inch above the 
 forehead. Moreover, it is on the left side at the back that a series of five drill-grooves are man- 
 ifest. Unfortunately in this case, too, the nose is broken away, while the upper lip, which was 
 curiously drawn up so that the teeth should show, is also damaged in the middle portion. The 
 expression of this head is distorted by this slight fracture of the upper Up. The lower lip of the 
 openeil mouth shows the characteristic thickening in a marked degree. On the whole, this 
 small head shows more vivacity than do any of the others, and, in spite of the disfigurement 
 resulting from the fractures at nose and lip, possesses a peculiar charm. 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 Nob. 1 and 2. Head of Athena tcith Helmet. Parian marble. 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of fragment 20 cm 
 
 Breadth of fragment 14 g 
 
 Depth of fragment (measured from front to back of helmet) 17. 
 
 Extreme breadth of face ^ jq^ 
 
 Outer corner of eye to outer corner ••••., 7.7 
 
(t 1> 
 
 184 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 2.7 
 
 Inner corner of eye to inner comer 
 
 , , , ...••• 4-tt 
 
 Length of nose _ 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) 
 
 Breadth of mouth * 
 
 Breadth of eyes (including lids) 
 
 It will readily be seen that this head is slightly larger than those hitherto examined ; and though 
 tlie head undoubtedly formed part of a high relief, the difference in dimensions caused a doubt 
 whether it was to be ascribed to the metoiKJS at all ; but when these dimensions were compared 
 with those of the Amazon head measured from the point of the helmet to the clnn, and when it 
 was realized that this head was that of a divinity, the force of this doubt was no longer felt. 
 This was especially the case when it was realized that similar differences exist in all known reliefs 
 and metoi)es.i That this was the head of a divinity, in fact that of Athena, who would be present 
 at such a contest,' became manifest when once it was recognizeil that this helmeteil heatl was that 
 of a female and not of a male figure. As in the case of the young girl's heatl just described, 
 the treatment of the hair did not make this manifest at once, for the rough blocking out at the 
 sides does not make it apparent to the hasty observer that it was long hair parted in the mid- 
 dle and drawn over the ears behind the back of the head. CarefiJ observation of the hair at the 
 side will, however, show that this is the case, and this conclusion will be confirmed when the 
 mass behind the ear at the back is recognized as a continuation of the hair in front. The treat- 
 ment of the fleshy part of the face, moreover, is softer than in that of the male warriors and the 
 youth on Plates XXX. and XXXI., and finds its closest parallel in the girl's head (1 late 
 "XXXIII. No. 4). Unfortunately, the face is much disfigui-etl by fractures at one side of the nose, 
 which, so far as extant, together with the eyes, has the same characteristic treatment found in aU 
 these heads. This common treatment is still more marked in the moileling of the mouth. The 
 helmet, too, the central i)ortion of which is broken away, is peculiar to Athena on i-eliefs of this 
 perioil A detail of this helmet serves to illustrate clearly the care and " science " of the sculptor 
 as he consideretl the peculiar " perspective " effects in sculpture from the i>oint of view of the si^ec- 
 tator The effect of such considerations upon the sculptor has already been noted with regard to 
 the sculptures of the Parthenon.^ In the view presented in No. 2 it will be seen that the central 
 division of the two halves of the helmet and the metal tongue which projects between them (the 
 cheek pieces and the nose covering) are not in their proper place immediately above the middle of 
 the forehead, nor do they follow the line of the nose. When, however, the head is seen more in 
 profile, turned to the right and from below, as is the case in the view given in No. 1, this dis- 
 crepancy, painfully manifest in the front view, is no longer felt. This is due to the fact that this 
 head was not seen in full face, but slightly inclined upwards, and turnetl to the right. This is 
 manifest from the fact that on the right side, ear and hair are not so completely worketl as on the 
 left side and show chisel marks. It was this i^sition which necessitated the peculiar direction 
 <riven this dividing line in the helmet in onler that, from the sjiectator's point of view, the lines 
 Should fall in their proper places. In the same way the slight divergence in the parting of the 
 hair of the female head on Plate XXXII. is rectified when the head is turned slightly to the left 
 and is seen from below; while the Amazon head on Plate XXXI., with the divergence between 
 the central line of the helmet and the line of the nose, is also rectified when tilted back and viewed 
 from the right — an experiment which can even be tried with the Plate. 
 
 Nos. 3 smd 4. Portions of two Heads. Parian marble. From eyes to chin. 
 Dimensions of No. 3 : — 
 
 Extreme breadth, cheek to cheek ~" *"* 
 
 Height, bridge of nose to chin "** 
 
 Outer corner to outer corner of eyes • 
 
 Inner corner to inner corner of eyes 
 
 Breadth of nose at nostrils (base) 
 
 Breadth of mouth 
 
 Eve-holes ..••••• 
 
 1 See Introduction to Sculpture, p. 148. ' Cf. my Essays on the Art of I'heuiias, pp. 79. 80, 205. 
 
 * Compare, for instance, the friezes of the Temple of U27. 
 NiW Apterus at Athens, the Theseuui, etc. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV.: TORSO OF YOUTH 185 
 
 Unfortunately, both No. 3 and No. 4 are in so fragmentary a condition that little can be said 
 of them, and we can only feel regret at what we have lost in the missing parts. As will be seen 
 from the dimensions, these heads, which belonged to figures in the round, did not form part of the 
 meto])es, nor have we strong grounds for attributing them to the pediments. The eyes in No. 3 
 were hollowed out with deep grooves, and were probably originally supplied by some paste set into 
 the sockets. 
 
 In No. 3 there is a slight difference in proportion of outline, in that the cheeks at either side 
 of the mouth maintain a square massiveness in an exaggerated form. This effect is no doubt 
 heightened by the fact that the front of the chin is damaged. The mouth and nose, however, 
 show the characteristic treatment of Polycleitan art ; and the i)erfection of the workmanship in 
 both these fragments makes us realize that these were once good specimens of the marble sculpture 
 of the period of Polycleitus. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 Ikoo vieips of a Torso of a nude Youth, from the Metopes. Right leg and arm upraised, with 
 a hand pressed under this upraised arm, belonging to some figure against whom the youth is 
 advancing to deal a blow with the sword, originally held in his right hand. Parian marble.* 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Breadth of fragment as mounted ? at. cm. 
 
 Height of fragment as mounted 55. 
 
 Depth of fragment as mounted 23. 
 
 Navel to base of neck 19.5 
 
 Nipple to nipple 13. 
 
 Breadth of lower waist 17J) 
 
 Rreiidth of lower waist just above navel (narrowest part of torso) IG. 
 
 Breadth of thighs inside to outside 11. 
 
 Breadth of thigh front to back (left thigh) 11.3 
 
 Breadth of arm (raise<l) at shoulder (top to armpit) G.2 
 
 Breadth of wrist of hand placed on torso 3.8 
 
 Breadth of hand on torso 5.7 
 
 If in the metoj>e representing a warrior (Plate XXX.) we had to deplore the state of imperfect 
 preservation of the surface, so that we learn but little from it as to our artist's modeling of the 
 nude, it is a piece of great good fortune that this torso from the metopes has come down to us 
 in an exceptional state of jireservatiou with regard to the surface of the marble, as showing the 
 finished modeling of the nude. 
 
 The youth here represented was undoubtedly a warrior shown in the supreme moment of contest 
 in one of the battle scenes from the meto))es. His opponent, to whom he is dealing the fatal blow, 
 was probably not of his own sex, but an Amazon. This is suggested by the short, dainty hand 
 with its little dimples on the back below the fingers, and the delicacy of articulation of each finger. 
 The adversary has probably sunk down on one knee and is pressing her upraised hand against the 
 youth's side below his upraised arm, while he, resting his weight upon his left leg, has probably 
 planted his upraised right foot upon her thigh as she is kneeling before him just before be strikes. 
 An extant portion of a thigh, including the knee-cap from the metopes (Plate XL.), shows the 
 foot of another figure planted just above the knee, in the manner in which the youth from our 
 torso planted his foot on his fallen adversary. The upper part of the body was thus strongly 
 di-awn backward to the right, while the lower jwrtion pressed forward to the left in the direc- 
 tion in which the upraisetl right foot was planted on the adversary. The left leg, upon which the 
 weight of the figure was chiefly carried, must have been slightly bent at the knee, as is evident 
 from the tension of the muscles of the thigh. 
 
 In the modeling of the nude this torso is among the finest that have come down to us from 
 Greek sculpture. The general masses of muscles of the chest and of the abdomen, firm and decidetl 
 in their articulation without hardness, gentle and flowing in the more delicate transitions without 
 softness and without unnecessary insistence u]>on details, are as far removed from any trace of the 
 
 ' Found in 1892. See Excavations, etc. pi. vi.; Brownson, Am. Jour, of Arch. VIII. pi. x.; Frazer, Pausan. I. c. 
 
I', I 
 
 .1 
 
 18G DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 conventionalism of archaic art, or from the severity of the early fifth century B. c, as it is from the 
 over-elaborateness and anatomical jiedantry which began to set in towards the close of the fourth 
 century B. C. In the skill of modeling and in the care with which every detoil in the surface is 
 finished, it really marks one step in advance of the metopes of the Parthenon. Though these 
 metopes are larger, they do not show the same completeness of finish in the modeling which is 
 manifested by these metopes of the Polycleitan j>erio«l and school. The minute care in the ren- 
 dering of each detail, to which attention has been drawn in the Introtluction to the Sculpture 
 (pp. 156 ff.), is illustrated by the delicate details in the motleling of the hand of the female adver- 
 sary, and especially in the treatment of the upper parts of the thigh, and the curious round protru- 
 sion in the groin to which reference has alreatly been made. I have had casts and photographs of 
 this torso examined by several friends, surgeons and anatomists, leading authorities on this subject 
 both in England and in America ; but it has hitherto remained an unsolved problem. From their 
 knowledge of the human figure derived from the dissecting-room and the operating-table they have 
 not been\ble to account for this feature in normal anatomy. They either confessed their inability 
 to explain it, or maintiinetl that it was a pathological phenomenon, the result of a too violent strain 
 or of the enlargement of the glands. But it was difficult to believe that, esjiecially in this iM;rio«l of 
 art, so accidental a feature should have been copied, especially when we realize that in the torso on 
 Plate XXX. we have in the right leg of the warrior an indication of the same rise, though in a 
 slighter and less marketlly visible form. 
 
 Recognizing these facts, I have carried on experiments with the living model under the direction 
 of Dr. Louis Waldstein, whose letter I here subjoin, with the result that in two of the most jwwor- 
 f ully developed professional athletes in London, the presence of this formation as a muscle in the 
 human botly was fully demon.strated. But the muscle apjieared in this form, not when the ath- 
 letes were in repose or general action, but only when the exact attitude of our torso was assumed 
 by them. It was not even enough that the weight should be thrown on the bent left leg when 
 the right leg was upraised,— to this hatl to be adde«l the strain of pushing against an adversary 
 with the upper botly, as in our torso the combatant is pressing against the adversary whose hand 
 is pressed against his side. 
 
 I cannot here dwell upon the interesting anatomical results of this observation. What it shows 
 us in the first place is the careful observation of nature and the painstaking rendering of these 
 observations in the art of modeling, — characteristics which the passages referred to in the Intro- 
 duction emphasize as a leading feature in the art of Polycleitus. At the same time I cannot refrain 
 from citing this as a striking confirmation of my exposition published some years ago, with reganl 
 to the influence of athletic games upon Greek art.» I there said : « "It was here [in the i>alaestra], 
 with hundreds of nude youths, not only wrestling, jumping, and running, but endeavoring by syste- 
 matic practice to remedy any defect or abnormality in any one limb or organ, that the artist day 
 by day studietl his anatomy of the human figure without the need of entering the dissecting-room 
 or calling in the help of the anatomist." ^ I there pointed to the difference between the attitude 
 of mind,*observation, and creation of the ancient Greek and of modern artists in this respect. It 
 must be regarded as a misfortune that the modem artist is dependent ujwn his one motlel, and 
 receives his training as regards human structure from the anatomist.* On the contrary, the real 
 " plastic anatomist*'' should in the future have to discartl from his mind the reminiscences of the 
 dissecting-room and should study the structure of the human figure — bones and muscles — in 
 action, in their function, as the ancient Greek sculptor studied thera.'^ 
 
 PLATE XXXV.: TORSOS FROM THE METOPES 
 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 
 187 
 
 ' See my Exita^s on the Art of Pheidiaa, pp. 304 ff., 
 reprinted from the Proceedings of the Royal Inst, of 
 Great Britain, 1883. 
 
 » Pp. 400 and 401. 
 
 » Cf also bottom of p. 402 to p. 40-3 ; and pp 40G and 
 407, where this point is further developed. 
 
 * It looks as if this had been the ease in ancient Greek 
 times only during the i>eri«Kl of decline marked by the 
 schools of Pergamou aud Rhodes. 
 
 ' FROM A LETTER OF LOUIS WALD8TEIW, M. D. 
 
 The striking round prominenco in the left groin of the 
 Argive torso suggests at once either an enlarged gland 
 (bubo) or package of glands, or a rupture (hernia), because 
 these are found exactly in that spot. But, for obvious rea- 
 sons, both possibilities must be excluded from cousider- 
 ation, from the artistic as well as from the medical point 
 of view. 
 
 The triangle, which is so well marked in the figure, in 
 ui-cupied iiIhu by the large bluod vessels and the crural 
 
 No. 1. Torso of a Warrior with breastplate in hie,}, relief from the Metopes. Parian marble 
 It 18 evident that this fragment belongs to the metoi>es, as it is of the same dimensions and 
 workmanship and shows at the back a jwrtion of the background of the metoi)e, while the tech- 
 nique corresponds to that of the l)est specimens from the metoi)es, — those given on this Plate, as 
 well as smaller fragments not given here. The fi-agmcnt belonged to the figure of a warrior seen 
 in full face, in violent action, the lower part of the Wly turning towards the left, while the upiH'r 
 jiart is turnetl towanls the right; the right arm pressed over the breast towards the left shoulder. 
 Though the warrior is protected by a brea.stplate reaching to the waist, we cannot be ab.solutely 
 certain whether we have not here a female figure (an Amazon ?), as the drapery covering the 
 thigh below the waist, and the rounde<l form which it covers, are suggestive of female garments 
 and forms. Unfortunately, but very little remains of this figure, and the greater part of what 
 dws remain is in such a fragmentary condition that it does not help us towards further identifica- 
 tion. The well-preserved i)ortions are the lower part of the breastplate and the drapery below it 
 from the waist to the upiHjr part of the thigh. These portions, however, convey clearly the cxqui- 
 siteness of artistic finish in the modeling of these meto|>es. The undergarment has evidently been 
 ma.ssed together l)eneath the belt round the waist under the breastplate, and thus protluces a suc- 
 cession of short, thickly massed folds, which have their analogy in the same arrangement (though 
 on a slanting line downward) in No. 2 of this same plate, lielow these thickly massed folds the 
 undergarment of thin texture clings alwut the rounded forms of the thigh in very delicate folds 
 that ai-e indicated by slight flat ridges in relief — a method of indicating thin and pliant drapery 
 covering rounded forms without interfering with the indication of the roundness in human, csimj- 
 cially female, figures. This same methotl can be noted in the region of the thigh of No. 2 and of 
 the right side of the waist in No. 3 on this same plate. It is the same system which is to be 
 found in the drapery IjcIow the bi-easts of the large female torso from a i>ediment of this Temple 
 figure<l on Plate XXXVII. 
 
 nerve, all of which, however, are found laterally from the 
 prominence in question. There remain therefore to be 
 cunsidered only the muscles of that region. In onler to 
 bring them well into view the leg must be flexe<l in the 
 kuce, and nuist be fixed with unusual tension of all those 
 grt>ups of muscles that serve to fix the pelvis u]>on the 
 thigh ; the whole body must, in fact, rest upon tiie left 
 leg. In this position the extensors along the front of the 
 thigh bulge out, and the adductor group is well con- 
 tracted, so that the triangle (Scarpa's) is clearly defined. 
 It will be seen that the nodule in question is in no way 
 connected with any of the muscles forming the trian- 
 gle, but that it is clearly separated from its base and its 
 median boundary : it must, therefore, proceed from that 
 structure which forms the floor of the triangle. These are 
 the Pectineus and Ilio-Psoas muscles, whose function it 
 is either to flex the trunk upon the fixed thigh, or to draw 
 up and inwards the thigh upon the trunk. Of these two 
 functions the first only need be considered, since, in the 
 figure, the leg is in a rigidly fixed {tosition, all the more 
 fixed as the right leg is raised, and as the other com- 
 batant is endeavoring to throw the entire weight of the 
 IxMly beyond the left leg. 
 
 Constructively aud functionally, therefore, it is com- 
 paratively simple to expLiiu the round swelling under 
 consideration, and to see in it the forcibly contracted 
 Pectiueu» muscle, a muscle which from its origin along 
 the anterior ridge of the pubic Imne to its msertion 
 directly uider the trochanter minor of the thighbone, is 
 
 directed obliquely towards the back and side of the 
 median line. It is this course that so shar|)ly defines the 
 f«irm of the protuberance, for it corresponds only to the 
 uppermost part of the muscle, which is alone near enough 
 to the skin to appear thus clearly, while the remainder of 
 the muscle gradually recedes more and more from the 
 surface and is therefore hidden from view. 
 
 In the living subject the Pectineus seems to be feebly 
 developed, for it could be seen but very slightly protrud- 
 ing in two powerfully develo|)cd athletes, while in other 
 subjects no such indication of its functional power was 
 produced. This proves, it would seem, that the exercises 
 of the modern gymnast do not engage this group of 
 muscles ; for it must be said that the function of the 
 Pectineus is not isolated, but will necessarily go together 
 with the Iliacus and the Psoas nmscles. They are chiefly 
 brought into play in wrestling, — wrestling, moreover, of 
 a particular kind, where the athlete contracts forcibly the 
 muscles of the gluteal region as well ; all that apparatus, 
 in fact, that serves to fix the ball and socket joint and 
 thereby unite as into one rigid pillar the leg and the 
 pelvis. This enables the combatant to oppose with the 
 utmost power the force of a pushing attack. It would 
 appear as if the modem wrestler relies much more upon 
 subtle agility than upon a concentration of pure muscular 
 power. Such, at least, must be the inference drawn from 
 the fact that the Greek artist reproduces a powerfully 
 contracted muscle, which can luirdly be found in the 
 modem gymnast. 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 188 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 Dimensions:— ^^^ 
 
 Extreme height ^ ^ mj 5 
 
 Extreme width _ 27.5 
 
 Extreme depth j^ 
 
 Height of relief from hackgrouud , 2Q. 
 
 From base of neck to belt j^j. 
 
 From breast to back 
 
 Ho. 2. ror,o of a Female Figure, probalhj an Amazon, fnm tleMetope>. Parian marble. 
 The arrangement .t the draj^r,- in this lightly clad fignre is typical of tl.»t w-rn by Amazons. 
 The li.-ht and short nndergarnlent is fastened above her right shonlder and then falls n, nnd .^ 
 fating carves over her right breast, leaving the whole left shonlder and bre=«t ba«. It js Wd 
 ftrmly to the body by a br«ul Wt or .one round the waist. The banng o he left shon der and 
 S is not purely accidental and momenUry, inasmuch as the amount of dra,«ry thus left free 
 is on this side mLed together nnder the belt. The consequence is that two st™„gly marked 
 „«sses of drapery, accentuating pronounced cross-lines in the compos.t.on of *« fig"-. ™» j^"™ 
 her right sl^dller and the right side of her waist, slantmg downward m d.agonal curves. These 
 lines, besides giving graceful variety to the composition, also accentuate the atftmle : namely, the 
 bend „g of the'upperVrt of the Wly backwar<l to our right, while the 1°-' Vf' • "J f 'tl^f: 
 hip, is pressed upward towards onr left. The Amazon may thus be m an attitude o ^treat or 
 avoidant of a blow coming from her right side above, or may be smkmg down on her W' ''"f » 
 consequence of a wound. In the mdeling the same exqu.siteness m the treatment, both of the 
 soft nude portions and of the foUU in the garment, is maintaine.1 The npplmg larger mass 
 of folds, as the edge of the garment seems to flow from the shoulder to the waist, marks that 
 combination of firmness and crispness. bother with softness, which am.mg extant monuments 
 we find in the Th-llassa or the reclining Fate in the Parthenon Hi"'™*; «' «.''« V'ctories 
 from the Nike balastra<le. The thicker mass, running crosswise to the belt above it and Wdow, 
 thon^i full of life and variety, is not carried through with quite the same skill, especially a, the 
 rounded mass above the belt bulges out without a proper suggestion of its contmuafon Wow 
 the belt. The broader, flatter masses of drapery below the«, cross-folds suggest he rounded forms 
 that they cover in the manner we have note.1 before, and have the same flat folds in re lef. inter- 
 siM^rsed between the smooth masses, clearly suggesting the nature of the dmper,-. and s ill aecen- 
 tLting the roiinde.1 forms. The large species of dowel-hole cut in the side W.low the left slionl- 
 der I am unable to explain, - whether it serve.1 for the insertion of some objcet in the original 
 statue of the meto,w, or for some subsequent rei«ir, or for some use to which tlH! fragment was 
 
 put when destroyed. 
 
 Dimensions : — ^„ ^ 
 
 48.5 cm. 
 
 Extreme height . 27, 
 
 Extreme width 2^ 
 
 Extreme depth jg - 
 
 Height of relief * ' j^ 
 
 From base of neck to belt ,*, , v 17 
 
 Frombreasttobackof outer side (i.f. from right nipple to block) *•• 
 
 No. 3. Torso of a Draped Female Figure, probably an Amazon from the Metopes. Parian 
 
 "" Twt torso comes from a figure similar to the one just describe<l only that there is no Wit round 
 the waist. The thin undergarment is here also fastene<l over the right shoulder, and expands 
 from this point in four relief folds over the right breast and towards the nudd le between the 
 breasts, where it evidently meets a similar arrangement of folds from the le t shoulder no longer 
 extant). These two masses of folds where they meet create, as is usual, the V-shape overlapping of 
 drapery at some distance below the neck between the breasts. From this point downwanl m 
 weirmarked wavy curves, the drapery falls down to the waist. Towards the right side and below 
 these marked folds, there are traces of the same treatment, suggestive of thin drapery over rounded 
 forms, which has been noted before. The mocleling of this fragn.ent of drapery is bold and firm 
 and yet delicate, completely in keeping with the finished style as we have reeogn.ze<l it in these 
 metopes from every aspect. 
 
 PLATE XXXVl.: HEAD OF HERA 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Hrcadtli of fragment 25.6 cm. 
 
 Height of fragment ....34 
 
 Depth of fragment j^ 
 
 Breadth of torso below arms yj^ 
 
 189 
 
 FRONTISPIECE AND PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 Four views of the Head of Ilcra, probably from the Western Pediment of the Temple. Parian 
 marble. Life size. 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Height of head 27. cm. 
 
 Breadth of head 19 7 
 
 Depth (depth of head, 22.7) 25.8 
 
 Breadth of face 13 2 
 
 Outer corner to outer comer of eyes JO. 
 
 Inner corner to inner comer of eyes 3,1 
 
 I.iength of nose 55 
 
 Breadth of nose (at nostrils) 3.6 
 
 Breadth of uioutli 4.8 
 
 Breadth of eyes 3.7 
 
 This hea«l has l)een fully described in my preliminary publication of 1892.^ I have also referred 
 at some length to the discussion arising out of that publication in the Introduction to the Sculp- 
 ture in this volume.'- It will be seen that though most authorities, headed by Collignon,^ have 
 accepted iny i<leutification, others, headed by Furtwiingler,* have somewhat rashly ascribed it to 
 Attic art. The heatl is on the whole in excellent preservation, though the left side, from its jwsi- 
 tion in the earth, has been strongly corrotled, and the whole of this side, as well as the tip of the 
 nose, has been worn away. The lips have suffered in the same manner. In all other respects, 
 however, we may consider this to be one of the most representative heads of the great period to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 The head formed part of a female figure, probably draped, and, from extant indications, the 
 whole figure must have borne characteristics of grandeur, if not of severity, in attitude and execu- 
 tion. It was evidently meant to be seen in full face from the front view, for, though the hair is 
 modeled in ridges at the back as well as at the front, it is much less finished, unmistakably showing 
 tliat the back was not meant to be seen. Moreover, the head is placed without any turn to right 
 or left on the neck, which again must have risen at right angles between the shoulders ; and this 
 ))osition alone would be expressive of a certain solemnity, nay, severity in the general attitude. The 
 same character is preserved in the composition and modeling of this head in every phase of the 
 work. In full face as well as in profile the outline and general build of the head present that 
 square rectangular raassiveness which we have found to constitute a leading characteristic in all our 
 heads as well as in those commonly attributed to Polycleitus. This broad, simple, severe character 
 is maintained in the general arrangement and elaboration of the hair, in the severe lines of forehead 
 and brow, as well as in every feature of the face, — though in this larger work the finish and refine- 
 ment of the nioileling is blended with the breadth and moderation which stamp the head as a whole. 
 Moreover, we must always remember when comparing the execution of this work, originally destined 
 for marble, with that of other Polycleitan works, which are copies from original bronze or gold and 
 ivory statues, that a certain softness and indefiniteness is a characteristic inherent in marble scidp- 
 ture as such.* The squareness of general outline is most pronounced in the profile view, whereas 
 in the front view this is slightly counteracted by the necessary protrusion of masses of hair on either 
 
 ' See ExcacalioM, etc. pp. 8-13, pis. iv. and ▼. by the technique of marble sculpture in Polycleitan heads 
 
 ^ See pp. 164 ff. in the treatment of the hair in our head of a youth from 
 
 ' HiM. de la Sculpt. Grtcqite, II. p. 168. the metopes as compared with the Doryphorus and Dia- 
 
 * L. r. dumenus. Cf. pp. 169 ff. 
 ' We have noted this modification of style as affected 
 
 m 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
I'.i 
 
 190 DESCKIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 side «.f the forehead. The scale of this deviation from squareness can be most reatlily appreciated 
 when we compare in this respect the head of the Doryphonis with that of the Diadumenus, and 
 finally arrive at the Amazon heads of Polycleitan type, in which this bulging out of the hair corre- 
 siKjnds to that of our Ilera. The hair was parted in the middle, the parting continuing behmd the 
 narrow stephune down the back of the head. From the middle of the forehead two niasses of hair 
 are combed to either side in a wavy line, and, covering the greater i^art of the ear,' are joined 
 under the stephane above the back of the neck; while the mass of hair from either side of the 
 parting behind these hangs in one thick coil down the back. A curious feature is the small braid- 
 like line of curls which projects out of the central mass of hair between the stcphane and the 
 middle of the forehead. This curious feature is to be found in the Caryatids from the Erechtheum, 
 and, as I have pointetl out in the Introduction,^ probably led to the singular mi8concei)tion on 
 the part of those who see Attic style in this head. The wavy mass of hair combed towards either 
 siile from the central parting covers the ears and allows only the lol)es to be visible. Holes are 
 drilled into these which evidently served to hold metal earrings. The line of demarcation between 
 the hair and the forehead is firmly drawn in its arch-like outline in spite of the wavy contour of 
 the hair, a feature which we have before noted in the metope heads on Plate XXXH. The 
 brow too, is treated in broad simplicity without minute motleling and half-tones, herein also corre- 
 si>ondiug to the treatment of the metope heads on Plate XXXH. The relation between the 
 brow, the eyelids, and the orbs is very similar to the treatment of these metope heads, only that 
 in this life-size head the working is more elaborate and the individual features more firmly cut. It 
 is in the treatment of the eyebrow and the eyelid that the maker of this marble head betrays him- 
 self as being chiefly influenced by the firmer bronze technique traditional in his school. 
 
 In spite of the corrosion and the breaking away of the tip, the nose shows the same treatment 
 that we have found in the metope heads and in heads attributed to Polycleitus. Unfortunately, 
 these breakages give a wrong impression of the whole face, especially in the profile view. In the 
 same way we^must regret that the middle of the upper lip and the whole of its left side have been 
 partly broken off or worn away. In spite of this, all the characteristics of Heraeum and Poly- 
 cleitan heads that I have described in the treatment of these features arc to be found in a marked 
 manner in this Hera. The same is true of the lower lip and of the chin. At all events, I can 
 hardly believe that we shall meet with a dissentient opinion conscientiously formed and honestly 
 held in stating that if the IWogna head, supposed to be a repro<luction of the Leranian Athena, is 
 characteristic'of Attic art, then, in general character as well as detailed composition of the features 
 and in modeling, this Argive head would be contrasted with it ; whereas if the various heads, — 
 that of the Doryphonis, the Diadumenus, the Amazons, and the so-called Bacchus head in the 
 
 1 It has been maintained — though never, so far as I 
 know, in print — that this head was of a far later date than 
 the fifth century B. C, because it is held that in statues of 
 the fifth and earlier centuries before our era the ear was 
 not covered in this way, but was fully modeled. Apart 
 from the fact that whoever would ascribe this work to a 
 late origin proves himself to be utterly devoid of any 
 appreciation of the broad difference of style in Greek art, 
 the statement about the ear is flatly contradicted by the 
 evidence of extant monuments. It is true that in heads 
 of the Archaic period, notably on coins, the ear is generally 
 completely modeled, even in an exaggerated form, where 
 the hair ought to cover it. It may even be maintained 
 that it was usual not to hide the ear in most heads during 
 the earlier, and even the best, periods of (Jreek art. Still 
 it will be well to ask ourselves the question, how many 
 well-preserved, quite authentic heads, especially female 
 heads with long hair, we have belonging to these early 
 periods ? Yet even among these it is well for us to realize 
 that on our heads from the metopes of this very temple, 
 such as the Amazon head, Platk XXXI. No. 3, and two 
 of the heads on Plate XXXII., the lobe only is indicated. 
 
 as in this head of Hera. Moreover, we find, even as early 
 as the sculptures from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, 
 that the ears of IlippiNlamia arc completely covered ; that 
 on the nymph in the metope of the Ilesperides, as well 
 as in the female head in the meto|ie with Atlas, the ear 
 is covered as in ours; that in the Parthenon Frieze the 
 maidens as well as Hera have their ears jKirtly covered, 
 and that the same is the rule with the Amazons and other 
 female figures from the Phigalian Frieze, while it is em- 
 phatically true of the Polycleitan Amazon. Kven on 
 coins aj»proaching the date of our statue we meet with 
 the same treatment, notably in those from Argos repre- 
 senting Hera, one of which (taken from Mionnet'a casts, 
 Ganlner, Tifpes of Greek Coins, pi. viii. 14) shows the 
 earrings hanging from the lobe. And if we go further 
 afield among coins, a glance at those of Terina with the 
 nymph Terina, of Cephallenia with the head of Procris, 
 of Rhegium and Croton with the long-haired Apollo, will 
 forever dis|>el this al>surd generalization which I have 
 heard quoted as a chronological landmark by an archwo- 
 logist of some reputation. 
 » Pp. IGC ff. 
 
 I 
 
 PLATE XXXVI.: HEAD OF HERA 191 
 
 British Museum (which I have now identified with the Polycleitan Hera),' — if these represent the 
 Argive work of the Polycleitan i)eriod, then this Hera shows most striking resemblances to it in 
 every res|ject. 
 
 I have called this heatl Hei-a.^ I fully admit that the identification of this head as Hera is far 
 from being beyond all doubt, and if I continue to use the name of this goddess, I do not do this 
 with any claim to dogmatic certainty. I only mean that among all jwssible designations this still 
 api)ears to me the most likely. I do not see how any degree of probability attaches to the identi- 
 fication with Hebe. Even if the type of this goddess were fully established in well-identified si)eci- 
 mens (which is assuredly not the case), I believe that the severe character and the indication of the 
 age in our heatl would not correspond to the conception which, from other sources, we should form 
 of this youthful attendant upon Hera. For though I do not see in this head any indication of a 
 distinctly matronly character, it certainly suggests to me at once full maturity, stateliness, and grace. 
 This very stateliness, together with the stephane^ shows this head to be that of a divinity. In look- 
 ing about the Greek divinities after Hera, there are three others to whom characteristics in this 
 work might possibly apply : Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena. This order marks my preference 
 of identification. For Aphrodite the character and expression seem somewhat too severe, while 
 the presence of the earrings and the general effect they must have produced seem to me to mili- 
 tate against the character of Artemis as well as of Athena. Finally, it might be maintained that 
 this head may have belonged to one of the female figures of priestesses which, according to Pau- 
 sanias (II. 17. 3), stood before the temple. Here, again, the absence of the veil and the presence 
 of the earrings forbid such a supposition, and, moreover, the place where the head was found 
 directly contradicts the assumption that it belonged to one of the statues placed in front of the 
 temple. For the position of this head in the earth made it most probable that this was one of 
 the few works which had remained on the spot where it hatl originally fallen. This spot was 
 immediately in front of the western side of the temple, on a line with the stylobate. From the 
 nature of this region at the west end of the temple, it seems highly improbable that statues were 
 placed here on their bases ; while the evidence from the numerous bases that were found still in 
 the wide space in front of the temple at the east end shows that this was the region where statues 
 were massetl together, and not the back. The actual provenience of the head thus strongly con- 
 firms the view that the head belonged to a figure from the western pediment of the temple, from 
 which it had fallen to the actual sjwt where good fortune enabled us to discover it in such excel- 
 lent preservation, as one of the very few Greek heads of these, and one of the noblest from the 
 fifth century B. c. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIL 
 
 Torno of a draped Female Flfjure, from the Pediments of the Temple. Parian marble. 
 As 1 have already stated in the Introduction,'^ this torso, which was excavated by Kangabe, cer- 
 tainly l)elonged to a jMidimental figure. It is part of a life-size statue. 
 
 Dimensions : — ' 
 
 Breadth of fragment 41. cm. 
 
 Height of fragment 40. 
 
 Depth of fragment 33.5 
 
 Breast to breast WJi 
 
 Width of upper arm at clltow 8.8 
 
 Extreme thickness of upper arm 9.2 
 
 Breadth of torso just below breast 24. 
 
 That it formed part of a pedimental figure is evident from the fact that, whereas the front is 
 modeled with exquisite finish, the back is only roughly blocked out. This will readily be seen by 
 comparing the front and side views given on the Plate. A hole is cut in the centre of the neck, 
 which may either have been worked in later times, when the temple was destroyed and the statue 
 
 » Joum. o/Hellen. Stud. 1901, pp. 30 ff. « See p. 152. 
 
 ' Furtwiingler (/. r.) maintains that it is certainly not 
 Hera, but probably Hebe. 
 
 .\ 
 
 Ml 
 
 1 
 
 i J 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
102 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 broken, or may have been a dowel-hole to hoUl the head when it was originally ma.lo, or during 
 subsequent repair. So, too, a hole on the right shoulder of the figui-e (clearly 8een in the side 
 view) either may have been made for purposes of repair, or may have servetl to fix some bronze 
 object or ornament. There are also traces of drill-holes in the draiiery about the waist and under 
 the left armpit. If the drUl was used for the purpose of elaborating the folds of drapery in 
 the marble, it was only applied roughly to work away the material and was not meant to be 
 seen The projecting portions of the drapery at this iwint which would have hidden these traces 
 of drill-work have been broken away. The draiHjry above the breasts is much corroded, while below 
 these it is in comparatively goml preservation and shows exquisite modeling. The figure was 
 clad in a thin undergarment {_chiton), while round the shoulders hung a thicker cloak ihimation), 
 the ed-es of which can still be seen above the breast; these, falling over the back, were massed 
 under Uie left arm of the figure, falling in a curve over the forearm and the hand. Mention has 
 already been made in the Intiwluetion ' of the delicate motleling of the folds in the thin undergar- 
 nient as it covers the breasts, which this figure has in common with the torso fi-om the metoiK>8. 
 The natui-alism of this modeling forms a striking contrast to the greater severity in a head like 
 that of our Hera. This contrast is the rule, and not the exception, in the sculpture of this 
 period It is not greater than that between the motleling of the youth's head on Plate XXXI. 
 and of the nude torso on Plate XXXIV., all from the metoi»es of this temple. In respect to 
 the softness and elaliorateness in the modeling of the female figure and the fall of the thm drapery 
 over it, we should place this torso half way between the reclining Fate or Thalassa from the eastern 
 pediment of the Parthenon and the sandal-binding Nike from the lialusti-ade of the Temple of 
 Nike Apterus. Our torso would well mark the intermetliate stage of development in this resjiect 
 between these two works, which would, moreover, correspond exactly to the date ascribed to the 
 building of the lleraeum. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2. Tico rietcs of a Fnujment of the diajml portion of the Lower Leg, from a 
 Fiyure in the round belontjing to the Pediments, standinr; on a plinth. Parian marble. 
 
 This interesting fragment of a drained figure, manifestly in violent motion, comes from a life-size 
 statue, which evidently belonged to the jHidiments. 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Extreme heicht from top of knee to bottom of plinth •**• •^"'* 
 
 21 
 
 Extreme width of base as extant * *" 
 
 Extreme breadth of base (inchiding drapery) ^*^** 
 
 II 7 
 Extreme thickness of calf ' 
 
 Thickness of plinth at the highest point ^ 
 
 That tliis fragment belonged to a iiedimental gi-oup is proved, not only by the fact that in marble 
 and workmanship it corresponds to the numerous smaUer fragments of drai>ery belonging to the 
 same class of figures, which evidently formed part of a larger group (see Introduction to Sculpture, 
 p. 152), but also by the fact that a figure in such violent motion could not have belonged to a sin- 
 gle statue standing upon its base in the period of Greek art to which all these fragments belong. 
 It might conceivably be a portion of a figure on a high pillar representetl as floating through the 
 air, such as the Nike of Paeonius at Olympia; but this Olympian figure was, if not unique, at 
 all events not a common tyi>e of monument, nor is such a monument, which would probably have 
 elicited a comment of Pausanias, mentioned by any ancient authority as being at the lleraeum. 
 The figure was evidently hastening through the air, the wind driving the drai^ery over the leg into 
 rouiukd folds behind. In all likelihood we here have a parallel to the Nik^ or Iris from the 
 Parthenon pediments, figures which, on either side of the centre, appear to be communicating the 
 news of the central scene to the seated or reclining figures at either angle of the pediment.* The 
 bold curved lines of the sharply cut folds in this di-apery illustrate the workmanship of the l)est 
 period of Greek scidpture. Within these sharp ridges of curved folds there is again a fondness 
 1 See pp. lo7 and 187. * See my K»says on the Art of Pkeidias, p. 149. 
 
 PLATES XXXIX.-XLI.: FRAGMENTS FROM THE METOPES 193 
 
 for smooth, flat surfaces ; while variety is given to these at the jioints where the drapery covers 
 the rounded calf of the leg by the thinner flat relief folds, again showing the same system which 
 we have noted in the torso (Plate XXXVII.), and in the three drained fragments from the 
 metoi)es (Plate XXXV.). In fact, if we but remember the diflFerent dimensions, and the differ- 
 ence between a figure in the i-ound and one in high relief, the w^orkmanship in this fraf'ment of 
 drapery is quite the same as that of the fragment (Plate XXXV. No. 3) which belon"-s to a 
 metope in relief less than half the size of tliis pedimental statue. The pieces of undercut drapery 
 that have been broken away behind and above the foot show, in both views here given, the use 
 of the drill for the pur|K>se of cutting away the unnecessary marble before the final finish. It 
 will here be seen how several grooves remain, showing how the drill had been worked throu"-h 
 behind the foot from either side. 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4. Two views rfa Fragment of Drapery covering pwtions of the Leg in a Female 
 Figure from abore the knee to above the ankle, from a J*ediment. Parian marble. This fi*a"-- 
 ment, like Nos. 1 and 2, and for the same reasons there given, formed part of a pedimental statue. 
 The figure itself was on the same scale. 
 
 Dimensions : — 
 
 Extreme height 68. cm. 
 
 Extreme width fiO. 
 
 Tliii'kness frtmi middle of thigh 29. 
 
 From knee to beginning of ankle 35. 
 
 Extreme thickness of calf (inside fold) 11.3 
 
 Whereas the previous figure rapidly moving forward was evi<lently meant to be seen in profile, the 
 statue to which this fragment belongs was probably seen in the front view and did not stand 
 absolutely erect. At first sight it suggests the seated attitude as we know it from the Parthenon 
 pediments ; but the figure could not have been seated, as the knee, though slightly bent, is not 
 sufficiently bent for that attitude. The drapery is massed in deeply cut thicker folds between the 
 legs, converging in almost parallel lines below the knee to the middle of the ankle, and then fall- 
 ing in divergent lines over either ankle. As seen in this fragmentary condition, the close massing 
 of these folds, when parallel, looks somewhat monotonous ; but this effect was undoubtedly relieved 
 by the variety above and below this jioint when the figure was complete. The actual carving of 
 these folds is the same as in Nos. 1 and 2. Though the edges of the folds have been broken away, 
 it will be seen that in the side view. No. 4, the work is not so careful and highly finished in the 
 back as in the front, — which is a further indication that this was a })edimental figure. For an 
 acroterium above or on the side of the ))ediment the dimensions of the figure are too large. 
 
 PLAT^:S XXXIX., XL. 
 
 Additional Marble Fragments from the Metopes. 
 
 I have here given a number of additional fragments that certainly belonged to the metopes, 
 but which cannot be further identifie<l and do not require detailed comment. One of these is 
 pieced together out of six separate fragments, and gives some notion of the arrangement of the 
 metopes, especially with regard to the background and the upjier part. The hole drilled through 
 the background on the right-hand upper comer of Plate XXXIX". is similar to that in Plate 
 XXX., and no doubt was the regular method of fixing these high relief slabs to the entablature. 
 I have also (Plate XL"*.) given fragments of legs from the metoi)es. There is also one arm 
 vigorously drawn back, which held a shield. Among them are also the backs of two heads, one 
 with a helmet (Plate XL^). 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 Additional Fragments of Draper}/ and Feet, 2)robabli/ from the Pediments. 
 
 I have here selected from the large mass of such fragments portions that seemed to me to have 
 come from the pediments, since they l)elonged to larger figures worked in the round. These will 
 further illustrate the style of the drapery, and their number will help to sup^rart our conclusion as 
 
 '# 
 
 «v 
 
 iii 
 
 (. 
 
 'II 
 
 I 
 
194 DESCRIITION OF THE PLATES 
 
 to the presence of such sculpture in the ^iments. Of the larger feet here given (Plate XU\\ 
 several rest on plinths. The right foot on 
 a plinth, covered with drai^ery over the instep, 
 belonged to a life-size figure about the dimen- 
 sions °of the one to which the drai^etl leg on 
 Plate XXXVIII. belongetl. The varying 
 thickness of the iilinth (5] cm. in front, «.] 
 to 8 em. in the back) makes it improbable that 
 it belongeil to an ordinary statue on a base. 
 The foot, moreover, is tilted forward, resting 
 chiefly u}>on the inside, and thus belonged to 
 a statue in motion, the forward movement of 
 which is further indicated by the curved direc- 
 tion of the folds in the dra^Miry that covers the 
 
 instep. 
 
 The other dimensions are : — 
 
 length of fragment • 31.5 cm. 
 
 Kxtrenic height (including plinth) . 20. 
 
 Depth 1^- 
 
 Width of foot .... 9-3. 
 
 There is the fragment of a wrist and hantl 
 hohling a piece of flying draj^ery. This is 
 prol)ubly from the pediments, and belonged to 
 a figure in whicli the cloak, fluttering in the 
 wind from the back, is held up by one end in 
 the upraised hand, as is often the case with 
 Nikt's. There is also here a small fragment 
 of what api>ears to have l)een a marble vase. 
 There is no reason to l>elieve that the frag- 
 ment of drapery in broad, flat folds with 
 well-i)reserved painted border of a maeander 
 pattern, and below it spikes or rays, came from the iH^^din.ents, while the other f...gn.ents proba 
 
 bly did (,Fig. 90). 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 90. — MiscELLANFors Marbi.k Kraomknts from 
 
 THE HkRAKUM 
 
 O 
 
 Ah 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 
 «r 
 
 x 
 p 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 S 
 
 M 
 
 B 
 H 
 
 VI 
 
DESCKIl'TION OF TllK PLATES 
 
 194 
 
 to the prosenoe of such sculptmv in the iwdiiiu'iits. 
 several rest on iiliiitlis. The right foot on 
 a plinth, covered with (lrai>erv over the instep, 
 Inhjugetl to a life-size figure ahout the ilinien- 
 sions'of the one to whicli the tlrapeil leg on 
 Pi.ATK XXXVIII. belongetl. The varying 
 thickness ».f the j.linth (').] cm. in front, tJA 
 t(i ^ em. in the back ) ntakes it impn>bal)le that 
 it belonged to an (.nlinary statue «m a base. 
 The foot, moreover, is tilted forward, resting 
 chiefly ui>on the inside, and tiuis belonged to 
 a statue in nu»tion, tiie forward movenu-nt of 
 which is furtlier indicated by the curved direc- 
 tion of the folds in the drapery that covers the 
 
 instep. 
 
 The other dimensions are : — 
 
 Of the larger feet here given (Pi.atf. XTiP.^. 
 
 Loiijjtli of fiajjiiu'iit 
 
 Kxtrt'iiie htijjlit (iiiihuliii-j plintli) 
 
 P.ptli 
 
 Wiiltli i>f foot 
 
 31 u> cm. 
 
 •JO. 
 It. 
 U.3. 
 
 There is the fragment of a wrist anil liand 
 holding a piece of tlying drai)ery. This is 
 probably from the jwdiments. aiul bel«»nged to 
 a tiirure in which the cloak, fluttering in the 
 wind from the back, is hehl up by one end in 
 the upraise«l hand, .is is t»ften the case with 
 Nikcs. There is also here a small fragment 
 of what ai>pcars t«) have been a marble vase. 
 There is no reasim to l>elieve that the frag- 
 ment of «lrapery in broad, flat folds with 
 well-preservi'd painted border of a maeantler 
 pattern, a.ul below it spikes or rays, cau.e fron. the pedin.ents, while the other fragments proba 
 
 blvdid (Fig. «.Mh. 
 
 Ki,j. jm. — MiscKi.i.ANKois Makhi> 1 It a«;mknts HUlM 
 TllK IIkkaum 
 
 '.1 
 
 pa 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 H 
 
4 
 
 l» 
 
 ^ 
 
 ia^. 
 
^^' 
 
 «v 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XXXI 
 
 YOUTH (PROFILE) 
 
 YOUTH (fill-face) 
 
 n 
 
 AMAZON 
 
 WARRIOR 
 
 THREE HEADS FROM THE METOPES 
 
r^ 
 
 
 • 
 
 '•tv 
 
 '-i 
 
 •MMiHM 
 
f 
 
The Argive Hebaeum 
 
 Plate XXXII 
 
 1 
 
 HEAD OF QIKL (kanoab'k) 
 
 HEAD OF GIRL (uangabe) 
 
 HEAD GRASPED AT HAIR 
 
 GIRL'S HEAD. 
 
 H 
 
 THREE FEMALE HEADS FROM THE METOPES 
 
 t\ 
 
 f 
 
H 
 

 
The Akgive IIeraeum 
 
 Platk XXXIII 
 
 HEAD OF ATHENE FROM THE METOPES 
 
 8 * 
 
 LOWER PORTIONS OF LARGER HEADS IN THE ROUND 
 
 HEADS FROM THE HERAEUM 
 
 M. 
 
 I • 
 
 i\ 
 
i 
 
 M' 
 
 ^r 
 
f^ 
 
 ' 
 
 t 
 
I 
 
 *l 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 is; 
 
 OQ 
 
 n 
 
 S4 
 
 U 
 

 (( 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
jpp^^pp' 
 
 '§■ 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 

 Ui 
 
 3 
 
 OQ 
 
 » 
 
 ffi 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 m; 
 
 3 
 
 (( 
 
 ?^ 
 
J 
 
 n 
 
 fl 
 
I 
 
The Argive IIebaeum 
 
 Plate XXXVl 
 
 THREE VIEWS OF HEAD OF HERA 
 
 M. 
 
 t 
 
 Hi 
 
 -;•:-• -^-~7^--j----n--iii-j~|'-'pi'^ 
 
♦ r 
 
 M 
 
» 
 
i 
 
 OQ 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 f^ 
 
 QQ 
 
 (4 
 
 » 
 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 
 i' 
 
 i 
 
M, 
 
 m 
 
TiiK Argive Hekakum 
 
 Plate XXXVIII 
 
 LOWER PORTION OF LEG ON PLINTH 
 
 DRAPED THIGH AND LOWER LEG 
 FRAGMENTS OF DRAPERY FROM THE PEDIMENTS 
 
 I I 
 
 ^i 
 
 4 
 

The Aroivk Hkraeum 
 
 Plate XXXIX 
 
 Plate XXXIX* 
 
 Plate XXXIX'' 
 
 Plate XXXIX« Plate XXXIX** 
 
 MARBLE FRAGMENTS FROM METOPES 
 
 ^1 
 
 i>i"J 
 
The Akgivk IIkrakum 
 
 Plate XXXIX 
 
 Platk XXXIX* 
 
 Plate XXXIX' 
 
 Plate XXXIX< 
 
 Plate XXXIX-' 
 
 MARBLE FRAGMENTS FROiM METOPES 
 
 Ol 
 
 ^d 
 
The Aroivf. Heraeum 
 
 Plate XL 
 
 Plate XL" 
 
 Plate XL'' 
 
 Plate XL« 
 MARBLE FRAGMENTS FROM METOPES 
 
 \iA 
 
 ■'--iori. T" .■'■'<- i;i,. -"C'm ,3V*'i',ji'*''i'" 
 
The AriiIVk IIkkak.um 
 
 Plate XL 
 
 rLAlK XL-' 
 
 I'LATK XL'' 
 
 Platk XL' 
 MARBLE FKA(;MENTS FKOM METOPES 
 
 
 
 Mu 
 
The Aroivk llRRARrM 
 
 Plate XLI 
 
 Plate XU» 
 
 Plate XLI«» 
 
 Plate XLI« 
 MARBLE FRAGMENTS FROM PEDIMENTS 
 
The Argivk IIkrakim 
 
 Plate XLI 
 
 Plate XLI" 
 
 Plate XLI" 
 
 Plate XLI- 
 MARBLE FRAGMENTS FROM PEDIMENTS 
 
 il 
 
 li 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 n 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM^ 
 
 PART FIRST 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE 
 
 BY RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON AND JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER 
 
 I. 
 
 On ^porox block in a wall between the Second Temple and the West Building. The 
 block has a face 1.22 m.X.32 m. It was uncovered in the spring of 1895. 
 
 The letters ai-e in general .10 m. high, but omhron is exceedingly small. This inscnp- 
 tion is probably older than No. ii. The three-stroke sUjma alone would carry its date 
 to about 500 b. c.= Kappa is the most striking letter in form. At first sight one 
 hardly notices that the upright bar projects above and below its junction with the^obhque 
 bars, which do not meet each other. Only on closer notice the upright bar is seen to 
 project sHghtly. The wide gap between the obUque bars might seem to be a Theran 
 feature, as the inscription from Thera given in /. G. A. 454 (Roberts, Introd. to 
 Greek Epuj. No. 4'') has a form in this respect almost exactly parallel. But almost the 
 same peculiarity occurs in the Nicandra inscription (/. G. A. 407), and in that on the 
 ApoUo base at Delos (/. G. A. 409). In fact, we have almost a ijarallel at Arffos itself 
 in /. G. A. 31. ^ 
 
 II. 
 
 This inscription holds the first place in importance among all the inscriptions on stone 
 hitherto found at the Hemeum, both because it is one of the oldest and because it is so 
 preserved that it may be read entirely. It is cut in a massive block of limestone which 
 formed the upper j)art of the xtele, the shape of which is shown in the cut. Its dimen- 
 sions are: thickness, .28 m.; height, from apex to tiie break at the bottom, .44 m. ; 
 height at right side, .37 m. ; at left, .34 m. ; breadth, .39 m. Below the inscription 
 there is a rectangular depression .22 m. wide and .005 m. deep. The letters vary in 
 
 » The Inscriptions here discussed were, with a single The Inscriptions on Bronze (including the important 
 
 exception (No. i.), transported to Athens during or at archaic bronze tablet, first i)ublished by Dr. James Den- 
 
 nison Rogers in the American Journal of Archaeology, 
 Second Series, vol. V. [1901], pp. 159 ff.) are published 
 by Mr. De Cou in the second volume, under Bronzes. 
 Inscribed vases are published by Mr. Heermance in the 
 same volume, in the chapter on Vases. 
 
 I wish to make acknowledgment here of the kindness 
 of Professor Max Fninkel of Berlin, who sent me advance 
 sheets of his Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Pelopori' 
 nesiacarum (C. I. G. P.), in which he has treated the 
 inscriptions from the Heraeum. In Nos. u. and xiv. 
 I have especially profited by his suggestions. — R. B. 
 Richardson. 
 
 * It would fall into Roberts's {Introd. to Greek Epig. 
 p. 117) "second period of Argive inscriptions." 
 
 the close of the excavations, and are now in the National 
 Museum. The block upon which No. i. is cut was too 
 large to be removed. 
 
 Nos. m.-v., vii.-x., and xv.-xviii., were first published 
 by Professor Wheeler, in the American Journal of Archae- 
 ology, First Series, vol. IX. (1894), pp. 351 ff., and the 
 remainder by me in the same periodical. First Series, 
 vol. XI. (1896), pp. 42 ff., where I also published, in vol. 
 IX. (18M), pp. 340 ff., the Stamped Tiles. (These articles 
 are republished in the Papers of the A merican School of Clas- 
 sical Studies at Athens, vol. VI. pp. 272 ff., 261 ff., 299 ff.) 
 lu the present publication the order of the Inscriptions 
 on Stone is approximately chronological, although the 
 criteria are not in every case infallible. Otherwise little 
 change bas been noade in the first form of publication. 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
1,8 INSCRIITIONS FROM THE ARGIVE lIERAEOt 
 
 , ■ . . f mo „, to 02 m There is great irregnlarity in the 8,«.i..g of the letters. 
 KrI::irJ tlfgles 4 a„a g"..... at the ends is proh..h.y aceountea for by 
 the desi^ to hegia the following lines with a new name ^._^^^^ ^^ 
 
 The stone was brought to the Centra Musenm '"" ^^^^ ; „, j,„ He..e„«,. 
 18(»3-91 with several others mentioned l.y Professor Wheeler as \ymg 
 
 4: isit»'^ ,.,. i»f 1843 I am not able to ast-ep- 
 
 :^'^^i::/w;:2:srr:l^^;— the mseri^ions m t. s^mg 
 
 "^rsnrfaee of the stone is sUghtly ehi,n.a .ho* edges ^ Room is ^^^^^^^^^ n.^this 
 T^ ^X r^r ^= IX^tal Ve at the beginning of line , 
 
 :l 
 
 ■^ 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NO. II. 
 
 199 
 
 where there is only room for I. The rough breathing B was apparently not used before 
 iapd? as is seen by the clear case of lapofivdfxove<;, line 3.* At the beginning of line 3, 
 I must have been crowded in, since the diphthong is used in the very oldest inscriptions.'-* 
 lu line 4 the first letter must be fl, since there is no trace of a cross-bar for B, which 
 
 Tl V h* p A*-l O /v: p V AA A /V^^A'F Qg 
 |vRI^TODA/V\0£iBVa/VA©J. 
 
 J a araXa ; »cai o rcXa/xw 
 tjopu [tJus ['Hjpas : Ttts 'Apyc- 
 [i Jas ; lapofivd/jiovt^ \ ToiiSf 
 Ili'p^ttXioji' I Av/tavs . . . ufpyTtvt, 
 'A\»ca/u,cV);s ; YAAci's, 
 'ApioToSa/jio? ; "Ypfa^ios, 
 'AfJLif>LKpiTO<i \ IIai'<^i;A- 
 as 
 
 would be the only alternative. The surface of the stone where such a bar would fall is 
 perfectly i)reserved. The fourth letter is almost certiiinly F, as the surface is smooth 
 where the right-hand limb of a fl would naturally appear.^ Furthermore, if such a limb 
 had had the length which it has in nav<f>v\a<;, line 7, it would have run into the A im- 
 mediately below it. Uvppakitov is probably a diminutive from nvpakC'i, a kind of bird, 
 which in Hesychius is written TrvppaXi? where the second 7'ho seems to point to an 
 original d'ujumimi. 
 
 Thei-e are many interesting i)eculiarities of form in the letters of the inscription. The 
 most strikhig is the second ouiicron of iapofivdfjLove<;, hue 3.* It is evident at a glance 
 that even ajmrt from this omicron, which is probably an accident, we have an inscription 
 venerable for its antiquity. £=17, o=a>, b=\, indeed run on in Argos to the end of the 
 fifth century. But we find beside these usjiges 0=S, P=p, V = y, 0=^ B = rough breath- 
 
 * For iap6s as ^lAdv in Doric, sec Abrens, Dial. Dor. 
 §4.3. 
 
 ^ /. (J. A. Xi, 42. 
 
 * The only other possibility, since gamma has the form 
 
 A, line *2. 
 
 * This would pass without question for a simple error 
 of the stone-cutter, but for the fact that an inscription 
 connected with the frieze of the treasury of the Cnidians 
 at Delphi, which probably belongs to the sixth century 
 
 B. c, has two and perhaps three omicrons, crossed in the 
 ■ame way. B. C. H. XIX. (1895), p. 537. M. HomoUe, 
 
 who had already pronounced in favor of an Argive artist 
 for this frieze on the ground of the Argive lambda in the 
 inscription, was inclined (JS. C. H. XX. [1896], p. 599 f.) 
 to see in this crossed omicron of our inscription a cor- 
 roboration of his view. But since a careful scrutiny of 
 all the other omicrons of our inscription fails to discover 
 any cross marks, the interpretation of this one case as the 
 survival of an Argive peculiarity seems precarious. Pro- 
 fessor Fninkel, however, in his copy (C. /. G. P. 517), 
 which is here repro<luced, finds traces of these cross 
 marks in the O at the end of the line. 
 
 *^ 
 
1,8 INSCKIPTIONS FROM THE AlUHVE IlKRAErM 
 
 . , . mo fo 00 m There is cneat iirejvularitv in the siKuin?: of the letters, 
 
 heioht tn.m .012 m. to .0- n . 1 heie is . aee<.u.itecl for by 
 
 The irreoukritv of turinnj,- hues 4 and (> (Ionmi at tlu emis i 
 the aesi^ to begin the foUowing lines .ith a new na.ue ^.^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 The stone was brought to the Centra Museum '-^^^^^ ^^, ,,, „,,,,„„, 
 
 189:^94 with several others mentioned by Professor Wheelei as hn,^ 
 
 ... ^- 4; isit|.> ,„. „f 189:5 1 am not able to aseer- 
 
 \ 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NO. II. 
 
 199 
 
 where there is only room for I. The rough breathing B was ai)i)arently not used before 
 iapo? as is seen by tlie clear ease of lapofivoifiov€<;, line 3.' At tlie beginning of line 3, 
 I must have been crowded in, since the dii)hthong is used in tlie very oldest inseriptions.- 
 In Hue 4 the first letter must be n , since there is no trace of a cross-bar for B, which 
 
 j'i (TTliXa ; Kttl O TiXafJLUt 
 
 tjapa [T']a^ ["Ujpas '• ras *Apyc- 
 
 [t Jos ; ltipOfll'(ifJiOVl<; \ TotSc* 
 
 llvpfuXiwi' ; Ai'/xavs . . . uffn'jTcve, 
 'A\Kufitvi]<; I 'YWcrs, 
 'AptOTO^a/iOS ; 'Ypia&tos, 
 'A/X<^tKplTOS ; llui'<^l'\- 
 
 as 
 
 would be the only alternative. The surface of the stone where such a bar would fall is 
 perfectly [ueserved. The fourth letter is almost certiiinly F, as the surface is smooth 
 where the right-hand hnd> of a n would naturally ap})ear.' Furthermore, if such a Kmb 
 had had the length which it has in Uav<f)v\a<;, line 7, it would have run into the A im- 
 mediately below it. UvpfakLcju is prol)ably a diminutive from irvpaXi';, a kind of bird, 
 which in Ilesychius is written TruppaXi? where the second rho seems to point to an 
 original (/l(jaintmi. 
 
 There are many intei-esting peculiarities of form in the letters of the inscription. The 
 most striking is the second (nnUron of lapofiudpovet;, line 3.^ It is evident at a glance 
 that even a[)art from this tmilcroiiy which is ]>robably an accident, we have an inscription 
 venerable for its anticpiity. E^^ry, o=o>, (r=\. inde('<l run on in Argos to the end of the 
 fifth centiny. IJut we Hnd beside these usjiges 0=5. ^—p. V = i;, <D=^ B = rough breatli- 
 
 1 For I'o^"* as ifiAdf ill Doric, see Ahrt'iis, Dhl. Ihr. who liad already i)rouounce(l in favor of an Arrive artist 
 
 ii i- •**• for this frieze on the ground of the Argive lambda in the 
 
 - /. a. A. -XS, 4-_'. inscription, was inclined (/i. C. //. XX. [189G], p. .V.)9 f.) 
 
 ' The only other possibility, since r/amma has the form to see in this crossed omicrou of our inscription a cor- 
 
 A, line 2. roboration of his view, liut since a careful scrutiny of 
 * This would pass without (piestion for a simple error all the other omicrons of our inscription fails to discover 
 
 of the stone-cutter, hut for the fact that an inscription any cross marks, the interpretation of this one case as the 
 
 connected with the frieze of the treasury of the Ciiidians survival of an Argive peculiarity seems precarious. Pro- 
 
 at Delphi, which probably belongs to the sixth century fessor Friinkel, however, in his copy (C /. G. P. oil), 
 
 B. C, has two and iK>rhaps three omicrons, crossed in the which is here reproduced, finds traces of these cross 
 same way. B. C. II. XIX. (1895), p. 537. M. Homolle, marks iu the O at the end of the line. 
 
 (li 
 
200 INSCEIFTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 ■^„ t.e .,>««. a„a pe^Bap, n.^. jn-portant ^J" aU *e. the pu^-ion C^ltj 
 words with three dots m ,«rpend.c«kr hnes. It may be aa. « 
 
 like ^v^lav%^ also, and nai'</>vXa9 look old. in view » i 
 
 XIV i he mscnpn m, _\_e sufficiently well attested in later times for Argos 
 
 qui remonte, selon toute vraisemblance au ni siecle avant notre ere. i 
 
 t^,m U at least two centuries older than the one in question. 
 
 The Hy nethkns are not so frequently mentioned as the other three tnl.es, and are 
 JS;: later addition to the. original three tribes," *« "^ j'^^'X 
 an incorporation of a non-Doric element' into the commimity. a fact which was con 
 cealedTler the myth of Hymetho, the daughter of Temenus nu,rrju,g De.phontes^ 
 Bu hraddition of the Hyrnethians cannot have been very late, for our n^npt on 
 fhow t Intrsueh g«,d and regular standing that they are not even relegate! to the 
 tit place in the catalogue, as is the case in the inscription just mentioned. 
 
 To the name of th^ Hieromnemon who is mentioned first is appended the w„r,l 
 ilw By good fortune this very word, without the rfiff«m»-«, is P---1 - ^. 
 Bas rov«!/e ArMolo,jkl><e, No. 1, of the inscriptions from Asia Minor (5. ^'•/>- 32- 0; 
 
 1 We have become accnstomed to find this method of 
 punctuation in some of the very oldest Pi««^» ^^"f ^'^ 
 lell known, .. g. Rihl, /• G. A. Nos. 5, 37. 41. 42 ^he 
 last three from Argos), 68, 119 (Olympia bronzes). 321. 
 322 (Galaxidhi bronzes). 
 
 » Ahrens, Dial Dor. § 14, puts this retention of the 
 combination r, as a peculiarity of Argos and Crete, rt^t 
 is an instance of its survival to the present time (c/. 
 Kiihner-Blass, Grammatik, I. p. 257). 
 
 8 In the Argive inscription given by Foucart m Le Has, 
 Peloponnhe, No. 116b, i «„Ai ri. Ua^^i^ (Foucwt, n«M- 
 4,.;x«.), we have this form instead of the later form m 
 « Unless all single signs of age in alphabetic forms are 
 illusive, our inscription must be at the very least half a 
 century earlier than the one published by Le Bas, Voyage 
 Archtdogique, II. 2,\ No. 1, and assigned to 417 B. c. Uf 
 this we shall speak later. 
 
 * The Hylleis are mentioned in the earlier bronze 
 tablet, Arner. Joum. Arch. VI. (1901). pp. 161 ff. 
 
 • Gilbert, Griech. Staattalter. II. p. 77, and the refer- 
 ence, there given. Also B. C. H. IX. p. 350 ; V. p. 217 
 (Cos) ; VIII. p. 29 (Calymnus). 
 
 • Steph. BVZ. *. r. Aw^ar — fvX^ A«pi/«i- ^»«F 8J T^.», 
 TXX.7J ica} ni^^wAoi m) Ai/^iw.. ii 'HpaitA.owf, ica\ wpo<,*ri»n 
 i, •XprvBia it'E^opo. i. It is worth noting that in the in- 
 scription given in Kabbadias. FouilUs d'£pidaure. No. 
 2ai, of the latter part of the thinl century, in a list of 1..1 
 
 Megarian names, only Hylleis, Pamphyli, and Dymane. 
 
 appear. Perhaps the Hyrnethii had not been added in 
 
 Megara. The old triple division appears in Hero<l. V . «W. 
 
 Some would find it also in LmpiUt rp^x^uttt, llom. Od. 
 
 XXX. 177. 
 
 T Roscher, Lex. Myth. p. 982. 
 
 » This inscription from Smyrna, which records a favor- 
 able verdict of the Argives for the Cimoliaiis in an arbi- 
 tration between them and the Melians, may have been 
 transported from Cimolus by some ship carrying Cimolian 
 earth to Smyrna. See Le Bas. ihid. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NO. II. 2OI 
 
 pretre du second seiiat," and adds the following comment : " 'ApiyVeue, qui, bien qu'il 
 manque dans tous les lexiques, se deduit tres-bien du meme radical qu' dp-qTijp et aprJTupa, 
 regardes tous deux jusqu'ici comme exclusivement usites dans le dialecte ionien." ' 
 
 In an inscription of the Hellenistic period from Mycenae, published by Tsountas in 
 the 'E<f>7)p.€pU *Apxato\oyLKTJf 1887, p. 156, hnes 4 and 5, are given dpiareve hapnopyw 
 A€\<f>L(ov. The face of the stone is very much defaced, so that cei-tainty is hardly attain- 
 able, but Tsountas is now convinced that the real reading is not dpia-reve but dp-qreve. 
 The eta is, to be sure, in this case very broad. Dr. A. Williehn, who decides that this 
 alone can be the reading, reinforces it by the consideration that in the prescript of 
 another edict published with this one, we have dpr^r, which can be restored only as 
 dprJT€V€. 
 
 In all these instances one is tempted to connect the word with the stem /rpe,' and 
 make it designate the ' speaker,' or in other words the chairman of a board. We may 
 then think of Pymlion as the president of the board of Hieromnemons. 
 
 The word rcXa/iwi/ or rcXa/tw, Une 1, is difficult of explanation. We have come to 
 associate the word with Caryatids and Atlantes, but it is almost certain tliat this associa- 
 tion will not hold here. We shall probably come to the proper explanation by taking as 
 our starting-point an inscription from Varna {C. I. G. II. 2056), at the end of which 
 the following provision is made : top 8c Upowoiov duaypd}f/at. to \fnj<f)Lap,a tovto ei? 
 reXa/xciii/a, kol delvai €i? to Upov, With this may be associated another from Mesam- 
 bria {C. I. G. 2053''), which closes with a Hke provision : top Se raixCav dvaypdxftaPTa 
 TO \lrfj<l>L<rfia tovto ets reXa/xcoi/a XcvkoC XlOov dvaOifi^v d% to Upov tov 'AttoXXwi/o?. 
 One can hardly hesitate to say that Tckafiatv here appears to be the equivalent in Thrace 
 for a-TTJkri in Attica, where the latter word occurs constantly in the phrase prescribing 
 the setting up of inscriptions, a phrase which except for this difference is exactly the 
 same as in the two inscriptions cited. But our inscription mentions a-TTJX-q and TeXapotv 
 as two separate things, so that we have not yet arrived at a complete explanation. The 
 case seems at first sight to be complicated somewhat by a third inscription from the same 
 region as the first, and now preserved in the Museum at Odessa {C. I. G. 2056**), where 
 the phrase is : [di/aypai/rai ct? o-JnyXr/i/ XcvkoO \i6ov \_KaX] dva[d€ivai avrr^v inl rcXa]- 
 fiatvo^. The inscription then proceeds to speak of [to dud\o)p,a elq ttjv'\ dvadeaiv tov 
 rcXa/xa»i/09.' It is this inscription which leads us to the light. TcXa/xwi/ is restored to 
 its function as a support in a way which fits our inscription very well. In regions where 
 marble was scarce, one may well suppose that an inscribed marble stele might be inserted 
 into a larger local stone, which might then not inaptly be called a TeXa/nwi/. It must 
 be conceded that C. I. G. 2053", where the TeXafidtv itself is of marble, affords difficulty. 
 But it may be that even with the origin of the word TikafKov as here proposed, the two 
 words came to be used in some quarters interchangeably. 
 
 It will be seen by the cut, p. 198, that something was inserted in our massive block. 
 There are dowel-holes on the right and the left at the top of the rectangular depression, 
 to which probably two others at the bottom, now broken off, corresponded. The one at 
 the left measures .07 m.x.02 m., the one at the right .06 m.x.02 m.; both about .03m. 
 deep. These probably served to receive metallic dowels, inasmuch as they are provided 
 with little channels for pouring in the lead when the inserted object was in situ, the channel 
 on the left running obliquely to the upper corner of the depression, and that at the right 
 
 * Voyage Arch. II. 3*. p. 6. • There seems to be no reasonable doubt that the read- 
 
 * Q- ^P^P*f I. O. A. Nos. 110, 112. ings given are correct, although much has been restored. 
 
 v.. 
 
202 INSCRIPTIONS FKOM THE AUUIVE IIERAEIM 
 
 running hovi^mfcilly to the edge ..f the depression. Besides the dowel-holes there is ..„ 
 
 « Ir.re irre July rou.ulhole ahout .12 .n.x.O" m., which may have served also o 
 
 S ome «heni4 .l««el. That the insertion was original, and not connected w.th 
 hold some stien tnenm ^^^^ ^.^^^^ _ ^ ^,^^, ,„s<r„.tn.n 
 
 some suhseqneut use ot the block, is pioNeo ov uie i 
 
 a,-e shai.e.\ with re-ard to it, c.m.ing in around it to the right and to the left. Ihe 
 "lie t i^etedcannot have heen a sU.tue, nor a ../,/.■ t,. which this hock served as a 
 h!rilb C for in that case this inscription would have be... hnhlen ion. view, 
 eCtto onHtoiding so as to i.ad it sideways or bottom upwards. Pro «bly we have 
 
 irfcwX i. to whid. was inserted a stele either of ..u.rble or bnuize w.th an ins^ri,. 
 tlof Cter length and im,Hnb.,.ce than the one which we have here. This se.-ved 
 
 3v : fl adin" to the real contents of the inscription. It shonl.l lie noted that at 
 rr'llwe w "..t „t ,.»„.,, and that n.ost of the i..s<.iiptions f..und then- wei. cut ... 
 ri.e h criiresto..e, which was a ...ost .n.satisfactory ...aterial. The veins ot the st..iK. 
 tl h c"h eh come with age make the Lading ,.f these "— Pt."- a" --1- 
 
 •Sv difficult task.- In this case, even at a very early date, a good piece ot nnivble may 
 
 lia°e been imported for an in.portant msciiption. 
 
 m. 
 
 Inscribed on a small Doric capifcil and on a ,Mnti.m of its cohinin found in tlu- West 
 BuiUlin<r (of. Waldstein, Twelfth A...ml Report ol the America., bcliool, ,. 34) e... 
 S: thii^i \L of the inner row of cohimns, counting from the south (excavator i. 
 Diameter of column, 1 ft. ; height of echinus, 4 in.; width of abacus, 1 ft. 9 m. . heij^ht 
 l^i -ilvicus 4 in. ; heidit of lettei-s, about .8 in. i ^ ,. * 
 
 S i hlib d outhe aWcus and is difficult to read, owing to the .laii,aRe<l s ate of 
 th irfof the stone. Professor Taibell was the «rst to read line 1 '-«•*;-;''*-- 
 s.p.ee» which he iise<l did not show the letters in line 2. It is ,H,ss.ble that the letteis 
 TG PI should be read before W in Ime 2. This reading is due to Frankel, C. 1.0.1. 
 510, who restores K\cr]Topi. 
 
 !-• 
 
 (a) iv Ne]/x€ai Tcyc'ai re v-v^-vw 
 
 Topt IIcAAttr^a . . . 
 
 (M is inscriW on the column, there being tw., letters in each flute, as is shown i.i the 
 facshnUr T-ie luieven stretching of the s<,uee». has ca.ised the h.ies to ap,H.ar not -lUite 
 equi-distaut from one another. 
 
 T \ 
 
 AAoic F ei A\e © E t 
 
 ^ 
 
 (ft) 
 
 Ti/XOkX^S /l' lBT)lit 
 
 (a) shows clearly that the inscription is the dedication <.f some object by a victor ni 
 j2Xf' Furtwan^ler, .1^/... MUtyiL V. pp. 30 and 31 note 2). Siimbjr niscrii. 
 W are quoted by Pausanias in his account of Olympia, and the excayaticuis there ha>. 
 ylkd some of the same class (./. Ar.h. Zelt. 187(^1878; 0/,>./>-, V.). The fol- 
 
 » No. XIV. is a goo<l exan.ple of this difficulty of reading, although the surface is nut badly broken. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE : NOS. III., IV. 203 
 
 lowing numbers, from the Anthology may also be cited for comparison : xiii. 5, 8 14 
 lo, IG, 18, 19 ; xvi. (Planudea), 23, 24 ; vol. III. (Firmin-Didot), i. 23, 24, 30 44' 5o' 
 82, 89, 102, lOG, 291; Adclenclu to yol. III. i. 86 b. Frankel, /. c, makes L ^ 
 esting conjecture, which would bring this inscription into connection with the house of 
 Theaeus of Argos, celebmted by Pindar in his tenth Nemean ode. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Found between the bases of the inner row of columns in the North Stoa (II, on the 
 Plan, Fig. 2, p. 9) and on a level with them, at a point about one third of the lJn«rth of 
 the stoa, mejisured from the west end. The inscription is on a marble block measurino- 
 10 ill. by 10 in. by 3.6 in. The letters are about .7 in. in height. There is a round 
 hole in the top of the block 1.6 in. in diameter. Of the name of the former dedicator 
 of the two only a single upright bar of one letter is preserved. 
 
 Y P P I HA 
 N E O E Ty\ 
 
 avtOtrav 
 
 The name Hybrilas is found in a list of Proxeni, Bull. Corr. Hell. 1891, p. 412, line 
 10 of the inscription, and in Bazin, Archw. de Msh. Scient. II. 369. On the suffix 
 -Xa? see Fick, Gricch. Personennamen, p. 123, and Pape-Benseler, Lex. p. xxx. 
 
 The really importiint feature in this inscription is the form p" = B. With the excep- 
 tion of a bronze plaque sjiid to be from Hermione, but apparently of doubtful prove- 
 nience, the Argive inscriptions of early date give but one example of the letter B. This 
 occurs in the proper name Bop<?aydpa9, which with others is inscribed on a stone that is 
 built into the foundation of the Ciistern tower of the ruined castle on the Larisa at Argos 
 (e/. /. A. G. 30 = Dialekt-Inxchri/ten, 3260 = Roberts, Greek EpUj. 73). Here our 
 copies give the form 
 
 The phicpie from Hermione has been pubUshed by Friihner in the Remie Archeo- 
 lofjifjue for 1891, ii. pp. 50 ff., and, with extended comment, by Robert in the Momt- 
 menti Antichi, 1891, pp. 593 ff. Here beta occurs twice (lines 2,' 6) in the word P • h A. 
 It should be observed that the upper lateral stroke is not at right angles with the verti- 
 cal stroke, as is the case with the example from the Heraeum. There is, however, no 
 essential difference in the forms. If the bronze plaque is not Argive, but represents a 
 form of the alphabet in use at Hermione, we must suppose, as Friihner has pointed out, 
 that there existed there almost simulfcineously two forms of the early alphabet, that of 
 Argos (note the letter h on the bronze plaque), and a form closely allied to the Lacedae- 
 monian {(f. Roberts, p. 284, and Kirchhoff, Studien* p. 160). It is more probable that 
 the plaque is of immediate Argive origin, and this view, to which both Frohner and 
 Robert incline, is now shown to be almost certiiinly the correct one by the inscription 
 from the Heraeum. The i-esemblance of this form of beta to that of the letter in several 
 of the insular alphabets (C) and in the alphabet of Megara ( J^ ) has been remarked by 
 Robert, I. c. 
 
 I 
 
204 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE UERAEUM 
 
 T. 
 
 Inscribed on a white fine-rained limestone, which splits with eonehoidal fractu^. 
 Inscribed on . ^^^^^^ ^^^^ .^^^^^^. ^^^ ^^j columns, b x 
 
 1 in. The height of the letters is .4 in. 
 
 (a) Fragments 1-5. 
 
 . . OP 
 
 . piTOV 
 
 TO • p r p r r 
 
 . . (ovavmv i rvrrv 
 
 ifierpov I H \ tc/«I • pOOOO 
 
 . . ao . . • 
 
 (6) Fragment 6. 
 
 . , . avK 
 
 -n.e inscription is extremely well cut, and the surface of the t"- "' -^j^^™'"'; 
 tion so that the failure to discover nm-e fragments is ,«c«luirly to be yetted. It 
 ^e^^s'o have been an account of moneys i«id out, possibly or buikUng matem s. We 
 ZXt .^store (vX.. ai.. in line 4, but the inscription is so broken .ovay at the left hat 
 r^Ltural restorations are not worth much. One Arg.ve •-"l*-.^-^",=i^' 
 P =50. 0=10, 0/. Reinach, Traiti <TEpUjmphe grecyue p. 218 D'"*"'"^^' 
 Hen„e °n. p. 624., comments on the inscription, which .als^ pubh.1.e.Us No 32^. 
 in the Dialekt-lHSchrlflen; </. Larfeld in MuUer's IJanM,.ch, I", pp. .>11 «■ Pe.hai«, 
 however n = o.«;oro«, as in other portions of the inscription, and sagn.hes an .^.ol. But 
 h„rire w® to read P If it meanVfive or fifty drachmas in line 5, ,ts re,jet,t.on up to 
 «:: pLs wild surely be most unusm.1. P«.fessor F^D.AUen sug^^^^^ 
 
 .«edl designate a coin of ^Ven ™lue (,;/. ^"^'^'^■J^^:^^4Z 
 fessor Allen also suggested the readnig a>va vtov m Ime 4, tnus connecuu^ i i 
 
 Ttt purchase Tf sacrificial animals. Compare the sacrificial calendar f,.m Co 
 J H S IX pp. 323 ff., published also in Paton's Corpus of Coan Inscriptions. Line 
 i: htter IL rather^'o suggest the purchase of building materials. We might^^ 
 hLps imagine in line 5 something that had a nep^^rpo. if;'^7- "^J^Xe TZ 
 difficult, lince it involves the use of ^erpou as a linear unit) o 100 and ^-^-^\^ 
 ... .a might belong to some such expression as roc ri 8-crrvXo>. 0vp.,xa^a (../-.lines 
 ^3-64 of the Epidaurean temple-inscription). This mscnption is Frankel s C. L G, P. 
 
 INSCRIITIONS ON STONE: NOS. V.-VIII. 205 
 
 No.^ 523, and his commentary should be noted. He would interpret the H after -liierpov 
 as rfdiinkidpov). 
 
 VL 
 
 On a limestone tripod-base, found near the north wall of the West Building, with a 
 diameter of .50 m. and a height of .41 m. The top surface shows four dowel-holes, a 
 large stjuare one in the centre, and three smaller rectangular ones for the legs, at (Us- 
 tances of .23 m. apart. 
 
 E H M I F h O ^. A^^^XXo9. 
 
 Height of letters .03 m. to .035 m. The rounded delta throws this inscription also 
 back towards the beginning of the fifth century. But its chief interest lies in the 
 doubling of the .r/. This is paralleled by the Boeotian Ac^^tTTTro?, Riihl, /. G. A. 150, 
 and Ae^^iTTTTa, C. /. G. 1G08, line 6.» The turning of xi on its side seems to be an 
 Argive peculiarity.- It appeare also on the inscription over the Cleonaeans who fell in 
 the battle of Tanagra : C. I. A. I. 441. The cutting off of the upper half of the middle 
 bar is, so far as I know, without precedent. 
 
 VII. 
 Found just to the south of the West Building among some architectural fragments. 
 Inscribed on an irregularly broken fragment 1 ft. by 8 in. in size. The height of the 
 letters is about .5 in. In the museum at Argos. 
 
 
 Koptl/009 
 ) { j apofivdfi [ove9 
 
 Possibly the stone formed the upper part of a atele. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 This inscription is described as having come to light " on the surface of the south 
 side." The stone measures 5 in. by 6 in., and is broken on all sides. The letters are not 
 deeply cut and the stjueeze is difficult to read. The height of the letters is about .3 in. 
 
 6]Xic2L/uyaiAAll=lf 
 . . . rov oXxa /iva a . . . 
 
 . . . 817s iroT-qpia k (?) . 8 . • . 
 tJHoXa d 'E7rtSu>[r^a 
 apyvptov oKko. ij.\ycu. (?) 
 iwavdi/iaTa Xcib . 
 ifnaXav oXxav 8pa[x/wu'(?) 
 (ftidXav oXko. Spa[x/A(u (?) 
 oX]Ka h[pa)QUu(^) 
 
 ' Roberts, ItUrod. to Greek Epigraphy, No. 77. 
 
 Xc[(aj &!> . a . . . 
 
 * For other cases of gemination, see G. Meyer, Gr. 
 Gram. § 227. 
 
206 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE IlKRAEim 
 
 Frinkel-s reading, C. I. G. P. 526, in line 4„^.aXa i 'E-S^H-'I ^««J^ *"';"."«';'„ 
 My ^tt appeartto show the r, which I faihnl to ohserve before. H>s K[u]S[..a .n 
 
 ""ThetTe::: ,nSt.y part of an inventory of vaU.ahle object, which were store., 
 
 TbS n to be 22 minae, and .H-rhaps 20 dmchmas 2 .d.ols ; that .», .f we n«.y unde^ 
 object seems t, , insc-ription which rektes to the construct.,.. 
 
 Tl'^eml !t Alpi..s at Epi.laar..s. Lines 7 ....d 8, however, show that the word 
 of the temple ot Astlepu i ^^^^^^^^ ^,^^ ,„vced.ns 
 
 r :wrli:: i::iTr2"shows ..o trace of ....y.etter.lt «.....;».„. 
 then as the vah.e in.Ucated were a single ,..i..a, n..less A may ,.>ss.bly '-take., as a 
 Z\ It is so ..se.1 app.irently in H..e 106 of the arch.tectun.l .nscnpt.o.. <.f the 
 Zr t E^i. ..1 idy'referri:! to ; bnt, so far as I k..ow, the letter has never Wn 
 S'retea "the.. a..d it i^ ..f no ^,p ^^^^^^^^^^^^f::^^ 
 
 Ui d g«f .: dedicator's ..an.e,b..t ..nfortu,.ately there is ..„ ...cans o, .W.er...., .ng 
 how „...ch has been broken off at the begi„..ing or endu.g of the l...e Ime •$ - 
 
 .niaht expect a word expressing an attrib..te of woT,>ia (c. .J. «8p..a, «l.^h. l...»ever^ 
 harcUv po-ible, or K^S^^J^a (FrUnkeD). In line 6 ^ ^'^^tZ: T^: 2 Z 
 far as fk^ow, ..ew, if we are to take it as s.gn.fvu.g .led.cated »«-• « " J'^/^^ 
 the accsative ^.o^av in Unes 6 and 7 has a ,.a.-allel u. h..es 6S tt. ot the .ecords 
 
 temple at Delos. ^^ 
 
 An irrecnilar fra<nnent, broken on all sides, measurinjr 1 ft. 6 in. Heij^ht of letters 
 abo^^t Ttl cJgive no note as to the exact spot where this inscription .as found. 
 
 TIT Yr>^ANONTA^n-^AENTAl 
 AOMATONAIPONTAENOXoNi 
 
 •N KAIT IC TIEXEIPAT^ATANI 
 ,IMTITOIIAPonNArAoNC: 
 
 XCAIKATAToNN'oi 
 • oNAIAEKAnHEN; 
 
 . . . VKO . . . 
 
 hplyvplq. • ai he rt? Ka rSiv Trpiafieu[a>v 
 . . . VTL Tiryxa>^»^'*'» '"■««>^e»' rh V . . . 
 trr]aefia top Xiirovra evoxov a7r[oTt<ra4 
 , . . a>y Kal Tt? n cx" 'ra/^dTtuJ/ k ... 
 ayavTi Tol iapotivdiiova 
 htK\a.<Tirai Kara rov v6fio[v o . .. 
 ah€]\<i>6p ' ai he Ka fir) ip . . . 
 hixd]<T(TO>vri vrjr€[p 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NOS. IX.-XI. 207 
 
 Enough is left of this document to make the conjecture probable that it is a portion 
 of a record of cerfciin specifications touching the sale or lease of some piece of property. 
 The ic/)o^i/a>oi/€9, line G, whom seveml of the inscriptions from the Heraeum men- 
 tion (see Nos. II., VII., xiv.), were doubtless the board which had charge of the nego- 
 tiations. The restoration StKao-cat, in line 7, was suggested by Professor F. D. Allen. 
 That in Une 9 seems to follow from it. Noteworthy is the micommon word Tra/iaVwi/ in 
 Hue 5. We have TanndfiaTa {to. iinrdfiaTa) in Dhdekt-Imchrifteti, 488, lines 163- 
 175. ComiMire innaa-i.^ (Index to Biaftkt-Inschrl/teii, Boiitien), and the interesting 
 compound TrafiaTo<f)ayel<TTai (/. G. A. 321, lines 42, 45 = Dialekt-Inschriften, 1478), 
 also the Homeric noXvirdfuov and Hesychius's ifiirdfjiojv. The simple word nafia has 
 a rare literary use. (See the Thesauius, s. c.) In Ime 8 Frankel, C. I. G. F. 521, 
 would restore iyypa](f}ov. 
 
 X. 
 
 Inscribed on an irregulirly broken fragment found just above the eastern wall of the 
 West Building. The stone measures about 1 ft. 5 in. in height, 1 ft. 1 in. in width at 
 the widest jwrt, and 7 in. in thickness. The top, which is roughly hewn, has two small 
 holes in it, 2 in. by 2 in., and 1 in. in deptii. Except at the top the stone is broken off 
 on all sides. The letters are from .6 to .8 in. in heijrht. 
 
 ^JAIITIAA, 
 
 iKOXMIO " 
 
 e:4'1AI 
 
 . . a 4>t\fOTtiSa 
 
 . . o(^)K6<r/uo<; o(r)r «) 
 
 Tojt) €T€0<; a . . . 
 
 t]^ 4>tXto-[Ti(So? 
 
 . . . ax eirQ) . . . 
 . . . e(?) . . . 
 
 In line 3 Frankel, C. I, G. P. 532, would read c>7/]i/v€ Tto^. The small holes make 
 one think of a de<licatory offeruig by Philistis or her brother, but it is useless to speculate 
 in detail about the inscription. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Pound in the West Building, close to the wall at the southwest comer, AprU 2, 1894. 
 The stone is irregularly broken with an inscribed surface about .31. m. X .12 m., and is 
 about 12 m. thick. The letters are .005 m. to .007 m. high, very regular, and remark- 
 ably well preserved. They have no ornamentation except that the strokes are generally 
 broadened a little at the end. The inscription may belong to tlie third century, but 
 probably to the fourth, and is a fine example of careful cutting.* 
 
 * Yet the first alpha in Havapxos, line 14, has no cross- 
 bar, wliicb makes the words look like 'KyaBiivw Aiapx'^tt 
 
 an impossible combination. The first epsilon in Aa/ioaBfvtiay 
 in the next line also lacks the middle stroke. 
 
208 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM Tilt: ARGIVE IlERAEUM 
 
 1 Q4> E A IQ 
 5Q K P AT 
 $Q K P AT 
 T E A A E A A 
 5 ANQIAAAG 
 $QT H P I A A I 
 SYNETANTOI 
 ^QiBION^QKPA 
 A<t>POAITIANAAM 
 10 VHKYAIQNA^QPAI 
 VI05XIQNAAPXEKP 
 pi5TAN4»IAQTI5nC 
 $QKPATEIAN4>IAQTI 
 TAOQNANAYAPXO^ 
 15 . M05OCNEIANNIK0I 
 
 ' TOK PATEI AN EPI K PA 
 .0NOEP5IQNAAI<t>C 
 N AN<l>l AOK PATEIAPA/ 
 ANEPIKAH^AIFfiNY^ 
 20 .... ..AAMO^eENH^AIFQN 
 
 ^YPAPAIONI^ 
 NAPI^TOPCM^KE 
 
 KETO^KAE iOAI^ 
 
 5 AN A 
 
 . . I A ^ 
 
 TcXXco A 
 5 'AvOiha Ao 
 2«i)TT/p»8a I 
 ^vverav Toi 
 ^(ff^lOV 2ft)/icpa[T€Mi 
 •A</>po5tTtoi/ Aa>*[o#cpaTeM» 
 10 MiKvXiava 2owra[Tpt? 
 Moo-xwova 'A/3X^*[P"''^"* 
 IliVTai' <l>t\a)Tt? Ho 
 '^(OKpareiav <l>t\wTt[? 
 ['A]'iad(ava Navapxo^ 
 15 ^a]fio<T6iv€iav 'Siicon[dxn 
 
 *Api]oTOKpdT€tav 'ETnKpd[r€M 
 .... 01/ SepiTifov ^ai4>6[vTrfi 
 . . . . vav ^iKoKpdreia Tla\ 
 
 av 'ETTi/eXf}? AtfQ)vvo-[tai» 
 
 20 ^anocdivrfi Atfft)»'[uo-^ 
 
 2wpa riaioi/t? 
 
 V ' ApiffTovoXi^ Ke 
 iCCTO? KX€[oTr]oXt« 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NOS. XL, XII. 
 
 209 
 
 25 
 
 We have here simply a Hst of names, some in the nominative and some in the accusa- 
 tive. On the left, where the oii<»:inal edge of the stone is preserved, we seem to have an 
 aecusjitive at the bej^inninj^ of each line. In the fii-st instance in which we have two 
 consecutive names, line 12, the second name is in the nominative. In line 14 it is the 
 same, and so on apparently to the end. We cannot determine whether the third name 
 is an accusative, thus makinjr a reoular alternation, until we reach line 21. This line, 
 however, is peculiar in havin<^ a little hlank space each side of the preserved letters. It 
 is iH)8sil)le that before Svpa an accusiitive stood, separated from it by an interval slightly 
 greater than usiwl. 11 aiot/i? (which has a space after it for more than two letters), 
 is doubtless an epithet of Ivpa, and mt does not brciik the alternation. Line 23 is the 
 only one which seems to do this, since -Kero^ is probably the ending of a name in the 
 nominative ; and KXeoTroXi?, which follows, seems to be a second name in the nominative. 
 It is also difficult to get a name short enough to precede ]<c€to9 supposing this were the 
 ending of an accusative, when only seven letters in all are lacking. 
 
 The inscription may be a record of emancipation of slaves, with the slaves' names in 
 the accusative, and the owners' names hi the nominative. In such documents, at 
 Delphi and elsewhere, women's names generally outnumber men's names by more than 
 two to one.' In this list the proportion of women's names is even larger. 
 
 While some of the names are unusual, none of them are strange enough to be remark- 
 able. 'n<^c\t<u»' is interesting as occurring again in diiferent shape in No. xiv. It is 
 l)erhaps a favorite in Argolis, as it appears in Dlafekt-Inschriften, 3269, 3341, 3401. 
 
 The iLse of the digwnimi in Aifa>i/uo-[iai/], which occurs twice, and the Doric endino* a 
 for the first declension names, show some retention of old style, and caution us against 
 assigning too late a diite to the inscription. 
 
 xn. 
 
 Found towards the close of the excavations of 1804. Of irregular shape, about .40 m. 
 King and .11) m. broad, .08 m. thick. Letters of the same size as those of Nos. xi., xiii. 
 (.005 m. to .007 m.), and almost of the sjime form.- The surface is so badly worn away 
 that but little can be made of the inscription, and that little only on the left side. 
 
 Oidy a few projMir names result from the most careful scrutiny, hardly enough to 
 nuike it profitiible to add a transcription in small letters. Since the differences between 
 the letters of this inscription and those of Nos. xi., xiii., were at first hardly discernible, 
 and since this stone had no original edge preserved, it seemed as if it miglit belong to 
 the sjime inscription. The thickness of the stone would not be an insuperable objection, 
 as both fragments are extremely uneven at the back. Furthermore, while most of the 
 names which can be made out with certiiinty are in the nominative, we have Xapira in 
 line 13 and an accusative ending apparently at the beginning of line 20. Even the two 
 consecutive nominatives in line 5, which may be regarded as certain, although this is 
 one of the most worn places of the stone, are paralleled in No. xi., as we have seen. 
 Some of the names are also the same, as 'Apto-ToVoXi? (5), ^XydOoiv (14), perhaps 
 KXeoTToXt? (19, 21), and in different form *0(^eXXio>i/ (20). 
 
 But even the slight differences in the letters mentioned above, taken together with the 
 different thickness of the stones, make it safer to treat the two pieces as belonging to 
 different inscriptions. 
 
 25 
 
 aav *A 
 iXu 
 
 Smith, Diet, of AtUvj 11. 61*. 
 
 * M is somewhat broader, with the upright bars more 
 perpend if II lur. O is somewhat smaller. 
 
210 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARtilVE IIERAEUM 
 
 I N A t M I A 1 /« 
 
 O N 0^ A Y...O^ 
 A APXEMAX 
 A M /. E I A A ♦ « A 
 
 5 API^TOPOAI^ NAYPAIA- 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 A A AKQ A Y A 
 
 A Al PI 
 ATH 
 t 
 
 PAT 
 A<t> A H ^ E 
 5Q^T P A" 
 « APIT A . API 
 AY5 1^ 
 AT A O Q 
 KAHTOPA P 
 XIPP AP 
 
 KAEIAAOKA 
 nP05 KAEO 
 N 0<t> E I A A 
 iHt KAEO. 
 Ai PK I M . . . 
 
 TOA 
 
 EY^ 
 
 . A I aA 
 AMY 
 
 N APAX N A^ 
 pa<i Miai 
 
 a ^i\€ia A *«^ 
 
 *Apto-T«>7roXi9 NairrrXta 
 
 a AaKot Av . . o . . . • toX 
 
 a \lpt 
 on} 
 
 par ^ 
 
 a<l>aT}<: 'E 
 
 2«0TpdT[a 
 Xdpira 'Apt[aTd7roXi9 
 
 'A70^a>[^i> 
 K\i77o[pa] n 
 *Af)]x»'''nro 
 
 «Xe(3a *Ok\ 
 "Apxij'mro'i KX€o[7roXi9 
 
 OV *0<^\X[«B«' 
 
 M7? KX€o[7ro]Xt8a 
 
 atireifi . . . 'Afiv[«Xau>9 
 
 y 'Apdyya^ 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE : NOS. XTI.-XIV. 211 
 
 We seem to have genitives also in this inscription, as -wi/o? (2), *ApdLxva<i (23), 
 ]»cXci8a (18). Of these, however, only the last seems reasonably eertahi, as the first may 
 be 'ovoy a nominative ending, and in line 23 we may have 'Apdxva followed by a name 
 beginning with %. 
 
 Line 22, which shows at the beginning several letters which are hard to combine into 
 any proper name, may contain something else than names, but this is doubtful. After 
 this line there is space for another, which was left blank. 
 
 xin. 
 
 A small irregular piece, .07 m.from top to bottom, .18 m. wide, of about the same thick- 
 ness as No. XII. The letters also are identical in form, so that in spite of different 
 weathering ' it is not unlikely that it formed a jKirt of the sjime uiscription. It was 
 found at the close of the work in 1894. A small piece of the surface at the right, about 
 .04 m. sqmire, is now detiiched. But the two fragments fit so perfectly that there is 
 no doubt that they belong together. 
 
 K El 
 
 \KIONAPI :max 
 
 4>IAQNIAAN<t>l /O 
 
 PI^TANANOIP 
 PY5IPP0N5^ 
 N 
 
 ^v\\dKiov 'A/3t[<7Ta) *A/3;^]cfia;^[ou 
 ^iXxavihav 4>t[Xa)Tt?] Xo 
 Wiarav *Av0i'ir\Trov 
 XJ^unTTTroi' So» 
 
 *Apx€ti<ixov in line 2 is suggested by the siime name in xii. 3, although the space 
 is rather scanty for so many letters. The two compounds in Itrno^ are matched by the 
 two in XII. 17, 19. Wurrav occure in xi. 12. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 The stone is very streaked limestone, .11 m. thick, irregularly broken. The greatest 
 length of inscribed surface, from top to bottom, is .30 m. ; greatest breadth, .23 m. It is 
 not finished off evenly at the top, where the heading shows that we have the original 
 edge. The letters are .01 m. high. A remarkable feature of the inscription is that in 
 the top line where the stone is chipjwd off the letters are cut down into the breaks along 
 the edgfe. 
 
 1 MNAMONE^HPA^OIEI 
 
 API^TOKPATH^TIMArOPOY 
 
 TEO^THMENIAA^I^TP 
 
 r Y E Y ^ A N T A5 E I 5 A Y TO Y $ 
 a APKEIAA EPMOTENH^p^MA 
 
 AAPABOYANAPIKO^|AE<t>AHN 
 
 ^lAs |S^4> A H N As A A M I T A 
 GAISXPQNOS TTQAA0EE2 
 
 APXIAO^ AG ANTITTATPA 
 10 T05 NAYTTAIA AAAPMON 
 
 ' This piece is so reddened tliat it seems at some time to have been exposed to fire. 
 
212 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 NA$YAAAI«t>IAI^TQ|^ K 
 NIKH !A^ KAEYKPATE05 
 ♦ lAONIKA^^MIPEIAAl 
 lA^GEOAO^IA^PQMAIA 
 AT A0Q N05 ENA PTEIN 
 IENA2 KEPKAAAieiO 
 
 I0KAAAPI2 TQITO 
 «t>IAl$TIQNp^ei04>AN 
 
 .PITYAAA AYKO<t>P 
 .PATE02 NAYTTAI1« 
 
 AIQNYS OYK 
 
 El A2 A OAOP 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE: NOS. XIV.-XVI. 
 
 213 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 1 'Upo]^ivaLfiov€<; "Hpa? ol c[7rt 
 \\pL(TTOKpdTy)^ Ttfiayopov 
 reo? Ti7/x€vt8a? 'IcTTp l^T 
 
 yveva-avraf; eU avTov% [aTTiKivdtpoiV rSivhi 
 5 \\pK€i8a 'Ep/xoycVi7? (^ Ma 
 
 Xapa^ov 'Ai/SpiKO? |A^ ^a^v[a.<i 
 o-ta? lA^ <l>a7yVa9 Aa/iotTa[8a? 
 
 e \lcr\poivo<i IlwXa^ccq 
 *\pX*-^o^ AG 'ArriTraTpa 
 10 TO'i NauTrXia AA 'Ap/ioi/[ia? [*ai;- 
 
 va<i *Ta8ai <l>iXi(rTa> (AE K 
 i'iVi7 |Ae KXcuKparco? 
 <l>iXo»'tica«; S/iiipetSai 
 |A^ HcoSoo-ta? *Pw/iaia[? 
 15 'Aya^(i>»'oq eV 'Apyci N 
 
 ^cVa? KcpKaSai «to [^»- 
 
 /xojcXa 'Apto-TO) |SE 2 
 <t>iXio-TiQ)i' fAe ^'-o<f>a.v 
 
 K]piTvXXa? Av»co</)p[a>i' [KXcir 
 
 20 K]paTCO? NavTrXia 
 .... Aicovutrtou K 
 .... cia? Ato8wp[os 
 
 This inscription seems to l)e a list of certain persons who had become security to the 
 Hieromnemons for something. In my first publication 1 ventured to make the sign 
 KE which does not occur elsewhere, a numeral sign, although I could not assigii it a 
 value The fact that in line 9 tlie form AG, and in line 10 AA, appeared made this 
 supiH>sition seem plausible in view of the variety of numeral systems m the Argohd. 
 But this explanation is so uncertain that I feel obliged to leave the meanmg of the s.gn 
 c,r si-ns doubtful. It seems clear that cerfcun i>ersons designated by the nomnuit.ve 
 case become sponsors for others designated by the genitive case, probably freedmen 
 
 Probably we have lost at least half of the inscribe<l surface. The first hue must have 
 contained lifter the cVt at least a proi^r name of some magistrate who gave his name t<. 
 the year. This would make a Hue of about thirty letters. If in the next lines we have 
 
 I CoUitz, Dialelt-ln^chriften, Nos. 3280 (Arjjos), 3318 (Hemione). See also Dittenberger in Iferme.. VII 
 (Nemea), 3325 (Epidanrus). 3.W2 (Trwzen), Xm, 338o pp. 62 ff. 
 
 the names oifour Hieromnemons, as we might expect from No. ii., and the names of 
 their fathers, with some such formula as dueypayj/av tov'; iyyveva-avra*;,^ even forty let- 
 ters to the line will not suffice. It is of coui-se possible that there were only three Hie- 
 romnemons at the time of this inscription. But line 5, to go no farther, with a name 
 like MarpoSaJpou, and another name with the usual sign (for the order, up to Hue 9, 
 seems to be nominative, sign, genitive), would make a line of forty letters. It is the lack 
 of such a large part of the inscription that makes the interpretation full of difficulties. 
 In line 9 the order appears to be revei-sed, the genitive coming before the sign and the 
 nominative after it. 
 
 n&*Xa^cc9 (8), 'TaSat (11), S/iipet8ai (13), Kepfca8ai (16), seem to designate guilds or 
 lM)ssibly (jentes, and may signify, according to Professor Friinkel's suggestion, ' Horse- 
 breeders,' * Swineherds,' * Polishers,' or ' Sharpeners ' (literally, ' users of emery '), ' Weav- 
 ers.' The designations recall the names given by Clistheues to the tribes at Sicyon 
 (Herod. V. 08). 
 
 That the inscription is from Roman times may be inferred from the occurrence of 
 *Pw/biaia[9], although the forms of the letters alone would not have led us to ascribe it 
 to so late a period." Many of the lettei-s are apicated. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Inscribed on a stone built into the wall of one of the structures that adjoin the 
 North Stoa. The wall is not of the best construction, and the inscribed stone was 
 undoubtedly brought from elsewhei-e and built in at a date Liter than that of the cutting 
 of the inscription. The dimensions of the stone, which has apparently been cut down to 
 fit into its pi-esent position, are 2 ft. 11.5 in. by 1 ft. 11.5 in., and the upper line of the 
 letters is 3.5 in. below the top of the stone. The height of the letters is about 3 in. 
 The upi^er left-hand corner of the stone is broken off. The inscription is very clearly 
 cut. The apparent dot in the first is almost certiiinly only a bre<ik in the surface of 
 the stone. The form of siyma is noteworthy in an Argive inscription. 
 
 J)|Fo^ V Ho 
 
 Aifovvtriov 
 
 FrJinkel, C /. O. P. 512, reiids AcctouvaCov on account of this form occurriusT in Nos. 
 XI. line 20, and xiv. fine 21. 
 
 Possibly this nuiy be a patronymic genitive in a dedicatory inscription. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Inscribed on a much-broken block of stone metisuring 2 ft. 3 in. by 2 ft. by 1 ft. 3 in. 
 (height). Found on the upper terrace just south of the remains of the earlier Temple. 
 
 A 1 1 A M 1 
 
 *ApTdfii 
 
 For the form see Foucart in I^ Bas, ExpJicnt. No. 109r/. The inscription there pub- 
 lished reads, UpotTLcjv \\pTdfiL. Foucart compares the forms Sapdwi., "lo-i, 'Ai/ov/8t (cf. 
 Mittheil. IV. p. US, No. 508 ; Dlaftkt'Insthnften, 3283). 
 
 • iyyv*im, tlioiigh not given in the lexicons, is contained ■^ The rounded epsilon which appears in the combina- 
 
 in Wescher et Foucart, Inter, de Delphes, No. 139. tion p^ does not appear in the body of the inscription. 
 
 
214 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 XVII. 
 Found in the s^ime place as No. vi. The inscribed stonejs of irreffnlar shape, bnt 
 the nlsurements may be ron.hly ,iven as 11 in. by 5 in. The he.ght of the letters . 
 about 1.2 in. The dot in the is not entirely certain. 
 
 ^vhr 
 
 I 
 
 , . . o (or (o)v av[e0TtK€{7) 
 The squeeze fails to show any trace of the line after . which Frankel notes, C. I. <i. P. 
 
 rm. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Ins.ribe.1 on a very much oroken frapnent measurinj? roughly 9 in l.y 5.4 in. The 
 letters are alH,ut .9 in. in height. In Une 2 the fourth letter .s very hkely, though not 
 onite certainly, Ih.U, ; and indeed the second letter of the hue, «, far as form goes, 
 mi.'ht be the same. In line 4 jwrhaps we should read to mstead of pra. 
 
 ..c]o? ^«(?) 
 
 . . . €P 
 
 . . . ura 
 
 Friinkel, C. /. 0. P. 533, restores KX']co<r0( - | •- [ i^VTijo-Jc. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 M 
 
 On a fragment of a round k.se of limestone which must have had a diameter of about 
 1.50 m. with very elaborate moulding. The inscription is on a band .11 m. broad. Above 
 this is a projecting lip now badly shattered, once .03 m. thick and projectmg at lea^t 
 02 m. ; iM^low is a concave moidding .01 m. broad, then a convex one, 02 m broad 
 then a band .05 m. broad with a double maeander pattern. The shai« of the frn^ent 
 is like that of a sector of a cyHnder, the inscribed surface, i. e. the arc, measuruig .24 m. 
 
 Height of letters, M .025 m., .02 m. , , ^ t, * .1.^ aa 
 
 We have the beginning of the inscription, since there is a space of .14 m. before the M, 
 whereas the letters M and .re only .05 m. a,K.rt. It is ,«eless to attempt » -""; 
 The inscription was probably brief, since other pieces of the base lymg at the Heraeum 
 have no letters. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE : NO. XX. 
 
 215 
 
 XX. 
 
 Two marble fragments, rough at the back, .09 m. thick, both irregularly broken, (a) 
 about .22 m. X .22 m. ; (6) about .15 m. X .25 m. (height) : letters in both .06 m. .07 m. 
 in height, and with large apices. 
 
 (a; V A 1 •» 
 
 T P 
 
 (*) VIE 
 
 Whether {a) is properly first in order of succession one cannot say, as a reconstruction 
 is not to be made out of such scanty fragments. All we can say is that {a) certainly 
 yields in the second line AvTOK/>a]Topo[9 and in the first line perhaps ' Av\_T(opivov. (b) 
 yields Sc[/8acrToi/. It is in itself highly probable that the worship at the Heraeum had 
 a period of revival under Hadrian and the Autouines. 
 
PART SECOND 
 
 STAMPED TILES FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 BV KUFUS BVAM BICHAKDSOS 
 
 Clay that is to l.e fired presents an opiH.rtunity easily to inscribe a name so that it shall 
 become more durable than ,.ne laboriously chiseled in stone. This „,,,K,rt«n,ty .s one 
 too tempting to be neglected, and from the time when the Assyrians stan.Hthe.r bricks, 
 down to the present diiy, it has been improved. Tiles and bricks nmde by K.m.ans and 
 impressed with the names of the legions by which and for winch they were made, have 
 been found all over Western Euro,«.' At first less attention was ,«id to Greek materuU 
 of this chat^cter because the nuterial itself has been less abun.lant. B.rch M«o,.h| 
 PoUer,,, p. 116 ff.) gives a list of the exiimples known at the tnne of the publication of 
 that work ; but that was nearly forty years ago, and even the second edition is more 
 than twenty years old. In this interval iminy additions ha« been made to oin- sh-ck. 
 
 A ,K.rt«a list of these additions was drawn up by Paris ' in 1892, including contrd.u ions 
 from Athens, Piraeus, Corinth, Mantinea, Tegea, Lycosura, Sprta, OlyiiM-ia, Do<l"m«. 
 Tana-ra, Thisbe, Metap<mtum, Velia, besides a considerable .iiiantity from Ektea. 1 his 
 hst ..right be greatly enlarged. The two great excavations of Olympm and Delos w^re 
 it is true, unfruitful in this sort of nuvteri^d ; but Perg-amon' has yielded one hundred 
 and twenty-four different stan.i«, with sometimes forty impres-sions f r,m. the same stamp. 
 The excavations at Megalopohs gave a..other snudler but interestn.g add.tu,.. ; Chios, 
 Magnesia," TralW '»'<1 Eretria' also furnish tl.eir contributions. Epidanrus has several 
 tiles with the stamp ANTUUNeiNOV 
 
 In the recent excavations at Corinth were fom.d several tiles bearing the abbreviated 
 title of the Roiiwn city, COL. I V L CO R." 
 
 Of especial interest is a tile-fragment from the temple of A,m.11o at Amycke, now in 
 the Central Museum at Athens, and not yet pubUshed. On this the stamp luis Wn 
 impressed twice. The first time it was d..ne so carelessly that only the top line fK.k. 
 We read A TT O A A W N 3. It is perfectly evident, however, from the breadth of the 
 {..dentation in the clay, that another U,.e ought t» be there. But by g.H.d luck the 
 workman saw his failure, and pUnted his stamp again about an ...ch h.gher up, th.s t....e 
 sipmrely. The livrger portion of the lower line has been spared. Just at the top of the 
 
 fragment we read : — 
 
 AAWI 
 M Y K A Al 01 
 
 » Marini, Imcrizioni doliari ; Birch, Anciefd Pottery, at 
 
 the end. 
 
 2 Elatie, pp. 110 ff. In the BiUiotheque des Scales 
 frarnaises (TAlh'eneB et de Rome, Fascicule 60^. 
 
 • Alterthumer von Pergamon, VIII. 2, pp. 393 ff. 
 
 * Excavations at Megalopolis, p. 140, and Jour, of Hell. 
 Studies, XIII. pp. 332, 33G. 
 
 » Athen. Mitth. XIII. p. 182. 
 « Ihid. XIV. pp. 103 f. 
 t B. C. H. X. p. 327. 
 
 » Eleventh Annual Report of the American School of 
 Clwtsical Studies at Athens, p. 40. 
 » Kabbadias, Fouilles d'Spidaure, p. 107, No. 247. 
 w Am. Jour, of Arch. Second Series, I. (1897), p. 111. 
 
 STAMPED TILES 217 
 
 Hardly less interesting is a brick from Sparta stamped : — 
 
 TTAIN0OIAAMOCIAICKANO 
 
 0HKACETTIKAAAIKPATEOC 
 
 EPrUJNANIKAClUJNOC^ 
 
 It is not necessary, however, to give here a complete catalogue of the material 
 which has been found in recent years and has received casual mention in various peri- 
 odicals. Enough has been said to show that certain stamped tiles found at the Aroive 
 Heraeum are far from being an isoLited phenomenon in Greece. Of these tiles, seven 
 fall at once into a class : — 
 
 («) 
 
 ^Q K A H $ 
 
 (ft) 
 
 $Q K / 
 
 ('') 
 
 $Q K . . ^ A. 
 
 ('/) 
 
 $ K A H $AP V. 
 
 (e) 
 
 T E K T N, 
 
 (/) 
 
 P XI TE K T N 
 
 (9) 
 
 \PXITEKTQN 
 
 The letters in all these are of the same form, about half an inch long, and raised.- 
 Thei-e is no room for doubt that they are all from a single stamp, and one can easily 
 restore for all the reading : — 
 
 ^QKAH^APXITEKTQN 
 
 By a piece of good fortune, the Central Museum possesses a fragment found by Stama- 
 takis at the Heraeum in 1878, containing AH ^APXITEKTQN, evidently stamped 
 with the sjime die. To i-emove any lingering doubt as to all these pieces belonging to 
 one lot, it may be added that they are all of the same thickness (.035 m.) ; that about 
 .025 m. from the top (which is the only original edge preserved) a thin strii)e is im- 
 pressed ; that the stamp is in each case placed immediately below this stripe, always on 
 the concave side of the tile, which on this side had a finish not given to the other side ; 
 and that the cLiy in all is rather coarse. After reaching this conclusion with very little 
 difficulty, I had my attention called to a whole tile in the Polytechnikon, found by Dr. 
 Schliemann in 1874 in the village of Chonika, about a mile and a half from the Heraeum. 
 Here stands in full : — 
 
 $QKAH ^APXITEKTQN 
 
 At the bottom of the tile is another stamp : — 
 
 AAMOIOIHPA^ 
 
 This is, of course, for hafiocriot. *Hpa?,' and would mark the tiles (Kcpa/xoi being 
 understood) as the public proi)erty of Hera. 
 
 On the stamped tile from Sparta, above mentioned, we had irXCvOoL hafioaiai CKavo- 
 6-qKa<:, an exactly parallel case. So on the Piraeus fragments we have MO $ I A TT E I P 
 
 > Athen. Mitth. II. p. 441 ; mentioned also by Paris, 
 op. cit. 
 
 * Particularly noteworthy are the small n, the ^ with 
 oblique upper and lower bars, the K with short oblique 
 bars, and the very Ion;; E, which makes ^ ¥ T Q descend 
 like the side of a flio^ht uf steps. 
 
 ' In some Arg^ive, as well as in Laconian, inscriptions 
 ir Itetween vowels is changed to h, as in [AoMoj/a, Roberts, 
 
 Introd. to Greek Epigraphy, No. 79, and "Exofi;*, No. 81, 
 while in other cases, in the same position it vanishes alto- 
 gether. Thus in C. I. G. I. 1120, TtKurwos is used 
 three times for TcAfViinroi, and 9pdv\koi for BpdirvKKos 
 (in Collitz und Bechtel, Argivische Inschriften, p. 127, the 
 rough breathing is given to these names). See Ahrens, 
 De Graecae Linguae Dialectis, II. p. 78 f. 
 
 i. 
 
Iff 
 
 218 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 lith nXi.0o, probably suppUeU. The three T'-g™ *"- /-^ * ° ' \° j^/ ^ J'; 
 Te..ea tile bears A A M S I ?.= A fmgment of bn.k, aW trom Tegea, has ar,. 
 
 ^"tXr tile an inch thick ami of great concavity, founU at the Heraenm. has 
 
 "" TirJIi'saudtoc does not put «s in i»ssession of any very .lefinite infornmtion, such 
 aslh" Tutd Cy the English excavators at Megalo.K.Us, who uleut.hed the Ph.hppemu 
 by llr-l tiles' The ."hole precinct was sacred to Hera, and the tdes of any buJd- 
 i„.. or even of a dmin-pil«, might have been said to heh.ng to her. . , „ , . 
 
 0,1's fiLt thou.'ht is of r.H.f-tiles. But the tile that we have entire .n the Pol,- 
 tecWon t vL "heavy and coarse. It is 1.10 m. U,„g, .51 m. br.«ul at the top, 
 T4 n. blul It Ae hotL, .035 m. thick. The e<lges are cut off w.th a sbnt, makn.g 
 
 •I <'i'o<*s section of this fonii ' — ^^"^^ ,. i . • .1 ■*... 
 
 Ul'een suggeste.1 to n.e that it might be a drain-tile, ln.t so shght .s the concav.t, 
 that it would t..ke at least five such pieces to make a cyhnder, and tins ^-^ 
 
 would be enormously krge - a metre and a half or more m dianjeter. Of 
 course, this might be the case ; the tiles, however, woiUd not make jon.ts, 
 but would simplv touch one another with shar,. edges thus : - 
 
 It is not likeW that the e<lges would have been made to ht so inmrly if this had been 
 thertor which the tiles w:,. designed. Neither is it likely that tiles he th.sw^e 
 intende.1 to go in pairs, making a flat dniin (one being imposed upou tl.e ^ 
 ntherWor in that case the edges would have met thus: — 
 
 F r ou y one sort of a drai:d..s a tile of this shape seem fit, viz., for an oijen dnu^ 
 The h-wer'smidler end of each np,«r tile would fit into the broacler -^V^^ -_^ 
 lower tile and make a good drain for a si.udl qmintity of water, e. g., the drippings from 
 1 Tof B^ it would be strange if such drains existed in q.uu.fty enough to ha., 
 aff^ed us almost our only survivals of Heraeum tiles. Furthermore, a system that was 
 anoruea an j gutter-tiles on a roof o-uXijM?). 
 
 fit for an exposed drain was ht to ser\e as a **rie8 '" *> .„5„„ „, niav 
 
 The zigz..g edge was perhaps rude, but it could be covered by the K«Xv„T,p«, as uKiy 
 
 be seen by the annexed tut : — 
 
 STAMPED TILES 
 
 219 
 
 n> 
 
 There is a breadth of only shghtly over .14 m. to be covered by the KaXv^vP- ^ 
 would be just .14 m. if the turned up edges of the <r<.Xii.«, for so we may now caH 
 Tern we J cut off straight and not with a slant. If the KaXvyr,p« were as thick as 
 tr^lxZ.., they mnS have had a superficUU breadth of .21 ni.« Perlnn« we nuiy 
 !.!nme 25 in. as I maximum. The <r.X^.« could have at most a bn^adth of only ..JO m 
 
 Thtadiustment gave a roof divided in its surface about equally Ween guttei^tile, 
 
 .. . • i:i Afiark «n intAroatiliir iutn- 
 
 ' Paris, op. cit. p. 112. 
 
 4 Athen. Mitth. IV. 144. 
 
 » Paris, op. cit. p. 110. 
 
 * At Eretria, in 18M, a small fragment of a tile was 
 found bearing apparently 
 
 AH MO EPETPl. 
 If AHMO be the true reading of the somewhat worn let- 
 
 ters really look more like AIMO. an interesting iota- 
 
 eism. 
 
 *' Excavations at Megalopolis, p. 141. 
 
 • The eompuUtion would be as follows : the toper of 
 the amxip (.07 m.) plus twice the thickness of its edge 
 
 (.14 m.). 
 ' The computation would be as follows : .44 m. — 
 
 If AHMO be the true readmg oi me soniewu»v w«... .-. r s/ o^_ •*! m 
 
 ters. H and M are strangely crowded together. The let- (.035 m. X 2 + .035 m. X 2) - .30 m. 
 
 and covering tiles. The taper of the gutter-tiles affords an easy way of fitting each one 
 into the next lower. Probably the covering tiles were arranged in the same easy way, 
 the narrow upiHjr end being overlapi)ed by the broad end of the next covering tile. 
 This did not make so fine a roof as is found on buildings having marble tiles, with their 
 delicate KaXvTrrrjpe';, or as the i-oof of the Treasury of Gela at Olympia with its more 
 cai-ef ully matched cky tiles. But that it is a probable and natur.d arrangement is shown 
 by the fact that tiles are now adjusted in the stime way. The only difference is that they 
 are now made much smaller. The tile in the Polytechnikon must be twenty or thirty 
 times as heavy as those now in common use on the roofs in Athens. Such tiles wei-e 
 large ent)ugh to be held in position by their own weight, without mortar, even in spite of 
 considerable wind, thus making a roof comparable to those made of flat stones, so common 
 in the valleys of Northern Itiily, where fierce winds sweep down over the mountain passes. 
 
 These tiles might be considered quite old and primitive were it not for the stamp 
 which forbids such a thought. This even forbids our ascribing them to the time of the 
 erection of the new temple of Hera, which was probably begun soon after the destruction 
 of the older temple in 423 b. c, and completed before 400 b. c, to say nothing of the fact 
 that Pausiinias mentions Eupolemus as the architect of that temple. The West Build- 
 ing, also, if the signs of its age have been correctly estimated by the visiting architects, 
 could not have borne these tiles on its Jirxt roof. Its massive character, however, and 
 the short s|)an of its roof would make it a very projier building to carry such heavy tiles. 
 
 As these were found in various spots, (a) at the north side of the West Building, (c) 
 and (e) on and near the steps of the Ejiet chamber, the place of finding furnishes no clue 
 as to the building to which we are to assign them. 
 
 Not to be too exact about the forms of lettei-s on a stamp, and that, too, outside of 
 Attica, where we are always uncertiiin as to dates of certain forms, we may yet say with 
 considerable sjifety that the stamp cannot be earlier than the fourth century, B. c. The 
 small omef/a would seem to make it venturesome even to put it into that century at all. 
 But agjiinst any very late date may be arrayed the following considerations : — 
 
 1. A has a straight crossbar. 
 
 2. $ has its upper and lower branches very divergent. 
 
 3. There is no attempt at ornamentation. 
 
 But it is of course possible that the stamp-maker may have indulged in an affected 
 archaism. The irregularity of the ending EKTQN may be due to that. On the Amy- 
 claean stamp there is no sign of a later date than 300 b. c, other than a very late form 
 of the omega (W). As for ^ with divergent upper and lower bars, it is found on bricks 
 made perchance a year ago at Chalkis. 
 
 The name Socles, a * Koseform * for Sosicles, is common enough, and affords no 
 particular interest. But the meaning of apxLTCKtcjv is an interesting question. The 
 word seems, judging from its use in numerous inscriptions, to have the definite meaning 
 of * supervising architect,* holding office sometimes for the erection of a certain build- 
 ing, as in the case of the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus, or for a term during which 
 he would supervise all building and repairs, as at Delos. His office is well described by 
 Fabricius {Hermes, XVII. p. 17), and by Homolle {B. C. IT. XIV. pp. 477 ff.), who 
 remarks : " Dans un grand sanctuaire comme celui de Delos, oil les reparations, a defaut 
 meme de travaux neufs, exigeaient continuellement la surveillance et la capacite d'un 
 homme de metier, on ne pouvait se passer d'un architecte. L'habitude d'attacher d'une 
 fayon permanente un architecte aux temples etait assez repandue dans le monde grec." 
 
220 INSCRIPTIONS FROM TlIK ARUIVE UERAEUM 
 
 111 C / 1 I 322, Philucles is meiitioi«Hl as an ipx'"'"""' '*•"' ™* " yP'^hl^"^'' 
 bel.m.'ed tea board of .mo-raTat roO «i roS .V w<SX«, iv Z ro apxa^o- ayaX^a, s"].- 
 pose/to be the Ei-eehthemn. In C. I. A. I. 324, a year later probably, for »ork on 
 L s-une building an dpx'T«T<.. named Archiloauis received 37 dnuhmas tor one ,>ry- 
 bmv and 36 for another. Tliis is pretty clearly a dmchi.uv a <ky. According to the 
 saine account, men «ho worke<l on columns got as high wages as 20 or even 22 drachmas 
 a pryt;my. In C. /. A. I. 60, apx'r«T«. and apx'TCKTo«9 ai-e fre<p.eiitly men .oi.e.l 
 in connection «ith what is supposed to be the same work as that idiow mentione.1. In 
 an inscription from Delos, published by Homolle,' a c-crt.«« Plnhstides receives a ,«y- 
 ment of one drachma a day. Homolle snpiHises him to have been the .,nh,lM,m who 
 sniK-rvised all the buildings at the time on the island of Delos At any rate .t apiH-a.^ 
 that mithing was done in great building enten.rises without the consent and advu^ of 
 
 the wMtekton. K.Xcm ipx'"'"-" *- " P''™'* "^ "^"^ '""•"'."" "i™™"'^^'' '" '""''""'.f 
 iusiriptions ; it occurs 34 times in the accounts of the /„< »»y,o,o, of the temple of A,Hdlo 
 at Delo.,, edited by Homolle in B. C. II. VI. pp. G ff. The h;ero,..,.n make ,«yments 
 at the o«ler of the apx.rcVro.o, Kal rS.. em^cX,™., ibi,l. pp. 7 8. In the_Ele„sin„.„ 
 inscription published by Foucart, B. C. II. IV. 226 ff., we read owo„ iv Zokj, row «po- 
 „o.o:' -cal ri ipx-e-KTo... In the great building-inscription of I^^kulea (/»«• &;-«ee. 
 Sept :5073, line 160), we see that a cmipleted piec-e of work is submitted to the opxi- 
 riKro,v, while minutiae like the separate joints are attended to by a wapx'««r<»...- 
 
 In an inscripticm from Epidaurus' mention is re,)eatedly made of an flrc/„^<- o» Theo- 
 dotus, who served for a i«riocl of more than six years at a sakry of a drachma a day. Hut 
 
 the siilary of an ipx^riKT^" »»» »»' <">if-'">''.V " ''««''"'» " ''"y- '"."'* >f ^'^^: "■' 
 at Delos, he received two drachmas a clay ; but at the same time certau, workmen Nicoi. 
 and his son, got the same amount for working cm a column." At Eleus.s, ... the t..ne of 
 Lyc..r<n.s, an ipxcrw™.- received 72 di-achnu,s for one pryta..y, or two dn.ch.uas a day. 
 while an ephtate^ of seven men received .mly ten drachmas for the s.me time. 
 
 The apvcTcVra,.' cVl ra Upa at Athens," and the ipx-WKTo... who lu.d «.. m..ch to ch. 
 with the theatre of Dicmysus, were „n.h,..bteclly su,H.rvisii.g architects whatever other 
 functions went along with that office. The four i^rscms .uenticmed in t. /. .1. II. l.H, 
 col. c, as dpxcrc,cTo.«, are simikrly enff.ged, altho..gh their work .s at the P.meus m 
 
 connection with the ships. 
 
 Two things appear reasonably clearly from this hst of inscriptions : — 
 
 1. When a man is called an apx^reKTo,., as Scules hei^ is, he cannot he consulerecl to 
 be the head of a tile factory/" In that case he would probably have been called Kcpa/icu.. 
 Socles was doubtless the Supervising architect for some imrticular builduig or tor some 
 
 one or more years. i ^ i • ^...* 
 
 2. The other result may seem suqmsing ; Wz., that a man who undertook imi)oi-tiint 
 
 STAMPED TILES 
 
 221 
 
 » B. C. H. VIII. p. 305 «F. 
 
 * Cf. line 53 : iptoris rois vtowoiots ko) ry af>x«T«««T«»'« 
 (it was easy for Dittenberger to restore in No. 3075 
 [icatfclx &y KtKfirr, 6 i]px»T^itT-i'). Cf., also, C. I. G. 2266, 
 line 19 : iwti^v It auvrfXta^ ri tpiyow. iwcn/ytiXdrm 6 ipy^vn^ 
 ToTs iwiffrarais ical ry o<>x«t««ctoi'i. 
 
 » Kabbadias, Fonilles (VEpidaure, p. 78, Inscr. No. 145. 
 
 * His payment for one year is 350 drachmas ; for an- 
 other it is 353 drachmas. 
 
 * See the list given by Homolle in B. C. H. XIV. p. 
 
 478. 
 
 « Cf. line 71 of the great inscription publishe<l by Ho- 
 molle in B. C. If. XIV. p. 389 ff. 
 
 •> C./. .4.11.8**". 
 
 ■* Ibid. col. II. line 9. 
 
 » Ibid. II. 403, line 28. 
 
 w For the head of a tile-factory to style himself ipx*- 
 rimmr wonld probably have seeme«l an unjiistiftable as- 
 sumption of dignity. Foucart (in B. C. H. VIII. p. 
 44)7) understands a brick from Thebes to bear the stamp 
 of the maker's name, adding : Le* marques de ct genre 
 Mid encore (uwez rare* en Grlce. 
 
 responsibilities, i-equiring speciiil knowledge and training, received the small payment of 
 one or two drachmas a day.' This may be a good illustration that officials in Greece 
 did not look for gmit profit. Quite Hkely, the only reason why the architect at Atiiens 
 was jKiid at all, while the board of cVio-Tarai with whom he was associated <rave their 
 services free, was that he had to give up aJI his time to the work. Perhaps the payment 
 given to a member of the Boule during his time of actual service was regarded as a 
 proper standard hi paying for this sort of work. Probably the only difference between 
 such an dpxLTeKTatv as Socles and Ictuius or Libon - was that the latter were engaged 
 in more importiint undertakings. 
 
 A word may here be added as to the practical reason for stjimping tiles. Socles who 
 may of course have had his own tile-making establishment, did not wish to have a pile of 
 iiis tiles stolen or mixed up with similar tiles.^ Perhaps it is not without a bearing on 
 such possible purloining that we read an account of the hleropoioi at Delos,* running 
 thus: * Bought 200 pairs of tiles; 70 pans on one building, 44 on another ; and turned 
 over to the following hkropoiol a remainder of 76.' No mention is made of the deficit 
 of 10. 
 
 The tiles were probably formed in a wooden mould, like that referred to in an inven- 
 tory of Delos ^ as a tvito'; ^uXti/o? KepafitScop. That in some cases the stamp was affixed 
 by a separate im})ression might seem i)robable from the fact that the upper stamp with 
 Socles's name was not exactly uniform with reference to the stripe above it. But this 
 may also be accounted for l)y supposing the metidlic stamp, which made the letters so 
 clearly cut, to have been a Uttle loosened from the wood of the mould in some cases. I 
 once saw some moulds at a brick manufactory in Eleusis in just that condition. 
 
 n. 
 
 A small, thin flat piece, .08 m. X .05 m., Avithout resemblance to the Socles tiles, yet 
 l>earing the letters 
 
 I I H. 
 
 Tliese seem to indicat<> the same stamp that was applied at the bottom of the Socles 
 tile which is found entire in the Polytechnikon at Athens, i. e., AAM0I0IHRA2. The 
 dimensions of the letters coincide exactly, their height being .015 m., except in the case 
 of the omivronSj which are only half as high. 
 
 On a piece of tile painted black, with considerable curvature, are the letters MO 10 1. 
 As the stamp is entire at the right end, it did not in this case have HRA2. Other- 
 wise the letters are the same. 
 
 III. 
 
 ETTINIKO 
 
 A 
 
 On a small piece .12 x .07 m., from the West Building. 
 
 After A what looks like P follows, but this is uncertiiin. The rest of the lower Hue is 
 worn away. Coming to this from the pieces just discussed, one would be predisposed to 
 
 ' That an architect was a man of some standing might 
 appear from the words of [Plato] Antenutae, p. 135 B : 
 iy Tp TfKToyiKp riicrora fiiv &y wplairo witnt f) t( fi»it¥ tutpoy, 
 ifiX^'^*'"''"^ '* o^' ^ ftvplwy ipaxfiiy. 
 
 - It is a little strange that PRusiinias(V. 10, 3) speaks 
 uf Libon at a r^crwr. 
 
 '' The stamp with Socles's name, being on the upper 
 end, would disappear when the tile was laid, even if it 
 were a gutter-tile. 
 
 * B. C. H. VI. p. 136. 
 
 * Ibid. VI. pp. 29 ff. 
 
 Ill 
 
 
222 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 read 'E.cVcko. apx-«-., but it is quite as Hkely that irrt is a preposition followed by 
 a lenitive, as in so many of the Corfil stamps containing the names of prytanes (Riemann 
 Les Isles loniennes, pp. 47, 54), or in the numerous sbimps on amphora-handles collected 
 by Dumont m Insc. Ceramlques de la Grlce. The word followmg the name nmy be 
 apxovTo<i, for aught we know. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Another fragment stUl smaller, .09m.x .07 m., has a name clearly in the genitive. 
 
 To the left we read : — 
 
 YOAI 
 
 A* 
 
 It is evident that the top line runs from right to left, and we probably have a name 
 endincr in cXov. If the next line turns back in a houstropliedon order, we may here have 
 eVl - n'Xov apxoi^o. or dpx^r^Krovo,. Such a turning back of tlie second Ime is seen 
 on one of the Me-alopohs tiles.> In our inscription, as in that one, AYO is also possible, 
 since the mark at the edge of the fragment, after the supposed A, looks oblique, and may 
 be a part of a Y The reading of the name from right to left has many pirallels in 
 stamps. A Megalopolis tile"' has the name 4>cXc^,rot>r,. read this way. The three tiles 
 from Tanagra read in the same way,=^ as well as one of the three tiles from Chios before 
 mentioned. The maker of the stamp in these cases preferred to cut his letters running 
 in the usual order, regardless of the hundreds of impressions which would thus read 
 
 reversed. » i » . j 
 
 We are sure that in some cases the stamps were not cut as a whole, but were made up 
 of movable letters.^ On an amphora-handle from the Piraeus,^ the reading is from 
 ricrht to left; but the lettei-s $, P and K are left turned the other way. In turning his 
 letters the workman forgot to arrange them so as to make the direction of the word and 
 of the letter consistent. 
 
 V. 
 A series of four tile -fragments found on the south slope below the Heraeum just at the 
 close of the work (spring, 1894). These contain : — 
 
 eTTITTOAYrNO 
 
 eTTITTO 
 
 GT 
 
 They are all impresse<l on the concave side of fragments about an inch thick. The 
 letters are not raised, as in the other fragments hei-e cafcUogueil, but depressed. The fact 
 that in No. 1 e is so close to the TT as not to allow room for the cross-bar of the latter to 
 extend so far to the left as in Nos. 2 and 3 i)oints to a slight difference in the moulds, 
 possibly due to the use of movable letters. The date of this stamp is evidently very late. 
 Whether Polygnotus was an architect or a sacred official for the year is not known. 
 
 i J H S XIII p 336 No 1. and Dumont. Inscr. Cram., pp. 305, 396, 308, where are 
 
 ,*..'■ * * cuts illustrating the making up of these stomps, in some 
 
 > B C H XI. p. 200. "^ which letters are misplaced. 
 
 * Blumner, Tecknologie und Termindogu, II. p. 32 ; ^ B. C. H. XI. p. 207. 
 
 STAMPED TILES 
 
 223 
 
 VI. 
 V0|)3A ^eCpov 
 
 Two fragments, one .18 m. x 0.18 m., the other .10 m. X .19 m., one with a raised border 
 .05 m. above the stamp, and the other without it, but the stamp is evidently the same on 
 both pieces. The letters are .01 to .012 m. high. We seem to have here a case of a 
 stamp reversed in which the character p = p was not reversed like the other letters. It is 
 singular that the break should occur in both pieces at exactly the same place, and so 
 leave us in doubt whether we have the genitive of Aeipos or of some longer name. 
 
 VII. 
 
 ETTIKOP 
 MAKIA 
 
 A fragment found at the close of the season of 1895. The field of the stamp is 
 
 .10 m. X .05 111. The letters are .02 m. high. Another fragment bears f^p^ which seems to 
 
 be a duplicate of this. KOP is probably an abridgment of Kopvr}\iov. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 KAO1CC0ENHC 
 
 KXot(rcr^eVT7s 
 
 A fragment of absolutely flat tile, .02 m. thick, .26 X .25 m. ; letters .02 m. high. An- 
 other diminutive piece yields KAOICC. The square sigmas cannot belong to a date 
 much before the beginning of the Christian era, and the contamination of ci and ol 
 would seem to indicate a date much later still. Such a phenomenon in Attica would 
 hardly appear before the third century of our era.* 
 
 IX. 
 
 A small piece of the upper right-hand corner of a tile with ^ next to the preserved 
 edge. This ^ is exactly like those in the Socles stamps, and the piece agrees in thick- 
 ness ; but this cannot belong to that series unless the Aa/u,oioi 'Hpa? was transferred to 
 
 the top. 
 
 X. 
 
 Broken a little at the right-hand lower corner. The raised letters are badly worn in 
 the middle of the second line, and at first glance the inscription seems to be easily 
 legible. It runs from right to left, thus : — 
 
 VO//^ V A A >l 
 
 Ah ^J vo»/ 
 
 Hopeful as the first line and the first half of the second look, affording KXavSiov 
 KXcoo-^ , we must leave the rest unsolved. 
 
 XI. 
 
 But the pearl of the tile-inscriptions from the Heraeum is on the fragment of the upper 
 face of the edge of a huge bowl, which must have had a diameter of about three feet. 
 The fragment was found in 1894 " at the West end of the South Slope, behind the 
 
 * Meisterhans, Gram. Att. Inschr., p. 46, § 16. 10. 
 
224 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARGIVE IIERAEUM 
 
 retainiiw wall of the West Building, mixed up with a cpiantity of early pottery and figu- 
 
 riues." . 
 
 The letters are not stamped so as to api)ear raised as in those hitherto mentioned, but 
 are incised, cut into the clay when it was moist. The inscribed face of the fragment is 
 .22 m.X .06 m. The letters are .03 m. high. 
 
 /MBEPAMEINI t]^? "Hpa? ci/xi • 
 
 This inscription, judging by A and E, and above all by M = a, nnist be considerably 
 older than No. xii. of the inscriptions on stone. It must date at least as far back as 
 
 500 B. C. 1 I 1 1 rri • 
 
 While it may lielong to a large amphora, it may also belong to a lustral bowl. This 
 miorht be the verv bowl in which the mad king Cleomenes of Sparta dipped his bloody 
 hands before i)erforming his bootless siicriHce which is graphically described by Herodotus 
 (VLSI tf.). 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 Fragment of a roof tile with a closed ihi stamped upon it. Here reproduced in fac- 
 simile "in its actual size. As this fragment was found under the flooring of the Second 
 Temple, it must have come from the Old Temple, or from one of the buildings contem- 
 porary with it. 
 
 INDEX 
 
INDEX 
 
 AitAS, divides Arrive territory, 34. 
 
 Acraea, part uf territory of Heraeum, defined, 13. 
 
 Acrisius, Argive tradition of, liA f. 
 
 Adniete, daughter of Eurystheus, founder of Saniian 
 Heraeuni, 5. 
 
 .£olian deposits, 95. 
 
 afpiJT€V€, meaning of, 200 f. 
 
 Agamemnon, place of, in Argive tradition. 3.5 ; chosen 
 leader against Troy at the Heraeum. 35. 
 
 Altars, below foundations of Second Temple, 20. n. 2. 
 
 Amazon, head of, related to Polycleitan type of Am- 
 azon, 164 ; described, 180 f. 
 
 Amazonomachia, fragments of, from metopes of Sec- 
 ond Temple, 150 f., 182. 
 
 Andesites, at the Heraeum, 100. 
 
 Anthemion, uj>on cyma from Second Temple, 123 f. 
 
 Apollo Pythaeus, tem])orarily supersedes Hera as 
 principal divinity of Argive plain, 4, 37. 
 
 Aqueducts, connected with the Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
 16 ff. 
 
 Archaic ^oavov, from western pediment of Second 
 Temple, 149 f. 
 
 Archinus, founder of games in honor of Hera, 10. 
 
 Architecture of the Heraeum. 103 ff. 
 
 Arglce-Linear vases, proposed designation for so- 
 called " Proto-Corinthian " vases. 50 ; preponder- 
 ance of, at Heraeum, 50 ; represent a continuous 
 indigenous element, 59. 
 
 Argolis, define<I, 3 w.; scenery of. 80 f.; geologically 
 of recent formation, 91 ; rivers of, 92 ; geological 
 history of, 93 f. 
 
 Argos, meaning and application of the name, 3 n. ; 
 connection with the Heraeum, 10 ff., 27 ; supre- 
 macy in the Argive i)lain comparatively late, 31 ; 
 probably raised to im|)ortance by Dorians, 36 ; 
 struggle witli Sparta. 37 : rehabilitated by Phidon, 
 37. 
 
 Argus, in Argive tradition, 33. 
 
 d/>;((Tc«cTi»r, meaning of, 219 ff. 
 
 doTTts cv *'Apyei, 10, 34. 
 
 Asterion, river near Heraeum, identified by Steffen, 
 14 f., 94, 107. 
 
 Athena, head of, from metopes of Second Temple. 
 183 f. 
 
 Athena Lemnia, head of, compared with heads of 
 Polycleitan tyjw, 179 f., 190. 
 
 Athens, artistic relation with Arg^s, 16,3 ff. 
 
 Bacchus, head of, in British Museum, identified with 
 PolycleitaQ Hera, 190 f. 
 
 Bases for statues, before temple, 20, 144 ; between 
 Upper Stoa and Northeast Stoa, 112. 
 
 Bates, W. N., theory of, concerning sculptures of Sec- 
 ond Temple. 149 f. 
 
 Beehive tombs. 79 f. 
 
 Beta, form of, in Argive inscriptions, 203. 
 
 Black layers, principal finding places of small ob- 
 jects, 40, 73. 79, 82. 
 
 Boy. with dove (?), statue of, 143 ; head of, from 
 Brauron, belonging to Professor Furtwangler, 
 165 ff. 
 
 Brauron, head from, compared with head of Hera 
 from Heraeum. 16i> ff. 
 
 Bronzes. 61 ff.; dating of, 62; classification of, 62; 
 primitive. 62 ; Mycenaean, 62 f.; geometric, 63 ; 
 archaic. 6.'i ; oriental influence in, 63. 
 
 Burial of ancient remains, causes of, 94 ff. 
 
 Bursian, excavations of, at the Heraeum, 67 ff. 
 
 Canephorae of Polycleitus, 167 f. 
 
 Capitals, details of. 113. 
 
 Carj'atids of Erechtheum, influenced by Argive art, 
 161 ; compared with head of Hera from the He- 
 raeum. 166 ff., 190. 
 
 ^(IXkcos dyaii', 10. 
 
 Chryseis. causes destruction of Old Temple, 110, n. 1. 
 
 Cisterns, connected with the Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
 16 ff., 136. 
 
 Clark. W. G., describes excavations of Rangab^, 
 69 f. 
 
 Coins, paucity of find in, 61. 
 
 Columns, of Upper Stoa. 112 ; of Northeast Build- 
 ing, 115 f.; of East Building. 116 : of Second Tem- 
 ple, 120 ff.; interior, of Second Temple, 126; of 
 South Stoa, 128 f.; of West Building, 132. 
 
 Cow, closely associate<I with worship of Hera, 6 ; of- 
 fered at feast of Hecatonibaea, 8. 
 
 Cresilas, position and influence of, 164 f. 
 
 Cretaceous Period, formations of, 92 f. 
 
 Cuckoo, associated with Hera, 21 ; re2)resented upon 
 cyma from Second Temple, 123 f. 
 
 Curtius, theoiy of, concerning sculptures of Second 
 Temple, 149 f. 
 
 Cyclopean wall, leads to identification of site of He- 
 raeum, 25 : early remains below, 27 ; excavations 
 at, 74 ; described, 109 f. 
 
 Cyma-moulding, from Second Temple, 123 f.; com- 
 pared with moulding of Parthenon and other tem- 
 ples, 160, and n. 2. 
 
 Cyuadra, well near Heraeum, 16, 18. 
 
 11 
 
•228 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Danaus. Argive tradition of, 34. 
 
 Diaamuenus of Polycleitns, coinparea with Dory- 
 pljoiHS, IGD ff.; head of, in British Museunu 171. 
 and M. 2 ; marks an .idvance over Doryphorus, 
 173 ; compared with head of youth from metopes, 
 178 ff.; compared witli head of Hera, 190. 
 
 j^ifovwTiov, in inscription, 75. 77, 213. 
 
 Aifonvcr, in inscription, 208 f. 
 
 Digannna, in inscriptions, 75, 199 f.. 208 f.; 213. 
 
 " Dipylon " terra-cottas, 46 f.; comparative rarity of 
 works of " Dipylon " styh- at Heraciun. 47 : vases. 
 
 53. 
 
 Doric trihes, earliest mention of names of. 2»H). 
 
 Doryi)horus of Polycleitns, reproiluction of. on a 
 lamp, 75 : style of. in head of ephehns from a me- 
 tope, 77, 16;i. n. 4 : coraparetl with heads of youths 
 from metopes, ICiS ff., 178 ff.: compare«l with Dia- 
 dumenus, 169 ff.: compare.l with heatl of Hera, 190. 
 
 Doves, group of. on stone. 112. 
 
 Drapery, treatment of. in Heraeum marbles, 157. 
 
 Drill, freely useil in marble statuary from the He- 
 raeum, 154 ff., 178, 180. 
 
 Ear, treatment of. in early art. 190, h. 1. 
 Earthworms, a factor in the burial of ancient re- 
 mains. 96 f. 
 East Building, discovered 1894. 77 f .; described. 1 16 f. 
 Egyptian objects. 64, 84. 
 
 Eleutherion. river near Heraeum. now Revm.vtou- 
 Kastrou. 14 ff., 94, 107 ; water of. used in lustra- 
 tions and at the emancipation of slaves, 18 f. 
 Eliiis Berbatiotikos, mountain near Heraeum. an- 
 cient Acraea, 13. 
 Engraved stones. 64. 
 
 Enneacrunus. compared with Eleutherion. 17. 19. 
 Eocene Period, formations of, 92. 
 EphesHs, cynia from temple of Artemis at, comi)ared 
 
 with cyma from Heraeum, 1(>0, and n. 2. 
 Epidanrus, sculj.tures from, comparetl with Heraeum 
 
 marbles. KiO f. 
 Erechtheum. cynia of. compared with cyma from He- 
 raeum, 160 f. 
 Euboea, jKirt of territory of Heraeum. defined, 12 f. 
 EuiHjlemus, of Argos, arcbitect of Second Temple, 
 
 20, 118. 
 Eurydice, daughter of Lace<laeraon. founder of oldest 
 
 sanctuary of Hera at Sparta. 4. 
 Eye, representation of, in ancient statues, 142. 
 
 Felsite, at the Heraeum, 100. 
 
 Finlay, gives account of General Gordon's excava- 
 tions at the Heraeum, 65 ff. 
 
 Fish, represented on ancient stone. 112 f. 
 
 Furtwjingler. declares Heraeum marWes Attic. 164 ; 
 refuted. 164 ff. 
 
 Cabbros, found at the Heraeum. 99 f. 
 
 Geology of the Heraeum region. 89 ff. 
 
 • Geometric " terra-cotta figures, 46 f.; vases, 53 ; 
 bi-onzes, 63; comparative paucity of works of 
 " Geometric " style at the Heraeum, 47, 62, 63. 
 
 •• Geometric," a misnomer, as applied to Dipylon 
 vases, 53. See '' Dipylon." 
 
 Gigantomachia, represented in sculptures of Second 
 Temple, 20, 148 ff. 
 
 Glykia, stream near Heraeum, formerly identified 
 with ancient Asterion, 14. 
 
 Gordon, General, first excavations of, at the He- 
 raeum, 64 ff. 
 
 Graces, representation of, ujwn crown of Polycleitan 
 Hera, 21 f. 
 
 Guilds, mention of, in inscription, 213. 
 
 Hair, treatment of, on head of Hera, 166 ff.; on Do- 
 ryphorus and Diadumenus, 170 ff.; on female head 
 fi-om metopes. 182 ; on head of young girl from me- 
 topes, 183 ; on head of Athena from metopes, 184. 
 Halicarnassus, cyma from Mausoleum at, compared 
 
 with cyma from Heraeum, 160. 
 " Hammer-stones." 99 f. 
 
 Head, of Hera, discovered 1892, 73, describeil, 189 ff.; 
 of Athena, from metoi)e», 183 f.; of Amazon, fi-om 
 metopes, discovereil 1892, 73, describeil, 180 f.; 
 of ephebus, from metopes, discovered 1894, 77, 
 describetl, 178 ff.; of warrior, from metoi)es, 181 ; 
 female, from metopes, iliscovered by Rangab^, 69, 
 descril»e<l, 181 f.; female, from metopes, 182 f.; of 
 young girl, from metojjes, 183. 
 He.ids from Heraeum, treatment of. 157 f.; types of, 
 158; compared with head of Doryphorus, 168 ff.; 
 fragments of. from meto|)es, 184 f. 
 Hebe, chryselephantine statue of, 22 ; reproducetl on 
 coins. 23 f.; marriage of, represented on altar, 
 24. 
 Hecatombaea, festival of Hera, 8. 
 Hera, earliest divinity of Argive plain. 4 ; nature and 
 evolution of.5ff.; chr}'8elephantine statue of, 21 ff.; 
 head of, discovered at Heraeum, 23, 73, 189 ff.; 
 bust of, in British Museum. 23: ancient wooden 
 image of. 24 ; early stone image of, 42 f., 139 ; 
 probably central figure in western ])ediment of Sec- 
 ond Temple. 150. 
 Hera Acria. 6; Aegophagus. 4. n. 9; Antheia, 8; 
 Aphrodite, 4, //. 9 ; Argeia, 4 ; Eileitliyia, 8 ; Pe- 
 lasgis. 5 f. 
 Heracles, marriage of. represented on altar. 24. 
 Heraeum. chief religious centre of Argive ]>lain. 3 f.; 
 source of Hera cult in other localitiej, 5 : to\Hh 
 graphy of, 10 ff., 105 ff.; three jwriods in history 
 of, 11 ff.; early history of, 25 ff.; earliest temple 
 founded, e!rr. l&V) B. c, 28 ; later history of, 38 ; 
 age of, as determined by finds, 38 ff.; nature of 
 the site, 39 ff., 94 ; history of previous excavations, 
 64 ff.; history of excavation by American School, 
 
 INDEX 
 
 229 
 
 70 ff.; burial of the site, 97 ff.; principal buildings. 
 
 108. 
 Hieromnemons. mentioned in inscriptions. 199 f..205, 
 
 206 f., 211 ff. 
 Jfieros gumos, 8. 19. 
 Hissarlik. walls of First an<l Second Cities compared 
 
 with early walls at the Heraeum, 27 ; vases from. 
 
 correspond to early vases from the Heraemu, 56. 
 Honeysuckle scroll, upon stephane of Hera on coins, 
 
 22 ; u{)on cyma of Second Temple, 23. 
 Horses, sacre<l to Hera, 8. 
 Hynethians, l>oric tribe, mentioned in inscription, 
 
 200. 
 Hypocanst. in Roman Building. 135. 
 Hyrnetho, myth of, 200. 
 
 Iliu{>er8is, representetl in temple sculptures, 20, 148 tf. 
 
 Inscriptions from the Heraeum, 195 ff. 
 
 lo, in Argive tradition. 33 f.: identified with first 
 
 priestess of Hera, 34. 
 Iron, finds of, 61. 77. 
 
 Jones. Stuart, theory of, concerning scidptures of Sec- 
 ond Temple, 152. 
 Jurassic Period, formations of. 92 f. 
 
 Linear ornamentation, a prominent element in the 
 decoration of Mycenaean vases, 53 ff.; presents an 
 unbroken deveh>pment from earliest primitive 
 forms of vases to the j>eriotl of perfect freedom, 
 56 ff. 
 
 Lion's head water-sjiouts, from Second Temple, 123 f.; 
 from South Stoa. 130. 
 
 I»wer Stoa, described. \'M. 
 
 Lynceus, fountler of games in honor of Hera. 10. 
 
 Marble statuary from the Heraeum, 137 ff. 
 
 Megapenthes, earliest figure in traditions of Argos, 
 31 ; exchanges kingdoms with Perseus, 35. 
 
 Metopes of Second Temple, fragments of, discov- 
 ered by Rangab^. 69 ; discovered 1892-95, 73, 77, 
 80, 83 : described, 146 ff.. 177 ff. 
 
 Mosaic floor, from Roman Building, 134 f. 
 
 Mure, William, first published account of the discov- 
 ery of the Heraeum, 64 f. 
 
 Mycenae, connection with the Heraeum, 10 ff., 26 ff.; 
 with Tiryns and Arg^. 36. 
 
 Mycenaean terra-cottas. 44 ff.; pro«lnce<l under influ- 
 ence of ceramic art, 45 f.; vjises, classification of. 
 50 ff.; geometric elements in, 52 ff.; bronzes, 62 f.; 
 graves, 28, 69, 79, 92 ; walls, 84. 
 
 Naucydes, author of chryselephantine statue of Helie, 
 
 22,24. 
 Neogene Period, formations of. 92. 
 Nik^ Balustrade, style of, compared with Heraeum 
 
 marbles, 157, 160, 188, 192. 
 
 Northeast Building, descriln'd. 114. 
 Northwest Building, discovered 1894, 78; described, 
 134. 
 
 Obsidian, at the Heraeum. 100 f. 
 
 Old Temple, referred to by Pausanias. 24 f.: ])artially 
 excavated, 1892. 73 ; completely excavated. 1893, 
 74 ; remains of, ilescribed. 110 f. 
 
 01ympi:i, finds at, compared with finds at the He- 
 raeum. 39 ; bronzes and terra-cotta figurines from, 
 compared with terra-<-otta types from Heraeum. 
 48 f.; site of. compared with site of Her.-ietini. 108 ; 
 temple of Zeus at. ]>roportions of. 121. n. 1 ; treat- 
 ment of hair in heads from, 1.58 ; tiles from Trea- 
 sury of Gela at, 219. 
 
 Orientation of principal buildings. 108; of Old Tem- 
 ple, as means of determining date. 28 f. 
 
 Paestum, temple of Poseidon, jiroiwrtions of, 121, 
 u. 1. 
 
 Parian marble. use<l for architectural sculptures of 
 Heraeum, 14(5, n. 
 
 Parthenon, proportions of, 121 f. ; pediment sculp- 
 tures of. compared with pediments of Second Tem- 
 ple, 153; treatment of hair in heads from, 158; 
 treatment of nude and drapery in sculptures from, 
 160 ; cyma from, compared with cyma from He- 
 raeum, 160, M. 2 ; reclining Fate from, compared 
 with torso of female figure from metopes, 188, 
 compared with female figure from pe«linients. 192. 
 
 Pausanias. describes topography of the Heraeum. 10 ff. ; 
 describes Second Tenij)le. 20 ft'.. 117, n. 1, 148 ; 
 Argive genealogies of. 25 f.. 29 ff. 
 
 Peacock, associated with Hera. 24 ; tail of. discovered 
 by General Gordon. 65. 
 
 Pe<liments of Second Temple. <lescril)ed, 148 ff. ; 
 torso of female figure from, 191 f . : fragments 
 from. 192 ff. 
 
 Penrose, computes date of earliest temple at Heraeum, 
 28 f. 
 
 Perseus, signifiance of, in Argive tradition, 35. 
 
 Phidias, and Polycleitns, 162 f., 168. 
 
 Phidon, revives supremacy of Argos, 37 ; date of, 
 61, n. 1. 
 
 Phigalia. sculptures from, compared with Heraeum 
 marbles. 160. 
 
 Phorbas, in Argive tradition. 33. 
 
 Plioroneus, date of. 29. 32 : tradition of, preserved 
 at Heraeum, 31 ; probably united {leoples of Argive 
 plain, 32. 
 
 Pillar of limestone, earliest image of Hera. 42 f., 
 139. 
 
 Pins of bronze. 61 ff. ; served as a medium of ex- 
 change, 61. 
 
 Pirasus, son of Argus, dedicated seated wooden im- 
 age to Hera, 24, 33 ; influence of, upon terra cotta 
 figures, 44. 
 
230 
 
 INDEX 
 
 INDEX 
 
 231 
 
 Pliny, (listinguislies style of Doryphorus and Diadu- 
 menus, 169, n. 4 ; statements of, concerning Poly- 
 cleitus, discussed. 173 ff. 
 
 Polycleitus, author of chryselephantine statue of Hera, 
 21 ; peculiar treatment of upper lip in statues of, 
 159, 179 f. ; relation of, to Heraeuin marbles, 
 162 ff. ; and Phidias, 162 f .. 168 : characteristics 
 of, 173 ff., 186. 
 
 Polygnotus, influence of, upon temple sculpture. 
 
 151. 
 
 Pompeii, baths at, compared with baths in Roman 
 
 Building, 135. 
 Porphyry (Felsite), at the Heraeum, 100. 
 Poseidon, as rival of Hera. 4, m. 5. 
 Priene, cyma from temple at, compared with cyma 
 
 from Heraeum, 160. and n. 2. 
 Priestess of Hera, Roman statue of (?), 141 ff. 
 Proetus. builder of walls of Tiryns. 26, 34 f. 
 Prosymna, part of territory of Heraeum, defined. 
 
 13 f.; possibly provincial name for arable land, 
 
 70. 
 « Proto-Corinthian " or Argive-Linear vases, prei^n- 
 derance of, at Heraeum, 50; characteristics of, 
 59 ff. 
 
 Quintilian. statements of, regarding Polycleitus, dis- 
 cussed, 173 ff. 
 
 Rangab^, A. Rizo, excavations of, at the Heraeum, 
 
 67 ff. 
 
 Revma-tou-Kastrou, river near Heraeum. identified 
 with ancient Eleutherion, 14 ff. ; connected with 
 elaborate system of cisterns and aqueducts, 16 ff. 
 
 Richardson, R. B., Inscriptions from the Heraeum. 
 197 ff.; Stamped Tiles from the Heraeum. 216 ff. 
 
 Rings of bronze, 61 f. ; served as a medium of ex- 
 change, 61. 
 
 Roman Building, described, 134 ff. 
 
 " Salaminian " shaft-tonibs, 2.H, 69, 79. 
 
 Samos, derived cult of Hera from Argos, 5. 
 
 Sardis, burial of, 96. 
 
 Scatnilli, traces of, in Second Temple, 120. 
 
 Sculptures from the Heraeum, 138 ff. ; single figures, 
 
 140 ff. ; architectural. 144 ff. : general style of, 
 
 153 ff. : period and school of, 160 ff. 
 Seasons, representation of, upon crown of Polycleitan 
 
 Hera, 21 f. 
 
 Second Temi)le, built immediately after 423 B. c, 20 : 
 partially excavated by Rangab^. 67 f. : excavation 
 of. 1892. 73 ; description of. 117 ff. : orientation 
 of, 108. 119 ; proi)ortions of, 129 f. ; plan of, 125. 
 
 Sima, see Cyma. 
 
 Socles, ap\iTtKTuiv, 217, -19 ff. 
 
 South Stoa, discovered 1894. 79; completely cleared. 
 1895, 80 ff. ; described, 127 ff. 
 
 Spits, dedicated at the Heraeum, 62. 
 
 Statues, before temple of Hera, 20 : bases for, 20, 21 ; 
 bases for, between Upper Stoa and Northeast 
 Stoa, 112. 
 
 Steps below South Stoa, 130 f. 
 
 Stoae, 112 ff.; Upi)er, 112 ff.; Northeast, 114, ff.; 
 South. 127 ff. ; Lower, 136. 
 
 Strabo, does not mention relation between the He- 
 raeum and Tiryns, 11, 85 f.; characterization of, 
 85 f. 
 
 Tarbell, F. B.. theory of, concerning sculptures of 
 Second Temple, 149 f. 
 
 Tegea, sculptures from, compared with Heraeum mar- 
 bles, 160. 
 
 TcAa/iw(i'), meaning of, 201 f. 
 
 Terracotta images, 42 ff.; earliest types, 43 ; Tiryn- 
 thian Argive type. 44; Mycenaean tyije, 44 ff.; 
 "Dipylon" type. 46 f.; Advanced Argive type, 
 47 ; under oriental influence, 47 ; archaic Greek 
 tyi»e. 47 ; of free style. 48 ; compared with bronzes 
 and terra-cottas from Olympia, 48 f.; development 
 of. runs i>arallel to development of vase-painting, 
 
 60. 
 
 Tertiary Periotl. formations of, in Argive plain. 92. 
 
 Theaeus of Argos, connecteil with inscription from 
 Heraeum (?), 203. 
 
 "Theseum," jjrojwrtions of, 121, n. 1, 122. 
 
 Tiles, marble, of Second Temple, 124; sUmped, 
 216 ff.; date of, 219. 
 
 Tilton. E. L., Architecture of the Heraeum, 105 ff. 
 
 Tiryns, connection with the Heraeum, 10 ff., 25 If.; 
 walls of. comi)are<l with Cyclopaean wall at He- 
 raeum. 26 ; chi-onological relation to Mycenae and 
 Argos, 36. 
 
 Tirynthian-Argive terra-cottas, 44. 
 
 Torso of nude youth from meto|)es, discovered 1892, 
 73 : described, 185 ff.; of warrior, from metopes. 
 
 187 f.; of female figure (Amazon ?), from metopes, 
 
 188 f.; of female figure, from pediments, 191 f. 
 Trojan War. represented in sculptures of Second 
 
 Temple, 20, 148 ff. 
 
 Unit of measurement in Second Temple, 120. 
 Upper Stoa, discovered in 1893, 74 f.; described, 
 112 ff. 
 
 Vases. 49 ff.; preponderance of Argive-Linear ("Pro- 
 to-Corinthian ") style at the Heraeum, 50; classifi- 
 cation of, 50 ff.; Mycenaean, 51 ff.; Dipylon, 53 ; 
 primitive. 55 f.; Argive-Linear ("Proto-Corin- 
 thian "), 57 ff.; development of, runs parallel to 
 development of terra-cotta figurines. 60. 
 
 Volcanoes, action of. in burying ancient remains, 
 96. 
 
 Waldstein. C, General Introduction, 3 ff . ; Marble 
 Statuar}' from the Heraeum, 139 ff. 
 
 Waldstein, L., letter of, concerning anatomy of nude Wheeler, J. R., Inscriptions from the Argive 
 
 torso from meto])es, 186, n. 5. 
 
 AValls, early, 108 f. 
 
 Washington, H. S., Geology of the Heraeum Region, 
 91 ff. 
 
 Water, action of, in burying ancient remains, 95 f. 
 
 Welcker, theory of, concerning sculptures of Second 
 Temple, 149 f. 
 
 Well near Panagia cha|)el, iwssibly ancient Eleuthe- 
 rion, 16 ff. 
 
 West Building, discovere<l 1893, 76 ; excavated 1894, 
 78 ; described, 131 ff. 
 
 Heraeum, 197 ff. 
 Wind, action of, in burying ancient remains, 94 f.; 
 ))rincipid agent in burial of Heraeum, 97 f. 
 
 Xanthus, cyma of Nereid monument from, compared 
 
 with cyma from Heraeum, 160, n. 2. 
 Xi, doubled, in inscription, 205. 
 
 Zeus, birth of, represented in sculptures of Second 
 Temple, 20, 148 ff. 
 
 END OF VOLUME I 
 
 
EUctrot,^ and printed h, H. O. Hon.kto,, *• C*. 
 Cam^i'igf. Mm., U.S.A. 
 
 'ii>*4 
 
NOV 25 1902 
 
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 GENERAL" 
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THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
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arcfjaeological institute of aimrtca 
 
 amcrican ^ci^ool of Clajtisical ^tubteis at ati^ensi 
 
 THE AEGIVE HEEAEUM 
 
 !!l 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES WALDSTEIN 
 
 Pu. />., L. H. D., LiTT. D. 
 
 SOMETIME DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN SiHOOI. OF ( LASSICAI. STl'DIES AT ATHEXS 
 
 SLAVE PROFESSOR OF FIXE ART, IXflERSJTr REAVER J\ CLASSICAL 
 
 ARCHAEOLOtiY, AXV FELLOW OF KlXirs COLLEUE, CAMHRIVGE 
 
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 IN TWO VOLUMES 
 VOLUME II 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES, TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS, VASES AND 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. BRONZES. ENGRAVED STONES. GEMS. AND IVORIES, 
 
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 NOTE 
 
 This work is issued by the authority and under the auspices of the Archaeological 
 Institute of America and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, which 
 share the financial responsibility for it. The supervision of its publication has been 
 intrusted to a Committee which consists of representatives of both bodies. 
 
 Each contributor has been left entirely free to express his opinions and sentiments 
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 37863* 
 
Ml 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE TO VOLUME 11. 
 
 In the preface to the first volume of this publication I expressed my regret at the delay 
 in bringing before the world the results of our excavations which were completed in 1895. 
 I also regretted that we were obliged to issue the first volume before the completion of 
 the second. I then thought myself justified in announcing that the second volume would 
 " follow within a few months." Circumstances over which I have had no control have 
 extended this period of a few months to what will now in all probability exceed a 
 twelvemonth. As in the case of the first volume I deplore this, not only because it 
 has kept from the ai-ciiaeological world the material which we have to offer for study, but 
 also because full justice cannot be done to my collaborators, especially to Dr. Hoppin 
 and Mr. Chase, whose work has been completed and in type for several years. Quite apart 
 from the question of priority with regard to the antiquities we have excavated as well 
 as the deductions we may have drawn from them, the work of my collaborators may 
 not be justly appreciated when considered in the light of more recent discoveries, — I 
 mean those that have been made since our excavations were completed. I have in mind 
 e8i>ecially the important discoveries made in Crete, Melos, and the more recent excavations 
 of Thera. In any case, tlie complete and final publication of the work on those sites was 
 not available for our purposes ; while in the case of Crete, notably of Cnossos, the exca- 
 vations themselves have not been brought to a termination, and the material furnished 
 does not present itself in a form admitting of final conclusions and general deductions. 
 Still, it may not seem right that, covering as we do similar fields of inquiry to that of 
 recent work on other Aegean sites, we should not have considered at least the suggestions 
 which they offer in the elaboration of our own material ; and it may not be unfair to 
 criticise us for not having redistributed all the type set years ago and rewritten all that 
 had been written. But I venture to think that the scientific value of the archaeological 
 material which we here offer in our publication, and even of the conclusions which we 
 have drawn from the study of them, is increased by the fact that in our study we have 
 confined ourselves to what was actually before us in our own material, and to the defi- 
 nitely published results of the work that had preceded us. Whether our results as 
 here published are confirmed, rejected, or modified by those of future excavators and 
 inquirers, our exposition can but gain in its claim to trustworthiness from not having 
 been biased by premature side-glances at the foreshadowed results of contemporary exca- 
 vation ; while those who must elaborate the discoveries made since our own will be able 
 to make the better use of ours in their independent presentation, even if this use should 
 be to controvert our conclusions. 
 
 A similar explanation may be called for with regard to the fact that we have not 
 
 : I, 
 
 ■iki 
 
 % 
 
 ut 
 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 IX 
 
 considered the work done since our excavations were completed on wider questions of 
 historic and prehistoric archaeology, in which our own material must find a pkce as 
 evidence. These include especially the wide and complicated problems of the earliest 
 ethnology of the ancient world, together with the greatly expanded study of Hellenic and 
 primitive mythology. The whole question of the Mycenaean age and the periods that 
 preceded and followed it has entered a new phase, owing to the remarkable work done by 
 such writers as Professor Ridgeway and Dr. J. G. Frazer, and to the cognate discoveries 
 and inquiries of explorers and scholars like Professor Flinders Petrie. I have been 
 directly criticised for not having, in my General Introduction in the first volume, clearly 
 taken sides on the main issues raised by such important inquiries. Dr. Rouse, in his 
 review of oiu" first volume,^ says : " Dr. Waldstein has not thought well to examine the 
 bearing of this book (Professor Ridgeway 's Early Age of Greece) on his Introduction, 
 part of which might have been modified by it. He does indeed mention Professor 
 Ridgeway in a footnote, not without approval ; but there was time to have formed a 
 more definite opinion than he gives on the new theories, whether to accept them or to 
 reject." Now, all that I have urged above regarding the undesirability of entering into 
 wider inquiry beyond the range of our own material in this publication applies still more 
 emphatically to the questions raised by Professor Ridgeway's bold and far-reaching work. 
 I wish in no way to discourage this stirring expansion of the study of classical antiquity 
 into wider spheres, where it establishes its immediate relationship to general ethnology, — 
 nay, to anthropology. The day may come when all our views of the early history of 
 man, including the peoples of Ancient Greece and Rome, will present a picture containing 
 a full and organic composition instead of the smaller groups and single portraits which 
 we now have before us ; and when the whole image of the past in the eyes of our poster^ 
 ity may gain in truth and even in clearness. But to my mind this day has not yet come ; 
 because the material for such wider generalization, which we may reasonably hope for in 
 the future, is not yet to hand. Excavations, not only in Egypt, in Assyria, in the whole of 
 Asia Minor, in the northern portions of Ancient Greece, in the islands of the Aegean, in 
 Sicily and in Italy, but also in many other centres of Europe and other parts of the world, 
 will have to yield their treasures of the past, before a great genius, happily arising, is 
 prepared to fuse the disjointed ingots of evidence together, at the slow and steady fire of 
 sober yet imaginative induction, into the great and malleable bar of precious metal out 
 of which the monumental forms of truth are forged and cast. In the mean while, how- 
 ever, truth is advanced by a select few who form legitimate scientific hypotheses in 
 presenting theories by means of which, for the time being, we can in some way grapple 
 with the vast mass of material before us. But in presenting the results of our excava- 
 tions of one site, and in drawing our conclusions from the material before us, we are 
 emphatically not called upon to take sides on problems of much wider issue, the solution 
 of which may ultimately be furnished by our facts and our exposition.' 
 
 • Clojtsical Review, October, 1903, p. 368. opinions tended to support those of Professor Ridgeway, 
 
 ^ I think It right to state that wherever my results and they were on my part arrived at quite independently 
 
 Still, since the first volume was published, the final and official publication of Troja 
 and Ilion has been issued by Dr. Diiqifeld and his collaborators. Furthermore, the 
 work done and the wonderful results attained by Dr. A. J. Evans and his colleagues in 
 Cnossos of Crete, as well as that of Professor Halbherr and his colleagues at Phaestos, 
 though the excavations are not completed, have led to preliminary publications in which 
 final conclusions have in some instances been drawn which bear directly upon essential 
 points of our discoveries at the Argive Heraeum. As the conclusions thus arrived at by 
 the excavators of Cnossos seem to mihtate against my main contention with regard to the 
 Argive Heraeum, I feel that I must in a few words touch upon this question, even at the 
 risk of being premature. 
 
 I claimed preeminent importance for the Argive Heraeum, because, as compared with 
 sites like Troy and other early " classical sites " including Crete, it was one about which 
 there could be no doubt in regard to its intrinsic association from the earliest times with 
 what is to us Hellenic life ; while, on the other hand, in contradistinction to Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, which only present definite periods in the development of Hellenism, the Argive 
 Heraeum was continuously, in all ages about which we know anythuig, an important 
 centre of that life. I maintained, and I still maintain, tliat our excavations have yielded 
 material giving undeniable proof that this site was occupied in what is commonly called 
 the Neolithic period. By an oversight the first volume contained no illustrations of 
 stone implements found in our excavations. I wish here to supplement this deficiency 
 by inserting specimens of such Neolithic articles of use. 
 
 Stone Implemknts from the Argive Heraeum. 
 
 From the Neolithic age onward there is abundant evidence of a continuous occupation 
 of that site, be it as a citadel or as a temple, down to Roman times. I wish here to 
 emphasize more strongly than I have done in the fii-st volume that the earliest walls and 
 dwelUngs, together with the stone implements, confirm the tradition which I maintained * 
 
 from him. Any suggestion I received from him has been 
 duly acknowledged ; just as he has acknowledged, both in 
 bis article in the Hellenic Journal in 18%, as well as in 
 hia book, the cases in which I enabled him to consider 
 
 some of our material before publication. We are nei- 
 ther of us responsible for the other's views and conclu- 
 sions. 
 
 1 Classical Review^ December, 1900, pp. 473 If. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 Ik I 
 
 ^ 
 V 
 
 if 
 
 h 
 
. r 
 
 viii PKEFATORY NOTE 
 
 considered the work done since our excavations were completed on wider questions of 
 historic and prehistoric {irchaeology, in whicli our own material must find a place as 
 evidence. These include especially the wide and comi>licated problems of the earliest 
 ethnology of the ancient world, toj^ether with the jjreatly expanded study of Hellenic and 
 primitive mythology. The whole question of the Mycenaean age and the periods that 
 preceded and followed it has entered a new phase, owing to the remarkable work done by 
 such writers as Professor Ridgeway and Dr. .1. G. Fnizer, and to the cognate discoveries 
 and incpiiries of explorers and scholars like Professor Flinders Petrie. 1 have been 
 directly criticised for not having, in my General Introduction in the first volume, clearly 
 taken sides on the main issues raised by such important inquiries. Dr. Rouse, in his 
 review of our first volume,' says : *' Dr. Waldstein has not thought well to examine the 
 bearing of this book (Professor Ridgeway 's Eur hi Aye of (i reeve) on his Introduction, 
 part of which might have been modified by it. He does indeed mention Professor 
 Ridgeway in a footnote, not without approval ; but there was time to have formed a 
 more definite opinion than he gives on the new theories, whether to accept them or to 
 reject." Now, all that I have urged above regarding the undesirability of entering into 
 wider inquiry beyond the range of our own material in this publication a})plies still more 
 emphatically to the questions raised by Professor Ridgeway's bold and far-reaching work. 
 I wish in no way to discourage this stirring expansion of the study of classical antiquity 
 into wider spheres, where it establishes its immediate relationship to general ethnology, — 
 nay, to anthropology. The day may come when all our views of the early history of 
 man, including the peoples of Ancient Greece and Rome, will present a picture contiiining 
 a full and organic composition instead of the smaller groups and single portraits which 
 we now have before us ; and when the whole image of the past in the eyes of our poster- 
 ity may gain in truth and even in clearness. But to my mind this day has not yet come ; 
 because the material for such wider generalization, which we may reasonably hoi)e for in 
 the future, is not yet to hand. Excavations, not only in Egyj)t, in Assyria, in the whole of 
 Asia Minor, in the northern porticMis of Ancient Greece, in the islands of the Aegean, in 
 Sicily and in Italy, but also in many other centres of Europe and other parts of the world, 
 will have to yield their treasures of the jwist, before a gi-eat genius, happily arising, is 
 prei)ared to fuse the disjointed ingots of evidence together, at the slow and steady fire of 
 sober yet imaginative induction, into the great and malleable bar of precious metal out 
 of which the monumental forms of truth are forged and cast. In the mean while, how- 
 ever, truth is advanced by a select few who form legitimate scientific hyiKJtheses in 
 presenting theories by means of which, for the time being, we can in some way grapple 
 witli the vast mass of material before us. But in presenting the results (»f our excava- 
 tions of <me site, and in drawinjr our conclusions from the material before us, we are 
 emphatically not called upon to take sides on ])roblems of much wider issue, the solution 
 of which may ultimately be furnished by our facts and our exposition." 
 
 ' ClmtMrnJ Rpfiew. October. l!K>3, p. .168. oiiinioiis tended to snpport those of Professor Ridgeway, 
 
 '^ I think it right to state that wherever my results and they were on my part arrived at quite independently 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 uc 
 
 Still, since the first volume was published, the final and official publication of Troja 
 and Illon has been issued by Dr. Doi-pfeld and his collaborators. Furthermore, the 
 work done and the wonderful results attiiined by Dr. A. .1. Evans and his colleagues in 
 Cnossos of Crete, as well as that of Professor Halbherr and his colleagues at Phaestos, 
 though the excavations are not completed, have led to preliminary publications in which 
 final conclusions have in some instances been drawn which bear directly upon essential 
 points of our discoveries at the Argive Heraeum. As the conclusions thus arrived at by 
 the excavators of Cnossos seem to militate against mv main contention with reuard to the 
 Argive Heraeum, I feel that I must in a few words touch upon this question, even at the 
 risk of being premature. 
 
 I claimed preeminent importance for the Argive Heraeum, because, as compared with 
 sites like Troy and other early '* classical sites " including Crete, it was one about which 
 there could be no doubt in regard to its intrinsic association from the earliest times with 
 what is to us Hellenic life ; while, on the other hand, in contradistinction to Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, which only present definite periods in the development of Hellenism, the Argive 
 Heraeum was continuously, in all ages about which we know anything, an important 
 centre of that life. I maintained, and 1 still maintain, that our excavations have yielded 
 material giving undeniable proof that this site was occupied in what is commonly called 
 the Neolithic period. By an oversight the first volume contained no illustrations of 
 stone implements found in our excavations. I wish here to supplement this deficiency 
 by inserting specimens of such Neolithic articles of use. 
 
 Stonk Implemjixts from the Argive Heraeum. 
 
 From the Neolithic age onward there is abundant evidence of a continuous occupation 
 of that site, be it as a citadel or as a temple, down to Roman times. I wish here to 
 emphasize more strongly than I have done in the first volume that the earliest walls and 
 dwellings, together with the stone implements, confirm the tradition which I maintained ' 
 
 from him. Any suggestion I received from him has been some of our material l>efore publication. We are nei- 
 
 duly acknowle<lged ; just as he has acknowledged, botli in ther of us responsible for the other's views and conclu- 
 
 bis article in the Hellenic Journal in 1896, as well as in sions. 
 
 bia book, the cases in which 1 enabled him to consider ^ Classical Rtoiew, December, 19U0, pp. 473 if. 
 
 fl! 
 
 I \% 
 
 
X PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 is given in Bacchylides (xi. 43-S4), that the site of the Temple of Hera was also that 
 of the Pre-Proetean citadel of Argos. On every side there is thus evidence of a Pre- 
 Mycenaean civilization at the Heraeum ; and in tradition, monuments, and minor works 
 we have there an illustration of the systematic origin and organic growth and develop- 
 ment of the Mycenaean civiUzation and the periods following it. No doubt there is evi- 
 dence (which moreover we should a priori expect) of waves of foreign influence. But 
 the main current of civilization leadmg up to the Mycenaean age, through it and beyond 
 it, is central and continuous on the site of the Argive Heraeum. As far as our evidence 
 goes, there is no reason for assuming that the Mycenaean civilization came to the Argolid 
 from without, and that it was not continuously developed in tliat centre of ancient life. 
 
 Now, the conclusions which Dr. Evans has drawn from his Cnossiau discoveries tend 
 to make Crete the earliest focus of Mycenaean civilization from wliich it radiated to other 
 parts of the world, including Greece Proper. Mr. Mackenzie, moreover, in a very ingen- 
 ious and able article ' has endeavored to prove this definitely by the evidence of the vases 
 found at Cnossos. He maintains that the evolution of the Mycenaean ceramic style 
 out of the Kamares Avare, which again is evolved from Cretan Neolithic ware, is to be 
 found in Crete. He further maintains that from Crete it found its way into the Argolid 
 and the other parts of the ancient world. In short, it is maintained that Crete is *' the 
 cradle of the Mycenaean, and hence of Hellenic, civilization." 
 
 This seems to me improbable. Moreover, if it were true, my own conclusions with 
 regard to the position of the Argive Heraeum woidd be unfounded. In spite of the 
 prematureness of any attempt to arrive at a final decision on the nature of the Cnossian 
 excavations while they are not yet completed, and before the objects there found have 
 been subjected to a thorough examination in their completeness, I wish, in view of the 
 pai-tial publication of such conclusions on the part of the excavators, to enumerate briefly 
 my doubts, and to commend them to the consideration of the Cretan explorers. 
 
 On the one hand, I do not doubt of the ample evidence as to the early settlement of 
 the Cnossian and other Cretan sites in the Neolithic period, and I view favorably Dr. 
 Evans's suggestion of a chronology reaching back much farther than we have hitherto 
 been wont to conceive, namely, well into the third and even the fourth millennia B. c. 
 As Dr. Diirpfeld has admitted, the earliest layei-s of Hissarlik distinctly point to such 
 remote ages ; and I have always expressed my belief that we should have to go much 
 farther back when looking for the beginnings of early Greek civilization. 
 
 But, on the other hand, we are informed that the objects on the Cnossian site end 
 with the Mycenaean period, that there are no objects belonging to a later date found 
 there, and that therefore the life they reflect antedates that of the sites in Greece Proper, 
 and that the Mycenaean civilization found in the latter is derived from Crete. 
 
 It is now some years ago^ since I expressed the view that it is a mistake to believe 
 that the Mycenaean and Geometric forms of art production ceased in all parts of Greece 
 at the same time, and were superseded in the same period by the archaic forms of 
 
 1 /. H. S. XXIII. 1903, pp. 157 ff. > At a public uieetiog of the Americau School of Atheni in 1893. 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 XI 
 
 distinctly " Hellenic " character. It then appeared to me that, especially in ceramic art, 
 the familiar polychrome, black-figured and red-figured vases never became the indigenous 
 manufacture of certain portions of the ancient world ; but that the Mycenaean and the 
 Geometric forms of ornamentation as well as the so-called " Proto-Corinthian " (our later 
 Argive-Linear) maintained themselves long into the historic period. Of this survival, this 
 persistency of earlier styles, Crete seems to me a most probable instance. Though the 
 Cnossian city reach far back into the remotest antiquity, and nothing later than Mycenaean 
 ware has as yet been found there, we must at least await the completion of those excava- 
 tions and those of other Cretan sites before we exclude the possibility, nay, the probability, 
 that the latest of the " Mycenaean " remains at Cnossos reach far down to the gates of 
 the historic Greek periods when elsewhere in the Hellenic world other Hellenic forms 
 had been developed. The grounds for my doubt in the face of the mass of evidence 
 which is even now adduced by the Cnossian excavators are based upon the intrinsic cliar- 
 acter of this evidence itself. 
 
 To begin with the more general point of view (though I cannot enter upon a minute 
 critical estimate of the ethnological " evidence "), the confused tangle of ancient tradition 
 concerning the early inhabitants of ancient Crete,— the Eteocretans, Pelasgians, Achaeans, 
 Dorians, the Carians, Leleges, and their relation to the Lycians, — does not point to a 
 unity of organization and civilization which could have produced the Mycenaean style 
 foreshadowing the typically Hellenic art. 
 
 Moreover, I cannot feel that the literary traditions concerning the Minoan Cycle in any 
 way warrant us in assigning a central position to it in the formation of Hellenic tradi- 
 tion. In its relation to the established and predominant body of earliest tradition it pai*- 
 takes of what I should like to call an " episodical " character. We can conceive of the 
 organism of Hellenic myth and herocilogy retaining its organic character if this cycle 
 were expunged. An intimate connection with Greece Proper, so as to suggest an essen- 
 tial influence in the form of civilization, is not manifest, certainly not as regards the 
 Argolid. The only real point of union in this sphere is with Attica in the Thesean story ; 
 and here it is of a passing nature, indicating a war which implied no conquest or lasting 
 occupation of the country. On the contrary, the balance of evidence in the tradition of 
 Daidalos points, as regards art and style, rather to an influence from the mainland (in 
 this case Attica) upon Crete, than from Crete on Greece Proper. This is quite different 
 from the wave of influence which we can clearly trace in sculpture in the Daedalids, the 
 so-called Ionian period, when we are at the very gates of the Historic period.^ In fact, 
 I cannot help feeling that the Minoan and Thesean tradition is comparatively late, as the 
 complex elaboration of the tradition concerning the life and deeds of Theseus and his 
 worship bears traces of contaminatioj- and points to a late date compared with the body 
 of Greek myths and heroiUogy. 
 
 There was one period when the influence of Crete upon the mainland of Greece was 
 
 III 
 
 H' 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 Ik I 
 
 ' See my article on ' D^dale et 1' Artemis de Ddlos/ 
 R«v. Arckioloffiqiu, December, 1881, pp. 32111. 
 
 3 Cf. Essays on the Art of Pheidias, pp. 254 ff. 
 
 I 
 
xii 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 paramount, when accordingly the hfe in Crete, especially at Cnossos, must have been 
 most thriving and have manifested itself in active art-production. This is the period 
 which in the history of sculpture we call the Ionian period : when the craft of making 
 temple-statues, the profession of the ayaX/tiaTOTroid? was really established and introduced 
 from these centres into Greece Proper. According to the hterary traditions the chief 
 centres whence this ai-t sprung were Crete, Chios, and Samos. The activity of these 
 schools of sculptors, immediately derived from Daidalos (in my opinion the h'uftorical 
 Daidalos), and the most effective transmitters of this skill, were the Cretan Daidalidae, 
 Dipoinos and Skyllis. These we can trace in their journeys through the Greek continent 
 enoraftino- their craft at Sicyon, through the Peloponnesus, and as far north as the 
 Aetolian Ambracia. Is it not startlmg to find that of this period, corresponding to the 
 orientalizing wave in ceramic art in Greece, concerning which we have undoubted evi- 
 dence as to the predominant position of Crete, not a single trace should have been found, 
 especially in such centres as Cnossos ? Is this conceivable ? Are we not justified in ask- 
 ing for some reasonable explanation of such a singular phenomenon ? And may I not 
 suggest that, however early smne of the Cnossian remains and the earliest building 
 may be, some parts of the paLice, especially its plastic decoration in stucco as well as some 
 of the wall-painting, belong to this later historical period ? We need not expect to find 
 " archaic Greek " objects there, unless they were imported ; but the native orientalizing 
 style, which presents a contuiuous survival of the Cretan-Mycenaean art down to these 
 later historical times, we can expect.^ 
 
 But let us turn to the more specifically archaeological evidence. 
 
 (1) The architecture of Cnossos in its " Minoan " periods appears to me to be of a 
 distinctly later date than the Cyclopean structures of Tiryns and of those parts of the 
 Heraeum of the " Tiiynthian " period — a fortiori the earher walls of more primitive 
 settlements. If the Cnossian walls correspond most closely to the sixth hyer of Hissarlik- 
 Troy, it stands to reason that the earliest Heraeum walls, which correspond to the first, 
 second, and third layers of Hissarlik, are distinctly earlier. The walls of the Heraeum 
 present a continuous development from these primitive beginnings through all ages to 
 the later Roman period, and thus admit of no break or hiatus.* 
 
 » Since I wrote the above, my attention has been drawn fact ? The date of the " later Greek alphabet " we do 
 
 to a passage which I overlooked in Mr. Evans's Report 
 on the Excavations of the Palace of Knossos in the Annual 
 of the British School at Athens, vii. (1900-1901), p. 118 S. 
 In it is an account of the find of " bone ' fish ' " upon 
 which were incised signs. " Out of twenty-one varieties, 
 ten are practically identical, both in shape and position, 
 with later Greek alphabetic forms, while four more are 
 the same, though in a different position. Thus we have 
 A, A, H, /V, I, n, P, Y, + and a form approaching the 
 digamma, etc. . . . Yet the Mycenaean date of these 
 bone pieces is as well ascertained as anything found 
 within the walls of the Palace." I must ask : What is 
 the " Mvcenaean date " here referred to as an established 
 
 know. Do not these later Greek objects apeak rather 
 in favor of my view, that the Mycenaean style survived 
 in the Palace of Cnossos down to historical Greek times ? 
 ' Quite recently Professor Noack {Homeritche Paliiste, 
 1903) has pointed out that there is a " contrast " («n 
 Gegensatz) between the elevation and ground-plan of the 
 " Greek " (Troy, Tiryns, Mycenae, and Ame) and the 
 Cretan palaces. It seems strange to me that be should 
 nevertheless consider the Greek palaces to have been in- 
 fluenced by the Cretan form, especially when he (pp. 
 27 fT.) refers the principle of the breitttimige Front which 
 distinguishes Cretan from " Greek " palaces to the East, 
 Syria and Egypt, for its origin. This " oriental " elt- 
 
 K 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 xiu 
 
 (2) Though the Terra-Cotta figurines from Cnossos have not yet been published sys- 
 tematically, occasional publications have given enough to show that they do not present 
 that full and organic development which Mr. Chase and I have endeavored to demon- 
 strate in this publication. None of the specimens from Crete which I have since seen 
 represent the earliest beginnings as illustrated by our first and second class ; nor do they 
 show the continuity of development of our Tirynthian-Argive class out of its primitive 
 beginnings. The causes for regret at the delay in our pubhcation are exemplified by the 
 fact that in the excellent publication of ancient Terra-Cottas just issued by Dr. Winter ^ 
 he should have had to rely for the choice of his terra-cottas from the Heraeum upon my 
 preliminary publication of our first year's work pubhshed in 1892, and that he has thus 
 been unable to use for his general exposition the richest find of such objects, represent- 
 ing the most varied classes and presenting instances of such continuous development. 
 In view of what I had put in the first volume "^ on the nature of the typically Mycenaean 
 terra-cottas and their " ceramic " style, he could hardly have given to them a position 
 earher than our Tirynthian-Argive, still less tlian our primitive class.' 
 
 (3) As regards the pottery from Cnossos, we are already in possession of much fuller 
 publication ; and quite recently Mr. Duncan Mackenzie * in a very thoughtful and able 
 article has made an attempt to give a systematic account of the evolution of Cretan 
 pottery. The discovery of Mr. J. L. Myres established the fact that the pottery to which 
 he gave the name Kamares ware is peculiar to, and characteristic of, Crete. Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie has in a conclusive manner shown how the earliest form of this Kamares ware is 
 immediately developed out of the primitive Neohthic pottery with incised patterns. Upon 
 this follows a class of " early Minoan " ware which, according to him, is the precursor of 
 the Mycenaean ware, out of which, in fact, he maintains the Mycenaean style grew. But 
 this Minoan class presents two different, if not antagonistic, groups : the one monochrome, 
 the other polychrome in its decoration. On his own showing (p. 171) the polychrome 
 was the more favorite style of the two. Now he maintains that these two groups contend 
 with one another, as it were, mingle their influence, the monochrome ultimately winning 
 the day, and that the final result is the establishment of the Mycenaean style. 
 
 It is on this most important point with regard to the evolution of the Mycenaean style 
 that Mr. Mackenzie's arguments have failed to convince me. For the whole nature of 
 this polychrome style in the Kamares as well as in the Cretan-Mycenaean ware is to my 
 
 ment (contrasted with the " Greek " element) in the 
 Mycenaean style of Crete would correspond exactly to 
 what I maintain below characterizes the Cretan pottery 
 of the Mycenaean age. 
 
 • Die Antiken Terrak'otten, etc., by R. Kekule von 
 Stradonitz, vol. III. 1903. 
 
 * Vol. I. p. 46. 
 
 ' When Dr. Winter, /. c. (p. zzx.), says of these earliest 
 classes : Die Entstehungszeit auch der primitiv gehildeten 
 StUcte diirfie tattm sehr toeit iiber das achte Jahrhundert 
 zurUckreicken, it is enough to point to the tray, examined 
 
 by Mr. Chase, containing the objects from a tholos tomb 
 at Mycenae in which a Heraeum terra-cotta of our second 
 (Argfive-Tirynthian) class was found, to prove that even 
 our second class can at least not be later than the Myce- 
 naean period. Cf. p. 10^. 
 
 * J. Hellen. Stud. XXIII. (1903) pp. 157 ff. Other 
 articles dealing with Cnossian pottery have appeared by 
 Mr. D. G. Hogarth, British School Annual, VI. 1899- 
 1900, p. 74 ; by Dr. A. J. Evans, B. S. A. VII. 1900- 
 1901 ; by the same writer, B. S. A. VIII. 1901-1902, pp. 
 88 ff. 
 
 
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XIV 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 XV 
 
 mind a most characteristic differentiation of Cretan pottery ; one, moreover, which also 
 differentiates it from the essential characteristics of the Mycenaean style as presented to us 
 in the representative vases from the mainland of Greece and other sites. The very first 
 specimens of Mycenaean vases found in Crete which were shown to me some time ago 
 gave me the impression that they had local characteristics mixed up with the Mycenaean 
 style which distinguished them from the general run of Mycenaean ware, and which I con- 
 sider foreign to the main feature of Mycenaean ware, in some sense antagonistic to it. For 
 want of a better word I should describe this differential characteristic as " orientalizing." 
 I mean by that term those featui-es of decoration which are found in a much later age, 
 namely, the " orientalizing " period as illustrated in the Corinthian vases preceding the 
 development of the archaic black-figured vases which are more purely Greek in style. 
 The distinctive decorative features of this " orientalizing " style are a tendency towards 
 the polychrome or piebald in color and towards a redundancy of ornaments in design. 
 Plate XII. vol. XXII. of the Journal of Hellenic Studies will illustrate my meaning. The 
 bronze age vase (No. 1 in the middle) from Zakro is in shape and general ornamen- 
 tation distinctly Mycenaean. But the manner in which the partly naturalistic and other 
 ornaments have been scattered about the whole body and neck of the vase (with a redun- 
 dancy which has led German archaeologists to talk of such as *^ Fiillornamente'') is 
 foreign to the essential characteristics of the pure Mycenaean vase and style. Yet we 
 must not be astonished to find this characteristic in a Mycenaean vase from Crete when it 
 is manifestly already the leading characteristic of the " early Minoan " style, the precursor 
 of the Mycenaean period, in that island. The primitive Cretan painted vases published 
 by Messrs. Hogarth and Welsh in 1901 ' with the polychrome and characteristic Kamares 
 vases given on Plates VI. and VII. will illustrate this more fully ; while the polychrome 
 cups Nos. 1 and 2 on Plate VI. of Mr. Mackenzie's article will most strikingly illustrate 
 the principle of the " Fiillornamente " at the early stage of Cretan ware preceding the 
 Mycenaean period. Thus, through a careful and sober study of the style in the Cretan 
 remains themselves, without the intrusion of any further theory, I cannot feel on the one 
 hand that this polychrome style could ever lead to the Mycenaean style, and, on the other 
 hand, that the distinctive characteristics which it embodies could ever be entirely expunged 
 from the ware manufactured in Crete at any period of its production. It is to be found 
 in the Mycenaean ware of distinctly Cretan origin, and, in some form or other, the devel- 
 oped Kamares ware manifests a similar character. It is a significant and interesting fact 
 that the place where these characteristics of Cretan style manifest themselves in a strong 
 survival most clearly in a far later period is Naucratis, where we find the main features 
 of the Kamares ware in the ornamentation of the interior of the characteristic Naucratite 
 pottery. 
 
 With the evidence furnished up to this moment before us, it seems to me more probable 
 that the active influence which won the day in Crete for the monochrome decoration 
 contending with the polychrome style was the introduction of pure Mycenaean patterns 
 
 » /. H. S. 1901, pp. 78 ff. 
 
 which probably came into Crete from elsewhere, and which were never assimilated in their 
 complete purity of character. This course in the history of ceramic decoration seems to 
 me more probable than that the elements of the Mycenaean style were engrafted from 
 Crete upon the ware of those centres, notably the Argolid, where the Mycenaean style has 
 hitherto been supposed to have had its native home. As far as the Heraeum is concerned, 
 there appears to me to be no room for Mr. Mackenzie's hypothesis. For we have there, 
 as I have endeavored to trace it,' a continuous and organic development from the incised 
 and early painted ornamentation of the Neohthic ware, through the dull-colored linear 
 ornament with free-hand drawing of the early Mycenaean ware, to the fully developed 
 forms of that style ; and it appears to me that, out of the principle of free-hand drawing 
 with spirals and curved lines and waved patterns in the dull-colored vases, the natural- 
 istic ornament of the jieriod of advanced ceramic art in the Mycenaean age naturally 
 follows. There is no room in the chain of development for the intrusion of the peculiar 
 early Minoan vase. 
 
 One important point Mr. Mackenzie has succeeded in making highly probable, namely, 
 that the use of glaze-color in vase decoration, which is to be found at the very earliest 
 {)eri()d in Crete, may have originated there, and may have spread thence to other parts 
 of the Mycenaean area. This is most probable in view of the large numbers of such 
 specimens found in Crete ; though all sites of the ancient world have not yet been exca- 
 vated. But the introduction of such a technical innovation is readily made from one part 
 of the world into another ; not so the introduction of a characteristic style. The isolated 
 specimens of distinctively Cretan Mycenaean ware which have been found in other parts of 
 the Mycenaean world do not justify the conclusion of such a predominant influence on the 
 part of the Cretan style, when we consider the paucity of these isolated specimens in 
 their proportion to the pure Mycenaean ware found in the Argolid and elsewhere. We 
 must wait for a careful differentiation between the peculiar Mycenaean ware found in Crete 
 and the ware which is purely Mycenaean and corresponds to the predominant class of 
 Mycenaean vases found in the ArgoUd, and, comparing their relative numbers, we must 
 then ask whether there is not actual evidence which makes it probable that a great 
 quantity of Mycenaean ware may have been imported into Crete from the Argolid. I may 
 finally add that the evidence from Troy confirms me in this supposition ; for we there 
 find a pronounced and distinctive form of primitive ware with its characteristic material, 
 shai)e, and ornaments ; while the advent of the Mycenaean style in the sixth layer is 
 foreshadowed in the adoption of spiral ornaments in the previous layer, which, though 
 incised in the predominant system of Trojan vases, manifests a decorative feeling intro- 
 duced and adopted from elsewhere. Dr. Diirpfeld says of these ornaments : ^ " Ebenso 
 neu, aber nicht eigentlich troisch, sind die eingetieften Spiralen, welche in der Zeit der 
 dritten Periode aufkommen." These designs correspond to the usual ornaments as we 
 find them on the earliest dull-colored vases in the beginning of the Mycenaean period. 
 
 These remarks on the Cretan question in its relation to our discoveries may, as I have 
 
 > Vol. I. pp. 53 «. » Troifa und Ilion, 1902, p. 279. 
 
 
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XVI 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 said before, be premature, and I am quite ready to retract the statements here made when 
 fuller evidence warrants such a change. But as it was not proper to ignore the brilliant 
 results and the excellent work of the Cretan excavators while presenting this volume to 
 the public, it was not possible to consider them without giving such a critical estimate 
 of the bearings of their work upon ours. 
 
 In the preface to the first volume I announced that " the principle which T followed in 
 this publication was to allow each member intrusted with a department as much inde- 
 pendence as possible ; " and that " I have not stood in the way of expression of well- 
 founded individual opinion for which each collaborator deserves the credit and retains the 
 responsibility." This clearly applies to Dr. Hoppin's conscientious pubhcation of the 
 Vases. It will be seen from his own statement that there is a point on which we difiPer, 
 namely, the question of the Argive-Iinear ware. But upon examination it will be found 
 that the difference is but slight and not of essential importance. Dr. Hoppin accepts what 
 is, after all, the most important point, which I raised some years ago, and which to my 
 knowledge had not been put before, namely, that the linear ornament (we might call it 
 the geometric system of ornamentation — not to be confused with the later geometric 
 period of Greek ceramics) preceded the naturalistic ornamentation of the Mycenaean vases. 
 As far as I can ascertain, the more recent excavations in Crete and Melos and other 
 ancient sites have strongly supported the view I urged in 1892. I have not yet come 
 across any specimen of early dull-colored Mycenaean vases, nor of Neolithic vases from 
 classical sites, which can be held to contain ornamentation that is not purely linear in 
 character. Moreover, Dr. Hoppin admits that in the more advanced and wheel-turned 
 vases of the Mycenaean period an important part of the ornamentation always remains 
 linear ; while in many of the small vases which he attributes to the Mycenaean period this 
 linear system alone appears. Furthermore, in some small vases which he attributes to the 
 Geometric period, the same principle applies ; while, of course, in the succeeding period his 
 own Argive-Linear, there is nothing but linear ornamentation. He can thus not deny 
 my contention that in the early vases from the Heraeum the linear principle of ornamenta- 
 tion was never absent, from its beginnings in the incised Neolithic ware to the end of the 
 Prehistoric period. Our difference of view thus narrows itself down to what is almost a 
 difference of words. In view of the continuous presence of a ceitain system of ornament, 
 its predominance at the earliest period, as well as at the latest, I have maintained that there 
 was thus in the vase decoration a continuous Argive-Linear system at the Heraeum, the 
 pedigree of which goes back to the Neolithic period, and the flourishing day of which is 
 to be found in the later Argive-Linear period, formerly called Proto-Corinthian. Dr. 
 Hoppin believes that my later Argive-Linear ware marks the degeneration of the Mycenaean 
 system, and he proposes to restrict the term Argive-Linear to that later development. I 
 am quite willing and quite ready to gi-ant the main point of Dr. Hoppin's observation, 
 namely, that the linear principle could not have asserted itself so strongly in the later 
 period if the naturalistic element, predominant in the Mycenaean period, had not lost its 
 vitality. But in view of the fact that in none of the previous periods had the linear 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 xvu 
 
 principle of decoration been eliminated, it cannot be correct to imply that there is any 
 new departure in its more exclusive assertion when the Mycenaean style lost its vitality. 
 Nor can it be correct to maintain that in this later period it originated out of the decline 
 of the Mycenaean system immediately preceding it, when it was the predominant principle 
 in the period preceding the Mycenaean, out of which this grew. 
 
 The conscientious work that Mr. DeCou has bestowed upon the publication of the 
 Bronzes will be manifest to all readers. But they cannot realize the infinite care and 
 persevering labor which, before he wrote, he bestowed for several years upon the cleaning 
 and sorting of the confused mass of shapeless material with which he had to deal. He 
 has chosen to avoid drawing any wider conclusions from his facts, — a course which is 
 thoroughly justifiable and has much in its favor. But we should have also been grate- 
 ful to him if he had given us the fruits of his experience in further historic and archaeo- 
 logical appreciation of his material, seeing that there is hardly any archaeologist alive 
 who has had more experience in dealing with ancient bronzes than he. 
 
 Professor R. Norton's work is of high interest. If he is right in his classification, 
 there are two distinct classes of engraved stones preceding the distinctly Mycenaean 
 stones. This would furnish very strong evidence of artistic activity on our site before 
 the developed Mycenaean period. Moreover, the numerical preponderance of the " new 
 type Argive " stones over the Mycenaean stones is significant. I would suggest as an 
 explanation of the comjmrative paucity of Mycenaean stones on this site, that this class 
 of gem was not commonly used as a votive offering. They are thus generally found in 
 graves, and were used in life as ornaments or amulets. At the same time, the presence 
 of comparatively large numbei-s of stones on the Heraeum site antedating the Mycenaean 
 period might be a confirmation of our view that in these earlier times the site was a 
 citadel and not merely a sanctuary, as it became in the later period. 
 
 Mr. Lythgoe's publictition of the Egyptian objects confirms the views he previously 
 expressed, and which are embodied in the General Introduction in the first volume.* 
 
 CHARLES WALDSTEIN. 
 KiMo's College, Camhbiooe, Ftbruaury 2JS, 1904. 
 
 * Since this has been in type, and nearly two years 
 after Volume I. of this publication appeared, a review 
 is published in the Berliner Philologuche Wochemchrift 
 (June 25, 1904, pp. 811 ff.) by Professor Furtw^ngier 
 which is a caricature of all that a fair review ought to be. 
 This I answered in No. 39, September 24, of the same 
 journal. To all who are acquainted with the nature of 
 the controversies carried on at present between us his 
 action will be intelligible. In this long review he passes 
 over the most important question of the Polycleitan char- 
 acter of the Heraeum sculptures — the main subject of 
 controversy between us — with a few lines. Readers of 
 Volume I. (pp. 184 ff., and elsewhere) will remember 
 bow fully I dealt with the question of the Polycleitan 
 ebaravter of the sculptures, and how I controverted in 
 detail Professor Furtwilngler's dogmatic statement that 
 **aU these sculptures have tiot the least relation to Polycleitus 
 
 and his school. . . . The head of Hera and most of the 
 sculptures from the Heraeum known to me are certainly 
 Attic." While denying all my views in his review, be 
 inserts the phrase that two of the metope heads " may be 
 admitted to have something of Polycleitan style." What 
 does this retreat from his former position mean ? That 
 two heads of this chief Argive temple, in which Polyclei- 
 tus, the leader of the Argive school of sculpture, made 
 his famous statue, are admitted by him to be Polycleitan 
 iu character. If any of the metopes show Polycleitan 
 style, the leading art of the place was present in the 
 sculptured decorations. As a matter of fact, with minor 
 differences among each other (such as the Parthenon 
 marbles and all other temple-sculptures show), all these 
 Argive sculptures from this temple are of the same style. 
 
 C. W. 
 January 30, 1905. 
 
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1* 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 BY CHAKLES WALDSTEIN AND GEORGE HENRY CHASE 
 
 PAOB 
 
 IXTROnUCTIOX 3 
 
 I. Primitivk Akuivk 16 
 
 II. TiRYN'THIAN ARiilVK 17 
 
 Group 1 : Slightly Develojied Plastic Ornamentation 17 
 
 Group 2 : Considembly Develojietl Plastic Ornamentation 18 
 
 Group 3 : Elaborate Plastic Ornamentation 19 
 
 III. My« EXAEAX 22 
 
 IV. Gkometric 23 
 
 V. AuvANCKD Aroive 24 
 
 VI. FniuRKs UNDER Oriental Influence 28 
 
 VII. Early Archaic 29 
 
 Group A : Hand-made Figures 29 
 
 Group B: Mould-made Figures 31 
 
 VIII. AuvANCEu Archaic 38 
 
 IX. Free Style ^9 
 
 X. Animals 39 
 
 XI. Various Objects ^2 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 BY CHARLES WALUSTEIN AND JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN 
 
 Introduction. . '^7 
 
 Reliefs Nos. 1-10 49 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 BY JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN 
 
 Preface '*7 
 
 Abbreviations Employed ^9 
 
 Introduction ®" 
 
 Chapter I. Primitive Vases ^ 
 
 Chapter II. The Mycenaean Style 71 
 
 Vases with Dull Decoration 72 
 
 Fragments '" 
 
 Vases •'* 
 
 Vases with Lustrous Decoration 74 
 
 Class I., Not represented ' "* 
 
 Class II., Division 1 78 
 
 Class II., Division 2 79 
 
 Class III., Diy-ision 1 ^^ 
 
 Class III., Division 2 82 
 
 Flower Buds ^^ 
 
 Circles, Diamonds • 84 
 
 Spiral Forms and their Development 84 
 
 Ik' 
 
 
XX CONTENTS 
 
 Flower Patterns 85 
 
 Flower Branches 85 
 
 Murex, or Purple Fish Patterns 85 
 
 Linear and Textile Patterns 80 
 
 Class IV 89 
 
 Birds, Animals, and Human Figures go 
 
 The Bee-Hive Tombs near the Hekaeum 91 
 
 Jugs with Handle 92 
 
 Amphoras 93 
 
 Three-handled Vases 94 
 
 Teapot-shaped Jugs 94 
 
 Pseud-amphora 95 
 
 Kylixes 95 
 
 Cups 95 
 
 MlSCEIiLANROUH VaSES 95 
 
 Saucers 9Q 
 
 Bowb ^ 
 
 Jugs 99 
 
 I. Without Decoration 99 
 
 One-handled Jugs 99 
 
 Three-handled Jugs JOO 
 
 II. With Decoration \QQ 
 
 Two-handled Vase joi 
 
 Chaiter III. The Geometric Style loi 
 
 Class I. Transitional Stage 104 
 
 Class II. Purely Greometrical Types KHi 
 
 Class III. The Introduction of Human and Animal Motives 107 
 
 A. Birds lOjj 
 
 B. Horses I09 
 
 C. Men Ill 
 
 D. Women II4 
 
 E. Miscellaneous 115 
 
 Other Miscellaneous Types 115 
 
 Chapter IV. The Aroive Style 119 
 
 Class I. Early Aroive 124 
 
 Lekythoi 124 
 
 Kalathoi 124 
 
 Saucers 125 
 
 Class II. Linear Aroive 126 
 
 Lekythoi 126 
 
 Oinochoai 12g 
 
 Skyphoi 132 
 
 Pyxides 136 
 
 Covers 139 
 
 Knobs 140 
 
 Plates 141 
 
 Miscellaneous Forms . 143 
 
 Kothons 143 
 
 Ring-form Aryballos 143 
 
 J«g8 143 
 
 Openwork Vases 144 
 
 Class III. Oriental Aroive 144 
 
 Lekythoi 14,rj 
 
 Oinochoai 14g 
 
 Skyphoi 151 
 
 Pyxides 153 
 
 Jugs 163 
 
 hi 
 
 CONTENTS xxi 
 
 P^t«» 154 
 
 Alabastra < ck 
 
 Aryballoi jgg 
 
 Note on the Use of Applied Color in Certain Styles 156 
 
 Mycenaean jcg 
 
 Dull Finish igg 
 
 Lustrous Finish, Class III 155 
 
 Geometric 157 
 
 Aroive igy 
 
 Polychrome Vases, or Decoration on a White Ground 158 
 
 Chapter V. Miscellaneous Types 159 
 
 Chapter VL The Corinthian Style I65 
 
 Old Corinthian Style 167 
 
 Skyphoi 167 
 
 Oinochoai igg 
 
 Pyxides 158 
 
 Covers 169 
 
 Sugar-bowl Form 179 
 
 TriiKxl Bowls 170 
 
 Alabastra 171 
 
 Amphora 171 
 
 Aryballoi 171 
 
 Askos 171 
 
 Kylikes 172 
 
 Plates 172 
 
 New Corinthian Style 172 
 
 FoREHiN Types 173 
 
 Early Attic 173 
 
 Cyrenean 173 
 
 Chapter VII. Black- and Red-Fkjure Styles 174 
 
 Black-Figure Style 176 
 
 Kylikes 176 
 
 Skyphoi I77 
 
 TriiKxl Bowl I77 
 
 Amphora 178 
 
 Lekythos 178 
 
 Plate 178 
 
 Polychrome Ware 178 
 
 KEi>-Fi(iURE Style 178 
 
 Severe Style 179 
 
 Later Style 179 
 
 Polychrome Ware 179 
 
 Chapter Vlll. Vases in Relief and Later Vases 180 
 
 Red Ware 180 
 
 Megarean Ware 182 
 
 Lamps 183 
 
 Glass 184 
 
 Byzantine 184 
 
 ,(, 
 
 : V 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 
 « 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES 
 
 BY THEODORE WOOLSEY HEERMANCE 
 
 Ik I 
 
 L Painted Inscriptions 
 II. Incisrd Inscriptions , 
 
 185 
 185 
 
xxii CONTENTS 
 
 THE BRONZES OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 BY H£KB£KT FLETCHER D£ COU 
 
 IXTRODUCTION 191 
 
 Catalo<jue IW 
 
 I. Fragments of Statues, Nos. 1,2 194 
 
 II. Statuettes axi> FRA<iMEN*Ts of Statukttks, Nos. 3-7 194 
 
 III. Animals (free and atta( hed), Nos, S-TjI 197 
 
 1. Hor»e8, Nos. 8-18 197 
 
 2. Deer, Nos. 19-21 200 
 
 3. Sheep, No. 22 Ml 
 
 4. Cattle, Nos. 23-28 201 
 
 5. Lions, Nos. 29, 720. 946. 2204 203, 2a'>, 249, 293 
 
 6. Rodent, No. 30 203 
 
 i , V roff. No. 31 ..•..•.«...•••••••••••••• *vW 
 
 8. Serpents Nos. 32-35 204 
 
 9. Birds, Nos. 36—51 204 
 
 IV. Orxamext axd Toilet, Nos. 52-1849 207 
 
 1. Pins, Nos. 52-948 207 
 
 A. Straight, Nos. 52-807 207 
 
 B. Safety. Nos. 808-946 240 
 
 C. Pseudo-safety, Nos. 947, 948 249 
 
 2. NeecUe, No. 949 250 
 
 3. Rings, Nos. 950-1546 250 
 
 A. Finger-rings, Nos. 950-970 b 250 
 
 B. Bracelets, Nos. 971-974 251 
 
 C. Decorative, Nos. 975-1524 251 
 
 D. Structural, Nos. 1525-ir4(> 263 
 
 E. Pieces of wire twisted into the form of rings, Nos. 1541-154r> 264 
 
 4. Beads, Nos. 1547-1552 264 
 
 5. Pendants, Nos. l.')53-15,")9 264 
 
 6. Mirrors and Mirror-handles, Nos. 1560-1589 u 264 
 
 7. Objects in Sheet Bronze, Nos. 1590-1846 266 
 
 A. Diadems, Nos. 1590-1599 266 
 
 B. Disks, Nos. 1600-1718 b 267 
 
 C. Binding strips. Nos. 1719-1747 i69 
 
 D. Ornamented bands, Nos. 1748-1751 270 
 
 E. Coatings, Nos. 1752-1796 270 
 
 F. Rims, Nos. 1797-1800 272 
 
 G. Plates, Nos. 1801-1827 272 
 
 H. Cut ornaments, Nos. 1828-1832 a 274 
 
 I. Figures, Nos. 18:»-1838 274 
 
 J. Uncertain objects, Nos. 1839-1846 274 
 
 8. Leaves, Nos. 1847, 1W8 274 
 
 9. Leather gear. No. 1*49 276 
 
 V. Ve-ssels, Nos. 1850-2251 275 
 
 1. Vases and Cauldrons. Nos. 1850-2217 275 
 
 A. Without shoulder. Nos. 1850-2019 275 
 
 B. With shoulder, Nos. 2020, 2021 286 
 
 C. With shouhler and neck. Nos. 2022-2047 286 
 
 D. HancUes, Nos. 2048-2207 288 
 
 E. Connecting rotls, Nos. 2208-2214 294 
 
 F. Ornaments, Nos. 2215-2217 294 
 
 2. Tripods and Standards. Nos. 2218-2234 294 
 
 A. Fragments of large trijMxls, Nos. 2218-2224 294 
 
 B. Low tripotl standards, Nos. 2225-2230 295 
 
 C. Feet of standards, Nos. 2231-2234 296 
 
 CONTENTS xxiii 
 
 3. MiscellsneouR Forms. Nos. 2235-2251 296 
 
 A. Containers, Nos. 2235-2244 ! ! . ! ! 296 
 
 B. Handles, Nos. 2245-2251 297 
 
 VI. Implements, Utensils, Structural Pieces and Materials, Nos. 2252-2841 .... 298 
 
 1. Parts of Vehicles, Nos. 2252-2255 298 
 
 A. Fragment of antyx. No. 2252 298 
 
 B. Small wheels, Nos. 2253-2255 298 
 
 2. Strigil, No. 2256 299 
 
 3. BeU, No. 2257 ..!!.!.! 299 
 
 4. Cymbals, Nos. 2258-2261 !..!.! 299 
 
 5. Key, No. 2262 ! 299 
 
 6. Knives, Nos. 2263-2272 299 
 
 7. Spits, Nos. 2273-2711 e 300 
 
 8. Spear-butt, No. 2712 ] .... 323 
 
 9. Pestle or Plektron, No. 2713 324 
 
 10. Hooks, Nos. 2714-2728 324 
 
 A. Free, Nos. 2714-2722 324 
 
 B. Attached, Nos. 2723-2728 324 
 
 11. Nails, Nos. 2729-2764 324 
 
 12. Button, No. 2765 327 
 
 13. Fasteners, Nos. 2766-2772 327 
 
 A. Wire, Nos. 2766-2769 327 
 
 B. Chain, Nos. 2770, 2771 327 
 
 C. Eyelet, No. 2722 328 
 
 14. Clamps, Nos. 2773-2776 328 
 
 15. Caps, Nos. 2777-2782 328 
 
 16. Centre-piece, No. 2783 328 
 
 17. Binding, No. 2784 328 
 
 18. Decorative Braces and Strips, Nos. 2785-2808 328 
 
 A. Straight applied braces, Nos. 2785-2787 328 
 
 B. Curved applied brace. No. 2788 329 
 
 C. Strips and rods, Nos. 2789-2808 329 
 
 19. Inserted Disks, Nos. 2809-2812 a 330 
 
 20. Other Decorative Attachments and Fragments, Nos. 2813-2816 330 
 
 21. Supports, Nos. 2817-2818 a 330 
 
 22. Rods, Nos. 2819-2821 330 
 
 23. Bare, Nos. 2822-2827 330 
 
 24. Ball, No. 2828 331 
 
 25. Castings, Nos. 2829-2841 331 
 
 A. Partially formed objects, Nos. 2829-2835 331 
 
 B. With accidental resemblances to various objects, Nos. 2836-2839 331 
 
 C. Formless, Nos. 2840, 2841 331 
 
 Appendix: Inscriptions on the Bronzes 332 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 BY RICHARD NORTON 
 
 The Stokks and Gems 343 
 
 Class I. Prehistoric or Primitive 345 
 
 Class IL New Type — ' Aroive ' 346 
 
 Class III. 'Geometric' 349 
 
 Class IV. Mycenaean 350 
 
 Class V. Nondescript " 350 
 
 The Ivories 351 
 
 Articles op Apparel or of Household Use 353 
 
 Human or Animal Figures 353 
 
 Miscellaneous Objects 353 
 
 : y 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 Ik' 
 
 I 
 
xxiv CONTENTS 
 
 COINS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 BY HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU 
 
 IxTRODucnox 357 
 
 Catalogue 357 
 
 A. Greece (Autonomous and Municipal) 357 
 
 Addenda to Coins of Argos 359 
 
 B. Rome (Empire) 361 
 
 C. Rome (Eastern Empire) • 362 
 
 D. Venice 363 
 
 E. Uncertain 363 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 BY ALBERT MORTON LYTHGOE 
 
 Introduction 367 
 
 Catalogue 370 
 
 Index 375 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Stone Implements j^ 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Primitive Argive Type 16 17 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Tiiynthian Argive Tyjw, Group 1 17 18 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Tirynthian Argive Tyi)e, Group 2 19 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Tirynthian Argive Type, Group 3 19-22 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Mycenaean Tyjies 22, 23 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Geometric Types 23 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Argive Types 24-27 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Under Oriental Influence 28, 29 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Early Archaic : Hand-made 29-31 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Early Archaic : Mould-made 31-38 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Arcliaic 38,39 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Free Style 39 
 
 Tkrra-Cotta Figurines. — Animals 40,41 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines, — Various Objects 42 44 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Primitive Vases 70, 71 
 
 Vases and Vase Fracjments. — Mycenaean Style : Dull Decoration 73, 74 
 
 Vases and Vase Frac^ments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class II. 1 ... . 79 
 
 Vases and Vase FRACiMENTs. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class II. 2 ... . 80 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style: Lustrous Decoration, Class III. 2 . . 83, 84, 87, 89 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class IV 90, 91 
 
 Vases and Vase Fra<}MENTS. — Mycenaean Style : Contents of Bee-Hive Tomb 92-95 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Miscellaneous Vases 96-101 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Amphora, etc 117, 118 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Early Argive 124, 125 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Linear Argive 126-143 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Oriental Argive 146, 147, 151, 155 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Miscellaneous Types 159, 161 
 
 V.\8ES AND Vase Fragments. — Old Corinthian Style 171, 172 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — New Corinthian Style 172 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Local Style 176 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Glass Vase 184 
 
 Vases and Vase Fragments. — Byzantine Ware 184 
 
 Inscriptions on Vases. — Painted Inscriptions 185 
 
 Inscriptions on Bronzes 332, 337, 338 
 
 £N(iRAVED Stones Argive Style 348, 349 
 
 Engraved Stones. — Geometric Style 349 
 
 Engraved Stone.s. — Mycenaean 350 
 
 Engraved Stones. — Nondescript 350 
 
 Ivories 351, 352, 354 
 
 Archaistic Scarab op Thothmes III. from Eleusis 369 
 
 Scarabeoid from Eleusis. Probably of Phoenician Origin 372 
 
 Porcelain Whorl 373 
 
 h 
 
 A 
 
 Ik' 
 
 :'i; 
 
PLATES 
 
 *«* T^e detcriptioni of tht Plate* begin at the pages indicated, but the Plates themselves are grouped and placed as follows: Plates 
 XLIL-XLV III, after page 44 ; Plate XLIX., after page a\; Plates L.-LXIX., after page 188; Plates LXX.-CXXXVIL, 
 after page ;J40 ; PlcUes CXXXVIII.-CXL., after page :i54 ; Plates CXLL, CXLIL, after page 3(M ; and Plates CXLUL 
 and CXLIV., after page 874. 
 
 •«• Plates I.-XLI. are in VUume L 
 
 Plats 
 XLII. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 XLIV. 
 XLV. 
 
 XLVI. 
 XLVII. 
 
 XLVIII. 
 
 XLIX. 
 
 L. 
 
 LI. 
 
 LII. 
 
 LIII. 
 
 LIV. 
 
 LV. 
 
 LVI. 
 
 LVII. 
 
 LVIII. 
 
 LIX. 
 
 LX. 
 
 LXI. 
 
 LXII. 
 
 LXIII. 
 
 LXIV. 
 
 LXV. 
 
 LXVL 
 
 LXVII. 
 
 LXVIIL 
 
 LXIX. 
 
 LXX. 
 
 LXXI. 
 
 LXXIL 
 
 LXXIIL 
 
 LXXIV. 
 
 LXXV. 
 
 LXXVI. 
 
 LXXVII. 
 
 LXXVIII. 
 
 LXXIX. 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 LXXXI. 
 
 Lxxxn. 
 
 Tekra-Cotta 
 Tkrra-Cotta 
 Terra-Cotta 
 Terra-Cotta 
 Terra-Cotta 
 Terra-Cotta 
 
 Heads 
 
 Page 
 Fioubixes. — Primitive and Tirynthian Argive Types : Standing Fig^es 1 6 
 
 Figurines. — Tirynthian Argive Type : Seated Figures 17 
 
 Figurines. — Advanced Argive Type 24 
 
 Figurines. — Advanced Argive Type : Heads 26 
 
 Figurines. — Early Archaic Type 33 
 
 Figurines. — Early Archaic, Advanced Archaic, and Free Style Types : 
 31,37 
 
 Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Animals 23, 29, 39 
 
 Terra-Cotta Reliefs 47 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Primitive Vases 69 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Dull Finish, and Lustrous Finish, Class II. 1 72 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Classes II. 2, and III. 1 79 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Class III. 2 83 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Class III. 2 85 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Classes III. 2, and TV. 87 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Linear Motives, Horses, Birds, etc 105 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Human and Animal Figures Ill 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Greometric Style : Dipylon and Aeginetan 116 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Argive Style 128,130,134,138,141,148,151,152 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Local Style 156, 159, 164 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Corinthian Style 167 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Early Attic, Cyrenean, Red-Figure, Black-Figure, and Megara 
 
 Ware, etc 173, 177, 183 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Vases in Relief 180 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Various Argive Types (in color) 91, 134, 145, 147 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Ai^ve Style : Class III. (in color) 135, 150, 153, 158 
 
 Vase Fragments Geometric, Argive, and Local Types {in coUr) . 163, 154, 157, 165 
 
 Vase Fra(jments. — Local Type (in color) 161 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Fragments of a Polychrome Kylix (in color) 179 
 
 Vase Fragments. — Inscriptions Incised on Vases 185 
 
 Bronzes. — Fragments of Statues, Statuettes 194 
 
 Bronzes. — Statuette ^^ 
 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 
 
 197 
 199 
 200 
 201 
 203 
 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines ^Oo, 20< 
 
 Bronzes. — Animal Figurines, Straight Pins 205, 206 
 
 Bronzes. — Straight Pins •" 
 
 Bronzes. — Straight Pins 
 
 Bronzes. — Straight Pins 
 
 Bronzes. — Straight Pins - 
 
 210 
 216 
 
 220 
 224 
 
 k 
 
xxviii PLATES 
 
 LXXXIII. Broxzes. — Straight Pins 229 
 
 LXXXIV. Bronzes. — Straight Fins, Safety Pins 235 
 
 LXXXV. Broxzks. — Safety Pins 240 
 
 LXXXVI. Bronzes. — Safety Pins 242 
 
 LXXXVII. Bronzes. — Safety Pins 244 
 
 LX XXVIII. Bronzes. — Safety Pins, etc. ; Needle, Finger-Rings 247 
 
 LXXXIX. Bronzes. — Finger-Rings and Bracelets 250 
 
 XC. Bronzes. — Decorative Rings 252 
 
 XCI. Bronzes. — Decorative and Structural Rings 259 
 
 XCII. Bronzes. — Structural Rings, etc. ; Beads, Pendants, Min-oi-s 263 
 
 XCIII. Bronzes. — Mirrors 265 
 
 XCIV. Bronzes. — Mirrors 265 
 
 XCV. Bronzes. — Mirrors 265 
 
 XCVI. Bronzes. — Mirrors 265 
 
 XCVII. Bronzes. — Mirror 266 
 
 XCVIII. Bronzes. — Mirrors 266 
 
 XCIX. Bronze-s. — Diadems, etc. ; Disk 266 
 
 C. Bronzes. — Disks 268 
 
 CI. Bronzes. — Disks, Binding-Strips 269 
 
 CII. Bronzes. — Binding-Strips, Ornamented Bands, Coatings 270 
 
 cm. Bronzes. — Coatings 271 
 
 CIV. Bronzes. — Coatings, Rims, Plate 271 
 
 CV. Bronzes. — Plate, Cut Ornaments 272 
 
 CVI. Bronzes. — Plate with Inscription. From Photograph 273 
 
 CVII. Bronzes. — Plate witli Inscription. From Drawing 273 
 
 CVIII. Bronzes. — Figures, etc. ; Leaves, Tliongs, Plates 274 
 
 CIX. Bronzes. — Plates, Platters 275 
 
 ex. Bronzes. — Plates with Inscriptions 277 
 
 CXI. Bronzes. — Plates, Platters 277 
 
 CXII. Bronzes. — Platters, Saucers 278 
 
 CXIII. Bronzes. — Saucers 279 
 
 CXIV. Bronzes. — Saucers 281 
 
 CXV. Bronzes. — Saucers, Bowls 283 
 
 CXVI. Bronzes. — Bowls 284 
 
 CXVII. Bronzes. — Bowls, Suspension Vase, etc. ; Pitcher, Jars 285 
 
 CXVIII. Bronzes. — Jars, Basin 286 
 
 CXIX. Bronzes. — Cauldron, Bosses. Horizontal Handles 287 
 
 CXX. Bronzes. — Horizontal Handles 288 
 
 CXXI. Bronzes. — Horizontal HantUes 289 
 
 CXXII. Bronzes. — Horizontal and Vertical Handles 292 
 
 CXXIII. Bronzes. — Vertical Handles, Various Ornaments, Fragments of Large Tripods . . 293 
 
 CXXIV. Bronzes. — Fragments of Large Tripods. Small Tripod-Standards 294 
 
 CXXV. Bronzes. — Feet of Standards, Miscellaneous Vessels 296 
 
 CXXVI. Bronzes. — Miscellaneous Vessels and Handles, Various Implements and Utensils . . 297 
 
 CXXVII. Bronzes. — Various Implements, Spits 299 
 
 CXXVIII. Bronzes. — Spits 302 
 
 CXXIX. Bronzes. — Spits 309 
 
 CXXX. Bronzes. — Spits 313 
 
 CXXXI. Bronzes. — Spits 316 
 
 CXXXII. Bronzes. — Spits 319 
 
 CXXXIII. Bronzes. — Spits, Various Implements and Utensik 321 
 
 CXXXIV. Bronzes. — Various Utensils and Constructive Pieces 326 
 
 CXXXV. Bronzes. — Constructive and Decorative Pieces 329 
 
 CXXXVI. Bronzes. — Castings 331 
 
 CXXXVIL Bronzes. — MisceUaneoua Addenda . . . 199, 211. 215, 217 n., 251, 263, 260, 268, 269 
 
 CXXXVIII. Engraved Stonts. — Classes I., II 345, 347 
 
 \t 
 
 PLATES xxix 
 
 CXXXIX. ExoRAVKn Stones. — Oasses IIL-V. — Ivories 349 351 
 
 CXL, Ivories. — Articles of Ai)iMirel or of Household Use, Human or Animal Figures, Miscel- 
 laneous _ QK9 
 
 CXLI. Coins. — Mainly Greek a57 
 
 CXLII. Coins. — Mainly Roman ogQ 
 
 CXLIII. Egyptian, or Graeco-Egyptian, Oriects 370 
 
 CXLIV. Egyptian Objects. — From the Heraeum and from Aegina 373 
 
 Ml 
 
 ' \ 
 
 M 
 
 ( 
 
THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 k 
 
THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 By CHARLES WALDSTEIN and GEORGE HENRY CHASE 
 
 The great bulk of the Terra-cotta Figurines found at the Heraeum belong to what 
 must be called pre-aichaic Greek tyi>es. When we consider the find as a whole, we dis- 
 cover the following significant facts : — 
 
 I. The number of terr.i-cottiis dating from the clearly historical periods of Greek 
 civilization, i. e. the eighth century B. c. and later times, is very small. Out of 2805 
 figuivs preserved by us, not counting the ordinary figures of animals and small objects, 
 which cann<it be accurately classified, there ai-e 2557 of pre-ai-chaic style to 308 of 
 archaic and later types.' 
 
 II. Among the term-cottas of the archaic and later periods, a strikingly small pro- 
 portion belong to the i)eriods of advanced archaism and technical freedom ; in fact, there 
 are only fifty-two si>ecimens of the former and two specimens of the latter. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the closest paralleHsm exists between the main conditions of 
 the find in terra-cottas and those of the vases, bronzes, and other objects ; namely, the 
 absolute prejMinderance of " pi-ehistoric " material, the absence of works of the later Greek 
 jKjriods, and the fact that in the Liyers which we excavated, hardly any object is syn- 
 chronous with the erection of the Second Temple or of a later period.' 
 
 The bulk of the find in terra-cottiis was made in the black Liyer about and beh)W the 
 foundation walls <»f the Second Temple, as well as in the deposits on the southeast and 
 southwest sloi)es of the Second Temple terrace.'^ But this general statement must be 
 quiilified by the following significant facts : — 
 
 1. We can assert as practically estiiblished the fact that no terra-cotUi figurines were 
 found beneath the surface of the upper or Old Temple platform. 
 
 2. Nearly all the specimens of the archaic and subse(pient periods were found on the 
 Muithern sh>i>e and the southeast corner and slojie of the Secc)nd Temple (not in the 
 bhick layer about the foundati<»ns of the Second Temple). 
 
 3. No prehistoric Gi-eek si>ecimens wei-e found within the large West Stoa (one speci- 
 men of a drajwd female figui-e, belonging to the archaic jieriod, was found here), and 
 none at all on the site of the Roman Building. 
 
 The fact that no terra-cottiis wei-e found on the site of the Old Temple, as it j^re- 
 sented itself to us for excamtion, may lead us to any one of three conclusions : (1) that 
 our terra-cottas belong to a later jwriod than that marked by the site ; or (2) that the 
 custom of offering such figurines did not exist at the time when the temple icas hiult — 
 
 « Cf. the Table, p. 9. 
 
 « Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. 37 ff. 
 
 • The custom of burying the smaller objects dedicated 
 in temples, often apparently with great care (cf. the find 
 of terra-cottas made by Orsi at Terravecchia near Gran- 
 michele in the Province of Catania, Mon. Ant. VII. pp. 
 201-274, esp. pp. 212 ff.), is one which has lieen illustrated 
 by a large number of excavations upon Greek soil and 
 
 elsewhere (cf. Homolle, 'Donarium' in Daremberg et 
 Saglio, Diet, des Ant. Gr. et Rom. II. pp. 363 flf., esp. 
 p, 371, note 130). In the case of the Heraeum, these 
 offerings seem to have been used as " dry rubbish " in 
 leveling up about the Second Temple, just as the ofifer- 
 ings upon the Acropolis which were demolished bj' the 
 Persians were later used in leveling that site. 
 
I 
 
 4 THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 that it was an aniconif period ; or (3) that the site in question was not the natural i-eposi- 
 torv for such votive offerings. We ai-e inilined to one of the latter views/ 
 
 The two other points, while they show that the main sites excavated about the Second 
 Temple were pre-archaic Greek, and that the Argive period of the Henieum marks 
 the change in the entrance from the west side to the st)uth slope, also show that the main 
 hulk of our terra-cottjis belong to the pre-archaic period. 
 
 With such a mass of material before us, even in the selected specimens which we brought 
 to Athens, our first care was to find some principle of cliissification. Two courses seemed 
 open to us : We might classify our figures either according to their fonn and style, or 
 according to their decoration. On matui-e consideration, the former method has ap})eai-ed 
 preferable, especially as a classification by decoration must confine itself almost entii-ely 
 to plastic decoration — the paint having disappeai-ed entirely from many of our figures. 
 Moreover, no systematic chronological development could be estiiblished on the decora- 
 tive principle only. At the same time, the principle of classification by decoration has 
 seemed to us a sound one, and we have employed it as a secondary principle for dis- 
 tinguishing a few cliisses,- and for drawing distinctions within one class.' 
 
 Class I. — Such, then, being our principle, our fii-st class, Avhich we hjive called " Prim- 
 itive Argive," consists of a gi-eat number of very rudely nuKleleil figures, to which, in 
 fact, the tenn '* modeled " can hardly be applied. They ai-e i-eally nothing but a small 
 lump of clay, elongated, then pinched in the middle to indicate a waist, the resulting 
 projection above forming two stumpy amis, while another pinch at the top indicates the 
 head. This head soon develops into the well-known bird-like head, in which the beak-like 
 nose is foi-med by a compression of the clay between the two fingers of the " modeler." * 
 These are the characteristics of the earliest specimens."' Ljiter, two disks are plastered to 
 the sides of the " l)eak " to represent the eyes,'' a lump of cLiy is added to form a kind of 
 pilos or cap,' or a strip of cLiy wound about the head forms a stephane,* while in many 
 figures one or more short strips of clay are added to the back of the head to represent 
 the hair'-' (exceptionally the hair is indicated in a few early specimens by grooves at the 
 back of the head). So one sometimes finds — though this is quite exceptional — a fig- 
 ure in which the artist has tried to imitate nature more closely, in which two hunps of 
 clay are added to the front of the figure to represent the breasts ; '" the fall of the dra- 
 pery in front is rudely reproduced by one or more gnnives," or a cutting across the 
 " beak " forms a rude mouth.'- But even in the most advanced figures of this ckiss, 
 the development is exceedingly slight, and the body always remains es.sentially a rude 
 lump of clay.'' 
 
 Class II. — A distinct advance is made when the rude standing figure is converted into 
 a seated one.'* The technical change, indeed, is not great ; the standing body is simply 
 
 1 Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. 39 ff. 
 
 - Such, for instance, as the Mycenaean and the Dipy- 
 lon classes, in which the inflnence of vase {)8inting is 
 very apparent. 
 
 ^'Cf. p. 11. 
 
 * It should be noted that this lack of modeling is 
 partially accounted for by the fact that nearly all our 
 figures are female (cf. p. 13, note 5). The drai>ery of 
 such figures in the early stages does not admit of tine dis- 
 tinctions in modeling, such as the indication of the legs, 
 the torso, and its articulations. 
 
 * Cf. No. 1. 
 
 * Cf. Xo8. 2, 3, .">, etc. 
 
 ' Cf. No. 3. 
 
 * Cf. Xos. 4, o, etc. 
 
 » Cf. No. 4. 
 
 w Cf. No. 8. 
 
 » Cf. No. 9. 
 
 '" Cf. No8. 9 and 10. 
 
 " We might have subdivided this first "Primitive" 
 class into three minor classes, according to the differences 
 enumerated above. But we find it desirable at this 
 stage not to confuse by too minute classification, leaving 
 it to future inquiry to accentuate these, or even to estab- 
 lish further distinctions. 
 
 " Cf. Noa. 12 ff. 
 
 ! 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION 
 
 bent at the middle and su})poi-ted by two stunq)y legs,' a process which prevails down to 
 the latest period of this class. Even in the most advanced specimens, the employment of 
 a separately made chair as a support is rare. But although this change is of Httle inq)oi- 
 tance technically, it is of greiit inq)ortiince historically. It marks the change in the con- 
 ception of the goddess which is represented in the traditions of Argos by the story of 
 Pirasus and his seated figure of Hera dedicated at Tiryns.- Now it is a striking fact 
 that, aside from the Heraeum and Tegea (of which we shall speak Liter), Tiryns is the 
 place where these seated figures have been found in greatest numbers. We have there- 
 fore ventured to call the figures of this ckss " Tirynthian Argive," and we believe tliat 
 they represent roughly the period of the supremacy of Tiryns in the Argive plain.' 
 
 In these " Tirynthian Argive " figures, we have a long and complicated development 
 of the drajiery ; while the figures themselves, although constantly increasing in size, 
 remain, Avith very few exceptions, a mere oblong piece of cky, bent forward into the 
 sejited posture, and the heads still have the " bird face." This development of the 
 drai)ery even affects the standing type, and we find in our Liter standing figures a tend- 
 ency to eLiboration which corresponds closely to the development in the seated types. 
 The various steps in this development are exceedingly interesting, and we shall revert to 
 them Liter. Suffice it here to sjiy that, for jiractical pur})oses, we have divided our 
 " Tirynthian Argive " cLiss into three subordinate groups, basing our distinctions upon 
 the greater or less eLiborateness of the ornamentiition.* 
 
 The next step in the development of this type of terra-cotta figurines is the change 
 from the " bird face " to the human face, with all the features carefully distinguished. 
 But before we fcike up this class of " Advanced Argive " figures, we must speak of two 
 intermediate classes, which we have set apart by reason of their decoration as well as 
 their form and style. We mean the Mycenaean and Geometric classes. 
 
 Class III. — The " Mycenaean " terra-cott«is differ from those of the Primitive and 
 Tirynthian Argive cLis.ses in that they show a quite different technique, both in regard 
 to the fineness of the clay and in regard to ornamenhition. A careful comparison of the 
 Mycenaean figures with the preceding clas.ses, moreover, brings out the following facts : 
 
 (1) They are numerically very weak — there are only sixty-three fragments of Myce- 
 naean types among our selected terra-cott<is, and of these ten are fragments of animals.'"' 
 
 (2) Prima facie f the schematic outline of these figures, ending below like the foot 
 of a vase, and above with the polos, like the neck of a vase," the whole crossed by round 
 or i)eltii-shai)ed body and arms," is much less naturalistic than the figures of the i>rimi- 
 tive and Tirynthian Argive classes. On the other hand, the detjiil workings of the 
 body, such as the indication of the breasts,** show far greater knowledge and skill in 
 modeling than we find in CLisses I. and II. Both these facts Avoiild seem to indicate 
 that we are dealing with a Liter class of figures. Moreover, the color decoration shows 
 the same use of gLize color, applied in a shniLir manner, that we find in Mycenaean 
 vases. We thus consider this class of terra-cottiis an intrusion into the jreneral and con- 
 tiniious si-heme of Argive terra-cottas, which began and ceased during the period of our 
 first and second clas.ses, but which, .strangely enough, was but very little influenced by 
 the Primitive and Tirynthian Argive styles, and exercised little influence on them.' 
 
 * As it hap]ions, the most ]»rimitivc specimen of the 
 seated ty|te which we found (No. VI) is provided with a 
 separate four-Iegge<l chair, but this is exceptional. 
 
 " Cf. Pans. II. 17. .'i, and Genenil Intrtxl. vol. I. p. 44. 
 
 * Cf. General Introd. vol. I. p. 44. 
 
 * Cf. p. 11. 
 
 • Cf. the Table, p. 9. 
 
 • Cf. No. G7. 
 
 7 Cf. Nos. 65, 07, 70. 
 
 • Cf. especially No. (J.!. 
 
 • See, however, our remarks on No. 70. 
 
e THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 The peculiarities of this Mycenaean style, we l)elieve, ai-e due to the fact that it was 
 essentially a development from vase iKihitinj?, perhaps even the work of the Mycenaean 
 Kepafiev^, not of the coroplast proper.' We believe this for these three reasons : — 
 
 These figui-es are never found, to our knowled«je, except where there are als<» Myce- 
 naean vases (whereas our " Primitive " figures were found together with all classes of 
 
 vases). 
 
 The conventionalization of the figure, notiibly at head and foot, points to ceramic art. 
 
 The use of glaze color is certiiinly borrowed from vase paintnig. 
 
 In this matter of the use of glaze c(dor, we have come to a cpiestion which i-ecpiires 
 much greater ampHfication, and which will lead us much further afield. In the figui-es 
 of Corses I. and II. (as also, to a less extent, in the later classes), the whole figuiv was 
 usually covered with a white, chalky slip, and upon this was applied a simple line deco- 
 ration' in red and blick.- This white slip, owing to its Haky character, has in many 
 cases been entirely lost,' and is often preserved only in cracks and holes.* The isolated 
 instances in which figures of Classes I. and II. have a gkze color applied directly to the 
 cky ' seem to us to point to an introduction of this si)ecifically Mycenaean technitiue to 
 contemporary specimens of those classes. Indeed, we have a number of si)ecimens m 
 which the white coat is used for the u\)\m- part of the IkkU', while the lower part is 
 given a solid color, applied directly to the chiy,' and this is common in the later, " Ad- 
 vanced Argive " specimens.' The use of the white slip, however, ai>pears to have been 
 the si)ecifically coroplastic method, which obtiiined throughout all periods down to the 
 latest tunes'-^ a fact which strongly c(mfirms our contention that these terra-cott<is (in 
 which the color is applied directly) were made under the infiuence of the Kcpa/icv?'* 
 
 Class IV. — The single female figui-e (No. 75), which we have assigned t(. a distinct 
 " Geometric " class, seems to us to warrant this distinction by i-eason of its peculiar dect>ra- 
 tion, which, with its bands of geometric ornaments, divided by stniight lines, is very similjir 
 in plan to the decoration of the large Geometric vases which form this class. Its p<isition 
 in the series is determined by the fact that the face was evidently of the primitive " bii-d- 
 faced " type. With this figure we have grouped another distinctly Geometric s])ecinjen 
 (No. 76), a horse of the type so common upon the covei-s of Ge<mietric vases.'" The two 
 specimens do not represent the entire influence of the Geometric style uimhi our terra- 
 cottas. Traces of that influence are to be seen in a nund)er of other figures, especially 
 among the animals and small objects," but the two which we have placed together are 
 the only ones which are so distinctly Geometric in character as to warrant a plice by 
 themselves. In fact, though at Olympia a large number of Geometric animals (esjie- 
 cially horses) have been found, it is a noteworthy fact that we can hardly identify any 
 plastic representations of the human figure with this i>eriod. It appeai-s to us that this 
 
 » Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. 4o ff. 
 
 2 Cf. Nos. 7, 11, 1-2, 13, 14, etc. 
 
 » Cf. Nos. 1, 2, 3, .1, 9, etc. 
 
 ♦ It is this perishability of the white slip, doubtless, 
 that led Schliemann to si>eak so often of " uni)ainted " 
 terra-cottas from Tiryns (cf. TIrifn.i, j.p. ir)OfF.). In the 
 liffht of our discoveries, there can be no doubt that nearly 
 all, if not all, the figures from Tiryns were originally 
 painted. 
 
 Cf. Nos. 10, 21, 25. 
 
 6 Cf. Nos. 4, 24. 
 
 •> Cf. p. 7. 
 
 • Cf. Martha, in the introtluction to his Cutnlogue ties 
 Figurines en Terre Cuite du Miiste lU la Sociitt Archeo- 
 loffifjue tl\lthl'nes. 
 
 » This matter of the interaction of vase painting and 
 coroplastic art has never been carefully worked out. 
 The early Tanagra " iroira8«i,- f«>r instance, show distinct 
 traces of the Geometric influence. The white Athenian 
 lekythi, on the other hand, seem to be a result of the a|>- 
 plication of coroplastic technique to rase painting. 
 
 w Cf. Rayet et Collignon, Hist, tie la Chamuitte Greajue, 
 p. 3.3, fig. 21. 
 
 " Cf. Nos. 248, 272. 
 
 I ' 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION 7 
 
 arises out of the constructive nature of that style, which is essentially decorative and 
 conventional — in so far un-naturalistic and opposed to plastic art. 
 
 Class V. — A very marked advance in the development of the terra-cottii figurines 
 found at the Heraeum from the earliest primitive type onward is made when once the 
 " bird face," which obtiiins in all the classes hitherto mentioned, is superseded by the 
 human head.' This tyi>e we have called " Advanced Argive." The figures of this class 
 are plainly a development from our second, Tirynthian Argive, class. Even in the most 
 advanced 8j)ecimens, with very few exceptions,'- the bodies of these figures are essentially 
 the sjime flat oblong which we found in the figures of the Tirynthian Argive class. The 
 heads, on the other hand, ai-e of archaic type, with wide, stiiring eyes, large ears placed 
 high, the mouth often having the well-known archaic smile.'* Most important of all, 
 these heads, almost without exception, were made in moulds. Here, then, we see the 
 beginnings of that use of moulds which later became the prevailing mode, and revolu- 
 tionized the manufacture of terra-cottas. Another characteristic of this class of figures 
 is the tendency to elaborate ornamentation, of which we shall have more to say later.* 
 
 In the colored decoration of the figures of this class, also, we find again the two pro- 
 cesses which we have before noted. Thus, while the use of the white slip as a basis for 
 decoration in color is always retained for the upper parts of the figure, and in many 
 cases is used for the entire figure as well,^ in the large specimens the color is often 
 aj)plied directly to the chiton, usually a red stripe at the top, and dark brown for the 
 rest (►f the gjirment." 
 
 It is also a noteworthy fact that in these figures the seated type prevails almost exclu- 
 sively. Indeed, the only standing figure which we have ventured to place among the 
 advanced Argive specimens differs from them so widely that we have even doubted 
 whether it ought not to be placed in a category by itself. This is No. 107, a figure 
 which again illustrates the influence of ceramic upon coropbistic art. This figure has 
 traces of a human head. In the uj)per part of the figure there is a certain degree of 
 naturalness, but the lower i)art of the body is emphatically conventionalized, without 
 any attempt at naturalism. The roundness is so complete that it at once suggests 
 mechanical work, such as the turning of the potter's wheel. The use of the wheel is still 
 further confirmed by the application of the brush in making the accurate parallel lines 
 in groups of three, and the broad line at the waist around the cylindrical body. The 
 ornamentation, as well as the structure of the figure, thus points to the influence of the 
 K€paiJL€v<;, belonging to the period of the fully developed Argive-Linear," as the Myce- 
 naean terra-cottas showed the influence of the Mycenaean K€pafi€v<;. We have placed 
 it among the advanced Argive figures on the ground that it has a human head and a 
 conventionalized body,* and that the decoration would mark it as belonging to about 
 the jwriod to which we must assign our advanced Argive figures. 
 
 Class VI. — Our next class, " Figures under Oriental Influence," consists of a small 
 number of figures which are marked out as a sej^arate category by their subjects — two 
 lions, heraldically grouped, winged female figures like the so-called Nike of Archemius,'* 
 
 > Cf. Nos. 77 ff. 
 
 2 Figures like Nos. 90 and 91, in which the bodies 
 have a considerable thickness and there is some attempt 
 to represent the waist, are extremely rare. 
 
 » Cf. Nos. 93ff. 
 
 * Cf. pp. 10 ff. 
 
 » Cf. Nos. 79 and 80. 
 
 « Cf. Nos. 8G, 90, 91, 92. 
 ' Cf. pp. 126 ff. 
 
 8 It should be noted, however, that the conventionali- 
 zation in this figure is quite different from that which we 
 have seen in the Mycenaean figurines. 
 
 9 Cf. Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpture Grecque, I. p. 136, 
 fig. 68. 
 
8 
 
 THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 I 
 
 several ti«>'ures oi the Egyptian Bes, ami a number of representiitions of the Sphinx.' 
 With these we have grouiH-d a small fi«»:uie of a horseman,- which is certiiinly of E«>^yi>- 
 tian manufacture. It would of course have been jMissible to catiilogue these H««:ures 
 under our next class of arcliaic %ures, as they are all archaic in style ; but it has seemed 
 to us nM)re desirable to collect in one category the si)ecimens whicii distinctly show the 
 iuHuence of the Eiist, just as in vases this influence is recognized in the so-called Corin- 
 thian vases. It is the analogy of the history of vases, nM)reover, in which the Corinthian 
 stvle follows the Argive stvle, that has led us to place this category immediiitely after 
 the class of advanced Argive figures. ' 
 
 Class VII. — With the beginning of the iiistorical Greek i>eriod, the art of term-cottii 
 making becomes more deiiendent upon sculpture, and from this time on, its history is bet- 
 ter known and more easily traceable. To the beginning of this arcliaic ))eriod we must 
 assign a number of figures rudely made by hand,* which, although they still preserve a 
 hi<»h decree of conventionalism, manifest an endeavor on the iKirt of the c(»roplast to imi- 
 tate more closelv the forms of the human IxmIv. Their conventionalism, nuireover, is the 
 conventionalism with which we are familiar in the early statues of Greek art (the ^oava), 
 be«nnninir with the Nicandra statue from Delos.^' We have therefore chissed these 
 figures, and those immediately following them, as '• Early Archaic," but have subdivided 
 them into two groups : — 
 
 Grouj) ft. — Hand-made Figures. These we regard as in a certain sense a transitional 
 tyiH? from the earlier, hand-made Argive figures to the moidded figures of the archaic 
 period proper. 
 
 Group h. — Mould-made Figures. The archaic period projH^r begins with the intro- 
 duction of the use of moulds for the whole figure, the second step — the modeling of 
 the heads of the advanced Argive figures being the first — toward the develoiR'd terni- 
 cotta figurine of Liter centuries. Here we have, at the beginning of the class, a very 
 interesting transitional specimen," in whicli we have a mould-made toi-so, decked out 
 at the shouldei-s with two disks," such as are cimimon in the primitive and advanced 
 Argive tyi^es.'' After this we have a long series of both seated and standing figures, 
 in which we can trace, as in the work of the sculptor, the struggle of the artist with 
 his material, the gradual advance in the representation of the folds of the chiton,' the 
 development of the arms from mere stumps to well-nKuleled mend)ers of the IxKly,'" 
 which are raised to the breast," and carry attributes.'- The final \ienoi\ of this de- 
 velopment corresponds to the i)eriod of the well-known female figures on the Atheniiui 
 AcropoHs.'"' 
 
 As to color technitjue, we find in the archaic terra-i'ottas the same two opposing influ- 
 ences which we have noted in our earlier classes. The great majority of our archaic 
 
 J Cf. Xos. 108-llG. * It should be noted, however, that this fijjiirc is almost 
 
 * Cf. No. 117. without a parallel in our finds. For the most part, these 
 
 ■' Here, too, mi^ht be placed Xos. 207-213, which archaic terra-cottas were very little influenced by the Ar- 
 
 also show traces of Oriental influence ; but it seemed give type, although the two classes must have existed 
 
 better to catalogue them among the archaic heads, for side by side for a considerable period. 
 
 in them it is the archaic, rather than the Oriental ele- 
 ment, which is most characteristic. 
 
 * Cf. Nos. 118-131. 
 
 * Cf. Collignon, Hint, de la Sculpture (Jrecque, I. p. 120, 
 fig. 59. 
 
 6 Cf. No. 132. 
 ' Cf. p. 10. 
 
 » Cf. Nos. 153, 157, 163, etc. 
 '0 Cf. No. 157 with No. 148 and No. 154. 
 " Cf. Nos. 153, 155. 
 »- Cf. No. 165 if. 
 
 '• Cf. Collignon, Hut. de la Sculpture Grecque, I. pp. 
 341 (F., figs. 170 ff. 
 
 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS IN EACH CLASS 
 
 9 
 
 figures show nunuMous traces of the white slip, which we have described as the typically 
 coroplastic method of decoration ; ' but some have jKiint applied directly to them, at least 
 in pjirts.- 
 
 CLAs^s VIII. — Of terra-cotfcis belonging to a later age than tliis early archaic period 
 we have but few specimens, and these are almost exclusivelv heads of fiuures and votive 
 busts, in wliich, owing to the very gradual development of the archaic style, no sharp fine 
 of demarcation can be drawn between early and later specimens. We believe, however, 
 that the forty-two sjiccimens ' which we have included in an " Advanced Archaic " class 
 will be found to mark a higher stiige of development tlian is att<iined by any s|)ecimens 
 of CLiss VII. 
 
 Clash IX. — Finally, we come to the last group, which, as has been siiid above, is re- 
 presente<l by a remarkably small nund>er of specimens. In regard to Nos. 2139 and 240, 
 there can be no doubt that they belong to the best period of Greek terra-cotta work, 
 and we have not hesitated to place them as " Figures of Free Style," in a seiiarate cLiss. 
 
 The figures of animals and of vari<ms small objects are in general so rudely modeled 
 tliat they do not lend themselves to any classification based upon style.* We have 
 therefore been led to adopt the manifest principle of classification according to subject, 
 and thus to distinguisli two further ckisses, — *' Animals" (under which we include fig- 
 ures of men and women seated upon animals) and '• Various Objects." 
 
 So much for the principles upon whicli we have based our classification, and the gen- 
 eral deveh»pment of the manufacture of terra-cotfcis at Argos, as represented by our finds. 
 But, as we have already suggested, tliese classes are by no means of equal importiince. 
 Nothing, indeed, is more instructive than the t<ible of the numerical strength of the 
 classes, which is as follows: — 
 
 .\r.MBKK OK SI'FXJIMENS IN TIIK VAKIOLS CLASSKS. 
 
 I. Primitive Arj;ive . 
 II. Tirynthiaii .\r<;ivf 
 
 III. Mycenaean .... 
 
 IV. Geometric . . . . . 
 V. Advanced Arj^ive . 
 
 VI. Fijjures under Oriental Inrtiience 
 
 VII. Early Archaic 
 VIII. Advanced Arehaie 
 IX. Free Stvle . 
 
 122 
 1%1 
 
 2 
 
 409 Animals . 
 15 V^arious Objects 
 
 249 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 715 
 433 
 
 That is, of 280;") specimens, not counting animals and various objects, 2492, or over 
 8/5 ])er cent., are figures of the flat-bodied type, with either the " bird face " (2083 speci- 
 mens) or with the archaic liead which is its successor (409 si)ecimens). It is the pre- 
 jM)nderance of this type which justifies us in calling these specimens distinctively Argive. 
 They have been found, it is true, in other phices. notiddy at Tiryns'^fas we have recognized 
 by our qualification of a certiiin cLiss of them as Tirynthian ), at Haghios Sostis ( Tegea )," 
 
 » Cf. Nos. 132, i:»5, 140, etc. glou, Nunre Mem. ikW Iu.t. II. pp. 72-7G, pi. vi.; Martha, 
 
 - Cf. Nos. 137, l:W, UVA, etc. Cat. den Fig. dii Mns. d'Athinen, Nos. 541 ff. Tiiese Tegeau 
 
 • Cf. Nos. 227-2.'J8. figures present the closest pai-allels to our Argive types. 
 
 * The only exception which we have made to this rule They occur with human as well as with " bird faces," and 
 is in the case of Mycenaean and (Tcomotric animals, the later specimens are often very elaborately decorated, 
 where the decoration leaves no |)ossible doubt as to their They were found in such numbers as to preclude the 
 place. theory that they were impt)rted from Argos. We must 
 
 * Cf. Schliemann, Tirifnn, pp. 140 ff., figs. 76-96. conclude, therefore, that the art of the coroplast passed 
 
 • Cf. I^normant, Gaz. Arch. 1878, pp. 42-48; lVrvani>- through much tlie same development atTegea as at Argos, 
 
II 
 
 10 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 aiul sporadieallv elsewhere.' But nowhere have they been foiiiul in siieh nunihers or 
 exhibiting? such a clearly marked development as at Arj^os. They are hardly found at 
 all at Mycenae.- We feel justified, therefore, in pvinj? them the distinctive name of 
 
 ** Argive." 
 
 But if these Argive fij^ures form the great hulk of our find in terr.i-cott;is, they also 
 present the most serious and difticidt i)rohlems of all our figures. How, for instance, 
 shall we designate the jrreat mass of idastic ornament which is so characteristic of the 
 later " advanced " tyi)e, and also, to some extent, oi the earlier siwcimens ? In the pre- 
 liminary publication of the Heraeum finds, it was suggested that the elaborate orna- 
 ments upon the shoulder of the Argive figures might be bunches of fl<>wers, havinjr 
 s<mie reference to Hera Antheia.' But further consideration has convinced us tluit, for 
 the «>-reat mass of our figures, this view is untenable. In the first j)lace, the large orna- 
 ments for which this interpretation was suggested * are plainly develoi>ed from the small 
 round bosses of earlier figures." The beginning of this deveh)pment is very pLiin in 
 one specimen,'' where the wedge-shaped ornament at the shoultler is no more than an 
 elontnited boss. Now in many later specimens ' this boss develops into a regular fibula 
 of the "foui-leaved clover" type," which Helbig' pro|>oses to identify with the H<mieric 
 cXt^.'" Moreover, in one fragment " we have the most evident attempt to represent a 
 bronze fibiUa of the usual " bow " sluipe ; '- while with the elaborate ornaments like 
 
 or (what seems to us more prolmble) that the corophists Primitive standiiiK fiKurw. no <inwnieiitatiuii ... 2 
 
 of Te-ea were strongly influenced by those of Argos, and Primitive «tai.di.iR fiRurw.. one iiecklae* .... 5 
 
 7 . :• " X i- I i. iu t. Primitive sitting tik'nreH, no oniMni^ntation .... I 
 
 that there was an intimate connection between these two " 
 
 places (cf. Kidgeway, 7. //. A. X\ I. [1896], p. 91), on the pri,„i,ive sitting «»«««., two necklacen H 
 
 close connection between Tegea and .\rgolis); Curtius, as Primitive heads - 
 
 Ridgeway remarks, pointed out {dr. Gexch. I. p. I.'jG) Advanced sittiiiR figures I 
 
 that Nanplius is represented as the servitor of the king Advam-ed heads 
 
 of Tegea. We may also point to the fact that the Warriors 11 
 
 priestess Chrysis sought and found refuge at Tegea after ;i;;!;;;;;;^.j^,, ;;„, ;„^.^ ,;„,,J,y, '^ ^„,„,„;. 
 
 leaving the Heraeum (Pans. III. o. 6). Fragment of a Mycenaean vase. 
 
 1 At Bathos, on a spur of Mt. Lycaon (cf. Bather and 
 
 Yorke, J. H. S. XIII. [1893], p. *i28>; in Cyrenaica (cf. Several of the figures have pins of the "dumb-bell " 
 
 Heuzey, Fir/. Ant. pi. xl. 1); at Thisbe in Boeotia (cf. shape (cf. No. 84), while the "clover-leaf" type (cf. j«ti- 
 
 Arch. Anz. 1895, p. 2ti0, 4) ; one or two specimens were pra) also occurs. One of the advanced heads has a cala- 
 
 found by the English .School at Phylakopi in Melos. thos and a double taenia, closely resembling Xos. 101- 
 
 Therc are a few specimens very similar to ours (all with 104. We think it right to draw attention to the fact 
 
 human faces) in the museum at Syracuse, but the Sicilian that this beehive tomb, even if it was disturbed, contained 
 
 terra-cottas are for the most part of a far less primitive no object Inter than the Mycenaean perio«]. In go far, 
 
 character than those of Argos ; cf. the figures from the presence of the " Tirynthian Argive " terra-«-ottas 
 
 Agrigentum (cf. Kekule. Aul. Terraiotten, II. pp. 17, 18, would place them not later than the Mycenaean jn'riod. 
 
 figs. "21-27), from (Jela (ibid. p. 22, fig. 47), and the '^ Cf. Waldstein, Excm-atiom of the American School at 
 
 specimens from the vicinity of Terravecchia near Gran- the Heraeum of Argon, 1892, p. 2<). Cf, No. 52, where 
 
 michele, published by Orsi (.Vow. Ant. VII. pp. 239 ff., the ornament certainly suggests a nuiss of flowers. 
 
 figs. 31, 32). Finally, a number of vases from Cyprus * Cf. Nos. 83 and 93. 
 
 in the British Museum, of Geometric style, are decorated * Cf. Nos. 27, 28, 4(). 
 
 with figures very similar to our advanced .\rgive type ; ' Cf. No. 43. 
 
 they are placed on the neck of the vase, and hohl in ' Cf. Nits. o4, 90, 91. 
 
 one hand a small jug which served as a spout to the » Cf. Montelius, La Civilization Primitire en Italie, pi. 
 
 yase. xxi. 286-289; FurtwUngler, Ol^^mpia ; Eryehniiue, IV. 
 
 * A tray in the Central Museum at xVthens (numbered pi. xxi. 360. 
 
 3071) contains a number of figures of the type of our » Cf. Dn-o Horn. Epos aus den Denlmdlern erUiutert, 2te 
 
 primitive and advanced .\rgive specimens, which came Anfl. pp. 280 ff. 
 
 from a tholos tomb near Mycenae. Dr. Tsountas in- "> But cf . Stiidniczka. Be'a. zur Genchichte d. Gr. Trackl, 
 
 forms us, however, that the roof of this tomb had fallen Ahh. d. Arch.-Epig. Seminars d. Univtrsitut Wien, VI. p. 
 
 in and the contents had been disturbed, so that no sure 114, footnote. 
 
 conclusions can be drawn from them. The tray con- *' No. 82. 
 
 talus — '- Cf. Montelius, loc. cit. pl». i., It., ▼., viii., ix. 
 
 THE ARGIVE TYPE 
 
 11 
 
 No. 84, we may com|)are fibulae found in our own excavation,' and others published 
 by Montelius.^ It thus appears evident that these ornaments are intended to represent 
 simply the pins by which the Doric chiton was fastened at the shoulder, whether this 
 be the straight pin {nepovr)), or the fibula of the clover leaf or bow form; and we have 
 therefore had no hesitiition in so designating them in our descriptions. There is room 
 for doubt, perhaps, in the specimens which have only the simple round boss, whether 
 this boss is meant to represent a fibula of the cXi^ type or a simple straight pin. We 
 liave used the term " pin," therefore, to include both fibulae and irepovai. 
 
 The bands across the breasts of our figures^ are in many cases evidently meant to 
 represent necklaces, and we can [)erliaps distinguish in .some cases between the icrOfiLop, 
 or close-fitting necklace, of Homer * and the opixo^,^ or long necklace. Certainly the 
 many cases in which we find bands ornamented with pendants '' can be meant for nothing 
 but necklaces. But very often our band extends only from shoulder to shoulder, and 
 appears to have some intimate connection with the pins which we have just discussed." 
 Sehliemann ** called such ornaments simply " bands," while Perrot,'^ in describing a figure 
 very similar to No. 34, calls the ornament " a sort of scarf." In the later development,'" 
 when the figures are adorned with a large number of these bands, the lower one is 
 usiudly so wide, and is stretched so straight from shoulder to shoulder, that there can be 
 no doubt that it is the fold of the Doi-ic chiton." Moreover, in specimens like No. 30, 
 the band is plainly the fold of a garment arranged like the IfiaTLOP in later works.'" It 
 must be sjiid, however, tluit even in fairly early si)ecimens the " bands " often become 
 subordinated to a general principle of elaborate ornamentation, so that it is impossible 
 to assign a given ornament to one class or the other, to say categorically, it is a neck- 
 lace or it is a fold. In the most advanced Argive specimens '^ we find a further com- 
 plication in the elaborate ])lastic ornaments across the breast, which seem to be made 
 in imit<ition of kice or met<il adornments attticlied to the fold itself, or possibly of long 
 cluiins, such as the women of modern Greece wear on feast days. But even if they are 
 such, they are phiinly develoi)ed from the earlier necklace and simple fold, and these 
 are the most clmracteristic forms of decoration of the Argive type. It is the constant 
 recurrence of these bands which has led us to adopt, as convenient subdivisions of our 
 Tirynthian Argive class, the following categories : '* — 
 
 1. Figures with slightly develojH^d plastic ornamentiition at shoulder (no decorative 
 bands). 
 
 2. Figures with considerably developed plastic ornamentation (one band). 
 
 > Cf. p. 242, No. 852. 
 ' Loc. cit. pis. xrii. and xviii. 
 » Cf. Nos. 27 ff. 
 
 « Cf. Nos. 27 and .36. Compare also Od. xviii. 300 : — 
 ia^fuor iii^tiKty Btpiwin), wfpucaWfs ttyaXfiA. 
 
 And Schol. : — 
 
 Xii9fLiO¥' laOfihs 6 Tpixv^ot. taBfiiov oiv Ttpirpaxv^^oy tcSff/iov 
 wtptwfr\*yfttyof, ov /tfVroi KnVfiiifiari riya iKKptfiafifva. 
 Kal iKKus' WfpiTpaxv^iOv, iv9tv icaX wapl<T0fua- iicuptpfi Si rov 
 ipfiou, rh fiif yap vpafffxcrai rep rpax'fl^v, i 8* opuos ttx^"^' 
 vrai. 
 
 » Cf. Hym. Horn. v. 10 (Gemoll) : — 
 
 8«ipp 8* iLfi^i' aroXp ttal ar4fif(riv, kpryvpioiviw 
 Spfioiai xpwioiai iKiofttoVf vitoi ntp airat 
 'fipai Koa/itla^v xp^'^^f^'^''**- 
 
 And ibid. iii. 88 : — 
 
 ipfioi 8' afUp' diroA^ Scip^ irtpiKaWfts ^<rav 
 KuKol, xP^<^fK>i, wafiwolKiXoi &s 8( afK'fiini 
 vHiBfaut a^' airoA.oro't iKifOttro, iavixa ihtvBtu. 
 
 « Cf. Nos. 40, 42, 80, etc. 
 
 T Cf. Nos. 28, 34, 37, 40, 41, etc. 
 
 * Cf. Tiryns, p. 156. 
 
 » Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de VArt, VI. p. 750. 
 The figure is No. 344, taken from Sehliemann, Tiryns, 
 p. 359, fig. 159. 
 
 »o Cf. Nos. 86, 93. 
 
 *' Cf. Studniczka, loc. cit. pp. 6 ff. 
 
 " Cf. Nos. 163, 164, 175. 
 
 >• Cf. Nos. 90 and 91. 
 
 ** For the advanced Argive terra-cottas no such dis- 
 tinction seems necessary, as they are practically all of 
 the elaborately ornamented type. 
 
 I 
 
12 
 
 THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 WHOM DO THE FKiURES REPRESENT? 
 
 13 
 
 ^5 
 
 3. Fijriires with elahorate itlastic ornamentation (two or more bands). 
 
 It will be f'onnd, in oeneral, that inoreasinjj elaborateness of ornamenttition at the 
 slnmlders of these fij^nres corresponds to the miUtiplieation of bands, and tluit both 
 advance with the orowth of i)erfection in technique.' 
 
 It remains to note the other decorative elements, which, althou«»:h they are not of 
 sufficient importance to form a basis for classification, yet display a very considerable 
 development in our series of ti«;ures, — namely, the earrinjjs, the hair, and the head- 
 dress. Of the earrinj^s not much need be s;iid. They bejrin cominiratively late in the 
 series (the small size of the earlier fio^ures naturally precludes the use of such ornaments) 
 with much-decorated " bird-faced " fi«;ures, and develop from the simple disk to the disk 
 with a central boss,- the rosette,^ and even the disk with i>endant.* 
 
 The development of the hair is more complex. In the earliest fijjures, as we have 
 before stated,"' the hair is not rei)resented at all, or at best it is marked by a few jku- 
 allel grooves at the back of the head (u- by two or three strips of clay attjiched to the 
 back of the head and fallinj? t<» the shoulders, most usually notched or twisted. Then 
 one or two strands are brouj^ht forward over the shoulders,'' while a corkscrew curl is 
 added ti) each side of the forehead.' The use of the simple mass to represent the hair 
 as it falls to the shoulders ' seems to be a later development. It is enipl(»yed almost 
 exclusively in the most advanced heads,' where the front hair is usually represented 
 by two notched bands,'" or by laro:e curls which leave between them a wide partin*-^," 
 In a few cases we find over the forehead a row of small, seiKirate curls, similar to tlujse 
 c(mnnonly j^iven to archaic heads in stone.'' 
 
 In the headdress we find a develojunent very similar to that which we have noted for 
 the hair. Very early in our series, as we have already pointed out,'^ we find a simple 
 band of clav wound about the head to represent the stephane. This is often so broad 
 and hij'h that it mij^ht more properly be called a pohis or Stephanos." To this is 
 often applied a sin«:le boss,'^ or a double boss,"' or even a number of bosses in a row, 
 Avith perhaps a double boss in the midtUe.'" In one case "* the edjje of the stephane is 
 pierced with holes. aj)iKirently to receive metal ornaments. But the stephane ( Stephanos, 
 polos) is not the exclusive headdress of our fiofures. As the coroplast came to nuxlel 
 lar<»er and taller fiuures, he evidentlv besran to feel the need of a more stately heacldress 
 to correspond to the elaborate adornment of the body. Thus we find that in the later 
 fi<>-ures tlie most common headdress is the hij^h, bell-shai»ed caLithos.''^ This is usiudly 
 bound about the bottom with a tiienia, and is often decorated at the top with bosses." ' 
 Most remarkable, of all, however, are the horn-like adornments which are the final deco- 
 
 ' It is not always possible to use the number of bands 
 as an absolute criterion, for there are cases in which 
 other decorative elements, such as applied layers of clay, 
 representing the garments (cf. Nos. ."lO, 00, r»l ), or the in- 
 fants which the KovpoTp6<(tos figures hold (cf. Xos. 37, 57, 
 58, etc.), take the place of the bands. But, for the most 
 part, the distinction of the classes according to the nuni- 
 l)er of bands upon the figures will be found to have been 
 carried out with considerable strictness. 
 
 - Cf. Xo. 53. 
 
 3 Cf. Xos. r>4, 104. 
 
 * Cf. No. 94. 
 
 • Cf. p. 4. 
 
 « Cf. No. 26. 
 
 ' Cf. Nos. 25, 45, etc. 
 
 » Cf. Xos. 42 and 51 (which are of the Tirynthian 
 .\rgivc class), where the mass is crossed by groove*. 
 « Cf. Nos. IKt. lU, i»7, 98, 99, etc. 
 •"> Cf. Nt«. 94. 97. 
 >' Cf. Nos. 101-104. 
 1^ Cf. No. 105. 
 i» Cf. p. 4. 
 '^ Cf. N.W. 40, 5.3. 
 >•• Cf. Nos. 7. X\, 53, {MJ. 
 " Cf. Nos. 44, 97. 
 " Cf. Nos. 40, 42, 98, 99. 
 " Cf. No. .-4. 
 >» Cf. No. 94. 
 » Cf. Nos. 98, 99. 
 
 ration of this later type.' These consist of a strip of cbiy, bulging slightly at the 
 extremities, pUiced about the calathos in such a way that the two ends rise above it in 
 front. A boss is sometimes added to each end for further effect," and between the 
 " horns " a disk or rosette is (juite usual.^ We are inclined to regard these " horns " as 
 an attein[)t to represent plumes of some sort, although we know of no parallel cases.* 
 
 Another point which naturallv arises in connection with these " Aririve " fi<rures is 
 the (piestion. Whom do the figmes represent ? Now the most striking fact about them 
 (as, indeed, ab<uit the lunnan figures in general) is the great })reponderance of female 
 fonns. In the whole find of terra-cottiis, there are but sixty-six figures which are male 
 beyond a doubt, and of the.se forty-eight belong to the well-known type of the mounted 
 warrior, and eight to the tyi)e of the Egyptian Bes." This fact wouhl naturally lead 
 us to the conclusion that our female figures represent the chief goddess of Argos, Hera, 
 and many arguments can be brought to support this interpretiition. Thus, the great 
 majority of our Argive figures are seated, and we know from the Pirasus story and 
 from Paus;inias's account of an early image of Hera, as well as from his account of the 
 stiitue of Polycleitus, that Hera was conceived at Argos as a seated divinity. The head- 
 dresses which we have noted upon our figures, stephane, poh>s, steidianos, and calathos, 
 belong to the regular wardrobe of Hera ; '' while as a goddess of childbirth ^ she could 
 be represented with an infant in her arms. But such arguments as these are extremely 
 fallible ; and for the early time, especially, we certiiinly cannot postulate any such fixity 
 in the functions and attributes of the goddess as such statements imply. The proof of 
 this fact is not far to seek ; for in Tegea, where, as we have already stilted,* we find 
 figures exactly similar to all cUisses of our Argive terra-cottiis, these figures were dedi- 
 cated to Demeter.'* The headdresses that we have mentioned are found in the Teirean 
 figures, as in tlujse of Argos, and they are by no means the exclusive property of Hera. 
 The KovpoTp6(f)0'; figures are much better explained as human mothers,'" especially as Hem 
 (and the divinities of the Argive plain in general) is rarely represented with an infant 
 in her arms," and the epithet KovpoTp6<j)o<; for Hem rests upon very doubtful authority.'" 
 Again, the groups i>f two seated females,'^ wiiile tiiey might be taken as Hera and Hebe 
 
 > Cf. Nos. 10«)-104. 
 
 * Cf. No. 1(K\. 
 
 • Cf. Nos. 100, 104. 
 
 * Mr. l)e Con suggests that these adornments may be 
 borrowed from the headdress of Isis, and that the disk or 
 rosette may then rt>present tiu; sun. If this theory be 
 correct, wu should then find in tliese figures another 
 trace of Oriental iuHuencc. 
 
 ' It may Im> said that the early numltcrs of our scries 
 arc so rude as to Im- practically sexless. But the early 
 dcvclopnu'ut of tiu' hair and tlic ornaments, which |M>ints 
 distinctly to female figur«'s, as well as the great pre- 
 pondersince of female figures in the later types, make it 
 practically c(>t'tain that our «'arly figures, also, are meant 
 to represent females. 
 
 '■ Cf. for the |K>los, the well-known head from Olym- 
 pia, Botticher, Olympia, p. 237, fig. 44 ; for the stephane, 
 Overbeck, Kunftmytholoffie, pis. ix., x.; for the Stephanos, 
 Und. vol. III. Hera, Miiiiztafel ii.; for tiie calathos, ibiil. 
 Miinztafel i. Nos. 1-9. 
 
 ' Cf. on Hera Eileithyia, (Jcneral IntnHl. vol. I. p. 8. 
 
 • Cf. p. 9. note G. 
 
 » Cf. I.*'nori«ant, daz. Arch. 1878, pp. 44 ft. 
 
 '* On the analogy of the woman with an infant on her 
 back (No. 39), the woman kneading bread (No. 24), and 
 the performers upon musical instruments (Xos. 21, 22, 
 23). This is the interpretation which we are inclined to 
 favor for these KovpoTp6<poi figures. A third possibility, 
 that these figures are nuxlifications of the Oriental As- 
 tarte, seems to lie excluded by the fact that they bear 
 such close resemblance to the Argive type, and are plainly 
 only a development of it. 
 
 " Cf. O. Miiller, Hnudhuch d. Arch. d. Kumt, § 353, 1; 
 and Tsountas, 'ItApitfupU 'A^ixaioAoyiK^, 1888, p. 170. 
 
 '"•^ Suidas, .«. r. "Ojui/pos. gives the verses : — 
 
 kKvB'i fioi (vxoftivif. KovpoTp6<pf. 6hs 5« ywa'Ka, 
 rr)vit vfxv atriivaaSai <f>iK6Trira kou fvfi\v, 
 
 and adds : — 
 
 a^iKtTo f if Sauoc Kol (tpf ywa'Ka KovpoTp6<f>ii> Biovffav, Ka\ 
 \ty(i Ttt fWTi rdSf. 
 
 Bernhardy (cf. Suid. ed. Bern. II.' p. 1101) refers 
 KovpoTpo^if! to Apollo. Athenaeus (XIII. 592) refers the 
 verses to Sophocles, and says the poet calls on Aphro- 
 dite. 
 
 " Cf. Nos. 59-02. 
 
 I 
 
14 
 
 Til?: TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 or Hem and Eileitliyia, seem to us, to judge from the analogy of similar groups in later 
 times, to be better taken as representiitions of the Earth-mother and her daughter, the 
 later Demecer and Kore.* In the ease of these Argive terra-oottas, therefore, we can 
 only siiy that they prove to us the existence at the Heraeum, in very early times, of a 
 cult of the primitive female divinity, the real " great mother of the gods," whether we 
 call her Ge, or Demeter, or Aphrodite, or Cybele, or Hera, or perliaps even Atliena or 
 Artemis. She was early conceived as a seated figure, and this conception strongly influ- 
 enced the ideas of later times, when men began to call her Hera, and to reproduce her 
 imajre in wood and stone. Finally, the use of exactly the form that is employed to repre- 
 sent the goddess for figures that are certiiinly human - proves conclusively that we are 
 here deaUng with one of those early tyi)es which are already familiar to us in the seated 
 figures from Branchidae, the "Apollo" figures from all over the Greek world, the 
 standing types of the Acropolis, and many other works. 
 
 We have dwelt thus at length upon the " Argive " figures both because they form 
 the most important and characteristic part of our find, and because this tyi)e has never 
 heretofore been subjected to the careful study which it deserves, and which, fortunately, 
 our numerous finds of early figures in so unbroken a series enabled us to make. 
 
 The remainder of our finds belong, for the most \niTt, to well-known types, and can 
 be dismissed in a few words. Of the Mycenaean figures, the greater jwrt belong to 
 the common type with round or pelta-shaped bodies. The large bull's or cow's head is, 
 we believe, unique in terra-cotta, although this subject is common enough in Mycenaean 
 art in other materials.^ The paucity of figures of this diss of terni-cottiis at the 
 Heraeimi is verv striking, in view of the Lirge numbers of them that were found at 
 Mycenae and at Tiryns, and suggests the explanation that these figures were not regarded 
 as appropriate offerings at this piirticiUar temi)le. The Argive style, in fact, had become 
 invested with a hieratic cluiracter, and was regarded as the proi)er object of votive 
 dedication at the Heraeum.^ The same remark holds true of figures of Geometric 
 style, of which the pjuicity is very striking, in marked contrast to the early figures of 
 Boeotia, which are distinctly Geometric' 
 
 So, too, even our 283 figures of the Archaic class form a strikingly small proi>ortion 
 of the find, when we consider the prevalence of this class on other early sites.*^ Here, 
 indeed, the figures themselves seem to show that these archaic terra-cottas are not a 
 natural Argive product. We do not mean to say that they wei-e not made at Argos. 
 
 t 
 
 1 Cf. the argument, pp. 22 f. 
 
 2 Cf. Xos. 21-24, 39. 
 
 ' Cf. the parallels cited on p. 23. 
 
 * So at Athens, in early times, the fashion seems to 
 have been for tignres of Atliena of archaic type (cf. 
 Winter, Arch. Anz. 189;^, pp. 141 fF.). At Corcyra the 
 popular offering was apparently a figure of .\rtemis (cf. 
 Lechat, B. C. H. XV. [1891], pp. 1 ff.). At Tegea the 
 Argive type was later superseded hy an archaic hydro- 
 phoros tyi)e (cf. Pervanoglou, Nuove Mem. delV Ins. II. 
 pp. 74 f.). In Sicily archaic figures carrying a pig are 
 found in great numbers (perhaps connected with the 
 ciilt of Demeter and Kor^ ; cf. Li^nanl, Gaz. Arch. 1880, 
 pp. 1.") If.; Caylus, Ri^c. d'Ant. vol. VI. pi. xxxvii.). On 
 the subject of " fashions " in terra-oottas, cf. the re- 
 marks of Paris npon the terra-cottas of Klateia, B. C. 
 H. XI. (1887), pp. 405-444. 
 
 * Cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xvii. 3 ; Jamot, B. C. 11. 
 XIV. (1890), pp. 207 ff., figs. 1, 2, 6, and pi. xiv. ; Mar- 
 tha, Cat. ties Fig. du .Viw. dWth'me.*, Nos. 213 ff. These 
 figures are interesting as examples of coroplastic art 
 developing on lines parallel to those which it followed at 
 Argos, yet differing from Argive art in many jiarticulars. 
 In Boeotia, as at Argos, the Hat, conventional btnly of the 
 " bird-face<l " type was retaine<l long after the advent of 
 the archaic style of head. In markinl contrast to the Ar- 
 give figures, the standing type is, in Boeotia, the prevail- 
 ing one, and the ornamentation is almost entirely painted, 
 not plastic. The technique, too, is ceramic, rather than 
 coroplastic, i. e. the paint is applied directly to the clay. 
 
 • Cf. the excavations cited in note 4, and especially 
 those conducted by Orsi in Sicily — at Megara Ilyblaea 
 (cf. Mon. Ant. I. p. 689, esp. pp. 913 ff.). and at Terra- 
 vecehia {ibid. VII. p. 201, and esp. pp. 210 ff.). 
 
 MYCENAEAN AND ARCHAIC FIGURES. ANIMALS. VARIOUS OBJECTS 15 
 
 The lai-ge number of replicas ' would prove that most of them were made there, if such 
 proof were necessary ; but they seem to be the product of outside influences, rather 
 than the i-esult of native development." So we find a number which show traces of the 
 schools of Rhodes and of Cyprus.^ So, too, the great majority of these archaic figures 
 are stiinding tyi>es, whereas the conception of Hem which prevailed at the Heraeum was, 
 as we have seen, that of a seated figure. Moreover, a number of these arcliaic figures 
 are shown by their attributes to be representations of goddesses in no way connected 
 with Hera, or even hostile to her. Such are the figures of Artemis jwid Aphrodite.* 
 For the rest we can only sjjy that the archaic figures without attributes may be meant for 
 stiitues of Hera, and in many cases, doubtless, were so thought of by the donors ; but in 
 many othei-s they may have been meant for priestesses or even persons unconnected 
 with the ciUt of the goddess, who offer their own image to her. We are again dealing, 
 that is to say, with a tyjM?, and all attempts to dogmatize at this stage on the subjects of 
 these figures are futile."' 
 
 The animals display all the variety usually found in tem])le offerings. They include 
 horses (both with and without riders), bulls, dogs, pigs, bears, cocks, and birds, and 
 even some less common tyjjes, such as the centaur, the seii^ent, the tortoise, the monkey, 
 and the bull attacked by a lion. It does not seem possible tliat even the lively imagina- 
 tion of the Greeks can have thoujjht of any very definite association of all these animals 
 •with the g(Hldess. But few of the animals represented are sacrificial, so that the idea 
 that they are '* substitutions " ^ for actual sacrifices is in most cases excluded. At 
 best this expLmation can liiirdly apply to more tlian the cows," the rams, and the pigs. 
 In most of our figures, therefore, we are inclined to see only examples of the cheap 
 kind of offerings which were sold at the entrance to the temple, — offerings Avhose value 
 dej)en(led not so much upon their intrinsic worth as upon the spirit of the donor. 
 
 The same must be siiid of most of the " various objects " which we liave catalogued in 
 our last class. The rough j)eai^sha|)ed weights '^ and the cones," — which were probably 
 meant for use upon the lotmi,"* — the spools," and the rude oven'" — probably from a 
 baking scene — are not ina})propriate ott'erings to a female divinity like Hei-a. So, too, 
 the dish of cakes '^ and the numerous fragments of tables " are doubtless to be regarded 
 in the light of bancpiets offered to the divinity. The flowei^ike disks,^'* which occurred in 
 
 > Cf. No8. 141, 144, 148, 149, 177, 188, 200, 231. 
 ' Cf. the analogy in the proportion of black-figured 
 Tases to those of the Argive-Liuear style, pp. 60, 174. 
 » Cf. Nos. 207-211, 212, 21.3. 
 
 * So we interpret the figure holding a bow and a 
 deer (No. 179), and the figures which have in their hands 
 a hare (Nos. 176-178), or a flower (Nos. 166, 174), or a 
 fruit (Nos. 172, 173, 197), or a dove (Nos. 1(W-171, 199, 
 200). Some of these, to be sure, may l)e connected with 
 the cult of Hera, as the figure with the wreath (No. 
 175) probably is. Tims we know that Hera sis Kilei- 
 thyia was represented with bow (cf. vol. I. p. 8) ; and 
 the fniit of Nos. 172, 173, and 197 may l>e a pome- 
 granate (cf. Philost. Apoll. Tifon. IV. 28 : v l>oa 8« natni 
 ^uriv T^ *Hpf ^vfrat). But such attempts are uertaiidy 
 far-fetched, and if we consider the wide distribution 
 of these types (see the references under the separate 
 numbers), the connection with Hera does not seem prob- 
 able. 
 
 • Cf. Furtwilngler, ' .\phrodite,' in Roscher, Lex. d. 
 
 Myth. p. 410 : " Doch ist der Tj-pus eiu so allgemeiner, 
 dass er auch fiir andere Gottheiten, ja audi sterbliche, 
 die Votivgaben darbringen, beniitzt wurde." 
 
 « Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de PArt, VI. p. 818. 
 
 ^ It is interesting to note that the large Mycenaean 
 bull's or cow's head (No. 72) has a hole in the top, which 
 may have been meant to receive a bronze axe (cf. the 
 references given in the catalogue, p. 23). 
 
 « Cf. Nos. 290, 291. 
 
 « Cf. Nos. 283-285. 
 
 *" Pottier and Reinach (La Necrople de Myrina, pp. 
 248 ff.) explain these cones as cakes "by substitution," 
 and give the literature of the subject. The older inter- 
 pretation of them as loom-weights seems to us to be pre- 
 ferable. 
 
 " Cf. Nos. 286-289. 
 
 •2 Cf. No. 279. 
 
 " Cf. No. 267. Cf. also the mould, No. 277. 
 
 '* Cf. Nos. 268-270. 
 
 '6 Cf. Nos. 281, 282. 
 
 ii 
 
II 
 
 ill! 
 
 16 
 
 TllH TKRRA-COTTA FKJUKINES 
 
 such iiuinbers, have refeienee, perhaps, to Hera Antheia. But the appropriateness of 
 the foot with a sjuulaP (whiili seems too elahorate to have heeii luirt of a luiman fig- 
 ure), of the object which we have caHetl a tree,^ of the whorls 'and the rings,Mt is 
 iu»i)ossible to see. Here, then, we (h>ul)tless again liave examples of small, inexi)ensive 
 offerings, which were turned out hy the score hy the coroplasts, and served to sjitisfy 
 those among the poorer classes whose means did not i)ermit them to present nu>re elaho- 
 rate offerings. 
 
 But these, after all, are points of minor innMn-tance. The chief interest and value of 
 our find of tenii-cottiis lies in the fact that they reveal to us — in the figures of the 
 '• Ar«»-ive" classes — the existence of an artistic traditi«)n which hegjin hnig before the 
 period of the distinctly Mycenaean civiliaition, and continue<l uid)roken for centuries 
 after it. Thev thus strengthen us in the position which we have been led to take fnmi 
 a general survey of the whole result of our excavations. 
 
 A detailed catalogue of the Terra-cotta Figurines follows. Upon the Plates (XLH.- 
 XLVni.) the figures in parentheses refer to the numbers of this catalogue. 
 
 I. PRIMITIVE ARGIVE. 
 
 1. (Platk XLII. 1.) Rude standing fiunnv, mcxleled l)y hand, — a simple strip of olay, 
 pin«lie«l tosjctlier at the middle to form a waist an<l a stumpy pair of arms (now broken), and 
 pin«lH'il at top into a pointetl head. No traces of color. Height, 5 cm. Dark re<l clay. 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tinjns, p. 150, No. 78. 
 
 2. ( Fig. 1. ) Similar figure, arms broken. To each sitle of the nose is fixed a 
 mF lump of elay, t(» represent the eyes. The l>ottom is rounded to 
 
 JF ^^ form a base. No trace of color. Height. 4.5 cm. Light yellow 
 B^ W clay. 
 
 ^B 3. ( Fig. 2. ) Similar figure with a lump of clay attaehed to 
 
 ^K eaeh siile of the nose to represent the eyes, and aimther lump on 
 
 ^IPr top of head, to form a sort of pilos «)r cap. The figure is attaehed 
 
 Fig 1 *" '^ '*'*'^^' ""*^ possibly fornied part of a group. No traces of 
 
 color. Height, 5 em. Dark red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tin/us, p. 153, No. 82. 
 
 4. ( Figs. 3 anil 4.) Similar figiue, with lumps for eyes and a 
 strip of elay wound about the head, forming a stephane. 
 Below this stephane, at back, three strips of elay are 
 apjdied to represent the hair. The figure stands on a 
 plinth and may have formed part of a gr«>up. The 
 body is painted brown : the face is covered w ith a white 
 slip. Height, 5.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 5. (Fig. 5.) Similar figure, wearing stephane. The 
 botly is pierced by a round hole, apparently for the 
 purpose of suspending the figure. No traces of coh>r. 
 Height, 6.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 6. Fragments of two similar figures with holes for susjjension. 
 
 7. (Plate XLII. 6.) Primitive figure, right arm broken. Eyes, the usual 
 
 lumps. The stephane has a boss added in front. Traces of white slip. Height, 6 om. Clay, 
 light yellow. 
 
 8. (Fig. 6.) Primitive figure, which originally had two lumps for eyes, now lost. The figure 
 is remarkable for the two lumps of clay which are evidently meant for the breasts, although 
 
 Cf. No. titW. * Cf. No. 292. 
 
 b'ui. 
 
 Fio. :j. 
 
 Fi«j. 4. 
 
 TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE 
 
 they are placed very low. Color, red, shading to black (apparently from burning). 
 Yellow clay. 
 
 9. (Fig. 7.) Similar figure, with the usual lumps for eyes. The 
 represented by a cutting across the " beak." The ver- 
 tical grooves in the lower part of the figure seem to 
 i-epresent the folds of the chiton. No trace o£ color. 
 Height, 5.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 10. (Fig. 8.) Standing male figure with stephane. 
 The eyes are not indicated, but the lower part of the 
 •' beak " is drawn out to form a beard, and the mouth 
 is representeil by a short cutting. Body and stephane 
 
 are painted re<l. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 11. One hundred and eleven fragments of figures similar to Nos. 
 1-9, showing the same development of hair and stephane, but no devel- 
 opment of drajiery. They are all of small dimensious, made by hand, of rather 
 generally show traces of a white coat, with simple line patterns applied in red and 
 
 17 
 
 Height, 6.5 cm. 
 
 mouth is rudely 
 
 Fio. «. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 t. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 coarse clay, and 
 black. 
 
 c;roup 1 
 
 IL TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE. 
 
 SLIGHTLY DKVKLOPED PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (NO DECORATIVE 
 
 BANDS). 
 
 12. (Plate XLII I. 1.) Seated female figure, simplest form. The figure is made in the 
 same way as No. 1, but it is slightly bent in the middle, and to the back is applied a four-legged 
 8up]M)rt (cf. p. 5, note 1 ). There is a simple stephane on the head, and the feet are represented by 
 two lumps applied to the bottom of the figure. White slip, traces of red on stephane. Height, 
 4.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 13. Seventy-five fragments of figures similar to No. 12, exhibiting no adornment other than 
 stephane an<l .slight development of hair. They are usually covered with a white 
 coat, and decorated with red and black lines. 
 
 14. Fragment of figure similar to No. 12, broken at waist, and at neck and left 
 shoulder. Above the waist are two holes for inserted arms, with fragments of 
 arms still in place. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 -cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 15. ( Fig. 9. ) Bearded seated figure, broken at waist and lacking arms. Eyes, 
 the usual lumps. Round pilos-like cap. Mouth, a deep cut, and beard marked 
 by four vertical grooves. White slip. Height, 6.5 cm. Yellow elay. 
 
 16. (Fig. 10.) Seated male figure in high pilos, with strap passing under 
 chin. The figure has a band across the mouth, plainly for holding 
 
 a flute, which is now broken away. The aiSoia are represented by a round lump of 
 
 clay. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. for headdress, Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 159, No. 93: 
 Furtwiingler, Jahvbucfi, 1887, p. 202, No. 8 ; Furtwiingler, 
 Oh/ni/)i(f, Ergehnissi' : Die Bronzen, pi. xvii. 288. 
 17. (Fig. 11.) Seated figure with feet extended. Part 
 
 Fig. ». 
 
 of face, both arms, feet, and legs of chair missing. The 
 figure has a stephane with boss, but otherwi.se is unadorned. 
 ,\ strij) of clay over each temple forms the hair. White 
 slip. Height, 8 cm. Length, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 Pjq u Cf. Schliemann, Tiryus, j). 159, No. 91. 
 
 18. Two similar figures, badly broken. 
 19. Similar figure, with baud over mouth, apparently for holding flute. Traces of white coat. 
 Height, 5 cm. Length, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 » Cf . No. 270. 
 
 « Cf. No. 280. 
 
 ^1 
 
16 
 
 TllK TKKKA-(()TTA FKirUINKS 
 
 suih mimlters. have refeifiict'. |KMliaps, to Ht'ia Aiitlu-ia. Hut tlu' aj»|»n>iniati'iiess of 
 thf foot with a suulaP (wliiih set'ius too flahoiate to have lu'en iNirt of a human Hj;- 
 ure). of the ol>ieit whith we liave called a tree." of the whoils ' ami the liiij^s/ it is 
 iiunossihle to see. Here, then, we donhtless anain have examples of small, inexi»ensive 
 otferin«»s. which were turnetl out hv the score hv the coroplasts, ami serve<l to sitisfv 
 those aniono- the poorer classes whose nutans did not |w'rmit them to present more elaho- 
 rate ott"erini»s. 
 
 But these, after all, are points of minor importance. The chief interest and value of 
 our find <»f teriii-eottas lies in the fact that they reveal to us — in the tii-ures of the 
 '• Ari»ive" classes — the existence of an artistic tradition which he«;:an lonj;- hefore the 
 period (»f the <listinctly Mvcenaean civilizjition. and continued unhroken for centuries 
 after it. Thev thus streni«then us in the position which we have heen led tu tiike fnmi 
 a iivneral survev of the wlude result of our excavations. 
 
 A detailed catalogue of the Terra-c<»tta Fii-urines follows. Upon the Pl.ATKs iXLll.- 
 XLVIll.) the fi«;ures in parentheses refer t«) the nundiers of this catalogue. 
 
 I. PKIMITIVE AKGIVE. 
 
 1. (1*1. A IK XLII. 1.) Kiidc stamlinjj tiuurc uuMl.l.tl l.y han.l, — a siinpU' strip of clay, 
 pinrhcl tooitlur at the niid.Uf to form a waist ami a stumpy pair of arniH (now 1m>keu). and 
 piiH-lii'd at top into a poiiite.l liciul. No traces of c<»lor. Ihii,'lit. .') cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 I't". SclilieiiKiim. Tii'iiiis. p. l.')0. No. 78. 
 
 2. ( Kiu. 1. ) Similar tijjurr. arms broken. To each side of the ncwe is fixed a 
 
 ShuHp of flay, to nprescnt the eyes. The liottoiu is rounded to 
 j^ form a base. No trace of color, lliijiht, 4.') cm. Lii;htyelh»w 
 W ela.v. 
 3. ( Fiii. 2. ) .Similar figure with a lump of clay attai-hed to 
 eaeli side of the nose tt) rejuesent the eyes, and another lump on 
 tojiof hea«l. to form a sort <•£ pilos or cap. The figure is attached 
 ,, . to a base antl jiossihly formed i)art of a group. Ni> traces of 
 
 color. Height, ;') cm. Dark red clay. 
 C'f. Seldiemann, Tin/ns, ]>. l')3. No. 82. 
 
 4. ( Figs. 3 and 4. ) Similar figure, with lumps for eyes and a 
 strip of clay w<Mmd aWont the head, forming a st«'phane. 
 lielow this stephane, at hack, three strips of clay are 
 ai)plie«l to represent the hair. The figure stands on a 
 plinth and may have forme«l part of a group. The 
 hody is painted hrown : the face is I'oveivd with a white 
 slip. Height. 5.5 em. Clay. re<ldish yellow. 
 
 5. ( Fig. 5. ) Similar figure, wearing stej)Iiane. The 
 ImmIv is ])ierced hy a round hole, apparently for tlie 
 
 Ki(i. :$. lui \ i>urpose (»f suspending the figure. No traces of color. 
 
 Height. G.5 «in. Red clay. 
 
 6. Fragments of two similar figures with hoh's for susjK'nsion. Fiu. .'>. 
 
 7. ( 1*L ATE XLII. •>.) Primitive figure, right arm broken. Eyes, the tisual 
 
 lumps. The stephane has a hoss adde«l in front. Traces of white slip. Height, «> en«. Clay, 
 light yellow. 
 
 8. ( Fig. 0.) Primitive figure, winch originally had two lumps for eyes, now lost. Tlie figure 
 is remarkable for tlie two lumps of clay which are evidently meant for the breasts, although 
 
 1 Cf. Nu. J-O. « Cf. Xo. 280. Cr. Xo. LIU. * Cf. Xo. 2»I. 
 
 H<i. •_'. 
 
 TIHYNTIIIAN .\UGIVE 
 
 they are placed very low. Color, i-eil, shading to black (apparently from burning). 
 Yellow clay. 
 
 9. (Fig. 7.) Similar figure, with the usual lumps for eyes. The 
 represented by a cutting across the " beak."' The ver- 
 tical grooves in the lower part of the figure seem to 
 iH'present the folds of the chiton. Xo trace of color. 
 Height, 5.5 em. Light yellow clay. 
 
 10. ( Fig. 8.) Standing male figine with stephane. 
 The «'ycs are not indicated, but the lower part of the 
 " l)eak " is drawn out to form a beard, and the mouth 
 is ivpi-esentcil by a short (rutting. B<Kly and stephane 
 
 are painted red. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 11. One hundre<l and eleven fragments of figures similar to Xos. 
 1-J>, showing the sanie development of hair and stephane, but no devel- 
 opment of drai)ery. They are all of small dimensions, made by hand, of rather 
 generally show traces of a white coat, with simjih; line patterns applied in red and 
 
 17 
 Height, 5.5 cm. 
 
 mouth is rudely 
 
 FlO. <i. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 coarse clay, and 
 black. 
 
 GROUP I: SLIGHTLY 
 
 H. THIYNTHIAN ARGIVE. 
 
 DKVKLOPKi:) PLASTIC OUNAMKNTATION (NO DECORATIVE 
 BANDS). 
 
 12. ( I'l.ATK XLII I. L) Seated female figure, simplest form. The figure is made in the 
 same way as No. 1, but it is slightly bent in the mi(Ulle, and to the back is applied a four-legged 
 support ( cf. p. 5. note 1 ). There is a simple stephane on the head, and the feet are represented by 
 two lumps applied to the Invttom of the figure. White slij), traces of red on stephane. Height, 
 4.5 cm. 1 )ark yell»>w clay. 
 
 13. Seventy-five fragments of figures similar to Xo. 12, exhibiting no adornment other than 
 stephane and slight development of hair. They are usually covered with a white 
 coat, and decorated with red and black lines. 
 
 14. Fragment of figtne similar to No. 12, broken at waist, and at neck and left 
 shouhler. .\bove the waist are two holes for inserted arms, with fragments of 
 arms still in place. Traces of white. Height, (5.5 -cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 15. ( Fig. i>. ) Bearded seate«l figure, broken at waist and lacking arms. Eyes, 
 the usual lumps. Kound pilos-like cap. Mmith, a deep cut, and beard marked 
 by four vei-tieal grooves. White .slip. Height, 0.5 em. Yellow clay. 
 
 16. ( Fig. 10.) Seated m.ale figure in high pilos, with strap passing under 
 chin. The figure has a band across the mtmth, plaiidy for holding 
 
 a flute, whi«*h is now broken away. The aifiola are repres«'nted by a round lump of 
 
 clay. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. for hea<ldress, Seldiemann, Tin/iis, p. 159, No. 93: 
 Furtwiingler, Jahrhiirli, 1887, p. 202, No. 8 : Furtwiingler. 
 (Hiinipia, Kfffchuitiai' : I)lr Itronzrn, pi. xvii. 288. 
 
 17. (Fig. 11.) Seated figure with feet extended. Part 
 of fa<"«', both arms, feet, and legs of chair missing. The 
 figure has a stephane with boss, but otherwise is unadorned. 
 .\ strip of clay over each temple forms the hair. White 
 slip. Height, 8 cm. Length, G.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 y^^. n Cf. Schliemann, Tln/ns, \^. 159, No. 91. 
 
 18. Two similar figures, badly broken. 
 
 19. Similar iigure. with ban«l «)ver mouth, apparently for holding flute. Traces of white coat. 
 Height, 5 em. Length, fi cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 'I I 
 
ll 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 18 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 20. Similar figure, broken at waist, legs of chair also broken. At left side, near feet, are traces 
 of a smaller figure, also broken at waist. No traces of color. Height, 5 cm. 
 Length, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 2L (Fig. 12.) Flute player of uncertain sex. Right arm and right half of 
 flute broken away. With the exception of the face and the flutes, the figure is 
 entirely covered with dark red paint. Height, 7 cm. Light yellow 
 
 clay. 
 
 22. (Fig. 13.) Performer on the syrinx — the "bird-faced'* 
 tyi)e, with simple stephane. The nature of the Pan's pipe is clearly 
 indicate*! by a cross strip at top and bottom of the instrument. 
 Broken at bottom. Height, 4.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 23. (Fig. 14.) Similar figure with double flute. Stephane 
 adorned with a boss. Red stripe indicates the flute strap. Height, yia. 13. 
 
 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 at. (Fig. 15.) Woman kneading bread. She wears a stephane, and has a lump of clay 
 attached to each shoulder, to represent dress-pins (jrcpoioi). 
 Small disks of clay represent the dough in the i)an. Traces 
 of white on arms of woman and on pan, of red on stephane, 
 of brown on woman's botly. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish 
 yellow. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 149, No. 76. The motive is 
 very ancient — it occurs in the oldest sculpture of Egypt ; cf. 
 Perrot et Chipiez, I/ist. ih VArt, I- P- 74, fig. 
 48, and p. 6G2, fig. 448. 
 
 25. (Plate XLII. 3.) Standing female Vm. 14. Fig. 15. 
 figure, showing an attem)>t at more careful re- 
 presentation of the hair. Under the .stephane there is a large curl over each eye, 
 and an oblong strip of clay at the back of the head, now mostly broken away. 
 Stephane, i-ed ; hair and botly black. Height, 8 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tii'ijn», pi. xxv. k. 
 
 26. ( Fig. 16.) Flute player (flutes now missing), showing further development 
 of hair into two sti-ands in front of each shoulder, and four curls across forehead. 
 Tliere is also an attempt to represent the feet. Traces of white slip. Height, 
 
 Fig. 10. 8.5 cm. Clay, <lark yellow. 
 
 W 
 
 GROUP 2 : CONSIDERABLY DEVELOPED PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (ONE BAND). 
 
 27. (Plate XLIL 4.) Standing figure, with close-fitting necklace (cf. p. 11) extending to 
 nape of neck, and bosses at shoulders, to represent Trcpdmt. The figure has a stephane. Traces of 
 white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 2a (Plate XLII. 12. ) Similar figure, with wide band stretched from shoulder to shoulder, 
 surmounted by round l)os.ses (cf. pp. 10 f.). The hair is represented by curls across the fore- 
 head, bound with a taenia. White slip, traces of reil lines on band and down left side. Height, 
 11 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 29. Forty-three fragments of figures similar to Nos. 27 and 28, adorned with one necklace only. 
 Almost all have the stephane, and show some development of the hair. They also have very 
 considei-able traces of white coat and ornamentation in red and black. 
 
 30. (Plate XLII. 2.) Standing figure, arms, heacl, and feet broken away, with narrow band 
 which passes over left shoulder and under right arm. About the neck are traces of a close-fitting 
 necklace. Slight traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Here the band seems clearly to i'ei)resent the fold of an outer garment, arrange<l in the manner 
 of the later himation (cf. the Acrojwlis statues, Nuseex iT Athviws^ pis. ii. and iii. ; Heuzey, FUj. 
 Ant. pi. xii. 4; and our own Nos. 163, 164, and 175). The oblitpie band is very similar to that 
 of the jjiimitive vase in human form from Hissarlik, Schliemann, IHo», p. 343, No. 235. 
 
 TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE 
 
 19 
 
 31. Two fragments of similar figures, with bands passing from left shoulder to right side. 
 
 32. (Fig. 17.) Standing figure without stephane. The hair is formed by curls arranged about 
 a centre. The arms and all the upper part of the body were enveloped in a thin 
 layer of clay, which formed a sort of shawl (now pi-eserved only on right side). 
 No traces of color. Height, 7 cm. Greenish yellow clay. 
 
 33. (Plate XLII I. 2.) Seated female figure with stephane, similar to No. 
 12, but (h'corated with a necklace from shoulder to shoulder. The eyes are not 
 indicated plastically. The stei)hane has a boss. The feet are indicated by two 
 projections. Covered with white slip, marked with red and black horizontal 
 lines on chiton and chair. Ih-ight, 9 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Heuzey, F'nj. Ant. pi. xl. 1 (from Cyrenaica). 
 
 34. (Plate XLIII. 3.) Similar figure, with ends of necklace enlarged into 
 »rc/M»i«u. The figui-e has no separate supi)ort, but is held ujjright by two legs 
 attached directly to the back. Covere<l with white slip, traces of red lines at 
 neck and waist. Height, 9.5 cm. Re»l clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, 77r//«.«, p, 157, Nos. 87 and 88 ; and on the whole series of .seated figures, the 
 figures from Tegea (Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. J'Athenes., Nos. 541, 542; and Leuormant, 
 Gaz. Arch. 1878, pp. 44 flf.). 
 
 35. Four hundred and ninety-one fragments of figures similar to Nos. 33 and 34, with stephane 
 and single necklace, both with and without .separately made chairs. They all show the same sys- 
 tem of decoration in red and black lines on a white ground, with occasional use of color applied 
 directly (for the botlies). Clay, usually red or yellow. 
 
 GROUP 3: ELABORATE PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (TWO OR MORE BANDS). 
 
 36. (Plate XLII. 5.) Standing figure with two necklaces. The hair was formed by four 
 notched strands at back of head, and shows traces of a stephane. Hair, eyes, and bod}' painted 
 black, face and breast natural color of the clay. Height, 6.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 37. (Plate XLII. 11.) Similar figure with two necklaces and Trc/wiai as Kovp(yrp6^o<: (with an 
 infant in her arms). The heatl of the child is broken away. White slip, traces of red on neck- 
 lace, on infant, and on lower edge of chiton. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. p. 13. 
 
 3& Six almost identical figures carrying infants, l)oth with and without necklaces. 
 
 39. (Fig. 18.) Standing female figure, carrying a child on her back ; he sits 
 on her shoulders and grasps her around the head. She wears the customary 
 stephane with boss. Hair, two strands over eyes. General traces of white. 
 Heiirht, 5.5 cm. Grav clay. 
 
 Cf. the figui-e given by Heuzey, Fit/. Ant. )il. iv. 4, which has a child both 
 at front and at back. 
 
 40. (Plate XLII. 10.) Standing female figure of usual type in stephane, 
 with one double and (originally) two single bo.sses. She wears a close-fitting 
 necklace with pendant, and long double necklace across shoulders, between two 
 round pins. Plentiful traces of white slip, and of red lines on stephane and neck- 
 laces. Height, 8 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 tt. (Plate XLII. 13.) Similar figure, but without stephane. The hair was originally long 
 curls, now broken away. She has three necklaces, consisting of a twisted band between two plain 
 ones, and double bosses rei)resent the dress-pins. The fold of the chiton between the legs seems 
 to be represented by a slight indentation, but this might be due to a defect of the clay. The 
 body is paintecl black. Height, 7.5 cm. (iray clay. 
 
 42. (Plate XLII. 7.) Similar figure in high stephane with three bosses. Hair, simple mass, 
 crossed by horizontal grooves. Long necklace with three jjendants across breast. Large round 
 pin on left shoulder : the one on the right is broken away. The feet are carefully indicated by 
 wedge-sha|>ed projections, and the figure stands on a plinth. White slip, with traces of rod on 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
18 
 
 20. 
 
 TEHKA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 Similar fi<nire, broken at waist, legs of chair also broken. At left siile, near feet, are traces 
 
 TTHYXTIIIAN ARGIVE 
 
 10 
 
 No traces of color. 
 
 llcigbt. 5 cm. 
 
 A 
 
 Fi.i. 14. 
 
 of a smaller figure, also broken at waist. 
 Length. G.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 121, {V'lg. 12.) Flute i)layer of uncertain .sex. Right arm anil right half of 
 '' flute broken away. With tlie exception of the face anil the flutes, the figure is 
 ^ entirely covered with dark re«l paint. Height. 7 cm. Light yellow 
 day. 
 22. (Fig. 13.) Performer on the syrinx — the "bird-faced" 
 tyi»e, with simple stephane. The nature of the Pan's \n\m is clearly 
 indicated by a cross strip at top and bottom of the instrument. 
 Bi«»ken at bott«>ni. Height, 4.5 cm. Red clay. 
 ., . ,„ 23. < Fi". 14.) Similar tiunre with double flute. Stejdiane 
 
 adorned with a boss. Red striiK; indicates the flute strap. Height, pn,. 13. 
 
 .^.."> cm. Red clay. 
 
 24. ( Fi"'. 15.) Woman kneading bread. She wears a stephane, and has a lump of clay 
 attaclied to each shoulder, t«) represent dress-pins (Trfpuiut). 
 Small disks of clay represent the tlough in the pan. Traces 
 of white on arnis of woman and on |)an, of rc«l on stephane, 
 of brown on womaus botly. Height, cm. Clay, reddish 
 
 yellow. 
 
 (.'f. Schlicmann, Tin/u.s. p. 149. No. 70. The motive is 
 very ancient — it occurs in the oldest sculpture of Egypt : cf. 
 l*t;rrot et Thipie/, I/ist. tie FArt, I. p. 74, fig. 
 48, and p. 002, Hg. 448. 
 
 25. (Platk XLH. 3.) Standing female 
 tigiirc, showing an attemj^t at more careful re- 
 presentation of the hair. Under the stephane theiv is a large curl over each eye, 
 and an oblong strip of clay at the back of the head, now mostly broken away. 
 Stephane, red : hair and botly black. Height, 8 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schlicmann, Tlnjns, pi. xxv. k. 
 
 26. ( Fig. 10.) F'lute player (^flutes now missing), showing further development 
 of hair int«> two strands in front of each shoulder, and ftmr curls across fori-head. 
 There is also an attempt to represent the feet. Traces of white slip. Height, 
 
 Fk;. ir>. 8.5 cm. I'lay, dark yellt)v.-. 
 
 (;H()rP 2: CONsn)EUAULY DKVKLOPKD PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (ONE HAND). 
 
 27. ( Pl.vte XLll. 4.) Standing figure, with close-fitting necklace (cf. p. 11) extending to 
 nape of neck, and bosses at sht)ulders, to represent ttc/wiw. The figure has a stephane. Traces of 
 white. Height. 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 28. ( Plvik XLll. 12.) Similar figure, with wide band stretched fi-om shoulder to shoidder, 
 surmounted by round bosses ( i-f . ])p. 10 f.). The hair is represented by curls across the fore- 
 head, bound with a taenia. White slip, traces of red lines on band and down left side. Height, 
 11 cm. Light yellitw clay. 
 
 29. F^orty-three fragments of figures similar to Nos. 27 and 28, adorned with one necklace only. 
 Almost all have the stephane, and show some development of the hair. They also have very 
 considerable traces of white coat and ornamentation in red antl black. 
 
 30. (Pl.vte XLII. 2.) Standing figure, arms. head, and feet broken away, with narrow hand 
 which passes over left shoulder and under right arm. About the neck are traces of a close-fitting 
 necklace. Slight traces of white. Height. cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Here the band seems clearly to rejjresent the fold of an outer garment, arrangetl in the manner 
 of the later himation ( cf . the Acroi>olis statues, Mnsvva O'Athiinxy jds. ii. and iii. ; Heuzey, FUj. 
 Aht. jd. xii. 4: and our own Nos. 103. 104, and 175). The obli«pie band is very similar to that 
 of the primitive vase in human form front Hissarlik, Schliemann, Ifios, p. 343, No. 235. 
 
 31. Two fragments of similar figures, with bands |)assing frouj left shoulder to right side. 
 
 32. (Fig. 17.) Standing figure without stephane. The hair is formed by curls arranged about 
 a centre. The arms and all the ui)per part of the body were enveloped in a thin 
 layer of clay, which formed a sort of shawl (now pn'served only on right side). 
 No traces of color. Height, 7 cm. (ireenish yellow clav. 
 
 33. ( Platk XLH I. 2.) Seated female figure with stei)hane. sindlar to No. 
 12, but de»'orated with a necklace from shoidder to shoidder. The eyes are not 
 indicated jdastically. The stephane has a boss. The feet are indicat«'d by two 
 projections. Covered with white slij), marked with red ami black horizontal 
 lines on chiton and chair. Height, U cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Heuzey. Fi(/. Ant. \A. xl. 1 (from Cyrenaica ). 
 
 34. (Pl.vtk XLIII. 3.) Similar figure, with ends of neckl.ace enlarged into 
 wtinUai. The figure has no separate sup|K)rt, but is held upright by two legs 
 attached direi-tly to the back. Covered with white slip, traces of red lines at 
 neck and waist. Height. 9.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schlii'inann, Tin/us, p. 157, Xos. 87 and 88; and on the whole series «)f seated figures, the 
 figures from Tegea (Martha, C(tf. dcs F'nj. thi Mux. tf Af/ir/ws, Nos. 541, 542; and Lenormant, 
 (I'ttz. At'vh. 1878. pp. 44 ff.). 
 
 35. Four hundred and ninety-one fragments of figures similar to Nos, 33 and .34, with stephane 
 and single necklace, both with and without separately made chairs. They all show the same sys- 
 tem of decoration in red and black lines on a white ground, with occasional use of color applied 
 <lirectly (f<>r the boilies). Clay, usually red or yellow. 
 
 GROrP :3: ELABORATE PLASTIC ORXAMENTATION (TWO OR MORE BANDS). 
 
 36. (Pl.vtkXLII. 5.) Standing figure with two necklaces. The hair was formed by four 
 notched strands at back of head, and shows traces of a stephane. Hair, eyes, and body painted 
 black, face and breast natural color of the clay. Height, 0.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 37. (Platk XLH. 11.) Similar figure with two necklaces and :r€/joi'«i as KorpiT/m<^o9 (with an 
 infant in her arms ). The head of the j'hild is broken away. White slip, traces of red on neck- 
 lace, on infant, and on lower »'dge of chiton. Height, 7.5 <*m. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. }.. 13. 
 
 38. Six alm<»st identical figures carrying infants, both with and without necklaces. 
 
 39. (Fig. 18.) Standing female figure, carrying a child on her back ; he sits 
 on her shouidi-rs ami grasps her around the head. She wears the customary 
 stephaiu' with boss. Hair, two strands over eyes. General traces of white. 
 Height. 5.5 cm. (iray clay. 
 
 Cf. the figure given by Henzcy, FUj. A tit. )d. iv. 4. which has a child both 
 at front and at back. 
 
 40. (Pl.vtk XLII. 10.) Standing female figure of usual type in stejdiane, 
 with one double and (originally) two single bosses. She wears a close-fitting 
 necklace with jM'udant, and long double ne«'klace across shoiihh'rs, between two 
 i-ound pins. Plentiful traces of white slip, and of red lines on stejdiane and neck- 
 laces. Heijjht. 8 «'m. Dark vellow clav. 
 
 41. (Platk XLII. 13.) Similar figure, but without stephane. The hair was originally long 
 curls, now broken away. She has three neckhu'cs, consisting of a twisted band between two plain 
 one.s, and doubh; bosses represent the dress-])ins. The fold of the chiton between the legs seems 
 to Ik* repri'sented by a slight indentation, but this might be «lue to a defect of the clay. The 
 body is painted black. Height, 7.5 cm. (hay clay. 
 
 42. (Platk XLll. 7.) Similar figure in high stephane with three bosses. Hair, sim])le mass, 
 crossed by hori/.<»ntal grooves. Long necklace with three i>emlants across breast. Large round 
 pin on left shonhh'r : the one on tlu' right is broken away. The feet are carefully indicated by 
 wedge-shai)ed projections, antl the figure stands on a plinth. \\'hite slip, with traces of ivd on 
 
 Fm. IS. 
 
•20 
 
 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 Fio. 19. 
 
 Fuj. 20. 
 
 necklace, pin, hair, and stephane; botly, from waist down, black. Height, 10 cm. Dark yellow 
 
 clay. 
 
 43. (Fig. 19.) Fragment of fignre with two necklaces and pecnliar form of pin on right 
 
 shoulder ; this consists of a wedge-shai)ed i)iece of clay, and is plainly 
 
 only an elongatetl form of the round pin of earlier numbers ; it forms 
 
 a transition, however, to the elaborate pins of later numbers. Hair 
 
 two large curls, surmountetl by stephane. Traces of white. Height, 
 
 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 44. (Fig. 20.) Similar female figure, with elab- 
 orate applied ornaments. She has a stephane with 
 double boss, bound about the bottom with a taenia. 
 The hair is represented by four 8i)iral curls over 
 forehead, three long curls at back. Four neck- 
 laces (one twisted, one with i)endant), and under them (ap|)earing at left side) 
 two nu>re bands, which can hardly be anything but an attempt to rei)resent 
 the fold of the chiton. On the right shoulder is an elaborate pin, consisting 
 of two cross-bars and two bosses, with traces of a third ci-oss-bar (tyi>e of 
 No. 84). The feet are marked with tliree grooves each. A wide band of 
 clay, broken at both extremities, appears under right arm, and thei-e are 
 traces of a simihir band under left arm. These may have served to form a 
 loop for susi)ension, for the figure could never have been intended to staml. 
 White slip, with red lines on face and bi-east ; stephane, taenia, and l>ody ivd : 
 hair black, black band at waist and at bottom of chiton. Height, 9 <'m. Clay, 
 dark yellow. 
 
 45. (Platk XLII. 8.) Similar figure, with deep indentation in beak, which brings out nose 
 and chin. The figure wears a simple stephane. Hair, two large curls over forehead, six notche<l 
 strands at back. There are three necklaces (simple band between two notched bands), with flower- 
 shaped TTfiH'nii on left shoidder. Face aiul necklaces show thick white slip; the Ixxly has horizontal 
 red lines. Height, 13.5 cm. Clay, greenish yellow. 
 
 46. (Platk XLII. 9.) Similar figure with the same indentation for mouth. The hair con- 
 sisted originally of thick twisted braids (two pieces only are i)reservetl). Four necklaces — twisted 
 band between two plain ones, to^Mid by waved band. The fibulae were elaborate : each consisted 
 originally of two large bosses of three concentric circles, with small ]M)sses between. Thick white 
 slip on face and necklaces, narrow red line at waist. Height, 11.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 47. Thirty fragnu'uts of figures similar to Nos. 40-4G, with two or more necklaces. They are 
 all crudely made, often without trace of color, although all probably ha<l at least the usual white 
 coat with line decoration, 
 
 4a Fifteen fragments of bo<lies, broken below waist, so that it is impossible to determine 
 scheme of decoration. 
 
 49. ( Plate XLII I. 6.) Seated figure with stephane (broken at front) and two necklaces ; also 
 originally with pins at the shoulders. The hair is treated as a single mass over each eye. Cus- 
 tomary white slip, some traces of re<l horizontal lines on neck (to represent another necklace ?), 
 necklace, waist, and lower part of chiton. Height, 12.5 cm. Clay, red. 
 
 50. (Plate XLIII. 7.) Similar figure with four necklaces (three plain bands and one twisted 
 band), seated in wide chair. Hair is treate<l as one single, large curl on top of head. White slip. 
 Height, 9.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, 77r////.«<, ]>. 156. No. 86. 
 
 51. (Plate XLIII. 10.) Fragment of similar figni-e, broken at waist and right shoidder, with 
 three necklaces (a ]>lain band between two twisted bands), ending on each shoulder in two round 
 bosses. The mouth is distinctly marked by a straight groove across beak. The figure has earrings 
 consisting of one boss apjdied to another, and stei)hane. The hair is treated as a single strand 
 over each eye, notche<l in front, as a mass at back, criss-crossed with vertical and horizontal 
 grooves, and notched at sides of head. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 I 
 
 TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE 
 
 21 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 52. (Fig. 21.) Upper part of female figure, with a remarkable brooch on right shoulder — 
 a large spiral, adorned with rosettes and bosses. (In this single case, it 
 seems possible that this ornament is of a floral nature, and has some connec- 
 tion with Hera Antheia; cf. p. 10.) Hair, a large mass, which covers head 
 and shouhlers, hatched with horizontal and vertical ffnxives. The earrin"-s 
 have the form of rosettes, with raised l)osses in the centi-e. Traces of white. 
 Height, 5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 53. (Plate XLIII. 8.) Similar figure, elalmrate decoration. It has six 
 necklaces, four plain and two twisted bands ; the lower one passes around 
 the back. Earrings in the forms of double bosses. The stephane also has 
 a large boss. The hair is treated as a long notched curl over each eye. with five spirals at back of 
 head. Traces of white, with red on stephane. Height, 7 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 54. (Plate XLIII. 9. ) Elaborate figui-e, broken at waist ; left arm and right forearm missing. 
 The figiue has no necklaces, but a deep groove runs across the breast and around the shoulders 
 aiul back, to mark the edge of the chiton. Tlie stei)hane is pierced by three holes, probably 
 inteiuled for inserted ornaments. Earrings in the form of rosettes. The hair consists of two bands 
 above forehead, filled with irregular lines of small holes, — a not altogether unsuccessful attempt 
 to indicate the texture of the hair. Below these bands the hair falls in spiral curls (originally 
 there were two which fell in front of shoulders, and four at back), which remind one strongh' of 
 metal work. The treatment of the body at the waist marks a style which is not constructively 
 that of terra-cotta figures, but is more like the techniipie of beaten metal. On the shoulders 
 are fibulae in the form of four-leaved clovers (cf. p. 10). Some traces of red on chiton and on 
 stephane. Height, 8.5 cm. Gray clay, now black from burning. 
 
 55. Five hundred and seventy-seven more or less broken seated figures of the type of Nos. 
 49-53, with two or more necklaces, usually with stephane and pins. Some traces of decoration in 
 red and black lines on a white ground, with occasional application of paint directly to the clay. 
 
 56. (Fig. 22.) Upper part of "■ bird-faced " figure, broken at waist. Hair, 
 
 single wavy curl above forehead. The figure is entirely wrapped in a sort of 
 
 •shawl, which rises to a point over the head. Thick white slip ; traces of red 
 
 and black on fragment of back of chair. Height, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. No. 32 and the figure from Tegea, Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Jltis. 
 
 ^T \ d' A then en, Nos. 554-558. 
 
 ^M* m 57. (Plate XLIII. 4.) Seated female figure, holding infant (heads of both 
 
 ^hi.— . ^ I J^ figures missing). The seated figure is of the regular Tirynthian tyi)e, with 
 a necklace from shoulder to shoulder. The child is an oblong lump of clay, 
 with a groove at bottom to mark the feet. Some traces of white. Height, 
 6 cm. Red clay. 
 Cf. p. 13. 
 5& Fragments of seven similar figures, all of the regular " bird-faced " type, to which a lump of 
 clay is atlded to represent a child. Some traces of white. Clay, red to yellow. 
 
 59. (Plate XLIII. 11.) Fragment of female figure, broken at neck and waist, on wide seat, 
 which was evidently intended for two figures. The fragment preserved wears a waved necklace of 
 two bands, and was doubtless of the " bird-faced " tyi)e. In her laj) she holds an object like a 
 broad roll or band, marked with five grooves, which evidently extended to the other figure of the 
 group. Slight traces of white, with red on taenia and black on the body of the woman. Height, 
 6.5 cm. Length, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 60. ( Plate XLIII. 5.) Female figui-e from a similar group (the seat is here broken close to 
 the figure, but was plainly intended for two figures, as it shows no traces of legs at the point of 
 breakage. The face is of the usual " Tirynthian Argive " sort, with a single mass of hair over 
 each eye. The entire figure is wrapped in a mantle (cf. No. 56) meeting in front, which rises to a 
 jK)int al)ove the head. In the lap are traces of a roll or band, similar to that of No. 59. Traces 
 of brown on hair and lower part of chiton. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 2ti. 
 
 t; 
 
•20 
 
 TER K A-COTT A FU i U KIN KS 
 
 Km. ly. 
 
 Fi.;. -20. 
 
 neckhue, pin, hair, ami stephane ; binly, fiom waist down, black. Height, 10 cm. Dark >cllow 
 
 clay. 
 
 4a (Fig. 19.) Fragment of figure with two necklaces ami i>eculiar form of pin on right 
 
 shoiiUkr : this consists of a wcilge-shaiK'd i>iece of clay, and is plainly 
 
 only an elongated f«»rm «>f th«' round pin of earlier numln'rs : it ft>rnis 
 
 a transition, however, to the elaborate pins of later munbers. Hair 
 
 two large eurls, surnunnited by stephane. Traces of white. Height, 
 
 5 em. Yellow elay. 
 
 44. ( Fig. '20.) Similar female tigure, w itli elal>- 
 «»rate applied »unanients. She has a stephane with 
 double 1h)ss, bound about the bottom with a taenia. 
 The hair is represented by four spiral curls over 
 forehead, three long eurls at back. Four neck- 
 laces (^one twisteil. one with jHiidantX and umler them ( apjH'aring at left side ) 
 two more bands, which can hardly be anything but an attempt to represent 
 the fold of the chit<m. On tlie right shouhler is an elaborate i>in, consisting 
 of two cn»ss-bars and two bosses, with traces of a third cross-bar (ty|H.' »»f 
 No. 84). The feet are marked with three gif)oves each. A wide band of 
 clav. broken at both extremities. api>ears under right arm, and thei-e are 
 traces of a siuiilar band under left arm. These may have served to form a 
 loop for sus|)ension, for the tigure could never have In-en intended to stand. 
 White slip, with red lines on face and breast: stephane, taenia, and \hk\\ re<l : 
 hair black, black band at waist and at bottom of ehiton. Heigiit, 9 cm. Clay, 
 dark yellow. 
 
 45. (1*1. Ml. XLII. 8.) Similar figure, with deep indentation in Inak, which brings out nose 
 and chin. The Hgure wears a simple stephane. Hair, two large curls over forehead, six notchetl 
 stranils at back. Thei-e an; three necklaces (simple band In'twecn two notched bands), with tlower- 
 shape«l 7r€/.oi ./ on left shouhhr. Face ami necklaces show thick white slip; the Iwuly has horizontal 
 reil lines. Height, l:i.") cm. Clay, greenish yellow. 
 
 46. (l*l.ATK XLII. 1». ) Similar figure with the same indentation for nmuth. The hair con- 
 sisted orio-inailv of tliiek twisted braids ( tw») i)ieces oidv are i»reserved ). Four necklaces — twisted 
 band between two plain ones, topi)cd l»y waved band. Tlie fibulae were elaborate : each consisted 
 originally of tw(» large bosses of three concentric circles, with small bosses between. Thick white 
 slip on face and ne<-khu'es, narrow red line at waist. Height. ll.'> cm. Clay. re<ldish yellow. 
 
 47. Thirtv fragments of fiarures similar to Nos. 40-4r», with two or more necklaces. They ai-e 
 all t-rudely made, often without trace of color, although all probably had at least the usual white 
 coat with line decoration. 
 
 4a Fifteen fragments of botlies, liroken below waist, so that it is imi^ssible to determine 
 scheme (»f «leeoration. 
 
 49. ( Pi.AiK XLII I. «). ) Sj'ated figure with stephane (broken at fr«mt) and two necklaces ; also 
 originally witli pins at the shoulders. The liair is treated as a single mass over each eye. Cus- 
 tomary white slij). some tiaees of retl horizontal lines on neck (to represent another necklace?), 
 neiklaee, waist, antl lower part of chiton. Height, 12.') cm. Clay, red. 
 
 50. ( Platk XLIII. 7.) Similar figure with four necklaces (three plain bands and on«' twisted 
 band ). seated in wide chair. Hair is treate«l as one single, large curl «>n top of head. White slip. 
 Height, 9.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Cf. Sehliemann, Tlri/iis, ]». 150, No. 86. 
 
 51. ( Platk XLIIl. 10.) Fragnu-nt of similar figure, br«»ken at waist and right shoulder, with 
 thn-e neekhices (a i)lain band between two twisted l>ands). ending oJi each shoulder in two round 
 bosses. The mouth is distinctly marked by a straight groove across beak. The figure has earrings 
 consisting of one boss ai)plied to another, and stephane. The hair is treated as a single strand 
 over each eye. notched in front, as a mass at back, criss-i-rossed with vertical and horizontal 
 grooves, and notched at sides «»f head. Traces (»f white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 II 
 
 TIkYNTHIAN ARCHVE 
 
 21 
 
 Fig. Ul. 
 
 52. (Fig. 21.) rpper part of female figure, with a remarkable broocii on right shoulder — 
 a large spiral, adorned with rosettes and Inisses. (In this single case, it 
 seems i>ossiblc that this ornament is of a floral nature, and has some connec- 
 ti«)n with Hera Antheia: cf. p. 10.) Hair, a large mass, which covers head 
 and shouhh'rs, hatched with horizontal and vertical grooves. The earrino-s 
 have the ft)rm of r«»settes, with raised bosses in the centre. Traces of white. 
 Height, 5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 53. (Platk XLIII. 8. ) Similar figure, elaborate decoration. It has six 
 n«'cklaces, four plain and two twiste<l bands : the lower one passes around 
 the back. Earrings in the forms <)f double bosses. The stephane also has 
 a large boss. The hair is treated as a long notched curl over each eye. with five spirals at back of 
 head. Traces of white, with red <m stephane. Height, 7 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 54. ( Platk XLIII. 9. ) Elaborate figure, broken at waist : left arm and right f<n-earin missing. 
 The figure has no n«'cklaces, but a «leep groove runs acr«»ss the breast and around the sln)uhlers 
 
 antl back, to mark the edge of the chiton. The stephane is pierced by three lutles, ])r<»bably 
 intended for inserted ornaments. Earrings in the form of rosettes. The hair consists of two bands 
 above forehead, filknl with irregular lines of small holes, — a not altogether unsuccessful attempt 
 to indicate the texture of the hair, lielow these bands the hair falls in spiral curls (ori<«inallv 
 there were two whi<'h fell in front of sh<»ulders, and foju- at back), wliich r«'niind one strongly of 
 metal work. The treatment of the ImmIv at the waist marks a stvle which is not construetivclv 
 
 * • • 
 
 that of terra-<'otta figures, but is more like the techniipie of beaten metal. On the shoulders 
 are filudae in the form (»f four-leav»'d clovers ( cf . p. 10). Some traces of red on chiton and on 
 stephane. Height, 8.5 cm. (Jray clay, now black frt»in burning. 
 
 55 Five hundred and seventy-seven more or less broken seated figures of the ty})e of Xos. 
 49-5ii, with two or more neekhices. usually with ste))hane and pins. Some traces of decoration in 
 re«l and black lines on a wliite ground, with occasional application of i)aint directly to the clay. 
 
 56. (Fig. 22.) Upper part of •• bird-faced " figure, broken at waist. Hair, 
 single wavy curl above forehead. The figure is entirely wra]>ped in a sort of 
 •shawl, whii'h rises to a point over the head. Thick white slip ; traces of red 
 and black on fragnu'ut of back of chair. Height, f).5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 Cf. Xo. 32 and the figure from Tegea, Martha, ('at. (Ici< Fi;/. dn JIus. 
 ^f \ tf Af/i'iiH's. Xos. 554-558. 
 
 ^P m 57. ( Platk XLHL 4.) Seated female figure, holding infant (heads of both 
 
 ^^4- . », «jk fignres missing). The seated figure is of the regular Tirynthian type, with 
 a necklace from shoulder to shoulder. The child is an oblong lumj) of clav. 
 with a groove at bottom to mark the feet. Some traces of white. Height. 
 •5 cm. Rj'd clay. 
 Cf. p. l:i. 
 
 58. Fragments of seven similar figures, all of the regular " bird-faced " type, to which a lump of 
 clav is ailde«l t«> represent a child. Some traces of white. Clay, red to yellow. 
 
 59. ( Platk XLIII. 11.) Fragment of female figure, broken at neck and waist, on wide seat, 
 which was evi«lently intentled ior two figures. The fragment preserved wears a waved necklace of 
 two bands, ami was doubtless of the " bird-face<l " tyjie. In her lap she holds an object like a 
 broad roll or band, marked with five grooves, which evidently extended to the other figure of the 
 group. Slight traces of white, with red on taenia and black on the body of the woman. Height, 
 • 5.5 i-m. Length, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 60. ( Plaik XLIII. 5.) Female figure from a similar group (the seat is here broken close to 
 the figure, but was plaiidy iutenth-d for two figures, as it shows no traces of legs at the point of 
 breakage. The fa«'e is of the usual '"Tirynthian Argive" .sort, with a single mass of hair over 
 each eve. The entire figure is wrapped in a mantle (cf. Xo. 50) meeting in front, whicli rises to a 
 point above the head. In the la[) are traces of a roll or band, similar to that of Xo. 59. Traces 
 of brown on hair and lower part of chiton. Height, S.o cm. Reddish yellow cla}'. 
 
 Fi.;. J--', 
 
«>o 
 
 t?:rra-cotta fkiurines 
 
 GEOMETRIC 
 
 23 
 
 
 6L (Fig. 23.) Similar female figure from right hand side of groui). The mantle is here 
 " broken at the back, while in front it leaves the neck and shoulders bare. The 
 f!^m figure has a simple stephane and a single necklace, adorned with three bosses. 
 
 fl^l^^ White slip, traces of red on necklace. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 '^^^^H 62. Fragment of a similar group of large size (only left hand figure preservwl, 
 fH^^^M broken at Thoulder and at lower right hand corner). In the lap is a fragment of 
 jT^^H a broad band, similar to the bands of Nos. 59 and CO. (ieneral traces of white. 
 '^I^^B Height. 11 cm. Red clay. 
 
 ^^^^ The interpretation of these groups is an interesting ])roblem. So far as we can 
 
 ^(^^^ jiitlge. both the figures were feminine, for in Nos. 59, t>0, and 02 we have the left 
 
 ^ hand figure of the group, and in No. 61 the right hand figure, and these are all 
 
 f «G- ••^- feininin'e. Moreover, the traces of the second figure, preserved on the seat of No. 
 
 59. point to a female rather than to a male figure. This fact at once declares against the theorj- 
 
 that we are here dealing with a representation of Zeus and Hera, a sort of U^i*% y..>'K (such as the 
 
 group given by Overbeck, Kunxtmythdoyle, Hera, fig. 4 a, from Gerhard, Aut. liihhrerke, pi. i.), 
 
 which we should most naturally expect to find at a sanctuary of H.ra.' The asswiation of Hebe 
 
 with Hera, as she was later associate<l with her in the gioup of P.dycleitos and Naukydes, seems 
 
 hardly probable at tlie early date to which we must assign these groups. We are reduced, then, 
 
 to the view that we have here an early form of two female divinities like the later Denu'ter and 
 
 Kore. (For another very ]»rimitive group of these gwldesses, cf. Heuzey, F'kj. Ant. pi. xiii. 3; 
 
 later exan.ples are pis. xviii. bis. 3 : xxiv. 1. Cf. the same author's article, ' Groui>e de Dcnu'ter 
 
 et Kore.' in Mon. (jrecu puh. par /'vl.s«oc. pour rencouragemtnt de.« etudes grecque» en France, 
 
 1870. ) The roll may then be the symbol of the bond lietween the two gcxldesses. 
 
 63. Four hundred and thirteen fragments of botlies of the early seated tyi^e — lower parts only 
 ineserved. They usually show some traces of the white coat, and often are decorated at the lower 
 edge and at the waist with simple line patterns in applied red and black. 
 
 64. Two hundred and fifty-nine detached heads of the "bird-faced" t>'i>e, with round lumps 
 for eyes, and (usually) simple stephane. Traces of the white coat are common, and the stephane 
 is often red. 
 
 m. MYCENAEAN. 
 
 65. (Fig. 24.) Fragment of female idol of the usual Mycenaean form — 
 round botly — broken at waist and neck. Ornamenta- 
 tion in wavy lines, brown to black. Height, 4.5 cm. Fine 
 yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. Mycenae and Tirijui*, pi. C, fig. m. 
 
 66. Nine fragments of similar figures, same clay, same 
 ornamentation. 
 
 67. ( Fig. 25.) Female figure with arms raised (pelta- 
 
 shaped body.) Ornamentation in red 
 lines. Height, 8 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. Mijcenae and Tiryns. pi. B, figs, e and f. 
 5 ^Jjl 68. Thirteen fragments of similar figures, .same clay, orna- 
 mentation in red. changing to brown and black. 
 
 69. (Fig. 20.) Female idol with amis (two apidied strijis of 
 clay) crossed below breasts, which are also represented plastically, by api)lied 
 disks. Broken at top and bottom. Ornamentation in red lines. Height, 5.5 cm. 
 Fine yellow clay. 
 Fig. 26. Cf. Schliemann. Mycenae and Tiryns, pi. C, fig. I. 
 
 1 The Heraea mentioned by Pans. (II. 24. 2) probably whole subject, cf. ihid. pp. 177-181 ; RoscImt, Lez. iler 
 had some relation to the U^s yd>ios (cf. Daremberg ct Myth. V p. 20«>8; Forster, Die Hochzeil ,lr» Z^h» u. der 
 Saglio, DUt. ties Ant. ' Micros gamos," p. 179). On the Hera, Breslaii, 18«7. 
 
 Fiu. 24 
 
 Fio. '2 
 
 *.&>. 
 
 I-'iG. 28. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 70. (Fig. 27.) Botly of Mycenaean figure with arms raised, broken at top and bottom. The 
 
 breasts are connected by a crescent-shaped band (meant to represent a neck- 
 
 ^^^ ^K lace? cf. No. 30, and the Tirynthian Argive figures generally). Usual wavy 
 
 /St^fVWM^m lin^s, shading from light to dark brown. Height, 3.5 cm. Reddish yellow 
 
 ^^^■1^^^ 71. Twenty-six fragments of Mycenaean ware, so broken that the exact 
 
 Fro. 27. form cannot be determined ; same fine clay, 
 
 with ornamentation in wavy lines. ^^^^^ '«^^^^H jM^ 
 
 72. (Fig. 28.) Large bull's or cow's head, broken at neck and ^■i^fc^*^Bi^^B? ^ 
 minus horns. Ornamentation in light red, straight lines on fore- 
 head and nose, circle around eyes and end of nose, hatched lines 
 
 ^^ on horns, filling of double squares on cheeks, and 
 
 ^1^^^ peculiar ornament at back of neck (Fig. 28 b). In 
 ^■V^^L the middle of the forehead is a vertical hole, possibly 
 ^M/f^^^ meant to contain a bronze axe or some other orua- 
 
 ^^ ment (cf. Schliemann, MyccmiCy p. 218, figs. 329, 330 ; and the large silver head. 
 Fig. 28 6. »bi'f- V- 210 f., figs. 327, 328). The theory of Perrot 
 (^Iliatoire de PArt, VI. p. 822), that this axe symbolized 
 the axe used to slaughter the victim, seems to us probable. Height, 
 8 cm. Width, 10.5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 73. (Fig. 29.) IVxly of horse, broken at legs and neck. Line orna- 
 mentation in brown, shading to black. Length, 7.5 cm. Fine yellow 
 clay. 
 
 74. Nine fragments of other animals, much broken, same clay, same oniamentation. 
 
 IV. GEOMETRIC. 
 
 75. (Fig. 30.) Rude round-botlied figui*e, overladen with ornamentation. It presents many 
 
 analogies to the elaborate Tirynthian Argive figures. The nose was 
 originally of the " beak " tyjie. The eyes are incised triangles. Ear 
 very large, with large pendant. The hair was a large mass, now broken 
 awjiy. A single band passes from the neck under each arm, and there 
 are two simple necklaces, which carry a large brooch, broken at lower 
 edge. On the shoulders are " clover-leaf " pins, with five bosses each. 
 The decoration in color is Geometric (Dipylon), in red paint, shading to 
 black. It consists of horizontal lines, zigzags, and dots below wai.st, of 
 dots alone on necklace, pins, and brooch. Height, 12.5 cm. Reddish 
 yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. pp. f. 
 
 76. ( Plate XLVHI. 13.) Geometric horse, legs broken. The deco- 
 ration is entirely in straight lines, except at shoulder, where there are two 
 curve<l lines. This horse is very similar to the horses which are so com- 
 mon \\\wn the covers of Geometric vases (cf . Rayet et CoUignon, Histoire 
 de la Ceratnique Grecque, p. 33, fig. 21), and i>erhaps came from a vase. 
 Color, lustrous black. Height. 9 cm. Yellow clay. 
 Amouff the other animals of Class IX. several .show traces of Geometric influence in their deco- 
 ration, but in none are these traces so pronounced as to justify their transference to the Geometric 
 class. 
 Cf. p. 6. 
 
 Fig. :». 
 
 k 
 
 
 11 
 
H 
 
 oo 
 
 THRU A rOTT A FI( iUKlNES 
 
 GEOMETRIC 
 
 23 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 61. (Fio. •2o^ Similar female figure from right liaiul side of grou)). The mantle is here 
 l.rokin at the baek, while in fr.>nt it leaves the neek and .shoulders hare. The 
 figure has a simi»le stephane and a single neeklace, adorned witli three bosses. 
 White slip, traees of red on neeklace. Height, em. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 62. Fragment of a similar group of large size (only left hand figure preservetl, 
 broken at slioulder and at lower right hand corner). In the lap is a fragment of 
 a broad band, sin.ilar to the bands of Nos. 59 and 00. (ieneral traces of white. 
 Height, 11 em. Red elay. 
 
 The interpretation of these groups is an interesting ]noblem. S> far as we can 
 judire. both tlie figures were feminine, for in Nos. 51). (JO, and 02 we have the left 
 hand figure of the group, and in No. 01 the right hand figure, ami these are all 
 feminine. Moreover, the traees of the second figure, jn-eserved on the seat of No. 
 51>. point to a female rather than to a male figure. This fact at once dei-lares against the theory 
 that we are here dealing with a representation of Zeus and 1 lera, a sort of Ic/hw y..>.w Csueh as the 
 grouj) given by Overbeek. K>ntstm>jthohMjk', Hera. fig. 4 a, from (ierhard. Ant. Ulhhret'h; pi. i.), 
 which we should most naturally expect to find at a sanctuary of Hrra.' The ass.H-iation of Hebe 
 with Hera, as she was later associated with her in the gronp of P..lycleit<.s and Naukydes, seems 
 hardly i)robable at the early date to which we must assign these groui)s. We are reduced, then, 
 to the view that we have here an early form of two fen.ale divinities like the later Dem.t.r and 
 Kore. {Yov another verv i»rimitive group of these gmldesses, cf. Heuzey. FUj. At^t. pi. xiii. 3; 
 later examples are pis. xviii. bis. 3 : xxiv. 1. Cf. the same author's artichs ' (irouju- de Dcmrter 
 et Kore." in Mo„. t/nrs j,i,h. par l\Us„v. pour rcncnnuKjcmnit ih>* etmhx fjirctjucit en Fnime^ 
 1870. ) The roll niav then be the syn»bol of the bond between the two g.Mldesses. 
 
 63. Four hundred and thirteen fragments of bodies of the early seated type — lower jiarts only 
 l.nsorved. They usually show some traces of tlie white coat, and ..ften are decoratf.l at the lower 
 I'due and at the waist with simple line patterns in applied red and black. 
 
 64. Two hundred and fifty-nine detached heads of the " bird-faced "' type, with round lumps 
 for eyes, and ( usually) simple stephane. Traces of the white coat are common, and the stephane 
 is often red. 
 
 111. MYCENAEAN. 
 
 65. (Fisi. 24.^ Fragment of female id»»l of the usual Mycenaean form — 
 r«)uu«l body — brokm at waist and neck. Ornamenta- 
 tion in wavy lines, brown to black. I leight. 4.5 cni. Fine 
 yellow day. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. M/frenm- nml Tu>i)>s, pi. C, fig. ni. 
 
 66. Nin«' fragments of similar figures, same elay. same 
 ornamentation. 
 
 67. ( Fig. 25.) Femah' figure with arms raised (]H'lta- 
 
 shai>ed l)ody.) Ornamentation in red 
 lints. Height. !S cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 C^f. Schliemann. J/>fnn"f "w' Tin/n.'*. pi. H, fig-*. « and f. 
 
 68. Thirteen fragments of similar figures. san»e clay, orna- 
 mentation in red. changing to brown and black. 
 
 69. (F^ig. 2»>.) Female idol with arms (two applied strips of 
 (•lav) cr«)ssed below breasts, which are also represented plastic 
 disks. Broken at toi> and bottom. Ornamentation in red lines. 
 Fine yellow clay. 
 
 Fi«;. '2i\. Cf. Sehlienmnn, Mi/rituie and Ttiyus, pi. C. fig. 1. 
 
 1 The Utraea mentioned by Pans. 11. lM. *J) prokiblv wliole subjfct, cf. ihi.l. y\>. 17T-1S1 
 baa some relation to tbe .'«pis ii>^o% (,f. l)arembt>rg et Myth. \^ p. 'J<KW;^Furster, Ihr ll.xf, 
 Sajjlits Ifirt. ihs A„t. • Hieros jjamos," p. 17'.»). <>u the //» m, Breshiu. 1S4J7. 
 
 Kio. '^4 
 
 Fio. 'S>. 
 
 illy, by 
 Height, 
 
 ap)>lied 
 5.5 cm. 
 
 ; KnHfber, 
 
 J.rx. ihr 
 
 H* M. «/f r 
 
 Ym. 27. 
 
 72. 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 Fio. 28 6. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 70. (Fig. 27.) Ro<ly of Mycenaean figure with arms raised, broken at top and bottom. The 
 breasts are connected by a crescent-shai>ed band (meant to represent a neck- 
 lace? cf. No. 30, and the Tirynthian Argive figures generally). Usual wavy 
 lines, shading from light to dark brown. Height, 3.5 cm. Reddish yellow 
 clay. 
 
 71. Twenty-six fragments of ^lyeenaean ware, so broken that the exact 
 form cannot be determined : same fine clay, 
 with ornamentation in wavy liiu's. 
 (Fig. 28.) Large bull's or cow's head, broken at neck and 
 minus horns. Ornamentation in light red, straight lines on fore- 
 head and no.se, circle around eyes and end of nose, hatched lines 
 on horns, filling of double squares on cheeks, and 
 peculiar ornament at back of neck ( Fig. 28 6). In 
 the inid<11eof the forehead is a vertical hole, possibly 
 meant to contain a bronze axe or some other orna- 
 ment (cf. Schliemann, Mi/rrnar, p. 218, fig.s. 329, 330; and the large silver head, 
 !blt/. p. 210 f., figs. 327, 328). Tlie theory of Perrot 
 (^1/i.sfoii'c (fr rArt, VI. p. 822), that this axe symbolized 
 the axe used to slaughter the vietim, seems to us probable. Height, 
 8 em. Width. 10.5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 73. (Fig. 29. ) IVwly of horse, broken at legs and neck. Line orna- 
 mentation in brown, shading to black. Length, 7.5 em. Fine yellow 
 clay. 
 
 74. Nine fragments of other animals, much broken, .same clay, same ornamentation. 
 
 IV. GEOMETRIC. 
 
 75. (Fig. 30. ) Rude round-bodied figure, overla<len with ornamentation. It presents many 
 
 analogies to the elaborate Tirynthian Argive figures. The no.se was 
 oiiginally of the '• In^ak " tyjK*. The eyes ave incised triangles. Ear 
 very large, with large pendant. The hair was a large mass, now broken 
 aw.iy. A single band j)asses from the neck under each arm, and there 
 are two simple iieckla<'es, which carry a large brooch, broken at lower 
 Cilge. On the shoulders are " clover-leaf " pins, with five bosses each. 
 The decoration in color is (leometric (Dipylon). in red ]>aint, shading to 
 black. It consists of horizontal lines, zigzags, and dots below waist, of 
 dots alone on neeklace, pins, and brooch. Height, 12.5 cm. Reddish 
 yellow clay. 
 Cf. pp.Of. 
 
 76. (l*i,ATK XLVIH. 13.) Geometric horse, legs broken. The deco- 
 ration is entirely in straight lines, except at shoulder, where there are two 
 curved lines. This horse is very similar to the horses which are so com- 
 mon ni>on the covers of (leometric vases (cf. Rayet et CoUignon, Ifiiitoire 
 dt III ('enniiiijm' Grccffiic, p. 33. fig. 21 ), ami perhaps came from a vase. 
 Color, lustrous black. Height. 9 cm. Yellow clay. 
 Anion"- the other animals of Class IX. several show traces of Geometric influence in their deco- 
 
 ration, but in none are these traces so pronounced as to justify their transference to the Geometric 
 
 class. 
 Cf. p. 6. 
 
 Fkj. -K). 
 
 II 
 
24 
 
 TERRACOTTA FI0URINE:S 
 
 II 
 
 KiG. :m. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 V. ADVANCED ARGIVE. 
 
 77. (Fig. 31.) Seatetl female figure, varying from primitive type only in that the head has 
 eyes, nose, anil mouth carefully modeled. The face is of pronounced archaic 
 type — mouth turned up at corners, eyes wide and staring. Th«> body is still a 
 iiiere oblong piece of clay : it shows traces of two necklaces. General traces of 
 white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, re«l. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Ttryitx, p. IGO, No. 95. 
 
 7a (Fig. 32.) Similar figure, broken at waist, and lacking right arm. Face of 
 marked archaic type — eyes, protruding niasses. Hair, single 
 loui; curl over each shoulder, topped by stephane with (^originally) 
 seven small bosses. The breasts were modeled separately and 
 upplicil. as is evident from depression to receive right breast. In 
 the hand, the thumb and the fingers are distinguished, and a hole is left between 
 them (for holding an object?). Traces of white, of red on stephane. Height, 
 
 8 cm. Red clay. 
 
 79. (Pi.atkXLIV. 2.) Seated figure, which .shows some attemi)t at model- 
 ing the bmly. The swell of the breast is quite well reproduced, the hair is 
 moulded with the face, the ear is fairly well given, although jdaced too high. 
 The stephane has long ends behind, and thus forms a sort of taenia. The dress- 
 
 l)ins are of the usual " boss " type. The band is here plainly a necklace, for the fold of the chiton 
 is reproduced at the neck. There is no chair, but only two legs attached to the back of the figure. 
 Color, white, with red on necklace, at waist, and on lower edge of chiton. Height, 12 cm. Light 
 
 vt'llow clav. 
 
 80. (lY.VTE XLI V. 1.) Flat-bo<lied figure (head missing), seated in elaborate chair. She wears 
 three necklaces — the second has three j^endants, and the thiitl ends in small round pins. On 
 the back and arms of the chair are round bosses. Ground color, white ; the shorter necklaces are 
 red ; the long one has oblique lines ; back of chair, vertical lines ; arms of chair, horizontal lines ; 
 bosses, radiating lines: broad band at waist and below knees — all red. Height, 8 cm. Yellow 
 
 clav. 
 
 Cf. Martha. Cat. des FUj. (hi Mhk. crAthenes, No. 731 : and the statuette from Thisbe, now 
 
 in Dresden, Arch. Anz. 1895. p. 220, 4. 
 
 81. (Fig. 33.) Fragment of seated figure, broken at neck and 
 below waist. Simple necklace with jiendant, followed by twisted 
 necklace, and wiile band, which is probably here the fold of the 
 chiton. The fragment on the right shoulder is part of a large 
 fibula. The figure is interesting as showing the method of attach- 
 ing the head in these advanced Argive figures: the Ixnly was 
 drawn out into a wedge-shai)ed jirojection at the top, »\Hm which 
 the head was fitted : the joint was then covered by a necklace in 
 
 . front and by the mass of tlie hair Whind. This figure also shows 
 the legs of chair attaclied directly to the figure. Cieneral traces of 
 white; slight traces of i-e<l on orna- 
 ments. Height, 12 cm. Clay, i-e<l. 
 
 82. ( Fig. 34.) Fragment of right 
 shoulder, with fibula of the usual 
 bronze t\ye (cf. p. 10). The figure 
 
 has two twiste<l necklaces, and the fold of the chiton is distinctly 
 
 marked bv an applied band of clav ; to this is affixed the fibula in 
 
 form of a semicircle, with two paii-s of rings for decoration. Slight traces of white, and of red 
 
 on fold. Height, 4 cm. Reddisli yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 3.3. 
 
 Fig. 3t. 
 
 ADVANCED ARGIVE 
 
 25 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Fm. :«. 
 
 85. (Fig. 37. ) 
 
 83. (Fig. 35.) Botly of figure, which shows greatest development of fibula. This here consists 
 
 of a long bar, decorated with rosettes, and with cross-bars of 
 dumb-bell shape. Four bars and three rosettes are preserved, 
 and this is probably the original number, as 
 the pin begins to narrow considerably at the 
 points of breakage. The ends undoubtedly 
 curved forward, as in No. 84. The figure has 
 two necklaces (one twisted) and distinctly 
 marked fohl. Traces of white on neck, neck- 
 laces, fibula, and back, of red on fold and on 
 cross-bars of fibula. Height, 12.5 cm. Clay, 
 red. 
 
 84. (Fig. 36.) Fibula of most elaborate 
 tyi)e, broken from its figure. It has three 
 cross-bars and two rosettes, and curves for- 
 ward at the ends. CJround color white, cross-bars marked with 
 red and black criss-cross lines, rosettes with radiating red and black lines ; lower tip red. Height, 
 7 ciu. Clay, yellow. 
 Cf. pp. 11. 242. 
 
 Head and left arm of seated, flat-lxnlied figure, with an infant on her arm 
 (only legs and feet of infant i>reserved). Of the haii*, only a single mass, 
 with horizont'd grooves, is preserved over the left temple. The figure wears a 
 necklace with three pendants, (ieneral traces of white, red lines below neck- 
 lace, red band at infant's knees. Height, 8 cm. Red clay. 
 Cf. p. 13. 
 
 86. (I*L.\TK XLIV. 3.) Large seated female figure, broken at neck and 
 at left lower edge. She held an infant in her arms, of which traces are pre- 
 served only in her lap. Elaborate adornment with double necklace, which 
 carries two i)endants at the sides, double waved band, double straight band, 
 and wide fold. The pins, strangely enough, are onW small disks, as in the 
 earlier tyj>es. Left arm disproportionately short. The chair was made 
 separately. Tnices of white, with applied red on u])per botly and child. Lower body is painted 
 brown with re<l horizontal lines. Height, 18 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 87. (Fig. 38.) Similar koiy)«t/)(>«^os figure with large infant on left arm. The 
 infant's head is missing. Both woman and child are entirely enveloped in a thin 
 layer of clay, which includes the back of the chair as well (cf. Nos. 56 and 60) ; 
 but a break on the 
 right side shows that 
 the figures were com- 
 plete before the appli- 
 cation of this layer. 
 The woman has a 
 necklace with |>en- 
 dant, which was entirely hidden. The 
 chihl wears the chiton, with small, 
 round pins at the shoulders. The 
 woman's face is round, with protrud- 
 ing eyes. The hair is treated in 
 notched strands. Traces of white, of 
 i-etl on shawl. Height, 7.5 cm. Yel- 
 low clay. 
 
 8a (Fig. 39.) Bust of very large 
 seated figure, with three necklaces 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 , >' 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 <<l 
 
!»l 
 
 Fi.;. :'.l. 
 
 Km. :w. 
 
 24 TKKKAC'OTTA FKU'RIXES 
 
 V. ADVANCED AUGIVE. 
 
 77. (Fi;;. 31.) Seatea femalf figmv, varying from iM-imitive tyi>e only in that the hea'l has 
 eyes, nose, and nioiitli carefully nuxleled. The face is of pronouiice*! archaic 
 tyjMJ — mouth turned up at corners, eyes witle ami staring. The hudy is still a 
 meiv oblong i)iece of clay: it shows traces of two necklaces, (ieneral tra<vs of 
 white. Height. 7.") em. Clay. red. 
 
 C'f. Sehliemann, Tin/ns, j.. 1«'»0. No. IC). 
 
 7a ( Fig. 32. ) Siiuilar tigure, l)roken at waist, and lacking right arm. Face of 
 murke»l archaic type — eyes, protruding masses. Hair, single 
 long curl over each shoulder, topped l>y stephane with («)rigiually) 
 .seven small bosses. The breasts were modeled sei)arately and 
 a|)i>li»«l. as is evident from depression to receive right bn-ast. lu 
 tlie liand. the tiiund) and the Hngers are distinguished, and a hole is left between 
 them (for lud.ling an object?). Traces of white, of red on stephane. Height. 
 
 8 em. Ked clay. 
 
 79. ( ri.ATK XLIV. -2.) Seated figure, which shows some attemi»t at model- 
 ing tiie bodv. Tlie swell of the breast is quite well reproduced, the hair is 
 moulded with the fa<-e, the ear is fairly well given, altlu.ugh placed too high. 
 The stephane has long ends behind, and thus forms a sort of taenia. The dress- 
 
 ])i!is are of the usual " boss " tyiH'. The band is here plainly a necklace, for the fold <.f the chiton 
 is reproduee.l at the neck. There is no chair, but only two legs attached ti) the back of the figure. 
 Color, white, with red on necklace, at waist, an.l on lower edge ♦)f chiton. Height, 12 cm. Light 
 
 yellow elav. 
 
 80. ( l*i..v IK X LI V. 1. ) Flat-bodied Hgure (head missing ). seated in elaborate chair. She wears 
 three necklaces — tiie second h.is three iH-n.lants. and the third t-nds in small round pins. On 
 the back an<l arms of the chair are round bosses. Ground color, white ; the shorter necklaces are 
 red : the long one has ol.lifpie lines : back of chair, vertical lines ; arms of chair, horizontal linos ; 
 bosses, radiating lines: broad band at waist and below knees — all retl. Height, 8 cm. YeUow 
 
 elav. 
 
 Cf. Martha. Cat. fAv< Fhf. il>t .V//x. d' Athene s. No. 731: and the statuette from Thisbe, now 
 
 in Dresden, Anh. Aia. 18i»:,. p. 220. 4. 
 
 81. ( Fig. 33. ) Fragtnent of seated figure, broken at neck and 
 below waist. Simple necklace with pendant, followed by twisted 
 necklace, and witle band, which is i)rob:ibly here the fold of the 
 chiton. The fragment on the right shoulder is part of a large 
 fibula. The figure is interesting as showing the method of attach- 
 ing- the head in these advanced Argive figures: the body was 
 drawn out into a wedge-shai>ed i>rojeetion at the top. upon which 
 the head was fitted : the joint was then covered by a necklace in 
 
 . front and by the mass of the hair behind. This figure also shows 
 the legs of chair attached directly to the figine. (ieneral traces of 
 white; slight traces of red on orna- 
 ments. Height. 12 cm. Clay, i-etl. 
 
 82. ( Fig. 34. ) F^agujent of right 
 shoulder, with fibula of the usual 
 bronze \\\w (ef. p. 10). The figure 
 
 has two twisted necklaces, and the fold of the chiton is distinctly 
 marke<l bv an a))plied band of elav : to this is affixe<l the fibida in 
 form of a' semicircle, with two pairs of rings for decoration. Slight traces of white, and of ml 
 
 ADVANCED ARGIVE 
 
 25 
 
 Kir.. X\. 
 
 Fio. :»i. 
 
 Fig. .30. 
 
 83. (Fig. 30.) liody of figure, which shows greatest development of fibula. This here consists 
 
 of a long bar, det'orated with rosettes, and with cross-l)ars of 
 dumb-bell shape. F'our bars and three rosettes are preserved, 
 and this is jH-obably the original number, as 
 the pin begins to narrow considerably at the 
 points of breakage. The ends undoid)tedly 
 curved fuward, as in No. 84. The figure has 
 two necklaces (one twisted) and distinctly 
 marked fold. Traces of white on neck, neck- 
 laces, fil>ula. and back, of led on fold and on 
 cross-bars of fibtd.i. Height, 12.5 cm. Clay, 
 red. 
 
 84. ( Fig. 3G.) F'ibula of most elaborate 
 type, broken from its figure. It has three 
 cross-bars an<l two rosettes, and curves for- 
 ward at the t-nds. (iround color white, cross-bars marked with 
 re»l and black crissH-ro.ss lines, rosettes with radiating re«l and black lines ; lower i\\> red. Height, 
 7 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 Cf. pp. 11. 242. 
 
 85. (Fig. 37.) Head and left arm of seated, flat-lM)died figure, with an infant on her arm 
 (only legs and feet of infant preserved ). Of the hair, only a single mass, 
 with horizontal grooves, is preserved over the left temple. The figure wears a 
 necklace with three pendants, (ieneral traces of white, red lines below neck- 
 lace, red band at infant's knees. Height. 8 cm. Ked clay. 
 Cf. p. 13. 
 
 86. ( I'l.vtk XLIV. 3.) Large seated female figure, broken at neck and 
 at left lower edge. She held an infant in her arms, of which traces are pre- 
 1 served only in her laj). Elaborate adornment with double necklace, which 
 carries two pendants at the sides, double waved band, double straight band, 
 and wide fold. The juns, strangely enough, are only small disks, as in the 
 earlier types. Left arm disproportionately short. The chair was made 
 separately. Traces of white, with applied red on upper body and child. Lower body is painted 
 brown with re<l horizontal lines. Height. 18 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 87. ^Fig. 38. ) Similar K(»i7>o7-/»(i<^s figure with large infant on left arm. The 
 infant's hea«l is nnssing. Both woman and child are entirely enveloped in a thin 
 layer of clay, whi«h includes the back of the chair as well (cf. Nos. 50 and GO) : 
 but a break on the 
 
 Fig. .38. 
 
 on 
 
 fold. Hei'dit. 4 cm. lieddisli yellow clay. 
 
 ri<;ht side shows that 
 the ligun's were com- 
 |)lete before the aj)pli- 
 eatioii of this layer. 
 The woman has a 
 necklace with pen- 
 dant, which was entirely hidden. The 
 child wears the chiton, with small, 
 round pins at the shoulders. The 
 woman's fac<' is round, with ])rotrud- 
 ing eyes. The hair is treated in 
 notclunl strands. Traces of white, of 
 re<l on shawl. Height, 7.5 cm. Yel- 
 low clay. 
 
 aa (Fig. 30. ) Rust of very large 
 seated figin-e. with three necklaces 
 
 Fig. 31). 
 
 Ms 
 
I 
 
 
 .1 
 
 Fiu. 40. 
 
 ffariuent * 
 
 26 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 (plain necklace between two twisted ones ), double waved band and wide fold. On the back are 
 traces of hair treated as a mass, and of back of chair. General traces of white, with re<l on fold. 
 Height, 12 cm. The entire figure must have been fully 40 cm. tall. Red clay. 
 
 89. (Fig. 40.) Similar large fragment, with three necklaces and wide fold, topped by two 
 
 narrow bands with round pendants. Traces of 
 white, fold red. Height, 10 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 90. ( Platf. XLIV. 4. ) Torso of seated figure 
 with very elaborate adornment. About the neck 
 runs a simple necklace decorated with a line of 
 lioles, followed by a twistecl chain with large jK^n- 
 dants, which are decorated alternately with grooves 
 and rows of holes. The chiton is a distinct layer 
 of clay. From shoulder to shoulder, over the 
 chiton, runs a waved band, adornwl with fine 
 holes ; Wtween the turns of this band are i-o.settes 
 (an imitation of lace.' or should we find here a 
 trace of the metal ornaments found by Sclilie- 
 mann. which were intendetl to be sewn to the 
 cf. p. 11 ). The pins are of the "clover-leaf" type, with double bosses in the centre, 
 and single bosses on the leaves. At the back are traces of curls, and two notched bands are 
 stretched from shoulder to shoulder over the chiton. Genei-al traces of white on neck and neck- 
 laces, botly brown. Height, 8 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 91. (Plate XLIV. 5.) Similar elaborate torso. The chiton is a separate layer of clay. Two 
 twisted necklaces. Over the chiton in front is stretched a waved stripe, decorated with incuse 
 disks (such as are found in ceramic ware ) followed by a line of jH-'udants, with similar incuse 
 disks, bosses at top and notches at bottom (cf. p. 11 ). The pin is similar to that of No. 90, but 
 laro-er. Behind, there are traces of curls and a line of i)endants from shoulder to shoulder. Traces 
 of brown paint on chiton. Height, 8 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 92. One hundred and eighty fragments of figures similar to Nos. 77-91. Tlie plastic decora- 
 tion is throughout very elaborate ; the painted decoration consists sometimes of red and black lines 
 on a white ground. Sometimes this treatment is applied only to the up|>er part of the bo<ly, and 
 the lower part is given a solid brown color, applied directly to the clay. 
 
 9a (Platk XLV. 11.) Head and shoulder of advanced Argive type. The headdress is broken 
 away. The hair was a row of curls over the forehead, topi»ed by a notched niass. with the usual 
 simple mass at the back, now broken away. The figure has two close-fitting necklaces with three 
 pendants, followed by three larger ones (one of them twisted ), decorated at the shoulder with a 
 pin of the round boss type. The fold of the chiton is represented by two narrow bands ; it was 
 held by a large fibula of the usual elaborate kind, of which only the upper part remains. White 
 slip, red on ornaments. Height, 12 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 94. (Plate XLV. 13.) Similar head and shoulder, color well preserved. Close-fitting necklace 
 with iiendant, followed by three others (simple band between two twisted bands) and double wavetl 
 band. The pin is jUaced altogether too high, so that it can only be intended for ornament, — 
 possibly as a jiendant to the necklace. Disk eamngs with jjendants. Hair, two mas-ses alwve 
 forehead, with horizontal grooves, large mass at back, notched at sides of neck. The headdress 
 consists of a calathus, bound by a wide taenia. The ground color is white : black is found on 
 hair (except at sides of neck), above the eyebrows, and inside of eyes; in radiating lines on ear- 
 rings, in dots on pin and waved band : red appears in radiating lines on earrings, in dots on pin 
 and waved band, and in two wide streaks above and below close-fitting necklace. All the colore 
 are carelessly applied, ami seem to be meant simply to enliven the figure, without much regard to 
 its anatomy. Height, 12 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 95. (Plate XLV. 2.) Head of advanced Argive type, with double stejihane. The hair consists 
 of four loops over forehead, single long curl at each side. Ground color, white ; traces of red on 
 hair. Height, 5.5 cm. Gray clay. 
 
 I 
 
 
 11 
 
 ADVANCED ARGIVE 
 
 27 
 
 96. (Plate XLV. 4.) Similar head, with stephane and boss. Hair, two notched strands over 
 forehead, topi>ed by two masses with horizontal grooves ; single strand over shoulder. Simple 
 disk earrings. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 97. (Plate XLV. 8.) Similar head ; has stephane with double boss, bound by a taenia. Hair, 
 two notched strands over forehead, and mass at back. Double boss earrings. Traces of two 
 necklaces. Ground color, white ; stephane, red ; hair, brown. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 96. (Plate XLV^. 9.) lleatl of advanced Argive type, in high calathus with three bosses and 
 double taenia. Hair, two masses over forehead, wedge-shaped mass at back. One earring is pre- 
 served — a simple disk. Traces of one plastic necklace, with jiendant and boss, and of two painted 
 necklaces, retl. Gi-ound color, white ; hair, black ; red 8trii)es on calathus, necklace, and neck. 
 Height, 9 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 99. (Plate XLV. 5.) Similar head. The calathus has three bosses and is bound by double 
 taenia. Hair, two notched strands, topped by two masses over foreliead, laige mass at back. 
 Plain disk earrings. White slip ; taenia, red ; hair, black. Height, 7 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 100. ( Plate XLV. 7.) Head of advanced Argive tyjie with high calathus, fronted by two 
 plumes (cf. p. 13) with a disk at the base. Hair, notched mass over forehead, topped by wide 
 strand-s, which extend to shoulders. Earrings, large disks. A wide band repiesents the fold of the 
 chiton. White coat ; traces of red on brows, earrings, side hair, and fold. Height, 8.5 cm. Dark 
 yellow clay. 
 
 101. (Plate XLV. 10.) Similar head, plumes broken away. Double taenia. Hair, two notched 
 masses over forehead, topi)ed by large curls, mass at back. Plain round earrings. Traces of 
 necklace. White slip ; hair, black ; red on taenia. Height, 9.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 102. (Plate XLV. 1.) Similar head, calathus small, plumes large. Double taenia. Hair, 
 two huge curls over forehead, mass at back. Rosette earrings. General traces of white. Height, 
 7.5 cm. Claj', gray. 
 
 103. (Plate XLV. 6.) Similar head. The plumes are here connected behind the calathus, 
 and the one that is preserved is adorned with a di.sk. Double taenia. Round earrings. Hair, 
 large curl over each temple, mass at back. Traces of necklace with pendants. Slight traces of 
 white. Height, 11 cm. Clay, dark yellow, shading to red. 
 
 104. (Plate XLV. 12.) Similar head, with large rosette between plumes, which hei*e, also, are 
 connected behind calathus. Double taenia. Rosette earrings. Hair, mass over forehead and at 
 back, topjK'd by two large curls. Slight ti*aces of necklace with pendant. White slip ; hair black ; 
 red on necklace. Height, 9 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 105. (Plate XLV. 3.) Head of advanced Argive tyi>e. The features are very sharp and dis- 
 tinctly archaic, — indeed, it may be a question whether this head ought not to be placed in the 
 " Archaic '* class. The eyes are wide and staring, mouth accentuated, in that the region separating 
 the mouth from the cheeks and the chin is here defined by a round hollowing, which at tlie same 
 time gives hardness. Hair, tight curls over forehead, treated in a conventional manner, like 
 
 inverted wave pattern, spirals at back, now broken. Simple band about hair, traces 
 of another ornament ( jM^rhaps calathus) on crown of head. Simple earrings. Traces 
 of white on face : hair, black. Height, 4 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 106. Two hundred archaic heads, similar to Nos. 93-105, always showing the 
 same tendency to elaborate headdresses. 
 
 Here, too, we have placed (see p. 7) — 
 
 107. (^Fig. 41.) Body of standing female figure, broken at neck. The body is 
 a perfect cylinder : in fact, it seems to have been made on the wheel. The hair was 
 a simple mass at back, red. The ornamentation consists of a broad stripe at waist^ 
 and four series of three fine red lines below waist — very similar to Argive-Linear 
 work (see p. 3) in vases. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 41. (Jf. for round body, Heuzey, Fiy. Ant. pi. ix. No. 3 (from Cyprus). 
 

 26 
 
 TERRA rOTTA FIOrRTXES 
 
 ADVANCED ARCTVE 
 
 27 
 
 I, 1- I'lu. J.ne eiiiire ngure iuum iiu*c- men im.^? -^^ v.... ....... ..>. .j. 
 
 (Fij;. 40.) Similar large fragment, with three necklaces and wide fold, topi>e(l by two 
 
 narrow bantls with round i>endants. Traces of 
 
 .^^* 
 ^^#i 
 
 Fui. 4«. 
 
 (plain necklice between two twisted ones ), double waved band and wide fold. On the back are 
 traces of hair treated as a mass, an.l of back of chair, (ieneral traces of white, with red on f.dd. 
 Height, 1'2 cm. The entire figure must have been fully 40 cm. tall. Red clay. 
 
 j>en( 
 white, fold red. Height, 10 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 90. ( Pi.ATK XLIV. 4. ) Torso of seated figure 
 with very elab«)rate adornment. About the neck 
 runs a simple necklace decorated with a line of 
 holes, followeil by a twisted chain with large yteu- 
 dants. which are decorated alternately with griMives 
 and rows of holes. The i-hiton is a distinct layer 
 of clav. From shouhler to shoulder, over the 
 chiton, runs a waved baml, adorned with fine 
 holes : between the turns of this band are rosettes 
 (an imitation of lace .' or should we fiiul here a 
 trace of the metal ornaments f«»un«l by Schlie- 
 maun. which were intended to Ik' sewn to the 
 garment? of. p. 11 ). The pins are of the " elover-leaf " t\\H:. with double l>o»»f8 in the centre, 
 and single bosses on the leaves. At the back are traces of curls, and two notched bands are 
 stretched from shoulder to shoidder over the chiton. Cieneral traces of white on neck and ne«-k- 
 laces, body brown. Height, 8 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 91. (Plate XLIV. "). ) Similar claiwratc torso. The chiton is a separate layer of clay. Two 
 twisted necklaces. Over the chiton in front is stretched a waved strip*-. «lecorated with iiu-use 
 disks (such as are found in ceramic ware) followed by a line of pendants, with similar incuse 
 disks, bosses at top and notches at bottom (cf. p. 1 1 ). The pin is similar to that of Xo. 90, but 
 larger. Behind, there are traces of curls and a line of i»endants from shouhler to shoulder. Traces 
 of brown paint on chiton. Height, 8 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 92. One hundred and eighty fragments of figures similar to Xos. 77-91. The jdastic decora- 
 tion is throughout very elal)orate : the painted decoration consists sometimes of reil and black lines 
 on a white ground. Sometimes this treatment is applied only to the upjK-r part of the Innly, and 
 the litwer part is given a solid brown color, applied directly to the clay. 
 
 93. (Platk XLV. 11. ) Head and shoulder of advanced Argive tyi>e. The headdress is broken 
 away. The hair was a row of curls over the forehead, topi)e<l by a notcheil mass, with the usual 
 simple mass at the back, now broken away. The figure has two elose-titting necklaces with three 
 iHMidants, followed by three larger ones (one of them twisted ), «lecorated at the shoulder with a 
 pin of the round boss tyiH\ tIic fold of the chiton is represented by two narrow bands : it was 
 held by a large fibula of the usual elaborate kind, of which only the upper part remains. White 
 slip, red on ornaments. Height, 12 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 94. (Pi.A rK XLV. 13. ) Similar head and shoulder, color well preserved. Close-fitting necklace 
 with iH'udant. followed by three others (simple band between two twisted bands) and «louble wavetl 
 bantl. The pin is i»laced altog»ther too high, so that it can only be intended for ornament, — 
 possibly as a pendant to the necklace. Disk earrings with jK-ndants. Hair, two masses al»ove 
 forehead, with horizontal grooves, large mass at back, n«)tched at sides of neck. The hea«ldi-e8s 
 consists of a calathus, boiuul by a wide taenia. The ground color is white : black is found on 
 hair (except at sides of neck ), above the eyebrows, and inside of eyes; in radiating lines on ear- 
 rings, in dots on pin and waved band : red apiK^ars in radiating lines on earrings, in dots on pin 
 and waved band, and in two wide streaks ab«n'e and below close-fitting necklace. All the cohus 
 are carelessly apjdied. and seem to be meant simi)ly to enliven the figure, without nuich regard to 
 its anatomy. Height. 12 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 95. ( Platk XLV. 2.) Head of advanced Argive tyiw, with double stephane. The hair consists 
 of four loops over forehead, single long curl at each side. Ground color, white : traces of re«l on 
 hair. Height, o.o cm. Gray clay. 
 
 96. ( Platk XLV. 4. ) J^imilar head, with stephane and boss. Hair, two notched strands over 
 forehead, topped by two masses with horizontal grooves ; single strand over shoulder. Simple 
 disk earrings. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 97. (Platk XLV. 8. ) Similar head ; has stephane with double boss, bound by a taenia. Hair, 
 two notched strands over forehead, and mass at back. Double boss earrings. Traces of two 
 necklaces, (hound color, white : stephane, ivd ; hair, brown. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 98. (Platk XLV. 9.) Head of advanced Argive tyiK', in high calathus with three bosses and 
 double tienia. Hair, two masses over forehead, wedge-shaped mass at back. One earring is jne- 
 8erve<l — a simple disk. Traces of one plastic neckhice, with pendant and boss, and of two painted 
 necklaces, red. (J round color, white; hair, black; red strijH^s on calathu.s, necklace, and neck. 
 Height, 9 cm. Yi'llow clay. 
 
 99. ( Platk XLV. 5.) Similar head. The calathus has three bosses and is liound by double 
 taenia. Hair, two notched strands, topped by two masses over forehead, large mass at back. 
 Plain disk earrings. White slip : taenia, red : hair, black. Height. 7 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 100. ( Platk XLV. 7.) Head of advanced Argive tyi)e with high calathus. fronted by two 
 plumes (cf. p. 13) with a di>k at the base. Hair, notched mass over forehead, tojjped by wide 
 strands, which extend to shoulders. Earrings, large disks. A wide band rei)r«'scnts the fold of the 
 chiton. White coat ; traces of red on brows, earrings, side hair, and fold. Height, 8.5 cm. Dark 
 yellow clay. 
 
 lOL (Platk XLV. 10. > Similar head, pliunes broken away. Double taenia. Hair, two notched 
 masses over forehead, topped by large curls, mass at back. I'lain round earrings. Traces of 
 necklace. White slip; hair, black ; red on taenia. Height, 9.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 102. (Platk XLV. 1.) Similar head, calathus small, plumes large. Double taenia. Hair, 
 two hirge curls over foivhead, mass at back. Rosette earrings, (ieneral traces of white. Height, 
 7.5 (-m. Clay. gray. 
 
 103. (Platk XLV. C. ) Similar head. The ]>lumes are here connected behind the calathus, 
 and the one that is ju-eserved is adorned with a disk. Double taenia. Round earrings. Hair, 
 large curl over each temple, mass at back. Traces of necklace with pendants. Slight traces of 
 white. Heiylit. 11 cm. Clav, dark yt'llow, shadiu" to i-ed. 
 
 104. (Platk XLV. 12.) Similar head, with large rosette between ]>lumes, which here, also, are 
 connected behind calathus. Double taenia. Rosette earrings. Hair, nuiss over forehead and at 
 back, topped by two large curls. Slight traces of necklace with pendant. White slij) : hair black ; 
 reil on ne<klace. Height, 9 cm. Dark vellow clav. 
 
 105. ( Platk XLV. 3.) Head of advanced Argive type. The features are very sharp and dis- 
 tin<'tly arehaic. — indeed, it may be a question whether this head ought not to be placed in the 
 " Archaic " class. The eyes are wide and staring, mouth accentuated, in that the region separating 
 the mouth from the cheeks and the chin is here defined by a round hollowing, which at the same 
 time gives hardness. Hair, tight curls over forehead, treated in a conventional maiuier. like 
 
 inverted wave pattern, spirals at back, now broken. Simple ban<l about hair, traces 
 of another ornament ( perhaps calathus) on crown of head. Simple earrings. Traces 
 of white on face : hair, black. Height, 4 cm. Clay, j'cl low. 
 
 106. Two hundred archaic heads, similar to Nos. 93-105, always showing the 
 same tendency to elaboratt> headdi*esses. 
 
 Here, too, we have placed (seep. 7) — 
 
 107. ( Fig. 41. ) li<Mly of standing female figure, broken at neck. The body is 
 a ]>erfect cylind«'r : in fact, it seems to have been made on the wheel. The hair was 
 a simple mass at back, red. The ornamentation consists of a broad strijie at waist^ 
 and four .series of three fine red lines below waist — very similar to Argive-Linear 
 work (.see p. 3) in vases. Height. 8.5 cm. Reddish yeHow clay. 
 
 Cf. for round body, lleuzey, /Vy. Anf. pi. ix. Xo. 3 (from Cyprus). 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
I( ' 
 
 r I 
 
 28 
 
 TEKKA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 h i 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 VI. FIGURES UNDER ORIENTAL INFLUENCE. 
 
 lOa iFig. 42.) Plaque with heraldic lions, broken at right lower corner. The position of the 
 lions is very schematic ; eacli rests one fore paw on a ixjilestal, antl raises the 
 other horizontally, so that the two raisetl legs meet for their whole length. 
 The tail is curved over the l»ack. The heads turn and look backward. The 
 surface is treated rather supei-ficially, and the muscles are but little develoi>ed. 
 No trace of color. Height, 10 cm. Clay, ml, in many jilaccs burned black. 
 The Lion gate at Mycenae is strikingly similar to this plaque, as well as 
 some Mycenaean gems (^for instance, the one published by Tsountas, 'E<^. 'Apx- 
 1888, p. 175, 2 : i)l. x. 2). Between the two lions of our plaque probably 
 st«M)d a iKidestal or altar (the upper edge can still be made out) similar 
 to those of the gate and the gem. The phuiue would seem to Wlong to the 
 end of the Mycenaean civilization. On the whole subject of herahlic animals, 
 see Cuvtius, ' Uber "NVai)i)engebrauch u. WapiHJUstil im gr. Alterthum,' in his 
 Gesununvhe AUanifhmf/cn, II. pp. 77-115, pi. i. (cf. with our plaque 
 esjMicially Nos. 8 and 11). 
 109. (Fig. 43.) Upper ])art of winged female figure, broken at waist. The face is badly worn, 
 
 but plainly archaic. Three notihed strands of hair fall to each shoulder. 
 The head is surmounted by a stcphanc. Arms akimbo, — the hands held 
 sickle-shaped objects, badly worn. Hair, red ; red bands on stephane, 
 body, and wings. Height. 7 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 This figure is very similar to the Delos statue (/?. C. II. III. [1879], 
 pp. 393-399, pis. vi. and vii.). and, like it, was undoubtetlly a running 
 figure with one knee touching the ground. In terra-cotta, we have 
 similar figures in Martha, Cat.disFhj. ifu Mus. iT Athene s. No. 9, and 
 in Dumont ct Chaplain, Lex Cenimlques ih- hi (,'rere Prnpre, II. p. 229, 
 No. 4G. These arc both explained as gorgims, and that is the interi>i-eta- 
 tion we ai-e inclined to give to oiir figure. On the subject of running 
 figures, cf. Curtius, ' Die knieenden Figuren d. altgr. Kunst,' in Geitam- 
 elte Abh,nii1l„,Hien, II. pp. 116 ff. pi. ii., and Gerhardt, ' UVwr die Fliigelgestalten der altcn 
 Kunst,' in his GexammeJte Alnd. AUnntiJliinfjen, I. pp. 157 fF. i»ls. ix.-xii. 
 
 110. ( Fig. 44.) Fragment of a siuiilar figure, running to right, badly broken. All that 
 
 ai)i)ears is the body, w ith arms akindMi, a small part of right wing, right 
 leg to knee, and left leg to midille of thigh. But the figiire is plainly 
 an archaic running figure. Traces of white ; some red on chiton. 
 Height, 5.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 Cf. No. 109. 
 
 111. (Fig. 45.) Squatting male figure, tyi)e of the Egyptian Be», 
 broken at knees. The figure is that of a dwarf with 
 hands placed on the alMlomen, which is abnormally 
 develoi^ed. Hair, a mass with horizontal griH)ve8. 
 No trace of color. Height, G cm. Red clay. 
 The wide distribution of this class of figures may be seen from Orsi's note on 
 the find at Megara Hyblaea, A/on. Ant. I. p. 838, note 1. Cf. the figure there 
 given, pi. vi. 4. The development of this type is traced by Ileuzey, *Sur 
 quelques rei)rcsentations du dieu grotestpie ap]H?le Bes par lea Kgyptiens, 
 Comptex lienthix de VAciidemle des Inscription!* et lielles-Lettres, 1879, ]>. 140. 
 lliz. Six replicas of No. 111. all more or less broken. Same clay, some traces 
 of white coat. 
 
 111 3 Similar figure of smaller size, feet broken away. No trace of color. 
 Height, 5 em. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 Fio. 43. 
 
 in 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 29 
 
 114. (PhATK XLVIII. IG.) Fragment of large sphinx, broken at middle of botly. The figure 
 is very rude, consisting of no more than a head and neck ( in full face), set upon a winged body 
 (whether of a lion or of some other animal it is impossible to determine). The technique is most 
 interesting, for all the surfaces of the face are i)lane surfaces, and appear to have been made with 
 a knife or some similar tool ; this is true, too, of the wing. Moreover, there are no traces of paint 
 on the head or on the wing, whereas they are plentiful on the other parts of the figure. It 
 ajuiears, then, that the figure was finished and painted, and at some later time the surfaces which 
 show the knife marks were formed by cutting away the original contours. The paint, which 
 a])|)ears on legs and body, is red. Height, 11 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 An interesting head for comparison is published by Tsountas. 'K<^. 'Xpx- 1892, p. 13, jd. iv. 4 
 and 4": cf. also the poros heatls from the Acroixdis (^ller. Arch. XVII. [1891], pp. 304 fi". pi. x.), 
 which, some have held, were made by a workman during the noonday rest, exactly as our figure 
 may have been reuKKleled. 
 
 115. (Fig. 4G. ) Small sphinx, head missing. The head was apparently feminine, for two 
 ^^^ locks of hair appear in front of each shoulder. No traces of color. Height, 
 
 ^i^^^^j^^^ 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 i^^^^^^^^^H 116. Fragment of similar sphinx, only front ' 
 
 K/I^^^^^f^^k l^n* body, and beginning of wing preserved. 
 JV^^^^^F ^^1 Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, brown. 
 ^ ^^I^^^^L ^^^- C^'o* ^^0 Small figure on a horse, gal- 
 
 ' JB^^ loping to left — plaque, stam^M^d on both sides. 
 Fig. 4«. Rude modeling, but with some attempt at repre- 
 
 senting muscles of horse by means of grooves. 
 Surface, green enamel. Height, G.5 cm. Light, sandy material. 
 
 This figure is stamped as Egyptian by its enamel. Moreover, Professor 
 Petrie, in his \atdratis (p. 14), s})eaks of "figures of light, friable, 
 sandy ware " — a description which applies exactly to our plaque ; and 
 Professor Ernest Gardner informs us that some of these figures were exactly similar to oui's. There 
 can be no doubt, then, that we have here an ini[)orted article, as is also the case with a small 
 fragment of similar material and glaze — the lower portion of a squatting figure, very much like 
 the tyjMj of the Egyptian Bes, Nos. 111-113. 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 VII. EARLY ARCHAIC. 
 
 lia (Fig. 48.) 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 GROUP A: HAND-MADE FIGURES. 
 
 Standing male figure, both legs, left arm, and right forearm missing. The 
 figure presents many analogies to primitive Argive figures — the eyes 
 are round lumps, the nose is almost a beak, and the hair consists of four 
 strands falling to the shouhlers behind and a wavy curl on top of the 
 head. Yet the mouth and chin are })lainly indicated, and there is some 
 attempt at nuwleling in the body, which produces something the effect 
 of the early Apollo figures. The botly is covered with a thick white 
 slip, with applied red on hair, red lines at breast and waist, and red 
 hatchings on legs (meant to represent pattern on chiton ?). Height, 
 11 cm. Clav, red. 
 
 119. Fragment of seated male figure, broken at hips. The upjier 
 part is a mere wedge, to which was attached a face in front, and a mass 
 of hair behind. The alSola are roughly represented, but far too high. 
 Slight traces of dark brown on left arm, back of head and lower abdo- 
 men. Height, 9 cm. Clay, straw. 
 
 120. (Fig. 49.) Standing female figure, rudely motleled by hand, 
 but showing an attenq)t to distinguish the features of the face. The 
 
 'i 
 
 k 
 
Kit:. 4--'. 
 
 28 TKUIJA C'OTTA FKaitlXKS 
 
 VI. FIGURES INDKU ORIENTAL INFLUENCE. 
 
 lOa iViii;. 42.) riatjiie with luralilii' lions, l.iokfii at right l«)\vc'r conwr. The position of the 
 lions is viiv sfheniatii* : cat'li ivsts oue foiv paw on a jKHlestal, and raises the 
 other horizontally, so that the two raisetl le«;s meet for their \vlH>le length. 
 The tail is eurveil over the haek. The hea«ls turn and h»ok haekward. The 
 surfaee i-s treated rather supi-rtieially, and the museles are hut little developetl. 
 No trate of eolor. Height, 10 em. Clay, red, in many plaees hnrnetl hlaek. 
 The Lion gate at Myeenae is strikingly similar to this jdatpie. as well as 
 s<mie Myeenaean gems (^tor instanee, the one published by Tsountas. 'K<^. '.\i>\. 
 1888, p. IT.'). 2: pi. X. 2). lj«tween the two lions of our plaque probably 
 sto«.d a pe.lestal or altar (the upiK-r edge can still Ik- made <»ut) similar 
 to those of the gate and the gem. The phupie would seem to belong to the 
 end of the Myeenaean eivilization. On the wlnde subjeet of luraldie animals, 
 see Curtius, ' Uber Wappengebraiieh n. Wai)penstil im gr. Alterthiim.' in his 
 (irxiim unite AUn(,iifi>i,nfin, II. pp. 77-115, pi. i. (ef. with our phiipie 
 especially Xos. 8 and 11). 
 
 109. (Kig. -io.) Upper part of winged female figure, broken at waist. The faee is badly worn, 
 
 but plaiidy arehaie. Three notehed strands of hair fall to each shoulder. 
 
 <'*^^^ The head is sinni<»unted by a stephane. Arms akimbo. — the hands held 
 
 ^^^^^1^ siekle-shaiK-d objeets, badly worn. Hair, red ; red bands on ste[»hane, 
 ^^^^^^^ body, and wings. Height. 7 em. Yell<»w elay. 
 'fl^^^H This figure is very similar t.» the Delos statue (/»'. f. If. III. [1879], 
 ^^I^^^P pp. 30o-:{l>0, pis. vi. and vii. ). and, like it, was undoid)tedly a running 
 '4^**: \^^^^ tiijure with one knee touehing the groinid. Lj terra-cotta, we have 
 <^ ^Wy^ similar figures in Martha, (nL «frs Fiij. (hi J/its. (fA/Inins, No. 9, and 
 , -a^BjIr •" I>«miont et Chaplain, Lrs ( Vr<nii'n^ni:'< th hi f,'nrr Pi'uprv, IL p. 229. 
 
 • -^^^ >;,». 4iJ. These are both exjdaine*! as gorgons. and that is the interpreta- 
 
 tion we are inclined to give to our figure. On the subject of running 
 figures, cf. Curtius, ' Die knieendeu Figuren d. altgr. Ktmst,' in (I'vsom- 
 u.iltr AUnniilhiiHiii,. II. pp. IIG ff. pi. ii., and Gerhardt. 'Uber die Fliigelgestalten der alten 
 Kunst.* in lii> (icstiiininlti- Ahnh Ahhnnilhinijen, I. pp. 157 IT. jds. ix.-xii. 
 
 110. (Fig. 44. ) Fragment of a similar figure, running to right, badly broken. All that 
 
 apiK'ars is the IxMly. w itli arms akimbo, a small part of right w iiig. right 
 h'g to knee, and left leg to middle of thigh. Rut the figure is plaiidy 
 an archaic running figure. Traces of white : some red on chiton. 
 Height. 5.5 cm. Uedili.di yellow clay, 
 if. No. 109. 
 
 111. ( Fig. 45.) S«piatting male figure, typ- of the Flgyptlan Bes, 
 broken at knees. The figure is that of a dwarf with 
 hands placed on the alMhunen. which is abnormally 
 deveh»ped. Hair, a mass with hori/.«)ntal grooves. 
 No trace of color. Height. em. Ked clay. 
 The wide distriltution of this class of figures may be seen from Orsi's note «m 
 the find at Megara Hyblaea. Mnit. A lit. I. p. 838, note 1. Cf. the figure tln-rt; 
 given, pi. vi. 4. The devehtpnunt of this type is traced by Ileuzey, 'Sur 
 (piehpies representations du dieu grotesipie appele lii's ])ar Ics Egyptiens, 
 Cotiiptc Jiemhi.t (Je V AiniWinh' ih-K J/tscrijttioiis et /irlfes-Littirs. 1879, ]). 140. 
 
 112. Six reidicas nf No. 111. all more or less broken. Same elay, s«»me traces 
 of white coat. 
 
 113. Similar figure of smaller size, feet broken away. No trace of eolor. 
 Height, 5 em. l)ark yellow clay. 
 
 EAKLY ARCITATC 
 
 29 
 
 I 
 
 hu.. V.\. 
 
 Vic. 44. 
 
 Km. 4.-,. 
 
 114. (PhATK XLVIII. 1«;.) Fragment of large .sphinx, broken at middle of body. The figure 
 Is very rude, consisting t>f no more than a head and neck ( in full face), set upon a winged body 
 (whether of a liou or of some other animal it is impossible to determine). The technicpie is most 
 interesting, for all the surfaces of the face are jdane surfaces, and appear to have been made with 
 a knife or scmie similar tool : this is true, tm), of the wing. Moreover, there are no traces of paint 
 on the head or on the wing, whereas tluy ar«' plentiful on the other parts of the figure. It 
 appears, then, that the figure was finished and painted, and at some later time the surfaces which 
 show the knife marks were formed by cutting away the original c<»ntours. The paint, which 
 appears on legs and body, is r»'d. Height. 11 cm, YcHow elay. 
 
 An interesting hea<l for comparison is i)ublished by Tsountas. 'i:</>. Wpx 1892. p. 1.3. pi. iv. 4 
 and 4": cf. also the poros heads from the AcrojM>lis ( /.Vr. Arr/i. XVII. [1891], pp. 304 f^". pi. x. ), 
 which, some hav«' hehl, weiHi made by a workman during the noonday rest, exactly as our figure 
 may have Ijeeii remoileled. 
 
 115. ( Fig. 4«». ) ."^mall sphinx, head missing. The head was api)arently feminine, for two 
 
 locks of hair a}»i)ear in front of each shotdder. Xo traces of color. Height, 
 4.5 cm. Clay, light yell()W. 
 
 A^^'^^I^^Hj^H 116. Fragm«-nt of similar sphinx, only front 
 
 jl^J^^^^H^^H leg. body, and i>eginning of wing preserved. 
 
 Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, brown. 
 117. ( Fig. 47. ) Small figure on a horse, g-.il- 
 loping to left — plaque, stamiwd on lM)th sides. 
 lliide modeling, l)ut with some att<'mpt at repre- 
 senting muscles of horse by means of gro«)ves. 
 Surface, green enamel. Height. 0.5 cm. Light, sandy material. 
 
 This figure is stamped as Egyptian by its enamel. More<)ver, Professor 
 Retrie, in his Xuidnitls (\}, 1-1), speaks of *' figures of light, friable, 
 sandy ware" — a descripti«»n which applies exactly to our phupie; ami 
 Professor Ernest Gardner informs us that some of these figures were exactly similar to ours. There 
 can Im' no doubt, then, that we have here .an imported article, as is also the case with a small 
 fragnu-nt of similar material and glaze — the lower i>ortioii of a squatting figure, very much like 
 the type of the Egyptian Ites, Xos. 111-113. 
 
 VII. EARLY ARCHAIC. 
 
 Fi(i. h;. 
 
 lia (Fig. 48.) 
 
 Km. 48. 
 
 GROUP A: liAXD-MAUK FIGURES. 
 
 Standing male figure, l^oth legs, left arm, and right forearm missing. The 
 figure presents many analogies to primitive Argive figures — the eyes 
 are round lumps, the nose is almost a Ijcak. and the hair consists of four 
 strands falliu" to the shoulders behind and a wavy curl on toi) of the 
 hea«l. Yet the mouth and chin are plaiidy indicated, and there is some 
 attempt at modeling in the body, which produces something the efl'ect 
 of the early Apollo figures. The body is covered with a thick white 
 sii}», with ai>i)lied red on hair, red lines at breast and waist, and red 
 hatchings on legs (meant to represent pattern on chiton?). Height, 
 11 «-m. Clay, red. 
 
 119. P'ragment of seated male figure, broken at hii)S. The upjier 
 part is a mere wedg«'. to which was attached a face in front, and a mass 
 of hair behind. The ui6<t7a are roughly represented, but far too high. 
 Slight traces of dark brown on left arm, back of head and lower abdo- 
 men. Height. 9 cm. Clay, straw. 
 
 120. ( Fig. 49.) Standing female figure, rudely modeled by hand, 
 but showing an attempt to distinguish the features of the face. The 
 
 f 
 
r 
 
 
 30 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 nose, now broken, was aistinguishetl from the chin : the eyes are incised eii-cles : the liair is a 
 
 series of notched strands falling to shoulders. The arms ai-e raised 
 to the breasts, and three grooves at the end of each mark the fingers. 
 General traces of white. Height, 8 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 121. Standing female figure with remarkably long neck, broken at 
 waist, arms missing. Face very rude, nose very much like a beak, 
 but distingui.shed from chin, mouth not indicated. The breasts are 
 rudely applied lumps. Eyes, two incised circles. Hair consisted of 
 notched mass at top and strands down the back (now broken off). 
 White color is preserved in circles of eyes. Height, 10.5 cm. Clay, 
 reddish yellow. 
 
 yx^ (Fig. 50.) Standing female figure with nose and month care- 
 fully distinguished. Eyes, however, arc lumps — a i-eminiscence of 
 the earlier types. Hair, nine notchetl strands, spreading over shoul- 
 ders. A sliirht groove from shoulder to shoulder marks the fold <»f 
 the chiton. The forearms (now broken off) wei-e extended forward. 
 
 Three grooves extend from waist to bottom of chiton on each side, doubtless to represent folds. 
 
 The ground color is black, covered with yellow dots, even on the parts of the neck above fold of 
 
 chiton : between the giooves, on the lower part of the figure, are hatchings of light yellow. Height, 
 
 11.5 cm. Clay, grayish yellow. 
 
 123. (Fig. 51.) Rudely made figure with round body ; head, right arm, and left forearm niiss- 
 inir. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clav. 
 
 This figure stands in the same relation to the two preceding figures that the 
 statue of Cheramyes (cf. Collignon. Ilht. ih- la Sculpture Grecque, I. j). 103, 
 fig. 73) does to the Nicandra statue {ibid. p. 120, fig. 59). It is an attempt to 
 vary the monotony of the stjuare, l)oard-shaped body by another form, which, 
 however, is eipially sununary and untiue to nature. 
 
 124. (Fig. 52.) Kude round figure of a pregnant woman, head, arms, and 
 feet broken away. The feet were attached to two stunips 
 inserted in the lower part of the figure. The edge of the 
 chiton below the neck is carefidly indicated by a deep cutting. 
 White slip. Height, 0.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Representations of pregnant women are not uncommon in 
 all perio<ls of Greek terra-cottas : cf. Schliemann, lUrUht iihr,- die Aiix(jra- 
 buHffen in Truia hu Jahre 1S90, pi. i. 3 ; Diirpfeld, Tm'uu ]'S03, p. 101 : 
 Schiine, 6>. Jieliefx, p. 67, No. 142, pi. xxxvi. ( = Hull. 1808, p. 54, No. 20 ) : 
 Stephani, Compte Hemhi, 1865, pp. 193, 194, pi. vi. 6 ; Ant. dn Bo,Hj,hore 
 Chnmerien, II. \h 91, pi. Ixix. 7. But all these figures are plainly intended ft>r 
 caricatures, whereas our figure, as a temple gift, can hardly be anything but a 
 thank offering for a successful childbirth. It is appropriately dedicated to Hera 
 as ElKdOvia. (Cf. Hesych, s. v. E;A«<^wa«- 'Hpa ti 'Apya. and on the whole sub- 
 ject. Roscher. Le.i'lcon der Mytholoffie, V. pp. 2087 ff. 
 
 125. Forty-four fragments of figures similar to Nos. 118-122, mostly bodies of the mm't t\\ye, 
 roughly made by hand. A few show traces of applied plastic ornamentation. The painted orna- 
 mentation is simple ; it consists princii)ally of lines and dots, usually in red and black, although 
 there are a few cases of applied white (to mark the girdle), and one figure has two purple bands 
 falling from the girdle in front. The only i)attern is found on the right side of one figure, where 
 we may supj)ose the fold of the Doric chiton to be : — 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 Fig. o'l. 
 
 w 
 
 / 
 
 ^"Hc^^ 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 31 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 126. (Fig. 53.) Torso of female figure of coarse clay, round-bodied type. On the right shoul- 
 der is an elaborate fibula of the " clover-leaf " tyi>e, and the left shoulder 
 shows traces of a similar fibula. At the back are traces of strands of 
 hair, and also of an applied band which was stretched from shoulder to 
 shoulder. The ground color is red, covered by a black coat, with 
 applied yellow lines at waist and neck, and yellow dots on fibula. 
 Height, 6 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 127. Similar torso, forearms (which were extended) broken off. 
 Traces of four strands of hair at back, and of one strand in front of 
 each shoulder. Fold of chiton represented plastically and decorated 
 with "laufender Hund" pattern in light brown. The entire body is covered with a light brown 
 coat, to which is applied dark brown on bust and arms. Dark brown stripe at waist. Height, 
 6.5 em. Yellow clay. 
 
 128. Third torso of similar style, arms broken. Fold of chiton moulded in the clay, both at 
 front and back. Traces of long necklace from shoulder to shoulder behind. Hair was six notched 
 strands. Fi-agment of large fibula on left shoulder. Ground color red, changing to black (appar- 
 ently from burning). Applied white on neck and fibula ; white line at waist. Height, 5 cm. 
 Dark yellow clay. 
 
 129. Fragment of heavy, seated figure of coarse clay (similar to the clay of Nos. 126-128), 
 broken at neck and below knees. The woman leans forward and rests her elbows on her knees. 
 The forearms are broken off. Color, black, with red lines at upper edge of chiton and at waist. 
 Traces of large fibula at left shoulder. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Here, too, we nmy j)lace, as a transitional type — 
 
 130. (Platk XLVII. 3.) Bust and head of rudely made figure of arehaic style, with a mod- 
 eletl hea<l. This figure presents striking analogies to the advanced Argive figures ; it has a low 
 stephane, six large curls, large earrings, and a close-fitting necklace. Yet it is a real archaic 
 figure : the body was of the same tyjMi as Nos. 126-129. Paint applied dii-ectly : pui)ils of eyes, 
 hair, and body, black : brows, brown. Height, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 131 Fragments of four replicas of No. 130, with varying amounts of plastic ornament. Three 
 have necklaces, the fourtii is broken close to the neck. One has marks of a long necklace from 
 shoulder to shoulder at the back. Two have ai)plied earrings, while of the others, one has the ear- 
 rings represented by circles sunk in the clay, the other has none at all. The hair consists in 
 three cases of curls : in the other it is a mass. All show marks of having had a stephane. The 
 system of color is the same in all — body, solid color, in one case black, shading to red ; in the 
 others, black : necklace, a r«>w of dots ; pupils of eyes, brows, and hair, same color as the body — 
 in one ease red, in the others, black. One figure has a black dot in the centre of each earring. 
 Height, 3.5 cm. to 6.5 cm. Clay, yellow, except one figure, which is of gray clay. 
 
 GROUP B: MOULD-MADE FIGURES. 
 
 132. (Fig. .54.) Fragment of standing female figure, broken at neck and 
 
 _^ ^:^^^ waist, arms missing. The motleling is careless. The fig- 
 
 «i^UH^^BH^k ure is interesting only because it has at the shoulders round 
 
 j^H^^^^P pins similar to those of the early and advanced Argive 
 
 ^fl^^^^^^ styles (cf. p. 8). General traces of white. Height, 4 cm. 
 
 iJS^^^^^ 133. Fragment of similar figure, without pins. The lower 
 
 Fig <>i body is no more than a squared lumj) of clay ; the arms 
 
 are stumps. Fold of chiton represented by a slight groove. 
 Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 134. (Fig. 55.) Moulded female figure, broken at neck and above knees. 
 She wears a sleeveless chiton — the upper edge plainly marked by a depres- 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
ii 
 
 ;5U 
 
 THKHA-COTTA FKil'RINES 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 31 
 
 Fir.. 4i>. 
 
 Fig. rA). 
 
 nose, now broken, was aistinguislua from the chin : tlie eyes are iiuisea eireles : tlie hair is a 
 
 series of n«»teheil strands falling; to sliouKlers. The arms art* raiseil 
 to the breasts, and three grooves at the eiul of each mark tlie fingers. 
 (uMieral traces of wliite. Height. 8 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 121. Staiuling female Hgme with ninarkably long neck, br«>ken at 
 waist, arms missing. Face very rude, nose very nuudi like a U'ak, 
 but distinguished from chin, mouth not in«licate«l. The breasts are 
 nuhly applied lumps. Eyes, two incised circles. Hair consisted of 
 uotiheil mass at top and strands down the back (now br<>ken off). 
 White color is preserved in cii-cles of eyes. Height. lO.o cm. Clay, 
 
 reddish yellow. 
 
 -[fXi ( Fig. 50. ) Standing female figure with nose and mouth care- 
 fully distinguished. Eyes, however, arc lumps — a reminiscence of 
 the earlier tyiHJS. Hair, nine notched strands, spreading over shoul- 
 ders. A siiirht groove fntm shoidder to shoulder marks the f<»ld i»f 
 the chiton. The forearms (now broken off) were extended forward. 
 Three "•itK)ves extend froni waist to l)ottom of chiton on each side, doubtless to represent folds. 
 The ground color is blaek, covered with ycUow dots, even on the parts of the neck above fold of 
 chiton : between the grooves, on the lower part of the figure, are hatchings of light yellow. Height, 
 ll.."»em. Clay, grayish yellow. 
 
 123. ( Fig. 51. ) Rudely made figure with round Ixnly ; head, right arm, and left ftuearm miss- 
 ing. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 This figure stands in the same relation to the two preceding figures that the 
 statue of Cheramyes (cf. Collignon. J/lxf. <fr la Svulptmv ffirvt/m, \. ]». 1«»:}, 
 fig. 73) does to the N'ieandra statue ( Ihhf. p. 120, fig. 50). It is an attemj.t to 
 varv the monotony of the s«piave. board-shajjcd body by another form, which, 
 however, is eipndly sunnnary and untrue to nature. 
 
 124. ( Fig. 52. ) liude round figure of a pregnant woman, head, arms, and 
 feet broken away. The feet were attached to two stumjjs 
 inserted in the lowei- part of the figure. The edge of the 
 chiton btdow the neck is carefully indicated by a deep cutting. 
 White slip. Height, 0.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Re}>resentations of pregnant women are not micommon in 
 all periods of (ireek terra-cottas : ef. Schlieniann. linUht liUf <fir Aiisijni- 
 hmif/rn in Trola on Jahrv JS!fO. pi. i. o ; Di'.rpfeld. Trotu. Is'.t.l, p. lOl : 
 Schi.ne, r/r. JMirfs. p. G7, No. 142, pi. xxxvi. ( = />'»///. 18«;8, p. 54, No. 20 ) : 
 Ste])hani. Compte liemhi, 1865. i>p. 193, 194, \\. vi. fi : Ant. (hi liosji/^on- 
 Chninh-ien, II. p. 91, jd. Ixix. 7. But all these figures arc plainly intended for 
 caricatures, whereas onr figure, as a temi)le gift, can hardly be anything but a 
 thank offering for a successful chihlbirth. It is appropriat«'ly dedicated t«» Hera 
 as UXiibvuu ( Cf. Hesych, k. r. K.'Aci^ti'as- 'H^w « 'A/iyc. and ..n the wlu»le sub- 
 jeet. Roseher. Lixirnn ihi' J/i/thofoffic, \- pj). 2087 ft". 
 
 125. Forty-four fragments f>f figures similar to Nos. 118-122, mostly IkmHcs of the miiV« type, 
 roughly made by hand. A few slu»w traces of applied plastic ornamentation. The painted orna- 
 mentation is simple ; it consists principally of lines and dots, usually in retl and black, although 
 there are a few cases of apjdied white (to mark the girdle ), and one figure has two purple bands 
 fallinjr from the ffirdle in front. The onlv pattern is fimnd on the right side of one figure, where 
 we may supi)ose the fold of the Doric chiton to be: — 
 
 Fig. r,l. 
 
 Fi. 
 
 133^^ 
 
 Fiu. .>3. 
 
 126. (Fig. 53.) Torso of female figure of coarse clay, round-bodied type. On the right shoul- 
 der is an elaborate fibula of tlu' " clover-leaf " type, and the left shoulder 
 shows traces of a similar fibula. At the back are traces of strands of 
 Jiair, and also of an ajiplied band which was stretched from shoulder to 
 shoulder. The grovnul color is red, covered by a black coat, with 
 applied yellow lines at waist and neck, and yellow dots on fibula. 
 Height, cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 127. Similar torso, forearms (which were extended) broken off. 
 Traces of four strands of hair at back, and of one strand in front of 
 each shoulder. Fold of chiton represented plastically and decorated 
 with "laufendcr Hund" patt«rn in light brown. The entire botly is covered with a light brown 
 coat, to which is applied dark brown on bust an<l arms. Dark brown stripe at waist. Height, 
 5.0 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 128. Third torso of similar style, arms broken. Fold of chiton moiddcd in the clay, both at 
 front and baek. Traces of long necklace from sliouhler t«» shoulder behind. Hair was six notched 
 strands. Fragment of large fibula on left shoulder. Ground color red, changing to black (appar- 
 ently from burning). .\pplied white tm neck and fibula: white line at waist. Height, 5 cm. 
 Dark yellow clay. 
 
 129. Fragment of heavy, seated figure of coarse clay (similar to the clay of Nos. 120-128), 
 broken at neck and below knees. The woman leans forward and rests her elbows on her knees. 
 The forearms ai-e broken oft". Color, black, with red lines at ui)per edge of chiton and at waist. 
 Traces of large fibula at left shouMer. Height. 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Here, too. we may jdace, as a transitional type — 
 
 130. (I'l.ATK XLVII. 3.) Bust and head of rudely made figiue of archaic style, with a mod- 
 eled head. This figure presents striking analogies to the advanced Argive figures; it has a low 
 stephane, six large curls, large earrings, ami a close-fitting necklace. Yet it is a real archaic 
 figure : the biMly was of the same type as Nos. 120-129. Paint ai)[)Hed directly : pupils of ejcs, 
 hair, and body, black: brows, brown. Height, 6.5 <Mn. Yellow clay. 
 
 131. Fr:ignH»nts of four replicas of No. 130. with varying amounts of plastic ornament. Thi-ee 
 have neekhu'cs. the fourth is broken close to the neck. One has marks of a long necklace from 
 shouldi'r to shoulder at the back. Two have ai)])lied earrings, while of the others, one has the ear- 
 rings represented by circles suidc in the clay, the other has none at all. The hair consists in 
 thive cases of curls: in the other it is a mass. All show marks of having had a stephane. The 
 system of cohn* is the same in all — IkhU', soliil color, in one case black, shading to red ; in the 
 others. bla«*k : necklace, a row of d»»ts : pu})ils of eyes, brows, and hair, same color as the bod\' — 
 in one cast? re<I. in the others, black. One figure has a black dot in the centre of each earring. 
 Height, 3.5 cm. to 6.5 cm. Clay, yellow, except one figure, which is of gray clay. 
 
 (JUOn* II: MOULD-MADK FKiURKS. 
 
 132. ( Fig. .')4. ) Fragment of standing feniale figure, broken at neck and 
 waist, arms missing. The mmleling is careless. The fig- 
 ure is interestinjr onlv because it has at the shouhlers round 
 pins similar to tho.se of the early and advanced Argive 
 styles (cf. p. 8). (ieneral traces of white. Height, 4 cm. 
 Clay. red. 
 
 133. Fragment of similar figure, withotit pins. The lower 
 bodv is no more than a s(piare«l lumj) of clay ; the arms 
 are stumps. Fold of chiton represented by a slight groove. 
 Tnices of white. Height. 7.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 134. ( Fig. 55.) Moulded female figure, broken at neck and above knees. 
 She wears a sleeveless chiton — the upper edge jdainly marked by a depres- 
 
 FiG. 'A. 
 
 
32 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 33 
 
 / 
 
 Fig. rAi. 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 sion — and necklace with pendant. At each side of neck, one or two curls of a long lo<'k of hair. 
 
 The arms fall close to the sides. The i-elief is very flat, but there is an 
 attempt to represent the breasts. No trace of color. Height, 
 7.5 cm. Clay, dark red. 
 
 135. (Fig. 56.) Badly worn figui-e of sinnlar make, no orna- 
 mentation. At height of shoulders, two supjwrts were fixe<l to 
 the back to hold the figure upright (ef. the Argive seated fig- 
 ures). Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 136. Three fragments of similar fignres, all showing ivmains 
 of supiwrts at level of shoulders. They all show traces of white 
 coat. Heights, 4.5 cn>. to 8 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 137. (Fig. 57.) Lower part of large moulded figtire, in very 
 high relief (broken at waist). The chiton hangs in a long 
 straight fold between the legs (cf. Mn»een iTAtheiteH, pi. v.). 
 Arms are pressed close to sides. Color, bright red : 
 arms, pink. Height, 10 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 138. (Fig. 58. ) Similar fragment in lower relief, with line ornamentation in pur- 
 ple ( simple vertical lines, joined by horizontal and criss-cross lines ; at sides, rude 
 horizontal lines only). Height, 6 cm. Cby, reddish yellow. 
 
 139. Frao-meuts of three similar figures in low relief, arms always at sides. In two 
 cases, the toes are motleled rather carefidly. 
 
 140. (Fig. 59.) Mouhled figure, broken at neck. Hands still at sides. 
 From the waist down, the figure is a mere case, in which all the forms 
 disappear, but there is an attempt at representing the feet. Above the y\g. .■». 
 waist, the modeling is summary, but fairly .iccurate. The breasts are 
 clearly brought out, as are also the lower edge of the chiton and the indentation of 
 the girdle (cf. Mu»ees irAtheues, pi. x.). The figure stands on a 
 narrow plinth, which was included in the mould. \Vhite slip, with i-ed 
 bands avoiuul lower part of chiton. Height, 7 cm. Clay, gray. 
 
 141. Exact replica of No. 140, similarly broken, decorated with re<l 
 bands. Height, 7 cm. Clay, gray. 
 
 142. Very similar figure, but not replica. The projwrtions are 
 Fig. o9. slightly smaller than those of No. 140 and No. 141 : the figure may have 
 
 been made from a mould which was itself made from No. 140 or No. 
 141 and shrank in baking.^ It shows only ti-aees of white. Height, 7 cm. Red clay. 
 
 60.) Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist. The hair is representetl by- 
 notches and falls to shoulders. The ear is too high, as is usual in 
 archaic work. The edges of the chiton at neck and waist are dis- 
 tinctly marked. Traces of white, of red on chiton. Height, 4.5 cm. 
 Red clay. 
 
 144. ( Fig. 61.) Fragment from the same moidd as No. 143, 
 minus face and broken at knees. This figure .shows not only the 
 lower edge of the fold of the chiton, but also the indentation of the 
 girdle. Arms held close to sides. Slight traces of retl. Height, 
 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 145. Up])er part of similar figure in high calathus (broken at 
 
 Fio. go. 
 
 I -i ■ 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 waist). Fold of chiton and intlentation of girdle well marked. Color, 
 white ; traces of red on calathus. Height, 5 cm. Clay, red. 
 
 146. Small fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and l)elow 
 knees. Behind each hand ( arms still hang close to sides) a small hole, possibly for Fio. Gi 
 sus|)ending the figure. Traces of white. Height. 4.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 147. (Fig. 62. ) Similar figure, showing wide border all around, where the clay ran over the 
 ' Cf . Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mim. dWthlnes, p. xxiii, ou the subject of " SHmioiilnges.'* 
 
 Fig. G4. 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 e<lges of the mould. Arms hang close to sides. Edges of chiton marked by grooves at neck and 
 waist, also at sides. The hair is represented by grooves, worked after the figure left the mould. 
 Slight traces of red. Height, 8.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 14& (Plate XLVI. 5.) Figure from the same mould, with stephane added. Traces of white 
 on face, of red on chiton. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 149. Fragment from the same mould as Nos. 147 and 148, broken at neck and knees. 
 
 150. (Plate XLVI. 14.) Bu.stof large standing figure broken at waist. High round stephane. 
 The hair is carefully representetl by curls in low relief over forehead, and three long curls in front 
 of each shoulder. The eyes are remai'kably long and triangular. Traces of white, of red on left 
 side. Height, 10 cm. Gray clay. 
 
 151. (Fig. 63.) Somewhat similar fragment, broken at waist, face badly broken. Edges of 
 
 chiton very plainly marked, also edge of girdle. Hair, 
 large mass at back. Ears, remarkably large. No traces 
 of color. Height, 10 cm. Red clay. 
 
 152. Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and 
 neck. General traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Red 
 clay. 
 
 i53. (Plate XLVI. 1.) Rudely modeled figure, with 
 arms l>ent at elbows, hands touching shoulders. No 
 attempt at representing details. Traces of white. 
 Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 154. (Fig. 64.) Fragment of figure with arms simi- 
 larly bent (bi*oken at neck and above knees). Very 
 careless modeling. Traces of white. Two red lines at waist, one at neck. 
 Height, 7 cm. Greenish yellow clay. 
 
 155. (Plate XLVI. 6.) Standing figure in stephane, with hands raised to breast. All the 
 lines are remarkably deep ; they seem to have been nitide with a pointed instrument. Hair treated 
 in notches. Two grooves mark the lower border of chiton. No trace of color. Height, 8 cm. 
 Cl.iy, ilark red, shading to black. 
 
 lS6i Two fragments of very similar figures, with hands raised to breasts (both breken at neck). 
 One has white slip, with red horizontal lines, one at upper e<1ge of chiton, three at waist, two at 
 lower edge of chiton. 
 
 157. (Plate XLVI. 2.) Somewhat more advanced archaic figure, showing an attempt to 
 rej)re8ent the folds of the chiton. The figure wears the stephane, and the arms are represented 
 as l>ent at the elbow, although the forearms are mere stumps. Traces of white coat. Height, 
 8.5 cm. Retl clay. 
 
 158. Fourteen fragments of similar figures, mostly lower parts with folds in low relief. One is 
 an exact replica of No. 157. 
 
 1S9L Figure very similar to No. 157 — folds of chiton fairly well given 
 (broken at neck). The arms hang slightly forward, and are entirely 
 given in the mould. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish 
 yellow. 
 
 160. Fragment of left side of archaic figure — forearm and hand 
 grasping edge of chiton preserved — with fairly careful reproduction of 
 folds. This figure is not flat at back, but hollow, with thin walls, corre- 
 sponding to the later technique. No traces of color. Height, 8 cm. 
 Retl clay. 
 
 161. (Fig. 65. ) Lower part of archaic figure, showing still greater 
 develoj)ment of folds of chiton. Here, not only the vertical folds which 
 fall fi-om the arm are brought out, but the folds between the legs are also 
 fairly well reprtnluced. The mtnleling of the.se folds is softer than in 
 most of the other figures of this class, giving an impression of greater 
 
 Fig. 65. freetlom. This may partly be tlue to the fact that this was perhaps made 
 
 (JP 
 
32 
 
 TERRA-( OTTA FKiURlNES 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 38 
 
 Ki«>n 
 
 Fuj rA\. 
 
 Fkj. .*>". 
 
 Kio. 't8. 
 
 \m\ necklact' with jx'nd.int. At eai'li side of neck, «»iie or two cmls of a lonir Icm-U of liair. 
 
 Tlic arms fall tl«>so to the sides. The relief is very flat, hut there is an 
 
 att»'mi»t to represent tlie hreasts. No traee of color. llei<jht, 
 
 ^^ ^^^^^^^ T.5 en». Clay, dark red. 
 
 M ^^^ ^^^^^B •^^- (^'.^- ''^^-^ Hadly worn figure of similar make, no orna- 
 
 ^Lk ^H ^^^^H| mentation. At height of shoulders, two sup))orts were fixed to 
 
 ^■i 9^ ^^^K" *^'"' ^*'^^''^ *'• '"*''^ *'"' ^n'""*' >»l»'»gl>t (ef. tlie Argive seated fig- 
 
 vl ^^V ^^^^T urcs). Traces of white. Height, 8. A cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 I ^V ^^^V ^ 136. Three fragments of similar figures, all showing remains 
 
 ^■^ ^^^* of siii)i)orts at level of shoulders. They all show traces of white 
 
 (•(Kit. Heights. 4.0 em. to 8 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 137. (Fig. 57.) Lower ]>art of large moulded figure, in very 
 high relief (broken at waist). The chiton hangs in a long 
 straight fold hetween the legs (cf. Miixevs <rAf/t}iiis. ]»1. v.). 
 Arms are pressed close to sides. Color, bright red : 
 arms. pink. Height, 10 cm. Reddish y«'llow clay. 
 
 138. ( Fi". 58. ) Similar fragment in lower relief, with line ornamentation in pur- 
 ]>le ( simple vertical lines, joined by horizontal and criss-cross lines : at sides, rude 
 horizontal lines only). Height, ii cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 139. Frao-meiits of three similar figures in h>w relief, arms always at sides. In two 
 cases, the toes are modeled rather carefully. 
 
 140. (Fig. 5U.) Moidded figure, broken at neck. Hands still at sides. 
 From the waist ilown. the figure is a mere case, in which all the forms 
 disappear, but there is an attempt at representing the feet. Above the 
 waist, the modeling is snnnnary, l)ut fairly accurate. The brt'asts are 
 clearlv brought out. as are also the lower vi\y;ti of the chiton and the indentation of 
 the girdle (ef. Mitsi'rs f/M^//r//r.«. jd. X.). The figure stands on a 
 narrow plinth, which was included in the mould. White slip, with red 
 bands around lower ])art of chiton. Height. 7 cm. Clay. gray. 
 
 141. Exact replica of No. 140. similarly broken, decorated with red 
 bands. Height, 7 cm. Clay, gray. 
 
 142. Very similar figure, but not repli«'a. The ])roportions are 
 slightly smaller than those of No. 140 and No. 141 : the figur*- may have 
 been made from a mould which was itself made from No. 140 or No. 
 
 141 and shrank in baking.^ It shows only traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Red clay. 
 
 143. (Fig. 00.) Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist. The hair is rcjiresented by 
 notches and falls to shoulders. The ear is too high, as is usual in 
 archaic work. The edges of the chiton at neck and waist are dis- 
 tinctly marked. Traces of white, of red on chiton. Height. 4.5 cm. 
 Red clay. 
 
 144. ( Fig. 61.) Fragment from the same mould as No. 143. 
 minus face and broken at knees. This figure shows not only the 
 
 ^^^^^ h)wer edge of the fold of the chiton, but also the indentation <»f the 
 tl ^^^B girdle. Arms held close to sides. Slight traces of re<l. Height, 
 1 ^^^H Red clay. 
 
 145. I'pjier part of similar figure in high ealathus (broken at 
 waist). Fold of chiton and indentation of girdle well marked. (\»lor, 
 white: traces of red on ealathus. Height, 5 cm. Clay, red. 
 
 146. Small fragment of similar figure, broken at waist an«l below 
 knees. TJehind each hand ( arms still hang <dose to si«les ) a small hole, jxissibly for 
 snsiM'ndiu"- the figure. Traces o{ white. Height. 4.5 cm. Retl clav. 
 
 147. ( Fig. Ct'2. ) Similar figure, showing wide border all arouml, where the clay ran over the 
 ' Cf. M.'vrtlia, Cat. </m Fiy. tlu Mun. </M?/iiiiM, p. xxiii, oii th« subjett «.f " suriiioiilage*.'* 
 
 Flc. (K). 
 
 Fig. r.l . 
 
 Fi(.. c'.J. 
 
 Fig. «U. 
 
 Fig. G3. 
 
 edges of the mould. Arms hang close to sides. Edges of chiton marked by grooves at neck and 
 waist, also at sides. The hair is represented by grooves, worked after the figure left the mould. 
 Slight traces of red. Height, 8.5 em. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 148. ( Platk XLVI. 5.) Figure from the same mould, with stephane added. Traces of white 
 on face, of red on chiton. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 149. Fragment from the same mould as Nos. 147 and 148, broken at neck and knees. 
 
 150. (Platk XLVI. 14.) Jiustof large standing figure broken at waist. High round stephane. 
 The hair is carefully represented by curls in low relief over forehead, and three long curls in front 
 of each shoulder. The eyes are remarkably long and triangular. Traces of white, of red on left 
 side. Height, 10 em. Gray clay. 
 
 151. (Fig. 03.) Somewhat similar fragment, broken at waist, face badly broken. Edges of 
 
 chiton very [)lainly marked, also edge of girdle. Hair, 
 large mass at back. Ears, remarkably large. No traces 
 of color. Height, 10 cm. Retl clay. 
 
 152. Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and 
 neck, (ieneral traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Red 
 clay. 
 
 153. (Platk XLVI. 1.) Rudely modeled figure, with 
 arms bent at elbows, hands touching shoulders. No 
 attempt at representing details. Ti'aces of white. 
 Heijjht. 7 cm. Yellow clav. 
 
 154. (Fig. 04.) Fragment of figure with arms simi- 
 larly bent (broken at neck and above knees). Very 
 careless modeling. Traces of white. Two red lines at waist, one at neck. 
 
 Height. 7 em. Greenish yellow clay. 
 
 155. ( Pi-.\TK XLVI. 0.) Standing figure in .stephane. with hands raised to breast. All the 
 lines are remarkably deep; they seem to have been made with a pointed instrument. Hair treated 
 in notches. Two grooves mark the lower border of chiton. No trace of color. Height, 8 cm. 
 Clay, dark red, shading to black. 
 
 156. Two fragments of very similar figures, with hands raised to breasts (both broken at neck). 
 One has white slip, with red horizontal lines, one at upper edge of chiton, three at waist, two at 
 lower edge of chiton. 
 
 157. ( Plate XLVI. 2. ) Somewhat more advanced archaic figure, showing an attempt to 
 represent the folds of the chiton. The figure wears the stephane, and the anus are represented 
 as bent at the elbow, although the forearms are mere stumps. Traces of white coat. Height, 
 8.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 158. Fourteen fragments of similar figures, mostly lower parts with folds in low relief. One is 
 an exact replica of No. 157. 
 
 159 Figure very similar to No. 157 — folds of chiton fairly well given 
 (broken at neck). The arms hang slightly forward, and are entirely 
 given in the mould. Traces of white. Height, G em. Clay, reddish 
 
 ^^^I^^H 160. Fragment of left side of archaic figure — forearm and hand 
 
 fl^^^^^l grasping edge of chiton preserved — with fairly careful reproduction of 
 mS^^^B fohls. This figure is not flat at back, but hollow, with thin walls, corre- 
 ™"^^" spoiiding to the later technique. No traces of color. Height, 8 cm. 
 Red clay. 
 
 161. ( Fig. 65. ) I^iwer ])ai*t of archaic figure, showing still greater 
 development of folds of chiton. Here, not only the vertical folds which 
 fall from the arm are brought out, but the folds between the legs are also 
 fairly well reproduced. The motleling of these folds is softer than in 
 most of the other figures of this class, giving an impression of greater 
 Fig. 05. freedom. This may partly be due to the fact that this was perhaps made 
 
 II 
 
S4 
 
 TEKRA-COTTA FIOrUINES 
 
 No traces of 
 
 when the mould itself was somewhat worn, and the lines, therefore, not so shari). 
 
 color. Ileisjht, 8 cm. Li-ht yellow clay. , , • , i , 
 
 162. Two fragments of similarly drained figures. One of them is painted a bright re«l ; the 
 other shows a very plain thuml)-mark at the back. 
 
 163. ( Pi.A TE XLVI. 3.) Figure of the " Spes " tyiie, broken at neck and at knees. Tlie 
 himation falls from right shoulder and passes under right arm. The chiton was doubtless indi- 
 eated in color. Ri-ht hand raised to waist, and pierced by a hole for an attribute (perhaps a 
 flower?). Left hand holds edge of himation. The folds are very carefully indicated. Hin.ation, 
 i-ed — color applied directly to clay. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Ci Winter 'Die Terrakotten von der Akropolis,' Arch. Am. 1893, i>p. 140 ff., esp. figs. 5, 
 11. 15; Lechat, ' Terres Cuites de Corcyre,' B. C. If. XV. (1891), pp. 1-112, esp. p. 79, No. 
 74 pi. viii. 2 (the si>ecimen there mentioned had a hole in the hand, exactly as No. 163 has) ; 
 Ileuzev Flo. Ant. pi. xl. 2 (from Cvienaica) ; Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Muh. d: Athene^, No. 
 733 (provenance unknown, but probably Greek). The best short discussion of the " Si.es " figures 
 is that of Orsi, in his publication of the Megam Ilyblaea terra-cottas ; see Man. Ant. I. pp. 924 if. 
 
 164. (Plate XLVI. 10.) Fragment of figure similar to N»). 163 —broken at neck and waist. 
 Same arrangement of himation, same careful adjustment of folds. Right hand raised to waist, 
 left doubtless grasped edge of garment. Slight traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Light yellow elay. 
 
 165. Fragment of archaic figure, broken above waist and below knees. The folds are hastily 
 indicated. The left hand hangs somewhat forward and holds an aj.ple. At the back is a very 
 plain thumb-mark. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 166. (Plate XLVL 9.) Aphroilite of archaic type, broken at neck and knees. Folds of chiton 
 barely indicated. Both hands are raised, the right, carrying a dove, to breast ; the left, with 
 flower, below it. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow and very fine. 
 
 167. Fragment of similar figure, only left hand with dove and right hand side of draiM?ry pre- 
 served. Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 16a (Fig. 66.) Similar Aphrodite, broken at neck and above knees. Right hand, raised to 
 breast, carries dove : left gi-asps edge of sleeve of himation. Traces of white. I leight, 
 7 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 169. Similar figure, badly broken. Right holds dove, left raised edge of hima- 
 tion. The folds of the himation are carefully given. On the shoulders, traces of 
 three locks of hair. Traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 170. Fragment of similar figure, broken at neck and waist. Right hand holds 
 dove. In front of shoulders, four notched strands form the hair. Traces of white. 
 Height, 6 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 171. Second fragment, broken at neck and just below breasts. Right holds 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 ' .1 
 
 dove. Traces of white. Height, 2.5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 Cf on all these figures, Nos. 166-171, the marble statue in Lyons ((?«'.. At-ch. 1876, p. 13d, 
 pi xxxi.); also the terra-cottas, Heuzey, FUj. Ant.\A. xii. 5: Orsi, 'Megara Ilyblaea,' Mon. 
 A^it. I. p. 925, pi. vii. 11; Michaelis, .1/r/,. Zeit. 1864, p. 137, pi. clxxxii. 1; Martha, Cat. des 
 Fifj. du Mus. d'Athene», No. 433. 
 
 172. (Plate XLVI. 4.) Figure of usual archaic type, broken at neck and at knees. The figure 
 wears the chiton, with a thick fold between the legs, and over it another garment (xito.kio-ko«?) 
 reaching to the knees (cf. the statue, Musees^ d' AtJienrx, pi. v.). Both hands are raisetl in front 
 of body? the left below the right, and each holds a fruit. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, 
 
 light yellow and very fine. xr tor 
 
 Cf. p. 15 ; Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xl. 2 ; Martha, Cut. des Fig. dn 3fu». d'Afhenrs, No. 16b. 
 
 173. Very similar fragment, broken at neck and thighs. Left hand holds a fruit : attribute of 
 right uncertain, but probably also a fruit. Traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 "174. Fragment of archaic figure, broken at neck and waist. Left hand at bi-easts, holds flower. 
 Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Red clay. 
 
 This type is very common: cf. Orsi, 'Megara Ilyblaea,' Mon. Ant. I. p. 924, pi. vii. 4, pi. 
 viii. 3 ; idem, 'D' Una Citta Greca a Terravecchia presso Gianmichele in Provincia di Catania,' 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 35 
 
 ibid. VII. jip. 230 flf., pi. iv. ; Chirac, Miis/'c de tScufpture, pi. dcxxxii. J. 1449 H; Lechat, 
 'Terres Cuites de Coi-cyre,' B. C. II XV. (1891), p. 30, No. 7, pi. i. 2; p. 33, No. 14, pi. i. 3. 
 
 175. (Plate XLVI. 8.) Fragment of archaic figure, broken at neck and at waist. She 
 wears the himation falling from right .shoulder to left side, and holds in front of her, with her 
 right hand, a wreath. Traces of red on himation. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, yellow and fine. 
 
 Cf. the statue from the Acro|>olis (Collignon. Hist, de la Scidptufe G/'ccque, I. p. 353, fig. 
 178), which holds a wreath in the right hand and a jar in the left ; Orsi, ' D' Una Citta Greca 
 a Terravecchia presso Granmichele in Provincia di Catania,' Mon. Ant. VII. p. 234, fig. 24; 
 Kekule, Ant. Tevrakottni, II. p. 9, fig. 4. It seems not unlikely that this figure has reference to 
 the cult of Hera Antheia. 
 
 176. ( Plate XLVI. 7.) Standing figure in chiton (edge at neck and waist, with folds at 
 shoulder and below girdle carefully rendered). Broken at neck and at knees. Right hand holds 
 a small animal (probably a hare) : left grasps edge of sleeve of chiton at breast. At back are 
 marks of a thumb and two fingers. Traces of white. Height, 11 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Cf. the fragment of a poros statuette, Salzmann, La Xecmpole de Camifoa, pi. ix. ; Bernouilli, 
 Ajdifttdite, p. 38. 
 
 177. Fragments of two replicas of No. 176, showing the same finger-marks at back. Traces of 
 white. Height, 7.5 cm. and 8.5 cm. respectively. Same clay as No. 176. 
 
 178. Twenty fragments of figures similar to Nos. 176 and 177, principally small bits of drapery. 
 Dark red clay. 
 
 179. (Plate XLVI. 11.) Similar archaic figure, broken at neck. She wears chiton with 
 thick fold between legs, and long overgarment like that of No. 172. Both hands hold attributes — 
 right, an animal (stag?), left, bow (cf, p. 15). The break at the left shoulder is interesting, as it 
 shows the method of manufacture by layers — the outer layer is of much finer clay than the inner 
 (filling) layer. Traces of white. Height, 11.5 cm. Fine, light yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xviii. bis. 1 (from Thespiae) ; Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1872, p. 161, 
 pi. iii. 4 (from Kertsch : the figure looks as if it had come from the same mould as No. 179) ; 
 Lechat, ' Terres Cuites de Corcyre,' B. C. II. XV. (1891), p. 48, No. 37, pi. iii. 2 ; p. 51, No. 40, 
 pi. iii. 1 : Ii«>rlin Museum, 6831 (Attica) and 6262 (Thespiae) : Syracuse, large terra-cotta room, 
 case III. (Megara Ilyblaea). 
 
 180. Four frajrments of fijrures similar to Nos. 166-179, attributes indistinguishable on account 
 of breakage. Traces of white. Clay, fine, varying from yellow to red. 
 
 ISL Eight fragments of drapery very similar to that of Nos. 166-179, but belonging to hollow 
 figures with thin walls. Traces of white slip; slight traces of red. Heights, 4 cm. to 13 cm. 
 Clay, light yellow to i-ed. 
 
 lJB2. Basis of large statue of archaic type, with fragment of the figure from the knees down. 
 The feet are carefully mo<leled and fairly correct. The bottom is pierced by a round vent. The 
 chiton was red. Height, 7 cm. Height of plinth, 2 cm. Length, 6 cm. Width, 5 cm. Clay, 
 reddish yellow. 
 
 183. Six fi-agments of similar bases, usually with traces of feet only. General traces of white. 
 The dimensions vary from 3 cm. X 3.5 cm. to 5.5 cm. X 7.5 cm. Clay, light red to yellow. 
 
 184. (Fig. 67.) Very rude seated figure, broken at bottom. The figure varies 
 little from the standing type, except that it is slightly bent at the middle and has 
 two supports behind (cf. No. 135). The arms, which are resting on the knees, are 
 little l)etter than two stumps. On the breast is a pendant. The upper part forms 
 a rude stephane. The figure hardly appeai-s to be modeled at all, yet the surface 
 shows i)lainly that it was. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 185. Similar figure with supports behind. She wears stephane and necklace 
 jT ^^H with i)eiidant (these made in the mould), and long veil falling to shoulders (a 
 I J^^^ separate piece added after the figure was complete). Traces of white ; three red 
 
 lines on bottom of chiton. Height, 10.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 186. Third fi'nire of the same sort with arms bent at elbows, and hands raised 
 
 Fig. 07. 
 to shoulders. 
 
 Traces of white. Height, 8 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 k 
 
34 TKKRA C'OTTA FKirKIXES 
 
 wIkmi the nu.ul.l Itself was soincwimt worn, ami the lines, thiMefure, ni.t s.. sharp. No ti-aees of 
 color. lleii,'ht, 8em. Li-ht yellow elay. 
 
 162. Two fragtnents of similarly <lrai>ea fi-nros. One of them .s painted a bright reil : the 
 other shows a verv plain thnml)-mark at the haek. 
 
 163 (Pi.VTK "XLVI. 3.) Fignre of the "Sins" tyi>e, broken at neck ami at knees. Ihe 
 him ition falls from ri-ht shouhler ami passes under right arm. The chiton was doubtless indi- 
 eated in color. Ki-ht haiul raised to waist, and pierced by a hole for an attribute (i>erhaps a 
 flower?). Left haml holds edge of himation. The folds are very can>fully indicated. Iliination, 
 ,-0,1 — color ai>plie.l .lirectlv to clay. I leight, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 C'f Winter -Die Terrakotten von der Akropolis,' Arch. Anz. 1803, pp. 140 ff.. esp. figs. 5, 
 11. 15: Leehat. • Terres C\iites de Corcyre,' li. C If. XV. (1891), pi». 1-112. esp. p. 79, Xo. 
 74 i>l. viii. 2 (the specimen there mentioned had a hole in the haml. exactly as Xo. 1»>3 has ) ; 
 llJnzev Fui htt pi. xl. 2 (from Cvrenaica) : Martha, Cat. (ha Foj. ih, Mt,s. d' Athv„v>i. Xo. 
 733 ( proven'ance unknown, but pn.bably Greek ). The best short discMission of the " Si>es " figures 
 is that of Orsi. in his publication .»f the Megara Ilyblaea terra-cottas ; see Mun. A,<t. I. pp. .»-4 tt. 
 
 164 ( Pl vtk XLVI. 10. ) Fragment of figure similar to Xo. 103 — broken at neck and waist. 
 Same arrangement of himation, same carefur adjustment of folds. Kight hand raised to waist, 
 left doubtlels -rasped edge of garment. Slight traces of white. Height. 5 cm. Light yelh.w clay. 
 
 165 Fra.-ment of arci.aie figure, broken above waist and below knees. The folds are hastily 
 indicated. The left hand hangs somewhat forward and holds an apple. At the back is a very 
 plain thumlvmark. Traces of white. Height, C.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 166 ( Pl vtk XLVL 9. ) Aphroilite of archaic tyi>e. broken at neck and knees. Folds of chiton 
 buelv indicate.1. lioth hands are raised, the right, carrying a d..ve, to breast ; the left, with 
 flower. beh»w it. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow and very fine. 
 
 167. Fragment of similar figure, .)nly left hand with dove and right hand side of drapery pre- 
 served. Traces of white. Height, 4.5 em. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 16a (Fig. 60.^ Similar Aphrodite, broken at neck and above knees. Kight hand, raised to 
 breast, carries dove : left grasps edge of sleeve of himation. Traces of white. 1 leight, 
 
 7 cm. Dark red clay. . 
 
 169. Similar figure, badly broken. Right holds dove, left raised edge of hima- 
 tion. The folds of the himation are carefully given. ( )n the shouhlers, traces of 
 three Im.ks of hair. Traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 170. Fragment of similar figure, broken at neck and waist. Kight hand holds 
 dove. In front of sh(mlders, four notched strands form the hair. Traces of white. 
 Height, cm. Reddish yeUow clay. 
 
 171. Second fragment, broken at neck and just below breasts. Right holds 
 dove. Traces of white. Height. 2.5 cm. Fine yellow clay. 
 
 Cf on all these figures, Xos. 100-171. the marble statue in Lyons iGax. Airh. 18 «b, p. 1J3, 
 pi xxxi.): also the term-cottas, Heuzey, FUj. Ant. yX. xii. 5: Oi-si, 'Megara Ilyblaea,' Mn,,. 
 Ant. I. p. 925. pi. vii. 11; Michaelis, A,-,],. Znt. \HCA, p. 137, pi. clxxxii. 1: Martha, Cat. ihx 
 Fit/, (hi Mux. (rAt/rcne.t, Xo. 433. 
 
 i72. ( Platk XLVI. 4. ) Figure of usual archaic type, broken at neck and at knees. 1 he tigure 
 we-us the chit.m, with a thick fold between the legs, and over it am^ther garment {xirmliTK,^!) 
 leaehin- to the knees (cf. the statue. JL,,ee.. irAtJu'nr.s pi. v.). R>th hands are raise.l in front 
 of body! the left below the right, and each holds a fruit. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. ( lay, 
 
 light vellow and very fine. x- 7q- 
 
 Cf.p. 15: lleuzev, Fh/. Ant. pi. xl. 2: Martha, Cat. Jfs Ftfj. d>, Mu.^. (VAthvnvii, Xo. 73o. 
 173 Very similar fragment, broken at neck and thighs. Left hand holds a fruit : attribute of 
 
 ri-ht uncertain, but prol)ablv also a fruit. Traces of white. Height. 5 cm. Fine yeHow clay. 
 ^174. Fragment of archaic figure, broken at neck and wai>t. U-ft haml at breasts, holds flower. 
 
 Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Red clay. , •• • i 
 
 This type is verv common: cf. Or-si, ' Megara Ilyblaea,' Mon. Ant. I. p. 924, ]>1. vii. 4, pi. 
 viii. 3; idem, 'D' Una Citta Greca a Terravecchia presso Granmichele in Provincia di Catania,' 
 
 E.\RLY ARCHAIC 
 
 35 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 ibid. VII. i»p. 230 ff., pi. iv. : Chirac. }[„.'<('(• de .Sr,df,ttfn\ jd. dcxxxii. J. 1449 H; Leehat, 
 'Terres CniU-s de Coivyre.' Ji. C. //. XV. (1891), p. 30. Xo. 7, i>l. i. 2: p. 33, Xo. 14, pi. i. 3. 
 
 175. (Pl.vte XLVI. 8.) Fragment of archaic figure, broken at neck and at waist. She 
 wears the himation falling from right .shoulder to left side, and hohls in front of her, with her 
 right hand, a wreath. Traces of red on himation. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, yellow and fine. 
 
 Cf. the statue from the Acro)K)lis (Collignon. I/!,'<t. de lit Scid/itiin- (it'crqiK', I. p. 353, fig. 
 178), which holds a wreath in the right hand and a jar in the left; Orsi, ' D' Una Citta Greca 
 a Terravecchia presso Granmichele in Provincia di Catania." Alon. Avt. VII. p. 234, fig. 24 ; 
 Keknle, Ant. Trrndottrn, II. p. 9. fig. 4. It seems not unlikely that this figure has reference to 
 the cult of Hera Antheia. 
 
 176. ( Pl.vtk XLVI. 7.) Standing figure in chiton (edge at neck and waist, with folds at 
 shouhk'r and below girdle carefully rendered ). Broken at neck and at knees. Right hand holds 
 a small :inimal (prob:ibly a hare ) : left grasps edge of sleeve of chiton at breast. At back are 
 marks of a thumb and two fingers. Traces of white. Height, 11 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Cf. the fragiui'iit of a poros statuette, Salzmann. L^i \crr(tj)oh' de C<imh'ox, pi. ix. : Bernouilli, 
 Ajdif'fdite., p. 38. 
 
 177. Fragments of two replicas of Xo. 170, showing the same finger-marks at back. Traces of 
 white. Height, 7.5 cm. and 8.5 cm. respectively. Same clay as Xo. 170. 
 
 178. Twenty fragments of figures similar U^ Xos. 170 and 177, principally small bits of drapery. 
 Dark reil clay. 
 
 179. (Plaik XLVI. 11.) Similar archaic figure, broken at neck. She wears chiton with 
 thick fold l>etween legs, and long overgarment like that of Xo. 172. Both hands hold attributes- 
 right, an animal (stag?), left, bow (cf. p. 15). Th<' break at the left shoulder is interesting, as it 
 shows the metluHl «)f manufacture by layers — the outer layer is of much finer clay than the inner 
 (filling) layer. Traces of white. I leight. 11.5 cm. Fine, light yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Heuzey, Fiff. Ant. pi. xviii. bis. 1 (from Thespiae) : Stephani, Compte Jifndn, 1872, p. 101, 
 pi. iii. 4 (from Kertsch : the figure h)oks as if it had come from the same mould as Xo. 179) ; 
 Leehat, ' Terres Cuites de Corcyre,' /?. ('. II. XV. ( 1891), p. 48, Xo. 37, pi. iii. 2 : p. 51, Xo. 40, 
 pi. iii. 1 : Ii»rlin Museum, 0831 (Attica) and 0202 (Thesi)iae) : Syracuse, large terra-cotta room, 
 case III. (Megara Ilyblaea). 
 
 180. Four fragments of figures similar to Xos. 100-179, attributes imlistinguishable on account 
 of breakage. Traces of white. Clay, fine, varying from yellow to red. 
 
 18L Ki<dit frairmeiits of <lraperv very similar to that of Xos. 100-179, but belonging to hollow 
 figures with thin walls. Traces of white slip; slight traces of red. Heights, 4 cm. to 13 cm. 
 Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 182. Basis of large statue of archaic type, with fragment of the figure from the knees down. 
 The feet :ire carefully modeled :ind fairly correct. The bottom is pierced by a round vent. The 
 chiton was red. Height, 7 cm. Height of plinth, 2 cm. Length, cm. Width. 5 cm. Clay, 
 re<ldish yellow. 
 
 183. Six fragments of similar bases, usually with traces of feet only. General traces of white. 
 The ilimensions vary from 3 cm. X 3.5 em. to 5.5 cm. X 7.5 cm. Clay, light red to yellow. 
 
 184. ( Fig. 07. ) Very rude seated figure, broken at bottom. The figure varies 
 little from the standing type, except that it is slightly bent at the middle and has 
 two supports behind (cf. Xo. 135). The arms, which are resting on the knees, are 
 little lu'tter than two stumps. On the breast is a pendant. The iipi)er part forms 
 a rude stephane. The figure hardly appears to be modeled at all, yet the surface 
 shows plainly that it was. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 185. Similar figure with supi>orts behind. She wears stephane and necklace 
 t «^H with iwndant (these made in the mould ), and long veil falling to shoulders (a 
 t .|^^^ separate piece added after the figure was complete). Traces of white : three red 
 
 lines on bottmi of chitim. Height, 10.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 Fhj. iu. jgg 'pi,|,.,] fijKure of the same sort with arms bent at elbows, and hands raised 
 
 to shoulders. Traces of white. Height, 8 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
36 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC 
 
 37 
 
 I. i 
 
 68.) Seated figure, very summary modeling — only feet, hands, and features 
 brought out at all. The figure rests on a high plinth, which was moulded with 
 it. The hair is a simple baud above forehead. She wears a stephane, from which 
 a veil falls over shoulders. Solid, pierced only by air-vent. Traces of white. 
 Height, 8 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 188. (Plate XLVI. 12.) Replica of No. 187, only that plinth was made lower. 
 Traces of white, of red on lower part of chiton. Height. 7 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 189. Similar figure, but not from same mould. Moileling very summary. 
 Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 190. Similar figure, but with high polos instead of stephane. Traces of red. 
 Height, 8 cm. Red clay. 
 
 191. Similar figure, seated on wide chair (broken at waist). Here, also, the 
 veil covers the hair and falls to shoulders ; cf. No. 187). White slip. Height, 
 6 cm. Red clay. 
 
 l-iu. OH. Yov all these carelessly motleled figures, cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xi. : Perrot 
 
 et Chipiez, Ilht. de VAi-t, HI. p. 425, fig. 209 : Kekule, Ant. Tirntlotten. II. p. 9, fig. 3 ; Martha, 
 Cat. lies Fig. du Jlua. d^UheneSy Nos. 227 ff. ; Panofka, Terrakotten de» K. Mu». zu Berlin j 
 p. 12, pi. ii. 
 
 192. (Fig. 69.) Hastily modeled seatetl figure, wrap|)ed in flowing chiton, under which, how- 
 ever, the outlines of arms, hands, and breasts are carefully brought out. 
 The figure is pierced by an air-vent. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. 
 Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Gerhard, Ant. Bild. pp. 338 flf., pi. xcv. 1,2 (Sicily): also in stone, 
 the seated figures, discovered at Branchidae by Newton {^Discoveries at 
 Ilali<ania.'*,HU», pp. 530 ff., pis. Ixxiv., Ixxv.), and the archaic statue in the 
 National ^luseum at Athens (Kavvadias, No. 6 ; 'E^. 'Ap^. 1874, p. 480, pi. 
 Ixxi. Aa and A;3). 
 
 193. Four fragments of similar figui-es, not, however, from the same 
 mould. Slight traces of white ; sonie red on chairs, feet, and chitons. Clay, 
 yellow and red. 
 
 194. Similar figure showing an attempt at reproilucing the folds of the 
 chiton where it falls across the breast. Arms still at sides, hands resting 
 on knees. Fragments of two supports at back. AVhite slip with red lines 
 
 Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 figures, not from same mould. Traces of white : one figure has red lines 
 (criss-cross pattern) on breast and above knees. Height, 6 cm. and 7.5 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 196. Lower part of large seated figure on high plinth, with considerable treatment of the folds 
 at sides and between legs. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Dark red <'lay. 
 
 197. (Plate XLVI. 16.) Figure similar to No. 192. but with much better treatment of folds 
 across breast and at waist. The outlines of the legs are also well brought out. The hands rest on 
 arms of chair, and both hold round objects (probably apples : cf. Nos. 172, 173, and p. 15). The 
 figure is pierced by an air-vent. Traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 198. (Plate XLVI. 13.) Similar figine, with careful, though stylistic representation of folds 
 by deep vertical lines, from breast to feet. Hands at knees ; fingers rudely indicated. The figure 
 has an air-vent. Red line at neck. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, light yellow and very fine. 
 
 199. (Plate XLVI. 15.) Similar figure without indication of folds, but with right hand raise<1, 
 holding a bird to breast. Left hand rests on left knee. The throne on which she sits is carefully 
 distinguished. Traces of red on chair. Height, 6 cm. Clay, light yellow and ver}' fine. 
 
 Cf. Nos. 166-171; Kekule, Ant. Termkotten, II. p. 10, fig. 10, p. 11, fig. 13; also figures in 
 Case VI., large terra-cotta room, Syracuse. 
 
 200. Fragments of five replicas of No. 199, all solid. Traces of white, with red on chair. Fine, 
 light yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. G9. 
 
 on arms and bi'east. 
 195. Two similar 
 
 201. (Fig 70. ) Hastily modeled figure of a child, broken at waist. On her right arm she holds 
 
 ta small doll. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 202. Thirteen small heads belonging to the type of Nos. 198 and 199. They 
 are flat at biick, of pronounced arehaic style. The hair is usually a mass falling 
 to shoulders, slightly notched over forehead, with i)olos or stephane. General 
 traces of white. Heights, 2.5 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, fine, ranging from yellow to 
 v.l. 
 203. 1 hree very similar heads, not, however, flat at back. The features are 
 arehaic. Hair, mass. One head has the polos. Traces of white, of red on polos, 
 tio. 70. Heights, 3 cm., 3.5 cm., and 4 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 204. Lower part of crouching male figure with hands (disproportionately large) on knees. The 
 figure corresponds very closely to one from Megara Ilyblaea (cf. Mon. Ant. I. pi. vi. 5), and was 
 undoubte<lly a satyr or silenus. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 205. Lower part of squatting figure, probably a satyr, broken at waist. Hands rest on knees. 
 Traces of white, s|)oradic bits of red. Height, 4.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 Thei-e is a similar figure in Syracuse, large terracotta room. Case III., from Megara Hyblaea. 
 
 206. Rude seated Pan — hollow figure, which probably served as a vase. Modeling very flat, only 
 face, arms, and syrinx brought out. Slight traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 207. Heatl of archaic type, hollow, with vase orifice at the top. The hair seems to be held close 
 to the skull by a veil. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 206. (Plate XLVI I. 13. ) Very similar head, also with orifice at top, and casque-like hair- 
 covering. Traces of white. Heigl:t, 6.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 209. Eight fragments of similar heads, badly broken. General traces of white. Yellow clay, 
 shading to red. 
 
 These heads (Nos. 207-209) have the marks of the Rhodian ware as described by Heuzey ( Cat. 
 des Fig. du Mas. du Louvre, p. 220), "la nnlchoire inferieure osseuse et developpee a I'exces, ce 
 que nous ap{)elons le menton galochv ; de gros jeux triangulaires, dont la i)aupiere superieure est 
 seule arquee." They are probably, therefore, imported, although a few may be local imitations. 
 Cf. Heuzey, loc. c<7.Vp. 229, 230; Kekule, Ant. Terrakotten, II. p. 12, fig. 16, and p. 18, fig. 34; 
 Winter, At-ch. Anz. 1893, p. 147, No. 28; Orsi, ' Megara Hyblaea,' Mm. Ant. I. ]). 805. 
 
 210. (Plate XLVI I. 15.) Hcjul of pronounced archaic tyjie — eyes set obliquely to nose, 
 mouth raised at corners. The headdress is very high, a sort of tiara (the kydaris?), and from it 
 a veil falls to the shoulders. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 yn Three very similar heads, all with same headdress and veil. Slight traces of white. 
 Height.s, 5.5 cm., 5.5 cm., and 7 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 These heads (Nos. 210 and 211) again resendde very closely a Rho<lian type (cf. Heuzey, Fig. 
 du Mas. du Louvre, pi. xi. 2), which is found pretty generally distributed in the basin of the 
 Mediterranean — in Greece, in Sicily, in Italy, and even in Phoenicia.^ Yet they show some di- 
 vergences, for instance, the eyes are not set quite so obliquely as those of tlie Rhodian figures, 
 and they are not so narrow ; so that they are probably of local manufacture, imitating Rhodian 
 work, like the Syracusan figures mentioned by Heuzey .^ 
 
 212. (Plate XLVH. 14.) Archaic head, with elaborate treatment of the hair. This consists 
 of two rows of curls over the forehead, moulded in the form, then a row of elaborate applied si)iral 
 curls, with eight curls at the back (now broken), the whole topped by a double, twisted taenia. 
 The eyes are wide and very long, nose in two planes, mouth straight, ending in a pad of flesh at 
 each corner ; a deep furrow exten<ls from cheek-bone to chin on each side of nose. Traces of 
 white. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 213. (Plate XLVH. 12.) Large archaic head, very similar to No. 212. Same type of face. 
 The hair here consisted of a row of scaUops moulded in the form, with a row of applied curls above 
 and large mass behind. The figure had large earrings, now broken. Traces of white. Height, 
 8.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 These two heads (Nos. 212 and 213) differ greatly from the Argive tyi>e. Their nearest 
 « Cf. Ilpiieey, Cat. de* Fig. du Mus. du Loui-re, p. 240. ^ Ibid. p. 227, ii. 3. 
 
 i( 
 
ii 
 
 36 
 
 TKHRA COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 EARLY ARCHAIC' 
 
 37 
 
 187. (Fig. 
 
 Fit;. (JS. 
 
 192. ( Fiiv. t;o.) 
 
 {jS.^ Seated fij^ui-e, very summaiy nuHleling — only feet, hands, and feature.s 
 brought out at all. Tho figure rest.s on a high plinth, which wa.s moulded with 
 it. The hair is a simple l»and above forehead. She wears a stephane, fjoin which 
 a veil falls over shoulders. Solid, pierced only by air-vent. Traces of white. 
 Height. 8 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 188. ( Pl.vtk XL VI. 12.) Replica of No. 187, only that plinth was made lower. 
 Tracts »)f white, of red on lower part of chiton. Height, 7 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 189. Similar figure, but not from same mould. Modeling very sununary. 
 Traces uf white. Heitiht, G.') cm. Red clav. 
 
 190. Similar figure, but with high jwlos instead of stephane. Traces of red. 
 ^^^ I leiglit. 8 cm. Red day, 
 
 r tJ^RH 191. Similar figure, seated on wide chair (broken at waist). Here, also, the 
 
 * ^^^H veil covers the hair and falls to shoulders : cf. No. 187). White slip. Height, 
 •J cm. Red clay. 
 
 For all these carelessly modeled figures, cf. lletizey. Fiij. Ant. pi. xi. : Perrot 
 et niii>iez, I/isf. </v I' Art. HI. p. 425, fig. 21»0 : Kekule. Ant. Tn,-i,h>ttni. II. p. 0. fig. 3; Martha, 
 Cut. (hs Fit/, (hi Mii.'<. trAt/dnrs, Nos. 227 tf. : Fauofka, Tiri'iihittcn (lis K. Mnn. :.u Uei/in, 
 p. 12, ]d. ii. 
 
 Hastily modeled seated figure, wrai>ped in flowing chiton, under which, how- 
 ever, the outlines »>f arms, hands, and breasts aiv carefidly brought out. 
 The figure is pierced by an air-vent. Traces of white. Height. 7.5 cm. 
 Reddish vellow clav. 
 
 Cf. Cierhard. Ant. BUil. i)p. 388 ff.. \\. xcv. 1, 2 (Sicily): also in stone, 
 the seated fijrures. discovered at Branehidae bv Newton ( Dtxronr'nx tit 
 J[iiH>;ii'n<i!isus, pp. r)30 ft'.. i>ls. Ixxiv., Ixxv.). and the archaic .statue in the 
 National Museum at Athens (Kavvadias, No. G ; 'Ki^. 'A^»x. 1874. p. 480, pi. 
 Ixxi. An and A/i). 
 
 193. Four fragments of similar figures, not. however, from the same 
 luoidd. Slight traces of white : some red on chairs, feet, and chitons. Clay, 
 yellow and red. 
 
 194. Similar figure showing an attemi>t at reproducing the folds of the 
 chiton where it falls across the breast. Arms still at sides, hands resting 
 on knees. Fragments of two supports at back. AVhite slip with red lines 
 
 Height, ♦» cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 195. Two similar figures, not from same mould. Traces of white : one figuiv has red lines 
 (criss-cross j)attern ) on breast and above knees. Height. G cm. and 7.5 em. Clay, yellow. 
 
 196. Lower part of large seated figure on high jtlinth, with considerable treatment of the folds 
 at sides and between legs. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm, Dark re<l clay. 
 
 197. ( Pi-A TK XLVI. IG. ) Figure similar to No. lt>2. but with n»ucli better treatnient of folds 
 across breast and at waist. The outlines of the legs are also well br«>ught out. The hands rest <»n 
 arms of chair, and both hold rouml objects (probably ai)ples : cf, Nos, 172, 17;i. anil p. 15). The 
 figure is j)ieree«l by an air-veut. Tr.aces of white. Height, 7 cm. Dark re«l clay, 
 
 196. (Pl.vtk XLVI. 13.) Similar figure, with careful, though stylistic representation of folds 
 l>y deep vertical Hues, fnmi breast t(» feet. Hands at knees: fingers rudely indiciited. The figure 
 has an air-vent. Re«l line at neck. Height. (5.5 cm. Clay, light yeHow and very fine. 
 
 199. (Pl.mk XLVI. 15.) Similar figure without indication of folds, but with right hand raised, 
 holdini; a bird to breast. Left band rests on left knt'C. The throne on whieh she sits is carefullv 
 distiniiuished. Traces of red on chair. Heij;ht. G cm. Clav, li":ht vellow and verv fine. 
 
 Cf. Nos. 1«;»;-171: Kekulc. Aot. Ttrrtilt>tlttt. II. p. 10, fig. 10, p. 11, fig. 13: also figures in 
 Case VI.. larg«' terra-cotta roonu Syracuse. 
 
 200. Fragments of five replicas of No. 190, all solitl. Traces of white, with red on chair. Fine, 
 lijlht vellow clav. 
 
 on arms and breast. 
 
 Fiu. 70. 
 
 201. (Fig 70. ) Hastily modeled figure of a child, broken at wiiist. On her right :irm she holds 
 a small doll. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 202. Thirteen small heads l)elonging to the type of Nos. 198 and 199. They 
 are fiat at back, of pronounced archaic style. The hair is usually a mass falling 
 to shoulders, slightly notched over forehead, with polos or stephane. General 
 traces of white. Heights, 2.5 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, fine, ranging from yellow to 
 re.l. 
 
 203. Tluee very similar he:uls. not, however, fiat at back. The features are 
 archaic. Hair, nuiss. One head has the polos. Traces of white, of red on polos. 
 Heights, 3 cm., 3.5 cm., and 4 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 204. Lower part of crouching male figure with hands (disproportionately large) on knees. The 
 figure corres|)onds very closely to one from Megara Hyblaea (cf. J/oh. Ant. I. ])1. vi. 5), and was 
 undoubtedly a satyr or silenus. Traces of white. Height, G cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 205. Lower part of s(piatting figure, probably a satyr, broken at waist. Hands rest on knees. 
 Traces of white, s|)oradi<' bits of red. Height, 4.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 There is a similar figure in Syracuse, large terracotta room. Case III., from Megara Hyblaea. 
 
 206. Rude s«'ated Pan — hollow figure, which probably served as a vase. Modeling very flat, only 
 face, :irms, and svrinx broutrht out. Sli<;ht traces of white. Heijiht, 8.5 cm. Reddish vellow clav. 
 
 207. Hea<l of archaic type, hollow, with vase orifice at the toj). The hair seems to be held close 
 to the skull by a veil. Traces of white. Heiuht, 7.5 cm. Red clav. 
 
 206. ( Pi.ATK XLVII. 13.) Very similar head, also with orifice at top, and casque-like hair- 
 covering. Traces of white. Heigl:t, G.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 209. Eight fragments of similar heads, l)adly broken, (ieneral traces of white. Yellow clay, 
 shading to red. 
 
 These heads ( Nos. 207-209) iiave the m:irks of the Rhodian ware as described by Ileuzey i^Ctit. 
 tits Fitf. tin Mils, till Linii'ft\ p. 220), "la machoire inferieure osseuse et dcveloi)pce a I'exccs, ee 
 <pie nous a])pelons le nuntttn ijtilittltf : de gros yeux triangulaires, dont la ])aui>iere superieure est 
 seule arcpiee." They ai*e probably, therefore, imi)orted, :ilthough a few may be local imitations. 
 Cf. Heuzey, loc. r;^ pp. 229. 230: Kekule. Ant. Terrakottcn. II. j). 12, fig, IG. and p, 18, fig. 34; 
 Winter, Arili. An-. 1«93, j.. 147, No. 28: Orsi, • Megara Hyblaea.' Mm. Ant. I. ]». 805. 
 
 210. (Plate XLVI I. 15.) He:id of jnonounced archaic tyiw — eyes set oblicpiely to nose, 
 nuMith raised at corners. The headdress is very high, a sort of tiara (the kydjiris?), :ind from it 
 a veil f:dls to the shoulders. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, light yellow, 
 
 211. Three very similar lu'ads, all with same headdress and veil. Slight traces of white. 
 Heights. 5.5 em., 5.5 cul, and 7 cm. Y«'llow clay. 
 
 These he.ads (Nos. 210 an«l 211) again resend)le very closely a Rhodian type (cf. Heuzey, Fir/, 
 tfu Mils. (Ill Lfiuiwe. pi. xi. 2), which is f«)un<l pretty generally di.stributed in the basin of the 
 Metliterranean — in (ireece. in Sicily, in Italy, and even in Phoenicia.' Yet they show some di- 
 vergences, for instance, the eyes are not set «piite so obli(|ucly as those of the Rhodian figures, 
 and thev are not so narrow : so that they are probablv of local manufacture, imitating Rhodian 
 work, like the Syracusan figures mentioned by Heuzey .- 
 
 212. ( Pl.vtk XLVI I. 14.) Archaic head, with elaborate treatment of the hair. This consists 
 of two rows of curls over the forehead, moulded in the form, then a row of elaborate ai)pHed si)iral 
 curls, with eight cinls at the back (now broken), the whole topped by a double, twisted taenia. 
 The eyes ai-e wi«le and very long, nose in two planes, mouth straight, ending in a pad of flesh .at 
 each corner : a deep furrow extends from cheek-bone to chin on e:uh side of nose. Traces of 
 white. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 213. (Platk XLVII. 12.) Large archaic head, very simihir to No. 212. Same type of face. 
 The hair here consisti'd of a row of scallops moulded in the form, with a row of applied curls above 
 antl hirge mass behind. The figure had large earrings, now broken. Traces of white. Height, 
 8.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 These two heads (Nos. 212 and 213) diff"er greatly from the Argive type. Their nearest 
 > ("f. ll.Miz.'.v, Cat. ih* Fit/. il>i .Uiis. ,Ih Ltm-re. p. 'J40. " H'i't- 1>- --", •'• ^<- 
 
 II. 
 
38 
 
 TEKRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 ANIMALS 
 
 39 
 
 'I 
 
 analogy iu the Heraeum fintls is the bronze bust, 5, pi. II. 1, 2 ; anil in terra-cotta, the head pub- 
 lishetf by Cesuola, Coll. of Cypriote Ant. IV. pi. xv. No. 117 (t-f. the sculptures, ibid. I: pi. xeiii. 
 Nos. G22 and 023 ; pi. xcvii. Nos. 0(32 and 663). We are inclined, therefore, to regard these two 
 heads as injported. 
 
 214. (Platk XLVII. 4.) Head of archaic style, with very sharp features. The hair is an 
 applied mass at back, marked with notches and bound with a t;ienia. The ground color is greenish 
 yellow, to which red was applied on eyes, cheeks, and brows. Hair, red, shading to black. Height, 
 4.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 215. Small, very rude bearded masque, slightly chipped at sides. Eyes and mouth marked by 
 wide grooves, beard by coai-se vertical lines. No trace of color. Height, 5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 216. (Plate XLVII. 8.) Archaic female masque, original edge all ai-ound. The hair is 
 moulded in masses. Hole for suspension above forehead. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. 
 Light yellow clay. 
 
 217. Large votive head, broken at right side and at neck. The hair is a row of round bosses, 
 surmounted by stephane with suspension hole. Modeling sui>erticial. Traces of white. Height, 
 
 9 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 2ia Very similar head, almost replica, broken at neck, left side of face chipi>ed away. Traces 
 
 of white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, dark red. 
 
 219. Ri«-ht side of larire votive head, with treatment of hair in four lines of zigzags. Narrow 
 stephane. Traces of white. Height. 6 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 220. Similar fragment, with large round earring. Hair motleled as a mass, topped by stephane. 
 Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 221. (Plate XLVII. 9. ) Similar masque with stephane. The hair is ti-eated as short curls. 
 Hole for susi)ension in front of stephane. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 222. (Plate XLVII. 6.) Small masipie with verj' high stejdiane, broken at neck. Hair, 
 a line of notches above forehead. Customary hole for susiK'Usiou. No trace of color. Height, 
 4 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 223. Three replicas of No. 222, same clay. 
 
 224. Small bust of hasty workmanship, original edge preserved all around. The hair is a 
 simple mass. Hole for susjiension. No trace of color. Height, 8 cm. Greenish yellow clay. 
 
 225. ( Plate XLVII. 10.) Archaic masque in high stephane, bi-oken only at upiKjr right hand 
 corner. The hair is treated in two rows of loops. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, straw. 
 
 226. Eight fragments of archaic masques, similar to Nos. 221-225, both with and without 
 stei)hane. The suspension hole is common, (ieneral traces of white. Yellow clay. 
 
 Vm. ADVANCED ARCHAIC. 
 
 227. (Fig. 71.) Upi>er part of standing figure with high 
 stephane (broken at waist). Hair, a simple roll below stephane. 
 At the shoulders were two projections (now broken off), which 
 doubtless served to suspend the figure. Some traces of white 
 coat. Height, 9.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 228. Very similar smaller figure, broken at waist. This figure 
 also has stephane and projections at shoulders. Two strands of 
 hair fall in front of left shoulder, one in front of right. Traces of 
 white. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 229. Lower i)art of seated figure with hands on knees. The 
 figure is hollow, like the later terra-cottas of free style. The 
 folds of the chiton, however, are still represented in a stiff, archaic 
 fashion. The color is well preservetl — white slip, with traces of 
 api>Ued red. Height, 5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 230. ( Plate XLVII. 11.) Votive head, hair treated in waves 
 *^'*'" ^** above forehead, and in notches at sides. Stephane, pierced by 
 
 suspension hole. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 231. Three exact replicas of the preceding, same traces of color : same clay. 
 
 232. Seven heads similar to No. 230, but not replicas. Same treatment of hair ; stephane with 
 hole for suspension. General traces of white. Height, 4 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 233. Twenty-three fragments of similar advanced archaic heads, much mutilated, but probably 
 all votive heads. General trace of white. Clay, usually red ; one or two s^iecimens are of yellow clay. 
 
 f234. (Fig. 72.) Head of advanced archaic style, solid. Hair 
 treated as a simple mass. Traces of white. Height, 3.5 cm. Light 
 yellow clay. 
 235. (Plate XLVII. 1.) Similar head, solid. Hair, mass. Traces 
 
 of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 236. (Plate XLVII. 2.) Similar heatl, solid. Hair, mass, but 
 treated in waves over forehead. Traces of white, of red on hair. 
 Height, 4.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 237. ( Plate XLVII. 5.) Similar head, solid. High coiffure, treated as a 
 mass. Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 238. (Fig. 73.) Head of similar style. Hair, wavy curls over forehead, and at sides of neck ; 
 mass at back under veil. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 IX. FREE STYLE. 
 
 239. (Plate XLVII. 7.) Fragment of large votive head, broken at left side. The whole 
 treatment is in large surfaces, free from archaic restraint ; the mouth has the natural curve, the 
 outlines of the eye are correctly given, even to the lapping of the upper lid over the under. A 
 ridge down the middle of the face seems to show that the head was made in two pieces. Traces 
 of white. Height. 8.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 This head, in spite of its fragmentary condition, seems to us to represent the great style of the 
 
 fifth century, and has inherent traces of the influence of some large 
 statue. The peculiar marking of the hair, undercut and thus 
 relieved from the face, and falling on either side in a mass of curls 
 (here boldly sketched, though not elaborately modeled), is closely 
 analogous to the Argive coin in which a copy of the Polycleitan 
 Hera has been identified. It also suggests a comparison with the 
 newly identified marble head in the British Jkluseum (see General 
 Introd. to Sculpture, p. 23). We are thus encouraged to consider 
 this terra-cotta head as inunediately related to the great Polycleitan 
 Hera. Cf. Waldstein, 'The Argive Hera of Polycleitus,' J. H. S. 
 XXI. (1901), pp. 30 ff., esi>ecially pp. 43, 44, and fig. 2. 
 
 240. (Fig. 74.) Votive bust, broken at neck, but with original 
 edge at waist. The folds of the chiton and of the long veil which falls over the shoulders and the 
 arms are all given with perfect freedom and naturalness. The figure is covered with a white coat. 
 Height, 9 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 X. ANIMALS. 
 
 f 
 
 2tt. (Plate XLVIII. 7 and Fig. 75.) Group, representing a bull attacked by a lion. The 
 lion grasps the bull around the shoulders and bites him in the neck. The bull is plainly exhausted ; 
 his head sinks to one side, and one of his hind legs is curled up under him, while the other is 
 stretched straight out behind, as in the well-known Acropolis grouj). The execution of the group 
 is fair — the anatomy of the bull's head is quite well given, and the muscles are fairly well 
 brousrht out. The fore lejrs of the lion are too long, otherwise he is well modeled ; his mane is 
 forme<l of a number of roiuid disks, close together. Technically, it may be noted that the bull 
 seems to have been made complete (his tail curls over his back), and the lion was then " applied," 
 so to sjjeak, to him. White .slip ; black lines on forehead of bull and front legs of lion ; red 
 
 tf 
 
38 TEKRA-C'OTTA FKiriUNKS 
 
 analogy in tlie Ileraeinn finds is the luonzo bnst, 5, j)!. II. 1. 2 : and in tena-cotta. the lieatl pub- 
 iishetf bv Cesm»la, C<>1L uf ('>ji>nnh Ant. II! pi. xv. No. 117 (i-f.the sculptures, ihi(L V pi. xeiii. 
 Xos. 0-22 and G2o ; pi. xevii. Nos. iUli ami 003 ). We are inelineil, tliei-efore, to regard these two 
 heads as iinjHjrted. 
 
 214. (Platk XLVII. 4.) Head of archaic style, with very sharp features. The hair is an 
 applied mass at back, marked with notches and lu)und with a taenia. The grountl color is greenish 
 yellow, to which red was api»lied on eyes, cheeks, and brows. Hair, re<l, shading to black. I leight, 
 4.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 215. Small, very rude bearded mascpie, slightly chipiwd at sides. Eyes and mouth marked by 
 wide grooves, beanl by coarse vertical lines. No trace of color. Height, 5 cm. Ked clay. 
 
 216. (Platk XLVII. 8.) Archaic female masque, original edge all around. The hair is 
 moulded in masses. Hole for suspension above forehead. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. 
 
 Light yellow clay. 
 
 217. Large votive head, broken at right side and at neck. The hair is a row of round bosses, 
 surmounted l)y stei)hane with susiHiUsion hole. Modeling sui)erticial. Traces of white. Height. 
 l» cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 218. Vcrv similar head, almost rei)Iica, broken at neck, left side of face ehipi>ed away. Traces 
 
 (»f white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, dark red. 
 
 219. Right side of large votive head, with treatment of hair in four lines of zigzags. Xarrow 
 stepliaue. Traces of white. Height. U cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 220. Similar fragment, with large round earring. Hair modeled as a mass, topped by stephane. 
 Traces of white. Height. 8.0 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 221. ( Plate XLVII. 9.) Similar masque with stephane. The hair is treated as short curls. 
 Hole for suspension in front of stephane. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Ked clay. 
 
 222. (Plate XLVII. G.) Small masque with very high stejdiane, broken at neck. Hair, 
 a line of notches above forehead. Customary hole for suspension. Xo trace of color. Height. 
 4 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 223. Three replicas of Xo. 222. same clay. 
 
 224. Small bust of hasty workmanship, original edge i>reserved all around. The hair is a 
 simple mass. Hole for suspension. Xo trace of color. Height, 8 cm. (Jreenish yellow clay. 
 
 225. ( Plate XLVII. 10.) Archaic masque in high stephane. broken only at upper right hand 
 corner. The hair is treated in two rows of loops. Traces of white. Height, 0.5cm. Clay, straw. 
 
 226. Kiglit fragments of arcliaic ma.sques, similar to Xos. 221-225, both with and without 
 stephane. The suspension hole is conunon. (ieneral traces of white. Yellow clay. 
 
 Vni. ADVANCED ARCHAIC. 
 
 227. (Fig. 71.) C^pper part of standing figure with high 
 stei>hane (broken at waist). Hair, a sinqde roll below stephane. 
 At the shoidders were two projections (now broken off), which 
 doubtless served to suspend the figure. Some traces of white 
 coat. Height. 9.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay. 
 
 228. Very similar smaller figure, broken at waist. This figure 
 also has stephane antl projections at shoulders. Two strantls of 
 hair fall in front of left shoulder, one in front of right. Traces of 
 white. Height, cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 229. Lower part of seatetl figure with hands on knees. The 
 figure is hollow, like the later terra-cottas of free style. The 
 folds of tlie chiton, however, are still represented in a stiff, archaic 
 
 ,^ V. tfi^^^^H fashion. The color is well preserved — white slip, with tnu-es of 
 
 Jr j^BBB^B ^M^l*^'*"'^ >'*'<^- Height. 5 C'lay, reddish yellow. 
 
 ^ ^ j»^^"^»-^^ ^^ ( Plate XLVII. 11.) Votive head, hair treated in waves 
 
 above forehead, and in notches at sides. Stejihane, pierced by 
 suspension hole. Traces of whitt-. Height, 5.5 cul Dark red clay. 
 
 AXIMALS 
 
 39 
 
 231. Three exact replicas of the ])reee«Hng, same traces of color : same clay. 
 
 232. Seven heads similar to Xo. 230, but not replicas. Same treatment of hair : stei)hane with 
 hole for susi)ensioiL (ieneral traws of white. Height, 4 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 233. Twenty-thi-ee fragments of similar a<lvanced an-haic heads, nuich nnitilated, but probably 
 all votive heads, (ieneral trace of white. Clay, usually red ; one or two specimens are of yellow clay. 
 
 f234. (Fig. 72.) Head of advanced archaic style, solid. Hair 
 treated as a simple mass. Traces of w hite. Height, 3.5 cm. Light 
 yellow clay. 
 235. (Pl.vte XLVII. 1.) Similar head, solid. Hair, mass. Traces 
 of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 236. (Plate XLVH. 2.) Simihir head, solid. Hair, mass, but 
 ti*eated in waves over foi*ehead. Traces of white, of red on hair. 
 Height, 4.5 cn>. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 237. ( Plate XLVII. 5.) Similar head, solid. High coiffure, treated as a 
 mass. Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Dark red clay. ^^^" *"^" 
 
 238. (Fig. 73.) Head of similar style. Hair, wavy curls over forehead, and at sides of neck: 
 mass at back under veil. Traces of white. Height, cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 IX. FREE STYLE. 
 
 239. (Plate XLVII. 7.) Fragment of large votive head, broken at left side. The whole 
 treatment is in large surfaces, free from archaic restraint ; the mouth has the natural curve, the 
 outlines of the eye are correctly given, even to the Iap))ing of the upper lid over the under. A 
 ridge <lown the middle of the face seems to show that the head was made in two pieces. Traces 
 of white. Height. 8.5 cul Red clay. 
 
 This head, in spite of its fragmentary condition, seems to us to represent the great style of the 
 
 fifth century, and has iidierent traces of the influence of some large 
 statue. The i)eculiar marking of the hair, undercut and thus 
 relieved from the face, and falling on either side in a mass of curls 
 (here bohlly sketched, though not elaborately modeled), is closely 
 analogous to the Argive coin in which a copy of the Polycleitan 
 Hera has been identified. It also suggests a comparison with the 
 newly identified marble head in the British Museum (see Cieneral 
 Introd. to Sculpture, p. 23). We are thus encouraged to consider 
 this terra-cotta head as inunediately related to the great Polycleitan 
 Hera. Cf. Waldstein, • The Argive Hera of Polydeitus,' j. II. S. 
 XXI. (1901 ), i)p. 30 ff., especially])!). 43, 44. and fig. 2. 
 
 240. ( Fig. 74.) Votive bust, broken at neck, but with original 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 ed<re at waist. The folds of the chiton and of the long veil which falls over the shoulders and the 
 ai'uis are all given w ith perfect freedom an«l naturalness. The figure is covered with a white coat. 
 Height, 9 CUL Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 X. ANLMALS. 
 
 241. (Pl.vte XLVIII. 7 and Fig. 75.) Group, representing a bull attacked by a lion. The 
 lion grasjis the bidl around the shoulders and bites him in the neck. The bull is plainly exhausted ; 
 his head sinks to one side. an«l one of his hind legs is curled up imder him, while the other is 
 stretched straight out behind, as in the well-known Acropolis grouj). The execution of the group 
 is fair — the anatomy of the bull's head is quite well given, and the nniscles are fairly well 
 brouiiht out. The fore leirs of the lion are too long, otherwise he is well modeled : his mane is 
 formed of a luunber of round disks, close together. Technically, it may be noted that the bull 
 seems to have been made complete (his tail curls over his back), and the lion was then "ai)plied." 
 so to si)eak, to him. White slip ; l)lack lines on forehead of bull and front legs of Hon ; red 
 
 I,. 
 
 
40 
 
 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 ANIMALS 
 
 41 
 
 ' \ 
 
 streak at lion's mouth, extending across the bull's neck (probably a representation of bloo<l). 
 Length, 10 cm. Height, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 The motive of a bull attacked by one or more lions is one of the oldest, and one of the com- 
 monest in Greek art. In Mycenaean times, we find representations of this subject on gems 
 (ef. Tsountas, '£</,. 'Apx- 1888, p. 177, No. 25, pi. x. : ibid. 1889, p. IGG, No. 18, pi. x. ; Perrot 
 et Chipiez, Ilist. lie l\h'U VI. p. 771, pi. xvi. 21) : and on an ivory placpie from Sparta (B. C. 
 U. II. [1878], p. 213, pi. xvi. 4). In archaic art it is very common ; cf. for example, the frieze 
 of the temjde of Assos (Clarac, Mu>^ee de Sculpture, II. pi. cxvi. B, No. 5) : the Lycian relief 
 (Clarac, op. cit. II. pi. ccxxiii. No. 189) ; the relief from Marsala (.l/c/<. Zeit. 1872, pp. 133, 
 134, pi. li.) ; group from Myra (Fellows, Biscorenes in Lycin, p. 197) : relief from Xanthus 
 (ibid. p. 174)*; frieze from Aezani (Le Bas et Waddington, Voijaye Archeoloffique en Grece et 
 en Asie J/i«eMr^ atlas, under 'Asie Mineure,'pl. xiv.) ; and esi)ecially the Acroiwlis group {U. C. 
 
 II. XIII. [1889], p. 139, and Rev. Arch. XVIII. [1891], p. 137, pi. xiv. bis.). The motive is 
 also common in branches other than sculpture in stone ; cf. the shield from Amathus published 
 by Cesnola {Cyprus, pi. xx.) ; the trii^d from Vulci (Braun, Anmdi, 1842, pp. 62 flf. ; Mon. 
 
 III. pi. xliii.) ; and the oenochoe (Gerhard, Aui<. Vns. II. p. 134, pis. cxxii., cxxiii). In terra-cotta, 
 I know of no examples except two reliefs — one in Berlin (Gerhard, Ant. Bild. p. 317, pi. Ixxviii. 
 2). the other in Palermo (Kekulc, Ant. Terndotten, II. p. 82, pi. liv. 2). 
 
 Of all these <'roui>s, the Acropolis one approaches most nearly to ours. In both, the bull is 
 
 plainly exhausted and overcome; the hind legs even have the 
 same position in both — that of the " split," and the decoration 
 in red stripes is common to both. In fact, it seems probable 
 that our group was copieil from a work of s<'ulpture similar to 
 V ^^H^MT ^ -^^^ the Acro}K>lis group, and dates from about the same time, i. e., 
 
 {>^^ -•>. - . -^ j^ the first half of the sixth century B. C. 
 
 242. (Plate XLVIII. 11.) Fragment of a centaur, top of 
 
 head, legs, and horse's body missing. The break at buttocks 
 
 shows plainly that the figure was a centaur. He has a long. }x)intetl beard, in which a triangular 
 
 hole marks the mouth. The left hand is pressed against the left hip ; the right was apparently 
 
 raised. White slip. Height, 6.5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the figure from Limniti, Arc?i. Anz. 1889. p. 88, E. 
 
 243. (Plate XLVIII. 6.) Horse carrying a woman of primitive type. She faces the horse's 
 right side, and no saddle is represented. Eyes and breasts of woman and eyes of horse are 
 applied disks. White slip, with applied red lines on neck, waist, and knees of woman. Height, 
 6.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Reinach, in a study of female figures associated with horses (Lo Neaopole de Myrina, pp. 
 401 if.), comes to the conclusion that '' Ton i^eut hesiter entre Eos, Selene et Aphrodite, mais sans 
 exclure la possibilite d'une autre hypothese." At Argos, a figure like No. 243 is much more likely 
 to be associated with Hera TTririos (cf. Paus. V. 15. 5), but this cannot be regarded as anything 
 more than a conjecture. 
 
 244. (Plate XLVIII. 2.) Moimted warrior of the ordinary primitive type. Face, a beak, 
 with disks for eyes ; high helmet. He has no shield, but extends his arms to the sides of the 
 horse's head. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 245. (Plate XLVIII. 4.) Similar warrior, with large shield on left arm. Only neck and 
 shoulders of horse are preserved. Traces of white. Height, 9 cm. Red clay. 
 
 246. (Plate XLVIII. 3.) Similar warrior, no part of horse preserved. The warrior wears 
 a i)eculiar helmet, the effect of which resembles that of the American " cocked hat." White slip. 
 Height, 7 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 247. Forty-five fragments of similar figures, all more or less broken. They usually show traces 
 of a white slip. Clay, usually red. 
 
 For this very common type, cf. Martha, Cat. de» Fig. du Mu». d'Athenes, Nos. 602, 603 (from 
 Tegea) : Jamot, B. C. If. XIV. (1890), pp. 217 ff. (Tanagra figures) ; Cesnola, Coll. of 
 Cypriote Antiquities, IIP pi. Ixix. 
 
 Fig. 75. 
 
 24& (Plate XLVIII. 8.) Horse with pannier on each side, bound by straps which pass 
 around neck, under belly, and under tail. Ornamented with black lines across breast, black dots 
 on straps. Length, 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the hor8<; with a basket on his back found at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Wolters, Ath. 
 Mitt XV. [1890], p. 358). 
 
 249. (Plate XLVIII. 10.) Horse's heatl of good style. The forelock is carefully brought 
 out, and even the wrinkles over the eyes. Traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow 
 and fine. 
 
 250. (Plate XLVIII. 12.) Small animal (dog?), legs broken. The eyes are holes bordered 
 by raised rims. Traces of white. Height, 3.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 251. (Plate XLV'III. 1.) Bull's head of good style, complete except right horn. Traces of 
 white. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, retl. 
 
 252. (Plate XLVIII. 5.) Similar head, horns broken. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. 
 Clay, red. 
 
 253. (Plate XLVIII. 17.) Bull's head in profile, good workmanship. Traces of white. 
 Height, 5.5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the large finds of similar bulls at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Wolters, Ath. Mitt. XV. 
 [1890], pp. 355 ff.). 
 
 254. (Plate XLVIII. 24.) Serpent's heatl of good style. Body, black : head, green, bordered 
 by maroon line ; eyes and nose touched up with black. Length, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 255i (Plate XLVIII. 9.) Small dove with young under her wings. Ti*aces of red. Height, 
 2.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 256. (Plate XLVIII. 23.) Cock, practically unbroken. White slip, traces of red on comb 
 and wattles. Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 257. (Plate XLVIII. 14.) Small human-headed bird, with ring for susi)ension. The face is 
 archaic, with higli coiif ure, two braids falling over right shoulder and one over left ; mass at back. 
 Traces of white with applied red. Height, 5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Martha, Cnt. des Fiff. du Mus. d'Athhies, Nos. 241, 242, 964; Kekulc, Ant. Terralotten, 
 II. p. 26, figs. 63 and 64 ; Heuzey, Fig. du Mus. du Louvre, pi. xiii. 6. We agree with Heuzey 
 (loc. cit. p. 11), in regarding this figure as a Siren or Harpy, borrowed by the Greeks from the 
 Egyptian repi*esentation of the soul. 
 
 258. ( Fig. 76.) Cock, broken at neck. The background is cut away all around, and the 
 
 placpie is pierced by two holes for suspending it or for fixing it upon 
 a background. Ti*aces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark retl clay. 
 
 This tyjje is very conmion. Cf. Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Jftis. 
 tVAthcncs, Nos. 11-13: Dumont et Chai)lain, Ceramiques dc la 
 Grece Propre, II. ]>. 229, No. 45; Girard, ' Sur Quelques Nocro- 
 poles de la Grece du Nord,' B. C. II. III. (1879). p. 217, No. 2 ; 
 Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1868, p. 71, pi. iii. 14 ; Rayet, Cat. de 
 la Coll. tVAnt. Gr. de M. O. liayet, p. 8, No. 30: there are similar 
 si)ecimens in Syracuse. 
 (Plate XLVIII. 19.) Dog's head, broken at neck, which is decorated with a twisted 
 The moileling is very careless. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, red. 
 (Plate XLVIII. 18.) Rude ram's head, broken at neck. Traces of red. Height, 
 Light yellow clay. 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 106, fig. 22. 
 
 26L Bear's head, broken at neck, very rude eye and mouth marked by long grooves. Traces 
 of red. Height, 5 cm. Gray clay. 
 
 262. (Plate XLVIII. 15.) Head of griffin, broken at neck. The mouth is wide open. The 
 hair is represented by notches above the forehead and at sides of neck. Traces of white. Height, 
 6 cm. Red clay. 
 
 263. (Plate XLVIII. 20.) Squatting ])ig, fore legs (which were extended horizontally) 
 broken. No trace of color. Height, 6 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Fio. 76. 
 
 259. 
 
 collar. 
 260. 
 5 cm. 
 
 hi 
 
 
40 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIOrRINES 
 
 ANIMALS 
 
 41 
 
 streak at lions mouth, extoiuliii}; acrosH the bull's neck (^probahly a representation of l»loo«l). 
 Lon-th, 10 oiu. Ih'ioht, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow. 
 
 The motive of a bull attacked by one or more lions is one of the oldest, and one of the com- 
 monest in Greek art. In Mycenaean times, we find representations of this s!d)ject on gems 
 ( cf. Tsountas. 'K,^. Wpx- 1888, p. 177, No. io, pi. x. : ibid. 1880, p. Ifiti, No. 18, pi. x. ; Pernit 
 et Chipiez. I fist, de f'Art, VI. p. 771, pi. xvi. '21) : and on an ivory pla.pie from Sparta ( li. C. 
 II. II. [1878], i>. 218, pi. xvi. 4). In archaic art it is very conunon : cf. for exaniple, the frieze 
 of the temjde of Assos ((.'larac ^flls^'■(• */r Sru//>fitri', II. pi. cxvi. 15, No. '>) : the Lycian relief 
 
 //. XIII. [1889], p. 130, and Iin\ Atr/». XVIII. [1801], p. 137, pi. xiv. bis.). The njotive is 
 also common in branches other than sculpture in stone : cf. the shield from Amathns i>ublishetl 
 by t'esnola (^C;/jo->is, pi. xx. ) : the triiwul from Vulci (Hraun. AmtaH. 1842. pp. 02 ff. : Mon. 
 HI. pi. xliii.) : and the oenochoi' ( (ierhard, A>i.<. Vas. II. p. 134, pis. cxxii.. cxxiii ). In terra-<-otta, 
 I know of no examples excei)t two reliefs —one in IJerlin (derhard. Ant. liihL p. 317, pi. Ixxviii. 
 2 ), the other in Palermo ( Kekulc, .1/*^ Tei-rakottett, II. p. 82, jd. liv. 2). 
 
 Of all these groups, the AcroiK)lis one approaches most nearly to ours. In both, the bull is 
 
 plainly exhausted and overcome: the hin<l legs even have the 
 same ])osition in both — that of the " split," and the decoration 
 in red stripes is conunon to both. In fact, it seems pmbable 
 that our group was co]>ied from a work of sculptiire similar to 
 the Acroi)olis group, and dates from about the sanie time, i. e., 
 the first half of the sixth century \\. c. 
 *"^ 242. (Platk XLVIII. 11.) Fragment of a centaur, top of 
 
 ^^^- '•^" hea«l, legs, an«l horse's bo<ly missing. The break at butt<H'ks 
 
 shows plainly that the figure was a centaur. He has a h>ng. i^inted beanl, in which a triangular 
 hoi.' marks the mouth. The left hand is pi-essed against the left hip : the right was apparently 
 raised. White slip. I leight. (». ') cm. Light yellow clay. 
 Cf. the figure from Limniti. Airh. Anz. 1880. p. 88, K. 
 
 243. (Platk XLVIII. «J.) Horse carrying a woman of primitive tyi>e. She faces the horse's 
 right side, and no saddle is represented. Kyes and breasts of woman an<l eyes of horse are 
 applied disks. White slip, with applied red lines on neck, waist, and knees of woman. Height, 
 ♦J.o cm. Red clay. 
 
 Reinach, in a study of female figures associated with horses ( Ln 2\,'ecfojtoh' (h J///r//if/, pp. 
 401 ff.), comes to the conclusion that •' Ton pent hesiter entre Eos. Selene et Aphrodite, mais sans 
 exchue la imssibilitc tVune autre livjiothese." At Argos, a figure like No. 243 is much more likely 
 to be associated with Hera TTTrios (cf. Pans. V. lo. 5), but this cannot be reganled as anything 
 more than a conjecture. 
 
 244. (Plate XLVIII. 2.) Mounted warrior of the «ndinary primitive type. Face, a Wak, 
 with disks for eyes: high helmet. He has no shield, but extends his arms to the sides of the 
 horses head. Traces of white. Height, 7.0 cm. Red clay. 
 
 245. (Platk XLVIII. 4.) Similar warrior, with large shield on left arm. Only neck and 
 shoulders of horse are preserved. Traces of white. Height, em. Red clay. 
 
 246. (Plate XLVIII. 3.) Similar warrior, no part of horse preserve<l. The warrior wears 
 a peculiar helmet, the effect of which resembles that of the American "cocked hat." White slip. 
 Height, 7 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 247. Forty -five fragments of similar figures, all more or less broken. They usually show traces 
 of a white slip. Clay, usually red. 
 
 For this very conunon tyi)e. cf. Martha, Cat. de» Fig. <hi Mus. d' Atlnnvs. Nos. (502. tJ03 (from 
 Tegea): Jamot. /?. C. If. XIV. (1890), pp. 217 ff. (^Tanagra figures): Cesnola, Coll. of 
 Ct/jii'iote AntiqtiU'u'if, IIP pi. Ixix. 
 
 24S. (Plate XLVIII. 8.) Horse with pannier on each side, bound by straps which pass 
 around neck, under belly, and under tail. Oi'uamented with black lines across breast, black dots 
 on straps. Length, 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 (^f. the horse with :i basket on his back found at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Wolters, At/i. 
 Mitt. XV. [181M)], p. 3.58). 
 
 249. (Plate XLVIII. 10.) Horse's head of good style. Tln' forelock is carefully brought 
 out, and even the wrinkles over the eyes. Traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow 
 and fine. 
 
 250. (Plate XLVIII. 12.) Small animal (dog?), legs broken. The eyes are holes bordered 
 by raise<l rims. Trsjces of white. Height, 3. "> cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 251. (Plate XLVIII. 1.) Bull's head of good style, complete except light horn. Traces of 
 white. Height, 0.5 cm. Clay, red. 
 
 252. (Plate XLVIII. ').) Similar head, horns broken. Traces of white. Height, G.5 em. 
 Chiy, ivd. 
 
 253. (Plate XLVIII. 17.) Bull's head in profile, good workmanship. Traces of white. 
 Height. 5.') cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the large finds of similar bulls at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Wolters, ^1^//. Mitt. XV. 
 [1800], pp. 355 ff.). 
 
 254. ( Plate XLVIII. 24.) Seri)ent's head of gootl style. liody. black : head, green, bordered 
 by maroon line ; eyes and nose t«>uehed up with black. Length, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 255. ( Plate XLV^IH. 0. ) Small dove with young nmler her wings. Traces of red. Height, 
 2.5 cm. Red clay. 
 
 256. ( Plate XLVIII. 23.) Cock, })ractically uid)roken. White slip, traces of red on comb 
 and wattU's. Height, 7 ••m. Yellow clay. 
 
 257. ( Plate XLVIII. 14. ) Small hiunan-headed bird, with ring for suspension. The face is 
 archaic, with high coiffure, two braids falling over right shoulder ami one over left: mass at back. 
 Traces of white with applied re<l. Height. 5 cm. I):»rk yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Martha. Cat. dcs Fitj. da Mas. dWthhas. Nos. 241, 242, 9(54; Kekule, Ant. Tcrralotten, 
 II. p. 2(», figs. 03 and 04 : Heuzey. Fitj. da Mas. da Loavrc, pi. xiii. 0. We agree with Ileuzey 
 (ltn: lit. p. 11). in reganling this figure as a Siren or Harpy, borrowed by the Greeks from the 
 Egyjrtian i*epres«'ntation of the s«ml. 
 
 258. ( Fig. 70. ) Cock, broken at neck. The background is cut away all around, and the 
 
 platpie is pierced by two ludes for suspending it or for fixing it upon 
 a backgrimnd. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 This t\\Mi is Vi'ry common. Cf. Martha, Cat. des Fig. da Mas. 
 (rAtlicacs, Nos. 11-13: Dumont et Chajdain. CCnimiqaes dc la 
 (Jn'ce Proi)V(\ II. )». 220, No. 45: (Jirard, ' Sur Quelques Nccro- 
 l>oles de la (ince du Nord.' //. C. II. III. (1870). p. 217, No. 2 : 
 Stephani. Ctnnpte Jttada, 18(58, p. 71, pi. iii. 14 : Rayet, Cat. dc 
 la Coll. d'Aiit. Cf. dc M. O. Ik\it/ct, p. 8, No. 30: there are similar 
 s|M>cimens in Syracuse. 
 (Plaie XLVIII. 10.) Dog's head, broken at neck, which is decorated with a twisted 
 The mcMleling is very careless. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, red. 
 (Plate XLVIII. 18.) Rude ram's head, broken at neck. Traces of red. Height, 
 5 cm. Light yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. Tit't/as, p. 106, fig. 22. 
 
 26L Be:ir's hea<l, broken at neck, very rude eye and mouth marked by long grooves. Traces 
 of red. Height, 5 cm. Gray clay. 
 
 262. (Plate XLVIII. 15.) He.nd of gi-iffin, broken at neck. The mouth is wide oj^n. The 
 hair is n-pi-esented by notches above the forehead and at sides of neck. Traces of white. Height, 
 cm. Red clay. 
 
 263. (Plate XLVIII. *20.) S(piatting i)ig. fore legs (which were extended horizontally) 
 broken. No trace of color. Height, cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Fifi. 76. 
 
 collar. 
 260. 
 
 
42 
 
 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES 
 
 VARIOUS ORTECTS 
 
 43 
 
 ll 
 
 M 
 
 264. (Plate XLVIII. 21.) Sitting monkey, arms broken. No trace of color. Height, 
 
 9.5 em. Light yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Martha, Cot. des Fig. du Jlits. (FAthhies, No. 100; Fr.ihner, Collection Banc, No. 464. 
 It is probable, from the i>osition of the arms ami from a remnant of some object on the left 
 shoultler, that our figure held a spear in the right hand, and carried a shield on the left arm — 
 the attitude of a similar figure from Megara Hyblaea in Syracuse (vase room, central case). 
 
 265. (Plate XLVIII. 22.) Tortoise, head missing. Traces of white. Length, 4 cm. Dark 
 
 red clay. 
 
 266. Six hundred and forty-six fragments of animals, similar to the types here described, all 
 
 more or less mutihiteil. 
 
 XI. VARIOUS OBJECTS. 
 
 267. (Fig. 77.) Fragment of dish with cakes. Length, 6 cm. Clay, retldish yellow. 
 
 Undoubtedly an offering " by sub- 
 stitution " to the go<ls ; cf . Pettier and 
 Reinach, La Seccojiole de Mt/rinu, 
 pp. 240 ff. 
 
 268. (Fig. 78. ) Table, legs broken 
 
 close to top. The edges are grooved 
 
 to form an ornamental pattern. On 
 
 !•'"■■ ""• the table, thin strips of clay, applied 
 
 irregularly, seem to us to represent foo«l (cf. No. 2G7). Traces 
 
 of white and some red. Length. 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 269. (Fio'. 79.) Top of a table, legs broken. At each corner is a Wss, meant, i^ssibly, to 
 
 represent a bronze nail-head. Top painted with ci-oss-lines and round 
 dots in maroon, shading to black. Length, 5.5 cm. A>'idth, 5 cm. 
 Yellow clay. 
 
 270. Ftu-ty-eight fragments of similar tables, mostly small, flat pieces 
 (»f tops, with incised patterns of parallel and criss-cross lines. They are 
 usually painted solid red, but a few have the reg- 
 ular white coat, with applied red and black lines. 
 The lurjrest fragment measures 7.5 cm. X C cm. 
 Yellow clay. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 271. 
 
 ( Fi"-. 80.) Fragment of bed, legs broken. The sides are covend with 
 
 Fig. 8a 
 The arm has 
 
 incised patterns : on one side, in the centre, meander. an«l at sides, criss-cross. 
 
 No traces of color. Height, 3.5 cm. Length, 
 4.25 cm. "Width, 2.75 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 272. (Fig. 81.^ Armchair, legs an<l back broken, 
 a hole at the end (to receive a bronze nail-hea<l ?). 
 Traces of a seated figui-e in the chair. Decoration 
 in straight and zigzag lines, brown to black. I leight, 
 5 cm. Length. 6 cm. Width, 4.5 cm. Light yellow 
 
 clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. Tinjmt. p. 148, pi. xxiii. fig. c. ; 
 Furtwiiugler, Samm. Snitournf, II. pi. cxliv. 3 : Mon. Ant. VI. p. 107, pi. iv. 9 ; 
 ibid. p. 129, pi. V. 10. 
 
 27a Similar armchair, containing fragment of a female figure of the seated, 
 flat-bodied type, legs and back broken. One arm has a round boss at the end. 
 Decoration in brown criss-cross lines on back of chair. The bo<ly of the woman was painted 
 black. Height, 7 cm. Length, 6.75 cm. Width, 5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 Cf. No. 272. 
 
 Fig. «L 
 
 Fig. 82. 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 274. (Fig. 82.) Leg from a similar chair or from a table, with ornamental nail-head, decorated 
 by eight radiating grooves, with a boss at the centre. The end is painted red. Height, 4.5 cm. 
 Clay, yellow. 
 
 275. Fifty -two fragments of similar legs, all decorated on the ends, usually with a boss or a 
 
 rosette or radiating lines. They 
 usually show traces of white 
 or i-ed color. Length, 2 cm. to 
 8 cm. Clay, yellow or red. 
 
 276. (Fig. 83.) Foot with 
 sandal. The sole is a sepaiute 
 piece, and there is an elaborate 
 bow on the instep. No trace of color. Length, 6 cm. Yel- 
 low clay. 
 
 277. (Fig. 84.) Terra-cotta mould. The objects repre- 
 sented come out more plainly in the impression (which is 
 here given) than in the mould itself ; but they are ilifficult 
 
 to determine with certainty. Two are plainly shells, one seems to be a pear, another a fig, another 
 a nut. Length, 4 cm. Width, 2.6 cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 The objects represented in this mould make it appear probable that the mould 
 was used for making offerings of focxl, " by substitution," to the goddess. Cf. No. 
 '267. and the reference there given. 
 
 278. (Fig. 85.) Small set of three large-handled vases, set into one another. 
 They served no practical purpose, but were simply a votive offering. Traces of 
 white. Height, 6.25 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Orsi, in his article ' Megara Hyblaea ' {Mon. Ant. I. p. 874), quotes a case of 
 two stamni set into each other in a 
 grave (No. cxciii. of his enumera- 
 tion). 
 
 279. ( Fig. 86.) Fragment of a 
 All that is preserved is a jiortion 
 
 of the long table, with two boards ui>on it, each car- 
 rying a cake of dough. On 
 the base, beside this table, 
 traces of three figures of })rim- 
 itive tyi>e. Traces of black. 
 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the bake-shop scenes in Athens, Martha, Cat. den Fig. du Mvs. 
 dWfirencs, Nos. 39, 40, published by Kourouniotes, 'E«^. 'Apx- 1896. pp. 
 201 ff., pi. xi. 
 
 280. (Fig. 87.) Small tree (?) with seven projections about main stalk 
 (to represent branches?). White coat, ornamentation in red and black 
 lines. Height, 7 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 
 281. ( Fig. 88.) Two flower-like disks, fastened together by the stems. 
 One is painted solid red, the other has cross-lines in red, 
 
 shading to black: stems, dark red: I-.ength, 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 282. Twenty-two fragments of similar disks. They are 
 all painted, usually in maroon and black, sometimes in 
 solid color. Length, 1.5 cm. to 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 283. (Fig. 89.) Four-sided cone, perforated at the top. 
 Ornament, a wide stripe in dark red to black, on each face. 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 bake-shop scene. 
 
 
 1fer"^aig".ii 
 
 Height, 4.5 cm. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Length. 10 cm. 
 
 Width, 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 Height, 5 cm. Red clay. 
 Cf. p. 15, note 10. 
 
 Fig. 8t>. 
 
4-2 
 
 TKKRA COTTA KI(JrKINP:S 
 
 VARIOUS ORTECTS 
 
 43 
 
 264. (I'kvtk XLVUI. -1.) Sitting monkey, aims broken. >o trace of color. Height, 
 
 9..") cm. Lijiht yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. Martha, Cot. iks Fuj. (hi JIfis. d'AtlHtHs, No. 100; Fr.'.hner, ('olhHlon liunr. No. 4G4. 
 It is i)robal.le, from the iwwitiou of the arms and from a remnant of some object on the left 
 shoultler, that our figure held a sin-ar in the right hand, an«l carried a shield on the left arm — 
 the attitude of a similar figure from .M»'gara llyblaea in Syracuse (^Xixse roouj, central case). 
 
 265. (Platk XLVIII. -2. ) Tortoise, head missing. Traces of white. Length, 4 cm. Dark 
 
 retl clav. 
 
 266. Six hundred :ind forty-six fragments of animals, similar to the types here described, all 
 
 more or less mutilated. 
 
 XL VAIUOUS OBJECTS. 
 
 267. 
 
 Fio. 78. 
 
 ( I-'i-^. 77.) Fragment of dish with cakes. Length, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow. 
 Undoubtedly an offering " by sub- 
 stitution " to the go«ls: cf. Pottier and 
 Keinach, L" ykropolc (Iv J/iJtind, 
 pp. •J4r, ff. 
 
 268. (,Fig. 78. ) Table, legs broken 
 close to top. The edges are grooved 
 to form an ornamental i>attern. On 
 the table, thin strijis of clay, applied 
 irregularly, seen» to us to represent fcKMl (^ef. No. "207 ). Traces 
 of white and some red. Length. 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 269. ( Kli;. 7i»-) I'M' "^ -^ tuUc. h'gs bn.ken. At each corner is a l)o>s. meant, i^ssibly, to 
 
 represent a bronze nail-head. Top i)ainted with en»ss-lim's and r«>und 
 dots in maroon, shading ti» black. Length. 5.5 cm. Width. 5 cm. 
 Yellow clay. 
 
 270. Forty-eight fragments of similar tables, mostly small, flat ineces 
 i>f tops, with incised patterns of parallel and criss-cross lines. They are 
 usually painted solid red, but a few have the reg- 
 ular white coat, with applie«l red and black lines. 
 The largest fragment measures 7.5 cm. X ♦' <'i>i. 
 ^'•''- ■•• Yellow clay. 
 
 271. ( Fig. 80. ) Fragment of bed. legs In-oken. The sid«'s are covere«l with 
 incised patterns : on one side, in the centre, meander, antl at sides, criss-cross. 
 
 No traces of coh>r. Height, 3.5 cm. Length, 
 4.25 cm. Width. 2.75 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 272. ( Fig. 8L ) Armchair, legs and back broken, 
 a hole at the end (to receive a bronze nail-head.'). 
 Traces of a seated figure in the chair. I)ecorati«)n 
 in straight and zigzag Hiu's. brown to black. I leight, 
 5 cm. Length. G cm. Width. 4.5 cm. Light yellow 
 
 clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann. TT/v/w-s. p. 148. pi. xxiii. fig. c. ; 
 
 Furtwiingler, S>niiin. S,i},om'(>f. \\. pi. exliv. :] : }fo)>. Ant. VI. p. 107, pi. iv. 1» ; 
 
 ihhl. p. 120. pi. V. 10. 
 
 27a Similar armchair, containinu; fragment of a female figure of the seated, 
 flat-bodied tyi>e. legs and back broken. One arm has a round boss at the end. 
 Decoration in brown criss-cross lines on back of chair. The IkmIv of the woman was painted 
 black. llei«^ht. 7 cm. Length, G.75 cm. Width, 5 cm. Dark yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. No. 272. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 The arm has 
 
 Fiti. 81. 
 
 Fio. 8l». 
 
 274. ( Fig. 82.) Leg from a similar chair or from a table, with ornamental nail-head, decoi-ated 
 by eight radiating grooves, with a boss at the centre. The end is painted red. Height, 4.5 cm. 
 Clay, yellow. 
 
 275. Fifty-two fragments of similar legs, all decorated on the ends, usually with a boss or a 
 
 rosette or radiating lines. They 
 usually show traces of white 
 or red color, L«'ngth. 2 cm. to 
 8 cm. Clay, yeHow or red. 
 
 276. (Fig. 83.) Foot with 
 
 sandal. The sole is a se))arate 
 
 l>icce, and there is an elaborate 
 
 No trace of color. Lensth, G cm. Yel- 
 
 FiG. 8.'{. 
 
 Fn;. 84. 
 
 t 
 
 'h 
 
 Fui. 8.i. 
 
 l)ow on the instep 
 low clay. 
 
 277. (Fig. 84.) Terra-eotta mould. The objects repre- 
 sente«l come out more plaiidy in the impression ( which is 
 here given) than in the mould itself ; but they arc iliflicult 
 
 to determine with certainty. Two are plainly sliells, one seems to be a i)ear. another a fig, another 
 a nnt. Length, 4 cm. Width, 2.G cm. Clay, yellow. 
 
 The objects represented in this mould make it appear probable that the mould 
 
 was used for making offerings of food. " by substitution.'" to the goddess. Cf. No. 
 
 ■2<57. and the reference there given. 
 
 W.-^^lll^^^ 278. ( Fig. 85. ) Small set of three large-handled vases, set into one another. 
 
 V ^3/K 1 ''^'y >«'»ved no practical i)urpose, but were simply a votive offering. Traces of 
 
 white. Height, G.25 cm. Dark red clay. 
 
 Orsi, in his article • Megara Hyblaea ' {Mod. Aiit. I. p. 874). cpiotes a case of 
 two stamni set into each other in a 
 grave (No. cxciii. of his enumera- 
 tion). 
 
 279. ( Fig. 8G.) Fragment of a 
 bake-shop scene. All tiiat is preserved is a portion 
 of tin- h)ng table, witli two l>oards upon it. each car- 
 rying a cake of dough. On 
 the base, besid*' this table, 
 traces of three figures of prim- 
 itive type. Traces of black. 
 7.5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 Cf. the bake-sh«»p scones in .Vthens, ^lartha. Cat. (h.<i Fif/. dit Jlus. 
 (VAtheniK, Nos. 30. 40, published by Koju-onniotes, 'V.^. 'A,,v 18<.H>. pp. 
 201 ft"., id. xi. 
 
 280. (Fig. 87.) Small tree O with seven projections about main stalk 
 (^to represent branches?). White coat, ornamentation in red and black 
 lines. Heiffht. 7 cm. Clav. reddish vellow. 
 
 281. ( Fig. 88.) Two flower-like disks, fastened together by the stems. 
 One is painted solid red. the other has cross-lines in red, 
 
 shading t«> black: stems, dark red: Length. 5 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 282. Twenty-two fragments of similar disks. They are 
 all painted, usually in maro<m and black, sometimes in 
 solid t'olor. Length. 1.5 cm. to 5 cm. YeHow clay. 
 
 283. (Fig. 80. ) Four-sided cone. i)erforated at the top. 
 Ornament, a wide stripe in dark red to black, on each f.ice. 
 Height. 5 cm. He»l clay. 
 
 Fig. 88. Cf. p. 15, note 10. Fig. 8l» 
 
 Fig. S(;. 
 Height, 4.5 cm. Length. 10 cni. Width, 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 / 
 
 II 
 
 Ml 
 
44 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES 
 
 Thr Argivr Hrraeum 
 
 Plate XLII 
 
 |i 
 
 l! 
 
 Fig. IH). 
 3 cm. to 5 cm 
 
 Fio. 91. 
 
 284. (Fig. 90.) Similjir perforated cone; on each side, six hoiizontid lines. Color, light red, 
 shading to dark retl, brown, and black. Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 285. Thirt)M)ne similar cones. Decoration is raiv, and is never more than a 
 simi)le scheme of line ornament. Height, 3.5 cm. to G.5 cm. Clay, yellow to red. 
 
 286. (Fig. 91.) Large si)ool. On one face, a stamp, consisting of curvetl lines, 
 radiating from a centre. Slight traces of red. Height, 
 4 (Mil. Diameter, 5 cm. Clay, greenish yellow. 
 
 287. (Fig. 92.) Similar spool. On one face, an ani- 
 mal (cat or dog), stamped in deep lines. Traces of white. 
 II«'ight, 5.5 cm. Diameter, 5.75 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 288. Forty -nine similar spools, with simple designs, 
 usually a single circle or simple rosette; two have a Greek 
 cross. They almost never show traces of color. Heights, 
 
 Diameter, 3 cm. to 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 289. One liuiulied and seventy-eight plain spools, sometimes rounded 
 
 at the ends. Almost no traces of color. Heights, 2.25 cm. to cm. 
 Diameters, 2.25 cm. to 6 cm. Clay, light yellow to retl. 
 
 290. Large jiear-shai^ed weight (pi-obably loom-weight), i)erforated 
 4.5 cm. from top. The bottom, which is flattened, is pierced by three 
 holes, apparently unconnected, and another hole, parallel to the axis, 
 enters at the side. On one side, at bottom, is stami)ed an anthemion. 
 No trace of color. Height, 14.5 cm. Greatest diameter, 7 cm. Dark 
 yellow clay. 
 
 291. Twenty fragments of similar large weights, perforated at top, 
 and with one to five holes at l)ottom, but without decoration. No traces 
 of color. Height, 7.5 cm. to 13 cm. Clay, usually retl. 
 
 292. Eight whorls of the ordinary type, all plain except one, which has four radiating grooves 
 on one side. No decoration. Diameters, 2.75 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, yellow to retl. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tlryns, pp. 147 ff. ; Jft/cenae and Tirt/ns, p. 77. 
 
 293. Three objects in the form of a Greek cross with rounded ends, i)iercetl by a hole at the 
 centre. No color. Lengths, 4.75 era., 5.5 cm., 6.5 cm. Clay, red. 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 294. Four small rings with notchetl edges. 
 4 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tiryni<^ p. 148, No. 73. 
 
 They are paintetl red. Diameters, 2.75 cm. to 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 It is to be regretted that these \mges were in tyi)e before the apj)earaiice of Hinlaczek's two articles. ' Zur 
 Schmuckkunst des altgriechischen Mittelalters ' and * Die Fibel des Odysseus. Helikesuiul Kalykes ' {Jtihres- 
 hefte d. oester. arch. lust, in Wlen, V. [1902]. pp. 207 ff., and !hi>f. VI. [11H)8], pp. 108 ff.), so that it was 
 iiiilHissible to give definite references to the Argive figures which he mentions. We are pleased to note tliat 
 his conclusions as to the dress of these figures are substantially in agreement with (»ur own, as exjiressed on 
 pp. 10 ff. and jjassim. 
 
 13(41) 
 
 10(40) 
 
 12(28) 
 
 1lf37) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. - PRIMITIVE AND TIRYNTHIAN .\RGIVE TYPE: STANDING FIGURES 
 
 ' ' 
 
 f 
 
44 
 
 TERRA-COTTA FlCiURlNES 
 
 Thk Arrivk IIrraritm 
 
 Plate XLII 
 
 li 
 
 Fig. 1H>. 
 3 cm. to o em. 
 
 Fig. !»1. 
 
 284. (Fig. 1>0.) Similar iwrforated cime ; on oaeh side, si.\ horizontal lines. Color, light red, 
 shailing to dark reil. brown, and black. 1 leight, 7 em. Yellow elay. 
 
 285. Thirty-one similar cones. Decoration is rare, and is never more than a 
 simple scheme of line ornament. Height, 3.5 cm. to 0.5 cm. Clay, yellow to red. 
 
 286. (Fig. 91.) Large si)ool. On one face, a stamp, consisting of curved lines, 
 radiating from a centre. Slight traces of red. Height, 
 4 (111. Diameter, 5 cm. Clay, greenish yellow. 
 
 287. ( Fig. 9'2.) Similar spool. On one face, an ani- 
 mal (t'at <»r dog), stami)ed in deep lines. Traces of white, 
 Il.ioht, 5.5 cm. Diameter, 5.75 cm. Yellow clay. 
 
 288. Forty -nine similar s^hmjIs, with simple designs, 
 usually a single circle or simple rosette; two have a Cireek 
 cross. They almost never show traces of coh)r. Heights, 
 
 Diameter, 3 cm. to 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 289. One liundied and seventy-eight plain spools, sometimes i-onnded 
 
 at the ends. Almost no traces of color. Heights, 2.25 em. to •» cm. 
 Diameters. 2.25 cm. to «j cm. Clay, light yellow to red. 
 
 290. Large i)ear-shai)ed weight ( probably loom-weight ), i)erforated 
 4.5 cm. from t()p. The bottom, which is flattened, is pierced by three 
 holes, apparently unconnected, and another hole, jiarallel to the axis, 
 enters at the side. On one side, at bottom, is stamped an anthemion. 
 No trace of coh)r. Height, 14.5 cm. Greatest diameter, 7 cm. Dark 
 yellow clay. 
 
 291. Twenty fragments of similar large weights, ]>erforated at top, 
 and with one to five holes at bottom, but without decoration. No traces 
 of color. Height, 7.5 cm. to 13 cm. Clay, usually red. 
 
 292. Kiglit whorls of the ordinary type, all plain except one, which has four radiating grooves 
 on one side. Xo decoration. Diameters, 2.75 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, yellow to retl. 
 
 Cf. Scldiemann. TirtjHs, pp. 147 ff. : Jft/ccnac and TV/v/w^, p. 77. 
 
 293. Three objects in the form of a (Jreek cross with rounded ends, jnerced by a hole at the 
 centre. Xo color. Lengths, 4.75 cm., 5.5 cm., G.5 cm. Clay, ivd. 
 
 294. Four small rings with notched edges. They are jKiinted red. Diameters. 2.75 cm. to 
 4 cm. Red clay. 
 
 Cf. Schliemaun, 71i>/nf>, p. 148, Xo. 73. 
 
 NOTK. 
 
 It is t«) 1)6 regretted tliat these jjajj^" were in type before the ap|)earance t»f Iludar/.ek's two artii'le><. • Ziir 
 Schmiickkinist des altgrieclnscheii Mittt'lalteis ' ami • Dif P'ibtl des Odysseus. HeUkesuiid Kalykes ' {.lohres- 
 hefte d. o,ster. arch. I»sf. in Wi^n, V. [11)02]. pp. '201 IT., aiul ifnd. VI. [1«M»;{], pp. 108 fl:.), so that it was 
 impossible to give dethiite references to the Argive figures which he mentions. We are pleased to note that 
 his conclusions as to the dress of these figures are substantially in agreement with our own, as expressetl on 
 pp. 10 ff. and jiussbn. 
 
 Fui. 92. 
 
 13(41) 
 
 10(40 
 
 12(28; 
 
 1 1 ^37) 
 
 TERR.\ COTTA FIGURINES. - PRIMITIVE AND TIRYNTHIAN .\RGIVE TYPE: STANDING FIGURES 
 
if 
 
 4'J 
 
 Thr Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XLIII 
 
 The Argive Hbrabum 
 
 Plate XLIV 
 
 
 l! 
 
 I 
 
 10(51) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES - TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE TYPE: SEATED FIGURES 
 
 *<90) 5(91) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
Thr Argivr Hrraeitm 
 
 Plate XLIII 
 
 I) 
 
 10(61) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. - TIRYNTIIIAN ARGIVE TYPE: SEATED FIGURES 
 
 1 
 
 Thr Argivr HRRAEirM 
 
 Plate XLIV 
 
 4 90) 
 
 5(91) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE 
 
 I! 
 
The Argivr Hrraritm 
 
 Plate XLV 
 
 l! 
 
 11 (93) 
 
 13(94) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE: HEADS 
 
 / 
 
 The Argivr Hrrarum 
 
 Plate XLVI 
 
 12(188) 
 
 13(198) 
 
 14(160) 
 
 15(199) 
 
 16(197) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE 
 
 ii 
 
Thr Argivr Hrrari'm 
 
 Plate XLV 
 
 11<93) 
 
 13(94) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE: HEADS 
 
 Thr Argivr Hrrari'm 
 
 Plate XLVI 
 
 \l 
 
 1.1 
 
 12' 188 
 
 13198) 
 
 14(150; 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE 
 
Thk Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate XLVII 
 
 1^1 
 
 13(208) 
 
 15(210) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. 3. 4, 6, 8—10, 12-15); 
 ADVANCED ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. 1, 2, 5, 11); FREE STYLE (No. 7) 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XLVIII 
 
 22(265) 
 
 24(254) 
 
 21(264) 
 
 23(256) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ANIMALS 
 
 l| 
 
 % 
 
Thr Argivf. Hrrakitm 
 
 Plate XLVII 
 
 12(213) 
 
 13(208) 
 
 15(210) 
 
 TERRA COITA FICiLRlNES. EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. 3. 4. 6, 8—10. u-i.O; 
 ADYANCEO ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. i, 2, 5. 11); FREE STYLE (No. 7) 
 
 f 
 il 
 
 Vil 
 
 The Argivr Hrrarum 
 
 Plate XLVIII 
 
 22(265 
 
 24(2541 
 
 21(264) 
 
 23(256) 
 
 TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. ANIMALS 
 
Il 
 
 /' 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 tl 
 
 (I 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
ii 
 
 l! 
 
 
 < ' 
 
 \ 
 
 THE TERRACOTTA RELIEFS* 
 
 By CHARLES WALDSTEIN and JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN 
 
 The Terra-Cotta Reliefs form a pui*tiun of the interesting finds among the objects of 
 the lesser arts which the excavations at the Argive Heraeum has yielded. The greater 
 number of them were found during the first season in 1892, in what we termed the 
 " black layer " below the foundation walls of the Second Temple. Though we are not 
 justified in saying that this black layer ran continuously round the foundations of 
 the whole Temple, earth of this consistency, containing objects of the same character, 
 was found at so many points in the filling for the Second Temple that a certain degi-ee 
 of continuity may be assumed. Still, at times, the black earth was found in greater 
 thickness and the objects in greater profusion ; so that we were led to use the term 
 " pockets." Other specimens were discovered, chiefly on the south and southwest slopes, 
 in the third layer of earth which had been massed as filUng for the Second Temple ; so that 
 on the whole, the provenience of all these objects may be designated as the filling below 
 the Second Temple. The chronology of all objects found in this filling would thus be 
 fixed in the one direction as being prior to the year 423 b. c. The other limit cannot be 
 detenuined in the same way by the conditions of excavation ; especially as objects mani- 
 festly belonging to widely different periods were found together in this filling. We may, 
 however, anticipate and mention one fact which will necessitate fuller explanation on 
 some future occasion, namely, that none of these terra-cottas were found on the same 
 level as the Mycenaean walls erected on the bed-rock below the filling. Further points, 
 in so far as they can now be determined, will be noted as we examine each individual 
 fragment. 
 
 The terra-cotta reliefs will be considered in two groups : first, those that ornamented 
 fhit objects of terra-cotta — plaques, tiles, j/inakesj bricks, etc. ; and, secondly, those that 
 evidently formed parts of terra-cotta vessels or vases decorated in relief. We shall in 
 this chapter confine our study to the former group. 
 
 These plaques (Plate XLIX.) are ten - in number ; they are all, with the exception of 
 Nos. 9 and 10, in a more or less fragmentary condition. 
 
 1. Winged figure to right, legs in profile, head and body en face. Upper left corner missing. 
 Length, 0.14 m. ; width, 0.085 m. ; thickness, 0.008 m. Found on the Second Temple Terrace. 
 2-4. Rectangular reliefs, bordered by incuse circles, the centres of which are raised, inclosing 
 
 two square fields. In each field, a winged figure running or flying to left. 
 
 2. Length, 0.07 m. ; width, 0.085 m. ; thickness, 0.026 m. 
 a Length, 0.10 m. ; width, 0.085 m. ; thickness, 0.027 m. 
 
 4. length, 0.117 m.; width, 0.073 m. ; thickness, 0.023 m. 
 All these were found in or back of the South Stoa. 
 
 5. Form similar to No. 2, rectangular field. Two men facing each other with uplifted arms. 
 Length, 0.096 m. ; width, 0.086 m. : thickness, 0.031 m. Second Temple Tei-race. 
 
 ' Thi» chapter, dencriptive of tbeni, is here reproduced » An eleventh fragment, similar in form to Xo. 2, but 
 
 as published in the American Journal of Archaeology with only a foot showing in the field, was too much muti- 
 
 (vol. II. 1898, pp. 173-186), with slight corrections and lated to be published, 
 additions. 
 
 I 
 
48 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 • \ 
 
 ' I 
 
 /I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 6. Part of a rectangular relief, representing a beanletl man in a chariot, driving a quadriga. 
 Length, 0.085 ni. ; width, 0.087 ni. ; thickness, nearly 0.01 ni. 
 
 7. Fragment with similar subject, only one horse, much smaller and less well preserved. 
 Length! 0.069 m. ; width, 0.43 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Both Nos. and 7 from the Second 
 
 Temi)le Terrace. 
 
 8 a and b. Two fragments from the same relief. Tncuse circles as in No. 2, bordering square 
 
 fields. Also a rosette with eight leaves. 
 
 (a.) Fore part of Centaur to right, holding a branch. In the field, rosettes formed of four leaves 
 
 and four diamonds alternating. 
 
 Length, 0.091 m. : width, 0.079 m. ; thickness, 0.018 m. 
 
 (b.) Lower portion of a kneeling figure to left. 
 
 Length, 0.067 m. ; width, 0.056 m. : thickness, 0.02 m. Found back of the South Stoa. 
 
 9. Small square relief, well preserved. Above, an extension pierced by a hole. In the field, a 
 
 lion to right. ,,/-., i 
 
 Length. 0.05 m. ; width, 0.045 m. ; thickness, 0.014 m. From east of the Chambers on the 
 
 Second Temple Terrace. 
 
 10. Small rectangular relief. Two women in a chariot to right, driving a quadriga, tpper 
 
 part pierced by a hole. 
 
 Length, 0.054 m. ; height, 0.046 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Probably found back of the South 
 
 Stoa. XT o 1 
 
 All these plaques, with the exception of No. 8, are made of a fine reddish clay. No. 8, however, 
 is made of a very coarse greenish yellow clay, in which small stones are visible. 
 
 The question what purpose these plaques served is not easily detenuined. There are 
 two classes of ancient metal relief work : repousse, or beaten work, and pressed, or 
 stamped work. The stiimped work, especially in soft and thin gold, was evidently made 
 from a mould ' upon which the thin metal was pressed. The use of so brittle a material 
 as clay, however hard the baking may have made it, and however thick such brick-like 
 plaques as Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 may be,* would be strange. Still it is not imjwssible tliat 
 the examples just mentioned may have served that purpose. All these reliefs are influ- 
 enced to some degree by the style suggested by metal work. It is not impossible that 
 they may have served as " backing " for a thin coating of metal. But this is not likely, 
 because for this the same objection of the softness and brittleness of the materiiil might 
 be adduced. Moreover, there is no trace whatever on their surface that such a covering 
 existed. And, considering the peculiar adliesive effect the oxydization of bronze exerts 
 on extraneous objects (many vases being found at the Heraeum to which bronze objects 
 were stuck fast), it is inconceivable that no traces of such a covering should have been 
 found. A specimen of a mould in terra-cotta was found at the Heraeum, 0.11 m. in 
 length, 0.7 m. in width, and about 0.01 m. in thickness, flat on one side and curved 
 on the other. In the flat side were several holes of varying shapes, sunk to a depth 
 of several millimetres. A cast taken from this mould showed a series of objects, one 
 of which undoubtedly represented a mollusk, the mifrex, or purple shell, so common on 
 Mycenaean vases. The artist has made the common mistake in representing this shell 
 sinistral instead of dextral ; he has also made the anterior canal too wide. Whether the 
 others represent nuts, fruit, or seeds of various shapes, we cannot decide. The nearest 
 analogies to such a mould are found in Naucratis,* and the so-called " cake-stamps " 
 (Xaukrailsy I. p. 45, pi. 29), which are clearly of a very late date. Mr. Cecil Smith 
 
 1 See a good instance of this in the bronze mould in the « Cf. also Evans, /. H. S. VII. p. 44, and Introduc 
 
 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, published by H. Stuart tion, p. xliv. 
 Jones, /. H. S. 1896, p. 323. 
 
 h 
 
 ( 
 
 r 
 
 RELIEF NO. 1 
 
 43 
 
 informs us that there are in the British Museum, thus far unpublished, stamps of a 
 similar slia^Mi to ours, but none with the same subject. The presence of the murex 
 might point to a somewhat early date for our mould, but there is no further clue to the 
 date. 
 
 That all these plaques are ex votos is the only natural explanation of their existence at 
 the Heraeum. Nos. 9 and 10 certainly serve that purpose, as the holes in their upper 
 parts for hanging them up show, and Nos. 1, 6, and 7 can hardly be anything else. 
 
 The technical method seems to have been the same in all, namely, that the clay was 
 stiimped while soft, and afterwards fired. Nos. 8 and 9 present the peculiarity of being 
 treated with a sharp knife after firing, in order to express details and to emphasize lines ; 
 this is apparent from the knife-marks on the surface of the clay, and from the fact that 
 in several places the outlines have been trimmed down, leaving a fainter line at the back 
 of the relief. 
 
 No. 1. — This relief is especially interesting in that while, as we shall see, it manifests 
 Hellenic elements, it has traces of Oriental influence more strongly marked than the 
 others. In fact, we may say that the terra-cottas in relief manifest the * Oriental ' charac- 
 ter in far greater proportion and pronouncedness than is the case with the terra-cotta 
 figurines in the round. While we found but few specimens among our many hundred 
 figurines which boi-e clear traces of Oriental influence, the proportion of terra-cotta reliefs 
 which show this influence is very large, and, as in No. 1, this Oriental character is clear 
 and pronounced. This is a very significant fact, strengthening, as it does, our convic- 
 tion, based upon much testimony from other quarters, that Greek sculpture in the round, 
 the statne of pure art, is a specifically Greek development ; while Oriental influences only 
 find their way into Greece through the channels of decoratice art, especially through 
 ornamental vessels in ceramic art and metal work. 
 
 The subject represented is, at first sight, quite simple. It is a nude, winged figure. 
 The upper part of the body, as well as the head, is in full face, while the lower part from 
 the waist downwards is in profile. This want of unity in composition is the rule with 
 reliefs, as well a.s figures in the round, of this early period. Such inconsistency in atti- 
 tude, by a curious effect of conventionalism, survived long after the artists had advanced 
 beyond this point of archaic awkwardness. Ceramic art is a case in point, since not till 
 after the Persian wai-s was this conventionality abandoned, and instances in sculpture are 
 too numei-ous to mention. 
 
 The head * is surrounded by a mass of hair, which falls down to the shoulder on both 
 sides in a heavy, ribbed mass, while over the foi-ehead it lies in waves. On the left eye 
 is a slight indentation which at first sight seems like an iris, but which on a careful 
 examination proves to be merely accidental, no such hole being apparent in the other 
 eye. The nose is flat and the mouth hard and straight, a slight effort being made to 
 model the lips and chin. The scheme of the hair is strikingly like that of the Melian 
 or the Tenean Apollo. 
 
 The wings present this peculiarity, that they grow directly from the breast, in front of 
 the shoulders, which they entirely conceal. The arms are comparatively thin, a result, 
 l)erhaps, of the difficulty the artist found in dealing with several different planes, the 
 arms being drawn behind the wings. 
 
 Whether the figure is male or female is difficult to decide, but it is more probably the 
 
 > Tlie head of this figure resembles slightly that of the female Centaur on the Relief Vase in the Louvre. Cf. 
 De Uidder in B. C. H. 1898, pis. iv. and v. 
 
 'I 
 
sa 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 l! 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 I'. 
 
 former. When it is carefully examined, the traces of a very short wavy chiton can be 
 discovered, at a slight distance below the waist. Female figures in archaic art are never 
 represented, as far as we know, in a chiton of such shortness. Though there are many 
 points of difference, a comiwrison of this plaque with the bronze rehef from the Acro- 
 polis' induces us to believe that our figure is male. 
 
 The thighs are large in proportion to the body, with careful modeling of the muscles, 
 especially about the knee. The nates are small in proportion to the thighs, a jieculiarity 
 seen also on the Selinus Metoj)e of Heracles and the Cercopes. The legs from the knee 
 downwards are extremely thin, similar to those of the Tenean Apollo. In fact, our relief 
 seems to afford a mixtnre of the exaggerated muscularity of the Selinus Metope and the 
 slimness of the Tenean Apollo. 
 
 The attitude of the figure is not necesssirily that of one walking, but is due rather to 
 the inability of the artist to represent the legs and feet from the front. What the hands 
 hold is clearly not a wreath, but a conventionalized fiower or branch. This forms part 
 of the action itself, shice each hand holds an end of the ornament, and it thus becomes a 
 sort of contain inatio of a plant and scroll ornamenting the background, introduced at 
 the same time into the action of the figure itself. This action is, in reality, a reminisp 
 cence of the well-known " Thierbiintligerschema," - of which the Persian Artemis,^ falsely 
 so called, is a good example. The winged figure in this connection was one of the tyi)e8 
 adopted by the Greeks, and was remodeled to suit their own i>eculiar needs, since, though 
 the Hellenic character of the Pei-sian Artemis is now established, no one denies that the 
 original type was a foreign importation. The addition of the wings seems to be a fea- 
 ture of the Later archaic art,^ since thev are certiiinlv unknown as attributes of the human 
 figure in Mycenaean or Geometric art, nor do we find them on the " Island Stones." ' 
 
 The mythological significance of the relief, if such it has, is not clear to us. We can 
 only say that it is a winged figure treated in an ornamental manner. We use the term 
 " ornamental " advisedly, with a more hteral signification than is generally given ; for 
 one of the most pecidiar and striking features of this representation is the action of the 
 fisTure. The winded " sfenius " is holdins: in both hands a mere ornament, a decorative 
 design, which certainly is no implement of use, nor has it any special significance. But 
 the use made of it here is quite distinctive and original. It is as if the decorative feeling 
 of the modeler of the plaque had been so strong that it obtruded itself into his represen- 
 tation of a human figure, becoming an integral jmrt of the attitude and action, at the 
 expense of the logic of representation, as far as the human figure itself is concerned. 
 This introduction of the ornament seems to point to two customs in the decoration or 
 framuig of scenes and representations of figures on vases, bronzes, terra-cottas, etc. ; 
 namely, the continuous scroll or other ornament bordering these scenes, as with a frame, 
 and the introduction of ornaments into the field or background, which the Germans have 
 called " Fiillornamente." Such framing bands and " FiiUornamente " are the composite 
 motives which appear to have led the artist to introduce this new form of ornament into 
 the field of this rehef . 
 
 We have had occasion to cite the " Persian Artemis " as an analogy to our figure. A 
 direct repetition of the motive of our plaque may be found on a bronze plaque from 
 
 » J. H. S. 1893, p. 259, fig. 26 (Bather). *£<>.. 'Apx- 1891, pp. 34 f. Cf. Langbehn, nugeljiguren, 
 
 - E. Curtius, Gesammelte Ahhandlungen, II. pp. 110 ff. etc. 
 
 (• Wappengebrauch unci Wappenstil im Alterthum'). ' We have just heard from Mr. Hogarth that winged 
 
 * Studniczka, Kyrene, p. 155. human figures which he considers to be of 'Mycenaean' 
 
 * Milchhofer, Anfiinge der Kunst, p. 86 ; Tsountas, style have recently been discovered by him in Crete. 
 
 
 RELIEFS 2-S 
 
 51 
 
 Dodona,' but of a manifestly later date. Here, however, the ornament has been treated 
 in a precisely similar fashion, the ends of the scroll being held in each hand. In spite, 
 of the lateness of the Dodona plaque, a quasi-Oriental infiuence may easily be detected. 
 A similar position of hands may be noticed on the Euphorbus plate." 
 
 An almost exjict duplicate of our figure may be found on the gold hormu>< from 
 Camirus.' Though the centiiur, with wlicmi our figure invites comparison, has no wings, 
 the most striking similarity of style is noticeable when we compare the two. The treat- 
 ment of the hair, body, nates, and legs is identical. The wings are supplied by the Arte- 
 mis on the sime jewel, and, moreover, present the same peculiarity we have commented on 
 before, namely, that they grow dii-ectly from the breast, concealing the upper part of the 
 arm and shoulder. Our figure, in fact, might almost be composed by a combination of 
 the centiiur and the Artemis on the hornins. This jewel, which is certainly Rhodian, 
 exhibits more than any other work known to us so marked a similarity of style and 
 technique with our plaque as to suggest some very close connection between them. 
 More than this we do not venture to siiy, since it has not yet been determined whether 
 Khodians wei*e influenced by Argives, or rice versa. It may well be the case that the 
 Rhodian types ai-e derived from Argos, since Camirus, accorduig to legend, was a colony 
 of Argos, founded by the Heraclid Tlepolemus,* and was counted as one of the towns 
 of the Doric Hexapolis. The presence, also, of the Argive alphabet in Rhodes is well 
 known. (Cf. the Argive lambda on the Euphorbus plate.) As a last comparison, we 
 might mention a relief somewhat similar in style, but probably earlier, found at Aegina.^ 
 This relief exhibits the greatest similarity in the treatment of the hair. That it is Pelo- 
 ponnesian and not Aeginetiin seems fairiy evident. 
 
 In summing up, we may say that, while our plaque exhibits Hellenic features, espe- 
 ciiilly in the modeling of the figure, the spirit of the composition and the introduction of 
 the wings are distinctly of Orienfcil origin. Moreover, we find absolutely no Mycenaean 
 or Geometric elements, but those which are characteristic of the early Corinthian vases. 
 We are foixed, however, to assign our relief to a slightly later date than those vases 
 which exhibit this " Thierbandigei-schema," since the conventional and decorative treat- 
 ment of tlie ornament of our plaque, admittedly without a meaning, is certainly later 
 than this schema, not eariier. Therefore we may assign it approximately to the begin- 
 ning of the seventh century B. c. Even in the best period of Greek art, such a deco- 
 rative solecism nuiy be met with, as, for instance, in the beautiful red-figured vase of 
 astragalus shape, signed IvptaKo^ ivoUa-e, in the Papa Giulio Museum at Rome. 
 
 Nos. 2-5. — These are all of similar technique, and evidently contemporaneous. Frag^ 
 mentary as they are, we have still enough to show that their dimensions were from 0.10 
 to 0.12 m. long and 0.7 to 0.9 m. wide. Of all our reliefs, these show the metal influ- 
 ence in a most marked manner, the incuse circles being probably an imitation of the nail- 
 heads used to fasten bronze sheathing to wood, while the division into fields, as well as 
 the technique, finds its jKirallel in the series of bronze reliefs from Olympia,*' Dodona,^ 
 the Acropolis,* and the temple of the Ptoan Apollo.' The subject of the reliefs Nos. 2-4 
 
 ' Carapanos, Dodona, pi. xviii. fig. 3. 
 
 » Salzmann, Necropde de Camtiros, pi. liii. ; cf. also 
 pi. xxvi. 
 
 » I hid. pi. 1. 
 
 * Diod. IV. 58 ; V. 57 ; Find. 01. vii. 
 
 » Stais. 'E^. 'Apx- 1895, p. 263, pi. xii. 
 
 « Furtwiiuglcr, Otympia, IV. (' Die Bronzeu ') pis. 
 xzxvii., xxxviiL 
 
 ' Carapanos, Dodona, pis. xvi.-xviii. 
 
 8 /. H. S. 1892-93, p. 249 (Bather) ; Wolters, Athen. 
 Mitt. 18*5, p. 473. 
 
 • B. C. H. 1892, p. 348, pis. x., xi. (Holleaux). 
 
 A survey of such reliefs is given by De Ridder in his 
 monograph, " De Ectypis quibusdam aeneis, quae falso 
 vocautur Aegiiio-Coriuthiaca." 
 
I 
 
 52 
 
 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 |i 
 
 'Jt, 
 
 i ' 
 
 is the same: two winged figures moving rapidly to the left in the usual "knielauf- 
 schema." ' What the objects are they hold in their hands cannot be determined >vith 
 certainty ; that in the right hand is paralleled by a similar object in the hands of the 
 figures on the terra-cotta reliefs from Sicily - of later style. Kekule, however, i-efrains 
 from defining these objects. That in the left hand i-esembles an axe. To identify these 
 figures as gorgons seems impossible, and we must be content merely to term them winged 
 daemons. They are similar in stjle to the reliefs from Olympia,' which contain figures 
 called by Furtwiingler " Daimons," i-etracting the view he had previously expressed in 
 Roscher's Lej'lcon.* It is impossible to tell whether the figui-es are male or female, 
 though the latter seems more probable considering their simiUuity to the figures on the 
 relief previously cited, which are certainly female. It may be here noticed that these 
 figures bear a strong resemblance to the " Nike of Archermus," but with the same diffei'- 
 ence that we shall phiinly see when we compare them with gorgons. Such monsters, 
 while generally represented in the " knielauf-schema," ' have always the body in profile 
 and head en face, and in the case of our figures both head and body are represented in 
 profile. Moreover, our figures are not holding the usual bird or animal. Only one relief 
 in terra-cotta of similar technique, though of different subject, is known to us ; *^ it repre- 
 sents the Pei-siiin Artemis in profile, holding a bird in each hand. The incuse circles 
 are precisely similar to our reliefs, and a rosette there is similar to those on No. 8. 
 Thoujrh little connection mav be assumed between the Pei-sian Artemis and our daemons, 
 we see that the siune Oriental influence was at work at the time of their manufacture. 
 
 No. 5. — What the subject of No. 5 represents is extremely doubtful, and several inter- 
 pretations are oi>en to us. It might be a boxhig match, if such be the correct identifica- 
 tion of the two Olympia reliefs ( OJt/mjmi, IV. pis. 39, 703, 704 a ; cf. also Furtwiingler, 
 BronzefiouJe, p. 91), or the similar group on the Geometric vase of Co])enhagen.' A 
 certain similarity may be detected if we comjKire our relief with a gioup on the well- 
 known Tripod vase from Tanagra in Berlin." Stive that no traces of a wreath can be 
 discovered, the scene on our relief further resembles one of the Ptoan reliefs already 
 cited {B. C. 11. 1892, pi. xi. 3 ; No. 45 in De Ridder, op. cit.). Again, were it not for 
 the lack of the tripod, a connection might be assumed with the scene on the mould in 
 the Ashmolean Museum we have already referred to. Perliai)s we might recognize in 
 it the aKpo;(cipi(r/u,o? or the preliminaries of the wrestling match. Instances of this have 
 been identified in several monuments."' Or |)erha})s the action of our relief may be only 
 a salutation. More than this we cannot siiy. 
 
 In stvle there is a closer analojrv between this relief and bronze relief work than is the 
 case with Nos. 2, 3, and 4. The treatment of the figures is precisely identical with that 
 of the above-mentioned Ptoan relief, both in the hair and in the build of the bodies. 
 The profiles, too, are similar. Thus the question of dating our plaques becomes much 
 
 • Ciirtius, ' Die Kuieemlen Figuren der Altgriechischeii 
 Kiiiist,' Wittckelmauu.^ Programm, 1870 (Genam. Ahharul. 
 
 II. pp. 116 ff.). 
 2 Kekule, Terracotten von SicUien, pi. Iv. 
 
 • Olympia, IV. pis. 39, 699 a, p. W2, No. 1. 
 
 * Ibi'l. I. p. 1709, .1. V. Gorgonen. 
 
 •' Milchhiifer, op. eit. p. 86, fig. o6. 
 
 • Leuorinant, Arch. Zeit. 1866, p. 258, pi. A. 
 
 ' Furtwiiiigler, .Irch. Zeit. 1885, p. 137, pi. Tiii. 
 
 * Loesohcke, Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. iii. 
 
 * Waldstein, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philologicai 
 
 Society, 1882, p. 2, where, in conuectiun with Arist. Eth. 
 Nic. III. 1. 17, p. 1111 (Bekk.), the following illustrations 
 are mentioned : A vase in the possession of the late Caniille 
 Lecuyer at Paris, a relief in Clarae, Mwee de Sc. II. pi. 
 IM, No. 53 ; Krause, Gymntut. und Agonintik, II. pi. z. 
 29. Cf. also Vase Catol. Hrit. Mus. III. E. 78, as well as 
 Gerhard, Ant. Bildw. pi. 89, also Kaunieister, Denkmiiler, 
 I. p. 502, fig. 544. I have recognized another represen- 
 tation of such a scene in a vase in the Museum of Fine 
 Arts, Boston, which I hope soon to publish. 
 
 RELIEFS 6-8 
 
 53 
 
 simplified. For, though we cannot say with absolute certainty which of the two is earlier, 
 the fact that they are contemporaneous (at least they would both belong to the same 
 decade) is too evident to be doubted. These bronze reliefs belong approximately to the 
 beginning of the seventh century, which gives us a similar date for our reliefs. 
 
 If o. 6. — This design here seems rather more advanced in style. The subject of a char- 
 ioteer in his chariot was not only common through Egyptian and Assyrian art, but was a 
 favorite theme throughout the whole Mycenaean period, as is shown by the grave-stelae 
 found by Schliemann at Mycenae. We owe the introduction of the quadriga to the 
 Dipylon period, from which certain features of our relief are evidently derived, namely, 
 the connection of the pole to the wagon by a roi)e or staff extending from the dashboard.* 
 The di^rvl^ has the usual curved form seen on Egyptian wagons, and the wheels are of the 
 common type found on most of the Dipylon chariots. A counterpart of this group may 
 be found on the Francois vase,^ the figure of Zeus in his chariot at the marriage proces- 
 sion of Peleus and Thetis. In fact, we are in a position to date this relief between the 
 Dipylon period and the Fran^-ois vase. Its Hellenic origin need not be questioned ; there 
 is certainly no trace of Ionic influence. 
 
 TXo. 7. — The technique of No. 7 is vastly inferior. It has also suffered far more from 
 abrasion. This makes it difficult to decide whether one or two persons are represented 
 in the chariot, more probably only one. Doubt also exists as to whether the charioteer 
 is holding the reins or is in the act of shooting an arrow, and from the curious posi- 
 tion of the body with regard to the chariot, a certain similarity may be deduced with the 
 marble relief from the Acropolis of the figure mounting a chariot. At all events, 
 the cliariot shows the same influence as No. 6. Its chief peculiarity lies in the fact that 
 but one horse is represented, which fact must be assigned to the incompetence of the 
 artist, since never, in Greek art, does a chariot of this form, drawn by one horse, occur. 
 
 Nob. 8 a and b. — That these fragments fit together is fairly evident ; but unfortunately 
 the sides of the fracture, owing to the soft texture of the clay, have been considerably 
 worn away, and thus the breaks, while following the same lines, do not coincide exactly. 
 Still, the foot in the upper right-hand corner of a is the continuation of the leg of the 
 figure in h. Aside from its peculiar technique, to which we have abeady called atten- 
 tion, its chief interest lies in the seeming irregularity. Portions of three fields are pre- 
 served, two of which are separated by the same incuse circles met with in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 
 and 5. The rosette of n falls beneath the field of fe, being used instead of an incuse 
 circle, as we found in the case of the Lenormant plaque from Mycenae. It is impossible, 
 however, to tell the general form of the relief, how many fields it contained, or what 
 subject is represented. As in the case of Nos. 2 to 5, the connection between this and 
 the metal reliefs is obvious. 
 
 The centaur, the chief figure of the relief, is represented with a horse's fore legs plainly 
 visible, though their lower part is missing. This type of a centaur with the fore legs 
 of a horse is later than that with human fore legs.^ When exactly the later type was 
 introduced cannot be determined, there being no distinct dividing line between the two 
 types, which often api)ear side by side.^ On archaic gems,'' however, only the later type 
 occurs. Ev-idently the two styles continued together for a considerable period. So far 
 
 » Helbig, D(u homer. Epos, p. 141, note 3, fig. 83. Cf. * For example, on the frieze from Assos, Clarke, In- 
 
 Fnrtwiingler, Arch. Zeit. 1884, p. 108, pi. viii. 4. 
 » Wiener Vorlegebliitter, 1888, pis. ii.-iv. 
 « CoUignon, Hu(t. de la Sculpture Grecque, I. fig. 194. 
 ♦ Koscher, iu Koecber's Lexicon, II. p. 1076. 
 
 vestigation.t, etc. pis. xv., xx. See also on a Cyreuean Vase, 
 Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. xi. 
 « Rossbach, in Arch. Zed. 1883^pl. xvi. fig. 16. 
 
 
 
 Wl 
 
■|! 
 
 54 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 as can be judged from other monuments which illustrate the later type, we are justified 
 in regarding our relief as one of the earhest examples of that type. 
 
 To restore the kneeling figure is impossible. It suggests faintly the " knielauf," but 
 that can hardly be the action. The position of the legs resembles to a certain degree 
 that of the figure on the metal relief from Olympia.* As no trace of a bow or arrow can 
 be found on our figure, its reconstruction as an archer is impossible. Apart from the 
 carefulness of detail, the chess of the figure is a most interesting feature. The figure 
 wears a broad belt, and above it the hues of the chiton are indicated by incisions in the 
 clay. No tiace of any lower garment can be discovered. Whether this, as well as the 
 fact that the sex of the figure is not indicated, points to any intention on the \uyt of 
 the artist to denote a close-fitting under-garment is doubtful. Carelessness is again the 
 probable explanation. This garb is paralleled by the figures on the Vaphio cups,- which 
 wear the broad belt continued below the waist as a sort of breech-cloth, though the upper 
 part of the body is left bare. The portion remaining of the third field is so small that 
 we cannot determine what the figure was. It might be the rear portion of a bird, and 
 the whole a figure of the Persian Artemis type. 
 
 While assigning an Hellenic origin to No. 8, we must nevertheless class it among the 
 works of the so-called Oriental Greek style, of which the Argive-Corinthian is a part. 
 The incuse circles we have already discussed ; the rosette is a favorite form of deior.ition 
 all through the " Corinthian " period, besides occurring on bronze rehefs.^* The orna- 
 ment above the centaur is characteristic, and may be found on a Meliiin vase.* Here we 
 have the use of the ornament in the field as an instance of the horror vacui so charac- 
 teristic throughout the "Corinthian" period, a feature which does not obtain in the 
 succeeding periods. We may, therefore, be justified in assigning this relief to the end 
 of the seventh century, perhaps a little Liter. Earher than the spread of the Oriental 
 influence it cannot be. 
 
 Nos. 9 and 10. — These fragments properly belong together, since both are complete 
 and illustrate admirably the pinax form. This in itself would show their connection 
 with the Connthisin jmiakts'^ in BerHn, since the pinax does not seem to have been used 
 prior to this period. The lion on No. 9 is chiefly remarkable for the enormous size of 
 his head in proportion to his body. From the absence of any ornaments in the field, as 
 well as from this peculiarity of head, which strongly resembles that of the Hons on " Early 
 Attic " vases,'' we should feel incUned to assign this plaque or junax to a later stage of 
 the Corinthian period, perhaps about the early part of the sixth century. No. 10, on the 
 other hand, shows traces of Dipylon characteristics. In spite of the abrasion from which 
 the relief has suffered, it is evident that two women are represented, but in a more 
 advanced style than is characteristic of the Dipylon period ; the horses, however, show 
 the feehng of Dipylon art. Nothing of the chariot is plain, except that the wheels are 
 probably foiii-spoked, though even this cannot be decided. No. 10 is to be jissigned to 
 a later date than the Dipylon period, but probably earlier than No. 6. 
 
 > (Hijmpia, IV. pi. 40. 
 
 > Tsountas, in '£<?.. 'kfx 1889. 
 
 • J. H. S. 1893, p. 240, fig. 18 (Bather) ; Olympiu, 
 IV. pi. xxxvii. 712. 
 
 • Coiize, Melische Vasen, pi. ii. 
 
 • Furtwaiigler, Vasensammlung, I. p. 47. 
 
 • Biihlaii, Jahrbuch d. Imt. 1887, pi. iv. 
 
 ll 
 
 V- 
 
 The Argiv^ IIbraeum 
 
 Plate XLIX 
 
 
 
 ^-^."^vl^ 
 
 
 •h. ■<.■ 
 
 v 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 i< 
 
 ! 
 
 ;i' 
 
 THE ARGIVE IIERAEUM.— TERRA COTTA RELIEFS 
 

 54 THE TEKRA-COTTA RELIEFS 
 
 as can be judoed from other inonuments which ilhistrate the Liter tyi>e, we are jusrified 
 in regardino- om- rehef as one of the earhest examples of that type. 
 
 To° restore the kneehnjr Home is impossible. It sujjjrests faintly the "knielauf," but 
 that can hardly be the action. The position of the lej^s resembles to a certain <lejriee 
 that of the figure on the metal relief from Olympia.* As no trace of a bow or arr(>w can 
 be found on our fioure, its reconstruction as an archer is imi^ssible. Apart froin the 
 carefulness of detiiil, the dress of the figure is a most interesting feature. The figure 
 wears a broad belt, and above it the lines of the chiton are indicated by incisions in the 
 clay. No trace of any lower garment can be discovered. Whether this, as well as the 
 fact that the sex of the figure is not indicated, points to any intention on the iwirt of 
 the artist to denote a close-fitting undei-garment is doubtful. Carelessness is again the 
 probable explanation. This garb is iwralleled by the figures on the Vaphi<» cups,- which 
 wear the broad belt continued below the waist as a sort of breech-cloth, tluuigh the upper 
 part of the body is left bare. The portion remaining of the third field is so sniall that 
 we cannot determine what the figure was. It might be the rear portion of a bird, and 
 the whole a figure of the Persian Artemis type. 
 
 While assigning an Hellenic origin to No. f^, we must nevertheless class it among the 
 works of the so-calle<l Oriental Greek style, of which the Argive-C«»rintliian is a part. 
 The incuse circles we have already discussed ; the rosette is a favorite form of decoration 
 all thr«)ugh the '-Corinthian" period, besides (Kcurring on bronze reliefs." The orna- 
 ment above the centaur is characteristic, and may be found on a Melian vase.^ Here we 
 have the use of the ornament in the field as an instance of the h(*rror ractf! so charac- 
 teristic throughout the "Corinthian" period, a feature which does not obtain in the 
 succeeding periods. We may, therefore, be justified in assigning this relief to the end 
 of the seventh century, perhaps a little later. Eiirlier than the spread of the Orientiil 
 
 influence it cannot be. 
 
 Nos. 9 and 10. — These fragments properly belong together, since both are complete 
 and illustrate admirably the piafu- form. This in itself would show their connection 
 with the Corinthian y>/><r;Avx^ in Berlin, since the pi Hfi.r does not seem to have been used 
 prior to this period. The lion on No. 9 is chiefiy remarkable for the enormous size of 
 his head in proporticm to his body. From the absence of any ornaments in the field, as 
 well as from this peculiarity of head, which strongly resembles that of the lions on " Early 
 Attic " vases,** we should feel inclined to assign this i)la(pie or plnax to a later stage of 
 the Corinthian period, ])erhaps about the early part <»f the sixth century. No. 10, on the 
 other hand, shows traces of Dipylon characteristics. In sjute of the abrasion from which 
 the relief has suffered, it is evident that two women are represented, but in a more 
 advanced style than is characteristic of the Dipylon period ; the horses, however, show 
 the feeling of Dii)ylon art. Nothing of the chariot is plain, except that the wheels are 
 probablv four-spoked, though even this cannot be decided. No. 10 is to be assigned to 
 a later date than the Dijjylon period, but probably earlier than No. 6. 
 
 1 Ohtinjua, IV. i>l. 40. * C'oiize, Melm-he VoMen, pi. ii. 
 
 2 Tsouutas, in 'E*. 'Apx- 1889. * Fiirtwunjclpr. Vmeusamnluntj, I. p. 47. 
 • J. H. S. 180.% p. 24G, fig. 18 (B.ither) ; Ohjmpln, * Bi.lilaii, Jahrburk d. Imt. 1887, pi. iv. 
 
 IV. pi. ixxvii. 712. 
 
 I 
 
 TiiK Argivif IIerael-.m 
 
 Plate XLIX 
 
 THE ARGIVE HERAKIM.— Ti:i<R.\ COTTA RKI.IKFS 
 
kl 
 
 
 .-'. 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
( 
 
 1*1 
 
 t 
 
 ii 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 By JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The publication of the Vases and Vase Fra^ents from the Heraeum has proved a far 
 more arduous task than I expected when the work was intrusted to me eight years ago. 
 As the time for committing it to the press approaches, I am keenly conscious of its many 
 shortcomings, for, in the six years which have elapsed since the completion of the work 
 and its final revision before going to press, the quantity of new material found in Greece, 
 which might serve to throw new light upon many of the problems the vases from the 
 Heraeum afforded, has inci-eased enormously, and the greater part of it, being as yet 
 unpublished, has been inaccessible to me. I could also wish that it had been possible 
 for me to make the final revision of the work in Athens, with the actual material at my 
 command, since I realize very clearly that many of the points which have presented 
 themselves to me during the six years since I left Athens must remain all too supei- 
 ficially treated, owing to incomplete notes and a memory sometimes treacherous. Such 
 eases, I hope, will not prove of vital detriment to the value of the work. 
 
 Two facts must be mentioned to secure a fair understanding of the work. First, 
 owing to the smallness of the means at my command, I am unable to publish the mate- 
 rial as 1 had originally hoped, and consequently have omitted much which, though not 
 of supreme importance, would have been of distinct benefit had it been possible to retain 
 it. Secondly, I see very clearly that the enormous mass of material should, to secure the 
 best results, liave occupied the attention of several workers for at least twice the length 
 of time I have been able to devote to it. Thus the work as it now appears is a small 
 selection of the total material, and cannot in the strictest sense be called either final or 
 complete. I have endeavored as far as possible to present, or at least to mention, all the 
 tvi)es and ebisses that were found ; but important omissions must inevitably occur when 
 over two hundred thousand fragments are to be dealt with. Classes like the Geometric 
 or Argive should each be treated in as much space as the whole of this volume, if their 
 elaboration were to be considered final. But the desire to make known to the world as 
 soon as possible the results of one of the most important modern excavations has induced 
 us all to hasten the completion of our several tasks, and leave the various finer points to 
 be more carefully investigated by our successors. 
 
 It is a great pleasure, on the completion of my task, to look back on the warm friends 
 it has brought me, and to thank them for the many and various kindnesses received at 
 their hands. First and foremost, I wish to thank most heartily my friend and chief, 
 Professor Charles Waldstein, for the ready help and encouragement he has always given 
 me, for his keen and intelligent interest in my work, and for the various suggestions and 
 theories he has outlined for my benefit. The departure from Athens at the end of the 
 first year's work of Dr. Theodore Woolsey Heermance, who had shared with me the dis- 
 agreeable task of cleaning and sorting the fragments, deprived me of most valuable assist- 
 
 ;•! 
 
If 
 
 1' 
 
 )l 
 
 ' t 
 
 [i!i 
 
 111 
 
 jg PREFACE 
 
 anee during the more interesting stage of studying and classifying the material ; and I 
 feel s.«e that, had it been possible for him to have shared the responsibility of the '.hole 
 work with me, the result would have been far more satisfactory. I am indebted to bun 
 for the Appendix on the inscriptions that have been found on some of the fra^iente. 
 Mr Cecil Smith of the British Museum will always have my warmest gratitude for the 
 many kindnesses and useful suggestions so ungrudgingly given me during my work m 
 
 ^Further, I wish to express my thanks to Messrs. Kavvadias, Stais, and Tsountas of the 
 National Museum at Athens, for their courtesy and kindness in extendmg to me during 
 my three years in Athens, the utmost privileges of the Museum ; to Professor Wolters 
 and Dr. Zahn of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, for putting the . .lateral 
 from the AcroH« »•'<! Aegina so openly at my disposal; and to Mr. David Hogarth, 
 sometime Director of the British School at Athens, for an opportunity of seeing the 
 pottery found in his excavation at Melos. I have also received many vahuible suggestions 
 from Professor Ernest Gardner of University College, London, Mr Paul Perdnzet of 
 the French School at Athens, and Mr. Carr Bosanquet, Director of the British School at 
 
 ^'l must not forget to thank Mr. GiUi^ron and Herr Rohrer for their careful and pains- 
 takiii-r work in preparing the drawings and photographs. I am especially grateful to 
 Janni Papadakis, vase-mender in the National Museum at Athens, who for three years 
 
 helped and spared me in every way. 
 
 Lt of all, I wish to express to my dear friend. Professor Ricliar<l Norton, Director of 
 the American School at Rome, my grateful thanks for reading the manuscript of the 
 work diirin.. its preliminary stage (a labor of love), and for the valuable suggestions he 
 
 lias given me. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 In fairness to this section of the Heraeum publication the following facts should be stated The manuscnp 
 was delivered to the committee on April 1, 1899. Two years later, in the hope of '^ ^l^^^^ P'"^^;*;";'; 
 was revised as thoroughly as circumstances permitted. At the present date November. 1903) U e a ge 
 part has been in type for a year and a half, and any farther revision is impossible for many obnous reaso 
 Without a completl rearrangement of the material. That it should not have been poss.ble to cons.der the 
 vases and fragments from the Heraeum in connection with the new phases of the Mycenaean era revealed by 
 the recent excavations in Crete, no one regrets more than the writer. 
 
 ,!l 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Athen. Mitt. Mittheilung^n des Kaiserlich Deiitschen Ar- 
 
 chaeologiscken Instituts, Atheiiische Abtkeiluiig. 
 Riitn. Mitt. Mittbeilungen des Kaiserlich Deutsclieu Ar- 
 
 chaeulogischen Instituts, Rumische Abtlieilung. 
 Jahrb. Jahrbiich des Kaiserlich Deutschen Arcbaeologi- 
 
 ■chen Instituts. 
 B. C. H. Bulletin de Correspondance Hell^uitjue. 
 /. H. S. Journal of Hellenic Studies. 
 .4. J. A. American Journal of Archaeology. 
 Rer. Arch. Revue Arch^ologique. 
 Gaz. Arch, (iazette Arch^ologitiue. 
 Ann. deW Inst. Annali dell' Instituto di Corrispondeuza 
 
 Archeologiea. 
 
 Bull, dell' Inst. BuUetiuo dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza 
 Archeologiea. 
 
 Mon. deir Inst. Mouumenti Inediti dell' Instituto di Cor- 
 rispondenza Archeologiea. 
 
 Not. d. ScaiH. Notizie degli Scavi (Academia di Lincei). 
 
 Mon. Ant. Monumenti Antichi. 
 
 Arch. Zeit. Archaeologische Zeitung. 
 
 Arch. Anz. Archaeologischer Anzeiger (in Jahrbuch). 
 
 ClfUis Rev. Classical Review. 
 
 Berl. Phd. Woch. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. 
 
 CATALOGUES. 
 
 Brit. Mus. Cat. Catalogue of the Vases in the British 
 Museum. Vols. II. and III. by 11. B. Walters ; vol. 
 III. by Cecil Smith. 
 
 Louvre Cat. Pottier, Catilogue des Vases du Louvre. 
 
 Berl. Cat. Furtwiingler, Beschreibung der Vasen im An- 
 tiquarium, Berlin. 
 
 Mun. Cat. Jahn, Beschreibung der Vasensammlung Kii- 
 nig Ludwigs in der Pinakothek ziir Miinchen. 
 
 Naples Cat. Heydemann, Die Vasen des Museo Nazio- 
 nale zu Neapel. 
 
 Boston Cat. Robinson, Catalogue of the Vases in the 
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 
 
 Ray. et Coll. Hist. Rayet et Collignon, Histoire de la Samm. Sab. Fnrtwangler, Sammlung SabouroflF. 
 
 C^ramique Grecque. ^"*- ^""^ Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder. 
 
 Dum. et Chap. Dumont et Clmplain, Les CiJramiques de Baum. Denk. Baumeister, Denkmaler des Kkssischen 
 
 la Gr^e propre. Alterthums. ^ . . ,. 
 
 Per. et Chip. Hist. Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de I'Art Roscher's Lex. Roscher, Lexikon der Gnechischen und 
 
 dans I'AntiquiH?. Roraischen Mythologie. 
 
 Myk.Vas. Furtwanglcr uud Loeschcke, Mykenische Va- Daremberg-Saglio, Dirt. Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire 
 
 j^gjj des Antiquit^s Grecques et Romaines. 
 MyL: Thong. Furtwanglcr und Ixieschcke, Mykenische 
 
 ThongefiUse aus dem Gebiete des Mittelmeers. 
 
I 
 
 li; 
 
 111 
 
 I'i! 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Early in the autumn of 1895, Dr. Heennanee and I began cleaning the fragments of 
 vases. These had been brought up from Argos to Athens in small baskets,' and included 
 fragments varying from a foot square to pieces no larger than a iingei-nail. None had 
 been touched Lave a few baskets of the first and second year's digging, which had undei- 
 <rone a very superficial cleaning two winters before. Every fragment was thickly coated 
 with a hard crust of dirt, and hydrochloric acid proved the only satisfactoi-y cleanser. 
 Liirge bowls were used containing a solution, two thirds acid and one third water, into 
 which a basketful of fragments was put, stirml round for a few minutes, and then care- 
 fully rinsed in fresh water to avoid any after-effects of the acid. The fragments were 
 then sorted, each class in sei«irate baskets, laid out, and a search made for the component 
 parts of a vase, a task attended with very unsiitisfactory results, since in only a few cases 
 could a vase be reconstructed in anything like entirety. 
 
 The number of fragments was enormous. No less than two hundred and sixty-five 
 baskets, all more or less full, were cleaned. Owing to the i-emoval of a good deal of 
 waste dirt and closer packing of the biskets, the totiil material was compressed mto about 
 one hundred and fiftv baskets. Just how many fragments were included is difficult to 
 sav ; some baskets which contained large fragments held perhaps sevei-al hundred, whde 
 in* others containing small fragments of the Argive and Corinthian classes, the number 
 amounted to two or three thousand. Roughly speaking, the tofcil number of fragments 
 was about two hundred and fifty thousand. The final sorting gave the following propoi- 
 tion to the various classes : — ■ 
 
 pj^jjj 60 Baskets. 
 
 Glazed 30 '• 
 
 Primitive ....••••••* " 
 
 Mvcenaean 
 
 Geometric 
 
 K ' .... 20 " 
 Argive 
 
 Corinthian 
 
 Black- and Red-Figiired ^ ' 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 160 " 
 
 By " plain " are meant all fragments which bore no decoration of any kind what- 
 ever." These included a large number of fragments of Mycenaean and Geometric vases, 
 but the biUk consisted of coarse fragments of wheel-made vases, which might belong to 
 any period. In "glazed" are included all fragments which had been covered with a 
 dark brown or black glaze, generally dull, but without other decoration. Some few 
 
 » The baskets were those usually employed in excava- on the rubbish heaps. If, therefore, it had been possible 
 
 tions, about 25 cm. iu height and 30 cm. in diameter. to preserve all the fragments of such description, which 
 
 ^ It must also be remembered that the bulk of the undoubtedly includetl a large number l^longing to the 
 fragments found at the excavation had no decoration of «' Primitive" class, thtir number would have been mate- 
 any* kind, and were therefore not preserved, but thrown rially increased. 
 
 LOCATION OF THE FRAGMENTS 61 
 
 of these belonged to vases of the Black or Red-Figured period, but the bulk bore no 
 distinguishing characteristics. In addition to the whole number, five baskets contained 
 vases in an intact or in sUghtly broken condition. 
 
 The proportion of the various sites was as follows : — 
 
 South West Corner 60 baskets \ S. Stoa 
 
 S. E. Side 6 " 1 1894 & 
 
 S. Side, outside i)eribolos wall 3 " ) '95 
 
 Old Temple 10 " 
 
 Above Cycloj)ean wall 7 4* • 
 
 Above Upper Stoa . 6 " 
 
 E. of chambers 20 " 
 
 S. E. of Second Temple 5 " 
 
 W. Building 2 « 
 
 N. W. Bniiaing 5 " 
 
 First year of excavation 30 " 
 
 Unknown 6 " 
 
 150 " 
 
 Baskets of the first year's digging contiiined fragments from the Second Temple Tei- 
 race, but no more definite information is preserved. Fragments of every kind were 
 found in all these pkices, but certiiin classes were more common in certain spots than in 
 others ; for instiince, on the Old Temple Terrace^ and in the corner of the second platform 
 below the Cycloi)ean wall and east of the Chambei-s, the Geometric fragments were much 
 nM>re numerous than any other kind, while in the southwest corner (east of the retaining 
 wall of the West Building) Mycenaean predominated. The Argive (so-called Proto- 
 Corinthian ) style was found in greatest quantities in the southwest corner and on the 
 Old Temple Terrace. Other classes were divided with comparative evenness all through 
 the excavation. 
 
 Little advantage is to be gained from the knowledge ( in the case of the vases, at least) 
 whence each separate fragment came. Throughout the preliminary stages of the work 
 the fragments from each spot were kept carefully separate, but this proved impossible 
 after the tiisk of i)iecing them was begun. In several cases fragments from the same 
 vase were found several hundred yards apart. It must be remembered that no apparent 
 trace of layers which could be chronologically divided was observable in any of the 
 different finding places, for the pockets where the fragments abounded in greatest 
 quantity showed that the material had been shoveled in helter-skelter, and it was quite 
 usiud to find Mycenaean fragments near the top and Argive near the bottom. In the 
 cjise of vases of any especial importance, the finding place will always be given in the 
 
 course of this work. 
 
 It is extremely difficidt to make a precise estimate of the number of vases which 
 these fragments represent. The number of vases intact or only slightly broken amounted 
 to a little more than a thousjind. From the fragments about ten vases were reconstructed 
 almost entirely, about fifty partudly so ; while those represented by only half a dozen 
 fra«niient8 apiece amounted to between two and three hundred. If we should make the 
 extremely modest calculation of four or five fragments to a vase, we should have about 
 fifty thousand vases. 
 
 » Professor Waldstein informs me that to the best of which were clearly labeled " Old Temple Terrace," 
 hiii recollection this statement is not correct. My only contained numerous fragments of the Geometric style, 
 authority for the statement is that several of the baskets, 
 
 «y 
 
 ^->. 
 
es 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 In planning this work, I have endeavored, as far as possible, to model it on Furtwiingler 
 and Loestheke's JL/ktn'ische Vdxen. The chief difficulty experienced among such an 
 enormous mass of fragments was in making a collection for publication which should be 
 representative. In doing so I preferred to err on the side of presenting more fragments 
 than wei-e absolutely necessary, believing that such a plan was better than presenting too 
 little, but I have not hesitated to omit types which are universally known. 
 
 Roughly speaking, the Heraeum vase fragments cover almost the whole period of Gi-eek 
 ceramic art from its birth to its decline, a period of i)erhaps over two thousand years. 
 It will be further shown how the bulk of this material is characteristic of the Argolid, a 
 genuine home industry, and that little was imported. The indigenous types represented 
 
 are 
 
 Prehistoric, 
 
 Mycenaean. 
 
 Geometric. 
 
 Argive. 
 
 Local (or types which Lave no prototypes). 
 
 Foreign (i. e. imported) types are : 
 
 Corinthian. 
 
 Early Attic. 
 
 Attic Black-Figured. 
 
 Attic Red-Figured. » 
 
 Cyrenean. 
 
 Megarean ware. 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Now, though the list of imported types is Larger than the local, the amount of such 
 material is scarcely a tenth of the latter. The reason for the exclusion of foreign pro- 
 ducts, esjiecially Attic, will be shown later. 
 
 The reader may notice that the discussion and exposition of the various vase-classes 
 given here differs materially from that given by Professor Waldstein in the Introduction 
 to this publication. In order that there may be no room for misundei-standing with 
 regard to this point, I desire to state specifically the reasons for this discrejiancy. 
 
 After two years' work on the fragments, I had independently reached the conclusion 
 that the so-called Proto-Corinthian style included more varieties of vase-classes than had 
 usually been assigned to it, and that it was probably of Argive origin, — a conclusion 
 which confirmed the views expressed by Professor Waldstein four years before. Also 
 that the style was an offshoot of the Mycenaean style, and contemporary with the Geo- 
 metric, having as its chief motives the arrangement of parallel bands so characteristic on 
 Mycenaean vases. After communicating this view to Professor Waldstein I found that 
 he not only had reached the same conclusion, but was disposed to regard the style as one 
 of the links in a chain which went much farther back, as a development of the principle 
 which he calls " Linear," and which he claims existed in an unbroken secjuence from the 
 earliest times. He has already developed his theory so carefully that I do not feel the 
 need of repeating what has been better expressed by him in the Introduction. This 
 is not the place for me to discuss this theory, but simply to define my own attitude 
 in regard to it. 
 
 I agree perfectly with Professor Waldstein in the general application of his " linear ** 
 theory, and accept his views as to the presence of linear motives in the Mycenaean vases, 
 
 .(I 
 
 1 
 
 I* 
 i> . 
 
 SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 
 
 68 
 
 and as to the Argolic origin of the so-called Proto-Corinthian style. I do not, however, 
 agree with him in his contention that this style can be traced in an unbroken line 
 throughout the Mycenaean period as far back as the earliest primitive vases, nor do 
 I accept the general classification he has already outlined. It is, of course, fitting 
 that in the General Introduction he should have discus.sed the relation of the Heraeum 
 vase-fragments to the whole excavation and history of the sanctuary. In so far as 
 the work concerns myself, it seems to me more suitable, avoiding general theories as 
 far as possible, to confine myself to a careful classification of the material, omitting 
 those conclusions which, from my unfamiliarity with all the finds of the excavation, would 
 not have as stable foundations as those expressed by Professor Waldstein. The classifi- 
 cation adopted here is the result of careful study of the material for three years ; and 
 though I am far from claiming that the results reached or the theories expressed 
 are the only ones possible, I have not hesitated to base the whole of this division of 
 the publiciition upon them, since they have forced themselves upon me from the material. 
 In fairness, therefore, to both Professor Waldstein and myself, I would state that, as I 
 cannot accept his entire theory, it has seemed to me best to abide by my own exposition 
 and leave the decision to the judgment of scholars. 
 
 As to the classification, I may say that I have endeavored, as far as possible, to hold by 
 the old rules and to be as conservative as I could ; at the same time, such a large amount of 
 new material demanded in many cases an entirely new arrangement. But it must not be 
 forgotten that no classification can be regarded as final; its main object is convenience ; 
 and although several groups may be distinguished, they invariably have, in the case of 
 one group succeeding another, their connecting links, and slide into each other almost 
 imperceptibly. On the Lake of Geneva there is a threefold division, the Petit, Grand, 
 and Haut Lacs, each a separate sheet of water ; but one can scarcely draw a straight 
 line across the lake and say where the Petit Lac begins and the Grand Lac ends. In the 
 ease of our vases, we have the separate classes, but so gradually removed from each 
 other that we can only emphasize the fact of their division, without being too specific as 
 
 to the actutd point. 
 
 I have tried to treat the vases from a relative, not an absolute, point of view. Unless 
 it be recognized that the study of Greek vases is a means to an end, not the end itself, 
 their value is lost. They are not among the grand arts ; in fact, the scanty references to 
 them in Greek Hterature show that the vase-painter or potter, while pursuing an honor- 
 able trade, could not claim to be an artist in the great sense of the word. It is true that 
 during the eariiest periods vase-painting was one of the few forms of artistic expression, 
 but not the highest form. A civilization which could produce the fortresses, the Bee- 
 Hive tombs of Mytenae and Orchomenos, the gold cups of Vaphio, the golden ornaments 
 and sword blades of Mycenae, is not to be measured by mere vases of terra-cotta ! Not 
 but that the vases are artistic ; whatever work a Greek did was never anything else. 
 
 As historical documents thev ai-e extremely valuable. They respond to the various 
 influences at work on Helks from the eariiest times, and reflect in a thousand different 
 ways the life and tastes of its people. It is not a lofty ideaUsm we find in them, but a 
 realism in all its forms. Owing to the crude state of plastic and pictorial art through- 
 out the periods to which our vases belong, we cannot phice them on a level with Attic 
 vases of the sixth and fifth centuries ; but we can see the steady development towards 
 
 the later, finer forms. 
 
 For their presence at the Heraeum, where there was only a temple and not a settle- 
 
 'i 
 
 I 
 
 .-1. 
 

 II; 
 
 y\ 
 
 U 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 inent,' there is but one exphmation : they were dedicated to the use of the goddessr In 
 only a few cases has a dedication been scratched on a vase. It is very probable that such 
 offerings were those of the poorer classes, who could afford nothing more ex|)ensive 
 than a vase. As the centuries went by, the tenijile must have become overcrowded 
 with such a mass of pottery, and the presence of numerous rubbish heaps proves that 
 there were periodical cleanings out of the sitnctuary. Whether such vases were ever in 
 actual use is doubtful. 
 
 From the fact that at the Kabirion in Thebes, potters sjit outside the walls of the 
 Temenos and sold their wares, it is probable that such was the fact at the Hemeum, and 
 that from the eariiest times the pottery of the Argolid was in great demand, and 
 so cheap and common as to make the introduction of foreign vases rather like bringino- 
 " coals to Newcastle." 
 
 At first sight the vases from the Heraeum are somewhat dis{»piH)inting ; there is 
 a noticeable lack of strange or beautiful designs, and none of the vases seem to rise 
 above a common level. But the chief value lies, not in the fragments or vases them- 
 selves, but in their relation to the results of other excavations, esi>ecially those in 
 Sicily and Aegina. It is Aegina that is shown in the closest relation with Argos, since 
 many of the more unusual tyi>es found at the Heraeum may also be found in Aegina and 
 nowhere else. 
 
 Such a connection forms a valuable contribution to the history of the two states. We 
 know that it was during the reign of Phidon of Argos that the two came together, 
 since Phidon had his mint at Aegina. Phidon's date is variously given — b. c. 770 by 
 Holm,' 745 by Stais,* while Beloch ' asserts that he could not have lived eariier than the 
 sixth century. Whether he really introducetl the coining of money into Greece, as tradi- 
 tion relates, is another question. As most numismatists are agreed that this could not 
 have taken place before b. c. 700,'' we must either abandon tradition or else side with 
 Beloch. Holm ' thinks that he may have introduced Oriental weights and measures into 
 Greece, and thus the introduction of coinage, which followed shortly after, was attributed 
 to him. But the main question does not centre about Phidon so much as about the actual 
 date of the coming together of the two states. 
 
 In the recent excavations at Aegina conducted by Stois " fragments of the Mycenaean 
 style were extremely scarce, but large (piantities of Geometric and Argive (so-called 
 Proto-Corinthian ) ware were found. Moreover, all the Geometric ware found there 
 resembles that from the Heraeum much more closely than that from Attica, and several 
 tyi)es occur which can be duplicated only at Argos. It is also most probable that most 
 of the vases of the Geometric and Argive styles found at Aegina were imported, not 
 manufactured there. As Argos, through the Mycenaean as well as the later periods, was 
 one of the chief centres for the manufacture of vases, it becomes almost certiiin that 
 after the Mycenaean i)eriod she exported her wares into Aegina." Whether Phidon or 
 
 ki- 
 
 > Dr. Waldstein believes that there was here a primi- 
 tive settlement to which primitive cooking-pots, etc., 
 would belong See General Introduction, vol. i. 
 
 * For discussion on this point cf . Cecil Smith, Xaukrati.*, 
 I. p. 47 ; Furtwangler, Introduction to Genick, Griechische 
 Kernmik, p. 5. 
 
 « History of Greece, I. p. 2^. 
 
 * 'T.<sniyu 'Apx; 1895, p. 236. 
 
 ® Griechische Geschichte, I. p. 282. 
 
 * Cf. Head, Historia Numorum, Introduction, p. 38. 
 
 ^ Op. cit. I. p. 214, Note 2. 
 
 * Inc. cit. and Pallat, Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), pp. 
 265 flF. 
 
 • As the question of the origin of such styles as the 
 Mycenaean, (ieometrie, Argive (so-called Proto-Co> 
 rinthian), and Corinthian, whic-h are found in Aegina, 
 Argos, and Attica could not be settled with positive cer- 
 tainty from the outward appearance of the fragments 
 themselves, a microscopical analysis of the clay by an 
 expert geologist seeme«l to offer the only solution of the 
 
 MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FRAGMENTS 
 
 65 
 
 some other man was ruler of Argos at that time is not essential to the argument, but 
 it would seem that Holm and Sfciis are right in considering him king of Argos and 
 assigning to him a date in the fii-st half of the eighth century. That this connection 
 listed until the sixth century, when the Argives assisted the Aeginetans in repelling an 
 Athenian invasion,' the presence of the vase fragments at Aegina would seem to show. 
 
 So far as can be judged from the extremely small number of fragments of vases of foreign 
 (i.e. outside of the Argolid) make, such as Dipylon, Early Attic, Corinthian, Cyrenean, Attic 
 Black and Red-Figured, etc., it seems probable that almost all the rest were made in the 
 Argolid. Without doubt all fragments belonging to the Mycenaean style were of such 
 origin. This I judge from the fact that all such vases bear the closest relation to those 
 from Mycenae and show none of the features characteristic of other Mycenaean types 
 
 difficulty. Afconlingly I sent to Dr. H. S. Washington a 
 number of sherds of the Primitive, Mycenaean, Geo- 
 metric, Argive (Proto-Corinthian), Corinthian, Black and 
 Ked-Figured styles selected from the following sites : the 
 Heraeum, Mycenae, Tiryns, Nauplia, Melos, Attica 
 (Athens, Meiiidi, Marko|)oulo, Thorikos), and Eretria. 
 His re])ort is to ap|)ear elsewhere, but we may here men- 
 tion the following facts tpioted from Dr. Washington's 
 letter, which were given in reply to the following ques- 
 tions : (1) Wliat is the connection between lottery found 
 at Argos and Aegina? (2) What is the connection be- 
 tween iM>ttery found at Attica, Argos, and other sites ? 
 
 (1) "The primitive fragment from Aegina is coarse 
 and contains fragments of mica-schist. As this rock is 
 not found on the islauti, the presumption is that this 
 especial piece is of foreign (i. e. extra- Aegina) manufac- 
 ture. In the Pelo|)onnesus the nearest localities of these 
 rocks are in the Xiris mountains, and near and south of 
 Doliana towards Sitartii; they also occur in Attica. The 
 Geometric fragments of Aegina are coarse with quartz 
 and feldspar gmiiis, {wssibly derived from schist, but no 
 remains of this or of vulcanic rock an> visible ; it may be 
 iMtive. The two Mycenaean fragments from Aegina are 
 rather coarse, and show fragments of quartz, feldspar, and 
 aiigitc (a mineral of volcanic rooks on the island), so that 
 these are almost certainly of native (Aeginetan) nianu- 
 faeture. 
 
 " Tlie Proto-Corinthian and Corinthian fragments from 
 Aegina do not differ in any essential respect from the 
 corresponding si>ecimcns of Argos. The Proto-Corin- 
 thian are nmch Kner than the Coriuthian, and I should 
 say that the Aegina Corinthian are rather coarser than 
 the Corinthian fragments found at Argos. 
 
 " Of the Argive siteciniens, the Proto-Corinthian are by 
 far the finest, though the Corinthian come close to them. 
 A fragment of a ' local type ' (v. p. 161, Platk LXVII.) 
 is also dense, as are two of the red-figure style. A prim- 
 itive fragment is also quite fine, but shows carelessness 
 in manufacture in areas of coarser material and in the 
 presence of limestone fragments. The fragment of the 
 (ieometric plate (v. p. 116, Plate LVIII.) resembles the 
 corresponding one from Aegina, and ma}- possibly contain 
 a little augite (in very small crystal fragments), which 
 would indicate an Aeginetan derivation. All the Geo- 
 metric fragments are coarser than the Proto-Corinthian, 
 but the Mycenaean are rather better, though less dense, 
 than the Proto-Corinthian. 
 
 " On the whole, the only pottery which is, one may say, 
 undoubtedly Aeginetan is the Mycenaean from there, the 
 Argive Mycenaean being distinctly different. There is 
 practically no difference between the respective Proto- 
 Corinthian and Corinthian, and either might come from 
 any good clay bed, and with the material well washed, 
 which would tend to eliminate all heavy portions such as 
 augite. 
 
 (2) " Argive, Attic, etc. The fragments of the Myce- 
 naean style from Mycenae, Tiryns, Daulis, Markopoulo, 
 and Nauplia arc all practically identical with that of 
 Argos. The Geometric fragments from Markopoulo 
 and Eretria are coarser and resemble the Geometric from 
 Argos. The only specimen from Athens (Dipylon) is 
 also coarse, and contains much feldspar, an evidence of 
 carelessness in washing. 
 
 "The pottery from Melos is quite distinctive in con- 
 taining fragments of minerals of volcanic rocks of the 
 island, as well as here and there fragments of the rocks 
 themselves, such as obsidian, etc." 
 
 " Pottery is made of decayed rocks in which most of 
 the original and distinctive minerals have disappeared, and 
 those left are still further done away by the washing of 
 the clay, so that it would be only in the most early and 
 archaic periods that we should expect to find tell-tale 
 minerals." 
 
 Although Dr. Washington's report is somewhat incon- 
 clusive, the following conclusions would seem to be jus- 
 tified: (1) That with the exception of a few fragments of 
 the Mycenaean style and the Geometric plate mentioned 
 on p. 116, none of the sherds of the Geometric, Argive 
 (Proto-Corinthian), or Corinthian styles are indigenous 
 to the island, but were most probably imported there. (2) 
 The Geometric fragments from Attica, except the pure 
 Dipylon style, resemble very strongly those from Argos. 
 But these same conclusions do not seem to militate 
 against the theories advanced on pp. 119 ff. and 103 ff., 
 that the Argive (Proto-Corinthian) style originated in the 
 Argolid, and that the earliest beginnings of the Geometric 
 style projier are to l)e sought for in that locality, al- 
 though, as stated on p. 104, no attempt has been made to 
 prove that the Geometric style necessarily originated in 
 the Argolid, and was taken up by the other states, but 
 rather that the external influence which probably created 
 the Geometric style first made its appearance in Argos, 
 and penetrated into Attica in a verj' short time. 
 
 ' Herod. V. 87 ff.; cf. also chapter VII., below. 
 
' II 
 
 M 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 I 
 
 |i 
 
 w 
 
 'r 
 
 I' 
 
 siieh as Theran, Cypriote, and those from the various islands. At the same time, the 
 complete absence of the first chiss, lustrous finish of the Mycenaean style, would seem to 
 exclude Mycenae itself as the only factory. With such a large output of Mycenaean 
 vases there must have existed a dozen vase factories scattered through the plain. 
 
 Though it is a point that admits of much discussion, I am inclined to follow Furtwiingler 
 and Loeschcke's view tliat the Dorian invasion })roved the downfall of the Mycenaean 
 civihzation, and that the Geometric style arose in consequence of this invasion ' and can- 
 not be traced to the lonians, Carians,- or Eg}'j)tians.'' This point will be further ehibo- 
 rated in the third chapter, but we may anticipate a little. It is only recently that the 
 connection between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles has been siitisfactorily estiib- 
 lished. Wide * has analyzed the survival of Mycenaean elements in the Geometric style 
 and shown how much more the Island types of the Geometric folhiwed the Mycenaean 
 than those of the mainland, but his assumption that, owing to the lack of these Myce- 
 naean features in the Geometric style of the mahdand, the centre of the Mycenaean 
 fabrics lay in the islands is not necessiirily true, since these same featuies can be detected 
 in the Geometric vases from the Heraeimi. 
 
 The recent excavations of Flinders Petrie in Egvpt, Cecil Smith and Hogarth in Melos, 
 and Evans in Crete have thrown new light on the beginnings of the Mycenaean style, 
 since a large number of sherds have been found there which, though akin to the Myce- 
 naean, are nevertheless earlier, and have been called " Aegean." These sherds would seem 
 to show a greater tendency towards a naturalistic or pictorial form of ornamentation than 
 towards a linear. As yet the connection between them and the Mycenaean sherds of 
 Greece proper has not been thoroughly established, but it may be assumed that such a 
 connection exists. 
 
 The Mycenaean style in Greece proper would seem to show the following development. 
 As Professor Waldstein has already pointed out, the earliest Mycenaean fragments show 
 the embodiment of a Linear principle which would naturally be exjiected in vases which 
 succeed the so-called '* Primitive " style. In a very short time, owing no doubt to the 
 maritime character of the Mycenaean civiliztition, and more probably to the influence of 
 the Aegean pottery, the tendency to employ a species of pictorial or naturalistic orna- 
 mentation, especially of marine life, became widespread. 
 
 Later again the spirit of conventionaUty crept in, and in the last days of the Mycenaean 
 style we find a wealth of ornament treated in a purely conventional and rather fl;tmboyant 
 manner, but without the introduction of any fresh ideas ; in fact, the general tendency 
 seems a return to the early Linear feeling. After the Dorian invasion we see this same 
 linear principle marching off in two different styles, the Geometric and the Argive or 
 Proto-Corinthian, which flourished side by side in the Argolid for a considerable ])eriod. 
 During the seventh century the increasing commercial and trading facilities brought 
 about the introduction of foreign, especially eastern influences, into Greece, with the 
 result that the Geometric style died out, while the Argive absorbed the new influences, 
 from which the Corinthian style probably had its origin (see p. 123). Attica in the 
 meanwhile, after experimenting largely with the Geometric style, had worked her way 
 into the Early Attic style, and after absorbing the Oriental influence from Corinth througli 
 the so-called Corinthian-Attic, evolved the Black-Figured style which, during the best 
 part of the sixth century, was the most prominent fonn of Greek ceramic art. 
 
 * Myk. Vas. p. xii. 
 
 2 Rayet and CoIIi^on, Hist. p. 32. 
 
 8 Kroker, Jahrb. I. (1886), pp. 95 If. 
 
 ♦ Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), pp. 233 ff. and XXI. 
 (18%), pp. 385 ff. 
 
 .11 
 
 hi 
 
 NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF VASE-CLASSES 
 
 67 
 
 A glance at the accompanying figure shows the way in which this development took 
 place, and how the elementary principle, starting from the Mycenaean style, and working 
 its way through two sei^rate channels, united again in the Attic Black-Figured style. 
 
 
 Mycenaean 
 
 
 Geoni 
 Dip 
 
 etric 
 
 
 
 Argive I. 
 
 rlon 
 
 
 Argive II. 
 
 Early Attic 
 
 
 Argive V., Coriutbian 
 
 So-called 
 Coriuthiau- Attic 
 
 
 Corinthian with 
 Attic elements 
 
 
 
 Black-Figured Style 
 
 
 It cannot, of course, be said that the progress traced above is absolute, nor can it be 
 worked out exactly with mathematical precision. It is the result of a careful study of 
 the progress of ceramic art as illustrated by the two great centres of Argos and Athens, 
 with especial reference to the vases from the Heraeum. To trace the development of 
 ceramic art in any given place is, after all, largely a matter of theory, and though I do 
 not wish to maintain that the theories of development here expressed are the only ones 
 possible, it is upon them that the whole of this work is based. 
 
 As the term " Proto-Corinthian " is now so thoroughly unsatisfactory, I fully agree with 
 Professor Waldstein that it should be abandoned, and that, as the Argolid offers greater 
 claims for being the home of this style (as I shall endeavor to show later), it is best to call 
 the style Argive. But, as stilted before, the use of the term in this part of the publica- 
 tion is rather more restricted than that employed by Professor Waldstein, since it is here 
 used entirely with reference to those vases which are post-Mycenaean, and does not 
 include all the varieties which Professor Waldstein would include under the title of 
 " Argive Linear." 
 
u 
 
 
 11, 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 PRIMITIVE VASES. 
 
 The pottery representing the '• primitive " period, i. e. all pottery (prior to the Myce- 
 naean civilization) which shows the employment of the usual incised linear decoration, so 
 common on the various sherds in the lower settlements of Hissarhk, is rather scarce at 
 the Heraeum. For this fact two explanations are possible : (1) As we have pointed out 
 before, a large number of fragments, without decoration of any kind, wheel or hand 
 made, which might well belong to vessels of the earliest periods, were not preserved, 
 since there was no evidence of any kind to show what their age was. (2) Sites in which 
 such ware has been found in greatest qiuintities, such as Hissarlik, Tiryns, Thera, etc., 
 were all settlements where the i)ottery was in actual use by the inhabitants. The 
 Heraeum was a sanctuary and not a settlement ; and as the cult of Hera was probably 
 not developed until the Mycenaean period, the custom of dedicating pottery would not 
 have been general, and hence we should not expect to find many primitive sherds on the 
 site. If, however, there had been here an early settlement, vases would have been in 
 constant use, and would therefore not have been found in large quantities, as where in a 
 sanctuary only there were constant deposits of votive offerings in vases. 
 
 Of the plain pottery already mentioned in the Introduction, a great number of frag- 
 ments seem to have belonged to large j)ithoi, sunilar to those at Hissarlik. Such large 
 vases, of coarse unpainted clay, are characteristic of all j)eriods, and may just as well 
 fall in the later as in the earlier Greek times. Many of them, in fact, are not dissimilar 
 to counnon pots used by the people of Greece to-day. 
 
 The bulk of this " primitive " ware consists of fragments of yellow or reddish clay 
 with incised ornamentation, only a few vases being preserved entire. Most of the frag- 
 ments are hand-made ; but as wheel-made ones are found, no general law can be stated 
 for the use of the wheel. It is probable that some of the wheel-made prehistoric frag- 
 ments are older than hand-made Mycenaean vases. Beside the fragments already men- 
 tioned, a large number of very coarse wheel-made fragments were found, decorated only 
 with a series of incised parallel hues very close together, evidently made by some pointed 
 instrument held against the clay as it revolved on the wheel. To date them is impos- 
 sible ; the nearest analogies may be found in Phoenician ware in the British Museum 
 and the Louvre.' 
 
 Not more than two baskets of the total number containe<l sherds with incised decora- 
 tion, and it was extremely doubtful in the case of many of the fragments whether they 
 coidd with propriety be classed among the primitive vases. Some, by their similarity t<> 
 the vases from Hissarlik, the tumulus at Bos-«)juk in Asia Minor (Koerte, Athen. Mitt. 
 xiv. ( 1899), pp. 1 tf., pis. i.-iii.), and the Cyclades (Tsountas, *E<f>rifi. 'Apx- 1898, pp. 137 ff., 
 pis. ix., x.) seemed to belong to the last of the third or the beginning of the second mil- 
 lennium B. c. Probably none of them are earlier than the second settlement at Hissarlik, 
 and the majority contemporaneous with the sherds of the third, fourth, and fifth settle- 
 
 1 Puttier, Vasei Ant. Ju Louvre, pi. iv. fig. 2. 
 
 ,*■'- 
 
 PRIMITIVE VASES 
 
 69 
 
 ments. Some, again, though essentially primitive in their technique, show Mycenaean 
 and Geometric elements without seeming to belong to either style. 
 
 No attempt can be made to give anything but an approximate date to the fragments 
 of the primitive period from the Heraeum. As the primitive vases from the Cyclades 
 furnish the nearest parallels to many of our fragments, we may date them as Tsountas 
 does the island tombs, B. c. 2;"500-2000 ; those which show a more advanced style of 
 decoration may be placed in the fii-st jwrt of the second millennium b. c. ; but it is 
 doubtfid if any of our fragments to which the term " primitive " can be applied are 
 later than the beginnings of the Mycenaean civilization. 
 
 FKAGMEXTS. 
 
 PLATE L. 
 
 1. Bright red clay, fairly fine. Wave i)atteru between bauds. Cf. /7/os, figs. 298, 317. 
 Koerte, /oc. vit. pi. iii. 19. 
 
 2. Coarse dark yellow clay with small black stones, hand-made. Probably part of amphora. 
 Handle missing. Decoration of small circles, evidently done with some instrument like a punch. 
 To left of tlie handle, breast-like protuberance. 
 
 3. Reddish clay. Hand-made. Same decorations, large circles. Cf. ///os, fig. 162. 
 
 4. Top of oinochoe, of fine dark reddish clay. Same decorations with very small circles, which 
 extend over the lip. 
 
 Fragments of this type were common at the Heraeum. Tliey possess, however, no affinity with 
 the sieve vases from Troy, as the circles do not go clear through. 
 
 Two variations in the tyi>e occur; (1) where the circles have a central part left (as in 2) 
 and (2) where the circle is a complete hole. (3) Similar decoration occurs on ivory 
 objects from Troy [I/tos, p. 506), as well as from the Heraeum, and on fragments from 
 graves of the Hallstatt period in Vienna. 
 
 Nos. 5-8 are all of a yellow or re<ldisli clay, hand-made and ornamented with scratched lines. 
 Similar fragments were quite numerous at the Heraeum, and probably belong to the earliest 
 l)eriotl. The plastic band on 5, with its jMirforated ornament, is a common feature in prehistoric 
 ware.* Cf. Schlieraann, Iluhs, p. 491, fig. 454. 
 
 9. Low bowl ; height 0.27 m. ; diameter 0.17 m. Reddish clay. Incised dots on outer edge 
 of base. Rim has an incised herring-bone pattern. Two holes through edge of base. 
 
 10. From shoulder of large vase, coarse reddish yellow clay. Ornamentation probably ran 
 round the shoulder like a frieze. 
 
 11. Handle of vase, coarse i*eddish yellow clay, hand-made. Plastic ornament resembling the 
 knuckles of a hand. 
 
 12. Same. Coarse, dark red<lisli clay, hand-made : probably burnt. In plastic form, with four 
 divisions, two large and two small. 
 
 Several other similar handles, belonging to large amphoras wei-e found, which vases, as far as 
 can be told from the fi-agments, possessed no decoration whatsoever. 
 
 13. Handle, reddish yellow clay, ornamented with a series of V-shaped incisions. Cf. Ilios, 
 fig. 1000. 
 
 14. Retldish clay. Wave patterns incised in similar fashion to 1. In left-hand corner of the 
 fragment a projection like a button. 
 
 15 ^ a and b. Bright retl clay, hand-made. Base of tall jar. Around bases plastic mould- 
 
 ' This would seem to be one of the earliest examples xxii. (1898), p. 441, note 1 ; B. C. H. Tax. (1895), p. 179, 
 of a snake, which, tliough coninion in Mycenaean and later note 6. 
 
 times, is probably not of Mycenaean origin ; cf. I}. C. H. '^ A fragment very similar to No. 15 has been found 
 
 by Wide at Aphidua {Allien. Mitt. 1896, pp. .394, 407, pi. 
 
70 
 
 THE vasp:s and vase fragments 
 
 !♦ 
 
 ! I 
 
 ing with scratches. Above, narrow band of triangular indentations and two bands of ray pattern, 
 incised. The same triangular indentations occur on a fragment from the Cyclades 'E^i//x. 'Apx. 
 1898, pi. ix. 10 and 23. 
 
 The following fragments are all wheel made, and belong certainly to a Liter time, 
 probably just prior to the beginning of the Mycenaean period. 
 
 16. Greenish yellow clay. From base of a vase with tall foot. Double herring-bone pattern 
 and lines, incised. 
 
 17. Greenish-yellow clay, from vase similar to 16. Rays and bands incised. 
 
 18. Reddish clay, inside entirely covered with a dark brown glaze. Rays and scratches 
 incised. 
 
 As the technique of this fragment is distinctly Mycenaean and rather advanced, it seems 
 most probable th.it it should fall in that period. 
 
 19. Light yellow clay, probably from an aryballos. Herring-bone pattern and lozenge contain- 
 ing a steaiftika, incised. 
 
 20. Briglit yellow clay, with black core. From neck of a vessel. Three raised bands, cross- 
 liatched, inclosing two bands, upper with rosettes and herring-bones, lower with herring-bones 
 alone. 
 
 21. Reddish yellow clay. From neck of aiyballos. Plastic tongue pattern on shoulder. 
 
 The technique of 19-21 is decidedly more advanced than that of the other fragmenta 
 At the siime time it is open to question whether, with the possible exception of 21, thev 
 can be regarded as later than the Mycenaean period. 
 
 'i" 
 
 M 
 
 VASES. 
 1. (Fig. 1.) Three-legged bowl, two of the feet restored. Hand-made ; height, 0.092 m. ; diam- 
 eter of oi)ening, 0.08 m. Black clay with brick-red slip, burnt 
 dark brown. Scratched ornamentation on rim, neck, and belly. 
 The handle is divided into two twisted divisions, also ornamented 
 with scratches. On the front, two breast-like protuberances. 
 
 This arrangement of scratches is similar to that of 'E<f>r)fi. 'Apx- 
 1898, pi. X. No. 1, but not so regidar, and is undoubtedly earlier. 
 The shape is similar to 11 ion. Figs. 59 and 1130. (Cf. also 
 Koerte, he. cit. pi. ii. 9.) Such vessels have usually been classetl 
 among cooking-pots. 
 
 ^^ ^ t 2. (Fig. 2.) Vase with long neck, without handle; height, 
 
 VjMF' ' \^ 0.07 m. Black clay, polished and burnt. The 
 
 ftjtf shsi\ye of our vase is similar, though a trifle 
 
 Fig. 1. ™ore advanced, to a vase from the same place. 
 
 Cf. Koerte, he. eit. pi. ii. 8. 
 The polishing of the clay is a common feature among primitive vases. It 
 may be observed on a large number of vases and shenls from Hissarlik, and also 
 on the vases from Bos-Jijuk. Cf. Koerte, loc. cit. p. 25. 
 
 3. (Fig. 3.) Oinochoe? Neck and handle missing: height, 
 0.025 m. Black clay, burnt, with incised border on shoulder. 
 Shape of vase cannot be determined, but it rather recalls the 
 latter oinochoe type. Similar decoration may l)e found on a Trojan vase of the 
 fourth settlement. Cf. also, 'E.<f>r)fi. 'Apx- 1899, pi. ix. 24. 
 
 XV. 3), and assigned by him to his early indigenous Geo- nieuts in the (Jeometric style in Attica are to be found in 
 inetnc class. This would seem significant for dating our the Argolid. This point will be discussed more thoroughly 
 fragment, and also for showing that the pre-Dorian ele- in Chapter III. * 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE 
 
 71 
 
 Further, about twenty very small hand-made vases were found, which had no decora- 
 tion, but were uniformly of a dark gray or reddish clay, showing traces of burning. 
 They included two-handled vessels, simihr to *E(f>7jfi. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ix. 2, and Koerte, 
 he. cit. pi. ii. 7 ; several three-handled jugs of similar shape to those on p. 100, and a vase 
 without handles, similar to Koerte, loc. cit. pi. ii. 9. 
 
 A series of vases, which, though not prehistoric in cliaracter, seem more nearly rekted 
 to the earlier than the later vases, is represented by 4-6. They are all of a very dark 
 clay, hand-made and burnt black in most cases, some with a decoration of incised lines 
 running from neck to foot, others without decoration, and chiefly remarkable for a very 
 brilliant polish, giving nearly the effect of dull jet. These vases are very similar to 
 several from Rhodes in the British Museum, and it may be questioned whether our vases 
 are not as are those, a product of the eighth century. At the same time, owing to 
 their scratched ornamentation, they are more fitly included in this chapter, and if of a 
 later date are probably the last links of the chain begun in prehistoric times. 
 
 4. (Fig. 4.) Aryballos ; height, 0.045 m. Black clay, burnt, with decoration of parallel lines. 
 Much of the outer surface worn off. 
 
 Several others were found at the He- 
 raeum. An aryballos precisely similar is in 
 the British Museum (A. case G, No. 658, 
 from Rhodes). 
 
 5. (Fig. 5.) Aryballos: height, 0.034 
 
 m. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Black clay, with very brilliant i)olish. Below 
 
 handle parallel scratches and a figure sha})ed like a bow or a crescent. 
 
 6. (Fig. G.) Oinochoe ; height, 0.045 m. Black clay, polished and burnt, without ornamentation. 
 Several similar jugs were found. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE. 
 
 The development of the Mycenaean style at the Heraeum finds its parallel in the 
 Mycenaean fragments from Mycenae and Tiryns. But unfortunately the Heraeum frag- 
 ments throw no light on the question whether the Mycenaean style is of Achaean (as is 
 usually supposed), Pelasgian (cf../. //. S. XVI. [189G], pp. 77 ff.), or foreign origin. That 
 prototypes of the Mycenaean style exist in the Aegean pottery is now, I think, gener- 
 ally admitted, and it may well be the case that the beginnings of the civilization are to 
 be looked for in the Aegean islands, especially Crete. The connection, however, between 
 the Mycenaean ware at the Heraeum and the Aegean pottery is not easy to establish ; 
 the earliest elements of the style in the former site are, as Professor Waldstein has 
 pointed out, distinctly linear in character ; and that, as far as I can judge from the island 
 pottery I have seen (e. g. Melos), does not seem to be the case in Aegean pottery. If 
 anything, the characteristics of the Aegean pottery are more naturalistic than linear. 
 Perhaps the most probable explanation is that the Mycenaean style in the Argolid 
 developed directly from the primitive linear types, and that the influence of the islands 
 brought about the change to naturalistic forms of ornamentation. 
 
 The two great classes of the Mycenaean style, vases with dull decoration {MattmaJerei) 
 and with lustrous decoration (Firnissmalerei), are both represented at the Heraeum, the 
 former in very small quantities. Although it is usually supposed that " dull " vases are 
 
/•I 
 
 70 
 
 THK VASES AND VASE FKAGMENTS 
 
 » ' 
 
 ing with scratches. Above, narrow hand of triangular indentations and two bauds of ray pattern, 
 incised. The same triangidar indentations occur on a fragment from the Cyclades 'Efftrjft. 'Ap^. 
 1898, pi. ix. 10 and 28. 
 
 The fallowing fra<>:ments are all wheel made, and belong certainly to a later time, 
 probably just prior to the beginning of the Mycenaean period. 
 
 16. Greenish yellow clay. From base of a vase with tall foot. Double herring-bone jiattem 
 and lines, incised. 
 
 17. Greenish-yellow clay, from vase similar to 16. Rays and bands incised. 
 
 18. Reddish clay, inside entirely covered with a dark brown glaze. Kays and scratches 
 incised. 
 
 As the technique of this fragment is distinctly Mycenaean and rather advanced, it seems 
 most ])robable that it should fall in that period. 
 
 19. Liglit yellow clay, probably from an ary hallos. Herring-bone pattern and lozenge contain- 
 ing a fifri/!<fil't, incised. 
 
 2a Bright yellow clay, with black core. From neck of a vessel. Three raised ban<ls, cross- 
 hatchetl, inclosing two bauds, upi)cr with rosettes and herring-lwues, lower with herrin"-boucs 
 alone. 
 
 21. Reddish yellow clay. Fi-oni neck of anballos. Plastic tongue pattern on shoulder. 
 
 The techniciue of 19-21 is tlecidedly more advanced than that of the other fragments. 
 At the siime time it is open to question whether, with the possible e.vcejjtion of 21, thev 
 can be regarded as later than the Mycenaean period. 
 
 VASES. 
 1. (Fig. 1.^ Three-legged bowl, two of the feet restored. Hand-made: height, 0.002 ni. : diam- 
 eter of opening, 0.08 m. Black clay with brick-red slip, burnt 
 dark brown. Scratched ornamentation on rim, neck, and 1h?11v. 
 The handle is divided into two twisted tlivisions, also ornamented 
 with scratches. On the front, two breast-like protuberances. 
 
 This arrangement of scratches is similar to that of 'K<^vM- '-^/'X- 
 1808, pi. X. No. 1, but not so regular. an«l is uiuhkidttedly earlier. 
 The shape is similar to ///on. Figs. 50 an.l 1130. (Cf. also 
 Koerte,/or. cit. pi. ii. 9.) Such vessels have usually been classetl 
 among cooking-jxjts. 
 
 2. (Fig. 2.) Vase with long neck, without handle; height, 
 0.07 m. Black clay, imlisheil and burnt. The 
 shape of otir vase is similar, though a trifle 
 more advanced, to a vase from the same place. 
 Cf. Koertc. /oc. cit. pi. ii. 8. 
 The iM>lishing of the clay is a common feature among ])riniitive vases. It 
 may be observed on a large number of vases and sherds from Hissarlik, and also 
 on the vases from lios-.ijiik. Cf. Koertc. for. cif. ]>. 25. 
 
 ^. , 3. (Fig. 3.) OinocluK-? Neck and handle missing: height, 
 
 0.025 m. Black clay, burnt, with incised border on shoulder. 
 Slia])e of vase cannot be determined, but it rather recalls the 
 latter oinochoe type. Similar decoration may be foimd on a Trojan vase of the 
 fourth settlement. Cf. also, 'K0i//t. \\,,^^. 1899, pi. ix. 2-1. 
 
 XV. 3), and assi-ncl by him t.» his early intli-oimus f;e.> n.ents in the (ieoiiietrie stvle in .Vtlifu are to be foiiiMl in 
 nietric class. This would seem significant f..r .latin- onr the Argoli.l. This point will be diseusse.l more thoroughly 
 fragment, and also for .showing that the pre-Dorian ele- iu Chapter ill. 
 
 Fl.;. 1. 
 
 FlO.2. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE 
 
 71 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Further, about twenty very small hand-made vases were found, which had no decora- 
 tion, but were uniforndy of a dark gray or reddish clay, showing traces of burning. 
 They included two-handled vessels, similar to 'E^^ry/Lt. Wpx. 1898, pi. ix. 2, and Koerte, 
 loc. cit. pi. ii. 7 ; several three-handled jugs of similar shape to those on p. 100, and a vase 
 without handles, similar to Koerte, fov. cit. pi. ii. 9. 
 
 A series of vases, which, though not prehistoric in character, seem more nearly rehited 
 to the earlier than the later vases, is represented by 4-6. They are all of a very dark 
 chty. hand-made and burnt black in most cases, some with a decoration of incised lines 
 running from neck to foot, others without decoration, and chiefly remarkable for a very 
 brilliant polish, giving nearly the effect of dull jet. These vases are very shuilar to 
 several from Rhodes in the British Museum, and it may be questioned whether our vases 
 are not as are those, a product of the eighth century. At the same time, owing to 
 their scratched ornamentation, they are more titly included in this chapter, and if of a 
 later date are probably the last links of the chain begun in prehistoric times. 
 
 4. (Fig. 4.) Aryballos : height. 0.045 m. Black clay, burnt, with decoration of parallel lines. 
 Much of the outer surface worn off. 
 
 Several others were found at tlie He- 
 raeuni. An aryballos precisely similar is in 
 the British Museum (A. case G, No. G58. 
 from Rhodes). 
 
 5. {Vi^. 5.) Aryballos: height. 0.034 m. 
 Black clay, with very brilliant jwlish. Below 
 
 han«lle parallel scratches and a figure shajud like a bow or a crescent. 
 
 6. (Fig. G.) Oinochoe : height. 0.045 m. Black clay, polished and burnt, without ornamentation. 
 Several similar jugs were found. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE. 
 
 The development of the Mycenaean style at the Heraeum finds its parallel in the 
 Mvcenaean fragments from Mvcenae and Tirvns. But unfortunatelv the Heraeum fra<«- 
 ments tlirow no light on the question whether the Mycenaean style is of Achaean (as is 
 usually supposed), Pehisgian (cf../. //. >'. XVI. [189(>], i)p. 77 If.), or foreign origin. That 
 prototypes of the Mycenaean style exist in the Aegean pottery is now, I think, gener- 
 ally admitted, and it mav well be the case that the beginnings of the civilization are to 
 be looked for in the Aegean islands, especially Crete. The connection, however, between 
 the Mycenaean ware at the Heraeum and tiie Aegean ]>ottery is not easy to establish ; 
 the earliest elements of the style in the former site are, as Professor Waldstein has 
 pointed out, distinctly linear in character ; and that, as far as I can judge from the island 
 pottery I have seen (e. g. Melos), does not .seem to be the case in Aegean pottery. If 
 anything, the characteristics of the Aegean pottery are more naturalistic than linear. 
 Periiaps the most probable exphmation is that the Mycenaean style in the Argolid 
 developed directly from the primitive linear ty])es, and that the influence of the islands 
 brouirlit about the change to naturalistic forms of ornamentation. 
 
 The two great classes of the Mycenaean style, vases with dull decoration [Matiinalerei] 
 and with lustrous decoration ( Firnis.sm(ih'rei), are both represented at the Heraeum, the 
 former in very small quantities. Although it is usiudly supposed that " dull " vases are 
 
 
'•I' 
 
 N' 
 
 72 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 oMei- than " lustrons," certainty on this point is im]M>sKi1)1('. Tlio cliamcter of the dull 
 style is linear and as snch more in keej»in«;" with the prehistoric motives ; als<t as the 
 inventi<tn of a Instrous olaze is a distinct innovation in ceramic art, it is pr<d)ahlv an 
 improvement on tlie " (hdl " teclwiicpie. Hnt that tiie mannfactnre of dnll vases eontinned 
 almost as long as that of lustrons vases, is proved by tlie fact that both dnll and lustrous 
 fraj^nients lay side by side in the same levels. 
 
 VASES WITH DILL DKCOUATION. 
 
 Fonr small vases (to be described later) and aijont fiftv frairments of this style were 
 found, none beloiiu^iny; to very lari»e vases. To establish a classification with a matt-rial 
 so scanty and unsatisfactory is impossible. Furtwiini»ler and Loeschcke divide this type 
 into two classes: (</i vases made of red clay (" Kotthonij;- ") and ih) vases of pale clay 
 (" Blassthonii^"). Such a classification in tlie case of the Heraeum fragments proved ini- 
 i)ossible. since the clav ran tlirou«»h tlie various shades of red, vellow. i»ray, and irreen. 
 and no vital «lifference in the deconitive forms of fraji^ments of red or pale clay could be 
 distini»uished. ami the p«»lish. accordijii*' to Furtwiinj^ler and Loeschcke, a characteristic 
 feature of class o, was noticeable only on vases of pale clay. 
 
 It is true that the majority of our dull fraj;;ments show a decoration decidedly linear 
 in feelinjif. ami also that some show a pictorial or natnralistic decoration very similar to 
 vases of the lustrous style. That the first are the earlier of the two seems probable. At 
 the sjime time the difference is n<»t so *yvei\t as to warrant our assiirninu' the fra«'ments to 
 diiferent classes, since many fragments beariiii»- linear motives may well have belonnrfd to 
 vases which also showed pictorial ornamentation and ritr rersn. The classiKcation of 
 fragments alone is far more unreliable than that based upon entire vases. Hence, in the 
 case of •• dull " frai;nients, no attempt has been made to se|Kirate them into two classes, 
 tIu»u^•h they have been arrani^ed with a view to the character of their ornamentation, be 
 it linear or pict«>rial. 
 
 Only the most important frairments are shown in Pi.atk LT. There were many whidi 
 bore no decoration. thoui«h clearly belonji^inn- to the same vases as some of the frairments 
 here reproduced ; many a<;ain bore only a part of a band or stripe runninn^ around the 
 belly. A certain ditfeience can be detected in that in some <»f the fra«;:ments the clav 
 is c(»vere<l with a fine slip and in some not. The majority of the fragments show this 
 feature, which seems to have been a characteristic of the style from its bej^inninj^. since 
 even those vases with the simplest linear decoration show it. As it runs throimh all the 
 shades of clay, it offers no j^round for classification. The polishiiifr of the surface seem.s 
 to have been the general custom. Tin- clay runs through all varieties and colors, from 
 a very coarse variety with black stones still apparent on the surface to extremely fine 
 clay, cleaned and jiolished. The majority of the vases ami fnigineiits weiv made on the 
 wheel, though a few are hand-made. 
 
 FRAGMKXTS. 
 
 PLATK LI. 
 
 1. From bowl with large openinj?. Form, JA//. Vus. XLiv. 48: heij^ht, OACt't in.; width, 
 O.lii.j 111. Coarse pale fjret'iiisli clay. ]K)lis)K>d on outside and insiilc. On inner part of rim series 
 of tliiee short i)aralhl (laslits. I)e«'«.rati«»n in l»lack. faded. Cf. J////. T/iontj. iv. 17. 
 
 2. From une-handled-cup. Foriu, J/>/l: Vo.h. XLiv. 08: width, 0.118 ni. : height, 0.008 m. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: - DULL ' DECORATION 
 
 73 
 
 Coarse brownish yellow clay with wliitish yellow slip on exterior. Dashes on rim similar to 1. 
 In rim hole j)ieree<l for sus{)ension. lilaek decoration. 
 
 3. Lip and handle of bowl similar in sliai>e to 1: width, 0.112 m. ; height, 0.095 m. 
 
 4. Neck and shoulder of jug. Form, MyL Vas. XLiv. 20: height, 0.105 m. : width, 0.125 m. 
 Coarse reddish yellow clay ; yellowish slip with decoration in violet brown. Cf. 3Ii/L Thong. 
 IV. 13. 
 
 5. Reddish yellow clay, fairly fine in texture. Pale slip on exterior with violet black decora- 
 tion. Cf. 'E</»»7ft. 'Xpx- 1800, jilate viii. 104 (vase from Syra). 
 
 6. Neck and shoulder «)f jug similar to 4. Fine redtlish clay with greenish yellow slip. 
 
 7. Fairly fine pale reddish clay, tluU polished surface. Three narrow black bands inclosing a 
 dark red zigzag, and a bi-oader band of dark red ; traces of another zigzag also in dark red. 
 This fragment is almost identical with Mijk. ThoiKj. v. 20. 
 
 This use of two different colors, one (in this case the red) added after the first firing, is 
 an extremely common feature in the Heraeum framnents, and will be analyzed more 
 thoroughly in a later chapter. No. 7 was the only fragment of the dull finish which 
 showed its employment. 
 
 A few fragments of a very dark red clay with a dark red slip on exterior and interior 
 and black decoratiini were found. They are in all respects similar to the vase from 
 the Bet»-Hive tomb near the Heraeum. Cf. J///A-. Thomj. xii. ;')2 ; Af/ten. MUf. IIL 
 p. 271. 
 
 & Neck, shoulder, and base of handle, proliably from an amphora. Fine greenish clay, pol- 
 ished, with light brown deeonition. 
 
 9. From large bowl, similar in form to Mi/k. Vax. XLIV. 75, but with single handles, about 
 25 <'in. in height and 24 em. in diameter. Coarse reddish 
 clay, which has reeeived a very high |)olish and presents a 
 peculiar soapy feeling to the touch. Zigzag band below riin 
 in dark red, very much faded. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 A few other vases and fragments from the Heraeum 
 showed this s;ime peculiar surface, which otherwise is 
 unknown to me. It is probably due to s<mie accident 
 either in the composition of the clay or the peculiarity of the soil in which it is found. 
 
 10. Coarse brownish elay with white slip outside. Violet brown decoration. 
 
 All these fragments slmw a decided '• linear" tendency ; the rest (10-16) are more nat- 
 uralistic in character. The similarity of decoration in 14-16 to vases of the lustrous 
 finish would warrant our assigning them to a later period. They evidently do not behmg 
 to the earliest essiiys in dull decoration. 
 
 ft 
 
 11. ShoiUder and handle of small three-handled amphora (form J/y^. Vas. XLiv. 35), with 
 brown black decoration. 
 
 12. Rim and spout ( broken off) of a bowl, similar in shape to Mijl: Van. XLiv. 103. Very 
 coarse brick retl clay, with a jiale white slip on exterior and interior. Decoration in black, laid on 
 heavily and badly worn. 
 
 13. Shoulder of small jug. Similar technique to 11 and 12. 
 
 14. Spiral in black. 
 
 15. Rim of bowl. Fine brick red clay, with bright yellow slip, highly polished ; decoration in 
 
 violet brown. 
 
 This fragment, from the excellence of its technique, as well as the form of the spiral, is clearly 
 synchronous with vases of the liest period of the lustrous style. 
 
 16. From bowl similar to 15. Greenish clay, with brown decoration. Technique similar to 
 vases of the later (not the best) lustrous style. 
 
 Fui. 7. 
 
 s 
 
J 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 T2 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 older tlmii " lustrous," certainty on this point is ini{)os8ible. The character of the dull 
 style is linear and as such more in keepinj*; with the prehistoric motives ; also as the 
 invention of a lustrous glaze is a distinct innovation in ceramic art, it is probably an 
 improvement on the " dull " technicpie. But that the manufacture of dull vases continued 
 almost as long as that of lustrous vases, is proved by the fact that both dull and lustrous 
 fragments lay side by side in the same levels. 
 
 VASES WITH DULL DECORATION. 
 
 Four small vases (to be described later) and about fifty fragments of this style were 
 found, none belonging to very large vases. To establish a classification with a materiiil 
 so scanty and unsatisfactory is impossible. Furtwiingler and Loeschcke divide this type 
 into two classes: (a) vases made of red clay (" Rotthonig") and {b) vases of pale clay 
 (" Blassthonig"). Such a classification in the case of the Heraeum fragments proved im- 
 possible, since the clay ran through the various shades of red, yellow, gray, and green, 
 and no vital difference in the decorative forms of fragments of red or pide clay could be 
 distinguished, and the polish, according to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke, a characteristic 
 feature of class n, was noticeable only on vases of jwle clay. 
 
 It is true that the majority of our dull fragments show a decoration decidedly linear 
 in feeling, and also that some show a pictorial or naturalistic decoration very similar to 
 vases of the lustrous style. That the first are the earlier of the two seems probable. At 
 the same time the difference is not so great as to warrant our assigning the fragments to 
 different classes, since many fragments bearing linear motives may well have belonged to 
 vases which also showed pictorial ornamentation and rice versn. The classification of 
 fragments alone is far more unreliable than that based upon entire vases. Hence, in the 
 case of ^' dull " fragments, no attempt has been made to sejjarate them into two classes, 
 though they have been arranged witli a view to the character of their ornamentation, be 
 it linear or pictorial. 
 
 Only the most important fragments are shown in Plate LI. There were many which 
 bore no decoration, though clearly belonging to the same vases as some of the fragments 
 here reproduced ; many again bore only a part of a band or striiie running around the 
 belly. A certain difference can be detected in that in some of the fragments the clay 
 is covered with a fine slip and in some not. The majority of the fragments show this 
 feature, which seems to have been a characteristic of the style from its beginning, since 
 even those vases with the simplest linear decoration show it. As it runs through all the 
 shades of clay, it offers no ground for classification. The polishing of the surface seems 
 to have been the general custom. The clay runs through all varieties and colors, from 
 a very coarse variety with black stones still apparent on the surface to extremely fine 
 clay, cleaned and polished. The majority of the vases and fragments were made on the 
 wheel, though a few are hand-made. 
 
 FRAGMENTS. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 1. From bowl with large opening. Form, J///Z-. Vas. XLiv. 48: height, 0.165 ra. ; width, 
 0.125 m. Coarse pale greenish clay, jwlished on outside and inside. On inner part of rim series 
 of three short parallel tlashes. Decoration in black, faded. Cf. Myk. Thong, iv. 17. 
 
 2. From one-handled-cup. Form, Myh. Vas. XLiv. 98: width, 0.118 m. ; height, 0.068 m. 
 
 I 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: " DULL ' DECORATION 
 
 73 
 
 Coarse brownish yellow clay with whitish yellow slip on exterior. Dashes on rim similar to 1. 
 In rim hole i)ierce<l for suspension. Black decoration. 
 a Lip and handle of bowl similar in shape to 1: width, 0.112 m. ; height, 0.095 m. 
 
 4. Neck and shoulder of jug. Form, 31yk. Vas. XLiv. 20 : height, 0.105 m. ; width, 0.125 m. 
 Coarse reddish yellow clay ; yellowish slip with decoration in violet brown. Cf. Myk. TJiong. 
 IV. 13. 
 
 5. Reddish yellow clay, fairly fine in texture. Pale slip on exterior with violet black decora- 
 tion. Cf. 'E«^ij/*. 'Apx- 1899, plate viii. 104 (vase from Syra). 
 
 6. Neck and shoulder of jug similar to 4. Fine reddish clay with greenish yellow slip. 
 
 7. Fairly fine pale reddish clay^ dull polished surface. Three narrow black bands inclosing a 
 dark red zigzag, and a broader band of dark red ; traces of another zigzag also in dark red. 
 This fragment is almost identical with Myk. Thoiuj. v. 20. 
 
 This use of two different colors, one (in this case the red) added after the first firing, is 
 an extremely common fejiture in the Heraeum fragments, and will be analyzed more 
 thoroughly in a later chapter. No. 7 was the only fragment of the dull finish which 
 showed its employment. 
 
 A few fragments of a very dark red clay with a dark red slip on exterior and interior 
 and black decoration were found. They are in all respects similar to the vase from 
 the Bee-Hive tomb near the Heraeum. Cf. J/yA*. Thong, xii. 52 ; Athen. Mitt. III. 
 p. 271. 
 
 & Neck, shoulder, and base of handle, probably from an amphora. Fine greenish clay, pol- 
 ished, with light brown decoration. 
 
 9. From large bowl, similar in form to Myk. Vas. XLiv. 75, but with single handles, about 
 25 cm. in height and 24 cm. in diameter. Coarse reddish 
 clay, which has received a very high polish and presents a 
 peculiar soapy feeling to the touch. Zigzag baud below rim 
 in dark red, very much faded. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 A few other vases and fragments from the Heraeum 
 showed this same peculiar surface, which otherwise is 
 unknown to me. It is probably due to some accident 
 either in the composition of the clay or the peculiarity of the soil in which it is found. 
 
 10. Coarse brownish clay with white slip outside. Violet brown decoration. 
 
 All these fragments show a decided " linear " tendency ; the rest (10-16) are more nat- 
 uralistic in character. The similarity of decoration in 14-16 to vases of the lustrous 
 finish would warrant our assigning them to a later period. They evidently do not belong 
 to the earliest essays in dull decoration. 
 
 11. Shoulder and handle of small three-handled amphora (form Myk. Vas. XLiv. 35), with 
 brown black decoration. 
 
 12. Rim and spout (broken off) of a bowl, similar in shape to Myk. Vas. XLiv, 103. Very 
 coarse brick red clay, with a pale white slip on exterior and interior. Decoration in black, laid on 
 heavily and badly worn. 
 
 13. Shoulder of small jug. Similar technique to 11 and 12. 
 
 14. Spiral in black. 
 
 15. Rim of bowl. Fine brick red clay, with bright yellow slip, highly polished ; decoration in 
 
 violet brown. 
 
 This fragment, from the excellence of its technique, as well as the form of the spiral, is clearly 
 synchronous with vases of the best period of the lustrous style. 
 
 16. From bowl similar to 15. Greenish clay, with brown decoration. Technique similar to 
 vases of the later (not the best) lustrous style. 
 
!? 
 
 Id 
 
 'i 
 
 H' 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 VASES. 
 
 17. 
 
 (Fig. 8.) Height, 0.06 m, : diameter, 0.07 in. Bowl with high foot, being a cross between a 
 kylix and a skyphos, one handle missing. Rands and a continuous spiral. 
 
 Another vase of exactly the same shape and dimensions, but in- 
 tact, was found in the same tomb. The surface is completely cov- 
 ered by a hard incrustation of lime, but as far as can be .seen the 
 decoration is the same as 17. 
 
 la (Fig. 9.) Height, 0.028 ra. : diameter, 0.066 in. 
 Mi/k. Vus. XLiv. 87. Bands on rim, belly, and han- 
 dle, and row of dotted semicircles. 
 
 Slight variation of 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 19. (Fig, 10.^ Height, 0.03C ni. ; diameter, 
 0.056 m. Three-legged bowl, handle restored. 
 Continuous spiral on sides, and on bottom be- 
 tween the legs a design like an S reversed. Clay 
 shows traces of burning;. 
 
 grave 
 
 Fig. U. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 These four vases come from the 
 found April 13, 1894, back of the i>eribo- 
 
 los wall above the South Stoa. The technique is the same in all, a fine yellow clay, highly 
 polished, without a slip, the decoration in violet black, hiid on heavily. All are hand- 
 made. For photograph of tomb see vol. I. p. 41, fig. 13. 
 
 VASES WITH LUSTROUS DECORATION. 
 
 The introduction of lustrous paint in the manufacture of Mycenaean vases was revolu- 
 tionary in its effects. Henceforth all vases exhibit this feature. But as we have said, 
 on its introduction the dull finish was not at once abandoned, but continued side bv side 
 with the lustrous technique for a considerable jwriod ; just how long it is imi)ossible to 
 say, but certainly until after the best period of the lustrous style. 
 
 Until lately Fiu-twiingler and Loeschcke's dii-ision of the lustrous style has been univer- 
 sally followed. This classification has, however, proved inadequate for our vases, and for 
 those from the Acropolis and Thoricus. A .second classification,' proposed by Wolters, 
 is more satisfactory, and has proved a better standard for arranging ours. But in spite 
 of its many advantages, it is somewhat unwieldy, so that I have ventured to adopt a 
 middle course, in order to reconcile both Furtwjingler and Loeschcke's and Wolters' 
 arrangements. The three are here presented side by side. 
 
 FCRTW ANGLER AND LOESCHCK»:. WoLTEKS. 
 
 I. I. 
 
 Wheel-made vases of a very The same. Only a few frag- 
 
 HorriN. 
 I. 
 
 The same. This class is not 
 coarse clay, entirely covered with ments of this style were found found at the Heraeum at all. 
 a fairly dull black slip, on which on the Acropolis, 
 the ornamentation is thinly laid 
 in white and dark red. 
 
 This class was chiefly found 
 in graves iv. and v. at My- 
 cenae, at Tiryns, and at Thera. 
 
 * This classification has never been published, so far as I know, and has been drawn from the author's lectures. 
 
 i?l^ 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSIFICATIONS 
 
 76 
 
 n. 
 
 Vases of coarse clay, covered 
 with a thin slip of finer clay, 
 now white (in the case of vases 
 from the Bee-Hive tomb near the 
 IIeraeuin),nowyellowish brown, 
 (v. Mt/h. Tliony. vii. 42 ; Myk. 
 Vas. p. 21, fig. 7.) The de- 
 coration is painted on this slip 
 in^ark brown, with the occa- 
 sional addition of white, as if 
 an echo of the technique of the 
 first class. 
 
 III. 
 
 Fine cleaned clay, with a \Hi\- 
 ished surface of warm yellow 
 color. The colors in the deco- 
 ration run through all shades 
 from yellow todark brown. This, 
 through action of fiiv, becomes 
 bright red in many cases, which, 
 especially in vases of the finest 
 technique, is evidently inten- 
 tional. Details are occasion- 
 allv added in white. 
 
 n. 
 
 No radical change. The main 
 point of difference lies in the 
 close connection between II. 
 and the following class, which 
 varies from it only in the qual- 
 ity of the work. The style 
 throughout is distinctly a natu- 
 ralistic or pictorial one, there 
 being no thought of convention- 
 ality. The vase from Thorikos 
 is an extremely gooil example 
 of the class as a whole. 
 
 Cf. *E^M. 'Apx 1895, pi. xi. No. 1. 
 
 III. 1. 
 Fine clay, with purely pic- 
 torial ornamentation, precisely 
 similar to II., save that the exe- 
 cution is more delicate, which is 
 natural, seeing that the vases 
 are uniformly smaller. 
 
 2. 
 
 The pictorial motives have 
 become conventionalized. In 
 projwrtion, however, the tech- 
 nique has also advanced and 
 reaches its highest point in this 
 division, and may easily be de- 
 tected by the extreme fineness 
 of clay and extraordinary bril- 
 liancy of the glaze. This class 
 is not the most common of the 
 Mycenaean styles. 
 
 II. 1 and 2. 
 
 In the first division of II. 
 have been included all vases 
 which in the other two classifi- 
 cations are counted as II. 
 
 In the second division are in- 
 cluded a number of vases be- 
 longing to Furtwiingler and 
 Loeschcke, III., and Wolters, 
 III. 1. 
 
 III. 
 
 1. 
 
 Seeing that vases of this class 
 tliffer from the succeeding one 
 only in superiority of technique, 
 while the principle of ornamen- 
 tation remains the same, there 
 seems to be little gain in sepa- 
 rating them by the boundary 
 line of a class. 
 
 2. 
 
 Ill this division are included 
 those vases which form the bulk 
 of III. of Furtwiingler and 
 Loeschcke. They are the most 
 common at the Heraeum. The 
 clay has become inferior and 
 the lustre duller, while the orna- 
 mentation has become conven- 
 tionalized in the extreme, and 
 presents a certain mechanical 
 air. It is only in its technical 
 features that it differs from class 
 III. 1. 
 
TIIK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSIFICATIONS 
 
 75 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. U. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 V.\SES. 
 
 17. (Fig. 8.) Height, O.OG m. : diameter. 0.07 in. Bowl with high foot, being a cross lietween a 
 
 kylix and a skyphos, one handle missing, \lu\uh and a continuous spiral. 
 
 Another vase of exiutly the same shape and dimensions, luit in- 
 tact, was found in tlie sjime tomb. Tlie surface is completely cov- 
 ered ])y a hard inoriistation of lime, but as far as can be .seen the 
 decoration is the siune as 17. 
 
 la (Fig. 0. ) Height, 0.028 m. : diameter, 0.0«jG in. Slight variation of 
 J/y/". V<tK. XLIV. 87. Iiands on rim, belly, and han- 
 dle, and row of dotted semicircles. 
 19. (Fig. 10.) Height, 0.03G in.; diameter, 
 0.050 ni. Three-legged bowl, liandle restored. 
 Continuous spiral on sides, and on bottom be- 
 tween the legs a design like an S reversed. Clay 
 shows traces of burning. 
 
 These four vases come from the irrave 
 found April 13, 1894, back of the peribo- 
 
 los wall above the South Stoa. The techni(|ue is the same in all, a fine yeUow clay, hijjhly 
 polished, without a slip, the decoration in violet black, hiid on heavily. All ai-e hand- 
 made. For photoj^raph of tomb see vol. I. p. 41, fig. 13. 
 
 VASE.S WITH LUSTROUS DECORATION. 
 
 The introduction of lustrous paint in the manufacture of Mycenaean va.ses was revolu- 
 tionary in its effects. Henceforth all vases exhibit this feature. But as we have s;iid, 
 on its introduction the dull finish was not at once abandoned, but continued side bv side 
 with the lustrous techni«|ue for a considerable i>eriod ; just how long it is impossible to 
 say, but certainly until after the best period of the lustrous style. 
 
 Until lately Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's division of the lustrous .stvle has been univer- 
 sally followed. This classification has, however, juoved ina<le(]uate for our vases, and for 
 those from the Acropolis and Thoricus. A .second cla.ssification,' proposed by Wcdters, 
 is more siitisfactory, and has proved a better standard for arr.niijing oui-s. But in spite 
 of its many advantages, it is somewhat unwieldy, so that I have ventured to adopt a 
 middle course, in order to reconcile both Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's and Wolters' 
 arrangements. The three are here presented side by side. 
 
 Fl'rtwaxglf.k and Loesciickk. 
 
 WOLIKRS. 
 
 HOITIN. 
 
 I. I. I. 
 
 Wheel-made vases of a very The same. Only a few frag- The same. This class is not 
 coarse clay, entirely covered with ments of this style were found found at the Heraeum at all. 
 a fairly dull black slip, on which on the Acropolis, 
 the ornamentation is thinly laid 
 in white and dark red. 
 
 This class was chiefly found 
 in graves iv. and v. at My- 
 cenae, at Tiryns. and at Tliera. 
 
 * This classitication has never been published, so far as I know, and has been drawn from the author's lectures. 
 
 n. 
 
 Vases of coarse clay, covered 
 with a thin slip of finer clay, 
 now white (in the case of vases 
 from the liee-llive tomb near the 
 Heraeum),nowyellowish brown, 
 (v. Jfi/L Thomj, VII. 42 : J/y/-. 
 V(i». p. 21, fig. 7.) The de- 
 coration is painted on this slip 
 iu^lark brown, with the occa- 
 sional addition of white, as if 
 an echo of the technique of the 
 first class. 
 
 III. 
 
 Fine cleaned day, with a pol- 
 ished surface of warm yellow 
 color. The coloi*s in the »leco- 
 ratiou run tin-ough all shades 
 from yellow to dark brown. This, 
 through action of fire, becomes 
 bright red in many cases, which, 
 espceially in vases of the finest 
 techniijue, is evidently inten- 
 tional. Details are occasion- 
 allv added in white. 
 
 n. 
 
 No radical change. The main 
 point of ditt'erence lies in the 
 close connection lietween II. 
 and the following class, which 
 varies from it only in the qual- 
 ity of the work. The style 
 throughout is di.stinctly a natu- 
 rali.stic or pictorial one, there 
 being no thought of convention- 
 ality. The vase from Thorikos 
 is an extremely goo<l exanqile 
 of the class as a whole. 
 
 Cf. 'L(t,rt(i. 'Apx 1805, 1>1. xi. Xo. 1. 
 III. 1. 
 
 Fine clay, with purely pic- 
 torial ornamentation. preci.sely 
 similar to II., save that the exe- 
 cution is more delicate, which is 
 natural, seeing that the va.ses 
 are imiformly smaller. 
 
 2. 
 
 The pictorial motives have 
 become conventionalized. In 
 proportion, however, the tech- 
 niipie has also advanced and 
 reaches its highest point in this 
 division, and may easily be de- 
 tected by the «'xtreiiu' fineness 
 of clay and extraordinary bril- 
 liancy of the glaze. This class 
 is not the most common of the 
 Mycenaean styles. 
 
 II. 1 and 2. 
 
 In the first division of II. 
 have been included all vases 
 which in the other two classifi- 
 cations are counted as II. 
 
 In the .second division are in- 
 cluded a number of vases be- 
 longing to Furtwiingler and 
 Loeschi'ke, III., and Wolters, 
 III. L 
 
 III. 
 
 Seeing that vases of this class 
 differ from the succeeding one 
 only in superiority of technique, 
 while the principle of ornamen- 
 tation remains the same, there 
 .seems to l>e little gain in sepa- 
 rating them by the boundary 
 line of a class. 
 
 Ill this division are included 
 those vases which form the bulk 
 of HI. of Furtwiingler and 
 Loesehcke. They are the most 
 connnon at the Heraeum. The 
 clay has become inferior and 
 the lustre duller, while the orna- 
 mentation has become conven- 
 tionalized in the extreme, and 
 presents a certain mechanical 
 air. It is only in its technical 
 features that it differs from class 
 HI. L 
 
 f: 
 
76 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 I' < 
 
 Vi 
 
 lit 
 
 m 
 
 
 1. 
 
 'V 
 
 .1 
 
 IV. 
 
 The surface of the clay is 
 greenish or a somewhat dull 
 yellow, oeeasioually reddish yel- 
 low, but far duller than the pre- 
 ceding class. The decoration is 
 black or yellowish brown, occa- 
 sionally burnt red, but never at- 
 tains to the brilliancy of vases of 
 class III. In the case of vases 
 with a wide mouth, the interior 
 is always glazed. 
 
 IV. 
 
 1. 
 
 In this division are placed 
 those vases included by Furt- 
 wiingler and Loeschcke in III., 
 and bv me in III. 2. 
 
 IV. 
 
 This class remains undis- 
 turbed as in Furtwiingler and 
 Loeschcke. Only a few frag- 
 ments were found at the He- 
 raeum. 
 
 2. 
 
 In this division fall all vases 
 in IV. of Furtwiingler and * 
 
 Loeschcke. Vases of this tyj)e 
 show a more florid and ]>erhaps 
 decadent style of decoi-ation. 
 The ornamentation abounds in 
 a wealth of detail not seen in the 
 other classes. It has been found 
 in fairly large quantities at 
 Athens, on the Acrojiolis, and 
 at Aegiua and Thoricus. 
 
 It may he noticed that in Professor Wolters's classification the separation of Mycenaean 
 lustrous vases into two great periods is hinted at, if not expressed. We may commence 
 by drawing a sharp line between the pictorial and the conventional, since the progression 
 from naturalism to conventionalism is a gieater one than from one plane of technical 
 skill to a higher. We may therefore keep Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's fiuir classes 
 and separate tliem into two groups, I. and II., III. and IV. It will thus be seen that 
 dividing III. and IV. into two classes each, as Woltei-s does, and connecting III. 1 with 
 II., and III. 2 with IV. is somewhat awkward. Also the line between naturalism and 
 conventionalism is not properly emphasized, since they occur in the same class, which is 
 clearly impossible if we are to follow a classification based on ornamental development. 
 By separating II. into two divisions we adhere to the close connection emphasized by 
 Wolters while confining the principle of naturalism to one class. 
 
 With III. we enter upon the second or conventional group, and we divide this into 
 two classes, III. 1 and III. 2, which correspond to Wolters's III. 2 and IV. 1. Their 
 connection is too strong (the difference between them being purely technical) to warrant 
 their being separated as they are by Wolters, while at the same time we are more in accord 
 with Furtwiingler and Loeschcke, except for the transferring of a small part of tlieir class 
 III. to 11. There seems to be no valid reason for separating IV. into two groups. Cer- 
 tainly the difference between IV. 1 and IV. 2 ( Wolters) is as great, both from a technical 
 and ornamental standpoint, as between III. and IV. (Furtwiingler and Loeschcke). 
 
 The following table will show briefly the results thus obtahied : — 
 
 FURTWANGLEB AND LOESCHCKS. WOLTERS. HOPPIM. 
 
 n. 
 
 m. 
 
 IV. 
 
 L 
 
 IL 
 
 III. 1 
 111.2/ 
 
 IV. 1 \ 
 IV. 2 
 
 Naturalistic or picto- 
 rial style. 
 
 I. 
 j II. 1 
 I II. 2 
 ^III.IJ ^ 
 
 i III. 2 > Conventional style. 
 IV. ) 
 
 .1 1 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: EVIDENCE FOR DATE 
 
 77 
 
 What the chronological differences are between these various classes it is difficult to 
 say. According to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke, I. is the oldest ; but it is extremely doubt- 
 ful whether any difference in time exists between I. and II. As I. is found in but few 
 other places outside of Mycenae, it is fair to suppose that it was a style more or less 
 local. Judging from the entire lack of this class at the Heraeum, and the fact that the 
 style of ornamentation of II. 1, which is the oldest class of lustrous vases at the He- 
 raeum, is practically identical with that of I., there seems good reason for sui)posing that 
 the two are synchronous. 
 
 Moreover, the difference between II. 1 and the dull vases is so extremely slight that it 
 can be detected only by a carefully trained eye, and even then cases occur where the 
 decision is doubtful. This would show that the lustrous technique at the beginning did 
 not differ materially from the dull, and is another point in favor of assigning II. 1 to 
 the beginning of the lustrous style. 
 
 II. 2 differs from II. 1 mainly in the technical advance, but this advance is sufficiently 
 apiwrent to enable us to see in II. 2 the successor of II. 1. The step between II. 2 
 and III. 1 is even gi-eater, since the style of ornamenttition has radically changed, and 
 all motives which II. drew from the marine life that played so great a part in the mari- 
 time civilization of the Mycenaean epoch have become conventionalized and are used 
 more with a view to their decorative effect than as an attempt to reproduce nature. 
 Such a change could have come only (luring the acme of the Mycenaean epoch. 
 
 With IV. we see the point to which the bad tiiste of a decadent art had come. The 
 wealth of ornamentation, elaborated from a given motive, with the introduction of 
 foreign motives, illustrated by '' Heraldic " designs and those taken from Oriental 
 embroideries, may be accounted for by this rampant spirit of conventionalism combined 
 with the increased commercial activity of the age. 
 
 A few words may here be said as to the latest results in dating the whole Mycenaean 
 period. Through the numerous excavations recently conducted on Greek soil, and the 
 corresponding increase of Greek pottery brought to light, the chronology has been 
 worked backwards to the fourteenth century. But the excavations of Flinders Petrie * in 
 Egypt, and the finding, in the towns of Illahun, Tel-el- Aniarna, Kahun, and Gurob, of 
 rubbish heaps containing large masses of " Aegaean," i. e. Mycenaean pottery, may be 
 said to have absolutely established the date of the Mycenaean civilization, since the 
 objects of Egyptian workmanship lying in these rubbish heaps, along with the pottery, 
 can be dated not later than this eighteenth dynasty, circa b. c. 1450. Pseud-amphoras 
 of Class III. were found in tombs of a date not later than b, c. 1300. The placing of the 
 acme of the Mycenaean period during the fifteenth century thus accords with the hypo- 
 thesis advanced by Furtwiingler and Loeschcke on the basis of Egyptian wall paintings." 
 As Class IV. was not found by Petrie, we may assume that it is later than b. c. 1300 ; but 
 tliere is no reason for assuming that the manufacture of Class III. ceased after that date. 
 We must also allow at least a hundred years for the development of the Mycenaean 
 style from its beginning, so that to place the manufacture of dull vases as early as the 
 sixteenth or seventeenth centuries is j>ermissible. We thus obtain a period of about five 
 
 * For a more detailed account of Petrie's results, v. hiin, and Gurob, p. 10, pis. ZTii.-xxvi. ; Kahun, Gurob, and 
 Tel-el-Amanta, pp. 10, 17, pis. xxvi.-xxx. ; Illahun, Ka- Haicara, pi. xxviii. 
 
 2 Myk. Va». p. xiii. 
 
I \ 
 
 y.l 
 
 I 
 
 
 ,1! 
 
 I 
 
 78 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 centimes from the rise of the Mycenaean style to its downfall at the time of tlie Dorian 
 invasion, or whatever the upheaval was which led to its decline. 
 
 That all the vases of the Mycenaean style found at the Heraeum were manufactured 
 in the Ar<^olic plain, and not impi^rted from some other centre, seems unquestionable. 
 Whether the Arjj^olid was the chief centre of the Mycenaean civilization or not cannot 
 be absolutely aflirmed, though the evidence seems to point to this supposition. At 
 any rate, the amount of vases found at Mycenae, Tiryns, Nauplia, and in the various 
 tombs throughout the plain, is so great that we can safely assert them to be of lumie 
 manufacture. That Class I. is found at Mycenae and not at the Heraeum may perhaps 
 be accounted for by a difference of taste in the two places. The Heraeum, which was 
 one of the largest sjinctuaries in Greece, must have kept several potters' factories busy 
 to supply the faithful with the requisite vases for ex votos, and that certiiin styles 
 should have been popular there and others not so is not extraordinary. 
 
 Several facts may be noticed in regard to our fragments which are significant. 
 The singular uniformity of all the fragments of the Mycenaean style, both in clay 
 and technique; the complete absence of Class I., and, lastly, the equally complete 
 absence of any foreign variations (e. g. Theran, Melian, Cypriote, etc.) of the regular 
 Mycenaean types. These facts would seem to indicate: (1) That the potteries which 
 produced the ware found at Mycenae were not the same as those which produced 
 our fmgments ; had such been the case it is scarcely credible that no traces of Class 
 I. should have been found. (2) That all Mycenaean pottery found at the Heraeum 
 was the product of one or more particular centres of activity, situated near the sjinc- 
 tuary. (3) That this manufactory reserved its wares exclusively for home consuni))- 
 tion, and neither exported its product or imported similar wares. This last assumption 
 is based on the fact that those particular varieties which are hidigenous to some foreign 
 spots are hardly represented at the Heraeum, and the few excejitions to this rule are 
 probably accidental. On the other hand, no Mycenaean vase found outside of the 
 Argolid can be proved to have been manufactured near the Heraeum. 
 
 CLASS II., DIVISION 1. 
 
 Of this class only a few dozen fragments were found, aiul no whole vases. Only 
 a few fragments clearly belonged to the same vases, and the reconstruction of any 
 vase proved impossible. The characteristics of these fragments are similar to those 
 of a jug in Athens ( J/yZ". Vas. p. 49, fig. 29) and a three-handled vase from Thoricus 
 ('E<^T7/i. 'Apx- 1895, pi. XI. 1), though the decoration is extremely sinqde and monoto- 
 nous, with no attempt at any elaborate design. 
 
 Only a few of the fragments are here reproduced. The technical features are: 
 very coarse quaUty of clay, with frequent small stones, varying through the different 
 shades of red and brown to green; a thin wash of white, yellow, or red; ornamen- 
 tation in vi«>let, brown, or red. 
 
 1. (Plate LI. 17.) From belly of vase, form uncertain. Dark red clay, with a darker central 
 core, and light red wash, dark red decoration. Two fishes advancing towards a monster of some 
 sort whose head and forelegs alone are visible. To identify the character of the fishes or the 
 monster is impossible. Cf. Myk: Vas. x. 6.S, xxxix. 401a : Schliemann, Mycenae, Fig. 317 ; 
 Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Tier nnd Pfanzenhihhr, vi. 47, 48, vii. 3. 
 
 2. (Plate LI. 18 a-d.) Four fragments from same vase, form uncertain, clay dark red, 
 
 i. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS XL, DIVISION 2 
 
 79 
 
 white wash, with fadetl violet brown decoration. The design cannot be restored, but that the 
 
 spiral formed part of it is certain. 
 
 3. (Plate LI., 19 a and b.) Two fragments of same vase. 
 Thick brown clay, yellow wash, brown decoration. Flower 
 pattern. 
 
 4. (Plate LI., 20.) Greenish clay and wash, violet black 
 decoration, with a greenish tinge. Flower pattern. 
 
 5. (Plate LI., 21.) Brown clay, with yellow wash. 
 
 6. (Fig. 11.) Fragment of large amphora: height, 0.108 
 m. ; width, 0.12 m. ; very coarse brick red clay, pale reddish 
 wash, dark red decoration. (Flower pattern.) The height 
 of the amphora cannot be determined, but the opening mea- 
 sured certainly 13 cm. in diameter. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxi. 156. 
 
 Fio. 11. 
 
 CLASS II., DIVISION 2. 
 
 The fragments of this jmrticular class were far more numerous than those of the pre- 
 ceding, and are uniforndy of a finer character, though the pictorial style of ornamentation 
 remains the same. They represent throughout smaller vases. The clay is of a better 
 (piality, carefully cleaned, running through all the shades of red, brown, yellow, and 
 jMile green, the decoration genemlly red or i)rown. The technical method is the same 
 in all. Over the natural clay a slip is laid, of very fine red or yellow clay, on which 
 the design is painted and the surface polished. In some cases the slip is on the inte- 
 rior as well. Occasionally the decoration is laid on so thickly as to stand out from the 
 surface of the clay, and be easily friable. Cases occur where a whitish wash has been 
 applied, as in Class II., 1. Fragments which resemble this class very strongly have 
 been found in the Bee-Hive tomb near the Heraeum, alrejidy referred to. 
 
 In only a few cases were fragments clearly part of the same vase and no entire 
 vases were foiuid. The style of ornamentation is uniformly naturalistic or pictorial, 
 the motives being taken almost exclusively from flowers, while marine subjects are hardly 
 used at all. In but a few instances can the form of the vase be determined. 
 
 PLATE lii. 
 
 1 a and b. Two frjigments from the same vase, form uncertain. Reddish clay, yellow slip, 
 red brown decoration. Flower wreath, a is perhaps the best example of Class II. 2 at the 
 Heraeum. Fragments very similar have been found in Crete; v. Haussoulier, Rev. Arch. XL. 
 (1880), p. 359, pi. xxiii., and more recently by Evans at Cnossus. Cf. Arch. Anz. 1900, p. 149, 
 fig. 6. Cf. also Myk. Vag. p. 23, fig. 12, and the fragments from the Bee-Hive tomb near the 
 Heraeum: Myk. Thonfj. xn. 64; cf. also Myk. Vas. xxvn. 213, 217: A. J. A. VI. (1890), 
 pi. xxii. 
 
 2. Reddish yellow clay, brilliant red brown slip, red brown decoration. Two other small 
 fragments from the same vase were found. This fragment is an exact duplicate of one from 
 the Bee-Hive tomb : v. Myk. Thong, xn. 57. 
 
 3. Similar to 1 but slightly coarser clay, slip, and flaky decoration. Probably part of shoulder 
 of a three-liandled vase (form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 32). A similar smaller fragment, but from a 
 different vase, was also found. 
 
 4. Yellow clay, flaky black decoration. Cf. Myk. Thong. xiL 60. 
 
 5. Yellow clay, brilliant black decoration. 
 
 6. Double flower. Cf. Myk. Thong, xn. 73 ; B. C. //. X. (1886), pi. iii. 5. 
 
 7. Rim of small bowl. Flower : similar technique to 2. 
 
 8. Black border to stalks, changing to red in the centre. 
 
18 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FKAGMENTS 
 
 THE MVCEXAEAX STYLE: CLASS IL, DIVISION 2 
 
 /'i 
 
 centuries from the rise of the Myeeiiaeaii style to its downfall at the time of the Dorian 
 invasion, or whatever the upheaval was whii-li led to its decline. 
 
 That all the vases of the Mycenaean style found at the Heraeum were manufactured 
 in the Ari»-oHc plain, and not inij)orted from some other centre, seems unquestionahle. 
 Whether the Ar«»<»lid was the chief centre of the Mycenaean civiliziition or not cannot 
 he ahsidutely attirmed, thouo;h the evidence seems to point to this supposition. At 
 any rate, the amount of vases found at Mycenae, Tiryns, Nauplia, and in the various 
 tomhs throu««h(uit the plain, is so o^reat that we can siifely assert them to he of home 
 manufacture. That Class I. is found at Mycenae and not at the Heraeum mav perhaps 
 he accounted for hy a difference of taste in the two places. The Heraeum. wiiich was 
 one of the lari»:est s;inctuaries in Greece, must have kept several potters' factories husy 
 to supply the faithful with the requisite vases for ex ro^>.s, and that certain styles 
 shouhl have heen p<»pidar there and others not so is not extraordinary. 
 
 Several facts may he noticed in rej^ard to our fnijyinents which nrv sij^nificant. 
 The sinoular uniformity of all the fragments of the Mycenaean style, hoth in ehiy 
 and technique ; the complete ahsence of Class L, and, lastly, the e<pially complete 
 absence of any foreign variations (e. *r, Theran, Melian, Cypriote, etc. I of the re^ndar 
 Mycenaean types. These facts would seem to indicate: ( 1 ) That the potteries which 
 ])roduced the ware f(»inid at Mycenae were not the Siime as those which produced 
 our frai-nients ; had such heen the case it is scarcely credihle that no traces of Class 
 1. should have been found. (2) That all Mycenaean pottery found at the Heraeum 
 was the product of one or more particular centres of activity, situated near the sanc- 
 tuary, {l\] That this manufactory reserved its wares exclusively for honu* consuni|>- 
 tion. and neither exported its product or imported similar wares. This last assumption 
 is Iwsed on the fact that those particular varieties which are inditrenous to s(mie forei^ni 
 sp<>ts are hardly represented at the Heraeum, and the few exceptions to this rule ai-e 
 prijbably accidental. On the other hand, no Mycenaean vase found «»utside of the 
 Arj>;olid can be proved to have been manufactured near the Heraeum. 
 
 CLASS II., DIVISION 1. 
 
 Of this class only a few dozen frajipnents were ftuind, and no whole vases. Only 
 a few fragments clearly belonged to the same vases, and the reconstruction of any 
 yase proved impossible. The characteristics of these fragments are simihir to those 
 of a jug in Athens (J////-. I'^/.v. p. 41), fig. 20) and a three-handled vase from Thoricus 
 {'E(f)r)fi. \\px- 189;5. pi. \i. 1), though the decoration is extrenudy simple and monoto- 
 nous, with no attempt at any elaborate desiirn. 
 
 Only a few of the fragments are here reproduced. The te<hnical features are: 
 very coarse (piahty oH clay, with fre(|uent small stones, varying through the different 
 shades of red and brown to green ; a thin wash of white. yelh»w. or red ; ornamen- 
 tation in violet, brown, or red. 
 
 1. ( Pl ATK LI. 17. ) From lully of vase, form uncertain. Dark re<l clay, with a darker central 
 • ore. aiul light red wash, «l:uk wil decoration. Two fishes advancing towanls a monster of some 
 sort whose head and forelegs alone are visible. To identify the character of the fishes or the 
 monster is impossible. Cf. J/y/. V„k. x. f.^, xxxix. 401a : Schliemann, M;,rntm', Fig. 317 ; 
 Imhoof-Hlunier and Keller, Tier iiml Pffatnenhllihr. \\. 47, 4H, yii. .']. 
 
 2. (Platk LI. 18 a-tl.) Four fragments from same vase, form uncertain, clay dark i*ed, 
 
 white wash. 
 
 with faded violet brown decoration. The design cannot be restored, but that the 
 
 spiral formed part of it is certain. 
 
 3. ( Pi.ATK LI., 19 a and b.) Two fragments of same vase. 
 Thick l)rown clay, yellow wash, brown decoration. Flower 
 pattern. 
 
 4. (Platk LI., 20.) Greenish clay and wash, violet black 
 ilecoration, with a greenish tinge. Flower pattern. 
 
 5. (Platk LI., 21.) Brown clay, with yellow wash. 
 
 6. (Fig. 11.) Fragment of large amphora: height, 0.108 
 m. ; width, 0.12 ni. ; very coarse brick red clay, pale reddish 
 wash, dark red ilecoration. (Flower pattern.) The height 
 of the amphora cannot be determined, but the opening mea- 
 suretl certainly 13 cm, in diameter. Cf. 3Iijk. ]V/.s. xxL lo6. 
 
 Fn;. 11. 
 
 CLASS II, DIVISION 2. 
 
 The fragments of this particular class were far more numerous than those of the pre- 
 ceding, and are uniforndy of a finer character, though the pictorial style of ornamentation 
 remains the same. They represent throughout smaller vases. The clay is of a better 
 quality, carefully cleaned, running thnnigh all the shades of red, brown, yellow, and 
 piile grwn, the decoration generally red or brown. The technical method is the sjime 
 in all. Over the natural <*lay a slip is lai«l. of very fine red or yellow clay, on which 
 the design is painted and the surface polished. In some cases the slip is on the inte- 
 rior as well. Occasionally the decoration is laid <mi so thickly as to stand out from the 
 surface of the clay, and be easily friable. Cases occur where a whitish wash has been 
 applied, as in Class II., 1. Fragments which resendde this class very strongly have 
 been found in the Bee-Hive tomb near the Heraeum, already referred to. 
 
 In only a few cases were fragments clearly part of the Siune vase and no entire 
 vases were found. The style of ornamentation is uniformly naturalistic or pictorial, 
 the motives being taken almost exclusively from flowers, while marine subjects are hardly 
 u.sed at all. In but a few instances can the form of the vase be determined. 
 
 PLATE LII. 
 
 1 a an»l b. Two fragments from the same vase, form uncertain. Reddish clay, yellow .slip, 
 je«l brown decoration. Flower wreath, a is perhaps the best example of Class 11. 2 at the 
 Heraeum. Fragments very similar have been found in Crete; v. Ilaussoulier, Rev. Arch. XL. 
 (1880), p. 3ol>, pl. xxiii., and more recently by Evans at Cnossus. Cf. Arch. Attz. 1900. p. 149, 
 fig. 0. Cf. also .1////'. Van. p. 23, fig. 12, and the fragments from the Bee-Hive tomb near the 
 Heraeum: J////. h»,>fj. xii. «;4 ; cf. also V>/L V(fs. xxvii. 213. 217: A. J. A. VI. (1890), 
 pl. xxii. 
 
 2. Heddish yellow clay, brilliant red brown slip, red brown decoration. Two other small 
 fragments from the same vase were found. This fragment is an exact duplicate of one from 
 the liee-Ilive tomb: v. J////-. Thotu/. xii. 57. 
 
 3. Similar to 1 but slightly coarser clay, slij). and flaky decoration. Probably part of shoulder 
 of a three-handled vase (form, Mf/l: Va.'<. XLIV. 32). A similar smaller fragment, but from a 
 different vase, was also found. 
 
 4. Yellow clay, flaky black decoration. Cf. 3fyk. TJionff. xii. 60. 
 
 5. Yellow clav. brilliant black decoration. 
 
 6. Double flower. Cf. J/y/. Thnnri. xii. 73 : B. (\ II. X. (1886), pl. iii. 5. 
 
 7. Rim of small bowl. Flower : similar technicpie to 2. 
 & Black border to stalks, changing to re»l in the centre. 
 
 i I 
 
''1 
 
 80 
 
 THE VASES AM) VASE FHACJMENTS 
 
 9. Whitish wash on exterior, with retl brown ghize on interior. 
 
 10. Part of 11 ]>late, with branches on the reverse similar to 12. Clay has a |)cculiar ribbed 
 surface. 
 
 11. Decoi-ation ranging front brown to re«1. Presents same ribbed surface as 10. 
 
 12 a and b. Two fragments from a vase of clay and techniijne similar to 8. C'f. Myk. I 'uh. 
 p. o^, ^^^. 84. 
 
 13. Kim of a large bowl. Clay rather coarse. 
 
 14. Grayish clay, evidently burnt. A few other fragments of similar techniijue and decoration 
 were found. Cf. Myk. Thonfj. m. 10 : Miil: Vns. xxi. 153, xxvi. 195. 
 
 15. Flower pattern in dark red. Polish <m exterior and interior. 
 
 16. The same. 
 
 17. From shoulder of three-handled vase. Arrangement of jHJtals similar to 1. (7. Mi/k. 
 V<ix. xxxvi. 370. 
 
 1& Dark core in the clay. Decoration in red. 
 
 19. From a vase of form Mtjk. Vu». XLiv. 59, probably. NVhitish yellow slip. Cf. Mifk. 
 !''/>-. xiii. 80. 
 
 20. Combination of branches (watergrass, jxnhaps), similar to 12, and snakes or eels. 
 
 21. Rosette. 
 
 22. Form uncertain. This fragment, as well as several others, shows a jwculiar technique, 
 the addition of a white streak to the decoratitm after tiring, but before glazing. For similar 
 techni»iuc, cf. J///-. T'//.«. xxvi. 203. 
 
 23. Black and red decorati«>n. Uncertain what the complete ilesign was. 
 
 24. From a plate. Reddish clay, with yellow slip on obverse, red on i-everse. Flower pattern, 
 the same on both sides in dark red. Cf. J///A-. Thomj. xii. G8. 
 
 25. Part of plate, with pattern similar to 3, in Haky dark brown. 
 
 26. Greenish clay. Cf. Mjk. Tlionrj. ill. 9. 
 
 27 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Reddish clay and decoration. Alternate 
 buds and flowers. In spite of a certain conventi«mality of treatment. an«l indifferent teclmi(pie, 
 the resemblance of these fragments to those from Therasia (J/y/-. T'f/.y, xii. 78) justifies their 
 position in this class. 
 
 A considerable nuniber «f frajifnients ropresentiiijjf three-handled vases similar to 
 Milk. Vox. VII. 4."), L\. .■j'J, were f'onnd. This seems to iiave been one of the favorite 
 shapes of this class. As a rnle, ornamentation is introduced into the space above tlie 
 scallops. 
 
 Fig. 12 a antl b. Fragments of large IkiwI which measin*ed 45 em. in diameter. Form uncer- 
 tain. Whether it had a foot is 
 doubtful, so that the height cannot 
 be estimated. Coarse re<)dish clay 
 (thickness 0.012 m. ), with a yellow 
 sli]>, more reddi.sh in tone on the 
 inside. Decoration in light and 
 dark red. 
 
 On the outside (b") a row of tall 
 leaves, separated by stalks ; on the 
 inside, on rim a variety of " tongue 
 ]>attern.'* with a milled border. In 
 
 field two fishes and an eel. 
 Fig. IJ. 
 
 Tills jdate is ]>er]iaps the most 
 inteiestiniif specimen of Class II.. 2. The form is unknown to me in any other vase. It 
 varies from the reiifular phite type in that the subject is different on the two sides. The 
 pattern on the rim is clearly a very early instiince of the " ton<riie {mttern " so common 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS III., DIVISION 1 
 
 81 
 
 in later vase-iKiinting-. Cf. J///^-. r</.s. xxxiv. 344. The leaf pattern on the outside is 
 only a symmetrical arranjrement of the desi«,ni on Mijk. Va)<. xxxii. 3U. The species 
 of the Hshes (perhaps carp) remains doubtful, but the naturalness of the drawing is an 
 advance of No. 1 on Plate LI. 
 
 CLAS.S III., DIVISION 1. 
 
 We now cross the jrreat bridjre which divides the Mycenaean style and find that 
 the <dd naturalism has o;iven place to conventionalism. But this is not the only dif- 
 ference between Classes II. and III. ; technique itself has made j^Teat prooress. The 
 clay used is «:;enerally red or yellow in color, of a fine clear (piality, carefully cleaned 
 from impurities. The (puility of the decoration is more lustrous and j»lossy, while in 
 the best specimens the j»;hi/.e takes on an intense brilliancy. The style of ornamentation 
 changes, and certiiin motives used occasionally in the previous classes now become the 
 favorites, such as spirals, etc. The old plant and marine motives with a few exceptions 
 (e. g. the murex) have disiippeared, and those which are now prominent are paralleled 
 in other forms of Mycenaean art in stone and metal. 
 
 Though the conventionalism of Class III. follows the naturalism of Class 11., and 
 in this sense is a later style, we are not to assume that the manufacture of Class II. 
 ceased. In fact there is j)ositive proof that the two flourished side by side, since in 
 the Bee-Hive tomb which we excavated (cf. p. 91 tf) were found va.ses of both classes. 
 Such a radical change as that from naturalism to conventionalism is not the work 
 of a day ; it must have extended over a long period. But such a fact does not argue 
 against a classification ba.sed on ornamentation, where a difference of time is not 
 necessarily demanded. 
 
 Nor should the relation of III. 1 to III. 2 be misunderstood. We cannot regard 
 them as two absolutelv distinct and unrelated stvles. I do not for a moment intend 
 to im[)ly that for a certain period of years Mycenaean potters continued to manufacture 
 va.ses of a certiiin '* hall-marked " excellence and then suddenly began to go down 
 hill. What we call III. 1 is undoubtedly the best work of a certjiin period of Myce- 
 naean ceramic art ; 111. 2 is the general average of such a period. As the best work of 
 a given ))eriod is only a small proportion of the whole, the small amount of III. 1 com- 
 pared to III. 2 bears this out. III. 1 bears the sjune relation to III. 2 that the work 
 of Euphronios, Hiertui, Duris, and Brygos does to the mass of red-figured vases 
 produced in Athens prior to the Persian wars ; it is the best ceramic art of the time. 
 
 The fmgments reproduced on Plate LII. are not all that were found, but the 
 number was wot large, and those represented illustrate the group. The technicpie of 
 all the fragments is substantially the sjime, the cLiy red or bright yellow (more often 
 the former), the decoration varying from red to brown, with black occasionally used 
 and the irlaze of suri>assing brilliancy and fineness. The favorite ornaments seem to 
 be the spiral and the murex. 
 
 The majority of the fragments are rims of two-handled bowls or kylixes similar in 
 form to .1///^-. Vds. XLIV. 70, 83. 
 
 28. Rim of bowl. Decoration shades from brown to red. Part of a spiral i-ow, spirals uncon- 
 nected. Cf. Mijk. Vtia. VIII. 4(5. 
 
 29. Rim of one-handled bowl. Clay extremely delicate. Outer band of spiral brown, inner 
 bands nnl. Cf. Mi/k. Van. xxix. 258. lioth form and decoration seem to be the same as on the 
 vase in Cassel. Arch. An%. 1890. p. 57, fig. 1. 
 
I ■ 
 
 J 
 
 15' 
 III 
 
 
 ' 
 
 II 
 
 80 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 9. Whitish wash on exterior, with red brown glaze on interior. 
 
 10. Part of a plate, with branches on the reverse similar to 12. Clay has a peculiar ribbed 
 surface. 
 
 11. Decoration ranging from brown to red. Presents same ribbed surface as 10. 
 
 12 a and b. Two fragments from a vase of clay and technique similar to & Cf . Myh. T 'as. 
 p. 58, fig. 34. 
 
 13. Kim of a large bowl. Clay rather coarse. 
 
 14. Grayish clay, evidently burnt. A few other fragments of similar technique and decoration 
 were found. Cf. Myk. Thony. iii. 10 ; MyJc. Vas. XXI. 153, xxvi. 195. 
 
 15. Flower pattern in dark red. Polish on exterior and interior. 
 
 16. The same. 
 
 17. From shoulder of three-handled vase. Arrangement of petals similar to 1. Cf. J/yife. 
 V(i». XXXVI. 376. 
 
 18. Dark core in the clay. Decoration in red. 
 
 19. From a vase of form Mijk. Vas. xliv. 59, probably. Whitish yellow slip. Cf. Myk. 
 Vas. XIII. 89. 
 
 20. Combination of branches (watergrass, perhaps), similar to 12, and snakes or eels. 
 2L Rosette. 
 
 22. Form uncertain. This fragment, as well as several others, shows a peculiar technique, 
 the addition of a white streak to the decoration after firing, but before glazing. For similar 
 technique, cf. 3Iyk. Vas. xxvi. 203. 
 
 23. Black and red decoi-ation. Uncertain what the complete design was. 
 
 24. From a plate. Reddish clay, with yellow slip on obverse, red on reverse. Flower pattern, 
 the same on both sides in dark red. Cf. Myk. Thong, xii. 68. 
 
 25. Part of plate, with pattern similar to 3, in flaky dark brown. 
 
 26. Greenish clay. Cf. Myk. Thong, in. 9. 
 
 27 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Reddish clay and decoration. Alternate 
 buds and flowers. In spite of a certain conventionality of treatment, and lUiliflFerent technique, 
 the resemblance of these fragments to those from Therasia {Myk. Vas. Xii. 78) justifies their 
 position in this class. 
 
 A considerable number of fragments representing three-handled vases similar to 
 Milk. Vas. VII. 45, IX. 52, were found. This seems to have been one of the favorite 
 shapes of this class. As a rule, ornamentiition is introduced into the space al)ove the 
 scallops. 
 
 Fig. 12 a and b. Fragments of large bowl which measure<1 45 cm. in diameter. Form uncer- 
 tain. Whether it had a foot is 
 doubtful, so that the height cannot 
 be estimated. Coarse reddish clay 
 (thickness 0.012 m.), with a yellow 
 slip, more reildish in tone on the 
 inside. Decoration in light and 
 dark red. 
 
 On the outside (b) a row of tall 
 h J^i^^fW ^^SOtiffiif'^MIF' . ^J^^^^ leaves, separated by stalks ; on the 
 
 inside, on rim a variety of " tongue 
 " pattei-n," with a milled border. In 
 
 field two fishes and an eel. 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 This plate is perhaps the most 
 interesting specimen of Class II., 2. The form is unknown to me in any other vase. It 
 varies from the regular plate type in that the subject is different on the two sides. The 
 pattern on the rim is clearly a very early instance of the " tongue imttern " so common 
 
 i 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS III., DIVISION 1 
 
 81 
 
 in later vase-painting. Cf. Mgk. Vas. xxxiv. 344. The leaf pattern on the outside is 
 only a symmetrical arrangement of the design on Myk. Vas. xxxii. 314. The species 
 of the fishes (perhaps carp) remains doubtful, but the naturalness of the drawing is an 
 advance of No. 1 on Plate LI. 
 
 CL.\SS 111., DIVISION 1. 
 
 We now cross the great bridge which divides the Mycenaean style and find that 
 the old naturalism has given place to conventionalism. But this is not the only dif- 
 ference between Chisses II. and III. ; technique itself has made great progress. The 
 clay used is generally red or yellow in color, of a fine clear quality, carefully cleaned 
 from impurities. The quality of the decoration is more lustrous and glossy, while in 
 the best si)ecimens the glaze takes on an intense brilliancy. The style of ornamentation 
 changes, and certain motives used occasionally in the previous classes now become the 
 favorites, such as spimls, etc. The old plant and marine motives with a few exceptions 
 (e. g. the murex) have disappeared, and those which are now prominent are paralleled 
 in other foi-ms of Mycenaean art in stone and metal. 
 
 Though the conventionalism of Class III. follows the naturalism of Class II., and 
 in this sense is a later style, we are not to assume that the manufacture of Class II. 
 ceased. In fact there is positive proof that the two flourished side by side, since in 
 the Bee-Hive tomb which we excavated (cf. p. 91 ff) were found vases of both classes. 
 Such a radical change as that from naturalism to conventionalism is not the work 
 of a day ; it must have extended over a long period. But such a fact does not argue 
 against a cla.ssification based on ornamentation, where a difference of time is not 
 necessarily demanded. 
 
 Nor should the relation of III. 1 to III. 2 be misunderstood. We cannot regard 
 them as two absolutely distinct and unrelated styles. I do not for a moment intend 
 to imply that for a certain period of years Mycenaean potters continued to manufacture 
 vases of a cei"tain " hall-marked " excellence and then suddenly began to go down 
 hill. What we call III. 1 is undoubtedly the best work of a certain period of Myce- 
 naean ceramic art ; III. 2 is the general average of such a period. As the best work of 
 a given period is only a small proportion of the whole, the small amount of III. 1 com- 
 pared to III. 2 bears this out. III. 1 bears the same relation to III. 2 that the work 
 of Euphronios, Hieron, Duris, and Brygos does to the mass of red-figured vases 
 produced in Athens prior to the Persian wars ; it is the best ceramic art of the time. 
 
 The fragments reproduced on Plate LII. are not all that were found, but the 
 number was not large, and those represented illustrate the group. The technique of 
 all the fragments is substantially the same, the clay red or bright yellow (more often 
 the former), the decoration varying from red to brown, with black occasionally used 
 and the glaze of sui-passing brilliancy and fineness. The favorite ornaments seem to 
 be the spiral and the murex. 
 
 The majority of the fragments are rims of two-handled bowls or kylixes similar in 
 form to Myk. Vas. xliv. 76, 83. 
 
 28. Rim of bowl. Decoration shades from brown to red. Part of a spiral row, spirals uncon- 
 nected. Cf. Myk. Vas. viii. 46. 
 
 29. Rim of one-handled bowl. Clay extremely delicate. Outer band of spiral brown, inner 
 bands red. Cf. 3fyk. Vas. xxix. 258. Both form and decoration seem to be the same as on the 
 vase in Cassel. Arch. Am. 1899, p. 57, fig. 1. 
 
 • « 
 

 I 
 
 I 
 
 ft 
 
 
 82 THE VASES AND VASK FRACniENTS 
 
 30. Rim of bowl. Spiral chain. 
 
 The majority of the fragments of this class bore the decoration of spirals, in chain 
 or single. Most of the fragments were extremely small. 
 
 31 a-c. Three fragments from rim of a bowl. KeiUlish clay, with bright yellow slip and 
 red decoration. For the toothed edge of c, cf. MyL Vas. xxiii. 171. 
 
 The murex or purple fish ornament is extremely common. It is curious that we 
 cannot trace its origin to an earlier cla.ss, since it does not occur in Chisses I. and 
 II. Even in Class III. it is impossible to trace any preliminary steps unless we recognize 
 one of the early essiiys in the cup from lalysos ; ' that, however, seems rather too 
 conventionahzed for a prototype. The arrangement of the jMittern varies, the most 
 common being a row of double murexes as in Mt/k. Vds. xxxi. 297, or else they are 
 laid diagonally on their sides. 
 
 32. Kim of bowl. Series of murexes placetl diagonally to the line of the rim. Cf. Myl: Vaa. 
 VIII. 47. Decoration bright red and technique extremely fine. 
 
 33. The same. 
 
 34. Clay a trifle coai-ser than is usual in this class and appears burnt. Glaze extremely 
 brilliant. Undoubtedly part of a large vase, as the murex is far larger than is usual. 
 
 VufioiLH Desiynn. 
 
 35. Kim of bowl. Series of parallel zigzags, decreasing in size towards the base. Cf. Myk 
 Van. xxx. 273. 
 
 36. Greenish clay. The design cannot be reconstructeil. The nearest similarity lies in two 
 fragments of Class IV. iMyl: Von. xxxvii. 378, 379), and it is possible that we may have here 
 as thei-e the combination of a spiral and a ray. 
 
 37 a and b. Two fragments from same vase. Net ornament. Cf. Myk. Van. XX. 146. 
 
 38. The same. 
 
 39. Rim of bowl. Undoubtedly a suggestion of a guilloche. Cf. Myk. Vai<. xxxiv. 337 ; 
 XIX. 134. 
 
 4a Kim of bowl. Probably a design similar to Myk. Va». xxx. 280. 
 
 41. Kim of bowl. Cf. Myk. Vus. xxxi. 288. 
 
 42. Fine red clay, with whitish slip, red brown decoration. Similar pattern to 37, save that 
 a cross is placed at each comer of the mesh. 
 
 43. Similar clay and slip. Half circle at corner of each mesh. 
 
 CLASS III., DIVISION L'. 
 
 Class III. 2 foi-ms the bulk of all Mycenaean pottery, no matter where found. 
 Though the hugest class of all, it is, as a whole, uninteresting save in regard to its 
 bearing on contemporary art. There is little exercise of skill on the jwrt of the 
 potters, who seem to have been contented to turn out large numbers of vases varying 
 little in form or decoration. 
 
 The class differs principally from its predecessor in that the cpiality as a whole is 
 decidedly inferior. The clay is coarser and not so carefully cleaned, varying in shade, 
 red and yellow predominating. The decoration is of many colors, the different shades 
 of red and brown being the favorites. The iwint also is of a very inferior quality, and 
 on many vases has almost entirely faded. The ghize is generally dull, and never reaches 
 that lustrousness so characteristic of the preceding class. 
 
 In the arrangement of the fragments, the order adopted by Furtwiingler and 
 
 * (Jaz. Arih. 1879, pi. xxvii., also in Myk. Vas. ix. 50. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS III., DIVISION 2 
 
 83 
 
 Loeschcke has been followed, since the general succession of our fragments differs in 
 no great degree from that of other Mycenaean fragments. Only a few of the Heraeum 
 fragments are here presented, but they illustrate all the principal types and the gen- 
 eral development of the ornamentation. 
 
 The condition of the fragments was extremely bad. Out of the whole class we 
 succeeded in reconstructing only three vases, one of which coming from a small tomb 
 had almost all the fragments preserved. Another half dozen had about half their 
 fragments renuvining, and twenty or more were represented by perhaps a dozen frag- 
 ments apiece. More than a hundred were represented by from two to five fragments 
 apiece. What the total number of vases represented by the fragments was, is impos- 
 sible to say, as no calculation can come near the truth ; the number certainly ran 
 into the thousands. As a rule where several fragments from the same vase were forth- 
 coming, only one or two are here given, unless the scheme of ornamentation was not 
 plain. As so many cases occurred where fragments of identically the same clay and 
 technique clearly belonged to different vases, the relation of several fragments to one 
 vase has been ignored, unless their common origin was clearly shown by a joining or 
 otherwise. 
 
 The field in which our fragments lie is practically covered by plates xvii.-xxxv. 
 of the Mf/keni.^che Vasen. The fragments corresi>onding to plates xxv. and xxvi. we 
 have already assigned to Class II. 2. It has proved impossible in all cases to follow 
 Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's arrangement exactly, and such variations as are introduced 
 are justified by the demand of the particular frag- 
 ments under discussion. I have endeavored to 
 discuss the natural sequence of the ornamentation, 
 i. e. to treat the conventionaliziujj of naturalistic 
 motives first and the linear ones last, since we 
 find the Mycenaean style as a whole passing from 
 linear to naturalistic motives and through the 
 conventionalizing of the latter, receding to linear 
 themes again, as illustrated by Class IV. 
 
 Pig. 13. Amphora, from Myk. Vas. xliv. 45 ; 
 height, 0.33 m. ; diameter of opening, 0.105 m. 
 Reddish clay, with yellow sUp and dull black 
 decoration. From a grave back of the peribolos 
 wall above the South Stoa. Small part oi vase re- 
 stored in pLister. 
 
 This was the only vase which allowed a fairly 
 complete reconstruction. The ornamentation is 
 similar to that of the amphora in Myk. Vri.<. 
 XXVI. 223, save that the central design and the buds of the flower are treated in a 
 slightly different fashion. 
 
 PLATE LIII. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Flower Budn. 
 
 1. Rim and handle of bowl. The bud has here been cut m half, 
 this vase was found. 
 
 2. Flower buds in series. Cf. Myk. Vus. xxvi. 218, 220. 
 a Flower bud and diamond. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxviii. 246. 
 
 Another smaller fragment of 
 
 Ml 
 
82 TIIK VASKS AND VASK FKACJMKNTS 
 
 30. Rim of howl. Spiral iliain. 
 
 The majority of the t'ragineiits of tliis class bore tlie iIeiM»ratioii of spirals, in cliain 
 or siiijjle. Most of the fragments were extremely small. 
 
 31 a-C. Three fra<»:iiuMit> from rim of a Ik>w1. Heddish i-Iay, with bright yellow slii) ami 
 ri'«l tlecoration. For the tootheil eil«je of c, ef. Myk. Vu». XXIII. 171. 
 
 The mnrex or })ur|)le fish ornament is extremely connnon. It is curions tliat we 
 cannot trace its orii»-in to an earlier class, since it (h>es n«it tn-cnr in Classes I. and 
 II. Even in Class III. it is im{M)ssible to tnice any preliminary .steps nnless we ivco«niize 
 one of the early essiys in the cnp from lalysos ; ' tbat, lunvever. si>ems ratber too 
 conventionalized for a prototype. The arr:in<»ement of the |>attern varies, the most 
 connnon l)ein«>f a row of double murexes as in Mtjl'. Vnx. xxxi. 297. or else tbev are 
 laid diaijonallv on their sides. 
 
 32. \\\\\\ of bowl. Series of iimrexes plaetnl dia<:fonally to the line of the rim. Cf. J////. Vas. 
 MM. 47. Decoration bright reil and techiiiqm* extremely tine. 
 
 33. The same. 
 
 34. Clay a trifle coarser than is usual in this class and apjiears burnt, (ilaze extremely 
 brilliant. Undoubtedly part of a large va.se. as the amrex in far larger than is usual. 
 
 35. Kim of bowl. Series of parallel zigzags, decreasing in size towards the ha.se. Cf. J/f/H- 
 V'fs. XXX. 273. 
 
 36. (Jreenish clay. The design cannot lie recoustrm'ted. The nearest similarity lies in two 
 fragments of Class IV. ( .l/y/. V.is. xxxvii. 378, 379), and it is jmssible that we may have hero 
 as there the coud)inatiitn of a spiral and a ray. 
 
 37 a and b. Two fragments from sauie vase. Net ornament. Cf. Mi/l. Vos. xx. 146. 
 
 38. The same. 
 
 39. Rim of Iwwl. Undoubtedly a suggestion of a guilloche. Cf. J/f/k. \'<i>t. xxxiv. 337: 
 XIX. 134. 
 
 40. Rim of bowl. Prohahly a <lesign similar to J////-. Vus. x.xx. 280. 
 
 41. Kim of howl. Cf. J/i/'l V,nt. xxxi. 288. 
 
 42. Fine red clay, with whitish slip, red hrown dec«)ration. Similar pattern to 37, save that 
 a «'ross is placed at each corner of the mesh. 
 
 43. Similar clay and slip. Half circle at corner of each mesh. 
 
 CLASS III.. lUVlSlOX J. 
 
 Class III. 2 forms the bulk of all Mycenaean pottery, no matter wbeii' fiMnnl. 
 Though the larnest class of all. it is, as a whole, uninterestinn^ save in rej^ard to its 
 bearino- on contemporary art. There is little exercise of skill on the |Kirt of tlie 
 potters, who seem to have been contented to turn out larj^e numbers of vases varvinjr 
 little in form or «leeoration. 
 
 The class differs principally from its predecessor in that the quality as a whole is 
 <lecide(lly inferior. The clay is coarser and not so carefully cleaned, varyinjj in shade, 
 red and veRow predcnninatinj;:. The dec«uation is of nuiny cohn-s. the diffei-ent shades 
 of red and brown bein«»- the favorites. The iwiint also is of a very inferior <piality. and 
 on many vases has almost entirely fadetl. The fr\azk^ is jrenerally dull, and never reaches 
 that lustrousness so characteristic of the preceding chiss. 
 
 In the arran«>ement of the frajrnients, the order adoi)ted by Furtwiin^Her and 
 
 * Ciaz. Arrh. 1S7U, pi. xxvii., also iu Mifk. las. ix. uG. 
 
 TIIK MYCKXAEAN STYLE: CLASS III., DIVISION 2 
 
 83 
 
 Loeschcke has been followed, since the general succession of our fragments differs in 
 no great degree from that of other Mycenaean fragments. Only a few of the Heraeum 
 fnigments are here presented, but they illustrate all the principal types and the gen- 
 end development of the ornamentation. 
 
 The condition of the fragments was extremely bad. Out of the whole class we 
 succeeded in riM-onstructing only three vases, one of which ccmiing from a small tomb 
 had almost all the fragments preserved. Another half dozen had about half their 
 fragments remaining, and twenty or more were represented by perhaps a dozen frag- 
 ments apiece. More than a hundred were represented by from two to five fragments 
 apiece. What the total nund>er of vases represented by the fragments was, is impos- 
 sible to siiy, as no calculation can come near the truth ; the number certiunly ran 
 into the thousiinds. As a rule where several fragments from the same vase were forth- 
 c<Mning, only one or two are here given, unless the scheme of ornamentation was not 
 plain. As so many cases (K'curred where fragments of identically the same clay and 
 techni<|ue clearly belonged to different vases, the relation of several fragments to one 
 vase has been ignored, unless their connnon origin was clearly shown by a joining or 
 otherwise. 
 
 The field in which ouv fragments lie is practically covered by plates xvii.-xxxv. 
 of the Mfikin'isvht' Vamn. The fragments corresjjonding to plates xxv. and xxvi. we 
 have already assigned to Class II. 2. It has proved impossible in all cases to follow 
 Furtwiiuijler and Loeschcke's arranjrement exactlv. and such variations as are introduced 
 are justified by the demand of the particular frag- 
 ments under discussion. I have endeavored to 
 discuss the natural seipience of the ornamentati<Mi. 
 i. e. to treat the conventionalizinu' of naturalistic 
 motives first and the linear ones last, since we 
 find the Mycenaean style as a whole passing from 
 linear to naturalistic motives and through the 
 conventionalizing of the latter, receding to linear 
 themes au'ain, as illustrated bv Class IV. 
 
 Fig. 13. Amphora, from .1////.'. Vns. xliv. 4;") ; 
 height, 0'X\ m. ; diameter of opening, 0.1();> m. 
 Reddish clay, with yellow sHp and dull black 
 detMuation. From a grave back of the peribcdos 
 wall above the South Stoa. Small part of vase re- 
 stored in phister. 
 
 This wjis the only vase which alhjwed a fairly 
 complete reconstruction. The ornamentation is 
 siinihir to that of the amphora in Mtjk. Vox. 
 XXVI. 22;}, siive that the central design and the bu<ls of the flower are treated in a 
 slightly different fashion. 
 
 PLATE LIII. 
 
 Floirei' finds. 
 
 1. Rim and handle of bowl. The bud has here been cut in half. Another smaller fragment of 
 this vase was found. 
 
 Z Flower bmls iu series. Cf. Mf/L Vas. xxvi. 218, 220. 
 3. Flower bud and diamond. Cf. M>/L Vas. xxviii. 240. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 
84 
 
 THK VASES AND VASK FRAGMENTS 
 
 Ch'clcif^ DUimoiith, etc. 
 
 4. Circle: dotted row outside. Cf. J////-. Va>*. xxviii. 221). 
 & Same ; dotted row inside. 
 
 6. Handle of bowl. Same as 4, with addition of central dot to the circle. Cf. J////-. Vas. 
 XXVIII. 237. 
 
 7. Kosette in simplest form. 
 
 8. Lozengt' with ocntral cross; similar to Mi/k. Vu». xxvill. 240. save for omission of outside 
 lines. 
 
 9. Diamond chain. Cf. Mfik. Fc/.s. iii. 18. 
 
 10. Diamond, diacfonals inside. Cf. Mi/k. Vus. XXIX. 250. 
 
 11. Diamond circle in centre. 
 
 Spiral Konuif and their Development. 
 
 12. Kim of bowl. Another bowl of precisely similar form and decoration is in the Louvre, 
 Room A, left hand window case (no number given). Spiral in its most elementarv form. 
 
 13. Spirals in chain, simplest form. Cf. Myk. Vax. xxviii. 242. 
 
 Fig. 14. .lug with sjwut and one handle. Height, 0.135 m. Pale yellow clay, with greenish 
 
 slip, faded black decoration. Row of spirals unconnected. 
 For form, cf. J////-. Van. XI. 66. 
 
 This jiijj was labeled as coniint^ from the sjiine 
 
 t(mil) as the four small vases of the " dull " finish 
 
 mentioned on p. 74. Professor Wahlstein informs 
 
 me that the label is wrong, a.s a photojjrajdi of the 
 
 tomb shows only the four vases already referred 
 
 to. It is ])robable that this jug comes from the 
 
 .sime tomb as Fig. 13. 
 
 14. The same. Introduction of ornament (semicircle ) 
 in field. Similar to Mtjl: Vui<. xxvim. 245, save that 
 here the ornament is unc«»nnected with the sj>iral. 
 
 IS The same : gi-eenish clav, with faded decoration. 
 
 16. The same ; ornament resembling an E reversed. 
 Cf. M,jh Vn». XXXII. 312. 
 
 17. Two semicircles in field. Cf. Myk. T'/.s. XXXIII. 319. 
 
 18. Double row of spirals, alternating. 
 
 19. Similar arrangement oi sjjirals to that of our am]>hora (Fig. 13). Cf. M'jk. Vn». XXIX. 
 2:)«). 
 
 20. Cf. Mifk. Vas. XXIX. 253. Several other fragments of this bowl were found. Its chief 
 ])eculiarity lies in the greenish yellow slip of the exterior. The decoration is considerably faded. 
 Though no fragments fitted each other, it is plain that the scheme of decoration was a row of 
 spirals, the loops curving upwards antl unconnected. 
 
 21. Rim of bowl. Reddish clay and red brown decoration. 
 
 22. Yellowish clay, pale slip. Stri|)e on inside. Cf. Myk. Vai<. xxix. 255. 
 
 23. Shoulder of three-handled vase. Double row of spirals. 
 
 24. From a cup of precisely similar form and decoration to one from Xanplia. Cf. Myl: Vii». 
 XXI. 150. p. 146 ; also xxxii. 302. 
 
 25. Rim of bowl : dull red glaze on interior. Undoubteilly same shape and tlesign as Mi/k. 
 r*/.s. XV. 03. 
 
 26. Clay of a bright brick red color. Whether the fiond or marine influence is most prominent 
 here is hard to say, as the movement strongh' suggests the arms of a jJolyp. Cf. Myk. Vas. 
 XVII. 110. 
 
 27. Handle with spirals. Intro<luction of HtrastlkdH. 
 
 Fio. 14. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: FLOWER PATTERNS 
 
 85 
 
 Fhnnr Patterns. 
 
 The flower pattern in Mycenaean art is one of the earliest motives ; we have already 
 found it in Cliiss II. 2 (cf. Plate LII. (J and 7), and similar though not identical plants 
 may he found on the sword-blades from Mycenae.' A comparison of our fragments 
 witii those in Mtfk. V((.s. xxx. shows many points of siinihiiity, hut the progression 
 towards conventionaliziition mentioned by Furtwiingler and Loesehcke (p. GO) can hardly 
 be seen here, since in none of our fragments is the drawing of the pistils, seed-bags, and 
 leaves at all apparent, and all our fragments have arrived at the conventional stage. 
 The pseud-amj)hora is the commonest form, though many fragments of bowls like Mt/k. 
 Vax. xxx. 270, were found. 
 
 28. Shoulder of pseud-:iniphora. Two clays together, pale red inside, dark red outside, with a 
 bright yellow slip. Cf. M;/k. Vas. xviii. 124: xxx. 266. 
 
 29. The same. 
 
 30. From belly of a 1m)w1. Cf. Jfi/k. Vas. viii. 43: xxi. 157. 
 
 31. Rim of bowl. Several other fragments found. Cf. Mi/k. Vis. xviii. 122. 
 
 32. Similar design. 
 
 33. Similar <lesign. Top of flower ends in a loop. Several other fragments from the same 
 vase were found. 
 
 34. The zigzag corona of th«' flower now stands by itself. This is <me of the commonest 
 motives, and may be found on dozens of our fragments. Cf. Mt/k. Vas. ix. 51. 
 
 35. Series of zigzags used as bonier lines. 
 
 36 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase : another smaller fragment was also found. 
 Rrick red clay, probably burnt. The zigz:ig pattern is used almost exclusively, and suggests a 
 transition style to the geometric. The half circles as ornaments in field are used in simihir fashion 
 to the '• Running Dog" pattern. Cf. Flinders Petrie, TcM-Amanta, xxvii. 41-43 ; Jlyk. T'f/.«.. 
 XV. 96. 
 
 37. Flower branch. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxi. 286. 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 Fhnnr Jiranrhes. 
 
 1. Simple form. Dotted ww above and below corona. 
 
 2. Flower branch simihir to Plate IV. No. 32, corona of zigzags. In field toothed wheel. 
 
 3. Similar treatment to No. 1. 
 
 4. Interior dotted row omitte<l. 
 
 5. Similar to No. 1. Clay burnt to a dark gi-ay. 
 
 6. Lower part in form of two sjjirals curved like volutes. 
 
 7. Waving brancli to each side, probably as an imitation of a palm-tree. Cf. Myk. Vas. 
 
 XXXI. 293. 
 
 8. Top arranged in triple fiuin, half ciivles unconnected. 
 
 9. Part of large bowl. Triple airangemcnt of corona, in elaborate form, combined with the 
 nmrcx. Cf. Myk, Vas. xxxi. 208. p. 61. Whethei- the murex is jjaired or single cannot be 
 told with certainty, but probably the former case is true. This combination is a connnon feature 
 on vases of this class. 
 
 10. Cf. Myk. Vas. XI. 72. Similar, but not .is elal)orate. 
 
 11. Half a dozen other fragments of almost identical clay and technique were found. Those 
 fragments, however, had <liftercnt natives, and it seems impossible that so many difterent themes 
 should be combined on one v:jse. Hence no reconstruction was attempted. The arrangement of 
 the motive here is clearly connected with the flower branch just discussed. 
 
 12. For the scroll ornament cf. Schliemann, Mykenar. ]). 291, fig. 369, Jahrh. II. (1887), p. 55. 
 > .itkfii. .Vi«. VII. (1882), p. :i4."., 1)1. viii. ; cf. also the wall paintings from Tliei-isia. Mffk: Van. Xll. l^i, 74. 
 
 MMI 
 
84 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: FLOWER PATTERNS 
 
 85 
 
 Circles, Diamonds, etc. 
 
 4. Circle ; dotted row outside. Cf . Myk. Vas. xxviii. 229. 
 
 5. Same ; dotted row inside. 
 
 6. Handle of bowl. Same as 4, with addition of central dot to the circle. Cf. Myl. Vas. 
 XXVIII. 237. 
 
 7. Rosette in simplest form. 
 
 8. Lozenge with central cross; similar to Myk.Vtis. xxvill. 240, save for omission of outside 
 lines. 
 
 9. Diamond chain. Cf. Mi/k: Vas. ill. 18. 
 
 10. Diamond, diagonals inside. Cf. Myk. Vas. XXIX. 256. 
 
 11. Diamond circle in centre. 
 
 Spiral Forms and their Development. 
 
 12. Rim of bowl. Another bowl of precisely similar form and decoration is in the Louvre, 
 Room A, left hand window case (no number given). Spiral in its most elementary form. 
 
 13. Spirals in chain, simplest form. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxviii. 242. 
 
 Fig. 14. Jug with spout and one handle. Height, 0.135 m. Pale yellow clay, with greenish 
 
 slip, faded black decoration. Row of spirals unconnected. 
 For form, cf. 3/f/k. Vas. xi. 66. 
 
 This jug was labeled as coming from the same 
 
 tomb as the four small vases of the " dull " finish 
 
 mentioned on p. 74. Professor Waldstein infoiins 
 
 me that the label is wrong, as a photograph of the 
 
 tomb shows only the four vases already referi^ed 
 
 to. It is ])robable that this jug eomes from the 
 
 same tomb as Fig. 13. 
 
 14. The same. Introduction of ornament (semicircle ) 
 in field. Similar to 3fyk. Vas. xxviiii. 245, save that 
 here the ornament is unconnected with the spiral. 
 
 15. The same ; gi-eenish clay, with faded decoration. 
 
 16. The same; ornament resembling an £ reversed. 
 Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxii. 312. 
 
 Cf. MyL Vas. xxxiii. 319. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Two semicircles in field 
 
 Double row of spirals, alternating. 
 
 Similar arrangement of s])irals to that of our amphora (Fig. 13). Cf. Myk. Vas. XXix 
 
 17. 
 
 la 
 
 19. 
 
 256. 
 
 20. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix. 253. Several other fragments of this bowl were found. Its chief 
 peculiarity lies in the gi*eenish yellow slip of the exterior. The decoration is considerably faded. 
 Though no fragments fitted each other, it is plain that the scheme of decoration was a i*ow of 
 spirals, the loops curving upwards and unconnected. 
 
 21. Rim of bowl. Reddish clay and red brown decoration. 
 
 22. Yellowish clay, pale slip. Stripe on inside. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix. 255. 
 
 23. Shoulder of three-handled vase. Double row of spirals. 
 
 24. From a cup of precisely similar form and decoration to one from Nauplia. Cf. Myk. Vas. 
 XXI. 150. p. 146 ; also xxxii. 302. 
 
 25. Rim of bowl ; dull red glaze on interior. Undoubtedly same shape and design as Myk. 
 Vas. XV. 93. 
 
 26. Clay of a bright brick red color. Whether the floral or marine influence is most prominent 
 here is hard to say, as the movement strongly suggests the arms of a polyp. Cf. Myk. Vas, 
 XVII. 110. 
 
 27. Handle with spirals. Introtluction of sicastikas. 
 
 Flower Patterns. 
 
 The flower pattern in Mycenaean art is one of the earliest motives ; we have already 
 found it in Class II. 2 (cf. Plate LII. G and 7), and similar though not identical plants 
 may be found on the sword-blades from Mycenae.' A comparison of our fragments 
 with those in Myk. Van. xxx. shows many points of similarity, but the progression 
 towards conventionalization mentioned by Furtwiingler and Loescheke (p. 60) can hardly 
 be seen here, since in none of our fragments is the drawing of the pistils, seed-bags, and 
 letives at all apjmrent, and all our fragments have arrived at the conventional stage. 
 The pseud-amphom is the commonest form, though many frag^nents of bowls like 3It/k. 
 Fo.s. xxx. 276, were found. 
 
 28l Shoulder of pseud-amphora. Two clays together, pale red inside, dark red outside, with a 
 bright yellow slip. Cf. Myk. Vas. xviii. 124 : xxx. 266. 
 
 29. The same. 
 
 30. From belly of a bowl. C^f. Myk. Vas. vni. 43 ; xxi. 157. 
 
 31. Rim of bowl. Several other fragments found. Cf. Myk. Vas. xviii. 122. 
 
 32. Similar design. 
 
 33. Similar design. Top of flower ends in a loop. Several other fragments from the same 
 vase were found. 
 
 34. The zigzag corona of the flower now stands by itself. This is one of the commonest 
 motives, and may be found on dozens of our fragments. Cf. Myk. Vas. ix. 51. 
 
 35. Series of zigzags used as border lines. 
 
 36 a and b. Two fragments fi-om the same vase ; another smaller fragment was also found. 
 Brick red clay, probably burnt. The zigzag pattern is used almost exclusively, and suggests a 
 transition style to the geometric. The half circles as ornaments in field are used in similar fashion 
 to the " Running Dog " pattern. Cf. Flinders Petrie, Tel-el-Amarna, xxvii. 41-43 ; Myk. Vas. 
 XV. 96. 
 
 37. Flower branch. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxi. 286. 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 Flower Branches. 
 
 1. Simple form. Dotted i*ow above and below corona. 
 
 2. Flower branch similar to Plate IV. No. 32, corona of zigzags. In field toothed wheel. 
 
 3. Similar treatment to No. 1. 
 4 Interior dotted row omitted. 
 
 5. Similar to No. 1. Clay burnt to a dark gray. 
 
 6. Lower part in form of two spirals curved like volutes. 
 
 7. Waving bi-ancli to each side, probably as an imitation of a palm-tree. Cf. Myk. Vas. 
 XXXI. 293. 
 
 8. Top arranged in triple form, half cii-cles unconnected. 
 
 9. Part of large bowl. Triple arrangement of corona, in elaborate form, combiued with the 
 murex. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxi. 298, p. 61. Whether the murex is paired or single cannot be 
 told with certainty, but pi-obably the former case is true. This combination is a common feature 
 on vases of this class. 
 
 10. Cf. Myk. Vas. xi. 72. Similar, but not as elaborate. 
 
 11. Half a dozen other fragments of almost identical clay and technique were found. Those 
 fragments, however, had different motives, and it seems impossible that so many different themes 
 should be combined on one vase. Hence no reconstruction was attempted. The arrangement of 
 the motive here is clearly connected with the flower branch just discussed. 
 
 12. For the scroll ornament cf. Schliemann, Mykenae, p. 291, fig. 369, Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 55. 
 • Atheu. Mitt. VII. (1882), p. 245, pi. viii. ; cf. also the wall paintings from Tlierasia. Myk: Vas. xii. 7.3, 74. 
 
M THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Murer, or Purple FisJi Pattrrnn. 
 
 The murex pattern is geiier.illy arraiijj^ecl in series of single ones, or {uiirs, the tops 
 touching the border of the rim of the vase. Furtwiingler and I^iesohcke's statement,' 
 " das Ornament wird besonders haiitig an Bechern und Napfen verwendet, (hnli nur an 
 solehen deren Innenseite ungetirnisst ist," is not correct, since on sevenil of the Henieuni 
 fragments, with glaze on the interior, was this ornament found. 
 
 la Side of a large bowl, form Myk, Va», xxxi. 297, about 30 cm. in diameter. Height 
 cannot be determined, but it was probably the same as the tliameter. The clay is of a warm yellow, 
 but with a tinge of red and yellow slip. Decoration changes from black to brown and clark re<l. 
 Murices in single series. Several other fragments of same vase were found. 
 
 14 a and b. Two fragments of a kylix, yellow clay. Murexes in single series, rosette under 
 handle. Sevei-al other fragments of same vase were found. 
 
 15. r.im of bowl. Simple murex combined with another diagonally. Cf. Myk. Vas. VI. 30. 
 
 16. Murex laid diagonally. Dark red glaze on interior. 
 
 17. Murex arranged diagonally. Cf. M>/L Vas. viii. 47. Dotted circle inside head of murex, 
 1& Murex laid horizontally. Brilliant dark red glaze on interior. 
 
 19. Rim of large bowl. Dotted ciix'Ie outside head of murex. The zigzag imtteni at the side 
 is curious and suggests the imitation inscriptions found on black-tigured work. Cf. M^i: Vuk. 
 XV. 9«, XX. 145, XXI. 154. 
 
 20. Murices in pairs, points curving outwards. Dotted circle between the pairs. This varia- 
 tion where the points curve outwards, and the pair combined in single form, is extremely rare. 
 Cf. Schliemann, Tin/ns, pi. xxii. b, Mi/L Va». xxxi. 299. 
 
 21. Alternate nuirex ami pistil. 
 
 22. Reddish clay, brown aecoraticm. This ornament is probably a development of the murex 
 pattern. 
 
 Linear ami Textile Pattern.^. 
 
 The conventionaliziition of the pictorial ornaments now leads to a steady employment 
 of linear and textile patterns. Whether the ktter are really drawn from those used 
 in embroideries is impossible to say.* 
 
 23. From a bowl of precisely the same form and decoration as M,/k: Vait. xxxii. 306, save 
 that here the lozenges of the upper row are double instead of triple in form. 
 
 24. Alternating larger and smaller arehes. Cf. Myl. Va». xxxii, 308. 
 
 25. The arches are bounded above and below by circles. 
 
 26. Small arches in series. 
 
 27. From a large bowl. Suggestion of a guilloche. Cf Mt/L Van. in. 21. 
 
 2a The ornaments in field here consist of cii-cles whose diameter is broken. Cf, Mt/l: Vas. 
 xxxii. 313, Perhaps a representation of a mussel-shell open. Cf. B. C. H. II. pi. xv. 10. 
 
 29. Similar, with the addition of a smaller circle inside the larger one. 
 
 30. Ornament resembling a revei-sed E surrounded by semicircle. Cf. Plate LV. 16 : Myh. 
 Fa.v. XXXII. 304, 307, 312, Perhaps the half of a mussel-shell ; cf, Myh. Vas. p. 61, No. 304. 
 
 The principle in the fcdlowing fragments seems to be the division of the vase into 
 a series of metope-Hke s«|uares by vertical lines, the vacant spaces being filled by natural 
 ornaments conventionalized or else textile motives. 
 
 3L Simplest form ot design. Series of semicircles back to back separated by a series of lines, 
 not quite vertical. 
 
 32. Similar decoration. Outer vertical lines bounded by series of loops, which is one of the 
 commonest motives at this time. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: LINEAR AND TEXTILE PATTERNS 
 
 87 
 
 » Myk. Vas. p. 61, No. 297. 
 
 « Cf. M^k. Vas. p, C2. 
 
 33. Semicircles almost contiguous. Between the vertical lines, series of parallel zigzags. Cf. 
 J/yk. Vas. xxxiii. 317. 
 
 34. Double semicircles in upper right-hand corner with central dots. Cf. No. 29. 
 
 35. Vertical lines interlaced by diagonal lines. 
 
 36. Double semicircles, large and small. Herring-bone pattern between the vertical lines. 
 Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiii. 318. 
 
 37. Three double semicircles bounded by mussel ornament in series. 
 38l Interior semicircle in loop form. Cf. Myl: Vas. xxxiii. 324. 
 
 39. Dull brown glaze on interior. Square divided into four triangles by diagonals, with arcs. 
 Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiii. 316. 
 
 40. The same ; double semicircles in each triangle. 
 
 41. Diamond in square, divided by double semicircles into three sections. Another smaller 
 fragment from the same vase was found. Cf. MyL Vas. i, 5, xv, 99, xxxiv. 345. 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 
 1. Reddish clay with darke:- core, plastic mouldings on ui)per and lower edges. Form uncer- 
 tain, but probably that of a three-handled pyxis with rounded base, as in Myk. Vas. XLiv. 34. 
 Ornament a variation of the *' Running 
 Dog " pattern (see below) growing out of 
 the looi)s already mentioned. Perhaps the 
 ornament may have been intended for a 
 guilloche. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 347. 
 
 2. Similar clay, but from rim of a bowl. 
 Per|)endicular loop pattern, the ends car- 
 ried out to a point (as in No. 1) with 
 rosette in field. 
 
 Pig. 15, Bowl. Form, 3/yk. Vas. 
 XXXIII, 328 : height, 0.104 m, ; diame- 
 ter, 0.145 m. Light red clay, with warm 
 
 yellow slip, circular bands on interior. Sim- p^j jg 
 
 ilar decoration on both sides, three i>er|>en- 
 
 dicular series of lines, the outer inclosing a herring-bone pattern, the central one zigzags with a 
 dotted semicircle on each side. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiii. 327, 330. Numerous other fragments of 
 precisely this scheme of ornamentation were found. 
 
 3. Rim of bowl, reddish yellow clay, continuous zigzag between the perpendiculars and dotted 
 rosettes. Good technique. 
 
 4. The ornament is probably a variation of the palm-tree (cf. Myk. Vas. xxxi. 296). I 
 have been unable to find another instance exactly similar. Lozenge chain introduced between 
 the perpendiculars. Another small fragment of the vase was also found. 
 
 5. Exactly the same clay and technique as Pl.vte LIV. 11, but it is doubtful whether it belongs 
 to the same vase. The herring-bone, as on Plate LI II. 34, is here introduced. 
 
 6. Herring-bone between the verticals ; one of the commonest Mycenaean motives. Cf . Myk. 
 Vas. XXXIV. 336. 
 
 7. Lozenge chain between the verticals as on 4. 
 
 8. Continuous zigzag between the verticals as on 3. 
 
 9. The zigzags are here separated. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv, 340. A common motive. 
 
 10. The same, broader lines, verticals in pairs. 
 
 11. The same, verticals in pairs, closer together. 
 
 12. The lines between the verticals are here treated as on 2. 
 
 13. Interlacing diagonal lines between the verticals. This form of decoration is especially 
 characteristic of the shoulder decoration on pseud-amphoras, or three-handled vases, Cf. Myk. 
 
 Vas. XXII. 159. 
 
86 
 
 TlIK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 The iiiurex pattern is jrenerallv aiianj;;e(l in series of sino^le ones, or |Kiirs. the tops 
 touching- the bonier of tht' rim of tlie vase. Furtwiingler and Loeseheke's statement,' 
 *' das Ornament wird hesonders haiifig an Beehern und Niipfen verwendet, doeli nur an 
 sokhen deren Innenseite ungetirnisst ist," is not eori-ect, sinee on sevend of the lleraeum 
 fragments, with ghize on tlie interior, was this ornament found. 
 
 13. Side of a large bowl, form M;/k: Vum. xxxi. :il»7. alwut 30 cm. in diameter. Height 
 eaiiuot be determined, but it was probaldy the same as the diameter. The clay is of a warm yellow, 
 but with a tinge of red and yellow slip. Decoration changes from black to brown and tlark leil. 
 Murices in single series. Sevend other fragments of same vase were found. 
 
 14 a and b. Two fragments of a kylix, yellow clay. Murexes in single series, i-osette under 
 handle. Several «)ther fragments of same vase were found. 
 
 15. Rim of bowl. Simple nnuex combined with another diagonally. Cf. Mijl: Vas. VI. 30. 
 
 16. Murex laid diagonally. Dark reil glaze on interior. 
 
 17. Murex arranged diagonally. V{. J/>/L !'</.«. viii. 47. Dotted circle inside head of murex. 
 
 18. Murex laid horizontally. Ihilliant tlark red glaze on interior. 
 
 19. Rim of large bowl. Dottetl circle outside heail of murex. The zigzag pattern at the sitle 
 is curious and suggests the imitatitm inscrijitions found on black Hguretl work. If, M^Ji. V,i^. 
 XV, Ol», XX. 145. XXI. 154. 
 
 20. Muriees in pairs, iK»ints curving outwanls. Dottetl cin-le Wtween the pairs. This varia- 
 tion where the points curve outwards, and the pair c«unbinetl in single form, is extremely rare. 
 Cf. Sehliemanu. Tlri/ns. pi, xxii. b. M,/k: Vtis. xxxi. 2iW. 
 
 21. Alternate nmrex and ))istil, 
 
 22. Reddish clay, brown decoration. This tnnament is probably a development of the murex 
 pattern. 
 
 Llinar iiiul Tcrti/f PatternH. 
 
 The conventionaliaition of the pictorial ornaments now leads to a steady eniphiyinent 
 of linear and textile patterns. Whether the latter are really drawn from tlu.st' n.stnl 
 in embroideries is impossible tt) s;iv." 
 
 23. From a bowl of precisely the same form and decoration as .l////-. Van. xxxii. 30<;, save 
 that here the lozenges of the upper row are ihuible instead of trii)le in form. 
 
 24. Alternating larger and smaller arches. Cf. Mi/l. Vns. xxxii. 308. 
 
 25. The arches are bounded alwve and Mow by circles. 
 
 26. Small arches in series. 
 
 27. From a large bowl. Suggestion of a guilloche. Cf J///X-. Vas. in. 21. 
 
 2a The ornaments in held here consist of circles whose diameter is broken, Cf. ^f;/l. Van. 
 XXXII, 313. Perhaps a representation of a mussel-shell o|»en. Cf. li, ('. II. 11, pi, xv. 10. 
 
 29. Siuiilar, with the additi<m of a smaller circle inside the larger one. 
 
 30. Ornament resembling a reversed E suri*ounde<l by s«'micircle. Cf. PlaTK LV. 16: Mtfi. 
 Vus. XXXII. 304. 307. 312. Perhaps the half of a nmssel-shell : ef. Mik. Vii>^. p. «;i, No. 304. 
 
 The jninciple in the following fragments seems to l>e the division of tiie vase into 
 a .series of metope-like s(|uares by vertical lines, the vacant spaces being tilled by natnral 
 ornaments conventionalized or else textile motives. 
 
 31. Simplest form ot design. Series of semicircles back to back separated by a .series of lines, 
 not tpiite vertical. 
 
 32. Similar decoration. Outer vertical lines boun«le<l by series of looi»s. which is one of the 
 
 commonest motives at this time. 
 
 » M>jk. Vas. J). «;i, No. 297. 
 
 « Cf. M^k. Vu». p. 02. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: LINEAR AND TEXTILE PATTERNS 
 
 87 
 
 33. Semicircles almost contiguous. Between the vertical lines, series of parallel zigzag.s. Cf. 
 Mijk. V<t». XXXIII. 317. 
 
 34. Double semicircles in upper right-hand corner with central dots. Cf. No. 29. 
 
 35. Vertical lines interlaced by diagonal lines. 
 
 36. Double semicircles, large and small. Herring-bone pattern between the vertical lines. 
 Cf. Myli. Vas. xxxiii. 318. 
 
 37. Three double semicircles bounded by mussel ornament in series. 
 
 38. Interior semicircle in loop form. Cf. Mijh. V(i)i. xxxiii. 324. 
 
 39. Dull brown glaze on interior. Squarc divided into four triangles by diagonals, with arcs. 
 Cf. Mijk. Vitt<. XXXIII. 316. 
 
 40. The same ; tlouble semicircles in each triangle. 
 
 41. Diamon<l in squarc, divided by double semicircles into three sections. Another smaller 
 fragment from the same vase was found. Cf. Mijk. Va». i. 5, xv. 99, xxxiv. 345. 
 
 Fio. 1.5. 
 
 PLATK LV. 
 
 1. Retldish clay with darke: core, plastic moiddings on upper and lower edges. Form uncer- 
 t;iin, but probably that of a three-handled pyxis with roundeil base, as in Mijh. V(t». XLIV. 34. 
 Ornament a variation of the " Running 
 
 Dog" pattern (see below) growing out of ^' 
 
 the loops already mentioned. Perhaps the 
 ornament may have l>een intended for a 
 guilloche. Cf. Mijl. I'i/.'*. xxxiv. 347. 
 
 2. Similar clay, but from rim of a l>owl. 
 PeriH'Ujlicular looj) pattern, the en<ls car- 
 ried out to a iM)int (as in No. 1) with 
 rosette in field. 
 
 Fig, 15. liowl. Form. J////', !'</«. 
 XXXIII. 328: height, 0,104 m. : diame- 
 ter, 0.145 m. Light red chiy, with warm 
 yellow slip, circular bands on interior. Sim- 
 ilar decorati«)n on l)oth sides, three i>eri>en- 
 
 dicular series of lines, the outer inclosing a herring-bone pattern, the central one zigzags with :i 
 dottetl semicircle on each side. Cf. J////. Tf/.s. xxxiii. 327, 330. Numerous other fragments of 
 precisely this scheme of orname'.itation were found. 
 
 3 Rim of bowl. itHldish yellow clay, continuous zigzag between the perjKjndiculars and dotted 
 rosettes. GoikI technique. 
 
 4. The ornament is probably a variation of the palm-tree (cf. Myh. Vas. xxxi. 296). I 
 have been unable to fin«l another instance exactly similar. Lozenge chain introduced between 
 the periHjndiculars. Another small fragment of the vase was also foimd. 
 
 5. Exactly the same clay and teclmitpie as Plate LI V. 11, but it is doubtful whether it belongs 
 to the s:ime va.se. The herring-bone, as on Platk LI 1 1. 34, is here introduced. 
 
 6. Herring-l)one between the verticals; one of the commonest Mycenaean motives. Cf. Mi/L 
 Van. XXXIV. 336. 
 
 7. Ivozenge chain between the verticals as on 4. 
 
 a Continuous zigzag between the verticals as on 3 
 
 9. The zigzags are here separated. Cf. Mt/L Vas. xxxiv. 340. A common motive. 
 
 10. The same, broader lines, verticals in pairs. 
 
 11. The s:ime, verticals in pairs, closer together. 
 
 12. The lines between the verticals are here treated as on 2. 
 
 13. Interlacing diagonal lines lietween the verticals. This form of decoration is especially 
 characteristic of the shoulder decoration on pseud-amphoras, or three-handled vases. Cf. 3f>/L 
 
 Vas. xxiL 159. 
 
88 
 
 THK VASKS AM) VASK FHACrMENTS 
 
 14. " Kunning Dog" and scale patterns. Cf. J///X. I'as. XIX. 13li : xx. H^). 
 
 15. Keil glaze on interior. Dotted scale pattern. I'f. JIi/^: Vatt. X. 62; Sclilieniann, J/yXe/tf/c, 
 pi. xiii. 08 : Dunjont and Chaplain. Cer. pi. iii. UK 
 
 16. Scale pattern with dotted circles. Similar in character to 3fi/l: Vas. XI. 70. 
 
 17. The same, donble lines to each scale. Cf. Schlieniann, Tlrf/Hn, fig. 36. 
 la Scales in branch form. Cf. Mt/k. Vtts. vi. 32; xi. 70. 
 
 19. Kim of bowl, another fragment from the same vase also found. Parallels inclosing cross 
 lines ujceting at an obtuse angle. 
 
 20. Lozenge chain laid horizontally. Cf. No. 7. 
 
 21. The same, chain bounded by an •>uter line on each siile. 
 
 22. Similar to 21, the interior pattern a " Kunning Dog." Another fragment of the same vase 
 also found. 
 
 It is very probable that in 21 and 22 a guilloche was represented. Cf. J/t/k. Vas. .\xxiv. 328 : 
 Schliemann, Tin/m*, pi. xxvi. c. 
 
 23. "Kunning Dog" pattern. Cf. M;/l: Vas. xviii. 131. 
 
 24. Prol)ably the same pattern. The ends, however, do not overlap. Cf. M»/l. V(i». XV. 96. 
 
 25. •• Kunning Dog " pattern, simplest form. 
 
 26. The same, double pattern arranged vertically. 
 
 27. Probably a development of 24. Cf. .I/y/. Vax. xv. 9<5 : xxi. 1 '>4. 
 
 It is well to consider here the line decoration, or linear principle, which runs all tiirouj^h 
 Mycenaean decoration from the earliest times. The exanijdes here cited (Pijite LV.) 
 ouoht strictly to fall in several of the classes ali*eady considered ; hut as this linear prin- 
 ciple has a peculiar hearinjj on later periods, especially the Ar«»;ive style, it is best to 
 treat these fraoinents for a moment in one special class. Only those frajj^ments have 
 been selected which afford an exann)le of fine line decoration ; fra«»;ments of hirj^e vases 
 with broad lines as their only decoration were extremely connnon. 
 
 Thouoh some line decoration occurs on almost every vase of the Mycenaean epoch, it 
 is only duriny; this j)eriod, when Class III. Hourishes, that we find tiie steady employ- 
 ment of the tine as well as the heavy line, used chieHy on vases of the pseud- 
 amphora ty}>e. The shoulders of such va.ses are o;enerally filled with various motives, 
 hut from the shoulder to the base the vase is ornamented with a .series of parallel lines, 
 heavv and fine. Such fran'ments were extremely common at the Heraeum. Tlieir rehi- 
 tion to vases oi the Aro;ive style will be moi-e fully discussed in chai)ter iv. 
 
 28. Lower part of funnel-slia|>ed vase, of the so-(>alled "lalysos" tyiH'. Cf. J////-. Vtnt. vri. 
 42 : XI. 71. The opening runs the whole length of the vase. Fragments of such vases were 
 fairly couunon at the Heraeum, and as far u^i cuuld bt; seen the only form of decoration on them 
 was linear. 
 
 29. Belly of pseud-amphora. 
 
 30. Base of pseud-amphora. 
 
 31. From shoxdder of ]>seud-amphora. On shoulder traces of a flower pattern similar to Pl.\TE 
 LI II. 28. The central lines are bcutlered by a loop pattern, in series. 
 
 32. The same. The spirals are ti-eated in a moiv naturalistic fashion, which, combined with 
 the excellent tej'hnique. would seem to denote its standing between Clas.ses II. 2 and III. 1. 
 
 There still remain several kinds of vases to be mentioned, which, to jud<»e hy technique 
 and stvle. are certainlv not tdder than Class III. 2, and most iirohaldv helonjr to it. 
 
 Vases of a reddish yellow dav. carefully polished, but witliout ilecoration. Frajf 
 ments of these vases were numerous and filled several baskets. Some s|MH'imens were 
 found in the Bee-Hive tomb (see p. 01). Only a few vases could he restored fi-om the 
 fragments, and represent mostly kylixes and amphoras. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IV 
 
 89 
 
 Fid. IG. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Another series, which seems to belonjr to a separate class, was formed by fraj^nients 
 exactly similar to the one-handled cups from the Bee-Hive tomb. ( Cf . Fig. 32. ) The 
 clay is generally fine, red or yellow in color, with a brilliant glaze, the rims and feet 
 being ornamented with bands. The body of the vase is covered with a decoration hard 
 to describe; it seems as if the color had been sprayed on the surface of the vase. 
 Wiiether this is the sjinie technicjue exhibited by the vases from Aliki {Mt/k. Vas. 
 XVIII. 110, 125), 1 cannot sjiy ; it is not common, and thus far the only similar speci- 
 mens I have been able to note are from the Acropolis at Athens and Aegina. Just 
 what position they occupy in the Mycenaean style is doubtful, but the several points of 
 technique, chiy, glaze, and color wouhl seem to assign them to Chuss 111. in the first 
 division rather than the second. 
 
 Of the class of small, hand-made vases, menti«»ned in Mi/k. Vas. p. G3, the Heraeum 
 furnished one intact (Fig. 16) and numerous fragments of others. This is a one-handled 
 jug (height, 0.065 m.) of light reddish clay, 
 with vellow slip, the decoration varyino; be- 
 tvveen black and reel. Cf. J///^. IV/.s. xv. 101, 
 102, XVI. 108 ; Schliemann, A/i/cettae, p. GC, 
 No. 27. 
 
 Another vase belonging to Class III. is Fig. 
 17: height, 0.0() m. ; diameter, 0.051 m. Tw(» 
 U'iis and handle restored. Greenish clay, with 
 black bands on body and legs, dots ou rim. 
 
 The form of this vase is identical with .I////-. Vas. xuv. 102, save that the legs do 
 not turn up at the bott<mi. Cf. Jiihrh. I. ( 1880), p. IIU, fig. :300(). 
 
 CLA.SS IV. 
 
 The number of fragments belonj»in<»- to Class IV. is very small. In only a few cases 
 were more than three fragments of the same vase found, and even then the design could 
 not always be reconstructed. The peculiar fact is that the fragments of this class which 
 we possess do not show the wealth of ornamentation we should have expected. A very 
 sliiiht study of vases belonoino- to this class from other localities shows that it is thor- 
 oughly decadent, with a wealth of ornamentation linear rather than pictorial in charac- 
 ter. The Heraeum fragments show this linear feature, and even though the wealth of 
 ornamentation be lacking, the similarity between them and other vases of the class, in 
 decoration, clay, techni(iue, etc., is strong enough to warrant our plachig them in Class 
 IV. without (|uestion. 
 
 The clay of all our fragments of this class is much coarser than in the previous class, 
 and is «»-enerally greenish in tone. The color has lost the lu.stre which was prominent 
 before, while the irlaze is {renerallv dull and never rises to the level of that of Class III. 
 in point of brilliancy. Though the forms of the vases cannot always be determhied, it is 
 .sife to say that bowls were the most common. It may also be stilted that fragments 
 of this class which belong to vases with large openings do not always have the interior 
 glazed (J////.-. IV/."*. p. 03), or, to put it differently, the absence of glaze on the backs of 
 Iar«a» fra«»-ments of bowls is no proof that they are not connected with Class IV. In fact, 
 amon«'- the Heraeum fragments of this cla.ss. glaze on the back was the exception rather 
 
 than the rule. 
 
 As the number of fragments is so few, no attempt has been made to arrange them in 
 
IW 
 
 THK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 14. •' Running Dog" and scale pattenis. C'f. Myk: Vatt. XIX. 136 : XX. 146. 
 
 15. Red glaze on interior. Dotted scale pattern. Cf. Myk. Va». x. 62 ; Schliemauii, Mykeuac^ 
 pi. xiii. 63 ; Dumont and Chaplain, Cer. pi. iii. 19. 
 
 16. Scale pattern with dotted circles. Similar in character to Myk. Vas. xi. 70. 
 
 17. The same, double lines to each scale. Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, fig. 36. 
 la Scales in branch form. Cf. Myk. Va». vi. 32 ; xi. 70. 
 
 19. Rim of bowl, another fragment from the same vase also found. Parallels inclosing cross 
 lines meeting at an obtuse angle. 
 
 20. Lozenge chain laid horizontally. Cf. No. 7. 
 
 21. The same, chain bounded by an outer line on each side. 
 
 22. Similar to 21, the interior pattern a " Running Dog." Another fragment of the same vase 
 also found. 
 
 It is very probable that in 21 and 22 a guilloche was i-epresented. Cf. Myk. Vas. XXXIV. 328 : 
 Schliemann, Tirynn, pi. xxvi. c. 
 
 23. '•Running Dog" pattern. Cf. Myk. Vas. xviii. 131. 
 
 24. Probably the same pattern. The ends, however, do not overlap. Cf. Myk. Vus. xv. 96. 
 
 25. " Running Dog ' j)attern. simplest form. 
 
 26. The same, double pattern arranged vertically. 
 
 27. Probably a development of 24. Cf. Myk. Va». xv. 96 : xxi. 154. 
 
 It is well to consider here the line deeoration, or linear j)rineiple, which runs all through 
 ^Mycenaean decoration from the earliest times. The examples here cited (Plate LV.) 
 oujjht strictly to fall in several of the classes already considered ; but as this linear prin- 
 ciple has a peculiar bearing on later periods, especially the Argive style, it is l)est to 
 treat these fragments for a moment in one si>ecial class. Only those fmgnients have 
 been selected which afford an example of fine line decoration ; fragments of hirge vases 
 with broad lines as their oidv decoration were extremelv common. 
 
 Though some line decoration occurs on almost every vase of the Mycenaean epoch, it 
 is only during this period, when Class III. flourishes, that we find the steady employ- 
 ment of the fine as well as the heavy line, used chiefly on vases of the pseud- 
 amphora type. The shoulders of such vases are generally filled with various nuitives, 
 but from the shoulder to the base the vase is ornamented with a series of |Kirallel lines, 
 heavy and fine. Such fragments were extremely common at the Heraeum. Their rela- 
 tion to vases of the Argive style will be more fidly discussed in chapter iv. 
 
 2& Lower part of funnel-shaped vase, of the so-called " lalysos " tyix?. Cf. Myk. Vas. vii. 
 42 ; XI. 71. The opening nuis the whole length of the vase. Fragments of such vases were 
 fairly conunou at the Heraeum, and as far as could be seen the only form of decoration on them 
 was linear. 
 
 29. Belly of pseud-amphora. 
 
 30. Base of pseud-amphora. 
 
 31. From shoidder of pseud-amphora. On shoulder traces of a flower pattern similar to Plate 
 LIII. 28. The central lines are bordered by a loop jiattern, in series. 
 
 32. The same. The spirals are treated in a more naturalistic fashion, which, combined with 
 the excellent technique, would seem to denote its standing between Classes II. 2 and III. 1. 
 
 There still remain several kinds of vases to be mentioned, which, to judge by technique 
 and style, are certainly not older than Class III. 2, and most probably belong to it. 
 
 Vases of a reddish yellow clay, carefully })olished, but without decoration. Frag- 
 ments of these vases were numerous and filled several baskets. Some specimens were 
 found in the Bee-Hive tomb (see p. 91). Only a few vases could be restored from the 
 fragments, and represent mostly kylixes and amphoras. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IV 
 
 89 
 
 Fiu. 16. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Another series, which seems to belong to a separate class, was formed by fragments 
 exactly similar to the one-handled cups from the Bee-Hive tomb. (Cf. Fig. 32.) The 
 clay is generally fine, red or yellow in color, with a brilliant glaze, the rims and feet 
 being ornamented with bands. The body of the vase is covered with a decoration hard 
 to describe; it seems as if the color had been sprayed on the surface of the vase. 
 Whether this is the same technique exhibited by the vases from Aliki {Myk. Vas. 
 xvni. 110, 125), I cannot say; it is not common, and thus far the only similar speci- 
 mens I have been able to note are from the AcropoUs at Athens and Aegina. Just 
 what position they occupy in the Mycenaean style is doubtful, but the several points of 
 technique, clay, glaze, and color would seem to assign them to Class III. in the first 
 division rather than the second. 
 
 Of the class of small, hand-made vases, mentioned in Myk. Vas. p. 63, the Heraeum 
 furnished one intact (Fig. 16) and numerous fragments of others. This is a one-handled 
 jug (height, 0.065 ni.) of light reddish clay, 
 with yellow slip, the decoration varying be- 
 tween black and red. Ct. Myk. Vus. xv. 101, 
 102, XVI. 108 ; Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 66, 
 No. 27. 
 
 Another vase belonging to Class III. is Fig. 
 17 ; height, 0.06 m. ; diameter, 0.051 m. Two 
 legs and handle restored. Greenish clay, with 
 black bands on body and legs, dots on rim. 
 
 The form of this vase is identiciil with Myk. V((s. xliv. 192, save that the legs do 
 not turn up at the bottom. Cf. Jahrh. I. (1886), p. 134, fig. 3006. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 The number of fragments belonging to Class IV. is very small. In only a few cases 
 were more than three fragments of the same vase found, and even then the design could 
 not always be reconstructed. The peculiar fact is that the fragments of this class which 
 we possess do not show the wealth of ornamentation we should have expected. A very 
 slight study of vases belonging to this class from other localities shows that it is thor- 
 oughly decadent, with a wealth of ornamentation linear rather than pictorial in charac- 
 ter. The Heraeum fragments show this linear feature, and even though the wealth of 
 ornamentation be lacking, the similarity between them and other vases of the class, in 
 decoration, clay, technique, etc., is strong enough to warrant our placing them in Class 
 IV. without question. 
 
 The clav of all our fragments of this class is much coarser than in the previous class, 
 and is generally gieenish in tone. The color has lost the lustre which was prominent 
 before, while the glaze is generally dull and never rises to the level of that of Class III. 
 in point of brilliancy. Though the forms of the vases cannot always be determined, it is 
 sjife to say that bowls were the most common. It may also be stated that fragments 
 of this class which belong to va.ses with large openings do not always have the interior 
 glazed {Myk. Vas.^. 63), or, to put it differently, the absence of glaze on the backs of 
 liirge fragments of bowls is no proof that they are not connected with Class IV. In fact, 
 among the Heraeum fragments of this class, glaze on the back was the exception rather 
 
 than the rule. 
 
 As the number of fragments is so few, no attempt has been made to arrange them in 
 
00 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMBS 
 
 91 
 
 F«.. 18. 
 
 chronolugieal order, nor, indeed, could any siitisfactory classification of ornamentation be 
 found, since in an over-elaborate style like Class IV. it is a dilKcult task, when dealing 
 with a few scattered fragments, to evolve any definite scheme. In the main the order is 
 based upon plates xxxv. and xxxvi. of the Myktnisvhe Vastn, 
 
 33. Pattern similar to Plate LIV. 38. Alternate diamonds in the interspaces of the arches. 
 Cf. Mijk. Vas. xxxv. 351. Two other fragments of the same vase were found. 
 
 3^ From side of bowl, (ireenish clay. Cf. Myk. 
 Van. xxxv. 357. 
 
 Fig. la Half of bowl. Form, Myk. Vas. 
 xxxiii. 318; height of fragment, 0.0(J9 m. ; clay 
 light red, with warm yellow slip, red decoration 
 fairly brilliant. Though half of the design is miss- 
 ing, there can be no doubt that it was somewhat 
 similar to Myk. Vas. XXXI. 29G, with a lozenge of 
 interlaced lines uii either side. 
 
 Throughout Class IV. the '• Heraldic " scheme 
 or " Wappenstil " plays a ]iromineiit part and is illustrated by several of our fragments. 
 
 3Si Similar " Heraldic " scheme. Band on interior just below the rim. Cf. Myk, Va». XLI. 
 424. 
 
 36. Similar arrangement. Continuation of design to a circle of interlacing lines. 
 
 37. Decoration much faded. Evidently a development of Myk. Vas. xxix. 256 : cf. Myk. 
 T'i/.s. xxxv. 357. 
 
 38. Possibly a development of Myk. Vas. xxxi. 296. Though dots are frequently employed 
 as the groundwork of a design, their use in plare of the line is very curious. A somewhat 
 analogous use occurs in fragments from Tiryns. {iZi. below No. 4&) The " Heraldic " scheme 
 suggests Myk. Vas. xxxv. 356. 
 
 39. Shoulder of pseud-amphoi'a. Ellipse inclosing series of zigzags. 
 
 40. Perhaps similar arrangement to Myk. Vas. xxxvi. 376. 
 
 41. From a bowl. Band below rim on inside. Similar '* Heraldic " scheme to Pig. 18. 
 
 42. From a large vessel. 
 
 43. Reddish clay, fine technique. Elliptical lines inclosing series of zigzags curving to a point. 
 
 44 a-d. Four fragments from same bowl. Greenish clay, with black decoration. The arrange- 
 ment of tlie design is extremely difficult to restore. That a bird was intended seems fairly 
 evident if a (the head) be compared with Mifk. Vas. xxxvi. 364, and c (the wing) with 
 XXXVIII. 383. Perhaps like Schliemann, Tiryns, pi. x. 45. 
 
 BIRDS, ANIMALS, AND HUMAN FIGURES. 
 
 Though the use of figures, animal or human, is one of the later innovations of the 
 Mycenaean style and a characteristic feature of Class IV., all vases which show this use 
 do not necessarily belong to that class. Such figures seem to have been introduced 
 during the latter period of Class III. Only half a dozen of such fragments were found 
 at the Heraeum, but no satisfactory explanation of the lack of such fragments is forth- 
 
 coming. 
 
 All except the last (No. 47) belong to Class III. 
 
 45 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Brick red clay, with dark red decoration. 
 Two birds, somewhat resembling a wild duck, are represented. Both fragments show an ex- 
 tremely advanced style of technique and belong to Class III. 
 
 46. Rear part of base of the well-known '• Tiryns " tj'pe. The legs and body of the horse are 
 filled in by dots as in No. 38. An identical use may be found in a fragment from Tiryns (Schlie- 
 mann, Tiryns., pi. xxi. a). 
 
 Pig. 19. Fragment of a large bowl of 34 cm. in diameter. Height of fragment, 
 
 0.125 m. ; length, 0.22 m. ; thickness of clay, 0.006 m. Reddish clay, with lighter core and pale 
 
 reddish slip, dull I'ed decoration. Upper part of two fishes 
 represented. Class III. 
 
 The arrangement of fishes in a symmetrical series with a 
 flower branch between them is a natural characteristic of the 
 third class. The use of crosses instead of dots as decoration 
 for the body is quite akin to that on plate xi. 48 of Schlie- 
 mann's Mycenae. A similar arrangement may be noted on a 
 lebes from Cyprus in the British Museum. (^Excavations in 
 Fig. 19 Cyprus^ p. 35, fig. 66, No. 1038.) Cf. also Petrie, Kahun., 
 
 Gurob^ and Hawara, pi. xxviii. 9. 
 47 Base of a bowl. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration. Lower part of human figure 
 with a tree or branch. 
 
 This is the only Mycenaean fragment from the Heraeum on which the human figure 
 occurred. Its treatment is somewhat curious, and savors more of those figures on Geo- 
 metric vases. However, it seems doubtful whether any Geometric influence can be here 
 recognized. 
 
 Fig. 20 (Form, Myk. Va9. XLiv. 63 ; drawing on Plate LXIV. 1.) One-handled jug ; height, 
 0.054 m. Found at the southeast of the Second Temple. Yellow 
 clay and slip with decoration varying from black to red. On base 
 rays, and figure zone on the body ; another figure zone on the 
 shoulder, and stripes on the neck and rim. Vertical zigzag on the 
 handle between two ]>eri)endicular lines. Intact. 
 
 This vase is of special interest, since it shows the transi- 
 tion between the Mycenaean and Argive styles. Clay and 
 technique are unmistakably Mycenaean, but the general 
 scheme of decoration savors more of the Argive stj^le, 
 since we have an animal zone and a verj' primitive example 
 of a ray pattern around the base. 
 
 On the shoulder are represented three animals, but so 
 rudely drawn that it is impossible to identify them. They pjo. 20. 
 
 have large open mouths, three projections above, which may 
 
 represent ears and horns, and a tail almost like an extra leg. Each leg ends in a triple 
 division. Three animals precisely similar are represented on the main zone, inverted. 
 This inversion gives an extremely curious effect, as the animals thus resemble boats with 
 their sailors, the ray pattern serving as waves ; but it is plain that such an effect is acci- 
 dental. This inversion of the figures is paralleled by two skyphoi from the Heraeum 
 (v. p. 151), and does not, as far as I know, occur on any Mycenaean vase. 
 
 This vase has been assigned to the Mycenaean class purely on technical grounds, for 
 it shows so perfectly the characteristics of both the Mycenaean and Argive styles that 
 it is difficult to decide to which class it really belongs. It must be admitted that no 
 animal on any Mycenaean vase resembles these figmes in any way ; but, for that matter, 
 no similar animal can be found on any Argive vase. 
 
 THE BEE-HIVE TOMBS NEAR THE HERAEUM. 
 Two tombs were discovered on the 20th and 23d of April, 1894. Both have been 
 described in the previous volume of this publication, and consequently there is no need 
 of devoting any time to the consideration of their architectural features. The contents 
 of these tombs was as follows : — 
 
00 
 
 THK VASKS AND VASK FRAGMENTS 
 
 F«j. 18. 
 
 chroiioloiiical order, ii«>r, indeed, coidd aiiv sjitisfactorv elussitication of oriiaineiitation he 
 t'ound, since in an over-elaborate style like Class IV. it is a diftieult task, when dealing 
 with a few scattered frasrnients, to evolve anv definite scheme. In the main the order is 
 based upon plates xxxv. and xxxvi. of the Mt/kenisc/ie Vui<tn. 
 
 33. Pattern similar to Platk LIV. 38. Alternate diamonds in the intersiiaces of the arches. 
 Cf. Mi/k. Viis. XXXV. 351. Two other fragments of the same vase were found. 
 
 34. From side of l)OwI. (ircenish elay. Cf. Mt/k. 
 I 'lis. XXXV. 357. 
 
 Fig. 18. Half of bowl. Fornu .1////. Vai*. 
 xxxiii. 318 : height of fragment, 0.0«>9 m. : clay 
 light ivd, with warm yellow slip, red decoration 
 fairlv brilliant. Though half of the desijjn is miss- 
 ing, there can he no doubt that it was somewhat 
 similar to Mi/k. I'utt. xxxi. -t>«j, with a lozenge of 
 interlaced lines on either side. 
 
 Throughout Class IV. the "Heraldic'* scheme 
 or •• Wappenstil "" plays a prominent part and is illustrated by several of <mr fragments. 
 
 35i Similar "Heraldic" scheme. Band <»n interior just below the rim. Cf. J/yX. Vas. XU. 
 424. 
 
 36. Similar aiTangement. Continuation of design to a circle of interlacing lines. 
 
 37. Decoration much faileil. Evidently a development of Mf/l. ]'<!>*. xxix. 256 : cf. Mf/k. 
 Vits. XXXV. 357. 
 
 38. Possibly a development of J/y/. T'/.v. xxxi. 29«>. Though dots are frcijuently employed 
 as the groundwork of a <lesign. their use in phice of the line is very curious. A somewhat 
 analogous use occms in fragments from Tiryns. (Cf. below No. 46.) The "Heraldic " scheme 
 suggests Myk. Vutt. XXX v. 35G. 
 
 39l Shouhler of pseutl-amphora. Ellipse inclosing series of zigzags. 
 
 40. Perhaps similar arrangement to J////. Vas. xxxvi. 370. 
 
 41. From a bowl. Band below rim on insiile. Similar " Heraldic " scheme to Fig. 18. 
 
 42. From a large vessel. 
 
 43. Keildish clay, fine technique. Elli)>tical lines inclosing series of zigzags curving to a |>oint. 
 
 44 a-d. Four fragments from same bowl. (Jreenish clay, with black decoration. The arrange- 
 ment of the design is extremely difficult to restore. That a bird was intended seems fairly 
 evident if a (the head) l)e compared with Mi/k. T'(/.s. XXXVI. 364, and C (the wing) with 
 XXXVIII. 383. Perhaps like Schliemann, Tlrtjtm, pi. x. 45. 
 
 IJIUDS. .VNIMAL.S. AND IIIMAX FIf;URES. 
 
 Thoujj^h the use of finures, animal or human, is one of the Liter inn(»vations of the 
 Mvcenaean stvle and a characteristic feature of Class IV., all vases which show this use 
 do not necessarily belono; to that class. Such fioures seem to have been introduced 
 durin«^ the latter period of C'lass III. Only half a dozen of such fraj;:ments were found 
 at the Heraeum, but no satisfactory explanation of the lack of such fragments is forth- 
 comin<j. All except the last (No. 47) belong to Class 111. 
 
 45 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Brick red clay, with dark red decoration. 
 Two birds, somewhat resembling a wiltl duck, are represented. Both fragments sliow an ex- 
 tremely advanced style of technique and belong to Class III. 
 
 46. Hear part of base of the well-known '■ Tiryns " tyjie. The legs and botly of the horse are 
 tilled in by dots as in Nt). 38. An identical use may be found in a fragment from Tiryns ( Schlie- 
 mann. 71 n/ns, pi. xxi. a ). 
 
 Fig. 19. Fragment of a large bowl of 34 cm. in diameter. Height of fragment, 
 
 THE MYCF:NAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMBS 
 
 91 
 
 0.125 m. ; length, 0.22 m. ; thickness of clay, 0.006 m. Reddish clay, with lighter core and pale 
 
 reddish slip, tlull red decoration. Upper part of two fishes 
 represented. Class III. 
 
 The arrangement of fishes in a symmetrical series with a 
 flower branch between them is a natural characteristic of the 
 third class. The use of crosses instead of dots as decoration 
 for the boily is (juite akin to that on plate xi. 48 of Schlie- 
 mann's J/i/cenur. A similar arrangement may be noted on a 
 lebcs from Cyprus in the British Museum. {LWavations in 
 Fi«;. 1!) Ci/jn-uft, p. 35, fig. 66, No. 1038.) Cf. also Petrie, Kahun. 
 
 Gui-ob^ and J/awara, jd. xxviii. 9. 
 47 Base of a bowl. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration. Lower part of human figure 
 with a tree or branch. 
 
 This is the only Mycenaean fragment from the Heraeum on which the human figure 
 occurred. Its treatment is s<nnewhat curious, and savors more of those figures on Geo- 
 metric vases. However, it seems doubtful whether any Geometric influence can be here 
 recognized 
 
 Fig. 20 ( Fi»rm, Mi/L\ Vos. xliv. 63 : drawing on Pl.vte LXIV. 1.) One-handled jug : height, 
 
 0.054 m. Found at the southeast of the Second Temple. YeUow _^ 
 
 clay and slip with decoration varying from black to red. On base 
 rays, and figure zone on the botly: another figure zone on the 
 shoulder, and striiws on the neck and rim. Vertical zigzag on the 
 handle between two perjwndicular lines. Intact. 
 
 This vase is of special interest, since it shows the transi- 
 tion between the Mycenaean and Argive styles. Clay and 
 techniciue are unmistakably Mycenaean, but the general 
 scheme of decoration .savors more of the Argive style, 
 since we have an animal zone and a very primitive example 
 of a ray pattern around the base. 
 
 On the shoulder are represented three animals, but so 
 rudely drawn that it is impossible to identify them. They 
 have large open mouths, three projections above, which may 
 represent ears and horn.s, and a tail almost like an extra leg. 
 division. Three animals preci.sely similar are represented on the main zone, inverted. 
 This inversion "ives an extremelv curious effect, as the animals thus resemble boats with 
 their sailors, the ray pattern serving as waves ; but it is plain that such an effect is acci- 
 dental. This inversion of the figures is paralleled by two skyphoi from the Heraeum 
 (V. p. 151), and does not, as far as I know, occur on any Mycenaean vase. 
 
 This vase has been assigned to the Mycenaean class purely on technical grounds, for 
 it shows so perfectly the characteristics of both the Mycenaean and Argive styles that 
 it is ditticult to decide to which class it really belongs. It must be admitted that no 
 animal on any Mycenaean vase resembles these figures in any way ; but, for that matter, 
 no similar animal can be found on any Argive vase. 
 
 Kif;. 'JO. 
 
 Each leg ends in a triple 
 
 THK BKK-IIIVK TOMBS NEAR THE HERAEUM. 
 Two tombs were discovered on the 20th and 23d of April, 1894. Both have been 
 described in the previous volume of this publication, and consequently there is no need 
 of devotiii"- anv time t<> the consideration (d' their architectural features. The contents 
 of these tombs was as follows : — 
 
1>*2 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 TOMB I, TOMB II. 
 
 49 vases, 32 entirely or nearly whole, ami 17 Fraguieuta of vases, 
 
 in fray:ment.s. 4 steatite whorls. 
 
 3 terra-cotta figurines. 1 red agate l)eatl. 
 1 terra-eotta chair. 1 bronze rinir. 
 
 I island stone. 
 
 4 steatite whorls. 
 1 ivory needle. 
 Glass beads. 
 
 The few vase fragments from the sei'ond tomh were mostly iiiicleconited, and pei- 
 mitted no reconstruction. A few fragments of bones were also found ; but in tlie main 
 the contents of the tomh are not worth a detailed consi<leration. 
 
 In the first t<nnh the results were more gratifying. Three layers were found, the 
 upper containing bones and four vases (mostly cups), at a deptli of '2.V.i m. ; the second, 
 wliieh contained a skull, some calcined bones, and the maioritv of the vases and fra«»-- 
 ments, at a depth of 3.28 m. Ten cm. helow the second came the last hiyer, which, 
 hesides a few fragments of hones and a cuj) (No. 18), contained a small seiKirate grave 
 near the entrance of the (h-mnos (length, 1.2() m. ; width, 0.4.") m. ; «lepth, OM m.). 
 Through some accident during the transportation to Athens, several of the hihels were 
 lost, and it is now impossible, in the case of some of the vases or fragments, to decide 
 from which layer they came. 
 
 The classes represented were 11. 2 and III. 2. No specimens which showed the 
 advanced technicpie of III. 1 were found, nor were there anv rondi pieces which could 
 belong to II. 1. At the same time there a[>pears to have heen no distinction in the 
 matter of layers, since vases of both classes were scattered ahout in each layer. Certain 
 it is, however, that all these vases are products of tlie siinie period. 
 
 The shapes represented were as follows : — 
 
 II jugs with handle. 9 cups with handle. 
 2 jugs with handle and sjHjut. 4 kylixes. 
 9 three-handled vases. 1 pseud-aniphora. 
 
 4 vases. rei)resente<l by fragments. l)ut not 
 {Hn-niitting a complete restoration. 
 
 aniphoras. 
 3 cups. 
 
 Jug» with Handle. 
 
 1. Height. 0.207 ni. Form, J////. Vaft. XLlv. «;3. Coarse 
 reddish clay, without any <lec<>ration. Hase of liamlle pierceil 
 by a hole. Intact : Hrst layer. 
 
 Two more jugs (height. 0.23') 
 ni. and 0.22 ni.) were found in 
 the second laver, of preeiselv sinii- 
 lar form and t«>«-hnii|ne. Il<>tli had 
 a small li<)l«> at the base of the 
 handle. 
 
 2. Height. 0.1').') m. Similar 
 sha)>e to 1, but with handh' a lit- 
 tle more tlaring. Keddish day, 
 with a highly ]>olished yellow slip, 
 without any decoration. 
 Half of another vase of same form and techniipie was found. 
 
 3. ( Fig. 21.) Heiglit. 0.103 m. Sam.- f«)rni as 1. Red clay, with herring-bone i)attern in a 
 series of f«>iu- on the shoulder in red brown. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 Fuj. :i-_'. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMB 
 
 93 
 
 One-handled vase with 
 
 Another jug precisely similar, but with s])irals on the shoulder and plastic boss under the handle 
 was also found. 
 
 4. (Fig. 29.) Height, 0.078 m. Handle missing. Form similar to 1, but rather more rounded 
 and squat in appearance. Keddish clay, with black decoration laid on very thickly and cracked in 
 places. Bands and continuous spiral chain on the shoulder, with dots in the field. 
 
 Another similar jug with leaf pattern on shoulder was found. 
 
 5. (Fig. 23 (f and b.) Height, 0.074 m. : diameter of cover, 0.075 m. 
 cover. Form similar to J/f/k. V(i><. 
 XLiv. 115, excei)t that here the 
 foot is lacking. Coarse red clay, 
 with dark core pierced by two rows 
 of holes, with a single row in the 
 cover. The use of this peculiar ves- 
 sel has never been satisfactorily ex- 
 plained : similar examples have been 
 found at Troy in the foju-th city 
 (Schliemann, Jftos, p. 557. fig. 11, 
 
 96). and at lalysos. (.I////-. Vax. n. 15.) According to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke these ves- 
 sels were used to burn incense or some sweet-smelling powder for sanitary reasons, and this expla- 
 nation seems very plausible, es|>ecially as we find the cover also pierced with holes. 
 
 Amphoras. 
 
 Form, 3fi/l: Vas. XLiv. 44, except for a slight variation in the 
 foot. Coarse brick red clay without decoration. The exterior 
 has been entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely 
 worn away. 
 
 The principal feature of this amphora lies in the white wash. 
 This, as is shown by many of our fragments, was a very common 
 feature, and half a dozen baskets are filled with fragments 
 showing it. Generally it seems to be employed on vases of 
 coarse clay, large pithoi or small wheel-made saucers. While 
 this techniipie is employed very often on Mycenaean terra-cotta 
 figurines and later vases (e. g. the white lekythoi), it is ex- 
 tremely rare on archaic vases (two in Berlin. 1309, 1G29), and 
 I know of no other instance in the Mycenaean style. From its 
 frequency in our fragments, it may perhaps be considered as a 
 local fashion. 
 
 Another small amphora (height, 0.09 m.) similar in shape, of 
 yellowish clay with a reddish tinge, but without the white wash, was found in the second layer. 
 
 7. (Fig. 25.) Height. 0.105 m. Light red clay, with 
 yellow slip. Fadeil black glaze over all, inside and out- 
 side (except base). 
 
 This vase differs from the onlinary Mycenaean am- 
 phora in that the handles have no connection with the 
 mouth of the vase. The absence of all decoration antl 
 the presence of the glaze proves that a large part of the 
 glazed fragnu'uts which the Heraeum furnished nnist 
 l)e placed in the Mycenaean j»eriod. 
 
 a Height, 0.07 m. ; form, J/yA. ^ ''•'*• ^^^^- '^^• 
 Yellow clay, with red decoration very nmch faded. 
 Second layer. 
 
 This vase was identical with M>/k: Vd.t. x. G4. xv. 
 99, except that around the shoulder ran a series of 
 ornaments similar to Platk LV. 24. 
 
 Fiu. '2A. 
 
 Fig. *25. 
 
92 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Fragments of vases. 
 4 steatite whurls. 
 1 red agate bead. 
 1 bronze ring. 
 
 TOMB I. TOMB II. 
 
 49 vases, 32 entirely or nearly whole, and 17 
 in fragments. 
 
 3 terra-cotta figurines, 
 1 terra-cotta chair. 
 
 1 island stone. 
 
 4 steatite whorls. 
 1 ivory needle. 
 Glass beads. 
 
 The few vase fragments from the second tomb were mostly undet'orated, and per- 
 mitted no reconstruction. A few fragments of bones were also found ; but in the main 
 the contents of the tomb are not worth a detailed consideration. 
 
 In the first tomb the residts were more gratifying. Three layers were found, the 
 upper containing bones and four vases (mostly cups), at a depth of 2.71) m. ; the second, 
 which contained a skull, some calcined bones, and the majority of the vases and frag- 
 ments, at a depth of 3.28 m. Ten cm. below the second came the last layer, which, 
 besides a few fragments of bones and a cup (No. 18 ), contjiined a small sepiirate grave 
 near the entrance of the dromon (length, 1.2G m. ; width, 0.45 m. ; depth, 0.60 m.). 
 Through some accident during the transportation to Athens, several of the lahels were 
 lost, and it is now impossible, in the case of some of the vases or fr.igments, to decide 
 from which layer they came. 
 
 The classes represented were II. 2 and III. 2. No specimens which showed the 
 advanced technique of III. 1 were found, nor were there any rough pieces whicli could 
 belong to II. 1. At the same time there appears to have been no distinction in the 
 matter of layers, since vases of both classes were scattered about in each layer. Ceitain 
 it is, however, that all these vases are products of the siime period. 
 
 The shapes represented were as follows : — 
 
 11 jwgs with handle. 9 cups with handle. 
 
 2 jugs with handle and spout. 4 kvlixes. 
 
 9 thi-ee-handled vases. 
 6 amphoras. 
 3 cups. 
 
 1 pseud-amphora. 
 
 4 vases, i-ej)resente<l by fragments, but not 
 permitting a complete restoration. 
 
 Jug» with Handle. 
 
 1. Height, 0.207 m. Form, 3fyl: Va9. xliv. 63. Coarse 
 reddish clay, without any decoration. Base of handle piercetl 
 by a hole. Intact ; first layer. 
 
 Two more jugs (height. 0.235 
 m. and 0.22 m.) were found in 
 the second layer, of precisely simi- 
 lar form and tei-hni<iue. Both had 
 a small Iiole at the base of the 
 handle. 
 
 Z. Height, 0.155 m. Similar 
 sliaiH? to 1, but with handle a lit- 
 tle more fiaring. Keddish clay, 
 with a highly i>oHshed yellow slip, 
 without any decoration. 
 Half of another vase of same form and technique was found. 
 
 3. (Fig. 21.) Heiglit, 0.103 m. Same form as 1. Heil clay, with herring-bone patteni in a 
 series of four on the shoulder in red brown. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMB 
 
 93 
 
 
 ^^■'i 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Another jug precisely similar, but with spirals on the shoulder and plastic boss under the handle 
 was also found. 
 
 4. (Fig. 29.) Height, 0.078 m. Handle missing. Form similar to 1, but rather more rounded 
 and squat in api>earanee. Keddish clay, with black decoration laid on very thickly and cracked in 
 places. Bands and continuous spiral chain on the shoulder, with dots in the field. 
 
 Another similar jug with leaf pattern on shoulder was found. 
 
 5. (Fig. 23 a and 6.) Height, 0.074 m. ; diameter of cover, 0.075 m. One-handled vase with 
 cover. Form similar to Myk. Vas. 
 XLiv. 115, except that here the 
 foot is lacking. Coarse red clay, 
 with dark core pierced by two rows 
 of holes, with a single row in the 
 cover. The use of this peculiar ves- 
 sel has never been satisfactorily ex- 
 plaincil ; similar examples have been 
 found at Troy in the fourth city 
 (Schliemann, Jiios^ p. 557, fig. 11, 
 
 96), and at lalysos. (^Mt/L Vas. ii. 15.) According to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke these ves- 
 sels were used to burn incense or some sweet-smeUing powder for sanitary reasons, and this expla- 
 nation seems very plausible, especially as we find the cover also pierced with holes. 
 
 Amphoras. 
 
 6w (Fig. 24.) Height, 0.17 m. Form, Myk. Vas. xuv. 44, except for a slight variation in the 
 
 foot. Coar.se brick red clay without decoration. The exterior 
 has been entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely 
 worn away. 
 
 The principal feature of this amphora lies in the white wash. 
 This, as is shown by many of our fragments, was a very common 
 feature, and half a dozen baskets are filled with fragments 
 showing it. Generally it seems to be employed on vases of 
 coarse clay, large pithoi or small wheel-made saucers. While 
 this technique is employed very often on Mycenaean terra-cotta 
 figurines and later vases (e. g. the white lekythoi), it is ex- 
 tremely rare on archaic vases (two in Berlin, 1309, 1629), and 
 I know of no other instance in the Mycenaean style. From its 
 frequency in our fragments, it may perhaps be considered as a 
 local fashion. 
 
 Another small amphora (height, 0.09 m.) similar in shape, of 
 yellowish clay with a reddish tinge, but without the white wash, was found in the second layer. 
 
 7. (Fig. 25. ) Height, 0.105 in. Light red clay, with 
 yellow slip. Failed black glaze over all, inside and out- 
 side (except base). 
 
 This vase differs from the ordinary Mycenaean am- 
 phora in that the handles have no connection with the 
 mouth of the vase. The absence of all decoration and 
 the presence of the glaze proves that a large part of the 
 glazed fragments which the Heraeum furnished must 
 be placed in the Mycenaean period. 
 
 a Height, 0.07 m. ; form, 3ft/k. Vas. xliv. 73. 
 Yellow clay, with red decoration very much faded. 
 Second layer. 
 
 This vase was identical with Jfr/k: Vas. x. 64, xv. 
 99, except that around the shoulder ran a series of 
 ornaments similar to Plate LV. 24. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
94 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Three-handled Vases. 
 
 Three varieties were found : (a) form, J/yA'. Vas. xliv. 25, tall with wide opening; 
 (b) form, Myk. Van. xuv. 32 j (c) form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 33. 
 
 9. (Fig. 26.) Height, 0.213 m. Reddish clay, with hlack decoration tnmiug to dark retl. 
 Que handle missing. Three ))airs of spirals on shoulder, separated by the handles and bands, 
 
 heavy and fine. Second layer. 
 
 The form of this vase does not quite cori-espond to Myk. 
 Vas. XLIV. 25, as the mouth is a little wider and the foot 
 less pronounced ; it lies between forms 25 and 27. When found 
 it was completely full of ashes, which are probably human. 
 
 The upper part of a 
 similar vase, but much 
 smaller, was also found. 
 Shoulder decoration, 
 interlaced lines. 
 
 10. (Fig. 27.) Height, 
 0.098 m. ; diameter, 
 0.172 m. ; diameter of 
 Fig. 26. Fio. 'SI. ojiening, 0.098 m. On 
 
 shoulder flower pat- 
 tern similar to Plate LH. 6, with dotted rosettes in field. Bands on base, the upper joined 
 with a wave pattern and series of radiating lines on base. The 
 ilecoration varies from black to red brown. %^'. " \^^ 
 
 U. (Fig. 28.) Height, 0.05 m. : diameter, 0.185 m. ; diam- 
 eter of opening, 0.085 m. On shoulder three fishes. Usual 
 decoration of bands in dark brown. First layer. 
 
 Four more vases of this type were found varying in height 
 from 38 to 84 em. The decoration was the same in all, a 
 wave pattern on the shoulder similar to Myk. Vas. viii. 45. 
 
 Fio. 28. 
 
 12. Height, 0.06 m. : diameter, 0.109 m. : diameter of opening, 0.07 m. Dark and light red 
 
 decoration, identical with Myk. Vas. xxn. 159, save that 
 «i|P«e - the stripes on the bo<ly run horizonUilly, not vertically. 
 
 t,* si=2Jf*' jfc Interlaced lines on shoulder. 
 
 ?^ n*?*^^^*£iL'^ IqM ^- (Fig- 29.) Height, 0.065 m. : diameter, 0.10 m. ; 
 
 diameter of o]>ening, 0.07 m. Brilliant black decoration. 
 On shoulder double line loop ))attem, bands on body in retl 
 and on base spirals in light brown. 
 
 The form of 13 is a cross between Myk. Vas. xliv. 
 32 and 33, being higher in the bo<ly than 32, but lower 
 Fig. 29. than 33. 
 
 Teapot-shaped Jugs. 
 
 14. Height, 0.13 m. Form. Myk. Vas. XLiv. 68. Bands on body and handle and series of 
 spirals on shoulder precisely similar to Myk. Vas. ix. 54. 
 
 15. Height, 0.12 m. Form, practically the same as Myk. Vas. XLlv. 15, except that the foot 
 is flat. Entire vase covered with a dark red glaze except under handle and on the bottom. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMB 
 
 95 
 
 Pseud-amphora. 
 
 16. Height, 0.115 m. Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 50. Ordinary decoration of heavy and fine 
 bands similar to Plate LV. 29, in retl and brown. First layer. 
 
 Kylixes. 
 
 Four of these were found, of red or yellow clay, without any decoration. Two were of the same 
 form as Myk. Vas. xliv. 83 ; one, the same as Myk. Vas. XLiv. 82 ; while the fourth probably 
 corresponded to form 85, but as one side was completely broken away, it cannot be told whether 
 the vase possessed one or two handles. They were all from 10 to 12 cm. in height and from 11 to 
 15 cm. in tliameter. One (form 82) was elliptical in shape, having a diameter across the handles 
 of 13 cm. ; at right angles to the handles, 14.] cm. 
 
 Cups. 
 Two varieties of cups were noted (a) without handle ; (b) with handle. 
 
 Fio. 30. 
 
 17. (Fig. 30.) Height, 0.027 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. Brilliant red 
 striiMiS around body, with another stripe on the rim inside. 
 
 Two others of similar shai>e were found, one a little more rounded at the 
 base, measuring 43 and 44 mm. in height, 9 and 11 cm. in diameter, with 
 no decoration whatever. 
 
 Two varieties of b were noted : (1) Those with a handle curving upwards, above the rim, and 
 (2) those with a handle curving downwards, below the rim. 
 
 18. Height, 0.06 m. : with handle, 0.14 m. ; diameter. 
 0.153 m. Form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 102. Entire vase, ex- 
 cept base and under the handle, is covered with a brilliant 
 red glaze. 
 
 19. (Fig. 31.) Height, 0.06 m. : diameter. 0.104 m. Red 
 clay, retl glaze on interior, outside plain. 
 
 Three other cups of similar sha{)e but with the rim less 
 emphasized, were found, two undecorated, one ornamented 
 with stripes. It is probable that 18 and 19 are tlirect 
 imitations of metal work.' 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 aO. (Fig. 32.) Height, 0.045 m. ; diameter. 0.113 m. 
 Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 87. Reil clay, with light red 
 stippling. 
 
 This cup is a good instance of the technitjue men- 
 tioned on p. 89. Three more cups were found, all of 
 the same shape, one showing the same technit]ue, one 
 with a row of ornaments on the side similar to those on 
 No. 8, and the thirtl plain. 
 
 The terrd-ootta figurines and the chair are described in the chapter on Terra-Cotta 
 Figurines (p. 42). 
 
 > Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, ffwf. VL p. 965, fig. 533. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
94 
 
 TIIK VASES AND VASP: FRACiMENTS 
 
 Tfi tee-handle J Vases. 
 
 Three varieties were found : (a) form, J////'. Vas. xliv. 25, tall with wide oi>eiiing; 
 (h) form, Mt/k. Vas. xliv. '.^2 ; (C) form, Mt/k. Vas. xliv. 33. 
 
 9. ( Fiii;. 20.) Height, 0.213 m. Reddish clay, with bhick decoration turning to dark red. 
 One handle missing. Three pairs of spirals on shoulder, separated by the handles and bandH, 
 
 heavy and fine. Second layer. 
 
 The form of this vase does not quite correspond to J/yJi: 
 Vas. XLIV. 25, as the mouth is a little wider and the foot 
 less i)ronounced : it lies between forms 25 and 27. When found 
 it was eompletely fidl of ashes, which are probably human. 
 
 The upper part of a 
 similar vase, but much 
 smaller, was also found. 
 Shoulder decoration, 
 interlat^d lines. 
 
 10. (Fig.27.) Height. 
 0.0t>8 m. : diameter, 
 0.172 m. : diameter of 
 Fm. 2G. Ki<;. JT. oiMiuing. 0.098 m. On 
 
 shoulder flower pat- 
 biise, the upj)er joined 
 
 tern similar to Pl.VTK LII. 0, with dotted rosettes in field, 
 with a wave pattern and series of radiating lines on base. The 
 «lecoration varies from black to red brown. 
 
 U. ( Fig. 28. ) Height, 0.05 m. : diameter, 0.185 m. : diam- 
 eter of ojHjning. 0.085 m. On shoulder three fishes. Usual 
 decoration of bands in dark brown. First layer. 
 
 Four more vases of this tyjje were found varying in height 
 from 38 to 84 em. The decoration was the same in all, a 
 wave pattern on the shoulder similar to Mi/k. Vas. viii. 45. 
 
 Band 
 
 s on 
 
 Fig. I'K. 
 
 12. 
 
 Height, 0.0«) m. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 diameter, 0.109 m. : diameter of opening, 0.07 m. Dark and light re<l 
 decoration, identical with Mt/l: Vas. xxn. 159, save that 
 the stri|H'S on the bo<ly run horizontally, not vertically. 
 Interlaced lines on shoulder. 
 
 13. (Fig. 29.) Height. 0.065 m. : diameter, 0.10 ni. ; 
 diameter of oj)ening, 0.07 m. Brilliant black decoration. 
 ( )n shoulder double line loop ])attem, bands on botly in retl 
 and on base spirals in light brown. 
 
 The form of 13 is a cross between J/y/. Vas. XLIV. 
 32 and 33, being higher in the Ixxly than 32, but lower 
 than 33. 
 
 14. 
 
 spirals 
 15. 
 is fiat. 
 
 Tettjtot-sfiaped Jiiqs. 
 Height, 0.13 m. Form. M>il: Vas. XLiv. 68. Bands on body and handle and series of 
 on shoulder precisely similar to Mi/k-. Vas. IX. 54. 
 
 Height, 0.12 m. Form, practically the same as Mi/k. Vas. xliv. 15, except that the foot 
 Entire vase covered with a dark red glaze except under handle and on the bottom. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMB 
 
 95 
 
 Pse\td-amphora. 
 
 16. Height, 0.115 m. Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 50. Ordinary decoration of heavy and fine 
 bands similar to Plate LV. 29, in red and brown. First layer. 
 
 Kylixes. 
 
 Four of these were found, of red or yellow clay, without any decoration. Two were of the same 
 form as Mijk. Vas. XLiv. 83: one, the same as Myk. Vas. xliv. 82; while the fourth probably 
 correspondetl to form 85, but as one side was completely broken away, it cannot be told whether 
 the vase jwssessed one or t\v«) handles. They were all from 10 to 12 cm. in height and from 11 to 
 15 cm. in diameter. One ( form 82) was elliptical in shape, having a diameter across the handles 
 of 13 cm. ; at right angles to the handles. 14.1 cm. 
 
 Ciijis. 
 Two varieties of eups were noted (a) without handle ; (b) with handle. 
 
 Fig. m 
 
 17. (Fig. 30.) Height, 0.027 m. : diameter, 0.07 m. Brilliant red 
 stripes around body, with another stripe on the rim inside. 
 
 Two others of similar shape were found, one a little more rounded at the 
 basis measuring 43 :ind 44 mm. in height, 9 and 11 cm. in diameter, with 
 no decoration whatever. 
 
 Two varieties of b were noted : (1) Those with a handle curving upwards, above the rim, and 
 (2) those with a handle curving downwards, below the rim. 
 
 IS. Height, 0.00 m. : with handle, 0.14 m. : diameter. 
 0.153 m. Form, Afyk. Vas. xliv. 102. Entire vase, ex- 
 cept base antl under the handle, is covered with a brilliant 
 
 red glaze. 
 
 19. (Fig. 31.) Height. 0.00 m. : diameter. 0.104 m. Red 
 clay, red glaze on interior, outside plain. 
 
 Three other cups of similar shape but with the rim less 
 emphasized, were found, two undecorated, one ornamented 
 with stripes. It is prob:ible that 18 and 19 are direct 
 imitations of metal work.' 
 
 Vui. :5l. 
 
 20. (Fig. 32.) Height, 0.045 m. : diameter. 0.113 m. 
 Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 87. Red clay, with light red 
 .stippling. 
 
 This cup is a goml instance of the technique men- 
 tioned on p. 89. Three more cups were found, all of 
 the same shape, one showing the .same techniciue, one 
 with a row of ornaments on the side similar to those on 
 No. 8, and the third plain. 
 
 The terra-fotta fio^uriiies and the chair are described in the chapter on Terra-Cotta 
 Figurines (p. 42). 
 
 > Cf. I'errot and Chipiez, Hist. VI. p. IM>5, fig. o33. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
96 
 
 TIIK VASKS AND VASK KRACiMKNTS 
 
 MISCELLAXKOrs VASES. 
 
 Of the vases foiiiul intact, or partially so, iiieiitioiied iji the Intr(»(liU'tioii, hv far the 
 greater part t-onsistetl of small, hastily made vases, with or without deeoration. the exact 
 date of which is extremely doubtful. The ipiality of the cLiy is distinctly inferior to 
 that of the Mycenaean vases, and in many respects corresponds to that used in vases of 
 the Ge(nnetric style, so that the majority of them may well l)elonji^ to that ])eriod. 
 
 A comparison of the vases without decoration with the decorated vases is the onlv 
 means for estahlishinj; a date for the former, and in the case of the latter the followino- 
 data are available: (1) The most primitive examples (the saucers) show a use of 
 " dull " color, which, toj^ether with their rather hasty technique, may perhaps assign 
 them to the earlier j>eriods of the Mycenaean style. (2) One small three-handled jug, 
 which, from its polished surface, belongs more ju-operly to the class discussed on p. IK), 
 had a linear band of " dull " color. (3) Practically all the jugs, amphorae, and bowls 
 were made of a coarse clay, more resend)ling that used in the Geometric vases, and if 
 they are to be included in the Mycenaean style at all, would seem to belong to the very 
 latest period. These, I shall endeavor to show later, constitute the real link between the 
 Mycenaean and Argive styles. At the sjime time, 1 do not regard their se(|uence from 
 primitive times as existing without a break, and for that reason I do not consider them 
 as examples of the '' Argive Linear " style which Professor Waldstein would consider 
 them to be. It cannot, however, be assumed that their influence on anv i)articular stvle 
 was marked ; they are simply the examples of the low level to which the potter's trade 
 could sink, and from their large number it is reasonable to suppose thev were the 
 cheapest vases which the devotee at the shrine could buy. Being rough and small, thev 
 were not so easily broken, and were thus in far better preservation than larger vases of 
 better teclini(iue. To assign an exact date to them is im]>ossii>le, nor can thev be 
 arranged in any exact chronological order, except where the development of the shape 
 can be readily seen. 
 
 Three general types may be distinguished : — 
 
 Saucers. 
 
 Bowls (with or without handles). 
 
 Jugs (with one, two. or three handles). 
 
 Stntrerg. 
 
 Three distinct varieties may be noted : — 
 
 a. Plain, hand or wheel made. 
 
 b. \Vith central boss. 
 
 c. With handles. 
 
 Fig. :V2 a. 
 
 Diameter. O.iCi m. 
 
 1. The most primitive examples seem to he a series of small 
 hand-made saucers, of grayish or reddish clay, pierced by a 
 hole near the rim, and varying from ') to 7 cm. in diameter, 
 and 2 to 3 cm. in height. Several hundred were found in- 
 tact or in fragments. The ornamentation is of the simplest 
 character, consisting of two lines crossinjj each <»ther at ri'i-ht 
 angles. Whether thev belong to the dull or lustrous Mycenaean 
 vases is difficult to decide, as the decoration is extremely poor, 
 but they are more probably examples of the '• dull " technique. 
 Variety is obtained by increasing the number of cros.s-Hnes, 
 
 TIIK MYCKXAKAN STYLK: SAITKKS 
 
 97 
 
 which vary from two to eight. As a rule the ornamentiition is confined to the interior, 
 but cases occur with the Scime design on the exterior as well. The earliest of the series 
 is a siiucer of i"ed clay 5 cm. in diameter, with ribbed edges and two incised cross-lines 
 on the interior. This probably falls in the primitive i)eriod. 
 
 Similar sjiucers were found in large numbers at Hissiirlik, Mycenae, and Tiryns. In 
 some respects they resemble saucers from Bos-iijiik (Koerte, Athtn. Mitt. 1899, pi. iii. 
 7) and Syra CE(f>r)fi. '.Vpx- 1^^99, pi. ix. 25). 
 
 2. As a development of these we have a series of wheel-made saucers, of reddish 
 clay (e. g. Pig. 32 b); from 4 to 7 cm. in diameter, of which about fifty were found. 
 The inner edge of the rim is either sharply defined or rounded, and none have any 
 decoration. The clay is of a 
 slightly coarser variety than 
 that used in the preceding 
 examples. 
 
 b. / 
 
 1. The earliest examples are 
 hand-made, of a reddish clay, 
 without decoration, having 
 a small boss in the middle ; 
 they resemble the earliest ex- 
 amples «)f class a, save for 
 their lack of decoration and 
 the addition of the boss. 
 
 2. The wheel-made type (Fig. 32 c) corresponds in character of clay (wheel-made) 
 and lack of decoration to a. 2. The })rincipal variaticnis lie in the height of the boss, 
 which in some cases ri.ses above the edge of the saucer. As in a, 2, the edges of the 
 saucer are either rounded or sharp. A few exan«ples were found with a series of parallel 
 dashes of paint (dull) on the rim. 
 
 Ki«j. 32 b. 
 
 Diameter, <>.<N)'_' m. 
 ileiKlit, *).<ii:tm. 
 
 Fi<;. 3-.' c. 
 
 Diameter. (Uk;1 ni. 
 
 Height, O.Olti HI. 
 
 Heijjht of buss, o.trjCi ni. 
 
 Two varieties may be noted with one handle, and one with two handles. 
 The simplest form of the one-handled saucer is hand-made, the edges rolled over 
 so as to form a curve down to the bottom of the vase, and the handle, of the simplest 
 form, parallel with the sides. (Fig. 32 d.) This type was extremely common. A varia- 
 tion is introduced occasionally, where a plas- 
 tic dab of clay is placed on each side of the 
 handle alono- the rim. similar to those on the 
 shoulders of our terra-cotta figurines (Fig. 
 32 e) ; this saucer was entirely covered 
 with a brown glaze, worn away in places. A 
 few specimens were noted with one handle, 
 and three i)lastic dabs of clay, arranged so as 
 to form a symmetrical scheme on the four 
 sides of the vessel. While the majority of 
 these saucers are undecorated, some few are 
 covered with a dull dark glaze, badly worn. 
 
 All the siiucers with two handles show these pliistic projections on each side of the 
 
 Kir.. 32 fl. 
 
 Diameter, o.lVl m. 
 MeiRht. 0.012 m. 
 
 Fig. 32 c. 
 
 Diameter. 0.(q4 m. 
 Height. 0.01.-* m. 
 
96 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: SAUCERS 
 
 97 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS VASES. 
 
 Of the vases found intact, or jKirtially so, mentioned in the Introduction, hy far the 
 greater \mrt consisted of small, hastily niiide vases, with or without decoration, the exact 
 date of which is extremely doubtful. The quality of the clay is distinctly inferior to 
 that of the Mycenaean vases, and in many respects corresponds to that used in vases of 
 the Geometric style, so that the majority of them may well belong to that j)eriod. 
 
 A comparison of the vases without decoration >>'ith the decorated vases is the only 
 means for estiibUshing a date for the former, and in the case of the latter the following 
 data are available: (1) The most primitive examples (the saucers) show a use of 
 " dull " color, which, together with their rather hasty technique, may i)erhaps assign 
 them to the earlier periods of the Mycenaean style. (2) One small three-handled jug, 
 which, from its polished surface, belongs more properly to the class discussed on p. 99, 
 had a linear band of '• dull " color. (3) Practically all the jugs, amphonie, and bowls 
 were made of a coarse clay, more resembling that used in the Geometric vases, and if 
 they are to be included in the Mycenaean style at all, would seem to belong to the very 
 latest period. These, I shall endeavor to show later, constitute the real link Iwtween the 
 Mycenaean and Argive styles. At the same time, I do not regard their seipience from 
 primitive times as existing without a break, and for that reason I do not consider them 
 as examples of the "Argive Linear" style which Professor Waldstein would consider 
 them to be. It cannot, however, be assumed that their influence on any particular style 
 was marked ; they are simply the examples of the low level to which the potter's trade 
 could sink, and from their large number it is reasonable to supjKwe they were the 
 cheapest vases which the devotee at the shrine could buy. Being rough and small, they 
 were not st> easily broken, and were thus in far better })reservation than larger vases of 
 better technique. To assign an exact date to them is im]K)ssible, nor can they be 
 arranged in any exact chronological order, except where the development of the shape 
 can be readily seen. 
 
 Three general types may be distinguished : — 
 
 Saucers. 
 
 Bowls (with or without handles). 
 
 Jugs (with one, two, or three bandies). 
 
 Saucers. 
 
 Three distinct varieties may be noted : — 
 
 a. Plain, hand or wheel made. 
 
 b. With central boss. 
 
 c. With handles. 
 
 1. The most primitive examples seem to be a series of small 
 hand-made saucers, of grayish or reddish clay, pierced bv a 
 hole near the rim, and varying from 5 to 7 cm. in diameter, 
 and 2 to 3 cm. in height. Several hundred were found in- 
 tact or in fragments. The ornamentation is of the sim])lest 
 character, consisting of two lines crossing each other at right 
 angles. Whether they belong to the dull or lustrous Mycenaean 
 vases is difficult to decide, as the decoration is extremely poor, 
 but they are more probably examples of the " dull " technique. 
 Variety is obtained by increasing the number of cross-lines, 
 
 which vary from two to eight. As a rule the ornamentation is confined to the interior, 
 but cases occur with the same design on the exterior as well. The earliest of the series 
 is a saucer of red clay 5 cm. in diameter, with ribbed edges and two incised cross-lines 
 on the interior. This probably falls in the primitive period. 
 
 Similar saucers were found in large numbers at Hissarlik, Mycenae, and Tiryns. In 
 some respects they resemble saucers from Bos-iijiik (Koerte, Athen. Mitt. 1899, pi. iii. 
 7) and Syra (*E<^r;/t. 'Apx- 1899, pi. ix. 25). 
 
 2. As a development of these we have a series of wheel-made saucers, of reddish 
 clay (e. g. Pig. 32 b), from 4 to 7 cm. in diameter, of which about fifty were found. 
 The inner edge of the rim is either sharply defined or rounded, and none have any 
 decoration. The clay is of a 
 slightly coarser variety than 
 that used in the preceding 
 examples. 
 
 b. 
 
 1. The earliest examples are 
 hand-made, of a reddish clay, 
 without decoration, having 
 a small boss in the middle ; 
 they resemble the earliest ex- 
 amples of ckss a, save for 
 their lack of decoration and 
 the addition of the boss. 
 
 2. The wheel-made type (Pig. 32 
 and lack of decoration to a, 2. The 
 which in some cases rises above the 
 saucer are either rounded or sharp, 
 dashes of paint (dull) on the rim. 
 
 Fig. 32 b. 
 
 IHaiueter, O.Oli'i m. 
 Height, O.Ui:t m. 
 
 Fig. 3-> c. 
 
 Diameter, 0.(K>1 ni. 
 
 Height, O.OIC. m. 
 
 Height of boss, O.OlSi m. 
 
 c) corresponds in character of clay (wheel-made) 
 principal variations lie in the height of the boss, 
 edge of the saucer. As in a, 2, the edges of the 
 A few examples were found with a series of parallel 
 
 Fig. 32 a. 
 Diameter, 0.05 m. 
 
 Two varieties may be noted with one handle, and one with two handles. 
 The simplest form of the one-handled saucer is hand-made, the edges rolled over 
 so as to form a curve down to the bottom of the vase, and the handle, of the simplest 
 form, parallel with the sides. (Fig. 32 d.) This type was extremely common. A varia- 
 tion is introduced occasionally, where a plas- 
 tic dab of clay is placed on each side of the 
 handle along the rim, similar to those on the 
 shoulders of our terra-cotta figurines (Fig. 
 32 e) ; this saucer was entirely covered 
 with a brown glaze, worn away in places. A 
 few specimens were noted with one handle, 
 and three plastic dabs of clay, arranged so as 
 to form a symmetrical scheme on the four 
 sides of the vessel. While the majority of 
 these saucers are undecorated, some few are 
 covered with a didl dark glaze, badly worn. 
 
 All the saucers with two handles show these plastic projections on each side of the 
 
 Fig. .32 d. 
 
 Diameter, 0.04 m. 
 Height, 0.012 m. 
 
 Fig. .32 e. 
 
 IKameter, 0.0*4 m. 
 Height, 0.015 m. 
 
 ^ 
 
98 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 kaiulle. The earliest example is hand-made, of pret-isely similar clay and technique to 
 those lii*st mentioned under a, with four cross-lines on the interior. The wheel-made 
 types show a decided advance in execution. They are almost flat (a trifle over a centi- 
 metre in height, and from six to seven centimetres in diameter), the edges well defined, and 
 they are made of a dark red cliiy without decoration. About a dozen specimens were found. 
 As the (piality of the clay resembles more closely the Geometric cLiy, and as they are 
 exactly jNiralleled in shape by several of our bronze saucers, it is certain that they must 
 fall in a rather later period, perhaps about the eighth century. 
 
 Boiph. 
 
 The earliest examples of bowls seem to be contempomry with the most primitive 
 siiucers mentioned above ; they are hand-made, of very rude technique, the sides raised 
 a trifle. In some cases a small dab of clay is added to the rim to represent a handle. 
 None have any decoration. 
 
 The total number of bowls found was between one and two hundred ; of these a few 
 are hand-made, but the greater part are wheel-made. Slight variations in the forms may 
 be detected, but hardly enough to warrant a regular classification. 
 
 The hand-made bowls are either plain or decorated, rounded at the base or else 
 provided with a flat bise. None have handles. The decoration invariably consists 
 of one, two, or three narrow bands encircling the bowl just below the shoulder. A dozen 
 examples Avere found where the vase had been covered with a white paint (as in No. G of 
 the Bee-Hive tomb : Fig. 24 ). On one example a straight or a wavy band had been ])ainted 
 in red ; this was added after the final firing as in the case of terra-cottiis, and is easily 
 friable. None of these bowls exceeded 3 cm. in height or /> cm. in diameter. 
 
 Something over a hundred wheel-made bowls were found, the majority of a coarse 
 reddish clay, similar to that of the wheel-made saucers. Only a few exanq)les bore any 
 decoration. The form is generally the same with the following variations. The rim is 
 either flat, slightly curved, or sharply emphasized as in the saucers ; the profile sometimes 
 flares sharply outward and downward so that the diameter is greater at the base than at 
 the opening. As a rule the j)rofile curves inward towards the base, which is flat. The 
 usual form of decoration consists of one or two broad or fine wavy bands on the shoulder. 
 The following is the best example : — 
 
 Pig. 33. Height, 0.024 m. ; diameter, 0.047 m. Dark clay, seemingly burnt. 
 On shoulder dark brown wavy ban<l with yellow dots. Similar dotted hand on 
 rim. 
 
 This is probably one of the late<(t of the series, as the clay is more like that 
 of the Geometric vases in texture and the technique more advanced. It is 
 ))robably one of the earliest instances of the Geometric snake. The use of yellow dots seems to be 
 a peculiarity of the Argolid and will be disousse<l later. 
 
 A few bowls were found, the rims ornamented by three plastic heads of animals, 
 probably calves. 
 
 Fig. 34. Height, 0.026 m. : diameter, 0.043 m. Red clay. 
 
 Further another class may be mentioned of a technique slightly 
 more advanced, where the bowl is provided with a foot and two large 
 handles rising above the rim, similar in form to Mt/k. Vax. XLiv. 16, 
 Fig. 34. but without any decoration. 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: JUGS 
 
 99 
 
 Jltf/S. 
 
 These numbered over five hundred and formed the majority of all the Heraeum vases 
 intact or partially so. The greater part of them are wheel-made. As usual two classes 
 of these were observed, those with decoration and those without. The greater part of 
 the undecorated vases were exactly similar in size, form, and technique to the decorated 
 vases, but a sjjecial class of hand-made undecorated vases existed which demands a more 
 
 careful discussion. 
 
 I. 
 
 Without Decoration. 
 
 These vases all show the same i)eculiarities. The clay is of a dark red or yellow, the 
 outside of which has undergone a very brilliant polish, and in some cases through the 
 action of the fire has become bright red in places. Two shapes are represented. One- 
 handled jugs or oinochoai and three-handled jugs. All are small, the largest not more 
 than 12 cm. in height. 
 
 We are able to date with a fair degree of certiiinty the period in which these vases 
 fall. Fii-st, one specimen of the handled jugs had on the shoulder a wavy band which is 
 decidedly dull, not lustrous in character ; secondly, other specimens have been found in a 
 grave at Syracuse along with vases of the Argive style (second period).^ Thus we obtain 
 two termini, which show tliat these vases were manufactured as early as the Mycenaean 
 dull i>eriod (fifteenth century) and as late as the Middle Argive period (eighth century). 
 
 Most of the shapes are simihir to those used in the Argive style, only slightly more 
 primitive in character, and naturally so, seeing that they are hand-made. A very few, which 
 show the most developed form, are wheel-made and are probably the latest. At the same 
 time the exanq)le from the Syracusan grave is certainly hand-made, showing that the use 
 of the wheel was not universiil even in that period of advanced archaism. 
 
 One-fuindled J>ifj». 
 Two distinct forms may be noted, those with a circular and those with a trefoil rim 
 (oinochoe). The latter show a technique more advanced, which fact, together with the 
 form, assigns them to a later date than the first essays. At the same time it is certain 
 that the oinochoe with trefoil lip is a form known to the Mycenaean epoch.' Further we 
 find that the body is either round with a handle rising above the rim, or cylindrical with 
 the top of the handle level with the rim. 
 
 Fig. 35. Height, 0.035 m. Handle restored. On either side is a small boss, perhaps i-epre- 
 senting a handle. On shoulder two straight lines and a wavy band in dull ^^ 
 
 technique. mm^ ^k 
 
 Several other examples of this same shape were found, but this jug alone pos- l^^f^^^ .M 
 
 sessed any decoration. 
 
 A few examples were found where the neck is slightly longer in proportion to 
 the body and the handle dropi)ed lower than the rim. Cf. Hioa, Fig. 1140. 
 
 > Tomb 305. Tomb Cj from Megara Hyblaea also by Wide at Aphidiia (^Athen. Mitt. p. 385 ff. pi. xiv.) 
 
 contained a similar vase. The same polish was observed seem to show a similar technique, but are not so ad- 
 
 on a lekythos from the Ileraeum (height, 0.a"» m.), of dark vanced in form. It would seem fairly safe to assign both 
 
 gray clay, the shape rather advanced, being that of the our vase and that from Syracuse to the period succeeding 
 
 lekythos on p. 127. fig. 'A. At Syracuse (tomb 428), a the Mycenaean style. 
 
 H|>ecimen exa.-tly identical was found along with lekythoi » Vide Furtwiiugler, Arch. Am. 1893, p. 9. 
 
 belonging to the oriental Argive period. The vases found 
 
 Fio. 35. 
 
08 
 
 TIIK VASKS AND VASE FKACiMKXTS 
 
 handle. Tlie earliest exanij>le is haud-niade, of preeisely similar olay ami teehnique to 
 those first mentioned under a, with t'(mr eross-lines on the interior. The wheel-made 
 tvt»es show a decided advance in execution. Thev are almost tlat (a triHe over a eenti- 
 metre in height, and from six to seven centimetres in diameter), the edges well defined, and 
 they are made oi a dark red clay without deeomtion. Ahout a dozen specimens were found. 
 As the (lualitv of the clav resenddes more closelv the Geometric elav, and as thev are 
 exactly paralleled in sha]>e hy several of our hronze siiucers, it is certain that they must 
 fall in a rather later period, perhaps about the eighth century. 
 
 Jiotrltf. 
 
 The earliest examples of howls seem to be contempor.iry with the nu)st primitive 
 siuicers mentioned above; they are hand-made, of very rude technitiue, the sides raised 
 a triHe. In some cases a small dab of chiy is added to the rim to represent a handle. 
 None have any decoration. 
 
 The total number of bowls found was between one and two hundred ; of these a few 
 are hand-made, but the greater })art are wheel-made. Slight variations in the forms may 
 be detected, but hardly enough to warrant a regular classification. 
 
 The hand-made bowls are either plain or decorated, rounded at the base or else 
 provided with a ffat b ise. None have handles. The decoration invariably consists 
 of one, two, or three narrow bands encircling the bowl just beh>w the shoulder. A dozen 
 examples were found where the vase had been covered with a white paint (as in No. (> of 
 the Bee-IIive tond) : Fig. 24). On one example a straight or a wavy band had been painted 
 in red ; this was added after the final firing as in the case of terra-cottas, and is easily 
 friable. None of these bowls exceeded 3 cm. in height or .") cm. in diameter. 
 
 Somethinii" over a hundred wheel-made bowls were found, the maioritv of a coarse 
 reddish chiv, similar to that of the wheel-made saucers. Only a few examples bore any 
 decoration. The form is generally the sjime with the followinj*; variations. The rim is 
 either Hat, slightly curved, or sharply emphasized as in the saucers ; the profile sometimes 
 Hares sharply outward and downward so that the diameter is greater at the base than at 
 the opening. As a rule the profile curves inward towards the base, which is Hat. The 
 usual form of decoration consists of one or two broad or fine wavy bands on the shoulder. 
 The foUowing is the best example : — 
 
 Fig. 33. Heiy;ht. 0.024 iii. : diameter. 0.047 iii. Dark clay, seeminjj:ly hnrnt. 
 On shoulder dark hrowu wavy hand with yellow dots. JSiiiiilar dotted Umd on 
 rim. 
 
 This is prohahly one of the latest of the series, as the clay is more like that 
 of the Geometric vases in texture and the technique more advanced. It is 
 j)robably one of the earliest instances of the Geometric snake. The use of yellow dots seems to be 
 a peculiarit}' of the Argolid and will be discussed later. 
 
 A few bowls were found, the rims ornamented by thi-ee plastic heads of animals, 
 j)robably calves. 
 
 ^ Fig. 34. Heiirht. 0.020 m. : diameter, 0.04.'? m. Red clay. 
 
 Further another chiss may be mentioned of a techni(pie slightly 
 more advanced, where the bowl is provided with a foot and two h«rge 
 
 r handles rising above the rim, .similar in form to il/yX". Vas. xi.iv. If), 
 
 Fio. 34. but without any decoration. 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 TIIK MYCKNAKAN STYLK: .IldS 
 
 99 
 
 These numbered over five hundred and formed the majority of all the Heraeum vases 
 
 intact or partially so. The greater jiart of them are wheel-made. As usual two classes 
 
 of these were observed, those with decoration an<l those without. The greater ])art of 
 
 the undecorated vases were exactly similar in size, form, and technitpie to the decorated 
 
 vases, but a special class of hand-made undecorated vases existed which demands a more 
 
 careful discussion. 
 
 I. 
 
 "WithinU Ihcorntion. 
 
 These vases all show the same peculiarities. The clay is of a dark red or yeUow, the 
 outside of which has undergone a very brilliant polish, and in some cases through the 
 action of the fire has become bright red in places. Two shapes are represented. One- 
 handled jugs or oinochoai and three-handled jugs. All are small, the largest not more 
 than 12 cm. in height. 
 
 We are able to date with a fair degree of certainty the period in which these vases 
 fall. Fii-st, one specimen of the handled jugs had on the shoulder a wavy band which is 
 decidedly didl, not lustrous in character ; secondly, other si)ecimens have been found in a 
 grave at Syracuse along with vases of the Argive style (second period).' Thus we obtain 
 two ter)iiini, which show that these vases were manufactured as early as the Mycenaean 
 didl period (fifteenth century) and as late as the Middle Argive period (eighth century). 
 
 Most of the shapes are simihir to those used in the Argive style, only slightly more 
 primitive in character, and naturally .so, seeing that they are hand-made. A very few, which 
 show the nM)st develoi)ed form, are wheel-made and are probably the latest. At the same 
 time the example from the Syracusan grave is cerfciinly hand-made, showing that the use 
 of the wheel was not universid even in that jieriod of advanced archaism. 
 
 ()m-hon(Vcff Jiifitt. 
 Two distinct forms may be noted, those with a circular and those with a trefoil rim 
 (oinochoe). The latter show a techni([ue more advanced, which fact, together with the 
 form, assigns them to a later date than the first essays. At the same time it is certain 
 that the oinochoe with trefoil lip is a fonn known to the Mycenaean ei)och.- Further we 
 find that the body is either round with a handle rising above the rim, or cylindrical with 
 the top of the handle level with the rim. 
 
 Fig. 35. Height, 0.08') m. Handle restored. On either side is a small boss, imhaps repre- 
 senting a handle. On shoulder two straight lines and a wavy band in dull ^^ 
 
 teehnitpie. JKt. ^V 
 
 Several other examples of this same shai>e were found, but this jug alone pos- jjK^ r 
 
 sessetl any decoration. ^^^^v " 
 
 A few examples were found where the neck is slightly longer in proi>ortion to ^^fc«» 
 the IkmIv and the handle dropiH'd lower than the rim. Cf. lUos^ Fig. 1140. 
 
 Ki«i. 3."». 
 
 » Tomb 305. T.niil* Chi from Megaiii Hyhliicii also by Wide at Apbidna {Athen. Mitt. p. .'W."> ff. pi. xiv.) 
 
 containcil a similar vase. Tbe same ptilish w.is observed .seem to show a similar teehiii«iue, but are not so ad- 
 
 oii a lekytlios f mm tbo I lenioiim (lioi^lit, O.a") m.), of dark vanced in form. It would seem fairly safe to assign both 
 
 jiray clay, the sh:.|»o nitber advanced, being that of the our vase ami that from Syracuse to the periotl succeeding 
 
 lekythos on p. 1*27. «g. r»4. At Syracuse (tomb 4*_'8). a the Mycenaean style. 
 
 s|K'cimen exactly i.b'iitical was found along with lekythoi "^ I'/'/f- Furtwiingler, Arch. Aiiz. 1893, p. 9. 
 
 belonging to the oriental -Vrgive |>eri«Ml. The vases found 
 
100 
 
 TIIK VASKS AM) VASK FKA(JMKNTS 
 
 Fig. 36. Height, 0.112 in. Fouiitl east of the North- 
 west Hnihling. The base is thicker in lu'ojmrtion to the 
 opening than in most of onr vases of this ty|H'. 
 
 Fig. 37. lleiglit, 0.044 in. This wonhl seem to Xte a 
 piototvpe of the oinoehoe form whieh is .so 
 common <hn-ing the Argive |>eri<Nl (p. 128). T 
 
 ^^^^^ It is the commonest ty|H' of these small ' 
 
 jf . ^^^A vases, and at least forty other s)K>cimens 
 
 I 3^^| were foniul. I have noted several other ^^ 
 
 examples, two in Synicust; (Syracuse, tomh p,,, .p 
 
 30"), and Megara llyblaea. tomb (i/i) and 
 three in the Louvre ( KtMun A, ca.se \, 496, 497, 498) from 
 Attica. Those from Syracuse and 
 Fijj. 36. Megara Hvblaea were found with 
 
 vases of the second Argive i)eritHl. 
 Fig. 38. Height, 0.74 m. Oinoehoe. Burnt in parts to a brilliant 
 red. The base i.s slightly Hatter than most of the oiumhoai of this type, 
 but «)therwise shows ii«) important variation. 
 
 About a dozen oinochoai were found. One example, wheel- 
 made, was remarkable for the handle risin<»; above the rim and 
 having two small breast-like protuberances on the .shoulder, a 
 somewhat unusual feature on va.ses of the Mycenaean epoch. Fig. ;«. 
 
 77lt't I -fmmlh «/ •finis. 
 
 Twenty or thirty of these were found. \mi sjive for the addition of a small handle on 
 each side of the bodv thev differed in no wav from the one-handled juirs already de- 
 scribed. The trefoil lip does not occur. They are all smaller than the one-handled juy, 
 the hi<»;hest not measurino- more than ()-7 cm. 
 
 tho.se with one handle; (b) 
 
 n. 
 
 with Ihrin'utJnu. 
 
 Two types may be noted, as in the undecorated jujijs. (a| 
 those with three handles. 
 
 Of the one-handle«l jugs, almost all followed the sjime type with but .slight variations, 
 the openino- being circular and the neck broad or narrow. The trefoil lip was seen only 
 
 in a few examples. The decoration on all is practically 
 the same, lines around the body with a ziirziisr or waw 
 band on the neck in some cases. 
 
 Fig. 39. Height, 0.10') m. : diameter of opening, 0.009 m. 
 (form, M;ik. Van. xi.iv. 05); grayish clay with a greenish 
 tinge, black decoration. On neck zigzag band, with parallel 
 stripes on neck, body, foot, and inside rim. On shoulder o)>po- 
 site the handle dotted rosette. 
 
 This is by far the Ix'st si^ciinen of the ty|>e and the most 
 
 advanced. The clay is not (piite so characteristically Mycenaean 
 
 as in some other cases, but it cannot very well be included iu 
 
 the Geometric or Argive classes. 
 Fir., .m 
 
 The three-handled jugs were the most numerous, as 
 seyeral hundred were found, and seem to belong to a later period. The form does not 
 
 TIIK (JEOMETRIC STYLE 
 
 101 
 
 seem to be Mycenaean, while the quality of the clay is decidedly inferior. But as this 
 principle of decoration is practically the sjime as that already considered, these vases are 
 properly to be di.scussed here. The shapes are fairly uniform, though slight variations 
 may be detected in the height of the neck, .size of the handles, fullness of the body, 
 se|Kiration of the foot fnmi the body, etc. 
 
 The decoration follows a consistent scheme, in that the body is reserved for parallel 
 stripes or bands and the shoulder for other motives, as rays, vertical lines, wavy bands, 
 zigziigs, rosettes, etc. The neck is occasionally ornamented in simihir fashion. 
 
 Fig. 40. Height, 0.09 m. Coarse reddish clay, with red decoration. Parallel stripes on body, 
 
 with rays on shoulder. Stri})es inside rim and on handle. The foot 
 is separated from the botly. 
 
 Fig. 40 is a typical example of the class. About half of these va.ses 
 have a flat base, without a foot. 
 
 Tiro-h<in<lJiil Vtl^i'. 
 
 Fig. 41. Height, O.OA m. Yellowish clay, with 
 dull brown dcc(uation. Two handles (restored), 
 with a hole running through the sides; no open- 
 ing iu the top. 
 
 I have been unable to find any example similar 
 to this vase. It must be regarded as a mere freak 
 of the pottei-s' art, with no definite nnaou d'ett'e. 
 
 f 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE (iEOMKTRIC STYLE. 
 
 It w<udd seem at first sight as if vases of the Geometric style were the most nu- 
 merous at the Ileraeum, since their fragments filled about twice as many ba.sketsas either 
 those of the Mycenaean or Argive styles. But as Geometric fragments are generally fairly 
 lar^e in size, since thev belong to huge vases, and the Argive fragments extremely 
 small, it was found that the actual number of vases represented by Argive fragments 
 was coi;siderably larger than those rei>resented by the Geometric. 
 
 For many reasons an intelligent presentation of the Geometric fragments has proved 
 extremely diftictdt. Owing to the larger size of the vases, hardly a single one was found 
 intiict, and in lui case could more than a third of any va.se be reconstructed, though 
 some vases were represented by several hundred fragments apiece. Although the num- 
 ber of shai)es represented is extremely huge, many are so ch>sely allied to each other — 
 the chief variations being in the number of handles, the shape of the neck, etc. — that, 
 without the whole, or at least the greater part of a vase, a systematic classification based 
 upon shai)es becomes difficult, if not imj)ossible. Then, too, almost the entire surface of 
 the vase is covered with a decoration combining many different motives, and in such 
 a case it was difticidt to decide which fragments should be presented and which not, 
 since there was danger, in a classification based on ornamentation alone, of treating .se[)- 
 arately motives which belonged to the same vase. Finally, hardly a single new type of 
 this style was found at the Heraeum ; the decoration on almost every fragment repre- 
 sentedniay be paralleled by dozens of vases scattered through the museums of Europe. 
 
 The style also presents this peculiarity, tliat it is far more conservative than any other 
 
100 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 > 
 
 Flu. .17. 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Fig. 3& Height, 0.112 in. Found east of the North- 
 west Building. The base is thicker in proportion to the 
 oj)ening than in most of our vases of this ty|)e. 
 
 Fig. 37. Height, 0.044 m. This wouUl seem to be a 
 prototype uf the oinochoe form which is so 
 common during the Argive |>erio<1 (p. 128). 
 It is the commonest type of these small 
 vases, and at least forty other s|)ecimeus 
 were found. I have noted several other 
 examples, two in Syracuse (Symcuse, tomb 
 30o, and Megara llyblaea, tomb 65) and 
 thi-ee in the Louvre (Koom A, case N, 496, 497, 498) from 
 Attica. Those from Syracuse and 
 Megam Hyblaeu were found with 
 vases of the second Argive period. 
 Pig. 38. Height, 0.74 m. Oinuchoe. Burnt in parts to a brilliant 
 
 red. The base is slightly flatter than most of the oinochoai of this type, 
 
 but otherwise shows no important variation. 
 
 About a dozen oinochoai were found. One example, wheel- 
 made, was remarkable for the handle rising above the rim and 
 having two small breast-like protuberances on the shoulder, a 
 somewhat unusual feature on vases of the Mycenaean epoch. Fio. 38. 
 
 Thru -fnitttlhtl ,fmjt(. 
 
 Twenty or thirty of these were found, but sjive for the addition of a small handle on 
 each side of the body they differed in no way from the one-handle<l jugs already de- 
 scribed. The trefoil lip does not occur. They are all smaller than the one-handled jug, 
 the highest not measuring more than 0-7 cm. 
 
 n. 
 
 With Decoration. 
 
 Two types may be noted, as in the undeeorateil jugs, (a) those with one handle; (b) 
 those with three handles. 
 
 Of the one-handled jugs, almost all followed the same type with but slight variations, 
 the opening being circular and the neck broad or narrow. The trefoil lip was seen only 
 
 in a few examples. The decoration on all is practically 
 the same, lines around the body with a zigzag or wavy 
 band on the neck in some crises. 
 
 rig. 39. Height, 0.105 m. ; diameter of opening, 0.069 m. 
 (form, Myk. Van. XLlv. 65); grayish clay with a greenish 
 tinge, black decoration. On neck zigzag band, with parallel 
 stripes on neck, body, foot, and inside rim. On shoulder oppo- 
 site the handle dotted rosette. 
 
 This is by far the best specimen of the type and the roost 
 
 advanced. The clay is not quite so characteristically Mycenaean 
 
 as in some other cases, but it cannot very well be included in 
 
 the Geometric or Arerive classes. 
 Fio. .19. 
 
 The three-handled jugs were the most numerous, as 
 several hundred were found, and seem to belong to a later period. The fonn does not 
 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE 
 
 101 
 
 seem to be Mycenaean, while the quality of the clay is decidedly inferior. But as this 
 principle of decoration is practically the same as that already considered, these vases are 
 properly to be discussed here. The shapes are fairly uniform, though slight variations 
 may be detected in the height of the neck, size of the handles, fullness of the body, 
 8e|Kinition of the foot from the body, etc. 
 
 The decoration follows a consistent scheme, in that the body is reserved for parallel 
 strii)es or bands and the shoulder for other motives, as rays, vertical lines, wavy bands, 
 zigzcigs, rosettes, etc. The neck is occasionally ornamented in similar fashion. 
 
 Pig. 40. I leight, 0.09 m. Coarse reddish clay, with red decoration. Parallel stripes on body, 
 
 with rays on shoulder. Stripes inside rim and on handle. The foot 
 is separated from the boily. 
 
 Fig. 40 is a typical example of the class. About half of these va-ses 
 have a flat base, without a foot. 
 
 Ttro-Juntdled Va«e. 
 
 Pig. tt. Height, 0.05 m. Yellowish clay, with 
 dull brown decoration. Two handles (restored), 
 with a hole running through the sides; no open- 
 ing in the top. 
 
 I have been unable to find any example similar 
 to this vase. It must be regarded as a mere freak 
 of the letters* art, with no definite ruiaon d'etre. 
 
 Fig. 4U. 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE. 
 
 It would seem at first sight as if vases of the Geometric style were the most nu- 
 merous at the Heraeum, since their fragments filled about twice as many baskets as either 
 tliose of the Mycenaean or Argive styles. But as Geometric fragments are generally fairly 
 large in size, since they belong to large vases, and the Argive fragments extremely 
 small, it was found that the actmil number of vases rei)resented by Argive fragments 
 was considenibly larger tlian those represented by the Geometric. 
 
 For many reasons an intelligent presentation of the Geometric fragments has proved 
 extremely difficult. Owing to the larger size of the vases, hardly a single one was found 
 intact, and in no case could more tlian a third of any vase be reconstructed, though 
 some vases were represented by several hundred fragments apiece. Although the num- 
 ber of shapes represented is extremely large, many are so closely allied to each other — 
 the chief variations being in the number of handles, the shape of the neck, etc. — that, 
 without the whole, or at least the greater part of a vase, a systematic classification based 
 upon shajies becomes difficult, if not impossible. Then, too, almost the entire surface of 
 the vase is covered with a decoration combining many different motives, and in such 
 a case it was difficult to decide which fragments should be presented and which not, 
 since there was danger, in a classification based on ornamentation alone, of treating sep- 
 arately motives which belonged to the same vase. Finally, hardly a single new type of 
 this style was found at the Heraeum ; the decoration on almost every fragment repre- 
 sented may be paralleled by dozens of vases scattered through the museums of Europe. 
 
 The style also presents this peculiarity, tliat it is far more conservative than any other 
 
102 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FKAGMENTS 
 
 style, and seems less susceptible to progressive ideas. The Heraeum fragnieuts, which 
 probably cover a period of two centuries, are marked by their monotony and consistent 
 adherence to a gener.d scheme. Types are to be distinguished, of coui-se, but such a 
 classification as proved practicable with the Mycenaean and Argive styles becomes hnj)os- 
 sible here.' 
 
 The fragments here presented illustrate the tlevelopment of the various motives so 
 extensively employed. At the same time this classification has been adopted solely as a 
 working hypotliesis, since the nature of the material forbids even an approach to finality ; 
 that can only be secured by a cLissification based upon material larger, more comprehen- 
 sive, and in better condition than tliat furnished by the Heraeum. 
 
 As the character of the decoration on our fragments is practically identical with that of 
 Dipylon ware, the question immediately arises whether our fragments were made in the 
 Argolid or imported from Attica, since no other districts can well chiim their manufacture. 
 Though certainty on this point is impossible, the evidence seems to point to the former 
 hypothesis. Fragments of this style have been found at both Mycenae and Tiryns in 
 kirge quantities, showing that the style was a common one in the Argolid. As the 
 amount of Mycenaean ware found there is so large as to point to a very flourishing 
 vase industry, there seems no valid reason why Geometric ware should not have been 
 manufactured there also. Ljistly, the clay of the Heraeum fragments is heavy, carelessly 
 cleaned, and of a yellowish or greenish tinge, while that of the Dipylon vases is lighter, 
 cleaner, and of a reddish shade ; the decoration also of the Heraeum fragments is in 
 general of a duller lustre and less decided in its character than the Attic. 
 
 One of the radical points of difference between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles 
 lies hi the clay, and the difference is especially apjmreut to the touch. The quality 
 of the grain in the Geometric is far coarser than in the Mycenaean vases, and never, even 
 in the best examples, does it attiiin to the lightness and smoothness of the latter. 
 Whether this difference results from the employment of clay from a different bed or from 
 different technical methods in its preparation, I am unable to say. But as the differ- 
 ence between the clay of Mycenaean vases foiuid in Attica and the Dipylon vases is just 
 as great as in the case of our fragments,' it does not necessiirily argue that none of our 
 Geometric vases were manufactured in the Argolid; it would nither be a cause for 
 wonder if they were not made there. 
 
 It can hardly be said that the Geometric fragments from the Heraeum throw much 
 light on the vexed question of the origin of the Geometric style in Greece. Up to the 
 present moment three widely different views have been pro])osed : ( 1 ) the old view, 
 which 'has now, I think, been generally abandoned, that it was the result of some Eastern 
 influence (Egyptian, Carian. or Ionian); (2) the view expressed by Furtwjingler and 
 Loeschcke, that the style was the result of the Dorian invasion; (3) the hist and most 
 radical view, advocated bv Wide and Wolters, that the Geometric stvle is an autocli- 
 thonous growth, a " Bauernstil," as opposed to the " Herrenstil " of the Mycenaean 
 civilization, and the direct result of the primitive forms of decoration, but subject to 
 some external influence which may have been supplied by some such movement as the 
 Dorian invasion. 
 
 ^ Since the above was written, Dr. Wide's analysis of same time an effort will be made to mention all the types 
 
 the Geometric style has appeared in the Jahrbuch for cited by Wide which could be identified among the He- 
 
 1899 (pp. 2G ff., 78 ff., and 188 ff.) and 1900 (p. 49 ff.). raeum fragmenta. 
 
 It may be readily seen that such an arrano^ement as that - See p. (Jo. note, on the results of Dr. Washington's 
 
 adopted by Wide is out of the question with the material investigations touching this point, 
 from tlie Heraeum, for the reasons given above. At the 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE GEOMETRIC STYLE 
 
 103 
 
 From Wide's investigations at Aphidna, his contention that the primitive elements for 
 the Geometric style are to be found in Greece seems to be satisfactorily established ; 
 also, from his analysis of the survival of Mycenaean motives in the Geometric style 
 {Athen. Mitt. XXII. (181)7), p. 233 tt*.), it may be easily seen how close is the connec- 
 tion between the two styles. But neither theory is sufficient to account for the true 
 Geometric style, which, as he admits himself, does not show the transitional stages of 
 development which were to have been expected if the style were derived directly from 
 the Mycenaean. 
 
 For the Heraeum fragments it must be said that only a few scattered specimens (e. g. 
 Plate L. 15, 16, and 17) show the existence of Wide's pre-Dorian elements; such speci- 
 mens, however, are more in hne with Professor Waldstein's linear theory, and are not 
 good examples of the " Bauernstil." That a small number of fragments, which, though 
 Geometric as far as clay and technique were concerned, also show distinctly the sur- 
 vival of Mycenaean motives, points to a close connection between the two styles. At 
 the same time, the difference between such fragments and those of the pure Geometric 
 style is so great that it is diflicidt to believe that the Geometric style could possibly have 
 originated as the natural sequence of such prototypes. 
 
 The need for some decided infusion of fresh ideas is the chief obstacle against the 
 entire acceptance of Wide's theory. As we can hardly assume that the finished Geo- 
 metric style is the natural outcome of i)revious conditions, subject to no outside influence, 
 we must seek some reason for such a phenomenon, and of all the solutions offered, the 
 theory of the Dorian invasion seems to my mind the most satisfactory. 
 
 While the actual occurrence of such a migration has never been conclusively estab- 
 lished, it is generally agreed that some gi-eat upheaval took place in Greece during the 
 eleventh centurv b. c. Certainlv all the i)liases of the civilization which succeeded the 
 Mycenaean period show a radical change of style, which can hardly be accounted for by 
 a pui-ely natural and unaided development. It is too much to assume that the people 
 who brought about such a change were necessarily identical with the people of the 
 " Hallstiitt " period, though the similarity between objects of that period and the Geo- 
 metric style is extremely striking. As the Geometric style is found at the Heraeum 
 practically full-grown (as is also the case in Atticii), it remains to be seen whether some 
 external movement can account for its growth. 
 
 Now, granting for the moment that the Geometric style could have developed in 
 Attica along the lines laid down by Wide, the same can hardly be true at Argos ; were 
 such the case we should certainly expect to find a steady and continuous development 
 from primitive or Mycenaean times. The linear theory for the origin of the Argive 
 style can hardly apply hei-e. Since an autochthonous gro>\i:h can scarcely account for 
 the style at the Heraeum, some external influence is absolutely necessary. It would 
 seem that at a time when the Mycenaean civilization in the Argolid was on its decline 
 there apj)eared a new influence, which effectually finished the Mycenaean civilization, 
 and brought in with it no new elements (since almost all of them had been in use 
 before), but a new and radical cond)ination of those elements. Seeing that these ele- 
 ments are linear, and thus characteristic of aff peoples during the primitive stages of 
 their civilization, it matters little who these people were, though they may well have been 
 the Dorians ; the main point is that they brought with them a new style, or new arrange- 
 ment of motives already in use. It is hard to see how any other exphmation can account 
 for the rise of the Geometric style in the Argolid ; with Attica the case is not so e^^dent. 
 
104 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 GEOMETRIC STYLE: EARLIEST EXAMPLES 
 
 105 
 
 We have already pointed out that, except for a few slight teehnical ditfei-enees, the 
 Geometric style in the Ai-golid is practically identical with that of Attica. If we assume 
 that Wide's theory of an autochthonous development for the style in Attica is true, 
 and that some external influence created the style in the Argolid, we are confronted hy 
 a most surprising contradiction of facts, — that two different influences at work in two 
 different places should produce substantially the s;ime results. Theoretically such a case 
 might be possible, but not practically ; one influence must be responsible for both styles. 
 
 Therefore it does not seem difficult to assume that this external influence (if Dorian it 
 be) was felt in Attica as well as Argos. Such a theory would supply the Licuna, which Wide 
 admits, in the complete development of the style, and does not preclude the existence of 
 an earlier, primitive Geometric style in Attica. Although the Attic historians always 
 claimed that Attica had never been overrun by the Dorians, the legend of Codrus shows 
 that she was not untouched by their movement, and there seems no reason why the legend 
 of the movement of some tribe agiiinst the Attic frontier should not be symbolical of a 
 steady movement from the Peloponnesus along the shores of the Saruuic gulf to tlie very 
 confines of Attica. 
 
 To assign a chronology to these events is impossible. They cannot have taken place 
 at once, but were probably spread out over half a century. But while by this reasoning 
 the Dipylon style is shown to be slightly younger than the Argive Geometric, it is not 
 implied that the foraier is the result of the latter, but that it is the result of the same 
 lirinciple as the latter which first made itself felt in Argos, and finding the conditi<»n8 in 
 Attica practically the same, naturally accomplished there the same results. 
 
 The relation of the Geometric style to the Argive, with which it is closely connected, 
 will be discussed in chapter IV. 
 
 In the Argive Geometric fragments three distinct types may be detected : — 
 I. The earliest or transitional stage from the Myeenaeau. 
 II. Purely Cieoraetrical style. 
 
 III. The introduction of animal and human figures, genre scenes, and development of bands of 
 
 figures. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 TRANSITIONAL STAGE. 
 
 Fragments of this class were not very numerous, and, as no vases were preserved entire, 
 they do not lend themselves to a satisfactory arrangement. Two variations of this class 
 were noted, — fragments of distinctly Geometric clay with Mycenaean ornament^ition, 
 and fragments of Mycenaean cLay \s\t\\ Geometric ornamentation. At the same time the 
 scheme of decoration is treated rather from a Mycenaean than a Geometrical standpoint, 
 and it cannot be assumed that these fragments are the result of the new influence; it is 
 most probable that they mark the low ebb to which the Mycenaean style was sinking, as 
 the fourth class lustrous finish declined. The difference in the chiv would seem to show, 
 either that at the end of the Mycenaean period some change had been made in the pre- 
 paration of the clay, or that for some reason it was taken from different beds. How- 
 ever, in view of the similarity in clay of all Geometric vases, wherever found, it seems 
 more likely that the difference between it and Mycenaean clay lies solely in the manner 
 of preparation. 
 
 If, therefore, this change in the preparation of the clay took place before the Dorian 
 invasion, the Geometric style is simply the supplanting of the Mycenaean motives by 
 purely Geometrical ones. 
 
 Wide has endeavored in his article on the survival of Mycenaean motives in the Geo- 
 metric style {Afheu. Mitt. XXII. [1897], j). 233) to trace the development of the vari- 
 ous motives which had their origin in the Mycenaean style during the later period. I 
 cannot, however, agree with his assertion that the centre of the Mycenaean activity lay 
 in the islands. Wide bases this claim on the supposition that the vases which show this 
 connecting link between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles have been found only on 
 the islands. Such a supposition cannot now be entertained, since not only are many of 
 these ty})es to be seen on our fragments, but also on vases recently found in Attica. Of 
 the motives mentioned in Wide's article, the following occur at the Heraeum on various 
 fragments mentioned below. (The page references are from Wide's article.) 
 
 Toothed wheel and star (p. 235, fig. 3). 
 
 One-haudled-jug (p. 237, fig. 5). Numei-ous fragments of jugs with precisely similar decora- 
 tions were found. Also several handles with u plastic snake. 
 
 Amphora (p. 238, fig. 6). Fragments of similar amphoras were extremely numerous at the 
 Heraeum. Dozens of fragments belonging to rims showed a lozenge chain, with or without a cen- 
 tral dot. E(pially numerous were the lozenge chains formed by interlacing lines, the rhomboids 
 (single) anti " Running Dog " patterns. 
 
 ( P. 238, fig. 7. ) Sevei'al fragments fix>m the shoulder of a vase showing similar decoration were 
 found. The form is uncertain, but as the base of a spout was apparent, it is probably a jug similar 
 to the Mycenaean ones with one handle. The clay is coarse and of a dark red color. The decora- 
 tion on both shoulder and belly consists of a net pattern (not a meander, as in the ^^lunich vase), 
 the spaces fille<l by rosettes or dotted lozenges. Under the base of the spout is a leaf pattern. 
 
 (P. 240, fig. 8.) Circles with cross in the centre, arranged singly in pairs or in series, were 
 among the commonest types on the Heraeum fragments. 
 
 (P. 244, fig. 14 a.) Several fragments with this motive were found. 
 
 (P. 246, fig. 17.) At least a hundred fragments from the rims of large bowls showed this com- 
 bination of a wave pattern and dotted cirt-les. 
 
 The preceding enumeration of the various types is valuable as showing the occurrence 
 of Wide's types at the Heraeum. The following fragments are here introduced to show 
 the use of Mycenaean motives on a Geometric clay. It must be remembered, however, 
 that the difference in cLiy is hardly j^erceptible in the plate ; in all these fragments it is 
 generally greenish or yellowish in tone (sometimes reddish), coarse in quality, and not 
 very carefully cleaned, never possessing, except in a few cases, the smooth surface so 
 characteristic of Mycenaean clay. 
 
 PLATE LVI. 
 
 1. Fragment of a large vessel, probably an amphora. Coarse yellow clay ; decoration varying 
 fi-om dark to light brown. Checkerboard and circles. 
 
 The quality of the decoration resembles the Mycenaean more closely than does that of any other 
 fragment. We have here the circles (as in Wide, Iw. cit. p. 244, fig. 14 a) with the Geometric 
 cheoker1>oard. Both are treated in a slightly freer fashion than we shall find usual. Several other 
 similar fragments were found. 
 
 2. From a bowl. Reddish clay, with a yellow slip. Spirals in dark red. 
 
 3. The same. Red glaze on interior, bright red decoration. 
 
 4. The same : coarse yellow clay. Red decoration. 
 
 2-4 show the employment of purely Mycenaean motives on Geometric clay. 
 
 5. From rim of large bowl. Greenish yellow clay, with bands on interior below rim ; brown 
 decoration very faded. 
 
 The Mycenaean spiral is hei*e preserved intact. 
 
 6. Greenish clay, with light brown decoration. Combination of zigzags and Mycenaean flower 
 branch (cf. Wide, loc. cit. p. 242, fig. 12 a). Fragments with this combination were very numerous. 
 
106 
 
 TIIK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: HUMAN FIGURES 
 
 107 
 
 7. Light brown clay, with polished surface. Lustrous brown glaze on interior. 
 
 This fragment is extremely curious, since beside the zigzags it has the eye, nose, and hair of a 
 human face with a rosette beneath. A similar instance is unknown to me. 
 
 a From large vase, probably an amphora. Dark yellow clay, with decoration varying from 
 greenish brown to black. 
 
 9. From rim of amphor.i. Greenish clay. 
 
 10. From a large bowl. Brick red clay, with red glaze on interior. Retl decoration faded. 
 Rosette and zigzags. 
 
 Fragments similar to 8 and 10 were very numerous (certainly a basket full) and seem to con- 
 stitute the earliest essays in the Geometric style proper. While the clay is coarse, it has been covered 
 with a whitish slip (as in Mycenaean vases) and the decoration applied rather thinly without any 
 lustre. Some of the fragments had a dark brown glaze on the interior, which, together with their 
 size, seems to show that they belong to amphoras or bowls. Outside of the Heraeum this ware is 
 not common : the neai*est approach seems to be a variety found at Syracuse. On none of these 
 fragments was any decoration foimd which included the human or animal figure, the established 
 scheme being straight lines and zigzags. In fact, on Argive Geometric vases the use of the zigzag 
 seems to be carried to a far greater extent than in Attic work. 
 
 Besides the motives already mentioned, we find wavy lines (for rim and shoulder), rays, 
 rosettes, lozenges (entirely black), and a single zigzag line used exclusively on the rims 
 of bowls. 
 
 Further, we may mention a number of fragments (chiefly handles and necks) which 
 seemed to belong to aniphoms similar to those in Jahrburh, XV. (1900), p. />!, fig. 107, 
 the only decoration being a wavy biind on the neck and strii)es on the body and handles. 
 These fragments evidently belong to Class I. 
 
 CLA.SS IL 
 
 PURELY CiEOMETRICAL TYPES. 
 
 Fragments with purely Geometrical ornamentation formed the bulk of this style at the 
 Heraeum. The vases are almost entirely covered with a brown glaze (in the case of 
 bowls the glaze is also used on the interior), with a series of parallel bands running 
 round the body, which in many cases formed the sole decoration. The principal mo- 
 tives are placed on the shoulder, neck, or rim, and consist generally of a meander pattern 
 arranged singly or in series. These meanders are formed by single lines, or by double 
 lines with a series of short parallel cross-lines, straight or diagonal, between them, which 
 ffive the effect of shadinsf- In some cases the cross-lines are omitted. Other motives 
 are : — 
 
 Zigzags, singly or in series. These are either drawn in a single line or else double, with a 
 shading of cross-lines as in the meander patterns. 
 
 Checkerboard ». These are treated in a variety of ways. The simplest form is a series of 
 squares, alternately black and plain (i. e. the natural color of the day). Variety is secured by the 
 insertion of a lozenge into the plain squares, or else shading the black squares by a network of 
 lines. 
 
 Rays. Generally in series around the base or rim. These are either in outline, black, or of 
 interlaced lines. In some cases the rays are drawn in double outline, with a row of dots between 
 the lines. 
 
 Wave pattern. Generally a single broad line, sometimes with the addition of a dotted row on 
 each edge. This, an original Mycenaean motive, eventually develops into the Geometric snake. 
 
 Lozenges. In their most elementary form as a rhomboid, such as is found on Mycenaean vases 
 of the fourth class. Generally in the Geometric style we find them in chain, with or without a 
 
 central dot. Owing to carelessness or hasty technique the chain often resembles a series of 
 ovals. 
 
 Net pattern. In many cases this is nothing but a lozenge chain in parallel lines, the whole 
 giving the motive its net-like appearance. 
 
 Circles. Generally two or more concentric circles, with a central dot, singly or in series, some- 
 times connected, sometimes not. 
 
 Jiosettes or stars. Generally treated in series, either as an independent band or else as a border 
 to the wave pattern. Cases occur, esjiecially in plates, where the rim is surrounded by a border 
 of leaf or flower petals, with a shading of lines. 
 
 Pot-ho*>ks. As in early Attic work. 
 
 *' Jiunning Dog^^ Generally used on the rims of bowls. 
 
 GuiUoch.es. Generally on the base of a vessel with a tall foot. 
 
 Swastikas. As ornaments in field. 
 
 Dotted lines. Usetl as a variation of the plain circular band. 
 
 Since none of these motives are new in the Geometric style, and as no peculiar combi- 
 nations of them occur on our fragments, none are given in our plates. All these motives 
 may be found on vases where " animal " motives are introduced ; at the same time a 
 large number of fragments show clearly that this animal decoration does not occur on a 
 great part of the vases. 
 
 As practically none of the vases are preserved intact, any list of the various forms 
 found niiLst be incomplete. Roughly speaking, the following shapes were represented by 
 fragments : — 
 
 Amphoras. One-handled jugs (^oinochoai). 
 
 Bowls (^skyphot). Plates. 
 
 Bowls with a tall foot. Cups with one handle. 
 
 The rarer forms will be discussed later when dealing with their fragments. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 THE INTRODUCTION OF HUM.\N AND ANIMAL MOTIVES. 
 
 The third class of the Geometric style is by far the largest, not only at the Heraeum, 
 but in almost all the other places in Greece where the style is found. The introduction 
 of the human or animal figure must have taken place at an early period, though hardly 
 at the very beginning of the style. It is true that we find these figures in the fourth 
 class of the Mycenaean style, but their treatment differs materially from that usual in 
 the Geometric period. Moreover, the Geometric types which are certainly the oldest, 
 such as the transitional types found on the islands (cf. Wide, loc. cit.) and those more 
 recently discovered in Attica and Corinth, exhibit pure Geometric decoration, with no 
 traces of a human or animal motive. At the same time, no great chronological distinc- 
 tion can be demanded between Classes II. and III. of the Heraeum fragments, since the 
 scheme of ornamentation, except for the introduction of human or animal figures, is 
 practically the same in both. 
 
 The variations of the different motives in Class III. are numerous, but their develop- 
 ment seems fairly clear. We find two distinct groups. 
 
 1. Where the motive is treated simply with few, if any, ornaments in the field. 
 
 2. Elaborate treatment of the motive and wealth of ornaments in the field. 
 
 By all general laws of art, fragments in the second division are younger than those in 
 the first, since the horror vacul, as exemplified by other styles, is the result of a realiza- 
 
108 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: BIRDS AND HORSES 
 
 109 
 
 tioii of the fundamentiil principles of art, without the ability to attain the end desired. 
 Exceptions may be found, since some fragments show a decided lack of ornaments in the 
 Held combined with a technique extremely advanced, but such fragments are not so com- 
 mon as to warrant the reversjil of our order. We must either <issume that thev are 
 
 » 
 
 exceptions to the rule or else that they are merely advanced sj)ecimens of the first 
 division, contemporaneous with the second, but still, through conventionality of taste, 
 adhering to the earlier principles. 
 
 The choice of subjects in both divisions is the same. While the greater part of the 
 vase is occupied by purely Geometrical decoration, the key-note of the ornamentation con- 
 sists of one of the following types : — 
 
 A. Birds. 
 
 a. In friezes (water birds). 
 
 b. As the principal subject, singly or in groups. 
 
 B. Horse*. 
 
 a. Singly or in frieze. 
 
 h. " Hei'aldic " scheme. 
 
 C Men. 
 a. In frieze. 
 
 h. " I leraldic " scheme. 
 
 (-. '* Genre " scenes (^hunting, rowing, Hghting, etc.}. 
 
 J). Women. 
 </. In frieze. 
 
 E. Jfiscellaneous. 
 Deer, dogs, and other animals, usually in frieze, but often introduced as ornaments in field. 
 
 A. Birdn. 
 
 The bird as a motive of decoration is not only the most common one in the Geometric 
 style, but there is good reason for assuming it to be the earliest of the motives included 
 in Class III. It is found on many fragments which through their primitive technique 
 appear to belong to the earlier period of the style, where the other animal motives are 
 wanting. We find it as a common feature on Mycenaean vases of Class IV., though 
 treated in a different fashion, showing that the motive is not original in the Geometric 
 style. But as the sunilarity between the earliest type of the water bird frieze in the Geo- 
 metric style and the band of vertical zigziigs common on the rims of Mycenaean bowls 
 is so marked, there is reason for 8upi>osing that while the bird itself was borrowed 
 directly from the Mycenaean fourth class, its arrangement in a frieze was suggested by 
 the use of the zigzag band. 
 
 Fragments having this water bird motive were extremely numei-ous, belonging to the 
 rims of small bowls around which ran a frieze of birds.' The earliest examples are mere 
 zigzag lines, the later more elaborate, the figure of the bird being shaded by cross-lines, 
 and the head and beak more sharply defined. Ornaments in field are then introduced, 
 principally dots, rosettes, and zigzags. Soon after the introducdon of the frieze the bird 
 itself becomes the real subject of decoration, but rapidly passes to the position of au 
 ornament in field itself. 
 
 Some slight differences may be detected in the various biids, but it is of little use to 
 
 • As on a skyphos said to come from Mycenae (Jahrh. the Geometric vases from the llernetim, there can be no 
 XVI. [1899], p. 85, fig. 43). From the close similarity to doubt that the vase referred to comes from the Argolid. 
 
 try and identify them with any particular species. As some have a tuft of feathers at 
 the back of the head, they may perhaps represent cranes or herons. 
 
 PLATE LVI. 
 
 11, Rim of bowl ; black glaze on interior. 
 
 This is the conunonest tyi)e of the frieze, and was found in very large quantities at the Heraeum. 
 The tyjMi is too common to cite any further examples. 
 
 12. Rim of bowl ; dark brown glaze on interior. Treatment of bird more elaborate, the body 
 being shadeil by cross-lines, zigzags in field. 
 
 la From large bowl with dark brown decoration on interior. Brown decoration rather faded. 
 Stars in field ; above zigzag band and meander. 
 
 The birds are shaded as in 12, the tails sharply dedned. It is noteworthy that the birds are 
 alternately large and small,» a feature I have not observe<l elsewhere. The use of the star as an 
 ornament in field is by no means usual. 
 
 14. Birds treated rather freely. Checker square in field. 
 
 1& The biiils are here represented with heads down, feeding; this type, though by no means 
 rare, is not as conunon as tiie type that is represente<l by 11-13. 
 
 b. 
 
 In Group b the water bird becomes the chief feature and is generally treated in a 
 simple fashion, the bird standing alone in the centre of a panel formed by vertical and 
 horizontal lines. A transiticmal type from a was observed in the case of several frag- 
 ments from the neck of a large vase (probably an amphora) where a row of birds was 
 represented, each one separated from the other by two patterns, one consisting of two 
 upright lines with horizontal lines between and the other a vertical guiUoche treated as a 
 silho'Iiette. The techniiiue was poor and the bhds drawn as silliouettes without any 
 shading. Other cases were observed where the panel was bounded by rows of horizontal 
 ziirziisrs one above the other. 
 
 16. From a howl about 17 cm. in diameter; height cannot be determined. Dark red clay. 
 BiiUiaut black glaze on interior, black decoration. Several other fragments found. 
 
 The bowl .seems to have been divide<l into four panels, the intervening spaces being filled by a 
 meander pattern (not visible on 16). The birds are treated as silhouettes. The ornament m 
 field is a common ono in this style. 
 
 17 From a large vase. Brick red clav. with decoration varying from black to brown. Ihe 
 birds are more elaborately treated with stars as ornaments in field (cf. No. 14). From several 
 other fragments belonging to the same vase it seems probable that the birds were the prmeipal 
 theme, the rest of the vase being oniamented with purely Geometrical motives. 
 
 The ornaments in the field on most of the fragments of type b are lozenges, zigzags, 
 concentric circles, stars, etc. The treatment of the water bird as an ornament ni the 
 
 field will l>e discussed kter. 
 
 B. HorMH. 
 
 One of the most characteristic features of the Geometric style is the fondness for 
 representing horses, either singly, in pairs ("Heraldic" scheme), or attached to a wagon. 
 The horse in Greek art was a well known feature before this period ; one recalls the 
 crrave stelae, and the sword bkde from Mycenae. Also on Mycenaean vases of the 
 fourth class the hoi-se may be found, although not so often as to assume that the animal 
 
 > A b<.wl from Boeotia {Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 83, fig. 40) shows two Urge and two small water birds, which are 
 arranged in u panel, and not, as here, in a frieze. 
 
110 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 was a great favorite with the Mycenaean potters. To account for its ])o{)ularity during 
 the Geometric period is difficult. From the Homeric poems we know what a part was 
 played by it in the Mycenaean civilization, so that we cannot assume a sudden increase of 
 popularity for it during the later period. The chief point of difference lies in the fact 
 that during the Mycenaean period the horse is always used as a yoke-animal, never as a 
 beast of burden. In the Geometric period we find frequent i-epresentations of the horse 
 as a mount as well as a beast of burden. A very superficial study of the Mycenaean vases 
 shows that the drawing of animals was more or less tentative, with rather unsiitisfactory 
 results. Of couree the Vaphio cups show that it was possible for the Mycenaean artists to 
 reproduce animals with wonderful accuracy, but then the toreutic art of the Mycenaean 
 period is far in advance of that of the vase painter. Hence we can only assume that an 
 increase of skill in drawing on the p<ii-t of the vase painters was responsible for so many 
 representations of horses on Geometric vases. Being a common factor in the life of the 
 period, it could not be ignored. But it is certtiin that the horse did not become popular 
 until the Geometric style was firmly estabhshed, since it is not found on the earliest vases 
 of the style. 
 
 «. 
 
 1& From rim of large bowl. Dark red clay, with brown glaze on interior. Head and rear part 
 of two horses. On the inside, below the rim, a band of vertical and horizontal lines crossing each 
 other at right angles. Xo ornaments in field. 
 
 Numerous other fragments having a single hoi-se, or a band of them, were found, but 
 all in bad condition, showing in most cases only the head or hind-iiuarters of the animal. 
 
 19. Part of the foot of a large bowl. Ke<l clay, with darker core, lustrous black an<l brown 
 decoration. Frieze of horses, with rays, stars, ftwastikatf, etc., as ornaments in field. lielow, two 
 zigzag bands (shaded). Separated by a moulding ai>pear8 what may be another similar frieze. 
 
 Though the shape of the base cannot be determine<l, it is probably a large bowl mounted on a 
 tall foot, somewhat similar in character to one in Athens i^Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 81. fig. 37), hut 
 with a taller foot. 
 
 The majority of the fragments with a frieze of horses had a wealth of ornaments in 
 the field. The t>-pe of horse was generally the same in all, the only difference lying in 
 the quality of tlie execution. One fragment (without ornaments in the field) showed a 
 frieze of horses srrazinjr. 
 
 20. Greenish clay, with dark brown decoration. Horse in panel. Duck, meander, Hica»tik(m, 
 and zigzags as ornaments in field. Above, zigzag band (shaded). 
 
 The treatment of the horse by itself in a panel is not as common as in the case of the 
 birds. Only a few other simibir fragments were found. The bird is here used as an 
 ornament in the field. Whether the zigzag which falls from the bird's beak is intended 
 to represent a worm is uncertain. It is of frequent occurrence, not only on the Heraeum 
 fragments but on Geometrical vases found elsewhere. 
 
 The representation of two horses facing each other in the so-called " Heraldic " * 
 scheme is of common occurrence on vases of this style. The symmetrical arrangement 
 of motives in this same scheme was a characteristic of the Mycenaean fourth class. The 
 usual arrangement called for the figure of a man between the two horses ; however, it is 
 
 • For a discussion of the " Heraldic " scheme, see Curtius, • Wappengebrauch uud Wappeustil iui Alterthiim,' 
 Gesammelte Ahhandlungen, II, pp. 110 ff. 
 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: HORSES AND MEN 
 
 111 
 
 eertiiin from other fragments belonging to the same vases as 21 and 22 that the space 
 between the hoi-ses was occupied by ornaments in the field, and fragments from other 
 vases show this same peculiarity. 
 
 As the treatment of the horse is that peculiar to the style, no f uillier comment is neces- 
 sary. Only a very few fragments showed a lack of ornaments in the field ; the greater 
 part have a very elaborate series of ornaments, with many variations. In each panel 
 (the group is almost invariably in panel form) five spaces may be found, two above and 
 two below the bodies of the hoi*ses, and one between them. The filling of the latter 
 si)ace by a human figure will be discussed later. The most usual ornament in the spaces 
 above tlie bodies is a simple meander or zigzag, sometimes combined. Besides these we 
 find rosettes, lozenges, squares, crosses, circles, etc., in fact, all the common Geometric 
 themes. Water birds are occasionally introduced, singly or in a row. 
 
 The space beneath each body is usually occupied by a fish or a water bird ; the other 
 Geometric motives are often used, but by no means with the same frequency. In case 
 the space to be filled is a very large one, half meanders, crosses, rosettes, etc., are em- 
 ployed as filling around the body of the fish or bird. 
 
 yi Reddish clay, with red brown decoration. Noticeable is the object beneath the horse's belly, 
 a Hhaded half circle with lozenge chain. Several other fragments of this vase were found. 
 
 22. Coarse greenish clay, with greenish brown glaze on interior, and brown decoration. Row of 
 water birds above on a dotted meander. Between the hind legs a water bird, between the fore 
 legs a vertical " Running Dog "' pattern. Beneath the belly a square containing a rosette. Sev- 
 eral other fragments of this vase wei-e found. 
 
 C. Men. 
 
 Although the human figure is inti-oduced into Mycenaean vase-painting, its use there 
 is not very common. As the earliest examples of Geometric vases do not employ it, there 
 is good reason to believe that not until the later i)eriod of the style was its use at all 
 universal. Once introduced, however, its development was rapid, and in the latest 
 examples of Ge<imetric ware we find the human figure as the chief motive of decoration. 
 
 Among the Heraeum fragments this motive plays a large part. At the time of its 
 introduction the use of ornaments in the field seems to be firmly established, and frag- 
 ments with human figures, but without ornaments in the field, are rather scarce. Such 
 cases as do occur are marked by an advanced technique, which forbids their belonging to 
 
 the earlier period of the style. 
 
 a. 
 
 Whether the introduction of the human figure in the " Heraldic " scheme between two 
 horses is earlier than in the frieze cannot be told. The former is by far the more com- 
 mon, and on the Heraeum fragments is the most usual motive. The general type is 
 always the same : a nude male figure, in profile, holding a horse ^vith each hand,^ either 
 by a halter, or else grasping the horse's nose. Such variations as occur lie in the dif- 
 ferent ornaments in the field and in the treatment of the man and horse — either less 
 or more advanced. 
 
 PLATE LVII. 
 
 1. Light retldish clay, with decoration in light brown. This is probably one of the earliest 
 instances of the tyi»e. the figures being hardly more than a series of straight lines such as a child 
 
 might draw. 
 
 2. From a large vase. Dark red clay, with brilliant dark red decoration. Here the hips and 
 
 1 Ann. delV Ingt. 1872, tav. dagg. I. 1; Jdkrb. XIV. (1899), p. 34, fig, 12. 
 
 \ ! 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 Mip 
 
 1^' 
 
112 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 legs of the man are treated more naturally, and the distinction between the nose and chin sliarply 
 emphasized. 
 
 3. Clay and technique similar to Plate LVI. 19, but rather more advanced in style. The legs 
 are here extended beyond their natural length, and the calf is sharply marked. Meanders as 
 ornaments in field. 
 
 4. From a very large vase, perhaps an ami)hora. Reddish clay, with dark red decoration. At 
 least a dozen other fragments belonging to this vase were found, showing that the horse and man 
 were treated in panels, and the rest of the vase ornamented in the usual Geometric fashion. The 
 head of the man has a very curious headdress, and the neck ridiculously lengthened. Such exag- 
 geration is not common. Fish as ornament in field. 
 
 It sometimes occurs that a man and one horse are represented in a panel, the man 
 leading the animal. As such cases generally have a corresponding group on the other 
 side of the lines bounding the {)anel, it cannot well be called a genre scene, although 
 the " Heraldic " idea does not appear so prominently. 
 
 5. Reddish yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. Here a distinct profile is given to the 
 man. For the object in his left hand, which may be a staff, I know of no parallel instance on 
 Geometric vases. 
 
 6. From a bowl ; reddish clay, with dark red glaze on interior, red decoration, fairly lustrous. 
 Rim sharply separated from the shoulder. Wave pattern on rim. 
 
 In spite of tlie extremely archaic appearance of this fragment we cannot but assign it to the 
 later period. The eye of the figure is clearly defined, and an attempt is also made to show the 
 fingers. It is uncertain whether the object in the figure's left hand is a whip or a halter. 
 
 The use of the male figure treated singly or in a frieze is not as common on the 
 Heraeum fragments as on the Dipylon vases. 
 
 7. Rim of bowl. Dark red clay, with lustrous dark red glaze on interior. Clay shows traces of 
 burning. Frieze of men to right ; the right-hand figure holds a kithara in his hands. 
 
 That the object in question is really a kithara ^ would seem certain. That held by the terra- 
 cotta figurines from Keros (^Athen. Mitt. IX. p. 156, pi. vi.), which is thought by Koehler to 1)6 
 the sambuka, is probably the earliest instance of a lyre in Greek art. This fragment, however, 
 would seem to show one of the earliest instances of a lyre in vase painting. 
 
 Friezes of men, especially on the rims of bowls, were quite common at the Heraeum, 
 and were found on numerous other fraarments. 
 
 Another type, though found on but a few fragments, in bad preservation, is a frieze 
 of warriors, the shield - covering the entire body, and the two spears projecting diagonally 
 upwards from the shield on each side of the head. 
 
 8. Rim of bowl : greenish clay, with black decoration. The figure undoubtedly formed part of 
 a frieze. 
 
 This fragment is probably one of the later essays ; the nose and chin are sharply defined, and 
 the eye is incised. The body seems to be covered with a cloak. 
 
 9. Reddish yellow clay, with lustrous brown red decoration. Bodies of two men joined together ; 
 double axe and stars in field. 
 
 At first sight it would appear that the artist had tried to represent some monster of the Geryon 
 
 ' Cf. the fragment from Amyklae (Jahrb. XVI. [1899], 
 p. 84, fig. 42), and an early Attic vase, Baum. Deiikmaler, 
 p. 1948. fig. 2078. 
 
 ' One or two of our fragments showed round shields, 
 as on a vase in Athens (Jahrhuch, XIV. [1899], p. 197. 
 fig. 61). Several had only the upper part of the shiehl 
 
 preserved, which had a |>attem of dots below the rim. 
 •ludging by the skyphos from Eleusis ('E^/u. 'A/»x 1898, 
 pi. v. 1), it seems most probable that the shield was of the 
 Boeotian type, which is fairly common on Geometric 
 vases. Cf. Jahrh. XIV. (1899), p. 85, fig. 44. 
 
 THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: GENRE SCENES 
 
 113 
 
 type. The most probable explanation is that two figures, one behind the other, were represented, 
 and that the artist, having no knowledge of persjiective, got decidedly mixed in his drawing. The 
 double axe is quite a common ornament in field, but whether there is any connection between this 
 ornament and the Labyrinth in Cnossus (the house of the Double-axe, according to Evans) is 
 decidedly problematical. 
 
 c. 
 
 Fragments representing genre scenes at the Heraeum were comparatively scarce. As 
 a rule the technique of such fragments is slightly better than the average. That such 
 should be the case is not surprising, since in a style like the Geometric the introduction 
 of (jenre scenes would come only after the treatment of the ordinary motives had been 
 thoroughly developed and some new treatment was demanded. 
 
 10. From a large bowl ; reddish clav, with lustrous dark brown decoration on interior ; decora- 
 tion a brilliant brown. 
 
 A battle scene is evidently represented. The central warrior is preparing to shoot an arrow, 
 and it may be presumed that the other two figures are about to do the same. At the right of the 
 fragment is the foot of a fourth warrior. On the left an arrow as an ornament in field. 
 
 The treatment of the bow is precisely identical with that on the fragment of the silver 
 vase from Grave IV. at Mycenae (Tsountas, 'E<f)r)fji. 'ApX' 1891, p. 19, pi. ii. 2), and 
 the Mycenaean sword blade from the same grave (JJ. C. II. 1886, pi. ii. 3, 4). This 
 would show that during the Geometric period the same bows were employed as in the 
 Mycenaean epoch. A comparison of the figures on the large Dipylon vase in Athens 
 {Mon. (fell' In>it. IX. pis. 39, 40) sliows that the arrow which seems to pierce the figure 
 with the bow is supi)osed to be girded to the side ' in lieu of a quiver. 
 
 11. Reddish clay, with lustrous red brown glaze on interior. Lustrous black decoration. 
 
 That a boxing match over a tripod as the prize of the contest is represented is the most prob- 
 able explanation. At first sight it would appear that the left-hand figure is holding out some 
 object to the other, but a closer examination shows that the object in question is really the figure's 
 arm (since the fingers are denoted) very badly drawn. Similar contests are rare on Geometric 
 vases. Cf. the bowl in Copenhagen (^Arch. Zeit. 1885, pi. 8, 2), where a similar contest without 
 the triiKHl is represented. (This fragment has already been published by Laurent, B. C. //. 1901, 
 p. 150, fig. 3.) 
 
 12. Reddish clay with red brown decoration. Man in chariot driving. As three tails are vis- 
 ible, it seems probable that a quadriga was repi-esented. Two other fragments showed the same 
 scene, but not enough of the chariot to draw any conclusion as to its form. 
 
 13. Brick red clay, with brilliant black glaze on interior, black decoration. On the right the 
 upper part of some animal ; in centre, a man about to shoot an arrow (as in 10) ; and on the left 
 the prow of a boat, with the back of one of the rowers. Fishes as ornaments in field near the boat. 
 
 This fragment, as far as technique is concerned, belongs to a class which will be considered 
 later. It is the only fragment found at the Heraeum on which a ship ^ was represented. The 
 treatment of the boat, however, differs materially from the usual boats found on vases of this 
 period. Only a portion of the bow is preserved, but it is plain that the stem of the vessel did not 
 end in a sharp point, as in the modem ram, but was shorter and blunter. Also, the line of the 
 bulwark curves backward instead of directly towards the bow. (Cf. Rayet et Coll. Hiit. p. 29, 
 fig. 20 ; Baumeister's Denkm. p. 1597, fig. 1658.) 
 
 No other fragments which could properly be included under the head of genre scenes 
 
 were found. 
 
 1 1] 
 
 > Whether this is a sword is extremely doubtful. 
 Cf. Atken. Mitt. XVII. (1892), p. 219, fig. 7. On a skyphos 
 from Eleusis ('E^m- 'Afx- 1898. pl- "■ 1 «) *•»« warrior 
 seems to be armed with both sword and quiver. 
 
 * For discussion of this motive, cf. Pernice, Athen. Mitt. 
 
 XVII. (1892), p. 285 ff. The prow of the galley on one 
 fragment seems to be somewhat similar to that of the 
 galley on a skyphos from Eleusis (*E0nM- 'Apx 1898, 
 pi. V. 1). 
 
 Ill 
 
114 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 D. Women. 
 
 The female figure is treated in but one way on the Heraeuni fragments — as part of a 
 row of similar figures in a frieze. Though numerous fragments were found containing each 
 a single figure, it is probable that such figures are only part of the regular row. All the 
 figures followed the same type, and varied only in a few minor details. They are drai)ed 
 (no instance of an undraped figure, as on the Dipylon vase in Athens, already referred 
 to, was found), and held a branch in their hands. From the waist to the feet outside of 
 the garment are drawn one, two, or three parallel lines. No satisfactory explanation of 
 these lines is forthcoming ; they are not always used on Attic work, but on the Heraeum 
 fragments no female figure is represented without them. 
 
 14. From a small jug. Dark yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. The surface of the clay 
 has been dented in a rather curious way, perhaps intentionally. 
 
 It is uncertain whether the two figures here are inclo8e<l in separate panels, or whether the ver- 
 tical lines separate two friezes ; the latter is more probable. This is one of the earliest fragments 
 on which the female figure occurs. 
 
 15. Dark yellow clay, with black decoration. The heads are here seen en face, the hair forming 
 a larffe bunch on either side of the face. 
 
 16. Similar clay and decoration. Heads are in profile, the nose and chin sharply defined. Cf. 
 fragment in museum at Argos (Jahrb. XIV. [1899], p. 86, fig. 45). 
 
 In 14-16 the figures are treateil entirely as silhouettes. We now find a series of fragments in 
 which a pattern of squares or lozenges is marked on the skirt of the dress. 
 
 17. From a large bowl about 31 cm. in diameter. Dark red clay, with lustrous black decora- 
 tion, burnt dark red in places. Inside the rim, series of four narrow and two broad parallel bands, 
 the upper bands separated at intervals by vertical lines. 
 
 On rim, in centre a male figure jumping, behind him a water bird and lower part of a male and 
 female figure; to right, five female figures carrying branches, and traces of a sixth. Below, 
 meander pattern. Lozenges, swastikas, and rays as ornaments in field. 
 
 That a dance is represented here seems probable. It is certain that two rows of women were 
 represented, that on the left led by a man. The ancient form of dancing is paralleled by the dances 
 in modem Greece, where a row of women join hands with a man at the heatl. The jumping figure 
 (cf. similar figure on the Copenhagen vase) and the water bird are probably used as ornaments in 
 field to divide the two groups. The women have the usual series of tails, with a lozenge pattern 
 on the skirt. Tlie row ends at the side in a symmetrical fashion, as the left-hand figure of the row 
 holds in her right hand an inverted branch : and on the extreme left of the fragment the lower part 
 of a similar branch may be detected. It is probable that the man leading the left-hand group also 
 held a branch in his hand, as in 19. The treatment of the water bird is curious, a circular space 
 in the body being filled by a noastika. 
 
 la Dark gray clay, with brown decoration. Double lozenge pattern on the skirt. The eyes of 
 the figure are denoted. The right-hand figure is probably the end of the group, as she does not 
 hold a branch in her left hand. 
 
 19. Dark gray clay, with black decoration. Inside, lustrous black band. Checkerboard pat- 
 tern on skirt. As in 17 the row of women is led by a man who, together with the woman, holds 
 the usual upright branch, with the addition of the inverted branch in the woman's hand. 
 
 20. Dark gray clay, showing traces of fire. Black decoration and black glaze on interior. 
 Dotted square pattern on skirt. It is doubtful if any tail is indicated. The object to the right 
 seems to be the fore legs of a horse. 
 
 21. Red clay, with black decoration. The skirt is very thin at the waist, and flares sharply 
 outwards like a bell. Two tails are indicated. 
 
 THE (JrEOMETRIC STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 
 
 115 
 
 E. Miscellaneous. 
 Besides the animals already mentioned, we find others (generally deer) which are in- 
 variably trejited in two ways — either as ornaments in the field, or else as a subordinate 
 frieze. In many of the friezes, horses, birds, deer, etc., are combined. 
 
 22. From a large vase. Dark red clay, with lustrous red brown decoration ; on interior, lustrous 
 dark brown glaze. Frieze of deer to right, with zigzags as ornaments in field. Above, meander 
 
 pattern. 
 
 As hoi-ses in the Geometric style invariably have long tails, it is certain that these are not 
 horses. To represent the animals looking over their shoulder is the usual type. Variations occur 
 where the four legs of the animals are bent sliarply under the belly. (Cf. Copenhagen vase.) 
 
 23. Dark red cUy, with brilliant red gkze on interior, decoration in dark brown. Horse and 
 
 doer. , 
 
 The deer is treated here as an ornament in field. It might be considered to be a foal, but the 
 
 short tail is rather against such an assumption. 
 
 24. Light i-eildish chiy, with black decoration. Lizard i or scorpion as ornament in field. What 
 the other object represents is doubtful. 
 
 25. Light gray clay, with black glaze inside. Fishes and water bird. Whether this fragment 
 belongs to a plate or the bottom of a shallow bowl is doubtful. 
 
 The animal on Plate LVII. 13 may be a panther. No case of a dog occurs on any 
 of the Heraeum Geometric fragments. 
 
 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS TYPES. 
 The common origin of all the fragments previously considered seems fairly certain. 
 A small number of fragments were found which seem to form a class by themselves, and 
 are much more closely related to pure Dipylon ware, being of a finer, cleaner clay, and 
 with a decoration more lustrous and careful than the preceding fragments. It is pos- 
 sible that they nmy be simply examples of the best Geometric technique at the Heraeum 
 rather than Attic importations. But beyond emphasizing the difference which exists 
 between them and the other Geometric ware at the Heraeum, I do not venture actually 
 to attribute to them an Attic origin. 
 
 All these fragments show a use of purely Geometric motives, the human or animal 
 figure occurring but seldom. What i)eriod to assign them to is hard to say ; on techni- 
 cal grounds they seem of later manufacture, but from their style and a comparison of 
 ware recently found in Attica they seem to belong to the earlier period. To this class 
 belongs the fragment with the boat, Plate LVII. 13. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. 
 
 1, From rim of bowl. Reddish clay, with lustrous black decoration, briUiant black glaze on 
 interior. Rim ends in a moulding, and the line between rim and shoulder is sharply defined. Me- 
 ander pattern. On each corner a .lotted cirele. Several other fragments of this vase were found. 
 
 2. Brick red clay, with red brown decoration ; glaze on interior varying from black to red. 
 Usual Geometric decoration. Several other fragments of this vase were found. 
 
 a Cover. Reddish yellow clay, with briUiant black decoration. Probably belonged to a vase 
 similar to one in Herakleion in Crete iJahrh. XIV. [1809], p. 37, fig. 15). 
 
 4. Dark red clay, with very brilliant black decoration, burnt red in places. Lower part of water 
 
 birtl frieze. * j t>i 
 
 Several other fragments from different vases of exactly similar technique were found. Ihe con- 
 trast between the red and black is so conspicuous as to appear intentional. 
 
 » Cf. Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 84, fig. 42. 
 
 It 
 
 ■« 
 
116 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 It 
 
 5. From rim of small bowl. Yellow clay, with black decoration, and black glaze on interior. 
 Technically this fragment was one of the finest of this style found at the Heraeum. 
 
 6. Base of a pithos-sha))ed vase of light red clay. The shape is unusual. One exactly similar 
 has recently been found in Attica. 
 
 The fragments and vases whicli now follow, wliich belong to the regular Geometric types already 
 discussed, present certain })eculiarities which demand a separate consideftttion of them. 
 
 7. From the support of a large vessel. Dark red clay, with reil brown decoration. Horse and 
 double axe. 
 
 This fragment seems rather more Boeotian in treatment, though the cluy lacks the white stones 
 characteristic of I^otian ware.' The hoi'se varies from the usual type, as the mane is com])OHed 
 of wavy streaks which are drawn down to meet the neck and occasionally do not touch the neck 
 at all. As several other fragments exactly similar in technique were found, it is clear that 7 
 formed the support of some vessel, probably divided into legs, as on several of the fragments 
 the edge of the leg was sharply defined. Two other fragments which may belong to the same 
 support were legs, with two broad diagonal lines drawn from each corner crossing each other in 
 the centre. 
 
 8 a and b. Two fragments of a cover ; diameter, 0.376 m. : height, 0.038 m. Dark gray clay, 
 with black decoration. In the centre a large wheel with a deer ; in the vacant spaces, the whole 
 bounded by lines, lozenge chain and zigzags. On the side an adaptation of the " Running Dog " 
 pattern, the ends connected together, and triangles as ornaments in field. As no decoration or 
 glaze exists on the interior, it seems certain that it was a cover. Covei-s as large as this in the 
 Geometric style are unknown to me. 
 
 9. Tray. Length, 0.18 m. : width, 0.11 m. Brownish clay, with the inside entirely covered 
 with a reddish brown glaze. The decoration is placed on the outside, and consists of zigzags on the 
 sides and water bird friezes on the bottom, sei>arateil by zigzag sand lozenge chains. Missing por- 
 tions restored in plaster. 
 
 10. From similar plate : handle. 
 
 11. From similar jdate : corner. 
 
 9-11 are the most ini})ortaiit examples of about twenty fragments which belonged to 
 trays or plates of precisely the same form and design. They are slightly narrower at 
 one end (the restoration of 9 is not quite exact) and are provided with a handle at each 
 end. Several fragments showed a meander pattern at the base. 
 
 Their principal interest lies in the fact that very similar trays have been found 
 at Aegina and nowhere else.- At Aegina, however, all the trays found were rectiingular, 
 and did not show a different diameter at either end. As the microscopical analysis of 
 these trays (cf. p. Go, note) made by Dr. Washington shows the presence of augite, 
 which was found in the trays from Aegina, and is a characteristic feature of the ishind, it 
 would seem fairly certain that these jmrticular trays were imported from Aegina. If 
 this be true, in these trays we have the only authentic instance of an importation from 
 Aegina into Argos, since, according to Dr. Washington, all the Geometric fragments 
 from Aegina which were examined by him are identical witii those from the Heraeum, 
 and show none of the distinctive features of the island. Moreover, they would seem to 
 be the only instance of a local fabric in Aegina, which until now has not been demon- 
 strated. (Cf. Loeschcke, Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], pp. 2o9-264.) They furnish, at any 
 rate, a conclusive proof as to the relation between the two states, which we have already 
 assumed to exist (cf. p. 64). I do not, however, agree with Stiiis in assigning them to 
 the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century ; from a comparison with 
 the other fragments of the Argive and Geometric styles found at the Heraeum, they 
 seem to my mind at least a century earlier. 
 
 1 Jahrb. III. (1888), p. :W7. « 'E^^m "A^x 1895, p. 262 ff., pi. xii. 
 
 H( 
 
 THE (iEOMETRIC STYLE: AMPHORA 
 
 117 
 
 12 a and b. Two fragments of a pinax. Greenish yellow clay, with brown decoration faded. 
 
 a. Length, 0.10 m. ; width, 0.085 m. 
 
 b. Length, 0.62 m. ; width, 0.10 m. 
 The design, as far as it can be restored, consists of two female figures bounded by four elliptical 
 
 bands, and the usual Geometric ornaments in field ; outside of the ellipse a row of water birds. 
 The dimensions of the pinax cannot be estimated. 
 
 13. Similar clay and technique. Undoubtedly belonged to a pinax whose ends were slightly 
 curved. Water birds in panels. Edges are 
 toothed like a saw. 
 
 (As 12 and 13 were taken from a photo- 
 graphic plate with a slightly different scale, 
 they are slightly smaller than they api)ear. 
 The difference between this scale and that of 
 the other fragments on Plate LVIII. is 6 to 5.) 
 
 There still remain to be considered a 
 few vases which are either intact or else in 
 such condition as to make their form cei- 
 tain. 
 
 rig. 42. Amphoi-a. Height, 0.495 m. ; di- 
 ameter of oi>ening, 0.235 m. Part of neck, one 
 handle, and various parts of the body supplied 
 in plaster. 
 
 On edge of rim, zigzag band : on neck, verti- 
 cal and horizontal series of zigzags bounding a 
 panel of interlacing lozenges with a black cen- 
 tre. Below, narrow band of vertical zigzags and 
 double crosses. Handles in fine plastic bands. 
 Below each handle a lozenge. 
 
 A. Horse and rider to right. The rider 
 (bearded, with three strokes to denote his hair) 
 clad in a short chiton, which seems to be 
 tucked up around his waist, holds in his left 
 hand the leading rein and in his right hand a 
 whip: chiton ornamented with vertical lines. 
 The horse is more carefully drawn than usual, with the eye clearly defined. No signs of a mane 
 can be detected. On either side of the horse, a fish with a single vertical meander along the body. 
 
 B. Exactly the same, save that the horse has no rider. 
 On base, single meander pattern. 
 
 This amphora was the only large Geometric vase the Heraeum yielded which could be 
 restored almost entire. That it is one of the latest examples of the style seems proba- 
 ble, since the body is not entirely covered with decoration and the horse is represented 
 as a beast of burden, not as in the earlier types attached to a chariot or in the usual '^ Hei- 
 
 aldic " scheme. 
 
 A jug was also found intact, 10 cm. in height, of precisely the same shape as Jahrb. 
 II. (1887), p. 50, fig. 9, with simikr decoration to Ann. (feW Inst. 1872, tav. d' agg. K. 
 
 Several small skyphoi with vertical and horizontal handles, their sides ornamented with 
 meanders and zigztigs, were found. 
 
 Pig. 43. Height, 0.18 m. ; diameter at base, 0.28 m. ; at top, 0.21 m. Red clay, with red 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 P, 
 
110 
 
 TIIK VASKS AM) VASK FRAGMENTS 
 
 5. From rim of small bowl. Yellow day, with Mack decomtion, and black glaze on interior. 
 Tcchuically this fiiiunient was one of the finest of this style found at the lleraeum. 
 
 6. Base of a pithos-shaped vase of light re«l clay. The shape is unusual. One exactly similar 
 has recently been found in Attica. 
 
 The fragments and vases wliicli now follow, which belong to the regular (ieometric ty|ie8 already 
 discussed, present certain j)eculiarities which demand a separate consideration of theni. 
 
 7. From the supj>ort of a large vessel. Dark red clay, with red brown decoration. Horse and 
 double axe. 
 
 This fragment seems rather more IWotian in treatment, though the clay lacks the white stones 
 characteristic «)f IJoeotian ware.' The horse varies from the usual type, as the mane is composed 
 of wavy streaks which are drawn down to meet the neck and occasionally do not touch the neck 
 at all. As several other fragments exactly similar in technique were found, it is clear that 7 
 formed the sujijwrt of some vessel, jirobably divided into legs, as on several of the fragments 
 the edge of the leg was sharply defined. Two other fnigments which may belong to the same 
 supi)ort were legs, with two broad diagon:d lines drawn from each corner ci-ossing each other in 
 the centre. 
 
 8 a and b. Two fragments of a cover : diametei-, 0.376 m. : height, 0.038 m. Dark gray clay, 
 with black decoration. In the centre a large wheel w ith a deer : in the vacant spaces, the w hole 
 bounded by Hues, lozenge chain and zigzags. On the si»le an adaptation of the *• Running Dog" 
 pattern, the ends connected together, and triangles as ornaments in field. As no decoration or 
 glaze exists on the interior, it seems certain that it was a cover. Covers as large as this in the 
 Geometric style are unknown to uie. 
 
 9. Tray. Length. 0.18 m. : width, 0.11 m. Brownish clay, with the inside entirely covered 
 with a reddish brown glaze. The «lecoration is placed on the outside, ami consists of zigzags on the 
 sides and water bird friezes on the bottom, separatetl by zigzag sand lozenge chains. Missing |>or- 
 tions restoretl in plaster. 
 
 10. From similar plate : handle. 
 
 11. From siuiilar jdate : corner. 
 
 9-11 are the most important exaini)les of about twenty frauinents ^vllit•ll belonired to 
 travs or plates of i)reeiselv the siinie form and desion. Thev are sliirhtlv narrower at 
 one end (the restoration of 9 is not tjuite exact) and are provided with a handle at each 
 end. Several fraufuients showed a meander pattern at the base. 
 
 Their principal interest lies in the fact that very similar travs have been found 
 at Aegina and no\yhere else.-' At Aegina, lio\yeyer, all the trays found were rectangular, 
 and did not show a different diameter at either end. As the microscopical analysis of 
 these trays (cf. p. (>."). note) nmde by Dr. Washington shows the presence of augite, 
 which was found in the trays from Aegina. and is a characteristic feature of the island, it 
 w«)ul(l seem fairly certain that these particular travs were imported from Aeirina. If 
 tins be true, in these travs we have the only authentic instance of an importation from 
 Aegina into Argos, since, according to Dr. Washington, all the Geometric fragnuMits 
 from Aegina which were examined by him are identical with those from the Heraeuni, 
 and show none of tiie distinctive features of the island. .Moreover, they would seem to 
 i)e the only instance of a local fal)ric in Aegina, which until now has not I>een demon- 
 strated. (Cf. Loeschcke. Af/ir,t. Miff. XXII. [1897], i)p. 2.",9-2(U.) They furnish, at any 
 rate, a conclusive proof as to the rehition between the two stjites, which we have already 
 assume<l to exist (cf. p. VA). I do not, however, agree with Stais in assigning tliem to 
 the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixtli century ; from a comparison with 
 the other fragments of the Argive and Geometric styles found at the Heraeum, they 
 seem to my mind at least a century earlier. 
 
 » Juhrb. III. (1S8S), J,. :$J7. « -E^nM 'Apx- 18U5, p. 202 ff., pi. xii. 
 
 1 1 
 
 TIIK GKOMKTKIC STYLE: AMPHORA 
 
 117 
 
 12 a and b. Two fragments of a pinax. Greenish yellow clay, with brown decoration faded. 
 
 a. I^'ugth, 0.10 m. : width, 0.085 m. 
 
 b. Length, 0.02 m. : width, 0.10 m. 
 The design, as far as it can be restored, consists of two female figures bounded by four elliptical 
 
 bands, and^the usual Geometric ornaments in field : outside .)f the ellipse a row of water birds. 
 The dimensions of the jnuax cannot be estimated. 
 
 13. Similar clay and techniiiue. Undoubtedly belonged to a pinax whose ends were slightly 
 curved. Water birds in panels. Eilges are 
 toothed like a saw. 
 
 (As 12 and 13 were taken from a photo- 
 gi-aphic plate with a slightly different scale, 
 they are slightly smaller than they appear. 
 The difference between this scale and that of 
 the other fragments on Pi.atk LVIII. is to 5.) 
 
 There still remain to be considered a 
 few vases whicii are either intact or else in 
 such condition as to make their form cei- 
 tain. 
 
 rig. 42. Amphom. Height, 0.49') m. ; di- 
 ameter of opening, 0.235 m. Part of neck, one 
 handle, and various parts of the botly supplied 
 in plaster. 
 
 On eilge of rim, zigzag band : on neck, verti- 
 cal and horizontal series of zigzags bounding a 
 panel of interlacing lozenges with a black cen- 
 tre. Below, narrow band of vertical zigzags and 
 double crosses. Handles in fine plastic bands, 
 lielow each handle a lozenge. 
 
 A. Horse and rider to right. The rider 
 (beanled, with three strokes to denote his hair) 
 clad in a short chiton, which seems to be 
 tucked up around his waist, holds in his left 
 hand the leading rein an<l in his right hand a 
 whip: chiton ornamented with vertical lines. 
 
 The horse is moiv carefully drawn than usual, with the eye clearly defined. No signs of a mane 
 can be detected. On either si<le of the horse, a fish with a single vertical meander almig the botly. 
 
 B. Exactly the same, save that the horse has no rider. 
 On base, single meander pattern. 
 
 This amphora was the only large Geometric vase the Heraeum yielded whicli could be 
 restored almost entire. That it is one of the late.st examples of the style seems proba- 
 ble, since the body is not entirely covered with decoration and the horse is represented 
 as a beast (d' burden, not as in tlie earlier types attached t<» a chariot or in the usual " Her- 
 
 ahlic " scheme. r i i 
 
 A jug was also found intact, 10 cm. in height, of precisely the same shape as Ja/irh. 
 IL (1887), p. r>0, fig. 1), with similar decoration to Ann. drir Lisf. 1872, tav. tl' agg- K. 
 
 No. 3. ,1 vi 
 
 Several small skyphoi with vertical and horizontal handles, their sides ornamented witli 
 
 meanders and zigzjigs, were found. 
 
 Fig. 43. Height, 0.18 m. ; diameter at base, 0.28 m. ; at top, 0.21 n.. Red clay, with red 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 (( 
 
118 
 
 THK VASKS AND VASE FKAGMEXTS 
 
 «leooration. Lozenge bainl at toj*, usual Guouietric motives on bmly anil water bird frieze on base. 
 
 Several other frajjments t'onn<l. one of wliieli showeil that the sides were arrangetl in jianels «-on- 
 
 taining two horses and man in the "Heraldic" schenie. 
 Handle in centiv, mouldings with dots half way between 
 handles anil edi^es. 
 
 To assign this vase to its proiter place is not easy. It is 
 almost identical in shape with A/iit. ihlF ln»t. 1881, tav. 
 d' agg. K. 1 and 2, except for the lack of handles. Thes*' 
 ai-e said to have been found on a similar vase fi-oni Chiusi 
 (V. Bidl. (It/r /«.s^ 1884, p. 178, 17l». But no trace 
 whatsoever of a partition dividing the vase inside into two 
 cups can be found, so that it is impossible that it should 
 have been usetl in the same fashion as the Italian vases. 
 (For discussion of their use, see Helbig, Das Ilomvrlxrhv 
 Epofi-, p. 361.) Nor is there any reason to supi)ose that 
 wouhl be needed on any support handles of a vase. 
 
 Fragments repi-esenting such supjwrts (cf. Platk LVIII. 
 ^^^- *^ 7 ) were found. 
 
 About two hundred or more fni«»iMents i»elongin«r to one vase were found. This was 
 evidently an amphora similar in sliai)e to the huore Dipylon vases in Atliens,' of a light 
 reddish elay, burnt in |>laces. an«l must have measured nearly one and a half meter in 
 height. No reconstruction of the vase was possible, and the foot could not be found. 
 The vase was entirely covered with ornamentation, that on the bodv consistiuff of a series 
 of large wheels,- arranged vertically and horizontally, separated by panels containing the 
 usual •• Heraldic " motives. Panels again were arranged on the shoulder, anil the neck 
 covered for the most part with zigzag and meander patterns. All fragments showed the 
 usual Geometric types. 
 
 In conclusion it remains to enumerate i)rieHy some of the forms of vases not mentioned 
 l»efore. which from the evidence of various fragments must have existed at the Heraeum. 
 The forms are taken from Wide's articles in the 'hihrhtich for 1899 and UKX). 
 
 •fnhrh. 18!>9, p. 29, tig. 1. This form was represented by numerous fragments of feet, 
 handles, and rims. 
 
 IhhK p. .'U, tig. 11. Several similar handles were found. 
 
 Ih'uL p. :38, tig. 20. Ivepresented by handles. 
 
 Ihnl. p. 80, iig. 34. Many fragments, especially of feet, belonged to a similar vase. 
 
 fhiil. p. 8*2, fig. 37. A sintilar arrangement of double handles was shown by at 
 least a dozen fragments. 
 
 IhuL p. 20."), tigs. 71, 72, and the foHowing pages. Liirge numbers of fragments be- 
 longing to similar jugs, and handles with a cross-piece were found. At the siime time 
 it is impossible to state whether all the combinations illustrated in Wide's article were 
 found. 
 
 Ihtd. pp. 214 and 21.11. A large number of fragments belonuinir to similar shallow 
 skyphoi were found, mostly of the tvpe of tig. 100. Some seemed t<. have a high foot, 
 as tig. 102. 
 
 Jnhrb. liXK), p. 53, fig. 11.3. Most of the fragments representing sky]dioi were of this 
 type or that of fig. 121 on page ."i;^. 
 
 Ibifl. I). 'A, fig. 110 and 117. Numerous fragments of handles were found which 
 probably belonged to similar skyphoi. 
 
 » Cf. Jahrh. XIV. (18!»«>), !>• -'01, fijj. (il). - Cf. ihui. p. IIHJ, figs. Go uml UO, p. -JOO, figs. CI and 08. 
 
 THK AK(J1VK STYLE 
 
 119 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE. 
 
 The Arcrive (so-called Proto-Corinthian) style is not only the most characteristic vase 
 fahric at the Heraeum, hut the one best represented by entire vases as well as frag- 
 ments, and seems to have been the most popular style in the Argolid from this end of 
 the Mycenaean epoch down to the beginning of the Corinthian style, a period of perhaps 
 from three to four <'enturies. 
 
 The term " Proto-Corinthian," ' as is well known, was invented by Furtwiingler and 
 applied by hiin t.) certain vases, of which the small lekythoi with human and animal 
 figures as the chief scheme of decoration are the best examples. Furtwiingler never 
 intended this name as an exact designation, but used it to show that this class bore a 
 close relation to the C<ninthian style which it preceded. 
 
 Since the inventi<ni of this term twenty yeiirs have elapsed, and in that time the num- 
 ber of these vases has increased. Originally not more than half a dozen examples from 
 Thebes, Tanagra, or Corinth were known, but we now have numerous examples from 
 Attica, Aegina, Eleusis, Tiryns, Argos, Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, Southern and North- 
 ern Italy. To the class ideiitified by Furtwiingler has been added a series of vases the 
 decoration of which consists entirely oi fine parallel lines encircling the body of the vase 
 and Geiunetric motives. At the s;ime time the term " Proto-Corinthian," though univer- 
 sally adopted, has never been considered thoroughly sjitisfactory, and numerous attempts 
 have been made to discover the real provenience of the style ; none of the sites proposed 
 as the original home of the style (Chalcis,' C<»rinth, Sicily, etc.) has yet been univer- 
 sally accepU'd. It has been generally believed that the style was the outcome of the 
 Geometric ware ' and originatnl about the middle of the eighth century. 
 
 It appears to me that the Argolid is the original h(mie of this style, and I venture to 
 ad<»pt a new system of classification and chromdogy, which differs materially from that 
 heretofore offered.' The conclusions about to be stated have been forced upon me after 
 a careful study of the Heraeum fragments, and while I am far from claiming them to ])e 
 the onlv possible ones, they form the basis for the wlude of this chapter. Briefly, the 
 so-called Proto-Corinthian style is Argive in its origin, and a direct offshoot of the Myce- 
 naean style, being contemporaneous with the Geometric. 
 
 From the very beginning of the excsivations, when it was seen how large a proporti<.n 
 of the vase fragments was formed by this ware, in 1892 Professor Waldstein asserted 
 that it was really Argive. Shice then Professors Furtwiingler ' and Loeschcke ' have also 
 come to the sjune conclusion. The arguments in favor of its Argive origin are : — 
 {(i) The qiuility of this ware found at the Heraeum. 
 
 {b) The steady development from the earlier periods, especially the Mycenaean. 
 (a) The style "is found in greatest ipiantities outside of the Argolid, in the Necropde 
 del Fuseo at Syracuse,^ and at Megara Hyblaea,** and Orchomenos." The amount fur- 
 
 I Hronzefu,„le von OI;,m,,!a, pp. 47, 51. ffiveu by me in the American Journal of Archaeology, 
 
 - The Chalciaian i»rigiii was proptJsed by Helbig (Die 1900. p. 441 fF. 
 
 Itnliker in der Po-Ehene, p. 84). Stuart .Tones follows » Berl. PhihI. Worhen,. 1895, p. 202. 
 
 the same view (./. //. S. XVI. [1896], p. 333). « Atheu. Mitt. XXII. (1897) rK2r.-J. 
 
 3 R. C. H. XIX. (189.-.), p. 182. ' Cf. Not. d. Scan, lb93 and Ibft*. 
 
 « A brief outUne of the following has alrcacly been "^ .Uon. ^'"- J"';!; 
 
 » li. C. H. XIX. (189.), pp. 182-188. 
 
 II 
 
118 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 decoration. Lozenge band at top, usual Geometric motives on body and water bird frieze on base. 
 
 Several other fragments found, one of which showed that the sides were arranged in panels con- 
 taining two horses and man in the " Ileraldic " scheme. 
 Handle in centre, mouldings with dots half way between 
 handles and edges. 
 
 To assign this vase to its proper place is not easy. It it 
 almost identical in shape with Ann. delV Inst. 1881, tav. 
 d' agg. K. 1 and 2, except for the lack of handles. These 
 are said to have been found on a similar vase from Chiusi 
 (v. Bull, deir In»t. 1884, p. 178, 179). But no trace 
 whatsoever of a partition dividing the vase inside into two 
 cups can be found, so that it is impossible that it should 
 have been used in the same fashion as the Italian vases. 
 (For discussion of their use, see Helbig, Das Ilomerisvhe 
 Epox^, p. 361.) Nor is there any reason to supi)ose that 
 would be needed on any supjrart handles of a vase. 
 
 Fragments representing such supports (cf. Plate LVIII. 
 7) were found. 
 
 About two hundred or more fragments belonging to one vase were found. This was 
 evidently an amphora similar in shape to the large Dipylon vases in Athens,' of a light 
 reddish clay, burnt in places, and must have measured nearly one and a half meter in 
 height. No reconstruction of the vase was possible, and the foot could not be found. 
 The vase was entirely covered with ornamentation, that on the bo<ly consisting of a series 
 of large wheels,' arranged vertically and horizontiilly, separated by panels containing the 
 usual '• Heraldic " motives. Panels again were arranged on the .shoulder, and the neck 
 covered for the most iiart with zigzag and meander patterns. All fragments showed the 
 usual Geometric types. 
 
 In conclusion it remains to enumerate briefly some of the forms of vases not mentioned 
 before, which from the evidence of various fragments must have existed at the Heraeum. 
 The forms are taken from Wide's articles in the Jahrhttch for 1899 and 1900. 
 
 Jahi'h. 1899, p. 29, fig. 1. Tiiis form was represented by numerous fragments of feet, 
 handles, and rims. 
 
 Ibid. p. 134, fig. 11. Several similar handles were found. 
 
 Ibid. p. 38, fig. 20. Represented by handles. 
 
 Ibid. p. 80, fig. 34. Many fragments, especially of feet, belonged to a similar vase. 
 
 Ibid. p. 82, fig. 37. A similar arrangement of double handles was sliown by at 
 least a dozen fragments. 
 
 Ibid. p. 205, figs. 71, 72, and the following jMiges. Large numbers of fragments be- 
 longing to similar jugs, and handles with a cross-piece were found. At the same tune 
 it is impossible to state whether all the combinations illustrated hi Wide's article were 
 found. 
 
 Ibid. pp. 214 and 215. A large number of fragments belonging to similar shallow 
 skvphoi were found, mostlv of the tvpe of fig. 100. Some seemed to have a high foot, 
 as fig. 102. 
 
 Jahrb. 1900, p. 53, fig. 113. Most of the fragments representing skyphoi were of this 
 type or that of fig. 121 on page 55. 
 
 Ibid. p. 54, fig. 116 and 117. Numerous fragments of handles were found which 
 probably belonged to similar skyphoi. 
 
 » Cf. Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 201, fig. 69. ^ Cf. ihid. p. 199, figs. 65 iind 66, p. 'MO, figs. 67 and 68. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE 
 
 119 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE. 
 
 Thb Argive (so-called Proto-Coriuthian ) style is not only the most characteristic vase 
 fabric at the Heraeum, but the one best represented by entire vases as well as frag- 
 ments, and seems to have been the most popular style in the ArgoUd from this end of 
 the Mycenaean epoch down to the beginning of the Coruithian style, a period of perhaps 
 from three to four centuries. 
 
 The tenn " Proto-Corinthian," ' as is well known, was invented by Furtwiingler and 
 appHed by him to certain vases, of which the small lekythoi with human and animal 
 figures as the chief scheme of decoration are the best examples. Furtwiingler never 
 intended this name as an exact designation, but used it to show that this class bore a 
 close relation to the Corinthian style which it preceded. 
 
 Since the invention of this term twenty years have elapsed, and in that time the num- 
 ber of these vases has increased. Originally not more than half a dozen examples from 
 Thebes, Tanagra, or Corinth were known, but we now have numerous examples from 
 Attica, AeginI, Eleusis, Tiryns, Argos, Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, Southern and North- 
 ern Italy. To the class identified by Furtwiingler has been added a series of vases the 
 decoration of which consists entirely of fine parallel lines encircling the body of the vase 
 and Geometric motives. At the sjime time the term " Proto-Corinthian," though univer- 
 sally adopte<l, has never been considered thoroughly satisfactory, and numerous attempts 
 iiave been made to discover the real provenience of the style ; none of the sites proposed 
 as the original home of the style (Chalcis,^ Corinth, Sicily, etc.) has yet been univei- 
 sally accepted. It has been generally believed that the style was the outcome of the 
 Geometric wai-e ' and originated about the middle of the eighth century. 
 
 It appears to me that the Argolid is the original home of this style, and I venture to 
 adopt a new system of classification and chronology, which differs materially from that 
 heretofore offered.* The conclusions about to be stated have been forced upon me after 
 a careful study of the Heraeum fragments, and while I am far from claiming them to be 
 the only i>ossible ones, they form the basis for the whole of this chapter. Briefly, the 
 so-caUed Proto-Corinthiiin style is Argive in its origin, and a direct offshoot of the Myce- 
 naean style, being contemporaneous with the Geometric. 
 
 From the very beginning of the excavations, when it was seen how large a proportion 
 of the vase fragments was formed by this ware, in 1892 Professor Waldstein asserted 
 that it was i-eally Argive. Since tlien Professors Furtwiingler^ and Loeschcke " have also 
 come to the same conclusion. The arguments in favor of its Argive origin are : — 
 (a) The quality of this ware found at the Heraeum. 
 
 (6) The steady development from the earlier periods, especially the Mycenaean. 
 (a) The style is found in greatest quantities outside of the Argolid, in the Necropole 
 del Fusco at Syracuse,^ and at Megara Hyblaea,^ and Orchomenos.^^ The amount fur- 
 
 » Kronzefunde wm Olympia, pp. 47, 51. 
 
 2 The Chalcidian origin was proposed by Helbig {Die 
 Itallker in der Po-Ebene, p. 84). Stuart Jones follows 
 the same view (/. H. S. XVI. [1896], p. 333). 
 
 « B. C. H. XIX. (1895), p. 182. 
 
 * A brief outline of the following has already been 
 
 given by me in the American Journal of Archaeology, 
 1900, p. 441 flF. 
 
 « Berl. Philol. Wochens. 1895, p. 202. 
 
 • Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 262. 
 
 ' Cf. Not. d. Scavi, 1893 and 1895, 
 
 8 Afon. Ant. vol. I. 
 
 » B. C. H. XIX. (1895), pp. 182-188. 
 
 11 
 
 H' 
 
120 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 iiislied by tlie three most important excavations in the ArgoHd, the Heraeum, Mycenae, 
 and Tiryns, more than equals that of the rest of the Greek world, including the Sicilian 
 excavations. With such a vast amount found in the Argohd alone, it is extremely 
 improbable that any other state should have been the inventor, or that the impoitation 
 of the style should have taken place into a state which during the Mycenaean period 
 had a flourishing vase industry of its own. Furthermore, as we have already pointed out, 
 so few types were found at the Heraeum which were clearly made outside of the Argolid, 
 that we must hesitate before calling any doubtful style a foreign importation. And as 
 the largest jKirt of the ware found in the Argohd is furnished by the Heraeum, it is there 
 rather than at Mycenae that the origin of the style must be sought. In Aegina the 
 style shows the stime development as at the Heraeum, but as no attempt has ever been 
 made to show that Aegina had a vase industry of her own,' and as we know that histori- 
 cal evidence points to a close connection between Argos and Aegina during the eighth 
 and seventh centuries, the vases of this style found at Aegina may well have been 
 imported from Argos. 
 
 ( b) As far back as 1887, Diimmler - had pointed out the fact that fragments of this 
 style had been found at Aegina in the lowest levels along with Mycenaean fragments, 
 and the same is true at the Heraeum, though, as we have seen, the presence of definite 
 chronological levels was not observed. This would show clearlv that some vases of the 
 style are as old as the Mycenaean period. Many fragments of this ware are found at 
 Aegina as well as at the Heraeum, which bear the strongest resemblance to the Myce- 
 naean style. Moreover, the steady development of the style from its beginning can be 
 better traced in the Argolid than in any other site, where the earliest examples are not to 
 be found. Therefore, as Aegina cannot really claim the origin of the style,^ the enoi- 
 mous tjuautity of it found at the Heraeum, as well as the steady and complete develoj)- 
 ment, would make it reasonably probable that the style originated in the Argolid. 
 
 As stated in the Introduction, the all-pervading characteristic of the Argive style is, 
 as Professor Waldstein maintains, '' Linear," pure and simple. We have already seen that 
 the Primitive and Mycenaean styles were Linear in their origin, and that the latter, 
 after passing through the pictorial stage when naturalism prevailed, returned in Ckss IV. 
 to the Linear principle again, which, as we know from the j)re8ence of the broad and 
 fine bands on the bodies of Mycenaean vases, was never entirely lost. 
 
 Practically, therefore, the earliest specimens of the Argive style iire small vases, akin 
 in clay and technique to the Mycenaean style. The question here arises, whether such 
 vases fonn a step beyond the Mycenaean style, or whether they are only the best illus- 
 trations of a continuous principle which originated in primitive times, and arrived at its ' 
 perfection at the end of the Mycenaean period. Professor Waldstein maintains * " that 
 the Proto-Corinthian development of the Argive-Linear is but the natural devehipment 
 out of the linear decoration as found in Argive vases at the Heraeum from the earliest 
 Primitive vases through the dull-colored vases and the Mycenaean periods. In the two 
 first periods (Primitive and Dull-colored) this linear decoration is in free-hand drawing, 
 sometimes with rudest implements and in awkward and grotesque uncertainty of touch. 
 This uncertainty corresponds to the ruder hand-nuide technique of the ceramist. The 
 
 > The plates mentioned on p. IIG and a few fntgnients 
 of Mycenaean vases are the only vases known which 
 were surely manufactured in the island ; v. Introduction, 
 p. 65, note. 
 
 2 Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 19. 
 ' Cf. p. GTt, note. 
 
 * The wordsi in quotation marks are Professor Wald- 
 stein's. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: ORIGIN 
 
 121 
 
 greater accuracy and skill in this linear decoration naturally comes in when the ceramist 
 himself makes skillful use of the wheel, and produces such fine specimens of the potter's 
 craft as are to be found with the rise of the Mycenaean lustrous vases. The parallel 
 lines ornamenting the lower portions of these are thus firm and accurate. At the same 
 time the feeling for ' fi-ee-hand ' drawing has not died out, and in its tmn advances 
 with the progress of ceramic art during the Mycenaean period, so that when the feeling 
 and desii-e for naturalism grows, the decoration above the hues reaches a stage of pei- 
 fection comparatively as high in technique in these lustrous vases as is the linear decora- 
 tion and the ceramic art in the shape and manufacture of the vase itself. In the larger 
 vases of the Mycenaean jwriod the linear decoration is thus never entirely superseded ; 
 while in the smaller vases it still maintjiins its predominance through this and all early 
 periods. At the Heraeum, and we may say in the Argolid, the Linear principle of 
 decoration, which finds its highest and purest expression in the later Argive (Proto- 
 Corinthian) vases, had therefore never died out." 
 
 This theory of Profes.sor Waldstein's I accept in part, and I agree with him that the 
 Linear principle was never quite discarded even in the best period of the Mycenaean style. 
 If it could be proved, as Professor Waldstein thinks, that from the Primitive times to 
 the close of the Mycenaean civilization a distinct class of vases exists, which, though show- 
 ing elements of Mycenaean decoration, have as their chief characteristic this same Linear 
 l)rinciple, I should see no objection to accepting his theory entirely. This class I have 
 not succeeded in finding, and I do not regard the various examples already quoted by 
 Professor Waldstein as establishing the existence of such a class beyond question. It is 
 true that there exists a large class of vases at the Heraeum, the date of which is not 
 absolutely fixed, which show only the Linear principle ; but whatever their date may be, 
 I do not consider them as earlier than the end of the Mycenaean period, nor do the few 
 scattered fragments with incised hnear ornamentation, which may possibly belong to the 
 acme of that period (though that point is extremely doubtful), constitute to my mind a 
 distinct and unmistakable link between the Primitive times and the rise of the Argive 
 style. It is i)ossible to regard these siime small vases as the beginnings of the Argive 
 style, but only as the p<MU-est examples of it. They show at least that they are the result 
 of a principle which filtered through the Mycenaean civilization, just as a river flows 
 through a lake, but which I, for my part, do not regard as a separate entity from Primi- 
 tive times. Hence the earliest class of the Argive ware is probably an ofiPshoot of the 
 Mycenaean style. This class I shall call " Karly Argive." 
 
 We liiive seen that some great movement (perhaps the Dorian invasion) in Greece 
 caused a revival of the various Geometric or primitive motives at a time when the My- 
 cenaean civiHzation was dead or dving, but when the Argive style had begun. Under 
 the new influence the Argive style is quick to respond. Accordingly we find that as 
 the Geometric style flourishes, the Argive style borrows freely the Geometric motives, but 
 keeps them subordinate to its cliaracteristic Linear principle of jmrallel bands as the mam 
 decoration. This is the ckss " Linear Argive," which forms the bulk of the style at the 
 Heraeum and is Avidely represented in Sicily and Italy. The ordinary Geometric motives, 
 zigzags, meanders, squares, lozenges, etc., are the ones most commonly used, and as the 
 vases are generally of a small size, these motives are confined to the rims or shoulders, 
 seldom if ever used on the body of the vase. 
 
 That the spread of Oriental influence in Greece caused the decUne of the Geometric 
 style is universally admitted. In the Argolid we find the Geometric style ceasing almost 
 
 H 
 
122 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 II 
 
 abruptly, wliiJe tlie Argive style becomes, us it were, emancipated. The reasuii is simply 
 that as this style was cunfined to smaller vases on which the Geometric motives played 
 a subordinate part, the introduction of orientalized animals and human figures, together 
 with the fuller development of ornaments in the field, did not necessarily interfere with its 
 Linear principle of encircling bands: Again, as it was the distinctive style of the Argolid, 
 and more popular than the Geometric, it was more easily iuHuenced by the new ideas 
 from the east. On the other hand, it would seem as if no attempt was made by the 
 Argive potters to adapt the Geometric style to the new conditions, and hence it died 
 out. In Attica, however, as the Geometric style a£Pords the chief and oidy ware, some 
 attempt had to be made to remodel the style to suit the new influence, or else to evolve a 
 completely different fabric ; accordingly we find the Dipylon style developing into the 
 Early Attic. It would seem probable that the Phaleron jugs which illustrate this devel- 
 opment were influenced in some way by the Argive style; such a theory, however, 
 lacks actual confirmation. 
 
 We therefore find a third class of the Argive ware (Oriental Argive). It is to this 
 class that the lekythoi in Berlin, London, and the other museums belong, which caused 
 the invention of the term, " Proto-Corinthian." The period of its production probably 
 lies in the early part of the seventh century, and it cannot have lasted beyond the end of 
 that century, since the rise of the Corinthian and Early Attic styles probably supplanted 
 it ; also, no fragments of the style have been found at Naucratis. Cf. Cecil Smith, 
 ./. //. S. 1890, p. 17G. 
 
 A difficult question is presented by the relation of Class III. to the Corinthian style. 
 That the latter is directly developed from Class III. I see no reason to doubt. Couve ' 
 has recently denied such a connection absolutely, but as his arguments do not take the 
 Heraeum fragments into consideration, they carry less Aveight. 
 
 Previous to the excavations at the Heraeum and at Aegina, Class III. was mainly 
 represented by the small lekythoi already mentionetl, but with the material from Aegina 
 and the Heraeum the class is seen to include numerous larger vases of various sha])es, 
 the lekythoi being in the minority, so that any argument which bases the relation of the 
 Argive style to the Corinthian on the lekythoi alone possesses little value. It is true 
 that the lekythoi belonging to Class III., which show the most advanced technique, are 
 not found in the Argolid, but in Thebes and Corinth. The shape, however, is fairly 
 well represented at the Heraeum. 
 
 Now all these lekythoi found outside of the Argolid seem to be a finished product ; 
 they are similar to the Corinthian vases, but vases which show the transitional stages 
 between Class III. and the Corinthian are wanting. Such connecting links, as far as I 
 know, are found only at Argos and Aegina, but the qiumtity of true Corhithian ware 
 found at both those sites is small compared to that found at Corinth or in other parts 
 of Greece. As Corinth is universally admitted to be the originator of the Corinthian 
 style, that point may be regarded as settled. 
 
 A survey of comparative history will help us here. We have seen that during the 
 Mycenaean epoch the Argolid was the great source for the bulk of Mycenaean pottery 
 found in Greece, just as Athens became the great producer of the Black and Reil-Figure 
 styles in after years. At the time we are considering (the seventh century), Argos had 
 behind her centuries of skill in ceramic arts, with (presumably) a correspondingly large 
 commerce. Athens did not begin her commercial activity until the eighth century, 
 
 » Rev. Arch. 1898, p. 213. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: ORIGIN. 
 
 123 
 
 and Corinth, although beginning at this time to figure as a commercial factor, had not 
 the previous years of industrial activity. If, then, the question arises as to which soil 
 the sjiread of Oriental influence in Greece found most receptive, antecedent probabiUties 
 would certainly i)oint to Argos. It would be most extraordinary to find such a finished 
 product as Class III. originating in Corinth ; as a matter of fact, the real difference 
 between Class III. and the Corinthian style is simply this — a new influence at work 
 upon skilled, as opposed to unskilled labor. 
 
 Argos, then, originates Class III. Its wide range does not militate against such an 
 assumption ; while not all the vases of this class so common outside of Argos are 
 probably of Ai-give manufacture, still the bulk of them were most probably exported 
 from' Argos. That they do not exist in very large quantities at Argos itself is no 
 proof to the contrary ; it may perfectly well have been the case that local taste preferred 
 the larger, finer vases, while the bulk of the smaller was exported. We know that 
 during the sixth and fifth centuries the bulk of Attic work was exported to Italy, and 
 were it not for the cemeteries of Chiusi, Ruvo, Nola, etc., etc., our knowledge of Attic 
 pottery would be small indeed. At the same time it would have been perfectly pos- 
 sible for potters in Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, and elsewhere to make copies of originals 
 imported from Argos. 
 
 Hence it is probable that the importation into Corinth of Argive vases gave the 
 inspiration to the Corinthian style. The ware evolved by Corinth was really a poor imi- 
 tation of the Argive, and, owing to a lack of technical experience, the former started 
 on a much lower plane than the latter. It is worthy of remark that as Class III. develops 
 at Argos it becomes more like the Corinthian, only much finer in technique. This is not 
 surprising, seeing that the external influence in both places was the same. The actual 
 points of similarity between fragments of Class III. and the Corinthian style will be dis- 
 cussed Later. 
 
 The question of clay is important, but difficult to define in default of microscopic 
 investigation. In Class I. the clay is almost Mycenaean ; practically the only difference 
 is that the clay of Argive vases is lighter. The general treatment of glaze and decora- 
 tion varies somewhat from the Mycenaean, in that the surface is seldom polished, and 
 the paint less lustrous and applied less thickly. This is especially apparent in Class II. 
 Here, however, the general scheme of decoration has advanced beyond all similarity with 
 the Mycenaean. But though in the earlier classes the clay seems to be similar to that 
 of the Mycenaean vases, the greatest difference exists between it and that of the Geome- 
 tric vases, the Argive being of a different color (generally reddish), finer, cleaner, and 
 lighter. In fact, during the later period of the Argive style, the art of makmg light 
 vessels reaches its highest point ; in some cases the clay is almost as thin as a sheet of 
 very fine cardboard. 
 
 Owing to the smaller size of the vases the material is in much better preservation, 
 and in almost every case the exact form of the vase coidd be detei-mined. Hence it has 
 been possible to evolve a classification based on the various fonns. All through the 
 style three shapes are most prominent — lekythos (oinochoe), skyphos, and pyxis ; each 
 exhibits many variations, which will be discussed later. 
 
 The use of some color, red, white, yellow, etc., applied to the vase after the first firing, 
 is especially characteristic of the Argive style. As it is found in the Mycenaean and 
 Geometric styles as well, its use will be discussed more thoroughly at the end of this 
 chapter. 
 
 i^ 
 
 1 ', I 
 
124 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 EARLY ARGIVE. 
 
 ill 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 We may include in tliis class many of the small jugs mentioned on pp. 99-101. Their 
 only decoration is encircling hands with the occasional introduction of a Mycenaean 
 motive, and as they belong to the end of the Mycenaean period they represent virtually 
 the tirst stages of the Argive style. The forms used in this class are not very numerous ; 
 besides the jugs already mentioned we have examples of lekythoi, kalathoi, and small 
 saucers, all three akin to various Mycenaean forms. That so few shajH^s are to be found 
 is not surprising ; the new style being still an experiment, potters would be likely to 
 begin with familiar shapes. 
 
 Lekythoi. 
 
 Only one form of the lekythos was uoticetl ; it is a one-handled jug of about the same form as 
 
 Myk. Vui. XLiv. 63. It is, however, all through the Argive style one of 
 the most popular shapes, and one which was clearly taken from a Mycenaean 
 prototyiHJ. 
 
 Fig. 44. Height, 0.07 m. Southeast of Second Temple. Intact. 
 
 This lekythos is the most i)erfect specimen of Class I. found at the He- 
 raeuui. The clay is of a yellow tinge, and tlie decoration a lustrous black. 
 In point of technique it possesses the greatest affinity with Mycenaean vases. 
 The quality of the clay is of a slightly lighter antl thinner texture, and the 
 scheme of decoration distinctly linear. At any rate, its connection with the 
 Mycenaean style is so strong as to show that it is (Nirtaiuly coutemiwraneous 
 with the later period of that style. 
 
 Half a dozen similar vases were found in good condition, and as many more in frag- 
 ments. The scheme of decoration was the sjime in all, some, however, having a series of 
 tine lines be ween the broad bands. Several other vases, in shai)e more like the jugs on 
 p. 100, were found, on which the linear decoration was apparent, but of extremely careless 
 execution. 
 
 Kitlathoi. 
 
 These small vessels form a distinct series in the Argive style. Those which show the 
 most advanced technicjue undoubtedly fall into Class II. To avoid confusion, they have 
 been placed together. They seem to have been a common shai)e, since about fifty were 
 found, most of them intact. 
 
 The earliest examples are hand-made, very small (not more than .15 mm. in height or 
 5.) mm. in diameter), with one or two broad bands very carelessly applied. Next, a series 
 of wheel-made specimens, some without any decoration, more commonly with several broad 
 stripes. Finally a number of kalathoi, carefully made with a decoration of stripes in 
 series of two or three. These last probably belong to Class II. In some cases the rim is 
 
 formed of a series of plastic mouldings with dots on them, but with- 
 out any other decoration on the vase except a glaze on the interior. 
 
 Fig. 45. Height, 0.04 ra. : diameter, 0.07 m. Reddish yellow clay, 
 with (lark brown bands on interior as well as exterior. Cf. Ann. delV 
 Ini^t. 1877, tav. d'agg. A. B. 14.» 
 Fio. 4.-,. '^^^** kalathos belongs to the second series. Judging from its simi- 
 
 larity to the bowl found in the Bee-Hive tomb (p. 95, Fig. 30) and 
 the style of decoration, we cannot date it as any later than the end of the Mycenaean periotl. 
 
 » A kalathos of similar shape but with purely Geometric decoration has beeu found at EUuiu : cf. 'E^-. 'Apv- 1898 
 pi. ii. 17. TA . 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: KALATHOI AND SAUCERS 
 
 125 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 The hand-made vases were exactly similar save for a rougher style of execution. Slight but unim- 
 portant variations in the curve 
 of the sides were found. 
 
 Fig. 46. Height, 0.068 m. ; 
 diauieter, 0.10 ui. Reddish 
 yellow clay, burnt red at base, 
 with red bands and dots on rim. 
 Two bands inside. Found 
 above the burnt layer on the 
 west end of Old Temple Ter- 
 
 Fig. 47. Height, 0.053 m. ; diameter, 0.093 m. Red clay, burnt bright red at base, with 
 
 dark brown bands above, red below. Dark red glaze inside. This 
 change from brown to red in the decoration is evidently intentional. 
 
 Fi^. 4a Height, 0.045 ni. ; diameter, 0.078 m. Red, clay with 
 yellow slip burnt red at base. Upper bands black, lower red, evi- 
 dently intentional. Dots on rim, and live bauds inside. A dozen other 
 vases of this type were found. 
 
 The last three belong to the later series of the kalathoi, 
 though the interval between them and the earlier ones is not 
 great. The techniciue is far superior and the clay finer. They illustrate the three varie- 
 ties of the form. Fig. 48 has a certain resemblance to the bowls already mentioned. 
 
 Saucen. 
 
 Just at this point we place a series of small saucers, of which quite a number were 
 
 found. They vary from 3 to .5 cm. in diameter and 10 to 15 mm. in height, and would 
 
 seem to be developed from the Mycenaean saucers (p. 96) with the addition of Argive 
 
 decoration of concentric bands. Extra color (generally red) is added to some of the 
 
 bands. 
 
 Two types may be detected. 
 
 a. Flat ba.se, straight or sloping sides, with a sharply defined rim, flange curving outwards. 
 A small boss is occasionally found on the 
 interior, and small projections are often 
 added to the rim as if for handles. 
 
 b. The base is either flat or curved, with 
 curved sides, no flange to the rim. 
 
 Fig. ^. Height, 0.01 m. : diameter 
 0.051 u>. Light i-etl clay, with black bands 
 alternating with applied red bands on inte- 
 rior. No decoration on exterior. 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Fig 50 Hei-ht, 0.014 m. ; diameter, 0.028 m. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration 
 burnt red in parti Bauds inside with dots on rim. On exterior, below rim, broad band of apphed 
 red. Boss in centre. 
 
 Numerous otber similar saucers were found and fragments of others of larger size. 
 One, of which about half was preserved, measured 12 cm. in diameter and o in height. 
 Clay and decoration were identical. 
 
124 
 
 THE VASKS AXn VASK FHArfMEXTS 
 
 Fn:. 44. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 KAHLY ARGIVE. 
 
 We may inchule in this class many of tlie small jujjfs mentioned on pp. 00-101. Their 
 only det-oiation is eneiirlinj^ hands with the occasional introduction of a Mycenaean 
 motive, and as they helong- to tiie end of the Mycenaean period they represent virtually 
 the first stages of the Arrive stvle. The forms used in this class are not very numerous : 
 besides the juy;s already mentioned we have examples of lekythoi, kalathoi, and small 
 siiucers, all three akin to various Mycenaean forms. That so few shapes are to oe found 
 is not surprisino- ; the new style beinjj still an experiment, potters would be likely to 
 begin with familiar shapes. 
 
 Lekythoi. 
 
 Only one form of the lekythos was noticed : it is a one-liandled jnj; of alx)ut the same form an 
 
 Myk. V<t». WAX. 03. It is, however, all tliiougli the Argive style one of 
 -'•BBp*^ the most i)opular sliaiKs, and one which was clearly taken from a Mycenaean 
 
 * r^ I prototyiH?. 
 
 Fig. 44. Height, 0.07 m. Southeast of Second Temple. Intact. 
 This lekythos is the most iwrfect 8i)eeimen of Class I. found at the He- 
 raenm. The clay is of a yellow tinge, and the «lecorati»)n a lustrous black. 
 In point of teehnicpie it ^wssesses the greatest athnity with Myeenaean vasen. 
 The ((uality .>f the clay is of a slightly lighter and thinner texture, and the 
 seheme of decoration distinctly linear. At any rate, its connection with the 
 Myeenaean style is so strong as to show that it is certainly contemiwraucous 
 with the later jHjriod of that style. 
 
 Half a dozen simihir vases were found in jrood condition, and as many more in fra"*- 
 ments. The scheme of decoration was the siime in all, .some, however, having a series of 
 tine lines beween the broad bands. Several other vases, in shaiK* more like the iuo-s on 
 p. lOO. were tound, on which the Hnear decoration was apparent, but of extremely careless 
 execution. 
 
 Knhithoi. 
 
 These small vessels form a distinct series in the Argive style. Those which .show the 
 nu)st advanced techniipie undoubtedly fall into Class II. To avoid confusion, they have 
 been phiced together. They seem to have been a connuon shai)e. sime about fifty were 
 found, most of them intact. 
 
 The earliest examples are hand-made, very small (not more than :V) nun. in heio-ht or 
 o.> unu. \\\ duimeter), with one or two broad bands very carelessly applied. Next, a scries 
 of wheel-made specimens, some without any decoration, nu)re commonly with several broad 
 stripes. Finally a number of kahithoi, carefully made with a decoration of stripes in 
 series of two or three. These last })robably belong to Class II. In some cases the rim is 
 
 formed of a series of plastic mouldings with dots on them, but with- 
 out any other decoration on the vase except a glaze on the interior. 
 
 Fig. 45. Height. 0.04 m. : diameter, 0.07 m. Heddish yellow clay, 
 witli dark brown hands on interior as well as exterior. Cf. Ann. ihJF 
 Ittst. 1877, tav. d'agg. A. R 14.i 
 Ki,j. 4.-,. This kalathos Ix'longs to the second series. Judging from its simi- 
 
 larity to the bowl found in the Bee-Hive tomb (p. 0'). Fig. 30) and 
 the style of decoration, we cannot date it as any later than the end of the My.vuaean i)erio«l. 
 
 • A k.ilathus of similar shape but with purely (ieometric decoration has beeu found at Kleusis ; cf. 'E0n^. 'Aov. 1898, 
 pi. ii. 17. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: KALATHOI AND SALTERS 
 
 125 
 
 Yui. 40. 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 The hand-made va-ses were exactly similar save for a rougher style of execution. Slight but unim- 
 portant variations in the curve 
 of the sides were found. 
 
 Fig. 46. 1 leight, 0.0G8 m. : 
 diameter, 0.10 m. Reddish 
 yellow clay, burnt red at base, 
 with red bands and dots on rim. 
 Two bands inside. Found 
 above the burnt layer on the 
 west enil of Old Temple Ter- 
 
 Fig. 47. Height. 0.053 ra.; diameter. 0.093 m. Red clay, burnt bright red at base, with 
 
 dark brown bands above, red below. Dark red glaze inside. This 
 change from brown to red in the decoration is evidently intentional. 
 
 Fig. 4a Height. 0.04;") m. : diameter, 0.078 m. Red, clay with 
 yellow slip burnt red at base. Upper bands black, lower red, evi- 
 dently intentional. Dots on rim, and live bands inside. A dozen other 
 vases of this type were found. 
 
 The last three belong to the later series of the kalathoi, 
 though the interval between them and the earlier ones is not 
 great. The techniipie is far superior and the clay finer. They illustrate the three varie- 
 ties of the form. Fig. 48 has a certtiin resend)lance to the bowls already mentioned. 
 
 Just at this i>oint we place a series of small saucers, of which (luite a number were 
 found. They vary from \\ to ') cm. in diameter and 10 to 15 mm. in height, and would 
 seem to be devel<»ped from the Mycenaean saucers (p. iK)) with the addition of Argive 
 decoration of concentric bands. Extra color (generally red) is added to some of the 
 bands. 
 
 Two tyi)es nuiy be detected. 
 
 a. Flat base, stmight or sloping sides, with a sharply defined rim, flange curving outwards. 
 A small boss is occasionally found on the 
 interior, and small projections are often 
 added to the rim as if for handles. 
 
 b. The base is either flat or curved, with 
 curved sides, no flange to the rim. 
 
 Pig. 49. Height, 0.01 m. : diameter 
 0.0')1 m. Light red clay, with black bands 
 alternating with applied red bands on inte- 
 rior. No decoration on exterior. 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Fig 50 Hei-ht, 0.014 m. : diameter, 0.028 m. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration 
 burnt red in parti Rands inside with dots on rim. On exterior, below rim. broad band of applied 
 red. Boss in centre. 
 
 NumeroiLs other similar saucers were found and fragments of others of larger size. 
 One, of which about half was preserved, measured 12 cm. in diameter and o in height. 
 Clay and decoration were identical. 
 
 II 
 
120 
 
 TIIK VASES AND VASK FRAGMP:XTS 
 
 Fia»»;ments of a few others were found, of a very fine thin clav, with a l)riniant "laze 
 and arrangement of lines exactly similar to the lekythoi below. These eleiirly belonged 
 to CLiss II. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 LINK A K ARGIVK. 
 
 We now come to the class which includes almost all the Argive style, from its hegin- 
 ning in the Mycenaean times down to the rise of the Oriental influence, a period of 
 perhaps nearly two centuries. Three j)eriods may be noted, though as the transitional 
 stages between them are so gradual, they will not be used as a basis for classification. 
 
 1. The survival of certain Mycenaean motives, still retiiined from the older style. 
 
 2. Pure linear treatment. 
 
 3. The introduction of the animal figure and the development of the Oriental influ- 
 ence. We also find three distinct technical methods, a. The ordinary tt'chni(|ue, similar 
 to that already discussed, b- The application of extra color, c. The contrast obtained by 
 the action of fire, when half the vase is burnt bright red and half left in its natural 
 decoration in black or brown. 
 
 The i)rincipal shapes are : — 
 
 Lekythos. 
 
 Oinoflior. 
 
 Skvphos. 
 
 IVxis, 
 
 Aryballos. 
 
 Al:il)astron. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Several other shapes will be met with, but such are comparatively rare and will be 
 discussed as they appear. 
 
 Leki/thoi. 
 
 Two varieties of the lekythos may be found, one rather globular in shape (cf. Nut. (/. 
 Siaci, 1895, J). 138, fig. !.">) and the other {litrf. Vnt. pi. v. 102) slightly more devel- 
 oped. The latter shape is a modification of the former, and becomes very common 
 during the later period of the Argive style. 
 
 Typ 
 
 rx. 
 
 Mi/k. Va«. XLiv. 03). 
 
 Fig. 51. Height. O.OOo lu. Rands on neck, handle, and Ixnly, with pot-hooks on shoulder, and 
 below a broken wave pattern. 
 
 The sha)>e of this lekythos is somewhat similar to the Mycenaean form ( v, 
 
 In the wave j>attern we still see a survival of Myee- 
 naean motives. A similar lekythos is at Syracuse 
 (V. Xot. d. S<-avi 1803. p. 473). Fron» the fonn 
 and ornamentation this lekythos may be consi<lered 
 as one of the earliest of Class II. Frasrnients of 
 seveial other similar lekythoi were found. 
 
 Fig. 52. Height, 0.085 m. Part of rim hroken 
 away. Bands on neck, handle, and bo<ly. Geometric 
 snake on shoulder. Deeoration in dark and light 
 brown. Cf. Xot. d. Scaci. 1895, p. 138, fig. 15 : Brit. 
 M>is. A. 1001. 
 
 This seems to be slightly more advanced in form than the preee<ling. and Fio. .V2. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: LEKYTHOI, CLASS II 
 
 127 
 
 is a eomnmn tyi>e at the 1 leraeum. 1 lalf a dozen more examples were found, more or less intact, 
 and fragments representing i)erhaps a luuidred. 
 
 Fig. 53. 1 leight, 0.075 m. On shoulder, two birds with 
 a scroll between them. Incised lines. 
 
 Identically the same form as the preceding. As in the 
 Geometric style, the birds are the first living subjects in- 
 troducetl on a vase. The heraldic scheme of the birds 
 suggests the fourth class of the Mycenaean style. Cf. 
 Mi/k. Va«. XX XVI. 304. This seems to be one of the ear- 
 liest instances of the incised line. 
 
 The chief variation in these lekythoi lies in the 
 ornamentation on the shoulder. The following types 
 were noted in the fragments : — 
 
 Jiat/it. These include several varieties. They are either 
 .single, radiating from the centre, or else double, one set Fio. M. 
 
 radiating directly from the neck, alternating with a second 
 
 set which radiate from a band drawn just aroimtl the neck ; rays drawn in outline ; rays composed 
 of interlacing lines. All have their points (mtwards. 
 
 In some cases a second bantl of zigzags is a<lded on the body just below the rays. 
 
 Checkvrtniard. This is generally used as a band on the body. The plain squares are occasion- 
 ally dotted. 
 
 Lozcngef^. As an ornament in field on the shoulder, combined with a ray or |>ot-hook. 
 
 Fig. 54. 1 leight. 0.00 m. Neck and handle restored ; on shoulder ray pattern. 
 
 This is an example of the simplest form of this second type, of 
 which about twenty-five more were found. The majority had a ray 
 j)attern around the base, and the jdace of one of the broad bands 
 taken by a checkerboanl band. Pot-hooks were occasionally found 
 on the shoidder instead of rays. 
 
 Fig. 55. Height, 0.002 m. Yellowish clay, burnt red on one 
 side. Circle of dots on rim. Sign like the letter H on handle, 
 vertical zio-zaf's on rim. On bodv, frieze of three animals, lielow, 
 rays. Above and helow animal frieze, two lines of dark red pamt 
 applied. The vase is intact. 
 
 This lekythos represcMits the most advanced stage of the second i\\w, and can eciually 
 well be considered as the first stage of Class III., or the last of Class II. In fact, it 
 forms a link between the two, since the animal figure is now introduced, through the 
 Oriental influence. A dozen more of this type were found intact, and at least a basket- 
 ful of fragments belonging to similar vases. 
 
 The application of the extra dark red lines now becomes ipiite a feature in the style, 
 and few vases belonging to Class III. are without it. Several lekythoi of this shape, 
 without any animal <lecoration, showed this siime feature. One was adorned with two 
 broad bands of brown, on which six alternating thin stripes of purple and yellow had 
 been applied. A similar instance is at Syracuse (Case VII. No. 2893). 
 
 Also several lekytlun were found with checkerboards (m the body (with apjdied bands 
 of dark red between), and a leaf rosette on the neck, similar to those in the Louvre, 
 V. Pottier, Vusi'H dv Lonrr^u pi. xxxix. E, 30<); cf. also ^foH. Aot.l. p. 824 (fnmi 
 Me<rara Ilvblaea). Several examples are in Rome (Museo Papa-Giulio) and Florence. 
 The type seems to be very common. 
 
 Fig. i>i. 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 II 
 
126 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Fragments of a few others were found, of a very fine thin clay, with a brilUant glaze 
 and arrangement of lines exactly similar to the lekythoi below. These clearly belonged 
 to Class II. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 LINEAR ARGIVE. 
 
 We now come to the class which includes almost all the Argive style, from its begin- 
 ning in the Mycenaean times down to the rise of the Oriental influence, a period of 
 perhaps nearly two centuries. Three periods may be noted, though as the transitional 
 stages betAveen them are so gradual, they will not be used as a basis for classification. 
 
 1. The survival of certain Mycenaean motives, still retained from the older style. 
 
 2. Pure linear treatment. 
 
 3. The introduction of the animal figure and the development of the Orientil influ- 
 ence. We also find three distinct technical methods, a. The ordinary technique, similar 
 to that already discussed, b. The application of extra color, c. The contrast obtained by 
 the action of fire, when half the vase is burnt bright red and half left in its natural 
 decoration in black or brown. 
 
 The principal shapes are : — 
 
 Lekythos, 
 
 Oinochoe, 
 
 Skyphos, 
 
 Pyxis, "^ 
 
 Ary hallos. 
 
 Alabastron. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Several other shapes will be met with, but such are comparatively rare and will be 
 discussed as they appear. 
 
 LekytJioi. 
 
 Two varieties of the lekythos may be found, one rather globular in shape (ef. Nat. d. 
 Scai't, 1895, p. 138, fig. 15) and the other {Berf. Cat. pi. v. 102) sUghtly more devel- 
 oped. The latter shape is a modification of the former, and becomes very common 
 during the later period of the Argive style. 
 
 Ti/pes. 
 
 Pig. 51. Height, 0.065 m. Bands on neck, handle, and body, with pot-hooks on shoulder, and 
 below a broken wave pattern. 
 
 The shape of this lekythos is somewhat similar to the Mycenaean form (v. Mj/k. Vas. xuv. 63). 
 
 In the wave pattern we still see a survival of Myce- 
 naean motives. A similar lekythos is at Syracuse 
 (v. Not. d. Scavu 1893, j). 473). From the form 
 and ornamentation this lekythos may be considere<l 
 as one of the earliest of Class II. Fragments of 
 several other similar lekythoi were found. 
 
 Fig. 52. Height, 0.085 m. Part of rim broken i 
 away. Bands on neck, handle, and body. Geometric 
 snake on shoulder. Decoration in dark and light 
 Fig. 51. brown. Cf. Not. d. Scavi, 1895, p. 138, fig. 15 ; Brit. 
 
 Mis. a. 1061. 
 
 This seems to be slightly more advanced in form than the preceding, and Fio. 52. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: LEKYTHOI, CLASS II 
 
 127 
 
 is a connnon type at the Heraeum. Half a dozen more examples were found, more or less intact, 
 and fragments representing perhaps a hundred. 
 
 Pig. 53. Height, 0.075 m. On shoulder, two birds with 
 a scroll between them. Incised lines. 
 
 Identically the same form as the preceding. As in the 
 Geometric style, the birds are the first living subjects in- 
 troduced on a vase. The heraldic scheme of the birds 
 suggests the fourth class of the Mycenaean style. Cf. 
 Myk. Vas. xxxvi. 364. This seems to be one of the ear- 
 liest instances of the incised line. 
 
 The chief variation in these lekythoi lies in the 
 ornamentation on the shoulder. The following types 
 were noted in the fragments : — 
 
 Bays. These include several varieties. They are either 
 single, radiating from the centre, or else double, one set Fig. 53. 
 
 radiating directly from the neck, alternating with a second 
 
 set which radiate fi-oni a band drawn just aroimd the neck ; rays drawn in outline ; rays composed 
 of interlacing lines. All have their points outwards. 
 
 In some cases a second band of zigzags is added on the hotly just below the rays. 
 
 Checkerboard. This is generally used as a band on the body. The plain squares are occasion- 
 ally dotted. 
 
 Lozenges. As an ornament in field on the shoulder, combined with a ray or pot-hook. 
 
 Fig. 54. Height, 0.06 m. Neck and handle restored ; on shoulder ray pattern. 
 
 This is an example of the simplest form of this second type, of 
 which about twenty-five more were found. The majority had a ray 
 pattern around the base, and the place of one of the broad bands 
 taken by a checkerboard band. Pot-hooks were occasionally found 
 on the shoulder instead of rays. 
 
 Fig. 55. Height, 0.062 m. Yellowish clay, burnt red on one 
 side. Circle of dots on rim. Sign like the letter H on handle, 
 vertical zigzags on rim. On body, frieze of three animals. Ifelow, 
 rays. Above and below animal frieze, two lines of dark red paint 
 applied. The vase is intact. 
 
 This lekythos represents the most advanced stage of the second tyi^e, and can equally 
 well be considered as the first stage of Class III., or the last of Class II. In fact, it 
 forms a link between the two, since the animal figure is now introduced, through the 
 Oriental influence. A dozen more of this type were found uitact, and at least a basket- 
 ful of fragments belonging to similar vases. 
 
 The application of the extra dark red lines now becomes quite a feature in the style, 
 and few vases belonging to Class III. are without it. Several lekythoi of this shape, 
 without any animal decoration, showed this same feature. One was adorned with two 
 broad bands of brown, on which six alternating thin stripes of purple and yellow had 
 been applied. A similar instance is at Syracuse (Case VII. No. 2893). 
 
 Also several lekythoi were found with checkerboards on the body (with applied bands 
 of dark red betw^n), and a leaf rosette on the neck, similar to those in the Louvre, 
 v. Pottier, V(ims de Louvre, pi. xxxix. E, 309; cf. also Mou. Ant. I. p. 824 (from 
 Megara Hyblaea). Several examples are in Rome (Museo Papa-Giulio) and Florence. 
 The type seems to be very common. 
 
 Fig. 54 
 
 ol 
 
 i 
 
128 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Ohiorhoai. 
 
 Three distinct tyi>es of oinochoai are to be noted. 
 
 L Short neck, body slightly curved. 
 
 2. Long neck, cone-shaped Inxly. 
 
 3. Short neck, S(j[uare shoulder. 
 
 Each type is subject to occasional variations. 
 
 Pig. 56. Height, 0.124 m. 
 
 Fui. 56. 
 
 Type 1. 
 
 diameter at base, 0.115 ni. Missing )K)rtions restored in plaster. 
 Retldish clay, with dark brown decoration. Three bands of ver- 
 tical zigzags on shoulder. 
 
 This was the only example of the type which was preserved 
 entire. As few other fragments of similar vases were found, 
 the form does not appear very common at the Heraeum. 
 
 1 a and b (Plate LIX.). Two fragments from a large 
 oincHjhoe. whose height cannot be determined. Reddish clay, 
 with dark brown decoration. On the neck, an elaborate flower 
 pattern between vertical " Running Dogs." On shoulder, alter- 
 nating rays of interlaeeil lines whose tops end in two hooks 
 with a border of fine vertical lines ; below, dotted lozenge chain. 
 Several other fragments from the same vase were found. 
 
 The pattern on the neck is similar to that on an oinochoe in 
 
 Athens {Jahrh. II. (1887), p. 52. fig. 14) as well as the Analy- 
 
 tos jug {Jahrh. II. (1887), jd. iii.), and seems to be drawn from 
 
 a Mycenaean prototyi>e. I am unable to find any similar treatment of the ray pattern on the 
 
 shoulder. 
 
 The form of this vase is a slight mwlification of Pig. 56, as the diameter of the body is not 
 so large in proportion to the neck. Only one other va.se of exactly this form was found with a 
 decoration on the bo<ly of rays, bands, and checkerlward. The form, however, is quite common 
 at Syracuse. Cf. Not. d. Scav. 1893, p. 468 ; 1895, p. 153, fig. 38. In the Corinthian |)erio<l it 
 becomes a favorite shape. 
 
 The few fragments of oinochoai of this form (Pig. 56 and Plate LIX. 1) did not 
 show any great variety in their scheme of ornamentation. Zigzags, checkerboards, and 
 rays (especially on the base) were the usual motives. 
 
 Tifpe 2. 
 This type seems to be the most favorite form of oinochoe at the Heraeum, judging by 
 the number of the vases. Thirty or so were pre.served more or less complete, varying 
 between 10 and 15 cm. in height. An equal number had the necks and handles broken 
 away, but the bodies intact, while the number of fragments belonging to vases of this 
 form filled several baskets. Something like a hundred necks were found, but in only a 
 few instances did they fit any of the bodies. The total number of vases represented 
 must have numbered several hundred. 
 
 Pig. 57. Height, 0.165 m. ; diameter. 0.135 m. Handle restored. On neck, two bands, the 
 upper containing a zigzag figure like an N, and the lower a lozenge chain. Both bands are broken 
 by a figure resembling two triangles with contiguous points. On shoulder, Geometric snake with 
 m'astikas., dots, and zigzags as ornaments in field. 
 
 This vase is still somewhat allied to the preceding type, save for the lengthening of the neck, 
 and seems identical in form with an oinochoe from Eleu8is('E<^T//i. 'Apx- 1898, p. 106, fig. 26). 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: OINOCHOAI, CLASS II 
 
 129 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 Fig. r>8. 
 
 Pig. 58. Height, 0.17 m. ; diameter, 0.12 m. Rim and handle restored. On neck, four bands 
 of lozenge chains, separated by a broad 
 band of horizontal zigzags. On shoulder, 
 rays (interlaced lines), with swa$tika8 as 
 ornaments in field. Below, checkered band ; 
 on base, rays. Decoration in bright red 
 and black. 
 
 This is the best specimen of the type that 
 was found. The form is seen here in its 
 complete development, the body cone- 
 shaped, and the neck very long (about 
 once and a half times the height of the 
 body). 
 
 The technique of all these vases and 
 fragments is very similar, the cLay red- 
 dish or greenish in tone, with a yellow slip, and the decoration (often very lustrous) in 
 black or brown, changing to red, in many cases intentionally so. As no two vases have 
 exactly the same ornamentiition, it will be well to consider that more in detail. 
 
 As in almost every case, the main body of the vase is ornamented with fine parallel 
 bands ; the variation occurs in the fidlowing places : neck, handle, shoulder, base, and 
 
 bottom of the vase. 
 
 Neck and rim. The rim as a rule is never ornamented, but is entirely covered on the 
 outside with a dark glaze. A few fragments were found which showed that the orna- 
 mentation (lozenge chain) had been carried on to the rim itself. The neck, however, 
 offers the greatest variety of ornamentation. From over a hundred necks, forty-five dis- 
 tinct systems of designs were counted, which fall into several classes. The design never 
 completely encircles the vase, but leaves a vacant space from rim to shoulder, just back of 
 
 the handle. 
 
 In a few cases the neck is covered with parallel horizontal lines the whole length. 
 This, however, is not common, and was observed on only a few fragments. The usual 
 tvpe is a series of broad friezes containuig the various motives, separated by the parallel 
 line system. These figures are either arranged in series of equal width, or else broad 
 and narrow friezes together. The ornaments in them are always zigzags (vertical or 
 horizontal), lozenge chains, meanders, rays, or water birds. A few examples showed a 
 water bird in a panel. 
 
 The following represent the most striking examples (Plate LIX.) : — 
 
 2. Length, 0.107 m. Reddish yellow clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant red decoration. Meander 
 frieze bounded above and below by friezes of lozenge chain (interlaced lines). Below, part of a 
 frieze of N ornament similar to fig. 57. 
 
 3. Length, 0.054 m. ; width, 0.045 m. Brick red clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant decoration 
 in light and dark i-ed. Guilloche. 
 
 Reckoning the diameter of the neck as one fourth of the length, we obtain an oinochoe of about 
 25 cm. in length (the neck being about once and a half times the height of the body). Several 
 fragments of necks of an even larger size were found, which, together with the size of some of the 
 fragments from the bodies, shows that oinochoai of a very large size (25 to 35 cm. in height) existed 
 at the Heraeum. Oinochoai of such a large size are rather rare : the largest existing siiecimen 
 with which I am familiar was fonuerly at Callaly Castle,' in Northumberland (Forman collection), 
 and measures 22.', cm. in height, and 21 cm. in width at the base. 
 > What has become of this vase I am not able to say. No mention of it oecurs in the Catalogue of the Forman Sale. 
 
 <iii 
 
 J 
 
12H 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FUACJMENTS 
 
 THE AKGTVE STYLE: OINOCIIOAI, CLASS II 
 
 129 
 
 Kn;. .Ki. 
 
 OiniH-hoitt. 
 
 Three distinct types of oinochoai are to be noted. 
 
 1. Short neck, hotly sliglitly I'urvetl. 
 
 2. Long neck. cone-shaj)ed body. 
 
 3. Short neck, stjuare shonklcr. 
 
 Eiieh type is subject to occasional variations. 
 
 Tl/pr 1. 
 
 Fig. 56. Height, 0.124 m. ; diameter at base, 0.11") ni. Missing jwrtions restored in plaster. 
 
 Hodilish ihiy, with tlark brown decoration. Three hands of ver- 
 tical zigzags on shoulder. 
 
 Thi.s was the only example of the tyjM? which was preserved 
 entire. As few other fragments of similar vases were found, 
 the fonn does not ap|)ear very common at the Heraeiun. 
 
 1 a and b (1*Latk LIX. ). Two fragments from a large 
 oinochoe, whose height cannot he determined. Heildish i-lay, 
 with dark hrown decoration. On the neck, an elalM>rate flower 
 pattern between vertical " Kunning l)»)gs."' On shoulder, alter- 
 nating rays of interlace*! lines whose tops entl in two liooks 
 with a border of fine vertical lines : Udow, ilottcd lozenge chain. 
 Several otlier fragments from the same vase were found. 
 
 The j)attern on the neck is similar to that on an oinoch<>e in 
 Athens (Jahrh. H. (1887). p. 52. fig. 14) as well as the Analy- 
 tos jug (Jiihrh. II. (1887). pi. iii.). and seems to be drawn from 
 a Mycenaean prototype. I am unal)le to find any similar treatment of the ray i)attern on the 
 shoulder. 
 
 The form of this vase is a slight modification of Fig. 56, as the diameter of the bmly is U(»t 
 so larg«' in i>roi)ortion to the neck. Only one other vase oi exactly this f(»rm was found with a 
 decoration on the bo«ly ..f rays, bands, and checkerboard. The form, howtver, is «piite common 
 at Syracuse. Cf. Xot. d. Smv. 1898, p. 4G8: 1895, p. 153, fig. 38. In the Corinthian in-riod it 
 becomes a favorite sliape. 
 
 The few fraoinents of oinochoai of this form (Fig. 56 and Platk MX. 1) did not 
 show any i,neat variety in their scheme of ornamentation. Zigzag's, checkerboards, and 
 rays (esi)ecially on the base) were the usual motives. 
 
 Tupe 2. 
 This type seems to be the most favorite form of oinochoe at the Heraeum. judjpno- bv 
 the number of the vases. Thirty or so were preserved more or less complete, varvin*' 
 between 10 and !."> cm. in heio^ht. An equal number had the nwks and handles broken 
 away, but the boilies intact, while the number of fnij,nnents belonging to vases of this 
 form fille<l several i»askets. Something like a hundred necks were found, but in <udv a 
 few instances did they fit any of the bodies. The total ninnber of vases represented 
 must have numbered several hundred. 
 
 Fig. 57. Height. <».1G5 m. : diameter. 0.135 m. Handh' restore*!. On neck, two bands, tlie 
 upper containing a zigzag figure like an X, and the lower a lozenge diaiu. Iloth bands ai-e broken 
 by a figure reseml)!ing two triangles with contiguous jwints. On shoulder, Cieometric snake with 
 »irn$tika», dots, and zigzags as ornaments in field. 
 
 This vase is still sonuwhat allied to the pre<'»ding tyjie, save for the lengthening of tlie neck, 
 and seems identical in form with an oinochoe from E!eusis('E«^,/M. 'A,,;^. 1898, p. 106rfi<'. 26). 
 
 Fig. Tu. 
 
 Fi<;. .->8. 
 
 Fig. 58. Heiglit, 0.17 m. : diameter, 0.12 m. Kim am! handle restored. On neck, four bauds 
 of lozenge chains, separated by a l)road 
 band of horizontal zigzags. On slioulder, 
 rays (interlaced lines), with ntvasiikas as 
 ornaments in field. lielow, checkered band : 
 on base, rays. Decoration in bright red 
 and black. 
 
 This is the best sj)ecimcn of the tyi>e that 
 was found. The form is seen here in its 
 complete development, tlie Iwdy cone- 
 shaped, and the neck very long (about 
 once and a half times the height of the 
 hotly). 
 
 The techni(pie of all these vases and 
 fragments is very similar, the chiy red- 
 dish or «-reeuish in tone, with a yellow slip, and the decoration (often very lustrous) in 
 black or brown, changing to red, in many cases intentionally so. As no two vases have 
 exactly the same ornamentation, it will be well to consider that more in detail. 
 
 As in almost every case, the main body of the vase is ornamented with fine pjuallel 
 bands; the variati«ui occurs in the fcdlowing phices : neck, handle, shoulder, base, and 
 
 !)ott(mi of the vase. 
 
 ^\(k tiinl rim. The rim as a ride is never ornamented, but is entirely covered on the 
 outside with a dark glaze. A few fragments were found which showed that the orna- 
 mentation (lozenge chain) had been carried on to the rim itself. The neck, however, 
 offers the greatest variety of ornamentation. From over a hundred necks, forty-five dis- 
 tinct systems of designs were <ounted, which fall into several classes. The design never 
 ctmipletely encircles the vase, but leaves a vacant s[)ace from rim to shoulder, just back of 
 
 the handle. 
 
 In a few cases the neck is covered with parallel liorizontal lines the whole length. 
 This, however, is not conunon, and was observed on only a few fragments. The usual 
 type is a scries of broad friezes containing the various motives, separated by the parallel 
 line system. These figiues are either arranged in series of e(|ual width, or else broad 
 and narrow friezes together. The ornaments in them are always zigzags (vertical or 
 horiztmtal), lozenge chains, meanders, rays, or water birds. A few examples showed a 
 water bird in a panel. 
 
 The following represent the most striking examples (Platk LIX.) : — 
 
 2. Length. 0.107 m. Kedtlish yellow clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant red decoration. Meander 
 frieze bounde«l above and below by friezes of lozenge chain (interlaced lines). Below, part of a 
 frieze of N ornament similar to fig. 57. 
 
 3. Length, 0.054 m. : width, 0.045 m. Brick red clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant decoration 
 in light and dark red. (Juilloche. 
 
 l{eckoning the diameter of the neck as one fourth of the length, we obtain an oinochoe of about 
 25 cm. in length (the neck Iwing about once and a half times the height of the body). Several 
 fragments of necks of an even larger size were found, which, together with the size of some of the 
 fragments from the IkmHcs, sliows that oinochoai of a very large size (25 to 35 cm. in height) existed 
 at tlie Heraeum. Oinoihoai of such a large size are ratlier rare: the largest existing specimen 
 with which I am familiar was formerly at Callaly Castle,^ in Xorthumberland (Forman collection), 
 and measures 22.1 cm. in heiglit. and 21 cm. in width at the base. 
 » >Vhat lias »)cc(.nie of tliis vase 1 am lu.t able to say. Xo mention of it occurs in the Catalogue of the Forman Sale. 
 
 i| 
 
130 
 
 THE VASES AXD VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Shotdder. Less variety was exhibited in the deeoratioii of the shoiihler. The usual 
 motives are, rays (in silliouette, or formed by interlaced lines), radi.iting outwards 
 from the neck. A few fragments showed rays pointing inwards ; zigzjigs, vertical and 
 horizontal, singly or in series ; checkerboard. The shoulder has occasionally a double 
 frieze, as in Figs. 57 and 58. 
 
 Fig. 59. Fragment of oinochoe. Height, 0.057 m. Brick red clay, with bright red decoration. 
 
 On shoulder, frieze of birds (^lozenges and pot-hooks as ornaments in 
 Held), and a narrow bonier of vertical zigzags. Usual arrangement 
 of bands on boily. Incised lines freely used. 
 
 This fragment represents the latest stage of the oinochoai belong- 
 ing to Class II., and corresiwnds to the lekythos on p. lol', fig. 55. 
 As in the Geometric style, binls seem to be the earliest animate 
 motives used. 
 
 Fig. .59. 
 
 Handle. Out of over fifty handles, twenty-three distinct 
 designs were counted. The decoration is almost invariably on 
 
 the outside of the handle, the inside being left plain. One 
 
 fragment showed glaze on the inside. The usual types are, — 
 
 Horizontal lines, Meander, 
 
 Vertical lines, Geometric snake. 
 
 Both combined, Guilloche. 
 
 Zigzags, vertical or horizontal, Kosettes. 
 Herring-bone, 
 
 The following are the most striking examples : — 
 
 PLATK UX. 
 
 4. Length. 0.087 m. Yellow clay, dark brown decoration, rather thin. A similar meander 
 exists on the handle of an oinochoe at Syracuse, tomb 344. C'f. Xot. d. Satvi, 1895, p. 15'2. fig. 38. 
 
 5. Length, 0.095 m. Light red clay, with yellow slip. Dark red glaze on inside. Guilloche 
 alternately in outline and silhouette. The same j>eculiarity may he found on a Mycenaean frag- 
 ment (Mt/k. Vds. XXXIV. 339). Another instance occurs on the rim of an amphora found at 
 Cynosarges by the British School at Athens (,/. //. S. XXII. [1902J. pi. ii.). 
 
 6. Length, 0.0»J9 m. Light yellow clay. Snake and rosettes in black (cf. ./. //. S. XI. [1800], 
 p. 175: Jidn'b. I. [1880], p. 135), very much faded. Incised lines are here used. 
 
 7. Length. 0.135 m. Reddish clay. Decoration originally red, but burnt quite black. The 
 arrangement of a half rosette at the bas«' of the handle is extremely curious. 
 
 JJ((s('. The decoration on the base is usually confined to a ray pattern. Little 
 variety is introduced, except in the height of the rays which on the larger fragments 
 measure as much as tliree centimetres. A frieze is occasionally added above the r.iys of 
 zigzags or some other design. One fragment showed a Mycenaean .s]>iral chain. In 
 some cases the line system is continued clear to the base, or a frieze of zigziigs may be 
 introduced in place of the rays. 
 
 Boffintf. The decoration of the flat surface on the bottom with a desijrn is a curious 
 feature among Argive vases of this type, and may be also seen on an oinochoe from 
 Aegina (Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 21)4, fig. 19). The Aegina oinochoe follows 
 the usual scheme, which is a .series of parallel lines crossing each other at right angles. 
 The other scheme is simply a series of parallel lines across the diameter of the base. 
 Other fragments showed the fore feet of a horse, scroll and lozenge patterns. On the 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS II., OINOCHOAI 
 
 131 
 
 bottom of one fragment of the base, the upper part of a human face, similar in character 
 to the face on Plate LVI. 7, appeared. A similar face occurs on a Ionic hydria in the 
 Louvre (Pottier, Vas. Ant. de Louvre, pi. lii, E (396). 
 
 To this type of oinochoe belong a number of vases, which through their decoration 
 seem to form a class by themselves. About a dozen were found more or less intact, and 
 perhaps fifty more represented by fragments. These vases were not more than 10 cm. 
 in hei"-ht, and are entirely covered with a black glaze, except on the base, where a natu- 
 ral band of the clay is left on which is a ray pattern. Around the body of these vases 
 run thin lines of red or yefiow, applied after firing, and on the shoulder an incised tongue 
 pattern, the divisions of which are alternately red and yellow. 
 
 The clay of all these vases is of a light yellowish tone, and the glaze varies between 
 black and brown. The only variety lies in the arrangement of the apphed red and 
 vellow lines, which are arranged in many different ways. The three fragments on col- 
 ored Plate LXIV. G to 8, illustrate clearly the characteristics of this type. 
 
 a (Plate LIX.) Neck of oinochoe. Length, 0.115 m. Light reddish clay, entirely covered 
 with a lustrous black glaze, on which arc added three rosettes in yellow. 
 
 No other fra-nnents of this vase were found, but it seems certain that it belonged to a large 
 oinochoe, entirely glazed, with the usual ' tongue ' pattern on the shoulder. The presence ot an orna- 
 ment on the neck of oinochoai of this tyi)e seems unicp.e: I know of no smular instance. 
 
 In Greece itself vases of this type do not seem common. A few similar fragments 
 were found at Aegina ( At/... Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 126). Outside of Greece, especia ly 
 in Italy, the type appears frequently (cf. Not. d. Scar. 189.1, p. 139, fig. 18). Similar 
 examples may be found in the British Museum and the Louvre. 
 As a rule the va.ses were small; but one exception (No. 8) occurs. 
 
 T;/pc 3. 
 
 This type differs principally from the preceding, in that the shoulder is set more 
 sciuarely *to the body, the line between being furnished, in some cases, with a shglit 
 mouldin.r. The shape is not common ; one may be found at Syracuse (from Megara 
 Hyblaea" tomb 898), and another in Naples (Heydemann, Cat. pi. ni. 130). Few vases 
 of this tyi>e were found at the Heraeum ; not more than five intact 
 or iwrtly so, and as many more in fragments. The scheme of 
 decoration did not differ materially from what we have already 
 discussed ; two of the vases were entirely covered with a dark 
 brown ghize on which were applied lines of dark red and white. 
 Others again showed a shoulder pattern of rays or leaves, and on 
 one fragment the body was ornamented with a " Running Dog " 
 pattern. 
 
 Fig. 60. Height, 0.080 m. Rim .and handle restored (rim falsely so, 
 as it should ha>*e had a trefoil opening). Light red clay, with red deco- , , ,^ , 
 
 ration. Leaf pattern on shoulder and body, and applied dark red bands on neck, shoulder, and 
 body. The oinochoe in Naples, mentioned above, has similar ornamentation. 
 
 Miscellaneous Types. 
 Under this head may be mentioned a few oinochoai which show some slight variations 
 from the types already discussed. One small jug of greenish clay was found, o cm. in 
 hei-ht, which though in shape similar to lekythoi of Type 1, had a trefoil lip ; except 
 
 Fiu. CO. 
 
 li 
 
130 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 Shoulder. Less variety was exhibited in the decoration of the shoulder. The usual 
 motives are, rays (in silhouette, or formed by interlaced lines), radiating outwards 
 from the neck. A few fragments showed rays pointing inwards ; zigzags, vertical and 
 horizontal, singly or in series ; checkerboard. The shoulder has occasionally a double 
 frieze, as in Figs. 57 and 58. 
 
 Pig. 50. Fi-agmeut of oinochoe. Height, 0,057 m. Brick red clay, with bright red decoration. 
 
 On shoulder, frieze of birds (lozenges and pot-hooks as ornaments in 
 field), and a narrow border of vertical zigzags. Usual arrangement 
 of bands on body. Incised lines freely used. 
 
 This fragment represents the latest stage of the oinochoai belong- 
 ing to Class n., and corresponds to the lekythos on p. 159, fig. 55. 
 As in the Geometric style, birds seem to be the earliest animate 
 motives used. 
 
 Handle. Out of over fifty handles, twenty-three distinct 
 designs were counted. The deconation is almost invariably on 
 the outside of the handle, the inside being left plain. One 
 fragment showed glaze on the inside. The usual types are, — 
 
 Horizontal lines. Meander, 
 
 Vertical lines. Geometric snake. 
 
 Both combined, Guilloche, 
 
 Zigzags, vertical or horizontal. Rosettes. 
 Herring-bone, 
 
 The following are the most striking examples : — 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 PLATE UX. 
 
 4. Length, 0.087 m. Yellow clay, dark brown decoration, rather thin. A similar meander 
 exists on the handle of an oinochoe at Syracuse, tomb 344. Cf. Not. d. Scavi^ 1895, p. 152, fig. 38. 
 
 5. Length, 0.095 m. Light red clay, with yellow slip. Dark red glaze on inside. Guilloche 
 alternately in outline and silhouette. The same peculiarity may be found on a Mycenaean frag- 
 ment (^Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 339). Another instance occurs on the rim of an amphora found at 
 Cynosarges by the British School at Athens («/. H. S. XXII. [1902 J, pi. ii.). 
 
 6. Length, 0.069 m. Light yellow clay. Snake and rosettes in black (cf. J. II. S. XI. [1890], 
 p. 175 ; Jahrh. I. [1886], p. 135), very much faded. Incised lines are here used. 
 
 7. Length, 0.135 ra. Reddish clay. Decoration originally red, but burnt quite black. The 
 arrangement of a half rosette at the base of the handle is extremely curious. 
 
 Base. The decoration on the base is usually confined to a ray pattern. Little 
 variety is introduced, except in the height of the rays which on the larger fragments 
 measure as much as three centimetres. A frieze is occasionally added above the rays of 
 zigzags or some other design. One fragment showed a Mycenaean spiral chain. In 
 some cases the line system is continued clear to the base, or a frieze of zigzags may be 
 introduced in place of the rays. 
 
 Bottom. The decoration of the flat surface on the bottom with a design is a curious 
 featiu-e among Argive vases of this type, and may be also seen on an oinochoe from 
 Aegina (Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 294, fig. 19). The Aegina oinochoe follows 
 the usual scheme, which is a series of parallel lines crossing each other at right angles. 
 The other scheme is simply a series of parallel lines across the diameter of the base. 
 Other fragments showed the fore feet of a horse, scroll and lozenge patterns. On the 
 
 I 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS II., OINOCHOAI 
 
 131 
 
 bottom of one fragment of the base, the upper part of a human face, similar in character 
 to the face on Plate LVI. 7, appeared. A similar face occurs on a Ionic hydria in the 
 Louvre (Pottier, Vas. Ant. de Louvre, pi. lii, E 696). 
 
 To this type of oinochoe belong a number of vases, which through their decoration 
 seem to form a class by themselves. About a dozen were found more or less intact, and 
 perhaps fifty more represented by fragments. These vases were not more than 10 cm. 
 in height, and are entirely covered with a black glaze, except on the base, where a natu- 
 ral band of the clay is left on which is a ray pattern. Around the body of these vases 
 run thin Unes of red or yellow, appUed after firing, and on the shoulder an mcised tongue 
 pattern, the divisions of which are alternately red and yellow. 
 
 The clay of all these vases is of a light yellowish tone, and the glaze varies between 
 black and brown. The only variety Ues in the arrangement of the appUed red and 
 yellow lines, which are arranged in many different ways. The three fragments on col- 
 ored Plate LXIV. 6 to 8, Ulustrate clearly the characteristics of this type. 
 
 a (Plate LIX.) Neck of oinochoe. Length, 0.115 m. Light reddish clay, entirely covered 
 with a lustrous black glaze, on which are added three rosettes in yellow. 
 
 No other fragments of this vase were found, but it seems certain that it belonged to a large 
 oinochoe, entirely glazed, with the usual ' tongue ' pattern on the shoulder. The presence of an orna- 
 ment on the neck of oinochoai of this type seems unique; I know of no similar instance. 
 
 In Greece itself vases of this type do not seem common. A few similar fragments 
 were found at Aegina ( Athen. Mitt. XXH. [1897], p. 126). Outside of Greece especially 
 in Italy, the tyi>e appears frequently (cf. Not. d. Scav. 1895, p. 139, fig. 18). Similar 
 examples may be found in the British Museum and the Louvre. 
 As a rule the vases were small ; but one exception (No. 8) occurs. 
 
 Type 3. 
 
 This type diffei-s principally from the preceding, in that the shoulder is set more 
 squarely to the body, the line between being furnished, in some cases, with a shght 
 moulding. The shape is not common ; one may be found at Syracuse (from Megara 
 Hyblaea. tomb 898), and another in Naples (Heydemann, Cat. pi. iii. 130). Few vases 
 of this type were found at the Heraeum ; not more than five intact 
 or partly so, and as many more in fragments. The scheme of 
 decoration did not differ materially from what we have already 
 discussed ; two of the vases were entirely covered with a dark 
 brown gkze on which were appUed lines of dark red and white. 
 Others again showed a shoulder pattern of rays or leaves, and on 
 one fragment the body was ornamented with a " Running Dog " 
 pattern. 
 
 Pig 60. Height, 0.086 m. Rim and handle restored (rim falsely so, 
 as it should have had a trefoil opening). Light red clay, with red deco- , ^ , , . 
 
 ration. Leaf pattern on shoulder and body, and applied dark red bands on neck, shoulder, and 
 body. The oinochoe in Naples, mentioned above, has similar ornamentation. 
 
 Miscellaneous Types. 
 Under this head may be mentioned a few oinochoai which show some shght variations 
 from the types already discussed. One small jug of greenish clay was found, 5 cm. m 
 height, which though in shape similar to lekythoi of Type 1, had a trefod hp ; except 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 \i 
 
132 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Fi«;. 61. 
 
 for two bands on the body, the jug bore no decoration. The body of another was 
 also found which beU)nged to Tyye 2 of the oinochoai, but which had a moulding 
 around the bottom, so that the base was slightly raised. On the bottom was a wheel 
 
 with four spokes, having a square of interlace<l lines l)etween each 
 spoke. Another, which belongs to the same ty|)e, is given below. 
 
 Fig. 61. Height, 0.055 m. ; diameter, 0.062 in. Kim and handle miss- 
 ing. Reddish clay, with brown decoration. This vase is more squat and 
 rounded than those included in Type 2, and is i)aralleletl by a Geometric jug 
 from Eleusis, 'E<^»//i. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ii. 10. 
 
 Further we may mention several small jugs, with a globular sha])ed 
 body, neck and handles missing. One in |mrticular (height, O.G;") m.) had a Geometric 
 snake on the body, and similar shoulder decoration to a jug from Eleusis {ibUl. 1898, 
 p. 102, pi. ii. 5). 
 
 Ski/pho'i. 
 
 The bulk of all the Argive fragments found at the Heraeum belonged to skyphoi, 
 which were presumably the favorite shape. As these skyphoi are usually small and 
 made of fine clay, they are generally broken, and few wei-e preserved intact. The varia- 
 tions, however, are few, and the genenil scheme of decoration is the same hi all. 
 
 Three distinct f(»rms can be noted. 
 
 1. Skyphoi with vertical handles. 
 
 2. Skyphoi with horizontal Iinndles. 
 
 3. With similar handles to Type 2, but more closely allied to the kylix form. 
 
 The interior in every case is covered with a dark glaze. 
 
 Ti/jte 1. 
 Pig. 62. Height, 0.0G9 ni. : diameter, 0.08 ra. Handle and part of rim restored. Dark clay, 
 
 Fig. &1. 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 with decoration in black and brown. Arrangement of vertical and horizontal lines on rim, stripes 
 on handle. 
 
 The majority of the fragments of 1 belong to similar vases. A similar one is in the British 
 Museum, A 543. Cf. also Zannoni, Scav'i. XXX VII I. 6. 
 
 Fig. 63. Height, 0.077 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. Reddish clay, vertical lines on rim inclosing 
 three series of zigzags in a panel ; stripes on handles. 
 
 Here the separation of the rim and body is more sharply defined than usual. Both Figs. 62 and 
 63 are from the Old Temple Terrace. 
 
 Skyphoi of Type 1 were not very common at the Heraeum, nor, in fact, is it one of 
 the usual shai)es. It is evidently derived from a Mycenaean shape (cf. Myk. Thong. 
 X. 49), as thei-e we see the same sharp definition of rim and body. As a rule the 
 
 'tj 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: SKYPHOI 
 
 133 
 
 skyijhoi of both types liad a flat base, but some showed a well-defined foot (as in Fig. 
 66) ; the presence of the foot seems i)eculiar to each type. 
 
 Type 2. 
 Type 2 is the usual form of skyphos found not only at the Heraeum, but all over 
 Greece, Sicily, and Italy. The fonn is that in Berlin Cat. pi. v. 98. Some thirty or so 
 from the Heraeum (mostly very small) were preserved uitact, while the number of frag- 
 ments filled several baskets. They vary largely in size, some being as high as 20 to 30 
 cm., and some measuring less than 5 cm. in height. The only variation ui the form lies 
 in the fact tluit some are much tiiller in proportion to their diameter than others. The 
 scheme of decoration falls into two chisses. 
 
 a. Exterior ornamented with the usual linear motives. 
 
 b. Entire vase covered by a dark glaze except for a band around the rim on which the various 
 linear motives are pUiced. In some cases only the lower half of the skyphos is glazed. 
 
 :i 
 
 A hirge nmnber of fragments belonging to skviihoi exactly similar to those published 
 by Palhit, Athn. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 27G, fig. 8, were found. The prevaiHng style 
 of decoration seemed to be rays on the base, bands around the centre, and vertical hues 
 and zigzags cm the rim. Rays are ahnost invariably used on the base, and in only a few 
 cases Tre the bands continued down to the base. The chief variations occur on the rim ; 
 we have rays, zigaigs, water birds (Pallat, loc cit. p. 278, figs. 10 and 11), or a meander 
 imttern. AU these motives are generaUy included in a panel bounded by vertical lines. 
 In some cases a smiiUer i>anel with a double triangle (as in Pallat, p. 279, fig. 12) is 
 added at each side of the main panel. The space covered by the handles is usually left 
 undecorated. Several fragments also showed that in lieu of handles the vase had a 
 
 small boss on each side. , u i j r 
 
 The greatest variations occur in the technique. The clay runs through aU shades ot 
 red, with a slip that is generally red but in some cases a vivid yellow. The most inter- 
 esting technical feature is the 'contrast obtained by subjecting a part of the vase to a 
 stronger fire, in such a way that lialf of the vase is black and the other half red. As 
 the line of separation is very stn)ngly marked in many fragments, we can only suppose 
 that the result was obtained by covering over with moist clay that part of the vase on 
 which the decoration was to remain bkck, leaving the other part exposed to the full 
 action of the fire. The interior, of course, was treated in similar fashion, as the glaze 
 shows the same contrasts of red and black. 
 
 This same peculiarity may be seen on Mycenaean vases, but on them the contrast 
 obtained is not quite so decided or regidar. Outside of the Heraeum this peculiarity 
 occurs but seldom. A pyxis cover from Aegina (Pallat, Joe. cit. p. 306, fig. 24) shows 
 this same technique, and similar instances occur on a few fragments from the Acropolis 
 and on a skyphos at Syracuse, Case VIII. No. 2132, the upper part of which is grayish 
 crreen, and the lower yellowish red, the line of separation being strongly marked. It is 
 not clear from Orsi's words (Not. d. Scav. 1891, p. 415, " due skyphoi neri " etc.), whether 
 similar fragments have been found there. On the whole, as this technique is met with 
 but seldom outside of the Argolid, it is possible that we may detect here a distinct Argive 
 
 neculiantv. 
 
 The following fragments best illustrate the technique ; the clay is practically the same 
 
 in all, — reddish, with a yellowish or greenish slip. 
 
 i' 
 
132 
 
 THK VASKS AM) VASE FRAliMUNTS 
 
 Fi.;. «>1. 
 
 for two bands on the body, the jng bore no decoration. The body of another was 
 also found which belonged to Tvpe 2 of the oinoclioai, but which had a nuudding 
 around the bottom, so that the l)ase was slightly raised. On tlie bottom was a wheel 
 
 with four spokes, having a square of interlaced lines between each 
 spoke. Another, which belongs to the same type, is given below. 
 
 Fig. 61. Height, O.Ooo m. ; diameter, 0.0<)2 m. Kim and handle mis.s- 
 inn. Ki'ihlish clay, with brown deeoi-ation. This vase is more stjiiat and 
 roumled tiian those included in Type 2, and is paralleled by a Geometric jug 
 from Kleusis, 'E0///x. \\i>\. I81>8. pi. ii. 10. 
 
 Further we may mention several small jugs, with a globular sliaped 
 body, neck and handles mi.ssing. One in particular (height, O.G") m.) had a Geometric 
 snake on the body, and similar shoulder decoration to a jug from Eleusis (/6/W. 1898, 
 p. 102, i>l. ii. r>). 
 
 Sl'i/fJlOI. 
 
 Tlie bulk of all the Argive fragments f(uuid at the Heraeum belonged to skyphoi, 
 which were presumably the favorite shape. As these skyphoi are usually small and 
 made of fine clay, they are generally broken, and few were pre.serve<l intiict. The varia- 
 tions, however, are few, and the general scheme of decoration is the same in all. 
 
 Thi-ee distinct forms can be noted. 
 
 1. Skyi»hoi with virtical handles. 
 
 2. Skyphoi with horizontal handles, 
 
 Ii. With similar handles to Ty|M-' 2. but more closely allied t«» the kylix form. 
 
 The interior in everv case is covered with a dark uhize. 
 
 T>//te 1. 
 Pig. 62. Height, 0.0«»J> ni. : dianieter, 0.08 m. Handle and part of rim ivstored. Dark clay. 
 
 Fn;. <; 
 
 Fio. (J3. 
 
 with decoration in black and brown. Arrangement of vertical and horizontal lines on rim, stri|)e8 
 on handle. 
 
 The majority of the fragments of 1 belong to similar vases. A similar one is iu the British 
 Museum. .\ 54:}. Cf. also Zannoni. Sa/vl. XXXVIII. 6. 
 
 Fig. 63. Height, 0.077 m. : diameter, 0.07 m. Ketldi.sh clav. vertical lines on rim inclosin" 
 three series of zigzags in a panel : stri]>es on handles. 
 
 Here the separation of the rim and bo<ly is more shar|)ly tlefined than usual. Both Figs. 62 and 
 63 are from the Old Temple Terrace. 
 
 Skyphoi of Ty])e 1 wei*e not very common at the Heraeum, nor, in fact, is it one of 
 the usual shapes. It is eviilently derived from a Mycenaean sha|)e (cf. J/y/-. Tlnnuf. 
 X. 49), as there we see the sime sharp definition of rim and body. As a rule the 
 
 THE AKGIVK STYLE: SKYPHOI 
 
 133 
 
 skv])hoi of both tyi)es had a Hat base, but some showed a well-detined foot (as in Fig. 
 66) ; the presence »)f the foot seems peculiiir to each type. 
 
 Tiipc 'J. 
 TyiH* 2 is the usual form of skyphos found not only at the Heraeum, but all over 
 Greece, Sicily, and Italy. The form is that in Berlin Cat. pi. v. 98. Some thirty or s«. 
 from the Ilenieum (mostly very small) were preserve<l intact, while the nmnber of frag- 
 ments HUed several baskets. They vary largely in size, some being as high as 20 to 150 
 cm., and some measuring less than ."> cm. in height. The only variation in the form lies 
 in the fact that some ai-e much taller in proportion to their diameter than others. The 
 siheme of decoration falls into two chisses. 
 
 a. Exterior ornamented with the usual linear motives. 
 
 b. Entire vase coveml by a dark glaze except for a hand aromul the rim on which the various 
 linear motives are placed. In some cases only the lower half of the skyphos is glazed. 
 
 a. 
 A lar«re nund)er of fragments belonging to skyphoi exactly similar to those published 
 by PaHat Atlon. Mitt. XXII. (^1897), p. 27(5, tig. 8, were found. The prevailing style 
 of decoration seemed to be rays on the base, bands around the centre, an<l vertical hues 
 and zigzags on the rim. R^ivs ai-e almost invariably used (ui the base, and in only a few 
 cases Tre the bands continuecl down to the base. The chief variations occur on the run ; 
 we luive rays, zigzjigs, water birds (Pallat, loc. vit. p. 278, figs. 10 and 11), or a n.eander 
 IKittern. All these motives are generally included in a panel bounded by vertical lines. 
 In some cases a smaller panel with a double triangle (as in Pallat, p. 279. fig. 12) is 
 added at each side of the main panel. The space covered by the handles is usually left 
 undecorated. Several fragments also showed that in lieu of handles the vase had a 
 
 small boss on each side. , n i i e 
 
 The greatest variations occur in the technicpie. The clay runs thnmgh all shades ot 
 red, with a slip that is generally red but in some cases a vivid yellow. The most intei- 
 estiiK*- technical feature is the contrast obtiined by subjecting a part of the vase t(» a 
 stronger fire, in such a wav that half of the vase is black and the other half red. As 
 the line of separ.ition is very strongly marked in many fragments, we can only suppose 
 that the result was (d>tained by covering over with moist clay that part <d' the vase on 
 which the decoration was to remain black, leaving the other part exposed to the full 
 action of the Hre. The interior, of course, was treated in similar fashion, as the glaze 
 shows the siime contrasts of red and black. 
 
 This same peculiarity may be seen on Mycenaean vases, but on them the contrast 
 obtained is not quite so decided or regular. Outside of the Heraeum this peculmrity 
 occurs but seldom. A pyxis cover from Aegina (Pallat, he. cd. p. 300, fig. 2i) shows 
 this sjime techniciue, and similar instances occur on a few fragments from the Acropolis 
 and on a skyphos at Syracuse, Case VIII. No. 2132, the upper part of which is grayish 
 .rreen, and the lower yellowish red, the line of separation being strongly marked. It is 
 not clear from Orsi's words ( Xot. d. Scac. 1891 , p. 415, " due skyphoi neri " etc. ), whether 
 similar fragments have been found there. On the whole, as this technique is met with 
 l>ut seldiHU <nitside of the Argolid, it is possible that we may detect here a distinct Argive 
 
 pefMiliaritv. . • n .i 
 
 The following fragments best illustrate the techni(iue ; the clay is practically the same 
 
 in all, — reddish, with a yellowish or greenish slip. 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
\ 
 
 134 
 
 THE VASKS AND VASE FR\(JMENTS 
 
 PLATE LXIV. 
 
 2. Rays anil trianjjle in dark brown. Bands in red. 
 
 3. Zigzags and upjMir series of bands in black ; deep red glazo on lower part. 
 
 4. Geometric snake, zigzags, and vertical bauds in black ; upper bands of rim and below the 
 main frieze in red. 
 
 The introduction of the snake on these skyphoi is rather r.ire; no other similar instanee 
 was found at the Heraeuni. 
 
 Quite a number of fraa^ients, mostly of skyphoi, of wliicli Plate LXI\\ No. .'), is an 
 example, showed a peculiarity which is probably accidentiil. These were all of re<Idisli 
 clay, with a bright yellow slip, but Avith their glaze and decoration worn off in streaks. 
 The decoration had assumed a brilliant pink color. Whetlier this is tlie result of the 
 nature of the soil in which these fragments lay, or some i)eculiarity in the glaze, I cannot 
 siiv. A skvphos of precisely the sjime api)earance is at Syracuse (iVo/. d. Sviiv. 1895, 
 p. 183). 
 
 Lastly a small number of fragments, which probably came from the burnt layer of the 
 Old Temple, though the places where they were found are not specified in any note of 
 the excavation. These fragnients had been burnt almost black, and in such a way that 
 their decoration, which was originally black, now ai>i)ears dark red. This is clearly tlie 
 result of some action of tire after the vase was completed, and was not intentional. 
 
 Besides the motives mentioned above, a few more may be mentiimed which were only 
 found on scattered fragments. 
 
 PLATE LLV. 
 
 9. Lozenge chain, of interlaced lines. Two distinct rows of lozenges are nsetl combined 
 together. The upper part of this fragment is black : the lower, red. 
 
 10. Here a second narrow frieze with a lozenge chain is introtlueed below the meander border. 
 Similar technique to 9. 
 
 11. The panel is here separated from the rim by the Linear system, and contains a fish and part 
 of a second. Incised lines are used. This is the only example of a fish among the Argive 
 fragments from the Ileraeum. 
 
 rig. 64. Height, 00.72 m. : diameter, 00.85 m. Reddish yellow clay, with dark red glaze. 
 
 Border, vertical lines, and zigzags on rim, horizontal 
 stripe on each handle. 
 
 This tvi»e is too conuuon to need any ccmiment. 
 Fragments of similar vases \vere found in large 
 i|uantities at the Ileraeum. 
 
 The combination of Classes a and b is shown by 
 Plate LXIV. No. '^. Many vases of Class b, esi)e- 
 cially tbe very small ones, have a broad band of 
 dark red a|)plied to the glaze beneath the rim, or a 
 series of narrow purple bands. 
 
 Skyphoi belonging to Type 3 are not very numenms, only half a dozen being found 
 intact, and very few represented by fragments. These are very low in proportion to 
 their diameter, Avith large handles. The rim is sharply defined, and there is no indica- 
 ti«>n of a foot. The decoration follows the usual Linear scheme. 
 
 Fig. (U. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANP:OUS VASES 
 
 135 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 This shape seems to be more usual in the Geometric style. Cf. Wide, Jahrh. XIV. 
 (1890), p. 214, figs. 9G-98, and p. 215, Hg. 100. 
 
 Pig. 65. Height, 0.047 m. : diameter, 0.095 ni. Red- 
 dish yellow clay, with black decoration changing to dark 
 red. Border of zigzags and vertical lines. "**" 
 
 Several others wei-e fjuuid with their exteriors com- 
 pletely glazed except for a narrow border along the 
 rim as in Type 2, Class b. Similar skyphoi are at 
 Syracuse (Case VII.) and at Naples [lldv. Cain, left-hand case. No. 85184). 
 
 J/iscclfajicou.s. 
 
 12. From rim of skyphos, with a handle arranged as in the • amphora a colonnette.' On 
 shoulder, Geometric snake. 
 
 This skyphos does not seem to agree with any of the types already mentioned. Although no other 
 similar fragment was found at the Ilei-aeum, several may be found in Syracuse (Xot. d. >Sair. 
 1893, p. 477 : 1895, p. 176). Such cases are clearly older than the Corinthian style and form a 
 preliminary step to the 'amphoi-a a colonnette.' Cf. Ja/n-h. I. (1880), p. 135, fig. 2941; Wilisch, 
 AUkorinthinclu' Thon'iiHhistrie, p. 27. 
 
 Pig. 66. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish clay, with black decoration. On the border of rim a 
 
 lozenjre of interlaced lines and two vertical 
 lines separating a i)anel in which the rear part 
 of a water bird is visible. 
 
 As no other fragments of this vase were 
 found, a conjectural restoration based on the 
 similar vase from Aegina (Pallat, loc cit. 
 p. 272, fig. 7) is here offered. 
 
 This skyphos belongs to a series of 
 vases of which several are :'lready known.' Our fragment resembles the vase from Aegina 
 so closely that it might l>e considered as belonging to the siime vase. The general char- 
 acter of the fragment is much more in keeping with the Argive style than the Geometric, 
 and hence I feel no hesifcition in classing it with the former style. In si)ite of vases 
 «»f this description having been found at Rhodes, there is certiiinly no reason for calling 
 them Rhodian, since they have nothing in common with the style of that name. 
 
 Plate LXV. 1 <i and h. Five fragments of a large skyphos, height and diameter uncertain. 
 Fine i-eddish yellow clay, with brilliant yellow sHp, slightly greenish in places, with decoration 
 varying between dark brown and red. Brownish yellow paint has been applied in some places 
 after the firet firing. No glaze on the interior. From the large size of the vase, together with the 
 absence of glaze on the interior, the form woidd seem to be a deinos rather than a skyphos. 
 
 An elaborate system of i)almettes is here seen, sei)arated from a ray pattern below by the usual 
 Linear system. The central leaves of each alternate palmetto are in brownish yellow. The centres 
 of each palmette are formed by three lines, the intervening spaces being cut out, and no slip being 
 left ; and the same is true of the spaces which divide the central petals. 
 
 A fragment, almost exactly similar, was found at Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 279, 
 fiw. 12, p. 280, fig. 12 fi), for whose restoration our fragment formed the basis. From 
 the i)resence of a meander border above the palmettes on the Aegina fragment, it may be 
 
 » These are : Syracuse, Am,. ihlV Imt. 1877. tav. d' agg. fragments from Daphne and Naukratis, Boston. Museum 
 
 C 1) .-,; Rome, Villa Papa (Jiulio, Thera (Pallat, hn: cit. of Fine Arts, which also has a vase almost precisely 
 
 p. 27-J) ; l^mvre (2), Pottier, I Vwx, pi. xi. .\, titW (both similar from Cyprus (deviations in red), 
 from Rhodes); British Museum, from RluHles;also similar 
 
 Fiu. 66. 
 
 1 
 
134 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 PLATE LXIV. 
 
 2. Rays and triangle in dark brown. Bands in red. 
 
 3. Zigzags and upper series of bands in black ; deep red glaze on lower part. 
 
 4. Geometric snake, zigziigs, and vertical bands in black ; upper bands of rim and below the 
 main frieze in red. 
 
 The introduction of the snake on these skyphoi is rather rare ; no other similar instance 
 was found at the Heraeiuii. 
 
 Quite a number of fragments, mostly of skyphoi, of whicli Plate LXIV. No. 5, is an 
 example, showed a peculiarity which is probably accidental. These were all of reddish 
 clay, with a bright yellow slip, but with their glaze and decoration worn ofiE in streaks. 
 The decoration had assumed a brilliant pink color. Whether this is the result of the 
 nature of the soil in which these fragments lay, or some peculiarity in the glaze, I cannot 
 say. A skyphos of precisely the same appearance is at Syracuse (iVo^ d. Scav. 1895, 
 p. 183). 
 
 Lastly a small number of fragments, which probably came from the burnt layer of the 
 Old Temple, though the places where they were found are not specified in any note of 
 the excavation. These fragments had been burnt almost bhick, and in such a way that 
 their decoration, which was originally black, now appears dark red. This is clearly the 
 result of some action of fire after the vase was completed, and was not intentional. 
 
 Besides the motives mentioned above, a few more may be mentioned which were only 
 found on scattered fragments. 
 
 PLATE LIX. 
 
 9. Lozenge chain, of interlaced lines. Two distinct rows of lozenges are used combine<l 
 together. The upper part of this fragment is black ; the lower, red. 
 
 10. Here a second narrow frieze with a lozenge chain is introduced below the meander border. 
 Similar technique to 9. 
 
 11. The panel is here separated from the rim by the Linear system, and contains a fish and part 
 of a second. Incised lines are used. This is the only example of a fish among the Argive 
 fragments from the Heraeum. 
 
 Pig. 64. Height, 00.72 m. ; diameter, 00.85 m. Reddish yellow clay, with dark red glaze. 
 
 Border, vertical lines, and zigzags on rim, horizontal 
 stripe on each handle. 
 
 This type is too common to need any comment. 
 Fragments of similar vases were found in large 
 quantities at the Heraeum. 
 
 The combination of Classes a and b is shown by 
 Plate LXIV. No. 3. Many vases of Class b, espe- 
 cially tlie very small ones, have a broad band of 
 dark red applie<l to the glaze beneath the rim, or a 
 series of narrow purple bands. 
 
 Type ,r 
 
 Skyphoi belonging to Type 3 are not very numerous, only half a dozen being found 
 intact, and very few repi-esented by fragments. These are very low in proportion to 
 their diameter, with large handles. The rim is shai-ply defined, and there is no indica- 
 tion of a foot. The decoration follows the usual Linear scheme. 
 
 Fig. 64. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS VASES 
 
 185 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 This shape seems to be more usual in the Geometric style. Cf. Wide, Jahrb. XIV. 
 (1899), p. 214, ttgs. 96-98, and p. 215, tig. 100. 
 
 Pig. 65. Height, 0.047 m. ; diameter, 0.095 m. Ked- 
 dish yellow clay, with black decoration changing to dark 
 led. Bonier of zigzags and vertical lines. 
 
 Several others wei'e found with their exterioi-s com- 
 pletely glazed except for a narrow border along the 
 rim as in Type 2, Class b. Similar skyphoi are at 
 Syracuse (Case VII.) and at Naples {line. Cum. left-hand case. No. 85184). 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 12. From rim of skyphos, with a liandle arranged as in the ' amphora a colonnette.' On 
 shoulder. Geometric snake. 
 
 This skyphos does not seem to agree with any of the types already mentioned. Although no other 
 similar fragment was found at the Heraeum, several may be found in Syracuse {JVot. d. Scav. 
 1893, p. 477 ; 1895, p. 176). Such cases ai-e clearly older than the Corinthian style and form a 
 preliminary step to the 'amphora a colonnette.' Cf. Jahrh. I. (1886), p. 135, fig. 2941; Wilisch, 
 Altkorinthische Thonindnstne, p. 27. 
 
 Pig. 66. Fragment of skyphos. Keddish cky, with black decoration. On the border of rim a 
 
 lozenge of interlaced lines and two vertical 
 lines separating a i)anel in which the rear part 
 of a water bird is visible. 
 
 As no other fragments of this vase wfere 
 found, a conjectural restoration based on the 
 similar vase from Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. 
 p. 272, fig. 7) is here offered. 
 
 This skyphos belongs to a series of 
 vases of which several are .-already known.' Our fragment resembles the vase from Aegina 
 so closely that it might be considered as belonging to the same vase. The general char- 
 acter of the fragment is much more in keeping with the Argive style than the Geometric, 
 and hence I feel no hesitation in classing it with the former style. In spite of vases 
 of this description having been found at Rhodes, there is certainly no reason for calling 
 them Rhodian, since they have nothmg in common with the style of that name. 
 
 Plate LXV. 1 a and b. Five fragments of a large skyphos, height and diameter uncertain. 
 Fine reddish yellow clay, with brilliant yellow slip, slightly greenish in places, with decoration 
 varying between dark brown and red. Brownish yellow paint has been applied in some places 
 after the first firing. No glaze on the interior. From the large size of the vase, together with the 
 absence of glaze on the interior, the form would seem to be a deinos rather than a skyphos. 
 
 An elaborate system of palmettes is here seen, separated from a ray pattern below by the usual 
 Linear system. The central leaves of each alternate palmette are in brownish yellow. The centres 
 of each jwilmette are formed by three lines, the intervening spaces being cut out, and no slip being 
 left ; and the same is true of the spaces which divide the central petals. 
 
 A fragment, almost exactly similar, was found at Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 279, 
 fig. 12, p. 280, fig. 12 a), for whose restoration our fragment formed the basis. From 
 the presence of a meander border above the palmettes on the Aegina fragment, it may be 
 
 > These are : Syracuse, Ann. delV Imt. 1877, tav. d' agg. fragments from Daphne and Naukratis, Boston, Museum 
 
 CDS; Rome, Villa Papa Giulio, Thera (PalUt, loc. cit. of Fine Arts, whicli also has a vase almost precisely 
 
 p. 272); Louvre (2), Pottier, Vaseg, pi. xi. A, 290 (both similar from Cyprus (deviations in red), 
 from Rhodes) ; British Museum, from Rhodes ; also similar 
 
 Fio. 66. 
 
 I 
 
136 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 ill 
 
 inferred that the same motive figured on our vase. The restoration of our fragment 
 differs materially from that of the Aegina fragment, in that the lower )>ortions of each 
 palmette are closed by the line border. It must, however, be said that the restoration of 
 the tops of each palmette is conjectural, at least in the case of the four-leaved palmettes. 
 Symmetry demands that the central lobe of the three-leaved jmlmettes should be the same 
 at the top as at the bottom, and for the same reason the two central lobes of the four- 
 leaved (lalmette should correspond at the top to the broad base. 
 
 In spite of the advanced character of the palmettes, the presence of the meander border 
 on the Aegina fragment is sufficient to warrant this vase being assigned to Class 11. 
 
 Sugar-Bowl I'^orm. 
 The form is akin to BerL Cut. pi. v. 104, and Wihsch, op. cii. pi. i. 11. 
 Fig. 67 
 
 Height, 0.066 in. 
 
 Greenish clay, with black decoration. Six purple stripes added 
 on body and shoulder ; rays on base, vertical zigzag borders 
 on bo<ly. Intact. 
 
 This was the only example, whole or in fragments, 
 among the Argive vases, of the sugar-bowl vase, which 
 is such a characteristic 8ha))e of the Corinthian style. 
 The cover was not found, or could not be identified. 
 
 PyxUles. 
 
 Fio. 67. The fragments of pyxides and their covers' filled some- 
 
 thing over two baskets. Few of these could be restored 
 entire. The number of eovei-s found was far in excess of the vases represented by the 
 fragments, — in fact, three or four times as many covers were found. No explanation 
 for this fact is forthcoming, unless the covers were intended for skyphoi and other vessels 
 with a wide opening. 
 
 As very few of the covers could be identified as belonging to any particular vase, and 
 as the variations in their fonn are somewhat marked, they will be discussed separately. 
 Two types of pyxides may be noted. 
 
 1. Those whose covers rest dii-ectly on the rim (Wilisch. np. cit. pi. i. 3). 
 
 2. Those whose bo<ly is entirely hidden by the cover, like a modern cheese-jar (Wilisch, pi. 
 i. 4). 
 
 Type 1 falls into two divisions. 
 
 a. Pyxides with curved or sloping sides ( Berl. Cat. pi. v. 103). 
 
 b. Pyxides with straight sides (Berl. Cat. pi. v. 101). 
 
 Type 2 falls into two divisions. 
 
 a. Sides sloping inward, without moulding. 
 
 b. Moulding on base, into which the cover rim fits. 
 
 The pyxis seems to be a comnu)ner type in Class II. than in Class III. of the Argive 
 period. The decoration does not vary to any extent. As a rule the body is covered 
 \\\t\\ parallel bands, leaving a border at the bottom for a ray pattern, and one, sometimes 
 two, borders below the rim, which are filled with the usual Geometrical designs. The 
 interior is invai-iably covered with a dark glaze, which is never found on the under side 
 of the cover. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: PYXIDES 
 
 137 
 
 Type 1 a. 
 
 Few vases are represented by the fragments of this type. The only one preserved 
 
 whole was 5 cm. in height and 9 in diameter, and was made of a coarse reddish-yellow 
 
 clay, without any decoration. The other fragments show a ray pattern at the base and 
 
 an incised tongue pattern as a rim border, with the alternate spaces colored very much 
 
 yellow or red, faded. 
 
 ^ Type 1 h. 
 
 To this type belong the bulk of the pyxis fragments. About a dozen vases were re- 
 stored almost entire. As a rule the vases are rather small, varying from 4 to 5 cm. in 
 height and 8 to 10 cm. in diameter. The decoration shows generally the following 
 characteristics : — 
 
 Eritii-e side covered with parallel bands. 
 Border on rim (generally zigzags in series). 
 lV)rder on base (ray pattern, zigzag or " Running Dog "). 
 
 Fig. 68 a and b. Pyxis and cover. Height, 0.182 m. Missing portions restored in plaster, 
 (ireenish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior almost ^^^^^^B?> ' ' ilR^'^l^ftS'i 
 obliterated. Black decoration faded in parts. ^^^^H^r^ <^^ ^^^^k^^ 
 
 Py.rtii. On rim l>order with Geometric snake. Ver- ^^^K^^''^^^}f_^j^k J 
 tical and horizontal zigzags as ornaments in field. In- ^^^F' ^''^^Jfc* J 
 
 ciseil dots on snake's bo<ly. " Running Dog" patteni on ^^HKb ^^ 
 
 handle. Below, a frieze ^Uy ^^ .awqfe ) 
 
 of i-ays at top and bot- Fig. 68 a. 
 
 toni alternately (^ incised 
 
 lines) and scroll pattern. On bottom of pyxis, four series of 
 
 three concentric bands. 
 
 Cover. In centre five-pointed star. Border of cover precisely 
 similar to upper border on the pyxis. On button four pot-hooks. 
 A similar snake may be found on a Geometric amphora cover ; 
 V. B. C. IL XIX. (1895), p. 276, fig. 2. 
 
 A few fragments of another pyxis (9 cm. in height) of pre- 
 cisely similar clay and decoration were found. The glaze, how- 
 ever, was in better condition, and the concentric bands on the 
 bottom more finely drawn and more numerous. 
 Pig. 69 a-£. Pyxis and cover, found on Old Temple Terrace. Height, 0.13 m. ; diameter, 
 0.28 m. Missing portions restored in plaster. Light red clay, with black decoration burnt red in 
 parts. Glaze on interior varying from 
 black to deep red. 
 
 Pyxi». On edge of rim short parallel 
 stripes. On rim border of three meanders 
 in separate panels, with an eight-pointed 
 star separating them from the handles. 
 Single meander on the handles. Separated 
 from the upper border by a checkerboard 
 and band of " Running Dogs " is the main 
 frieze, with an elaborate floral pattern, the 
 vacant spaces being filled by lozenges in ^^^^^_ 
 
 series of fours and flower scrolls. On base ^^^^^|Dk K 
 
 rays. On bottom (Fig. 69 b) lotos pattern ^^^^^BV> ' \\ t % 
 
 with incised lines. ^^^^^^^K^™--.-.-C- 
 
 Cover. Clay slightly redder in tone, 
 with ornamentation similar to that on the Fig. 69 a. 
 
 iV 
 
 Fig. 68 b. 
 
13<> 
 
 THK VASKS AND VASK FHACJMENTS 
 
 inferred that the same motive fisfured on our vase. The restoration of our fraji^ment 
 differs materially from that of the Aegina fragment, in that the lower (lortions of each 
 pdmette are closed by the line border. It must, however, be siiid that the restoration of 
 the tops of each palmette is i-onjectural, at least in the ease of the foui'-leaved palmettes. 
 Synnnetry demands that the central lobe of the three-leaved j>almettes should be the sjime 
 at the top as at the bottom, and for the sjime reason the two central lobes of the four- 
 leaved jKdmette should correspond at the top to the broad base. 
 
 In spite of the advanced character of the palmettes, the presence of the meander border 
 on the Aegina fragment is sufficient to warrant this vase being assigned to Class II. 
 
 iSuf/ a I'- Hold Kot'Ht . 
 
 The foiTTi is akin to lierK Ctif. pi. v. 104, and Wilisch, op. cif. pi. i. 11. 
 
 Fig. 67. Height, O.Otifl in. Greenish clay, with black decoration. Six jmrple strijies added 
 
 on bo<ly and shonlder : niys on base, vei'tical zigziig borders 
 on body. Intact. 
 
 This was the only example, whole or in fragments, 
 among the Argive vases, of the sugai*-bowl vase, which 
 is such a characteristic sha|)e of the Ciu-inthian style. 
 The cover was not found, or coidd not be identified. 
 
 Fig. 67. The fragments of j)yxides and their covers filled some- 
 
 thing over two baskets. Few of these could be restored 
 entire. The number of covers foinid was far in excess of the va.ses represented by the 
 fragments, — in fact, three or four times as many covers were found. No explanation 
 for this fact is forthcoming, unless the covers were intended for skvphoi and other vessels 
 with a wide opening. 
 
 As very few of the covers could be identified .is belonffinff to anv particular vase, and 
 as the variations in their form are somewhat marked, they will be discussed separately. 
 Two types of pyxides may be noted. 
 
 1. Those whose covers rest directly on the rim (Wilisch. oy>. c!f. pi. i. 3). 
 
 2. Those whose body is entirely hidden by the cover, like a nioilern eheese-jar (Wilisch. pi. 
 i. 4). 
 
 Ty})e 1 falls into two divisions. 
 
 a. Pyxitles with curved or sloping sitles ( Bet/. Cot. pi. v. 103). 
 
 b. Pyxides with straight sides (lifrl. Cat. pi. v. 101). 
 
 Type 2 falls into two divisions. 
 
 a. Sides slo))ing inward, without moulding. 
 
 b. Moulding on base, into which the cover rim fits. 
 
 The pyxis seems to be a connnoncr type in Class II. than in Class III. of the Argive 
 period. The decoration does not vary to any extent. As a rule the body is covered 
 with parallel bands, leaving a border at the bottom for a ray pattern, and one, sometimes 
 two, borders below the rim, which are filled with the usual Geometrical desijrns. The 
 interior is invariablv covered with a dark ijlaze, which is never found on the under side 
 of the cover. 
 
 THK ARGIVK STYLK: PYXIDKS 
 
 1.S7 
 
 Fig. 68 a. 
 
 Tt//tc 1 <i. 
 
 Few vases are represented by the fragments of this type. The only one preserved 
 
 whole was ') cm. in height and 9 in diameter, and was made of a coarse reddish-yellow 
 
 clay, without any decoration. The other fnigments show a ray pattern at the base and 
 
 an incised tongue pattern as a rim border, with the alternate spaces colored very much 
 
 veUow or red, faded. 
 
 ^ Tiipv ] h. 
 
 To this tyjje behing the bulk of the pyxis fragments. About a d<)zen vases were re- 
 stored almost entire. As a rule the vases are rather small, varying from 4 to o cm. in 
 hei<''ht and 8 to 1() cm. in diameter. The decoration shows generally the following 
 characteristics : — 
 
 Entire side covered with parallel bands. 
 Border on rim (generally zig-zags in series). 
 Border on base (ray pattern, zigzag or " Running Dog "). 
 
 Fig. 68 a and b. Pyxis and cover. Height, 0.182 m. Missing i^rtions restored in plaster, 
 (ireenish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior almost ^^^^^fF' ifr"^^^- 
 obliterated. Black decoration faded in parts. ^I^^m 
 
 Pj/.i'Ih. ( )n rim border witii Geometric snake. Ver- ^^^^f.^ '^ jt^ 
 tical and horizontal zigzags as ornaments in field. In- ^K^ . ''^S^ 
 
 cised d<.ts on snakes bo<ly. '" Running Dog" pattern on 
 
 handle. Below, a frieze 
 of rays at top and bot- 
 tom alternately ( incised 
 
 lines) and scroll pattern. On bottom of pyxis, four series of 
 three concentric bands. 
 
 ve-pointed star. Border of cover precisely 
 the pyxis. On button four pot-hooks, 
 found on a Geometric amphora cover ; 
 (1895), p. 270. fig. 2. 
 A few fragments of another pyxis (9 cm. in height) of pre- 
 cisely similar clay and decoration were found. The glaze, how- 
 ever, was in better condition, and the concentric bauds on the 
 bottom more finely drawn and more numerous. 
 Fig. 69a-f. Pyxis and cover, found on Old Temple Terrace. Height, 0.13 u). ; diameter, 
 0.28 m. Missing i'>ortions restored in plaster. Light red clay, with black decoration burnt red in 
 parts. Glaze on interior varying from 
 black to deep retl. 
 
 Pyji'iH. On edge of rim short parallel 
 stripes. On rim border of three meanders 
 in separate panels, with an eight-iwinted 
 star separating them from the handles. 
 Single meander on the handles. Separated 
 from the upi)er border by a checkerboard 
 and band of " Running Dogs " is the main 
 frieze, with an elaborate floral pattern, the 
 vacant s])aces being filled by lozenges in 
 series of fours and flower scrolls. On base 
 rays. On bottom (Fig. 69 b ) lotos pattern 
 with incised lines. 
 
 CtnTi'. Clay slightly retlder in tone, 
 with ornamentation similar to that on the 
 
 ..X hues) and scroll pattern. 
 
 ^ three concentric bands. 
 
 I Cover. In centre five-po 
 
 tj\ similar to upjK'r border on t 
 
 , / A similar snake may be foi 
 
 # V. B. C. //. XIX. (1895), 
 
 Fig. 08 b. 
 
 ^TTTTTT 
 
 Fig. 69 a. 
 
188 
 
 THE VASKS AND VASK FKACiMKXTS 
 
 ■ll 
 
 Fm. G!> b. 
 
 bottom of the pyxis, and a i-ay border. The slip is burnt briglit rvi\ as far as the ray bonier ami 
 then changes to a light gray. The button is restoreil. but the shajH; is probably correct. 
 
 This pyxis would seem to fall in the latter {leriiMl of the Linear Argive class, at a time when 
 
 the eastern influence was beginning 
 to make itself felt, since the elabo- 
 rate flower and lotos motives on the 
 bo<ly and cover are certainly derived 
 from some foreign source. At the 
 same time the presence of the i>urely 
 Geometrical motives is suflicicnt 
 warrant for including the pyxis in 
 Class II. 
 
 The restoration of the design is 
 simple in the case of the botly, but 
 diflicidt for the cover and lM>ttom. 
 A peculiarity may be noted that on 
 the reverse of the l>ody (not shown 
 in the cut) three flower scrolls 
 are })laced together in the vacant 
 8j)aces between the roots of the large 
 flowers, with no lozenge ]>attern in 
 the alternate spaces. Moreover, a 
 close examination shows that all the 
 scrolls are not pivcisely alike, some 
 entling in a bud. Details of thi-ee 
 of the scrolls are shown in the cut. The ornamentation on both cover and Ijottom seems to have 
 followed a similar scheme, antl thougli it caiuiot be restored with absolute certainty, it is probably 
 treated in similar fashion to the flower scrolls on the side. A skyphos in the British Muscimi 
 {Athcn. Mitt. XXII. [1807], !>. 28G, pi. vii. 3) shows precisely the saujc form of lotos or palmette 
 under the handle. AVith that excei>tion, I have failed to find a similar instance, nor do I know of 
 any case where the bottom of a pyxis contains such an elaboi-ate ornamentation as here. 
 
 The change in color on the cover finds 
 its parallel in a cover frouj Aegina ( v. 
 Pallat, loc. fit. p. 300, fig. 24). 
 
 Ti/pe 2 a. 
 Fraonients of this tyj)e were ex- 
 tremely scarce, and oenerallv l»eloiiir 
 to the bases of these vases. Such 
 fraji^nients iiad pure linear deco- 
 ration.' The foljowino- frajrments 
 alone are worth notieinir. 
 
 13 a and b. ( Platk LIX.) Two 
 fragments of pyxis, a base, b cover. 
 Greenish clay, black decoration, with 
 black glaze «m interior of pyxis and 
 cover as well. Around base band of 
 vertical zigzags ; above obli<pie i)arallel 
 lines. Decoration on cover precisidy 
 the same. Two other fragments of the 
 same vase were found. Fi«. 61> c. 
 
 • Several fnignients clearly belonged to pyxides similar to .!»<«. deW In.sl. 1877, tav. d*agg. C I) 9. 
 
 Hi 
 
 THK AUGIVE STYLE: COVERS 
 
 139 
 
 
 V. 
 
 Fiu. (jy d, e, f. *• 
 
 Type 2 h. 
 
 Frajrments of this type were (piite numerous, but all, witb a few exceptions, beloniv 
 to covers. Fig. 70 shows the profile of one of the bases of tlie pyxis. 
 The decoration on both pyxis and cover was always tlie siime, and is 
 usually more elaborate than on the covers of Type 1. 
 
 14 a and b. Two fragments of a cover. Height, 0.04r) m. ; diameter, 
 0.112 m.' Dark yellow clay, with brown black decoration. Ribbed moulding 
 on corner and plain moulding on base. Vertical zigzags, bounding a panel 
 in which the rear part of an animal (bull, probably) is seen. Leaf rosette kig. 70. 
 
 on top of cover. 
 
 15. Fragment of cover. Height, 0.031 m. : diameter, 0.088 m. Reddish clay, with red decora- 
 tion. Simple mouhling on corner and base. 
 
 16. Top of cover. Diameter, 0.152 m. Yellow clay, with red decoration. Four borders of zig- 
 zags, tongue pattern, checkerlward and tongue pattern. Dark red color is applied to the tongues 
 in series of threes and twos. 
 
 Other frajrments showed tbe usual Linear motives, one bavinjr a frieze of water birds. 
 
 Covers. 
 The covers whicli belonjr to })yxides of Type 1 were so 
 numerous as to demand a separate discussion. A large 
 numl>er were recovered almost intact (tlie knob being j^en- 
 erally broken away) and the fragments filled about a basket. 
 Some four or five hundred covers were represented, a number far 
 
 Fuj. 71. 
 
 Fio. 7-'. 
 
 ^ exceeding the j)yxides found 
 Two types are represented. 
 
 1. Without flanges. These fall into two divisi(ms. 
 
 a. Those which sink down in the centre and whose edges fit directly on the rim of the pyxis. 
 
 b. Those whose edges turn down sharply at the end and fit over the rim of the pyxis (Fig. 72). 
 
 2. With flanges. "These are provided with a small flange just under the edge, which fits 
 inside the rim of the pyxis, like the cover of a lady's iiowder box. 
 The variations lie inincipally in the angle formed by the upper ])art 
 of the cover and the varying distance between the flange and the 
 edge of the cover. (Fig. 73.) 
 
 As all tbe covers follow a stere(»tvped system of linear orna- 
 
 mentation, none have been included in our plates. Such as 
 are noteworthy are shown in (mtline. 
 
 ' The dimensions of 14-16 .ire the original diameter of the covers. 
 
 J 
 
 Fm. T.i. 
 
 ■ I 
 
138 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRxVCiMENTS 
 
 11 
 
 bottom of the pyxis, and a ray border. Tlie slip is burnt bright retl as far as the ray bonier and 
 then changes to a light gray. The button is i-estoreil, but the shape is probably correct. 
 
 This pyxis would seem to fall in the latter periotl of the Linear Argive class, at a time when 
 
 the eastern influence was beginning 
 to make itself felt, since the elabo- 
 rate flower and lotos motives on the 
 body and cover are certainly derived 
 from some foreign source. At the 
 same time the presence of the purely 
 Geometrical motives is sufficient 
 warrant for including the pyxis in 
 Class II. 
 
 The restoration of the design is 
 simple in the case of the body, but 
 difficult for the cover and l)ottom. 
 A peculiarity may be noted that on 
 the reverse of the body (not shown 
 in the cut) three flower scrolls 
 are placed together in the vacant 
 sitaces between the roots of the large 
 flowers, with no lozenge ])attern in 
 the alternate sitaces. Moreover, a 
 close examination shows that all the 
 scrolls are not i)reci8ely alike, some 
 ending in a bud. Details of three 
 of the scrolls are shown in the cut. The ornamentation on both cover and bottom seems to have 
 followed a similar scheme, and though it cannot be restored with absolute certainty, it is probably 
 treated in similar fashion to the flower scrolls on the side. A skyphos in the British Museum 
 (^Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 286, pi. vii. 3) shows precisely the same form of lotos or palmette 
 under the handle. AVith that exception, I have failed to find a similar instance, nor do I know of 
 any case where the bottom of a pyxis contains such an elaborate ornamentation as here. 
 
 The change in color on tlie cover finds 
 its parallel in a cover from Aegina (v. 
 Pallat, loc. cit. p. 300, fig. 24). 
 
 Type 2 a. 
 Fragments of this type were ex- 
 tremely scarce, and generally belong 
 to the bases of these vases. Such 
 fragments had pnre linear deco- 
 ration.* The followinir 
 alone are worth noticinjr, 
 
 Fid. Gl> b. 
 
 fragments 
 
 13 a and b. (Plate LIX.) Two 
 fragments of pyxis, a base, b cover. 
 Greenish clay, black decoration, with 
 black glaze on interior of pyxis and 
 cover as well. Around base band of -^ 
 
 vertical zigzags ; above oblique parallel 
 lines. Decoration on cover precisely 
 the same. Two other fragments of the 
 same vase were found. Fig. 69 c. 
 
 > Several fragments clearly belonged to pyxides similar to Ami. delV Inst. 1877, tav. d'agg. C I) 9. 
 
 Hj 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: COVERS 
 
 139 
 
 e. 
 
 Fig. 69 d, e, f. «• 
 
 Type 2 h. 
 
 Fragments of this type were quite numerous, but all, with a few exceptions, behmg 
 to covers. Pig. 70 shows the profile of one of the bases of the pyxis. 
 The decoration on both pyxis and cover was always the same, and is 
 usually more elaborate than on the covers of Type 1. 
 
 14 a and b. Two fragments of a cover. Height, 0.046 m. ; diameter, 
 0.112 m.* Dark yellow clay, with brown black decoration. Ribbed moulding ^ 
 on comer and plain moulding on base. Vertical zigzags, bounding a panel V_. ^ 
 in which the rear part of an animal (bull, probably) is seen. Leaf rosette f,g. 70. 
 
 on top of cover. 
 
 15. Fragment of cover. Height, 0.031 m. ; diameter, 0.088 m. Reddish clay, with red decora- 
 tion. Simple moulding on corner and base. 
 
 16. Top of cover. Diameter, 0.152 m. Yellow clay, with red decoration. Four borders of zig- 
 zags, tongue pattern, checkerboard and tongue pattern. Dark red color is applied to Uie tongues 
 in series of thi-ees and twos. 
 
 Other fragments showed the usual Linear motives, one having a frieze of water birds. 
 
 Covers. 
 The covers which belong to pyxides of Type 1 were so 
 numerous as to demand a separate discussion. A large 
 number were recovered almost intact (the knob being gen- 
 erally broken away) and the fragments filled about a basket. 
 Some four or five hundred covers were represented, a number far 
 "^ exceedhig the pyxides found. 
 Fig. 72. Two types are represented. 
 
 1. Without flanges. These fall into two divisions. 
 
 a. Those which sink down in the centre and whose edges fit directly on the rim of the pyxis. 
 
 b. Those whose edges turn down sharply at the end and fit over the rim of the pyxis (Fig. 72). 
 
 2. With flanges. These are provided with a small flange just under the edge, which fits 
 inside the rim of the i>yxis, like the cover of a lady's powder box. 
 The variations lie principally in the angle formed by the upper part 
 of the cover and the varying distance between the flange and the 
 edge of the cover. (Fig. 73.) 
 
 As all the covers follow a stereotyped system of linear orna- 
 mentation, none have been included in our pktes. Such as 
 are noteworthy are shown in outline. 
 
 1 The dimensions of 14-16 are the original diameter of the covers. 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 ]*] .i 
 
140 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRACiMENTS 
 
 w 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Ty])e 1 a. 
 
 Only one specimen of tlii.s ty\ie was found (Fig. 71), 10 em. in diameter. The entire 
 
 surface of the exterior was covered with a black glaze, with a broad Iwnd of the natural 
 
 cLiy near the rim. 
 
 Type 1 h. 
 
 No covers of this type were found intact. The decoration consists invarijibly of bnKul 
 
 or line parallel lines, in black and red. On mtmy the two are seen together with a sharjj 
 
 line of demarcation. The clay is much thinner than in covers of Tyi)e 2, 
 
 which may account for all being in a fragmentary c<mdition. 
 
 Pig. 74 illu.strates a type of cover which is eqiuilly connected with botli 
 
 Types 1 and 2. 
 
 Type 2. 
 
 The covei-s belonging to T\^ 2 were by far the most numerous. Though exhibiting 
 
 considerable variation in their decoration, the general scheme seems fairly distinct. 
 
 Entire surface glazed. 
 
 Entire surface covered with parallel lines. 
 
 Both combined : i. e. the centre is glazed and the bands ai-e confined to the outer part. 
 
 Kays in centre (usually six or eight pointed star) surrounded by bands. Covers showing the 
 finest technique belong to this type. 
 
 Checkerboard on rim. 
 
 Zigzags in series on rim. 
 
 Tongue pattern on rim. Incised lines used to mark each tongue, with the application of purple, 
 yellow, or white on alternate divisions. 
 
 Kuohn. 
 
 Nearly a ba.sketful of the knobs which fonn the toj) of the covers was found, and 
 these also show a surprising amount of variation. As few of the covei-s were found with 
 
 their knobs, a septirate treatment is again demanded. These knobs do not seem to be 
 t»"(>verned in any way by the cover tyj)es, but fall into i)eculiar types of tlieir own. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: PLATES 
 
 141 
 
 Tliree types are represented (Fig. 75). 
 
 1. Truncated cone. Double division. 
 
 a. Simple truncated cone (1) ; top is occasionally rounded. 
 
 b. With a flange at the top. This may be either an inverted truncatetl cone (2) or a section 
 
 of a cyUnder (3). 
 
 2. Ball shaijed. Double division. 
 
 a. Plain (4). 
 
 b. Small nipple or projection in the centre (5). 
 
 3. Flat. Double division. 
 
 a. Inverted cone ; often with a slight sinking in the centre of the flat top (6). 
 
 b. Section of a cylinder (7). 
 
 The decoration is generally the following : — 
 
 Glazed. 
 
 Vertical parallel bands. 
 Rays. 
 Zigziigs. 
 Checkerboard. 
 I^eaf rosette. 
 Tongue pattern. 
 
 As the avaihible space for decoration is small, these motives are not combhied, except 
 in one case where a leaf ri.sette was bordered by a checkerboard pattern. 
 
 Plates. 
 
 Fracnnents of plates were quite numerous at the Heraeum, about two basketsful 
 lieiuL' "found. While nmny beh,ng to the Geometric style, the majority of them belong 
 to the second class (»f the Argive style. No fragments belonging to the first class were 
 found, and only a few which belonged to the third. 
 
 Two tyiHJS can be distmguished. 
 
 1. Flat base, without foot. 
 
 2. With foot. 
 
 Of Type 2, three variations appeared. 
 
 a. Form similar to 1 save that a small flange runs around the edge of the base. The angle of 
 the base and sides varies largely, being in some cases a right angle, in others an obtuse angle. 
 The sides are usually straight, but occasionally curve slightly mward. ^ . t - ;\ 
 
 b The flange Womes a decided moulding and the sides are laid back very flat, fornung w.th 
 the base a line very nearly straight. The rim is also provided with a mouldmg. 
 
 C. Ttecurve f'l centre to L is continuous and slight; the flange being placed around the 
 
 centre of the base. 
 
 Type 1. 
 
 17. (PL.VTE LIX.) Half of a plate, measuring 0.127 m. in diameter. Dark reddish clay, 
 with dark brown and red decoration. 
 
 Exterior. On base l)order of zigzags and bands : on side two 
 narrow Iwrders of zigzags and bands. 
 
 Interior. Similar decoration, with one zigzag border around the 
 centre. Fig. 76 gives the profile. 
 
 The other fragments belonging to this tyi^e (no plate 
 being preserved entire) repeated the same scheme of decoration, with < <>f ' ;-*- 1" -' 
 ,r sc^iires in pbce of the zigzags; the di^vmeter of these plates varied between 12 ana 
 
 Fig. 76. 
 
 ' 
 
 r 
 
 or 
 
140 
 
 TIIK VASKS AND VASK FKACiMKNTS 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Tyi>e 1 a. 
 
 Onlv one sjuHimeii of this tyiw was found (Fig. 71). 10 cm. in (lianieter. The tMitire 
 
 surface of the exterior was covered with a black «;Iaze, with a briKid hand of tlie natural 
 
 clay near the rim. 
 
 Tiipr 1 h. 
 
 No covers of this type were found intact. The decoration consists invariahlv of hroad 
 or tine i>iirallel lines, in bhick and red. On many the two are seen toj»ether with a sharp 
 line of demarcation. The clay is much thinner than in covers of TyjH' 2, 
 which may account for all bein««- in a fra*>;mentary condition. 
 
 Fig. 74 illustrates a type of cover which is ecpially connected with both 
 Types 1 and 2. 
 
 The covers behnininn' to Tv'])e 2 were by far the most numerous. Tliou<»h exhibitin«»' 
 considerable variation in their dec«»ration, the general schenu' .seems fairly distinct. 
 
 Entire surface glazed. 
 
 Entire surface covered with parallel lines. 
 
 Both combined : i. e. the centre is glazed ami the bands are confined to the outer part. 
 
 Kays in centre (usually six or eight jiointed star) surroiuided by bands. Covers showing the 
 finest techni(jue l)elong to this ty|>e. 
 
 Checkerboanl on rim. 
 
 Zijrzasrs in series on rim. 
 
 Tongue pattern on rim. Im-ised lines used to mark each tongue, with the application of purple, 
 yellow, or white on alternate divisions. 
 
 Kitohx. 
 
 Nearly a basketful id' the knobs which form the top of the covers was ftuuid. and 
 these also show a surprising amount of variation. As few of the covers were found with 
 
 SSi^ 
 
 4 
 
 their knobs, a se])ai"ate treatuient is again demanded. These knobs do not seem to be 
 'niverned in any way bv the cover types, but fall into peculiar types of their own. 
 
 THE AKGIVE STYLE: 1»LATES 141 
 
 Three tyi>es are repi-esente<l (Fig. 75). 
 
 1. Truncated eonc. Double division. 
 
 a Simple truncated cone (1) ; top is occasionally rounded. 
 
 b. With a flange at the top. This may be either an invertetl truncated cone (2) or a section 
 
 of a cylinder (3 ). 
 
 2. iiall shaiwd. Double division. 
 
 a. Plain ( 4 ). 
 
 b. Small nipple or projecti<m in the centre (5). 
 3 Flat. Double division. 
 
 a. Inverted cone: often with a .slight sinking in the centre of the flat top (b). 
 
 b. Section of a cylinder (7 ). 
 
 The dec<»ration is generally the following : — 
 
 (Jlazed. 
 
 Verticid parallel bamls. 
 
 Rays. 
 
 Zigzags. 
 Checkerboard. 
 Leaf ros*'tte. 
 Tongue pattern. 
 
 As the avaihible space for de(M.rati<m is small, these motives are not cond.ined. except 
 in one case where a leaf rosette was bordered by a checkerboard iKittern. 
 
 Vlatei. 
 
 F.-a.nnents of plates were <iuite numercms at the Heraenm, about two basketsful 
 bein-l'ound. While many behmg to the Ge<uuetric style, the majority of them behu.g 
 to tl^e second class of the Argive style. No fragments belongiiig to the hrst class were 
 f<unul, and «Mdy a few which behmged to the third. 
 
 Two tyi)es can be distuiguished. 
 
 1. Flat base, without foot. 
 
 2. With foot. 
 
 Of Tyi>e 2, three yariations appeared. 
 
 a. F<,nn siuular to 1 save that a small flange runs aimmd the edge of the base. The angle of 
 the base and sides varies largely, being in son.e cases a right angle, in others an obtuse angle. 
 The sides are usually straight, but occasionally curve slightly mward. ^ r • vi 
 
 b mt flln.e iJomes I decided moulding and the sides are laid back very flat, fornung w.th 
 the l»ase a line" very nearly straight. The rim is also provided with a nmuldnig. 
 
 C The enrve from centiv to rim is continuous and .slight : the flange beu.g placed around the 
 
 centi-e of the base. 
 
 Ttjpe 1. 
 
 17. (P1..VTK LIX.> Half of a plate, measuring 0.127 m. in diameter. Dark reddish clay, 
 with dark brown and red decoi-ation. 
 
 Exterior. On base l)order of zigzags and bands : on side two 
 narrow l»orders of zigzags and bands. 
 
 Interior. Similar decoration, with one zigzag boi-der around the 
 centre. Fig. 76 gives the profile. ^^^ _ _ 
 
 The other fragments belonging to this type (no plate "' " 
 
 being preserved entire, repeated the san.e scheu.e of dec.uatjon. wtth ' « «' ;-^"- ^"-; 
 or squires in place of the zigzags; the diameter of these plates varied between 12 an. 
 
 y 
 
142 
 
 THK VASES AND VASE FKAGMEXTS 
 
 15 cm. Another varietv, ie|neseiite(l hy Fig. 77, showed a small mouldiiio; on tlie top 
 and bottom of the exterior. 
 
 Il 
 
 Fig. 77. 
 
 Fir.. 78. 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 Tifjif 2 a. 
 18 a ami b. Two fragments from the same phite (profile in Fig. 78) : diameter, 0.20 m. Dark 
 retl i'lay, sljowing traces of burning. Dark brown decoration on exterior, dark red on interior. 
 
 Exterior (a ). " Running Dog " bonier arouiul eenti-e and bands: sjilashes on foot : " Hunning 
 Dog "' pattern on sides, splashes on rim. 
 
 Interior (b). Leaf rosette in centre with a Iwrder of alternate elieckerboanls and eight-pointed 
 
 stars. *• Hunning Dog " on sides. 
 
 19 a-d. Four fragments from same plate (profile in Fig, 79). 
 Grayish clay, with black decoration. 
 
 Exterior (a and b). Base entirely covered with a black glaze on 
 which the ornamentation is incised. Series of diamonds radiatinir from 
 the centre, each inclosing an eight-pointed star which in turn incloses a 
 diamond. Alternating with the jxiints of the large diamonds are smaller 
 ones. On sides bands and " Running Dog " bonier. 
 
 Interior ( c and d ). The Iwttoni is left the natural color of the clav 
 with i-adiating series of diamonds, similar to exterior, in black : with- 
 out incised lines. Side pattern .same as exterior. On rim, s]ilaslies. 
 Two technical ujetluHls are seen on this plate, i)ainted decoration on 
 interior, and incised on exterior. This, in a w.iy, is i»aralleled in later times by the cond>inatiou 
 of b. f. and r. f. work on the same vase. 
 
 T>//tr J h. 
 Other fragments (jrenerally from larj^e plates, l.l-^O em. in <Iiameter) show the usual 
 motives, checkerboards, zio;zii«^s, snakes, rosettes, rays, etc. None present any nmrked 
 peculiarities. 
 
 Fragments of this type showed no new features in their (leeorsition. Figs. 80 and 81 
 
 show the ])rinci|)jd variations of the form. The plates 
 were usually of a large size. 2;"> cm. in diameter. Fig. 80 
 had hands for its sole decoration, purple being a])plied 
 freely. 
 
 Type 2 r. 
 Fig. 82 (profile). Diameter. 0.191 m. Entire, save for 
 a small piece. On rim vertical lines and just below rim 
 on exterior Geometric snake ( incised lines).' Outside and 
 inside ornamented with concentric bands in series. 
 
 This was the only plate which was recovered en- 
 tire. Fragments of similar ])lates wen' numerous, 
 but all showed the same «lecoration of concentric 
 Fig. 82. bands. 
 
 1 Tlie exterior w.is practically identical with the cover p. 276, fig. 2), the snake being treated in precisch similar 
 of a (;eoinetric vase from Athens (fi. C. H. XIX. [189.'>]. fashion. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Fig. hi. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS FORMS 
 
 14:i 
 
 Neck, handle, foot, and one 
 
 MISCELLANEOC'S FORMS. 
 Kothons. {lierl. Cat. VI. Ill and 112.) 
 
 This form of vase is shown by a few dozen fragments, none of which i)ermitted any 
 restoration. Furtwiingler, in his catidogue (1100-1107), assigns all the vases in Berlin 
 to the Corinthian style. The bulk of the Heraeum fragments, however, behuig to the 
 Ar«nve style. One fragment was distin<tly Mycenaean in character and another Geo- 
 metric. Several of the handles showed traces of decoration which would warrant their 
 belonging to the Corinthian style. 
 
 No fra«nnents have been reproduced in our jdates, since their decoration differed in no 
 wav from the usual Argive scheme. Bands encircling the rim, leaving the body of the 
 vase plain, were the usual type, though lozenge and zigzags on the body were also 
 
 found. 
 
 lilntj- Form . I n/balloK. 
 
 Fig. 83. Height, 0.12«) m. : diameter, 0.10 m. Dark red clay, 
 side restored.' Around neck ami base, rays. On front side inter- 
 laced lozenge pattern, with small circles at corners. On one side 
 double guilloche : on other (almost entirely gone ) a frieze, prob- 
 •ibly of animals. About a dozen fragments from similar vases 
 wei'e found. 
 
 The form differs somewhat from Jieil. Cat. V. 110. 
 
 Several of the smaller vases which clearly belong to the 
 Linear Arsrive class show a marked connection with the 
 Geometric style. The clay in these vases is distinctly that 
 used in Geometric, not Argive vases. The i)resence of sim- 
 ilar vases in other parts of Greece has induced Diimnder - 
 and Pallat ' to regard them as imitations of Argive ware. 
 It seems hardly likely that these small and unimportant 
 vases should be avowed imitations of the Argive style made 
 by iK)ttei-s who manufactured Geometric vases ; more i)robably they are really Argive 
 vases, the clay for some reason or other being that usually employed in the Geometric style. 
 
 Half a dozen ccunplete vases of this kind were found at the Heraeum and quite a 
 number of fragments. 
 
 Fig. 84. One-handle<l jug. Height, 0.065 m. Lip (probably trefoil) broken away. Coarse 
 dark red clay, with reddish brown slip, decoration 
 varying from brilliant black to dark brown. Stripes 
 and triangles (interlacing lines) on shoulder: stripes 
 on neck and handle. On either side of base of the 
 handle a breast-like protuberance. 
 
 Similar exam])Ies have been found in Boeotia^ 
 and Tiryns.^ The protuberances seem to denote a 
 survival of prehistoric characteristics. p^^^ g- 
 
 Fig. 85. One-handled jug. Height, 0.055 m. 
 Reddish clay, with polished yellowish brown slip, dark brown decoration. Stripes on neck, handle, 
 and base, tliree borders of zigzags and rays (points downwards, inclosing lozenges) on shoulder. 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 * That a foot was represented is clear from the rays 
 around the Ikisc and a conijiarison of an aryliallos in the 
 British Museum fnuu Kanieiros, A 1075. Cf. Jahrb. II. 
 (1KK-), p. m. fig. 21. 
 
 2 Jahrh. II. (1887), p. 20. 
 
 » Athen. Mitt. XXII. (181»7), p. 271. 
 * Jahrh. III. (1888), p. 3r>3, fig. 32, and XIV. (1899), 
 p. ."A figs. Ill and 112. 
 
 ^ Sehlieuiaiin, Tlryns, p. 400, No. 135. 
 
142 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 15 cm. Another variety, represented by Fig. 77, showed u small moulding on the t<ip 
 and bottom of the exterior. 
 
 I 
 
 Fio. 77. 
 
 Fio. 78. 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 Type 2 a. 
 18 a and b. Two fragments from the same plate (profile in Pig. 78) ; diameter, 0.20 m. Dark 
 red clay, showing ti-aces of burning. Dark brown decoration on exterior, dark red on interior. 
 
 Exterior (a ). *' Hunning Dog " border around centre and bands : spkshes on foot : " Ktmning 
 Dog " pattern on sides, splashes on rim. 
 
 Interior (b). Leaf rosette in centre with a border of alternate checkerboards and eight-pointed 
 
 stars. '"' Running Dog '' on sides. 
 
 19 a-d. Four fragments from same plate (profile in Fig. 79). 
 Grayish clay, with black decoration. 
 
 Exterior (a and b). Base entirely covered with a black glaze on 
 which the ornamentation is incised. Series of diamonds radiating from 
 the centre, each inclosing an eight-{x>inted star which in turn incloses a 
 diamond. Alternating with the points of the large diamonds are smaller 
 ones. On sides bands and " Running Dog " border. 
 
 Interior (c and d). The bottom is left the natural color of the clay 
 with radiating series of diamonds, similar to exterior, in black : with- 
 out inciseil lines. Side pattern same as exterior. On rim, 8])la8hes. 
 Two technical methotls are seen on tliis plate, )>aintei1 decoration on 
 interior, and incised on exterior. This, in a way, is itaralleled in later times by the combination 
 of b. f. and r. f. work on the same vase. 
 
 Type 2 h. 
 Other fragments (generally from large pktes, 15-20 em. in diameter) show the usual 
 motives, checkerboards, zigziigs, snakes, rosettes, rays, etc. None present any marked 
 pecidiarities. 
 
 Fragments of this type showed no new features in their decoration. Figs. 80 and 81 
 
 show the princijKil variations of the form. The plates 
 were usiudly of a large size, 25 cm. in diameter. Fig. 80 
 had bands for its sole decoration, purjile bemg applied 
 freelv. 
 
 Tyjit 2 €. 
 Fig. 82 (profile). Diameter. 0.191 m. Entire, save for 
 a small piece. On rim vertical lines and just below rim 
 on exterior Geometric snake (incise<1 lines).' Outside and 
 inside ornamented with concentric bands in series. 
 
 This was the only plate which was recoveretl en- 
 tire. Fragments of similar plates were numerous, 
 but all showed the same decoration of concentric 
 bands. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 Fig. 82. 
 
 * The exterior was practieallr identical with the cover 
 of a (Geometric vase from Athena {B. C. H. XIX. [1895], 
 
 p. t>76, fig. 2), the snake being treated in precinely similar 
 fashion. 
 
 \ 
 
 ( 1 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS FORMS 
 
 143 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FORMS. 
 Kothons. {Berl. Cat. VI. Ill and 112.) 
 
 This form of vase is shown by a few dozen fragments, none of which permitted any 
 restoration. Furtwiingler, in his catalogue (1100-1107), assigns all the vases in BerHn 
 to the Corinthian style. The bulk of the Hei-aeum fragments, however, belong to the 
 Argive style. One fragment was distinctly Mycenaean in character and another Geo- 
 metric. Several of the handles showed traces of decoration which would warrant their 
 belonging to the Corinthian style. 
 
 No fragments liave been reproduced in our plates, since their decoration differed in no 
 wav from the usual Argive scheme. Bands encircling the rim, leaving the body of the 
 vase plain, were the usual type, though lozenge and zigzags on the body were also 
 
 found. 
 
 Rinff-Fomi Aryhallos. 
 
 Pig. 83. Height, 0.126 m. ; diameter, 0.10 m. Dark red clay. Neck, handle, foot, and one 
 side restore<l.* Around neck and base, rays. On front side inter- 
 laced lozenge pattern, with small circles at corners. On one side 
 double guilloche ; on other (almost entirely gone) a frieze, prob- 
 ably of animals. About a dozen fragments from similar vases 
 were found. 
 
 The form differs somewhat from Berl. Cat. V. 110. 
 
 Several of the smaller vases which clearly belong to the 
 Linear Argive class show a marked connection with the 
 Geometric style. The chiy in these vases is distinctly that 
 used in Geometric, not Argive vases. The presence of sim- 
 ilar vases in other parts of Greece has induced Diimmler - 
 and Pallat ' to regard them as imitations of Argive ware. 
 It seems hardly likely that these small and unimportant 
 vases should be avowed imitations of the Argive style made 
 by potters who manufactured Geometric vases ; more probably they are really Argive 
 vases, the clay for some reason or other being that usually employed in the Geometric style. 
 
 Half a dozen complete vases of this kind were found at the Heraeum and quite a 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 number of fragments. 
 
 JlUJS. 
 
 Pig. 84. One-handled jug. Height, 0.065 m. Lip (probably trefoil) broken away. Coarse 
 dark red clay, with reddish brown slip, decoration 
 varying from brilliant black to dark brown. Stripes 
 and triangles (interlacing lines) on shoulder ; stripes 
 on neck and handle. On either side of base of the 
 handle a breast-like protuberance. 
 
 Similar examples have been found in Boeotia* 
 and Tirjns.^ The protuberances seem to denote a 
 survival of prehistoric characteristics. 
 Fig. 84. pjg qS. One-handletl jug. Height, 0.055 m. 
 
 Reddish clay, with polished yellowish brown slip, dark brown decoration. Stripes on neck, handle, 
 and base, three borders of zigzags and rays (jwints downwards, inclosing lozenges) on shoulder. 
 
 » That a foot was represented is clear from the rays « Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 271. 
 
 around the base and a comparison of an aryballos in the * Jahrb. III. (1888), p. 353, fig. 32, and XIV. (1899), 
 
 British Museum from Kameiros, A 1075. Cf. Jahrb. II. p. 5.3, figs. Ill and 112. 
 
 (1887), p. 56, fig. 21. ^ Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 400, No. 135. 
 
 « Jahrb. 11. (1887), p. 20. 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 
 I 
 
144 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 
 Sume three or four other jugs siuiilar to Fig. 85 were found, also fragments of oino- 
 ehoai with the usual zigzag deeomtion, and a few fragments of skyphoi, with water birds 
 in panels. 
 
 Ojtenicork Vaset*. 
 
 The following fragments form a separate type by themselves, though not found in 
 very large quantities. They belong to vases of the kalathos form, whose sides are 
 pierced at intei-vals by openings, giving the effect of a basket. We have already seen 
 this openwork principle applied to the supports of Geometric vases ; Argive vases of the 
 openwork type, however, were probably never used as supports, being far too small and 
 fragile. Moreover, having a distinct kalathos shape, it is probable that we have here a 
 separate variety of that form. It seems ceitaiu that these were a direct imitation of 
 metal work, but an imitation which did not arise until after the Mycenaean epoch, seeint^ 
 that metal vases of this description are not found in Mycenaean times. In view of their 
 technitpie, it is probable that they belong to the early period of Class II. 
 
 Two separate forms of openings may be distinguished : (a) either the vase is divided 
 into a series of legs with a long narrow opening sloping slightly from rim to base (in 
 some cases these legs are joined halfway, thus giving a double series of o|)eningK), or 
 (b) the vase is divided into two or three sets of triangular openhigs. Both methods may 
 be employed on the same vase. 
 
 The scheme of decoration is simple, the available space being extremely small. Either 
 the entire vase is covered with a dull black or brown glaze with parallel strijws of applied 
 purple, or else to the natural clay parallel stripes are applied, leaving the rim fi-ee for a 
 border of some pattern, zigzag, etc., etc. 
 
 20 a and b. (Plate LIX.) Two fragments form a vase 13 cm. in diameter. Height cannot 
 be determined. Greenish clay, with decoration in black and dark brown. Parallel stripes on sides, 
 
 zigzags m series on nm. 
 
 This was the best preserved vase of form a. Some half a dozen bases and numerous 
 fragments were found ; one base showed a rather high foot with ray pattern. 
 
 Of fonn b only a few bases and fragments of sides, in very bad condition, were found. 
 
 Instances of such vases outside of the Argolid are not very common. There are three 
 in Athens (No. 232 from Corinth, No. 10969 from Eleusis,' and a third) which have the 
 series of triangular openings ; one in Syracuse ( Megara Hyblaea, tomb 640), one in the 
 British Museum (A 1601), and one from Falisco (Mna. Ant. IV. pi. vii. 17). Somewhat 
 allied is the kalathos in Jahrb, III. (1888), p. 241, fig. 23. Cf. also Jithrb. VI. (1891), 
 p. 116, No. 9. 
 
 What the purpose of these vases was cannot be told with any certainty. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 ORIENTAL ARGIVE. 
 
 It is a difficult problem to decide how much outside influence caused the development 
 of the Argive style from Class II. to Class III., and whence such an influence originally 
 came. That the third class develoj>ed unassisteil by such outside influence is impossible ; 
 at the same time the elements which are vital to the style, the parallel bands, incised 
 Unes,- ornaments in field and appHcation of color have been seen either in Class II. or else 
 
 1 I am not certain whether this is the vase described 
 by Skias, 'Ztpji/i. 'A^. 1898, p. 107, fig. i'7. 
 
 - Boehlau is inclined to regard the Larissa fragments 
 (Alls lonischen und Itnlinchen Nekropolen, p. 87, figs. 38-40) 
 
 as the earliest use of the incised line. Several of our 
 fragments (v. p. 127) are certainly older ; that the incised 
 line was a foreign innovation in Greek pottery I see no 
 reason to believe. 
 
 I VI 
 
 '%\ 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III 
 
 145 
 
 in Geometric ware. Altliough the animal frieze comes into the Argive style during the 
 end of Class II., it is very common during the middle Geometric period. Clearly it is 
 some other characteristic which distinguishes Class III. from its predecessors. 
 
 This can only be the development of purely decorative patterns, such as the lotos, pal- 
 mette, etc. Boehlau [op. cit. p. 108) has pointed out that the wreath pattern and dotted 
 rosette are foreign to the early Attic style while thoroughly characteristic of the Argive 
 (still termed by him Proto-Corinthian). It is this innovation combined with a wealth of 
 decoration, incised lines, and recognition of the animal frieze as a principal scheme of 
 decoration that constitute the elements of Class III. The presence of the curved pal- 
 mette on the pyxis (cf. Fig. 69), combined with the Geometric motives, marks the transi- 
 tion stage between Classes II. and III., and also stands as one of the earliest examples of 
 the palmette with curved stem. Boehlau's analysis of its development {loc. cit.) seems to 
 be confirmed by our pyxis. 
 
 I do not, however, feel that he is right in contending that the Corinthian style cannot 
 have developed from the Argive, as that would have been a " Riickschritt zur Zeit der 
 Bli'ithe korinthischen Handels und Industrie" (p. 114). To my mind this objection can- 
 not hold, since we know that Corinth possessed no previous ceramic art of her own, and, 
 as was said before, the chief difference between the Corinthian style and Class III. of the 
 Ar<rive is that between skilled and unskilled labor, the foreign influence being the same 
 in both. Why should we seek the direct prototviies of the Corinthian style in Asia Minor, 
 when the Argive style, with which it has so much in common, lies so close to our hand? 
 The shapes included in Class III. have all been seen before in the previous classes, no 
 new shape being introduced. They are : — 
 
 Lekythos, Skyphos, 
 
 Oinochoe, Pyxis, 
 
 Jug, Plate. 
 
 Leki/thoL 
 
 The lekythoi follow one form (Berl. Cat. V. 102) with little variation, and were rather 
 small, not more than 6 cm. in height. About twenty were preserved more or less in- 
 tact, while at least fifty more were represented by fragments. The scheme of decoration 
 is the same on all, parallel bands inclosing an animal frieze, or else the body of the vase 
 is adorned with a plant pattern or some other similar decoration. 
 
 Although the use of incised lines to emphasize details does not originate in this period, 
 it is one of its chief characteristics. Whether those vases which belong to Class III. but 
 do not show this feature are necessarily older than the incised vases cannot be asserted 
 with any accuracy. It is probable that for a time the use of both incised and unincised 
 vases was common, and that the former technique supplanted the latter as the style 
 became advanced. Certain it is that all vases which belong to the most advanced stage 
 show the use of the incised line. 
 
 The lekythos described on p. 127 properiy belongs to a stage between Classes IT. and 
 III. We have there the animal frieze in its simplest form, but without the use of the 
 
 incised line. 
 
 Fig. 86. (DrawingonPLATELXIV.il.) Height, 0.043 m. Light greenish clay, with brilliant 
 black decoration. Part of rim broken away, but traces of a ray pattern are still to be seen. 
 Dots on neck, ffuillochr on handle, pot-hooks and rosettes on shoulder. Main frieze : three series 
 of two concentric circles (with central dot) » separated by a palmette, ivy branch, and guilloche 
 
 » For similar arrangement of circles see Ann. deW Inst. 1877, tav. d' agg. A B 15. There is a similar lekythos in 
 Berlin, recently acquired. 
 
 .1 
 
146 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
 (directly under handle). In field five small circles and a h . Decora- 
 tion worn away in places. 
 
 The form of this vase is slightly phimper than the usual type, 
 which, conibiued with the absence of any animal frieze or incised 
 lines, may point to this lekythos being one of the earliest in- 
 stances of Class III. In spite of a certain reminiscence of My- 
 cenaean motives, the palmette .ind ivy branch are distinctly 
 characteristic of the later period of the Argive style. More 
 remarkable is the treatment of the palmette as a separate motive 
 without any connecting stems. We usually find the palmette 
 combined with others in a chain and confined to the shoulder as 
 a purely subordinate motive. 
 
 Pig. 87. Fragment of lekythos. Height, 0.033 m. Slate-colored clay, extremely fine, being 
 almost as thin as fine cardboard. On shoulder, dots, rays, and a 
 row of simple zigzags. Main frieze : four-spoked wheel and part 
 of a circle with a leaf border inside. In field, bull's head full 
 front, rosette, dotted circle, and a human head (probably female) 
 in profile to right. Incised lines on the two heads. 
 
 The form of this lekythos is the usual tyj)e. It is some- 
 what allied to the preceding lekythos, in that the main frieze 
 does not contain a series of animals, but circular motives. 
 The wheel and the circle are common themes on Geometric 
 vases. The use of the human head also is similar to that 
 on the bottom of the oinochoe (v. p. 131).* I know of no 
 other similar instiince on an Argive vase. For the bull's 
 head see Fig. 8a 
 
 Fig. 88 1-4. Height, 0.057 m. Found southeast of Second 
 Temple. Greenish clay, with faded black decoration. On rim, rays with dots in the vacant spaces ; 
 series of alternating diagonal lines (suggestive of a herring-bone pattern) on handle. On neck 
 ornaments shaped like an I. Palmette scroll on shoulder, with a hare on the right and some 
 other animal on the left. Main frieze : in centre a bull's head, full front, with a bird below ; 
 to left two lions : to right lion and bull. Incised lines used on all the figures. Intact. 
 
 The style of the drawing is so distinctly primitive in its character, that its position as one of the 
 earliest lekythoi of Class III. seems certain. That the drawing is not careless is proved by the 
 extremely careful execution of the vase. Stylistically it is closely allied to the lekythoi in Dres- 
 den,2 the British Museum,^ Boston,* and the collection of Herr von Radowitz."^ 
 
 Several features may be noticed. The bull is distinguished from the other animals by the shape 
 of the hoofs and the membmrn. The lion at the left (below the handle) has his body adorned 
 with dotted circles and turns his face to the front as in the Corinthian style. This is probably 
 one of the earliest instances of this peculiarity, for all the earlier lekythoi show animals in profile. 
 The bull's head in the centre is probably a mere ornament in field, though apart from the previous 
 fragment I know of no similar instance on an Argive vase. We find it used twice on the shields 
 of the Macmillan lekythos *5 as a device. The other two lions bear a general resemblance to 
 those on the Radowitz lekythos. 
 
 The ornament on the shoulder (3) shows the palmette scroll in its simplest form, but the addi- 
 tion of animals, either as ornaments in field or as part of the design, is new to me. That the right- 
 
 Fio. 87. 
 
 ' Cf. also Platk LVI. 7. 
 
 * Arch. Anz. 1894, p. 33, fig. 37. 
 
 - Arch. Zeit. 1883. pi. x. fig. 2. 
 
 *A.J.A. 1900, p. 454, pi. vi. 
 
 » Arch. Zeit. 188;{, p. 161. 
 
 • J. H. S. XI. (1890), pis. i. and ii. p. 169. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III., LEKYTHOI 
 
 U7 
 
 hand animal is a hare is certain, but the identity of the other is doubtful. The assertion is 
 frequently made, but without positive proof, that in vases of the Corinthian type, especially of ary- 
 balloi, where two panthers are seen with heads full front together and bodies in profile, that one 
 
 panther only is meant, and that by some curious conventionality of ideas both sides of the animal 
 were to be seen at the same time. In the case of our animals, two legs only are given to each, and 
 as the left side of the shoulder of the vase has suffered abrasion, it is pos- 
 sible the animal there had an ear : in that case one hare was probably 
 intended, but split in half, and each side arranged symmetrically at 
 each end of the palmette scroll. 
 
 Fig. 89. (Drawing on Plate LXIV. 12.) Height, 0.044 m. Neck and 
 handle missing. Yellow clay, with dark brown and reddish brown deco- 
 ration, very brilliant. On base of handle, traces of a zigzag with small 
 lozenges as ornaments in field. On shoulder, leaf rosette ; on body, two 
 friezes. Main frieze : panther, owl, panther and boar. Dotted rosettes, 
 halved lozenges, and what may be a scorpion or a lizard,^ as ornaments in 
 field. Lower frieze: three dogs to right, with a single dotted rosette 
 separating two of them. On base, rays. Incised lines used on all the figures. 
 
 In this vase we have an example of the latter period of Class III., but 
 there are no striking features. The drawing is fair, especially good in the case of the boar. The 
 
 » As on Geometric vases. Cf. Plate LVII. 24. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
146 
 
 TIIK VASKS AND VASE FHACnrKNTS 
 
 II 
 
 :ora- 
 
 FiG. 86. 
 
 (dirt'ctly niuler hniulliO. lu tielil tive small circles uiul a h. Dec 
 tion worn away in ))Iaces. 
 
 The form of this vase is slij^htly plmnper than the usual tyiJe, 
 which, eoinbinetl with the ahseiu-e of anv animal frieze or ineiseil 
 lines, may point to this lekythos heinj; one of the earliest in- 
 stances of Class III. In spite of a certain reminiscence of My- 
 cenaean motives, tlie palmette and ivy bnincli are distinctly 
 characteristic of the later period of the Arji'ive style. More 
 remarkable is the treatment of the palmette as a sejKirate motive 
 without any conncctinj^ stems. We usually find the palmette 
 condtined with others iu a chain and confined to the shouUler hh 
 a j)urely subordinate motive. 
 
 Fig. 87. Fragment of hkythos. Height, O.O'Mi m. Slate-colored clay, extremely fine. Wing 
 almost as thin as tine cardboard. On shouliler, dots, rays, and a 
 row of simi>le zigzags. Main frieze : fonr-sj>oked w heel and part 
 of a circle with a leaf border inside. In field, hull's head full 
 front, rosette, dotted circle, and a human head (probably female) 
 iu profile to right. Incised lines on the two heads. 
 
 The form of this lekythos is the usual type. It is some- 
 what allied to the precedin*;- lekythos, in that the nmin frieze 
 does not contain a series of animals, but circuhir nu)tives. 
 The wheel and the circle are connuon themes on Geometric 
 vases. The use of the human head also is similar to that 
 on the bottom of the ohiochoe (v. p. KU).' I know of no 
 other similar instance on an Argive vase. For the bull's 
 head see Fig. 8a 
 
 Fig. 88 1-4. Height, 0.057 m. Found southeast of Second 
 Temple. Greenish clay, with faded hlack ileconvtion. On rim, rays with tlots in the vacant spaces ; 
 series of alternating diagonal lines ( suggestive of a herring-bone pattern ) on handle. On neck 
 ornaments shaped like an I. Palmette scroll on shoulder, with a hare on the right and sonie 
 other animal on the left. Main frieze : in centre a hall's head, fall front, with a bird below ; 
 to left two lions : to right lion and bull. Incised lines nsed on all the figures. Intact. 
 
 The style of the drawing is so distinctly primitive in its chanu-ter, that its i)ositiou as one of the 
 earliest lekythoi of Class 111. seems certain. That the drawing is not careless is i)roved by the 
 extremely careful execution of the vase. Stylistically it is closely allied to the lekythoi in l^res- 
 den,- the British Museum,' Boston,^ and the collection of Ilerr von Kadowitz.' 
 
 Several features may be noticed. The bull is distinguishe<l from the other animals by the shai>e 
 of the hoofs and the mnnhrum. The lion at the left (below the handle) has his boily adorned 
 with dotted circles and turns his face to the front as in the Corinthian style. This is probably 
 one of the earliest instances of this jjeculiarity, for all the earlier lekythoi show animals in profile. 
 The bull's head in the centre is probably a mere ornament in fiehl. though apart from the previous 
 fragment I know of no similar instance on an Argive vase. We find it used twice on the shields 
 of the Macmillan lekythos'^ as a device. The other two lions bear a general resemblance to 
 those on the Radowitz lekythos. 
 
 The ornament on the slioulder (3) shows the palmette scroll in its simplest form, but the addi- 
 tion of animals, either as ornaments in field or as part of the <lesign, is new to me. That the right- 
 
 Fio. 87. 
 
 ' Cf. also Platk LVI. 7. 
 
 - Anh. A»z. ISfU, p. 'X\, fip. Wl. 
 
 ' Arch. Ze'tt. 1883. pi. x. fig. 2. 
 
 * A.. I. A. IIHM). p. 4.->4, pi. vi. 
 
 6 Arch. Zeit. 188;{, j.. 101. 
 
 « J. H. S. XI. (181K)), pis. i. .iiul ii. p. 160. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III., LEKYTHOI 
 
 147 
 
 hand animal is a hare is certain, but the identity of the other is doubtful. The assertion is 
 frequently made, but without positive proof, that in vases of the Corinthian tyiie, especially of ary- 
 balloi, where two panthers are seen with heads full front together and bodies in profile, that one 
 
 l>anther only is n.eant, and that bv some curious conventionality of ideas both sides of the annual 
 were to be seen at the same time. In the case of our animals, two legs only are given to each, and 
 as the left side of the shoulder of the vase has suffered abrasion, it is jws- 
 sible the animal there had an ear : in that case one hare was probably 
 intended, but split in half, and each side arranged .synunetrically at 
 each end of the i)almette scroll. 
 
 Fig. 89. (Drawing on Platk LXIV. 12.) Height, 0.044 m. Neck and 
 handle missing. Yellow clay, with dark brown and reddish brown deco- 
 ration, very brilliant. On base of handle, traces of a zigzag with small 
 lozenges as ornaments in field. On shoulder, leaf rosette ; on body, two 
 friezes. Main frieze : panther, owl, panther and boar. Dotted rosettes, 
 halved lozenges, and what may be a scorpion or a lizard,' as ornaments in 
 field. Lower frieze: three dogs to right, with a single dotted rosette 
 separating two of them. On base, rays. Incised lines used on all the figures. 
 
 In this vase we have an example of the latter period of Class III., but 
 there are no striking features. The drawing is fair, esi>ecially good in the case of the boar 
 
 » As OH (ieometric vases. Cf. Plate LVII. 24. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 The 
 
148 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 I' 
 
 owl belongs more properly to the Coriuthian style ; its presence here (^I do not know of its occur- 
 rence on any other Argive vase) is a jwjint in favor of its later origin. 
 
 Plate LXIV. 9 a and b. Upper part of jug in form of a plastic male head, with the open- 
 ing at the back. Height, 0.036 m. Dark reddish clay, with a pale yellow slip, red color applied. 
 Hair, eyes, and beard expressed by incised lines. Through the head is a hole for suspension. 
 
 The type of face resembles slightly that on the figures of the Mycenaean ' warrior ' vase. At 
 the same time the applied color, use of incised lines, etc., show plainly that the vase belongs to the 
 later Argive period. What the form of the vase was is uncertain ; * it may have been similar to a 
 jug from Cyprus (^Beii. Cat. 72 : Baumeister, Denk. p. 1951, fig. 2081). At all events, it is prob- 
 ably considerably earlier than the following vase. 
 
 Plate LXIV. 10 a and b. Height, 0.024 m. ; diameter, 0.020 m. Top of lekythos. Greenish 
 clay. Neck in form of three plastic female heads, with long hair, colored black, red, and blue 
 respectively. On rim (badly broken), three Iwrtlers of rays, pot-hooks, and wave pattern. 
 
 This fragment is the most perfect of any fragments of this ])eriod, and it is fair to assume that 
 the remainder of the vase would vie with the best specimens of tlie style in ytomt of execution. 
 That this fragment belongs to an Argive lekythos seems probable, in view of the ornamentation 
 of the rim. 
 
 The making of vases in 'Anthropomorphic' form is no new feature in (ireek art, but the in- 
 stances of it in the Argive style are rare. Somewhat allied to it is the Macmillan lekythos. thougli 
 the top of that vase takes the form of a lion's head. The use of a human head (generally a 
 female) on the rims of skyphoi or tops of pyxides of the Corinthian style is well known ; this 
 feature in the Argive style must mark the last stage of Class HI. 
 
 21. (Plate LIX.) Fragment of lekythos, form a trifle moi-e rounded than is usual. Light 
 greenish clay, black decoration. Warrior, head and fore leg of horse, with a crossed lozenge as 
 ornament in field. 
 
 This fragment is curious in design and differs from the usual treatment. The silver nitula* in 
 Florence, a Phoenician or Etruscan work of the latter part of tlie seventh century, presents a sim- 
 ilarity, which is so strongly marked as to afford grounds for deriving both from some common 
 influence, though what tliat influence was cannot be determined with certainty. The warrior on 
 <mr fragment wears a helmet, shield, and sword quite in the manner of his fellow on the situla. 
 The arrangement of the bridle is curious, and I have l)een unable to find any analogous instance. 
 The shield device is paralleletl by some of our Geometric gems, and may point to our fragment as 
 belonging to the elder jieriod of Class III. 
 
 The vases just considered are tlie best examples of the lekythoi belonjringr to Class III. 
 that the Heraeum yielded. The other vases and fragments did not differ materially from 
 the types already discussed. Several of the lekythoi partially whole showed a double 
 frieze of animals on the body, though a few fragments showed the animal frieze on the 
 shoulder as well. One fragment had a broad border on the body left in the natural 
 color of the clay, with a pomegranate chain on the shoulder somewhat after the Cyrenaic 
 style. Several fragments showed the heads of sphinxes, a creature not as usual in the 
 Argive style as in the Corinthian. As a whole these lekythoi are not superior to the 
 types fouud iu other parts of Greece. 
 
 Oinochoai. 
 
 The fragments of oinochoai were more numerous than those of the lekythoi, but the 
 number of oinochoai preserved whole or partially was small. The technique is rather more 
 
 1 A head somewhat similar may be found on a Ring- 
 form Aryballos in Dresden (Arch. An:. 1862, p. 162, No. 
 25). Although belonging to the same period as our frag- 
 
 ment, it is fairly certain that ours did not belong to a ves- 
 sel of similar shape. 
 
 - Amelung. Fiihrer druch die Antiken in Florenz,p. 190, 
 No. 221 ; Ingherami, Mon. Etr. ill. pU. xix., xt. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: LEKYTHOI 
 
 149 
 
 advanced, some of the fragments being unexcelled by any Argive vase in point of deli- 
 cacy and freedom of execution. 
 Two types may be observed. 
 
 1. Exactly similar to Tyi)e 1 on p. 128. 
 
 2. The Italo-Corinthian form (Wilisch, pi. ii. 16). 
 
 Type 1 consisted mainly of small vases, which were fairly well preserved, several vases 
 behig more or less intact ; of Type 2 nothing but scattered fragments were fouud, and in 
 no case could any vase be reconstructed. The shape of such fragments was the only 
 <ruide in determining their form. 
 
 Type 1. 
 
 Two varieties of decoration are to be seen. 
 
 a. Upper part of body adorned with an animal frieze, the lower containing the usual line deco- 
 ration. 
 
 b. liody of vase entirely occupied by the animal frieze. 
 
 Fragments of this type were not very common. The simplest form corresponds in 
 decoration to the lekythos on p. 127 (Fig. 55), having a frieze of animals (usually dogs) 
 of the plainest description, without incised lines and with no ornaments in field except 
 occasionally a dotted rosette. Some fragments showed two friezes on the body. Where 
 the single frieze occurred, the lower part of the body was encircled by the usual parallel 
 bands, ''or with a ray pattern on the base separated from the animal frieze by a checkered 
 
 border or row of zigzags. • i rpi • 
 
 As a transitional type between a and b, a small oinochoe may be mentioned. Ihis was 
 G3 mm. in height, of greenish clav, and had around the base a frieze of birds with nu- 
 merous ornaments in field (slightly more advanced than the Geometric type), the upper 
 mrt of the body and neck covered Nvith zigzags and ixirallel lines, all the decoration 
 being very much faded. Two similar insfcinces are at Syracuse (Cases IV. and VII.; 
 provenience not stated), both with faded decoration ; that in Case IV. showed tmces of 
 applied dark red color. 
 
 22. Fragment of body of oinochoe. Reddish clay. On shoulder, leaf rosette, purple applied to 
 the alternate petals. Main frieze : panther (head full front, body in profile) and sphmx to right 
 (and part of another panther). In field, rosettes, crosses, etc. On base, rays. Dark red color is 
 applied freely to the figures and incisetl lines used. Several other fragments very similar to this 
 were found, most of them belonging to the base and exhibiting the ray pattern, with here and there 
 a part of the frieze showing the foot of some animal. 
 
 23 Fra-ment of body of oinochoe. Greenish clay. On shoulder, leaf rosette, with alternate 
 iietals in applied purple.' Main frieze: panther and sphinx to right fax^ing another sphinx whose 
 fore paws only are still visible. Rosettes, rhomboids, circles, etc., as ornaments in field. Around 
 base row of dots. Dark re<l color and incised lines used freely on all the figures. 
 
 A'few fragments of necks were found which showed traces of an animal frieze, in addition to the 
 
 usual Geometric designs. 
 
 Type 2. 
 
 It is to be reoretted that this class, which contains some of the finest specimens of tlie 
 Argive style, should be represented only by scattered fragments. It may easily be seen 
 that such fragments as are here presented stand in a close relation to the Corinthian style, 
 but are vastly better in technique. 
 
 II 
 
150 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 «' 
 
 Only a few of the fragments are here i)reseuted, the others showing merely parts of 
 legs, Arms, ornaments in field, etc. A few fr.igments seemed to belong to an older type 
 in that the body of the vase was taken up by two, sometimes three friezes, without 
 incised lines. These were distinctly inferior in technique and includetl figures of sirens 
 as well as sphinxes and panthers. Dark red color was applied but sparingly. Ornaments 
 in field were not very numerous, though one fragment showed the entire background 
 covered with small dots. 
 
 The size of the vases to which these fragments belong cannot be estimated. 
 
 24 a and b. Two fragments of an oinochoe. Yellowish clay with a reddish tinge, lustrous black 
 decoration. On base rays, and above an animal frieze. On a rear part of horse and goat back to 
 back ; on b a goat to right. Technique excellent, with free use of incised lines ; no ornaments in 
 field. 
 
 25 a-e. Five fragments of an oinochoe. Yellow clay, with lustrous black decoration. Ray pat- 
 tern on base, with a narrow rosette bortler above, separating it from two friezes of animals and men, 
 with rosettes in field. Incised lines freely usetl and dark red (now turned brown) applied to the 
 figures. Technique excellent. 
 
 How the friezes were represented is difficult to say : a and b show a warrior to right holding a 
 sword in his right hand, a spear in his left hand, and c the head of some animal ( perhai)s a deer) 
 below and the legs of another above. Perhaps a hunt of some sort may have been rejiresented. 
 Whether the bird on e formed part of another frieze or is merely an ornament in field is difiicult 
 to say. the latter supposition seems more probable. Tliat a and b belong to the same figure seems 
 probable, though certainty is impossible, there being no point of contact between the two frag- 
 ments. 
 
 Plate LX V. 2 a-c. Three fragments of an oinochoe. Greenish clay. Free use of incised lines 
 and dark red color applied freely. 
 
 a. Lower part of fragment is covered with a black glaze, on which are five parallel lines, two of 
 yellow inclosing three of red. Above, on a whitish yellow ground (left white in the plate), the body 
 and legs of a panther to left and the muzzle and fore leg of a deer, the figures being drawn in black. 
 
 b. From same frieze. Head and shoulders of a stag feeding to left,* with traoes of a rosette 
 (alternate dots in red) in field. 
 
 c. Above, in whitish yellow on a black ground, fore legs and part of hind paw of a panther to 
 left. Below, on a whitish yellow ground, head of panther to right and rosettes in field. Red on 
 rosettes and panther's head. 
 
 The true arrangement of these fragments is doubtful ; it seems probable that the base of the 
 oinochoe (represented by a ) was covered entirely with a black glaze, with two friezes above, the 
 lower white, the upper black, and that the rest of the surface was entirely covered by a black 
 glaze. The legs of the panther on c are in the same color as the white ground of the vase. 
 
 These fragments, which are extremely fine in their execution, differ materially from other vases 
 of the Argive or Corinthian style in the employment of two distinct backgrounds on the same 
 vase, and suggests in a way the employment of two separate technical methods, such as we might 
 expect to find in Asia Minor, and do find on sarcophagi from Clazomenae. In spite of the 
 resemblance of an Aeolian oinochoe^ to our vase, distinct technical differences exist. The white 
 panther on the black ground is not drawn in incisetl lines (which are usetl to express details only), 
 but the white paint has been applied over the hlack glaze, probably after the fii-st firing. In that 
 case the whole surface of the vase received its black glaze and black figures first, with the later 
 addition of white figures painted on the black. It recalls in a measure that class of vases which 
 combine both the black and red figure technique, where one figure is drawn in an incised outline 
 and another painted in white with incised lines used to express details. But any actual connection 
 between such vases and our fragments is not to be thought of Also in spite of the very unusual 
 
 * This is one of the commonest motives in archaic 
 vase painting. Cf. B. C. H. XXII. (1898), p. 441. 
 
 2 Boehlau, op. cU. p. 09, fig. 48. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: SKYPHOI 
 
 151 
 
 technique shown by our fragments, the style of drawing is so unmistakably Argive that no doubts 
 can be aroused against their position in Class III. 
 
 As these were the only fragments found which show this peculiar double technique, 
 speculation as to the influence which produced them seems futile. I should feel inclined 
 to follow Boehlau's lead in supposing that the Aeolian ware was responsible, seeing that 
 the relation between that and the Argive Class III. is very close. Whether any Rho- 
 dian influence (cf. J. II. S. VI. [18a5], p. 184) was here at work is extremely doubtful. 
 
 Sk'i/phoi. 
 Fragments and vases of this form were the most numerous in Class III. The ma- 
 jority of the fragments belong to large vases and show a style fairly advanced. Being 
 more fragile than lekythoi, very few specimens were recovered unbroken. The form of 
 the skyphos is the same throughout, the only variation being in the size of the vase. As 
 in the case of the shajies just discussed, many fragments show an entire lack of incised 
 lines and probably belong to an older class. The greater number, however, have incised 
 lines, with pui-ple, yellow, and red color freely applied. As a rule the bases are orna- 
 mented with a ray pattern, or parallel bands, the rest of the body being occupied by the 
 
 main frieze of animals. 
 
 The rim is usually bordered by a Geometric pattern of some sort, occasionally by a 
 second frieze of animals, narrower tlian the main frieze. The interior is always glazed 
 red or black. 
 
 26. (Plate LIX.) Greenish clay, with black glaze on interior, nearly worn off. Ray pattern 
 on base and frieze of sirens; separated by a checkered band, what appears to be a second narrower 
 
 frieze as a rim border. j • i 
 
 27. (Plate LIX.) Greenish clay, with dull black glaze on interior. Rays on base and animal 
 
 frieze (cow). Cross as ornament in field. 
 
 This fragment is chiefly remarkable for the fact that it is the only fragment found at the 
 Heraeum on which a cow is represented; this, in view of the close mythological connection 
 between the animal and the goddess Hera, is i-ather surprising. 
 
 Fig. 90. Height, 0.047 m. ; diameter, O.OCG m. Upper pai-t with handles restored. Reddish 
 
 yellow clay, with flaky black glaze on interior, decoration in 
 dark brown. Frieze around base of panther and three other 
 animals (perhaps deer) upside down. Poor execution. 
 
 It is probable that two friezes were represented. For dis- 
 cussion of the inverted frieze, v. Pig. 91. 
 
 The fragments just discussed probably belong to the 
 eariier period. Fig. 90 is certainly very much akin to 
 the lekythoi on p. 127, and may mark the transition 
 stage between skyphoi of Classes II. and III. The 
 
 other fragments, which were quite numerous, do not dif- 
 
 fer materiafly from the usual types. The drawing of the 
 animals was distinctly poor; dogs and panthers were 
 chiefly represented. 
 
 Fig. 91. Height, 0.057 m. ; diameter, 0.061 m. From Old 
 Temple Terrace. Yellowish clay, with dull black glaze on in- 
 terior, decoration in black and red. Main frieze (upside down) 
 on base ; three figures, man shooting an arrow at a deer to left, 
 
 behind the man a lion with open mouth. Separated by a broa*l band is a narrow border on the 
 rim with two vertical dashes on each side. Figures in dark red, incised lines used. 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 Fig. 91. 
 
 '♦ 
 
150 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FHACIMEXTS 
 
 Only a few of the frasyments are lieiv i)resented, the others showing merely parts of 
 leos, arms, ornaments in field, etc. A few fraj^ments seemed to helon*,^ to an older type 
 in that the body of the vase was taken up by two, sometimes three friezes, without 
 incised lines. These were distinctly inferior in techni<|ue and included figures of sirens 
 as well as sphinxes and i)anthers. Dark red color was applied but sparingly. Ornaments 
 in field were not very numerous, though one fragment showed the entire backgi-ound 
 covered with small dots. 
 
 The size of the vases to which these fragments belong caunot be estimated. 
 
 24 a aiul b. Two fragments of an oinochoo. Yellowish clay with a reiUlish tinge, lustrous black 
 decoration. On base rays, and above an animal frieze. On a rear part of liorse ami goat back to 
 back; ou b a ffoat to riirlit. Tecluuciue excellent, with free use of incised lines: no ornaments in 
 field. 
 
 25 a-e. Five fragments of an oinochoe. Yellow clay, with lustrous black decoration. Kay i)at- 
 teru on base, with a narrow rosette bonier alwive, separating it from two friezes of animals and men, 
 with rosettes in field. Incised lines freely used and dark red (now tiu-neil brown ) applied to the 
 figures. Technique excellent. 
 
 How the friezes were rej>resented is difficult to say : a and b show a warrior to right holding a 
 sword in his right hand, a spear in his left hand, an«l C the head of some aninml ( jK-rhaps a deer ) 
 below and the legs of another above. Perhaps a hunt of some sort may have In'en represented. 
 Whether the bird on e formed part of another frieze or is merely an ornament in field is difficult 
 to say. the latter sup^wsition seems more probable. That a and b belong to the same figure seems 
 probable, though certainty is im|K)ssible, there l)eiug no point of contact between the two frag- 
 ments. 
 
 Platk LXV. 2 a-C. Three frajrments of an »»inochoe. Greenish clav. Free use of incised lines 
 autl dark red color applied freely. 
 
 a. Lower part of fragment is covered with a black glaze, on which are five parallel lines, two of 
 yellow inclosing three of red. Above, on a whitish yellow ground (left white in the plate ). the hotly 
 and legs of a panther to left and the nnizzle and fore leg of a deer, the figures being ilrawn in black. 
 
 b. From same frieze. Head and shouldei-s of a stag feeding to left,' with traces of a rosette 
 (alternate dots in red ) in field. 
 
 c. Above, in whitish yellow on a black ground, fore legs and part of hind paw of a i)antlier to 
 left. Below, on a whitish yellow ground, head of panther to right and rosettes in field. Ked on 
 rosettes and panther's head. 
 
 The true arrangement of these fragments is doubtful : it seems probable that the base of the 
 oinochoe ( rei)resented by a) was covered entirely with a black glaze, with two friezes above, the 
 lower white, the npper black, and that the rest of the surface was entirely covered by a black 
 glaze. The legs of the ])anther i)n c are in the same color as the white ground of the vase. 
 
 These fragments, which are extremelv fine in their execution, differ materiallv from other vases 
 of the Argive or Corinthian style in the employment of two distinct backgi-ounds on the same 
 vase, and suggests in a way the employment of two separate technical methods, such as we might 
 exiHJct to find in Asia Minor, and do find on san-ophagi from Clazomenae. In spite of the 
 resemblance of an Aeolian oinochoe- to our vase, distinct technical differences exist. The white 
 panther on the blaek ground is not drawn in ineised lines (which are used to oxpi-ess details only), 
 but the white paint has been apjdied over the black glaze, probably after the fii-st firing. In that 
 «'ase the whole surface of the vase received its black glaze and black figures first, with the later 
 addition of white figures ])ainted on the black. It recalls in a measure that class of vases which 
 combine both the black and red figure techni(pie, where one figure is drawn in an incised outline 
 and another painted in white with incised lines use<l to express details. But any actual connection 
 between such vases and our fragments is not to be thought of. Also in spite (►f the very unusual 
 
 ' This is one of the «-oiiiinonest motives in archaic 
 vase painting. Cf. li. C. H. XXII. (1898), p. 441. 
 
 '■' Boehlaii, «»/>. lit. p. U9, fig. 48. 
 
 THE AR(iIVE STYLE: SKYPHOI 
 
 151 
 
 techniipie shown by our fragments, the style of drawing is so unmistakably Argive that no doubts 
 can be ai-oused against their jMJsition in Class III. 
 
 As these were the only fragments found which show this i)eculiar double techni(jue, 
 speculation as to the influence which produced them seems futile. I should feel inclined 
 to follow Boehlau's lead in sui)posiug that the Aeolian ware was responsible, seeing that 
 the relation between that and the Argive Chiss III. is very close. Whether any Rho- 
 diiin iuHuence (cf. J. 11. S. VI. [188.5], p. 184) was here at work is extremely doubtful. 
 
 JSl't/phoi. 
 Fra'^-ments and vases of this form were the most numerous in Class III. The ma- 
 jority of the fragments belong to hirge vases and show a style fairly advanced. Being 
 more fragile than lekythoi, very few specimens were recovered uid)roken. The form of 
 the skyphos is the same throughout, the only variation being in the size of the vase. As 
 in the case of the shapes just discussed, many fragments show an entire lack of incised 
 lines and pnd)ably belong to an older class. The greater number, however, have incised 
 lines, with purple, yellow, and red e(dor freely applied. As a rule the bases are orna- 
 mented with a ray pattern, or luirallel bands, the rest of the body being occupied by the 
 
 injiin frieze of animals. 
 
 The rim is usually bordered by a Geometric pattern of some sort, occasionally by a 
 secoiul frieze of animals, narrower than the main frieze. The interior is always glazed 
 red or black. 
 
 26. ( Platk LIX.> (h-eenish clay, with black glaze on interior, nearly worn off. Kay pattern 
 on base and frieze of sirens: separatt-d by a checkered band, what appears to be a second narrower 
 
 frieze as a rim Iwirder. 
 
 27. (Pl.vtk LIX. ) Greenish clay, with dull black glaze on interior. Rays on base and annual 
 
 frieze (cow ). Cross as ornament in field. 
 
 This fragment is chiefly remarkable for the fact that it is the only fragment found at the 
 Heraeum on which a cow is represented: this, in view of the close mythological connection 
 between the animal and the godtless Hera, is r:ither surprising. 
 
 Pig. 90. Height, 0.047 ra.; diameti-r, O.OGO m. Upi)er part with handles restored. Reddish 
 
 yeUow clay, with flsiky black glaze on interior, decoration in 
 dark brown. Frieze around base of panther and three other 
 animals (i)erhaps deer) upside down. Poor execution. 
 
 It is jn-obable that two friezes were represented. For dis- 
 cussion of the inverted frieze, v. Fig. 91. 
 
 The fragments just discussed probably belong to the 
 earlier period. Fig. 90 is certainly very much akin to 
 the lekythoi on p. 127, aiul may mark the transition 
 stage between skyphoi of Classes II. and III. The 
 
 other fragments, which were quite numerous, do not dif- , 
 
 fer materially from the usual types. The drawing of the 
 animals was distinctly poor; dogs and panthers were 
 chiefly represented. 
 
 Fig. 91. Height, 0.0.57 m. ; diameter. O.OCl m. From Old 
 Temide Terrace. Yellowish clay, with dull black glaze on in- 
 terior, decoration in black and ml. Main frieze (upside down) 
 on base : three figures, man shooting an arrow at a deer to left, 
 
 Whind the man a Hon with oi>en mouth. Separated by a broad band is a narrow border on the 
 rim with two vertical dashes on each side. Figures in dark red, incised lines used. 
 
 Fio. 90. 
 
 Fig. 91. 
 
152 
 
 THE VASKS AND VASE FKAGMENTS 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: PYXIDES AND JUGS 
 
 153 
 
 Fig. 91 forms a companion piece to Fig. 90 save for the use of incised lines. Thronph its ))rimi- 
 tive execution it probably belongs to the early perio<l of Class III. But the chief i)eculiarity of 
 the two vases lies in the subject being drawn upside down. 
 
 This peculiarity is extremely rare in vase painting. We have already seen it in the 
 case of the Mycenaean jug, Fig. 20, making three from the Heraeum. I have heen aide 
 to find but one similar instance anywhere else, a small skyphos at Syracuse {Ann. dell* 
 Inst. 1877, tav. d 'agg- C D -1, p. 47, No. 13), on which is a frieze of water birds, the 
 subject being inverted in the same manner. What the object was in doing this is 
 decidedly obscure ; it can hardly have been accidental. 
 
 Several vases of the type found at Syracuse {Not. d. Scac. 1893, p. 457, right-hand 
 figure) were represented either whole or in fragments, their execution being decidedly 
 hasty. Several fragments were found where two friezes were represented, separated by a 
 checkered band, while a large number belonged to very small skyphoi with a single frieze 
 and a border of zigzags along the rim. 
 
 The fragments of skyphoi which belong to the best period of Class III. are rather 
 larger in size than those just described. All employ the incised line. 
 
 PLATE LIX. 
 
 28. Fragment of large skyphos of dark red clay, with dark brown glaze on interior. Dark 
 brown decoration. On base, i*ays : above, frieze of animals (panther). 
 
 This fragment, though inferior in technique, bears a close relation to the skyphos from Aegina 
 (Pallat, lot: cit. pi. vii. ). The drawing of the panther, however, is firm and decided, if conventional. 
 The field is divided by an arrangement of vertical lines, curved and straight, similar to that found 
 on the neck of an oinochoe from Aegina (Pallat, /(X-. cit. p. 271, fig. fi). 
 
 29. Fragment of a large skyphos, of which several other fragments were found. Reddish clay, 
 with black glaze burnt red in parts, on interior. Main frieze : head of ])anther and hind ({uarter of 
 horse to right. Double lozenge in field. Above, smaller frieze as a rim border, dog to left ; field 
 divided by a Geometric triangle scheme. 
 
 Although no fragments of the base were found, it seems probable that the base had the usual 
 decoration of rays, with the main frieze directly above them. Several dozen fragments belonging 
 to equally large skyphoi were found. 
 
 30 a and b. Two fragments from a large skyphos. Dark yellow clay, with brilliant black 
 glaze on interior : also on interior, just below rim, thi-ee stri])es in applied color, the upi>er two white, 
 the lower red. Exterior : on rim, border of water birds with sigmas in field. Main frieze : 
 a, wings, head, and hind quarters of a gryphon : b, rear part of a bird or a siren, with the back of 
 a crouching sphinx. Below, upper part of an animal l>eIonging to a second frieze. Red is applied 
 freely on all the figures. Rosettes, sigmas, etc., as ornaments in field. Several other smaller frag- 
 ments were found. 
 
 That three friezes were represented on this skyphos is evident, though their arrangement cannot 
 be discovered. One fragment showed the back of a boar and another a helmet with a flying birtl 
 over it. Whether a boar hunt was representeil is doubtful ; probably both the main friezes were 
 occupied by the usual series of aniouds, sphinxes, gryphons, etc., a male figure (with a helmet) 
 being introduced among them.* 
 
 The style of the fragments represents the best period of the Argive ware. The border of water 
 birds, so common in the earlier period, is here treated very freely and as carefully as the main 
 friezes. 
 
 A dozen other fragments, from as many different vases, were found, which were very 
 similar in technique to 30. 
 
 31. Fragment of skyphos. Yellow clay, with bright re<l decoration. On interior black glaze, 
 ^ lu similar fasbiou tu the Argive lekythos ia Boston, A. J. A, 1900, pi. t. 
 
 burnt red in parts. On base, ray pattern. Above, two friezes. Lower frieze, dog to right ; upper 
 frieze, panther to left. Reversed sigma in field. Red applied on dog's shoulder and belly of 
 
 panther. 
 
 32. Fragment of small skyphos of coarse dark red clay. Rays on base and frieze above, part 
 of goat and tail of a bird or siren. Free use of incised lines. 
 
 Several other fragments of this particular skyphos were found, showing that one frieze only was 
 represented. The style of this fragment is most distinctly transitional from the Argive to the 
 Corinthian, and is similar to a fragment found at Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 319, fig. 37). This 
 pro-Corinthian tyjw was common at the Heraeum, fragments of this kind filling half a basket. 
 Most of the fragments belonged to bases, and were of a grayish or greenish clay, with a pattern of 
 fine rays on the base and a frieze above ; the technique was extremely poor. 
 
 Platk LXV. 3. Fragment of small skyphos. Fine greenish yellow clay, with black glaze on 
 interior almost entirely obliterated. Ileatls of two lions facing each other, drawn in black and 
 
 red lines. 
 
 This fragment for fineness and delicacy of execution is equaled only by the best Attic red-figure 
 work. The lines of the figures stand out from the surface of the clay as in Attic work, but the 
 style and the use of the red line are most distinctly un- Attic ; in fact, we have here a fragment of 
 the Argive style in its most advanced stjige and far superior to any Corinthian work. No other 
 fragme'iit belonging to this vase was found, and its shape is only established by the presence of a 
 glaze on the back. Although this would argue also for a pyxis, the slight upward curve of the 
 fragment makes a skyphos more probable. 
 
 Pyxides. 
 
 Except for the covers, practically none of these vases were found. One fragment of 
 a pyxis showed two goats facing each other, but the lack of ornaments in field as well 
 as the style woidd seem to assign it to the later period of Class II. The large pyxis on 
 p. 137 may well be a transitional tyjie from Class II. to Class III. 
 
 The same proportion between the pyxides and their covers, which we have already 
 mentioned, held good in the case of Ckss III., as the covers were quite numerous, while 
 luirdly any pyxides themselves were found. The subject on all was the same, a frieze 
 of animals on the outside, with or without ornaments in field, and rays radiating from 
 the centre. The two best examples are given below. 
 
 33. Fragment of cover. Polished yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. In centre, rays ; 
 animal frieze, panther and part of another to right. Careful drawing, free use of incised lines. 
 
 34. Yellowish clay. In centre, rays; animal frieze, panther to left with rosettes in field. 
 Checkered boi-der. Decoration in black with red applied to panther's neck and belly. Incised 
 lines freely used. 
 
 This is one of the best specimens of drawing. It is worth noting, as a curious fact, 
 tliat the left-hand part of the fragment was picked up at the Heraeum by Dr. Olcott of 
 the American School at Rome, in the spring of 1898, three years after the completion 
 of the excavation, and on being brought to Athens was found to fit with a fragment 
 excavated four years before. 
 
 A small cover was found with a single zone of figures precisely similar to those on an 
 aryballos from Orchomenos {B, C. H. XIX. [1895], p. 196, fig. 18). 
 
 J%igs (^Kannen). 
 
 Whether the following fragments are to be included under this head is doubtfid, but 
 
 as it does not seem possible to ckss them as lekythoi or oinochoai, the jug seems the 
 
 only possible form. It is probable that the form of Plate LXVI. 3 corresponds more 
 
 closely to jugs of the Phaleron type, and if a trefoil lip be assumed, it should by rights 
 
 t!1 
 
154 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 be classed anion jif the oinochoai. No trace, however, of a neck was found, so tliat the 
 point must remain doubtful. 
 
 Platk LXVI. a Two fragments from one-handled jug. similar in fonn, ))erhai)s, to one 
 fronj Megara Ilyblaea (J/ow. Ant. I. p. 811). Dark brownish yellow clay, with fine [xdished sur- 
 face. Decoration from black to reddish brown. On base, rays. Main frieze : two sphinxes (back 
 of head and fore legs of right-hand figure, lower legs of left-hand figure missing) facing «'aeh 
 other, with an ehiborate scroll pattern between them. On the left, tail of an animal ( probably a 
 goat ) : and on the right, botly and legs of another goat. Crosses and rosettes as ornaments in field. 
 On shoulder, rays (of interlacing lines) alternating with ]K>t-hooks. Incised lines freely used, and 
 the wings of the sphinxes ai-e treated alternately in black and natural clay divisions, the latter 
 oi-namented with dots : the leaves of the palmette scroll are treated in similar fashion. The glaze 
 on the body of the right-hand animal and on the right hind leg of the right-hand sphinx is badly 
 worn. 
 
 A certain similarity may be found on a fragment froni Athens,' which is certainly not Early 
 Attic and is declared by Perniee to be Boeotian. There two friezes of figures are rejiresentetl, 
 s[)hinxes above and deer below. The figures show a very elementary use of the incised line and 
 are distinctly more primitive in treatment than the figures on our fragment. 
 
 In spite of an apparent siutilarity, the styles of the two fragments differ considerably. That our 
 fragments are distinctly Argive 1 see no reason to doubt. The drawing is precisely the same as 
 that already seen on our best fragments, and the use of the incised lines shows a very advanced 
 technical skill. The ornaments in the field are treated elaborately, but are i-elegated to a very 
 minor position (except the palmette scroll ). 
 
 The treatment of the wings on the sphinxes is extremely curious, and I have been unable to 
 find any similar case : ^ it differs materially from the Athens fragment. A vase in the British 
 Museum ( A 1323) shows the same arrangement of hair,' which is gathered in a heavy mass 
 behind, with incised divisions (as in the case of the Tenean Ajwllo) and little locks over the fore- 
 head. The right-hand animal shows no new jwculiarity. 
 
 So little of the palmette scroll is left that its reconstruction is doubtful. It is certain that four 
 spirals and three palmettes were represented,^ but whether it endeil at the bottom in a palmette 
 similar to that on the toj) cannot be said. Judging by the palmette scroll on the am])hora from 
 Melos (Rayet and Coll. IliKt. pi. ii.), it seems more probable that the scroll here was represented in 
 similar fashion, with four spirals arranged in cross fashion and a palmette on four sides between 
 each s])iral. 
 
 35. Fragment, (ireenish yellow clay, with black decoration. Incised lines freely used. Two 
 horses' heads to right, evidently part of a biga. Gootl technique. 
 
 It is doubtful what the form of the whole vase was. The heads are drawn in too large a scale 
 for a lekythos, and as no trace of a glaze can be found on the interior it cannot have belonged to a 
 skyphos. The curve of the fragment seems best suited to a small jug. similar in shape to Pig. 86. 
 The bridle of the horses seems to be the same as that on Plate LIX. 21. 
 
 Plates. 
 Fran^ents of plates of the Oriental Argive style were very scarce, hardly more than 
 half a dozen being found. 
 
 36 a and b. Two fragments of a plate, diameter uncertain. Reddish yellow clay, with black 
 decoration on one side, burnt red on the other. The subje<'t on both sides is the same, — a frieze 
 of panthei-s, one crouching. The technique of the obverse is better than that of the reverse, the 
 (Irawing being more carefid. 
 
 We see from a that the centre was occupied by a star pattern, but what the outer border of the 
 frieze was cannot be told. 
 
 1 Athen. Mitt. XX. (ISftj), p. 121, pi. iii. 2. « Cf. also Not. d. Scav. 18«5, p. 186, fig. 87. 
 
 2 The pina.x from Rhodes ( B. C. //. XIX. [1895J, p. 74, * Cf. Jahrb. IL (1887), p. 57, fig. 23. 
 fig. 2) is similar save for the lack of dots. 
 
 THE ARGIVE STYLE: ALABASTRA AND ARYBALLOI 
 
 155 
 
 AlahoKti'd. 
 
 That the alabastron had its origin during this period and not during the Corinthian 
 seems fairly evident. What caused its growth is a matter of doubt. It is possible that 
 it may have developed from the lekythos, since the alabastron resembles strongly a leky- 
 thos minus a neck and handle, turned upside down. The fragments of this shape were 
 very numerous, especially those with a scale pattern, but few were preserved whole. 
 
 Two types are represented. 
 
 1. F'omi Berf. Cat. v. 109, without foot. 
 
 2. Form Pottier, Vatses da Louvre, pi. 41 E 423, with foot. 
 
 Ti/pp 1. 
 Three varieties of ornamentation are seen. 
 
 a. Simple linear decoration. Leaf rosette around neck and base, bands, checkered bands on 
 body. Red lines applied freely. Cf. Pottier, Vasts, pi. xxxix. E 32. 
 
 b. Same decoration except for addition of one animal frieze, sometimes more, around the base.^ 
 Incised lines are not used on the animals at all. The fragments were numerous, and one vase 
 (height, 0.074 uj.) was preserved almost complete. 
 
 C. Body of vase almost entirely covered with a scale pattern, large or small, as in Pottier, Vases, 
 pi. xxxix. E 309, 319. A red dot is applied to alternate scales. This is the commonest type, half 
 a dozen vases being found intact and numerous fragments. 
 
 The animal frieze occasionally occurs together with the scale pattern. 
 
 Type 2. 
 Only a few scattered fragments of this type were preserved. Half of one vase was 
 preserved with three animal friezes, very roughly drawn, no incised lines being used. 
 
 Anjhalloi. 
 Although the aryballos is a thoroughly characteristic shape of the Corinthian style, a 
 nimiber of them were found at the Heraeum which differed entirely from the Corinthian 
 aryballi in point of technique and had a decoration purely linear in character. This would 
 seem to warrant their belonging to the Argive period, towards the beginning of Class III. 
 All show the use of applied color in an advanced stiige, and this, together with the form, is 
 nu>re in favor of their connection with the later period of the Argive style than the earlier. 
 The earliest instance seems to be an aryballos of coarse red clay, with black glaze on 
 the shoulder. The rest of the vase is entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely 
 worn away, with no traces of other decoration. No case of this peculiarity can be found 
 in Corinthian vases ; we have already seen it on Mycenaean vases. Cf . p. 93. 
 
 Fig. 92. Height, 0.07 m. Neck and handle restored. Black glaze over all, burnt red in places. 
 On bo<ly broa*l band of dark red color applied, bounded above and below by 
 two narrow bands inclosing row of dots applied in white. 
 
 This tyi)e seems fairly common. There are similar examples in 
 the British Museum (A 1028, from Kameiros), Naples (Rac. Cum.), 
 and three at Syracuse from Megara Hyblaea (Tombs 784, Oil, 980). 
 Other vases showed either a single broad band of applied red, or a 
 red band with a smaller white band on each side. One fragment was 
 found of an aryballos which was divided by incised lines with gore- 
 sliaped divisions (like a child's leather ball), the gores being colored 
 alternately red, yellow, and black. 
 
 Sjiecimens precisely similar are in the British Museum (A 1027, 10^1). 
 
 I Cf. the alabastra from Orchoiuenos. B. C. H. XIX. (18y.>), p. 192, figs. Ifi, 17. 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 W 
 
VA 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 be classed ainoni»- the oiiuuhoai. No trace, however, of a neck was t'ouiul, so that the 
 
 [»oiiit must remain douhtful. 
 
 Platk LXVI. 3. Two tia«;ments from oiie-haiuUetl juj;. similar iu form, perhaps, to one 
 troiii Me-iara llyl>lat'a {M'm. Atit. I. p. 811 ). Dark brownish yeUow clay, with fine jMilishetl sur- 
 tax. Decoration trom black to redilisli brown. On base, rays. Main frieze : twt) sphinxes ( hack 
 «»f heail ami fore legs of right-haml figure, lower legs of left-haml figuii^ missing) facing <aeh 
 other, with an elaborate scroll pattern between them. On the left, tail of an animal (probaldy a 
 goat ) : anil on tlic ri^lit, l»oJy an«l legs of another g«>at. Crosses and rosettes as ornaments in field. 
 On shouKler. rays (of intcrlaring lines) alternatnig with i)ot-hooks. Incised lines freely nsed, and 
 the win'^^s of the sphinxes are treated alternately in black and natural clav divisions, the latter 
 oinaniuntetl with «lots : the leaves of tin- palniette scroll are treated in similar fashion. The glaze 
 on the bo<lv of the right-hand animal and on the right hind kg of the right-hand sphinx is hadly 
 
 worn. 
 
 A certain sindlaritv may be fotuul on a fragment fn>m Athens.' wliich is certainly not Early 
 Attic and is «leclared by IVrnice to be Boeotian. There tw«» friezes of figures ari' rei)resented, 
 s[»hinxes aUove and deer ht'low. The figures show a very elementary use of the incised line and 
 are distinctly more primitive in treatment than the figures on our fragment. 
 
 In spitr of an apparent similarity, the styles of the two fragments ditter considerably. That our 
 fragments are distinctly Aigive I see no reason to doubt. The dmwing is i)recisely the same as 
 that already seen on our best fragments, and the use of the incised lines shows a very advanced 
 technical skill. The ornaments in the field are treated elaborately, but are relegated to a very 
 minor position (except the palmette scroll). 
 
 The treatment of the wings on the sphinxes is extremely eurious. and I liave been tuiable to 
 find :iny similar ease: -it dithers materially from the Athens fragment. .\ vase in the Uritish 
 Museum (A 18:23) shows the sanu* arrangement of hair.^ which is gathered in a heavy mass 
 behind, with incised divisions (as in the case of the Tenean .V|>ollo) and little locks over the fore- 
 heail. The right-hand animal shows no new iHjeuliarity. 
 
 So little of the palmette scroll is left that its reconstruction is doubtful. It is certain that four 
 s|)irals and three ])almettes were represente«l,^ but whether it endetl at the l>ottom in a palmette 
 similar to that on the top eannot l»e said. Judging by the ])almette scroll on the amphora fnmi 
 Melos (Kayet and Coll. J/isf. pi. ii. ), it seems more probable that the scroll here was represented in 
 similar fashion, with four spirals arranged in cross fashion and a palmette on four sides between 
 each spiral. 
 
 35. Fragment. (Jreenish yellow clay, with black decoration. Incised lines freely useil. Two 
 liorses' heads to right, evidently )>art of a biga. (ioo<l technitpie. 
 
 It is d«)ubtful what the form of the wh«)le vase was. The heads are drawn in too large a scale 
 for a lekythos. and as no trace of a glaze can be found on the interior it cannot have Wlonged to a 
 skyphos. Tlte curve of the fragment seems best suited to a small jug. similar in shajH; to Pig. 86. 
 The bridle of the horses seems to be the same as that on Platk LIX. '2i. 
 
 Pfofrs. 
 
 Fraomeiits of plates of the Oriental Aij^ive style were very scarce, hardly more than 
 half a dozen bein<»' found. 
 
 36 a and b. Two fragments of a plate, diameter uncertain. Reddish yellow clay, with black 
 decoration on one side, burnt red on the other. The subject on l)oth sides is the same, — a frieze 
 of jianthers, one crouching. The techuiijue of the obverse is better than that of the reverse, the 
 drawing being more careful. 
 
 We see froni a that the centre was ocx'upied by a star pattern, but what the outer border of the 
 frieze was cannot be told. 
 
 1 Athen. ^rltt. XX. (ISftl). p. t-_»l. 1.1. iii. 2. ^ Cf. !ils4. Xot. <!. Smv. 18(1.".. p. IW,, Hg. 87. 
 
 - The pinax from Rhodes ( Ii. < \ II. XIX. [1805], p. 74, * Cf. Jahrh. II. (1887), p. .■>7. fig. 'J3. 
 
 ti'T. -) i.-^ similar save fur the lack of tiot^i. 
 
 THE AR(iIVE STYLE: ALAIUSTRA AND ARYliALLOI 
 
 15') 
 
 Ahilt<i.'<ti-ii. 
 
 That the alabastron had its origin diirino- this period and not durino- the Corinthian 
 seems fairly evident. What cansed its growth is a matter of donbt. It is possible that 
 it may have developed fronj the lekythos, since the alabastron resembles strongly a leky- 
 thos ininus a neck and handle, tinned npside down. The fragn»ents of this shape were 
 very nnmerons, especially those with a scale i)attern, but few were preserved whole. 
 
 Two types are represented. 
 
 1. Form linh Cat. v. 109, without foot. 
 
 2. Form Pottier, Vaavs tfii Louvre, pi. 41 E 423, with foot. 
 
 Tt/ftr 1. 
 
 Three varieties of ornamentation are seen. 
 
 a. Simple linear decoration. Leaf rosette around neck and base, bands, checkered bands on 
 iMxly. Reil lines applied freelv. Cf. Pottier. Vuxvh, pi. xxxix. E 32. 
 
 b. Same «leconition except for addition of <me animal frieze, sometimes more, around the base.' 
 Incised lines are not use<l on the animals at all. The fragments were numerous, and one vase 
 (hei'dit, 0.074 m. ) was preserved almost complete. 
 
 C." Boily of vase almost cntii-ely covered with a scale pattern, large or small, as in Pottier, T -/.ses, 
 pi. xxxix. E 300, 310. A red dot is applied to alternate scales. This is the commonest type, half 
 a dozen vases being found intact and numerous fragments. 
 
 The animal frieze occasionally occurs together with the s(!ale pattern. 
 
 Type 2. 
 Only a few scattered fragments of this type were preserved. Half of one vase was 
 preserved with three animal friezes, very roughly drawn, no incised lines being used. 
 
 Anjhalloi. 
 Although the aryball(»s is a thoroughly characteristic shape of the Corinthian style, a 
 number of them were found at the Heraeum which differed entirely from the C<nintliian 
 aryballi in point of techni<iue and had a decoration purely linear in character. This would 
 seem to warrant their behinging to the Argive period, towards the beginning of Class IlL 
 All show the use of applied color in an advanced stage, and this, together with the form, is 
 more in favor of their connection with the Liter period of the Argive style than the earlier. 
 The earliest instance seems to be an aryballos of coarse red clay, with black glaze on 
 the shoulder. The rest of the vase is entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely 
 worn away, with no traces of other decoration. No case of this peculiarity can be found 
 in Corinthian vases ; we have already seen it on Mycenaean vases. Cf . p. D^i. 
 
 Fig. 92. Height, 0.07 m. Neck and handle restored. Black glaze over all. burnt red in places. 
 On b(Kly broad band of dark red color applied, bounded above and below by 
 two narrow bands inclosing row of dots applied in white. 
 
 This type seems fairly common. There are similar examples in 
 the British Museum (A 102S, from Kaineiros). Naples (Kiic. Cum.), 
 and three at Syracuse from Megara Hybhiea (Tombs 784, 941, i)80). 
 Other vases showed either a single broad band of applied red, or a 
 red band with a smaller white band on each side. One fragment was 
 found of an aryballos which was divided by incised lines with gore- 
 shaped divisions (like a child's leather ball), the gores being colored 
 alternately red. yellow, and black. 
 
 Specimens precisely similar are in the British Museum (A 10.^7, 10^1). 
 
 » Cf. the alabastra from Orchon.ei.os. Ii. C. IL XIX. (18«.C>), ,». \9rl. «-s. HI, 17. 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
156 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 APPLIED COLOR IN CERTAIN STYLES 
 
 157 
 
 NOTE ON THE USE OF APPLIED COLOR IN THE MYCENAEAN. GEOMETRIC, AND 
 
 ARGIVE STYLES. 
 
 During the last three chapters, rejjeatetl instances of vases having various colors applied 
 to their surfaces have been mentioned, and as this feature is such a prominent one on the 
 Heraeum vases and so connuon during the succeeding vase classes, Corinthian, Rhodian, 
 etc., it seems proper at this jioint to discuss it briefly. 
 
 For this technique no satisfactory term exists. Cecil Smith ('/. //. S. VI. [1885], 
 p. 184) uses the term " Dorian " and distinguishes between an '"Oriental" style, i. e. the 
 use of incised lines and applied purple or red color, and the " Dorian " style, or silliouette 
 drawins: with details in white, a feature common on much of the late seventh centurv 
 polychrome work in Rhodes and Asia Minor. It is, however, perfectly certain that ap- 
 plied color was used by j>otters of the Mycenaean age, and even earlier, since the pre- 
 Mycenaean ware found by Flinders Petrie in Egypt (J. II. S. X. [1890], pi. xiv. p. 271) 
 shows the same polychrome decoration, so common on Egyptian wall-])aintings, applied 
 to the vases themselves. Crete {Mon. Ant. VI. pis. ix. and x.) has also produced a large 
 amount of similar ware which belongs to the early part of the Mycenaean period. Dur- 
 ing the Mycenaean period in the Argolid its use would seem to have been fairly common, 
 since at the Heraeum we find it on fragpnents of both the dull and lu.strous styles, and 
 Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's Class I. (lustrous finish) also shows that it was extensively 
 employed. During the Geometric and Argive styles at the Heraeum we find it very 
 frequently, though it does not seem to have been in general use until the rise of the 
 Oriental influence in Greece. All these facts would seem to show that this technique did 
 not owe its origin to the bright-colored fabrics of Asia Minor (especially Samos), though 
 they were, very probably, instrumental in promoting its growth on Greek soil, and also 
 that the term " Dorian " is hardly accurate or comprehensive enough, since the origin of 
 the technique must be looked for long before the Dorian invasion, or, if that event be 
 denied, before the end of the Mycenaean period. 
 
 As a regular sequence of this technitpie has not been found (so far as I know) outside 
 of the Argolid, it may i)erha{)s have been a peculiar feature of the pottery nuide in that 
 locality ; since, however, it is a purely accessory feature it can liardly stiind by itself as a 
 separate entity, and the fragments which show its use are not to be sepsirated from 
 the regidar vase-classes to which they belong. 
 
 During the Mycenaean i)eriod at the Heraeum, only a few fragments of the dull 
 Rnish, and of Class III. lustrous finish, show this technique. It is fairly connnon on 
 fragments of the Geometric and Argive (Class II.) styles, while with Class III. of the 
 Argive through the Corinthian style it seems to be an integral jwirt of the decoration. 
 
 On Plate LX. the most representative fragments only are given, following the 
 chronological order of the preceding chapters. 
 
 MYCENAEAN. 
 Du/I Fini»h. 
 Only one fragment (Plate LI. 7, p. 13) showed the appUcation of dark red color. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 Lustrous Finish^ Class III. 
 
 1. Fine dark red clay, exterior entirely covered with a brilliant dark brown glaze, on which is a 
 spiral in white ; careful technique ; the fragment belongs to III. 1. 
 
 2. Coarser yellowish clay, similar technique. Two circles with a dotted border inside ; or pos- 
 sibly the heads of a murex pattern. 
 
 a Fine brick red clay, black glaze on exterior, dark brown on interior. Upper part of pal- 
 
 raette pattern applied in yellow. 
 
 These were the only Mycenaean fragments possessing any interest. Several others 
 were found showing traces of white or yellow imint. 
 
 GEOMETRIC. 
 
 The number of Geometric fragments that show this use of applied color was quite 
 large, ftlling nearly a basket. All such fragments invariably belong to the earlier 
 period of the style rather tlian the later ; i. e. their decoration (apai-t from their poly- 
 chrome feature) is purely Geometric or linear, and in no case of a later Geometric 
 fragment representing animals or genre scenes did this technique occur. Outside of the 
 Argolid this technique is seldom found ; as far as I can discover, only a few scattered 
 Dipylon vases in Athens show it at all. 
 
 4 Fragment of an anq)hoi-a probably. Yellow clay, with a broad glazed band of dark red 
 coverin- the rim on the interior, over which two thin white stripes are applied. On exterior, dark 
 brown glaze. Design applied in white; on rim, zigzag; on body, series of zigzags in a panel 
 bounded by vertical and horizontal lines. On base, rays. 
 
 & Dark red clay, burnt gray on exterior. Dark red glaze on inside, dull black outside, with 
 desicrn in white, dotted rosette above, and zigzag between horizontal stripes. Several other frag- 
 ments of this vase were found, also fragments representing half a dozen other vases of similar 
 
 *%'" Red clay, black glaze on interior; reddish glaze on exterior and design in yellow, horizontal 
 strii'>es and a border inclosing a " Running Dog " pattern. The color is applied thickly. 
 
 7. Red clay, with dark brown decoration. On upper border, a dotted lozenge chain applied in 
 
 vdlow 
 
 a Fragment of foot of large vase, shape uncertain. Red clay, with red glaze on exterior. 
 Moulding on base. Broad meander pattern applied in yellow, bounded by broad stripes of yellow 
 and narrower ones of red. Careful technique. . ,, i 
 
 Platf LXVI L Dark gray clay, with dark brown glaze on exterior. Meander pattern 
 applied in red, with yellow border. Above, broad stripe of red. Several other fragments of this 
 vase were found. Another fragment had a similar meander in yellow, bordered by red and white 
 
 ^'a^Fra-ment of a vase with wide oi^ening. Yellow clay, with black glaze on exterior. Broad 
 band of yellow, with red border lines. On the yellow band a simple meander in red, with splashes 
 of yellow in the interstices. Fi-agments of the rim were found which showed identically the same 
 decoration on the lip. 
 
 The bulk of the fragments belonged to the rims of large bowls, having a flat surface 
 on the top, and covered with a black or dark brown glaze on which broad bands of red, 
 yellow, or white were applied. On these in turn was a pattern, usually a meander ni 
 
 red or yellow. , , , n v j i 
 
 Taking the Geometric fragments of the Heraeum as a whole, the use of applied color 
 seems to have been occasional rather than usual, and in only a few cases (most of them 
 have been given above) does it form an important part of the decoration. 
 
 ARGIVE. 
 
 Tlie number of Argive fragments which show the use of applied color is innumerable. 
 In the majority of the Argive vases ah-eady discussed the slender band of red or yellow 
 
158 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 is extremely common, but is used mainly as an ornamental accessory. The vases where 
 the only decoration consisted of applied color are not very numerous in i)r()portion to 
 the rest. 
 
 No fragments belonging to Class I. showed this technique. In Class II. the frag- 
 ments were much more numerous ; in Class III. the use of applied color is st) univers<d 
 as an accessory ornament that few attempts were made to employ it as the only deco- 
 ration. 
 
 9. Fi-agment of skyphos. Reddish clay, with a brilliant brown glaze, burnt red on interior, on 
 botl) sides. Yellow stripe on interior just below rim. Design in yeUowish white : double ])anel 
 inclosing double circles. Technique very gootl. 
 
 10. Fragment of skyphos. Dirty yellow clay, with dull black glaze on Imth sides. Double 
 triangles in yellowish white laid on thinly, above a horizontal stripe. This motive is identical 
 with that already seen on the necks of the oinoehoai. 
 
 Two fragments of a skyphos exactly similar to those from Aegina (Pallat, lov, vit. 
 p. 277, fig. 9) and Eleusis {'E<f>T)fi. \px. 1898, pi. ii. 3, p. 115) were found. 
 
 U. Fragment of oinochoe. Bright yellow clay, with brown glaze exterior. Parallel bands 
 inclosing zigzag in whitish yellow^. 
 
 Three more fragments of this vase were found and about a dozen other fragments 
 from similar vases, with identical decoration. Fragments of necks were more common, 
 one almost entire, but showing the same motive of zigziigs. Cf. neck of oinochoe on 
 Plate LIX. 8, which belongs here. 
 
 The following frajnuents belons: to Class III. : — 
 
 12. Fragment of large skyphos. Dark reildish clay, with black glaze on exterior. Between two 
 broad bands of red a i>almette in incised lines. The motive resembles strongly those found on 
 some of our bronze fragments. 
 
 13. Fragment of oinochoe or lekythos. Fine yellow clay, dull black glaze on exterior. Lotos 
 palniette in whitish yellow, with incised lines. Below, four stripes, the outer white, the inner red. 
 
 14. Fragment of bowl. Yellow clay, with red brown decoration. On exterior, rays (re<l applied) 
 and a horizontal guilloche. On interior, meander pattern with fragmentary applications of yellow, 
 and a wave pattern around the centre. • 
 
 Besides the fragments already mentioned, several dozen were found which belong to 
 rather large skyphoi, 10-15 cm. in height, of a dark red or yellow cbiy, the exterior only 
 being covered with a didl dark red glaze. On the shoulder and rim is the only decora- 
 tion, consisting invariiibly of two or three parallel stripes of applied red, bordei-ed above 
 and below by a white or yellow stripe. 
 
 A class of fragments similar ui technique to the Attic bkck- and red-figured styles 
 will be discussed in Cliapter VII. 
 
 POLYCHROME VASES, OR DECORATION ON A WHITE GROUND. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of the use of applied color, a few fragments merit atten- 
 tion. These showed the so-called ' polychrome ' technique, having a whitish yellow 
 l)ackground on which the design is applied. These fragments were not very numerous, 
 not more than a dozen beinj? found. 
 
 Plate LXV. 4. Saucer, one side broken. Diameter, 0.058 m. ; height, 0.017 m. Dark reddish 
 clay, exterior covered with a white wash, mostly worn off. Same on interior, with a retl band on 
 rim and a lead-colored band below ; around central boss a rosette in i*ed, with lead-colore<l lines iu 
 
 the loops. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 
 
 159 
 
 This saucer belongs to the series already discussed on p. 125, and is perhaps the earliest Argive 
 vase at the lieraeum which shows this • iwlychrome ' technique. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 ISl Fragment of plate. Yellow clay, with a black glaze on exterior, over which are parallel 
 striiJes of white inclosing a i-ow of dots. On interior, over a whitish yellow wash, a palmette, alter- 
 nate leaves black, with white dots. Incised lines. This fragment belongs to Class III., and is 
 gimilar in point of decoration to 16. 15 shows some similarity to Naukratis ware, but there is 
 nothing to justify its being considered as belonging to that style. 
 
 16. Fragment of plate. Dark red clay, covered with a whitish yellow slip. On exterior frieze 
 of animals? with tongue jjattem on rim. On interior, frieze of geese in black, red (faded) ap- 
 plied to bodies, with zigzag band below. On rim, tongue pattern, red applied to each tongue. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES. 
 
 Before proceeding to the discussion of the Corinthian style proper, it seems best to 
 introduce a cluipter on certain vases and fragments, which, though allied to the two great 
 vase-chisses just discussed, yet stand ai>ai-t by themselves on account of certain peculiar 
 features both of cLiy and design. 
 
 It is difficult to decide on a proi)er term for these vases. That they were imported 
 into Argos is possible but improbable, seeing that foreign-made vases are extremely 
 scarce arthe Heraeum. Moreover, it is more difficult to find analogies for them outside 
 of Arg(»s than at the Heraeum itself, though even there such analogies ai-e extremely 
 rare. The nu>st probable expknation is, that all of them are experiments in the mak- 
 ing of certain tyjHJs, which were not continued ; this alone will account for the wide 
 difference that exists between them and the other Heraeum vases, not to si)eak of foi- 
 
 eign vase-classes. 
 
 The vases and fragments represented here fall, rougldy si)eaking, in the eighth cen- 
 tury, though a few may be dated a few years later tlian b. c. 700. Some are equally 
 related to\oth the Argive and Geometric styles ; others again resemble more nearly 
 purely foreign styles like the ' Island ' tyi^s, Melian, Rhodian, etc. 
 
 Pig. 93. Oinochoe : height, 0.19 m. Handle and parts of body restored. Brownish yellow 
 clay, with darker slip, daik brown 
 decoration. 
 
 On rim four parallel stripes; on 
 neck "Running Dog' pattern, and 
 below a frieze, four pairs of lions and 
 snakes to right. On shoulder Geo- 
 metric snake, with round balls and 
 dotted rosettes in field. On body, two 
 Iwrders. " Running Dog " above, zig- 
 zag (continuous) below, with a dotted 
 row above and below, and separated 
 by usual parallel 8trii>es. On base, 
 rays, points downward. On all the 
 decoration (except the i)arallel stripes, 
 dotted rows, and rays) small round 
 dots of white. 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
158 
 
 THK VASKS AM) VASK FHA(JMKNTS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 
 
 150 
 
 is extiemelv common, but is used inainlv as an ornamental aceessory. The vases where 
 tlie only ilecoration consisted <»t' applied color are not very numerous in proportion to 
 the rest. 
 
 No fra«i;ments belonging to Class L showed this techni(|ue. In Class H. the frag- 
 ments were mui-h more numerous: in Class III. the use of applied color is so universal 
 as an accessory ornament that few attempts were made to employ it as the oidy de(«»- 
 ratiou. 
 
 9. Fragment of skyphos. Keddish clay, with a brilliant brown glaze, burnt red on interior, on 
 both sides. Yellow stripe on interior just below rim. Design in yellowish white : double ]>anel 
 inclosing double circles. Technique very gooil. 
 
 10. Fragment of skyphos. Dirty yellow clay, with dull black glaze on liotli sides. Double 
 triangles in yellowish white laiil on thinly, above a horizontal strijM,*. This motive is identical 
 with that already seen on the necks of the oinochoai. 
 
 Two fragments of a skyphos exactly simihir to those from Aegina (Pallat, lor. vU. 
 p. 277, fig. 9) and Eleusis { E(f)r)fi. Ap^. 1898, pi. ii. 3, p. 115) were found. 
 
 U. Fragment of oinochoe. Bright yellow clay, with brown glaze exterior. I'arallel bands 
 inclosing zigzag in whitish yellow. 
 
 Three more fragments of this vase were found and about a dozen other fragments 
 from similar vases, with identical decjuation. Fragments of necks were more couuuon, 
 one almost entire, but showing the s;iuu' motive of zigziigs. Cf. neck of oinochoe uii 
 Platk LIX. 8, which belongs here. 
 
 The following fragments behmg to Class III. : — 
 
 12. Fragment of large skyphos. Dark reddish clay, with black glaze on exterior. Between two 
 broad bands of red a i)ahnette in incised lines. The motive resembles stron^lv those fonn«l on 
 some of our bronze fragnients. 
 
 13. Fragment of oinochoe or Ickythos. Fine yellow clay, dull black glaze on e.\teri«>r. Lotos 
 l)almette in whitish yellow, with incised lines. B«*low, four strijies. the outer white, the inner red. 
 
 14. Fragment of bowl. Yellow cl.iy, with red brown decoration. On exterior, rays ( red applied ) 
 and a horizontal guilloche. On interior, meander pattern with fragmentary applieations of yeHow, 
 and a wave pattern around the centre. 
 
 Besides the fragments already meuti<Mied. several dozen were found which belonir to 
 rather large skyphoi, 10-15 em. in height, of a dark red or yellow clay, the exterior only 
 being e()vered with a dull (hirk red glaze. On the shoulder and rim is the only «lecora- 
 tion. consisting invariably of two or three |Kirallel strii)es of apjdied red, bordered above 
 and below by a white or veUow stri|H». 
 
 A class of fragments similar in techni(pie to the Attic bhu'k- and red-figured styles 
 will be discussed in Chapter VII. 
 
 POLYCHROME VASES. OR DECORATION ON A WHITE GROUXD. 
 
 Before leaving the .subject of the use of applie<l cfdor, a few fragments merit atten- 
 tion. These showed the so-called * polychnuue ' technicpie, having a whitish yellow 
 backgr<unul on which the design is applied. These fragment.> were not very numerous, 
 not uu)re than a dozen beinu: found. 
 
 Platk LXV. 4. Saucer, one side broken. Diameter, 0.058 m. ; height. 0.017 m. Dark reddish 
 clay, exterior covered with a white wash, mostly worn off. Same on interior, with a re<l band on 
 rim and a lead-coloretl band below ; around central lioss a rosette in i-ed, with leail-<'olore<l lines iu 
 the l(M)ps. 
 
 i 
 
 This saucer belongs to the series ah-eady discussed on p. 125, and is i>eihaps the earliest Argive 
 vase at the 1 leraeum which shows this * i>olyclu'ome ' teclmiiiue. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 15. Fragment of plate. Yellow clay, with a black glaze on exterior, over which are parallel 
 stripes of white inclosing a row of dots. On interior, over a whitish yellow wash, a palmette, alter- 
 nate leaves black, with white dots. Incised lines. This fragment belongs to Class III., and is 
 similar in point of decoration to 16. 15 shows some similarity to Naukratis ware, but there is 
 nothing to justify its being considei-ed as belonging to that style. 
 
 16. ^Fragment of plate. Dark red clay, covered with a whitish yellow slij). On exterior frieze 
 of animals? with tiuiguc pattern on rim. On interior, frieze of geese in black, red (faded) ap 
 plied to bodies, with zigzag baud below. On rim, tongue pattern, red applied to each tongue. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES. 
 
 Bkfouk proceeding ti» the discussicui of the Corinthian style proper, it seems best to 
 intnuluce a chapter on certain vases and fragments, which, though allied to the two great 
 vase-chisscs just discussed, yet stand n\Mit by themselves on account of certiiin jjeculiar 
 features both of clay and «lesign. 
 
 It is difficult tt. decide (Ui a proper term for these vases. That they were imported 
 into Argos is possible but impnd.able, seeing that f(ueign-made vases are extremely 
 scarce arthe Ileraeum. Moreover, it is more difficult to find analogies for them c.utside 
 of Argi»s than at the Heraeum itself, tlnuigh even there such analogies are extremely 
 rare. "The nu»st probable explanati<m is, that all of them are experiments in the mak- 
 ing of certain tyi)es, which were not c(uitinued ; this ahme will account f(U- the wide 
 difference that exists between them and the other Heraeum vases, not to speak of foi- 
 eign vase-classes. 
 
 The vases and fragments represented here fall, roughly speaking, in the eighth cen- 
 tury, though a few may be dated a few years later than h. v. 700. Some are ecpially 
 related t«rboth the Argive and Ge<mietric styles; others again resemble more nearly 
 purely foreign styles like the ' Islan<l ' types, Melian, Rhodian, etc. 
 
 Fig. 93. Oinochoe: height, 0.19 m. Handle and parts of body restored. Brownish yellow 
 
 clay, with darker slii), dark brown 
 
 decoration. 
 
 On rim four parallel stripes: on 
 
 neck "Running Dog" pattern, and 
 
 below a frieze, four pairs of lions and 
 
 snakes to right. On shoulder Geo- 
 
 metric snake, with round balls and 
 
 •lotted rosettes in field. On bo<ly, two 
 
 lM)rders. *' Running Dog'" above, zig- 
 
 K»g (continuous) VmjIow. with a dotted 
 
 row al)ove and Indow. and separatetl 
 
 by usual parallel stripes. On base. 
 
 rays, points downward. On all the 
 
 decoration ( excejit the parallel strii>es, 
 
 dotted rows, and rays) small round 
 
 dots of white. 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
160 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 
 
 161 
 
 This oinochoe is by far the most peculiar vase that the Ileraeum yielded, and is remarkable for 
 its technical features as well as its decoration. The form seems to be a cross between the two 
 Argive oinochoai already discussed (Figs. 56 and 57). 
 
 Technique. The clay resembles more closely that iisetl in vases of the Geometric style than in 
 the Argive. The addition of the white dots in such numbers is peculiar but not unique, as it was 
 found on several other Heraeum fragments, and a few vases outside of the Argolid.* It is certain, 
 however, from Mycenaean fragments, that it was a common feature in the Argolid from the earli- 
 est times. 
 
 Decoration. This oinochoe differs from all the other Argive types in having an animal frieze 
 on the neck, while the botly is covered with the ordinary Geometrical motives. 
 
 In spite of the Geometrical motives on the bo<ly of the vase, it may be safely asserted that our 
 oinochoe does not belong to the Geometric style, since the peculiar white dots never occur, so far 
 as I know, on purely Geometric vases, nor has the style of the lions any connection with the lions 
 on Geometric vases.^ A closer connection seems afforded by the Phaleron jugs, since there we find 
 the same employment of white dots, as well as the use of the neck for the main frieze. But the 
 presence of the Geometric snake on the shoulder is against any such connection, since, as far as I 
 know, that motive never occurs on any jug of the Phaleron ty|)e, nor has the style of our oinochoe 
 anything in common with them. The Gamedes oinochoe is clearly of a later date than ours, and 
 cannot therefore serve as a criterion for any doubtful )M)int. 
 
 That our vase is of native workmanship seems to me extremely probable. The presence of the 
 white dots on a few foreign-made vases is offset by the presence of fragments from as many vases 
 at the Heraeum, and the use of the neck in the Phaleron jugs for the principal frieze is not a com- 
 mon peculiarity. Moreover, the style of our vase is earlier, if anything, than that of the Phaleron 
 jugs, and would seem rather to point to an Argive influence on that class of vases (as was already 
 suggested) than vice-versa. We have seen already how common the use of applied color was in 
 all vases manufactured in the Argolid from the Mycenaean times downwards, so that this feature 
 cannot be considered as lacking parallels in that place. 
 
 The date of our oinochoe must fall during the i>erio«l of Argive Class II. The snakes and the 
 other Geometric motives make this probable. Moreover, there seems to be no reason for seeing 
 any trace of Oriental influence here ; the lions have nothing in common with the type of lion in 
 Class III., and the lack of incised lines is in favor of an early date, pi-obably about the middle of 
 the eighth century. 
 
 The combination of the lion and snake in pairs is extremely curious ; I have been unable to find 
 any similar instance. That a lion was intended is evident, though the prancing monster is more 
 like the creation of a nightmare than the noble monarch of the desert. The presence of the lions 
 is interesting, as they are not represented fighting, but as a purely ornamental feature. This 
 would seem to be one of the earliest instances of the animal frieze, and would show that if not 
 commonly employed, it was at least known to the vase-painter before the spread of Oriental influ- 
 ence in Greece, and need not be considered as a purely Eastern innovation. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 17 a and b. Two fragments from a large amphora. Coarse brick red clay, with a reddish 
 yellow slip. Decoration varying from black to red. Around interior of rim, band of black glaze. 
 White dots applied to all the decoration. 
 
 a. Lion in panel formed by two stripes inclosing dotted row, and part of a scroll. Ti-aces of a 
 rosette (?) above the lion's head. 
 
 1 The following examples are known to me : Warrior 
 Vase {yiyk. Vas. p. 68, pis. xlii. and xliii., and Schliemann, 
 Tiryns, pis. xiv., xv., xvii. h, xxi. a, ft, x^ni. f) ; Aristono- 
 phos Vase {Mon.delV Inst. IX. pi. iv.); Gamedes oinochoe 
 (Rayet and Collignon. Hist. p. 81, fig. 42); two Phaleron 
 jugs (Boehlau, Jahrh. II. [1887], p. 4o, figs. 3, 4 e, 4y); 
 plate in British Museum (.\ 1539; Campanari Col.). The 
 body of the stag on this plate is filled in with white dots; 
 
 oinochoe in Zurich (.Von. deW Itut. IX. pi. v. 2) (frieze of 
 warriors, dots on shields); two vases from Falisco (Mon. 
 Ant. IV. p. 267, fig. 127; p. 291, fig. 147). The list 
 might doubtless l>e materially increased. 
 
 • Cf. Furtwangler, Arch. Zeit. 1885, p. VXi. pi. riii. 2. 
 For discussion of the lion in the art of this period, v. 
 Boehlau, /. c. p. 35. 
 
 Fig. 94. 
 
 b. Scroll ending at each end in a trefoil. Base of handle preserved. 
 
 Pig. 94 shows the restoration of the design. The form is not absolutely certain, nor can the 
 hei'^ht be determined, though, judging from the size of the fragments, 
 the vase must have measured about 30 cm. in height. It seems fairly 
 certain, however, that no other decoration existed on the vase unless we 
 supiH)se a similar design on the reverse and that the restoration here 
 given is correct. 
 
 The technique is precisely similar to Fig. 93, and as the resemblance 
 between the lions is so strong we may almost assume that both vases 
 were paintetl by the same artist. The scrolls which bound the panels 
 are interesting, and so far a similar case does not occur to me. There is 
 a certain resemblance between the trefoils and the ivy leaf on Myce- 
 naean vases (cf. Myk. Van. xxi. 152; also ./. //. S. XI. [1890], pi. 
 xiv. 1), but whether the trefoils represent a development of the latter 
 
 cannot be told. 
 
 la Frao-ment of a large vase, i)erhaps an amphora. Dark reddish clay, exterior covered with 
 a dull dark brown glaze. Broad band of white with, a row of small dots on each side. 
 
 This fi-a<'ment, though differing considerably from the two vases just considered, has been 
 included here on account of the presence of the white dots. It presents this jieculiarity that the 
 broatl band of white is not painted over the glaze, since no trace of glaze can be found under it. 
 The clay is coarse and more akin in texture to vases of the Geometric style, but it cannot belong 
 to that class, since it seems certain that the entire va.se was covered with a glaze, a peculiarity 
 entirely foreign to Geometric vases. We have already seen this peculiarity in the case of other 
 Argive vases,''and it is probable that we have here a fragment of a vase which belongs to the same 
 class as those discussed on p. 158. 
 
 PLATE LXVII. 
 Seven fragments from the base of a bowl with tall base. From Old Temple Terrace (proba- 
 bly). Height cannot be determined. The fragments have been joined together to form the base 
 (8). lleiglit, 0.425 m. : diameter at base, 0.29 m. ; diameter at toj), 0.16 m. The original vase 
 probably measured about 80 cm. in height. 
 
 Brick red clay, covered with a brownish yellow slip. Decoration uniformly black, with yellow 
 paint added freely. Incised lines used on the figures of the animals around the base. 
 
 The form of the vase was probably a large deep bowl resting on a tall base, similar to a vase in 
 Athens from Menidi {Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 108, fig. 10, or p. 126, fig. 29). Of the bowl only 
 a small part is preserved in fragment 3 ; all the other fragments belong to the base. 
 Around the base are three friezes, and a narrow frieze at the bottom of the bowl. 
 Base. Lower frieze (4, 6, 7). Border, a guilloche of black and white strands (as in Plate 
 LIX. 5). Separated from this by three stripes, a frieze of animals. What these animals are can- 
 not be determined. On 4 and 6 we have an animal crouching, with traces of what may have been 
 a horn on its head, and the tail of another, which projects into the frieze above. The first animal 
 is clearly crouching, and the body is covered with scales similar to Athen. Mitt. 1897, p. 309, 
 fig. 31. Incised lines on the foot, and on tail. 
 
 ^Separated by three stripes is another frieze, 1, 2, 4, and 5, on which a combat is represented. 
 Portions of eleven warriors are preserved, six to right, four to left, and a fallen warrior in the 
 
 centre. 
 
 In the centre of the frieze (4), a dying warrior to right stretching his arm behmd him. His 
 leg is drawn in outline, and as no filling in with black or application of yellow is seen, it seems 
 probable that carelessness on the artist's part was responsible for this deficiency. On his shield is 
 a rosette, with yellow applied to five of the lobes ; yellow is also applied to the headpiece of the 
 helmet. On the left are two warriors advancing to right, both armed with helmet, shield, greaves, 
 spears, and sword.^ Yellow is applied to the headpieces of the helmets and to the greaves. The 
 
 1 This is not absolutely certain, except in the ca.se of the first figjire, where the object is too thick to be a spear. 
 
162 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 NESSOS AND DEIANEIRA 
 
 163 
 
 first warrior has a eheckei-ed border on his hehuet, and a whirl pattern with a lozenge bonier on 
 his shield : the warrior behind has a foHr-|)ointed star inclosed by a checkered border for his shield 
 device. Facing them to left, parts of two warriors : nose, tip of helmet, shield, and one leg of the 
 first warrior preserved, shield and one leg of the second. Yellow applied to greaves. The first 
 warrior is armed with a spear or swonl exactly like his opjtonent ; on his shield, four-iM>inted star 
 with checkered border. His conipanion has as a shield device a rosette elaborately dniwn in 
 black and white with a border of rays. Between the warriors, over the fallen man, a bird flying. 
 
 On fragment 2 we see the back of one warrior's helmet in black with the point of a sjwar, and 
 the helmet (in outline) and eye of another warrior, likewise the jHjint of a sjjear. From a com- 
 parison of 5 it seems probable that the s])ear to the left belongs to the right-hand warrior and 
 the spear at the right to another not preserved. On the right of 1 again we see the trace of 
 another helmet (checkered border) projecting into the pattern above. 
 
 On 5 we have three warriors ; the one at the left resembles the foremost warrior on the left of 
 2, except that the boi-der of his shield is a ray pattern, and the helmet has no border : he is armed 
 with a spear. The warrior in the centre differs from the others in having a very tall helmet, with 
 a single checkered border, which projects into the up|>er pattern as in 1 : a faint line marks the 
 outline of the head, evidently done in the preliminary drawing. This feature may be observed 
 on almost all the figures. His sliield seems to have had a four-leaf rosette for its device, the leaves 
 being left plain and the entire shiehl covered with yellow ; a fainter line enciix'les the shield inside 
 the rim. He is armed with a s|>ear ( since the lower curved line behin«l him is clearly the continu- 
 ation of his spear) and a sword. I^tween his legs a bird similar to the one on 4. Of the right- 
 hand warrior only the head and j)art of a leg are preserved. 
 
 All the figures are bearded, and as the bulk of the face is covered by the helmet a triangular 
 space is formed by the nose and eye. It may be notetl that in no two cases is the device of the 
 shields the same. Faint black lines are seen on several of the figures, which in most cases marks 
 the preliminary drawing. On 4 the lines of the legs of four figures ci-oss each other, due, of course, 
 to careless drawing. 
 
 Separated from the frieze just described by a narrow bonier containing a double guilloche (drawn 
 in outline and stippled in black) is the third frieze (1 and 3). 
 
 At the left of 1 are the boily, hind leg and fore legs of a horse : to right, a broad band around the 
 chest, with the reins along the back. Behind the horse the figure of a man from the waist down- 
 wards carrying a shield (in outline : device a rosette) and two sj>ears. Ai*ound his waist is a belt 
 with a row of dots. Yellow is used on his botly and legs as well as on the body and legs of the 
 horse, with the addition of faint black lines. Before the horse to left a woman, from the waist 
 downward (in outline), holding a staff in her hand and clad in a chiton reaching almost to the 
 ankles, stippled above in black, with three borders, a zigzag, meander, and dots. Behind her the 
 leg and foot of another man, drawn in outline, but evidently wearing a boot. Between the horse's 
 fore legs a water bird and above the reins a flying bird, as in the lower frieze. Incised lines are 
 used to denote the reins. At the back of the horse is a projection to which the reins are fastened, 
 from which goes a diagonal line to the top of the frieze representing a goad or whip. 
 
 The arrangement of 3 is somewhat problematical.' At the left is the upi>er part of a female 
 figure (with long hair in ribbed hxjks ) clad in a sort of Ixxlice and a long skirt, stippled with 
 black dots ; she is stretching out her right arm. Behind her the figure of a beartled centaur, with 
 a belt around his waist, looking to left, but his body turned to right : the line of the nates and the 
 calf is visible at the lower part of the fragment. He is forme<l in the Archaic ty|)e, the entire 
 figure of a man joined to the body and hind legs of a horse. The horse's Ixnly is seen to left and 
 the woman seems to have her left arm around it. The waist of the centaur is pierced by an 
 arrow, and the blood is marked by dark streaks. The attitude of his right hand is uncertain. 
 The eyes of both figures are drawn as dotted circles. In field, flying bird. 
 
 Aljove is the last frieze which forms the base of the vessel proper. Some animal is represented 
 to left, as three legs, body, and neck (ornamented with a scale ])attern) are visible, but what the 
 animal is cannot be told. Under its fore leg a row of dots and lieneath the hotly a Kiroxfika. 
 
 1 For this iutjrpretation I am indebted to Mr. Edward Rubiiison, Director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
 
 The chief interest of the vase lies in the two main friezes, but owing to the fragmentary condi- 
 tion of the vase their arrangement is extremely doubtful. It is perfectly plain that the subject of 
 the lower frieze was the combat over some fallen warrior, and if we place 5 below 1, and ti-ausfer 
 2 to a position directly over 4, we shall obtain six warriors on the left and four (or perhaps only 
 two, if 2 forms the head of the two warriors to the right of 4) on the right. How many warriors 
 were represented, or whether the two sides of the base represented different scenes, we cannot say. 
 Less clear is the arrangement of the upjier frieze. We have the figures of a horse, man, two 
 women, and a centaur, and as it is certain that the subject of 3 had no connection with 1, both 
 fragments were probably on opjiosite sides of the base. That the horse on 1 was harnessed to a 
 chariot seems certain. Although we have only one horse, we know the single teams were com- 
 mon during the Archaic |)eriod.' As three reins are certainly represented, it is possible that a 
 pair of horses was intended (which would be more appropriate to the period of the vase). If a 
 wat'on be supplied, then the object to which the reins are fastened must be the top of the pole. 
 Although it is placed just over the flank, we find it set as far back on the shoulder of a black figure 
 hydria (derhard, Aun. Vas. pi. 253). It cannot possibly be the uitv^ of a chariot, as it is far too 
 close to the botly of the horse. That the diagonal line which begins at the end of the pole is a 
 goad held in the driver's hand, a comparison of Aus. Vas. pi. 251 shows clearly. Not enough of 
 the scene is ])re8ervetl to wari-ant an identification. 
 
 With 3 the subject is plain. Deianeira and the centaur Nessos are represented. The round 
 object at the back of the woman's head is probably the sword of Herakles : at least it is precisely 
 similar to the sword on the lower frieze, and on a Chalcidian vase in the Louvre we find Herakles 
 attacking the centaur with a sword (Aius. Voff. 117-118, 1). The attitude of the centaur is par- 
 alleled by another centaur on the Argive lekythos in Berlin (Arch. Zeit. 1883, pi. x.), who, 
 pierced by an arrow, is flying to right while looking back over his shoulder. Deianeira is repre- 
 sented in a rather singular fashion ; she seems to be clinging to the centaur's body with one hand 
 while stretching out her right hand as if to call for assistance. Such a treatment of the scene is, 
 as far as I know, unique. 
 
 This representation of Herakles's encounter with Nessos (if such it be) seems to be the earliest 
 instance we have where Deianeira is i*epresented (cf. Roscher's Lex. II. p. 2194). 
 
 Several points in the matter of detail must l>e noticed. The type of helmet is peculiar ; for the 
 simple helmet, that worn by the warrior on the Melian vase (Conze, Melische Vasen, pi. iii.), offers 
 the nearest resemblance, but the tall helmet differs from any I have yet seen. The female figure 
 on 3 wears her hair in a ribbed band behind, an extremely common form during the late Argive 
 and Corinthian i)eriods. The treatment of the eye varies in the two principal friezes ; in the 
 lower we have a i)ear-shai)ed space for the nose in white with the eye as a small dot; in the upper we 
 have the usual type on Melian or Rhotlian vases," the dotted circle. The shields are the round form 
 which is found in the Geometric style, but the addition of a device is characteristic of a later period. 
 In spite of its many i>eculiarities, I see no reason to doubt that the vase is of Argive fabrication 
 and belongs to the early stage of Class III. of the Argive. Of purely Geometrical motives we find 
 no trace, except the water bird on 1, but all the various motives, the swastika, guilloche, birds, 
 etc., can be traced to earlier examples. The aiTangement of the figures savors of a Mycenaean 
 prototyi)e, but the animal frieze shows a certain amount of Oriental influence. The application of 
 color is probably, as we have seen, an Argive i>eculiarity. At the same time the general execution 
 is primitive in its character, in spite of the atlvanced tendency of the composition, and shows little 
 trace of the technical skill so characteristic of the later Argive vases. 
 
 It is of course i)ossible that this may be a foreign product, imported into Argos, and if such 
 were the case we should exjiect to find analogous vases in other places, which, with one exception, 
 the Aristonothos vase,=* are not forthcoming. Melian, Rhotlian, and Ionian vases which belong to 
 the same period as our vase (i^erhaps a trifle later) seem to offer some slight resemblance, but it 
 may be easily seen, if their styles be analyzed, that there is no connection between them. 
 
 The Aristonothos vase, though treating a different subject from ours, is the only vase which 
 
 1 Cf. the Mycenaean grave stelae aud Geometric Vases, ' Also on the Mycenaean ' Warrior ' Vase. 
 
 Ilelbig, Epos-, p. 139, fig. 33. • Mon. delV Inst. IX. pi. iv. 
 
164 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 shows any similarity of style, and has therefore been assigned by Furtwiiugler to an Argive 
 fabric.! It ,„ay be bold to use that vase as a criterion, but the view of a scholar like Furtwiiugler 
 calls for careful attention, and if at Argos we find a vase similar to the Aristonothos vase, which, 
 though exhibiting several new features, shows clearly the elements of the Argive style, there would 
 seem to be good reason for assigning both to an Argive fabric. 
 
 We find that on the Aristonothos vase the type of figures, profiles, etc., is identical. The round 
 shields are used with similar devices. Also on many of the figures small white dots are added such 
 as we have seen on the vases just discussed, a strong jwint in favor of the Argive origin of that 
 vase. We find a rosette precisely similar to that on the shield of our fallen warrior with black 
 and white leaves. Except for the white dots, there is no application of extra color on the Aria- 
 tonothos vase. 
 
 If what we have just said holds gootl, then our vase must fall at the beginning of the seventh 
 century ; later than that it cannot be. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 19 a-h. Eight fragments from a large vase.^ The shai)e is uncertain but it may have been 
 some sort of a pyxis. The diameter was about 28 cm., greenish yellow clay with a dirty brownish 
 yellow slip, decoration in black to dark brown. Incised lines used. Kim ends in a moulding. No 
 trace of glaze on interior. 
 
 A pyxis seems the most ])robable shai>e, though the addition of a moulding to the rim is unusual. 
 
 On a we have a bearded man in a chariot to right drawn by a single horse, holding the reins in 
 his left hand and a goad or spear in his right hand. He is clad in a single long garment with a 
 zigzag pattern down the front. The botly of the chariot is ornamente<l with a zigzag bonier, 
 incised, and the eye of the man is denoted by a dotte<l circle. The chariot has a single wheel. 
 Behind the man three vertical lines bordering the panel. 
 
 On b we have a large cauldron and a tripwl with double legs, ending at the sides in a wheel on 
 which a horse is jierchetl. Over the tripod is a helmet. Between the cauldron and the triiwd 
 some object, perhaps a cleaver, c shows portions of two deer (eyes incised) to right, and d and 
 e show the head and horns of a stag. 
 
 On the bottom of the vase (e-h) some design was represented, though not enough is left to 
 conjecture what the actual design was. We have already seen this ]>eculiarity on the base of 
 another pyxis (Fig. 69). 
 
 It seems certain from the presence of the vertical lines on a that two scenes were represented, 
 each in a panel ; a and b belong to one side, c, d, and e to the other, f is probably the bottom of 
 b (showing the continuation of the cauldron), while g and h belong to the other side, g being the 
 lower part of c. 
 
 It is difficult to say what the principal scene represents jwrhaps the most probable explanation 
 is that a chariot i-ace is represented (there is room for two more teams on the vase), and that the 
 cauldron, trii>otl, and helmet are the prizes. If this is correct, we obtain the year 776 R. C. as a 
 terminus unte quem, since before that date the representation of a contest for prizes never occurs 
 on any Greek vase. Only one horse is attached to the chariot, which is similar to that found on 
 Geometric vases with a curved airv^ (cf. Helbig, A))0.t% j). 138, fig. 32); but as three reins are 
 represented in the driver's hand, and the head and feet of the hoi-se are missing, the usual num- 
 ber of two was probably represente<l. The cauldron is similar in shape to the large Dipylon vases, 
 but differs from them as to the handles. The tripotl has double legs (contrary to the ones found 
 at Olympia,^ which have single legs), and seems to belong to a different type, as the legs run clear 
 to the rim of the bowl. The peculiar form of the latter is due entirely to the desire to make room 
 for a helmet (Corinthian type). The tripod has a characteristic quite common in the tripods from 
 Olympia,* as well as in other early bronze work, in having rings or, as here, wheels at the sides on 
 
 1 Berl. Philol. Wochens. 189."), p. 20ti. " Nun liaben die - A fraf^ment (b) of this vase has already been pub- 
 
 Ausgrabungen am Heraeon von Argos sowohl Scherben lished by I^iirent, B. C. H. 1901, p. 151, fig. 4. 
 
 jener von mir der Fabrik der ' Aristonothos- Vase ' zu • Furtwangler, ' Die Bronien,' Oli/mpia, IV. pp. 72 ff. 
 
 gerechneten Art als auch Protokorinthische zu Tage * Ibid., pi. xxx. 574, 624 ; xxxiii. 6U7 and a. 
 gebracht." Our fragments are the ' Scherben ' referred to. 
 
 THE CORINTHIAN STYLE 
 
 165 
 
 which a horse is perched. What the object to the right of the cauldron represents is difficult to 
 say ; * from f it seems certain that a similar object was placed on the other side, but the size of the 
 vase precludes our considering them as supports. 
 
 The animal frieze presents no peculiarity of any kind. The general style of the vase is decidedly 
 that of the early period of the Oriental Argive class, a at first sight seems to show the same 
 style of drawing in the case of the male figure as is generally found on Geometric vases ; but the 
 style of the horse as well as the presence of the incised lines show that by no possibility can 
 the style be Geometric. It is possible that the artist may have drawn the male figure after some 
 Geometric prototyi)es. All things considered, there seems no good reason why we should not have 
 here a vase of distinctly Argive fabric. 
 
 PLATE LXVI. 
 
 Three fragments, 4 a-C, from the same vase, found east of the Northwest Building. Brick red 
 clay, with a bright yellow slip on exterior, chocolate-brown decoration with free use of incised 
 lines. Form of vase uncertain. 
 
 That two friezes of animals were represented is certain. Traces of a lower frieze appear on a. 
 On a and b we have some animal to right, on b the wing and body of a seated sphinx, and on c 
 the fore part of another animal similar to a. 
 
 Of all the fragments yielded by the Heraeum these are the most unique and extraordinary. 
 With the exception of an animal on an Early Attic vase (Couve, B. C. 11. 1893, p. 25, pis. ii. 
 and iii.), which bears an extremely superficial resemblance, I have been unable to find any vase or 
 fragments which offer any analogy whatsoever. The fact that an animal frieze is represented as 
 well as the presence of the sphinx shows that the fragments cannot be earlier than the third class 
 of the Argive style, though, stylistically considei-ed, these animals show none of the particular 
 
 Argive features. . 
 
 Certain technical points deserve notice ; the drawing is extremely curious, especiaUy at the 
 juncture of the body and fore leg, where a crescent-shaped cut is incised to show the modelmg 
 of the leg. An ovil space is left for the eye, which is denoted by a dot, and resembles that of a 
 toad ; the ears stand upright. The mouth, denoted by a slit, gives a savage expression to the 
 head. We can only guess at the identity of the animals, but that they represent boars seems most 
 probable. It would api>ear at first sight as if the feet of the animal on a were the paws of a car- 
 nivorous animal, but since the details of the body are so carefully incised, and as the paws of 
 carnivora during this i>eriod are always denoted by incised lines, we must conclude that they are 
 hoofs. The absence of horns shows clearly that they are not cattle, sheep, or goats, so that a boar 
 
 is the only other animal i>ossible. 
 
 Whether we can recognize here a foreign interpretation is impossible to say, but until some 
 analogous example is found elsewhere, it seems most natural to regard it as an Argive product, 
 i>erhaps a caricature ; not a representative of any type, but merely an isolated case of some potter's 
 fancy ; in short, a ' freak.' Taking the technique, clay, and style into consideration, we may assign 
 the fragments to the early part of the seventh century. 
 
 / 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 THE CORINTHIAN STYLE. 
 
 The relations of the Arj^ive and Corinthian styles to each other were discussed at length 
 in the Introduction and in Chapter IV. In the present chapter only those vases and 
 fragments which belong to the Corinthian style proper will be considered. 
 
 The Corinthian style- is so thoroughly well known and its origin so firmly established, 
 that any discussion of the various questions which here arise in regard to it is out of 
 
 t Laurent (loc. cU.) identifies this as a sword, which ^ For general discussion of the style, v. Wilisch. Alt- 
 
 Mem. doubtful. loriuthmhe Thonindustne. 
 
166 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 place. It was fairly well represented at the Heraeum ; whole vases were scarce, but the 
 fra^nents tilled nearly half a dozen baskets. Such fragments as are preserved show 
 nothing new ; the forms of the vases differ in no way from the usual Corinthian types, 
 and the scheme of decoration is identically the same. 
 
 Whether all the Corinthian fragments found at the Heraeum were manufactured at 
 Argos is impossible to say. It has not been proved that the various vases of the style 
 scattered over the Greek world were all made in Corinth/ and it is undoubtly true 
 that after the style became thoroughly known its manufacture was carried on in other 
 places than Corinth, just as a great deal of the Mycenaean ware found in Greece must 
 have been manufactured outside of the Argolid. As Corinth lies so near Ariros 
 (only thirty miles away), the importation of the style into the latter place would be |)er- 
 fectly possible. At all events, the internal evidence of the Corinthian fragments found 
 at the Heraeum throws no light on the question. 
 
 Wihsch has divided the Corinthian stvle into two classes, the elder and the vouno-er. 
 With the exception of three fragments the elder class only is found at the Heraeum. 
 This may serve to show that the Corinthian vases were manufactured in the Argolid 
 and not imported, since after the Corinthian style very few fragments of any class of 
 vases are found at the Heraeum, while if the reverse were the case, it would be an 
 extremely curious fact to find the importation of a style suddenly ceasing, without 
 any definite reason. There is no literary evidence to show that Argos ever enacted an 
 embargo against the products of Corinth as she did in the case of Athens. 
 
 The forms found at the Heraeum are : — 
 
 Skyphos, 
 Oinochoe, 
 Pyxis, 
 
 Sugar Bowl, 
 Tripod Bowl, 
 Alabastron, 
 
 Aryballos, 
 
 Aiuphora, 
 
 Askos, 
 
 Kylix, 
 
 Kothoii, 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Wihsch's statement [op. cit. p. 21) that the skyphos is the only fonn peculiar to both 
 the Argive and Corinthian styles is certainly incorrect, since several fragments belonging 
 to oinoclioai of the type on p. 127 were found with Corinthian decoration,* and as we 
 have seen, the Argive style included all the forms in the above list with the exception of 
 the kylix and the tripod bowl. The decoration on all the fragments was distinctly jwor, 
 few showing really good technique. Most of them were found on the Second Temple 
 Ten-ace in the pocket towards the southeast and under the retaining wall of the West 
 Building (southwest corner). The number of bottoms (of skyphoi and oinoclioai) far ex- 
 ceeded the fragments which belonged to the upper part of such vases. Though as a 
 rule the clay of the Corinthian vases is rather more grayish in tone than in the Argive, 
 it was impossible in most cases to decide whether such fragments belonged to Argive 
 or Corinthian vases, the decoration in both styles (ray pattern) being identical. Some 
 of these vases, however, showed just enough of the main zone to established their identity 
 as Corinthian. 
 
 1 It is perfectly certain, through the presence of in- (A 1035) with three zones of flgnres. I noted in the 
 
 scriptions, that vases of this style were manufactured in Naples Museum an oinochoe of the Argive style, which 
 
 Sikyon (Kretschmer, GriechUche Vaseninschri/ten, p. ."iO ; had Corinthian decoration orer the parallel bands. I was 
 
 cf. also p. 185, No. 1). Hence Argos may well have made unable to examine the vase, but feel sure that the Corin- 
 
 some Iierself. thiau decoration is modem. Cf. J. H. S. XI. (1890), p. 
 
 ^ The British Museum possesses such an oinochoe 175. 
 
 OLD CORINTHIAN STYLE 
 
 167 
 
 In but a few cases could a vase be reconstructed from the fragments, and as the num- 
 ber of whole vases was so small no such classification as was followed in Chapter IV. 
 could be used, nor does the class represented admit of any chronological subdivisions. 
 
 OLD CORINTHIAN STYLP:. 
 Ski/phos. 
 This form, being the commonest, will be treated first. Two types may be detected, 
 those having a glaze on the interior and those without. The latter type is represented 
 only by fragments in a very poor condition, and seems to have been confined to small 
 vases. The clay is greenish or gray in tone, the foot projecting in a slight moulding, 
 and the base ornamented with a ray pattern, the rays being very fine and close together. 
 Above the rays, separated by a broad stripe on which narrow stripes of red or white color 
 are applied, is the principal zone. As the type is so common, no examples are given 
 
 here. 
 
 Fragments belonging to the former type, though not so numerous, were in better pre- 
 servation as far as the figure decoration is concerned. They are generally of a red or 
 vellow clay, the glaze black, though in some cases it has been burnt to a brilliant red, 
 and in others is almost entirely obliterated, owing doubtless to the nature of the soil. 
 The form of the vase is always that of Fig. 64, and the only variation is found in the 
 proportion between the height and the diameter. The motives of decoration are the 
 usual ones, zones of animals (lions, iKinthers, bulls, goats, deer, etc.), birds, fabulous mon- 
 sters (sirens and sphinxes), and flower patterns (generally lotos). Red color is univer- 
 stilly applied to the figures themselves and the bands which border the zone ; red stripes 
 are often applied to the interior, just below the rim. Incised lines are almost invariably 
 used, but extremely carelessly, as no attempt has been made in many cases to prevent 
 such lines running into the background of the zone. The bases are usually ornamented 
 with rays, and the rim with a border of zigzags, water birds, or flowers, placed over the 
 main zone ; in some cases the border is omitted and the main zone extends clear to the 
 rim. Ornaments in field are almost invariably used. 
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 
 1 a and b. Two fragments of a skyphos, of reddish clay, dark red glaze on interior. On main 
 lone sphinx and siren to right (a) and sphinx to left (b). Two broad stripes of applied red 
 separate the rim border (vertical zigzags). Red applied to the wings of the figures, and to two 
 stripes below the rim on the interior. 
 
 2. Grayish clay, dark glaze on interior almost obliterated. Heads of sphinx and goose to left. 
 Tootheil and zigzag bortler above. 
 
 The sphinx is almost the commonest motive on our fragments. Dozens of others were found 
 showing a similar design. 
 
 3. Light yellow clay, with brilliant black glaze on interior. Fore part of boar to right. Ray 
 pattern below. Retl applied on boar's neck. 
 
 This fragment belonged to a large skyphos, probably 15 cm. in height. 
 
 4. From a large skyphos, about 20 cm. in height. Grayisli clay, glaze and decoration very much 
 faded. Above main zone (two panthers back to back) border of palmette-lotos chain, only visible 
 through the incised lines, as the decoration has almost entirely faded. 
 
 & Yellowish clay, with dark brown glaze. Zigzag border on rim. On main zone, hind part of 
 bull to right. Retl applied to bull's belly, 
 
 6. Yellow clay, with fjwled black glaze. On main zone haunch of a goat and tail of another 
 animal. Above palmette-lotos chain. Applieil red band below rim on interior; i-ed on the centres 
 of the palmette and on goat's botly. Cf. Wilisch, op. cit. pi. iii. 36. 
 
 /I 
 
168 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 7. KetUlish clay, with bright red glaze. Panther, full front, and rear part of another animal. 
 Above, zigzag border. The zone is burnt bright red, the rim border black. 
 
 As in the case of some of the Argive fragments, the difference in color between the two parts of 
 the vase is strongly marked, and is no doubt intentional. 
 
 & Bright yellow clay, with brilliant black glaze. Rooster to left. Red applied to the wattles, 
 winjrs and rosettes in field. 
 
 9 a and b. Two fragments from rim of skyphos. Yellow clay, with dark brown glaze. On 
 principal zone head of sphinx. Above, separated by a checkered border, zone of water birds to 
 right broken by a panel containing a star. Red applied to wings of the birtl. 
 
 These fragments show an upper zone which in its drawing is similar to that of the Oriental 
 Argive, without any ornaments in field. The lower zone is in the typical Corinthian style. 
 
 10. Yellow clay, with brilliant dark brown glaze and bright red decoration. Main zone occu- 
 pied by a very elaborate palmette-lotos chain in squares, with red color frequently applied. Below, 
 zone of water binls. It is probable that a similar zone forme<l the upper bonier. For palmette, 
 cf. Wilisch, ojt. cit. pi. iii. 35. 
 
 The fragments here given are paralleled by dozens of others of varying technical skill. 
 
 Some of the fragments showed the figures of the animals stretched out to an abnormal 
 
 length. 
 
 (Hnochnai. 
 Two types were represented. 
 
 1. Tall-necked oinochoe (p. 127). 
 
 2. Corinthian type. Wilisch, op. cit. pi. ii. 18. 
 
 The first type was represented only by a few fragments in bad preservation. These 
 were entirely covered with a black glaze, except for the animal zone on the body, and had 
 on the shoulder an incised tongue pattern, red and yellow being applied to the alternate 
 divisions. Of Type 2 fragments of only one vase were found which permitted a fairly 
 satisfactory reconstruction, and several fragments of others. Curiously enough, no neck 
 belonging to these oinochoai was found, nor is it certain whether some fragments ' did 
 not belong to another variety of oinochoe (Wilisch, op. cit. pi. ii. 16). 
 
 11 a-C. Three fragments of an oinochoe. Reddish clay. On base, rays, with three bands 
 (middle band black, the others applied in red, dividing lines in white) separating them from the 
 main zone. Panther to right (head full front) and goat to left. On b an owl, to right head full 
 front ; on c, deer feeding to left and feet of a sphinx. Above, two applied red bands inclosing 
 toothed border. On shoulder, another zone, with lower part of a bird to right. Red is freely 
 applied to all the figures. 
 
 A few other unimportant fragments of this vase were found. 
 
 12. Dark yellow clay, with decoration varying from black to red. Ram's head to right, dotted 
 circles as ornaments in field. Good technique. 
 
 The other fragments were unimportant. They included an owl, panther, goat, etc. 
 
 Pyrides. 
 
 Very few fragments belonging to this form were found, but the covers were much 
 more numerous, showing the same discrepancy of proportion already mentioned in the 
 case of the Argive fragments (p. 136). 
 
 Two types were represented. 
 
 1. Pyxis with curving sides ( Berl. Cat. v. 103). 
 
 2. Pyxis with straight sides (Berl. Cat. v. 101). 
 
 * Two fragments of yellow clay with an animal zone on the body and another on the shoulder were found, which, 
 judging from the curve, may have belonged to this form. 
 
 CORINTHIAN STYLE: COVERS 
 
 169 
 
 The few fragments belonging to Ty|)e 1 followed the same scheme of decoration, ray 
 pattern on the base and a sort of tongue pattern incised <m the body, red and yellow 
 color being applied to the alternate divisiims. The interior was not glazed in every case. 
 
 2. 
 
 13. Reddish yellow clay, with bright red glaze on interior. On main zone, procession of women 
 to right. Two other fragments wei-e found, one showing the women facing to left so that two pro- 
 cessions were represented. This fragment differs slightly from the usual form in that the base 
 does not rest flat on the ground, but the sides are continued down lower than the base, so that the 
 
 vase rests on a low foot. 
 
 Of the other fragments, three belonged to a pyxis of greenish gray clay, adorned with the usual 
 animal zone (lion, bull, boar, and goat). Another showed a palmette-lotos chain as the main zone, 
 
 very hastily done. 
 
 Covers. 
 
 A very large number of these, mostly in fragments, was found. Only one ty^ie could 
 be distinguished, that with a flange fitting inside the rim of the pyxis (v. p. 139, fig. 73). 
 
 In only a few cases was the knob preserved, and in those it was conical or flat in shape. 
 The commonest type (at least thirty covers were represented) had a ray pattern or leaf 
 rosette in the centre, and a zone of animals of the usual type as a border on the rim. 
 Almost equally common was the tongue pattern with red lobes. A few fragments 
 showed a procession of warriors armed with round shields and spears. 
 
 14. Diameter, 0.106 m. Greenish clay. In centre leaf rosette, outside animal zone, four lions, 
 two boars, stag, and duck. Decoration very much faded, with frequent traces of applied red color. 
 This was the only cover preserved almost intact. Its wealth of decoration suggests the "Dodwell" 
 
 vase. 
 
 15. Fragment of cover. Original diameter, 0.155 m. Very fine bright yellow clay, with black 
 decoration,%etl color freely applied. In centre, ray patteni. Main zone bounded by two bands 
 applied in red. Bird, male figure, sphinx, and two lions in an heraldic scheme. 
 
 The bearded figure on the left is dressed in a long chiton with a border down the front, and a 
 long himation which falls in a fold at the right. The arms are not visible, but may perhaps be 
 denoted by the incised lines starting from the shoulders. The figure presents this peculiarity, that 
 while the himation is filled in with red, the skirt of the chiton is drawn in outline. This peculiarity, 
 as far as I know, does not occur on vases of the Old Corinthian style.* 
 
 The identity of the bird is doubtful ; it resembles a crow more than any other bird. The sphinx 
 
 shows no new features. 
 
 The group of the two lions is the most interesting. Though the heraldic scheme was no new 
 feature in Greek art during the earlier periods (e. g. the Lion Gate at ^lycenae. Geometric vases, 
 etc.), it is not until the use of the Corinthian style that the scheme is generally used. The attitude 
 of our lions is paralleled by two bronze reliefs, one from the Acropolis (Bather, J. II. S. XIII. 
 [1892-93J, p. 256, fig. 25) and the other in Athens (Furtwsingler, Ann. delV Inst. 1880, p. 135, 
 tav. d' agg.H), and by a terra-cotta relief from the Heraeum. In the latter the lions are standing, 
 not sitting. Analogous is the relief in Cxxrtms iWappengehrauch und Wappemtil im Alterthnm, 
 pi. i. 11). Except for Chalcidian vases (v. A?in. 1880, p. 135, note 2) I have been able to discover 
 this motive on but one other example of Archaic vases (-B. C. II. XIX. [1895], p. 76, fig. 4). 
 
 From the various analogies mentionetl, it is certain that our fragment cannot be older than the 
 bronze reliefs, i. e. the end of the seventh century. The fineness of the clay, style of drawing, and 
 lack of ornaments in field is consistent with this view, and shows that the fragment, if not belong- 
 ing to the New Corinthian style, belongs at least to the transitional period between the Old and the 
 
 New Corinthian styles. 
 
 1 Cf. Wilisch, op. cit. p. 99. 
 
 /I 
 
170 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 /Sugar- Bowl Form. 
 Two types of these bowls were represented. 
 
 1. Without handles (WiHsch, op. cit. pi. i. 10). 
 
 2. With handles in plastic form (^IbiJ. pi. i. 13). 
 
 As no fragments were found with handles, it is uncertain whether a third type 
 (Wilisch, op, cit. pi. i. 11 and 12) was represented. 
 
 All the fragments show a zone of figures ; the interior is always unglazed. The base 
 is invariably ornamented with a ray pattern. 
 
 1. 
 
 16 a and b. Two fragments from same bowl ; original lieight about 12 cm. Greenish yellow 
 clay, decoration very much faded. On base, rays ; above, main zone, bounded on each side by two 
 dotted rows. Procession of women to left ; the right-hand figure holds a pomegranate in her 
 hand. Dots as ornaments in field. Rim ends in a moulding. 
 
 On b the skirt of one woman's dress is drawn in a triangular outline. Judging by the extremely 
 primitive character of the drawing, we have here one of the earliest examples of the style. 
 
 17. Fragment of bowl : original height about 15 cm. Yellow clay, with black decoration, red 
 freely applied to the figures. On main zone, two sphinxes. Dotted bands above. 
 
 18. Fragment of base. Reddish brown clay, with black decoration burnt retl. On base, rays ; 
 above, animal zone with lower part of a sphinx and leg of a panther showing. 
 
 It is not absolutely certain that this fragment belongs to a bowl ; the curve would suit an 
 oinochoe equally well. 
 
 None of the other fragments possessed any interest except one very small fragment on 
 which traces of a row of warriors armed w^ith shields, helmets, and spears could be seen. 
 
 The presence of this type is establislied only by a dozen fragments representing, with 
 one exception, a plastic female head. 
 
 19. Fragment of bowl. Plastic female head : light yellowish brown clay, with brown decora- 
 tion. Red bands applied to the surface of the vase. The hair is arranged on either side of the 
 head in three strands. 
 
 Examples of this type are fairly numerous. Cf. Furtwiingler, /Sammlung Sahouroff, 
 pi. xlvii. 1 ; Wilisch, op. cit. p. 22, note 82. 
 
 20. Plastic head of a sheep. Similar technique to 19. 
 
 Tripod Bowls. (Form, Berl. Cat. v. 198.) 
 
 Though this form can hardly be called a very characteristic one of the Corinthian 
 style, it is by no means rare. Wilisch ignores it entirely. The number of fragments of 
 this type found at the Heraeum was not very numerous ; of these the majority were legs, 
 with fragments of the bowl itself still attached. Whether these bowls ))os.sessed covers 
 originally is imjK)ssible to say; a bowl in Berlin (No. 1153) has none, nor were any 
 covers which clearly belonged to these bowls found at the Heraeum. 
 
 Except for difference in the proportion of the depth of the bowl and the height of the 
 legs, no separation into classes is possible, and all the fragments follow one type. 
 
 21. Fragment of bowl. Height, 0.05 m. ; original diameter, 0.127 m. Yellow clay. The rim 
 is ribbed on its outer and upper sides. Interior covered with a dark brown glaze, extending over 
 the rim, with two concentric circles uncolored, with a narrow stripe of red applied between them. 
 
 CORINTHIAN STYLE: VARIOUS VASES 
 
 171 
 
 On exterior, zone of animals, very much faded, on body, and a single animal (lion) on each leg. 
 Another fragment of a leg was found. 
 
 The other fragments of the type all followed the same scheme of decoration, a zone of 
 animals on the body and single figures (panthers, lions, sphinxes, birds, etc.) on the 
 legs. One leg showed a palmette-lotos pattern in place of a figure. 
 
 Aluhastra. 
 Two types may be distinguished. 
 1. With a slight moulding on the base, allowing the vase to stand upright (Wilisch, op. cit. 
 
 ii. 15). 
 
 a. With round base {Berl. Cat. v. 109). 
 
 1. 
 
 Only a few scattered fragments of this type were found. The moulding is placed 
 directly in the centre of the base, with a leaf rosette radiating from it, and the body ot 
 the vase ornamented with one or two zones of animals, in the usual style. 
 
 2. 
 
 Fragments of the second type were fairly numerous, especiaUy the rims. Very few 
 vases were preserved whole and no vase could be reconstructed from the fragments. 
 
 Fig. 95. Height, 0.072 ni. Intact save for small fragment of rim. On rim, leaf rosette, with 
 dots at the si<le. ''On neck, leaf rosette, alternate leaves applied in red. On 
 body, three gryphons. On base, leaf rosette. Red color freely applied on 
 their binlies. Rosettes as ornaments in field. 
 
 None of the other vases were in as good condition. They show 
 the usual figures, lions, panthers, geese, etc., One fragment showed 
 three <rorcroneia around the base, whUe another had the lower part of 
 a female figure. 
 
 A mphora. 
 The neck and handle of an amphora similar to Wilisch, op. cit. II. 
 21, was found, with traces of Corinthian decoration, very much faded. 
 
 Aryhalloi. (Wilisch, op. cit. ii. 14.) yig. 95. 
 
 Only one type of aryballos could be detected. Curiously enough, 
 in spite of the^iape of the aryballos, which is well calculated to withstand the pressure 
 of the earth in which it is buried, not a single specimen was recovered mtact frag- 
 ments were numerous, esi>ec.ially rims, but none of them showed any mterestnig features. 
 They were usually of a gray or greenish clay, though some fragments of .ed or yellow 
 clay were found. The decoration is the usual type, a leaf rosette on the base with some 
 figure or other on the body and a leaf rosette or tongue pattern on the rim. HaU a 
 dozen fragments showed a wheel pattern with curving spokes on the base. Iho 
 technique in ahnost all cases was extremely indifferent. 
 
 Askos. (Wilisch, op. cit. ii. 22.) 
 Only one vase of this type was found, very nearly whole. Height, 0.13 m. Wheel 
 
 . The only f«g.«ent which ,K>sBessed any remarkable decoration bore a Sikyooian vase-inscription : see below. 
 Inscriptions on Vases, p. 186, No. 1. 
 
 / 
 
170 
 
 THK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Smjar-Iioicl Form. 
 Two types of these howls were represented. 
 
 1. Without handles (^Wilisch, op. rit. pi. i. 10). 
 
 2. With haiulles in plastic form (^Ibiif. pi. i. 13). 
 
 As no fragments were found with handles, it is uncertain whether a third type 
 (Wilisch, op. rit. pi. i. 1 1 and 12) was represented. 
 
 All the fragments show a zone of figures ; the interior is always unglazed. The base 
 is invariably ornamented with a ray pattern. 
 
 1. 
 
 16 a and b. Two fragments from same bowl : original height al)out 12 cm. Greenish yellow 
 clay, decoration very much faded. On base, rays : alM>ve, main zone, bounded on each side by two 
 d«)tted rows. Procession of women to left ; the right-hand figure holds a pomegranate in her 
 hand. Dots as ornaments in field. Kim ends in a moulding. 
 
 On b the skirt of one woman's dress is drawn in a triangular outline. Judging l)y the extremely 
 primitive ehai-acter of the drawing, we have here one of the earliest examples of the style. 
 
 17. Fragment of bowl : original height about 1 o cm. Yellow clay, with black decoration, red 
 freely applied to the figures. On main zone, two sphinxes. Dotted bauds above. 
 
 IB. Fragment of base. Reddish brown clay, with black decoration burnt retl. On base, rays; 
 above, animal zone with lower part of a sphinx and leg of a panther showing. 
 
 It is not absolutely certain that this fragment belongs to a bowl : the curve would suit an 
 oinochoe equally well. 
 
 None of the other fragments possessed any interest except one very small fragment on 
 which traces of a row of warriors armed with shields, helmets, and spears could be seen. 
 
 The presence of this type is established only by a dozen fragments representing, with 
 one exception, a })lastic female head. 
 
 19. Fragment of bowl. Plastic female head : light yellowish brown clay, with brown decora- 
 tion. Red bands applied to the surface of the vase. The hair is arranged on either side of the 
 head in three strands. 
 
 Examples of this type are fairly nunien»us. Cf. Furtwiingler, JSammlfOif/ Suhonrnff, 
 pi. xlvii. 1 ; Wilisch, op. (it. p. 2*2, note 82. 
 
 20. Plastic head of a sheep. Similar technicpie to 19. 
 
 Triprnl Bowh. (Form, nerl Cat. v. 198.) 
 
 Though this form can hardly l>e called a very characteristic one of the Corinthian 
 style, it is by no means rare. Wilisch ignores it entirely. The number of fragments of 
 this type found at the Ileraeum was not very numerous ; of these the majority were legs, 
 with fragments of the bowl itself still attached. Whetiier the.se bowls possessed covers 
 originally is impossible to .say; a bowl in Berlin (No. lloIJ) has none, nor were any 
 covers which clearly belonged to these bowls found at the Hcraeum. 
 
 Except for difference in the projKirtion of the depth of the bowl and the height of the 
 legs, no separation into classes is ))Ossible, and all the fragments follow one ty|ie. 
 
 21. Fragment of bowl. Height, O.Oo m. ; original diameter, 0.127 m. Yellow clay. The rim 
 is ribbed on Its outer and upper sides. Interior covereil with a <lark brown glaze, extending over 
 the rim, with two concentric circles uncolored, with a narrow stri^n; of red applied between them. 
 
 CORINTHIAN STYLE: VARIOUS VASES 
 
 171 
 
 On exterior, zone of animals, very nmch faded, on body, and a single animal (lion) on each leg. 
 Another fragment of a leg was found. 
 
 The other fragments of the type all followed the same scheme of decoration, a zone of 
 animals on the "body and single figures (panthers, lions, sphinxes, birds, etc.) on the 
 legs. One leg showed a palmette-lotos pattern in place of a figure. 
 
 Alabastni. 
 Two tyi>es may be distinguished. 
 
 1. With a slight mouhling on the base, allowing the vase to stand upright (Wilisch, op. clt. 
 
 ii. 15). 
 
 2. With round base (^Bcrl. Ciu. v. 109). 
 
 1. 
 
 Only a few sc-attered fragments of this type were found. The moulding is placed 
 directly in the centre of the base, with a leaf rosette radiating from it, and the body ot 
 the vase ornamented with one or two zones of animals, in the usual style. 
 
 2. 
 
 Fracrments of the second tvpe were fairly numerous, especially the rims. Very few 
 vases were preserved whole and no vase could be reconstructed from the fragments. 
 
 Fig 95. Height. 0.072 m. Intact save for small fragment of rim. On rim, leaf rosette, with 
 d.,ts at the si.le. "On neck, leaf rosette, alternate leaves applied in red. On 
 bo<ly, thriH,. gryphons. On base, leaf r<»sette. Red color fi-eely api.lied on 
 their b«Hlies. Rosettes as ornaments in field. 
 
 None of the other vases were in as good condition. They show 
 the usual figures, lions, panthers, geese, etc.. One fragment showed 
 three <ror<roneia around the base, while another had the lower part ot 
 
 ••«.*« 
 
 a female figure. 
 
 . 1 ntfthova. 
 
 The neck and handle of an ampluira similar to Wilisch, op. cit. II. "(^p^ ^ ^^ 
 21, was found, with traces of Corinthian decoratimi, very much faded. /» . 
 
 •TV 
 
 Afi/h'iUoi. (Wilisch, op. clt. ii. U.) ym. 95. 
 
 Only one tvpe of arvballos could be detected. Curiously enough, 
 i„ spite .>f the shape of the arvballos, which is well calculated to withst^tnd the pr^sure 
 of the earth in which it is buried, not a single specimen was recovered u.tact I^rag- 
 .nents were nun.erous, especially rin.s. but none of them showed any interestn.g features. 
 They were usually of a gray or greenish clay, though s<mie fragments o ied or yellow 
 clav were found. The decorati<,n is the usual type, a leaf rosette <.n the base with some 
 fig'ure c»r other on the body and a leaf rosette or tongue i>attern on the rim. HaU a 
 dozen fragments showed a wheel pattern with curving spokes on the base. Iho 
 technitpie hi almost all cases was extremely indifferent. 
 
 Asl'os. (Wilisch, op. rit. ii. 22.) 
 Only one vase of this type was found, very nearly whole. Height, 0.13 m. Wheel 
 
 . TTe only fraRu.ent « Inch ,H.ssessecl any remarkable decoration bore a Sikyonian vase-inscription: see below. 
 Inscriptions on Vases, p. 185, No. 1. 
 
172 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 FOREIGN TYPES 
 
 173 
 
 pattern on base,' zone of female fignres in procession to right (red applied to the dresses), 
 and dotted bands on the shoulder. The execution was hasty. 
 
 Kylikes. (VVilisch, op. cit. ii. 19.) 
 
 Of this type, one vase was found represented by two fragments. The clay was yellow, 
 the interior covered with a dark brown glaze, to which three stripes of red were applied. 
 On the exterior a zone of figures was represented, of which only an owl could be recog- 
 nized. The rim Hared shai-ply outwards, in a fashion slightly more marked than the 
 type given by Wihsch. 
 
 Plates. 
 
 Fragments of plates were not very numerous. The general type is that of p. 142 with 
 a flat base, sides curving outwards and a moulding on the base. The profile of each i)late 
 was different, no two being found alike. Most of the fragments belonged to the sides, 
 hardly more than half a dozen fragments from the centres of these phites being found. 
 The principal decoration is confined to the interior, the exterior being usually orna- 
 mented with the system of parallel bands as in the Argive style- 
 
 22. ( Fig. 96.) Fragment of plate. Original diameter, 19 cm. Brick red clay with black 
 
 decoration. In rim, two holes. 
 
 Exterior. On side, rays. The entire centre seems to have 
 been occupied by a single figure, a sphinx and siren, of which 
 only the tip of the wing is visible. 
 
 Interior. On side, zone of animals, sphinxes, and a siren 
 or bird with very long tail. In centre, two sj>hinxes facing 
 Fig. 96. each other. Red applied freely to the botlies and wings of 
 
 the figiu-es. 
 This was the only fragment which showed animal decoration on both sides. 
 
 23. Fragment of plate. Original diameter, 32 cm. Light red clay, with sliarp profile. On 
 interior, palmette-lotos chain, red frequently applied. On exterior, bands. Two other fragments of 
 the rim were found, one pierced by two holes. No trace of the central 
 
 decoration was foundjior could Mt^ be identified on any fragment. A 
 bronze plate with similar ornamentation on the rim was also fouml. 
 
 NEW CORINTHIAN STYLE. 
 
 23 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase (umithora h colon- 
 iiette or stamnos). Brownish clay, covered with a light brown slip, 
 jjolished. Above, main zone, tongue pattern, with alternate red and 
 yellow divisions applied. 
 
 On a warrior to right armed with helmet, greaves, shield, and two 
 spears. Below the shield A l Behin<l him liead of a horse. Red 
 (faded to a paler tint) applied on the horse's neck and on the warrior's 
 hehuet, shield, and greaves. 
 
 b. Foot race. Two men, nude (heads wanting), running to right. Below, traces of a second 
 zone, probably of animals. Under the handle the tip of a wing. 
 
 A third fragment was foun.l, representing a goat to left, which may possibly have belonged to 
 the lower zone. 
 
 The shape of the vase cannot be determined with any certainty, as not enough of the handle is 
 preserved. The curve of the fragments would suit a stamnos as well as an amphora. It seems 
 probable that the main zone represented a warrior's departure or combat on the obverse and an 
 athletic scene on the reverse, with a zone of animals below. Sphinxes or sirens were perhaps 
 placed below the liandles as ornaments to separate the two scenes. The letters of the inscription 
 1 Exactly similar to that on the Tiraonidas jug. Arch. Zeit. 1863, pi. clxxv. 't. 
 
 Fio. 97. 
 
 sut'gest A 5 [FAM] (AtFa?) or A^ [N/BAM](Aii'£as). The technique of the fragments marks the 
 latest and most advanced tyi)e of the Corinthian style. 
 
 The fit'ure is i>aralleled by a Corinthian skyphos representing the combat between Ajax and 
 Aeneas (^Ann, dell. Inst. 18G2, tav. d' agg. B), except that the warrior on our fragment is not 
 fighting and that only one horse is represented. The warrior's squire was evidently mounted on 
 the horse as in the skyphos. 
 
 FOREIGN TYPES. 
 
 EARLY ATTIC. 
 
 A few fragments were found which bear a close similaiity to the Early Attic style ; 
 in fact, they show more of the elements of the Early Attic technique than of the Argive. 
 Whether they were actually imported from Attica cannot be said. 
 
 PLATE LXII. 
 
 1 a and b. Two fragments of a large bowl, exact shape uncertain. Coarse reddish clay, with 
 brown glaze on interior, brown decoration faded. On rim, a palmette chain, with a row of pot- 
 hooks below. 
 
 The clay seems remarkably like that of the Early Attic vases, and the palmette chain is very 
 similar to the palmettes on the Early Attic vases in Athens (Jahrb. II. [1887]. pis. ii. and iii.). 
 
 2. Fragment from the handle of a large vase, probably an amphora a colonnette. Coarse red, 
 dish clay, exterior covered with a whitish slip, decoration in dark red. 
 
 This fracrment shows all the technical characteristics of Early Attic ware very plainly. 
 
 None of the other fragments were worth reproducing. 
 
 CYRENEAN. 
 
 Not more than fifty fragments or so of this ware were found, nor is it certain that they 
 were imported from Cyrene. In the opinion of Professor Ernest Gardner, who exam- 
 ined them carefully, the qmUity of execution was almost too poor for genuine Cyrenean 
 work. On this account he was disposed to regard them as an Argive imitation. That 
 these fragments are distinctly Cyrenean in style is evident, but it is equally true that they 
 are greatly inferior to the vases which represent the style elsewhere. 
 
 That Mr. Gardner's view of them is correct seems to me most probable. We have 
 found all along that foreign importations were extremely scarce at the Heraeum,' and 
 that the gi-eat"mass of vases was made on the spot. There is nothing to forbid the 
 presence at Argos of Cyrenean ware, which is the only ware in Greece during the latter 
 part of the sixth century that seems to have contested the field with Athens. At the 
 same time we know that' all Attic vases were excluded from Argos during the latter part 
 of the sixth century, and not enough of this Cyrenean ware is found to make up for the 
 lack of black and red figure vases. 
 
 The kylix was the only form represented, and seemed to fall into two types. 
 
 1. Attic ty[)e (^Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. xii. 2a). 
 
 2. Rim and shoulder sharply separated (ibid. pi. xii. 4). 
 
 It was not possible in every case to identify the form from which the fragment came. 
 
 The clay corresiionds in every respect with other Cyrenean vases, and the decoration 
 follows the same scheme. The interior has a design in a circle, on an exergue. Red is 
 frequently applied to various details. The exterior as a rule is given up to the usual 
 setpience of Cyrenean motives, rays, tongue pattern, and pomegranate chain ; a few 
 fragments showed traces of a figure zone on the exterior. 
 
 1 Except the Coriathian style, and that, we have seen, might possibly have been manufactured in the Argolid and 
 not imported. 
 
174 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 THE ARGIVE EXCLUSION OF ATTIC POTTERY 
 
 175 
 
 The execution is certainly inferior to the ordinary vases of the style. Not enough 
 figures are preserved to judge accurately on this point, but in the ornamental motives 
 there appears a certain lack of firmness and crispness in the drawing. 
 
 3. Fragment of kylix, Type 2. White slip, i)almette and ]x>uiegi-auate border. Below, zigzag 
 pattern and rays. Cf. Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. x. 3 ; Kankratis, I. pi. ix. 
 
 4. Fragment of kylix. Glaze on exterior. Interior covered with a white slip. Eagle with 
 snake in its beak. Decoration faded. 
 
 5 a and b. Two fragments of kylix, white slip on both sides. On exterior, pomegranate border; 
 on interior, warrior to left with helmet and spear mounted on horseback, the neck of the horse 
 showing to left. On b, part of hind leg of horse. 
 
 6. Fragment of kylix. On exterior, tongue pattern and rays. On interior, two feet of a woman 
 (^probably) on some object, perhaps a foot stove (cf. B. C. H. XVII. 1893, p. 230, fig. 4). On 
 the left, part of a scroll. 
 
 The other fragments possessed little interest. A few showed portions of the central 
 pictures, a bird, horn of a goat, legs of some animal, palmette, etc. The larger part of 
 the fragments possessed only the usual Cyrenean motives on the exterior. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 BLACK- AND RED-FIGURE STYLES. 
 
 Fragments of the Black- and Red-figure styles were represented at the Heraeum in 
 extremely small quantities — not more than a basketful of the former and hardly more 
 than fifty of the latter. Considering the extreme jxipularity of this ware during the 
 latter part of the sixth century throughout the whole of the Greek world, the explanation 
 of its absence presents one of the most interesting problems afforded by the Heraeum. 
 That the frairments of these two stvles found at the Heraeum are of Attic manufacture 
 there can be no question. We have seen already that vases of foreign workmanship were 
 extremely scarce at the Heraeum, but no certain explanation of this deficiency was to be 
 found ; in the case of the Attic vases, however, the explanation of their absence at Argos 
 is perfectly satisfactory and agrees with the historical evidence at our command. 
 
 When, after the reforms of Kleisthenes, the rise in power of the Athenians had driven 
 back her envious neighbors, Thebes and Chalkis, the former turne<l to the Aeginetans 
 for assistance, who gladly gave it on account of an ancient feud with the Athenians.' 
 The orisrin of this feud was as follows : — 
 
 Once, in early times, the land of Epidauros suffered through a failure of the crops ; - 
 to bring relief, the Delphic oracle ordered the Epidaurians to erect statues of Damia and 
 Auxesia,^ not in bronze or stone, but of cultivated olive wood. For this material they 
 applied to Athens, ostensibly because there existed no olive-trees in Greece outside of 
 Attica, and the request was granted by the Athenians on condition that an annual tribute 
 to Athena Polias and Erechtheus should be paid. This condition was scrupulously car- 
 ried out so long as the Epidaurians retained possession of the holy statues. But Aegina, a 
 colony of Epidauros, grown overbearing through her rapidly increasing sea-power, asserted 
 her indei>endence, and during the course of an incursion into Epidauros carried away the 
 statues and. set them up at Oia, twenty stadia from the capital, where a cult to the two 
 goddesses was inaugurated. The Epidaurians then refused to pay their annual tribute 
 
 » Herodot. V. 81 ff. • Paus. II. ."Vl. 4 ; cf. Rouher's Lex. I. p. 738. 
 
 « /Wrf. V. 82fE. 
 
 to Athens, and the latter endeavored to obtain the statues from Aegina, but, failing to 
 iK*r8uade the Aeginetans to give them up, sent an expedition consisting of one trireme 
 (according to the Athenian tradition) or (according to the Aeginetan tradition, which is 
 more probable) of a whole fleet. While the Athenians were unsuccessfully endeavoring 
 to remove the statues, they were attacked and completely destroyed, with the exception 
 of one man, by the Argives, whom the Aeginetans had called to their aid. This survivor, 
 on his return to Athens, was attacked by the wives of his slain comrades and stabbed to 
 death by their brooches. The use of the brooch was then forbidden in Athens, and 
 hence the introduction of the Ionic chiton came about. The Argives and the Aeginetans 
 made it a custom that women should dedicate brooches in preference to other offerings in 
 the temples of their goddesses and also jmssed a law " *\ttlkov 8e fiiyVc n aXXo npo(r<f>€- 
 p€iu Trpo? TO Ipop fnjre Kepafiov, aXX* €k ^vrptSwi/ iiri,xopL€0)P vofiov to komov 
 avTodi clvai TTiVcii'" * ("that nothing of Attic manufacture should be dedicated in the 
 temples, not even vases, but that they [the Argives and the Aeginetans] should in future 
 drink from vessels made from the clay of the country "). 
 
 In spite of the legendary character of this tale, there seems no valid reason for reject- 
 ing it. Herodotus does not mention the date, but Studniczka - has shown that the expe- 
 dition referred to must have taken place between 570 and 550 b. c, since Athens could 
 hardly have undertaken such an expedition before the increase of her naval power under 
 Solon and Peisistratos ; nor would the expedition be likely during Peisistratos's third 
 ])eriod of power {circa 540 b. c), as his wife then was an Argive. Also the history of 
 Argos shows that she was at war with Sparta from 585 to 570 b. c, and with Sikyon 
 
 from 549 onwards.' 
 
 Now a survey of Attic vase painting shows that the black-figure style did not come to 
 its full development earlier than 550 B. c, and the period before that date is represented 
 by such potters as Nikosthenes and the ' Lesser Masters ' group. The red-figure style 
 was not introduced until some twenty years later, and its finest work falls in the period 
 between the end of the sixth century and the Persian wars. An examination of the 
 black- and red-figure fragments at the Heraeum reveals the following facts : that of the 
 scanty number of black-figure fragments barely a dozen belong to the better period 
 (i. e. after 550 b. c), while of the red-figure fragments, which are earlier than the Persian 
 wars, hardly more than half a dozen were found.* Here at Argos, then, we have a period 
 of seventy years, represented by hardly twenty fragments of the most popular styles 
 throughout the Greek worid. That the cause of this is the embargo passed by the 
 Argiv-es against Athenum products in the sixth century becomes a fact too plain to be 
 doubted, and shows that the date assigned is the true one. 
 
 Thus Argos puts herself on record with perhaps the first recorded case of an absolutely 
 prohibitory tariff or embargo. That the act was a case of pure spite and not due to any 
 desire to protect ' home industries ' is plain, since no increased activity on the part of the 
 Argive potters is the result. The presence of the few fragments mentioned does not affect 
 the truth of the statement, for if we consider the enormous amount of vases of these two 
 styles exported from Athens, it may be seen that no tariff measure could be so completely 
 effective as to prevent a single Attic vase from entering the Argolid, and as the absence 
 of this ware at Argos must have some explanation, it would be difficult to find a neater 
 one than the passage just quoted from Herodotus. 
 
 > Herod. V. 88. The same statement is found in Athe- 
 naeus, Deipn. XI. 502 c. This passage has been com- 
 mented upon by me in the Class. Rev. 181)8, p. 88. 
 
 * Beitrage zur Gtschichte der aUgriechUchen Tracht, p. 4. 
 
 » Curtius, Griechische Geschichte^, I. p. 368. 
 * Mr. Stais informs me that very few fragments of 
 either style were found by him at Aegina. 
 
 ,c£^g|p 
 
176 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 If, then, we have for seventy years an absohite lack (►f Attit* ware at the Heraeuni, the 
 question arises, " What took its i)hiee ? " since it is hardly conceivable that no vases 
 should have been manufactured at the Heraeum. Three su<rgestions are possible : — 
 
 1. The early style (Argive) may have continued. This is unlikely, as it was contrary 
 to Greek taste in the developed periods of art to use old-fashioned types.' 
 
 2. Some other foreign type was imported to take the place of Attic vases. No such 
 type was found. 
 
 3. Some local t^-pe must have been used. This is the most natural explanation, but 
 it cannot be affirmed with certainty that this t\i)e has been found. 
 
 A large number of fragments of a certain tyj)e of vases (four basketsful) was found, 
 which type, as far as I know, is peculiar to the Heraeum. These were of red or yellow 
 clay, covered on both sides with a black glaze, the only decoration consisting of two par- 
 allel stripes of applied red on the exterior, just below the rim (most of the fragments 
 belonged to skyphoi), varying in thickness, but never more than 2 mm. broad. So 
 common was this tyi>e, and its chai-acteristics so unvarying, that we soon came to the 
 conclusion that a special Argive tyj)e was i-epresented. Any chronological classification 
 is impossible, but the following points of diflFerenee were observed. Half the number 
 were of coarse clay, with a very dull glaze, while the other half consisted of fragments of 
 a tine red clay, carefully cleaned, with a glaze of extreme brilliancy. At first sight it 
 woidd appear that the latter were Attic, but a close insjiection shows that the clay is not 
 as fine or light as in Attic vases, nor the glaze as even, distinct irregularities being pre- 
 sent in the surface of the clay, under the gl.ize, both to the sight and touch. In Attic 
 vases of the best black- or red-figure periods, the clay is always carefully smoothed before 
 applying the glaze, and such irregidarities are not usual. 
 
 These seem to be the only fragments which answer the requirements of our third sug- 
 gestion. The Attic influence is plain, through the fineness of the glaze, and it is prob- 
 able that the Argive jK)tters borrowed this feature from their Athenian contemporaries. 
 At the same time the application of red stripes is distinctly an Argive feature, and fol- 
 lows a fashion instituted several centuries before. 
 
 No vases were found intact, nor could any be restored from the fragments. Fig. 96 
 
 shows an example of this particular style (red clay, width, 0.05 
 m. ; height, 0.052 m.). 
 
 BLACK-FIGURE STYLE. 
 Fragments of the following vases were found : kylix, skyjdios, 
 amphora, lekythos, and plate. No vase was recovered intact, 
 nor could any be restored from the fragments, as in hardly any 
 case were more than four or five fragments from the same vase 
 preserved. 
 
 Kylikes. 
 
 Fragments of the kylix shape were most numerous. Two types were represented 
 
 1. With tall foot, deep bowl (' Lesser Masters' shape. Berl. Cat. vi. 171). 
 
 2. With shoi-t foot, shallow bowl (Berl. Cat. vi. 17-). 
 
 Few of the bases were preserved, but it may be seen from the fragments of the rims 
 that Type 1 was the more common. None of the bases found showed any central j)ic- 
 ture on the interior of the kylix. 
 
 1 It may be urged in reply to this that Athens contiuuetl to use the archaic type of coins through the ftfth century, 
 but that was due to a special cause. 
 
 BLACK-FIGURE STYLE 
 
 1. 
 
 177 
 
 Fig. 98. 
 
 Plate LXH. 7. Fragment of rim. Band of glaze on rim. Panther's head fuU-front, and back 
 
 of some other animal. , , , . .u u ti 
 
 This would seem to be one of the eariiest fragments of the style found at the Heraeum. ihe 
 panther on the animal zone shows tlie Corintho-Attic influence. 
 
 * a Rim. Same technique. Rider to left clad in a white chiton ; behind him a spear or a goad 
 of another figure. Incised lines used on hair, eye, and arm. 
 
 This fragment is by all odds the finest bit of black-figure work we found. 
 
 9 Warrior, armed with shield, greaves, and corselet. Five white balls on the shield. 
 
 This addition of a shield device in white is extremely common in black-figure work. Half a 
 
 dozen similar fragments were found. „ , • i i • . « 
 
 10. Lower part of driver with long white chiton in chariot to right. Behind him rear part of 
 
 horse to left, white dots on legs. 
 
 Other fra"inents showed figures of men or women in procession, animals, etc. White 
 is always us^l to mark the flesh color for the female figure and red very frequently for 
 the men. The glazed band is generally separated from the mam zone by a slight 
 projection. 
 
 Main tone directly along the rim. 
 11. Head of man to right. , .. u ^ * j 
 
 12 Head of horse to right. This fragment in point of drawing is among the best we found. 
 la Female head to left ; flesh white, incised lines along edge of hair. Red fillet in hair. 
 14. Satyr to right ; ivy vine in field. 
 Satyrs were found on quite a number of fragments. The drawing m every case was extremely 
 
 ^''^M^'Eye with iris in white, and white circle ; in field, ivy vine. To the right of the eye what 
 appears to be a satyr stooping with one hand on the ground. Streak of white marking perhaps 
 a wine skin which the satyr is carrying. 
 
 With ivy border along rim. 
 
 16. Head of sphinx (part of wing showing) to left, flesh white, red fillet in hair. 
 Fra.nnent8 of this description were extremely numerous. Quite a number of frag- 
 
 ments'were found which showed only a palmette system around the exterior, ornamented 
 at intervals by white or yellow dots. 
 
 i^ikyphoi. iBerl Cat. vi. 190.) 
 Fragments belonging to this form were not very numerous. 
 
 17. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior. Herakles and 
 
 the Neraean lion. , , , ., cca ^ • „ 
 
 If the interpretation of the scene is cori-ect this fragment is clearly later than 550 b c, since 
 
 the type of Herakles strangling the lion without the aid of any weapon is not mtroduced in vase- 
 
 painting till after this date (Roscher's Le.'. I. p. 2197). The form of this vase differs slightly 
 
 from that of the Berlin type, as the rim is not so sharply defined. 
 
 It was very difficult in the case of the other fragments to tell whether they should be 
 
 considered as belonging to this or the kylix form. 
 
 Tripod Bowl. 
 la Ij^ with rim of Wl similar to Plate LXI. 21. Slight moulding on rim, gla=«<'- J™ 
 male heads facing each other and . thin! head on the left. This was the only fragment of a black- 
 figure bowl of this description. 
 
17G 
 
 TlIK VASKS AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 If. then, we have for seventy years an ahsohite lack of Attic ware at tlie Ileraeuni, tlie 
 question arises, '' What took its j»lace?"' since it is hardly conceivable that no vases 
 should have heen manufactured at the Heraeuni. Three suj^ijestions are possible : — 
 
 1. The earlv stvle (Ar<rive) niav have continued. This is unlikely, as it was contrary 
 to Greek taste in the developed periods (»f art to use old-fashioned types.' 
 
 2. Some other foreii»n type was imported to take the phu-e of Attic vases. No such 
 type was found. 
 
 .*}. Some local type must have been used. This is the most natural explanation, but 
 it cannot be aftinned with certainty that this type has been found. 
 
 A large nund)er of frapnents of a certain type of vases (four basketsful) was found, 
 which type, as far as 1 know, is peculiar to the Ileraeinn. These were of red or yellow 
 clav. covered on both sides with a black i;lazc, the oidy decoration consistinij of two par- 
 allel stripes of applied red on the exterior, just below the rim (most of the fraj»inents 
 belouiied to skvphoil. varvin!»- in thickness, but never more than '2 nnn. broad. So 
 c(nnmon was this type, and its charactfristies so unvaryinj^. that we soon came to the 
 conclusion that a special Argive type was rej)resented. Any chronological classification 
 is impossible, but the followino- points of difference were observed. Half the niunber 
 were of coarse clav, with a very dull glaze, while the other half consisted of frairnuMits of 
 a Hue red clav, carefully cleaned, with a glaze of extreme brilliancy. At first sijrht it 
 would appear that the latter were Attic, but a clost» inspection sh<»ws that the clay is not 
 as fine or light as in Attic vases, nor the glaze as even, distinct irregularities being pre- 
 sent in the surface of the clav, under the glaze, both to the sight and touch. In Attic 
 vases of the best black- or red-figure periods, the clay is always carefully smoothed before 
 apidying the glaze, and such irregularities are not usual. 
 
 These seem to be the only fragments which answer the requirements of our third sug- 
 gestion. The Attic influence is plain, through the fineness of the glaze, and it is prob- 
 able that the Argive potters borrowed this feature from their Athenian contenqioraries. 
 At the same time the application of red stripes is distinctly an Argive feature, and fol- 
 lows a fashion instituted several centuries before. 
 
 No vases were found intact, nor could any be restored from the fragments. Fig. 98 
 
 shows an example of this particular style (red clay, width, O.O.J 
 m. ; height, 0.052 m.). 
 
 BLACK-FHirilK STYI.K. 
 Fragments of the following vases were found : kylix. skyphos, 
 amphora, lekythos, and plate. No vase was recovered intact, 
 nor could any be restored from the fragments, as in hardlv any 
 case were more than four or five fragments from the same vase 
 preserved. 
 
 Fragments of the kylix shape were most numerous. Two tyjws were represented 
 
 1. With tall foot, deep bowl (• LesstM* Masters" sha|)e. lici'l. Cat. vi. 171). 
 
 2. AVith short foot, shallow l)Owl ( ficfJ. Cut. vi. ITi*). 
 
 Few of the bases were preserved, but it may be seen from the fnignuMits of the rims 
 that Type 1 was the more common. None of the bases found showed any central pic- 
 ture on the interior of the kvlix. 
 
 ' It may be nrjje«l in reply to tliis tliat Athens continued to use the archaic ty|)e of coins tliroiigh the Hfth century, 
 but that was due to a special cause. 
 
 Fig. 98. 
 
 BLACK-FIGURE STYLE 
 
 177 
 
 1. 
 Pl vte LXIL 7. Fragment of rim. Band of glaze on rim. Panther's head full-front, and back 
 
 of some other animal. , , , , it ti 
 
 This would seem to be one of the earliest fragments of the style found at the Ileraeum. J he 
 
 panther on the animal zone shows the Corintho- Attic influence. 
 
 * 8. Kim. Same technique. Rider to left clad in a white chiton ; behind him a spear or a goad 
 of another figure. Incised lines used on hair, eye, and arm. 
 
 This fragment is by all odds the finest hit of black-figure work we found. 
 
 9 Warrior, armed with shield, greaves, and corselet. Five white balls on the shield. 
 
 This addition of a shield device in white is extremely common in black-figure work. Half a 
 
 dozen similar fragments were found. ,>,.,,• , t 
 
 10. Lower part of driver with long white chiton in chariot to right. 15ehind hun rear part of 
 
 hor.se to left, white d«)ts o\\ legs. 
 
 Other fra«nuents showed figures of men or women in procession, animals, etc. White 
 is always used to mark the flesh color for the female Hgure and red very f recpiently for 
 the men. The glazed band is generally separated from the main zone by a slight 
 projection. 
 
 Main zone directly along the rim. 
 11. Head i.f man to right. , xi i *. r i 
 
 12 Head of horse to right. This fragment in point of drawing is among the best we found. 
 13! Female head to left : flesh whit.', incised lines along edge of hair. Red fillet m hair. 
 14. Satvr to right ; ivy vine in field. 
 Satyrs v^ere found on quite a number of fragments. The drawing m every case was exti-eniely 
 
 ""'"w.^'Eve with iris in white, and white circle : in field, ivy vine. To the right of the eye what 
 apiH>ars to l>e a satyr stooping with one han.l on the ground. Sti-eak of white marking perhaps 
 a wine skin which the satyr is carrying. 
 
 With ii-if border along rmi. 
 
 16. Head of sjihinx (part of wing showing) to left, flesh white, red fillet in hair. 
 Fra.nuents of this description were extremely numerous. Quite a number of frag- 
 
 ments'were found which showed only a palmette system around the exterior, ornamented 
 at intervals by white or yellow dots. 
 
 ^Shjphoi. {lin-l. fW. vi. 190.) 
 Fragments belonging to this form were not very numerous. 
 
 17. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior. Herakles and 
 
 the Xeinean lion. , , , , ..„ _ . ^^ 
 
 If the interpretation of the .scene is con-eet this fragment is clearly later than DoO b. c, since 
 the tv,»e of Herakles strangling the lion without the aid of any weapon is not mtrocluced 111 vase- 
 painting till after this date (Roscher's Le... I. p. 2197). The form of this vase differs slightly 
 from tlmt of the IV^rlin tyi>e, as the riin is not so sharply defined. 
 
 It was very diflficult in the case of the other fragments to tell whether they should be 
 considereil as belonging to this or the kylix form. 
 
 Tripod Hold. 
 
 la Leg with rim of l>owl similar to Pkatk LXI. 21. Slight moulding on rim, glazed. Two 
 nude heacfs facing e:tch other and a third head on the left. This was the only fragment of a black- 
 figure bowl of this description. 
 
178 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 RED-FIGURE STYLE. POLYCHROME WARE 
 
 179 
 
 19. Foot and leg to left. The style of the drawing suggests a Panathenaic amphora. 
 
 Fragments of aniphuras were extremely scarce. Some half a dozeu belonged to the 
 rims of large amphoras and showed the usual lotos chain on the flat surface of the rim. 
 One fragment of the side showed the lower ptirt of three seated Agures. Several biises 
 and a few fragments of ami>liora covers were found, the latter showing a ray pattern in 
 the centre and an animal zone around it. 
 
 Lehythos. 
 20L Side of lekvthos ; horse and rider to right. 
 Fragments of lekythoi were quite common. Such as had any decoration showed a remarkable 
 
 lack of finish. 20 is the best specimen. Horses, single, double, or in a quadriga, formed the usual 
 subjects. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 2L Fragment of plate, exterior glazed. On interior, heads of Dionysos and satyr, red applied 
 on the hair and beard of each. Above Dionysos's head, ivy leaves. 
 
 22. Same. Head of cock. 
 
 The exact foi-m of these plates cannot be determined, as it is impossible to tell 
 whether they were provided with a foot. No other fragments were found. 
 
 We also found a fragment of a phiale precisely similar to one in Syracuse {Not. i1. 
 Scav. 1893, p. 479) and a fragment of a patera. The latter had no decoration excej)t a 
 tongue pattern (red and bkck lobes) on the flat surface of the rim. 
 
 POLYCHROME WARE. 
 
 Only four fragments of this ware were found. 
 
 23. Fragment of kylix. Black glaze on exterior ; interior coveretl with a white slip on which is 
 the arm of a figure in black and the comer of a garment (?^ m red. Below, what seems to be a 
 sjiear. 
 
 24. Base of alahasti-on, white ground. Border of rays, points downward, and the feet of a 
 figure in black. 
 
 Two other very small fragments were also found. These had a white ground on which was the 
 haunch of some animal with i-ed dots on the leg. One fragment showed a hunuui hand over 
 the animal's body. Judging by the style, the last two fragments belong to the early i)art of the 
 black-figure period. 
 
 The following fragments are selected from a dozen similar ones. Their identification 
 is difficult, but it seems most probable, o^ing to the presence of the applied stripe in red, 
 that they belong to the class just mentioned p. 176), which may possibly have taken 
 the place of Attic products at the Heraeum. The technique in all is the same ; light red 
 clay, covered on both sides with a black glaze, to which the decoration is applied in white 
 and red. A few fragments from Naukratis in tiie British Museum show a similar use of 
 white, but the motives are different, nor are the red stripes employed. 
 
 25. Fragment of kylix. On rim, red stripe ; flower pattern in white laid sideways. 
 
 26 The same. Two bands of flower pattern were evidently represented. Bt?low, two red 
 stripes. 
 
 27 Central part of kylix. Lotos pattern in white. 
 
 RED-FIGURE STYLE. 
 
 It is difficult to make any selection of the red-figure fragments. T^sa types are repre- 
 sented than in the black-figure style, and, furthermore, such as we have are, with one 
 
 exception, of little importance. As far as can be told from the various bases and handles 
 preserved, three shai)es were represented, — kylix, amphora, and skyphos. Exactly six 
 fragments of the first ijeriod of the severe style were found, of which five are here repre- 
 sented. Of a rhyton, representing the head of a satyr probably, the eye, one ear, and 
 part of the beard were also found, but no reconstruction was possible. 
 
 SEVERE STYLE. 
 
 2a Fragment from rim of kylix. Palmette. 
 
 29. Fragment of kylix. Backs of two horses. On the flank of the first, a small wheel oma- 
 
 ment, and a baud on the shoulder. , , n . ^^^ 
 
 30 Fragment of kylix. Female figure, draped, with arm extended. Perhaps an Athena 
 3L Form uncertain. Leg of a warrior to right armed with shield, with a frieze border. Glaze 
 
 badly worn ; traces of preliminary drawing. 
 
 The fifth fragment of this period is the polychrome kylix (see below). The sixth 
 
 fragment represented a palmette similar to 28. 
 
 LATER STYLE. 
 3Z Fragment of amphora. Upper part of woman's head to left (maenad probably), with a 
 saccos, holdiug a thyrsos ; above, tongue pattern. 
 
 33 Fra«rment of kylix or skyphos. Boy holding torch to right. , ^ , , ^ 
 
 34! Fragment of amphora. Man in mantle with staff, facing another figure (probably a woman) 
 
 clad in chiton and hiination. 
 
 The other fragments showed the upper part of a youth wrapped in a mantle, very poorly 
 drawn- two hoofs of a horse clear of the ground, probably represented as gallopuig; 
 parts of garments of several figures, and various bits of palmettes, tongue patterns, etc. 
 
 POLYCHROME WARE. 
 
 Plate LXVIII. Two fragment,' o£ a kylix (for.,., B<-rl. Cat. vi. 224). Exterior entirely 
 covere<l with a bla.-k glaze, fairly brilliant. The original form seems to have been the squatfootol 
 ty,« with a thiek base, eharacteristie of the smaller kylikes with no decoration on the exterior. 
 
 The entire interior is eoverecl with a whitish yellow slip slightly re-Uhsh m places The central 
 Dicture, bounded by a plain circle, represents a group on an exergue, a nude satyr (up,«r part of 
 K mi^ng) lean ng on some object, probably a rock. He has a horse's ta> and long shaggy 
 Cnl his :Lt and aklomen down to the pubes are thickly covered with ha,r. Fau.t red hue 
 ™l for the muscles of the stomach and the knee cap. On b a f,^t p^jcetmg from a garment 
 to rl"ht upon an exergue. In the field of a, inside the circle, E A (.y[p.^..] • ) . 
 
 The subject of the Imposition is not quite clear. We have a group of two figures, a satyr and 
 
 another figu.,. which may be male or female ; the circle is too small for a th.rd figure. Three 
 
 bZn^tation are ,K,s,ible, - Satyr and Dionysos, Marsyas and Athena (Roscher s i..-. II. 
 
 T'^tlr and Maenad. The first is possible, but unlikely, as Dionysos ,s generally repre- 
 
 L't^l with an attendant satyr on each side. The second is extremely doubtful, for the object m 
 
 A^tntre rather s,«aks against it, at least if we imagine such a scene conce.ved m he ^V^r.t ottU 
 
 IWir kkythos (Ifaum. DeU: p. 1001, fig. 1209). The last interpretation .s the most hkely. 
 
 tliftiitrh how the eroup was represented is impossible to say. ., , . . .. • 
 
 ThVirof thHa^er , J of the subject is irritating enough, but the mutilated ,n«=npt,on ,s 
 
 stiU mor» Plexing That lypa^^a, was written, and that the artist's name followed the verb 
 
 s^ LrnXS but wl«.t Arname was cannot be eonjecturcl on such sight ■nd-t.ons . 
 
 If aT i Se, he vase is by some well-known artist, more can be gained through the styl,st,c 
 f.a",;rs. C clis of polychrome vases known to us at present is not very Urge. Hartw.g^ enu- 
 
 . Another tr.pn,n. will, part of Iho h..,dl. w^ found • .Vm«r..J.fc«, p. 499, note 1. 
 which had no decoration eieept the while slip. 
 
180 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 VASES IN RELIEF 
 
 181 
 
 merates twenty-five, and there are two in the Louvre ; ^ the number is increased to twenty-eight 
 by our vase. The attitude of the satyr on a polychrome kylix from Ruvo'-* with 'AXittySiuV kqAo? is 
 very similar to that of the satyr here, but our vase cannot be restored so as to resemble the former 
 since no room exists on our fragmeut for the satyr to hold anything in his hand, much less a kan- 
 tharos. The style of the Ruvo kylix is certainly later than ours, which resembles more the Nau- 
 kratis fragments in the British Museum.^ I cannot go so far as to assign these fragments to 
 Euphronios, as they hardly seem to me gootl enough, but I think on the whole that they show his 
 style more than that of any other artist and are certainly contemporaneous with his later iierioil. 
 We may conclude that the vase is paintetl in the Euphronian style (perhaps by one of his pupils), 
 probably about 485-480 n. c. 
 
 Practically the history of the vase fragments found at the Heraeuni ends here, for the 
 number of vases of any kind of a later date than the Persian wars found on the site are 
 so scarce as to have little value. A few scattered fragments of Megarean ware, Roman 
 lamps and a Byzjintine cup, are all that represent a i)eriod of six centuries. 
 
 It seems probable, then, that the embargo instituted by Argos ag-ainst Attic vases was 
 either never removed, or else that the Argive potters abandoned vase-making entirely. 
 We know that for at least a century almost no vases of any kind were made in Gi-eece 
 outside of Athens ; the Attic ware was undoubtedly cheaper and more pojudar than that 
 made by local potters. At Argos fr.igmeuts of a later date are so few that there seems 
 no reason for supposing the embtirgo was removed, and it is hardly possible to suppose 
 that the manufacture of the black glazed fragments mentioned above continued steadily 
 on. For a time, perhaps, that ware may have been a sjitisfactory substitute, but it is 
 hardly credible that the Argives should always have been contented with it. We must 
 suppose, therefore, that somewhere about the beginning of the fifth century the activity 
 of Argos as an industrial centre for vase-making ceased entirely, and there being no for- 
 eign importations to serve as a substitute, the custom of dedicating vases at the Heraeuni 
 fell into abeyance. It is also possible to suppose that this custom had declined in the 
 rest of Greece, for with the exception of the Kabirion at Thebes, vases of a later <late 
 than the fifth century are not found on any temple sites. From that time onwards vases 
 are only found in graves. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 VASES IN RELIEF AND LATER VASES. 
 
 Although the vases in relief represent two widely different periods, it has seemed best 
 to include them under one chapter. Two different styles are represented, — the Red-ware 
 vases and the so-called Megarean vases. The latter are i)ractically the only vase frag- 
 ments of any kind found at the Heraeuni which are undoubtedly later than the fifth 
 century. 
 
 RED WARE. 
 
 Almost all the fragments belonging to this style are given on Plate LXIII. They 
 
 > Monuments et Memoires (Fondatioii Eugene Piot), 
 189.3, pis. V. and vi. 
 
 =" Ann. deir Iiut. 1877, tav. d' agg. Q (So. 19 in Hart- 
 wig's list). 
 
 ' Ilartwig, op. cit. pi. li. 
 
 * The date, provenience, and use of this ware has always 
 been a vexed problem, and only two facts may be re- 
 garded as certain — that it is Greek, not Etruscan, in 
 
 its origin, and is directly inHueuced by uietal work 
 (Loeschcke, Arch. Zeit. 1881, p. 44). As there is little 
 general resemblance of style in the case of all the frag- 
 ments from various places, it is probable that each town 
 bad its local style, and that no one town was the manufac- 
 turer of all. None of the fragments of this ware found at 
 the Heraeuni or elsewhere can be older than the seventh 
 century. 
 
 are not very numerous, and seem to play a minor part in the Argolid, since outside of 
 the Heraeum very little ware of this nature was found at Mycenae ' or Tiryns." 
 
 Pottier has analyzed all the existing material up to 188G ( B. C. 11. 1888, p. 491). 
 Since that date the most important additions have been published by Diimmler {Athen, 
 Mitt. 18iK>, p. 229, pi. vi.) and De liidder {B. C. 11. XXII. [1898], pp. 439 ff., pp. 497 fl'., 
 pis. iv.-vi. 6t«. 
 
 L Fragment of base of a large pithos. Coar.se reddish clay, measuring between 2 and 3 cm. in 
 thickness! On the base, a zone of figures bounded above and below by a moulding on which a 
 herring-bone pattern is incised. 
 
 On main zone, Ilerakles and the centaurs. In the centre, llerakles to right naketl and bearded, 
 holdiu'' a bow in his left hand, from which he is about to shoot an arrow at a centaur advancing 
 towaixTs hiu», whose hands, fore legs, and hind leg only are visible. Behind Ilerakles, another 
 centaur to left armed with a tree branch, head and front of boily wanting. A cuttnig extends 
 alon"- the top of the zone, making the lower part of the relief much slighter. 
 
 2." From base of another pithos. Clay and subject identical with 1. Below the zone, four rows 
 
 of herring-bones incised. , , , . .\ n 
 
 3. Fi-agn»ent of pithos similar in clay and subject to 1. At the right of the fragment the figure 
 <,f Ilerakles is reiieated. The attitude of the centaur is slightly different froui 1, as his left hand 
 holds the branch of the tree instead of being extended towards Ilerakles. 
 
 If this fragment belongs to the same vase as 1, which seems probable, it must have formed part 
 of the belly of the vase at its lowest point where it joins the base. Thus it would seem that the 
 original vase possessed certainly two zones of figures, on the base and belly, with perhaps a third 
 on the rim, leaving the bcnly undecorated. « , ^ i, i 
 
 Some interesting technical features pi-esent themselves. It may be seen from 3 that the sub- 
 ject was repeated, and consists in its simple form of a man and a centaur. As the figures were 
 stamped from a mould, it seems most probable that the original mould was circular m form and 
 contained only one group; the mould was revolved over the soft clay, encircling the whole circum- 
 ference, and thus the design was i-ei>eated at regular intervals. The fact that no trace of any 
 dividin- line between the groups can be seen makes this explanation the only natural one. At the 
 same time the letter might have retouched the groups after stamping and thus secured a little 
 
 variety in his figures.*^ 
 
 That the three fraguients are contemporaneous is evident. Both style and execution are more 
 advanced, than in the fragment fmm Kameiros (Milchhoefer, Anfdnije der Aunst, fig. 48), but 
 there is absolutely no trace of any Oriental influence on our fragments. Also the centaurs are 
 still treated in the older style -the entire figure of a man combined with the body and hind legs 
 of a horse * Although it cannot be said exactly when the change to the later type took place, it 
 is probable (the Assos reliefs notwithstanding) that the change occurred about the beginning of 
 the sixth century. But it seems probable that Herakles is here represented though the club and 
 ouiver are wanting : this would seem to show an early treatment of the myth.» W e have already 
 seen archers on the Mvcenaean silver va.se, but the bow on that vessel does not curve up at the ends 
 as here The branch held by the centaurs is, as far as I know, unique in its form. » e shall not 
 be very far wrong if we assign these fragments to the first half of the seventh century. 
 
 4 a-d. Four fragments fro.u a round box, probably of pyxis form. Height, 0.10 m. : diam- 
 eter, 0.22 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Fine, cleaned yellow clay, with brown glaze on interior, worn off 
 in patches. 
 
 » Mt/k. Vas. p. ra. 
 
 « Schliemann, Tirytig, p. 0.3, fig. 8 ; p. ftl, fig. 9. 
 
 » Tliis is certain, since the Louvre possesses a fragment 
 identical with the figure of Perseus on the Louvre pithos 
 (De Ridder, /. c. p. 457, fig. 7), and shows' that while a 
 few minor differences can !« detected, the same mould 
 was used for both figures. De Ridder, I think, is wrong 
 
 in laying so much stress on these differences (p. 4o8), 
 and denying that the same model was used for both. 
 What differences exist are clearly due to retouching after 
 stamping. 
 
 * Roscher's Lex. II. p. 1070. 
 
 5 Ibid. I. p. til93 ; II. p. 1046. 
 
182 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 On rim, a round moulding decorated with a series of wavy vertical lines, incised. Below, two 
 raised bauds. Directly below the moulding the wavy lines end in a series of dull holes. Orna- 
 mentation of base precisely similar. On the figure zone itself, above and below, appear traces of 
 a faint band, which were probably originally like those below the rim moulding. The figures of 
 the zone are nmch worn, in some places almost obliterated. The subject, as far as it can be ascer- 
 tained, represents a lion hunt by men on horseback and on foot. 
 
 a. Fragment of rim. At the left, horse and rider galloping to left. Kider holds reins in one 
 hand and brandishes a spear behind him in the other. Below the horse, some animal, probably a 
 dog. Behind the horse, a beai-ded man ci-ouching to left, stretching his right hand towards the 
 rider while grasping with his left the mane of a lion who is evidently sitting on his haunches. Be- 
 low the lion's head is the head of another lion very faintly outlined. At the right of the fragment, 
 a lion walking to right, whose head is grasped by the right hand of another bearded man, crouching 
 on one knee, who holds a sjjear in his left with which he speare the lion. At the extreme right of 
 the fragment, the outsti-etched hand of another figure. 
 
 b. The same. Two horses with riders galloping to left. The fore part of the left-hand horse 
 and the rear part of the other are wanting. The riders hold whips in their left hands and the 
 reins in their right. 
 
 C. The same. Lion's head to right and two crouching bearded figures to left. This group is 
 the duplicate of that on the right of a. 
 
 d. Fragment of base. Feet of one lion and fore foot of a second to right. 
 
 These fragments ai-e by far the finest of the vases in relief we found. As far as can be told 
 from the fragments, we have one scene — two horsemen, crouching man, two lions, and two ci-ouch- 
 ing men. repeated twice. Whether another figure was addetl is uncertain. At all events, if we 
 assume that these seven figures formed the whole scene, there is i-oom enough on the vase for 
 three separate repetitions of them. This was undoubtedly done by the use of the circular mould 
 (v. No. 3). 
 
 The reiMjtition of the lion's head on a is curious. Either the artist endeavoreil to represent two 
 lions (delineating the fainter one with a knife), or else, more i)robably, he failed to secure a good 
 impression of the mould on the first trial and therefore rei>eated it. 
 
 The style of the fragment is distinctly Argive and the Oriental influence more marked than in 
 the preceding. At the same time, ju«lging by the lack of ornaments in field, the fragments wouhl 
 fall in the early i)art of the Oriental Argive style, about the middle of the seventh century. The 
 execution of the figure is better than in 1-3, but it cannot be said with any certainty what the 
 chronological difference is between them. 
 
 The following fragment is of a later date and would seem to belong to the Corinthian period. 
 
 5. Fragment of a large vase, perhaps a pithos. Coai-se yellowish cky, coveretl with a brilliant 
 yellow slip. 
 
 Between two borders (tongue pattern), zone of animals. On the left, the head of a sjdiinx and 
 a panther or lion ; both to right. In the centre of the fragment, a palmette. At the right, another 
 pantlier (head full-front) and rear part of another sphinx (wing showing) both to right. 
 
 The whole scene is merely a grouping of those animals which the Orientid influence had made 
 popular and which is especially characteristic of the Corinthian style. All the 8i)ecial features, 
 head of panther full-front, spliinx, palmette as ornament in field, etc., are distinctly characteristic 
 of that style. This fragment is the only one of this ware which shows a distinct foreign influence, 
 and may not be due to a local school ; we may assign it to the eariier part of the Corinthian i)eriod, 
 i. e. towards the end of the seventh century. 
 
 6. Neck of vase. Diameter, 0.05 m. ; height, 0.054 m. Brick red cky, with palmette-lotos 
 chain stamped ujwn the neck. 
 
 This fragment also would seem to belong to the Corinthian {leriod. 
 
 MEGAREAN WARE. 
 
 The presence of this ware at tlie Heraeiim furnishes one of the many problems with 
 which we have to deal. Fragments of these vases represented the only vases which fall 
 
 MEGAREAN WARE. LAMPS 
 
 183 
 
 between the first half of the fifth century and the Roman times. We have already 
 stated that the embargo against Athenian vases probably killed the vase industry at 
 Aro-os, but why this particular ware, which is quite common in Greece, should be the 
 sole representative of all the other styles peculiar to this period, South Russian, Lower 
 Italian, Arretine, etc., is a question which finds no satisfactory solution. 
 
 This particular style is generally attributed to Megara,* and belongs to the third and 
 second centuries. The only historical connection between Megara and Argos known to 
 us is that the former joined the Achaean League in 243 b. c," and the latter some fifteen 
 years later. This date suits our fragments well, and thus it would seem that as the two 
 stiites were brought together in the end of the third century, importations of Megarean 
 industries took place in Argos. Why Argos should suddenly have imported this ware is 
 hard to say ; at any rate, it was the only ware manufactured at this time by a city of 
 
 Greece proper. 
 
 The amount of this ware filled about half a basket. No whole vases were found, and 
 none could be reconstructed. All the fragments show the usual technique — a reddish 
 clay, covered on both sides with a brown or i-ed glaze (sometimes steely black) and 
 adorned with figures in low relief, the execution on the whole being rather poor. The 
 shallow cup without handles is the only form represented and the decoration follows the 
 usual scheme. On the bottom a pattern of leaves,^' above a zone of figures and below the 
 rim a border composed of a double wave pattern. Ornaments in field, rosettes, etc., are 
 added freely to the figui-e zone. Some of the fragments showed no figure zone, but were 
 entirely covered with a leaf pattern. What the subjects of the figure zones were cannot 
 be told. Very few of the fragments possessed any interest. 
 
 PLATE LXII. 
 
 35. Horse and rider to right; below, leaf pattern with rosettes in the spaces between the points 
 
 of the leaves. ^ , , , , , an i ^i 
 
 36. Original diameter, 0.128 m. ; height, about 0.065 m. Steely black glaze. On base, three 
 c.mcentric'^circles. Figures very much worn, one group rej^eated twice. Warrior to right with 
 shield and helmet, streU-hing his right hand behind him, and a female figure (Victory). In field, 
 
 a rosette and a triiKnl (?). , , , , 
 
 37. Bearded man to right with staff, holding out his right hand to a woman, who holds a vase m 
 her right hand. In field, rosettes, circles, and bird. Below, leaf pattern. 
 
 Th^ other fragments showed various figures, bulls' heads, vases (amphoras), etc., etc. 
 
 With these fragments the sequence of vases at the Heraeum practically closes, and it is 
 difficult to say whether any pottery of a later date can be detected. I have noted before 
 that a large mass of the rough undecorated pottery might as well be Roman as early 
 work, but the evidence does not seem to be conclusive either way. 
 
 About twenty small bottles, usually known as ' Tear Jugs,' without decoration, were 
 found. These were uniformly of a red or grayish clay and differ in no way from the 
 well-known tyi)e. Judging from evidence of those found elsewhere, they seem to belong 
 
 to the second century b. c. 
 
 LAMPS. 
 
 About twentv of these were found more or less intact, and a small number of fragments. 
 Those belonging to the Greek period have a small ^yoilt with a large opening, the handle 
 
 t Furtwilngler, Samml. SabourofT, ph. Ixxiii. and Ixxiv. ; '^ Holm. Hu^tary of Greece, IV. p. 260. 
 
 lieimdorf, GriechUche und Siciluche VasetMder, pU. ' Samml. Sab. pi. Ixxui. 
 
 lvui.-lx. 
 
 .1 
 
 ■■ 
 
 1 
 
184 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 standing clear of the vase as in a kylix. The Roman lamps are rather scjuat and heavy, 
 with a small opening and an upright projection for a handle. Several of the lamps 
 through the presence of a cross clearly belonged to the Christian i)eriod. 
 
 Greek lamps were found only in fragments. Two of the Roman lamps had figure 
 decoration, the rest being ornamented with a large rosette, etc., in the centre. 
 
 38. Top of lamp. Diameter. 0.0G8 m. : length, 0.09 m. Dark retl clay, with projection for 
 handle. Youth with spear in his left hand holding bridle of a horse. Wave pattern on rim. 
 Tliis relief is interesting, since it supports the view already i>roj)ounded by Furtwiingler, that 
 
 the Doryphorus of Polycleitns was accompanied by a horse, on ac- 
 count of a relief found at Argos {Athen. Mitt. HI. [1878], p. 287, 
 pi, xiii.). Our lamp i)resents a striking similarity to the Argos relief, 
 but is probably of a later date, as it cannot be earlier than the Roman 
 period. 
 
 39. Lamp, spout broken. Height, 0.032 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. ; 
 length, 0.083 m. Red clay. Youth to left blowing double pipes, 
 with some uncertain object in field. On rim, circles. 
 
 GLASS. 
 
 Fragments of glass vases wei-e scarce, and only one vase 
 could be restored. The fragments seem as a rule to represent 
 low bottles of the ordinary type. All fragments were very 
 much corroded, the silvery surface flaking off readily if 
 touched. A few of the fragments showed a ribbed siufaee. 
 
 Fig. 99. Height, 0.145 m. Bottle of usual tyjie. On neck, series 
 of raised bands. At the back of the neck a small projection, which 
 probably ditl not represent the base of a handle, as a handle does 
 not belong to this type of bottle. 
 
 None of the fragments were worth repmducing ; the 
 majority of them were bases with a low boss hi the centre 
 after the fashion of a modern wine bottle. 
 
 BYZANTINE. 
 Fig. 100. Height, 0.05 m. : diameter, 0.09 m. One-handled 
 cup of dark red clay. The entire surface of both exterior and 
 interior has been covered with a shiny iridescent yellow glaze. Under the glaze the surface of 
 the clay is speckled with yellow dots : the handle is divided into two parts. 
 
 This vase was the only specimen of Byzantine ware found. 
 
 Fig. 99. 
 
 Fio. 100. 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES 
 
 BY THEODORE WOOLSEY HEERMANCE 
 
 I. PAINTED INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 1. (Fig. lOL) Neck and handle of an aryballos of Corinthian style (p. 171). Diameter 
 of mouth, 0.054 m. Clay yellow or Ught buff, with yellow slip. Decoration carefully 
 |)ainted in brown, with some 
 red. The cuts (from draw- 
 ings by Gillieron) show re- 
 spectively top, back, and side 
 views of the fragment. Be- 
 low the handle a bit of the 
 body of the vase is preserved, 
 and on it appears the wing 
 and tail of a bird, painted in light brown, with incised details. Above the tail is all 
 that remains of the inscription, also in a light brown. 
 
 The drawing gives no adequate idea of the condition of the surface, and tends to make 
 certain traces of letters appear clearer than they really are, while discolorations of the 
 surface, which confuse the reading, are not indicated. All that is sure ^ra pkt, and, to 
 the right of ;;/</, a Sikyonian e-sign. What followed is as uncertain as what preceded, 
 for the jjaint has largely disappeared, and, in places, the slip as well. Traces of at least 
 three letters are visible, but they are too indistinct to justify any conjectures as to the 
 
 original reading. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the inscription is not complete, for it is older than that on 
 the Berlin wnphora a coloiinette, 1147, and Sikyonian inscrip- 
 tions on vases are of interest if only for their rarity. Cf. 
 Kretschmer, Griech. Vaseninschrif'ten, p. 51, and IlpaKTiKa, 
 1899, p. 01 (from Thermon). 
 
 2. (Fig. 102.) Two fragments of a deinos ; combined length, 
 0.117 m. Clay light buff, with dull black glaze inside and out 
 hi a dirty brown immediately below rim. 
 
 vhpo^ fie dv[^e6r)K€] 
 
 Tlie loop of the second letter preserved differs in size and shape from the loop of the 
 third letter ; hence the combination -hp- is preferable to -pp-. 
 
 3. For Al[fa^] or At[i/€a9] on a fragment of late-Corinthian ware, see above, p. 173. 
 
 II. INCISED INSCRIPTIONS. 
 PLATE LXIX.* 
 
 L On flat rim of small bowl. Buff clay, poor brownish glaze. 
 
 » The iuscriptiuns are reproduced in the actual size of the origiuals. 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 Inscription painted 
 
 1 
 
1S4 
 
 THK VASKS AM) VASK FHACJMENTS 
 
 staiKliiii»- clear of the vase as in a kylix. The Koniaii lamps are rather squat aiul heavy, 
 witii a small openiiin- ami an upright projeetion tor a handle. Several of the lamps 
 throui»h the presence of a cross clearly belonged to the Christian |)eriod. 
 
 Greek lamps were found only in fran'ments. Two of the Roman lamps had fij^iire 
 decoration, the rest beinj>; ornamented with a large rosette, etc.. in the centre. 
 
 38. Top of lamp. Diameter. 0.0«IM ni.: Kngth, 0.00 in. Dark red clay, with projection for 
 liaiuUe. Youth with spear in his left IkuhI holding hritUe of a horse. Wave pattern on rim. 
 
 Tliis relief is interestin-i, since it supports the view already proiM)nnded by Fui-twiingler, that 
 
 the Doryphorus of Polyeleitus was accompanied by a horse, on ac- 
 count of a relief fouml at Argos {Af/nn. Mitt. III. [1878]. p. 287, 
 pi. xiii. ). Oin- lamp presents a striking; similarity t<» the Argos relief, 
 but is probably of a later date, as it cannot lie earlier tlian the Koman 
 periotl. 
 
 39. Lamp, sjxmt br<»ken. Height, 0.0:i2 m. : diameter, 0.07 m. : 
 leuiith. O.OH:') m. lu'<l clay. Youth to left blowing double pii>es, 
 with some uncertain ohject in field. On rim. circles. 
 
 (JLASS. 
 
 Fragnients of glass vases were scarce, and onlv one vase 
 could be restoretl. The fragments seem as a rule to represent 
 low bottles of the ordinarv tvpe. All frao-nients were very 
 much corroded, the silvery surface Haking olf readily if 
 touched. A few of the fragments showed a ribbed surface. 
 
 Fig. 99. 1 bight. 0.14."> nj. IJottle of usual tyi>e. ( )n neek, series 
 of raised hands. At tiu- ba«'k of the neck a small projection, whii-h 
 probably ilitl not represent the base of a handle, as a lian<lle does 
 not belong to this type of bottle. 
 
 None of the fragments were worth reproducing ; the 
 n)aj<»rity «d' them were bases with a low boss in the centre 
 after the fashion of a modern wiiu' b(»ttle. 
 
 I'.YZAXTIXK. 
 
 Fi.i. 100. Tig. 100. Height, O.Oo m. : .liameter. O.OJ* m. One-handled 
 
 cup of dark red clay. The entire surface of hoth exterior and 
 interior has been covered with a shiny iridescent yellow glaze. Un«ler the glaze the surface of 
 the clay is speckled witli yellow »l«)ts : the handle is divided into two parts. 
 
 This vase was the only specimen of Byziintine ware found. 
 
 Fn:. W. 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 Above the tail is all 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES 
 
 BY TIIEODOHK WOOLSEY HEKKMAXCK 
 
 I. PAINTKI) IX.SCRIPTIOXS. 
 
 1. (Fig. lOL) Nei'k aiul handle of an aryballos of Corinthian style (p. 171 ). Diameter 
 of nu>uth, i)X)'A m. Clay yellow or light buff, with yellow slip. Decoration carefully 
 jKiinted in brown, with some 
 red. The cuts (from draw- 
 ings by Gillieron) .show re- 
 spectively top. back, and side 
 views of the fragment. Be- 
 low the handle a bit of the 
 body of the vase is pivserved, 
 and on it appears the wing 
 
 and tail of a bird, painted in light brown, with incised details 
 that remains of the inscription, also in a light brown. 
 
 The drawing gives no adeipiate idea of the condition of the surface, and tends to make 
 certain traces of letters appear clearer than they really are, while discolorations of the 
 surface, which confuse the reading, are not indicated. All that is sure areyy/^/, and, to 
 the right of phi, a Sikyonian r-sign. What followed is as uncertain as what preceded, 
 for the paint has largely disiippeared, and, in places, the slip as well. Traces of at least 
 thret' letters are visible, but they are too indistinct to justify any conjectures as to the 
 
 original reading. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the inscription is not complete, for it is older than that on 
 the Berlin wnphoru u ctflumotti., 1147, and Sikyonian inscrii)- 
 tions on vases are of interest if only for their rarity. Cf. 
 Kretschmer, (ir'nch. VaseHinschrifttny p. 51, and ll/aa/cTtKa, 
 1899, p. ()1 (from Thermon). 
 
 2. (Fig. 102.) Two fragments of a deinos ; combined length, 
 0.117 m. Clay li«'-ht butt", with dull black glaze inside and out. 
 in a dirty brown immediately below rim. 
 
 The loop of the seccnul letter preserved differs in size and shape from the loop of the 
 third letter ; hence the combination -hp- is preferable to -pp-. 
 
 :3. For Ar[/ra?] or Xl[y€a<;'\ on a fragment of late-Corinthian ware, see above, p. 173. 
 
 II. IXCISEl) IXSCRIPTIOXS. 
 IM.ATK lAIX.' 
 
 1. On flat rim of small bowl. Buff clay, poor browni.sh glaze. 
 
 i Tlie iiiscTii»tioii» arc reproduced in the actual size of the originals. 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 Inscription painted 
 
 ,'•' 
 ^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 v\ 
 
186 
 
 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS 
 
 Z Red clay, good black glaze. Inscription on inside of vase, close to lip. 
 
 [ra?] 'H/)[a? ^^i] 
 The author of the inscription at first omitted Ef^ in BE!*A^; but seeing his mistake 
 before he scratched the next word, changed the A to E and the 5 to f* . 
 
 a Fragment of black-figured ware of reddish clay. Below the inscnption are the 
 carelessly^drawn head and shoulders of a male figure. 
 
 [ra? 'Hpa]? ly/xt 
 In front of the xigmn the second hcntta of the aJpha is still visible. 
 
 4. Reddish clay, good glaze. r - * t o 
 
 [ra? H/jJa? C 
 
 5. BiifE clay, poor glaze. 
 
 [ Hpjo / 
 
 For the nominative of the name of the di>'inity in dedications, cf. Xmdrath, 1. p. 62, 
 
 No. 447 ; II. p. 07, Nos. »41-im. . ^ , r 
 
 6. Fragment of black-figured ware. Inscription on rim below lip. 
 
 [6 Scli/a ft' av€0rj']Ke T[a "Upa] 
 
 After fmi part of the afphrt is preserved. 
 
 7. Fragment of black glazeil ware, Avith two red lines 0.02 m. below lip. Inscnption 
 immediately under lip, but inverted. 
 
 [6 h€ivd /bt€ »Ca]T€8wK[€] ? 
 
 Part of the alpha is preserved. With KarfhatKe compare Kd07)K€, Kd00rjK€, KaT€0r)K€ 
 {Naukrath, I. p. 61, No. 185; II. p. 65, Nos. 788-792, iUO). 
 a On foot of kylix. Brown clay, lustrous bkck glaze. 
 
 [6 hilvd ft' €]7rc'8o)KC T(o MiVw 
 
 The form cVcSckc is found also in a Boeotian incised inscription, Berlin, 1968. For the 
 name Miko? (Fick-Bechtel, Griech. Personennameu, p. 33) cf. G. Meyer, Gricch. Gmm\ 
 
 p. 363, note. . . 
 
 The crenuineness of this inscription is not beyond suspicion. 
 
 a Buff clay, with brownish black glaze inside and out, and dull red stnpe below in- 
 scription. T ' ' '/J 1 
 
 This is the only occurrence (>f koppa and the only retrograde inscription. 
 
 10. Brownish clay; the iK)or glaze has disappeared with the slip; on interior, parallel 
 with lip, are purple stripes. The inscription encircled neck of vase, just below hp. 
 
 \d<TOiv — (or ]a<raii/[8a?]) — [ft' 6.v€0y)K€] 
 
 From one to three letters are missing at the beginning of the name. 
 IL Fragment of black-figured ware. 
 
 *Av8pc[a9 /i' dv€0ir)Ki\ 
 
 12. Brown glaze. Inscription just below rim. If it is part of a proper name, there 
 are several possibilities, as : '\vrdvio>p\ '' XvTav\hpo'i\ \Xiyindv{<op\ \Uyvrav\hpo^\ 
 
 fn'lai^rai'rc/xoq]. . rm- ^ j 
 
 la Low bowl, which resembles in shape Furtwiingler, BerL Cat. vi. 215, restored 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES 
 
 187 
 
 from several fragments. One horizontal and one vertical handle. Diameter of top, 
 096 m. Black glaze inside and out. The inscription, which is complete, encircles the 
 top of the vase, and is divided into two parts by the handles. , , . . 
 
 Thouffh every character is perfectly clear, no satisfactory interpretation of the mscrip- 
 tion is here offered. A close i^rallel in letter-forms is afforded by an incised inscription 
 on a fragment of black glazed ware from Mycenae (/. G. A. 29). In both this and in 
 the inscription from the Heraeum Mpoo^ corresponds exactly, letter for letter, even 
 to the small o-signs and the narrow four-barred .Ujma. Yet to change rpv of the 
 Heraeum inscription to to is entirely too violent, and no other explanation suggested has 
 
 ""^4 ' Bnmndly, with dull black glaze. Silenus head in relief on top of vertical handle 
 to left of inscription, which is set in a frame of incised lines. 
 
 ip 
 
 Can this be the same as No. 13? The letters api)ear to be later. 
 
 Nos. 15-20 are incised on the outside of their respective vases ; Nos. 21-23 on the 
 inside ; and Nos. 24-29 on the bottom. 
 
 The characters of No. 16 are similar to those of No. 2. 
 
 No. 22 is on the reverse of No. 16. 
 
 No. 26 shows the Corinthian form of hela. 
 
 aa On bottom of small unglazed vase of dark gray clay. Inscription pressed into 
 
 the moist clay before firing. ^ ^ 
 
 HpafcXei 
 
 ov 
 
 This inscriptioi. is shown by its letter-forms to be some centuries later than Nos. l-2a 
 
 \ 
 
 
iv 
 
 The Argivb Hbrabum 
 
 Plate L 
 
 i 
 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE VASES 
 
 « 
 
 ) 
 

 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate L 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 l\ 
 
 i| 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE VASES 
 
 'Sia^uLjxaaiiditaiHaWuiiMliUttyAriiiifi^^ , 
 
The Argive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate LI 
 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE: DILL FINISH AND CLASS II, i LUSTROLS FINISH 
 
 TiiK Argivr Hkrakum 
 
 Plate LII 
 
 I 
 
 .( 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 f. 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.-MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES II, 2 AND III. i. 
 
/ 
 
 The Argivk Herabum 
 
 Plate LI 
 
 mfssm 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE : DULL FINISH AND CLASS II, i LUSTROUS FINISH 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LII 
 
 ^\<\ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES II, 2 AND III, i. 
 

 Thb Argivc Hsraeum 
 
 Plate LIII 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE : CLASS III, 2. 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LIV 
 
 I 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE CLASS IH, 2. 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 The Argive Heraelm 
 
 Plate LIIl 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE : CLASS IH, 2. 
 
 The Argive Hbraeum 
 
 Plate LIV 
 
 li 
 
 .( 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS -MYCENAEAN STYLE. CLASS IH, 2. 
 
 "n m 
 
The Argive Heraevm 
 
 Plate L\ 
 
 k_ 
 
 / 
 
 tt 
 
 ^' 
 
 4.1 
 
 y^ 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS-MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES lU. 2 AND IV 
 
 The Argivr IIeraeum 
 
 Plate LVI 
 
 r^l 
 
 /^ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.-CiEOMKTRIC STYLE: LINEAR MOTIVES, HORSES, BIRDS, ETC. 
 
t 
 
 Thb Argivb Heraeum 
 
 Plate LV 
 
 %. 
 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS-MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES III, 2 AND IV 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LVI 
 
 I; 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.-GEOMETRIC STYLE: LINEAR MOTIVES, HORSES, BIRDS, ETC. 
 
n 
 
 The Argive Herabum 
 
 Plate LVII 
 
 I 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC STYLE: HUMAN AND ANIMAL FIGURES. 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LVIII 
 
 r. 
 
 I 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS- GEOMETRIC STYLE : DIPYLON AND AEGINETAN. 
 
i^l 
 
 The Argive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate L\ II 
 
 "^^ 
 
 ^<V 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC STYLE: HUMAN AND ANIMAL FIGURES. 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LVIII 
 
 rUI 
 
 I 
 
 /i 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. GEOMETRIC STYLE: DIPYLON AND AEGINETAN. 
 
The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LIX 
 
 25 </ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS— ARGIVK STYLE. 
 
 The Argive Heraeitm 
 
 Plate LX 
 
 
 ■t 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS —LOCAL STYLE. 
 
't« 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LIX 
 
 
 Z5d 
 
 t 1 
 
 \ ^y2b 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS —ARGIVE STYLE. 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LX 
 
 fc 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— LOCAL STYLE. 
 
'•I 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXI 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS —CORINTHIAN STYLE. 
 
 UL^^^MLj^aUi 
 
 . . ^- - .-.^.m^jm^mtsm^mi^mtiitm 
 
 .-^. ^ . — jL---- 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXII 
 
 fc 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.-EARLY ATTIC. CVRENAEAN, RED AND BLACK-FIGURE, MEGARA WARE, ETC. 
 
 -I!! 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXI 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS— CORINTHIAN STYLE. 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXII 
 
 *^ 
 
 i 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. EARLY ATTIC. CYRENAEAN, RED AND BLACK-FIGl'RE. MEGARA WARE, ETC. 
 
i» 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LXIII 
 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS— VASES IN RELIEF. 
 
 The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate LXIV 
 
 rnrn 
 
 I a. 
 
 
 
 j' 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. - VARIOUS ARGIVE TYPES 
 
i 
 
 The Argivr Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXIII 
 
 ■■f;<tt'f »f< 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS.— VASES IN RELIEF. 
 
 i 
 
 The Argiw Herakum 
 
 Plate LXIV 
 
 kkkkkk 
 
 la. 
 
 .11 
 
 VASE FRA(;MENTS. — VARIOUS ARGIVE TYPES 
 
\i 
 
 1 
 
 The Argivk Herafxm 
 
 Plate LXV 
 
 i 
 
 t' 
 
 ^1 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. -ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III 
 
ivi 
 
 Thk Aroive Hkkaki'M 
 
 Plate LXV 
 
 ( 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS -ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III 
 
I» 
 
 Thk Aroivf. Hkrakum 
 
 Platk LXVI 
 
 ; 
 
 VASK FRAGMENTS. -GKOMETRIC, ARGIVE, AND LOCAL TYPES 
 

 ■) 
 
 The Aroive Heraecm 
 
 Plate LXVI 
 
 
 10 
 
 O- 
 
 'V5. 
 
 frrrrf 
 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. -GEOMETRIC, ARGIVE, AND LOCAL TYPES 
 
\< 
 
 Ttas Argivr Hkrakum 
 
 Plate LXVIl 
 
 t\ 
 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS— LOCAL TYPES 
 
Tbb Argive IIkraeum 
 
 Plate LXVIl 
 
 'I 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS —LOCAL TYPES 
 
The Argivr Herakim 
 
 Plate LXVIU 
 
 f 
 
 VASE FRAGMKNTS.-l^OLYCHKOME KYLIX 
 
Thr Argivr Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXVIII 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. — POLYCHROME KYLIX 
 
Tbe Aroivk Heraium 
 
 Plati LXIX 
 
 23 
 
 T R V 
 
 H 
 
 e 
 
 fi ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 VASE FRAGMENTS. -INCISED INSCRIPTIONS 
 
THE BRONZES OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
THE BRONZES OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 By HERBERT FLETCHER DeCOU 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Bronzes which are described in the following Catalogue ' were found, for the most 
 part, in the deposits and strata that yielded the larger portion of primitive and archaic 
 objects in other materials, and their study is accordingly subject to the conditions of pro- 
 venience which have already been set forth in the General Introduction (Vol. I. pp. 38 ff.). 
 In other words, while many pieces were found on the uppermost terrace, and still more 
 beneath and in front of the Cyclopean supporting wall of the same terrace, especially 
 back of the Northeast Stoa (III), by far the greatest number lay on the west and south 
 slopes of the main terrace, particularly near the southwest angle of the retaining wall 
 described in Vol. I. pp. 118 ff., and so formed part of the rubbish employed in preparing 
 the site for the Second Temple. Bronzes were also found in and about the West and 
 Northwest buildings (VII, VIII), and, to a less extent, in other parts. 
 
 Distinctions in strata and j)eriods of deposit, such as are mentioned in the General 
 Introduction, Vol. I. p. 41, cannot be maintained so far as concerned the bronzes, because 
 in their case no strata and very few depths were recorded. It may be said, however, 
 that the general terminus ante quern, which is indicated for the majority of the finds by 
 the date of the burning of the Old Temple (423 b. c), holds with few or no exceptions 
 for the entire mass of bronze material discovered in so far as dependence can be placed 
 on considerations of style or comparison with the results of other excavations. Any fur- 
 ther chronological distinctions which may be made rest entirely on such evidence. 
 
 Conclusions as to the purpose or use of buildings at the Heraeum cannot safely 
 be drawn from the bronzes found in them, because the proveniences specially recorded, 
 though including most of the more important objects, are in slight proportion to the total 
 number found — 604 : 5738 approximately. To this principle the noticeable number of 
 straight pins, fibulae, and rings attributed to the West Building (VII) can hardly be 
 regarded as an exception, because it seems probable — at least to the present writer — 
 
 I 
 
 ^ Ackiiowledginents for assistance are given under the 
 respective numbers in the catalogue, but I desire to ex- 
 press here my sense of particular obligation to Profes- 
 sors Richard Norton and J. C. Hoppin for aid of every 
 kind, and to many other friends for encouragement and 
 suggestions. Professor Norton's relation to the work 
 requires furthermore a special statement. During my 
 absence in Greece in the spring of 1903, he with the 
 utmost kindness undertook and performed the tedious 
 task of revising, condensing, and copying the manuscript 
 of the Introduction and of numbers 1-1849 of the Cata- 
 logue. To Miss M. Louise Nichols is due grateful acknow- 
 ledgment for the final revision of the entire manuscript 
 for the printers. I am abo under obligation to the editor- 
 
 in-chief, Professor Waldstein, for permission to undertake 
 the work and for various suggestions, and to the Archae- 
 ological Institute and the Committee in charge of the 
 Heraeum publication for their patience and liberality. 
 Especial thanks are also due to the Ephors in cliarge of 
 the National Museum at Athens for their unfailing cour- 
 tesy, as well as to the late Dr. A. S. Murray for permission 
 to publish the silver pin (see Plate CXXXVII.) and for 
 the privilege of using the reading-room of his department 
 in the British Museum. Finally, I am indebted to Mr. C . R. 
 Morey for service as amanuensis generously rendered to 
 Professor Norton and myself, and to Johannes Papadakes, 
 rcxWnit in the Museum at Athens, for much assistance 
 in cleaning the bronzes and for many practical hints. 
 
 191 
 
w 
 
 m 
 
 192 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 that some of them may belong rather to the deposits about the retaining wall above 
 mentioned.' 
 
 The bronzes when discovered were for the most part heavily oxidized. In very few 
 cases had the oxidation taken the form of a patina. The majority of the roughly oxi- 
 dized pieces (some 3938 specimens) were cleaned by the slow and somewhat tedious 
 process employed by the Greek government for the removal of oxides.- The jmtinated 
 pieces were left untouched, together with others in which the oxides liad already destroyed 
 the bronze in whole or in jmrt, and a considerable number of pieces which did not seem 
 of sufficient interest to repay the trouble. 
 
 A brief account of the method of classification which has been followed in the case of 
 these bronzes has been given in Vol. I. pp. 62 f. That in it the first division has been 
 made according to genera rather than styles is due to the following considerations: 
 (1) Throughout the stiuly of these bronzes their rights and requirements as museum 
 material have been kept in view. The first duty that is owed to the products of an 
 excavation, after means have been taken to secure their preservation, is a convenient and 
 systematic arrangement in a museum. Unless the strata or pockets in which the objects 
 have been found are very sharply defined or clearly distinguished, the arrangement by 
 kinds or subjects is the more convenient. (2) The same principle holds true for the first 
 publication of the finds, because the primary object of this is, of course, to make the finds 
 available to the public as material >vith which to work. In other words, the first publi- 
 cation of an excavation should be a portable museum, so to s|>eak, of the objects found. 
 (3) Our knowledge of the history and interrelations of the styles of early Greek art is, in 
 the opinion of the writer at least, too slight and unstable to make it safe or desirable to 
 found thereon a classification which, whether for museum or first publication, should in 
 its main lines, at least, be, so far as possible, permanent. 
 
 In the second division an attempt has been made to group and order the objects accord- 
 ing to style and chronology, but the method followed has been, where possible, inductive ; 
 that is, the selection and arrangement of catalogue numbers has been made with a view 
 toward securing a continuous development from one subdivision of a tvjw to another, and, 
 where it seemed practicable, from type to tyj)e. It is for this puq^ose that many objects 
 have been entered and described which would not of themselves be of any especial value 
 or interest. 
 
 Thousfh the so-called styles have not been made the main basis for classification, a list 
 of the principal types and objects which would be attributable to them has been given in 
 
 ' The West Building came to light before the construc- 
 tions east and southeast of it, and objects found were 
 labeled accordiuglv until the outline and relations of tlie 
 successively appearing walls became clear. 
 
 2 Described Deltion, 1888, p. 228, and /. H. S. X. p. 27">. 
 Cf. Bather, /. H. S. XIII. p. 124. A brief description 
 of the process may be of service to those who do not have 
 access to the Deltion. In a glazed earthenware bowl is 
 spread a layer of scraps of zinc. On this are laid the 
 bronzes to be cleaned. They are then covered with 
 water into which about ten per cent, or less of hydro- 
 chloric acid is poured. At intervals which should not 
 exceed two days, at least in the earlier part of the pro- 
 cess, the bronzes and zinc (if any remains) must be taken 
 out and brushed with a stiff brush, the bowl rinsed, and a 
 fresh bath prepared in the same manner as the first. The 
 
 proportions of zinc and acid vary with circumstances, and 
 must be learned by practice. This part of the proceu 
 may require to be protracted from a week to a year or 
 more, hut, if all has gone well, its result is to leave the 
 surface of the bronze entirely free from verdigris and 
 covered with a dark brown deposit which in no way in- 
 terferes with the clearness of the finest details. Tlie 
 remainder of the process is brief. On removal from the 
 bath just descrilted the bronzes are put into a solution of 
 potash (iuSfMueiKhp icelAtoi') consisting of about one part t>f 
 potash to nine of water. After twenty-four hours they 
 are removed and placed for the same period in distilled 
 water. They are then dried and covered with a thin coat- 
 ing of melted white wax. A vigorous polishing with a 
 brush completes the process. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 193 
 
 the abstract cited above. As the material for comparison derived from deposits of dat- 
 able j)eriods is not very extensive, this list can be considered only as an approximation. 
 Until more material is at hand, the " Primitive " period must be regarded as but scantily 
 represented, the suspension vase (No. 2019) being almost the only object which could 
 not well be put in one of the later periods, and even the earlier Mycenaean period offers 
 nothing which could not equally well be assigned to later Mycenaean times. 
 
 Under " Geometric " have been included various things which should perhaps be 
 kept ai>art, i. e. small animals cast in imitation of hammered technique, and engraved, 
 punched, and rejwusse linear designs, but as the occurrence of figures of similar tech- 
 nique in connection with engraved or linear ornamentation imitated in cast work is well 
 known in the case of the large tripods, and the distinction between punched and repouase 
 work is often difficult to maintain, esi)ecially in the case of thin metal strips, it seems jus- 
 tifiable to group objects of similar style together without prejudice to the question as to 
 the origin of their respective techniques. Where this is done, however, it is necessary to 
 guard against the danger of dmwing conclusions as to development and chronology from 
 what may very likely be a fortuitous association. Because a certain type of figurine is 
 found in certain cases in connection with engraved linear ornament, it by no means fol- 
 lows that we have the right to put all the bronzes which have linear ornament along with 
 them and thus build up a great class. So at the Hei-aeum the tripod legs, the animals of 
 style similar to the figures which occur on tripods, and the fibulae with the same style of 
 fio-ures engraved on the blade very probably belong together, but there is no adequate 
 reason for placing the other objects, such as pin.s, sheathings, etc., which have linear 
 designs, in the same category historically. Many of them are probably much earlier. 
 
 The small number of bronzes of the so-called Dipylon style thus left indicates plainly 
 enough the slight and transitory character of the influence of this style on Argive metal 
 work. Such si>ecimeus as Nos. 23 and 49, which have linear ornaments, are under the 
 influence of the geometric style only in the wider sense referred to above. We can 
 scarcely speak of a Geometric or Dipylon period so far as concerns Argive bronzes. 
 
 As has been pointed out in the above-mentioned abstract, the same is true at Argos of 
 the so-called Oriental style. Modification of design, as in the case of the griffin, under 
 the influence of the Orient, there may be, but that here Argos herself bore a consider- 
 able share in the construction of the new type may be inferred from the Argive crater 
 mentioned by Herodotus (IV. 152). The essential qualities of style and technique 
 remain what they wei-e before, that is, Mycenaean. 
 
 The space required for the catalogue renders it inexpedient to enter here into a more 
 general discussion of the relations of Argive metal work to that of the other centres 
 of similar industry in Greece and Ionia. While this is reserved for another occasion, 
 there are two i)oints to which attention should be called : (1) The unifonn technical 
 excellence exhibited by the Heraeum bronzes, even the earliest of them ; the inscription 
 No. 1826 will serve as an approximately datable example of masterly handicraft. 
 (2) Inasmuch as the bronzes from the Heraeum exhibit the same qualities of design, 
 style, and technique as very many others which have been found at Olympia, Athens, 
 Dodona, and elsewhere, it seems reasonable to consider the claims of Argos to a large 
 share in the manufacture of such pieces as paramount, resting as they do upon a contin- 
 uous tradition from Mycenaean times down and upon the actual finds. 
 
 ^j^^tm 
 
 m 
 
STATUETTES 
 
 195 
 
 
 CATALOGUE OF BRONZES 
 
 I. FRAGMENTS OF STATUES 
 
 Plate LXX. 
 
 1.' Lock of hair. Provenience unknown. 
 Broken at top. Damaged by oxidation. 
 Straight except end, which curls out and 
 slightly to right. Length, 0.154 m. Width at 
 top, 0.009 ni. Thickness at top, circ. 0.0025 
 m. ; at bottom, circ. 0.0015 m. Height of curl, 
 0.008 m. Width of curl, i. e. diameter of semi- 
 circle formed by it, 0.018 m. Engraved in par- 
 allel lines to show single hairs. Eight grooves 
 at top, four at bottom of curl, where they stop 
 just past the middle. Uncertain whether en- 
 graving was not carried to end of curl, as sur- 
 
 face is damaged at that point. Sides engraved 
 with two grooves each. 
 
 2. Lock of hair. Provenience unknown. 
 Broken at both ends. Length, 0.10 m. Width 
 at top, 0.008 m. ; at bottom, 0.0065 ni. Thick- 
 ness at top, 0.0045 m. : at bottom, 0.0025 m. En- 
 graved to represent three strands of hair ; single 
 hairs indicated within each strand by finer lines. 
 In first strand on left, four grooves at top and 
 three below ; in second, three at top and two at 
 bottom ; three in third. Along middle of each 
 side, a single groove.' 
 
 IL STATUETTES AND FRAGMENTS OF STATUETTES 
 
 Plate LXX I. 
 
 3. Horseman. From south slope, southwest 
 corner, 1895. Surface thickly oxidized and 
 damasred. Legs broken below knees. Hands 
 broken, the left at wrist, the right above. 
 Somewhat overcleaned. Original surface shows 
 around navel and fairly well beneath nipples, 
 on upper back, on forehead, and on inner 
 right thigh. Height 0.1275 m. Cast solid. 
 Figure was rider as shown by position of legs, 
 hands (hole for reins), and hole in bottom for 
 attachment to horse. Depth of hole, 0.11 m. ; 
 direction along axis of body so attitude of figure 
 depended on whether dowel leaned back or was 
 
 1 Objects the catalogue numbers of which are printed in 
 heavy-faced type are illustrated on the Plate cited above 
 them ; light-faced types in these numbers indicate that 
 the objects are not illustrated. 
 
 2 Cf. Olijmpia. IV. Nos. 'lo, 26 [pi. v.], and 28 [text, p. 
 15J, and Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 6798 (De Ridder, No. 
 624), from the Acropolis. 
 
 * Gait of horse probably slow, if rider leaned back, as 
 examples of galloping or rearing horses the riders of 
 which lean forward are numerous in archaic art. Cf. 
 amphora from Caere, Wiener VorlegebUitter, 1889, pi. x., 
 two amphorae of Nicosthenes, ibid. 1890-91, pi. iii., cylix 
 of Pamphaeus, Harrison and Maccoll, pi. viii., and one of 
 Onesimus, Hartwig, Meisterschalen, pi. liii. An exception 
 on pithos in Vienna, Masner, Samml. antiker Va$en, p. 19, 
 No. 210. Upright rider with head forward on slow horse 
 
 upright. Latter unlikely, as it would have made 
 figure sit too upright.' Anns hang stiffly ; upper 
 arms about in axis of Ixxly ; forearms at nearly 
 right angles to upper arm.* Right forearm bent 
 unnaturally. Right forearm from inner angle 
 of elbow to knuckles, 0.031 m. ; left forearm, 
 0.024 m. Otherwise arms naturally modeled, 
 though no details are given. Hands perforated 
 for round (wire ?) reins. Thighs dispro])ortion- 
 ately large, esjiecially towards hips. Knee-caps 
 carefully indicated. Shoulders broad and square 
 compared with waist. Upper part of chest with 
 nipples very full comparetl to parts beneath.' No 
 certain indications of muscles, only faint lines 
 
 on Corinthian aryballos, I.au, Die ffriech. Vasen, pi. iv. 
 No. 2. 
 
 * Bronze rider found between Sparta and Megalopolis, 
 now in Nat. Mas., Athens (No. 7549 = I>e Bidder, Brome$ 
 de la Soc. Arch. No. 860, pi. ii.), has about same angle at 
 elbow, but greater angle at shoulder : hence hands meet 
 lower down. 
 
 * Cf. Holleaux, B. C. H. XI. p. 363. and examples of 
 extra Peloponnesian provenience, the marble statue in the 
 Brit. Mus. (Catalogue, Vol. I. p. 84, No. 205; cf. Kurt- 
 wttngler, A. Z. 1882, pp. 51 It. pi. iv.), and the marble 
 horseman in the Acropolis museum. No. .'>90 (Winter, 
 yaAriucA, VIII. p. 138, No. 7; Sophoules, 'Zpufi. 'Apx- 1887, 
 pi. ii.). Torso from Actium in the Louvre, Gaz. Arch. XI. 
 (1886), pp. 235 fF. pi. xxix. (CoUignon). 
 
 running horizontally across chest, distant from 
 pubes 0.031 m., 0.0165 m., 0.0145 m. These 
 probably accidental and due to oxidation. 
 Note that two planes meet at the nipples. 
 Slight swelling of abdomen. Navel slightly 
 indicated. Distance from pubes to plane of 
 nipples, 0.037 m. ; to base of neck, 0.0565 m. 
 Distance between nipples, circ. 0.019 m. Back 
 has no details except slight depression along 
 spinal column. Angle of back to rump too 
 sharp, thus making hips too i)rominent. Head 
 hisrh and shallow. Height from chin to top, 
 0.026 m. Depth from forehead to back, circ. 
 0.021 m. Width above ears, circ. 0.019 m.^ Face 
 high and well proportioned. Contour vertical. 
 Distance from tip of chin to approximate end of 
 nose, from end of nose to beginning, from begin- 
 ning to top of forehead, each circ. 0.006 m. Flat 
 cheeks have high bones. Chin broad and flat. 
 Mouth small, curving slightly upward. Nose 
 was straight. Eyes large, rounded, set in large 
 sockets. Upi>er lid and eyebrow of left eye may 
 be traced. Measurements by Kalkmanu's system 
 (in metres) : — 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 •0.011(3) 
 0.0U7 
 
 •O-OUl-j) 
 0.004 
 
 a 
 
 0.00(5(5) 
 •0.012 
 
 •0.018(5) 0.01^<(5) 0.018(5) 
 
 . i .^1 
 
 &i^ Ii! 
 
 its i ^1 
 
 X M J » H S 
 
 O.000(.">) 0.006(5) 
 
 •0.005 •0.008 
 
 0.007 0.004 
 
 Cuion. 
 
 •0.012 
 
 O.OOO 
 
 • aoi8 
 
 0.018(5) 0.018(5) 
 
 •0.014 
 0.004 
 
 0.018 
 
 o.oon 
 
 •0.012 
 
 aoi8 _ 
 
 O006 
 •0.006 
 0.006 
 
 0.018 
 
 0.006 
 
 •0.008 
 
 0.004 
 
 0.018 
 
 E^rs about normal, but superficially treated. 
 Project nearly at right angles. Upper edge of 
 lobe on line with outer corner of eye. Top on 
 line with eyebrows. Slight attempt at detail. 
 Hair much injured on top.'' Original treatment 
 uncertain. Bound by taenia, which is visible at 
 back and up to ears, but uncertain whether it 
 
 ' Note brachycepbalism (cephalic index 90 !) as com- 
 pared with shape of later Peloponnesian heads. 
 
 " Cf. fl. .V. Cat. of Bronzes, No. 210, and Perrot and 
 Chipiez, Hi$toire de PArt, I. {^gypte). p. 664, fig. 452. 
 
 » End of tip folded under in Nike of Archermus type. 
 Acropolis Museum, No. 690, as is shown by lines of en- 
 graving. For doubtful cases, cf. Francois vase, olrox^n of 
 Cholchos in Berlin (Wiener Vorlegebl. 1889, pi. i. 2 b), 
 hydria of Timagoras in the Louvre (ibid. pi. v. 4 c), and 
 b.-f. amphora (Gerhard, IV. pi. cclxiv. 1). 
 
 * Thus differing from early " Apollo " type (Orcheme- 
 
 passed over top of head or over forehead, and 
 was covered at sides by overhanging locks. 
 Former seems more probable. At back, hair 
 falls to shoulders in heavy rounded mass, ending 
 in flat tip. Originally engraved with fine lines 
 running toward tip. Of this only slight indica- 
 tions remain. Tip at end shows tying of ends 
 of hair. No folding either under or over.^ No 
 trace of cord, but trace of depression where it 
 passed. Height of tip, 0.007 m. ; width, 0.008 m. 
 Falls circ. 0.009 m. below top of shoulder. Front 
 of hair formed by throe carefully engraved curls 
 starting behind ears and falling backward in a 
 curve towards tip.* Neck large and thick. 
 Height, 0.004 m. Period to be determined from 
 head, which is more advanced than botly. Later 
 than the "Apollo" figures of the first group 
 (Thera, Orchemenos, Melos, etc.), but earlier 
 than the Apollo of Canachus at Didyma or its 
 replicas (Payne-Knight, Piombino, Naxos, etc.). 
 Probably a little later, to judge from hair and 
 arms, than the statue at Delphi by Polymedes 
 (Homolle, B. C. H. XXIV. [1900], pp. 445 fif.). 
 The bronze reliefs, Olympia, Nos. 707 (pi. 
 xxxix.), 707 a, are not closely similar in style. 
 Plate LXX. 
 
 4. Bearded standing male figure. Proveni- 
 ence unknown. Height, 0.0605 m. Cast solid. 
 Surface suffered from oxidation. Arms hang 
 stiff, with hands open and flat, with extended 
 fingers attached to thighs. Arms small, with no 
 modeling. Left thumb seems to show a nail. 
 Length of arms, including fingers, right, 0.0235 
 m. ; left, 0.024 m. Arms separated from body 
 by relatively large opening which is cut higher 
 on right side. Legs and feet fastened together, 
 even to tips of toes. Toes partially indicated on 
 left foot. Contour of legs fairly good. Length 
 of feet, left, 0.008 m. ; right, 0.007 m. Broad 
 square shoidders. Body and waist not exces- 
 sively thin. No indication of belly, navel, or 
 nipples, but chest slightly fuller than abdomen. 
 Circumference at shoulders, 0.047 m. ; at waist, 
 
 nos, Thera, Melos, etc.) on the one hand, and on the other 
 from types represented by statuettes from Naxos (Frankel, 
 A. Z. 1879, p. 84, pi. 7) and from Ptoiin (Holleaux, B. C. 
 H. X. p. 190, pi. 9). An intermediate or combination type 
 also from Ptoiin (Kabbadias, YiariiXoyoi tSiv TKvktSiv, No. 
 16, Holleaux, B. C. H. X. pp. 73 ff., pi. 7), with one curl 
 over breast and two over shoulder behind. See in general, 
 Conze, Nuove Mem. deW Inst. pp. 408 ff., Waldstein, /. H. 
 S. I. pp. 168 ff., Schreiber, Ath. Mitth. VIII. pp. 246 ff., 
 IX. pp. 232 ff., Studniczka, Jahrbuch, XI. (1896), pp. 
 289 ff. 
 
196 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 ANIMALS: HORSES 
 
 197 
 
 
 0.03 m. Back short. Rump high and promi- 
 nent, parted by groove, which continues straight 
 down to bottom of feet. Head high and wide, 
 but shallow. Height, 0.0145 na. Width above 
 ears, 0.0125 ui. Depth from bridge of nose to 
 back, 0.011 m. Face retreats sharply from tip 
 of nose to top of forehead. Top of forehead 
 seems to form ridge running nearly from ear to 
 ear. It may be a diadem, but probably not. 
 Nose short and prominent. Eyes large, in large 
 sockets. Left more rounded than right. Mouth 
 short (0.0035 m.) and wide. Under lip flattened, 
 with groove near the top, thus making mouth 
 seem wide open. Chin long. Beard mainly de- 
 stroyed, showing chiefly in sharpness of angle 
 along line of jaws. Ears large and prominent, 
 set high. Slight attempt at motleling interior 
 of ear, noticeable especially in right. Top of 
 forehead to bridge of nose, 0.0075 m. Tij) of 
 nose to mouth, 0.002 m. ; to chin, 0.0065 m. 
 Bridge of nose to ears, 0.008 m. No indication 
 of particular dressing of hair. 
 
 5. Upper part of female figure. From south 
 slope. Height, 0.094 m. Cast solid. Figure 
 broken at navel. Arms also broken. Front of 
 hair damaged on the right side, l)etween centre 
 and right rosettes, and the right rosette (not ear- 
 ring) is destroyed. Headdress broken, so that 
 original form is uncertain. On right side, lower 
 right volute was apparently attached to the lotus- 
 blossom above by transverse piece, of which only 
 stub remains. On lotus-blossom just above lower 
 right corner is seen place where something was 
 attached. Centre of this place, 0.00125 m. from 
 upi^r right side of flower. On left side, left 
 volute gone. On left side of lotus, 0.012 ra. 
 from top of left side is similar attachment place 
 to that on right side. Top of headdress slightly 
 irregular but does not appear to be broken, as 
 lines of engra^nng of the back piece continue 
 over top. Surface of bronze well preserved ex- 
 cept for abrasions. Figure was probably stand- 
 ing. Left hand jirobably held object. Action 
 of right ami uncertain, but probably held some- 
 
 ' Perhaps flower, as in bronze statuette in Trail collec- 
 tion (Gurlitt, Arch.-Epig. Mittheil. aiu Oestemich, II. pp. 
 15!) fF., pi. Tiii.). 
 
 * For other examples of nude female tjpe, cf. Kiirte, 
 Archiiolog. Stud. //. Brunn dargeb. pp. 19 ff., De Rid<ler, 
 't^ix. 'Apx 1895, coll. 171, n. 4. Also Marx, Athen. Mitth. 
 X. pp. 177 ff., pi. vi. 
 
 * hii^vna, as in mirror-handle, 'E^m- '^PX- 1895, pi. vii. 
 (I)e Ridder), not excluded. 
 
 * Cf. Xaxos statuette, ^rcA. Zeit. XXXVII. (1879), pi. 
 
 thing ^ stretched out from elbow. Action of lower 
 part of figure uncertain but seems probable that 
 it was a free-standing statuette, though it may 
 have stood on a base. Figure entirely nude,''' 
 as shown by indication of navel.^ Style of fig- 
 ure archaic of advanced type, marked by ease 
 and sureness of technique. Breasts, slight and 
 angular, ending in blunt and rounded points. 
 No indication of nipples. Bo<ly modeled in two 
 planes ; the upper from neck to nipples, lower 
 continuing thence straight <lownward. l^tween 
 breasts and navel two broad shallow furrows, 
 connected by similar perpendicular furi-ow.* 
 Back without details. In general, body of this 
 figure shows artist's effort to escape from luii- 
 formity and sexlessness of the nude type. Con- 
 siderable skill, relatively, is shown in modeling 
 of arms. Position of right arm together with 
 muscle shows that it did not hang loosely, but 
 was probably extendeil at elbow. Neck full and 
 rather long. Length, 0.007 m. Shar))ly dif- 
 ferentiated from the Inxly. On chest just be- 
 low neck is necklace in zigzag pattern.'' Head 
 high and somewhat shallow. Height from chin 
 to top of headdress in front, 0.021 ra. Depth 
 from bridge of nose to back, circ. 0.0175 m. 
 Forehead appears low because of headdress, but 
 quite full over eyes. Eyes large, set in plainly 
 define<l sockets. Ball of eye full. Ujiper and 
 lower lids shown. No prolongation of upper lid 
 over lower at outer corner. Indication of eye- 
 brows uncertain. Nose straight and regular. 
 Mouth short (0.0035 m.). Lips prominent, rather 
 thick.^ (Miin pointed and prominent. Cheek- 
 bones high. Cheeks well mo<leled. Kalkmann's 
 measurements : — 
 
 w 
 
 as 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 8B« 
 
 is 
 
 m 
 
 0.000 
 
 0.012 
 
 0.000 
 
 0.000 
 
 O.OOG 
 
 0.007 
 
 aoot 
 
 U.0I0 
 
 0.003 
 
 0.(XXJ 
 
 0.010 
 
 o.oic, 
 
 0.016 
 
 0.007 
 
 O.OM 
 
 0.016 
 
 0.010 
 
 vii. (Frftnkel),and horseman from Peloponnese, De Ridder, 
 Bronzes de la Soc. Arch. No. 860, pi. ii. 
 
 * Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, Hlstnire de FArt, I. (^gifpte), 
 p. 762, fig. 511; III. {Cypre), p. 531, fig. 358. Design 
 occurs also on several terra-cottas from the lleraeum. 
 
 ' Cf. archaic female terra-cotta head in Acropolii 
 Museum {Miovaa EiBwaImk, ca.oe n), bronze statuette in 
 National Museum at Athens (No. 6576), and terra-cotta 
 mask from Tanagra in same museum (No. 4143). 
 
 Ears slightly indicated under headdress. Ro- 
 settes projecting from headdress opposite angle 
 of jaw, undoubtedly earrings. If lobe of ear 
 is considered as coming as far down as these 
 rosettes, the ears would be placed remarkably 
 correctly for an archaic work. Head on top and 
 behind covered with sort of wig of nearly uni- 
 form thickness. This wig lies low on forehead. 
 From temples it slopes off to the ears, beneath 
 which it swells forward to about middle of side 
 of neck. Hair falls down at back to a blunt point. 
 No indication of tying at tip or of folding under. 
 From top of shoulders, two flat curls, hanging 
 downward on either side of the breast. Head- 
 dress ornamented with rosettes ^ above the tem- 
 ples and the centre of forehead. They consist 
 of slightly concave disks, with tiny knob in centre. 
 From this centre engraved lines radiate to outer 
 etlge. Hair and curls ornamented with short, 
 oblong punch-marks, except on left side of head. 
 For front hair (forehead, neck, and curls) a 
 smaller punch seems to have been used. Above 
 headdress is ornament of lotus flower and bud, 
 rising from volutes.^ Height, 0.0305 m. 
 
 Of these volutes, three remain, of which the 
 two larger are i)laced back to back. The other 
 at the right curls under end of bar which con- 
 nects the former. Whether there was another 
 volute is uncertain. These volutes ornamented 
 with irregidar engraving. The larger volutes 
 were meant to be connected by oblong ornament 
 across their face. This ornament consists of a 
 zigzag inclosed by a i-ectangle, and seems to 
 have been stam})ed with a concave punch. The 
 
 lotus ornament rises above central volutes and 
 consists of bud, sides of flower and palmette- 
 shaped back of same. Bud ornamented by fine 
 line running near edge, all around from top of 
 stalk, and by slight punch-marks struck between 
 the lines. Back of ornament is entirely plain, 
 and rests against nail-like support ^ growing out 
 of top of head, with which it is cast in one piece. 
 Lotus and volute seem cast separately and welded 
 on to head.'^ 
 
 Probably to be understood as Aphrodite with 
 Orientalizing headdress. Cf. De Ridder, 
 Bronzes de VAcropoIe, Nos. 806, 820, 799 ff., 
 and Petersen, Athen. Mitth. XI. p. 875. For 
 indirect analogies, cf. Astartewith Ilathor crown, 
 Roscher, Lexikon d. Mythologies I. coll. 652 f. 
 (E. Meyer), the Syrian, Cypriot, and Graeco- 
 Roman combination Aphrodite-Isis, ibid. II. coll. 
 495 (Drexler), and the Hellenistic identification 
 of Isis with lo, ibid. coll. 439 f . Not to be iden- 
 tified with Isis, because earlier than introduction 
 of her cult into Greece. 
 
 Period about that of Apollo of Canachos at 
 Didyma. 
 
 6. Fragment of leg. Provenience not known. 
 Badly preserved. Length, 0.0325 m. Cast 
 solid. Probably of male figure. Modeling 
 sui>erficial. Knee-cap appears to have been 
 e8i)ecially indicated. From appearance of back 
 on the left seems to be right leg. 
 
 7. Fragment of leg. Length, 0.022 m. Pro- 
 venience unknown. Solid. Left side slightly 
 flatter than right. So probably piece of left 
 leg. No details. Bent slightly at knee. 
 
 III. ANIMALS 
 
 FREE AND ATTACHED FIGURES 
 
 1. HORSES. 
 
 GEOMETRIC STYLE. 
 Type a. 
 Plate LXXII. 
 
 8. Stallion. Found back of South Building. 
 Solid. Base broken off in cleaning. Tail gone 
 
 * Cf. Cesnola, Descriptive Ada* of the Cesnola Collection, 
 II. pi. xWiii., Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit. III. (Cypre), p. 
 545, fig. 371, and head from Cyprus in Nat. Mas. at 
 Athens (No. 66). 
 
 ' Cf. volutes on sphinx-heads on scrap of archaic bronze 
 relief from Corinth. Jahrh. IX. Anz. p. 117, fig. 10. 
 
 ' Top of support flat, closed, and ornamented with zig- 
 zag near e<lge. Represents mouth of lecythus. Cf. 
 
 except where attached to base. Hind legs, front 
 left leg, and nose close to neck broken. Other- 
 wise fairly well preserved. Original height, 
 0.068 m. Present height with base, 0.064 m. 
 Botly cylindrical and rather long. Attem})t to 
 indicate shoidders. Legs flat, especially near 
 body, where they are slightly hollowed on inside. 
 
 Heuzey, Figurines de terrecuite du Louvre, pi. xiii. Nos. 4 
 and 6 (Rhodes), Kdrte, Arch. Zeit. XXXV. pp. 116 f., 
 pi. ii. (Orvieto), Winter, Jahrhuch, XIV. pp. 73 S. 
 
 * Ornament appears to be translation of Osiris crown 
 into terms of lotus. Thus the crown of upper Egypt is 
 represented by bud. plumes by sides of flower, ram's horns 
 by extended volutes at base, and asp heads perhaps by 
 last upper portions of volute. 
 
I 
 
 198 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 HORSES 
 
 199 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 Hocks and knees indicated by knobs or pro- 
 tubei'ances. Neck wide and flat, with curve 
 where mane shoidd be. Bent slightly to right. 
 Nose rectangular, upper head flattened. Fore- 
 lock indicated. Eyes and eains not clearly dis- 
 tinguishable. Rase ^ ornamented on imder side 
 with line running entire length. On left side 
 of line, tooth-ornament. On right side a heavy 
 zigzag, outside of which along edge a narrow 
 tooth-ornament pointed inwartl. Near front 
 right corner, small indentation. Front left 
 comer broken off. This animal is of the sevei*e 
 or angular geometric style, marked by long Ixxly 
 with angular jointing of neck and legs, crupper 
 rising very little above back. Extreme flatness 
 of neck also a feature of this phase of the style. 
 
 9. Hind part of hoi-se. Stallion. Provenience 
 unknown. Fragment. Heavily oxidized. 
 Height, 0.032 m. Solid. Body slightly almond- 
 shaped, being narrower at top. Legs flat, joined 
 to body angularly. Parts between legs and 
 under tail deeply undercut. 
 
 Tjrpe b. 
 
 10. Horse with base. Provenience unknown. 
 Neck and tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.004 
 m. Length of base, 0.0355 m. Width in front, 
 0.0135 m. Body short, slightly almond-shaped, 
 as No. 9. Crupper high. Legs long and flat. 
 Hips and shoulders not sharply set off, nor is 
 joining to body angular. Attempt to show dif- 
 ference between fore and hind quarters at 
 juncture with body. Knees and hocks shown 
 by sudden decrease in thickness on outside, the 
 inside lines being straight. Body undercut be- 
 tween legs, especially at back. No indication of 
 sex. Feet not distinguished. Neck flat. Base 
 plain on top. Below deeply undercut so as to 
 show zigzag in relief, running lengthwise, with 
 field at either side inclosed on front and sides by 
 rim or frame, which is omitted at back. Short- 
 ness of body, lack of angularity of joining of 
 legs, and treatment of back mark this as milder 
 geometric style. Antiquity shown by treatment 
 of knees, hocks, and plainness of neck. 
 
 11. Horse with base. Found southeast of 
 temple, near wall, 1893. Right hind leg broken. 
 Solid. Height, 0.0445 m. Length, 0.046 m. 
 Length of base, 0.04 m. Width, 0.016 m. 
 Body small, nearly cylindrical ; rather long. 
 Crupper high, joining back with natural curve. 
 Neck joins body more angularly, but softened 
 
 » Cf . aympia. No. 213 a. 
 « Cf. Olympia, No. 217 a. 
 
 with attempt to imitate nature. Legs small ; 
 shouldei*s scarcely marked, and hind quarters 
 very small. Knees indicated only by outward 
 bend. Left hock fairly truthful. Tail hangs 
 straight down and is attached to base. No 
 indication of sex. Neck flat, slightly curved 
 along the mane. Ears indicated. Between 
 them ridge for forelock. No certain indication 
 of eyes, but an engraved line from right ear to 
 top of nose, continued on other side to mouth. 
 Joined on right side (of animal) by similar line. 
 A semicircle engraved close to end of nose. 
 Top of base plain, but bottom ornamented with 
 zigzag ])attern, consisting of double row of teeth 
 running lengthwise, one in one direction, one in 
 the other.^ Each ))air has centre line in com- 
 mon. Style similar to No. 10; but more ad- 
 vanced, as shown by treatment of neck, where it 
 joins body, and by joints of legs.^ 
 Type c. 
 
 IZ Horse with base. Found east of North- 
 west Building, 1895. Legs broken. Solid. 
 Height, 0.0765 m. Length, 0.069 m. Length 
 of base, 0.048 m. Width (front), 0.0165 m. 
 Width (back), 0.0185 m. Body rather short, 
 slightly almond-shaped. Crupper fairly high. 
 Legs long. Shoulders and hind quarters care- 
 fully distinguished from botly. Hocks indicated 
 by slight ])rojection8 with notch above. Tail 
 curves outward and is attached to base. Legs 
 undercut at bo<ly, more behind than in front. 
 No mark of sex. Mane not indicated, but there 
 is high forelock and crest, which with part be- 
 neath was probably conceived to be coveretl 
 with hair. Crest undercut above nose, which is 
 nearly round. No mouth or eyes visible. Lumps 
 at side of head are ears. Base plain on top ; 
 bottom divided into two rectangular fields of 
 about equal size, each surrounded by a rim. In 
 left fleld, under hind legs, lion in relief to right 
 with tail over back. Above neck, indistinct ob- 
 ject, possibly upper part of a man. In right 
 field a horse to left, moving. No details given, 
 but head and bo<ly long, neck short, tail hangs 
 straight. Above horse, a lizard (probably), to 
 right. In upper right corner a serpent (per- 
 haps) rampant. In this base and in that of the 
 others, except No. 15; technique is that of carved 
 design (probably in wood) impressed on clay 
 model. This horse is a further development of 
 type of Nos. 8 and 9. 
 
 * Siiuilar, but with flatter legs, Olympia, No. 200. 
 
 Type d. 
 Plate LXXIIL 
 
 13. Horse with base. Provenience unknown. 
 Tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.066 m. Length of 
 base, 0.0485 m. Width (front), 0.024 m. Width 
 (back), 0.026 m. Body short. Slightly almond- 
 shapeil. High crupper. Neck attached angularly, 
 but not as sharply as in No. 12. Shouldera not 
 sliarply differentiated from body. (Cf. No. 11.) 
 Left hind quarter distinguished a little more 
 carefully than right. Knees shown by sudden 
 narrowing in front, as though part of leg were 
 cut out. Hocks given in same way. No feet. 
 Undercut between fore legs up to line of botly, 
 square across. Partially undercut at back, 
 especially between legs, which are wide apart, 
 and under tail. Uncertain whether sex was indi- 
 cated. Tail attached to end of base. On right 
 side of neck a little back of centre, two concen- 
 tric circles. Between this and head, traces of 
 double line of dots across side of neck. Close 
 to head similar line running across neck. Be- 
 low circles a line of dots which does not at 
 either end come to edge of neck. Beneath it, 
 three other parallel rows. In front, the ends 
 connected by irregular convex line of dots. At 
 the back, first and second lines are connected 
 square aci*o.ss. Connection between other lines 
 doubtful. At right of rings there seems to be a 
 broad zigzag connecting the lines at top and lower 
 part of neck. On left side of neck, double row 
 of dots just below ears. At bottom of neck an- 
 other double row. Above second row, a wavy 
 row. Across middle of neck, an indistinct pat- 
 tern, perhaps a zigzag, in middle of which and 
 of neck, a punch-mark, around which a small 
 ring. Between right side of this zigzag and 
 lines at top of neck apparently a similar irregu- 
 lar zigzag. No indication of mane.^ Nose long 
 and cylindrical. Mouth indicated. Right eye 
 shown by dot and circle. No certain trace 
 of left eye. Right ear has engraved line down 
 centre. Left ear has two such lines. Crest 
 between ears. Base apiiears to have line of dots 
 down both sides on top, near edge. Between 
 front and back legs, cross of a double line of dots. 
 At back, between tail and left side, double row 
 of dots about 0.0015 m. apart. Bottom of base 
 divided by raised line into two rectangular fields, 
 surrounded on front and sides by a double 
 
 * For body, neck, and legs, cf . Olympia, No. 200 a. 
 ' No clear stylistic parallel from Olympia. The near- 
 est, Olympia, No. 163, having flat neck and other chamc- 
 
 raised frame. At back, single frame, from tail 
 to bottom ; none above. In left field under hind 
 feet, horse standing to right with neck, head, 
 and ears fairly natural. Above horse, in field, 
 indistinct animal, showing head, four legs, and 
 short tail. In right field, a lion to left walking, 
 with tail curled over back ; mouth open. Eye re- 
 presented by knob in i-elief. End of tail bushy. 
 This horse unites severe and milder types (a 
 and b) before described. More advanced in 
 technique, but in spite of certain softnesses, 
 clings tenaciously to style as against nature. 
 Type e. Early naturalistic and transi- 
 tional 
 
 14. Horse. Found under Cyclopean wall 
 above the east end of Stoa, 1893. Condition 
 very poor. Base broken off in cleaning. Legs 
 and tail gone. Solid. Height with base, 0.041 
 m. Length of base, 0.044 m. Width of base, 
 0.02 m. Body long ; nearly cylindrical, though 
 slightly narrower in upi)er part. Crupper fairly 
 high. Hock shown in left hind leg, marked 
 by bend, and clearly defined exterior angle. 
 Left knee indicated by bend and slight swelling. 
 Botly roughly undercut between legs. No indi- 
 cation of sex ; probably female. Neck attached 
 to Ixxly at obtuse angle with easy curve ; about 
 cylindrical. No mane. Top of head and face a 
 triangle. No trace of eyes, mouth, or ears, due 
 probably to bad preservation. Base plain on 
 top. Bottom ornamented with parallel rows of 
 arrowheads in relief running toward back, the 
 whole inclosed by raised frame which forms 
 outer edge of base. This animal is of geometric 
 style, as base and undercutting between legs 
 show. Body, shoulders, hips, and legs are of 
 Type b. The neck is devoid of style and con- 
 vention and more naturalistic. The head ex- 
 cessively rude and clums}'. The piece is prob- 
 ably as early as Nos. 8 and 9, and earlier than 
 Nos. 10 or U. In view of the radical stylistic 
 characteristics of even the earliest and rudest 
 geometric work, it is better to regard it not as 
 preparatory to the geometric period but as the 
 outsrrowth of coexistent naturalistic tendencies.^ 
 
 15. Horse with base.^ Provenience unknown. 
 Preservation fair. Solid. Height, 0.028 m. 
 Length, 0.042 m. Length of base, 0.0305 m. 
 Width of base, 0.015 m. Body somewhat ovoid 
 in profile ; rather long. Slopes from neck to tail. 
 
 teristics of geometric style clearly indicated, 
 of base, cf . Olympia, No. 217 a. 
 « Base, Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 For style 
 
v 
 
 200 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 DEER, SHEEP, CATTLE 
 
 201 
 
 No crupper. Legs short and thick. No shoul- 
 ders, hips, knees, or hocks. Tail descends iu 
 curve to base. Body not undercut. Between 
 hind legs remains a wall of metal, though it is 
 undercut or hollowed out a little in front and 
 rear. No sign of sex. Neck a flat ellipse, 
 thinner at back than in front, joined to botly 
 at obtuse angle, with easy curve. Head rather 
 flat. Mouth indicated, but not eyes. Ears 
 rudimentary. No mane. Base of fl&tiron shape, 
 plain on top. Bottom has one lengthwise line 
 a little to right of centre, also some irregular 
 lines at front and back and irregular diamond 
 pattern at centre. Head, back, and body of 
 fi-ee geometric style. Neck shows naturalistic 
 influences. Rase probably geometric, although 
 the rude engraving might belong to any time.' 
 
 16. Horse with base. From Northwest Build- 
 ing, 1894. Bits of legs and tail broken off. Solid. 
 Height, 0.03 m. Length, 0.055 m. Length of 
 base, 0.032 m. AVidth, 0.016 m. Body short 
 and cylindrical, swelling quickly into shoulders 
 and hips. Crupper high and round. Shoulders 
 and hips attached as in Nos. 10 and U, but more 
 freely. Hips light as compared with shoulders. 
 Knees shown by bend ; hocks indicated plas- 
 tically. Botly not undercut in front, but cut 
 out broadly between hind legs. Sex not shown. 
 The animal is shown as looking forward and 
 down. Neck nearly cylindrical. Ears project 
 forward and up. Eyes formed by two holes 
 close together. Mouth ojien, and on left side 
 are notches, probably to imitate teeth. Notches 
 not so plain on right. Upper side of base plain. 
 Bottom ornamented with transverse zigzags 
 arranged to make double line of arrowheads. 
 No border. Base is geometric ; botly and legs 
 also of less severe type (b). Neck and head 
 naturalistic.^ 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 17. Horse with base detached. Found below 
 east end of Cyclopean wall, 1893. Legs and 
 tail broken, stubs remaining on base. Badly pre- 
 served. Solid. Height, with base, 0.068 m. 
 Length of base, 0.0515 m. Body cylindrical, 
 but short. Crupi)er fairly high. Neck attached 
 angularly. Fore quarters heavy, showing con- 
 siderable attempt to imitate nature. Hind 
 quarters lighter. Hocks carefully motleled. 
 Body not undercut in front, and but slightly 
 
 » Cf. animals of st>-called terra-cotta style ; (Mifmpia, 
 Nos. 128, 130, 135, etc. 
 
 - Style not paralleletl at Olympia, but cf . with Olympia, 
 
 between hind legs. Sex not indicatetl. Neck 
 flat, but not thin ; only slightly curved. Mane 
 not indicated. Head short. Eyes shown by 
 two holes ^ boretl from sides. Beneath eyes 
 and running back are the ears. Upper side of 
 base has row of dots at back near edge, and 
 apparently a tlouble row on right side. Bottom 
 divided by line made by cutting either side of 
 it into lengthwise fields, each of which is en* 
 graved with two parallel zigzag lines. These 
 lines prtxluce effects of zigzag in relief, with line 
 of tooth-ornament also in relief at either side. 
 In this figure the freer and more natural sha])e 
 of botly and shoulders, lack of undercutting, 
 antl greater thickness of neck are marks of 
 emancipation from the geometric style, which, 
 however, is still shown in the base, and in the 
 flatness of neck. 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 1& Horse (uncertain whether originally with 
 base). Provenience unknown. Ears, legs, antl 
 tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.057 m. Length, 
 0.08 m. Body full, tends to cyliiitlrical form. 
 Back terminates in ridge from tip to tail. litnly 
 long, crupper slight. Shoulders slight, but full 
 in front. Hips carefully marketl. Hock indi- 
 cated. Cut roughly between hintl legs, but not 
 undercut. No mark of sex. On mitldle of 
 back two short cuts, antl three at base of neck, 
 which is short and thick. Neck thicker behind 
 than in geometric types, and has sort of dewlap 
 in front. Head short and thick. Eye indi- 
 cated by circle. Forehead between eyes high, 
 and marked by arrowhead over nose. This 
 animal shows no true geometric influence, but 
 imitates nature in manner of early archaic 
 perifMl, scarcely any detail being correct. 
 
 2. DEER. 
 
 GEOMETRIC STYLE. 
 
 Type a. Rigid. 
 Pl.\te LXXIII. 
 
 19. Deer with antlers, on base. From north- 
 west comer of West Building, 1894. Fair pre- 
 servation. Solid. Height, 0.0525 m. Length, 
 0.037 m. Length of base, 0.021 m. Width of 
 base, 0.0135 m. Botly short and rather flat. 
 
 Nos. 181 ff., regarded by Furtwftngler us geometric of 
 exceptional uaturalism. For base, cf. Olympia, No. 217 a. 
 * Now appear aa groove, owing to bad preservation. 
 
 Slight rise over hips. Legs flat, and slightly 
 wider at top to indicate shoulders and hips. 
 Knees antl htKsks unindicated. Legs under- 
 cut, but not deeply. No mark of sex. Ears 
 and mouth not shown. Uncertain whether 
 eyes were represented. Horns rise in upright 
 branches, each having short projecting prong 
 near tt)p and longer prong at bottom. Rec- 
 tangular base, worketl to represent frame, in- 
 closing zigzag shapetl like a three-stroke sigma. 
 Body, neck, and legs indicate geometric style 
 of severer tyi^e. 
 Tjrpe b. Lass rigid. 
 
 20. Deer with base. From northwest side of 
 Upper Terrace, 1891. Fair preservation. Solid. 
 Height, 0.041 m. Length, 0.045 m. Length of 
 base, 0.029 m. Width of base (front), 0.0165 m. 
 Width of base (back), 0.018 m. Body nearly 
 cylindrical at shoulder. Slopes towartl crupiMjr 
 like a cone. Crupi)er high and pointed. Upper 
 front legs heavy. Hips not shown. No under- 
 cutting, but legs well separatetl. No mark of 
 sex. Neck (almost cylindrical) rises nearly 
 straight, but increases slightly toward heatl and 
 bod v. Head broad and flat. No ears or mouth. 
 Uncertain whether eyes were indicated. Right 
 horn projects up and back. Left horn broken. 
 Top of base has zigzag across ends and diagonal 
 cross from leg to leg. Bottom has rudely cut 
 intaglio figure of uncertain significance, around 
 which is a zigzag. Neck, bt)dy, and hind legs 
 mark less rigitl tyi>e. 
 
 EARLY NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 21. Deer (uncertain whether with base). 
 Found 1891. Condition poor. Solid. Height, 
 0.096 m. Length, 0.1185 m. Body long and 
 nearly cylindrical, swelling and rising slightly 
 towartls crupper, which is long and high. Hintl 
 legs are naturally attached. Hock shown by 
 swelling and bentl of leg. Front legs drawn 
 up for a spring. Manner of drawing up and 
 attachment of front legs stiff and awkward. 
 Back of front legs are deep holes. Neck round- 
 ish. Head roughly triangiUar. Ear projects 
 straight out, and slightly downwanl and for- 
 
 » In Brit. Mns., First Vase-room, Case E, is a bronze 
 statuette of goat from Canurus, similar to above speci- 
 nieu, but with geometric elements slightly more marked. 
 
 * Cf. Olympia, No. 214. 
 
 » Cf. cow in Nat. Mub., Athens, No. 7392. Head 
 shows similar eyes and rosette, but simpler. Bursian and 
 
 ward. Eyes set slanting, nearly in line with 
 axis of head, and somewhat protuberant. Mouth 
 probably indicated. This animal falls not far 
 from end of geometric period, of which holes 
 between legs and distance between hind legs 
 are a reminder. Eyes probably also in that 
 style. Remainder of figure naturalistic, but there 
 is a slight stiffness throughout, marking the re- 
 cent emancipation from geometric forms.* 
 
 3. SHEEP. 
 EARLY NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 22. Kam (probably) with base. From North- 
 west Building, 1894. Preservation fair. Solid. 
 Height, 0.014 m. Length, 0.0235 m. Length 
 of base, 0.0145 m. Width of base, 0.0075 m. 
 Btnly short and rounded, but higher than wide, 
 rather flat on bottom. Legs short, thick, antl 
 without joints. No shoulders, but clumsy trace 
 of hips. Crupper fairly high. Neck short and 
 thick ; hole through base. No certain indica- 
 tion of mouth or eyes. Not undercut between 
 legs. Hind legs not completely separated. Base 
 plain on top. Below, divided by two engraved 
 lines running lengthwise. Contemporary with 
 geometric work, which is shown by rudeness of 
 base, but rather naturalistic in style.^ 
 
 4. CATTLE. 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 Type a. Geometric influence. 
 Plate LXXV. 
 
 23. Head of cow.*^ Attached figure. From 
 northwest of West Building, 1894. Condition 
 good (except for loss of left ear). Head solid; 
 neck hollow. Length of top from rim to fore- 
 head, 0.0435 m. Length of bottom from rim to 
 nose, 0.0435 m. Attached to slightly convex 
 surface by thin rim at base. Neck of natural 
 shai)e, lower side representing folds of dewlap. 
 Al>ove, neck distinguished from head by line 
 drawn back of horns, which line forms base of 
 triangle, apex being 0.005 m. from rim. Within 
 triangle are eight lines drawn from base toward 
 ai^ex. Cheeks ornamented with engraved line,* 
 
 Rangabe found "una piceola testa di bue veduta dalla 
 parte d' innanzi che senibra esser stata affissa a qualche 
 parete a guisa d'anatema." Bull. d. Inst. 1854, p. xvi. 
 
 ♦ Here and elsewhere in this object probably executed 
 in the model rather than in the cast bronze. 
 
 »:, 
 
202 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 LIONS, RODENT, FROG 
 
 203 
 
 I'l 
 
 close to edge around curve, and by seven lines 
 drawn from it diagonally downward. Ear simi- 
 lar to No. 21, but hollowed out more on under 
 side. Horns 0.064 m. between tips. Engraved 
 lines on front of forehead continued over top to 
 line behind ears. Eyes set almost vertically. 
 Consist of nearly round ball with oblong lids 
 meeting in acute angles. Between eyes rosette 
 and half -diamond.^ From lower corners of eyes 
 three parallel lines run towanl end of nose. 
 Mouth shown by engraved line. Nostrils shown 
 by curved lines at outer corners of upper jaw 
 ami by slight swelling. End of nose covered 
 with irregular punch-marks. On sides of nose 
 one row of marks to show nasal swelling and 
 lower jaw. Length of face, 0.05 m. Geometric 
 influence seen in angular lines of head, eyes, 
 and ornamentation. Modeling and style natu- 
 ralistic. 
 
 Type b. Geometric and Oriental inflnence. 
 24. Bull. From Northwest Building, 1894. 
 Legs broken. Solid. Height, 0.033 m. Length, 
 0.0685 m. Body motleled with skill and fidelity 
 to nature. Knees and hocks indicated. Shoul- 
 ders indicated by bands running toward middle 
 of back. Hips more successful, though too 
 prominent. Left fore leg ends in swelling, which 
 was probably attached to base. Hind legs per- 
 forated lengthwise, just back of and above hock. 
 In left leg the pin remains by which leg was 
 fastened to base or other object. Tail bent un- 
 der. Dewlap carefully motleled. Head distin- 
 guished from neck on top by ridge of horns. 
 Horns 0.021 m. between tips. Between them, in 
 front, engraved ^ lines. Eyes vertical, made by 
 punched ring. No ears. Nose and mouth care- 
 fully motleled. Above end of nose, two engraved 
 lines cross face. Nostrils shown by swelling and 
 on end of nose by slight oblong holes. The eyes 
 and engraving are geometric. Term Oriental is 
 here used for a certain softness of modeling 
 found in figures of animals, especially lions (cf. 
 Nos. 29, 720, 946), which belong to species 
 which began to be employed after Oriental de- 
 signs had been introducetl. Neither technique 
 nor subject is due to that influence.^ 
 Type c. Oriental influence (to be under- 
 stood as above). 
 
 25. Head of ox or cow. Attached figure.* 
 From south slope, southwest corner, 1895. Pi-e- 
 
 > Mr. D. O. Hogarth suggests that the engraving 
 represents ornamental fillets and frontlet for sacrifice. 
 » As No. 23 (p. 201, note 4). 
 
 servation fair. Solid. From behind seems to 
 be cast in two pieces, but welding so skillful that 
 this does not show in front. Length, 0.052 m. 
 Width, 0.088 m. Height, 0.0525 m. Horns 
 between tips, 0.043 m. Attached to convex sur- 
 face by triangular plate. Holes for fastening 
 at comers. Around the edges is lead. Short 
 neck, nearly round, but broatler in upper part. 
 No dewlap. Head not distinguished from neck, 
 except by horns and nose. From top of fore- 
 head, between horns, hangs sort of forelock : 
 height, 0.014 m. ; width, 0.0175 ra. Horns curl 
 forward and slightly upward. Eyes very con- 
 ventional, indicated merely by slightly oblong 
 swellings. No mouth or nostrils. No trace of 
 geometric influence. Naturalistic style, but con- 
 ventionalized for decorative purposes. 
 Type d. Naturalistic. 
 
 26. Cow, uncertain whether originally with 
 base. Found 1892. Preservation poor. Solid. 
 Height, 0.074 m. Length, 0.113 m. The animal 
 was shown as walking. Botly, legs, hips, and 
 shoulders rendered with skill and fidelity to na- 
 ture. Knees shown by carefully modeled swell- 
 ing. Hocks by modeling. Neck slightly convex 
 on top, full and deep, with carefully motleled 
 dewlap. Horns short, curved out and up. Ridge 
 between horns engraved in front and on top with 
 fine wavy lines. Eyes made with simple punched 
 circle. Over the eyes are swellings of frontal 
 bone, each with two engravetl lines in plane of 
 face. Between these, rosette of fine lines radiat- 
 ing irregularly. Nostrils indicated by two slits. 
 Mouth closed. This cow shows entire freedom 
 from conventionality or stylistic influence and is 
 based simply upon study of nature. It is some- 
 what plainer than No. 27, especially in treatment 
 of neck, and does not show quite the same sure- 
 ness of technique. 
 
 27. Cow, without base. From south slope, 
 1895. Condition \wor. Legs, tail, ears, and 
 horns broken. Solid. Height, 0.111 m. Length, 
 0.217 m. Botly somewhat long, but modeled 
 after nature with care and skill, as seen in treat- 
 ment of shoulder-blades, hips, and flanks. Knees 
 indicated by swelling; hock by careful motlel- 
 ing. The tail broader at top than bottonu 
 Upper part jierhaps engraved. Bag large. Neck 
 high and narrow. Dewlap carefully renderetl, 
 \^ith clearly marked folds, reaching on right to 
 
 ^ For a somewhat different view, see Bather, /. H. S. 
 XIII. (1892-3), p. 232. 
 * Cf. Olympia, No. 877. 
 
 line between ear and mouth. On back of neck, 
 irregular marks and indentations, possibly of an 
 inscription. Between horns in front and on top 
 of head, engraving to represent hair. Transi- 
 tion from ridge of horns to face better than in 
 No. 26. The ears were correctly placed. Eyes 
 consist of two curves, the upi>er larger, its ai-c 
 passing that of the lower at lower corner of eye. 
 Ball of eye rounded. Length of eye, 0.006 m. 
 Width, 0.005 m. In front of eyes, prominent 
 folds of skin, marked also by two engraved lines. 
 Between eyes, rosette of convex-concave lines 
 radiating from centre. Nostrils and upper lip 
 indicated and with great care. Mouth closed 
 and indicated by line on back side of face as in 
 No. 26. Distinction between head and neck along 
 angle of jaw modeled without any harshness. 
 Mistakes shown in this part of No. 26 avoided. 
 Animal was represented moving, probably walk- 
 ing. Of early part of classical period. 
 
 28b Foot of ox or cow. Fi-om south slope. 
 Badly oxidized. Solid. Length, 0.047 m. Hoof 
 broad and flat. Probably cloven, though slightly. 
 Above hoof, concave band, running all round. 
 Above this, raised ring around three sides, ter- 
 minating in low protuberances, higher up on one 
 side of leg than on the other. Probably left leg. 
 Lower part at very low angle, suggesting rearing 
 animal or animal crushed. Work of good pe- 
 riod. 
 
 6. LIONS. 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 Type a. Oriental influence. 
 Plate LXXVI. 
 
 29. Lion on base, to which is attached long 
 iron bar. Provenience unknown. Condition fair. 
 Cast hollow and bar inserted. Height, 0.186 m. 
 Length of bar, 0.134 m. Length of figure, 
 0.035 m. Width of bar at top, 0.0165 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0075 m. Lion seated u])right, tail over 
 back. Botly simple but correct. Hips prominent. 
 Paws heavy and toes marked. Tail indicated by 
 ridge along back. Breast and neck marked off 
 by heavy modeling of neck along line drawn from 
 front legs over shoulders to tip of tail. No mane. 
 From ears to lower edge of lower jaw is a raised 
 ring ; this is flattened below ears and heaviest 
 back of month. Ears slightly indicated. Nose 
 and eyes marketl off from top of head by raised 
 modeling of latter between ears. Eyes set at 
 upper back side of lai^e sockets, which are wide 
 
 * For another example of this type, cf. fibula. No. 946. 
 
 and deep in front of eyeball. Nose short and 
 thick ; no nostrils. Mouth ojien, showing four 
 teeth at corners. Front and hind legs connected 
 by flat base that hides the insertion of bar. Up- 
 I)er part of base projects over lower, forming sort 
 of cornice. The iron bar much corrotled, and 
 shape thereby altered. It seems to have been 
 insei'ted into some wooden object, such as staff 
 or sceptre. Style in general true to nature but 
 somewhat conventionalized for decorative pur- 
 ]K)ses. Modeling soft ; all sharp outlines avoided.* 
 Type b. Purely naturalistic conventional- 
 ized for decorative purposes. 
 Pin-head, No. 720, and attached figure. No. 
 
 2204. 
 
 6. RODENT. 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE — DECORATIVE. 
 
 30. Mouse on human right forearm attached 
 to iron rod. From West Building. Condition 
 fair. Arm cast hollow for insertion of rod. 
 Entire length, 0.114 m. Length of mouse, 
 0.034 m. Height of mouse, 0.021 m. Mouse 
 crouches on upper side of arm, tail extended 
 toward hand. Body full and rounded. Hind- 
 quarters shown with low modeling. Shoulders 
 scarcely indicated, toes not at all. Head sepa- 
 rated from body by low groove. Cheeks full. 
 Ears drawn back over groove in neck shown in 
 low relief, slightly undercut. Eyes round, 
 slightly raised. Mouth indicated. Arm and 
 hand less carefully done ; wrist poor. At junc- 
 tion with rod a raised ring circ. 0.004 m. broad, 
 rudely done. Hand closed. Fingers poor, and 
 no nails. Through hand passes round hole in 
 which was once some object held by the hand. 
 Shai)e of iron rod uncertain, but probably rec- 
 tangular. 
 
 7. FROG. 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE — DECOR ATIVE. 
 
 31. Provenience unknown. Condition poor. 
 Feet broken and surface abraded. Solid. 
 Length, 0.046 m. Length of tail, 0.009 m. Fig- 
 ure worked only on back and sides, flat below. 
 Body tapers slightly to waist, between which 
 and lower hind legs two wrinkles on each side. 
 These form the hips. No details except en- 
 graved ' lines diagonally over ends of legs, per- 
 haps to indicate toes. Head flattened from back 
 to front. No mouth. Eyes oblong and raised. 
 Round hole pierced through tail. — Much con- 
 
 2 Cf. No. 23 (p. 201, note 4). 
 
204 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 ventionalized for decorative purpose. Perhaps 
 attached or suspended by hole in tail.' 
 
 8. SERPENTS. 
 GEOMETRIC INFLUENCE -DECORATIVE. 
 
 32. Head attached to bronze tube. Proveni- 
 ence unknown. Condition fair. Hollow. Length, 
 0.052 in. Diameter of tube inside, 0.0095 ni. 
 Head shaped like truncated cone, but top slightly 
 convex. Corners on lower side beveled. Bot- 
 torn and sides plain. Mouth given by straight 
 line. Eyes of two concentric circles, above 
 which raised lid inclosed by two lines. Top of 
 head engraved with double crescent at back and 
 down centre oblong ornament of two elliptical 
 lines. Space between the parallel lines en- 
 graved with oblique strokes, giving rope effect. 
 Midway between eyes and end two crescents open 
 outwanl, one on each side. They are formed 
 of two lines running to edge of top. Mouth 
 round. Head and tube hollow for passage of 
 water, forming small spout. 
 
 33. Serpent, attached. From back of South 
 Building. Preservation goo<l. Length, 0.1215 m. 
 Width, 0.045 m. Body and lower neck plain. 
 Nine lines on upper neck. Head tapers to a 
 rounded point and flattens from back to front. 
 Sides and bottom of head plain. On top, four 
 half-circles, turned outward, two on each side. 
 Each consists of two lines. No indication of 
 mouth. Probably not much of original figure 
 lost, as serpent seems to have been intended to 
 project from behind aegis or part of clothing of 
 statue, e. g. Athena. Technique (hammering) 
 and engraving are geometric, but figure is prob- 
 ably not of geometric periotl, but of archaic art 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 Type a. Decorative. 
 
 34. Head of serpent. Formerly attached. Pro- 
 venience unknown. Preservation poor. Length, 
 0.0265 m. Sides and bottom plain. Ridge along 
 top. Traces of two circles near mouth, one on 
 each side. Probably not meant for eyes. Mouth 
 large and open. Line round inside of lower jaw, 
 probably only fissure in bronze. Hollow. Servetl 
 as spout. 
 
 1 Cf. Frankel, 'Geweihter Frosch,' Jahrfi. d. Inst. I. 
 pp. 50 ff. Somewhat similar is Hrit. Mm. Cat. of Bronzes, 
 
 No. 1902. 
 
 2 For use, cf. Olympia, No. 816 a, De RitUler, Bronzes 
 de r.icropole, No. .V>8. Projecting protome, probably from 
 ring of support of kettle. Cf. also Brit. Mus., Bronze 
 
 Type b. Purely naturalistic. 
 
 35l Serpent. Provenience unknown. Body 
 broken close to neck. Preservation poor. Solid. 
 Length, 0.04 m. Neck and botly plain. Head 
 broad and fiat and at back stands out prominently 
 from neck. Eyes prominent, set at forward 
 corners of rectangle of head. Probably formed 
 by single ring, over which rises the puffy eyelid. 
 Mouth open. Line round inner edge of upper 
 jaw. Probably work of archaic or classical 
 period.' 
 
 9. BIRDS. 
 GEOMETRIC STYLE - CONVENTIONALIZED. 
 
 I. AQUATIC. 
 
 Type a. Qeometric. 
 
 36. From West Building, 1893. Condition 
 fair. Solid. Height, 0.0525 m. Length, 0.030 m. 
 lfc<ly flat, plain underneath. On top slightly 
 rounded. Legs bend slightly forward, are plain, 
 and of uniform size. Neck rises from lower edge 
 of body. At base of neck, hole, for susj^ension, 
 0.003 m. in diameter. Head about at right angles 
 with neck. No eyes or mouth. Probably had 
 base, to judge from roughness at end of left foot.'' 
 
 37. Bird on standanl. Probably originally 
 on base. From l)elow Cyclopean wall and above 
 Stoa. Preservation ]>oor. Legs and standard 
 broken. Head and tail damaged. Solid. 
 Height, 0.03G m. Length, 0.034 m. Adjoining 
 legs, but separate, a round standard. It is placed 
 between legs, slightly forward, and comes through 
 to upper side of back, where it is raisetl slightly 
 above surface. Legs straight and round. Neck 
 somewhat elliptical. Probably had no eyes. 
 
 3a Bird on standard. Probably ornamental 
 stud or nail, but jwssibly attached to ba.se. Un- 
 cleanetl. Preservation bad, and badly oxidized. 
 Solid. Height, 0.03G m. Length, 0.027 m. 
 Height of standard, 0.0195 m. Round body, like 
 nail-head, with narrow extension at back, which 
 may be either body or tail. Eyes marked by two 
 pointed projections. From eyes, head sharpens 
 to iwint, in three planes on upper side and one 
 convex plane below. No decorations. Shai>e of 
 neck and addition of eyes mark this as more ad- 
 vanced than preceding number. 
 Room, Centre Cases C. : circular bronze dish ; on handles 
 male and female figures reclining ; four serpents attached 
 beneath rim, with heads projecting over rim toward inside. 
 Castellani (1562). 
 
 •' For style (flat wide tail and beak, and long legs), cf. 
 Oiympia, No. 210, with base. 
 
 II IMft 
 
 BIRDS 
 
 205 
 
 39. Complex of two birds, attached to base. 
 Found in bank, east of chambers (III), just 
 above jwros wall, 1894. Preservation fair. 
 Base rough at back as though broken. Solid. 
 Height, 0.036 m. Length, 0.041 m. Length of 
 base, 0.028 m. Width of base, 0.0055 m. So 
 constructetl that right legs, whicli are very large, 
 serve as standards, keeping the poise of whole 
 figure, and left legs and bodies so combined that 
 bodies seem to be a continuous bar attached to 
 short left legs ; portions of bar belonging to 
 each, marked by obtuse angle clo.se to right leg 
 of rear bird. In front figure, bar projects nearly 
 to front of right leg. Heads have small projec- 
 tions for eyes. Beaks rounded, slightly thicker 
 than wide. Base rectangular. Has round hole, 
 0.0123 m. from front end, 0.0019 m. in diameter. 
 Seems like hole for suspension, but slant of figure 
 toward left makes possible to drive nail through 
 from right side. 
 
 40. Bird with base. Provenience unknown. 
 Preservation good. Solid. Height, 0.035 m. 
 Length, 0.0325 ra. Height from centre of base 
 to centre of body, cire. 0.025 m. Base, 0.013 m. 
 square. Body has hole diagonally through from 
 base of neck to front just above standard. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0018-0.003 m. Back of botly shows 
 two bands of two lines each, on top and sides. 
 Base of head, similar band of two lines. Tail 
 fan-shai)ed ; nicke<l along back edge. Head 
 flat but slightly rounded. No eyes or other 
 details. Standard ornamented with three raised 
 rings just beneath body. Below these, rounded 
 swelling. Line of top of base projects slightly, 
 forming ridge, and on bottom is indented s(juare, 
 cire. 0.007 m. on a side. Outside this, another 
 square. Space inside smaller square sunk more 
 deeply than space between squares. First ex- 
 ample so far with ornamentation, though form 
 is very primitive or conventionalize<l.' 
 
 41. Bird on standard, probably originally with 
 base, similar to No. 40. Provenience unknown. 
 Badly preserved. Solid. Height, 0.032 m. 
 Length, 0.024 m. Body shows no details, but 
 seems to have had three lines at top of neck. 
 Similar ornament perhaps, at base of tail. Hole 
 in neck, similar to preceding. Standard has nar- 
 row swelling immediately beneath body, followed 
 by a wide, full band. Probably belongs with 
 preceding, though shape of head may have been 
 different. 
 
 • Cf. Olympia, No. 418. 
 
 Plate LXXVII. 
 
 42. Bird with base, which is circular and 
 perforated. Provenience unknown. Preservation 
 fair. Solid. Height above base, 0.04 ni. Di- 
 ameter of base, 0.028 m. Hole in neck of bird. 
 Diameter, 0.0045 m. Body has prominent breast, 
 but short back. Eyes prominent. Bill long and 
 clearly marked. Standard nearly round. Base 
 flat on top, but slightly hollowed below, leaving 
 uneven rim around the edge. Neck, eyes, heatl, 
 and bill the most advanced so far. In these 
 points and in short body resembles No. 38, in 
 which, however, body has different shape.'"^ 
 
 43. Bird with standard, resting on perforated 
 circular base. Provenience unknown. Preser- 
 vation fair. Base less well preserved. Solid. 
 Height, 0.04 m. Length, 0.042 m. Length from 
 neck to end of tail, 0.0265 m. Diameter of base, 
 0.035 m. Diameter of hole in body, cire. 0.004 m. 
 Prominent breastbone. Body tapers above and 
 below toward tail. Standard circular, swelling 
 where it joins base, which is plain on top, and 
 below, the rim taking form of a roll. 
 
 T3rpe b. Naturalistic influence. 
 
 44. Duck. From cutting at east end of Upper 
 Temple, toward the tents. Preservation fair. 
 Cast hollow. Height, 0.019 m. Length, 0.045 m. 
 Body rounded, of natural shape. Wings indi- 
 cated by line down back, from upper end of which, 
 0.05 m. from base of neck, are drawn lines to 
 show curve of wings. Curve of neck slightly stiff 
 and too small. Eyes almond-shaped, slightly con- 
 vex, surrounded by engraved line. Bill rather 
 flat. Inside, partially filled with some dark sub- 
 stance, uncertain whether core or dirt. Behind 
 hole in breast are shown the flippers. No cer- 
 tain mark of attachment below, though less care- 
 fully finished. Work of considerable skill. 
 While more naturalistic than geometric, belongs 
 to a period before naturalism became a style. 
 
 II. LAND-BIRDS, CHIEFLY COCKS. 
 
 Tjrpe a. Purely geometric. 
 
 45. Body of bird. Solid. Provenience un- 
 known. Badly preserved. Head, neck, legs, 
 and tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.014 m. 
 Length, 0.0425 m. Tail spade-shaped. Resem- 
 bles more a peacock with folded tail. More 
 primitive than No. 46, as shown by rectangular 
 lines of body and neck. 
 
 46. Cock. Provenience unknown. Preserva- 
 
 * With this and No. 43, cf. Olympia, No. 210 b, which 
 has round perforated base and is also similar in style. 
 
206 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 tion poor. Solid. Had no legs, but possibly 
 staudanl, through vertical hole in body. 
 Height, 0.023 m. Length, 0.039 m. Diameter 
 of hole, on top, 0.003 ni. Neck deeper than 
 wide. On both sides of comb, circle inclosing 
 dot. At base of comb, two parallel lines. Eyes 
 uncertain, but probably given. Each side of 
 tail has two circles surrounding dots.* At base 
 of tail, four lines of engraving on each side. 
 Neck better than No. 47, but body less good. 
 Probably had no standard, but was a pendant. 
 
 47. Cock. Provenience unknown. Preser- 
 vation poor. Ring or contrivance on back 
 broken. Large irregular hole in left side of 
 body, showing inside to be hollow. Height, 
 0.055 m. Length, 0.0995 m. Height of body 
 and knot on back, 0.026 m. On top of body, 
 vertical hole, 0.002 m. in diameter, through to 
 interior. In middle of back, piece of uncertain 
 purpose, jjerhaps part of suspension ring. Legs 
 about 0.008 m. long. Bottom slightly concave. 
 Body rises at either end in two spouts toward 
 neck and tail. Not certain whether hollow en- 
 tire length. On inside, reed or tongue-like strip 
 of metal, 0.0035 m. wide, and 0.0004 m. thick, 
 projects from about centre of right side horizon- 
 tally across body. At base of tail, two raised 
 rinsfs. Leujrth of tail, 0.032 m. Ornamented 
 on each side with five sets of concentric circles, 
 three of which are larger, and consist of small 
 round hole, surrounded by two circles, the outer 
 fainter than the inner. Above these, a dot sur- 
 rounded by circles. Upper circles are fainter 
 than lower. At upper end of neck, two raised 
 rings. Eyes raised. Beak round and ta))ers to 
 point. Convex above, concave below. On each 
 side of comb, dot inclosed by two circles, as on 
 tail. Between these and top of comb, on each 
 side, five dots each in circle. 
 
 T3rpe b. Naturalistic influences. 
 
 48. Cock. Provenience unknown. Condi- 
 tion rather jjoor. Probably hollow, as it seems 
 too light for solid mass. Height, 0.0445 m. 
 Length, 0.0472 m. Body roundetl, broad across 
 bottom, pot-shaped. On back, sort of dowel, 
 which seems to have terminated in an eye, now 
 broken. It seems to have been let into the 
 body, not cast with it. On right side of botly 
 two dots, each surrounded by circle. Same 
 on left, where between circles is pierced hole. 
 On lower part of breast, to right and left of 
 
 ' Owing to frequency of this decorative motive in early 
 Greek and other arts, it would forna here, as well as in 
 
 legs, two similar dots and circles. At rear 
 end of body, in centre, a similar dot and circle. 
 Straight legs attached to outer comers of body. 
 I^ttom of feet slightly concave. Lines on 
 outer side of legs. Two lines on back end of 
 body on right side, run from circle towanl 
 base of tail. Similar on left side. Round base 
 of tail on body, four lines, discernible on right ; 
 faint traces on left. Tail semicircular. Each 
 side has three dots inclosed by circles. Lines 
 from base of neck run diagonally, three from 
 one side and two from the other, joining on ceiK 
 tre of breast. Beneath these another line on 
 each side. Top of neck on right side has traces 
 of three lines. Eyes round projections. Not 
 certain whether originally had comb. Botly and 
 legs show advance over No. 47 in naturalism. 
 Neck, head, and tail as gootl. Ornamentation 
 rather more elaborate. 
 
 NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 T]rpe a. G^eometric influence. 
 
 49. Tail of bird. Provenience unknown. 
 Preservation fair. Solid. Extreme length, 
 0.053 m. Width, 0.052-0.089 m. Thickness, 
 0.004-0.0065 m. Upper side slightly convex in 
 both directions. At end, nine scallops. Per- 
 forate<l near centre, toward base. Upper side 
 engraved with two lines of feathers, ending in 
 before-mentioned scallops. Engraver worked 
 from left to right, as shown by miscalculation 
 for commencement of dividing line between 
 feathers of back row. Each feather dividetl by 
 quill : sides engraved with slanting lines. Geo- 
 metric influence in stiff angularity in form and 
 decoration. 
 
 Tjrpe b. Naturalistic. 
 Platk LXXVHL 
 
 50l Head and neck, probably of swan. Pro- 
 venience unknown. Preservation fair. Solid, 
 except for depth of 0.022 m. from lower end. 
 Height, 0.098 m. Length, 0.092 m. Circum- 
 ference of neck at base, 0.096 m. Neck without 
 ornamentation. Head differentiated plastically 
 from neck. Sides of head concave in region of 
 eyes. Eyebrow projects sharply. Top of head 
 somewhat concave, especially between eyes, and 
 narrows rapidly from back to front. Eyes, in 
 clearly marked sockets, consist of elliptical ring 
 rising from bed of socket. Inside ring, promi- 
 nent eyeball. Projecting corners of head above 
 
 Nos. 47, 48, ati unsafe basis for identification with pea- 
 cock. Cf. Hebn, Kulturpjiatizen und Hatuthiere*, pp.342 ff. 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 207 
 
 eyes distinguished as eyebrows plastically and 
 by engraving. Fleshy parts of heatl separated 
 from bill, on under side, by depression of plane 
 for the bill and slight change in direction. On 
 sides of head, distinction is made by a band, sep- 
 arated from behind by engraved line and in 
 front by a difference of plane. Feathers on 
 head indicated by engraving. Toward back 
 they are fainter than in front. They are not 
 perfectly regular in shape, size, or arrangement. 
 Bill is modeled with care. Upi>er and lower 
 mandibles separated by sharply marked groove. 
 Nostrils suggested by bulge. On lower half of 
 
 upper surface of bill, on each side, are two or 
 three very shallow, slightly diagonal grooves. 
 Work of severe style, of much skill and care ; 
 probably late archaic or transitional, possibly of 
 early classical period. 
 Plate LXXVII. 
 
 5L Feather of bird. From West Building. 
 Preservation fair. Solid. Length, 0.074 m. 
 Back and sides plain. Divided into three divi- 
 sions, which taper to tip, two outer divisions 
 sloping slightly inward. Three divisions cov- 
 ered by cross-lines. Belongs probably to ar- 
 chaic period. 
 
 IV. ORNAMENT AND TOILET 
 
 1. PINS. 
 
 A. STRAIGHT. 
 
 T]rpe a. Simple, plain head. 
 
 Pins of this type sometimes difficult to distin- 
 guish from ends of spits. Head and body one 
 piece of metal.^ 
 
 Form 1. Body round throughout. 
 Head A simi'le knob. 
 Plate LXXVIU. 
 
 52. Provenience unknown. Preservation fair. 
 Length, 0.0838 m. Head oblate. Sides roughly 
 rounded. Head separated from body by shallow 
 groove. Point dull.^ 
 
 Form 2. Body rectangular in upper 
 
 PART, ROUND BELOW. HeaD 8IMPLE AN- 
 GULAR KNOB.* 
 
 Class a. Undecorated body. 
 
 53. Well preserved. Length (as bent), 0.08 m. 
 Round part begins 0.005 m. from }K>int, which is 
 dull. Neck slightly pinched in. 
 
 64. Point broken. Length, 0.111 m. Round 
 part begins 0.09 m. fi-om head. Heatl flat on 
 top, perhaps broken. Neck sharply pinched 
 in. 
 
 65. Poor. Broken and oxidized. Length, 
 0.06 ni. 
 
 66. Poor. Broken and oxidized. Length, 
 0.185 m. Head pointed at top. 
 
 67-61. Heads blunt. AU are poor, being 
 broken and oxidized. Length, resp. 0.235, 
 0.142, 0.141, 0.18, 0.232 m. 
 
 ' The simple-beaded pins from Troy, No. 4339, Atliens 
 Mus., Schmidt, 5cA/temann'« Sammlung Trojan. Altertiimer, 
 Nos. G262 ff., are not exact parallels to this type, but 
 are, for the most part, ruder and more primitive. 
 
 3 Cf. Schmidt, op. cU. No. 6266. 
 
 Class p. Rectangular jtart of body deco- 
 rated. 
 62. Point gone ; upper part oxidized. Length, 
 0.123 m. Decorated probably with zigzag on 
 all four sides. 
 
 63-66. Similar to No. 62. Lengths, 0.116 m.; 
 0.222 m. ; 0.06 m. ; 0.0915 m. No. 63 from back 
 of South Building, No. 66 from West Building. 
 
 67. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.22 ni. 
 Rounds circ. 0.037 m. from head. Transition 
 plain and abrupt. On all four sides decorated 
 with zigzag. 
 
 68. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.083 m. 
 Rounds gradually circ. 0.043 m. from head. Col- 
 lar at top of body. Broad zigzag on all four 
 sides. 
 
 69. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.099 m. 
 Rounds gradually. Zigzag on all four sides. 
 Collar as in No. 68. 
 
 70. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.104 m. 
 Rounds abruptly. Zigzag on all four sides. 
 Collar as in No. 68, color medium. 
 
 71. Point gone. Much oxidized. Length, 
 0.068 m. Rounds abruptly at 0.029 m. from 
 head. Zigzag on all four sides. Small collar. 
 
 Class y. Rectangidar and round part of 
 body decorated. 
 
 72. Point dull. Condition fair. Length, 
 0.168 m. Rounds at 0.117 m. from head. Traces 
 of zigzag on upper part on all four sides ; round 
 part engraved to represent broadly threaded 
 surface ; the threads break irregularly. 
 
 ^ With this form compare an Italic type with round 
 shaft ornamented with two rings near head; Montelius, 
 Civ. Prim. It. pi. 42, 7 (col. 229), from Moncucco near 
 Como. For heads, cf. Schmidt, op. cit. Nos. 6321 ff., and 
 note 1 above. 
 
208 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 209 
 
 i. I 
 
 73-86. Fragments resembling No. 72.^ 
 Form 3. Head with ornamental con- 
 tinuation ABOVE KNOB. EXAMPLES UN- 
 CERTAIN. 
 
 87. Entl broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.104 ni. 
 Rounds abruptly at 0.03 m. from neck. Zigzag 
 on rectangular part. At transition to round 
 part, three fine lines. Collar at neck. From 
 head rises short iwint like end of wire ; if due 
 to corrosion, probably not a pin. 
 
 88. Broken and oxidized. Length, circ. 
 0.023 m. Rectangular bwly with collar. Un- 
 certain whether ornamented. Above head, ta- 
 pering blunt stub, as in No. 87. 
 
 89. Broken near head. Oxidized. Length, 
 circ. 0.038 m. Body round, with collar. Not 
 decorated. Head oblong spheroid. Small stub 
 of uncertain character above. 
 
 Form 4. Knob reduced to thick disk, 
 with collar above and below. 
 
 90. End broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0545 m. 
 Above and below head, collar. Above upper col- 
 lar, short rounded stub. 
 
 91. Similar to No. 90. Length, 0.147 m. 
 Form 5. Head truncated cone. Body 
 
 CORRUGATED IN UPPER PART. HeAD 
 CONICAL. 
 
 92. End gone. Much corro<led. Length, 
 0.0455 m. Top of head uneven. Sides con- 
 cave. Body has four corrugations of different 
 sizes in upper part. 
 
 93. Uncleaned. Length, 0.076 m. Head a 
 low cone. Beneath head, two corrugations. 
 
 Form 6. Wide, flat head. 
 
 94. From south sloi)e. Somewhat oxidized. 
 Length, 0.09 m. Head slightly concave. On 
 inside line of engraving from bottom up- 
 ward. 
 
 Type b. Flat head, corrugated or beaded 
 body. Head small and rather thick. Usu- 
 ally appreciably larger than body. Some- 
 times not. Some possibly headless.- 
 
 FORM 1. Two BEADS. 
 
 95. Head probably gone. Otherwise condi- 
 tion fair. Length, 0.1095 m. Below beads, 
 rectangular block surmounted by low collar. 
 Point sharp. Filed : color medium. 
 
 1 No. 73 from upper terrace toward tents; Nos. 75 and 
 86 from south slope. 
 
 •^ Cf. headless ivory pins from Mycenae (outside of 
 tumbs), with corrugations, No. 256o, and from Tiryns, 
 No. 1&46; also from Troy, No. 4413. Those under No. 
 
 Form 2. Three beads. 
 
 Clatts a. IleadltsH, ht/ accident or design. 
 
 96. Point gone. Con-otled. Length, 0.527 m. 
 Filed : color medium.^ 
 
 97. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.10. Commencement of botly rectangular. 
 Point sharp. Filed ; color medium. 
 
 98. End gone. Much corrotled. Length, 
 0.0475 m. Top uneven. Sharply defined rec- 
 tangular block with heavy collar. Filed : color 
 slightly reddish. 
 
 CIa»8 p. With heads. 
 
 99. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.114 m. 
 Botly round from start. Color light. Head has 
 form of half corrugation. 
 
 100. End gone. Conwled. Length, 0.047 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0069 m. Color medium, 
 with trace of red. 
 
 Form 3. Four beads. 
 Class a. Without heads. 
 
 101. End gone, length, 0.058 m. Clearly 
 marked rectangular block. 
 
 102. End gone. Somewhat corro«led. I^ength, 
 0.045 m. Upper bead complete. Sharply definetl 
 rectangular block with collar. 
 
 Class fi. With heads. 
 
 103. Head mostly destroyed. Length, 0.113 ra. 
 First corrugation slight, with long neck al>ove. 
 Clearly marked rectangular block with collar. 
 
 104. Much corroded. Length, 0.0265 m. 
 10& End gone. Oxidize<l. Length, 0.0805 ra. 
 
 Diameter of head, 0.008 m. Beads uneven in 
 size. 
 
 106. Oxidized. Length, 0.064 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.007 m. Color medium. 
 
 107. From south sIojm?. End gone. Some- 
 what oxidized. Length, 0.076 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.0085 m. 
 
 108. Corrotletl. Broken. Length, 0.048 ra. 
 Diameter of head, 0.008 ra. 
 
 109. From south slope. Broken. Length, 
 0.036 m. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m. 
 
 110. From cutting east of U]>i>er Temple to- 
 ward tents. Broken. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0085 m. 
 
 111. Broken. Length, 0.0415 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0085 m. Etlge of head grooved. 
 
 1060 (outside of tombs) have three to six corrugations. 
 All in National Mus. at Athens. 
 
 • Cf. somewhat similar pin, Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. 
 col. 177, pi. 32, fig. 5. The Italian specimen has no 
 block, but appears to have slight ornamentation of shaft ; 
 Bronze Age. 
 
 112. From south slope. Broken. Much cor- 
 roded. Length, 0.045 m. Head small. 
 
 Form 4. Five beads. 
 
 Class a. Headless, probably htj accident. 
 
 113. From south slope. Broken. Oxidized. 
 Length, 0.074 m. 
 
 114. Broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0245 ni. 
 Transition to shaft rectangular. 
 
 115. Broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0565 m. 
 Transition as in No. 114. 
 
 Class p. With heads. 
 
 116. From south slope. Corroded. Length, gular block. 
 
 152. Point gone. Corroded. Length, 0.147 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Above rectangular 
 block, grooved collar. On one side of block, en- 
 graved cross. Head grooved. 
 
 Form 6. Seven beads. 
 Solid body.^ 
 
 163-156. Fragments. No. 153 from West 
 Building. Diameter of heads, 0.003-0.01 m. 
 
 157. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.09 m. 
 Head grooved. Diameter, 0.0085 m. 
 
 15a End gone. Length, 0.082 m. Rectan- 
 
 0.068 m. Long neck. Body rectangular at 
 beginning. 
 
 117. Corroded. Length, 0.08 m. Upper part 
 of botly rectangular. 
 
 118-120. Fragments of similar pins. No. 120 
 from south slope. 
 
 121. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.006 m. 
 
 122-132. Similar. Nos. 123, 125 from south 
 slope. Lengths, 0.0487-0.117 m. Diameter of 
 hea<ls, 0.0065-0.0095 m. 
 
 159. F'rom south slope. End gone. Corroded. 
 Length, 0.0602 m. Head grooved. Diameter, 
 0.009 m. 
 
 Separable body. Head, beads and rec- 
 tangular block beneath. Round part 
 inserted into hole in bottom of block. 
 
 160. Fragment. Pin gone. Length, 0.03 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.01 ; grooved. 
 
 161. Fi-agraent. Pin gone. Length, 0.0275 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.007. Collar above block. 
 
 162. Pin gone. Corrotled. Length, 0.03 m. 
 
 133. Fragment. Beneath lowest bead, three Diameter of head, 0.0125. Rectangular block 
 narrow rings. with diagonal cross engraved on each side. 
 
 134. Fragment. At transition to body, block. Above and below block, heavy collar. 
 
 above which narrow groovetl collar. 
 
 135. From West Building. Fragment. Head 
 gr(X)ved. Block with grooved collar, as in No. 
 134. 
 
 136. Fragment. From south slo])e. Length, 
 0.04 m. Doubtful whether collar shoultl be 
 classed as one or two separate beads. 
 
 Form 5. Six beads. 
 
 Class a. Headless, by accident. 
 137-139. Fragments. Rectangular block at 
 transition to botly, surmounted in Nos. 138, 139 
 by heavy collar. 
 
 Class fi. With heads. 
 
 140. Point injured. Length, 0.094 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.005 ni. 
 
 141. Length, 0.1035 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.006 m. 
 
 142-149. Fragments. Nos. 142, 149 from 
 south slope. Diameter of heads, 0.007-0.01 m. 
 
 150. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.07 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.008 m. 
 
 151. Broken. Oxidizetl. Length, 0.044 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Beneath corruga- 
 tion, rectangular block, on which five engraved 
 lines, and sixth separating block from round part 
 of IxKly. 
 
 Form 7. Eight beads. 
 
 Class a. Headless, by accident and design. 
 Solid botly. 
 
 163. From West Building. End gone. Oxi- 
 dized. Length, 0.076 m. Rectangular block 
 with diagonal cross on each side. 
 
 Separable btxly. 
 
 164. From West Building. Pin mainly gone. 
 I.<ength, 0.054 m. Cross on top. Rectangular 
 block. Each side ornamented with three circles, 
 having dot in centre. Pin of iron. 
 
 Class /8. With heads. 
 Solid body. 
 166. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0095 m. 
 
 166. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.092 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0075 m. On top, cross from 
 side to side. 
 
 167. Fragment. Oxidized. Length, 0.057 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.009 m. Beginning of bt)dy 
 rectangular. Head grooved. Top ornamented 
 with dots in circles, probably five, though only 
 four show. 
 
 Separable bt)dy. 
 
 168. From back of South Building. Pin 
 gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.034 m. Diam- 
 
 > Cf. pin from Mycenae (outside of shaft-graves) in Athens Mus., No. 4546. 
 
210 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 211 
 
 ■ I 
 
 eter of head, 0.01 m. Rectangular block with 
 rouiul hole. Above block, grooved collar. 
 
 169. From West Building. Similar to No. 
 16a Length, 0.034 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.012 ni. Head grooved. Cross on head. Rec- 
 tangular block, above which grooved collar. 
 
 Form 8. Nine beads. 
 
 170. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.118 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.011 m. 
 
 171. Fragment. Length, 0.047 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0085 m. Head seems to have 
 had ornament like No. 167. 
 
 172. Pin broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.065 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.007 m. Beginning of pin 
 rectangular. Sides with engraved lines. On 
 top of bead, two dotted circles. 
 
 Form 9. Ten beads. 
 
 Class a. Headless, by accident. 
 Separable body. 
 
 173. Fragment. Length, 0.0445 m. Rec- 
 tangular block with double collar. In bottom 
 
 Form 13. Seventeen beads. 
 
 181. Fragment. Length, 0.055 m. 
 Form 14. Twenty beads. 
 
 182. Fragment. Length, 0.0605 m. Slit 
 block surmounted by low collar. 
 
 Form 15. Twenty-two beads. 
 
 183. Fragment. Pin gone. Corroded. Length, 
 0.083 m. Rectangular block with double grooved 
 collar. In bottom hole, 0.0032 m. in diameter. 
 On sides, cross. On three sides, dot in circle 
 between upper limbs of cross. Traces of dot in 
 circle between lower limbs of cross on one side. 
 
 Form 16. Twenty-six beads. 
 
 Head double. Upper part as usual. 
 Lower part a large truncated cone. 
 184.^ Eight beads. Head similar to that of 
 No. 184 a. Rectangular block with double 
 collar. Inserted iron pin. 
 Plate LXXIX. 
 
 184 a. From West Building. Corro<led. 
 Length, 0.127 m. Head consists of truncated 
 
 hole, 0.002 m. in diameter. Pin probably of cone, with round lower e<lges, surmounted by low 
 iron. Traces of engraving on block. inverted truncated cone. Top has ten-barred 
 
 cross. Block slit entire length, with rivet holes 
 in lower part. Pin of iron, as remaining portion 
 shows. Cross carved on two sides of block. 
 
 Addenda. The following probably accident- 
 ally headless pins could not be arranged under 
 the above forms, because of danger of fallacious 
 conclusions respecting introduction of ornament. 
 Solid botly. 
 185u Fragment. Length, 0.105 m. Rectan- 
 gular block, on all four sides of which cross. 
 
 186. Fragment. Length, 0.0475 m. Rectan- 
 gular block with heavy grooved collar. All 
 four sides have cross. 
 
 Class /8. Witfi heads. 
 Separable body. 
 
 174. Pin gone. Corroded. Length, 0.062 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. Large cross on 
 top of head. Pin was riveted into slit in block. 
 In slit traces of iron pin remain. On two sides 
 of block, cross. 
 
 Form 10. Eleven beads. 
 Solid body. 
 
 175. Pin gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.077 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Rectangvdar block 
 with collar, sharply distinguished from pin. In 
 centre of head, dot in circle. On each side 
 of block, three dots in circles, one alx>ve the 
 other. 
 
 Separable body. 
 
 176. Fragment. From West Building. 
 Length, 0.0575 m. 
 
 177. Pin gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.06 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Slit block with 
 riveted pin. In slit traces of bronze pin. 
 
 Form 11. Fourteen beads. 
 
 178. From West Building. Pin broken at 
 block. Length, 0.067 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0105 m. On each side of block, dot in 
 circle. 
 
 179. Fragment. Length, 0.034 ra. 
 Form 12. Fifteen beads. 
 
 180. Fragment. Length, 0.0385 m. 
 
 187. Fragment. Length, 0.051 ni. Short 
 rectangular block with deep cross on each side. 
 
 188, 189. Fragments. No. 189 has on sides 
 of block dots inclosed in double circles. 
 
 190. Oxidized. Length, 0.19 m. Rectangu- 
 lar block with double groove<l collar. On sides 
 of block, cross in circle. On pin next to block, 
 six grooves. 
 
 Separable bodies. 
 
 191. Fragment. From south slope. Grooved 
 block. Dots in circle. 
 
 192. 193. Fragments. Grooved blocks with 
 traces of engraving. 
 
 194. From first chamber at east end of Lower 
 Terrace, 1893. Slit block with remains of iron 
 pin. 
 
 * Inserted here inconsistently because of siniilaritv to No. 184 a. 
 
 Uncertain object. 
 196. Pin or end of spit. Uncertain whether 
 complete. 
 
 Thirty-three fragments discarded. 
 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 195 a. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.0375 m. 
 
 T]rpe c. Pins with large, flat, thin head and 
 corrugated or beaded upper part of body. 
 Form 1. Solid 8tem and pin. Head some- 
 times attached to ste.m. 
 Class a. Two corrugations. 
 
 196. Fragment. Length, 0.074 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0125 m. 
 
 Plate LXXIX. 
 
 197. From West Building. Point gone. Head 
 damaged. Length, 0.052 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.018 m. Beginning of body rectangular. 
 
 19a Length, 0.116 m. Diameter of heatl, 
 0.013 m. Corrugations .slight. Underneath, 
 about seven fine grooves very close together. 
 Class p. Three corriKjntions. 
 
 199. Head about two thirds gone. Length, 
 0.12 m. 
 
 Class y. Four corrugations. 
 
 200. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.053 m. Diameter of head, 0.014 m. 
 
 201. Fragment. Length, 0.083 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0095 m. 
 
 202. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 in. Diam- 
 eter of hea<l, 0.0085 m. 
 
 203. Fragment From south slope. Length, 
 0.05 m. 
 
 204. Fragment. Length, 0.0565 m. 
 
 205. Fragment. From above east end of Stoa, 
 under Cycloi)ean wall, 1893. Length, circ. 
 0.09 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Block- 
 like beginning of body. 
 
 206. Fragment. Length, 0.087 m. Body 
 begins as in No. 205. 
 
 207. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.027 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Short 
 rough block. 
 
 208. Fragment. Length, 0.0725 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.013 m. Short i-ectangular block. 
 
 209. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.065 m. Diameter of heatl, 0.015 m. Rectan- 
 gidar block. 
 
 210. Fragment. I.«ength, 0.046 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.014 m. Rectongidar block. 
 
 211. Fragment. From south slope. T.«ength, 
 0.104 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Rectangu- 
 lar block. 
 
 212-215. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.009-0.0115 m. Rectangular blocks. 
 
 216. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Rectan- 
 gular block. 
 
 217. Fragment. From West Building. 
 Length, 0.054 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 in. 
 Rectangular block. 
 
 218-220. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.012, 0.013 m. Rectangular blocks. 
 
 221. Fragment. Length, 0.021 m. Rectan- 
 gular block. 
 
 222. Fragment. From south slojje. Length, 
 0.018 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Slight 
 rectangular block. 
 
 223. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.01 m. 
 Rectangular block. 
 
 224. 226. Fragments. From south slope. 
 Diameter of heads, 0.015, 0.012 m. Rectangu- 
 lar blocks, that of No. 225 with collar. 
 
 226. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. 
 Rectangular block with heavy collar. 
 
 227. Fragment. From back of South Build- 
 ing. Length, 0.128 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. 
 Rectangular block with collar. In centre of top 
 of head slight depression, corresponding to i)lace 
 of attachment. Fii-st case in this type where 
 this is plain. 
 
 228. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.0135 
 m. Rectangular block with overhanging col- 
 lar. 
 
 229. Fi-agment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.108 m. Diameter of head, 0.009 m. i-'harply 
 cut corrugations on slender stem. Short rec- 
 tangular block with collar marked off by 
 groove. 
 
 230. 231. Fragments, From south slope. 
 Diameter of heads, 0.01, 0.011 m. Blocks as in 
 No. 229. 
 
 232. Fragment. From West Building. Block 
 as in No. 229. 
 
 233. Fragment. From south slope. Block 
 as in Nos. 229 and 228. 
 
 234. 235. Fragments.- Diameter of head, 
 0.009, 0.0115 m. Blocks with collar as in Nos. 
 229, 233, respectively. 
 
 Class S. Five corrugations. 
 
 236. Point gone. Length, 0.0785 m. Diam- 
 eter of heml, 0.0125 m. Elementary rectangular 
 block. 
 
 237-240. Injured and fragmentary. No. 
 239 from West Building. Diameter of heads, 
 0.01-0.013 m. Rectangular blocks. 
 
^ 
 
 212 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 24L From south slope. Length, 0.122 in. 
 Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Short rectangular 
 block. 
 
 242-244. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.012-0.013 m. Rectangular blocks. 
 
 245. Fragment. From south slope. Short 
 heavy rectangular block. 
 
 246. Fragment. From back of South Build- 
 ing, Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Short i-ectan- 
 gular block. 
 
 247-250. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.011-0.012 m. Rectangular blocks, which in 
 Nos. 249, 250 have overhanging collar. 
 
 251. Fragment. From south sloj^e. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0135 ra. Rectangular block. 
 
 252. Fragment. Rectangular block with 
 small collar. 
 
 253. Fragment. From south slope. Diameter 
 of head, 0.012 m. Block as in No. 252. 
 
 254. Length, 0.118 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.012 m. Rectangular block with small col- 
 lar. 
 
 255. Fragment. From back of South Build- 
 ing. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Rectangidar 
 block with projecting collar. 
 
 256. Point and part of head gone. Length, 
 0.063 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Block 
 with projecting collar. 
 
 257. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.012 ni. 
 Block as in No. 256. 
 
 258. 259. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.013, 0.011 m. Blocks as in No. 256. 
 
 260. Fragment. From back of South Build- 
 ing. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Block tapers 
 toward top. Heavy projecting collar. 
 
 261. Fragment. Block similar to that of No. 
 260. 
 
 262. Fragment. From south slope. Length, 
 0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Block 
 as in No. 255. Cross on all four sides. Proba- 
 bly also on head. 
 
 263. 264. Fragments. Diameters of heads, 
 0.015, 0.01 m. Blocks as in No. 255. 
 
 265. Fragment. From back of South Build- 
 ing. Diameter of head, 0,012 m. Grooved 
 collar on block. 
 
 266. Fragment. Rectangular block, with 
 collar separated by groove. 
 
 267. Fragment. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 
 0.0715 m. Diameter of head, 0.01 m. Rectan- 
 gular block with projecting grooved collar. 
 
 268. Fragment. From south slope. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0105, Block as in No. 267. 
 
 269. Fragment. From West Building. 
 Length, 0.0515 m. Rectangidar block with 
 grooved collar. 
 
 l>ucarded : one. 
 
 Class e. Six corrugations. 
 
 270. Head and ]H)int broken. Length, 0.088 
 Diameter of head, 0.02 m. Three lower 
 
 m 
 
 corrugations small and separated by shallow 
 
 rmgs. 
 
 271, 272. Fragments. 272 from south slope. 
 Diameter of heads, 0,0075, 0,0115 m, 
 
 273. Point bluntetl. Length, 0,1215 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0,01 m. 
 
 274. I^ength, 0.145 ra. Diameter of head 
 (nicked), 0.0125 m. Rectangular block. Cor- 
 rugations not strung. 
 
 275. Condition |HX)r. Point gone. Length, 
 0.0615 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Rec- 
 tangular block. Corrugations sharply defined. 
 
 276-278. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0.0105-0,012 m. Blocks. 
 
 279. Point gone. Length, 0.084 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.012 m. Rectangular block with 
 raised collar. 
 
 280. From back of South Building, Frag- 
 ment. Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Rectangular 
 block separated from pin by groove. Raised 
 collar. 
 
 281-285. Fragments. Diameter of heads, 
 0,009-0,014 m. Rectangular blocks tapering 
 towartl raised collar. 
 
 286. Fragment from south slope. Diameter 
 of head, 0.011 m. Block as in Nos, 281 ff, 
 
 287. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0,017 
 m. Long rectangular block with raised grooved 
 collar. 
 
 288. Fragment from back of South Building. 
 Diameter of head, 0,01 m. Short rectangular 
 block with grooved raised collar. 
 
 Class C Seren corrxtgations. 
 
 289. Point and most of head gone. Length, 
 0.09 m. Rectangidar block with collar. Traces 
 of cross on sides of block. 
 
 Class f). Eight corrugations. 
 
 290. Point gone. Length, 0.0915 ra. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.011 m. Corrugations elongated 
 with shallow grooves between. 
 
 291. Length, 0.127 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.012 m. Rectangular block, separated from ])in 
 by slight groove with raised grooved collar. 
 Possibly traces of cross on sides. 
 
 Of this form nine fragments were discarded, including 
 one from south slope. 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 213 
 
 Form 2. Separable pin. Pin inserted in 
 rectangular block, beneath corruga- 
 tions, head attached like rivet.* 
 
 Inserted pins are later than introduction of 
 rectangular block. No ])in-shafts preserved. 
 Class a. Fice corrugations. 
 
 292. Head broken. Length, 0.027 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.014 m. Rectangular block 
 broken at lower end. Has slit instead of hole. 
 
 293. Length, 0,027 ra. Diameter of head, 
 0.018 m. Stem shows plainly on top. Block, 
 
 294. Fragment from West Building. Slight 
 remains of iron pin. Block. 
 
 295. Fragment. Length, 0.0263 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0215 m. Rectangular block with 
 small raised grooved collar. In bottom, hole, 
 0.003 m, across. 
 
 296. From south .slope. Head mostly gone, 
 length, 0.03 m. Stem shows above head. 
 Rectangular block with raised grooved collar. 
 Traces of iron pin. 
 
 Class /3. Six corrugations. 
 
 297. Fragment. From south slo})e. Length, 
 0,03 m. Rectangular block with slight groove 
 near top. Pin probably of iron. 
 
 296. From south 8loi)e. Length, 0,031 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0,019 m. Slight trace of stem 
 on top. Rectangular block with slightly grooved 
 collar. Pin of iron. 
 
 299. From south slope. Length, 0,029 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Top of head has 
 row of dots inclosed by circles close to edge. 
 
 300. Condition poor. Length, 0,032 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0195 m. Trace of stem on 
 to]). Dots in ciix;les same as in No. 299. Pin 
 probably of iron. 
 
 30L Length, 0.029 m. Diameter of head, 
 0,022 m. No trace of stem. Pin of iron. Dots 
 in circles as above, and one where stem should 
 api)ear. 
 
 Class y. Seven corrugations. 
 
 302. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.0365 in. Diameter of head, 0.017 m. No trace 
 of stem oil top. Pin probably of iron. Dots 
 in circles on head round edge. 
 
 303. From south slope. Length, 0.036 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Rectangular block 
 with slight grooved collar. Pin probably of 
 iron. 
 
 304. Length, 0.031 m. Diameter of head, 
 
 • With this form ef. pin-head from Lusi, Jahreshefle, 
 IV. p. 55, fig. 97 (Reichel and Wilhelm). 
 
 ' Cf. bronze pin of tack-form with large flat head and 
 
 0,016 m. Dots in circles on head. Rectangular 
 block with raised grooved collar. Pin of iron. 
 
 305. Fragment. Length, 0.035 m. Rectan- 
 gular block with heavy collar. Pin probably of 
 iron. 
 
 Class 8. Eight corrugations. 
 
 306. Fragment, Length, 0,041 m. Rectan- 
 gular block with raised collar. Iron pin. 
 Bronze when filed showed reddish. 
 
 307. Fragment. Two rows of dots in circles 
 on head. 
 
 Class c. Nine corrugations. 
 
 308. Head mostly gone. Length, 0,042 m. 
 Dots in circles on head. Pin probably of iron. 
 Fine groove on block. 
 
 309. Length, 0.0465 m. Diameter head, 
 0.0215 m. No trace of stem on top. Rectan- 
 gular block with raised collar. Pin probably 
 of iron. 
 
 Class t,. Eleven comtgations. 
 
 310. From south slope. Length, 0,039 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0,0125 m. Rectangular block 
 with slightly raised grooved collar. Pin prob- 
 ably of iron. 
 
 311. Head mostly gone. Length, 0,054 m. 
 Dots in circles on head. Slight rise at centre 
 of head above stem. Rectangular block with 
 grooved collar, probably ornamented on all sides 
 with dots in circles. 
 
 Class 7]. Fourteen corrugations. 
 
 312. Poor condition. Length, 0.0435 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0135 m. No certain trace of 
 stem on top. Rectangular block ornamented on 
 all sides with cross ; raised grooved collar. Pin 
 probably iron. 
 
 Class 6. Sixteen corrugations. 
 
 313. Condition poor. Length, 0,04 m. No 
 certain trace of stem on top of head. Dots in 
 circles on edge of head. Rectangular block with 
 raised grooved collar. Pin of iron. Bronze 
 when filed showed medium color. 
 
 Of this form four fragments were discarded. 
 
 Form 3. Body solid, with alternate 
 
 BROAD AND NARROW SWELLINGS. HeAD 
 ATTACHED. 
 
 314. Fragment. Length, 0,028 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. Stem shows in centre of 
 head.^ 
 
 Addenda. The following (Nos. 315-317) are 
 of too uncertain character to treat as a separate 
 
 small corrugated body from Menidhi, Athens Mas., No. 
 1928. 
 
 fl 
 
 1 
 
214 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 type, inasmuch as the length being unknown, 
 they may be rivets. Not corrugated.* 
 
 315. End gone. Diameter of head, 0.011 m. 
 Stem shows on top of head. 
 
 316. End gone. Diameter of head, 0.014 m. 
 Stem projects thi-ough head. Body rectangular. 
 
 317. Similar to No. 316. Diameter of head, 
 0.02 m. 
 
 Type d. Pins usually with conical head 
 and solid body, of which upper part is 
 ornamented with threading and bead- 
 like corrugations, or -with a disk substi- 
 tuted for a corrugation. 
 Form 1. Threading and corrugations. 
 Class a. One corrugation. 
 
 318. End gone. 
 
 Length, 0.074 m. Thread- 
 
 ing faint. 
 
 319. Length, 0.117 m. Screw threading. 
 
 320. Head partly gone. Length, 0.152 m. 
 Traces of threading between head and corruga- 
 tion. 
 
 Class fi. Two corrugations. 
 32L From south slope. Broken. Length, 
 0.096 m. Coarse screw-threading between head 
 and first corrugation. Rectangular beginning 
 of pin. 
 
 322. End gone. Length, 0.102 m. Screw- 
 threading between head and corrugation. Be- 
 ginning of pin rectangular. 
 
 323. Head and point gone. Length, 0.128 m. 
 Plain, coai-se threading between top and first 
 corrugation. Rectangular beginning of pin. 
 
 324. Head gone. Length, 0.12 m. Rather 
 fine screw-threading above first corrugation. 
 Reetangidar beginning of pin. 
 
 325. From West Building. Point broken. 
 Length, 0.073 m. Threading above first corru- 
 gation. Beginning of body rectangular. 
 
 326. From "West Building. End broken. 
 Length, 0.1105 m. Above upper corrugation, 
 fine threading. 
 
 327. Point broken. Length, 0.108 m. Screw- 
 threading between head and first corrugation. 
 
 328. Point broken. Length, 0.155 m. Coarse 
 screw-threading between head and first corruga- 
 tion. 
 
 329. Point broken. Length, 0.084 m. Fine 
 threading between head and first corrugation. 
 
 330. Point broken. Length, 0.198 m. Top 
 of head rounded. Irregular screw-threading be- 
 tween head and lower corrugation. 
 
 1 Cf. flat-headed bronze tacks from Mycenae (outside 
 tombs), .Athens Mus., No. 32G1. 
 
 331. Broken. Length, 0.097 m. Medium ir- 
 regular screw-threading from head to lower cor- 
 rugation. 
 
 332 Length, 0.208 m. Medium screw-thread- 
 ing beneath head and between corrugations. 
 Above upper and beneath lower corrugations, 
 grooves, forming in each case a small corrugation. 
 
 333. Point broken. Length, 0.1 8G5 m. 
 Threading fine from head to lower corrugation. 
 Secondai'y corrugations as in No. 332. Begin- 
 ning of pin rectangular. 
 
 Under side of upper corrugation flat. 
 
 334. I^ength, 0.12 m. Head to first corruga- 
 tion, 0.0155 m. Medium coarse screw-threading 
 between head and first corrugation. Second cor- 
 rugation smaller than first. Above it small cor- 
 rugation, as in No. 332. 
 
 335. Both ends broken. Length, 0.104 m. 
 Above first corrugation, coarse plain threading. 
 Second corrugation smaller than first. Begin- 
 ning of pin rectangular. 
 
 Class y. More than tico corrugations. 
 Group i. Under side of main corrugation 
 flat. 
 
 336. Fragment. Length, 0.072 m. Between 
 corrugations, rather fine threading. Beginning 
 of body rectangular. 
 
 Group ii. More elaborate. 
 
 337. Both ends gone. Length, 0.187 m. 
 From top to second corrugation (reckoning from 
 the top), probably coarse threading. Second 
 and third and third and fourth seem divided by 
 two grooves. lielow fourth ring, i)erhaps origi- 
 nally disk. Between ring and fifth corrugation, a 
 very low corrugation, which probably has groove 
 in middle. Above and below, coarse threading. 
 Ifelow fifth corrugation, clearly marked rectangu- 
 lar block, ta|)ering to pin.' 
 
 Form 2. Threading and corrugation; 
 
 WITH disk substituted FOR CORRUGATION, 
 USUALLY UPPER ONE. 
 
 Class a. Disk and one corrugation. 
 
 338. IV)th ends gone. Length, 0.116 m. Un- 
 certain whether upper part threaded. Disk larger 
 than corrugation. Beginning of pin rectangular. 
 
 330. Fragment. Top and most of body gone. 
 Above disk, four small corrugations. Lower one 
 grooved. Beginning of pin rectangular. 
 
 340. Both ends gone. Length, 0.10 m. 
 Grooved above disk, forming four small corru- 
 gations. 
 
 - Of this form, seven were discarded, of which six were 
 uf two corrugations and ouu uncertain. 
 
 'i 
 
 M 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 215 
 
 343- Top and most of body gone. Length, 
 0.045 m. Above disk, irregular screw and plain 
 threading. Below disk, a narrow, then a longer 
 lower corrugation, followed by two rings. Be- 
 ginning of pin rectangular. 
 
 The following liave two or more plain raised 
 surfaces above disk, which in some cases a}>- 
 proach character of subordinate corrugations. 
 
 3tt. End gone. Length, 0.07 m. Between 
 head and disk, two low corrugations separated by 
 threading, which continues to head. Below disk, 
 plain space, then low corrugation, then ring. 
 Prominent rectangular beginning of pin. 
 
 343. Fragment. Length, 0.062 m. Above 
 disk, stem tapers, and is ornamented with convex 
 plain surfaces and four groups of three rings. 
 Between disk and corrugation, similar surface 
 with rings. 
 
 344. End gone. Length, 0.089 m. Raised 
 surface close to collar of disk. Space above di- 
 vided into three parts, sepai-ated by two raised 
 surfaces. Fine threatling. Ring above corruga- 
 tion. Beginning of body rectangular. 
 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 345. Ends gone. Length, 0.13 m. Above 
 disk, stem tapers in four rai.seil surfaces, divided 
 by rings. Below disk, plain convex surface be- 
 tween group of three rings. Rectangular begin- 
 ning of pin, with groove at top. 
 
 Class p. Disk and two corrugations beneath. 
 Plate LXXIX. 
 
 346. End gone. Length, 0.096 m. Head 
 has rounded top. Upper part probably had plain 
 surfaces and rings. 
 
 347. Head and most of body gone. Length, 
 0.042 m. Beneath corrugation, rectangular piece. 
 Above disk, screw-threading. Rings between 
 disk and first corrugation, and between corruga- 
 tions. 
 
 348. Perhaps belongs to Class y. Most of 
 boily gone. Length, 0.074 m. Between head 
 and disk, coarse screw-threading. Between cor- 
 rugations, single low ring.^ 
 
 Class y. Disk and more than two corruga- 
 tions^ of which the one beneath disk is 
 slightly larger. 
 
 349. End gone. I.«ngth,circ. 0.155 m. Head 
 
 > Cf. the fragment, Olympia, No. 11^4 (upside down), 
 said by Furtw&ngler to be completely preserved. 
 
 • Type found at Tiryns (No. 1387), and at Heraeum 
 tomb (No. 3325); Athens Museum. Possible also that 
 Olymp'm, No. 431 b, belongs here (though not stated that 
 head has hole for sliaft), rather than to pendants, as 
 Furtwftngler takes it. With this type may be compared, 
 
 to disk threaded downwanl from right to left. 
 Beneath corrugations, small ring, then rectangu- 
 lar block, beneath which round body of pin. 
 Space between disk and lowest corrugation plain. 
 
 Of this form two were discarded. 
 
 Addenda. The following two may be of either 
 form. 
 
 350. Fragment. Length, 0.047 m. Head and 
 fourteen corrugations. Bottom filed. Solid. 
 Color medium. 
 
 351. From West Building. Lower end 
 broken. Length, 0.054 m. Entire length from 
 head to last corrugation with fine threading. 
 
 Six unclassified discards. 
 
 T3rpe e. Pins ixrith body similar to preced- 
 ing (Tjrpe d, Form 1), and oblong rivet- 
 shaped head, usually with conical top. 
 Pin inserted into middle of rivet bar. 
 Ends of heads attached, except perhaps 
 in No. 352."^ 
 
 Class a. All or part of body preserved.^ 
 Grou]) i. Body has threading and one corru- 
 gation. 
 
 Plate LXXX. 
 
 352. Head damaged. Length, 0.0988 m. 
 Length of head, 0.013 m. Pin top shows on 
 upper side of head, which has four grooves on 
 each side. Next head, two small threads. Then 
 convex surface, beneath which screw-thread to 
 corrugation. Beneath corrugation, beginning of 
 body rectangular. Here two threads. 
 
 353. Possibly belongs under ii. Broken at 
 base of corrugation. Length, 0.019 m. Length 
 of head, 0.0205 m. Top of pin shows. Ends of 
 head convex and rounded. Shaft finely threaded 
 to ends on both sides, llesul to corrugation also. 
 
 Group ii. Botly has threading and two corru- 
 gations. 
 
 354. Ends of head and of pin gone. Length, 
 0.059 m. Length of head, 0.028 m. Coarse 
 screw-threading on both sides of head. From 
 head to lower corrugation rather fine irregular 
 screw-threading. Beginning of pin-shaft rec- 
 tangular. 
 
 355. From northeast part of excavation, near 
 Cyclopean wall, 1893. End of pin and head 
 gone. Length, 0.075 ni. Length of head, 
 
 in general, a silver pin with eyelet above bar, but other- 
 wise similar in shape to simpler Greek forms, from 
 Remedello, prov. of Brescia. (Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. 
 p. 196, fig. 13, pi. 36.) Italian specimen one piece. 
 
 ' Though degree of preservation is not a proper basis 
 for classification, it is adopted here because corresponding 
 in the main to the material employed, i. e. bronze or iron. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 t 'J 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
t 
 
 216 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 0.0215 m. Pin shows on top of stem of head. 
 Threading of head similar to that of No. 354. 
 Finer between corrugations. Beginning of pin 
 rectangular. 
 
 356. Broken at base of second corrugation. 
 Head ends injured. Length, 0.037 m. Length 
 of head, 0.0275 ra. Stem shows on top. Ends 
 of head hollow, thin, and originally quite large. 
 Space circ. 0.005 m. each side of centre has 
 screw-threading from right to left. Between 
 head and second corrugation, slightly finer 
 threading from right to left. 
 
 Class p. Head only preserved. 
 Group i. Stem threaded; with break in 
 threading at centre. 
 
 357 [on Plate wrongly numl)ered 367] . 
 Len«Tth, 0.019 m. Ends rounded. Screw threaded. 
 Diameter of pinhole, 0.0015 m. Nos. 367 a, b, c, 
 fra'^ments : latter two from south slope. Form 
 series leading to conical ends in No. 358. 
 
 35a Both ends injured. Length, 0.025 m. 
 More damaged end seems to show the construc- 
 tion, the conical end of stem being covered with 
 thin conical cap. Medium fine threading. 
 
 369. From back of South Building. Ends 
 injured. Length, 0.027 m. Fragment remains 
 of pin, probably of iron. 
 
 360. From cutting above Upper Temple to- 
 ward tents. Ends injured. Length, 0.025 ra. 
 Meilium screw-threading. Fragment of probable 
 
 iron pin. 
 
 361. Condition poor. Length, 0.0265 m. 
 Medium screw-threading. 
 
 362. Ends much injured. Length, 0.027 ra. 
 Medium threading. 
 
 363. Ends injured. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 Character of threading uncertain. 
 
 364. Corro<led. Length, 0.034 m. Stem with 
 three grooves on one side and six on other. 
 Coarse screw-threading. Remains of pin, proba- 
 bly iron. 
 
 365. Corroded. Length, 0.0335 ra. Traces 
 of fine threading of uncertain character. 
 
 366. From south slope. Much corro<led. 
 Length, 0.0315 m. Threading coarse, and of 
 uncertain character. 
 
 367. From cutting alcove Upper Temple to- 
 ward tents. Much corroded. Length, 0.039 m. 
 Coarse screw-threading. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 368. From south slope. Much corroded. 
 Length, 0.036 m. Threading rather fine. 
 
 369. From northeast comer between Cyclo- 
 pean wall and Stoa, 1893. Much corroded. 
 
 Length, 0.0405 m. Ends solid, one larger than 
 the other. Slight traces of fine threading. Re- 
 mains of iron pin. 
 
 370. Ends gone. Length, 0.041 m. Medium 
 threading. 
 
 Group ii. Stem threaded. Ends ornamented 
 with grooves. 
 
 371. Fi-om northeast corner below Cycloi)eau 
 wall, 1893. Condition poor. Length, 0.026 m. 
 Line engraved on each end. Medium threading 
 from right to left. Remains of pin, ])robably iron. 
 
 372. Length, 0.0325 m. Ends solid ; diam- 
 eter, 0.021 m. Groove on each head. Fine screw- 
 threading. 
 
 373. Injured. Length, 0.038 m. Groove on 
 each end. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 374. Poor condition. Length, 0.0465 m. 
 Three grtwves on ends. At either side of pin- 
 hole, fine screw-threading. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 375. Poor condition. Length, 0.042 m. Four 
 i^rooves on one end. and three now visible on 
 other ; ])robably had four. Remains of bronze 
 pin. Medium fine threading. 
 
 376. Poor condition. Length, 0.05 m. On 
 each end six grooves. Medium fine threading of 
 uncertain character on shaft. 
 
 377. Poor condition. Length, 0.051 m. Traces 
 of grooves on end. Fine threading of uncertain 
 character on shaft. Pin probably bronze. 
 
 37a Poor condition. Length, 0.055 m. Three 
 t'rooves on ends. Medium threading of uncer- 
 tain character on shaft. Pin pi-obably iron. 
 One was discarded from each of tlie above groups. 
 Group iii. Ends round and thick at edge. 
 Bo<ly tends to rectangidar form. 
 
 379. Much corroiled. Length, 0.024 m. Di- 
 ameter of ends, 0.012 ra. Stera seems inset 
 into ends. Pin iron. This pin is between tyi)0 
 of Nos. 357 and 380, but closer to No. 357. 
 
 380. Poor condition. One head gone. Length, 
 0.029 m. Thickness of ends, 0.006 ra. Thread- 
 ing not certain. 
 
 38L From West Building. Much corroded. 
 Length, 0.032 ra. Diaraeter of ends, 0.013 ra. 
 Stem rectangidar, with rounded sides. Traces 
 of threading. 
 
 Clasit y. Misrellaneous. 
 
 382. From south slope. Length, 0.031 m. 
 Diaraeter of ends. 0.019 ra. Stera rectangular, 
 with one side broader than the other. Metal 
 dark reddish brown, probably copper. 
 
 383. Frora West Building. See No. 2217. 
 Of this Clan* y, one was discarded. 
 
 4 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 217 
 
 Type f. Pins often with separable heads. 
 Heads flat, and upper part of body com- 
 pound, consisting of one main corrugation, 
 flanked on each side, but especially be- 
 low, by narrow bands and rings, which 
 develop into one or more subordinate 
 corrugations.* 
 
 Form 1. Upper part of body elongated 
 and usually with large thin head." 
 Cluss a. No ornament, or sitn file threading 
 at sides of cor rur/ at ion. Body solid. 
 
 384. Frora south slope. One fourth head 
 and end of point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.095 
 ra. No ornament. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m. 
 
 385. Head nicked. Oxidized. Length, O.OSGm. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0075 ra. Above corruga- 
 tion, groove. 
 
 386. Slightly corrodetl and oxidized. Length, 
 0.091 ra. Diameter of head, 0.000 m. Above 
 corrugation, three sraall rings. Beginning of pin 
 below corrugation rectangular. 
 
 387. Head nicked. Corroded and oxidized. 
 Length, 0.083 ra. Diameter of head, 0.008 m. 
 Above corrugation, five sraall rings separated 
 by irregular grooves only a))parently resembling 
 screw. 
 
 388. End gone. Somewhat corroded. Oxi- 
 dized. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0065 ra. Above and below corrugation, low 
 ring or minor corrugation. 
 
 Class /8. At either side of comtgation, or 
 at least on under side, is rise to sort of 
 ring, falling off ahrnptly on outside, be- 
 ing beginning of subordinate corrugation. 
 Group i. No ornamentation at ends or 
 centre. 
 
 389. Frora south slojie. End gone. Oxidized. 
 Length, 0.034 ra. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. 
 Stem projects through head circ. 0.001 m. Di- 
 ameter of stem, 0.0019 ra. Round edge a row 
 
 ' Cf. bronze pins from Myceuae (outside shaft-graves) 
 with flat head and single ball or swelling (Athens Mus., 
 No. 2558). A more advanced type, of ivory, with two 
 balls and double rings between convex spaces, ibid. Xo. 
 2G08. Hronze pin with Hat head with small corrugation, 
 at either side of which grooved or double ring, and simple 
 jacket-effect beneath, from above the palace at Mycenae 
 (Tsountos, 'E^/i. 'Apx- 1887, col. 109, No. 19, fitK6tni xoAit^ 
 *ifr)9f'i<ra rts rk iivJtrt pa arpttfiara riav iiri rov Vlfyipov 
 ipttwlmr, pi. 13). Cf. No. 400. Simple and jacket forms 
 from Tiryns, Athens Mus., No. 158G. Tlie pins from the 
 Dictaean cave published by Hogarth, Atinual of British 
 School at Athfftf, VI. p. 112 resemble those of this type 
 chiefly in the cap. Cf. Nos. 507, 510. Pins somewhat 
 
 of inclosed dots. Beneath corrugations, sort of 
 jacket, 0.003 m. in length, rising toward lower 
 end. Corrugations, jacket, and pin probably 
 one piece. 
 
 390. From south slope. Pin mostly gone. 
 Present point not original. Length, 0.031 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Beneath corruga- 
 tions, raised grooved ring. Pin stem projects 
 through head, diameter, 0.0019 m. 
 
 391. End gone. Slightly oxidized. Length, 
 0.03 m. Diameter of head, 0.0085 ra. Diameter 
 of projecting stem, circ. 0.0008 m. Probably 
 two parts, head and stem. 
 
 392. Corroded. Length, 0.052 m. Diaraeter 
 of head, 0.007 m. Jacket consists of central 
 corrugation, and ring at either side. Probably 
 one piece with pin. Head thin, i)erhaps sep- 
 arable. 
 
 Group ii. Lower or upjier ring grooved. 
 Central knob plain. 
 
 393. Point blunted. Length, 0.077 m. Diara- 
 eter of head, 0.0115 m. Beneath knob, grooved 
 ring. Between knob and ring, pin thins to less 
 diaraeter than it has farther down. Thin head. 
 
 394. Bad condition. Length, 0.074 m. No 
 jacket. Beneath knob, high grooved ring. Head 
 thin. 
 
 395. Length, 0.0G5 ra. Diameter of head, 
 0.012 ra. Round edge, row of inclosed dots. 
 No jacket. Below knob, gi'ooved ring. Head 
 thin. Two i)arts, probably. 
 
 396. Length, 0.084 ra. Diameter of head, 
 0.009 m. Round edge row of inclosed dots. 
 Edge of head grooved. Above knob, ring ; below, 
 grooved ring. Probably two parts. 
 
 397. Poor condition. Length, 0.027 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0115 m. On top, undercut 
 knob intended to represent projecting stem. Be- 
 neath knob, grooved ring. Above corrugation, 
 upward increase in diaraeter of jacket to head. 
 
 like this type, especially elementary forms, from lakes 
 Neucbatel and Bienne, in Brit. Mus. 
 
 ^ To this form belongs a silver pin in the British Mu- 
 seum, said to have come from Argolis. Jahrb. 1897, Anz. 
 p. 196. Inscription C. I. G. P. I. No. 508. Added here 
 by kind permission of Dr. A. S. Murray. 
 
 Plate CXXXVII. Condition good. Length, 0.116 m. 
 Similar in shape to pins of Class y, Group vi., but the ring 
 development resembles rather that of Group ix. Bead 
 striated vertically as in Form 2, Class n. No. 511, or Class 0, 
 No. 512. Three rings under head, the topmost being 
 largest. Single notched ring at either side of principal 
 bead. Two rings, or rather single ring with accentuated 
 approach at either side of smaller bead. On top of head, 
 and on under side, rosettes. Cf. No. 667. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
218 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 219 
 
 y\<< 
 
 396. From south slope. Corroded. Length, 
 0.049 m. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Pro- 
 jecting stem. Head and both rings grooved. 
 Inclosed dots round edge of head. 
 
 Group iii. Central corrugation has an or- 
 nament (plain or grooved ring) at 
 either side. Otherwise similar to 
 Groups i. and ii. 
 
 399. Poor condition. Length, 0.06 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.014 m. Stem projects. Head 
 grooved. Grooved ring below corrugations. On 
 upper side of corrugations, single ring. On 
 lower side, two. Head seems one piece with 
 stem. 
 
 400. Condition poor. Length, 0.035 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0125 m. Stem projects. Low 
 double ring on both sides of corrugations. 
 Thence on upper side gradual rise to join head. 
 On lower side, rise to grooved ring. On top 
 of head, rosette. Groove on edge of head. 
 Filed ; color medium. 
 
 401. From south slope. Rad condition. 
 Length, 0.031 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m. 
 Undercut knob on top representing stem. Head 
 groovetl. Corrugation large, with grooved rings 
 at either side. Below, effect of jacket inclosing 
 stem, but probably all of one piece. 
 
 402. Bad condition. Length, 0.034 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.012 m. Two grooves in edge 
 of head. Ring on either side of corrugation. 
 Uncertain whether coiTugation and rings are 
 one piece with stem. Head possibly separate, 
 in which case projecting knob goes with it. 
 
 403. Bad condition. Length, circ. 0,083 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.008 m. Stem projects. 
 Edge of head grooved. Ring on either side of 
 corrugation. Stem on both sides of corrugation 
 smaller than beginning of pin. Beneath corru- 
 gation, double-grooved ring. Head j^erhaps sep- 
 arate. Rest of one piece. 
 
 404. Length, 0.088 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0095 m. Small knob on top of head. Edge 
 of head grooved. On either side of corrugation, 
 grooved ring, of one piece with corrugation. 
 Grooved ring beneath head. Below corrugation, 
 two rings. Lower slightly larger and grooved. 
 Head perhaps separate. Rest perhaps one 
 piece. Waist in stem above and below corru- 
 gation. 
 
 405l Broken. Length, 0.0635 m. Diameter 
 
 1 Probably not like Naue, Rev. Arch. XXVII (1895), 
 p. 58, No. 41. 
 
 2 Cf. piu from Megara Hyblaea, published by Orsi, 
 
 of head, 0.0125 m. Grooved. Knob small. 
 Groovetl ring on either side of corrugation and 
 joined to it. Beneath head, small swelling. 
 Below corrugation, two rings, upi)er larger and 
 grooved. Head perhaps separate. Rest of one 
 piece. 
 
 406. From south slope. Head broken. 
 Length, 0.0975 m. At top, a disk. Beneath, 
 grooved ring, divided by low ridge around 
 centre.^ 
 
 Class y. Central corrugation ornamented at 
 side. Under head, one or more rinf/x, 
 sometimes thick enoiif/h for a Kvhordinate 
 corrugation. Beneath main corrugation, 
 subordinate one, of varying sizcjfanked by 
 a ring, which may or may not he grooved 
 at either side. 
 
 Group i. Much elongated. Two rings 
 under head. Lower corrugation nar- 
 row, resembling more prominent ring ; 
 flanked at either side by single ring. 
 407. Condition poor. Length, 0.099 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Edge grooved. 
 Knob on top undercut. Under head, grooved 
 ring. Single ring either side of corrugation. 
 Parts are head with knob, stem, and jacket. 
 
 40a Poor condition. Length, 0.0915 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0165 m. Thin. Knob under- 
 cut. Jacket probably separable. Lower of rings 
 beneath head and ring just above corrugation 
 are ends of same piece of bronze. So also the 
 ring at under side of corrugation and that above 
 lower corrugation ring. Knob goes with head. 
 Remainder looks as though strung .separately on 
 stem, but probably one piece, except i^erhaps 
 head and knob.^ 
 
 409. Poor condition. Length, 0.104 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.015 m. No knob. Seems to 
 have same parts as No. 406, but more crowded 
 and probably all of one i)iece (i. e. all i)arts of 
 jacket). Lowest ring plain. Filing on broken 
 head showed no lines of 8ei)aration. Parts 
 probably head, jacket, stem, pin. 
 
 Group ii. Elongated jacket; like pre- 
 ceding, but more elaborate, and with 
 more rings under head or about lower 
 corrugation. 
 ttO. From south slo]>e. Pin gone. Corrotled. 
 Len<^h, 0.028 m. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. 
 Knob low and undercut. Resembles No. 40^ 
 
 Mm. Ant. Line. I. col. 816. This example is similar in 
 style, but has small attached ring at either side of main 
 corrugation and under head. 
 
 but second ring from top and rings on either side 
 of head grooved. Broad secondary corrugation 
 with raised ring in centre and grooved ring on 
 either side. Filing showed color medium. Prob- 
 ably all one piece except perhaps head and knob. 
 
 411. Broken, condition bad. Length, 0.0715, 
 m. Similar to No. 410. Pin probably one 
 piece. 
 
 412. Poor condition. Length, 0.083 m. Di- 
 ameter of heatl, 0.0127 m. Knob small and 
 undercut. Head thin. Similar to Nos. 408-411, 
 but more elaborate and finished. Jacket divided 
 into six paHs. Pin probably one piece. 
 
 413. Condition poor. Length, 0.043 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.023 m. Knob low. Similar 
 to No. 412. At top of stem, however, three 
 rings. Bead and lower connecting block one 
 piece. Probable that grooved ring at lower end 
 of upper connecting block belongs with it. Cer- 
 tainly belongs with bead. Filing showed core 
 yellow, with redder metal outside. This per- 
 haps due to oxidation. Jacket, except lowest 
 ring, probably one piece, and no separate stem 
 running through. Head thin ; knob probably 
 end of stem. Rosette on top of head. 
 
 414. Condition poor. Length, 0,067 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0,015 m. Knob undercut. Sim- 
 ilar to No. 412. Divided by slightly deeper 
 grooves into upi)er connecting block with both 
 rings, bead, lower connecting block with both 
 rings, lower corrugation, gi-ooved ring, plain 
 ring. Pin probably one piece, except perhaps 
 head and knob. 
 
 415. Condition jwor. Length, 0.055 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.018 m. Filing showed head 
 and jacket of one piece. 
 
 416. Length, 0.074 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0125 m. Undercut, low knob. Head grooved 
 on edge. Ring beneath head and at either side 
 of bead vertically notched. A slightly larger 
 similar ring forms lower corrugation. Beneath 
 this, grooved ring, then smaller notched ring. 
 Pin probably solid, except i)erhaps head and 
 knob. Parts mentioned separated by clearly 
 marked grooves. Lowest ring goes with pin. 
 
 Group iii. Central corrugation plain, with 
 ring on each side. Just under head, a 
 single ring. Corrugations plain. Rings 
 small. Lower corrugation usually nar- 
 row and with ring on each side. 
 
 417. Condition ])oor. Length, 0.038 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0185 m. Knob low ; slightly 
 
 » Cf. Olympia, No. 482, which is 
 
 undercut. Parts separated by shallow grooves. 
 Pin probably one piece, except perhaps head and 
 knob.^ 
 
 418. Condition poor. Length, 0.039 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.023 m. Small knob. Pin of 
 one piece and head as in No. 417. Possibly, but 
 improbably, from same factory as No. 417. 
 
 419. Length, circ. 0.135 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.019 m. Knob not undercut, and very 
 possibly genuine stem. Lower corrugation only 
 a heavy ring. Pin and head as No. 417, 
 
 420. Condition jwor. Length, 0.037 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0,02 m. Low, undercut knob. 
 Undercut effect perhaps due to hammering. Pin 
 and head as in No. 417. Very possibly from 
 same factory as No. 419. 
 
 421. From back of South Building. Pin 
 broken. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0205 ra. Knob small and undercut. Similar 
 to No. 420, except ring above corrugation is 
 grooved. Edge of head grooved. Pin and head 
 as No. 417. 
 
 422. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Similar 
 to No. 42L 
 
 423. Bad condition. Length, 0.024 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.019 ra. Similar to No. 421. 
 Filing showed medium light color. 
 
 424. From south slope. Condition bad. 
 Length, 0,032 m. Diameter of head, 0,023 m. 
 Similar to No, 421. 
 
 425. From south slope. Condition bad. 
 Length, 0,0375 m. Diameter of head, 0,0195 m. 
 Similar to No. 424, and possibly from same fac- 
 tory. 
 
 426. End gone. Length, 0.0485 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0205 m. Similar to No. 425. 
 
 427. Pin gone. Length, 0.041 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.018 m. Upper four rings belong 
 structurally to connecting blocks. Upper ring 
 of each pair the larger. Pin and head as before. 
 
 428. End gone. Length, 0.0415 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.019 m. Top i-ing largest. Pin 
 and head as before. 
 
 Group iv. Similar, but with larger rings, 
 especially at top. 
 
 429. Pin gone. Condition bad. Length, 
 0.025 m. Diameter of head, 0,017 m. Edge 
 of head grooved. Head probably separate and 
 knob part of stem. 
 
 430. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Knob 
 
 smaller but of same general design. 
 
 ( j 
 
 I 
 
 'i 
 
 
 am 
 
 gig^ 
 
220 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 slightly undercut. Row of dotted circles rouud 
 top of bead. Edge groovetl. Lowest two rings 
 rope-threaded. Pin and he.ad as in No. 417. 
 
 431. End gone. Length, 0.0535 ni. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.018 ni. Rim on top of head 
 slightly raised. Edge has two grooves. Pin and 
 head as in No. 417. 
 
 432. Condition poor. End gone. Length, 
 0.0415 m. Diameter of head, 0.0195 m. 
 
 433. Condition jwor. End gone. Length, 
 0.051 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. 
 
 434. Pin mostly gone. Length, 0.029 m. 
 Diameter of heatl, 0.015 m. Edge of head has 
 tln-ee grooves. Lowest ring forms toj) of pin. 
 
 435. Condition jwor. Length, 0.0355 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0175 m. Edge of head 
 grooved. Looks as though the j)arts were, (1) 
 head, (2) knob, (3) stem and i>in with gi-ooved 
 ring, and (4) rings with corrugation, but possibly 
 whole pin of one piece. 
 
 436. Pin gone. Length, 0.025 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. Edge of head has raised 
 band in centre. Looks separable like No. 435, 
 but probably as in No. 417. Possibly from same 
 factory as No. 435. 
 
 437. Condition poor. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. (corro<led). Edges 
 of upper four rings had vertical lines. Whole 
 pin probably one piece. 
 
 438. Most of head and pin gone. Length, 
 0.032 in. Diameter of head, 0.003 m. Filing 
 showed color medium. Pin as in No. 437. 
 
 439. End gone. Length, 0.058 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.019 m. Edge of head has two 
 
 442. End gone. Length, 0.0855 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.021 m. Edge of head grooved. 
 Rings at either side of main corrugation grooved. 
 Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 443. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.037 ni. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0235 m. Row of dots near 
 edge on top of head. Edge of head grooved. 
 Corrugations larger than in No. 442, but arrange* 
 ment similar. Both j)robably from one factorj'. 
 
 Group vi. Similar to Groups iii. and iv., 
 but with two rings just under head. 
 
 444. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.075 m. Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Raised 
 rim round upper edge of head. Grooved ring 
 beneath head. Below main corrugation, shaft 
 smaller than at beginning of pin. Pin and head 
 as in No. 417.' 
 
 446. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0185 m. Edge of head grooved. 
 Beneath, two rings, the upper one being the 
 larger. Filing showed color medium light. Pin 
 and head as in No. 417. 
 
 446. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.016 m. Slight rim round top of head. 
 Edge of head grooved. Rings beneath head as 
 in No. 445. Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 447. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Slight 
 rim on toj) of head. Two grooves rountl edge 
 of head. Ring nearest head largest. Pin probar 
 bly one piece. 
 
 448. Point gone. Condition jwor. Length, 
 0.095 m. Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Top 
 ring largest. Lowest ring goes with pin. Head 
 
 gi'ooves. Pin looks separable, into (1) head, and pin as in No. 417. 
 
 (2) upi)er pair of rings, (3) lower pair, (4) cor- 
 rugations, (5) lowest ring, (6) stem, knob, and 
 j)in, but probably all one piece. 
 
 440. Pin gone. Length, 0.03 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0245 m. Edge of head has two bands. 
 Only one ring above upper corrugJition. Filing 
 showed iron pin. Color of bronze medium. 
 Head, knob, and jacket probably one piece. 
 
 Group V. Ring under head increased in 
 size to nearly that of subordinate cor- 
 rugation. 
 Plate LXXXL 
 
 441. Length, 0.113 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.018 m. Head thin, outer rim slightly raised 
 
 Five rings. Top one separated from 
 shallow 
 
 449. Condition })oor. End gone and most 
 of head. Length, 0.045 m. Rings beneath 
 head as in No. 446. Filing showed color me- 
 dium light. AVhole pin probably one piece. 
 
 450. Condition poor. Length, 0.0315 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0165 ni. Rim round top 
 side of head. Raised band round centre of edge 
 of head. Head and pin as in No. 417. Perhaps 
 from same factory as No. 449. 
 
 461. End gone. Length. 0.05 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0195 m. Edge grooved. Conical knob. 
 Rim (raised) round edge top side of head. En- 
 tire i)in probably one piece. 
 
 452. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 
 on to]), 
 head by 
 piece. 
 
 groove. 
 
 0.05 m. Diameter of head, 0.0195 m. Traces 
 Pin probably one of groove on edge of head. Pin and hea<l as 
 
 in No. 417. 
 * "Very similar to pin from Lusi, Jahreshe/te, IV. p. 54, No. 96 (Reichel and Wilhelm). 
 
 I'l 
 
 I • / 
 
 w 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 221 
 
 From south 8loi>e. End gone. Condi- 
 tion poor. Length, 0.042 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0175 m. Knob high and undei-cut. Ed<>-e of 
 head grooved. Pin and heatl as in No. 417. 
 
 Group vii. Similar to Group vi., but with 
 
 apparently comix)und jacket, caused 
 
 by deeper grooves between the parts ; 
 
 perhaps all from one factory. 
 
 454. Most of pin and head gone. Length, 
 
 0.029 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m. Edge of 
 
 head grooved. Top ring closely attached to 
 
 head. This pin differs from preceding class 
 
 only in greater depth of groove. Pin and head 
 
 as in No. tt7. 
 
 456l End gone. Length, 0.049 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. Raised rim round top side of 
 head. Raised baud round edge of head. Riii<rs 
 similar to No. 454. First and third from top 
 about equal and larger than others. Lowest three 
 rings smaller than second. Pin and head as in 
 No. 417. 
 
 456. Fragment. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.023 m. Slight raised rim around top 
 of head. Edge of head grooved. Seems separa- 
 ble into (1) head, (2) three rings with connect- 
 ing parts, (3) corrugation, (4) ring, (5) stem 
 and knob, but probably as in No. 417. 
 
 Group viii. Similar to Group v., but with 
 grooved rings just under head, the 
 upper one being largest. Probably 
 from same factory as Group v. 
 
 Length, 0.0685 m. Diame- 
 
 457. 
 
 End gone. 
 
 ter of head, 0.017 m. All parts separated by 
 slight grooves. Entire pin probably one piece. 
 
 Length, 0.028 m. Diam- 
 
 468. 
 
 Pin 
 
 gone. 
 
 eter of head, 0.0195 m. Jacket same as No. 
 457. 
 
 The following have two rings under main 
 corrugation and two at each side of lower cor- 
 rugation, and are very i)robably from same 
 factory. 
 
 459. End gone. Condition ]>oor. Length, 
 0.0505 m. Diameter of head, 0.0235 m. Edge 
 of head grooved. Raised rim on upper side. 
 Rings next to corrugation grooved. Pin and 
 head as in No. 417. 
 
 460. End gone. Length, 0.062 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. Considerable raised rim on 
 top of head. Edge of head has two grooves. 
 
 461. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Length, 0.0635 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0228 m. Raised rim round top of head. Edge 
 of head probably grooved. Head trifle thinner 
 
 than those of Nos. 459, 460. Top ring larger 
 
 than in No. 460. 
 
 Group ix. Two or more narrow sharply 
 cut rings just under head, and two sim- 
 ilar rings on one or both sides of either 
 or both corrugations. 
 
 462. Length, 0.138 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.015 m. Slight raised rim round head. Edge 
 of head grooved. Above each corrugation, 
 grooved ring. Beneath, plain ring. Pin and 
 head as in No. 417. 
 
 463. End gone. Condition iK)or. Length, 
 0.076 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m. Edge of 
 head grooved. Grooved ring just beneath head. 
 Smaller grooved rings, one at either side of each 
 corrugation. Parts crowded together. Pin and 
 head as in No. 417. 
 
 464. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.027 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Slight raised rim 
 round top of head. Beneath head, four rings, or 
 one ring with three grooves. Grooved ring either 
 side of main corrugation. Plain ring either side 
 of lower corrugation. Whole pin probably one 
 l)iece. 
 
 465. Condition poor. End and most of head 
 gone. Length, 0.0555 m. Grooved ring either 
 side of main corrugation and on upper side lower 
 corrugation. Ring on lower side lower corruga- 
 tion probably simple. Filing showed color me- 
 dium light. Whole pin one piece. 
 
 Group X. Similar to Groups iii. and iv., 
 but with projecting edge or band about 
 centre of main corrugation. 
 
 466. Pin mainly gone and about one fourth 
 of head. Length, 0.034 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0235 m. Head thin. Pin and head as in No. 
 417. 
 
 467. From south slope. Most of pin and lower 
 corrugation gone. Length, 0.044 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0219 m. Slight raised rim on head. 
 Edge of head, two grooves. Similar to No. 466. 
 Possibly from same factory, though heads of dif- 
 ferent style. 
 
 468. Point gone. Length, 0.098 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.017 m. Slight raised rim round 
 head. Head rather thin. Whole pin probably 
 one piece. 
 
 Group xi. Similar to Groups iii., iv., v., 
 but with raised grooved ring about cen- 
 tre of corrugation. 
 
 469. From back of South Building. Point 
 gone. Corroded. Length, 0.148 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. Small ring above corrug^ 
 
 II 
 
 f 
 
 {t\ 
 
 I' j 
 
 I 
 
 I* 
 
222 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 tions. All grooves shallow, except that next to 
 head, which is of moderate depth. Slight raised 
 rim around heatl. Edge of head has two grooves. 
 Traces of groove round centre of lower corruga- 
 tion. Pin probably one piece. 
 
 470. From West Building. Most of pin 
 gone. Condition poor. Length, 0.0405 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.021 m. Slight raised rim. 
 Traces of two grooves round edge of head. Up- 
 per corrugation has three gi-ooves. Separating 
 grooves all rather shallow. Pin and head as in 
 No. 417. 
 
 471. Most of pin gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.0415 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. 
 Possible traces of gi-oove on edge of head. Also 
 of raised rim. Main corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. Lower corrugation plain. Pin 
 and head as in No. 417. 
 
 472. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Condition poor. Length, 0.0465 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.025 m. Slight raised rim. 
 Edge grooved. Upper corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. Lower corrugation plain. Head 
 and pin as in No. 417. 
 
 473. End gone. Length, 0.0525 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.025 ra. Raised rim round head. 
 Two grooves in edge of head. Upper corruga- 
 tion has raised band with two grooves. Lower 
 corrugation has raised band with one groove. 
 All rings have fine rope-threading. Pin and 
 head as in No. tt7. 
 
 474. End gone. Condition ix)or. Length, 
 0.0965 m. Diameter of head, 0.0205 m. Raised 
 rim around head, which has two grooves round 
 edge. Upper corrugation with raised grooved 
 band. Lower corrugation plain. Ring beneath 
 head has fine oblique threading. Grooved ring 
 at either side of secondary corrugation. Pin and 
 head as in No. 417. 
 
 475. End and part of head gone. Length, 
 0.057 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Rather 
 high knob. Grooves shallow. Raised grooved 
 band around main corrugation. Lower corruga- 
 tion plain. Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 Group xii. Similar to Groups vi. and x. 
 
 476. From south slope. Most of pin gone. 
 Length, 0.027 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. 
 Groove round edge of head. About centre of 
 corrugation narrow raised band. All grooves 
 shallow. Head and pin as in No. 417. 
 
 477. End gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.019 ni. Rounded knob. Edge of 
 head grooved. Three rings between head and cor- 
 
 rugation. Corrugation has narrow raise<l band. 
 Grooves shallow. Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 478. End gone. Length, 0.06 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. Flat undercut knob. Top of 
 head slightly concave. Edge grooved. Corru- 
 gation has narrow raised band. Lower corruga- 
 tion plain. Grooves plain but not deep. Pin 
 and head as in No. 417. 
 
 Group xiii. Similar to Groups vi. or 
 vii., and xi. 
 
 479. End gone. Head abraded. Length, 
 0.0365 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Low 
 rounded knob, slightly undercut. Main corru- 
 gation with prominent raised grooved band. 
 All grooves shallow. Pin and head as in No. 
 417. 
 
 480. End gone. Condition iK)or. Length, 
 0.058 m. Diameter of head, 0.0185 m. Low 
 rounded knob. Edge of head grooved. Both 
 corrugations have raisetl grooved band. All 
 grooves shallow. Head and pin as in No. 417. 
 
 Group xiv. Two rings just beneath head. 
 One or two rings at each side of 
 the corrugations. Raised grooved band 
 which may also ornament the lower 
 corrugation. 
 
 481. Pin gone. Condition poor. T^ength, 
 0.0315 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Low 
 knob. Top of head slightly concave. Edge of 
 head grooved. Lower corrugation with band, 
 with trace of groove. Grooves all shallow. Pin 
 and head as in No. 417. 
 
 482. From back of South Building. Condi> 
 tion poor. Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0165 m. Rim of head raised. Groovetl ring 
 beneath head and at either side of each corruga- 
 tion. Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 483. Condition poor. Length, 0.0435 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0165 m. Low knob. Lower 
 corrugation plain. Grooved ring at either side 
 of both corrugations. Pin and head as in No. 
 417. 
 
 484. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.0225 m. Knob 
 flat. Top of head slightly concave. Edge of 
 head has two grooves. Between head and cor- 
 rugation three rings. Each corrugation has two 
 raised rings. Pin and head as in No. 417. 
 
 485. Point damaged. Head half gone. Length, 
 0.0915 m. Diameter of head, 0.0185 m. Rounded 
 undercut knob. Each corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. Filing showed color medium 
 light. 
 
 I'l 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 223 
 
 486. 
 
 Group zv. Three rings of unequal size 
 beneath head. Single ring at each 
 side of corrugations. Grooved band 
 on main corrugation and sometimes on 
 lower one. 
 
 Most of pin gone. Condition ix)or. 
 Length, 0.036 m. Diameter of head, 0.0205 m. 
 Low undercut knob. Eklge of head grooved. 
 First two rings beneath head larger than third. 
 Lower corrugation plain. Pin and head as in 
 No. 417. 
 
 487. End gone. Length, 0.108 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0219m. Low undercut knob. Rim 
 of head raised. Edge of head gi-ooved. Lower 
 corrugation plain. Pin and head as in No. tt7.' 
 48& From West Building. Length, 0.175 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0295 m. Slight raised rim. 
 Rather high round knob. Raised grooved bands 
 on both corrugations. Whole pin probably one 
 piece. 
 
 Group xvi. Double groove about main 
 corrugation. 
 
 489. Point and part of neck gone. Length, 
 0.023 m. Diameter of head, 0.022 m. Low 
 undercut knob. Rim of head raised. Edge of 
 head grooved. Single ring beneath head and at 
 either side of main corrugation. Head and pin 
 as in No. 417. 
 
 490. End gone. Length, 0.075 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. Round undercut knob. Rim 
 of heatl raised. Edge of heatl has raised band, 
 with fine threading. Main corrugation has 
 raised, double-grooved band. Lower corruga- 
 tion has raisetl grot)ved band. Beneath head 
 thick, broatl ring with vertical threading. Single 
 ring, with threatling on each side of each corru- 
 gation, (irooves shallow. Pin and head as 
 in No. tt7. Cf. Group viii. 
 
 Form 2. Moke advanced. Elongated 
 JACKET. Head large or medium size, 
 
 AND usually thick. 
 
 Class a. TlPO plain corruffations with 
 single rintj at either side of each. Two 
 grooves vnder head. Represented only 
 by No. 491. 
 
 491. Heatl gone. Length, 0.151 m. Rec- 
 tangular knob at top for insertion into head. 
 Groove near ring. Whole fragment probably 
 one piece, though possibly pin inserted. 
 
 » Olytnpia, No. 485, is quite similar, except that it has 
 double ring at each side of main corrugation. 
 
 « Cf. archaic Greek pin with three plain knobs, of 
 
 Class /S. Tim large rather thin corruga- 
 tions^ with clearly defined ring at either 
 side tending to he completely separated 
 from corrugations. JSingle similar ring 
 under head. 
 
 492. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. 
 Low slightly undercut knob. Edge of head has 
 two grtwves. Rim of head raised. Rings and 
 corrugations plain. Pin and head as in No. 
 417. 
 
 493. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.0725 m. Diameter of head, 0.0275 m. 
 Knob rather high and untlercut. Edge of head 
 has two grooves; rim raised. Two rings be- 
 neath lower corrugation. Lowest ring and ring 
 above each corrugation antl bantl between 
 grooves on edge of head have fine oblique thread- 
 ing. Pin seems to be inserted in jacket, which 
 seems of one piece with head, but this not cer- 
 tain. Possibly from same factory as No. 492. 
 
 494. Pin gone. Length, 0.0385 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.031 m. Rather high undercut knob. 
 Edge of head has two grt)oves ; rim raised. Top 
 of head decorated with two bands of curved 
 meander pattern, separated by band of circles. 
 Rings and band between grooves on edge of 
 head obliquely threaded. Heatl antl jacket seem 
 one piece. Pin probably of iron. 
 
 Class y. Two or more large j)lain corruga- 
 tions of nearly equal size, icith single ring 
 on either side? 
 
 Group i. No special ring beneath head, 
 there being only one between corruga- 
 tion and head. 
 
 495. Fragment of top. 
 Diameter of head, 0.034 
 knob with three grooves, 
 raised band ; rim raised, 
 to be of separate piece from jacket. 
 
 Group ii. Single small ring beneath head. 
 
 496. Pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.044 m. Rim of head raised ; edge 
 grooved. Two rings between corrugations. Pin 
 of bronze, probably inserted. Head and knob 
 with first ring probably separate piece from 
 jacket.^ 
 
 497. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.101 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Knob 
 
 which middle one is largest, from Megara Hyblaea, pub- 
 lished by Orsi in Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 809. 
 
 • Somewhat similar are two pins in museum at Florence 
 (Vitrine V), from Borgo S. Sepolcro, 1888. 
 
 Length, 0.024 m. 
 m. High undercut 
 
 Edge of head has 
 Filinjr showed stem 
 
 1 11 
 
 \ 
 
 
1 
 
 Vl»» 
 
 224 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 undercut. Rim of head raised ; edge has three with three rings above, the middle one being 
 
 grooves. Whole pin probably one piece. largest, and three below, the lowest being largest. 
 
 Group iii. Two rings imder head, upper Top of head slightly concave. Three grooves on 
 
 larger. Cf. Form 1, edge. Band between two upper grooves has 
 
 one being the 
 
 vertical thread. Same on all rings except bot- 
 tom one. Pin of iron. Probably head and jacket 
 one piece. 
 
 CUt»» €. Similar to 8, but iPith closely en- 
 (/raved lines on one or more corruyations 
 and rimjs. 
 50& Pin gone. Length, 0.034 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.02 m. Knob conical, undercut. Edge 
 of head with three grooves. Band between two 
 upper has fine horizontal and oblique nicking. 
 Raised rim. Neck straight. Round centre of 
 main corrugation raised nicked band. Rings be- 
 Pin is inserted. Jacket thin. Head and jacket tween corrugations nicked. Sloping surface con- 
 
 Glass y. Group viii. 
 
 496. From cutting above Old Temple toward 
 tents. End gone. Length, 0.0285 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.027 m. High undercut knob. 
 Rim of head raised ; edge has two gi-ooves. The 
 two rings above corrugations have fine threading. 
 Probably lower corrugation and its rings were 
 strung on stem. 
 
 499. End gone. Length, 0.135 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.037 m. Knob undercut. Rim of 
 head raised and beveled inside. Edge has three 
 grooves. All small rings have vertical threading. 
 
 probably all one piece, though perhaps jacket 
 separates from head beneath large top ring.* 
 
 Class 8. Tteo plain corruffations with ring 
 above top of one and between them, ^'ext 
 to head, plain neck. Beneath rorruf/a- 
 tions, sloping surface, upper end of which 
 
 vex. At bottom, two rings. Head and jacket 
 
 probably one piece. Pin of iron. 
 
 506. Head and pin gone. length, 0.036 m. 
 Two large corrugations, each with raised nicked 
 band. Between and above corrugations single 
 nicked ring. Sloping surface has nicked ring 
 rises ubriipthj. Below this slope, one or at bottom, and nicking at ui)i)er edge. Jacket 
 more rings. probably one piece. Pin of iron. Filing showed 
 
 500. Pin gone, bottom of jacket injured, medium color. 
 Length, 0.026 m. Diameter of head, 0.0165 ra. 507. Pin gone. Length, 0.049 ra. Diam- 
 Grooves on edge cut unevenly, so one does not eter of head, 0.0255 m. Conical undercut knob, 
 go all round. Lower coriiigation slopes oif on Edge of head has three grooves. Upj^er band 
 lower side. Pin was of iron. Head and jacket nicked. Raised rim. Band in corrugations and 
 
 probably one piece. 
 
 501. Pin gone. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. In edge of head, two grooves. 
 Raised rim. Long neck. Sloping surface short, 
 followed by ring. Pin of iron. Head and 
 jacket probably one piece. 
 
 502. Pin gone. Length, 0.037 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0215 m. In edge of head, two grooves. 
 Raised rim. Ring below sloping surface followed 
 by straight surface, with ring in middle and he- 
 low. Pin of iron. Head and jacket one piece. 
 
 503. Pin gone. Length, 0.039 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0215 m. In edge of head, two grooves. 
 
 rings above sanie nicked. Sloping surface has 
 nicked upper edge and nicked ring, below which 
 two other rings. Head and jacket probably one 
 piece. Probable traces of iron pin. 
 
 Class C Similar to Class 8, but with cor- 
 rugations ornamented. Upper one by 
 heavy oblique grooves, arranged in groups 
 of three. Loicer one by antithetic semi- 
 
 circles. 
 508. Pin gone, 
 of thread, 0.029 
 Surface of top 
 round edge nicked 
 
 Length, 0.048 m. Diameter 
 
 m. Knob conical, undercut. 
 
 convex. Raised rim. Band 
 
 Iron pin. Head and jacket 
 
 Raised rim. At base of sloping surface, ring, probably one i)iece. 
 
 followed by low convex surface, ending in small 
 ring. Pin of iron. Head and jacket probably 
 one piece. 
 
 Addendum. The following number may per- 
 haps be placed here. 
 
 504. From cutting above Upper Temi)le to- 
 ward tents. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. One corrugation 
 
 Class 7]. Similar to Class (, but with deep 
 perpendicular lines in corrugations, and 
 tcith one or more rings under head. 
 Group i. One ring under and probably 
 attached to head. 
 Plate LXXXII. 
 
 509. Pin gone. Length. 0.042 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0255 m. Round undercut knob. 
 
 ' Pill confused in photograph witli head of No. 531. 
 
 'I 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 225 
 
 Edge 
 
 has three rings. Raised rim. Within Filing showed medium light color, and no trace 
 
 each of grooves on corrugations are three finer of composite structure. 
 
 grooves, sometimes four. Pin probably of iron. 5ia From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 
 Group ii. Two rings under head, of which circ. 0.145 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. 
 
 upper is larger. Probably not attached. Slight groove below lowest ring, as though pin 
 
 510. End gone. Length, 0.073 m. Diam- were inserted there, 
 
 eter of head, 0.037 m. Knob made of two su- 519. Length, 0.143 
 
 ni. 
 
 Diameter of head, 
 0.021 m. Grooves oblique. Lowest ring seems 
 to go with pin. 
 
 520. End gone. Length, 0.05 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0135 m. Grooves slightly oblique. 
 
 perposed cones with cylindrical cap. Upper 
 
 cone has grooves radiating from cap. Each 
 
 groove surrounded by line. Lower part of knob 
 
 has fine lines. Top of head slightly concave. 
 
 Raised rim on lower side of head also. Edge Lowest ring belongs to pin 
 
 has band roinid centre, from which run toward 52L From West Building. Length, 0.155 ra. 
 
 each rim grooved ornament. Below second Diameter of head, 0.022 m. Unbroken. 
 
 ring, short neck, followed by line of cleavage, (6'.) Two rings beneath corrugations. 
 
 showing jacket separable at this jxyint. Corru- 622. From West Building. End gone. 
 
 gations as in No. 509. Sl(^ing surface slightly Length, 0.1015 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. 
 
 concave. Ornamented with pattern similar to Grooves slightly oblique. Ring below lower 
 
 knob. Pin of iron. corrugation faintly grooved. 
 
 511. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0465 m. 523. End gone. Condition poor. 
 
 Similar to jacket of No. 510 below division. 0.143 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m 
 
 Pin probably of bronze. 
 
 Class 6. Ttco comigations with vertical 
 lines. Above, between head and corru- 
 gations, two small rings. Between cor- 
 rugations, two similar rings. Beneath, 
 one or two rings. Rim as before. Head 
 grooved. 
 Group i. Head has two grooves. 
 
 («'.) One ring beneath corrugations. 
 S12. From south sloi)e. Length, circ. 0.155 m. 
 Dianieter of head, 0.023 m. Knob deeply un- 
 dercut. Raised rim. On main corrugation, 
 grooves in groups of three. On lower, in groups 
 of two. 
 
 Length, 
 Grooves 
 oblique. 
 
 Group ii. Head has three grooves. Rim 
 raised and beveled. 
 
 (a'.) One ring beneath lower corruga- 
 tion. 
 
 524. End gone. Length, 0.088 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0205 m. Grooves on corrugations 
 in groups of three, one group of four on lower 
 corrugation. 
 
 525. From West Building. Endgoue. Length, 
 0.08 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Lowest 
 ring seems to belong to pin. 
 
 526. Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.021 m. Grooves in groups of 
 
 613. From south slope. End gone. Length, three, one group of two on upper corrugation. 
 
 0.067 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Grooves 
 on both corrugations in groups of two. 
 
 614. Pin gone. Length, 0.0265 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0235 m. Grooving coarse. Pin was 
 inserted. 
 
 616. Point and 
 Length, 0.141 m. 
 Grooving coarse. 
 
 616. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.0965 m. Diameter of head, 0.0217 m. Lines 
 on corrugations oblique from right to left. 
 Lowest ring part of same piece with pin. Cor- 
 rugations appear as though strung. 
 
 lower part of jacket gone. 
 Diameter of head, 0.021 m. 
 
 Pin seems to have been of copper. 
 
 527. From West Building. End gone. Length, 
 0.0865 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m. Lower 
 ring seems to belong to pin. 
 
 528. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.087 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m. 
 
 529. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.072 m. Diameter of head, 0.022 m. 
 
 530. End gone. Length, 0.111 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.29. Rings have fine vertical cuts. 
 
 531. Cf. No. 499, note. End gone. Length, 
 0.147 m. Diameter of head, 0.04 m. Pin has 
 slight groove at joining with lowest ring and 
 
 517. From south slope. Pin and lower part of seems separate.^ 
 head gone. length, 0.02 m. Diameter of head, 532. End gone. Length, 0.075 m. Diameter 
 0.0215 m. Grooving oblique from right to left, of head, 0.017 m. 
 
 ^ Cf. Olympia, No. 481, for form and size. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
226 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 533. End gone. Length, 0.073 in. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. 
 
 534. End gone. Length, 0.094 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.025 m. 
 
 535. End gone. Length, 0.044 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0185 m. 
 
 536. End gone. Length, 0.115 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0235 m. Rings have oblique thread- 
 
 ing. 
 
 537. End gone. Length, 0.068 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0175 ra. Lowest ring seems to go 
 with pin. 
 
 538. End gone. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.016 m. Lowest ring seems to go 
 with pin. Grooves on lower corrugations closer 
 than on upper. 
 
 539. From West Building. Length, 0.138 
 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 ra. Top of head 
 slightly concave. 
 
 540. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.018 m. Lowest ring probably goes with 
 pin. 
 
 541. End gone. Length, 0.095 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.02 m. Lowest ring probably goes 
 with pin. 
 
 542. End gone. Length, 0.0425 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0195 m. 
 
 543. End gone. Length, 0.0765 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.019 m. 
 
 544. End gone. Length, 0.0835 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0165 ra. Lowest ring probably goes 
 with pin. 
 
 545. End gone. Length, 0.0705 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.017 m. Top ring larger than usual 
 and shows trace of groove. 
 
 546. End gone. Length, 0.0875 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 m. 
 
 547. From back of South Building. Pin gone. 
 Knob injured. Length, 0.028 ra. Diaraeter of 
 head, 0.019 m. Pin probably was of iron. 
 
 548. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.15 ra. Diameter of head, 0.021 ra. 
 Lowest ring probably goes with pin. 
 
 549. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Length, 0.0825 m. Diaraeter of head, 
 0.0205 ra. Corrugations rather thick. 
 
 550. End gone. Length, 0.083 ra. Diameter 
 of head, 0.021 ra. 
 
 551. From back of South Building. End 
 and lower part of jacket gone, also part of 
 head. Length, 0.0255 ra. Diaraeter of head, 
 0.0185 m. 
 
 1 With the following cf. Olympia, No. 
 
 552. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.063 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m. 
 
 55a Pin corrodetl. Length, 0.173 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0205 ni. Rira has convex 
 beveling. Lowest ring probably goes with pin, 
 and possibly pin inserted into lowest corruga- 
 tion. 
 
 554. End gone. Length, 0.0815 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.02 m. Knob undercut and resting on 
 a raised base. Low^est ring seems to go with 
 pin. 
 
 555. From West Building. Present point 
 not original. Length, 0.118 m. Diaraeter of 
 head, 0.0175 m. Only one ring between corru- 
 gations. 
 
 (6'.) Two rings beneath corrugation. 
 Only one uncertain example. 
 
 556. From south slope. Pin and about half 
 of head gone. Length, 0.03 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.022 m. Filing showed color medium 
 light, and no trace of composite structure. 
 
 Group iii. I lead has four grooves. 
 
 557. End and lower i)art of jacket gone. 
 Length, 0.022 m. Diaraeter of head, 0.026 ra. 
 
 Addenda. Pins of this class with heads 
 broken off. One ring beneath lower corrugation. 
 Lower corrugation only preserved. 
 
 558. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.156 m. Filing showed color niediuin light. 
 
 559. Point gone. Length, 0.0825 ra. Ring 
 beneath corrugations double usual width. 
 
 560. Point gone. Length, 0.1145 m. 
 
 561. Point gone. Length, 0.0985 m. 
 Ik)th corrugations preserved.* 
 
 562. Point gone. Preserved through first 
 ring above upper corrugation. Length, 0.05 m. 
 
 563. Point gone. Length, 0.086 m. 
 
 564. Point gone. Length, 0.083 ra. 
 
 565. Point gone. Length, 0.111 m. 
 
 566. Point gone. Length, 0.085 m. 
 
 567. Point gone. Length, 0.0975 m. 
 Form 3. Advanced. Rather short 
 
 CROWDED JACKET. LaRGE, RELATIVELY 
 THIX HEAD. 
 
 Class a. Two plain eomif/ations ; vpper 
 with ring on lower sides ; loirer has ring 
 on each side. Beloit^ foot with slitjht 
 concavity in middle. 
 
 568. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 ra. Diaraeter 
 of head, 0.02 m. Low flat rim, groove near 
 edge on top. Edge of heatl grooved. Upper 
 corrugation the largest. Traces of iron pin. 
 487, which is not said to be headless. 
 
 1 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 227 
 
 Class p. Two plain, hro<td, sVujhtly 
 rounded corrtujations. Between head 
 and vpper corrur/atioti, three rings {or a 
 fiat corrugation icith tico f/rooves). Be- 
 tween corrugations, two rings of similar 
 construction, and two similar rings be- 
 neath loicer corrugation. In highest 
 group of rings, grooves less deep than in 
 tujo lower groups. 
 
 569. From West Building. Pin gone. Length, 
 0.038 m. Diaraeter of head, 0.0325 m. Edge 
 of head has two grooves. Remains of iron pin. 
 Jacket probably all one piece. 
 
 Class y. Two corrugations with fiat raised 
 ring about centre and ring (attached) at 
 either end. Edge of head recedes down- 
 ward in two steps. 
 
 570. Lengtli, 0.144 ra. Diameter of head, 
 0.0225 m. Rim raised very little. First step 
 (next head) on lower side head higher than 
 second. Both are notched obliquely on edge. 
 Neck between head and first corrugation thicker 
 than neck between the corrugations. Upper cor- 
 rugation continued beyond its lower ring. Edges 
 of rings and bands on corrugations notched. 
 Head and upper corrugation seem one piece. 
 Possible that pin passes through lower corru- 
 gation into upper one ; also possible that jacket 
 is of one piece. 
 
 Class 8. One or two ornamental corruga- 
 tions. Knob conical. 
 Group i. Upper corrugation has raised 
 ring at centre. Ring between head and 
 corrugation. Beneath corrugation, two 
 rings. Below, small plain corrugation, 
 followed by ring. 
 
 571. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diaraeter 
 of head, 0.025 ra. Raised rim. Lower edge of 
 head notched. Upper three rings and band on 
 corrugations notched. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 Group ii. Up|)er corrugation has raised 
 grooved ring and ring at either side. 
 Lower corrugation has raised ring and 
 ring at either side. Beneath, a broad 
 and a narrow ring. Probably all from 
 the same factory. 
 
 572. Pin gone. Length, 0.038 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.036 ra. Raised rim. Lower edge of 
 head notched. Lower corrugation much smaller 
 than upper. Bands on corrugations and all rings 
 except top one notched. Pin probably was of 
 iron. Head and jacket probably one piece. 
 
 573. Pin gone. Length, 0.033 m. Diameter 
 
 of head, 0.031 ra. Raised rim. Lower edge of 
 head notched. Jacket similar to that of No. 572, 
 but lower corrugation larger. Pin probably of 
 iron. 
 
 574. Pin gone. Length, 0.035 ra. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0335 m. Inside beveled rira of head, 
 a notched band. Top of head slightly convex. 
 Edge of head has two grooves. Jacket sirailar 
 to that of No. 573. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 575. From cutting upon hill toward tents 
 above Old Temple. Length, 0.034 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.036 ra. Rim and band on 
 head similar to No. 574. Edge has two grooves 
 with band between notched. Jacket sirailar to 
 that of No. 574. All rings notched. Pin 
 probably of iron. 
 
 Form 4. Pins of various stages of devel- 
 opment, USUALLY WITH SHORT CROWDED 
 JACKET AND THICK HEAD. 
 
 Class a. With one, two, or three plain cor- 
 rugations. Beneath these usually one or 
 more rings. 
 
 Group i. Simple style, with two plain cor- 
 rugations. With or without ring or 
 rings beneath. 
 
 576. Point gone. Length, 0.0525 m. Di- 
 araeter of head, 0.009 ra. Knob on head looks 
 like projecting stera, but under side of head 
 looks like one piece with neck. Corrugations 
 and pin probably one piece. 
 
 577. Point gone. Length, 0.0765 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.011 ra. Round edge on top 
 row of dot in circles. Edge grooved. Ring 
 grooved. Head seems of one piece with pin. 
 Whole pin probably one piece. 
 
 The two following fragments probably belong 
 here. 
 
 578. Head gone. Length, 0.041 m. 
 
 579. Head and end gone. Length, 0.057 m. 
 Two small rings between corrugation. 
 
 Group ii. One corrugation. Beneath, two 
 or more rings. Head usually only 
 slightly larger than corrugation and 
 rings, 
 (a'.) Rather crowded. 
 
 580. From south slope. Length, 0.067 m. 
 Diaraeter of head, 0.0065 m. Edge of head has 
 two grooves. Filing showed medium color. 
 Whole pin probably one piece. 
 
 581. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.031 ra. Diaraeter of head, 0.0085 m. Traces 
 of four grooves on edge of head. 
 
 582. End gone. Length, 0.038 ra. Diam- 
 
 i 
 
 Di 
 
 'I 
 
 i 
 
 } 
 
 'f 
 
 i 
 
 ill 
 
 I > 
 
 
228 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 Edge of head has two 
 
 \\t> 
 
 eter of head, 0,009 m 
 grooves. 
 
 (f.) Less crowded. 
 
 583. End gone. Length, 0.0275 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, O.OG m. 
 
 584. End gone. Length, 0.0C2 ni. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0095 m. Rim slightly raised. On 
 top marks that look like letters, but probably 
 not. Edge of head has two grooves. Whole pin Whole pin probably one piece. 
 
 (6'.) With one ring. 
 
 593. End gone. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0075 m. Edge of head has one groove 
 (l)erhaps two). Ring about half as large as 
 lower corrugation. Stem of jacket larger than 
 pin,* 
 
 594. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0055 m. Edge of head has three grooves. 
 
 probably one piece. 
 
 585. Length, 0,0987 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.011 m. Low raised rim beveled inside. Edge 
 of head has one groove. Corrugation ring has 
 two grooves. 
 
 586. Point gone. length, 0.127 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.012 m. Edge of head has five 
 
 Corrugation ring has three grooves. 
 
 grooves. 
 
 595l End gone. Length, 0.022 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.009 m. Edge of head has at least 
 two grooves. Lower corrugation smaller than 
 upper. Stem of jacket larger than i)in. 
 
 596. End gone. Length, 0.058 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has three 
 (perhaps four) grooves. Lower corrugation has 
 two grooves and band between of rectangles. 
 
 Head and jacket tai>er downward. Possibly Jacket and stem tai)er downward from head. 
 
 head and beads are strung. 
 
 Group iii. One plain corrugation, be- 
 neath which one or more rings. Head 
 broader, pi-oportionally, than in (iroup 
 ii. 
 
 587. Length, 0.09G m. Diameter of head, 
 0.008 m. Edge of head has two grooves. Two 
 rings below corrugation. 
 
 588. Tip gone. Length, 0.0G2 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0,0094 m. Slightly raised rim. Edge 
 of head has two grooves. Beneath corruga- 
 tion, three rings, the lowest being raised end of 
 pin. 
 
 589. Bent. Length. 0.097 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.0085 m. Head has four grooves. lielow 
 corrugation, grooved ring and two plain rings. 
 Whole pin probably solid. 
 
 Group iv. Similar to Group iii., but with 
 two corrugations, usually with ring or 
 rings beneath. 
 
 («'.) Without rings. Corrugation 
 plain. 
 
 590. Length, 0.085 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.007 m. Edge of head has two grooves. 
 Space between head and upper corrugation nar- 
 row. Lower corrugation smaller than upper. 
 Perhaps belongs to Group iii. 
 
 591. Condition poor. Length, 0.0225 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Edge of head has 
 two grooves. Corrugations look separable. 
 
 592. Present end not original. Length, 
 0.044 m. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. Edge 
 
 (c'.) With two rings (really j)erhap8 a 
 grooved corrugation). 
 
 597. End gone. Length, 0.059 ni. Diameter 
 of head, 0.011 m. Grooving on e<lge of head 
 doubtful. Beneath lower corrugation grooved 
 ring, of which lower part forms end of pin. 
 Jacket tapers downwani and has stem larger 
 than top of \nu. Whole pin probably one piece. 
 
 598. End gone. Length, 0.069 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.012 m. Edge of head has two 
 grooves. 
 
 599. From West Building. End gone. Length, 
 0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.0123 m. Edge 
 has two grooves. Stem of jacket larger than 
 head of pin and tapers. 
 
 600. Head of pin. Length, 0.0135 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.013 m. Two grooves in edge. 
 Under side of head convex. Traces of iron pin. 
 
 601. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.018 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Two grooves in 
 edge. Pin of bronze. Stem of jacket larger 
 than pin. 
 
 602. Point gone. Length, 0.071 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0145 m. Top of head slightly 
 concave : rim raised. Edge of head tapers 
 downwani, and has two grooves. Stem of jacket 
 larger than pin. Head and jacket taper con- 
 cavely. 
 
 603. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.02 m. Top of head concave. Knob 
 on low base and outside it l)and of small circles. 
 Edge of head tajiers, and has two grooves. 
 
 of head has two grooves. Stem of jacket larger Jacket tapers (slightly concave). Pin of iron, 
 than pin at toj). 604. Pin gone. I^ength, 0.0155 m. Diameter 
 
 > Cf. the somewhat similar bronze pin from Villanova (iron age), Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 91, fig. 5. 
 
 1^ 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 229 
 
 of head, 0.019 m. Around knob, band of spiral 
 maeander. Top of head concave. Edge of head 
 tapers concavely and has two grooves. Lower 
 etlge finely notched. Lowest ring notched on 
 upper etlge. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 605. From back of South Building. Pin gone. 
 Length, 0.0185 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. 
 Around bottom of knob, band of circles. Top of 
 head concave, with slight rise in centre. Edge 
 of head tapers downward, and has two grooves. 
 Head and jacket tai>er concavely. Remains of 
 iron j)in. Probably from same factory as No. 
 606. 
 
 606. Pin gone. Length, 0.0215 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0188 m. Knob rests on base, on which 
 band of circles. Edge of head tapers down- 
 ward, and has two grooves. Head and jacket 
 taper concavely. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 607. Pin gone. Length, 0.022 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0185 m. Top of head concave, with 
 rise in centre. Edge of heail stepped. Remains 
 of iron pin. 
 
 608. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. Top of head concave. In 
 edge, two grooves. Band between them notched. 
 Corrugations have oblique grooves. Head and 
 jacket probably one piece. 
 
 In the following number the second corruga- 
 tion and the grooved ring have changed places. 
 
 609. Pin gone. Length, 0.0155 m. Diameter 
 of heatl, 0.012 ni. Top of head slightly concave. 
 In edge, two grooves. Jacket tapers irregularly. 
 Remains of bronze pin. Color medium. 
 
 (<?'.) With raised band between the 
 two rings. 
 
 610. Pin gone. Length, 0.016 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0105 m. Knob nearly cylindrical with 
 gnwve across toj). Top of head concave ; edge 
 has three grooves and perhaps four. Head and 
 jacket taper. Stem of jacket tai)ers. Color 
 medium. 
 
 ^1 Most of i)in gone. Length, 0.0335 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0122 m. Rim of head 
 raised. In edge, two grooves. Band between 
 them nicked. Lower ring nicked. 
 
 Group V. Three corrugations and grooved 
 ring. Corrugations plain. 
 Platk LXXXIII. 
 
 612. Frombackof South Building. End gone, 
 length, 0.064 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. 
 Edge of head one groove. Taper downward 
 from middle corrugation. 
 
 613. Pin gone. Length, 0.027 m. Diameter, 
 
 of head, 0.0205 m. Top of head concave, with 
 slight rise in centre. Edge of head stepped, as 
 in No. 607. Corrugations decrease in size down- 
 wani. Remains of iron pin. Probably from 
 same factory as No. 607. 
 Addenda. 
 
 614. Pin gone. Length, 0.0165 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.016 m. Top of head concave, with 
 raised rim. Edge of head has one groove. 
 Middle corrugation thickest. Edges of all cor- 
 rugations notched. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 615. From back of South Building. Pin gone, 
 length, 0.016 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m. 
 Top slightly concave. Edge of head tapers down- 
 wani, and has two grooves. Pin of iron. 
 
 Class /3. One or more broad corruyations 
 
 tcith rings. 
 
 Group i. Simple. One bi-oad plain cor- 
 rugation, with one or two rings (or 
 grooved ring-corrugation) at either 
 side. Some of the heads thin. 
 («'.) Upper ring single. 
 
 616. Point gone. Length, 0.0555 m. Di- 
 ameter of head (corroded), 0.055 m. One ring 
 above corrugation, grooved ring below. Groove 
 at top of pin where it joins grooved ring. 
 
 (6'.) Both rings double. 
 
 617. From back of South Building. Pin 
 bent. Length, 0.0885 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.007 m. No knob. Edge of head grooved. 
 
 618. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0165 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Band of dotted 
 circles on top of head at edge. 
 
 619. End gone. Length, 0.041 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0115 m. Faint groove in edge. 
 
 620. Point gone. Length, 0.066 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0105 m. Stem of jacket larger 
 than pin. 
 
 621. End gone. Length, 0.053 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0105 m. Edge of head grooved. 
 Jacket tapers downward from upper ring. 
 
 Group ii. Kindred miscellaneous forms. 
 
 622. Point blunted. Length, 0.09 ra. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.01 m. Rim of head rai.sed; 
 edge grooved and lower edge notched. Two 
 plain corrugations, of which the upper is the 
 larger. It has notched ring on either side. 
 Small ring beneath lower corrugation. 
 
 623. Point gone. Length, 0.0785 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0145 m. Edge of head has two 
 grooves. One large spherical corrugation, above 
 which heavy ring. Below, two groups of rings, 
 the upper of three, the lower of two. Stem of 
 
 II 
 
230 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 «w. 
 
 jacket larger than pin. Whole pin seems to be 
 of one piece. 
 
 624. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.018 m. Edge of head has one groove. 
 Under side of head has flat, slightly elevated 
 surface. Two corrugations ; upjier, the larger, 
 with raised grooved ring. Ring on either side 
 of each corrugation. 
 
 Group iii. Two corrugations, of which one 
 or both is thick. Usually ornamented 
 with raised bands, which may be 
 grooved. Rings above, below, and 
 between. 
 
 (a'.) Both corrugations ornamented 
 
 with raised band. Above upi>er and 
 
 beneath lower corrugation, and also 
 
 between corrugations, a single ring. 
 
 62Sl From south slope. Pin gone. Length, 
 
 0.0255 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Knob 
 
 conical. Top of head deeply concave, with centre 
 
 raised above rim. Edge of head grooved. Lower 
 
 edge notched, as also bands on corrugations and 
 
 lowest ring. Remains of iron pin. Head and 
 
 jacket seem one piece. 
 
 626. Pin gone. Length, 0.0275 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0215 m. Knob cylindrical. Etlge 
 of head has two grooves, with band between 
 notched vertically. All bands and rings 
 notched. Remains of bronze pin. Head looks 
 welded to jacket. 
 
 (6'.) Two plain corrugations, with sin- 
 gle ring al>ove and below each. 
 
 627. Point gone. Length, 0.0865 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.009 m. Top of head con- 
 cave. Edge of head has two grooves, with band 
 between notched. 
 
 Possible traces of notching 
 
 on nngs. 
 
 (c'.) Upper corrugation has raised 
 band. Otherwise same as above. 
 
 628. End gone. Length, 0.046 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0127 m. Top of head slightly 
 concave. Edge of head has one groove and 
 tapers downward. 
 
 629l Point gone, 
 ter of head, 0.013 
 raised and edge has 
 forms top of pin. 
 
 630. From West Building. End gone. Head 
 damaged. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head 
 0.011 m. Upper corrugation about twice the 
 size of lower and has low raised band. 
 
 631. End gone. Length, 0.05 m. Diameter 
 
 * Very similar, 
 
 Length, 0.094 m. Diame- 
 m. Rim of heail slightly 
 two grooves. Lowest ring 
 
 of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has one groove 
 and tapei-s downwartl ; rim beveled. Lower rim 
 of head notched, as also band on corrugation, 
 and rings. 
 
 632. Length, 0.128 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0115 m. Head, corrugations, and rings same 
 as in No. 631. 
 
 633. Pin gone. Head damaged. Length, 
 0.0225 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Top 
 of head depressed. Knob on base. Head, cor- 
 rugations, and rings probably same as in No. 631. 
 Remains of iron pin. 
 
 (d'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has 
 raised grooved band, lower has plain 
 band. 
 
 634. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.069 m. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Edge 
 of head has two grooves. Band between has 
 fine notching. Stem much larger than jacket.^ 
 
 (e'.) Similar. Both coiTugations have 
 raised grooved band. 
 
 635. Pin gone. Head much corroded. Length, 
 0.03 ni. Diameter of head, 0.0215 m. Rim of 
 head raised and top concave. Edge of head has 
 two grooves. Uncertain whether pin of bronze 
 or ii-on. 
 
 636. Pin gone. Length, 0.042 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0255 m. Top of head has two con- 
 cave cii-cular surfaces. Edge of head has two 
 gi'ooves. Beneath lower ring of lower corruga- 
 tion, another ring and small corrugation. Re- 
 mains of iron pin. 
 
 The following may belong with either (</') or 
 
 637. Pin and lower part of jacket gone. 
 Length, 0.021 m. Diameter of head, 0.025 m. 
 Edge of head has three grooves; lower band 
 notched. Ring on either side of corrugation. 
 Bands on corrugation notched. 
 
 638. From West Building. IMn and lower 
 part of jacket gone. Length, 0.002 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.0265 m. Edge of top tapei-s and 
 has two gi-ooves with notched band. Band 
 on corrugation notched. Filing showed color 
 medium. 
 
 (f.) Two plain corrugations, with ring 
 at either end of each and another 
 ring just under head. 
 630. End gone. Head corroded. Length, 
 0.0425 m. Edge of head has one groove. 
 
 640. Most of pin gone. Head corroded. 
 I^ength, 0.0235 m. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. 
 Olympia, Nu. 484. 
 
 Ill 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 231 
 
 Filing showed color medium. Pin probably all 
 one piece. 
 
 641. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Edge of head has 
 three grooves. 
 
 (</'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has 
 raised grooved band. Lower has 
 plain raised band. 
 
 642. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.035 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Edge of head has 
 two grooves. 
 
 643. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.0635 m. Diameter of heatl, 0.0215 m. Rim 
 raised. Eidge of head has two grooves with 
 notched band. All rings and bands notched. 
 Pin was inserted. 
 
 (A'.) Similar. Both corrugations have 
 raised grooved bands. 
 
 644. End gone. Length, 0.082 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0155 m. Edge of head has two 
 grooves with band jierhaps notched. 
 
 The following. No. 645, jxissesses an elemen- 
 tary form of the head-ring, and may be placed 
 under either (f/') or (/t'). 
 
 645. Pin and lower part of jacket gone. 
 Length, 0.025 m. Diameter of head, 0.026 m. 
 Rim raised ; edge of head has two grooves with 
 notched band. Filing showed color medium. 
 
 (i'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has 
 raised double groove ; lower corruga- 
 tion has raised single groove. 
 
 646. End gone. Length, 0.088 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0215 m. Knob on notched base. Edge 
 of heat^l has two grooves and notched band. 
 
 Class y. One rather large corrugation. 
 Above^ a single ring or ring-corrugation, 
 which may be gn)Oved. Beneath, two or 
 more rings or ring-cornigations. 
 Group i. Single ring between corruga- 
 tion and head. 
 
 (a'.) Single grooved ring beneath cor- 
 rugation. Edge of head grooved. 
 Corrugation plain. 
 
 647. From south slo))e. End gone. Length, 
 0.056 m. Diameter of head, 0.0105 m. Edge 
 grooved. 
 
 648. End gone. Length, 0.045 ni. Diameter 
 of head, 0.0117 m. Row of dotted circles on top 
 of bead. Edge grooved. 
 
 (6'.) Corrugation with raised notched 
 band. Beneath, small plain corruga- 
 tion with heavy ring at each side. 
 
 649. From back of South Building. Pin gone. 
 
 Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m. 
 Top of head concave, and lower rim probably 
 notched. Under side of head stepped. Upper 
 and lowest ring have notches on both edges. 
 Remains of iron pin. 
 
 (c'.) Corrugation plain ; beneath, three 
 
 rings, the middle being thickest 
 
 and grooved. 
 
 650. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.158 m. Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Top of 
 head concave. Edge of head tapers downward 
 concavely and has four grooves. Rest of jacket 
 tapers convexly. Traces of notching on the three 
 single rings. 
 
 Group ii. With double or grooved ring 
 between corrugation and head. 
 The following, Nos. 651, 652, have only one 
 ring beneath corrugation, but the genei"al ap- 
 pearance and style resemble the others. Corru- 
 gation plain. 
 
 651. End and most of head gone. Length, 
 0.0335 m. Small knob resembling end of stem. 
 Filing showed color medium. 
 
 652. End gone. Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.0095 m. Edge of head grooved. Stem 
 about same size as pin. Probably all one piece. 
 
 The following. No. 653, has beneath corru- 
 gation a grooved ring above rectangular block. 
 
 653. From south slope. End and part of 
 head. Length, 0.052 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0095 m. Stem about same size as pin. Rec- 
 tangular block has grooved collar. 
 
 (a'.) Simple. Plain corrugation with 
 
 grooved ring above and below. 
 
 654 End gone. Point not original. Length, 
 
 0.049 m. Diameter of head, 0.0095 m. Edge 
 
 of head grooved. Stem of jacket about same 
 
 size as pin. Whole pin probably one piece. 
 
 655. Point gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.064 m. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. 
 
 656. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.0475 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 m. 
 
 657. End gone. Length, 0.0705 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0108 m. Edge of heatl grooved, 
 and on top ring of dotted circles. 
 
 (6'.) Similar, but more advanced, and 
 with single ring added undei'neath. 
 
 658. End gone. Length, 0.061 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has two 
 grooves. Jacket tapers downward. Stem of 
 jacket larger than pin. 
 
 659. From south slope. Length, 0.022 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Edge of head 
 
 *•! 
 
 I * 
 
232 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 Tooved. Jacket similar to that of No. 658. 
 Stem of jacket slightly larger than pin. Filing 
 showed color medium. 
 
 (c'.) Similar to last, but with two rings 
 
 underneath. Second ring small and 
 
 grooved. 
 660. End gone. Point not original. Length, 
 0.059 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Edge 
 of head has two grooves. Jacket tapers down- 
 ward convexly. Stem of jacket larger than pin. 
 Pin probably one piece. 
 
 (fZ'.) Beneath corrugation, smaller one 
 
 with plain ring on either side. (Cf. 
 
 No. 649.) Uppermost ring grooved 
 
 as before. 
 66L End gone. Length, 0.059 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.01G5 m. Top of head slightly con- 
 cave. Edge of head has two grooves. First 
 three members of jacket have nearly same di- 
 ameter; last two taper. On lower side of top 
 ring, and on first ring beneath main corrugation, 
 and on bottom ring, traces of notching. Pin 
 seems inserted into lowest ring. Probably from 
 same factory as No. 662. 
 
 662. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 ra. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0165 m. Edge of head has two 
 srrooves, with notched band between. Jacket 
 similar to that of No. 661. 
 
 Class 8. Head assimilated to jacket^ which 
 {includinff head^ consists of two or three 
 members placed close together^ and ta^yers 
 downward slightly. 
 
 Grouj) i. Two members in jacket. Up- 
 per thin and plain. Lower thicker and 
 with two grooves. 
 
 663. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.0805 m. Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Stem 
 projects through top. 
 
 Group ii. Three members tajiering slight- 
 ly downward. Upper and lower ones 
 grooved. 
 («'.) Middle member plain, top plain. 
 
 664. End gone. Condition jKwr. Length, 
 0.0425 m. Diameter of head, O.Ol m. Edge of 
 head has three grooves. 
 
 (6'.) All three members grooved. 
 Knob on top. 
 
 665. From south sloi>e. Most of pin gone. 
 
 Length, 0.018 m. Diameter of head, 0.0105 m. 
 Edge of head has two grooves. Second and 
 third members also two each. 
 
 (c'.) Middle member plain. Eyelet 
 on top. 
 
 666. From West Building. End gone. Length, 
 0.114 m. Diameter of head, 0.009 m. Height 
 of eyelet, 0.0025 m. Head has four grooves. 
 Lowest member two. Pin probably separate 
 from jacket. 
 
 Unclassijied addenda to Type f. 
 
 667. From south slope. Head and corruga- 
 tions preserved. Length, 0.0215 m. Diameter 
 of head, 0.022 m. In centre of top of head, rec- 
 tangular oj)ening as though punched through 
 from below. Stem projects. On top surface 
 of head, rosette. Rim raised. Close to rim, 
 very fine zigzag. Stem and corrugation are of 
 iron.' 
 
 668. From south slope. End and head gone. 
 Length, 0.118 m. Cf. Nos. 460 and 48& In 
 top, hole, looking as if upjier part of jacket Ijad 
 been fitted to it. 
 
 669. Most of pin gone, and perhaps a head 
 also. Length, 0.0295 m. Stem projects through 
 top. Lowest ring has traces of notching. Jacket 
 seems to be of one piece. 
 
 Dincarils of Type f: sixty -five, of which two from back 
 of South Building, and one from south slope. 
 
 Type g. Headless. Jacket of two corrnga- 
 tions, one or both of which are orna- 
 mented, and have on either side a ring.- 
 On top, an eyelet. 
 
 Form 1. Ornamentatiox encircles cor- 
 rugations HORIZONTALLY. 
 Class a. Upper corrugation has raised 
 band. 
 
 Group i. Lower corrugation plain. 
 (//'.) All rings and bands plain. 
 
 670. Eyelet broken. End gone. Length, 
 0.051 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 
 0.013 m. (Cf. No. 699.) 
 
 671. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0235 m. 
 Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 ni. 
 
 672. Point probably gone. Length, 0.1055 ra. 
 Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 ni. 
 
 (6'.) All rings have fine notching. 
 
 673. Length, 0.144 m. Diameter of upper 
 
 1 For more elaborate rosette, cf. Orsi, ' Necropolis del the gold rosette from a tholos tomb at Praesos, ibid. 
 
 Fusoo,' Not. degli Scan, 1895, p. 169. Orsi sees (note 2) VIII. p. 243 (Bosanquet). 
 
 reminiscence of Mycenaean style. Tomb early archaic. ^ With this type may be compared Olympia, No. 488, 
 
 Cf. rosettes on bone objects from the Dictaean cave, which is different in style (has vertical grooves and coni- 
 
 BrUiah Schooi Annual, VI. p. 113, fig. 49 (Hogarth), and cal apex), and is said by Furtwangler to be of later date. 
 
 1 
 
 '11 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 233 
 
 corrugation, 0.015 m. Stem of jacket larger 
 than pin. 
 
 674. Point gone. Length, 0.1275 m. Di- 
 ameter of upper corrugation, 0.017 m. Pin 
 ]x>ssibly inserted. 
 
 Group ii. Both corrugations have raised 
 grooved band. 
 
 675. End gone. Eyelet broken. Length, 
 0.076 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 
 m. Stem of jacket larger than pin, which is pos- 
 sibly inserted. 
 
 676. End gone. Length, 0.0625 m. Di- 
 ameter of upper corrugation, 0.0105 m. Stem 
 of jacket larger than pin, which is possibly in- 
 serted. 
 
 677. Length, 0.123 m. Diameter of upjier 
 corrugation, 0.013 m. Stem about same size as 
 top of pin. 
 
 Class p. Upper corrugation has raised 
 double (or grooved) band. 
 Group i. Lower corrugation plain. 
 
 678. End gone. Length, 0.037 m. Diame- 
 ter of upi>er corrugation, 0.012 m. Stem between 
 corrugations smaller than top of pin. 
 
 679. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Length, 0.081 m. Diameter of upper cor- 
 rugation, 0.0115 m. 
 
 Group ii. Lower corrugation has raised 
 band. Bands and rings notched in 
 almost every case. 
 
 680. End gone. Length, 0.0675 m. Diame- 
 ter of upi)er corrugation, 0.0125 m. Stem same 
 size as pin, which looks inserted. 
 
 681. End gone. Length, 0.0395 m. Diame- 
 ter of upper corrugation, 0.0123 m. Stem same 
 size as pin, which is perhaps inserte<l. 
 
 682. From .south slo^ie. Point gone. Length, 
 0.117 m. Diameter of upjier corrugation, 
 0.012 m. 
 
 683. Point probably not original. Length, 
 0.095 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 
 ra. Steuj larger than pin. Top of head has 
 grooves from centre to rim. 
 
 684. Most of pin gone. I^ength, 0.0385 m. 
 Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Same 
 grooves on top as in No. 683. 
 
 685. End gone. Length, 0.081 m. Diam- 
 eter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Head as in 
 No. 68a 
 
 686. From south slope. En<l gone. Length, 
 0.098 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0125 
 m. Head as in No. 68a Pin perhaps inserted. 
 
 687. Most of pin gone. length, 0.047 m. 
 
 Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0135 m. Head 
 as in No. 683. 
 
 688. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.057 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0165 
 m. Stem larger than pin. Upper part of pin 
 round. Below, rudely diamond-shaped. 
 
 689. End gone. Length, 0.072 m. Diame- 
 ter of upi)er corrugation, 0.016 m. Head as in 
 No. 68a Stem larger than pin. 
 
 The following three have or had pins of iron. 
 
 690. Pin gone. Length, 0.0195 m. Diame- 
 ter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Top as in 
 No. 68a Stem larger than pin. 
 
 691. From south slope. Pin gone. Length, 
 0.022 m. Diameter of top corrugation, 0.015 m. 
 Top as in No. 68a Stem larger than pin. 
 
 692. Length, 0.023 m. Diameter of top corru- 
 gation, 0.0155 m. Head similar to that of No. 
 683, but gi-ooves fewer. On under side of lower 
 corrugation, low flat ring. 
 
 The following number has two rings above 
 upper corrugation. 
 
 69a End gone. Length, 0.099 m. Diame- 
 ter of top corrugation, 0.0115. Lower corruga- 
 tion somewhat larger. Head as in No. 68a 
 Stem larger than pin. 
 
 Class y- Upper corrugation has raised band 
 with double grooves. 
 Group i. Lower corrugation plain. 
 
 694. End gone. Length, 0.064 m. Diame- 
 ter of upper corrugation, 0.011 m. 
 
 695. End gone. Length, 0.0645 m. Diame- 
 ter of upper corrugation, 0.012 m. On upper 
 and lower halves of corrugation leaf ornament. 
 Pin perhaps inserted. 
 
 Group ii. Lower corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. 
 
 696. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Length, 0.0815 m. Diameter of upper 
 corrugation, 0.0115 m. Head as in No. 68a 
 Stem larger than i)in. 
 
 Group iii. Lower corrugation has double 
 grooved band. Double ring beneath 
 lower corrugation. 
 
 697. Present point probably not original. 
 Length, 0.092 m. Diameter of upjier corruga- 
 tion, 0.012 m. On both halves of upper corruga- 
 tion, leaf ornament as in No. 695. All rings 
 notched. 
 
 Form 2. Ornamentation of corrugations 
 vertical. 
 
 698. From back of South Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.134 m. Diameter of upper cor- 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
i 
 
 234 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 vv 
 
 V' 
 
 rugation, 0.014 m. Both corrugations have 
 light double vertical grooves, and on upper side 
 of top corrugation circles between grooves. 
 
 Addenda to Type g. In the following the eye- 
 lets, if such existed, have been lost. This fact, 
 and their peculiar form, renders their classifica- 
 tion uncertain, although they probably belong to 
 this type. 
 
 699. From back of South Building. End 
 gone. Length, 0.056 m. Diameter of upper 
 corrugation, 0.011 m. Kings small. Upper cor- 
 rugation plain.^ 
 
 Discards q/'Type g: seven, of which one from south 
 slope. 
 
 Type h. Iron pins with round rectangular 
 and polygonal bronze heads. 
 Form 1. Pin inserted directly into head 
 without any neck. 
 
 700. Pin mostly gone. Length, 0.024 ra. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.019 m. Possibly not a pin, 
 but iron rod with knobs. 
 
 The following numbers are of more uncertain 
 classification. 
 
 701. From south slope. Pin gone. Length, 
 0.0135 m. Diameter, 0.014 m. Pierced by rec- 
 tangular hole, in which are remains of iron pin 
 or rod. 
 
 702. From south slope. Pin gone. Length, 
 0.0135 m. Diameter, 0.0135 m. 
 
 Form 2. Pin inserted into projection on 
 
 lower side of head. 
 Pin gone in all examples of Classes a, fi, y, 8. 
 
 Class a. Round plain heads, mostly with 
 ornament at top. 
 
 703. Length, 0.0125 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.01 m. Length of neck, 0.004 m. Top of head 
 broken as though ornament had been lost. Neck 
 has two grooves. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 704. From south slope. Ornament on head 
 injured. Length, 0.019 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0125 m. Ornament consists of four petals 
 about a low stem.^ Remains of iron pin. 
 
 705. From south slope. Ornament injured. 
 Length, 0.021 ra. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. 
 Filing showed color medium. 
 
 Class /3. Similar to Class a, but vnth poly- 
 gonal heads. 
 Group i. Hexagonal. 
 
 706. From back of South Building. Orna- 
 ment injured. Length, 0.019 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.015 m. Lower neck has three rings, of 
 
 1 Perhaps No. 670 should be put here. 
 
 ^ Professor Norton regards these heads with flower 
 
 which centi-al one is notched. Remains of iron 
 pin. 
 
 Group ii. Pentagonal. 
 
 707. Ornament injured. Length, 0.018 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Filing showed color 
 medium. 
 
 708. From south »\o\^. Length, 0.022 m. 
 Diameter of head, O.OIG m. Ornament of five 
 petals about a stem. Lower neck has four rings, 
 of which second from top is notched. Sides of 
 polygon separated by segments of original cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Class y. Similar^ hut with rectangular 
 heads. 
 
 709. Length, 0.017 m. Ornament injured. 
 Has five petals. 
 
 710. Length, 0.018 m. Ornament of five 
 petals injured. Ring beneath notched. Neck 
 has three rings. 
 
 711. LengUi, 0.022 m. Flower of four petals. 
 Heavy ring with notching beneath. Neck has 
 three rings. Traces of iron pin. 
 
 712. Length, 0.0225 ni. Flower injured ; of 
 six petals. Ring beneath notched. Neck has 
 three rings. 
 
 In the two following numbers the flower is 
 moilified. 
 
 713. Ornament not divided (the present fis- 
 sures due to corrosion). Length, 0.0205 m. 
 Neck has three rings. Traces of iron pin. 
 
 714. Length, 0.0175 m. Ornament injured. 
 Neck has three rings. Remains of iron pin. 
 
 Class L Hound and conical heads with 
 sides ornamented. Top with or without 
 ornaments. 
 Group i. With fluted sides. 
 
 715. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter, 0.0155 m. 
 Originally probably had ornament. Sides di- 
 vided by five grooves. Neck has three rings. 
 Pin probably of iron. 
 
 716. Originally probably had ornament. Sides 
 divided by seven grooves. Neck has large corru- 
 gation, with ring on either side. Corrugation 
 has eight grooves. Traces of iron pin. 
 
 In the following number the grooving is con- 
 tinuous through head and neck, which is not 
 sharply marked from head. 
 
 717. Top injured. Length, 0.014 m. Diame- 
 ter, 0.011 m. In top round hole, in which ap- 
 pears short stub as of stem. Head divided into 
 five main segments. Of these two in the lower 
 
 ornament at top as imitations of pomegranates, and refers 
 to Pausanias, II. xvii. 4. 
 
 'H 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 235 
 
 part and one in the upper are subdivided each 
 into two smaller segments. 
 
 Group ii. With engraved sides. 
 
 (a'.) Rounded. 
 7ia Length, 0.0155 m. Diameter, 0.0085 m. 
 Head divided into thi*ee parts by zigzags from 
 top to bottom. Neck has three rings, of which 
 the upper two are notched, and below these two 
 others, of which the upper one is notched. 
 
 (6'.) Conical. 
 
 719. Length, 0.0245 m. Diameter, 0.012 m. 
 Head divided into four segments. On these, 
 on lower half, run dotted lines meeting at 
 acute angle just above middle. Dotted circle at 
 base of each segment. Neck has three rings; 
 centre one notched. Filing showed medium 
 color. 
 
 Type L Head separate and has form of 
 
 animal (lion). 
 Plate LXXXIV. 
 
 720. From West Building. Pin gone. Length, 
 0.0425 m. Below lion's head are corrugations 
 sejjarated from it by deep grooves, in the bottom 
 of which low ring. Forehead of lion full, with 
 heavy furrow down centre. Eye sockets round, 
 with prominent brows. Nostrils marked. Muzzle 
 marked with grooves.* Lower part of pin head 
 has five corrugations, tai>ering concavely, and 
 below these a rectangular block. 
 
 Tjrpe j. Ring headed. 
 
 721. From south sloi)e. Length, 0.1165 m. 
 Outer diameter of ring, 0.015 m. Bar of ring 
 diamond-shai)ed in section. Pin broad and flat 
 at junction with ring.* 
 
 Type k. Head consists of disk, with or 
 without prolongation above, and, at some 
 distance beneath it, one or two balls, or 
 beads.'^ 
 Form 1. No prolongation of stem above 
 
 DISK. 
 
 Group i. Upper part of shaft round. 
 
 722. Length, 0.299 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0195 m. Length of neck, 0.044 m. Much 
 copj>er in pin, shown by color and flexibility. 
 
 » For classification see III. 5, Type b (p. 203, above). 
 
 • Similar (but for swelling of shaft), Montelius, Civ. 
 Prim. It. pi. 15, No. 12, from Terramare of Campeg- 
 giiie of Keggfio iiell' Emilia. Age of Bronze. Cf. also 
 Olympia, No. 492, which diflFers in having end of ring 
 bound about shaft. 
 
 ■ Pins of this type numerous at Tegea. Cf. Milchhofer, 
 Athen. Mitth. V. p. 67. Milchhofer regards them as 
 " Heftnadein oder Werkzeuge f Ur Handarbeit." He seems 
 to consider these and the spits (according to him spindles) 
 
 Group ii. Upper part of shaft rectangu- 
 lar. 
 
 723. End gone. Length, 0.138 m. Diame- 
 ter of head, circ. 0.011 m. Length of neck, 
 0.034 m. Ball oblong. 
 
 724. End gone. Length, 0.185 m. Length 
 of neck, 0.036 m. Head concave in centre. Ring 
 at either end of ball nearly rectangular. 
 
 Discard of Group ii. : one fragment. 
 
 Form 2. Shaft has short extension 
 
 ABOVE disk.* 
 
 Class a. One ball. 
 Group i. Entire shaft round. 
 
 Extension above disk sliort, and so far 
 as preserved consisting of single sec- 
 tion. 
 
 725. End broken. Length, 0.078 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0.005 m. Neck, 0.015 m. Extension 
 rather thick. Neck smaller than body. Ball 
 nearly round, with ring at either side. 
 
 726. Present jwint probably not original. 
 Length, 0.112 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 
 0.016 m. Extension rather flat. Neck smaller 
 than shaft. Ball elongated. 
 
 727. Condition poor. Shaft and extension 
 both bi-oken. Length, 0.0525 m. Neck, 0.015 m. 
 Neck slightly thicker than shaft. Ball nearly 
 round, with ring at either side. 
 
 Group ii. Neck round. Upper part of 
 shaft beneath ball rectangular, 
 (a'.) Thick extension, of one section, 
 
 rounded at the top, and resting on 
 
 low base. 
 
 728. Condition poor. Shaft mostly gone. 
 Length, 0.054 ni. Extension, 0.0075 m. Neck, 
 0.019 m. Ball oblate, with ring at either side.^ 
 
 (b'.) Extension which rests on base, 
 with flat cap on top which overhangs 
 the tapered upper portion of the ex- 
 tension. Rectangular part of shaft 
 usually ornamented with engraved 
 zigzag and separated from round 
 part by one or more grooves. 
 
 729. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 
 as essentially the same class of object. — A pin of this type 
 is in the museum at Eleusis and a bundle of them in Nat. 
 Mus., Athens, No. 10081. Example of Forms 1 and 2 
 are in the museum at Sparta. 
 
 * The example from Boeotia now in Berlin (Boehlau, 
 Jahrb. III. p. 363 g) differs in details from Argos speci- 
 
 mens. 
 
 * Cf. Athen. Mitth. V. pi. iv. (lower right-hand cor- 
 ner), from Tegea (MUchhiifer). 
 
236 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 |! 
 
 cire. 0.205 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 
 
 0.019 ni. Ball oblate, with ring at each side. 
 
 Shaft beneath, rectangle, then two shallow 
 
 grooves, then rounded. Traces of zigzag on 
 
 rectangular part of shaft. 
 
 730. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 
 0.108 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 0.024 ni. 
 
 Ball round, with rings. Details as in No. 729. 
 73L Length, 0.316 m. Extension, 0.0155 m. 
 
 Neck, 0.024 m. Ball with ring at either side. 
 
 Zigzag on rectangular part. 
 
 Group iii. Transition at neck, which is 
 generally rectangular in form, but with 
 rounded corners. Extension like 
 Group ii., (6). 
 
 732. Length, 0.227 m. Extension, 0.0065 ni. 
 Neck, 0.019 m. Traces of zigzag on rectangle. 
 Ball slightly elongated. Material largely cop- 
 per. 
 
 733. Condition poor. Length, 0.237 ni. 
 Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 0.019 m. Possible 
 traces of zigzag on rectangle. Material mainly 
 copper. 
 
 734. Point gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.209 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0235 m. 
 Sides of rectangle have ziffzajr. 
 
 736. Length, 0.0233 m. Extension, 0.0065 
 m. Neck, 0.0235 m. Neck octagonal. Ball 
 round. Probably traces of zigzag on rectangle. 
 
 Group iv. Rectangular neck, usually with 
 corners somewhat rounded, 
 (a'.) Extension has rounded top with- 
 out cap. 
 73a Length, 0.131 m. Extension, 0.004 ni. 
 Neck, 0.013 m. Ball oblate, with ring at either 
 end. 
 
 737. Condition poor. Pin gone. Disk dam- 
 aged. Length, 0.085 ni. Extension, 0.0075 m. 
 Neck, 0.022 ni. Ball with ring at either end. 
 
 The following, Nos. 738-741, have ornamen- 
 tation on both neck and rectangle. 
 
 738. Length, 0.139 m. Extension, 0.0045 ni. 
 Neck, 0.023 m. Two sides of neck have zigzag. 
 Traces of zigzag on rectangle. Goo<l deal of 
 copper in pin. 
 
 73a Point injured. Length. 0.228 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0.006 m. Neck, 0.033 m. Zigzag on 
 two sides, and also on three sides of rectanirle. 
 Pin mainly of copper. 
 
 The two following, Nos. 740, 741, are less 
 certainly to be put here, on account of j)oor con- 
 dition of extensions. 
 
 740. Poor condition. Length, 0.175 m. Ex- 
 
 tension, 0.0078 m. Neck, 0.023 m. ; has on two 
 sides traces of zigzag. On all sides of rectangle 
 traces of zigzag. Pin mainly of copper. 
 
 741. Most of pin and disk gone. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.092 m. Extension, 0.008 m. 
 Neck, 0.034 m. Has on all sides zigzag, as also 
 rectangle. Pin mainly of copper. 
 
 (6'.) Extension has cap and usually a 
 base. 
 (1'.} Single plain cap. 
 
 (a'.) Neck plain. Rectangular 
 part of boily ornamented. 
 
 742. End gone. Length, 0.0234 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0245 m. Traces of zig- 
 zag on rectangle. Pin of copper. 
 
 743. End and most of disk gone. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.186 m. Extension, 0.002 m. 
 Neck, 0.0165 m. Traces of zigzag on rectangle. 
 
 744. Condition poor. length, 0.057 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.021 ra. Zigzag on 
 rectangle. 
 
 745. From south slope. End gone. Length, 
 0.144 m. Extension, 0.006 m. On rectangle, 
 traces of lines close to edges, with zigzag between. 
 Probably largely of copper. 
 
 746. Bent into coil. Extension, 0.008 m. 
 Neck, 0.014 m. Rectangle has two grooves at 
 end and on one side three. Sides have frame 
 of two lines, one close to each edge, with zigzag 
 between. 
 
 747. End gone. Length, 0.138 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.0085 ni. Neck. 0.0275 m. Rectangle 
 has two grooves at end and traces on two sides 
 of zigzag. 
 
 (/8'.) Neck and rectangle orna- 
 mented, 
 (i'.) Extension without base. 
 
 748. End and most of disk gone. Condition 
 poor. length, 0.125 m. Extension, 0.0055 m. 
 Neck, 0.024 m. Has on two sides traces of 
 zigzag. Rectangle terminates with two grooves; 
 on sides traces of zigzag. 
 
 749. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.1825 m. Extension, 0.0075 m. Neck, 0.022 m., 
 with traces of zigzag on all sides. Rectangle 
 with grooves at en<l and traces of zigzag. 
 
 (ii'.) Extension has no base, 
 but has a double link. 
 760. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.099 m. Extension, 0.009 m. Neck, 0.02 m. 
 Rectangle has probably two grooves at end. 
 Traces of zigzag on two sides of neck and rec- 
 tangle. 
 
 PINS : STRAIGHT 
 
 237 
 
 760 a. From south slope. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.045 m. Extension, 0.0085 m. Neck, 
 0.019 m. Sides ta|)er slightly toward top. 
 Traces of zigzag on three sides of neck, also on 
 three sides of rectangle. 
 
 (,iii'.) Extension has base, link, 
 and cap. 
 
 761. End gone. Condition iK)or. Length, 
 0.133 m. Extension, 0.006 m. Neck, 0.0235 m., 
 with sides tapering toward top. Probably double 
 groove at end of rectangle, sides of which taper 
 downward. Ti-aces of zigzag on neck and rec- 
 tangle. Pin mostly of copper. 
 
 762. End gone. Condition |)oor. Length, 
 0.187 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.022 m., 
 with sides increasing towartl either end, and zig- 
 zag on all four. Rectangle has two grooves at 
 end, and zigzag on sides. 
 
 753i Most of shaft gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.083 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 
 0.032 m., with zigzag on sides and line along 
 edge ; and on one side part way down centre. 
 Sides of rectangle taper downward. Traces of 
 zigzag. 
 
 764. End gone. Condition })oor. Length, 
 0.169 m. Extension, 0.0075 m. Neck, 0.028 
 m., with traces of zigzag on three sides. Rec- 
 tangle has two grooves at end, and lines around 
 e<lges of sides, inclosing zigzag. 
 
 766. From above last part of Stoa, under 
 Cyclo|)ean wall, 1893. Point injured. Length, 
 0.26 m. Extension, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.0265 m., 
 with sides tapering toward top. Pi-obably traces 
 of zigzag on one side. Rectangle has groove at 
 end, and zigzag on all sides. Material mainly 
 copper. 
 
 756 End gone. Length, 0.209 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.003 m., tapering slightly 
 upwartl, with zigzag on sides, and ti*aces of fram- 
 ing line along edges. Rectangle has three 
 grooves at end and zigzags, with framing line as 
 on neck. Material mainly copper. 
 
 767. Point dull. Length, 0.2635 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0.0085 m. Neck, 0.0275 m., with zigzag 
 on sides, and traces of framing line. At end of 
 rectangle, two grooves. Sides of rectangle taper 
 downward and have zigzag and traces of fram- 
 ing line. Material largely copper. 
 
 768. From West Building. End gone. 
 Length, 0.142 m. Extension, 0.028 m. Neck, 
 0.017 m., with sides tapering toward top, and 
 traces of zigzag. Rectangle with sides tapering 
 downward, and traces of zigzag. 
 
 769. End gone. Length, 0.157 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.0075 m. Neck, 0.022 m. ; tapers slightly 
 upward ; traces of zigzag. Rectangle tapers 
 downward ; traces of zigzag. 
 
 760. Point injured. Length, 0,192 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0.009 m. Neck, 0.0195 m. ; tapers 
 slightly toward top. Traces of zigzag. Rec- 
 tangle tapers downward; has traces of zigzag. 
 Material largely copper. 
 
 761. Point injured. Length, 0.212 m. Ex- 
 tension, 0,0065 m. Neck, 0.0315 ra., with traces 
 of zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, with 
 traces of zigzag. Material largely copper. 
 
 762. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.233 m. Extension, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.031 m., 
 tai)ering toward centre from both ends, and with 
 traces of zigzag. Rectangle has groove at end, 
 and zigzags. 
 
 763. Condition poor. Length, 0.235 m. 
 Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.022 m., tapering 
 from top for short distance. Zigzag on all sides. 
 Rectangle has two grooves at end and zigzag on 
 all sides. 
 
 764. From south slope. Most of shaft gone. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.067 m. Extension, 
 0.0085 m. Neck, 0.0215 m. Tapers upward. 
 Zigzag on sides, also on sides of rectangle. 
 
 765. Length, 0.319 m. Extension, 0.0105 
 m. Neck, 0.035 m., tapering from ends towai-d 
 centre, with zigzag on sides. Same ornament 
 on sides of rectangle. Material largely cop- 
 per. 
 
 766. Point injured. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.262 m. Extension, 0.01 uj. Neck, 0.026 m., 
 tapers fi-om ends to centre, with zigzag on sides. 
 Rectangle has two grooves at end and zigzag on 
 sides. Material largely copper. 
 
 767. End gone. Length, 0.2 m. Extension, 
 0.0095 m. Neck, 0.0315 ra., tapering from 
 bottom UJ), and witli zigzag on sides. Rectangle 
 has two grooves at end, and zigzag on sides. 
 Material largely copper. 
 
 768. End gone. Length, 0.169 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.0095 m. Neck, 0.033 ra., tapers upwai*d 
 from base. Traces of zigzag on two sides. Rec- 
 tangle has zigzag. Material largely copper. 
 
 769. End coiled, but pin complete. Exten- 
 sion, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.0365 ra., tapering from 
 ends to centre. Traces of zigzag on sides, also 
 on rectangle. Material as above. 
 
 770. Length, 0.342 m. Extension, 0.0175 m. 
 Neck, 0.034 ra., with zigzags. Zigzags also on 
 rectangle. 
 
 ( I 
 
t 
 
 238 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 PINS: STRAIGHT 
 
 239 
 
 771. Pin mainly gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.098 m. Extension, 0.011 ni. Neck, 
 0.035 m., tapers from ends to centre, with traces 
 of zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, traces 
 of zigzag. 
 
 772. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.265 m. Extension, 0.0125 m. Neck, 0.039 m., 
 tapers from top toward centre, with traces of 
 zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, with traces 
 of zigzag. Material largely copper. 
 
 773. End gone. Length, 0.205 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.033 m., tapers from ends 
 toward centre. Rectangle tapers downwartl. 
 Both neck and rectangle with zigzags. Material 
 largely copper. 
 
 774. End coiled, like No. 746. Extension, 
 0.012 m. Neck, 0.03 m., with zigzags, as also 
 rectangle, which tapers downward. Material 
 largely copper. 
 
 The following number has double ring on 
 each side of ball. 
 
 77& End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.302 m. Extension, 0.0065 m. Neck, 0.027 m. 
 The rings farthest from ball, on each side, form 
 ends of neck and rectangle, which tapers down- 
 ward. Zigzags on neck and rectangle. Two 
 grooves at end of rectangle. 
 
 (iv'). Extension has base and 
 cap. 
 
 776. Most of shaft gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.054 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 
 0.0305 m., tapers from ends to centre. On neck 
 and rectangle, traces of zigzags. Material mostly 
 copper. 
 
 777. Most of pin gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.085 m. Extension, 0.0085 m. Neck, 
 0.033 m., tapers from ends toward centre. Traces 
 of zigzag, as also on rectangle, which tapers 
 downward. Material mostly copper. 
 
 Undeaned addenda to (1'). 
 
 778. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.12 m. Extension has base, two links, and cap. 
 Length of extension, 0.011 m. Neck, 0.029 m., 
 tapers toward top. Rectangle tapers down- 
 ward. 
 
 779. End gone. Condition \wot. Length, 
 0.137 m. Extension, 0.0182 m., has base, three 
 links, and cap. Neck, 0.025 m. Rectangle 
 tapers downward. 
 
 780. Point gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.177 m. Extension, 0.016 m., consists of base, 
 two or three links, and cap. Neck, 0.038 m., 
 with centre smaller than ends. 
 
 (2'.) Double cap, also base, link 
 (or links). 
 
 Both neck and rectangle orna- 
 mented. 
 
 781. Point gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.217 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0235 m. 
 Cap double or grooved. Rectangle has traces 
 of zigzag. 
 
 782. Length, 0.133 m. Extension, 0.0075 m. 
 Neck, 0.023 m., tapers from bottom upward. 
 Rectangle tapers downward, with groove at lower 
 end. Neck and rectangle have zigzags. Material 
 largely copper. 
 
 783. End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.159 m. Extension, 0.0095 m. Neck, 0.029 m. 
 Rectangle tapers downward, has two grooves at 
 lower end. Neck and rectangle have zigzag 
 within frame. Material largely copi>er. 
 
 The following three numl)ers probably belong 
 here, though they could possibly go with fol- 
 lowing Class /8. 
 
 784. From south slope. Most of shaft gone. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.052 m. Extension, 
 0.0075 m. Neck, 0.024 m. Zigzag (traces) on 
 neck and rectangle (broken). 
 
 785. Broken at neck. Condition bad. Length, 
 0.036 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.026 m. 
 Traces of zigzag. 
 
 786. From West Building. Broken at lower 
 end of ball. Condition poor. Length, 0.061 m. 
 Extension, 0.013 m. Neck, 0.035 m. Exten- 
 sion has double ring between base and link. 
 Two rings above the ball, of which upper is end 
 of neck. Traces of zigzags. 
 
 Undeaned addendum to (2^). Doubtful. 
 
 787. Point gone. Condition poor. Exten- 
 sion, 0.0175 m., consists of base, four small cor- 
 rugations, and cap. Neck, 0.035 m. Rectangle 
 tapers down. 
 
 (3'.) Triple cap. 
 
 788. Undeaned. Broken. Condition bad. 
 Length, 0.09 m. Extension, 0.0088 m. Neck, 
 0.021 m. Double ring on each side of ball. 
 
 Class p. Two halls. 
 Group i. Neck and section between 
 balls round. Beneath lower ball rec- 
 tangle. 
 
 Extension with base, link, and cap. 
 
 789. Point probably not original. I^ength, 
 0.289 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Upper neck 
 round, with length, 0.023 m. I^wer neck has 
 six unequal sides, 0.011 ni. Ring at either side 
 of each ball. Grooved at lower end of rec- 
 
 tangle. Traces of engraved lines on sides of 
 rectangle. 
 
 Group ii. Both necks rectangular. Be- 
 neath lower ball, rectangle. 
 
 Extension with base, link, and cap. 
 
 790. End gone. Length, 0.22 m. Exten- 
 sion, 0.0075 m. Upper neck, length, 0.0235 m. 
 Tapers for short distance from bottom. Lower 
 neck, 0.0145 m. Ring on each side of balls. 
 Rectangle below lower ball tapers. Traces of 
 zigzag on one side of upi)er neck, and of frame 
 and zigzag on lower neck. Material chiefly 
 copper. 
 
 791. Pin mainly gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.11 m. Extension has link also above ring; 
 length, 0.012 m. Upper neck, length, 0.034 m. 
 Lower neck, 0.012 m. Rectangle tapers down- 
 ward. No trace of ornament left on necks; 
 trace of zigzag on rectangle. 
 
 Addenda to Tjrpe k (Nos. 792-«07). 
 
 i. The following cleaned fragments are inter- 
 esting chiefly because the provenience of 
 many is known. 
 (</'.) Disk preserved. 
 
 792. From south slope. Extension, disk, and 
 neck. Length, 0.04 m. Length of extension, 
 0.0065 m. No certain traces of ornament. 
 
 793. Broken at bottom of ball. Length, 
 0.045 m. Length of extension, 0.0065 m. Length 
 of neck, 0.023 m. Traces of zigzag on neck. 
 
 794. From back of South Building. Broken 
 at neck. Length, 0.024 m. Length of exten- 
 sion, 0.0115 m. 
 
 795. From West Building. Broken at neck. 
 Condition i)oor. Length, 0.026 m. Length of 
 extension, 0.0105 m. 
 
 (6'.) One ball with piece at each side. — 
 While a doubt is possible whether these 
 pieces belong here rather than under 
 spitSy they are, mainly, quite certainly 
 pins, because of the relative smallness of 
 the necks as compared with the rectangle. 
 
 796. Fragment of neck, ball, and rectangle. 
 Length, 0.086 m. Elongated ball. Rectangle 
 has groove at lower end, and zigzag on sides. 
 Material largely copper. 
 
 797. Fragment as No. 796. Length, 0.074 m. 
 Oblong ball with ring at each side. Rectangle 
 tapers down, and has traces of zigzag on all sides. 
 
 798. From south slope. Fragment as No. 796. 
 Length, 0.088 m. Ball elongated. Rectangle 
 tapers down, and has traces of zigzag. Material 
 largely copper. 
 
 799. Fragment as No. 796. Length, 0.104 m. 
 Ball has ring at each side. Rectangle tapers 
 for short distance down. Zigzag on rectangle ; 
 probably also on neck. * 
 
 800. From first chamber at east end of ter- 
 race below Cyclopean wall, 1893. Fragment 
 as No. 796. Condition bad. Length, 0.043 m. 
 Ball has ring at either side. Rectangle has three 
 grooves at end. No trace of ornament remains. 
 
 801. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment as No. 796. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.061 m. Ring above ball. Probable traces of 
 zigzag on neck. 
 
 802. From south slope. Fragment as No. 
 796. Length, 0.054 m. Ball elongated with 
 ring at either end. Two grooves at lower end 
 of rectangle. Traces of zigzag within frame on 
 neck and rectangle. 
 
 803. Fragment as No. 796. Condition poor. 
 Length, circ. 0.185 m. Slightly oblate ball 
 with ring at either side. Rectangle ended by 
 groove and tapers slightly downward. No cer- 
 tain traces of ornamentation on neck. Traces 
 of frame on rectangle. Material largely copper. 
 
 ii. The following undeaned pieces probably 
 belong under Form 2, Class a, Group iv. 
 
 804. Extension, disk, and piece of neck. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.035 m. Extension 
 has three grooves near bottom, with coarse screw- 
 threading above. Length of neck, 0.016 m. 
 Owing to small size, probably had one ball. 
 
 805. Extension, disk, and piece of neck. Con- 
 dition poor. Extension has horizontal threading 
 at bottom, and coarse screw-threading above. 
 Length, 0.017 m. Length of neck, 0.016 m. 
 Sides of neck taper for a little way from top, 
 and then enlarge. Owing to small size, prob- 
 ably had one ball. 
 
 806. Extension, disk, and part of neck. Con- 
 dition poor. Length, 0.0435 m. Neck, 0.028 m. ; 
 probably had one ball. Extension consists of 
 base, 3.V corrugations (lowest runs only half- 
 way round), and cap. Length, 0.0175 m. 
 
 807. End gone. Disk injured. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.168 m. Extension consists of 
 base, three links, and cap. Between links a 
 single ring (two rings in all). Length, 0.017 m. 
 Length of neck, 0.0285 m. Ball with ring at 
 either side. Rectangle tapers slightly down- 
 ward. 
 
 Discards of Type k : cleaned pieces and fragments, 
 fifteen, of which three from south slope; undeaned pieces 
 and fragments, one hundred and sixty-two. 
 
>t 
 
 240 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 \'i' 
 
 B. SAFETY-PINS. 
 DIVISION I. SIMPLE HEAD.^ 
 
 Type a. High bow. Short foot (^simple 
 hook). 
 
 808. Uncleaned. Foot and end of pin gone. 
 Condition jxjor. Lengtli, 0.078 m. Height, 
 0.0G2 m. Consists of single piece of heavy 
 bronze wire. Pin tai)ers gradually. Twists in 
 wire accidental. Originally probably end of 
 spit, but use as safety-pin indicated by shape. 
 Somewhat doubtful owing to shortness of pin. 
 
 809. Uncleaned. Pin broken. Condition poor. 
 Wire slightly thicker at head and foot than else- 
 where. Never hatl coil. Distance between legs 
 (outside), 0.035 m. 
 
 Type b. Medium high bow. Long pin. 
 Somewhat doubtful. 
 
 810. End of pin gone. Condition poor. 
 Most of hook gone. Length, 0.057 m. Height, 
 0.0189 ni. Pin projects beyond foot. Of single 
 piece of wire. Probable use as fibula shown by 
 shape of bow. 
 
 DIVISION II. SPIRAL HEAD. 
 
 Tjrpe c. Flat bow. Plain.^ 
 
 811 Uncleaned. Fragment of bow and coil. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.0833 m. Wire in 
 head much smaller than in bow. 
 
 Somewhat doubtful whether the following 
 number belongs here. 
 
 812. Uncleaned. End of bow and part of coil 
 gone. Length, 0.0605 m. Bow rectangular 
 near coil. Wire of coil smaller than bar. 
 Type d. Flat bow of sheet bronze to which 
 
 some object was formerly attached.^ 
 Form 1. With hook at foot. 
 
 813. Complete except for the loss of orna- 
 ment. Length, 0.052 m. Height, 0.0101 m. 
 
 1 An analogy to this form of head may be seen in cer- 
 tain bronze fibulae from Bologna (Benacci II.) of homed 
 snake type, in which head is represented only by a swell- 
 ing or knob. These, however, stand at the end of a de- 
 velopment, not at the beginning. Montelins, Civ. Prim. It. 
 pi. 79, figs. 13, 15, 16. Similar with disk instead of ring, 
 ibid. pi. 83, figs. 20, 21 (Arnoaldi). A closer parallel is 
 offered by a pin of fibula bent to form safety-pin from 
 Sikel village near Matera in Apulia, published by Patroni, 
 Man. Ant. Line. VIII. col. 497, 507, fig. 107. Other fibulae 
 without coil, partly of secondary use, Brit. Mus. Cat. of 
 Bronzes, Xos. 1944 f ., 1935. 
 
 » Cf. fibulae from Mycenae, chamber tombs. *E<^iu. 'Apx- 
 1888, col. 167, pi. 9, Xos. 1, 2 (Tsountas). 
 
 » With Type d, cf. Montelins, Civ. Prim. lu pi. 8, Xos. 
 .■>-7, from late dwelling of Peschiera. These, however. 
 
 Near end of flat piece, two rivets, projecting 
 above slightly, but flatteneil to under surface. 
 Material largely copper.* 
 Form 2. With disk at foot. 
 
 814. Coil broken. Disk injured. Length, 
 0.0t>95. Rivets as in No. 813. Disk seems to 
 have been leaf-shai)ed and convex. 
 
 Type e. Flat bow, consisting of broad band. 
 
 815. Coil gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.071 m. Material largely copper. 
 
 816. Band, with foot and coil mainly gone. 
 Length, 0.025 m. Pi-obably a simpler form of 
 l)ins of following type.** 
 
 Type f. Flat bow, which consists of two 
 connected spirals. 
 
 817. Condition bad. From south slope, below 
 Second Temple, 1893. Broken. Pin gone. 
 Length, 0.075 m- 
 
 Plate LXXXV. 
 
 818. From cutting above LI'pper Temple, to- 
 ward tents, 1893. Part of pin now gone. 
 Length, 0.1245 m. Entire pin made of single 
 piece of wire, which is diamond-shajwd except 
 hook an«l bar. These latter are round Mate- 
 rial largely copiier.^ 
 
 Plate LXXXIV. 
 
 819. Only coil of foot preserved. Length, 
 0.0235 m. 
 
 820. From West Building. Foot only pre- 
 served. Wire is diamond-shapetl. Length, 
 0.029 m. 
 
 821. From West Building. Only a fragment 
 preserved. Wire diamond-shaped. 
 
 822. From northwest corner of Old Temple, 
 1893. Only a fragment preserved. 
 
 It is uncertain whether the following numbers 
 belong here. 
 
 823. From West Building. Condition poor. 
 Wire diamond-shaped." 
 
 have no attached ornament, and arc otherwise somewhat 
 different. Flat bow, Olympia, pi. xii. No. 343. 
 
 « Very like fibula from \Mt\,JahresK. IV. p. 52, No. 76 
 (Reichel and Wilhelm). Cf. fibula from Suessula, ibid. 
 VI. p. 113, fig. r>8 (Hadaczek). 
 
 * Perhaps Nos. 815 and 816 are to be regarded as 
 ornamental strips of sheet bronze, e. g. diadems. Cf. 
 Olijmpin, Nos. 313 and 31.'5 if. 
 
 « Cf. Montelins, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 21, No. 283, from 
 southern Italy. Exactly similar in shape, but to judge 
 from drawing, made of rounded wire. Cf. also Olympia, 
 No. 359, and Boehlau, Jahrh. III. p. 363 b, from Boeotia. 
 Double-coiled spiral fibula, Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 8196. 
 
 ' Cf. coils from Sikel >-illage in Apulia. Mon. Ant. 
 Line. VIII. col. 471 (Patroni). 
 
 1 
 
 SAFETY-PINS 
 
 241 
 
 Plate LXXXV. 
 
 824. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.125 m. 
 Wire diamond-shaped. Color medium. 
 
 825. Fragment. Not certain that it is piece 
 of a fibula. Condition poor. Small coil of wire, 
 oval in .section. 
 
 Type g. Plain rounded high bow. Foot a 
 narrow hook. 
 FoR.M 1. Transitional modification of 
 
 STRAIGHT bow. 
 
 826. From south slo))e. Foot and point gone, 
 length, 0.04G m. Entire pin of one bit of 
 round wire of nearly uniform size. 
 
 Form 2. High bow. 
 
 827. End of pin gone. Length, 0.079 m. 
 Height, 0.0535 m. Of one bit of metal. Bow 
 oval and uniform in size. 
 
 Form 3. Low bow. 
 
 ClasH a. Bow of uniform size. 
 
 828. Fragment. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.0615 m. Height, 0.0305 m. Of one bit of 
 metal. Bow of wire slightly oval in section. 
 Foot forms triangular blade. 
 
 829. From West Building. Fragment. 
 Length, 0.375 m. Height, 0.0215 m. One bit 
 of metal. Wire of uniform size. 
 
 83a Still flexible. Length, 0.038 m. Height, 
 0.017 m. Bow uniform in size and of wire 
 slightly oval in section. Wii-e of pin larger 
 than in spiral. Hook low and open.' 
 
 Clas» P- Sliijht swelling in arch of how. 
 
 83L Fragment. Length, 0.054 m. Has 
 hook on left^ side. Swelling in bow to left of 
 centre. Color dark.'* 
 Type h. High bow. Long foot coming to 
 
 a point. 
 
 Form 1. Rounded wire. 
 
 Class a. Uniforndy thick wire. 
 
 The following is of transitional type, the foot 
 being as yet only partially developed. 
 
 832. Uncleaned. Most of foot and pin gone. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.0G25 ra. Height, 
 0.025 m. Form of foot uncertain. 
 
 Class /8. Sow thickens toward centre. 
 
 833l Foot gone. Length, 0.081 m. Height, 
 
 ' Cf. fibula from Lusi, published by Reichel and Wil- 
 helm, Jahresh. IV. p. 52, No. 75. 
 
 3 Left as one holds fibula with head toward one. 
 
 » Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 5, No. 41, from 
 Chiusi, and pi. 50, No. 2, from Este (period I.). The 
 latter has ring passing through head. 
 
 « Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 8, No. 85 (Villa- 
 nova). 
 
 » Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. /<.pl.8. No. 84 (Villanova). 
 
 0.0315 m. Single piece of metal. Hook on 
 left side. Bar oval in section, the broad sur- 
 faces being on sides near foot, but on top and 
 bottom near head.* 
 Form 2. Rectangular wire. 
 
 834. Found west of Second Temple. Length, 
 O.0OG5 m. Height, 0.0215 m. Foot a long thin 
 blade with left side bent up to form hook. 
 Color medium dark.'^ 
 
 835. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition jwor. 
 Length, 0.0865 m. Hook on left side. 
 
 Type i. High bow. Rectangular blade at 
 foot forming one piece with bar. Bar 
 rounded. 
 Form 1. Bar of uniform size. 
 
 836. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.066 m. 
 Height, 0.039 m. Bar oval, with broad surface 
 at side. Hook on right side. 
 
 Form 2. Bar thicker at middle. Bow 
 somewhat lowered. 
 
 837. Fragment. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.07. Bar as that of No. 836. 
 
 Addenda. It is uncertain to which of the 
 T3rpe8 g, h, i, the following belong. 
 
 838. Fragment. From south slope. Shape 
 of bow indicates it is a fibula. Length, 0.054 m. 
 
 839. Fragment. Length, 0.0475 m. Wire 
 slightly oval. 
 
 840. Fragment of coil and bow. Length, 
 0.031 m. 
 
 841. Fragment shown by shape to be fibula. 
 Length, 0.0665 m. 
 
 842. Fragment. Length, 0.061 m. Oval wire. 
 
 843. Fragment. Length, 0.06 m. Centre of 
 bow broad and thick. Three grooves on either 
 side of centre. 
 
 Type j. High bow. Rope wire.^ 
 
 844. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.07 m. 
 Height, 0.05 m. Grooves in wire broad and 
 shallow.' 
 
 845. Most of pin and foot gone. Length, 
 0.047 m. liow has four screw-threadings. Wire 
 flattens where it passes into coil. Head on 
 right side. Bow of uniform size. 
 
 846. Uncleaned. Pin and foot gone. Length, 
 
 ' Cf. the very similar Italian type, Montelius, Civ. 
 Prim. It. pi. 5, No. 40 (Bismantova). 
 
 ^ Cf. twisted bronze wire used in straight fibula from 
 Mycenae (outside shaft-graves), No. 2563. 'E^^. 'Apx- 
 1888, pi. 9, No. 1 (Tsountas). Similar pins from Lusi, 
 Jahresh. IV. p. 52, Nos. 78, 79 (Reichel and Wilhelm), 
 and from Kavousi, from tomb of first part of the iron age, 
 A m. Jour, of A reh. Second Series, V. p. 136 (Harriet A. 
 Boyd). 
 
 M 
 
242 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SAFETY-PINS 
 
 243 
 
 0.071 m. Height, 0.0275 m. Bow of uniform 
 size, with four threadings. Hea»l on right side. 
 Type k. High bow with one or more loops. 
 Form 1. One loop. 
 
 Class a. Plain round bar} 
 847. Uncleaned. Pin complete. Length, 
 0.058 m. Height, 0.032 m. Of single piece 
 of round wire, which flattens at foot and tapers 
 at point. Hook low. 
 
 Class p. Bo I' partially rectangular. 
 Group i. Rectangular swelling near foot, 
 or head, or both. 
 84ft Uncleaned. Head and foot gone. Con- 
 dition poor. Length, 0.0585 m. Height, 0.0325 
 m. Loop in bar near head ; between loop and 
 foot, bar swells. 
 
 849. Uncleaned. Head gone, foot injured. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.0595 m. Height, 
 0.043 m. Bar round, with loop slightly for- 
 ward of centre, swelling near head. Another 
 swelling between loop and hook. 
 
 Group ii. Bow in part rectangular and 
 in part round, with screw-threadings. 
 
 850. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition i>oor. 
 Length, 0.0475 m. Height, 0.031 m. Bar with 
 four threads. On shorter side of loop, bar rec- 
 tangular. Not certain this is fibula, but proba- 
 ble from shape. 
 
 Group iii. Wire rectangular in loop ; else- 
 where round. Only example uncertain. 
 Plate LXXXVI. 
 
 851. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.031 m. Height, O.OGl m. Nearly 
 uniform rounded wire, becoming rectangular at 
 0.017 m. from top. Head large and rudely 
 coiled ; owing to bend of wire at rectangular 
 part, uncertain that pin belongs in this type. 
 Possibly it compares with the others as the head 
 in Division I. with that of the other Divisions. 
 
 Form 2. Double loop. 
 
 852. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.0665 ra. Rounded wire with slight 
 swelling just back of loops, perhaps due to ox- 
 idation. Upper loop largest. 
 
 Type L More advanced. Sharp in^vard 
 bend from angle of bow. Bar has three 
 
 * With this form in general, cf . the essentially different 
 Italian style. Moutelius, Cii\ Prim. It. pi. 16, No. 219; 
 also ibid. pi. 72, No. 17, from Bologna (S. Francesco). 
 The example Olympia, No. 353, is more like the Italian. 
 
 2 Cf. Montelius, ibid. pi. 17, No. 242 (S. Francesco, 
 Bologna). Curve of pin probably different. Somewhat 
 similar, Olympia, No. 356, with two pairs of horns. 
 
 reinforcements on each side, opposite 
 each other, one pair at each of the onter 
 curves and one at the inner angle. 
 
 853. Foot,pin,and part of head gone. Length, 
 0.06 m. Bar consists of two arches, the angle 
 of connection being nearly right angle. Ori- 
 ginally probably two full rings in coil. Coil and 
 bar i)robably one piece. After forwanl rein- 
 forcement, the broader side of bow becomes the 
 narrower, and rice versa, indicating commence- 
 ment of foot. 
 
 Type m. Similar, but one of reinforcements 
 has form of dumb-bell. 
 
 854. Fragment. Length, 0.0435 m. Two 
 arches connected by heavy inverted arch. At 
 top of left arch dumb-bell, liar between here 
 and coil, oval in section. The right or foot end 
 seems to have a groove on top. Resembles ser- 
 jwnt's head, but probably accidental.' 
 
 Type n. Single arch, having form of in- 
 verted boat. Oeometric ornamentation. 
 Form 1. S<*lid. 
 
 855. From back of South Building. Head, 
 ]>in, and part of foot gone. Length, 0.0245 m. 
 The metal oval-shaped, broad side being up. 
 Sides have cleft between, which leads one to 
 suspect that pin may not be solid. Top of pin 
 engraved with fine and rather faint diagonal 
 lines arranged in three fields, centre and ends. 
 
 Form 2. Hollow. 
 
 856. Head and foot gone. Length, 0.025 m. 
 Opening in under side roughly triangular. Top 
 engraved with diagonal lines running from cen- 
 tre rib, starting on each side of middle of bow, 
 which is left plain.^ 
 
 857. Head and foot gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.0335 m. Commencement of tail lead- 
 ing to coil is preserve<l. Engraved with lines 
 running fi-om central rib to sides. 
 
 Type o. Sail or saucer pattern.^ 
 
 858. From east of Temple, 1894. Fragment. 
 Length, 0.077 m. Bow of three nearly round, 
 shallow connected saucers, having their longer 
 axis in line with axis of bow. Very slightly 
 raised narrow band runs along the longer axis. 
 Commencement of blade of foot. 
 
 • Cf. Oiympin. pi. xxi. No. 350. 
 
 * I.^rge engraved example of this type, Oiymjna, No. 
 3(>4. Another in Berlin from Boeotia, Jahrh. III. p. 362 
 (Boehlaii), with engraved plate. Another, ibid. p. 363 
 (c), without pinching of bow, i. e. navictUa. 
 
 The following numbers are fragments of pins 
 of this type, and of types more or less similar 
 as regards the general shape of the bow. 
 
 859. Uncleaned. Fragment. Length, 0.0365 m. 
 Bur flat and diamoud-shajMid. Tapers down- 
 wai-d. Part of coil preserved. 
 
 860. Uncleaned. Fragment. Length, 0.047 ra. 
 Bar diamond-sha{)ed in section. At upper end, 
 knob attached to stem by short thick neck. 
 
 861. Part of upright, with short piece of 
 bow. Length, 0.052 m. Five low raised rings 
 at I>end. 
 
 862. Upright, commencement of i*oil, and be- 
 ginning of bow. Length, 0.0G55 m. Upper side 
 has fine engraving. 
 
 863. Fragn)ent. Length, 0.0815 m. Diamond- 
 shaped in section, tapering downward. 
 
 864. Fragment. Upright, with beginning of 
 head and 1m>w. Length, 0.094 m. Diamond- 
 8hai)ed in section, and tai)ers downward. Outer 
 side of upright engraved in geometric style, with 
 zigzags and diamond-patterns in fields. Neck 
 between upright and bow. Commencement of 
 bow engraved with straight and zigzag lines 
 running lengthwise. 
 
 865. From West Building. Fragment, as No. 
 864. Length, 0.122 m. Diamond-shaped up- 
 right, tapering downward. Between upright and 
 bow, neck, similar to but smaller than that of 
 No. 864. ]^w engraved similarly to that of 
 No. 864, as is also outer side of upright. 
 
 866. Fragment. Piece of upright and bow 
 fprobably). Length, 0.043 m. Upright round. 
 l^p{)er i)ortion of bar rectangular. Bow flat and 
 flaring. 
 
 867. Fragment. Part of bow and foot. Length, 
 0.055 m. Bow engraved on upper side. Neck 
 similar to that of Nos. 864 and 865. Blade en- 
 graved on both sides with geometric patterns, 
 inclosed in fields. 
 
 868 End of bow and most of foot preserved. 
 Length, 0.0G9 m. Middle portion of upper side 
 of bow ornamented with straight lines. Edge 
 seems to have had similar engraving. Neck 
 with usual form. Blade of foot attached nearly 
 at right angles. Both sides engraved with geo- 
 metric designs inclosing a principal field, in 
 which, on one side, head and neck of horse, on 
 the other, probable traces of head.* 
 
 * Cf. Olympia, Nos. 302, 302 a, with engraved geome- 
 tric designs. Jahrh. III. p. 2.j0 (Furtwanjjler), and pp. 
 301 ff. (Boehlau), £4.11^. A^X- 18*2, pl- xJ- No. 1 a (Wol- 
 ters). 
 
 Type p. Ball and hook. Hook flat. 
 FoR.M 1. One ball.'-' 
 
 Class a. Upright round throughout. 
 
 869. Pin and hook gone. Length, 0.052 m. 
 Height, 0.033 ni. Ball slightly oblong. Upright 
 joined to ball by ring and groove. Upright has 
 four grooves in middle and others next head. 
 Wire flat in coil. Possible that this pin belongs 
 under the following T3rpe q. 
 
 870. This probably belongs here, though not 
 certain, as end of upright is gone. Length, 
 0.042 m. No neck between ball and upright, 
 which has fine grooving. Foot attached to ball 
 directly, and at end has three grooves. 
 
 Class p. Upper part of upright round, 
 lower part rectangular or diamond- 
 shaped. 
 
 Group i. Hound part plain, faintly grooved 
 or jointed. 
 
 871. Pin, part of foot and coil gone. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.055 m. Small ring on either 
 side of ball. Coil and upright of one piece. A 
 rivet-headed iron nail passes through coil, but is 
 broken on each side. 
 
 872. Fragment. End of foot and of upright 
 gone. Length, 0.0715 m. Upright tapers down- 
 ward, and has four slight grooves 0.003 m. from 
 ball. On shoulder four more, and four more at 
 end of foot. 
 
 873. Fragment. Pin, coil, and part of foot 
 gone. Length, 0.086 m. Height, 0.051 m. On 
 right side of ball a round ojjening, with central 
 part sunk much more deeply than outer part; 
 also edge of central hole narrower than diameter 
 of hole itself. Depth of hole, 0.0075 m. Proba- 
 bly served for insertion of ornament. Upright 
 plain, except for raised narrow ring near shoul- 
 der. Similar ring on other side of ball.^ 
 
 Group ii. Round part of bow corrugated. 
 
 874. Fragment. Pin, coil, and most of foot 
 gone. Length, 0.0365 m. Oblong rounded 
 swelling, with sides meeting in obtuse angle. 
 On bow, at each side' of swelling, eight small 
 corrugations. 
 
 87& From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment as No. 874. Length, 0.0685 m. On head 
 side of bow twelve corrugations, that nearest ball 
 being high and narrow and serving as collar ; the 
 rest diminish irregularly downward. Small col- 
 
 2 Cf. fibulae from Thera, Ath. Mittk. XXVIII. p. 232 
 (Pfuhl). 
 
 ' Very similar to Olympia, No. 308, which has ball with 
 disk at either side. 
 
 l! 
 
244 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 lar at beginning of rectangle, while at lower end 
 the rectangular portion curves and flattens to 
 form coil. On foot side of bow, four corrugations, 
 of which outer two are thinner and serve as collar 
 next to ball and flat part of foot. 
 
 Addendum to Form 1. It is not certain to 
 which class of the above the following belongs, 
 owing to its poor condition. 
 
 876. From south slope. Fragment. Ball, 
 short piece of foot, and bar on head side pre- 
 served. Length, 0.026 m. 
 
 Form 2. Three balls. 
 
 877. From West Building. Fragment of bow. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.0565 m. Oblate 
 ball with much smaller ball on either side. Two 
 small rings between balls. On head side of bar 
 four rings, above which the upright has diamond- 
 shaped section, and tapers down. The upper 
 (outer) surface is worked flat. Near coil is a 
 rivet. Probably coil was separate piece. Foot 
 is connected with balls by neck and rings. — 
 It is quite possible that this pin belongs under 
 the following Type q.^ 
 
 878. ITragment of bow. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.046 m. Balls oblate, with ring between 
 them. Upright has small ring next to ball and 
 eight corrugations beyond, — whether there were 
 more originally is uncertain. Corrugations taper 
 down in diameter, but thickness remains constant 
 except of lowest, which is thinner. Flat part of 
 foot begins at ball. — Possible that this pin be- 
 longs under the following Type q. 
 
 T]rpe q. Ball and blade, which is a develop- 
 ment of the flat hook of the preceding 
 Type. 
 
 879l From cutting above Upper Temple toward 
 tents, 1893. Nearly perfect, though corroded. 
 Length, 0.087 m. Height, 0.052 m. Hook on left 
 side. Ball oblate. Upper side of bar a1)ove ball 
 has five ridges and is of oval form. Coil of two 
 twists, and on bar, at beginning of coil, five faint 
 grooves. Between ball and blade, eight ridges on 
 upper side of bar. Hook formed by roll of lower 
 edge of blade. Height of blade on inner e<lge, 
 0.043 m., outer edge, 0.0495 m. Width, 0.04 m.* 
 Type r. Three-sided solid body with hook. 
 Hook flat 
 
 880. From southwest of Second Temple near 
 wall. Coil, pin, and foot gone. Ijength, 0.052 m. 
 
 * Simpler but similar is Olympia, No. 367. 
 
 3 Other fibulae of this shape from temple of Athena 
 Cranaea near Elateia. B. C. H. XII. pp. .'.7 ff. (P. Paris). 
 
 • Cf. Brit. Mus. Cat. of Bronzes, No. Ii30. 
 
 Body solid, with upper sides convex and lower 
 side concave. From middle of top projects small 
 broken knob. Raised ring at each end of body, 
 that on head side having oblique threading. 
 Body projects beyond head-ring and has end 
 worked down to form beginning of coil. Foot 
 consists of round block and thin, flat commence- 
 ment of hook. — Fact that coil seems to begin so 
 close to boily renders it unlikely that the hook 
 had developed into the large blade of the follow- 
 ing type. 
 
 Type s. Three-sided solid body with blade. 
 Plate LXXXVII. 
 
 881. Coil, pin, and hook gone. Body probably 
 solid, with lines of top and bottom nearly straight. 
 From centre body tapers toward either end. 
 Upper surface of sides concave, lower surface 
 slightly convex. On plain oval standanl on 
 centre of top stands a conventionalized bird.' 
 The upright, rectangular in section, with outer 
 sides concave and inner sides convex. Three 
 grooves on outer sides at top. I^low, three simi- 
 lar grooves, below which the metal is worketl thin, 
 and in the thin part small hole with trace of a 
 second. Uncertain how long this thin part was, 
 but to it the head and pin were riveted. The i-ec- 
 tangular blade joins body directly, the join being 
 marked by a ring : height, 0.048 ni., width, 0.028 
 m. At outer top corner, an elliptical standard of 
 two rings and a l>ead on which stands a bird. 
 T3rpe t. High bow, corrugated, tapering to- 
 ward head and feet. 
 
 882. Head, pin, and most of foot gone. 
 Length, 0.057 m. Height, 0.039 m. Corruga- 
 tions about same size except at centre, which has 
 one wider with two narrower on each side. In 
 head end of Ik)w, hole for insertion of wire coil.* 
 Type XL High bow ornamented with corm- 
 
 gation bands and rings. Inserted heads. 
 Form 1. Round corrugations and RiN(is 
 
 UNDECORATED. 
 
 Class a. Corrufjatifjns and rintjs in three 
 
 f/ronpi*, one at centre and one at either 
 
 end of bote. 
 
 Group i. Wide top of foot. At head 
 and centre, groui» of two corrugations 
 and three rings, at foot three corruga- 
 tions with ring above. 
 
 From east of Temple, 1894. Length, 
 
 * Differs somewhat from fibulae of mnguUuga type, e. g. 
 Monteliiis, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 75, Nos. 1, 2. (Bolojjna, 
 Bemicci I.) Cf. Mycenae, outside tombs. No. 1319, with 
 ribbed high bow. 
 
 SAFETY-PINS 
 
 245 
 
 0.07 m. Height, 0.049 m. Wire of head flat- 
 tened slightly in coil. Groove along each 
 shoulder of bow, and two lower rings at head 
 grooved. In back of hook, two vertical grooves. 
 Right side of pin less carefully finished than left. 
 Group ii. Masses at centre and head have 
 two corrugations with ring at either 
 side ; at foot, one corrugation with ring 
 at each side. Foot broad. 
 
 884. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.0575 m. 
 Height, 0.032 m. All corrugations have oblique 
 threading, and all rings grooved. Traces of 
 iron rust in hole in head. Lower edge of foot 
 uninjured in central part. Outer edges broken 
 about rivet-holes, between which is a rivet, prob- 
 ably for the attachment of hook. 
 
 Group iii. Bands with rings at either side. 
 Foot about same width as bar. 
 
 885. Half of pin gone. Length, 0.043 m. 
 Height, 0.037 m. The raised bands divided into 
 broader central one, with two outer narrower 
 ones ; at foot, three outer ones below. Back of 
 foot ornamented with line on each side conver- 
 ging toward bottom. Hook on right. For band 
 between grooves, cf. No. 569. 
 
 Group iv. Each ornament consists of 
 raised corrugation-band with grooved 
 ring at either side. Top of foot wide. 
 
 886. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.034 m. 
 Height, 0.0265 ni. Projecting top of foot turns 
 down at ends. Grooves in rings of head and 
 foot heavier than in centre. Two vertical 
 grooves on back of foot. Ornament at centre of 
 bow and at heatl not carefully finished ; on left 
 side some of engraveil lines not carried through. 
 
 887. From below Upper Temple, east of Cham- 
 bers, 1894. Pin gone. Rings at sides of cen- 
 tre corrugation have three grooves ; those at 
 foot and head only two. The left side of all 
 not carefully finisheil. Foot has wide top, and 
 two vertical lines on back near edge. Hook 
 was on left. (For band and rings cf. Nos. 569 
 and 666.) 
 
 888 Length, 0.0511 m. Height, 0.0415 m. 
 Completely preserved but corroded. Central 
 band at top has fine cross-grooving, and rings 
 at side two grooves each. Similar at head and 
 foot. Pin inserted into hole in hea<l, but hole 
 is too big, so pin is wedged in ; or else end of 
 pin is bent back so as to form wedge. Coil has 
 two twists. Hook, which is on right, has exten- 
 sion at top and two vertical grooves at back. 
 Pin seems less carefully finished on right. 
 
 Group v. Ornaments consist of central 
 band, with heavy ring at either side. 
 Rings higher than band. Bow be- 
 tween ornaments has fine threading. 
 
 889. Fragment. Length, 0.028 m. Thread- 
 ing seems to be confined to left side, which indi- 
 cates that hook was on right. 
 
 Class /3. Main ornaments as in Class a, 
 but with one or more rings or subsidiary 
 corrugations, or both, between central and 
 end ornaments. 
 
 Group i. Secondary ornaments consist 
 of single ring at each side of central 
 ornament, which consists of two or 
 more ring-corrugations side by side 
 with ring outside of each. End orna- 
 ments have also ring between the cor- 
 rugations. 
 
 890. From south slope, 1894. Length, 
 0.043 m. Height, 0.0355 m. Ornamentation 
 less careful on right side, where is also hook, 
 which has usual grooving. 
 
 Group ii. Secondary ornament like that 
 of Group i., but main ornament like 
 that of Class a, Group iv. 
 
 891. Most of foot and end of pin gone. 
 Length, 0.036 m. Height, 0.0285 m. Central 
 ornament consists of broad ring-corrugation, with 
 double grooved ring at each side. Ornaments at 
 head and foot similar. Right side less carefully 
 finished than left. Foot had extension at top, 
 and two grooves at back. 
 
 Group iii. Principal ornament similar to 
 that in Group ii. Secondary ornar 
 ment consists of two rings side by side, 
 on either shoulder of bow. 
 
 892. Coil and pin gone. Corroded. Length, 
 0.046 m. Height, 0.0305 m. Hook on right 
 side, which was not carefully finished. Foot 
 probably had extension, but at present it pro- 
 jects only very slightly. Back of foot has usual 
 grooves. 
 
 Group iv. Secondary ornament consists 
 of narrow roundetl corrugation with 
 rings attached at either side. Main 
 ornaments consist of bunches of rings 
 (single or grooved). 
 
 893. Coil, pin, and part of foot gone. Length, 
 0.0435 m. Height, 0.0325 m. Central orna- 
 ment is of single ring, with grooved ring on each 
 side. (Cf. No. 657.) Ornament at head is of 
 three grooved rings ; at foot similar, but lower 
 rinff sinjrle. Unfinishetl on left side. Head and 
 
246 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SAFETY-PINS 
 
 247 
 
 foot somewhat flat. Pin was iron. Foot has 
 extension, and hail grooves on back.^ 
 
 (Jroup V. Between central ornament and 
 bottom ornaments on each side, a 
 group of three rings, between which 
 and principal ornament at either side 
 is a single ring. Principal ornaments 
 of type of Class o, Gi-oup iv. 
 
 894. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. 
 Height, 0.0355 m. Central ornament of corru- 
 gation with grooved ring on each side. At head 
 and foot, similar ornament. Secondary ornament 
 similar, but rings not grooved. Left side not 
 carefully finished. Pin was })robably iron. Foot 
 has wide, thin extension, and grooves at back. 
 
 FoR3i 2. In midst of corrugations at head 
 
 AND FOOT IS LARUE RECTANGULAR BLOCK, 
 TENDING TO GIVE LOWER END FLAT APPEAR- 
 ANCE. Corrugations and rings at head 
 
 AND foot somewhat FLATTENED. 
 
 Class a. Centre of bow plain? 
 
 895. Coil, pin, and most of foot gone. Length, 
 0.0605 m. Height, 0.05 m. Rings at head and 
 foot grooved. Trace of bronze pin in head. Two 
 small holes on right side of block at head, of un- 
 certain purpose. Foot has slight extension and 
 usual grooves. Hook was on right. 
 
 Class fi. Centre of bote ornamented. 
 
 896. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.062 in. 
 Height, 0.055 m. At centre, two corrugations 
 between three rings. At head, rectangular block, 
 above which two rings, corrugation and ring of 
 decreasing diameter; below block, two rings, 
 corrujiation and rounded surface with engraved 
 radial lines. On right side, hole connecting with 
 the hole for insertion of pin. Cf. No. 895l Sim- 
 ilar ornament at foot, which is of usual shai>e. 
 Hook on right, and this side less carefully fin- 
 ished than left.^ 
 
 Form 3. Ornaments of bow have form 
 of solid blocks slightly grooved to 
 represent corrugations and rings. 
 Class a. Blocks round. 
 
 897. Coil, pin, and part of foot gone. From 
 West Building. Length, 0.07 m. Height, 
 0.0375 m. Blocks at centre and ends all en- 
 graved with central band, with ring at each side 
 and at ends. Space between the rings filled by 
 
 * Cf. the somewhat similar pin, Olijmpia, Xo. 371. 
 - Cf. G. and A. Kbrte, from (tordion, Jahrb. Erydn- 
 zungsh. V. p. 78, figs. 66, 67. 
 
 ^ Form of bow somewhat similar to that of Olgmpia, 
 
 four dotted rings. In bottom of head, remains 
 of bronze pin. The extension piece seems to be 
 inserted in bottom of foot. 
 
 898. Fragment of foot ornamented with two 
 rings at edges and five dotted bands between. 
 All grooves shallow. 
 
 Class p. Blocks rectangular and flat. 
 
 899. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.055 m. 
 Height, 0.038 m. Hook on right. The blocks 
 have on left side three dotted bands, separated 
 by two bi'oad bands, and at outer edges two nar- 
 row bands, which alone are carried round other 
 side of block. At foot, which is wider below 
 than above, the lower outer ring coincides with 
 extension piece. Stub of wire of pin visible at 
 head. 
 
 Class y. Blocks of similar shape to those 
 of Class /8, but bowy which sags at cen- 
 tre, j)€rhaps had more than three. 
 
 900. Fragment of foot and bow. Length, 
 0.0335 m. Height, 0.043 m. Hook on left. 
 Bow bends down at centre, and it seems as 
 though there had been a second block there. 
 Left side and both narrow sides of blocks have 
 fine irregular criss-cross. Right side of top 
 block has three peri)endicular and two horizontal 
 lines ; on lower block, five horizontal lines. No 
 extension on foot, which is wider below than 
 above. 
 
 Tjrpe V. High flat bow. Inserted pin (un- 
 certain whether always so or not).* 
 90L Head injured, pin gone. From first 
 chamber at east end below Cycloj)ean wall, 1893. 
 Length, 0.065 m. Height, 0.058 m. Hook on 
 right. Edges of bow rounded. At foot and 
 head bow is wider and thicker, thus imitating 
 the ornaments of preceding types. These wider 
 parts are divided into two parts by a ring, repre- 
 sented on the left by deep notches at the ends 
 and by grooves along the left side, while on the 
 right the upper and lower parts each have groove 
 down centre. Each of these grooves has three 
 holes; in one (upper inside of head end) re- 
 mains of bronze rivet. At head is pi*ojection. 
 At foot, narrow extension on inside. Two grooves 
 on back of hook, and hole near top. 
 
 The following objects are somewhat uncertain, 
 but probably are a simpler form of same type. 
 
 No. 370, which appears, however, to have had a double 
 spiral. See Furtwangler, s. n. 
 
 * Several fibulae of this type from necropolis of Gordion 
 (tumuli III., IV.). G. aud A. KurUs, Jahrb. Erganzungih. 
 V. pp. 78, 102. 
 
 902. Fragment of bow. Length, 0.047 ni. 
 Thin bronze plates attached by rivets to one side 
 of foot. Bow perforated with holes about 0.01 m. 
 apart ; mostly filled up. On lower part of foot, 
 extension with hole at either end. Perhaps this 
 and No. 901 had bar attached at base and head 
 by rivets, and running across. Cf. No. 905. 
 
 903l Fragment of bow. Length, 0.05 m. No 
 holes. Perhaps not fibula, but ring. 
 
 904. Fragment of bow. Length, 0.0385 m. 
 Three holes ; in one at end, rivet. Trace of 
 fourth hole in right end. 
 
 division III. PIVOT HEAD. 
 
 Type w. High bow with three corrugation 
 ornaments. Fin plajrs on rivet, pass- 
 ing through head from side to side. 
 Across bottom, transverse bar. 
 
 905. From West Building. Length, 0.043 m. 
 Height, 0.039 m. Hook on right. At top, 
 head, and foot, corrugatiou, with ring each side ; 
 rings at head and foot grooved. (For lower 
 ornaments cf . No. 658. ) Cross-bar looks as if of 
 same piece with head and foot. Pin was attached 
 to right side.^ 
 
 Type X. Rather low bow with three or 
 four corrugations, each with ring at 
 either side. 
 
 Form 1. Pin inserted into slit in head 
 and fastened by rivet. 
 Class a. Three corrugations. 
 Group i. Central corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. Other corrugations have 
 raised band. 
 Plate LXXXVIIL 
 
 906L Pin and hook gone. Length, 0.043 m. 
 Height, 0.024 m. (For combination of corru- 
 gations cf . Nos. 634 and 682. The corrugations 
 are also themselves of similar form.) 
 
 Group ii. All three corrugations have 
 grooved bands. 
 
 907. From back of South Building. Pin and 
 hook gone. Length, 0.0325 m. Height, 0.0205 
 m. Hook probably on left at head, socket for 
 pin is an eyelet attached to end of bow. Hole 
 filled with iron, consisting of rivet and probably 
 small piece of pin. 
 
 908. Pin gone, heatl injured. Length, 0.0455 
 
 » Similar cross-bar, Olympia, No. 376. In No. 377 bar 
 is connected with centre of bow by perpendicular bar. 
 Front of Olympia specimens ornamented with knobs. For 
 a closer parallel cf. fibula from In^, A then. Mitlh. XII. p. 
 11 (Studuiczka). 
 
 m. Height, 0.0265 m. Hook on right. At 
 foot is addetl shaft (of same piece with bow), 
 consisting of heavy and light ring, into which is 
 inserted the hook. On front of hook, thi-ee slight, 
 straight, perpendicular grooves. On both sides 
 of grooved band on corrugations, row of dotted 
 circles. For corrugations cf . Nos. 635 ff. For 
 somewhat similar ornamentation of corrugation, 
 No. 695. 
 
 In the following number rings and raised bands 
 have fine oblique notching. 
 
 909. Pin and pai-t of head and foot gone. 
 Poor condition. Length, 0.03G5 ra. Height, 
 0.0225 m. Bronze rivet remains. At foot, a 
 broad and narrow ring, the latter gi'ooved. 
 
 Class /3. Four corrugations, all of which 
 have raised grooved bands. 
 
 910. Length, 0.063 m. Height, 0.035 m. 
 Hook on right. Between middle corrugations 
 low raised convex band, with ring at either side. 
 Band has cross-grooves in groups of two. Foot 
 flat and long, perhaps inserted, but probably 
 not. Rivet bi-onze. 
 
 Form 2. Pm attached to short round 
 shaft, projecting down from head 
 end of bow. Motion of pin is thus 
 lateral. 
 
 Class a. Tliree corrugations. 
 Group i. Central corrugation has raised 
 grooved band. Side corrugations have 
 raised band. 
 
 911. Pin and hook gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.034 m. Height, 0.017 m. At head, 
 second narrow ring, slightly smaller in diameter, 
 beneath lower side ring ; and beneath this, round 
 shaft, to which is attached small piece of iron 
 pin. 
 
 The following two numbers have oblique notch- 
 ing on some or all rings. 
 
 912. Pin and hook gone. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.037 m. Height, 0.024 m. Hook was 
 on right. Heatl same as that of No. 911. Pin 
 was of iron.* 
 
 913. Pin and most of foot gone. Length, 
 
 0.036 m. 
 
 Group ii. All corrugations with raised 
 grooved bands. 
 
 914. Pin and most of foot gone. Condition 
 
 ^ Olympia, No. 372, has bow of same shape and orna- 
 ment, and appears to agree with this form in manner of 
 attachment of pin. Regarding this method of attach- 
 ment, Furtwangler makes no statement. 
 
 \] 
 
 I 
 
 I ' 
 
248 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 poor. Length, 0.037 m. Height, 0.021 in. 
 Traces of notching on upper band of foot cor- 
 rugation. Remains of iron pin. Foot was 
 inserted. 
 
 915l From back of South Building. Pin and 
 part of foot gone. Length, 0.041 m. Height, 
 0.0235 m. Remains of oblique notching on all 
 rings and bands. Knob for pin attached directly 
 beneath lower side ring. 
 
 Class p. Four corrugations. 
 
 916. Pin and part of foot gone. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.042 m. Traces of notching 
 on lower ring of foot corrugation. Possible 
 traces on bands of all corrugations. At foot, 
 rectangular hook-shaft inserted directly into 
 bottom of ornament. 
 
 917. Fragment. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.045 ra. Traces of oblique notching on lower 
 side ring and band of head corrugation. Beneath 
 lower ring of head corrugation, round exten- 
 sion followed by knob for pin. 
 
 9ia Pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. Height, 
 0.025 m. Hook on right. Ti-aces of oblique 
 notching on all bands and rings. Hook-shaft 
 inserted directly into lower ring of corrugation. 
 Tjrpe y. Ring safety-pins. Head and foot 
 inserted. Attachment of pin, so far as pre- 
 served, as in Form 2 of T3rpe x. 
 Form 1. Rounded bar. 
 
 Class a. Bar slUjIithj elliptical in section. 
 
 919. Pin, foot, and head gone. Length (i. e. 
 outside diameter of ring in axis of pin), 0.0245 m. 
 Height, 0.023 m. 
 
 920. Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Height, 
 0.0255 m. Hook probably on left side. Rivets * 
 of head and foot show on upper side. 
 
 921. Pin and foot gone. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 Height, 0.028 m. 
 
 922. From West Building. Pin and hook 
 gone. Length, 0.032 m. Height, 0.031 m. 
 Head and foot rivets inserted, but do not show 
 on top. Above hook, rectangular shaft. Hook 
 was on left. 
 
 923. Fragment. Length, 0.024 m. Hook 
 probably on left. 
 
 924. From south slope. Pin and head and 
 foot gone. Length, 0.034 m. Height, same. 
 In one rivet-hole, remains of iron shaft. 
 
 925i From beneath Cyclopean wall above 
 Stoa, 1893. Pin and most of head gone. Length, 
 0.035 m. Height, same. Pin was of bronze. 
 
 926. From back of South Building. Pin 
 ' To be anderstood here, and in the following 
 
 gone. Length, 0.0385 m. Height, same. Rivets 
 show on top. Head formed of rectangle with 
 knob. Upper part of foot rectangular, hollowed 
 to form hook. On outside of hook, three grooves. 
 Hook on left. 
 
 927. Pin and part of head and foot gone. 
 Length, 0.042 m. Height, same. Rivets show 
 on top. 
 
 928. From West Building. Pin and head 
 gone. Length, 0.046 m. Height, 0.045 m. 
 Foot rivet shows on top. Hole for head rivet 
 pierced through. Under side of foot rectangular. 
 Hook on left. 
 
 Class fi' Elliptical bar. (^Forms transition 
 to follow in (J form s. ) 
 
 929. Pin and part of head and foot gone. 
 Length, 0.029 m. Height, 0.0285 m. Head and 
 foot rivets show on top. 
 
 990. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length and 
 height, 0.035 m. Bit of iron in one rivet-hole. 
 Form 2. Upper side of bar rounded, 
 lower side flat. 
 
 931. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length, 
 0.0315 m. Height, 0.031 m. Bits of iron in 
 rivet-holes. 
 
 932. Photograph shows under side. Pin, head, 
 and foot gone. Length, 0.034 m. Height, 
 0.0335 m. 
 
 Form 3. Upper and lower sides of bar 
 FLAT. Other two sides rounded. 
 Class a. Sides rounded as though part of 
 circle. 
 
 933. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length, 
 0.024 m. Height, 0.0235 m. Ring flattened at 
 holes on top and bottom. 
 
 Class p. Sides consist of more or less angu- 
 lar combinations of' surfaces, 
 
 934. Complete and in working condition. 
 Length, 0.031 m. Height, same. Outer side 
 of ring convex, terminating in rounded obtuse 
 angle at centre. Two grooves along rim. In- 
 ner side consists of two convex surfaces meeting 
 at obtuse angle slightly below centre. Rivets 
 show on top. Rectangle of head has three 
 grooves. Rectangle of foot has two grooves. 
 Hook on left side. 
 
 Form 4. Bar rectangular. 
 
 Class a. Bar thin. Edges plain. 
 935l Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Height, 
 same. Top of ring has engraved circles. Rivets 
 appear on top. Fragment of foot (?) left. 
 
 936. Fragment. Height, 0.031 m. Has 
 fibulae of this type, of the tops of the shafts. 
 
 SAFETY-PINS 
 
 249 
 
 row of dotted circles near each edge of top. 
 Rivet of foot shows on top. Hook on left. Upper 
 part of foot round, and hook formed by cutting 
 away on left side. 
 
 937. From east end of Stoa (III). Pin, head, 
 and foot gone. Length, 0.031 m. Height, 
 0.035 m. On top, three concentric circles of 
 dots. 
 
 938. Pin and foot gone. Length, 0.031 m. 
 Height 0.032 m. Ornamented with two bands of 
 circles. Head-shaft has slightly rounded top. 
 
 939. From back of South Building. Pin and 
 part of hook gone. Length, 0.032 m. Height, 
 0.0315 in. Top covered with irregular punch- 
 marks. Rivets show on top. Hook on left side. 
 
 940. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0435 ni. 
 Height, same. Top has row of circles. Rivet of 
 foot shows on top. Upi>er part of foot below is 
 rectangular. 
 
 Class p. Bar usually thicker^ and with 
 grooved outer edge. 
 
 9tt. From south sloi>e. Most of pin and 
 part of hook gone. Length, 0.029 m. Height, 
 0.0285 m. Uncei-tain traces of ornament on 
 top. Heavy groove on rim. Length of head, 
 0.0044 in. Piece of pin adheres to stub. Upper 
 part of foot rectangular. Hook on left side. 
 
 942. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 Height, 0.028 m. Rivets show on top. Foot 
 formed of rectangle. Top of ring covered with 
 punch-marks in three irregular circles. 
 
 94a Pin, head, and foot gone. Length, 
 0.0295 m. Height, 0.029 m. On top, three 
 irregular circles of punch-marks. Rivets show 
 on top. 
 
 944. From south slope. Pin, head, and foot 
 gone. Length, 0.0464 m. Height, 0.0469 m. 
 Upper side has horseshoe ornament. Rim has 
 three grooves. Rivet-holes pierced through ; in 
 one, fragment of bronze. In other, fragment of 
 iron. 
 
 Addendum to Form 4. Uncertain to which 
 class following fragment belongs, but probably 
 to Class a. 
 
 94& From south slope. Foot and fragment of 
 ring. Length, 0.017 m. Outer edge covered 
 with fine irregular grooves. On inside same, 
 probably due to corrosion. Hook on right side. 
 Type z. Bow has form of lion. 
 
 946. From behind South Building, 1894. Pin 
 
 > For style of. Olympia, No. 966. According to Furt- 
 wiingler, the two ends have apotropaic sense. The Olym- 
 pia specimen has two rolls under fore feet, but hook under 
 
 and hook gone. Length, 0.068 m. Height, 
 0.043 m. Lion represented lying down with 
 fore feet stretched out and head up. Mouth 
 open. Line of back rises from withers to hips. 
 No engraving used to indicate muscles of body, 
 but modeling broad and careful. Four claws 
 on each fore foot ; three on hind feet. Hips 
 spread far from body. Muscles of the hind 
 fore legs indicated by two grooves. Tail pro- 
 jects well out from body turning over back, to 
 which it is joinetl, in S shape, and ending in 
 bearded snake's head. Groove along top of 
 snake's head. Eyes indicated by ridge. Beard 
 of snake broken ; originally bent forward, fol- 
 lowing curve of tail. Mane represented broadly, 
 the metal rising sharply from behind eyes in 
 oval round face. Faint engraved line round 
 edge of ears. Forehead full over eyes. Nos- 
 trils slight, with raised line between reaching to 
 mouth. From this raised line branch others to 
 sides. Eyes oblong, with upi>er lids plainly 
 marked. Teeth represented by ridge. Tongue 
 marked. Bottom of animal in two planes, run- 
 ning from fore feet and tail toward centre of 
 body. Body is hollow, but head, limbs, and tail 
 solid. Head of fibula consists of two roll-like 
 blocks beneath front paws ; they are connected 
 by round shaft passing from end to end. Each 
 roll has five slight grooves. Centre of shaft sur- 
 rounded by remains of iron pin. Foot of fibula 
 just forward of root of tail.^ For style, see 
 under III. 5, a (p. 203, above). 
 
 Addenda to Fibidae. The following were dis- 
 carded : Type X, Group i.. Class a, three of un- 
 certain form. Of Group ii., one from south 
 slope. Form 1, Class a, one. Form 2, Class 
 a. Group i., one. Probably of Class /?, one. Tjrpe 
 y, Form 4, Class a, one. All the above were 
 mere fragments. Also four broken pieces of 
 the pins (including one from south slope), and 
 six unclassified fragments. 
 
 C. PSEUDO-SAFETY-PINS. 
 
 Probably to be regarded as decorative straight 
 pins with ring hea<ls. Cf. Nos. 2081 ff. Not 
 classed as buckles, because for such use No. 
 947 is ineffective, and No. 948 difficult. 
 
 947. Pin very loose on ring. Diameter of 
 ring, 0.029 m. Length of pin, 0.031 m. Ring 
 made of piece of elliptical wire, of which ends 
 
 hind feet is double. It is more likely a fibula than an 
 attached figfure with something hung to the hooks, as 
 Furtwangler takes it. 
 
250 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 RINGS, BRACELETS 
 
 251 
 
 overlap and each after a single twist turns twice 
 around the other. Rough threading on wire 
 put on before the ends were twisted.' 
 
 948. From West Buikling. Diameter of ring, 
 0.02 m. Length of pin, 0.037 m. Head flat, 
 encircling ring once. Ring of elliptical wire. 
 Pin plays over whole circumfei*ence of ring.* 
 
 2. NEEDLE. 
 
 949. Not cleaned because patinated. From 
 northeast corner near Cyclopean wall, 1893. 
 Length, 0.1565 m. Flattens at top for eyelet, 
 but elsewhere nearly round. 
 
 3. RINGS. 
 A. FINGER-RINGS. 
 
 Type a. Plain convex bar. 
 Form 1. Rounded convexity. 
 Class a. Closed. 
 
 950. From West Building. Bar worn on one 
 side. Diameter (outside), 0.0205 m. x 0.0196 m. 
 Height, 0.003 m. 
 
 951. Diameter (outside), 0.0245 ra. x 0.023 m. 
 Height, 0.0088 m.3 
 
 Class P- Open. 
 
 952. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.022 m. Height, 0.0004 m. 
 
 953. Diameter, 0.027 m. x 0.021 m. Height, 
 0.0067 m. 
 
 964. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0245 ra. x 
 0.0225 m. Height, 0.0057 m. 
 
 Form 2. Angular convexity. 
 Examples open or fragmentary. 
 
 965. From south slope. Fragment. Diame- 
 ter, 0.022 m. Height, 0.004 m. 
 
 956. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0225 m. X 0.0215 m. Height, 0.0048 m. 
 
 957. Fi-om West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0257 m. X 0.025 m. Height, 0.0065 m.* 
 Type b. Band rings. 
 
 Form 1. Band has on outside raised 
 
 MOULDING at TOP AND BOTTOM. 
 
 95a Fragment. Height, 0.0073 m. 
 959. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Height, 
 0.0055 m. 
 
 • Cf. Olympia, No. 1146. More bnckle-shaped, Ces- 
 nola, Salaminla (Italian ed.), p. 69, No. 79. 
 
 2 Cf. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I. p. 591, fig. 150. 
 
 ' Plain closed gold ring from Mycenae, fourth grave. 
 No. 299. Heavy bronze rings with convex ontside, in- 
 side uncertain, still with bones in them from Salamis 
 
 Form 2. Band ornamented outside with 
 parallel horizontal grooves. 
 
 960. Fnmi West Buihling. Diameter, 0.02 m. 
 Height, 0.006 m. One edge thinner than other. 
 Band has thi-ee shallow grooves. 
 
 961. Condition |)oor. Open. Diameter, 0.0205 
 m. X 0.018 m. Height, 0.0072 m. Five grooves 
 on outside. Ridges formed by grooves have 
 zigzag. 
 
 Form 3. Outside of band grooved and 
 threaded. EIdge grooved. 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 
 962. From West Building. Fragment. Length, 
 0.0185 m. Height, 0.0025 m. Single groove 
 round each edge. Outside of bar has two fine 
 grooves, with band l>etween plain, but outer 
 bands have slight oblique notching. 
 
 963. From West Building. Fragment. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0199 m. Height, 0.00265 m. Orna- 
 ment same as that of No. 962. 
 
 Form 4. Band inscribed on either side of 
 engraved ornament. 
 
 964. Ring broken. Oxidized and considera- 
 bly coiTOile<l. Bent. Diameter, 0.0205 m. x 
 0.0184 m. Height, 0.0035-0.0038 m. Thick- 
 nes8, 0.0006-0.0009 m. Ornament: small ai*c 
 of circle ending with little circle at each end. 
 Between ornament and beginning of inscription 
 at right, space of 0.003 m., much corroded. At 
 left, between ornament and last trace of letter, 
 space of 0.002 m. 
 
 For inscription, see Ajtjten(li.r (p. 332). 
 Type c. Rings with solid seal. 
 
 Form 1. Plain rectangular seal. 
 
 965i From Northwest Building. Ring cracked 
 apart, opposite seal. Diameter, 0.0235 x 0.023 m. 
 Length of seal, 0.012 m. Bar oval, with inner 
 side naiTOW and sides partially flattened. Seal 
 seems to l>e plain. Crack in ring may be inten- 
 tional as surfaces are smooth. 
 
 FoR3i 2. Oval seals, with intaglio orna- 
 ment. 
 
 966. From Wlow Cyclo{)ean wall al)0ve Stoa 
 (III). Diameter, 0.0222 m. x 0.022 m. Bar 
 oval, with inner side the broader. Seal thinner 
 in centre. Length of seal, 0.0215 m. Width of 
 seal, 0.0108 m. On seal is figure of lion seated 
 
 (Mycenaean period), Athens Mas. Nos. 3585, 3586, 3591. 
 Small plain bronze ring^ from Lion tomb at Cbaeronea, 
 Athens Mus., No. 9793. Cf. Zannoni, Scavi della Certota, 
 p. 67, pi. XV. No. 30 (silver), still inclosing bon«. 
 
 * The above rings were assigned to this type and put 
 with finger-rings, because of plain smooth finish inside. 
 
 to left. Beneath lion, a groove slanting upward 
 to right. Tail curleil back and up. Mane in- 
 dicateil by vertical wavy grooves. Ear indicated. 
 Eye uncertain. Jaw clearly marked. Figure 
 shows Oriental influence. Aljove head three 
 slight indentations, perhaps merely meant to 
 bound fleld, perhaps the petals of a flower.^ 
 
 967. Diameter, 0.022 m. x 0.02 m. Bar oval ; 
 inside the narrower. Length of seal, 0.012 m. 
 Width, 0.009 m. Groove and line of dots about 
 edge. Design : shallow cup with projecting rim. 
 Over this three trilobate figures. 
 
 Form 3. High circular seal, with intag- 
 lio ornament. 
 
 96& From West Building. Diameter, 0.02 m. 
 X 0.025 m. Bar of ring decreases in size down- 
 ward ; is slightly oval, with broad inside. Orna- 
 mented with grouj>8 of three grooves. Seal a 
 low truncated cone. Slight distance above bot- 
 tom, a groove which seems to have containetl 
 band of whitish metal, probably electrum. De- 
 sign uncertain : perhaps rosette or lieetle. 
 Tjrpe d. Rings with swivel seals. 
 
 Form 1. Seal of ivory. 
 
 969. From southeast sloi)e, 1894. When 
 found, fragment of ivory seal was attached. Bar 
 round, with wire coil at each side of seal. Diam- 
 eter, 0.031 m. Bar oval in section, with narrow 
 side to finger. 
 
 Form 2. Seal of bronze. 
 
 970. Fi-om back of South Building near re- 
 taining wall, 1894. Diaraeter,0.025m. X 0.027 m. 
 Bar slightly elliptical, with narrow edge inside. 
 Ends near seal have fine wire coil, of nine or ten 
 turns. Seal a short cylinder. Diameter, 0.0122 m. 
 Under side plain and slightly convex. Edge di- 
 vided by two heavy gi-ooves. Each band outside 
 of these has fine gi*oove. Design : groove next 
 to e<lge, within which a fly in intaglio; work 
 careful. Both pairs of wings have fine oblique 
 grooving from top down and outwai-d. Ti-aces 
 of antennae. Legs shown. 
 
 Addendum to Type d. 
 
 970 a. Fragment which had swivel seal of 
 unknown substance. Wire coils at each side of 
 seal. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 
 * Cf. lion with flower in mouth on gold breastplate, from 
 Regiilini-Galassi tomb at Cervetri. Museo Gregoriano, 
 A I pi. 28 (= Grifl, Monumenti di Cere Antica, pi. I). 
 
 * Cf. bracelet from Amorgos (pre-Mycenaean), 'E^m- 
 •Apx- 1898, col. 15.">, pi. 8, No. 2 (Tsountas). 
 
 ^ At Mycenae, outside of tombs, plain round, appar- 
 ently solid gold rings ; bar slightly elliptical ; Nos. 975- 
 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 970 b. Fragment of similar ring. Diameter, 
 
 0.035 m. 
 
 B. BRACELETS. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 Type a. Plain coiL 
 
 971. Ends broken. Much corroded. Outside 
 diameter, 0.064 ni. Plain bar, slightly elliptical. 
 T]rpe b. Ornamented coiL 
 
 972. One end injured. Much corroded. Di- 
 ameter, 0.08 m. Bar has fine, close, uneven screw- 
 threading. On uninjured end is roll, followed 
 by five small con-ugations or rings. Probably 
 other end was treated in same way. 
 
 Type c. Plain bar open, with ends slightly 
 ornamented. 
 
 972 a. From back of South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.042 m. Ends have slight ridge at tip ex- 
 cept on inside. Bar becomes slightly smaller as 
 it appi*oaches ends. Bar somewhat like that in C, 
 T3rpe a, Form 2 (pp. 253 ff.). On outer edges 
 of each end two dents probably for eyes of ser- 
 pent's head. Perhaps bracelet of statuette. 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 972 b. Diameter, 0.036 m. Bar grows 
 smaller toward ends, which terminate in thin 
 flat disks at nearly right angles with ring. Ends 
 0.0125 m. apart.2 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 
 Type d. Hooked wire, with hollow hemi- 
 spherical beads. 
 
 973. Diameter, 0.065 m. Plain wire, tapering 
 at ends to fonn hook. On wire, strung through 
 small holes, two beads. Although of same size, 
 no sign that they were ever joined. The beads 
 made of strip of metal, having ends joined to- 
 gether. 
 
 974. Diameter, 0.0075 m. Wire plain, taper- 
 ing at hooks. Beads similar to those of No. 973. 
 Their arrangement has l)een disturbed. Weld- 
 ing of edges of bead almost imperceptible. 
 
 C. RINGS, MAINLY DECOR.\TIVE, OF VARIOUS 
 FORMS AND SIZES. 
 
 Tjrpe a. Plain rounded bar, usually ellip- 
 tical in section.^ 
 
 977, 979 ; 994 of silver ; 978, of gold, has inside flattened. 
 For examples of decorative use ef. British Museum, Ex- 
 cavations in Cyprus, p. 102, No. 30, pi. xiv., fibula with 
 rings on bow from Amathus. So frequently in Iron Age 
 graves in Italy. Open rings, sometimes linked together, 
 e.g. in Brit. Mus., Gold Room, Case T, from tomb in one 
 of the Greek islands, — five open plain gold rings linked 
 
 I 1 
 
252 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 Form 1. Inside and outside of bar 
 treated alike. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m. to 
 0.025 m. 
 075. Diameter, 0.0227 m. x 0.022 m. Width 
 of bar, 0.018 m. Bar horizontal ellipse ap- 
 proaching to rectangle. 
 
 The following have bar of same shape unless 
 otherwise stated. 
 
 976. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0207 m. Width, 0.0013 m.-0.002 m. 
 
 977. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0024 m. 
 
 978. Diameter, 0.0237 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 979. Diameter, 0.0247 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 980. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 Bar nearly round. 
 
 981. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 982. Diameter, 0.0223 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 983. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 984. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 Width, 0.0028 m.-0.0034 m. Bar as that of No. 
 980. 
 
 986. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 986. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0038 m. 
 
 987. Diameter, 0.0244 m. Width, 0.0025 ra. 
 -0.0038 m. 
 
 988. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 -0.0038 m. 
 
 989. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m. to 
 
 0.03 m. 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 
 990. Diameter, 0.0254 m. Width, 0.0017 
 m.-0.0025 m. 
 
 991. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 ra. 
 
 992. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 993. Diameter, 0.02G m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 994. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0026 m. 
 -0.0029 m. Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 995. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 996. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 997. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 998. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0031 m. 
 Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 999. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1000. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0033 m. 
 Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 1001. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 m.- 
 0.0035 m. 
 
 1002. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0252 m. 
 Width, 0.0028 m.-0.0035 m. 
 
 1003. Diameter, 0.0286 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 ttsLT as that of No. 980. 
 
 1004. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 ni. 
 Width, 0.0036. Bar as that of No. 980. 
 
 1005. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.003 m.- 
 0.0036 ra. Rir as that of 980. 
 
 1006. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 -0.0037 ra. liar as that of No. 980. 
 
 1007. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m. 
 Bar as that of 980. 
 
 1008. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0033 m. 
 
 1009. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 m.- 
 0.0043 ra. 
 
 1010. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 -0.0043 m. 
 
 1011. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-0.0043 ra. 
 
 1012. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 Plate XC. 
 
 lOia Diameter, 0.0287 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1014. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 lOlSi Diameter, 0.0292 m. Width, 0.0065 m 
 (6'.) Open. 
 
 1016. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0023 m 
 Ends fit closely. 
 
 Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.- 
 0.035. 
 
 1017. Diameter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1018. Diaraeter, 0.0315. Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1019. Diameter, 0.0325 m. Width. 0.0029 m. 
 Bar as that of 980. 
 
 102a Diaraeter, 0.03 ra. Width, 0.005 m.- 
 0.0062 m. 
 
 Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.- 
 0.04 m. 
 («'.) Closed. 
 1021. Diameter, 0.0354 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 together ; ends of rings smaller than centre. Similar 
 group of rings from Enconii. Cf. Excavations in Cyprus, 
 pi. ix. Xos. 288-295. Possibility that some of the open 
 rings with bar tapering towanl ends may be earrings ; cf- 
 Myres and Ohnefalsch-Riehter, Cyprus Miueum Cat. p. 
 
 123; Orsi, }f(m. Ant. Line. I. col. 8(>3, Mpolturn clxvi. 
 from Megara llyblmea, and IX. c<»U. 74, 75, fig. 27, from 
 Pantalica. 0|>eu ring with crossed ends from Sikel vil- 
 lage near Matera, Apulia, published by Patroni, Aloti. Ar^. 
 Line. VIII. coll. 497, 507, iig. 108, as finger-ring. 
 
 k-^i^lMiHIaklUa 
 
 imlMm^M 
 
 mim 
 
 DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
 253 
 
 1022. Diameter, 0.0394 m. Widtl^ 0.0039 
 m.-0.005 m. 
 
 (6'.) Oi)en. 
 
 1023. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0037 m. 
 Bar round. 
 
 1024. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.0047 m. 
 0{)ening looks accidental. 
 
 Group V. Outside diameter, 0.04 m., or 
 more. 
 
 (a'.) Closetl. 
 1025i Diameter, 0.0444 ra. Width, 0.0034 ra. 
 
 1026. From back of South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.049 ra. Width, 0.0058 ni.-0.0069 ra. 
 
 1027. Diameter, 0.0505 m. Width, 0.0055 
 m.-0.0069 m. 
 
 (b'.) Open. 
 
 102a Diaraeter, 0.043 m. Width, 0.0055 m. 
 Opening looks accidental. 
 
 Addenda to Form 1. It is uncertain whether 
 the openings in the following are intentional or 
 accidental. 
 
 1029. Diaraeter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0015 ra. 
 Bar round. Edges of ojiening rough ; hence 
 probably accidental. 
 
 1030. Diaraeter, 0.0216 ra. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 E<lges of opening fairly smooth. Bar round. 
 
 1030 a. Diameter, 0.0213 m. Width, 0.009 m. 
 Form 2. Inside surface less rodnded 
 than outside. Division between sur- 
 faces NOT distinctly INDICATED. 
 
 Group i. Outside diaraeter less than 
 0.02 ra. Unless otherwise stated, all 
 the following to No. 1099 liave nearly 
 round bar. 
 
 1031. Diaraeter, 0.0165 ra. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1032. From south slope. Diameter, 0.017 m. 
 AVidth, 0.0038 m. 
 
 1033. Diaraeter, 0.0193 m. Width, 0.0009 ra. 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.02 ni.- 
 
 0.025 m. 
 
 1034. Diameter, 0.021 ra. Width, 0.0013 ni. 
 (Condition so poor as to make classification un- 
 certain.) 
 
 1035. Diameter, 0.022 ra. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1036. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 1087. Diameter, 0.0239 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1038. Diameter, 0.0231 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1039. Diaraeter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1040. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 
 ni.-0.0028 m. Bar higher than wide in some 
 places. 
 
 1041. Diameter, 0.0216 m. Width, 0.0017 
 m.-0.0028 m. 
 
 1042. Diameter, 0.0235 ra. Width, 0.002 ra. 
 
 1043. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1044. Diameter, 0.0238 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1045. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 
 1046. Diaraeter, 0.0228 ra. Width, 0.0024 
 ra.-0.0034 m. 
 
 1047. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0024 
 m.-0.0034 m. 
 
 1048. From behind South Building. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0237 ra. Width, 0.0025 m.-0.0035 ra. 
 
 1049. Diaraeter, 0.0222 ra. Width, 0.0023 
 m. -0.0035 m. Poor condition renders classi- 
 fication uncertain ; perhaps this sjjecimen belongs 
 under Form 4. 
 
 1050. Diaraeter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0015 
 m.-0.0037 ra. (Difference due to oxidation.) 
 Perhaps belongs under FoR>i 4. 
 
 1051. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.024 m. W^idth, 0.0027 m.-0.004 ra. 
 
 1052. Frora south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.003 ra.-0.004 m. 
 
 1053. From back of South Building. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0243 ra. Width, 0.0027 ra.-0.004 m. 
 
 1054. Diameter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 
 0.003 m. 
 
 1055. Diaraeter, 0.025 ra. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1056. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1057. Frora behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.025 ra. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1058. Diaraeter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1059. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0028 ra. 
 
 1060. Diameter, 0.025 ra. Width, 0.0028 ra. 
 
 1061. Diameter, 0.025 ni. Width, 0.0024 m.- 
 0.0035 m. (Difference due to oxidation.) 
 
 1062. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0035 ra. 
 
 1063. Diaraeter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0029 ra. 
 
 1064. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0028 m.- 
 0.0038 m. 
 
 1065. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0024 m.- 
 0.0038 ra. 
 
 1066. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0027 
 m.-0.0038 m. 
 
 1067. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0028 
 m.-0.0038 m. About one half of ring larger 
 than the other. Perhaps finger-ring. 
 
 1068. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1069. Diaraeter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1070. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0028 m.-0.0038 m. 
 
254 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 1071. Diameter, 0.0257 in. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 Bar slightly elliptical. 
 
 1072. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1073. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0255 m. 
 Width, 0.003 m.-0.0042 m. 
 
 1074. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1075. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m.- 
 0.0045 m. 
 
 1076. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0035 
 m.-0.0049 m. 
 
 1077. Diameter, 0.0285 m. Width, 0.005 m. 
 
 1078. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0285. Width, 0.0055 m. 
 
 1079. Diameter, 0.02G5 m. Width, 0.0045 
 m.-0.0065 m. 
 
 Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.- 
 0.035 m. 
 
 1080. Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1081. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1082. Diameter, 0.0323 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1083. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1084. Diameter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 1086. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.0047 m. 
 
 1086. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.03 m. Width, 0.0043 m.-0.0058 m. 
 
 1087. Diameter, 0.0335 m. Width, 0.0043 
 m.-0.006 m. Bar elliptieaL 
 
 1088. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0335 m. Width, 0.0045 m.-O.OOG m. 
 
 1089. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.008 m. 
 Group V. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.- 
 
 0.04 m. 
 
 1090. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1091. Diameter, 0.0365 m. Width, 0.004 m.- 
 0.0055 m. 
 
 1092. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.005 m.-0.006 m. 
 
 1093. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0055 
 m.-0.0065 m. 
 
 1094. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.005 m.- 
 0.0068 m. 
 
 1095l Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.0075 m. 
 Group vi. Diameter, 0.04 + m. 
 
 1096. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.041 m. Width, 0.008 ra.^ 
 
 Addenda to Form 2. The openings in the 
 following are partially due to accident, whether 
 they were originally intended to be open or not. 
 
 Group ii. 1097. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 
 0.003 m. One end smooth, other end rough. 
 
 Group iii. 1098. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 
 0.0034 m. Both ends corroded. 
 
 Group iv. 1099. From behind South Build* 
 ing. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.0045 m.- 
 0.006 m. Both ends corroded. 
 
 Form 3. Inside surface less rounded 
 
 THAN OUTSIDE. On TOP AND BOTTOM 
 FLAT PLANE CONNECTING INSIDE AND 
 OUTSIDE. 
 
 Class a. Inside surface rounded slightly 
 in continuous curve. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.- 
 0.025 m. 
 
 1100. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0249 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 0.03 m. 
 
 1101. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1102. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0025 m.- 
 0.004 m. 
 
 1103. Diameter, 0.025 ra. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1104. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.- 
 
 0.035 ni. 
 
 1105. Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.006 m. 
 Class p. Inner convexity consists of two 
 
 surfaces which meet in rounded obtuse 
 angle. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.- 
 0.025 m. 
 («'.) Closed. 
 IIOR Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.001 m. 
 (Half of one side is of Form 4.) 
 
 1107. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1108. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1109. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0237 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1110. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.024 m. Width, 0.0024 m. 
 
 mi Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0023 ra. 
 
 1112. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1113. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0027 m.- 
 0.004 m. 
 
 (6'.) OiJen. 
 
 1114. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 
 0.03 m. 
 
 1115. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 Addenda to Form 3. In the following the 
 
 width of the original opening is uncertain. 
 
 ^ For example of such rings used m bandies, see Orsi, M<m. Ant. Line. I. col. 801. 
 
 DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
 255 
 
 Class a. Group i. 
 1116. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0023 m.- 
 0.0037 m. Ends corroded. 
 
 Group iii. 1117. From behind South Building. 
 Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.0031 m.-0.0057 m. 
 (Oxidized.) 
 Form 4. Similar to Form 3 except that 
 inside and outside surfaces meet on 
 top and bottom ' edge of ring. 
 Class a. Inner convexity rounded in con- 
 tinuous curve. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.015 m.- 
 0.02 m. 
 ma Diameter, 0.0176 m. Width, 0.013 m. 
 
 1119. Diameter, 0.018 m. Width, 0.001 m.- 
 0.003 m. 
 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.- 
 0.025 m. 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 
 1120. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0014 m. 
 This and 1121 and 1122 are perhaps finger- 
 rings. 
 
 1121. Diameter, 0.0234 m. Width, 0.001 m. 
 
 1122. Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.0014 m. 
 
 1123. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1124. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1125. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0014 m. 
 
 1126. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0013 m. 
 
 1127. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1128. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1129. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1130. Diameter, 0.0229 m. Width, 0.0016 m. 
 
 1131. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1132. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0016 m. 
 
 1133. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1134. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1135. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0224 m. 
 Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1136. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1137. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1138. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1139. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1140. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1141. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0014 m.- 
 0.0027 m. 
 
 1142. From West Building. Diameter, 0.021m. 
 
 Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1143. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1 The nngs have neitber ' top ' uor ' bottom,' but tbese 
 
 1144. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1145. Diameter, 0.0236 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1146. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0223 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1147. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1148. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1149. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1150. Diameter, 0.0222 m. Width, 0.0015 
 m.-0.003 m. 
 
 1151. From south slope. Diameter, 0.028 m. 
 Width, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m. 
 
 1152. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0013 m. 
 
 1153. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1154. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1155. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1156. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1157. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 1168. Diameter, 0.0206 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1159. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0017 ra. 
 
 1160. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1161. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0033 m. 
 
 1162. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0024 m. 
 
 1163. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 
 1164. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0035 m. 
 
 1165. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1166. From behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0244 m. Width, 0.0023 m.-0.0035 m. 
 
 1167. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 Width, 0.0023 m.-0.0036 m. 
 
 1168. Diameter, 0.0224 m. Width, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0037 m. 
 
 1169. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0038 m. 
 
 1170. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025 
 m.-0.004 m. 
 
 1171. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0027 
 m.-0.004 m. 
 
 1172. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 (6'.) Open. 
 
 1173. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 Ends close together ; opening diagonal and prob- 
 ably intentional. 
 
 1174. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 Opening prolwibly accidental. 
 
 Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 0.03 m. 
 
 1175. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 words are perhaps more intelligible than ' plane of the 
 diameter ' or a similar expression. 
 
256 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 1176. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1177. Diameter, 0.025 m. Widtb, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1178. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1179. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1180. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 
 1181. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0015 m.- 
 0.004 m. (Corroded and oxidized.) 
 
 1182. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0026 m. 
 Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1183. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0033 m. 
 
 1184. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 1186. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0265 m. 
 
 Width, 0.0037 m. 
 
 1186. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0285 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1187. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.028 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 
 Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.- 
 0.035 m. 
 
 1188. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0325 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1189. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 1190. South slope. Diameter, 0.034 m. 
 Width, 0.0065 m.-0.009 m. 
 
 Group V. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.- 
 0.04 m. 
 
 1191. Diameter, 0.036 m. Width, 0.0053 m. 
 Class p. Inner conrevitij consists of two 
 
 surfaces tcfiich meet in a rounded obtuse 
 
 angle. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.- 
 
 0.025 m. 
 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 
 1192. Diameter, 0.0208 m. Width, 0.0011 m. 
 USa Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 1194. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 1196. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1196. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1197. Diameter, 0.023 m. AVidth, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1198. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.02 m. Width, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1199. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1200. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1201. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1202. Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1203. Diameter, 0.0209 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1204. Diameter, 0.0204 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 1206. Diameter, 0.0218 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1206. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1207. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1208. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1209. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0021 m. 
 
 1210. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0021 m. 
 
 1211. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1212. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1213. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1214. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 1216. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Wiilth, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1216. Diameter, 0.0224 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1217. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1218. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1219. Fi-om West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0249 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1220. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1221. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1222. Diameter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1223. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1224. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 122Si Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1226. From south 8loi>e. Diameter, 0.023 m. 
 Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1227. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1228. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1229. Diameter, 0.023 ni. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1230. Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1231. Diameter, 0.0213 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1232. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1233. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1234. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 ra. 
 1236. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1236. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0025 ra. 
 
 1237. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0027 ra. 
 
 1238. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 ra. 
 
 1239. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0027 ra. 
 
 1240. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 
 1241. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1242. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.024 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 
 1243. Diameter, 0.0225 ra. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 
 1244. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 1246. Diameter, 0.023 ra. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 
 1246. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 ra. 
 Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1247. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1248. Diameter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1249. Frora behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.021 ra. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 125a Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1261. Diameter, 0.0233 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1262. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1263. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 1254. Diameter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.003 nu 
 
 \ 
 
 DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
 267 
 
 1265. Diameter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1266. Diameter, 0.0243 ra. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1267. Diameter, 0.0245 ra. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1268. From l)ehind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0234 ra. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1269. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0032 ra. 
 
 1260. Diameter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 
 1261. Diameter, 0.023 m. Widtli, 0.0032 m. 
 
 1262. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0035 ra. 
 
 1263. Diameter, 0.0242 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1264. Diameter, 0.022x0.03 ra. Width, 
 0.0035 in. 
 
 1266. Frora behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1266. Diameter, 0.0249 ra. Width, 0.0036 ra. 
 
 1267. Frora south sIojmj. Diameter, 0.0232 ra. 
 Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1268. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1269. From south sIo^h;. Diameter, 0.0243 ra. 
 Width. 0.0036 m. 
 
 1270. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1271. From south sloi)e. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.0039 ra. 
 
 1272. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 
 1273. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1274. Diameter, 0.0223 m. Widtli, 0.004 m. 
 1276. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1276. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0243 m. Width, 0.004 ra. 
 
 1277. Diameter, 0.0249 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1278. Diameter, 0.024 ra. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1279. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1280. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0042 m. 
 
 1281. From south slo))e. Diameter, 0.0248 m. 
 Width, 0.0049. 
 
 (6'.) Open, but o|)ening in all eases 
 probably accidental. 
 
 1282. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1283. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1284. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m. 
 1286. Diameter, 0.0225 m. AVidth, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1286. From scmth slope. Diameter, 0.022 ra. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1287. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1288. Frora behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1289. Diameter, 0.0214 m. AVidth, 0.004 m. 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 
 0.03 m. 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 
 1290. Diameter, 0.0254 m. AVidth, 0.0025 ra. 
 
 1291. Diaraeter, 0.0258 ra. Width, 0.0025 ra. 
 
 1292. Diaraeter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1293. Diameter, 0.025 ra. Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1294. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.025 m. AA'idth, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1295. Diameter, 0.025 m. AVidth, 0.0027 m. 
 
 1296. Diameter, 0.0282 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1297. Diaraeter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0029 m. 
 
 1298. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 ra. 
 
 1299. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0283 m. AVidth. 0.003 m. 
 
 1300. Diameter, 0.026 m. AVidth, 0.0033 m. 
 
 1301. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1302. Diameter, 0.0255 m. AVidth, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1303. Diameter, 0.0255 m. AVidth, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1304. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0263 m. AVidth, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1305. Diameter, 0.025 m. AVidth, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1306. Diameter, 0.0255 m. AVidth, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1307. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1308. Diameter, 0.0278 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1309. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 ra. 
 
 1310. Diameter, 0.0265 m. AVidth, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1311. From south sloi)e. Diameter, 0.0263 m. 
 AVidth, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1312. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0255 ra. 
 Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1313. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1314. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1315. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1316. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0037 m. 
 
 1317. Diameter, 0.0263 m. Width, 0.0038 m. 
 
 1318. Diameter, 0.025 m. AVidth, 0.004 m. 
 
 1319. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m. 
 AVidth, 0.004 m. 
 
 1320. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1321. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 AVidth, 0.004 m. 
 
 1322. Diameter, 0.026 m. AA^idth, 0.004 m. 
 
 1323. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0043 m. 
 
 1324. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0043 m. 
 
 1325. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.0043. 
 
 1326. Diameter, 0.0264 m. Width, 0.0043 ra. 
 
 1327. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1328. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1329. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m. 
 AVidth, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1330. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1331. Diameter, 0.026 m. AVidth, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1332. Diameter, 0.025 m. AVidth, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1333. From AVest Building. Diameter, 
 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1334. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 
258 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 1335. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m. 
 Wi.ltli, 0.0044 m. 
 
 1336. I )iameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0047 iii. 
 
 1337. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 1338. Diameter, 0.0299 in. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 1339. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0285 m. Width, 0.005 m. 
 
 1340. Diameter, 0.0277 m. AVidth, 0.0051 m. 
 (5'.) Oi)en ; but probably owing to ac- 
 cident. 
 
 1341. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0014 m. 
 
 1342. Diameter, 0.0252 m. Width, 0.0023 uj. 
 
 1343. Diameter, 0.0264 m. Width, 0.0046 m. 
 
 1344. Diameter, 0.0278 m. Width, 0.0055 m. 
 Addenda to Form 4, ClaifS yS. In the follow- 
 ing original width of break is uncertain. 
 
 1346. Diameter, 0.0188 m. Width, 0.0013 m. 
 (J roup i. 
 
 1346. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1347. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1348. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1349. Diameter, 0.0223 m. Width. 0.0023 m. 
 
 1350. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1351. Diameter, 0.023 ui. Width, 0.0021 m. 
 
 1352. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0024 m. 
 In following numbers, bent examples, the ends 
 
 overlap. 
 
 1353. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1354. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 (Jroup ii. 
 
 1355. Diameter, 0.0278 m. Widtli. 0.0029 m. 
 
 1356. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.006 m. 
 Form 5. Tkaxsitioxal, similar to Form 4, 
 
 but inside and outside are formed each 
 of three flat i'laxe surfaces, that is, 
 a central band with a sloping bevel 
 at either side. 
 
 1357. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.029 m. Width, 0.0043 m. 
 
 Discanh of Type a: 
 
 Form 1, (Jroup i.: oue, complete, from West Building; 
 antl three fragments, of which one from south slope. 
 
 Form ti. Group ii.: three fragments, of which one from 
 south slope. Group iii. : two complete and two fragments. 
 Group iv.: one fragment. 
 
 F«>RM .'5, Clm.* a. Group i.: one fragment from south 
 slope. Cfaits $: oue complete. 
 
 Form 4, Cla!>K o. Group ii. : eleyen fragments, of which 
 one from West Building, one from south slope, one from 
 east end of Second Temple. Group iii.: one complete and 
 one fragment. Cinss fl, Group i.: three complete and 
 thirteen fragments, of which one from West Building, 
 one from south slope, and two from behind South Build- 
 ing. Group ii.: four fragments. 
 
 Also fourteen complete, and forty-three incomplete 
 pieces, unclassified. 
 
 Type b. Large rings, of forms analogons 
 to those of Tjrpe a. 
 Form 1. Combination of two rings, one 
 
 LARGER AND OPEN, SIMILAR TO TjrpO a, 
 
 Form 1 ; the other being smaller 
 
 AND also closed, SIMILAR TO Type a, 
 
 Form 2. 
 135& From l>ehind South Building. Diame- 
 ter of larger ring, 0.0435 m. Wi«lth, 0.0047 ni. 
 0|)ening diagcmal and probably original. Diam- 
 eter of smaller ring, 0.032 m. Width of the 
 same, 0.0042 m. 
 Form 2. Single rings. Somewhat similar 
 
 to Type a, Form 2. 
 
 1359. Much worn. Diameter, 0.059 m. 
 Width. 0.0085 m. 
 
 Form 3. Somewhat similar to Tjrpe «, 
 Form 3, Class ».. but flatter. 
 
 1360. Fnun behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0563 m. Width. 0.0032 m. 
 
 136L Diameter, 0.0805 m. Width, 0.0067 m. 
 Surfaces nearly flat. 
 
 Form 4. Somewhat similar to Tjrpe a, 
 Form 4, Cla»i< a. 
 
 1362. Fragment. Diameter, 0.071 5 m. Width, 
 0.005 m. On one side, uncertain traces of 
 oblique lines. 
 
 Type c. Outside and inside convex, con- 
 sisting of two flat, or nearly flat, surfaces 
 meeting at an angle.' 
 Form 1. Angles of upper and lower 
 SIDES PLAIN. Inner convexity less 
 
 THAN OUTER. 
 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.- 
 0.025 m. 
 
 1363. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0238 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1364. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.003 n». 
 1366. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1366. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 
 1367. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0037 m. 
 
 1368. Diameter, 0.0237 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 
 1369. Diameter, 0.0223 ni. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 
 0.03 m. 
 
 1370. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0029 ni. 
 
 1371. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 
 1372. From l>ehind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0274 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 
 1373. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 
 1 With this type, of. specimen from Novilara, Mon. Ant. Line. V. col. 140 (Brizio). 
 
 DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
 259 
 
 1374. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 1376. From Iwhind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 1376. Diameter, 0.0297 m. Width, 0.0064 m. 
 
 1377. Diaiueter, 0.029 m. Width, 0.007 m. 
 Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.- 
 
 0.035 m. 
 
 1378. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.007 m. 
 Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.- 
 
 0.04 m. 
 
 1407. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1408. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1409. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 
 1410. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0047 m. 
 
 1411. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 The following numbers are ornamented. 
 
 1412. Diameter, 0.0227. Width, 0.003 m. 
 On one side of outer convexity, at inner and 
 outer edge, row of short oblique lines close to- 
 
 1379. From south slope. Diameter, 0.037 in. gether. Traces of similar lines on other si<le 
 
 0.02 m.- 
 
 Width, 0.008 m. 
 
 Group V. Outside diameter over 0.04 m. 
 138a Diameter, 0.041 m. Width, 0.008 m. 
 Form 2. Inner surf.vces carried past 
 
 JUNCTION-POINT WITH OUTSIDE SURFACES, 
 
 thus making inside apparently thicker 
 
 THAN outside AND OF ABOUT EQUAL AND 
 
 sometimes greater width.* 
 Group i. Outside diameter, 
 0.25 m. 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 Pl.\te XCI. 
 
 1381. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 
 1382. Diameter, 0.021 m. 
 
 1383. Diameter, 0.0215 m. 
 
 1384. Diameter, 0.0205 m. 
 1386. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 1386. Diameter, 0.0227 m. 
 
 Width, 0.0024 m. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 Width, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1387. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0027 m.- 
 
 1388. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1389. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1390. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1391. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m. 
 
 1392. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1393. Diameter, 0.0239 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 1394. Diameter, 0.0221 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 Possible traces of row of dots. 
 
 1396. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0033 m. 
 
 1396. Diameter, 0.0233 m. 
 
 1397. Diameter, 0.023 m. 
 
 1398. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 
 1399. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 
 1400. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1401. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1402. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1403. Diameter, 0.0244 ui. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1404. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 1406. From West Building. Diameter, 
 
 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1406. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 
 Width, 0.0033 m. 
 Width, 0.0033 m. 
 Width, 0.0033 m. 
 Width, 0.0034 m. 
 
 1413. Diameter, 0.0234. Width, 0.0033 m. 
 Ornament similar to that of No. 1412. Many 
 of the lines have arrowhead form. 
 
 1414. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 Ornamentation similar. 
 
 1416. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m. 
 Ornamentation similar. 
 
 1416. Diameter, 0.0249 m. Width, 0.0043 m. 
 Ornamentation similar. 
 
 1417. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Width, 0.0043 m. Ornamentation similar. 
 
 (6'.) Open. 
 14ia Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 Break probably intentional. Faint traces of 
 same decoration. 
 
 Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 0.03 m. 
 («'.) Closed. 
 
 1419. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1420. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1421. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 
 1422. Diameter, 0.0256 m. Width, 0.0036 m. 
 
 1423. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 
 1424. Diameter, 0.0257 m. 
 1426. Diameter, 0.0252 m. 
 
 1426. Diameter, 0.0259 m. 
 
 1427. Diameter, 0.0254 m. 
 
 1428. Diameter, 0.0255 m. 
 
 1429. From south slope. 
 Width, 0.0047 m. 
 
 1430. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0047 m. 
 
 1431. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0264 m. Width. 0.0047 m. 
 
 1432. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0049 m. 
 
 1433. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0258 m. Width 0.0052 m. 
 
 1434. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0258 m. Widtli, 0.0053 m. 
 
 1436. Diameter, 0.028 m. Width, 0.0055 m. 
 The following: are ornamented. 
 
 Width. 0.0038 m. 
 Width, 0.0038 ni. 
 Width. 0.0042 m. 
 Width, 0.0047 m. 
 Width, 0.0047 m. 
 Width, 0.0047 m. 
 Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 
 » Cf. Olympia, No. 443. 
 
2G0 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
 261 
 
 143& Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0032 m. 
 Both sitles have two rows of fine lines. 
 
 1437. Diameter, 0.0252 m. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 Both sides have two rows of fine iri-egular 
 hooked lines. Cf. No. 1413. 
 
 1438. Diameter, 0.0251 m. Width, 0.0039 m. 
 On one side, inner band of short parallel oblique 
 lines. On other side, traces of same on both 
 edges. 
 
 1439. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0265 m. 
 Width, 0.004 m. One side has outer row of 
 lines and inner row of dots ; on other side, outer 
 lines visible, but dots uncertain. 
 
 1440. Diameter, 0.0255 ui. Width, 0.004 m. 
 One side similar to No. 1436. 
 
 1441. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0254 m. 
 Width, 0.004 m. lk)th sides similar to No. 1436. 
 
 1442. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0043 n\. 
 Ornament similar to that of No. 1436^ but lines 
 oblique. 
 
 144a Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 On one side, groove at outer edge and row of ob- 
 lique lines at inner edge with zigzag connecting 
 the two. 
 
 1444. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m. 
 Ornament similar to that of No. 1442. 
 
 1445. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.00245 
 m. Ornament probably sunilar to that of No. 
 1442, but one row on one side doubtful. 
 
 1446. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.025 m. Width, 0.0045 m. Ornament sim- 
 ilar to that of No. 1436. 
 
 1447. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0045 m. Ornament sim- 
 ilar to that of No. 1442. 
 
 1448L From south sloj)e. Diameter, 0.0265 m. 
 Width, 0.0047 m. Ornament similar to that of 
 No. 143^ but lines shorter. 
 
 1449. From south slo])e. Diameter. 0.027 m. 
 Width, 0.0057 m. On l)oth sides, row of short 
 oblique lines at inner angle, and of dots just out- 
 side centre. 
 
 (6.) Open. 
 
 1450. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.026 m. Width, 0.005 m. Edges of opening 
 close. Traces of ornament like preceding nwu- 
 bers. 
 
 Form 3. Edges flattened, sometimes with 
 
 CONVEXITY like A ROLL. 
 CIa:<f< a. Outer conrej-itt/ similar to that of 
 preceding Form 2. 
 
 Group 1. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.- 
 0.03 m. 
 
 («'.) Closed. 
 
 1451. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1452. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0052 m. 
 
 (6'.) Open (apparently). 
 
 1453. Diameter, 0.0276 m. Width, 0.005 m. 
 0})ening joined at bottom : )>erhaps due to oxida- 
 tion. 
 
 Group ii. Outside diameter. 0.03 m.- 
 0.035 m. 
 
 1454. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0051 m. 
 Groove round about half ring on outer edge of 
 one flange. 
 
 Cla»» P- At either side of outer angle of 
 outer convexity, a gnjf^ve. 
 1465. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.005 m. 
 Traces of notching on band between grooves. 
 Class y. liaised band at outer tingle of 
 outer convexity is grooved. 
 
 1456. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0085 m. 
 Raised band low and slight. 
 
 Addendum to FoRM 3. 
 
 1457. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0047 m. 
 TyjHi doubtful. Ends overlap, lioth surfaces 
 of outer convexity have band of arrowheads. 
 Near ends are grooves encircling bar, two on 
 one end, three and a half on other. 
 
 Dinmrih of Type c: 
 
 Form 1, (iruiip i.: two. 
 
 FoKM 'J. Group 1.: one complete and twelve broken, 
 of which one from behind South Uuihling and two from 
 south slope. Group ii.: three complete and nine broken, 
 of which two from behind South Building. 
 
 FoKX 3, Clwsn a, Group i.: two nearly complete. 
 
 Combinations of Types a and c. 
 
 1458. Ring of Type a, Form 4, Class p. 
 Group ii., {a') oxidized together with one of 
 Tjrpe c, Form 2, (iroup ii., (//'). First: diam- 
 eter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0023 m. Second: 
 diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0045 m., with ti-aces 
 on each side of line of dots. Oxidation prevents 
 certainty as to original condition. 
 
 1459. Ring of Type a, Form 4, Clag$ a. 
 Group ii., (a') joined by wii-e to one of Tjrpe C, 
 Form 2, Group i., («'). First : diameter, 0.022 m. 
 Width, 0.0024 m. Second : diameter, 0.0233 m. 
 Width, 0.0034 m. Connecting wire round and 
 of shape like No. 810. 
 
 T3rpe d. Bar nearly rectangular. Plain 
 open rings. 
 
 1460. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0025 m. 
 Ends show slight ta|>er and overlap. 
 
 1461. Diameter, 0.0304 m. Width, 0.003 m. 
 £aids taper and overlap. 
 
 Type e. Plain. Bar flat on under side, but 
 rounded on top and sides. 
 
 1462. From south sloi>e. Diameter, 0.0225 m. 
 Width, 0.0033 m. Groove on bottom near inner 
 
 e<lge. 
 
 Type f. Plain, slightly eUiptical bar. Ring 
 open and end coiled. 
 
 1463. One end broken. Diameter, 0.026 m. 
 Width, 0.0037 m. 
 Type g. Threaded elliptical bar. Open. 
 
 1464. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0030 m. Four parallel 
 threads. 
 
 Type h. Band rings (plain) of nearly uni- 
 form thickness; inside flat or very slightly 
 convex ; outside slightly convex. 
 
 1465. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1466. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0008 m. 
 Type i. Plain solid band rings with inside 
 
 flat, outside convex, and thin edges.' 
 Form 1. Outer surface ik)f> not have 
 
 POINT OF GREATEST CONVEXITY PROMI- 
 NENT. 
 
 («'.) Closed. 
 
 1467. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 tvr (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 0.0105 m. 
 
 146a Diameter (inside), 0.0193 ni. Height, 
 0.0114 m. On inside, thin metal baud runs 
 around with ends overlapping. 
 (&'.) Oi>en. 
 
 1469. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 
 
 0.0123 m. 
 Form 2. Point of greatest convexity 
 
 prominent. 
 
 1470. Diiuneter (inside), 0.0185 m. Height, 
 0.0099 m. 
 
 1471. From .south sioyte. Diameter (inside), 
 0.0194 m. Height, 0.01 m. 
 
 1472. Diauicter (inside), 0.018 m. Height, 
 0.0113 m. 
 
 1473. Diameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height, 
 
 0.012 m. 
 
 1474. Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height, 
 
 0.0125 m. 
 
 147& Diameter (inside), 0.0205 m. Height, 
 
 0.0128 m. 
 
 1476. Diameter (inside). 0.0205 m. Height, 
 
 0.013 m. 
 
 1477. From West Building. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.017 m. Height, 0.014 m. 
 
 « With this type cf. (^fimpia, Nos. 434-436, especially 
 last, which is coiniiion there, according to Fiirtwaiigler. 
 
 1478. Diameter (inside), 0.0185 m. Height, 
 0.0145 m. 
 
 1479. Diameter (inside), 0.022 m. Height, 
 
 0.017 m. 
 
 1480. From West Building. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.02 m. Height, 0.02 m. 
 
 Discards : Fokm 1, one fragment. 
 
 Type i Similar to preceding, but edges are 
 broader and protrude over inside, ^vhich 
 thus becomes concave. One example 
 ornamented.^ 
 
 1481. Diameter (outside), 0.025 m. Height, 
 0.0055 m. 
 
 1482. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.028 m. Height, 0.0155 m. Ornamented 
 with engraved line around centre and irregular 
 ziiizag at each side.^ 
 
 Type k. Similar to tjrpe i. Exterior con- 
 vex, though portions between either edge 
 and line of greatest convexity are con- 
 cave. 
 
 (a'.) Closed. 
 
 1483. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 
 0.0154 m. 
 
 1484. Diameter (inside), 0.0198 m. Height, 
 
 0.0155 m. 
 
 1485. Diameter (inside), 0.02 m. Height. 
 0.0155 m. On inside, a flat spiral band going 
 nearly twice around middle. Width, 0.0035 m. 
 Probably not attached. 
 
 1486. Diameter (inside), 0.0192 m. Height, 
 0.0115 m. 
 
 1487. Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height, 
 
 0.0228 m.* 
 
 1488. Diameter (inside), 0.0219 m. Height, 
 
 0.023 m. 
 
 1489. Diameter (inside), 0.02 m. Height, 
 
 0.029 m. 
 
 (&'.) Open. 
 
 1490. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Diameter 
 (outside), 0.0225 m. Height, 0.008 m. 
 
 1491. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter { inside), 0.0197 m. Height, 0.0109 m. 
 
 1492. Fi-om behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 0.013 m. 
 
 1493. From south slope. Diameter (inside), 
 0.019 m. Height, 0.0165 m. 
 
 1494. Diameter (inside), 0.0198 m. Height, 
 0.02 m. Opening straight with beveled edges. 
 
 149& Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height, 
 
 2 Cf. gold ring in museum at Eleusis with out.side plain 
 and convex and inside concave. 
 " Drawing somewhat inaccurate. * Cf . Olympla, No. 435. 
 
% 
 
 2G-2 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 STUrCTURAL RINGS 
 
 263 
 
 0.0108 in. Opening straight, with beveled edges. 
 
 Fine engraved line close to outer edges, antl close 
 
 to centre on each side. Between each two lines, 
 
 zigzag. Zigzag made of minute arrowheads. 
 
 J)i.tcarda of Type k: one open, one closed, one frag- 
 ment. 
 
 Type 1. Central convexity sharply marked. 
 Closed. 
 
 FoKM 1. Rathkr thin axi> so.mkwhat sim- 
 ilar TO Type k. 
 
 1496. From south slo|)e. Diameter (^inside), 
 0.0214 m. Height, 0.0235 m. 
 
 Form 2. Sharply defined narrow con- 
 vexity, FROM WHICH THE ENDS TAPER OFF 
 SLIGHTLY. 
 
 1497. From West Building, Diameter (in- 
 si.h). 0.017 ni. Height, O.O2I0 m. 
 
 Tjrpe m. Similar to Type 1, bnt ends termi- 
 nate in rim. Closed. 
 
 1496. From West Building. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.021 m. Height. 0.0425 m. Each end 
 has zigzag l>etween centre and rim. Line of 
 zigzag is itself a fine ziffzag. 
 
 OCT O o 
 
 Type n. Rings of sheet bronze, sometimes 
 rather thick, with form of plain, straight 
 bands, with or without engraved or 
 punched ornamentation. 
 
 («'.) Closed and unornamented. 
 
 1499. Diameter (inside ), 0.0184 m. Height, 
 0.0125 m. 
 
 1500. Inside diameter, 0.019 m. Height, 
 0.020 ni. 
 
 1501. Inside diameter, 0.015 m. Height, 
 0.028 m. 
 
 The above appear to be feniiles. 
 
 (i'.) Open and ornamented. 
 
 1502. Diameter (inside), O.OIG m. Height, 
 0.063 m. Zigzag on outside, from end to end, 
 like that of No. 1496. 
 
 1503. Diameter (inside ), 0.0215 m. Height. 
 0.0091 ui. Zijjzaij on outside. 
 
 1504. Diameter (inside), 0.0167 m. Height, 
 0.0098 m. Around centre, double band of short 
 lines. 
 
 1505. Bent flat. Diameter, as l)ent. 0.0198 
 ni. Height, 0.012 m. Alwut centre, zigzag, 
 from which diverge similar zigzags, running to 
 e<lges at angle.' 
 
 1506. Part of one end gone. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.025 m. Height, 0.0172 ni. Zigzag or- 
 namentation. 
 
 1507. Bent flat. Diameter, as bent, 0.017 m. 
 
 ' Cf. Olympia, No. 403. 
 
 Height, 0.027 m. Ornamented with rows of 
 round punch-marks struck from inside. Ring 
 coiled al>out one and a half times. 
 
 1508. Preservation ytoor. lient flat. Diam- 
 eter, as bent, 0.026 m. Height, 0.0363 ni. 
 Ring coiled. Ornamented with three rows of 
 elliptical marks punched from inside. Pai-t hid- 
 den by coiling not decorated. 
 
 Diicanled : f»>iir. 
 
 Type o. Open ring of rather thick sheet 
 bronze (band-ring ), with end or ends ter- 
 minating in coil of wire. 
 
 1509. One end broken. Diameter, 0.017 m. 
 Width, 0.0009 m. Height, 0.0072 m.2 
 
 Type p. Rings of sheet bronze, with sides 
 straight or nearly so, but with a raised 
 band about centre, as though in imitation 
 of the heavy rings of types k and 1, from 
 which types they are, however, distin- 
 guished by showing the concavity on the 
 inside. Open. 
 
 Form 1. Central raised zone not distin- 
 guished FROM FIELD EXCEPT BY ELEVA- 
 TION. 
 
 1510. Diameter (inside), 0.0217 m. Height, 
 0.0098 m. 
 
 1511. Fi-aginent. Length, 0.04 m. 
 
 1512. Diameter (inside), 0.021 ni. Height, 
 0.011 m. Traces of zigzag on each end. 
 
 1513. Diameter (inside), 0.02 m. Height, 
 0.018 m. Ends flai-e slightly. Each end has 
 zigzag made of a zigzag line. 
 
 1514. Diameter (inside). 0.018 m. Height, 
 0.0255 m. Made of two seiiarate pieces of 
 bronze, one inside the other, each forming com- 
 plete ring. Inner ring thicker than outer. On 
 lioth entls of outer ring, traces of zigzag. Sim- 
 ilar to that of No. 1513. 
 
 151& Fragment. Length, 0.032 m. Height, 
 0.046 m. Zigzag as before. 
 
 1516. Fi-om south slope. Condition ]M)or. Di- 
 ameter (inside), 0.0225 m. Height, 0.0523 m. 
 Traces of zigzjig. 
 
 1517. Bent flat. Diameter as bent, 0.029 m. 
 Height, 0.054 m. Zigzag on ends, as in No. 1513^ 
 
 1518. Fi-om south sIojk*. Fi-agment. Diame- 
 ter (inside), 0.029 m. Height, 0.059 m. Zig- 
 zag as in No. 1513^ 
 
 Form 2. Highest p.vrt of raised central 
 zone has groove on either side. 
 
 1519. Fragment. Diameter ( inside), 0.0185 
 m. Height, 0.0085 m. Zigzag as above. 
 
 2 Cf. Olympia, No. 40*. 
 
 1519 a. Fi-om below Cyclopean wall, 1893. 
 Fragment. Diameter (inside), 0.0175 m. 
 Height, 0.0185 m. Zigzag as above. Possibly 
 the two above pieces ai-e of one ring. 
 
 1520. Diameter (inside), 0.0245 m. Height, 
 0.0145 m. Usual zigzag. 
 
 1521. From south slope. Pai-t g(me. Bent 
 oi)eu. Height of half of original, 0.0095 m. 
 Close to edge, thi-ee fine engi-avetl lines. Be- 
 tween them an<l centi-e, usual zigzag. 
 
 1522. Condition jwor. Diameter (inside), 
 0.02 m. Height, 0.0195 m. Two engravetl lines 
 close to each end, and zigzag l)etween them and 
 
 centi*e. 
 
 1523u Bent. Diameter (inside), 0.0185 m. 
 Height, 0.023 m. Close to edge, two lines, be- 
 tween which and centre, usual zigzag. 
 
 1524. Part gone. Diameter (inside), 0.0218 m. 
 Height of half of original, 0.013 m. On one 
 side of central raised zone, one engiaved line ; 
 on other side, two. Close to outer edge, foiu* 
 fine lines, l)etween which and centre, zigzag of 
 usual sort. Attached to inside is band, about 
 0.008 m. in width. 
 
 Discards of Type p : 
 
 Form 1: unornamented, one; ornamented, two, of 
 wbicli one from south slope, and one fragment. 
 Form 2: ornamented, two fragments. 
 
 D. STRUCTURAL RINGS OF VARIOUS KINDS. 
 
 T3rpe a. 
 
 1525. Broken. Diameter (outside), 0.055 m. 
 Width, 0.0049 m. Height, 0.0055 m. Bar plain. 
 On one side drilled hole. On opposite side ex- 
 crescence. Can haitlly be any sort of fibula. 
 
 Tjrpe b. 
 
 152& Diameter, 0.049 m. and 0.052 m. 
 Width of bar, 0.009 m. Height, 0.008 m. Outer 
 edge forms narrow rim. Top side slopes in some- 
 what. Bottom flat. 
 
 Tjrpe c. 
 
 1527. From West Building. Diameter of 
 top, 0.037 m. Diameter of bottom, 0.047 m. Top, 
 bottom, and inside about flat. Outside slightly 
 concave. Above bottom, engraved line. 
 Type d. 
 
 152a Diameter. 0.032 m. Height, 0.004 m. 
 Outside tapers upwaitl. Top slopes down. Un- 
 der side flat, but sloping up. 
 Plate XCII. 
 
 1529. From West Building. Diameter, 
 
 » Cf. Hat disk rings of diameter 0.02 m. to 0.1 m., with 
 holes slightly larger than one third diameter. Mus. Kir- 
 cberiano, Prov. di Cotenza, Coiiunuiie di Spezzano Albanese, 
 
 0.0423 m. Inside diameter, 0.0225 m. Height, 
 0.005 m. Outer side beveled toward top and 
 bottom. Upper bevel concave. Under side flat, 
 but inner edge beveled. 
 
 1529 a. Diameter, 0.0868 m. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.05 m. Height, 0.0105 m. Upi>er outer 
 surface slopes down and out, with slight convex- 
 ity. Upper inner surface slopes in with concav- 
 ity. Under surface flat. Upper outer surface 
 ha,s two heavy grooves near top, and two lighter 
 ones near bottom. 
 Type e. 
 
 1530. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0465 m. 
 Height, 0.006 m. Same general shape as No. 
 1529, but outer edge corrugated with augular 
 teeth. 
 
 1531. Diameter, 0.05 m. Height, 0.0105 m. 
 Same shaiJe. Top concave, slants in. Bottom 
 flat. Outer edge corrugated. 
 
 1532. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.04 m. Diameter (inside), 0.009 m. Out- 
 side slants up and has uneven, broad, low corru- 
 gations. Top slants inward, at first sharply, 
 then gradually. Bottom flat. Near edge a groove, 
 on either side of which are semicircles adjoining 
 one another. 
 
 Type £. 
 
 1533. Diameter, 0.041 m. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.013 m. Height, 0.001 m. and less. 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 1533 a. 1533 b. 1533 c. Similar to No. 
 1533.1 
 
 Plate XCII. 
 Typeg. 
 
 1534. Diameter, 0.0475 m. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.022 m. (Height inside), 0.006 m. (out- 
 side), 0.001 m. No distinction of upper and 
 under sides. Both slightly convex. 
 
 Type h. 
 
 153& Half gone. Diameter, 0.028 m. Di- 
 ameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height, 0.002 m. Top 
 8loi>es to outer edge, which has blunt pointed 
 teeth. 
 Type i 
 
 1536. Diameter, 0.057 m. Diameter (inside), 
 0.0.35 m. Height, 0.0065 m. Upi>er side of two 
 surfaces ; both concave, and sloping downward. 
 Under side convex. 
 
 Type j. 
 
 1537. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 
 Necrop. di Torre del Mordillo, Tomba I. Bull, di Palet. 
 It. XIV. (1888), p. 139. Notiz. degli Scavi, 1888, pp. 
 240 fif. 
 
1 
 
 H 
 
 264 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 MIRKORS AND MIRROR-HANDLES 
 
 265 
 
 Diameter (inside), 0.000 in. Height, 0.0075 in. 
 Upper snrface slo^H-'s down and out. Neck rises 
 around hole. 
 
 1538. Dianietei-, 0.042 ni. Diameter (inside), 
 0.0115 m. Height, 0.008 m. Around hole, 
 neck. Upper surface slopes down ami out con- 
 vexly. Under side slopes up and into neck. 
 
 1539. Diameter, 0.0G45 m. Diameter (in- 
 side), 0.028 m. Height, 0.01 m. Neck tapers 
 down. Top of neck flat. UpjMjr surface convex. 
 Inner surface slants upward and inward couvexly. 
 Type k. 
 
 1540. Edges look broken. Diameter, 
 0.042 m. Outsitle of top and sides smooth ; 
 inside rough. Looks like cap for end of bar. 
 
 E. PIECES OF WIRE TWISTED INTO FORM 
 OF RINGS. OPEN. 
 
 Type a. Rounded wire bar. 
 
 1641. Diameter, 0.185 m. Width, 0.0008 m. 
 1542. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0000 m. 
 1643. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0012 m. 
 
 1544. Diameter, 0.02G7 m. Width, 0.002 m. 
 
 1545. Much bent. Ei-om south slope. Di- 
 ameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0024 m, 
 
 Dlsi-nnf.i of' Type a : nine. 
 
 Type b. Bar irregularly rectangular. 
 
 1546. Diameter, 0.083 m. Diameter ( inside), 
 0.067 m. AVidth, of bar, eirc. 0.004 m. Bar 
 mostly rectangular, but projecting end twisted 
 and flattened. Object uncertain, but the elabo- 
 rate knot can hardly be unintentional. 
 
 4. BEADS. 
 Type a. 
 
 1547. Length, 0.04 m. Diameter, 0.0165 m. 
 Slightly concave from centre to entls.^ 
 
 Type b.- 
 
 154a Length, 0.051 m. Diameter, 0.02 m. 
 Concave from centre to ends. 
 
 1549. Length, 0.061 ni. Diameter, 0.0325 m. 
 Concave ends. 
 
 1550. In pai-t destroyed. Loni;th ( estimate<l), 
 0.066 m. Diameter, 0.0355 m. Concave ends. 
 Type c. 
 
 155L From near wall behind west end of 
 Stoa. Length. 0.0245 m. Diameter, 0.022 m.'' 
 
 * Cf. Olifmpia, No. 43'J. Similar specimen from Megara 
 Ilyblaea, Mon. Ant. Lint: I. col. 890 (Orsi). 
 
 - With this type cf. Oli/mpia, No. 444. For possible 
 use of these beads, as well as of Nos. 1551. 1552, cf. 
 Oltfmpia, Nos. 814 b and 814 d. 
 
 ' Cf. Olympia, No. 440. Similar one from Megara 
 Hyblaea, Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 888 (Orsi). 
 
 T3rpe d. 
 
 1552. Length, 0.017 m. Diameter, 0.0225 ra. 
 Hole rectangular. One end slightly smaller than 
 other and across it a groove. Convex from 
 centre to ends.* 
 
 5. PENDANTS. 
 
 I. Ring-form. 
 
 1553i Uncertain whether coni))lete. Plain 
 rounded wire coiled once with ends hanging down 
 straight. Length, 0.022 m. Diameter of coil, 
 0.016 m. One end (and probably other) swells 
 into small knob. 
 
 1554. From east of Second Temple. Horse- 
 shoe-sha)x;d wii-e, with ends bent outwanl and 
 on each a disk. Height, 0.0265 m. 
 
 1555l From south 8lo))e. Three rings at- 
 tached in triangular fonn. Diameters, 0.017 m. ; 
 0.0185 m. : 0.0185 m. On one side eugravMl 
 line between rings.* 
 
 II. With hole for suspension. 
 
 1556. From south slo|)e. liell-shaj>ed object. 
 Height, 0.0195 m. Four lines round bottom 
 .and three above mi<ldle. 
 
 1557 Height, 0.0385 ni. Base square, 
 0.017 m. Lower part sides concave, pyramidal. 
 At top, eyelet, and between this and base, a disk. 
 Bottom has incuse cross. Might serve as seal.*' 
 
 155a Height, 0.0365 m. Round base with 
 bar rising from centre. I^r consists of two con- 
 cave surfaces meeting in projecting angle. At 
 top of upper surface a grooveil ring, above which 
 an eyelet. Rounded gable top with two gi-ooves. 
 Height of disk, 0.0077 ni. It is hollow with 
 bars across, dividing it into six compartments. 
 Possibly a seal. 
 
 1559. Hoop of bronze with lump of lead at- 
 tached. Height, 0.033 m. 
 
 6. MIRRORS AND MIRROR-HANDLES. 
 
 I. Mirrors with handles of s.vme piece. 
 Handles have hole punched for suspension. 
 Type a. Entirely plain. Thin. 
 
 1560. length, 0.042 m. (handle, 0.018 m.). 
 Diameter of disk, 0.0265 m. Pmbably not a real 
 mirror, but an imitation for votive purjioses. 
 
 * Oltfmpia, No. 441, is similar in shape but has round 
 hole. 
 
 * Cf. Ohftnpla, No. 462. Also Mus. Kircheriano, S6988 
 (Provincia di Mantova), Commune di Casalroniano, 
 Necrop. di Fontanella. It is somewhat larger. 
 
 * Cf. Oltfmpia, No. 4.30, which is more squat. Also 
 specimen from Tegea, Atken. MUth. V. p. 67, pi. iv. c 
 
 1561. From behind South Building. Condi- 
 tion poor. Length, 0.14 m. (handle, 0.065 m.). 
 Diameter of disk, 0.075 m. Made of two very 
 thin sheets, of which outer surfaces are exactly 
 alike, stuck together. 
 
 Plate XCIII. 
 
 1562. Fragment. Length of handle, 0.06 m. 
 Of one \nei:e of metal. 
 
 Type b. Projections (or ears) at either 
 side of upper end of handle. 
 Cfas8 a. Plain. 
 
 1563. Most of disk gone. I^ength, 0.184 m. 
 (handle, 0.092 m.). Edges of handle slightly 
 concave. 
 
 1564. Disk much injured. T^ength, 0.31 m. 
 (handle, 0.143 m.). Disk slightly concave-con- 
 vex. 
 
 Class p. Handle engraved. 
 Plate XCIV. 
 
 156& Edge of disk bent over. Piece of han- 
 dle end gone. Length, 0.235 m. (handle, 
 0.105 m.). Rosette engraved about suspension 
 hole, and at upi)er end of handle, a fonn of pal- 
 mette. Disk slightly convex on ornamented 
 side. 
 Plate XCV. 
 
 1566. Much corrotled surface. Length, 0.23m. 
 (handle, 0.0985 m. ). Thickness of disk, 0.0008 
 m.-0.0017 ni. Disk slightly convex. Rosette 
 engraved I'ound suspension hole, and above this, 
 forming base to main design, three lines with 
 oblique lines from centre line to outer ones. At 
 top of handle the projections have irregular 
 spiral. Between these run two lines with ir- 
 regular criss-cross between them. lietween this 
 band and the lower one, bearded ithyphalic satyr 
 to right (head to left) with cylix held over head 
 in raised left hand. Feet have fonn of horse's 
 hoof.i 
 
 Type c. Thin and plain except for border 
 of dots in repousse about disk and 
 handle. Most are small and not for 
 actual use. Rim bent back slightly, 
 outside dots giving appearance of 
 convexity.^ 
 Plate XCIII. 
 
 1567. Length, 0.03 m. (handle, 0.0125 m.). 
 156a Length, 0.028 m. Handle broken. 
 1569. From cutting above Old Temple toward 
 
 tents. Handle broken. Length, 0.0285 m. 
 
 ' First noticed by Dr. Bulle. Drawing not quite correct. 
 ' Cf. mirrors from Cotilon (Bassae), 'E^/t. 'Apx- IIWS, 
 coll. 175 f., fig. 9 (Kuruniotis). 
 
 1570. From south slope. Edges broken. 
 Length, 0.034 m. Bending of rim uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 1571. Fi-om cutting above Old Temple toward 
 tents. Edges and handle broken. Length, 
 0.04 m. (handle, 0.013 m.). Diameter of disk, 
 0.0262 m. 
 
 Plate XCIV. 
 
 157Z Length, 0.044 m. (handle, 0.0165 m.). 
 Diameter of disk, 0.027 m. Near centre of disk, 
 dot. 
 
 157a End of handle gone. Length, 0.0374 m. 
 (handle, 0.011 m.). Diameter of disk, 0.0273 m. 
 
 1574. Fragment. Diameter of disk, 0.0277 m. 
 
 157& Handle broken. Length, 0.0404 m. 
 Diameter o^ disk, 0.0335 m. In centre of disk, 
 punch-mark. 
 Plate XCV. 
 
 1576. Disk and handle broken. Diameter of 
 disk. 0.0344 m. 
 
 1577. From West Building. Injured. Length, 
 0.059 m. (handle, 0.023 m.). Diameter of disk, 
 0.0375 m. 
 
 Pl.\te XCIII. 
 
 1578. Fragment. Length, 0.0765 m. 
 
 1579. Much broken. Diameter of disk (re- 
 stoi-ed), 0.079 m. Edges of handles concave. 
 
 Discarded : two fragments of Type c. 
 
 Addenda to Division I. Handles, 
 (a.) With ears. Plain. 
 
 1580. Length, 0.0895 m. 
 
 (6'.) With ears. Ornamented. 
 Plate XCVI. 
 
 1561. Broken in two pieces. Surface much cor- 
 i-odetl. Length, 0.134 m. Thickness, 0.0003 ni.- 
 0.0008 m. At top of central field, band with 
 engraved braid of four coils. Within coils, a 
 dotted circle, and dots between the two circles, 
 others outside. At top of upper field, between 
 ears zigzag between lines. Lower end of handle 
 has ro.sette round three sides of suspension hole 
 and zigzag beneath it, with dots opposite the 
 openings. Above rosette, a zigzag between lines, 
 and over the latter, row of dots surmounted by 
 straight line. In main field of handle, a bearded 
 draped figure to left.^ Wears talaric chiton and 
 himation, the latter covered with scale pattern. 
 Lower j)art of tunic has four rows of pleats. 
 Left arm raised. Diadem on head. On either 
 side of figure inscription : see Appendix,, p. 332. 
 
 ■' For drawing cf. skirt of Artemis in O/ym/jia, No. 696, 
 and corselet, ibid. pi. lix. 
 
 itiH 
 
f 
 
 266 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 (c'.) Plain handles of uncertain type. 
 (Form of top uncertain.) 
 PI.ATE XCIII. 
 
 1582. From south slope. Leng^th, 0.106 m. 
 
 1583. Length, 0.0G9 in. 
 
 1584. Length, 0.162 m. 
 
 The following seems to be ornamenteil. 
 Platk XCVIII. 
 
 1585. Length. 0.0975 m. Central surface 
 raised. Edges pi'ominent. Possible traces down 
 centre of braid-pattern. 
 
 II. MiKKORS WITH ATTACHED HANDLES.^ 
 
 Handles only. 
 
 1586. Length, 0.095 m. Closeness of heads 
 of rivet to hamlle show that disk was very 
 thin. 
 
 1587. Lower end gone. L^i)i)er end damaged. 
 Kemaining portion broken into seven pieces. 
 Length, 0.19 m. Made of sheet of bronze rolled 
 over at edges. Repousse band down centre. 
 Along edges and centre band runs a simple 
 twist pattern made of double lines. Foot of 
 handle has criss-cross of fine lines at top and 
 traces of other decoration below. Rivet in 
 centre and at left side. 
 
 III. MiKKOK WITHOUT HANDLE — DISK MIR- 
 ROR. 
 
 Plates XCVL- XCVIII. 
 
 1588. Diameter, 0.1305 m. About edge of 
 front, raised l)eaded rim. Surface rises gradu- 
 ally to centre. Inside rim, horseshoe or leaf 
 pattern, with double lines. Within this, en- 
 graved line, followed by double braid pattern, 
 the basis of which is formed by a zigzag of 
 curved line, with a dottetl circle at every angle. 
 Within this two engraved lines. In centre of 
 each side, a minute dei)ression, probably due to 
 compasses of draughtsman. IW*k concave and 
 has six engraved double concentric circles. Edge 
 of back plain. 
 
 Addenda to mirrors (Jtandl€»). 
 Plate XCVIII. 
 
 1589. Uncertain object. Bottom broken. 
 Length, 0.066 m. Hole punched in lower part. 
 
 1589 a. Both ends gone. Length, 0.026 m. 
 Object uncertain. Disk on slightly lower level 
 than handle on side from which «lots are struck, 
 the depression coming between the rows of 
 dots. 
 
 « Cf. E-JrtjM- 'Apx 1903, col. 173, fig. 
 
 7. OBJECTS IN SHEET BRONZE. 
 A. DlADEAliJ, KTC. 
 
 Of the following fragments the majority ai"e 
 probably from diadems ; some are jierhaps from 
 girdles, others are uncertain. 
 
 (/. Fragments with ornaments of punched dots 
 (repousse). 
 Plate XCIX. 
 
 1590l Ends gone. length, 0.09 m. Along 
 edges two rows of dots ; another row down centre 
 of smaller end. 
 
 1591. Fram l>ehind South Building. One end 
 gone. Length (al>out), 0.027 m. Dots at ir- 
 regular intervals along edge and near centre. 
 
 1592. From l>ehind South Building. Frag- 
 ment. Length, 0.0235 m. Six rows of dots 
 parallel to edge. 
 
 1593. Fragment, perhaps from centre of dia- 
 dem, or girtlle. Length, 0.059 m. Single 
 curved row of dots along centre. Possibly not 
 of diadem, but of sheet metal for covering. 
 
 The following bits are of uncertain use. 
 
 1594. From Whind South Building. Frag- 
 ment of hook end of diadem-like ornament. 
 Length, 0.0135 ni. I>ots along each side coming 
 tosrether at hook. ( )ne side convex. Hook made 
 by l>euding over of end of sheet of metal, and 
 perhaps accidental. 
 
 1595. Fragment. Diadem shai)ed. Length, 
 0.043 m. Line of holes along edges. 
 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 1596. Ends gone. length, 0.062 m. Three 
 rows of dots, of which two are continued round 
 broad end and two dots on ridge in centre. 
 Plate XCIX. 
 
 1596 a. Ends gone. Length, 0.036 m. Rows 
 of dots along edges and down centre. 
 
 h. Fragments with engraved ornamentation 
 and simple senii-corrugate<l ends. 
 
 1597. Fragment : one end gone. Length, 
 0.137 m. Corrugations only go al>out two thirds 
 round end. Along etlges of flat part (or blade), 
 on one side seems to l)e zigzag; other side plain. 
 
 1588. Similar to No. 1597. length, 0.1455 m. 
 Cnder side of end flat as in No. 1597. Front 
 of blade has double zigzag along edges. 
 
 c. Blade engi-aved. End has form of pin-head. 
 
 1599. Ends probably broken. Length, 0.1 75m. 
 8, No. 2, from Cotilon (Kuruuiotis). 
 
 DISKS 
 
 267 
 
 Rings and corrugations of end run all the way 
 round. On one side a double zigzag on blade ; 
 double groove along edges and i)erpendicular 
 zigzag lines running aci-oss blade from opposite 
 angles of main zigzag.s. Other side plaiu.^ 
 
 B. DISKS. 
 DIVISION I. WITH HOLE IN CENTRE.* 
 
 T3rpe a Round. 
 Form 1. Plain. 
 
 Diameter, 0.02 m.-0.025 m. Hole i-ound. 
 
 1600. From south slope. Diameter, 0.021 m. 
 Hole, 0.0027 m. 
 
 1601. Diameter, 0.021 m. Hole rectangular, 
 
 0.0022 m. 
 
 1602. Diameter, 0.0218 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1603. Diameter, 0.022 m. Hole, 0.003 m. 
 
 1604. Diameter, 0.022 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1605. Diameter, 0.0234 m. Hole, 0.0013 m. 
 
 1606. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 The following numbers are somewhat thicker 
 
 and look like washers. 
 
 1607. From Ijehind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.021 m. Thickness (circ), 0.001 m. 
 
 1608. From behind South Buihling. Diam- 
 eter, 0.234 m. Thickness (circ), 0.0009 m. 
 Concave-con vex. 
 
 Disranl : one broken. 
 
 Diameter, 0.025 m.-0.03 m. 
 
 1609. Diameter, 0.025 m. Hole, 0.0022 m. 
 
 1610. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1611. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Hole rectangu- 
 lar. 
 
 1612. Diameter, 0.0267 m. Hole, 0.001 m. 
 
 1613. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.027 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1614. Diameter, 0.0276 m. Hole, 0.003 m. 
 
 1615. Diameter, 0.0284 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 
 1616. Diameter, 0.0284 m. Hole, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1617. From behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0292 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1618 Diameter, 0.0292 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 DUcard* : two unbroken and twenty broken (of which 
 two from behind South Building). 
 
 Diameter, 0.03 nL-0.035 m. 
 
 1619. Diameter, 0.03 m. — Rectangular 
 punched hole, 0.002 m. x 0.0015 m. 
 
 1620. Diameter, 0.0304 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 
 1621. Diameter, 0.0305 m. Square hole, 
 0.0015 m. 
 
 * Rings and corrugations nearly identical with ends of 
 spiral annlet from Boeotia, now in Berlin (Jahrb. III. p. 
 36.3, i). 
 
 * For plain disks with hole in centre on edge of quiver, 
 
 1622. Diameter, 0.0312 m. Hole, 0.001 m. 
 
 1623. Diameter, 0.0318 m. Hole square, 
 0.0017 m. 
 
 1624. Diameter, 0.0319 m. Hole, 0.019 m. 
 
 1625. Diameter, 0.0325 m. Hole, 0.0015 in. 
 
 1626. Diameter, 0.0328 m. Hole, 0.0012 m. 
 
 1627. Diameter, 0.033 m. Hole, 0.0016 m. 
 
 1628. Diameter, 0.0331 m. Hole, 0.0038 m. 
 
 1629. Diameter, 0.0333 m. Hole rectangu- 
 lar, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1630. Diameter, 0.0339 m. Hole, 0.0015 ni. 
 
 1631. Diameter, 0.034 m. Hole, 0.0026 m. 
 
 1632. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.034 m. Hole rectangular, 0.0025 m. x 
 0.0055 m. 
 
 Discards : seven complete, six (two from South Build- 
 ing) nearly ..omplete, and ten fragments (one fragment 
 behind South Building, and one from south slope). 
 
 Diameter, 0.035 m.-0.04 m. 
 
 1633. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 
 1634. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.001 m. 
 
 1635. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole 0.0019 m. 
 
 1636. Diameter, 0.036 m. Hole, 0.0025 m. 
 
 1637. Diameter, 0.036 m. Hole, 0.0025 m. x 
 0.004 m. 
 
 1638. Diameter, 0.0365 m. Hole, 0.0019 m. 
 
 1639. Diameter, 0.0365 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1640. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0365 m. Rectangular hole, 0.0019 m. x 
 0.002 m. 
 
 1641. Diameter, 0.0368 m. Hole, 0.0014 m. 
 
 1642. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Nearly rectangu- 
 lar hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1643. Diameter, 0.039 m. Nearly rectangu- 
 lar. Length, 0.0016 m. x 0.0023 m. 
 
 1644. Diameter, 0.039 m. Hole, 0.0017 m. 
 Discards : three complete and fourteen fragments. 
 
 Diameter, 0.04 m.-0.045 m. 
 
 1645. Diameter, 0.04 m. Hole, 0.0015 x 
 0.0024 m. 
 
 1646. Diameter, 0.04 m. Hole, 0.0023 m. 
 
 1647. From behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.041 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 DUcarded : two fragments. 
 
 Diameter, 0.045 m.-0.05 m. 
 
 1648. Diameter, 0.0485 m. Hole, 0.0024 m. 
 Diameter, 0.05 m.-0.112 m. 
 
 1649. Diameter, 0.051 m. Hole, 0.0015 + 
 0.001 m. Second hole near edge. Diameter, 
 0.0037 m. x 0.0035 in. 
 
 Olympia, No. 717. For possible use for disks with edge, 
 see necklaces on archaic terra-cotta figurines from Terra- 
 vecchia, Afon. Ant. Line. VII. coll. 239-241 (Orsi). 
 
268 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 1660, Diameter, 0.0525 lu. Rectangular hole, 
 0.003 m. 
 
 1651. From south slope. Diameter, 0.054 m. 
 Hole, 0.004 m. 
 
 1652. Diameter, 0.056 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 
 1653. Diameter, 0.0605 m. 
 
 1654. From northeast corner of Fii*st Temple. 
 Diameter, 0.0625 m. 
 
 1655. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.063 ni. Hole, 0.004 m. x 0.0055 m. 
 
 1656. Diameter, 0.072 m. Hole, 0.003 m. 
 
 1657. Diameter, 0.091 m. Hole, 0.0055 m. 
 
 1658. From behind South Building. Diame- 
 ter, 0.112 m. Hole, 0.0075 m. 
 
 Not quite certain that the two following be- 
 lonjj here. 
 
 1659. Fi-agment. Diameter, 0.0525 m. 
 Hole, 0.005 m. 
 
 1660. Fragment. Diameter, 0.067 ni. Hole, 
 0.0055 m. Besides centre hole, several i-ectau- 
 gular ones. 
 
 DLtcarded : seven fragments, of which one from back 
 of South Building. 
 
 FoKM 2. Ornamented. 
 
 Cla»» a. ^Single circle of punched dots, 
 iisvidhj near edije. 
 
 1661. Diameter, 0.0134 m. Hole, 0.0014 m. 
 Concave-convex. 
 
 Diameter, 0.02 m.-0.025 m. 
 
 1662. Diameter, 0.024 m. Hole, 0.0005 m. 
 Diameter, 0.025 m.-0.03 ui. 
 
 1663. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 
 1664. Diameter, 0.0267 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. 
 
 1665. Diameter, 0.0294 m. 
 
 1666. Diameter, 0.0282 m. Hole, 0.0022 m. 
 
 lUscarded : three. 
 
 Diameter, 0.03 ni.-0.035 m. 
 
 1667. Diameter, 0.0315 m. Hole, 0.0014 m. 
 
 1668. Diameter, 0.0305 m. Two holes to- 
 gether in centre. 
 
 1669. Diameter, 0.033 m. Flole. 0.0011 m. 
 
 1670. Diameter, 0.034 m. Hole. 0.0024 m. 
 
 Diitrunled : four. 
 
 Diameter, 0.035 ra.-0.04 m. 
 
 1671. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole. 0.0012 m. 
 
 1672. Diameter, 0.035 m. 
 
 1673. From behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter. 0.0355 m. Hole, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1674 Diameter, 0.0355 m. Hole, 0.0017 m. 
 
 1675. Diameter, (/.0365 m. 
 
 Discarded: four. 
 
 Diameter, 0.04 m.-0.05 m. 
 
 1676. Diameter, 0.0425 m. Hole, 0.0018 m. 
 
 Discarded: three. 
 
 Diameter, 0.045 m.-0.05 m. 
 1677. Diameter, 0.0475 m. 
 167a Diameter, 0.0495 m. Hole, 0.003 m. 
 X 0.0035 m. 
 
 Diameter, 0.05 m. 
 Pl.vte C. 
 
 1679. Diameter, 0.0605 m. Hole, 0.0028 m. 
 
 1680. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0725 m. 
 Discardeii : two fragments. 
 
 Clasif p. Double circle of punched dots. 
 Diameter. 0.03 m.-0.635 m. 
 168L Fi-om behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0345 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. x 0.0016 m. 
 1682 Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole. 0.0012 m. 
 
 Diameter, 0.04 m.-0.005 m. 
 1683. Fragment. Diameter, 0.041 m. Hole, 
 0.0017 m.x 0.003 m. 
 
 1684 Diameter, 0.049 m. 
 Discarded : two from behind South Building. 
 
 Class y. TJirec or more rows of punched 
 dots. 
 
 1685. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Rectangidar hole, 
 0.0013 m. X 0.002 m. 
 
 1685 a. (Plate CXXXVn.). Diameter, 
 0.0455 m. 
 
 1686. Diameter, 0.092 m. 
 
 1687. Diameter, 0.1035 m. 
 
 168a Diameter, 0.105 m. Hole, 0.0055 m. 
 
 1689. Diameter, 0.081 m. Hole, 0.0045 m. 
 
 1690. Fragment. Diameter (approximate), 
 0.092 m. 
 
 Class ^. liectanf/le of punched dotted 
 ciif'li's. 
 
 1691. Diameter, 0.0384 m. Slightly concave- 
 convex. Hole, 0.0027 m. x 0.0028 m. 
 
 Class (• Cross and circle of punched dots. 
 
 1692. Di.in.eter, 0.036 m. Hole. 0.0007 m. 
 Class C Rosettes of dots with or irithout 
 
 circles of dots. 
 
 Group i. Witlmut circle. 
 169a Diameter. 0.0405 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 
 Group ii. With circles. 
 1694 Diameter, 0.0394 m. Hole, 0.002 m. 
 
 1695. Diameter, 0.049 m. Hole, 0.0021 m. 
 
 1696. Diameter. 0.111 m. Rectangular hole, 
 0.0065 m. X 0.007 m. 
 
 Class T}. Knf/rai'ed rosettes trith or with- 
 out engraved citrles. 
 (iroup i. Without circles. 
 
 1697. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Rectangidar hole, 
 0.0024 m. X 0.0028 m. Slightly concave^onvex. 
 
 169a Diameter, 0.028 m. Hole, 0.001 m. 
 
 DISKS, BINDING STRIPS 
 
 269 
 
 Group ii. With engraved circles. 
 1699. Diameter, 0.0322 m. Hole, 0.0034 m. 
 Tjrpe b. EllipticaL 
 
 170a Diameter, 0.03 m.x 0.024 m. Hole, 
 0.0017 m. About etlge, row of dots. 
 Type c. Rectangular, with rounded comers. 
 Class a. Single circle of punched dots. 
 
 1701. Diameter, 0.022 m. x 0.0315 m. 
 Discarded : one fragment. 
 
 Class P' Double circle of punched dots. 
 
 1702. From behind South Building. Diam- 
 eter, 0.034 m. X 0.024 m. Hole, 0.0014 m. 
 T3rpe d. Triangular, with rounded comers. 
 
 170a Length, 0.0033 m. x 0.025m. x 0.0265 m. 
 About etlge, row of punched dots. 
 
 DIVISION II. WITHOUT HOLE IN CENTRE.* 
 
 T]rpe a. Plain centre and edges. 
 
 FoR.M 1. Unornamented. (There are no 
 certain examples of this fonn.) 
 
 1704. From south slope. Much broken. Di- 
 ameter, 0.037 m. 
 
 1705. Diameter, 0.054 m. Perhaps mirror 
 disk. 
 
 1706. Diameter, 0.076 m. Perhaps mirror 
 disk. 
 
 Plate CI. 
 
 1707. Oval, of uncertain character. Diam- 
 eter, 0.10 ra. X 0.077 m. 
 
 FoR.M 2. Ornamented. 
 
 Class a. With one circle of punched dots. 
 Group i. Plain centre. 
 170a Broken fragment. Diameter, 0.0335 m. 
 Discarded: oue fragment (uiirrur disk ?), from south 
 •lope. 
 
 Group ii. Dot in centre. 
 
 (a'.) Struck from same side as circle. 
 
 1709. Fragment. Diameter, 0.03 m. 
 
 (6'.) Struck from opposite side to cir- 
 cle. 
 
 1710. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0322 m. 
 
 1711. Broken fragment. Diameter, 0.052 m. 
 Class fi. With two rings of dotsy euch- 
 ring being double. 
 
 1712. Diameter, 0.08 ui. 
 
 T3rpe b. TVith edge turned over. 
 FoKM 1. Plain. 
 17ia Diameter, 0.065 m.2 
 
 * For use, note sarcophagus of Crepereia Tryphaena 
 (Mus. Cap., Rome; found, 1889), containing plain bronze 
 disk about four inches in diameter. Btdlett. Commiss. 
 Com. 1889, pp. 17.J, 496. 
 
 * Cf. large and small plain gold disks from Myce- 
 
 FoRM 2. Divided into concentric zones, 
 OF which the convex side is on same 
 
 SIDE with ROLL. 
 
 Class a. With plain centre. 
 1714. Diameter, 0.113 m. 
 
 Class /8. With two dots in centre. 
 17ia Diameter, 0.079 m. 
 Type c. Stamped rosette with hollow boss 
 at centre and rings of dots outside. 
 
 1716. Fragment. Diameter, 0.011 m. 
 1716 a. Fragment. 
 
 1716 b. Fragment. From behind South Build- 
 ing. 
 Type d. Transitional 
 
 1717. Diameter, 0.075 m. In centre, boss. 
 Near edge, hole, 0.002 m. in diameter. Concav- 
 ity probably not original. Next to boss, rays 
 followed by ring of dots. Outside ring of dots, 
 a ring of arrow jwints. 
 
 Discarded : thirty-three, unclassified, among which one 
 from south slope and three from behind South Building. 
 
 Type e. Rectangular. Unornamented. 
 
 17ia From behind South Building. Length, 
 0.028 m. X 0.033 m. Corners rounded. 
 Plate CXXXVII. 
 
 1718 a. Fragment. 
 
 1718 b. Fragment. Bent. Radius about 0.07 
 m. Rosette of punched dots at centre, outside 
 of which broad zigzag, the line of which is itself 
 a narrow zigzag. Beyond, two rows of dots, and 
 a narrower zigzag. On edge, single row of dots. 
 
 C. BINDING STRIPS. 
 
 Type a. Plain. Most have one original end 
 
 left, and rivets. 
 Plate CI. 
 
 1719. Length, 0.0423 m. Width, 0.0048 m. 
 
 1720. Length, 0.042 m. Width, 0.0053 m. 
 Seems complete. 
 
 1721. Length, 0.1175 m. Width, 0.0065 m. 
 
 1722. From We.st Building. Length, 0.285 m. 
 Width, 0.0085 m.3 
 
 1723. From behind South Building. Length, 
 0.033 m. Width, 0.008 m. 
 
 1724. Length, 0.0534 m. Width, 0.01 m. 
 1726. length. 0.105 m. Width. 0.01 m. 
 
 1726. Length, 0.128 m. Width, 0.011 m. 
 
 1727. Length, 0.129 m. Width, 0.014 m. 
 
 nae (fifth tomb, No. 691), with overlapping edges as if 
 covers. 
 
 ' Cf. Olympia, No. 1226, and iron scrap from Tolen- 
 tino, Annali, 1881, p. 217, tav. d'agg. Q No 1, called 
 rim of shield. 
 
270 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 COATINGS 
 
 271 
 
 172a Length, 0.1435 m. Width, 0.0075 m. 
 
 Disco nied : eighteen, of which one was from behind 
 South Building. 
 
 T3rpe b. With one or more disks attached 
 by rivets. 
 
 1729. One end gone. Length, 0.044 ni. 
 Width, 0.0075 ni. Fragment of disk at each end. 
 
 1730. From south slope. Ends broken. Bit 
 of one disk. Length, 0.075. Width, 0.0078 m. 
 
 1731. Broken disk at each end. Length, 
 0.109. Width, 0.009 m. 
 
 1732. Broken disk at one 
 0.135 m. Width, 0.011 m. 
 
 1733 IV>th ends gone 
 Width, 0.0118 m. 
 
 1734. Both ends and disks broken. Length, 
 0.105 m. Width, 0.012 m. 
 
 Discarded • four, of which one was from West Buihling. 
 
 Addemhim. Disk ornamented with rosette. 
 
 1735. Fragment. Length, 0.089 m. Width, 
 0.0105 m. 
 Type c. With rectangular plates attached Type b 
 
 end. Length, 
 Length, 0.073 m. 
 
 1744. Length, 0.143 m. Width. 0.007 m. 
 One etlge lieveled. 
 
 1746. l^th ends gone. Length, 0.09 ni. 
 Width. 0.0085 m. One eilge l>eveled, and nar- 
 row raised band along other etlge on one side. 
 
 1746. One end complete, other |)erhaps so. 
 Length, 0.05G2 m. Width, 0.0117 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0015 m.-0.0028 m. All edges slightly 
 l)evele<l. At one end a B. See AppenilU'. 
 Type d. Large plain. 
 
 1747. Seems com))lete. Bent in middle. 
 Length, 0.47 ni. Width, 0.0575 m. Six holes 
 punched tlirongh, in one of which (at eiul of 
 band) are remains of iron rivet. 
 
 D. ORNAMENTED BANDS. 
 T]rpe a. 
 
 1748. Part of one end preserved. Length, 
 0.0683 m. Width, 0.018 m. ( )n one side, dots 
 in double circle connected by tangents. Groove 
 alon<r eilffes. 
 
 Width, 0.035 m. 
 Length, 0.0467 m. 
 
 by one or more rivets. 
 
 1736. Ends gone. Length, 0.084 m. Width, 
 0.008 m. 
 
 1737. Broken across middle. Length, 
 0.211 m. Width, 0.013 ra. 
 
 173& One end gone. Length, 0.103 m. 
 Width, 0.017 m. 
 
 1739. Fragments. Length, 0.146 m. Width, 
 0.02 ni. 
 
 1749. Uncleaned because patinated. Found 
 north of West Building near surface. Ends 
 gone. Length, 0.04 m. Width, 0.008 m. Di- 
 vided into three fields by two engraved lines. 
 The larger middle field has circles connecte<l 
 by tangents, the two outer fields have semicircles 
 o))ening outward. 
 
 T3rpe c. 
 
 1750. Ends broken. Length, 0.121 m. Width 
 
 Addenda. Uncertain to which type the fol- (centre), 0.0154 m. Ends slightly wider. One 
 
 lowing number belongs. 
 
 1740. From behind South Building. Length, 
 0.07G m. Width, 0.0083 m. 
 
 As the following have no disk plate nor holes, 
 it is not certain they belong here. 
 
 side has rounded band along centre, with zigzags 
 of double line on each side. 
 T]rpe d. 
 
 175L From behind South Buihling. Ends 
 gone. Length, 0.12 m. Witlth, 0.054 in. 
 
 1741. One end 
 
 gone. 
 
 Length, 0.032 m. Ornament of rosettes and dots. 
 
 Width, 0.008 m. On one side, fine double zig- 
 zag lengthwise above centre. 
 
 1741 a. Object uncertain. Length, 0.066 m. 
 Width, 0.012 m. Two small depressions at one 
 
 end. 
 
 Discarded : nineteen others of the foregoing types. 
 
 The following pieces, while presenting analo- 
 gies of form, are of uncertain classification and 
 
 1742. Both ends seem complete. Length, 
 0.058 m. Width, 0.0065. 
 
 Plate CII. 
 
 1743. Both ends broken. Length, 0.10 m. 
 Width, 0.0045 m. One edge beveled. 
 
 E. COATINGS. 
 Type a. Rectangular. Flat surface. 
 
 FoKM 1. Row OF FUXCHKD DOTS ALONG EACH 
 SIDE. 
 
 1752. From West Building. Ends broken. 
 Length, 0.032 nu Width, 0.011 m.» 
 
 Discarded • seven fragments, of which one from south 
 slope. 
 
 Form 2. Three rows of dots. 
 
 C7fi88 a. How along each edge and one 
 doir)) centre. 
 
 1753 One end gone. Length, 
 Width, 0.016 m. 
 
 0.0335 
 
 m. 
 
 1 Cf. (Hympia, No. 303. 
 
 Width. 0.0425 m. 
 Width, 0.044 m. 
 Length, 0.041 m. 
 
 Length, 0.074 m. 
 
 1754. Length, 0.078 m. 
 1755 One end gone. 
 Width, 0.037 m. 
 
 1756i length, 0.066 m. 
 
 1757. length, 0.074 m. 
 
 1758. One end gone. 
 Width, 0.044 m. 
 
 1759. One end gone. 
 Width, 0.0465 m. 
 
 1760. Much bent. Length, 0.058 m. Width, 
 0.055 m. 
 
 Discarded : two, of which one was from behind South 
 Building. 
 
 Class fi. Same as preceding, hut with dots 
 across each end. 
 
 1761. Ifent. Length, 0.027 m. Width, 0.034 m. 
 
 1762. lk>nt and one end gone. Length, 
 0.046 m. Width, 0.035 m. 
 
 1763 Bent. Length, 0.084 m. Width, 0.046 m. 
 1764. U'ngth, 0.078 m. Width, 0.049 m. 
 1765 Length, 0.094 m. Width, 0.048 m. 
 
 Discarded: seven others, of which the condition was 
 such that it is uncertain whether they are of Class a or /3. 
 One came from south slope. 
 
 Form 3. Four rows of dots. 
 Class a. lioirs parallel. 
 
 1766. Length, 0.052 m. Width, 0.0425 m. 
 
 Discartled : two. 
 
 Class fi. Same as preceding, but with dots 
 across ends. 
 
 1767. Length, 0.057 m. AVidth, 0.0435 m. 
 Form 4. Five rows of dots. 
 
 Class a. lioios parallel. 
 1768w End gone. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.049 m. Width, 0.0042 n». 
 
 Class /3. Same as Class a, but with dots 
 across ends. 
 Group i. Single row at end. 
 
 1769. One end gone. Length, 0.022 m. 
 Width, 0.0415 m. 
 
 Group ii. Double ww at end. 
 
 1770. Length, 0.023 m. Width, 0.033 m. 
 
 Discarded : one of doubtful character. 
 
 Form 5. Six rows of dots. 
 
 1771. From behind South liuilding. Both 
 ends gone. Length, 0.047 m. Width. 0.0485 m. 
 
 1772. One end gone. Condition i)Oor. 
 Length, 0.095 m. Width, 0.045 m. 
 
 Form 6. Similar to preceding Forms, but 
 with one or more rows of dots dou- 
 BLED. 
 
 1773. Fragment. Length. 0.035 m. Width, 
 0.019 m. Double row along one edge. 
 
 Plate CIIL 
 
 1774. Fragment. Length, 0.063 m. Width, 
 0.038 m. Four rows ; outer row double. 
 
 1775 Fragment. Length, 0.038 m. Width, 
 0.06 m. Three double rows. 
 
 Form 7. Miscellaneous. 
 
 1776 Fragment. Length, 0.048 m. Width, 
 0.033 m. Cross rows of dots. 
 
 1777. Fragment. Length, 0.085 m. Width, 
 0.046 m. Rows at angle to one another. 
 
 177& End gone. Length, 0.09 m. Width, 
 0.052 m. Cross rows with zigzags in each 
 panel. 
 
 Form 8. Punched dots and engraving. 
 
 1779. End gone. Length, 0.049 m. Width, 
 0.03 m. Three rows of dots with zigzags be- 
 tween. 
 
 1780. Fragment. Length, 0.057 m. Width, 
 0.047 m. Two rows of dots and two zig- 
 zags. 
 
 178L End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Width, 
 0.0355 m. Dots and zigzags. 
 
 1782. Length, 0.069 m. Width, 0.046 m. 
 
 Dots and semicircles. 
 
 Discarded of Type a : thirty-seven fragments, of which 
 five were from behind Soutli Building, one from south 
 slope, and four from West Building. 
 
 Type b. Rectangular. In centre on long 
 axis, a raised convex band. All except 
 two have zigzags; of these one (No. 
 1783) may have had; the other is No. 
 1792, in which the zigzag is apparent 
 rather than real. 
 
 1783. From behind South Building. Frag- 
 ment. Length, 0.052 m. Width, 0.032 m. 
 
 1784. One end gone. 
 Width, 0.024 m. 
 
 1785. One end gone. 
 Width, 0.03 m. 
 
 1786. Fragment. From behind South Build- 
 ing. Length, 0.063 m. Width, 0.035 m. 
 
 1787. Length, 0.081 m. Width. 0.036 m. 
 
 1788. Length, 0.09 m. Width, 0.041 m. 
 
 1789. One end gone. Length, 0.046 m. 
 Width, 0.042 m. 
 
 1790. Length, 0.09 m. Width, 0.045 ra. 
 
 1791. Fi-agment. Length, 0.05 m. Width, 
 0.058 m. 
 
 1792. Length, 0.066 m. Width, 0.075 m. 
 Plate CIV. 
 
 1793. Length, 0.013 m. Width, 0.104 la 
 
 Discarded : nine others of Tjrpe b, of which three were 
 from behind South Building. 
 
 Length, 0.062 m. 
 Length, 0.062 m. 
 
i: 
 
 272 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 Tjrpe c. Rectangular. Punched and 
 
 stamped ornaments. 
 
 Form 1. Incuse. 
 
 1794 (on Plate CI 1 1.). From south slope. 
 Size, 0.044 m. x 0.0445 m. Maile of two sheets 
 of bronze fohleil at edges. Ornament: round 
 de|>ression in centre ; this and corners have 
 hollows and rings arranged geometrically. 
 
 1795. Length, 0.0475 m. Wi«lth, 0.0325 m. 
 Along edges, <lots. In centre, depression with 
 irregular knol> in centre, on which knob are 
 repousse dots. At each end, similar figure. Holes 
 in corners with bronze nail in one. 
 
 Form 2. Kepousse. 
 
 1796. Length, 0.04G5 m. Width, 0.024 m. 
 Nail holes at corners. Dots on edges. Down 
 centre a long heavy oval, each end forked. Large 
 raised dots on each side of oval. 
 
 F. RIMS. 
 (Of various uncertain objects.) 
 
 1797. Fragment. Length, 0.175 m. Width, 
 0.07") ni. Edge turned over. 
 
 1797 a Fragment. Length, 0.0715 m. Width, 
 0.007 ni. 
 
 1797 b. Fragment. Length, 0.103 m. Width, 
 0.0255 m. 
 
 1797 c. Fragment. Length, 0.034 m. Width, 
 
 0.0175 m. 
 
 Discarded : two fragments, of which one was from 
 behind South Building. 
 
 1796. Length, 0.117 m. Width, 0.06 m. 
 Rivets in rim. Outside of fragment convex. 
 
 1799. Length, 0.194 m. Width, 0.072 m. 
 1799 a. Length, 0.068 m. Width, 0.061 m. 
 
 Possibly piece of preceding. 
 
 1800. From behind South Building. Frag- 
 ment. Length, 0.092 m. Width, 0.048 m. Dots 
 in relief on upper side. 
 
 Discarded: one fragment. 
 
 G. PLATES OF BRONZE. 
 
 (None are complete.) 
 a. Plain. 
 Form 1. Attached. 
 
 1801. Uncleaned. Length, 0.042 m. Width, 
 0.051 m. Remains of rivet. 
 
 Plate CV. 
 
 1802. Length, 0.168 m. Width, 0.165 m. 
 Two rivet-holes. Color indicates much copper. 
 
 1802 a. Length, 0.159 m. Width, 0.106 m. 
 Rivet-holes. Color indicates much copper. 
 
 * That is, at present. They may 
 
 Plate CIV. 
 
 IBOa Length, 0.106 m. Width, 0.0246 m. 
 Rivet-holes with i*emains of rivets. 
 
 1804. From behind South Building. 0.055 ni. 
 X 0.054 ni. 
 
 Discarded: seven fragments (one from behind South 
 Building and one from West Building). 
 
 Form 2. Unattached. 
 180& Fragment Length, 0.084 m. Width, 
 0.063 m. 
 
 1806. Length, 0.158 m. Width, 0.125 m. 
 
 1807. Length, 0.073 m. Wi<lth, 0.03 m. On 
 right side of snudler end, four cuts made by 
 edged tool. 
 
 1808. Fragment. Length, 0.063 m. Width, 
 0.056 m. 
 
 1809. Edges broken. Length, 0.0955 m. 
 Width, 0.017 m. 
 
 Plate CV. 
 
 1810. From 1)ehind South Building. Frag- 
 ment. Length, 0.10 m. Wi<lth, 0.03 m. 
 
 1811. Fragment. Length, 0.13 m. Width. 
 0.104 m. 
 
 1812. Fragment. Length, 0.114 ui. Width, 
 0.075 m. Bent at edges. 
 
 18ia Width, 0.152 m. Height, 0.091 m. 
 1814. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 m. Width 
 of sides, 0.026 m. and 0.03 m. 
 
 1816. Fragment. Length, 0.042 m. 
 
 1816. Fragment. Length, 0.065 m. Width, 
 0.037 m. The resemblance of this as well as of 
 No. 1817 and No. 1818 to primitive idols (cf. 
 ^4nm. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ii. No. 2) is probably quite 
 accidental. 
 
 1817. Fragment. Length, 0.056 m. Width, 
 0.0125 m. 
 
 1818 Fragment. Length, 0.045 m. Width. 
 0.042 m. 
 
 1818 a. Fragment. Length, 0.069 m. Width, 
 0.055 m. 
 
 Discarded : eight fragments. 
 
 b. Ornamented. 
 
 1. Attached. 
 
 1 819. From south slope. Length, 0.055 m. 
 Width, 0.052 m. Rivet-holes and dots. Nearly 
 square, with straight edges. 
 
 1820. From south slope. Length, 0.142 m. 
 Width, 0.07 m. Grooves round edges, and rivet- 
 holes. 
 
 2. Unattached.* 
 
 1821. From behind South Building. Length, 
 0.049 m. Width, 0.039 m. Small knob. 
 
 have been attached when complete. 
 
 PLATES 
 
 273 
 
 1822. Length, 0.095 m. Width, 0.065 m. 
 Small knob in one corner. 
 
 1822 a. Length, 0.034 m. Width, 0.026 m. 
 Engraved with half-circles. 
 
 1822 b. From south sloixj. Length, 0.035 m. 
 Width, 0.035 m. Fine cross hatchings. 
 
 1822 c. Length, 0.05 m. Width, 0.0235 m. 
 Three punched holes and zigzag. 
 
 c. Plated with gold. 
 
 1823. From south sIojk;. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.089 m. Width, 0.075 m.^ 
 
 d. Inscribed. 
 Platf> CVL, CVII. 
 
 1824. Fragment. From West Building. 
 Height, 0.0266 m. Width (top), 0.022 m. Thick- 
 ness too slight for accurate measurement. Two 
 rows of punched letters. Irregular in size. 
 Space between lines, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m., but 
 between lower line and bottom edge, 0.0065 m.- 
 0.008 m. ; hence it is possible these are the last 
 two lines of the inscription. See below. No. 
 1825, and Appendix^ p. 332. 
 
 PLATtlS CVL, CVII. 
 
 182& I-«eft edge seems to be original. Possi- 
 ble that upper edge is also. Corrotled. Height, 
 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0175 m. Resembles No. 
 1824. Froui style of letters (especially the 
 sigma), reading from left to right woidd be ex- 
 j>et*ted, though they can be read from right to 
 left. It would be iwssible to place this fragment 
 loosely to right of No. 1824, thus making it lower 
 
 right corner of list of proi)er names ,„„ i^qq^ 
 
 in which case one must assume the lower edge to 
 recede from the letters so as to be 0.0045 m. 
 from ^ and 0.008 m. from A. The alignment 
 also is awkward. Use of $ in retrograde period 
 is against such reading, though the general char- 
 acter of the letters, etc., is the same. 
 Plates CVL, CVII. 
 
 1826.^ Eilges at top and bottom smooth, and 
 for the most part slightly beveled. Considerable 
 portions gone from ends. Something depends on 
 interpretation of T in first line. If it represents 
 a paragraph, one must assume that the inscrip- 
 tion was written on several sheets, one above the 
 other, and that one piece is one of these sections. 
 Condition of bronze poor. Corrosion continued 
 after being cleane<l. Besides the main piece (a) 
 
 there are several fragments, i. e. (6) at the left 
 of the fourth and fifth lines, (^^ d, e) at the right 
 of the sixth line. Letters punched rather deep 
 considering thinness of plate. 
 
 Fragment a. Height, 0.136 m. Width (top), 
 0.1485 m. Thickness, 0.0003 m.-0.0005 m. 
 
 Line 1. (right to left) oi^ah :: vcSa • t !: 
 
 ttTtt/t^o/j^ Letter on right probably a <^, as tail 
 is shorter (0.0025 m.)than that of the p's (0.0038 
 m.-0.005 m.). At left end of line slight trace 
 of bevel. 
 
 Line 2 (left to right) htcrvvxiw. \\ rasapas 
 
 Tas 
 
 Line 3 (right to left) .... ii.airf.haT \\ a-aieypa- 
 
 aar :: <ray Beyond the y a trace of an oblique 
 stroke, probably of M. To the left of the /i 
 traces of letter, probably A. 
 
 Line 4 (left to right). ( . . . xa . . . ) avarov :: 
 lit aAAo Ti Ka(?ov ':': h The Ka are on Fragment b. 
 Edge at left of first a of main piece is slightly 
 concave, but preserves no trace of bevel owing 
 to corrosion. 
 
 Line 5 (right to left). o\ W atlo-fqtc . el: onorxe 
 . . IT . . . To left of the tt traces of letter or let- 
 ters. Of the possible combinations M (oTio»'x«o''r), 
 II(oTiorx«^i7rc), TI(oTioi'X€Ti7r€) or ■q|(oTioi'X€l"r£) 
 
 seem the most likely. To left of second c are 
 traces of upper and side stroke of 1 ; it cannot 
 be B owing to « preceding.^ Last straight stroke 
 on left is of a T, Y, or 9, more probably the last. 
 To left of this on Fragment b is part of o, the 
 remain<ler of the outline being on left edge of 
 the main fragment. Fragments n and b join at 
 this lower edge of the o. At the left, right bevel 
 of an upright hasta. 
 
 Line 6 (left to right), os :! irpo po o? •• th-p 
 Between the first two p's, probable traces of a ir ; 
 and between the following two o's no certain traces 
 of a letter. Fragments c, d, c join the right end 
 of line. Letters are uncertain. Word may be 
 c^TTplNAI or e^pllAI, according to which end of 
 Fragment c is considered to come at top. Frag- 
 ment e is a small bit giving the upper end of 
 right hasta of the a. 
 
 Line 7 (right to left) sioh :: stnoy oti- 
 
 /laSc/x Between the o and y no certain traces 
 of letter. At the left end of line, bevel of left 
 hasta is continued only about halfway down, but 
 as the bevel is i>erpendicular, and the line of 
 
 « In Museum at Eleusis is a piece of bronze plated with Jour, of Arch. 1901, pp. 159, 162. For commentary see 
 
 gold, on which is engraved a horse of geometric style. Appendix, p. 332. 
 
 * Found near terrace wall west of Second Temple about ' But see Appendix 
 
 four feet below the surface, April, 1895. liogers, Am. 
 
274 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 cleavage is coutiuuous, the letter is probably 
 san. 
 
 Line 8 (left to right). « apycias :: km hotFmc. 
 At riffht of line no certain traces of letter. 
 
 Line 9 (right to left) fioSova V: ccXvhtor 
 
 :: o . . . . Edge at left end of line beveled. 
 
 Line 10 (left to right) yas •: apycta« ya 
 
 :: KaTaK(a. Traces of last a. 
 
 Line 11 (right to left). . . . hsanoir :: orcrcio- 
 Fi'ory .... 
 
 Plates CVI., CVIL 
 
 1827. No original edges. Height, 0.041 m. 
 "Width, 0.004 m. Letters show through on 
 back. 
 
 H. CUT ORNAMENTS. 
 Platk CV. 
 
 1828. Broken at larger end and perhaps at 
 smaller. Length, 0.051 in. Width (in centre), 
 0.0295 m. Trace of hole in edge of broader 
 end. 
 
 1829. Length, 0.046 m. Width, 0.0453 m. 
 Small hole in centre. 
 
 1830. From south slope, 1894. Six-jwinted 
 star with loop between points. In alternate 
 points rivets whic-h formerly held bronze plate. 
 Diameter, 0.048 m. 
 
 183L Three strips of bronze ; one attached 
 at right angles to ends of others. Length of 
 cross-bar, 0.084 m. Length of other strips, 
 0.10 m. and 0.080 ni. (broken ). Ci*oss-bar plain, 
 other bits have dots on edges. Small hole in 
 centre of cross-bar. 
 
 1832. Fragment, doubtful whether of this 
 class. Two small bits fastened together. Length, 
 0.03 m. Width of longer strip, 0.01 m. 
 Plate CVIIL 
 
 1832 a. Fragment. Remains of nail and 
 punched holes and dots. 
 
 I. FIGURES, 
 a Cut.^ 
 
 1833. From behind South Building. Length, 
 0.005 m. This object is pei'haps a claw torn o£f 
 a piece of drapery.^ 
 
 1834. Condition poor. Length, 0.05 m. 
 Along bit of original edge, row of dots. Head 
 and neck of a bird. 
 
 1835l Bit of original edge on two sides. 
 Length, 0.038 m. Probably bit of bird's wing 
 or of snake. With this and No. 1836, cf. Ohjm- 
 pla, Nos. 720. 721. 
 
 1836. Fragment. Length, 0.0485 m. Orna- 
 
 1 For cut figures from Acropolis, see Batlier, J. H. S. 
 XIII. p. 241. 
 
 men ted with straight lines and scale pattern. 
 Perhaps bit of biitl. 
 
 1837. From behind South Building. Two 
 fragments that fit together. Combinetl length, 
 0.094 m. Decoration of punched double circles, 
 rectangles, and drops. Probably represents a 
 dolphin. 
 
 b. Reponss^ 
 
 1838. From south slope. Three fragments of 
 a left eyebrow, eyeball, lower lid, and low horn 
 (height, 0.007 m.), which was between the 
 eyes. Length, 0.036 m. Possibly from head of 
 giiffin. (Cf. Olympia, Nos. 714, 715, 715 a, 
 and 691.) 
 
 J. UNCERTAIN OBJECTS. 
 
 1839. Shorter straight edge broken. Length, 
 0.028 m. Width, 0.042 m. Rivet at one comer 
 fastening small piece to larger. Decorated with 
 punched dots. 
 
 1840. Fragment. Length, 0.049 m. Width, 
 0.034 m. 
 
 184L One edge broken. Length, 0.027 m. 
 Width, 0.021 ro. Rows of dots and two small 
 holes in centre. 
 
 1842. Length, 0.064 m. Width, 0.048 m. 
 Seems complete. 
 
 1843. From behind South Building. Condi- 
 tion )K)or. Two plates with toothed edges fas- 
 tened together by rivets along edges. Lower 
 plate, 0.1025 m. x 0.064 m. Upper plate, 0.106 
 m. X 0.063 m. 
 
 1844. Convex piece. Diameter, 0.028 m. 
 With three engraved lines about edge. In centre, 
 small knob of iron pierced by hole. 
 
 184S Edge broken. Length, 0.094 m. 
 Folded over witli foot attached to fold. 
 
 1846l Ends broken. Length. 0.097 m. Two 
 engraved lines on upright surface. 
 
 Discarded : fifty-nine small fragments of sbeet bronze, 
 of which one from West Building and one from behind 
 South Building. 
 
 8. LEAVES. 
 
 1847. Ends broken. Length, 0.0715 m. 
 Width, 0.044 m. Axis of leaf concave-convex. 
 Decorate<l on both sides with lines and zigzag. 
 Perhaps was cast and then hammered. 
 
 1848. Complete, but bent. Length, 0.113 m. 
 Decorated on both sides with lines and zig- 
 zag. 
 
 * Professor Norton considers it to be the tail of a 
 cock. 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 275 
 
 9. LEATHER GEAR. 
 
 1849. From behind South Building. Three 
 links each made by twisting bronze wire. Total 
 length, 0.373 m. Largest link, length, 0.145 m. 
 Wire of first link round except at one end. In 
 second link wire less regidar, about half being 
 
 rectangular, and having near centre two swell- 
 ings, and toward one end engraved diagonal 
 lines. Third link of two strands, one being rec- 
 tangular. Color indicates much copper. Made 
 by hammering probably. Object is imitation 
 of bit of leather gear, probably of harness. (Cf. 
 somewhat similar piece, Ohjmj)ia, pi. v. No. 37.) 
 
 V. VESSELS 
 
 1. VASES AND CAULDRONS. 
 A. WITHOUT SHOULDER. 
 
 a. Plates. 
 
 1. No UKPRE88ION. OnE OR TWO HANDLES. 
 
 a. One handle. 
 18S0. From above Upper Temple toward tents. 
 Handle gone. Diameter, 0.059 m. Thickness, 
 0.0005 m. Edge with two rows of small dots 
 close together. 
 
 p. Two h(indle». 
 
 18SL From south slope. Handles broken. 
 
 Returning ends (ears) i)re8erved. Diameter, 
 
 0.0595 m. In centre, boss surrounded by circle of 
 
 small dots. Outside these, star pattern i)unched 
 
 likewise from bottom. Around outer edge, two 
 
 rows of dots, of which inner concave. Two rows 
 
 of dots also around handles, of which the inner 
 
 is concave. At left of upper handle, part of 
 
 row of concave dots between inner circle and 
 
 star. 
 
 2. Depressed. Handles small. Rim wide. 
 
 Similar to preceding Form (with this 
 
 Form in general cf. Olympia^ No. 884 b. 
 
 The type seems to be rare at Olympia. 
 
 Cf. also small bronze patera from Tiryns, 
 
 Tiryns, p. 170). 
 
 a. Unfrrnamented except on rim near han- 
 dle or on handle. Dftt in centre. 
 Group i. Convex dots on either side of 
 handle arranged horizontally. 
 
 1862. Frt)m south slope. Handles gone. Rim 
 injured. Diameter, 0.118 m. Width of rim, 
 0.01 m. Near one handle, four convex dots in 
 two groups. 
 
 Discarded : one from south slope. 
 
 Group ii. Three convex dots in triangle 
 on either side of handle. 
 
 1863. Handles gone. Rim injured. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0567 m. Width of rim, 0.007 m. Handles 
 had pointed ears. In centre of plate, convex dot. 
 Plate CIX. 
 
 1854. Condition poor. Pai-t of one handle 
 
 left. Diameter, 0.06 m. Width of rim, 0.0075 m. 
 
 Ears of handles roughly jwiuted. Dots on rim 
 
 as in No. 1853. Single row of dots on handle. 
 
 Dot in centre of plate. 
 Discarded : one fragment similar to No. 1854. 
 
 /3. One row of dots round outer edge of 
 bottom struck from top. 
 Gi-oup i. Dots at handle same as in a, 
 Group ii. Convex dot in centre. 
 1855. Condition ])oor. Handles and rim 
 mainly destroyed. Diameter, 0.0445 m. 
 
 1866. Fragment. Diameter, 0.046 ni. Dots 
 
 as in No. 1855. 
 
 Discards : twu fragments with handles. 
 
 Group ii. One or more rows of convex 
 dots on outer edge of rim. 
 
 1867. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment of rim and handle. Length, 0.039 lii. 
 Opjwsite base of handle, inner row of dots. 
 
 1868. From back of South Building. Con- 
 dition i>oor, about half gone. Diameter, 0.098 m. 
 
 1859. Fragment of rim and handle. Diame- 
 ter, circ. 0.085 m. Row of dots on handle and 
 ear, and five dots opposite handle and ear in 
 groups of three and two. 
 
 y. Around outer edge ff bottom^ ring of 
 short stroight lines running toicard 
 centre, struck front top. 
 Group i. Around outer edge of rim 
 
 and on handle, single row of convex 
 
 dots. 
 
 1860. From south slope. One handle gone. 
 Diameter, 0.088 m. Width of rim, 0.007 m. In 
 centre, rather large dot. Lines around edge ap- 
 proximately parallel. 
 
 Discards : small fragment with lines arranged in groups 
 of three. The groups about 0.0035 m. apart. 
 
 Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with 
 double row of convex dots about han- 
 dle and rim. 
 
 1861. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.052 m. 
 Width of rim, 0.0085 m. Dots rather oblong 
 and so close as to have effect of row of lines. 
 
276 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 277 
 
 Direction of lines on bottom irregular. In cen- 
 
 ti-e, large dot. 
 
 Group iii. Similar to Group i., but with 
 triangle of three dots opposite each 
 end of handle and inside dot-ring of 
 rim. Double ring of dots around rim. 
 
 1862. Fi*om south slope. Handles broken. 
 Diameter, 0.0725 m. Width of rim, 0.0085 m. 
 Across ends of handle, double row. Dots of tri- 
 angle are larger and probably struck after the 
 other rows of dots, as is shown by the smaller 
 dots appearing on the surface of the larger 
 ones. In centre, slight depression, perhaps acci- 
 dental. 
 
 1863. Condition poor. Diameter, 0,068 m. 
 Triangles of dots same as iu No. 1862. In 
 centre, large dot. Lines about bottom irregu- 
 lar. 
 
 8. Sl/nilor to y, but tnth ring of tloti* out- 
 skle the lines on bottom. These dots 
 struvlcfrom top. 
 
 1864. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.07 m. 
 Width of rim, 0.008 m. Lines on bottom gen- 
 erally i)oint toward centre. 
 
 c. S'nnUdt' to Class y, but tnth fines cres- 
 rent-shaped and pit rail el. 
 
 1865. Fragment. Condition jKwr. Row of 
 small convex dots near outer edge of rim. 
 
 ^. Around outer ed(/e of bottom, row of dots, 
 inside of irhleh '^Ifjy.aij itf straight lines, 
 both dots and zUjzarj being struck from 
 vpper side. 
 
 Group i. Row of convex dots about han- 
 dle and on ears. Triangle of three 
 convex dots opposite ends of han- 
 dles. 
 
 1866. Illustration shows under side. Condi- 
 titm poor. Diameter, 0.055 m. Width of rim, 
 0.007 ra. Dots on handle, ears, and rim slightly 
 larger than those round edge of base. Still 
 lai*ger convex dot in centre. 
 
 Discarded: one. 
 
 Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with 
 row of convex dots around outer edge 
 of rim. Dots sometimes absent from 
 ears. 
 
 1867. From above Upper Temple toward 
 tents. One handle mostly gone. Diameter, 
 0.055 m. Width of rim, 0.0055 m. Dots ab- 
 sent from one ear. Convex dot in centre. 
 
 1868. Illustration shows under side. From 
 
 ^ This decoration is similar to that found on fragment 
 of pottery from Melos (early Mycenaean), but there be- 
 
 south slope. One handle gone. Diameter, 
 0.093 m. Width of rim, 0.01 m. Dots only on 
 one ear. In centre, low boss, in centi-e of which 
 dot. This dot struck from ui)))er side. 
 
 Group iii. Similar to Group i., but rim 
 has on inner edge ring of crescents 
 (open side outward), struck from un- 
 der side. 
 
 1869. From south slo{>e. One handle, one 
 ear of other handle, and parts of rim and bot- 
 tom gone. Diameter, 0.04 m. A^'idth of rim, 
 0.005 m. In centre of bottom, convex dot. 
 
 If. Around outer edge of bottom, ring of 
 
 truncated ellipses opening out tea rd. 
 
 Tltese ellipses stniek from upper sale. 
 
 Dots on handle, ears, and around rim. 
 
 On riui opi>osite handles and inside 
 
 ring of dots, three dots in triangle as 
 
 before (^C'lass (, Gitmp i.). All these 
 
 dots struck from under side. 
 
 1870. From south slo))e. Rim and bottom 
 damaged. Diameter, 0.074 m. Width of rim, 
 0.0085 m. In centre of bottom, small convex 
 dot. Punch employed for striking ellipses had 
 broad edge (width, 0.0009 m.) with sharp cor- 
 ners. 
 
 $. Around outer edge of bottom, ring of 
 
 dots. Inside of lehleh. ring tf semleln'le» 
 
 or truncated ellipses opening i*uttrard. 
 
 These dots ami semicircles {or ellipses') 
 
 struck from upj)er side. 
 
 Group i. Semicircles. On handle and 
 
 portion of rim opjjosite, dots together 
 
 with triangles of three dots. All these 
 
 dots struck from under side. 
 
 1871. One handle gone. Rim danmged. 
 Diameter, 0.046 m. Width of rim, 0.0045 m. 
 In handle, hole punched from above. In bottom, 
 convex dot. 
 
 1872. One handle gone. Rim and bottom 
 damaged. Diameter, 0.063 m. Width of rim, 
 0.0085 m. In centre, hole (diameter, 0.003 m.) 
 punched from beneath. Dots in triangles larger 
 than those on handle and bottom. 
 
 Group ii. Truncated ellij)ses.* 
 
 (a'.) Dots on handle and ears. Tri- 
 angle of dots on rim opposite ends 
 of handles. All these dots struck 
 from under side. 
 
 1873. Less than half preserved. Width of 
 rim, 0.0065 m. 
 
 longing to a rosette. Edgar, in Ezcacalions at PhylaJcopi, 
 p. 122, pi. XX. No. 12. 
 
 (&'.) Dots on handles and part of rim 
 that is opposite. Besides, triangles 
 of three dots op|>osite ends of han- 
 dles. All these dots struck from 
 beneath. 
 1874. One handle, one ear, and part of bot- 
 tom gone. Diameter, 0.057 m. Width of rim, 
 0.004 m. In centre of bottom, dot. 
 
 (r'.) Row of small dots on handles and 
 outer edge of rim. Inside this row, 
 opi)osite ends of handles, triangles 
 of three dots. Dots on ears. All 
 these dots struck from under side. 
 187& One ear and part of one handle gone. 
 Diameter of disk, 0.112 m. Extreme diameter, 
 0.142 m. Width of riui, 0.0105 m. In centre 
 of bottom, row of six oblong dots. At side of 
 interspace between the two central dots, two 
 small dots close together. All these dots struck 
 from beneath. Punch did not carry outer line 
 of ellipses as far toward o\ie\\ ends as it did the 
 inner line, thus making figures look from upper 
 side as though struck with two separate instru- 
 ments. 
 
 3. DEPRES8KD. Narrow rim. No handle. 
 
 1876. Plate shows under side. From south 
 8loi)e. Condition iK)or. Diameter, 0.067 m. 
 Width of rim, 0.003 m. On rim, ring of small 
 dots struck from under side. Also hole in rim 
 (diameter, 0.002 m. ), piuiched from beneath. 
 
 4. Depressed. Wide rlm. No handle. 
 Inscribed. 
 
 Plate CX. 
 
 1877. (Photograph and copy of inscription.) 
 Rim abradeil. Mnch corrotled and oxidized. 
 Diameter, 0.109 m. Width of rim, 0.01 m. 
 Thickness of bottom, perhaps about 0.001 m. 
 Rim thinner. On under side of rim, stroke made 
 with hollow punch (diameter, 0.002 m.), which 
 shows on upper side as dot (lower right side of 
 photograph). In opposite side of rim, hole (now 
 broken out) struck with hollow punch from un- 
 der side (diameter, 0.0024 m.). 
 
 For inscription, see Appemllx. 
 
 5. Dei'Rf:88ed. No rim. No handles. In- 
 
 SCRIHED. 
 
 Plates CX. (bottom and copy of inscription) 
 
 and CXI. (top). 
 
 lS7a From south slope. Edge considerably 
 damasred. Corroded and much oxidized. Di- 
 anieter of top, 0.0685 m. ; of bottom, 0.06 m. 
 Height, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m. On 
 outside, near Ixittom, narrow band with grooves 
 
 at either side. Also groove 0.001 m. from top 
 for part of circumference. Space between 
 upper and first lower grooves occupied by in- 
 scription. (See Appendix.) On bottom of 
 plate near centre, mark or scratch (7). Bottom 
 slightly convex on upper side and concave be- 
 neath. Forms sharply defined angle with sides. 
 b. Platters (Fragments of outer edge only). 
 1. Flat, 1. e., edge not turned up. 
 a. Plain. 
 Plate CIX. 
 
 1879. Condition poor. Length, 0.11 m. 
 Width, 0.08 m. Thickness, 0.0006 m. and less. 
 Near outer edge, broad low roll. Similar but 
 wider rise near inner edge. Inside this, possible 
 trace of end of petal of rosette. 
 
 /3. Ornamented tcith punched dots. 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 1880. Convex edge seems to be original. Con- 
 dition i)oor. Length, 0.135 m. Width, 0.042 m. 
 Frajrment does not seem to have had other dots 
 than those which appear in photograph. Origi- 
 nal design not clear. Color reddish. Flexible. 
 
 Not certain that following number belongs 
 here. 
 Plate CIX. (shows reverse). 
 
 1881. From back of South Building. No 
 original edge preserved. Length, 0.026 m. 
 Width, 0.02 m. Ornamented with large and 
 small dots struck from upper side. 
 
 y. Inscribed tjplth letters of dots struck from 
 above. 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 1882. Two fragments, a and b. Fragment a 
 from back of South Building. Outer edge pre- 
 served. Condition poor. Length of a. 0.017 m. ; 
 width, 0.0315 m. Length of b, 0.067 m. ; 
 width, 0.031 m. Thickness of both, 0.0002 m. 
 Flat. Photogi-aphed and drawn from concave 
 side of dots. On same side, series of light strokes 
 of hollow punch (see drawing), perhaps anterior 
 to dots. They seem to be merely ornamental, 
 but the design is not clear. For reading of dots, 
 see Appendix. 
 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 1883. Fragments a, b, c. Fragment 6 omitted 
 from drawings because reversed. Junction of 
 6 and c in photograph not certain. Fragment b 
 broken from a after cleaning. Outer etlge only 
 preserved. Condition poor. Length of a, 
 0.081 m. ; width, 0.047 m. Length of b, 0.018 m. ; 
 width, 0.005 m. Length of c, 0.138 m. ; width, 
 0.041 m. Flat except for low convex ridge at 
 
278 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 iuuer edge of a, which formed boundary between 
 centre and boi'der of platter. 
 
 Inscription in dotted letters punchetl from 
 above, the base of the letters being toward the 
 outside of the plate. Besides the dots of the 
 inscription, which are heavily punched, there are 
 fainter dots and circles (i. e. light strokes of 
 hollow punch) with which they seem to have no 
 relation. For these dots, see drawing on Plate ; 
 and for inscription, see Appendijc. Flexible. 
 Color reddish. 
 
 2. OUTEK EDGE TURNED UP, FORMING A SIDE 
 OR RIM. 
 
 a. Ornamented with dots punched from 
 above. 
 Plate CXII. 
 
 1884. Outer edge preserved. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.171 m. Width, 0.0595 m. Original 
 diameter, about 0.435 m. Height of rim, 
 O.OOG m. Two connected semicircles of dots. 
 At left, three large and six small ilots in irregular 
 oblique line. Color reddish. Flexible. 
 
 p. Inacrihed trith letters of dots punched 
 from (dMjve, 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 188& From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment of edge with a piece of centre. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.11 m. Width, 0.107 m. Height 
 of rim, 0.005 m. In edge, letter T. Height, 
 0.215 m. Between edge and centre, low roll, 
 beginning at top of letter. Width, 0.012 m. 
 Color reddish. Flexible. 
 Plate CXII. 
 
 1886L Fragment of edge broken off at begin- 
 ning of roll which separated edge from centre. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.135 m. Width, 
 0.047 m. Height of rim, 0.0025 m. Original 
 diameter, about 0.45 ra. Inscription in rather 
 large dots, many of which ai-e roughly triangular. 
 See Appendix. Color reddish. Flexible. 
 
 Addenda. It is uncertain to which form the 
 following belong. 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 1887. Broken on all sides. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.047 m. Width, 0.0353 m. At one 
 end, letter of heart-shaped dots punched from 
 above. See Appendix. 
 
 Plate CXI. 
 
 1888. Two fragments, a and &, which seem 
 to belong together. Condition jioor. — Frag- 
 ment a. Broken on all sides. Length, 0.017 m. 
 Width, 0.032 m. Five large dots forming arc 
 of a circle perhaps from an or a A. — Frag- 
 
 ment b. Broken on all sides. Size, 0.0365 m. x 
 0.018 m. Two lines, one of two, the other of 
 three dots, converging toward each other. Per- 
 haps a K or an A. The order of these frag- 
 ments is arbitrary. 
 Plate CXII. 
 
 1889. Two fragments (a and &) which from 
 style of letters and texture of bronze seem to 
 come from same object. Arrangement arbitrary, 
 being based on iM>ssibility that right end of a 
 joins lower left corner of b, and that they thus 
 form the projecting corner of a piece of coating. 
 In this case the bottoms of the letters were 
 toward the top of the object. Lower edge of 
 Fragment a seems to be original, that of b may 
 be. Condition poor. Length of Fragment a, 
 0.06 m.; width, 0.041 m. Length of Fragment 6, 
 0.079 m.; width, 0.038 m. — Inscription in dots 
 punched from above. See Appendix. On same 
 side circles or rings struck with hollow punch 
 independent of inscriptions, and perhaps earlier. 
 c. Saucers. 
 
 Form 1. Perforated centre. Akin to 
 similar form of disk. Plain. 
 
 1890l Two cracks in edge due to flattening. 
 Diameter, 0.028 m. Near centre, hole struck 
 with solid punch from under side. Diameter, 
 0.002 m. Bottom rises very slightly, perhaps 
 accidentally. 
 
 189L Diameter, 0.0325 m. Near centre, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0015 m.) probably struck from 
 under side with hollow punch. About it bottom 
 rises very slightly in irregular circle about 
 0.012 m. in diameter, perhaps owing to blow 
 from punch. 
 
 Form 2. Without perforation or boss. 
 Plain. 
 
 Cf. shallow bronze saucer from Mycenae, out- 
 side shaft-graves, Mus. No. 2343, and Schlie* 
 mann, Tiryns., pi. xxvii. b (terra-cotta). F'or use 
 cf. sarcophagus of Crepereia Tryphaena, found, 
 1889, in Rome (Prati di Castello), now in Mus. 
 dei Conservatori, containing small saucer of sim- 
 ilar form. BuUett. Commiss. Com., 1889, pp. 
 175, 496. 
 
 Group i. Outline, continuous flat curve. 
 Sides, scarcely distinguishable in 
 smaller specimens, gradually increase 
 in prominence. No rim. 
 
 1892. About one fourth gone. Diameter, 
 0.034 m. Height, 0.007 m. Holes all seem 
 due to corrosion. 
 
 1893i (Shows bottom.) Condition poor. Di- 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 279 
 
 ameter, 0.048 m. Height, about 0.011 m. Near 
 top, hole (diameter, 0.0022 m.) cut with hollow 
 punch. 
 
 1894. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame- 
 ter, 0.049 m. Height, 0.01 m. Near top, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0017 m.) cut with hollow punch. 
 
 1895. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.075 m. 
 Height, 0.013 m. 
 
 1896. Condition jwor. Diameter, 0.08 m. 
 Height, circ. 0.013 m. Holes all due to corro- 
 sion. 
 
 1897. Fragment, section through centre. Di- 
 ameter, 0.084 m. Height, 0.0135 m. 
 
 1896. (Shows top.) Half gone. Diameter, 
 0.105 m. Height, 0.02 m. 
 
 Discarded: three. 
 
 Not certain whether the following hatl hole in 
 bott«>in, as centre is not preserved. 
 
 1899. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.027 m. 
 Height, 0.005 in. Near top, hole (diameter, 
 0.0025 m.) struck from inside with hollow 
 punch. 
 
 Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with 
 sides more clearly marked and rims 
 somewhat thicker. 
 190a Top. Fi-om West Building. Half 
 gone. Diameter, 0.084 m. Height, 0.02 m. 
 
 1901. (Shows top.) From back of South Build- 
 ing. Less than half preserved. Diameter, 0.0975 
 m. Height, 0.023 m. Bottom very thin, but sides 
 thicken to 0.0018 m. On outside near top, thi-ee 
 fine encircling lines close together. Between low- 
 est and middle lines a fourth line runs part way 
 round. [On Pl.\te wrongly numbered 1981.] 
 
 Group iii. Rounded cup-like bottom. 
 Rim but slightly emphasized. 
 
 1902. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0235 m. 
 Height, 0.008 m. 
 
 1903. Shows top. Fi-om back of South Build- 
 ing. About one third gone. Diameter, 0.0386 m. 
 Height, 0.014 m. Near centre, hole punched 
 roughly from above with solid rectangular punch. 
 Size, 0.003 m. x 0.005 m. 
 
 Group iv. Nearly flat bottom, from which 
 sides arc plainly differentiated, but 
 by rounded angle. Rims not empha- 
 sized. 
 
 1904. Shows top. From south slope. About 
 one third gone. Diameter, 0.079 m. Height, 
 0.019 m. 
 
 Group V. Similar, but with rim more 
 emphasized. 
 1905l Shows top. From back of South 
 
 Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.0595 m. 
 
 X 0.054 m. Height, 0.01 m. 
 
 Group vi. Similar to Group v., but 
 heavier, without emphasis of rim, and 
 with a more rounded curve between 
 side and bottom. 
 
 Plate CXIII. 
 
 1906. Shows top. From back of South 
 Building. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.053 m. 
 Height, 0.0075 m. 
 
 Group vii. Similar in shai)e to Group i., 
 but with side bent back at top to form 
 rim. 
 
 1907. (Shows top.) Fragment, broken in two 
 parts {a and 6). Height, 0.013 m. Roll at top 
 about 0.0015 m. in width. 
 
 F'orm 3. With boss. Shape similar to 
 Form 2, Group i. 
 Class a. Plain. 
 Group i. Small round hole near edge. 
 1908u (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.023 m. x 
 0.0257 m. Height, 0.0038 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0017 m.) cut with hollow punch. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.006 m. 
 
 1909. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0314 m. 
 Height, 0.003 m. Near top, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 m. X 0.0028 m.) struck with hollow punch 
 from inside. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m. 
 
 1910. Diameter, 0.032 m. Height, 0.002 m. 
 Near edge of top, hole (diameter, 0.002 m.) as 
 in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 0.0075 m. 
 
 1911. From back of South Building. Con- 
 dition poor. Diameter, 0.0355 m. Near edge, 
 hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.). Diameter of boss, 
 0.008 m. 
 
 1912. From south slope. Condition poor. 
 Diameter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0038 m. Near 
 edge, hole (diameter, 0.0013 m.) as in No. 1909. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.008 ni. 
 
 1913. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.04 m. 
 Height, 0.0043 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.0018 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0047 m. 
 
 1914. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.041 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.0019 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 
 0.01 m. 
 
 1916. One fifth gone. Diameter, 0.0455 m. 
 Height, 0.0045 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0065 m. 
 
 1916. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.054 m. 
 Height, 0.0056 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 
V 
 
 L 
 
 280 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 281 
 
 if 
 
 0.0017 in.) cut with hollow punch. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.009 ni. 
 
 1917. Condition jwor. Diameter, 0.0t>4 m. 
 Height, 0.0175 m. Near top, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 n>.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0105 m. 
 
 1918. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.65 m. x 
 0.07 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.) 
 as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 0.018 m. 
 
 1919. Conilition jM>or. Diameter, 0.085 m. 
 Height, 0.015 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 m.) uncertain whether cut or corroded. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.015 m. 
 
 1920. Diameter, 0.09 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0015 m. ) as in No. 1909. Diameter 
 of 1>oss, 0.014 m. 
 
 1921. (Top.) Half gone. Dianieter, 0.123 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.002 m.) as in No. 
 1909. Diameter of boss, 0.037 m. 
 
 Ditcartletl : three. 
 
 Group ii. No hole. 
 
 1922. From West Building. Diameter, 
 0.0375 m. X 0.043 m. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0045 m. 
 
 1923. (Shows top.) From south slope. 
 Condition poor. Diameter, 0.073 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.012 m. 
 
 The following number may be of either i. or ii. 
 
 1924. Half gone. Diameter, 0.010+ m. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.020 m. 
 
 DLtcarded: four, of which one from south slope. 
 
 CIdsH p. OrmimcHtf'tf irit/i (fofs, or fif>e»^ or 
 Une» and (fots in vitriotts pnttfrnH. 
 All the completed rims have small round per- 
 foration. Incomplete s|)ecimens without i>erfo- 
 ration are arranged with them. In the .same 
 way are included a few fragments which do not 
 contain jxu'tions of centre, inasmuch as all the 
 complete examples with similar ornamentation 
 have boss. 
 
 Group i. Row of dots about lioss. 
 1924 a. (Shows top.) About one fourth 
 gone. Much oxidized. Diameter, 0.0285 m. 
 Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.005 m. 
 Near edge, dot. 
 
 Group ii. Lines from l>oss to edge. 
 The examples under this Group are nearly flat 
 and resemble disks. 
 
 («'.) Lines struck from upper side. 
 192& (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.035 m. 
 Height, 0.0034 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0085 ni. 
 Near edge, nearly rectangular hole (0.0015 m. 
 square) struck from inside. 
 
 (i'.) Lines struck from under side. 
 
 1926. (Shows bottom.) About one third 
 gone. Diameter, 0.05U m. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0105 m. 
 
 Group iii. Similar to (iroup ii., (A')' l*"*^ 
 with row of small dots about e<lge 
 struck from inside, and similar row 
 about outer e<lge of toj) of boss struck 
 from beneath. 
 
 1927. (Shows bottom.) Fragment. Radius 
 about 0.03 m. Diameter of boss, 0.019 m. 
 
 Group iv. Bottom has straight lines radi- 
 ating from, but not entering boss, struck 
 from inside. 
 192& (Shows top.) About one foui-th gone. 
 Diameter, 0.026 m. Height, 0.0021 m. Diam- 
 eter of boss, 0.0073 m. 
 
 1929. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.029 m. 
 Height, 0.0035 m. Diameter of Ijoss, 0.0065 m. 
 Near e<lge, hole (diameter 0.0017 m.) struck 
 from insi«lf with hollow punch. 
 
 1930. Diameter, 0.0345 m. Height, 0.0048 
 m. Diameter of boss, 0.008 m. Near edge, 
 hole (diameter, 0.0013) struck from inside. 
 
 1931. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.035 m. 
 Height, 0.0045 m. Diameter of l)oss, 0.0073 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0013) as in No. 
 1929. 
 
 Gi-ouji V. Similar to Group iv., but with 
 one or more rings of dots punched 
 from alM)ve encircling the rays. 
 («'.) One ring at end of rays. 
 
 1932. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0283 m. 
 Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.) as in No. 
 1929. 
 
 1933u (Shows top.) From south slope. Condi- 
 tion i>oor. Diameter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0035 m. 
 Diameter of bo.s8, 0.0075 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.002 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 (h'. ) Two rings at end of rays. 
 
 1934. Condition i>oor. Diameter, 0.045 m. x 
 0.05 m. Height, 0.0073 m. Diameter of boss, 
 0.0075 m. 
 
 193 S (Shows lK)ttom.) From south slope. 
 Condition jwor. Diameter, 0.051 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.0115 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.0018 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 (p'.) Similar to (&'), but with a second 
 double ring just inside edge. 
 
 1996l (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.081 m. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.0205 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0014 m.) as in No. 1929L 
 
 Group vi. From boss extend fine parallel 
 curved lines close together, struck from 
 above. Beyond lines but close to them, 
 ring of dots struck from beneath. Out- 
 side this ring and close to it, straight 
 rays struck from above. Beyond rays, 
 ring of small dots struck from above. 
 1937. (Shows top.) Nearly half gone. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0645 m. Height, 0.0085 m. Diame- 
 ter of boss, 0.0135 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.0023 m.) struck from inside. 
 
 Group vii. Near boss, one or two rings 
 of small dots, followed by star pattern 
 consisting of zigzag of straight lines, 
 (a'.) Ornaments struck from above. 
 193& (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.024 m. 
 Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0019 m.) as in No. 
 1929. Single ring of dots. 
 
 1939. (Shows bottom.) Edge damaged. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0523 m. Height, 0.006 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.009 m. Outside first ring of dots, a 
 second of small faint dots. 
 
 (/>'.) Ornaments struck from l)eneath. 
 
 1940. Fragment. Diameter of boss, 0.125 m. 
 About boss, ring of dots so placed that usu- 
 ally the inner angle of zigzag starts from a 
 dot. 
 
 Group viii. Rays about l)OSs, followed by 
 one or two rings of dots. Ifeyond dots, 
 zigzag or star pattern. Dots and zig- 
 zag may be repeated. All dots antl 
 lines struck fi-om upj)er .side. 
 («'.) Between rays and zigzag a single 
 row of dots. 
 
 1941. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame- 
 ter, 0.069 m. Height, 0.0065 m. Diameter of 
 l)oss, 0.0135 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.0013 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Durarded : one. 
 
 (J)'.) Between rays and zigzag, double 
 row of dots. 
 
 1942. From south slope. Condition poor. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.012 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 1943. Diameter, 0.084 m. Diameter of boss, 
 0.022 m. 
 
 1944. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame- 
 ter, 0.099 m. X 0.075 m. 
 
 1945i (Shows top.) From south slope. Di- 
 ameter, 0.091 m. X 0.106 m. Diameter of V)os8, 
 0.019 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0025 m.) 
 as in 1929. 
 
 (('. ) Similar to (6' ), but with an added 
 double row of dots and a zigzag. 
 1946. (Shows bottom.) From West Build- 
 ing. Fragment. Height, 0.014 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.0245 m. 
 
 Group ix. Next to boss, circle of short 
 i*ays. Remainder of space between 
 these and edge occupied by two rings 
 of large dots inclosing zigzag. All 
 dots and lines struck from above. 
 1947 From back of South Building. Condi- 
 tion i)oor. Diameter, 0.064 m. Height, 0.006 m. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.007 m. Though somewhat 
 flattened, probably better placed here than 
 among the disks. 
 
 Grouj) X. Ik)ss followed by i-osette. 
 Ornaments struck from above. 
 («'.) No dots. 
 
 1948. (Shows top.) From back of South 
 Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.033 m. 
 Height, 0.0034 m. Diameter of l)oss, 0.0057 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.) as in No. 
 1729. 
 
 1949. About one fifth gone. Diameter, 
 0.039 m. Height, 0.0027 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.002 m.) cut with hollow punch. 
 
 (h'.y Ends of rays connected by semi- 
 circles of fine dots struck from above, 
 forming rosette. 
 
 1950. (Shows top.) From back of South 
 Building. Condition jxwr. Diameter, 0.075 m. 
 Height, 0.0077 m. Diameter of boss, 0.017 m. 
 Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in 
 No. 1929. 
 
 Group xi. Similar to Group x., but with 
 large dots struck from above, one in 
 end of each leaf of rosette, 
 (ff'.) Corresjwnds to Group x. (6'). 
 Plate CXIV. 
 
 1951. (Shows top.) About one thii-d gone. 
 Diameter, 0.0433 m. Height, 0.0051 m. Dia- 
 meter of boss, 0.0075 m. Near, edge, hole (di- 
 ameter, 0.001 m.) struck from upper side. 
 
 (&'.) Corresponds to Group x. (a'), 
 with addition of ring of connected 
 crescents opening outward, between 
 rosette and edge. 
 
 1952. Small segment extending from edge 
 not quite to boss. Diameter of dots, 0.0055 m. 
 and 0.006 m. 
 
 Group xii. Combinations of rosette with 
 other forms. All ornament struck 
 from above. 
 

 282 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 283 
 
 («'.) Rays, Juuble ring of dots, and 
 leaf pattern. 
 1953l (Shows bottom.) From back of South 
 Building. Condition \xniv. Diameter, 0.08 ni. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.0175 m. Many rays slightly 
 curved. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.001 m.) 
 as in No. 1929. This piece has been so flattened 
 that it could be taken for a disk. 
 
 (b'.y Rays, single ring of dots, and leaf 
 pattern of double lines. 
 
 1954. (Shows top.) Condition j)oor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.043 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0084 m. 
 Leaves not connected with each other, but 
 stamped or engraved separately. Near edge, 
 hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 (c'.) Outer part has zigzag, single row 
 of dots, and leaf pattern with dot in 
 end of leaves, all reckoned from in- 
 side toward edge. Ends of leaves 
 double, i. e. plain and dotted lines. 
 Uncertain whether there were rays. 
 
 1955. (Shows top.) Fragments a and b. 
 Fragment «, length, 0.088 m. : width, 0.027 m. ; 
 height, 0.0008 m. Fragment />, length, 0.04 m. ; 
 width, 0.021 m. Dots and leaf pattern only 
 preserved. Both fragments probably from same 
 object. 
 
 Group xiii. Rays, dots, and semicircles. 
 Semicircles open inwtird. Ornaments 
 struck from above. 
 
 1956. (Shows top.) About one fourth gone. 
 Diameter, 0.103 m. Height, 0.014 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.024 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.004 n».) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Group xiv. Similar to Group xiii., but 
 with row of dots and a zigzag addetl 
 outside. Dots on boss. All decora- 
 tions from above. 
 
 1957. (Shows top.) Condition |>oor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0t>7 m. Height, 0.0107 m. Diameter 
 of l)oss, 0.01G6 ra. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Group XV. Triple ring of zigzag form- 
 ing diamond pattern followed by leaf 
 pattern. Decoration struck from 
 above. 
 
 1958. (Shows top.) About half gone, and 
 much flattened. Diameter, 0.091 m. Near edge, 
 hole (diameter, 0.001 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Group xvi. Leaf pattern, straight lines 
 and dots in successive zones reckoned 
 from boss. Followed by row of petals 
 with open end outward. Between 
 
 lower rounded ends of petals a dot. 
 All decoration struck or engraved from 
 under side. 
 
 1959. Segment from boss to edge. Leaf pat- 
 tern has closed end outward. Double lines used 
 in common on sides. Probably ends were double. 
 Relateil to following Form 4. 
 
 AiUfemlum to FoKM 3. 
 
 1960. Small fragment containing portion of 
 side and bottom, but no original eilge. Row of 
 curved parallel lines close together, followed by 
 double row of dots. 
 
 Form 4. Similar to Form 3, but with 
 crimped edge. ornamented. 
 
 Group i. Rays about boss. Struck from 
 above. 
 196L (Shows top.) Condition poor. Dianie> 
 ter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0085 m. Diameter of 
 l»os8, 0.008 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 
 0.002 m.) as in No. 1929l 
 DvKordeii : one. 
 
 Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with 
 one or two rows of dots outside rays. 
 Struck from above. 
 ('/'.) One row of dots. 
 
 1962. From above Up|)er Temple toward 
 tents. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.037 m. 
 Height, 0.0115 m. Diameter of boss, 0.009 m. 
 
 1963. (Shows top.) Fragment. F'latteued. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.008 m. 
 
 Discarded : two. 
 
 (/>'.) Two rows of dots. 
 
 1964. Half gone. Diameter, 0.038 m. Height, 
 0.0088 m. Diameter of lioss, 0.0075 m. 
 
 1965. ( Shows top.) From back of South 
 Building. Broken in two pieces ami defective. 
 Diameter, 0.05 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0085 
 m. Near etlge (of smaller fragment), hole 
 (diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Group iii. Similar to Group ii., but with 
 outer i)art of bottom divided into seg- 
 ments by straight lines. All lines and 
 dots struck from above. 
 
 1966. (Shows top.) From back of South 
 Building. Diameter, 0.034 m. Height, 0.004 m. 
 Diameter of boss, 0.00C8 m. Near edge, hole 
 (diameter, 0.001 m.) as in No. 1929. 
 
 Group iv. Similar to Group iii., but with 
 ring of zigzag outside ring of dots and 
 lines from points of zigzag to edge of 
 bottom. All lines and dots struck from 
 above. 
 
 1967. Defective and in poor condition. Di- 
 
 ameter, 0.086 m. Diameter of boss, 0.023 m. 
 Lines to edge of bottom from alternate i)oints 
 of zigzag only. 
 
 196& (Shows top.) About one fourth gone. 
 Condition i)oor. Diameter, 0.00 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.007 m. Outer angles of zigzag accen- 
 tuated by dots. Lines to edge of bottom from 
 each angle of zigzag. These lines do not stand 
 in relation to crimps of edge. 
 
 Group V. Similar to Group ii. («'), but 
 with second ring of rays, the outer ends 
 of which connect with the angles of a 
 zigzag, thus forming a sort of angular 
 leaf pattern.* All ornamentation struck 
 from top. 
 
 1969. (Shows bottom.) About one fifth gone. 
 Flattened. Diameter, 0.068 m. Diameter of 
 boss, 0.0135 m. Angles of zigzag indei)endent 
 of crimps, though sometimes coincident with 
 
 them. 
 
 Group vi. About midway between boss 
 and edge of bottom, ring of crescents 
 opening outward, struck from above. 
 
 1970. (Shows to]).) From back of South 
 Building. Condition jHwr. Diameter, 0.054 m. 
 Height, 0.0115 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0105 m. 
 
 Gi*oup vii. After leaf pattern or rosette 
 with rounded petals, ring of adjoining 
 crescents, oi)ening outward. From ends 
 of crescents straight lines to edge of 
 bottom, generally coinciding with inner 
 convexity of crimps. Decoration of 
 centre not preserved, but probably ro- 
 sette came directly after boss. 
 
 1971. Fragment. Height, 0.007 m. 
 Group viii. Boss followed successively by 
 
 one ring each of small dots, short lines, 
 and connected crescents opening out- 
 ward. From joinings of crescents, 
 straight lines extending nearly to edge 
 and corresijonding to inner convexity 
 of crimi)8. The entire surface thus 
 appears to be divided into segments, 
 although only the crimps are plasti- 
 cally indicated. All lines and dots 
 struck from above. 
 
 1972. (Shows top.) Condition jwor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.075 m. Height, 0.0195 m. Diameter 
 of boss, 0.013 m. Lines struck before crimping 
 of edge. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0025 m.) 
 as in No. 1929. 
 
 * Effect of lines and ziptag similar to that of upper 
 part of decoration of gold cup from second shaft-grave at 
 
 Group ix. Crimping and section lines as 
 in Group viii. Inside lines, small zig- 
 zag followed by a plain line and a ring 
 of small dots. Succeeding decoration 
 not preserved. 
 
 1973. From back of South Building. Small 
 
 fragment. One crimp and one line preserve<l. 
 
 Crimp made after line. 
 
 Discards : Groups i.-vii., two, of which one from back 
 of South Building. Group viii. or ix., one from same place. 
 
 Aildendinn. The following fragment, if com- 
 plete, would probably be best regarded as of a 
 separate form. 
 
 1974. From back of South Building. 
 Discarded : one, uncertain whether of Form 3 or 4. 
 
 Form 5. Boss. More advanced. Sides, 
 
 BOTTOM, AND KIM DIFFERENTIATED. DEC- 
 ORATION APPLIED FROM OUTSIDE. 
 
 1975i (Photograph shows bottom, drawing 
 shows segment of side and bottom as a single 
 surface.) Incomplete. Condition poor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.132 m. Height, 0.027 m. Decoration. 
 Two rings about boss, then ring of double cres- 
 cents forming base of long loops, which are the 
 main ornament. Beneath rim, two fields sepa- 
 rated by heavy lines. Lower field filled with 
 hatched diamond pattern, the upper with raised 
 dots or beads. Just beneath lower field, a simi- 
 lar line of beatls (omitted in drawing). Ti-aces 
 of boundary line beneath. Sides ornamented 
 with system of v's with returning ends, each v 
 having another interlacing with it on each side. 
 Crescents form bottom of loops, but sometimes 
 upper line connects with one side and the lower 
 with the other, sometimes both serve as bottom 
 for both sides, and sometimes lower line seems 
 to be real bottom of loop. At top between an- 
 gles, heavy arrowheads are inserted, thus making 
 continuous zigzag. 
 
 With this and the following number cf . Olym- 
 pia. No. 880. 
 Plate CXV. 
 
 1976. (Photograph shows bottom ; segment as 
 in No. 197&) Incomplete. Condition i>oor. Di- 
 ameter, 0.16 m. Height, 0.0355 m. Diameter of 
 boss, 0.034 m. Decoration like that of No. 1975^ 
 but clearer and better preserved. Zigzag at top 
 of loops struck separately and quite freely. Top 
 of zigzag often open (drawing inaccurate). The 
 lower of the two fields near top filled with circles. 
 Slight traces of circles in upper field (omitted in 
 
 Mycenae (=Schliemann, v), Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 292, 
 fig. 453. 
 
284 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 285 
 
 If 
 
 drawing). Heavy lines and thin material of 
 side and bottom give plastic effect. 
 Platk CXIV. 
 
 1977. (Shows top.) From above Upper 
 Temple toward tents. Fragment. Condition 
 poor. Decoration similar to that of Xos. 1975 f. 
 
 Dincanled : six fragments, of which oue from back of 
 South Buihliiig. 
 
 Siniilur to preceding. 
 
 1978u About two thirds of rim preserved. 
 Broken into two parts. Diameter, about 0.172 m. 
 Three fields at top. Upi)er and lower fields have 
 circles, the middle Reld diamond hatching. 
 
 DLscanls of Type c : thirty-two fragments, of which 
 twelve are from back of South Kuilding, two from south 
 slope, one from West Building, and one from " near wall 
 southeast of house." 
 
 Aihh'tKhiin. The following object, which has 
 an edge like a plate, the depth of a saucer, and 
 a convex bottom like a low boss, may be put 
 here. 
 
 1979. (Shows top.) From south slojw. Frag- 
 ment. Condition poor. Radius, about 0.034 m. 
 Width of rim, O.OOG m.-0.0075 m. Bottom 
 ornamented with short straight lines extending 
 from outer edge toward centre and struck from 
 under side. 
 d. Bowls. 
 
 Form 1. Top like that of saucers. 
 Class a. Without handles. 
 
 Under this class are iuchuled all vases, and 
 fragments of rims, which do not have traces of 
 handles on them, the evidence of the complete 
 examples being, in a majority of the cases, 
 against the assumption that there were handles 
 on the missing portions. 
 
 Group i. Plain. 
 Plate CXV. 
 
 1960. Defective. Diameter, 0.105 m. Height, 
 0.031 m. Rests on slight base ring (diameter, 
 0.055 m. ; height, 0.0016 m. ; thickness, 
 0.001 m.). Bottom slightly convex on inside. 
 Xo boss. Outer edge of bottom indicated by 
 fine circle on inside. Around outside near top, 
 a single line. Could be regarded as a saucer 
 owing to slight depth. 
 
 1961. About two thirds of rim preserved, with 
 a scrap of side and possibly of l)ottom. Condi- 
 tion poor. Present diameter, 0.018 m. 
 
 1962. From south slope. Him with portion 
 of side put together from seven fragments. Rim 
 liieks 0.025 m. of completeness. Diameter, 
 0.151 m. X 0.145 m. Xear top, hole (diameter, 
 
 0.0025 m.). Two other small holes diagonally 
 beneath, but probably not original. 
 Plate CXV I. 
 
 1963. Bottom and part of sides gone. Diame- 
 ter as now bent, 0.215 m. x 0.09 m. 
 
 1964. Circle of rim nearly complete. Broken 
 in two pieces («, 6). 
 
 The following less complete rims may be put 
 here, although some of them were perhaps sau- 
 cers. 
 Plate CXV. 
 
 1965. (Fragments «, 6.) Two other frag- 
 ments, c, il, which do not fit the others, but from 
 a))i)earance belong to same rim. Length of </, 6, 
 0.108 m. ; of c-\-d, 0.044 m. On outside of 
 fragment « is engraved an B. For copy see 
 Ajtpenilh:. 
 
 1966. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ments If. 6, and r, d. Chord, 0.159 m. 
 
 1967. Fragments a-d. Diameter, about 
 0.13 m. 
 
 196a Fragments a, h. Chord, 0.137 m. 
 
 Dimnrdetl : eighteen fragments of rims, of which four 
 from back of South Building, three from south slope, and 
 one from West Building. Possible that some of them are 
 from saucers. 
 
 The following fragment may be included here 
 as most likely connng from a large bowl. 
 
 1969. Fragment of rim. Condition j)oor. 
 Length, 0.045 m. lV)ld outside bevel. Possi- 
 ble traces of one or two lines just below bevel, 
 (iroup ii. Ornamented. 
 
 The following numbers (1990-2000) may 
 possibly be from saucers. 
 
 1990. (Drawing of left end.) Found below 
 wall at southeast of Second Temple, April 25, 
 1893. Rim of which less than half is preserved. 
 Condition jKJor. Chord, 0.153 m. Cf. Xo. 197& 
 To]) too heavily shaded in drawing. 
 
 199L Fragment of rim. Chord, 0.103 m. 
 Plate CXVI. 
 
 1992. (Drawing of jwrtion.) From back of 
 South Building. Fragments r/ and i. Fragment 
 a, length. 0.094 in. ; fragment h, length, O.OG m. 
 
 1993w Fragment of rim. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.067 m. Top heavy, with bevel on 
 inside and two rolls on outside. 
 
 1994. (Drawing of j>ortion.) Rim of which 
 less than half is preserved. Chord, 0.183 m. 
 On lip, at right end, inscription with Itottoms of 
 letters toward inside. See Appendix^ p. 337. 
 
 1995. From south slo])e. Fragment of rim. 
 Length, 0.043 m. Ciitiles dotted. 
 
 1996. From south slope. Fragment of rim. 
 Length, 0.057 m. Decoration uncertain owing 
 to bad preservation. Perhaps only one field 
 and that filled with circles or hatching or both. 
 
 1997. Fragments a-f. Fragment /'from south 
 s\o\^. Original diameter, about 0.142 m. 
 Traces of ornament on sides like that of pre- 
 ceding numbers, but no certain traces of bauds 
 
 at top. 
 
 1996. Fragment of rim. Length, 0.054 m. 
 No bevel (that which looks so in drawing is 
 oxidation.) On outside, at 0.0017 m. from 
 top, ijossible traces of single engraved line. 
 
 1SK99. (Drawing of middle part.) From back 
 of South Building. Fragment of rim. Diame- 
 ter (nearly complete), 0.0123 m. Top has 
 bevel, slight on inside and prominent on out- 
 side. 
 
 2000. Fragment of rim. Original diameter, 
 about 0.215 m. Top has on outside moulded 
 bevel followed by heavy grooves. Beneath, leaf 
 pattern, below which jwssible trace of scale pat- 
 tern. Farther down, single line. 
 
 Discarded : six fragments similar to the above. 
 
 The following fragments of rims are more cer- 
 tainly from bowls. 
 
 2001. Original diameter, about 0.102 m. At 
 top, Itevel inside and outside. Three bands at 
 top, with no certain trace of ornament on them. 
 
 2002. Fragments a and b. Length, 0.093 m. 
 Top has bevel on outside. Beneath, two raised 
 bands. 
 
 Plate CXVIL 
 
 2003. Length, 0.281 m. Top has bevel on 
 outside. Beneath, leaf pattern, above and below 
 which bands. 
 
 2004. Length, 0.0565 m. Top has heavy 
 bevel on outside. At 0.0015 m., 0.0062 m., 
 0.0082 m., and 0.0092 m. from bevel, single plain 
 
 grooves. 
 
 Discarded : one similar to No. 2004. 
 
 2005. Length, 0.189 m. Original diameter, 
 probably about 0.55 m. Width of rim, 0.016 m. 
 ornament as in Plate. Leaves of palmetto and 
 central leaves of lotus terminate in a series of 
 adjoining double circles usually open on sides 
 toward centre of field. At base of lotus leaves, 
 two of these double circles put together with 
 open sides facing in opposite directions. In the 
 small portion left beneath lowest band, semi- 
 circles (uncertain how nearly complete ori- 
 ginally), between which arrowhead termination 
 of oruameut. 
 
 For ornament cf. Holwerda, Jahrh. V. p. 240. 
 Cf. also Jahrh. VI. Am. p. 125, No. 12 e. 
 Addt'iidiim. Fragment of side of inlaid bowl. 
 
 2006. No original edge preserved. Inside 
 pentagonal space (only three sides preserved) 
 depressed to about half the thickness of the 
 bowl, probably for inlaying. 
 
 Class /8. With handles. 
 Group i. Plain. 
 
 2007. Found back of South Building in 1894. 
 Handles and bottom gone. Diameter, 0.088 m. 
 On one side, near top, two holes 0.0325 m. apart 
 for rivets of handle. On opposite side rivets are 
 preserved. One of them holds small fragment 
 of handle. 
 
 2006. Fragment of rim of large bowl. Length, 
 0.105 m. Projecting top with bevel beneath. 
 Near top, holes for handle (diameter, 0.008 m., 
 distance apart, 0.0365 m.). 
 
 Group ii. Ornamented. 
 
 2009. Fragment of rim. Length, 0.03 m. 
 At one end near top, small hole (broken out). 
 Decorated with three narrow double bands. 
 
 Form 2. Contracted top. 
 Class a. Without rim. 
 
 2010. Fragment of top. Oi-iginal diameter at 
 toj), about 0.085 m. 
 
 2011. From south slope. Fragment of top. 
 Original diameter, about 0.087 m. 
 
 The following fragment is i)erhaps from a 
 vessel of similar shape. 
 
 2012. No original edge preserved. Length, 
 
 0.04 m. 
 
 Class p. With rims projectinr/ on outside. 
 Classification of following fragments some- 
 what uncertain, owing to their small size. 
 Group i. Plain. 
 20ia Length, 0.036 m. 
 
 2014. Fragments a, h, c. From rim of large 
 vessel. Length. 0.013 m. Top formed by roll- 
 ing upper edge outward. 
 
 Group ii. Ornameuted. 
 
 2015. Length, 0.0355 m. No curve. Top as 
 in No. 2014. Broad zigzag. 
 
 2016. Length, 0.022 m. Rim solid. Broad 
 zigzag with four grooves beneath. 
 
 Form 3. Top somewhat contracted and 
 differentiated from body as a sort 
 
 OF NECK. 
 
 2017. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.055 m. Side crimped from 0.0175 m. from 
 top. Just above crimps, ring of connected cres- 
 cents. 
 
i. 
 
 286 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 287 
 
 li 
 
 20ia (Fragments rt, h, and /*.) Frag- 
 ments a-i. Length of a and />, 0.075 ni. Seems 
 to have bulged sharply outwanl at beginning of 
 crimps, and then to have passed to bottom by a 
 fairly straight slope. 
 
 In Bernardini tomb(Museo Kireheriano), four 
 large shallow bowls with crimped sides. No boss 
 in bottom. 
 e. Suspension vase. 
 
 2019. Found ut east end of steps, south slope, 
 April '24, 181>3. In si«le not photographetl, hole 
 corroded through (0.025 m. x 0.01(5 ni.). Con- 
 dition i>oor. Diameter, 0.0:i95 m. Height, 
 0.0525 ni. Tliickness, 0.0008 m. and less. 
 Rests on standard 0.0154 m. in height. Lower 
 part of standard rounded. Vase cast as one 
 piece. 
 
 Possible that traces of wire for susj>ensi(m ex- 
 isted before cleaning. Similar bronze vase from 
 Aegina in Nat. Mus., Athens. 
 
 B. WITH SHOULDER (UNCERTAIN WHETHER 
 ORKilNALLY WITH NECK). 
 
 2020. Top broken out ai-ound edges. Small 
 hole in bottom. Condition poor. Diameter, 
 0.043 m. Height, 0.0295 m. Diameter of 
 present opening at top, 0.020 m. ]^>ttom dis- 
 tinguished fi'om sides (height, 0.0012 m. ; di- 
 ameter, 0.025 m.). 
 
 2021. Top and bottom gone. Con<lition bad. 
 Diameter. 0.059 m. Height as preserve<l, 0.03 m. 
 Side showing in Platk, probably the top. 
 
 C. WITH SHOULDER AND NECK. 
 
 a Pitcher. 
 
 2022. l^ittom broken off, and centre of it 
 missing. Diameter. 0.041 m. Height, O.OGl. 
 Diameter of top. 0.0235 m. : of opening, 0.01 15 ni. : 
 of bottom, 0.0214 ni. Surface of top slants 
 slightly toward opening. Handle riveted at bot- 
 tom and j)robably at top. Upper part has form 
 of serpent's head with jaw resting <m rim. Eyes 
 seem to have been indicated. 
 
 For shape and style cf. bronze ]>itcher from 
 Mycenae (outside of shaft-graves), Mus. No. 
 2767. 
 b. Jars. 
 
 Ft)KM 1. Short. Vertical or nearly ver- 
 tical NEC K. 
 Cl(is>< a. Plain. 
 Arranged witli reference to development of 
 rim. 
 
 2023. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 
 raents of top (f/, ft). Length, 0.02G m. Flares 
 slightly outward, but has no rim. 
 
 2024. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ments of top broken in two pieces (r/, ft). 
 Length, 0.09 m. Diameter was about 0.138 m. 
 at top. Slight flare, but no rim. At right end 
 of fragment ft, near top, small hole now broken 
 out. 
 
 2025k From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment of top. Length, 0.0815 m. Thickens and 
 flares at toj). 
 
 2026. Fragment of neck. Length, 0.045 ni. 
 Rim formed by outward roll of top (width, 
 0.009 m.). Height of neck, 0.009 m. 
 
 2027. From south slo])e. Fragment of top 
 with l>eginning of shoulder. Length, 0.10 m. 
 Original diameter at top, about 0.157 m. Rim 
 formed as in No. 2026. Width, 0.003 m. 
 
 2028l Fragments d, r, and ,/'are from back of 
 South Bnilding. Several fragments of top (^(i-f). 
 Diameter, 0.15 m. Rim flat (width, 0.005 m.). 
 Fragments r and (/ preserve beginning of shoul- 
 der. 
 
 2029. Fragments of top (a, ft) with beginning 
 of shoidder. Diameter ( nearly complete), 
 0.09 m. Rim flat. Width. 0.000 m. 
 
 Closs /8. (Jnnnnvnti-d. 
 Plate CXVIII. 
 
 2030. Fragment of neck. Length. 0.043 m. 
 Top flares. Near to]) fimr fine parallel encir- 
 cling lines. Placed here because of similarity 
 in style to following number. 
 
 2031. Fragments of neck (f/-o, not certain 
 that ft and /• join) with beginning of shoulder. 
 Diameter, 0.089 m. Flares at toj) and l)ottom. 
 Width of rim. 0.004 m. Beneath rim, four lines 
 as in No. 2030L 
 
 2032. (In centi-e beneath plaster, piece in- 
 serted as supjwrt while photographing.) Frag- 
 ments of neck, «-//. Fhii-es at top (width of 
 rim, 0.004 m.). Beneath, three lines as in No. 
 2030. 
 
 2033. From south slope. Two fragments of 
 rim with handles attached and beginning of 
 shouhler. Diameter, 0.083 m. Height of neck, 
 0.0215 m. Rim flat on top (width, 0.0045 ra.). 
 Passes to neck by slight bevel, at base of which 
 four lines as in No. 2030. Handles flat and plain 
 on inside. On outside, raised edges and centre, 
 which are cut down near rim. From point of 
 junction with rim ends flatten and curve about 
 neck. Width at end, 0.039 m. This end fas- 
 tened with rivets, of which heatls on inside are 
 
 larger than those on outside, probably for orna- 
 ment. Lower end of handles joined vase, but 
 there is no trace of any fastening. 
 
 2034. One handle gone. Surface injured by 
 corrosion. Diameter, 0.055 m. Height, 0.079 m. 
 Rim flat on top (width, 0.0033 m.). Passes to 
 neck by plain bevel, beneath which two lines as 
 in No. 2030. Bottom concave on under side. 
 At top of leaf pattern (left side in Plate) about 
 body, hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.). Handle fas- 
 tened at upper end by two rivets, one on each 
 side. Shafts of corresponding rivets preserved 
 in opiK)site side of neck. Rivet-heads not orna- 
 mental, but slightly larger and more prominent 
 on inside. Lower end of handle not riveted. 
 Ends in palmette. On top of handle, i-esting on 
 very low basis, sphinx, looking toward inside. 
 Cast solid with handle. Height, 0.021 m. Lower 
 part of legs solid and unornamented. No tail. 
 Wings double and alike in decoration. Short, 
 thick neck. Rather heavy face, with eyes nearly 
 circular, full rounded chin, and small mouth. 
 Hair i-epresented as a mass distinguished plas- 
 tically from forehead and cheeks, but no details 
 are given except a single line near front. On 
 left side of neck three short cross lines, which 
 may indicate that hair came down side of neck ; 
 on the right side it is carried down in the 
 modeling.' 
 
 Form 2. Upper part of neck flares to- 
 ward TOP and about corresponds in 
 
 LENGTH TO NECKS OF PRECEDING FORM. 
 
 203Sl Found on south slo{)e stairs, middle, 
 April 24, 1895. Handles with small piece of 
 rim attached. Diameter of top, 0.086 m. ; of 
 l)ottom of preserved part, 0.006 m. Heavj', 
 solid liandles, inside plain. On outside, raised 
 edges and centre which are separated from con- 
 cave fields by single grooves. On sides of han- 
 dles, similar groove running down centre. Upper 
 side cut away near rim as in No. 2033. End of 
 handle grips rim of vase, and then spreads about 
 neck beneath ledge. Fastened by rivets at up- 
 |)er end. Head of rivets larger on inside. Un- 
 certain how lower end was fastened. No signs 
 of attachment. Shajie of remaiiuler of neck 
 imcertain, but it seems to have widened rapidly. 
 
 Form 3. Neck closes inward from 
 shoulder. 
 
 2036. From south slope. Fragment of neck. 
 
 * For general design cf. Olympia, No. 071, ascribed by 
 Furtwangler to sixth century. Its form is simpler and less 
 developed than that of Ileraeuin specimen. Cf. also for 
 
 Length, 0.08 m. Width of rim, 0.009 m. Flare 
 at bottom probably beginning of shoulder. 
 
 Addenda to Vases. («'.) The following frag- 
 ment is perhaps top of neck of rimless jar. 
 
 2037. From south slope. Condition poor. 
 Bent. Diameter, 0.082 m. x 0.055 m. About 
 top, narrow leaf pattern. Leaves indented. 
 Groove above, below, and across lower end. 
 
 (6'.) The following pieces have bottom or bot- 
 tom and sides backed by lead. 
 
 Without shoulder or neck (low basin). 
 
 2038. Fragments a-^. Uncleaned. Fragment 
 <(. About two thirds of circle of bottom and 
 side. Condition jwor. Bent. Diameter at 
 present about 0.30 m. About side and edge of 
 bottom, inserted lead strip. Thickness, 0.01 m. 
 to 0.04 m. Lead covered inside and out with 
 sheet bronze, but changed in shape through being 
 melted. No indication that sides rose higher 
 than at present. On under side, two pieces 
 belonging to bottom attached by rivets. Frag- 
 ments I}-^f are of lead except for small pieces of 
 bronze attached to b, c, and d. Fragments c 
 and d join. Contour of edge of bottom pre- 
 served by c and e (Plate shows under side 
 of c). It was depressed and surrounded by deep 
 groove. 
 
 W^ith shoulder and neck (cauldron). 
 Plate CXIX. 
 
 2039. From West Building. Besides frag- 
 ments a-h, which show in Plate, twelve small 
 bits of bronze. All except a and h may belong 
 either to this number or to No. 2038. Fragment 
 a. Part of side and bottom. Length, 0.36 m. 
 All bronze except for piece of backing about 
 edge of bottom. Bottom attached to side by 
 rivets. Was possibly, though not probably, 
 double. Side piece was joined to its continua- 
 tion at one end by rivets. Fragment 6. About 
 lialf of rim with piece of side. Diameter of rim, 
 0.222 m. Height of rim. 0.021 m. Rim double, 
 with upi>er edge bent outward. Not certain 
 where pieces join, but probably in shoulder. 
 Fragment c. Two pieces of bronze riveted to- 
 gether. Fragments d-h have rectangular holes 
 made with solid punch. Large round holes in 
 fragment ff cut with hollow punch from opposite 
 side to that from which rectangular hole was 
 struck. 
 
 (<;'.) Unclassified bottoms (mainly bosses). 
 
 shape small clay amphora from Mycenae (outside of shaft- 
 graves), No. 1111. 
 
I, 
 
 288 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 289 
 
 2040. Top mostly gone, and condition poor. 
 ]k)-;.s. Diameter, 0.048 m. 
 
 2041. Frajrmeut of boss. Diameter, 0.05 m. 
 
 2042. From south slo)>e. Two fragments 
 which do not belong to same boss. Right-hand 
 frajrment discarded. 
 
 2043. From south slope. Diameter of boss, 
 0.033 m. 
 
 2044. Diameter of boss, 0.022 m. 
 
 2045. From back of South Building. Frag- 
 ment with part of boss. Dimensions, 0.057 ra. x 
 0.049 m. Beginning of boss indicated by groove 
 on under side. Outside, ring of small dots. 
 Inside (1) ring of short straight lines jwinting 
 toward centre, (2) ring of small dots. 
 
 Form 3. Lakge. Roinded foot. Hori- 
 zontal PLANES. Feet stuck. 
 
 2054. Part of one leg left. Projected, 0.040 m. 
 Transition ring between leg and foot. Foot 
 somewhat concave. Small round hole near cen- 
 tre, probably a flaw. 
 
 Form 4. Large. Flower at centre or 
 BAR. Feet stuck. 
 
 2055. Fragment of one leg. Projected, about 
 0.07 m. Cast in one piece. 
 
 Cf. Ofymjua, No. 911, for complete example 
 of this handle. 
 Type b. Flat bar. Projects in horizontal 
 
 plane. Feet stuck. 
 
 2056i One foot gone. Width, 0.103 m. Pro- 
 
 2046. (Shows upper side.) Diameter of boss, jected, 0.03G m. Foot concave in long axis as 
 
 though attached to rim. Leaf pattern. Small 
 circles at joinings of tops of leaves. 
 
 Similar, but more elaborate, De Ridder, 
 Brofizett de FAcrojiole^ No. 210. 
 Plate CXX. 
 
 2057. lV)th feet broken and defective. Pro- 
 jected, 0.0505 ni. Feet concave in long axis.' 
 Type c. Rectangular bar ^th ronnded 
 
 comers. Feet probably stuck. 
 
 2058. One foot gone, the other damaged and 
 bent. Width, 0.055 m. Projected, 0.05 m. 
 Type d. Rectangular bar with broader side 
 
 upright 
 
 2059. From back of South Building. Condi- 
 tion poor. Width, about 0.095 ra. Projected, 
 al>out 0.03 m. 
 
 2060. Condition poor. Width, 0.08 m. Pro- 
 jected, 0.001 m. Feet must have held nearly 
 rectangular edge. 
 
 Discarded: one. 
 
 0.03 m. 
 
 2047. (Shows under side.) Diameter of boss, 
 0.041 m. Hole in ornament, 0.0065 m. in di- 
 ameter, filled with iron. 
 
 Ditcards : ten bosses, of which one from back of South 
 BiiiKlinjj and three from sotith slope. Unclassified frag- 
 ments of vases, 'J.j2, of which 115 from back of South 
 Hiiihling, one from south slope, and oue from West Build- 
 ing. 
 
 D. HANDLES OF V.VSES AND CAULDRONS. 
 mVSION I. HORIZONTAL. DIRECT ATTACHMENT. 
 
 Type a. Rounded bar. 
 Form 1. Broad. 
 Chi»t< a. Hheted. 
 
 2048. From south slope. Width, 0.047 m. 
 Projected, 0.03 m. One foot has part of bronze 
 rivet, the other has rivet and small piece from 
 side of vase adhering. 
 
 CIn»i* /8. Stuck. 
 
 (ff'.-) Plain. 
 
 2049. Width, 0.0393 m. Projected, 0.0245 m. Type e. Rounded polygonal and triangular 
 
 (//.) Ornamented. bar with legs bent upward. Feet stuck. 
 
 205a Width, 0.0397 m. Projected, 0.0265 m. With this type cf. handles of broken bowls 
 
 In centre of bar, bead with grooved ring at either from Mycenae, e. g. Mus. No. 2368. 
 
 side. At each end of bar transition to foot by 
 
 ring. 
 
 Stuck. Unorna- 
 
 FoRM 2. Narrower. 
 
 MENTED. 
 
 Group i. Kounded feet. 
 
 2051. One side defective. Projected, 0.041 m. 
 from vase. 
 
 2052. From south slope. Width, 0.033 m. 
 Projected, 0.037 m. 
 
 Group ii. Long feet. 
 2053i One foot about half gone. Projected, 
 0.0335 m. 
 
 Form 1. Triangular bar. 
 Under side somewhat more convex than the 
 others, and usually somewhat wider. 
 Clans a. Leys bent. 
 
 2061. (Shows under side.) Width, 0.0955 m. 
 Surface of feet flattened on one side for attach- 
 ment. 
 
 2062. (Shows under side.) Width, 0.0585 m. 
 Foot has slightly concave surface for attachment. 
 
 Claxs p. Xe<trhj horizontal. 
 
 2063. Width, 0.065 m. Surface of foot has 
 slit lensrthwise for attachment. 
 
 Identified by Miss M. Louise Nichols. 
 
 2064. (Shows upper side.) Width, 0.058 m. 
 Oblong shallow holes in both feet. 
 
 2065. From back of South Building. Width, 
 0.076 m. Oblong holes in feet. 
 
 Cf. Olympia^ No. 926 (no holes in feet). 
 
 Form 2. Top and bottom of bar almost 
 flat, sides convex and wider. at- 
 tached to surface with sharp slant. 
 
 2066l (Shows upper side.) From back of 
 South Building. Width, 0.06 m. 
 
 Form 3. Rounded bar, in part ellhti- 
 CAL. Broader side in horizontal plane. 
 Attached to surfaces with sharp 
 
 SLANT. 
 
 2067. (Shows upper side.) Width, 0.066 m. 
 Knobs at side undercut. 
 
 2068. Width, 0.075 m. Conical, undercut 
 knobs. 
 
 Type f. Bar broad and flat. 
 
 2069. Small fragment. Length, 0.036 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0018 m. Back flat, bevels only on 
 one side. Regarded as fragment of handle 
 (rather than of a wheel) after analogy of follow- 
 ing number. 
 
 2070. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.091 m. 
 Thickness, 0.002 m. 
 
 Type g. Bar has returning ends. 
 
 207L (Drawing of half.) From south slope. 
 Width, 0.224 m. Thickness, about 0.0035 m. 
 Holes for nostrils. 
 
 Cf. De Ridder, Bronzes de VAcrojtde, No. 212. 
 
 Addenda. The following fragments seem to 
 be from handles of shape somewhat similar to 
 No. 2071. 
 
 2071 a. Condition poor. Length, 0.038 m. 
 Two small holes for rivets. Object could be 
 attached decorative serpent's head. 
 
 2071 b. Length, 0.125 m. Rivet for attach- 
 ment, 0.004 m. in diameter. Head on inside of 
 vessel, diameter, 0.007 m. Returning end or- 
 namented with narrow convex surface in cut at 
 0.0185 m. from tip. 
 
 Discarded: two. 
 
 DIVISION II. HORIZONTAL. INDIRECT ATTACH- 
 MENT. 
 
 Type a Attachment by external rivet 
 
 Form 1. Foot turns outward. 
 
 2072. One foot gone. Present width, 0.03 m. 
 
 Form 2. Foot turns ikward. 
 
 2073l One foot uncoiled, twisted, and broken 
 off. Condition poor. W^idth, 0.0535 m. 
 Through left foot passes rivet with small piece 
 
 of metal attached to each end. Between upper 
 piece and bar, another slightly thicker piece. 
 T]rpe b. Attachment by eyelet 
 
 Form 1. Bar curves outward at foot. 
 Plate CXXI. 
 
 2074. From above last part of Stoa under 
 Cyclopean wall. Bar broken at both ends. In 
 each case, broken out hole through w^hich rivet 
 passed which held it to side of vase. Length of 
 bar, 0.054 m. Width on flat side, 0.007 m. 
 Right eyelet (in Plate) formed by meeting of 
 two semicircular prongs. 
 
 Cf. Olyni2na, No. 664, with shorter returning 
 ends. Similar piece with different purpose from 
 Argos specimen from temple of Athena Cranaea 
 near Elateia (B. C. II. XH. p. 55 [P. Paris]). 
 
 2075. From back of South Building. Both 
 ends broken. Length, 0.0375 m. 
 
 2076. From back of South Building. One 
 leg preserved. Length, 0.064 m. 
 
 2076 a One end gone. Height, 0.022 m. 
 Knob at end. 
 
 2077. Bar for attachment. Cf. No. 2074. 
 Length, 0.051 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. Inner 
 diameter of eyelets, 0.004 m. and 0.0045 m. 
 Right rivet projects at back 0.001 m., the other 
 less. 
 
 Addenda to Form 1. The following num- 
 bers are perhaps only bent pieces of wire. 
 
 2078. Length, 0.05 m. 
 
 For curve of end cf. Ohjmpia^ No. 864. 
 
 2078 a. From back of South Building. 
 Height, 0.037 m. Perhaps better regarded as 
 a spit end. 
 
 2078 b. Uncleaned. One end gone. Rec- 
 tangular bar with ordinaiy angular knob in cen- 
 tre of bow. Height, 0.037 m. 
 
 Discards of Form 1 : ten (of which six uncleaned). 
 
 Form 2. Bar curves inward at foot. 
 
 2079. From south slope. One foot gone. 
 Width, 0.033 m. Cf. No. 207a 
 
 Addendum to Form 2. It is not certain that 
 the following number is a handle. 
 
 2080. Bent. Height, 0.054 m. 
 
 Form 3. Bar a simple ring (closed or 
 open). 
 
 Clas» a. Eyelet passex through object and 
 is bent back on inside. (Perhaps only 
 ornamental attached rings, but formally 
 best put here.) 
 
 2061. Condition poor. Diameter of ring, 
 0.0132 m. 
 
 2062. Attached piece damaged, but perhaps 
 
!- 
 
 290 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 '. » 
 
 has upper edge original. Diameter of ring, 
 0.0165 m. Ends of eyelet bent back flat on in- 
 side and in opposite directions. Attached piece 
 a sort of ear, which was itself probably attached 
 to side of vase. 
 
 Cf. ornaments of eyelet and ring on elliptical 
 bronze cist in Museo Gregoriano, No. 327, Mu». 
 Greij. I. pi. 87. 
 
 2083. King and part of eyelet. Diameter, 
 0.0225 m. Ring open and ends meet in eyelet. 
 
 2064. From back of South Building. One 
 side of eyelet strap gone. Diameter, 0.0264 m. 
 
 2085. Eyelet gone, but ring has narrow de- 
 pression where it passed. Diameter, 0.035 m. 
 Bar somewhat flat. 
 
 2086l Seems to be complete, although only 
 one end of strap passed through object. Ring 
 rather flat (section would be pear-shaped). Dia- 
 meter, 0.0198 m. 
 
 Discarded: one. 
 
 Class p. Eyelet icehled to plate which teas 
 netted to object. 
 2067. Diameter of ring, 0.046 m. Thickness 
 of plate, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m. Eyelet cast sepa- 
 rately. Diameter, 0.0165 m. Above, two rivets. 
 Type c. Feet ttim in and pivot in ends of 
 attached socket-piece. 
 Not all cases which fall formally under this 
 type are true pivots. The feet often meet in the 
 socket-piece, thus agreeing essentially with 
 T3rpe b. It seems best to put them all together, 
 partly because of the formal connection and 
 partly because it is diflicult in many cases to 
 ascertain whether there is a true pivot or not. 
 Form 1. Rounded bow. 
 
 Class a. Bar tapers to end of feet without 
 indication of jMint where they become 
 pivots. 
 Group i. High bow. Bow plain. 
 
 (a'.) Handles from which socket-piece 
 is lost. 
 206a Width, 0.0177 m. Height, 0.0165 m. 
 
 2089. Width, 0.023 m. Height, 0.014 m. 
 
 2090. Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.017 m. 
 
 2091. Width, 0.024 m. Height, 0.0227 m. 
 
 2092. Width, 0.026 m. Height, 0.023 m. 
 
 2093. Width, 0.0266 m. Height, 0.0225 m. 
 
 2094. AVidth, 0.0267 m. Height, 0.021 m. 
 
 2095. Width, 0.027 m. Height, 0.024 m. 
 
 2096. Width, 0.027 m. Height, 0.025 m. 
 
 2097. Width, 0.0275 m. Height. 0.0245 m. 
 209a Width, 0.028 m. Height, 0.0262 m. 
 2099. Width, 0.0284 m. Height, 0.0255 m. 
 
 2100. From south slope. Width, 0.0287 m. 
 Height, 0.0215 m. 
 
 2101. Width, 0.0287 m. Height, 0.024 m. 
 
 2102. Width, 0.029 m. Height, 0.0245 m. 
 
 2103. From West Building. Width, 0.029 m. 
 Height, 0.026 m. 
 
 2104. Width, 0.0293 m. Height, 0.0245 m. 
 
 2105. From south slope. Width, 0.03 m. 
 Height, 0.0253 m. 
 
 2106. Width, 0.032 m. Height, 0.027 m. 
 
 2107. From back of South Building. Width, 
 0.0323 m. Height, 0.03 m. 
 
 210a Points blunted. Width, 0.0332 m. 
 Height, 0.0245 m. 
 
 2109. From West Building. One point 
 broken. Width, 0.0357 m. Height, 0.027 m. 
 
 2110. Points blunted. Width, 0.0365 m. 
 Height, 0.027 m. 
 
 2111. From back of South Building. Points 
 blunted. Width, 0.0414 m. Height, 0.0317 m. 
 
 2112. Points broken. Width, 0.0414 m. 
 Height, 0.0368 m. 
 
 2113. From south slope. Width, 0.0424 m. 
 Height, 0.0337 m. 
 
 2114. Width, 0.051 m. Height, 0.043 m. 
 
 2115. Points damaged. Width, 0.122 m. 
 Height, 0.095 m. 
 
 In the following numbers (2116-2118) the 
 opening is at one end of flat side. 
 
 2116. Width, 0.021 ni. Height, 0.0215 m. 
 Ends overlap slightly. 
 
 2117. Uncertain whether ends are broken. 
 Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.02 m. 
 
 21 la Both ends probably broken. Bent. 
 Width, 0.0563 m. Not certainly a handle, but 
 shape of bow hardly accidental. 
 
 Addenda. It is not certain whether the follow- 
 ing numbers (2119-2122) arc handles. 
 
 2119. Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.0275 m. 
 Bar rectangular at end. Ends overlap at centre 
 of under side. 
 
 2120. Width, 0.032 m. Height, 0.0295 m. 
 Ends meet. 
 
 2121. Ends broken. Width, 0.025 m. Height, 
 0.022 m. 
 
 2122. Ends broken. Bent. Width, 0.053 m. 
 Height, 0.0355 m. 
 
 Besides the above, there are a number of open 
 rings which have on the side where the ends 
 meet a flattened or puUed-out appearance, sug- 
 gesting a possible use as handles. 
 
 2123. Width, 0.019 m. Height, 0.0215 m. 
 Ends overlap. 
 
 ^fl 
 
 HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 291 
 
 2124. Points injured. Width, 0.0199 m. 
 Height, 0.0185 m. 
 
 2125. Ends damaged. Width, 0.021 m. 
 Height, 0.0235 m. Section of bar would be a 
 flattened ellipse. 
 
 2126. Width, 0.0217 m. Height, 0.023 m. 
 
 2127. From West Building. Width, 
 0.0239 m. Height, 0.0233 m. 
 
 2128. Width, 0.0247 m. Height, 0.0237 m. 
 Ends overlap slightly. 
 
 2129. Width, 0.0253 m. Height, 0.0265 m. 
 overlap. 
 
 2130. Ends injured. Width, 0.031 m. 
 
 Height, 0.0335 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : twenty-seveu, of which two from back 
 of South Building aud one from south slope. 
 
 (&'.) Handles with socket-piece pre- 
 served. 
 
 (1'.) Socket-piece plain. 
 213L Socket-piece partly broken out, but did 
 not meet originally. Width, 0.0205 in. Height, 
 0.0243 m. Length of socket-piece, 0.0067 m. 
 
 2132. From back of South Building. De- 
 fective and in poor condition. Width, 0.022 m. 
 Height, 0.026 m. Socket-piece open. Length, 
 0.0075 m. 
 
 213a From West Building. W^idth, 0.032 ra. 
 Height, 0.0275 m. Socket-piece open. Length, 
 0.012 m. Interior filled with lead. 
 
 2134. Condition poor. 0.0323 m. Height, 
 0.032 m. Socket-piece ojuin. Length, 0.0135 m. 
 
 2135. From south 8loi)e. Width, 0.0407 m. 
 Height, 0.033 m. Socket-piece oi)en. Length, 
 0.016 m. Interior filled with lead. Socket- 
 piece turns still. 
 
 (2'.) Socket-piece ornamented with 
 grooves. 
 
 2136. From West Building. Socket-piece 
 damaged at one end. Width, 0.0188 m. Height, 
 0.018 m. Socket-piece open aud sides overlap. 
 Length, 0.009 m. 
 
 2137. Part of ring gone. Condition poor. 
 Width, 0.021 m. Height, 0.0167 m. Length 
 of socket-piece, 0.01 m. One side slightly flat- 
 tened. Ornamented with about five grooves 
 which in best preserved part look like screw- 
 thread. 
 
 213a Width, 0.023 m. Height, 0.02 m. 
 Length of socket-piece, 0.0115 m. 
 
 2139. Width, 0.026 m. Height, 0.022 m. 
 Length of socket-piece, 0.01 m. Turns. 
 
 2140L From back of South Building. Width, 
 0.0275 m. Height, 0.025 m. Length of socket- 
 
 piece, 0.016 m. Ends of ring, 0.0015 m. apart, 
 visible at opening between ends of socket- 
 piece. 
 
 2141. Width, 0.0435 m. Height, 0.0405 m. 
 Socket-piece oi)en. Length, 0.0155 m. 
 
 2142. From West Building. Width, 0.06 m. 
 Height, 0.046 m. Socket-piece flattened on at- 
 tached side to surface of 0.007 m. in width. 
 Length, 0.035 m. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 843, and for use, ibid. 
 No. 845 (sketch). Also Burlinfjton Fine Arts 
 Club^ Exhibition of Ancient Greek Art (1904), 
 A 8 (pi. xlv.). 
 
 Discarded : one (under 2'). 
 
 Group ii. High ornamented bow. Only 
 one example and that doubtful. 
 214a Defective and in poor condition. 
 
 Width, 0.0388 m. Height, 0.0275 m. At 
 centre of bow, bead with ring at either side (all 
 one piece with bow). Section of bar would be 
 octagonal. 
 
 Group iii. Bow flattened. Plain. 
 («'.) Socket-piece lost. 
 
 2144. Width, 0.034 m. Height, 0.019 m. 
 
 2145. Width, 0.0345 m. Height, 0.0215 m. 
 
 2146. From West Building. Condition poor. 
 Width, 0.0365 m. Height, 0.019 m. 
 
 2147. Width, 0.0365 m. Height, 0.0205 m. 
 214a Height, 0.021 m. Width, 0.037 m. 
 
 2149. Condition poor. Width, 0.038 m. 
 Height, 0.019 m. 
 
 2150. Width, 0.038 m. Height, 0.025 m. 
 215L Width, 0.042 m. Height, 0.023 m. 
 
 2152. From south slope. Condition poor. 
 Width, 0.04 m. Height, 0.023 m. 
 
 2153. Width, 0.0455 m. Height, 0.027 m. 
 
 2154. From south slope. Width, 0.0455 m. 
 Height, 0.0235 m. 
 
 2155. Width, 0.051 m. Height, 0.0215 m. 
 
 2156. Width, 0.0575 m. Height, 0.0265 m. 
 The following have opening at end of pivot 
 
 side. 
 
 2157. Part of bottom gone. Width, 0.035 m. 
 Height, 0.026 m. 
 
 215a Width, 0.0379 m. Height, 0.0196 m. 
 
 2159. Width, 0.044 m. Height, 0.0275 m. 
 The following has ends meeting at centre and 
 
 overlapping. 
 
 2160. Ends damaged. Width, 0.0373 m. 
 Height, 0.025 m. 
 
 Addendum. The following object has shape 
 of handle of this group, but is perhaps better 
 regarded as end of bladed spit. 
 
 I 
 
 ll 
 

 292 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 i ' 
 
 216L Width, 0.052 m. Height, 0.024 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : tweuty-one cleaned, mostly fragments, 
 one being from south slope, one from West Building, and 
 two from back of same building ; also four uncleaned 
 fragments. 
 
 (6'.) Socket-piece preserved. Socket- 
 piece ornamented. 
 Plate CXXII. 
 
 2162. Condition poor. Width, 0.03 m. Height, 
 0.018 m. Socket-piece flattened on one side. 
 
 216a Width, 0.0345 ra. Height, 0.021 m. 
 
 2164. From West Building. Width, 0.0385 m. 
 Height, 0.028 m. Shallow holes in socket-piece 
 in which ends of ring play freely. 
 
 Discarded : one. 
 
 Group iv. Flattened bow. Bow omar 
 men ted. 
 
 («'.) Ornament in centre of bow. 
 216& Width, 0.048 m. Height, 0.035 m. 
 
 2166. From south slope. Width, 0.04 m. 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 836. 
 
 2167. Ring defective. Width, 0.033 m. 
 Height, 0.02 m. 
 
 216a From West Building. Width, 0.0765 m. 
 Height, 0.046 m. 
 
 Discards of (ja') : three uncleaned and uncertam frag- 
 ments. 
 
 (6'.) Ornament at ends of bow. 
 2169. Width, 0.0375 m. Height, 0.025 m. 
 217a Width, 0.094 m. Height, 0.054 m. 
 Bar octagonal in section, with four broader sides 
 connected by four that are narrower. Socket- 
 piece has groove on top extending nearly to 
 centre. Bottom and side of groove of bronze. 
 For style of ring part, cf. Ofympia, No. 829. 
 Chiss /8. Pivots separated from remainder 
 of bar by beads. 
 Group i. High bow. 
 
 2171. Width, 0.0395 m. Height, 0.033 m. 
 
 2172. Found probably northeast corner near 
 east end of Stoa and near or under Cyclopean 
 wall. Width, 0.048 ra. Next to pivots, bead 
 with narrow ring at either side. 
 
 Group ii. Flattened bow. 
 217a About half gone. Height, 0.0355 m. 
 
 2174. Condition poor. Width, 0.062 m. Un- 
 certain whether pivots are inserted or cast with 
 object. Probably the former. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 835. 
 
 Discard : one uncleaned, similar to No. 2174. 
 
 Form 2. Rectangular bow. 
 (a'.) Plain. 
 
 2175. Ends broken. Width, 0.10 m. Incom- 
 
 pleteness renders classification uncertain. Could 
 be put with Olympia^ No. 662 (horizontal, riveted 
 flat ends). 
 
 (6'.) Ornamented. 
 
 2176. From back of South Building. Ends 
 broken. Width, 0.046 ra. Bar rectangular, 
 with sharp comers. 
 
 2177. Condition poor. Width, 0.141 m. 
 Height, 0.064 ra. Bar octagonal. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, Nos. 825, 827, especially the 
 latter. 
 
 Type d. Similar to Type c, but the socket- 
 piece is attached to the body of the ring, 
 forming a sort of eyelet It is not, how- 
 ever, a true eyelet any more than it is a 
 true socket-piece, and hence is best put 
 apart from T3rpe8 b and c. 
 217& Socket-piece much damaged. Height 
 of ring, 0.026 m. Original length of socket- 
 piece, about 0.011 m. Probably plain. 
 
 2179. Condition poor. Width of ring, 
 0.0335 m. Possible traces of ornamental grooves 
 on socket-piece. 
 
 Addenda to Types c and d. Socket-pieces and 
 applied ornaments of same form. (For another 
 use, viz. on tripod standards, cf . Olympia, p. 128, 
 No. 814.) 
 
 («'.) Socket-pieces (holes for pivots in ends). 
 
 2180. Length, 0.018 m. Diaraeter, 0.0125 ra. 
 Interior lead. Plain. 
 
 The following nurabers (2181-2185) have 
 ornamental grooves. 
 
 y i ffT From West Building. Length, 0.011 m. 
 Diaraeter, 0.0068 ra. x 0.005 m. Interior lead. 
 
 2182. From West Building. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.0164 ra. Diameter, 0.007 m. x 
 0.006 m. Interior filled with lead, in each end 
 of which small hole. 
 
 218a From West Building. Length, 0.033 m. 
 Diaraeter, 0.0135 m. Interior filled with lead, 
 in each end of which hole. 
 
 2184. Length, 0.0315 m. Diameter, 0.01 m. 
 One side flattened to surface of 0.005 m. 
 
 2185. Length, 0.0305 m. Diameter, 0.0113 m. 
 Flattened on one side to 0.007 ra. 
 
 It is not certain that the following number 
 belongs here. 
 
 2186. Thin sheet rolled so that ends raeet. 
 Length, 0.029 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : five (uncleaned). 
 
 (&'.) Applied ornaments of same or similar 
 form. 
 
 2187. Length, 0.0505 m. On one side shal- 
 
 HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS 
 
 293 
 
 low groove, 0.004 m. -0.006 m. wide, running 
 lengthwise. Ends sraooth and slightly convex. 
 
 According to FurtwJingler, Olympia, p. 135, 
 groove indicates attachment to a rim. 
 
 The following are slightly different. 
 
 218a From West Building. Length, 0.039 m. 
 Slightly curved. Cf. No. 2788, with which this 
 should be classed. 
 
 2189. From West Building. Length, 0.025 m. 
 Diaraeter, 0.0075 m. Round. Solid. 
 
 The following is of uncertain use. 
 
 2190. Ends probably incomplete. Length, 
 0.029 m. Diameter, 0.012 ra. Slightly curved. 
 One side slightly flattened. 
 
 Discards of (//) : two (uncleaned). 
 
 DIVISION III. VERTICAL. 
 
 Type a. Top of handle about on level with 
 
 top of vase. 
 
 219L Ends broken. Height, 0.043 m. Width, 
 0.013 m. Convex bands at side ornamented 
 with zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2192. Upper part damaged. Height, 0.038 m. 
 Ornament of arrowhead hatching in centre, 
 and of hatched transverse lines on adjoining 
 rolls. 
 
 219a Upper end gone. Height, 0.045 m. 
 Width, 0.025 ra. On side ridges, oblique hatch- 
 ing, at edges of fields, dots. Central ridge has 
 two lines at top, but elsewhere nothing certain. 
 
 2194. Height, 0.042 m. Width, 0.02 m. 
 Ornament of vertical grooves. 
 
 For ornament cf . Olympia, No. 656. 
 Type b. Top of handle rises above vase. 
 Class a. Rather heavy flat bar with or 
 without ridyes at side. 
 
 2135. Top damaged. Condition poor. Height, 
 0.051 ra. Width, 0.012 m. Vertical grooves. 
 
 2196. Condition poor. Height, 0.05 ra. Width, 
 0.016 m. Ornament of vertical grooves. 
 
 2197. Fi-ora back of South Building. Dam- 
 aged at upper end, lower end gone. Height, 
 0.071 m. Width, 0.016 ra. Grooves. 
 Plate CXXIII. 
 
 2198. Top damaged. Height, about 0.07 m. 
 Width, 0.032 m. Guilloche of double grooves 
 at outer edge of each field. 
 
 Not certain that following number belongs 
 here. 
 Plate CXXII. 
 
 2199. From south slope. Ends damaged, un- 
 certain just how much. Condition poor. Height, 
 0.038 ra. Width, 0.0127 m. Near top, rivet. 
 
 Slightly concave, otherwise no certain traces of 
 ornament. 
 
 Class /3. Bar convex on outside. 
 Plate CXXIII. 
 
 2200. Ends damaged. Condition jwor. Height, 
 0.086. Width, 0.012 m. Both ends worked off 
 from upper side for attachment. No certain 
 trace of ornament. 
 
 Class y. Heavy convex triangular bar. Or- 
 namented tcith flyure in relief. 
 
 2201. Upper part damaged at place of attach- 
 ment. Condition poor. Height, 0.051 m. Lower 
 end indented on outside, doubtful whether origi- 
 nally. Inside of lower end concave. No raarks 
 of attachment. Upi)er end has deep groove for 
 attachment to rim. Beneath groove, two rivet- 
 holes (one now broken out). Above broken-out 
 hole, a rivet. Above attachment, lion's head in 
 low relief facing toward vase. Treatment 
 sketchy and decorative. Nose low and broad, 
 with nostrils indicated. Abuond-shajjed eyes in 
 hollow sockets. Mouth indicated by two paral- 
 lel grooves close together. Small ears. No cer- 
 tain indication of mane. Contour of handle but 
 slightly altered. 
 
 Type c. Top attached to upper surface of 
 top of vase. 
 
 2202. Height, 0.104 m. Width, 0.0235 m. 
 In centre of top, hole cut from above (diameter, 
 0.01 m.). Ornament of arrowheads, in some 
 places close enough together to be called a zig- 
 zag. At beginning of top, three large dots, 
 punched from beneath, at right angles to axis 
 of handle. 
 
 The following object of uncertain use is put 
 here owing to similarity of form. 
 
 2203. Upper end broken. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.0575 ra. Has tail and beginning of 
 head. The sort of gill showing on lower side 
 of head in Plate does not appear on the other 
 side. Tail has no surface for attachment. Ob- 
 ject seems to be a handle in form of serpent (or 
 fish), but roughly executed. 
 
 Discards of vertical handles : four, of which two are from 
 south slope. 
 
 Addenda to Handles (D). (a'.) Attachment 
 pieces for hoop or string handles. 
 
 2204. Width, 0.08 m. Lion's head rounded 
 on top. From it rises ring, cast solid with re- 
 mainder of object, with hole 0.006 m. in diarae- 
 ter. Treatraent of head decorative. Small ears 
 (only right preserved). Eyes given by small, 
 round, rather deep (about 0.005 m.) holes, in 
 
'f 
 
 294 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 
 long, shallow, almond-shaped sockets. Nostrils 
 indicated. Mouth rendered by groove. For 
 style, see III. 5, b (above, p. 203). 
 
 For heads of similar use, cf . Olympia^ Nos. 
 789 f. 
 
 2205l One ear gone. Condition poor. Width, 
 0.82 ni. Griffin's head. Sides probably repre- 
 sent wings. Vessel to which object was at- 
 tached was large and slightly narrowed at top. 
 Details of head sketchy. Ear a rounded blade 
 with diUl point. Horn about 0.003 ni. in height. 
 Beak curved and thin. Between ears, indenta- 
 tion which seems too slight for place of eyelet. 
 No other place of attachment for handle. Per- 
 haps merely ornamental. 
 
 Cf. Ohjmp'ut, No. 791. 
 
 (6'.) Not clear whether following two numbers 
 were intended chiefly as handles or as orna- 
 ments. 
 
 2206. Length, 0.081 m. Ends concave on 
 under side for attachment to rounded surface. 
 
 2207. Length, 0.0615 m. Same on both sides, 
 except that one side is more concave, and hence 
 was probably the under side. In end of pro- 
 jection, deep lengthwise groove, 0.004 m. in 
 width. Nails pass clear through and have heads 
 at back. 
 
 E. CONNECTING RODS BETWEEN BOWL AND 
 
 BASE. 
 
 220a Condition jjoor. Height, 0.044 m. Top 
 has thin oxidized piece of metal on both sides. 
 In foot, hole (diameter, 0.001 m.). 
 
 2209. One end bent. Length, 0.111 m. Oc- 
 tagonal bar. For shape, cf. OlympiOy Nos. 
 672 f. 
 
 2210. One end gone. Length, 0.091 m. At- 
 tached metal was thin, as is shown by slight pro- 
 jection of rivet. 
 
 2211. Bar broken or rather cut sharply off. 
 Length, 0.068 m. 
 
 It is less certain that the following belong 
 here. 
 
 2212. From West Building. Shaft broken. 
 End of foot gone. Condition poor. Height, 
 0.0425 m. Width of shaft, 0.008 m. Large 
 rivet in foot. Attached piece was thin. 
 
 22ia Shaft broken. Length, 0.056 m. Small 
 hole in each foot. Possible trace of engraved 
 zigzag on bar. 
 
 2214. From West Building. Shaft probably 
 broken at top. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.0875 m. No rivet in foot. 
 
 F. ORNAMENTS OF VASES. 
 
 2215, Bar broken. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.142 m. Shaft was not extended on other side 
 of vertical bar. Near top of latter, a single en- 
 graved line. Attached to top of large vase. 
 Projected slightly above rim. 
 
 Cf. vase from Vulci (Polledrara tomb) in 
 British Museum, and Ohjnijnu^ No. 852. 
 
 2216 From wall east of house of guard. 
 Shaft broken at both ends. Rivet-hole near 
 centre of vertical bar. In use and attachment 
 similar to No. 2215. 
 
 It is not certain that following number is from 
 a vase. 
 
 2217 ( = 383). From West Building. Ends 
 of the four projecting arms broken. Length, 
 0.34 m. Vertical bar attached by a rivet to 
 back piece. Back piece slightly wider than bar. 
 From back piece project horizontal arms which 
 do not seem to be of one piece with it. Bead 
 ornament on aim. 
 
 2. TRIPODS AND STANDARDS. 
 
 A. FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. 
 
 («'.) Legs. 
 Plate CXXIV. 
 
 22ia Lower end. Length, 0.181 m. Width, 
 0.035 m.-0.046 m. Thickness, 0.029 m.- 
 0.0375 m. Consists of thick three-sided shell, 
 the inside of which is nearly filled with bronze. 
 At back, filling projects slightly and has hole in 
 it. Bottom a separate piece of irregular height 
 (back, 0.0025 m.-0.015 m.; front, 0.018 m.- 
 0.029 m.). Made of same material but more 
 rudely. Welded to upper part. Ornamental 
 grooves continued roughly on front, but not on 
 sides. 
 
 For style cf. Ofympla, No. 565 (Furtwiing- 
 ler's first class). Ibid. No. 622, is, however, 
 more akin to Hei-aeum piece than No. 565. 
 Plate CXXIII. 
 
 2219. Top of leg of small tripod with shal- 
 low bowl. Length, 0.08 m. Width, 0.03 m.- 
 0.048 m. Cast in one piece. Concave surface 
 on back for attachment of bowl, which was held 
 by three bronze nails in top of leg (piece of 
 one still in hole). Width of sides of leg, 
 0.0085 m. and 0.01 m. Decoration like that on 
 front. From back, at edge of break, pin projects 
 upward at angle of about 40° to support surface 
 for bowl. Length, 0.027 m. Diameter, 0.0075 m. 
 
 L^ i 
 
 TRIPODS AND STANDARDS 
 
 295 
 
 This surface has vertical hole (diameter, 
 0.0175 m.) which continues the open space 
 between the side bars of leg. Depth of part 
 of bowl clasped by leg, 0.058 m. Greatest di- 
 ameter of bowl was at about 0.023 m. from top 
 of leg. 
 
 Style and fabric similar to Olympia^ No. 622. 
 Cf. also fragment from Zeus cave on Mt. Ida, 
 A then. Mitth. X. p. 59, Bellage, No. 5 (Fabri- 
 cius) = Halbherr and Orsi, Antichita ddV antro 
 di Zcu» Ideo^ col. 54. 
 
 2220l Top of leg of large tripod. Small 
 strip of upjier edge seems to preserve original 
 surface. Height, 0.077 m. Width, 0.057 m.- 
 0.1025 m. Thickness, 0.007 m. At centre of 
 top, broken nail-hole; in upper right corner, 
 another; in left comer, possible traces of two 
 others. On outside of each edge of front, four 
 parallel vertical ribs. Sides smoothly beveled. 
 
 For decoration cf. OJympia, No. 562. 
 Plate CXXIV. 
 
 22ZL Broken at both ends. Length, 0.33 m. 
 Width, 0.61 m. Width of sides, 0.037 m. 
 Space between sides half filled with melted 
 bronze, apparently for strengthening. This fill- 
 ing holds in place at upper end the central part 
 of a bronze supporting pin, both ends of which 
 are broken off short. The upper stub projects 
 upward at a sharp angle, the lower is curved only 
 slightly upward. Diameter of pin, 0.01 m. 
 On middle of pin two pieces of bronze which 
 may be remains of further fastenings, or (more 
 likely) mere drops of metal. At both ends, 
 between sides, remains of fine drab-colored earth, 
 perhaps from casting. Ornament of front, dou- 
 ble arrowhead pattern in centre with zigzag 
 border at sides. At top, cross inside zigzag 
 ring, above and below which, zigzag frame. 
 Ornament of sides similar, so far as preserved, 
 except that the vertical zigzag along edges is 
 lacking. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 627. 
 
 (6'.) Handles. 
 Plate CXXIIL 
 
 2222. Fragment of large handle. Length, 
 0.101 m. Width, 0.037 m. Thickness, inner 
 edge, 0.013 m., outer edge, 0.0065 m. Ribbed 
 on both sides. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, Nos. 624 f. 
 
 The following are uncertain, but probably 
 belong here. 
 Plate CXXIV. 
 
 222a (Shows convex side.) Perhaps frag- 
 
 ment of outer rim of large handle. Length, 
 0.111 m. Width, 0.0285 m. Thickness of 
 outer rim, 0.007 m., of teeth, 0.005 m. Outer 
 edge preserves original surface, the inner is 
 broken. A bar similar to the outer edge of 
 No. 2224 came next. Probable that No. 2224 
 was the piece. One side slightly convex, the other 
 concave. If this is original, the piece can hardly 
 have been a tri^iod-liandle. Ornament substan- 
 tially alike on both sides. 
 
 2224. (Shows concave side.) Fragment 
 similar to No. 2223, but broken on all sides. 
 Length, 0.113 m. Width, 0.027 m. Bent in 
 same manner as preceding number, although 
 not quite the same curve throughout. If they 
 belong together, they were bent while together 
 and again after the separation. 
 
 With Nos. 2223 f . cf . Olympia, Nos. 636 and 
 639. Convexity possibly due to imitation of 
 curve of earlier handles such as Olympia, No. 
 569. 
 
 B. LOW TRIPOD-STANDARDS. 
 
 Type a. Block feet. 
 
 2225. From south slope. Ring cracked 
 through. Diameter (outside), 0.08 m. x 0.076 m. 
 Width, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. Upper 
 surface roughly grooved as though for attach- 
 ment of some object or objects. Roughness 
 probably due to portions of bronze soldering 
 still adhering. Feet project outward. Length 
 of feet, 0.013 ra. Have form of cylindrical 
 blocks except on inside. Height of standard 
 with feet, 0.012 m. 
 
 Among uncleaned scraps from Acropolis (Na- 
 tional Museum, Athens), numerous ring stand- 
 ards with cylindrical and spool feet. 
 Type b. Spool feet. 
 
 2226. From Old Temple. Length, 0.022 m. 
 Diameter of ends, 0.0225 m. and 0.024 m. Sin- 
 gle foot. On one side, smooth edges where foot 
 was applied, but no trace of fastening. May 
 possibly have been part of handle. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 860, attached to triangular 
 plate, also Carapanos, Dodone^ pi. xlvii. No. 2. 
 
 In the Carapanos collection (from Dodona), 
 half of ring with two spools attached as feet, 
 welded or cast together; also similar spool as 
 part of handle. Mosaic in Capitoline Mus. 
 (Rome) with l>owl which rests on spool feet. 
 Helbig, Fiihrer, I. No. 450. 
 Type c. Lion's feet. 
 Class a. Plain. 
 
 223n. From back of South Building. Only a 
 
'I 
 
 296 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 |[ 
 
 il 
 
 single leg with small portion of ring above pre- 
 served. Height, 0.027 ni. Under side of foot 
 hollow. 
 
 Class j8. Edge of ring notched. 
 
 2? ?^ Leg and piece of ring. Height, 0.048 ra. 
 Length (straight), 0.113 m. Width, 0.021 m. 
 Foot has six toes, the outer toe on each side 
 being in flat relief. Rests on thin base, which 
 may be a separate piece. Roughly cast. 
 
 Cf. Olyitqtia^ No. 853. 
 Class y. Engraved. 
 
 2229. Leg. Upper edge broken. Height, 
 0.032 m. Width, 0.02 m. Rounded projec- 
 tions or ears on each side at top, forming tran- 
 sition to ring. Between ears and leg, double 
 line. Four toes. Bottom of foot solid and 
 flat. 
 
 Plate CXXV. 
 
 2230. Found east of Northwest Building, 
 1895. Leg and part of ring. Height, 0.076 m. 
 Length (straight), 0.138 m. Width of ring, 
 0.019 ra. Thickness, 0.0015 m.-0.006 m., in- 
 creasing toward front. Height of front, 0.025 m. 
 On front, leaf pattern, the lower part of which 
 is formed by semicircular punch-marks. Leg 
 set slightly back of outer edge of ring. Convex 
 at back. Molding at top with simple volute at 
 either side. Five toes, one of which is very 
 faintly indicated. The others are sharply and 
 carefully modeled, showing joints and claws. 
 Under side of foot hollowed out. 
 
 C. FEET OF STANDARDS. 
 It is uncertain what the following feet sup- 
 ported. 
 
 2231. Condition poor. Height, 0.064 m. 
 Length, 0.135 m. Upper surface, 0.042 m. x 
 0.0225 m. In top, two holes (diameter, 0.006 m.) 
 passing entirely through. Filled with iron — the 
 remains of rods or rivets. Feet rest on bases 
 which are not of same piece with upper part. 
 Thickness, 0.004 ra. and 0.005 m. Feet do not 
 stand flatly, the object being bent so that only 
 inner edges touch the ground. Four toes, the 
 lines of which continue upwartl, forming par- 
 allel ridges. On each side continuous line of 
 engraving down leg to sole. By means of it 
 an additional toe is indicated on each side. 
 
 2232. Bases gone. Condition poor. Height, 
 0.056 m. Length, 0.108 m. Two holes through 
 top. In centre of each foot, a bronze rivet which 
 held base. Four toes. Claws indicated. Rested 
 squarely on feet. Limits of feet indicated by 
 
 concave band across instep. No engraving, en- 
 tire decoration being cast. 
 
 29!^ Soles gone. Condition poor. Height, 
 0.061 m. Length, 0.1165 m. Two holes through 
 top, now filled with iron rust. Sides of top 
 convex and undercut, suggesting imitation of a 
 buffer or washer. Rivet in bottom of each 
 foot. Feet have each six toes and double heel. 
 Above instep, ridge indicating termination of 
 foot. Probably stood about squarely on feet. 
 
 2234. Attached soles gone. Condition jxwr. 
 Height, 0.054 m. Length, 0.1085 m. Two 
 holes through top, of which one partially filled 
 with iron rust. Sides of top as in drawing, ex- 
 cept that lower band has rope finish. Beneath 
 feet, bronze soles cast in same piece with remain- 
 der of object. From bottom of each projects 
 a rivet indicating presence of a second pair of 
 soles, which (as in Nos. 2232 and 2233) were 
 probably of iron. Six toes and a double heel. 
 Decoration cast. Seems to have stooil squarely 
 on feet. 
 
 The tops of all the above standards seem to 
 have had resting directly on them some object 
 which was fastened by iron rivets. Probable 
 that this object was itself of iron. For sole* 
 on feet, cf. low ring standards from Acropolis, 
 with lion's feet resting on round sole or square 
 plinth, or sole and plinth (De Ridder, Cata- 
 loguey etc., Nos. 80 and 66). 
 
 8. MISCELLANEOUS FORMS. 
 
 A. CONTAINERS. 
 
 223 5 Fragment a only. Oblong shallow 
 ladle. Bi-oken in two pieces (a, 6), which are 
 in such poor condition that they do not fit. 
 Combined length, 0.146 m. Length of frag- 
 ment a, 0.106 m. Width, 0.041 m. Thickness, 
 less than 0.001 m. Depth, alwut 0.005 m. 
 End of handle fonns curl just under lK)ttom. 
 Fragment h, width, 0.035 m. Pointed end. 
 Length of point, about 0.01 m. Width, 0.005 
 m.-O.OOl m. (tapering towaitl end). 
 
 2236. End of small ladle. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.025 m. Width, 0.02 ni. Differs 
 from fragment b of No. 2235 in that end is 
 brought over to form a sort of toe. In upper 
 surface near edge, hole punched from under side 
 (hence before toe was formed). 
 
 2237. Ladle of which handle is lost. Width, 
 0.0565 m. Depth, about 0.007 m. Thickness, 
 0.0005 m. and less. Short stub of handle of 
 
 VESSELS OF MISCELLANEOUS FORM 
 
 297 
 
 same piece with cup. In centre of broken edge, 
 hole (diameter, 0.0022 ni.) now broken out. At 
 0.012 m. from commencement of handle, thin 
 piece (size, 0.01 m. x 0.018 m.) riveted to inside 
 of cup. Served as guy to keep handle from 
 flattening. 
 
 The following piece is of uncertain identifica- 
 tion, l)ut seems similar to preceding number. 
 
 223& From back of South Building. Small 
 fragment of cup, part of some object, perhaps a 
 ladle. Length, 0.029 m. Thickness, 0.0003 m. 
 and less. At one side, ear (width, 0.01 m.- 
 0.005 m. ; present length, 0.0035 m.). Probably 
 longer originally. Bottom of cup distinguished 
 from sides. Depth, 0.002 m. Ornamented 
 with cross in circles struck from above with 
 punch in which cross was intaglio. Cross does 
 not show sharply enough in drawing. 
 
 2239. (Shows back.) Sieve. Before clean- 
 ing, small piece of bronze net still attached. 
 Condition poor. Length, 0.22 m. Width of 
 round part, 0.111 m. Depth, about 0.007 m. 
 End of handle turns under and to one side. 
 Represents head and lieak of bird. No details. 
 Back of handle inscril>ed. See Appendix. 
 
 In the Carapanos collection (from Dodona) a 
 strainer with JI on outer end of bowl. 
 Plate CXXVI. 
 
 2240. From south slope. Bottom gone and 
 handle — if one existed. Height, 0.067 m. 
 Diameter at top, 0.0515 ra., at bottom, 0.053 m. 
 Thickness at top, 0.0025 m. to 0.0035 m. (in- 
 cluding molding). Lower part forrae<l by sei)arate 
 jacket, which fittc<l to outside of drum. Height, 
 0.0154 m. Width of legs, 0.0255 m. and 0.0265 ra. 
 (third leg mostly broken away), liottom was 
 applied to cylinder and held in place by jacket. 
 Pieces of bi'onze solder still remain. On one side, 
 eyelet (height, 0.0052 m.), the ends of which 
 pass through cylinder and are bent back on in- 
 side. Diameter of eyelet, 0.0016 m. (inside). 
 Piece of bronze in top of eyelet, j)erhaps wire. 
 No other eyelet or attachment. Ornament (from 
 top), molding, row of fine beads, leaf pattern, and 
 two grooves. Two grooves at top of jacket and 
 one about legs. All this ornament looks as though 
 cast. 
 
 Cf. Olympia^ No. 885, which has, however, a 
 heavy vertical handle. 
 
 The following three pieces are of uncertain 
 identification, but they nlay be from sides of 
 box or casket. 
 
 224L Fragment of rim. Condition poor. 
 
 Length, 0.053 ra. Height, 0.0145 m. Thick- 
 ness at top, 0.007 m. ; below, 0.001 m. Narrow 
 band beneath rira, followed by zigzag in i*elief. 
 
 2242. Broken on all sides. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.047 ra. Height, 0.0285 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0035 ra.-0.0045 ra. Broad molding with 
 concave centre. Beneath molding, side of vessel 
 seems to have projected slightly outward. 
 
 2243. Fragment of rim. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.048 ra. Height, 0.0153 m. Width 
 of rim, 0.0034 ra. Edge of under side bent 
 back to about same width. In intervening space, 
 plate attached to outside. One rivet remains in 
 ]>lace. Seems to have been a rectangular vessel 
 with shoulder. 
 
 2244. From south slope. Neck and mouth of 
 flask. Mouth damaged. Sides pressed flat to- 
 gether. Height, 0.061 ra. Width of neck, 
 0.038 m., across rira, 0.041 ra. Width of rira, 
 about 0.012 ra. Outer edge of lip turned under 
 about 0.001 ra. 
 
 Large flat flask with similar neck and mouth 
 from Vulci (Polledrara tomb) in British Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 B. HANDLES. 
 
 Not certain that all of the following are han- 
 dles. 
 
 («'.) Straight. 
 
 2245. Small fragment. About three fourths 
 of width preserved. Length, 0.024 ra. Width 
 of half, 0.013 ra. Heavy rib in centre, light rib 
 or band at each side. 
 
 2246. Fragment of similar handle preserving 
 about three fourths of width. Length, 0.029 ra. 
 Width of half, 0.0145 ra. 
 
 2247. Fragment of similar handle. Original 
 edge on botli sides. Length, 0.032 m. Width, 
 0.03 ra. 
 
 224& (Shows under side.) Perhaps fragment 
 of end of handle. Original edge at sides, probably 
 nowhere else. Length, 0.03 m. Width, 0.028 ra.- 
 0.045 m. End appears to be turned under as a 
 finish. 
 
 (&'.) Horizontal grip-handles (doubtful). 
 
 2249. Perhaps about half preserved. Length, 
 0.078 ra. Width of shaft, 0.018 ra. Thickness, 
 0.007 m. Diameter of foot, 0.028 m. x 0.034 m. 
 Grip seems to be a separate piece. Foot con- 
 cave. 
 
 2250. Shaft cut about one third through as 
 with chisel and then broken off. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.042 ra. Width of shaft, 0.0225 m. 
 Thickness, 0.009 ra. Diaraeter of foot, 0.037 m. x 
 
 <'l 
 
'( 
 
 298 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 
 
 299 
 
 0.044 lu. Under side concave and roughly fin- 
 ished. 
 
 2251. Perhaps side piece of composite handle. 
 Length, 0.058 ni. At top, cleft extending more 
 than half width. The portion above is concavely 
 rounded at back but perpendicular in front. It 
 lacks 0.0025 m. of being in line with edge be- 
 neath. Cleft 0.0015 m.-0.003 m. wide, 0.007 m. 
 deep on under side, and 0.0045 m. on upper. 
 Height of blade, about 0.0165 m. In upper part 
 
 two rivets. Form of object which was attached 
 uncertain, but, owing to slight projection of rivet- 
 heads, only a piece of sheet bronze can have been 
 fastened to blade. This piece will then have 
 been bent at right angles in case object was a 
 handle, and may have served as coating for bar 
 that would have extended at right angles from 
 notch to assumed corresponding notch in another 
 end piece opposite, liottom slightly concave. 
 Smoothly finished. Diameter, 0.025 m. 
 
 VI. IMPLEMENTS, UTENSILS, STRUCTURAL PIECES AND MATERIALS 
 
 1. PARTS OF VEHICLES. 
 
 A. FRAGMENT OF ANTYX. 
 
 2252. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.294 m. 
 Diameter, 0.020 m. x 0.017 m. at one end, and 
 0.023 m. X 0.0175 m. at the other. Cast solid. 
 On one flat side, beginning about 0.024 m. from 
 small end, an inscription. See Appendix. 
 
 B. SMALL WHEELS. 
 
 2253. From south sloi)e. Over half of felloe 
 gone. Bent. Diameter, 0.1435 m.x 0.142 m. 
 (originally about 0.1525 m.x 0.143 m.). Cast 
 solid and in one piece. Imitates wooden wheel 
 the parts of which are held together by metal 
 plates. Central shaft braced in felloe by two 
 cross-pieces. Diameter of shaft at centre, 
 0.011 m. Hole for axle, 0.0145 m. x 0.007 m. 
 At one end, bi-onze block (probably of same 
 l)iece with rest) projects into hole distance 
 of 0.005 m., representing wedge. Axle and 
 wheels turned together. Ornamented with par- 
 allel grooves in groups of three, one group at 
 either side cross-pieces. Outside of grooves, shaft 
 hexagonal. Flattened surfaces at joining with 
 felloe. This joining strengthened by an oblong 
 plate on each side, fastened by four rivets, two 
 in felloe and two in axle. Plates and nails re- 
 presented by engraved lines. Size of better-pre- 
 served plate, 0.008 m. x 0.0049 m. Cross-pieces, 
 width, 0.008 m. : thickness, 0.0017 m. At join- 
 ing with felloe, plate on both sides held by three 
 rivets, which probably pass clear through, i. e. 
 there are three in all. Size of plate, 0.012 m. x 
 0.0029 m. Cross-piece inserted into felloe, and 
 plate (like all the others) sunk into prepared 
 socket and consequently represented as even with 
 surface. Felloe, width, 0.0085 m. ; thickness, 
 0.0025 m. inside and 0.0018 m. outside. Orna- 
 mented with engraved line on each side close to 
 
 outer edge. At 0.017 m. from shaft on one 
 side, and 0.0195 m. : 0.0175 m. on the other, 
 sets of two plates, one on each side of felloe and 
 about opposite to each other. First set, 0.007 m. x 
 0.0029 m. ; second, 0.0075 m. x 0.003 m. and 
 O.OOG m. x 0.0035 m. Each plate has two rivet- 
 heads, each set being held together by two rivets. 
 The plates are intended to hold together sec- 
 tions of the felloe. 
 
 Similar, but much ruder, Ohjmpia^ No. 610. 
 Wooden wheel with similar arrangement of 
 si>okes, but with round hub, from peat-bog of 
 Mercurago, province of Novara, Italy. Mon- 
 telius. Civ. Prim. It. I. pi. 1, No. 13. On 
 sarcophagus from Vulci (3/b/i. Ant. VIII. pi. 
 xix. c = Martha, L'Art Etnisque, p. 357) sim- 
 ilar wheel, but with curvetl cross-bars. Add 
 H. L. Lorimer, J. II. S. XXIII. pp. 132 ff. 
 
 2254. From above east end of Stoa under 
 Cyclopean wall. Three spokes gone and over 
 half of felloe. Cast solid. Diameter, 0.171 
 m. (originally, 0.187 m.). Diameter of hub, 
 0.019 m. Width, 0.019 m. Spokes do not ap- 
 pear on inside, but there are perforations where 
 two have been broken out. Spokes roughly oval 
 in section near hub, passing gradually to nearly 
 round at rim. Size at hub, 0.01 m.x 0.007 
 m. ; at rim, 0.0045 m.-0.0053 m. x 0.0045 m. 
 Width of felloe, 0.019 m. Thickness of inner 
 edge, 0.0035 m. ; of outer edge, 0.005 m. Rim 
 or tire projects slightly more on side not shown 
 in Plate. 
 
 The following fragment is of doubtful identi- 
 fication. 
 
 22 ^ Perhaps outer spoke of ornamental 
 wheel. Hollow ' bell,' smaller end of which joins 
 inner ring. Outer end of ' bell ' broken off. Of 
 ring only stubs remain. Length, 0.077 m. ' Bell * 
 a rounded rectangle j)laced comer wise. Circum- 
 ference at large end, 0.12 m. ; at small end. 
 
 
 0.088 m. Thickness at large end, 0.001 m.- 
 0.0038 m. Inner circle solid. Diameter, about 
 0.01 m. Through small end of ' bell ' and inner 
 circle passes hole (diameter, 0.006 m.). Through 
 it may have passed ro<l (probably of iron) con- 
 necting centre of wheel with outer felloe. Un- 
 certain whether large end of ' bell ' joined felloe 
 or an intermediate outer circle. 
 
 For shape cf. Ofi/mpia, Nos. 471 (lead) and 
 
 472; also wheel from a tomha a cerchio at 
 
 Vetulonia (delle Pelliccie), now in museum at 
 
 Florence. Cf. Scavi, 1887, p. 472. Falchi, 
 
 Vetuloniuy p. 168, is dififerent. 
 
 2. STRIGIL (HANDLE). 
 
 2256. Both ends broken. Length, 0.079 ra. 
 Width of upper part, 0.0165 m.-0.0235 m. ; of 
 lower part, 0.0145 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. 
 Inset at beginning of elbow, about 0.001 m. on 
 each side. Upper end beveled at beginning of 
 blade. 
 
 8. BELL. 
 
 2257. Broken at bottom. Clapper gone. 
 Height, 0.062 m. Thickness of metal at lower 
 edge, 0.001 m.-0.002 m. Shaj^ that of rounded 
 rectangle. At top, ring, of one piece with bell. 
 Diameter of hole, 0.015 m. Clapi>er was at- 
 tached to bronze staple which was infixed in 
 under side of top. About staple, remains of 
 bronze solder. Diameter of staple, about 0.005 m. 
 
 4. CYMBALS.1 
 
 (a'.) Plain. 
 
 225 ff Handle gone. Edges cracked. Diam- 
 eter, 0.07 m. Thickness at edges, 0.0005 m.- 
 0.0017 m. Diameter of boss, about 0.042 m. 
 At about centre of boss, hole cut from above. 
 Diameter, 0.0035 m. Flange slightly bent up, 
 esj)ecially at e<lg3. 
 
 2259. Handle gone. Condition i)oor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.078 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0435 m. 
 In centre, hole. Diameter, 0.0035 m. Flange 
 bends back slightly, and at edge is turned up 
 (depth of roll, 0.001 m. and less). 
 Plate CXXVII. 
 
 22G0. Handle gone. Condition poor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0945 m. Diameter of boss, 0.055 m. 
 Flange convex on under side. At edge, rim, of 
 which width, 0.004 m.-0.005 m. It projects 
 
 • The objects from the Dktaean c-ive published in the 
 Annual of the British School at Athem, VL p. 109, fig. 
 
 about 0.001 m. on under side, the remainder on 
 upper. 
 
 Cf. Ohjmpia, No. 513. 
 
 (6'.) Ornamented. 
 
 2261. Handle gone. Condition poor. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0915 m. Diameter of boss, 0.045 m. 
 In centre, hole (diameter, 0.005 m.). Thickness 
 of metal, about O.OOOG m., except at edge, which 
 is about 0.001 m.-0.0017 m., thus fonning slight 
 backward turn. Flange slightly convex on under 
 side. Outer and inner edges on upper side have 
 leaf pattern. Leaves of horseshoe shape. Round 
 ends toward interior of flange. As leaves are 
 not exactly alike they are either engraved or else 
 punched with more than one punch. 
 
 Cf. Olympia^ No. 517 (dotted adjacent semi- 
 circles). 
 
 5. KEY. 
 Plate CXXVI. 
 
 2262. From West Building. Length, 0.065 m. 
 Ring flat on inside and convex on outside. Di- 
 ameter (inside), 0.0175 m. In barrel, hole. Di- 
 ameter, 0.005 m. Depth, 0.01 m. Diameter 
 of barrel, 0.0045 m.-0.0075 m. Thickness of 
 flange, 0.003 m.-0.0065 m. ; of centre piece, 
 0.0035 m. -0.0048 m. Except for groove on bar- 
 rel above flange, ornamented on one side only 
 (shows in Plate). Teeth on outer edge of flange 
 have on top, each an x . On back of this edge 
 a single diagonal line from each lower corner of 
 depression between teeth, giving effect of zigzag. 
 
 6. KNIVES. 
 
 («'.) Sickle. 
 Plate CXXVIL 
 
 2263. Point injured and edge nicked. Length, 
 0.189 m. Blade fairly sharp where edge is pre- 
 served. Width, 0.03 m. and less. Thickness 
 at back, 0.004 m. and less. Blade passes to but 
 for insertion into handle. Length of but, 0.03 m. ; 
 width, 0.028 m. ; thickness, 0.002 m.-0.0045 m. 
 Near end, hole for rivet. Diameter, 0.0057 m. 
 Hole drilled from side that shows in Plate. Cf . 
 Tsountas, 'Y.^w 'Apx- 1899, cl. 124, pi. 10, No. 43, 
 from Syra(XaXai'8piai'7/); Schmidt, Scldiemanns 
 Sammhmf/,eUi.,'So. 6454, from Troy VI. ; Holfe, 
 A. J. A. VI. p. 106, No. XII. from Anthedon. 
 
 (&'.) Spatula. 
 Plate CXXVI. 
 
 2264. Length, 0.15 m. Length of blade, 
 0.0755 m. Width, 0.025 m. Thickness, 
 
 41 (Hogarth), as shields appear to be different from 
 these. 
 
 I'tl 
 
300 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 1 1 
 
 0.00025 m.-O.OOl m. Both sides ornamented 
 with tine curved zigzags. Pattern consists of 
 diagonals running from edge to centre of blade. 
 In upper part they are roughly parallel to each 
 and cross blade. From about middle of length 
 downward they do not go clear across. In 
 some cases they meet each other, fonning arrow- 
 heads. Toward bottom parallelism is dropped 
 and lines curve slightly outward fanwise. Han- 
 dle tajxjrs from width of 0.007 m. and thickness 
 of 0.0026 m. to point. Edges angular. On both 
 sides of handle, zigzag, the band of which is itself 
 a ziffzag of curved lines. Handle rather than 
 tang, owing to decoration. 
 
 (c'.) Scraper or chopping knife. 
 Plate CXXVII. 
 
 2265l Length, 0.1025 m. Width, 0.01 m.- 
 0.0317 m. Thickness at top, 0.0018 m.-0.0027 
 m. ; increases to 0. 0043 m. at beginning of blade, 
 whence decreases on both sides to edge. Edge 
 still fairly sharp. Groove lengthwise of top. 
 Hence not intended to be used as chisel or 
 wedge. 
 
 Cf. Dorpfeld (Gotze), Troja u. IJion, I. p. 
 346 ; Excavations, at Phyhihopi in JMelos (Bo- 
 sanquet and "Welch), p. 190, pi. xxxviii. No. 3. 
 Two specimens from Mycenae (outside shaft- 
 graves), in Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 1347. Both 
 flare more at blade than Heraeum celt. In Brit- 
 ish Mus., Third Egyptian Room, Case F, simi- 
 lar knives attached by means of cloth and wire 
 to wooden blocks provided with handles, thus 
 becoming planes. 
 
 {d'.) Scraper or chisel. 
 
 2266. Top rough and somewhat battered. 
 Edge dull and blunted. Length, 0.078 m. 
 Width, 0.0224 m.-0.0345 m. Thickness at top, 
 0.005 m., battered to 0.006 m. Uncertain 
 whether present surface of top is original. 
 
 (e'.) Chisels (and uncertain objects of similar 
 form). 
 Round. 
 
 2267. Length, 0.133 m. Width of blade, 
 0.01 m. Edge dull. Top battered. Just be- 
 neath, raised band roughly executed, but in- 
 tended to represent a heavy ring to which a 
 lighter ring is attached on under side. Cf. 
 Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 167, No. 99. 
 
 2268. Uncertain, {jerhaps end of spit. Top 
 gone. Blade damaged. Length, 0.052 m. 
 Diameter of shaft, 0.002 m. Width of blade, 
 0.0032 m. 
 
 2269. From West Building. Uncertain. Top 
 
 broken. Length, 0.0635 m. Flattened toward 
 top. At break, 0.007 m. x 0.0035 m. Flat side 
 of top lies diagonally with reference to axis of 
 blade. Width of blade, 0.006 m. 
 Rectangular. 
 
 2270. Top broken off. Condition poor. 
 Length, 0.072 m. Shaft, 0.0055 m. at top. 
 Width of blade, 0.009 m. Edge blunted. 
 
 227L From West Building. Top gone (partly 
 cut and partly broken). Length, 0.0775 m. 
 Rir, 0.0059 m.x 0.0062 m. at top. Blade in 
 axis of broader side. Width, 0.008 m. Edge 
 broken concavely. Plate shows narrow side of 
 blade. 
 
 2272. Uncertain. Seems to be complete. 
 Blade bent over at end. Length, 0.091 m. 
 Width, 0.004 m.-0.009 m. Thickness of shaft, 
 0.002 m.-0.003 m. Top somewhat battered. 
 Blade blunt. 
 
 7. SPITS. 
 
 A more methodical classification than that 
 here adopted would be by (1) style of shaft, (2) 
 point or blade at end, (3) style of knob, (4) num- 
 ber of knobs. The fact, however, that so large 
 a proportion of shafts and ends are defective 
 imposes classification by preserved parts, i. e. 
 (1) number of knobs, (2) style of knobs, (3) 
 style of shaft, (4) point or blade. 
 Type a No knob. 
 
 Clas» a. Round aJuift, 
 Pointed ends. 
 
 227a Bent. Length, 0.024 m. Thickness, 
 0.002 m. 
 
 2273 a. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.272 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 
 Addenda. («'.) Of the following ends some 
 may belong to pins and pieces of wire, but the 
 majority are probably from spits. 
 
 2274. Length, 0.067 m. Thickness, 0.001 m. 
 Flexible. 
 
 2275. From back of South Building. Lengtli, 
 0.048 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. 
 
 2276. Length, 0.107 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. 
 
 2277. Length, 0.101 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. 
 
 2278. Uncleaned. Patinated. Length, 0.25 
 m. Thickness, 0.0019 m. 
 
 2279. From West Building. Freshly broken. 
 Length, 0.055 m. Thickness, 0.002 m. 
 
 2280. From West Building. Length, 0.049 
 m. Thickness, 0.0021 m. 
 
 2281. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.227 m. Thickness, 0.0021 m. 
 
 SPITS 
 
 301 
 
 2282. From West Building. Large end 
 smooth. Length, 0.10 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 Perhaps part of separable pin. 
 
 2283. Broken end split down for distance of 
 0.08 m. Bent something like a hook. Length, 
 0.35 m. Thickness, 0.004 m. 
 
 2284. Iknt. Length, 0.272 m. Thickness, 
 0.004 m. 
 
 2286. Length, 0.191m. Thickness, 0.0043 m. 
 
 2286. Length, 0.434 m. Thickness, 0.005 m. 
 
 2287. Uncleaneil. Bent so that small end 
 passes thi*ough loop. Length, 0.682 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.003 m. Length makes classification as 
 spit doubtful. 
 
 Discards : sixteen cleaned and one hundred and thirteen 
 uncleaned. Sizes represented by above selection. 
 
 (6'.) The following bladed ends, though proba- 
 bly belonging to spits with one or moi-e knobs, 
 are, for reasons given above, put here. 
 
 2288. Blunted. Length, 0.116 m. Thickness, 
 0.0055 m. 
 
 2289. Length, 0.124 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 Width of blade, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. 
 
 2290l Length, 0.155 m. Thickness, 0.005 m. x 
 0.006 m. Width of blade, 0.0075 m. 
 
 2291. Length, 0.221 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m. 
 Width of blade, 0.012 m. 
 
 2292. Uncleaned. Twisted crack lengthwise. 
 Length, 0.154 m. Thickness, 0.002 m. x 0.003 ra. 
 Width of blade, 0.004 m. 
 
 Discards of (6') : twenty-six, all uncleaned. 
 
 (r'.) The following have lost both ends. 
 Pi-obably the majority are from spits. 
 
 2293. Length, 0.054 m. Thickness, 0.0012 ra. 
 
 2294. Length, 0.113 m. Thickness, 0.0017 m. 
 
 2295. Length, 0.104 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m. 
 
 2296. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.0565 m. Tliickness, 0.002 m. 
 
 2297. Length, 0.102 m. Thickness, 0.0021m. 
 
 2298. From back South Building. Length, 
 0.099 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m. 
 
 2299. Fi-om back of South Building. Length, 
 0.092 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m. 
 
 2300. From south slope. Length, 0.169 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 
 230L From first chamber at east end on lower 
 terrace, April 28, 1893. Bent. Length, 0.093 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0028 m. Possibly a part of a 
 handle. 
 
 2302. From West Building. Length, 0.115 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0035 m. 
 
 2303. Length. 0.135 m. Thickness, 0.0047 m. 
 
 2304. Len«rth, 0.22 m. Thickness, 0.005 m. 
 
 2305. Length, 0.29 m. Thickness, 0.0055 m. 
 
 2306. Length, 0.273 m. Thickness, 0.0058 m. 
 
 2307. Length, 0.395 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 
 2308. Length, 0.418 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 
 2309. Length, 0.42 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 
 2310. Length, 0.505 m. Thickness, 0.0085 m. 
 Perhaps used as hook. 
 
 In the following numbers the blunted ends 
 may be original. 
 
 2311. Length, 0.353 m. Thickness, 0.0023 m.- 
 0.0038 m. Smaller end smootlUy rounded. 
 
 2312. Length, 0.373 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.- 
 0.004 m. Smaller end as in No. 2311. 
 
 Discards of (c'). Cleaned : forty-six of length and 
 tliickness included in above catalogued specimens. Two 
 of them from south slope and one from back of South 
 Building. Uncleaned : six hundred and sixty-four of 
 length and thickness included as above except length, 
 0.048 m. ; thickness, 0.0075 m.-O.Oll m. 
 
 Class p. Shaft rectangidar and round. 
 Group i. Pointed ends. 
 
 2313. Uncleaned. Length, 0.261 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0015 m. Rounded toward point. 
 
 2314. Ends slightly blunted. Length, 0.126 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0018 m. and less. 
 
 2315. Uncleaned. Bent double and twisted. 
 Length as now, 0.222 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 and less. 
 
 Addenda. Not certain that the following if 
 complete would belong here. 
 
 (a'.) Fragments with pointed end. 
 
 2316. Length, 0.086 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2317. Length, 0.0435 m. Thickness, 0.0019 m. 
 
 2318. Uncleaned. Length, 0.15 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0015 m. 
 
 2319. Length, 0.122 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2320. Uncleaned. Length, 0.127 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0023 m.x 0.001 m. and less. Toward 
 large end flattens to 0.0007 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : cleaned, three ; uncleaned, forty. 
 
 (6'.) Fragments with blunt ends. Uncertain. 
 
 2321. Length, 0.465 m. Thickness, 0.0045m. x 
 0.0055 m. to 0.003 ni. x 0.0037 m. 
 
 2322. Uncleaned. Length, 0.165 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0045 m. and less. Perhaps a nail. 
 
 (c'.) Fragments with bladed points. 
 
 232a Uncleaned. Length, 0.312 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.002 m. Width of blade, 0.0045 m. 
 
 2324. Bent. Length, 0.234 m. Thickness, 
 0.0045 m. and less. Width of blade, 0.005 m. 
 
 2324 a. Uncleaned. Point injured. Length, 
 
 
'( 
 
 i 
 
 302 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 0.303 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m. and less. Width 
 of blade, 0.0025 m. 
 
 The following number has a composite shaft. 
 
 2325. Bent. Length, 0.283 m. Thickness, 
 0.005 m. and less. Width of blade, 0.0065 m. 
 Rectangle has three engraved lines at transition 
 to round. Into rectangle is inserted flat piece 
 (length, 0.026 m. ; width, 0.005 m. x 0.0015 m.) 
 which is held by a rivet. Uncertain how this 
 piece ended. 
 
 Discards of (c') : two uncleaned. 
 
 Group ii. At one end, blunt tip, immedi- 
 ately preceded by groove. 
 
 2326. Uncleaned. Length, 0.304 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.003 m. and less. Rectangle terminates 
 0.069 ra. from blunt end and 0.075 m. from point. 
 Transition to round more abrupt toward blunt 
 end. Shaft pinched in just before tip, which is 
 imperfectly developed. 
 
 Addemla. Fragments. Not certain that all 
 would belong here if complete. 
 
 (a'.) Ends. Arrangement by form of tran- 
 sition from rectangle to round, beginning with 
 the more gradual transitions. 
 
 2327. Uncleaned. Length, 0.121 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0043 m. and less. Diameter of tip, 
 0.0025 m. 
 
 2328. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.228 m. 
 Thickness, 0.004 m. Diameter of tip, 0.003 m. 
 Transition plain but not abrupt. 
 
 2329. Uncleaned. Length, 0.154 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.004 m. and less. Rectangle swells at 
 transition. Diameter of tip, 0.0013 m. 
 
 2330. Uncleaned. Length, 0.126 m. Rec- 
 
 0.005 
 
 m. 
 
 sq. 
 
 and less. Transition 
 
 tangle, 
 plain. 
 
 (&'.) Both ends lacking (corresponding to 
 CUi8» a. Addenda, c'). 
 
 2331. Uncleaned. Length, 0.147 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0012 m. 
 
 2332. Uncleaned. Length, 0.222 ra. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0013 m. and less. 
 
 2333. Length, 0.147 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2334. 
 
 0.058 m. 
 
 2335. 
 
 From back of South Building. Length, 
 Thickness, 0.0028 m. and less. 
 Length, 0.124 m. Thickness, 0.0029 
 m. and less. 
 
 2336. Bent like a hook. Length, 0.213 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0039 m. and less. Near lower part 
 of rectangle five lines close together. 
 
 2337. Length, 0.381 m. Thickness, 0.0039 
 m. and less. Transition gradual. 
 
 2338. From south slope. Length, 0.077 m. 
 Thickness, 0.004 m. and less. Transition sharp. 
 Probable traces of three lines of engraving on 
 rectangle just before. 
 
 2339. Length, 0.402 m. Thickness, 0.0043 m. 
 and less. Transition gradual. 
 
 Plate CXXVIIL 
 
 234a From West Building. Length, 0.264 
 m. Thickness, 0.0055 m. and less. 
 
 2341. Length, 0.179 m. Thickness, 0.0055 
 m. and less. 
 
 2342. Length, 0.448 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2343. Length, 0.205 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2344. Length, 0.342 m. Thickness, 0.0065 
 m. and less. 
 
 234& Length, 0.24 m. Thickness, 0.0075 m. 
 
 and less. 
 
 Discards similar to above : cleaned, fourteen, of which 
 one has three Hues of engraving at transition and one 
 comes from West Building ; uncleaned, two hundred and 
 twenty-eight. Length and thickness of discards included 
 in catalogued specimens. 
 
 The following are composite. 
 
 2346. Length, 0.18 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 and less. Gradual transition emphasized by 
 three lines of engraving on rectangle. Into 
 rectangular end is inserted piece, of which 
 length, 0.029 m., thickness, 0.001 m.-0.0025 m. 
 Uncertain whether riveted. 
 
 2347. Length, 0.19 ra. Thickness, 0.0065 m. 
 and less. In rectangular end, slot for insertion 
 of separate piece of bronze or iron. Length of 
 slot, 0.01 m. Width, 0.0013 m. 
 
 2348. Length, 0.24 m. Thickness, 0.0065 
 m. and less. Rectangle has three lines of en- 
 graving at transition. In end of rectangle is 
 inserted bronze piece, of which length, 0.029 m., 
 width, 0.006, thickness, 0.001 m.-0.003 m., 
 increasing towanl end of shaft. Fastened by 
 two rivets. 
 
 Cla»n y. Part of »hajt a twisted rectanyu- 
 hir bar. (Fragments only.) 
 Group i. Rectangular (plain and twisted) 
 and round, 
 (f/.) Points. 
 
 2349. Much l)ent. Length, about 0.30 m. 
 Thickness, 0.003 m. and less. Tapers gradually 
 to point. 
 
 (6'.) Blades. 
 
 2350. Length, 0.047 m. Thickness, 0.002 m. 
 and less. Width of blade, 0.004 m. 
 
 i^i 
 
 SPITS 
 
 303 
 
 4 
 
 (c'.) No end preserved. 
 
 2351. Uncleaned. Length, 0.253 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0025 m. and less. 
 
 2352. Length, 0.113 m. Thickness, 0.0034 
 m. and less. 
 
 2353. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.215 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. and less. 
 
 2354. Condition poor. Length, 0.305 m. 
 
 Thickness, 0.0045 m. and less. Color reddish. 
 
 Discards of (c') : uncleaned, three. Dimensions in- 
 cluded in the catalogued specimens. 
 
 Group ii. Rectangular (twisted) and 
 round. 
 2366. Uncleaned. Length, 0.175 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.003 ra. and less. 
 
 Discards : uncleaned, three, of which two are thicker, 
 but all shorter, than No. 2366. 
 
 Group iii. Rectangular (plain and 
 twisted). 
 2366. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0012 ra. and less. 
 
 2357. Uncleaned. Length, 0.069 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.002 m. and less. 
 
 2358. Uncleaned. Length, 0.154 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0025 ra. and less. One end turned up 
 sharply like a hook. 
 
 2359. Length, 0.194 ra. Thickness, 0.0035 ra. 
 and less. 
 
 2360. Uncleaned. Length, 0.262 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0045 m. and less. 
 
 Discards: uncleaned, seven, the dimensions of which 
 are included among those of the above catalogued speci- 
 mens, excepting one which is 0.292 m. in length. 
 
 Group iv. Rectangular (twisted). 
 
 2361. Uncleaned. Length, 0.078 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0037 ra. and less. 
 
 Discards : uncleaned, two. 
 
 Class S. Rectangular shaft. (No complete 
 pieces preserved, but some of the ends are 
 probably complete in essential features 
 of shaft.) 
 (a'.) Points. 
 
 2362. From West Building. Length, 0.085 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0006 ra x 0.0008 m. 
 
 2363. Part lost since photograph was made. 
 Present length, 0.307 m. Thickness, 0.001 m. x 
 0.0007 m. and less. 
 
 2364. Uncleaned. Length, 0.312 ra. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0012 ra. X 0.001 ra. 
 
 2365. Length, 0.19 ra. Thickness,0.0015ra.x 
 0.001 ra. Reddish. Flexible. 
 
 2366. Length, 0.192 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m. 
 X 0.0022 m. Reddish. Flexible. 
 
 Discards: cleaned, one; uncleaned, five. Dimensions 
 included in above specimens. 
 
 (6'.) Blades. 
 
 2367. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.088 ra. Thickness, 0.003 m. x 0.0022 m. Sec- 
 tion near centre would be diamond-shaped. 
 Square toward blade. Width of blade, 0.003 m. 
 Decrease in thickness toward broken end, which 
 is 0.002 m. X 0.0018 m., may indicate that object 
 was a medical instrument. 
 
 2368. Uncleaned. Length, 0.331 ra. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0025 m. x 0.002 m. and less. Width of 
 blade, 0.0032 m. 
 
 2369. Condition poor. Length, 0.145 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0033 m. x 0.0029 ra. near centre ; 
 decreases toward ends. Width of blade, 
 0.0045 ra. (at beginning, 0.0033 m. ; at end, 
 0.0037 ra.). 
 
 Discards : uncleaned, four. 
 
 (c'.) Ends gone. 
 
 2370. Length, 0.101m. Thickness, 0.0009 m. 
 X 0.0008 m. and less. 
 
 2371. Length, 0.066 m. Thickness, 0.001 m.x 
 0.0008 m. and less. 
 
 2372. Uncleaned. Length, 0.193 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0011 ra. X 0.0009 m. and less. 
 
 2373. Length, 0.206 m. Thickness, 0.00 14 m. 
 X 0.0009 m. and less. 
 
 2374. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.046 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. x 0.0012 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2375. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.112 ra. Thickness, 0.0015 m. and less. 
 
 2376. From south slope. Length, 0.148 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0015 ra. and less. 
 
 2377. Frora West Building. Length, 0.135 m. 
 Thickness, 0.0019 m. x 0.0016 m. and less. 
 
 2378. Length, 0.133 m. Thickness, 0.0019 m. 
 X 0.0016 ra. (diamond section). Reddish. Flexi- 
 ble. 
 
 2379. Length, 0.141m. Thickness, 0.0019 m. 
 X 0.0016 ra. and less. Section diamond-shaped. 
 
 2380. Length, 0.132 m. Thickuess,0.002m.x 
 0.0016 ra. and less. Section diaraond-shaped. 
 
 2381. Length, 0.12 ra. Thickness, 0.002 m. x 
 0.0018 ra. Reddish. Section diamond-shaped. 
 
 2382. Length, 0.226 ra. Thickness, 0.002 m. 
 and less. Section diamond-shaped. 
 
 2383. Length, 0.065 m. Thickness, 0.0026 m. 
 X 0.002 m. Section diamond shaped. 
 
 2384. Length, 0.128 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2385. Uncleaned. Length, 0.407 m. Thick- 
 
 ty 
 
304 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 ness, 0.0035 ni. x 0.004 m. and less. Section 
 tliaiuoml-shaped. 
 
 2386. Length, 0.263 m. Thickness, 0.0035 m. 
 
 X 0.0038 m. 
 
 2387. Length, 0.177 m. Thickness, 0.004 m. 
 
 and less. 
 
 2388. Length,0.178 m. Thickness,0.004m.x 
 
 0.0037 ni. 
 
 2389. Length, 0.2035 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.- 
 0.0025 m. Sides irregular and covered with 
 small concave surfaces. 
 
 2390. From West Building. Length, 0.086 m. 
 Thickness, 0.006 m. square. Slight groove near 
 
 one end. 
 
 2391. Length, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m. 
 
 X 0.007 m. and less. 
 
 DLicardu : cleaned, nineteen; uncleaned, two hundred 
 and thirty, the dimensions of which are included in those 
 of the above specimens. 
 
 Type b. One knob. 
 
 FOR-M 1. KXOB A GRADUAL SWELLING OF 
 
 SHAFT. Sides of knob rounded. 
 Class a. Shaft paHly round and parthj 
 
 n'cta7igulai' (the portions next to knob 
 
 being rectangiilar). 
 Both ends pointed. 
 
 2392. Length, 0.15 m. Thickness of shaft, 
 0.001 m. and less. Centre of knob to nearest 
 end, 0.03 m. Thickness of knob, 0.002 m. 
 
 239a Bent. Length, 0.208 m. Thickness of 
 shaft, 0.0013 m. and less. Centre of knob to 
 nearest end, 0.029 m. Thickness of knob, 
 
 0.0024 ra. 
 
 Discards : uncleaned and in poor condition, twa 
 
 Addenda. Incomplete pieces. 
 («'.) Ends. 
 
 2394. Uncleaned. Length, 0.193 m. Size 
 of shaft, 0.0018 m. x 0.0015 m. and less. Centre 
 of knob to point, 0.136 m. Thickness of knob, 
 
 0.003 m. 
 
 2395. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.196 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0017 m. x 0.0019 m. and less. Centre 
 of knob to point, 0.0875 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.003 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') i uncleaned, two. Dimensions included 
 in preceding. 
 
 (6'.) Both ends lacking. 
 
 2396. Length, 0.094 m. Shaft, 0.0013 m. 
 and less. Thickness of knob, 0.0025 m. Reddish. 
 
 2397. Uncleaned. Length, 0.215 m. Shaft, 
 0.0018 m. X 0.0015 m. and less. Thickness of 
 knob, 0.0035 m. 
 
 2398. Uncleaned. Length, 0.205 m. Shaft, 
 
 0.002 m.x 0.0017 m. and less. Thickness of 
 knob, 0.0032 m. 
 
 Discards of (i') : cleaned, one; uncleaned, twelve. 
 Greatest dimensions: length, 0.41 m.; width of shaft, 
 0.003 m.; thickness of knob, 0.006 m. (all these measure- 
 ments from different objects). 
 
 Class p. Similar to Clast* a, but with tran- 
 sition fi'om rectangular to round part of 
 shaft emphasized. Cf. Nos. 2327 ff. 
 Ends pointed. Arrangement by de- 
 velopment of transition. 
 
 2399. Length, 0.177 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m*. 
 square at transition, elsewhere less. Centre of 
 knob to short end, 0.0425 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.0027 m. Transition plain, but not sharp. 
 
 2400. Uncleaned. Length, 0.406 m. Shaft, 
 0.0014 m. X 0.0015 m. and less. Centre of 
 knob to nearest jwint, 0.062 m. Between this 
 point and knob, slight but sharp transition. 
 Transition between the other iK)int and knob 
 gradual. Thickness of knob, 0.0028 m. 
 
 Addenda. Incomplete pieces, 
 (r/ .) Points. Arrangement by form of tran- 
 sition. 
 
 2401. Uncleaned. Length, 0.307 m. Shaft 
 generally 0.0013 m. x 0.0015 m. Centre of 
 knob to nearest \tomi. 0.098 m. Principal tran- 
 sition, which is plain, but not abrupt, on this end. 
 On lono^ end shaft thickens to 0.0018 m. at about 
 0.02 m. from knob and again to about same size 
 just before transition. Transition gradual on 
 this end. Thickness of knob, 0.0035 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : uncleaned, one. 
 (6'.) Blunted ends, perhaps not jwinted origi- 
 nally. More developed than preceding number. 
 
 2402. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.10 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0018 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to end, 0.071 m. Thickness of 
 knob, 0.0042 m. Transition abrupt and accom- 
 panied bv thickening of shaft. 
 
 2403.' Length, 0.102 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 
 0.0019 m. and less. Centre of knob to tip, 
 0.082 m. Thickness of knob, 0.005 m. Tran- 
 sition fully developed and accompanied by in- 
 crease of shaft to 0.0025 m. square. 
 
 Class y. Similar to Class a, but trith a 
 jtftrtion of the rectangle tieisted. (Frag- 
 ments only.) 
 Points. 
 2404. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.40 m. 
 Thickness of knob, 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m. x 
 0.0013 m. Centre of knob from point, 0.1525 
 m. Principal transition on this end prepared by 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 SPITS 
 
 305 
 
 increase in shaft to 0.002 m. x 0.0019 m. On 
 other side of knob transition more gradual. Rec- 
 tangular part of shaft twisted before principal 
 transition and in middle of other side. Prob- 
 ably nearly complete. 
 
 Discards (both points gone) : uncleaned, two. 
 
 Class 8. Shaft jntrtly round and partly 
 rectangular, the jMrtions next to knob 
 being round. (No complete specimens.) 
 Blade end. 
 2405l Uncertain how much gone from broken 
 end, but there were probably no more knobs, 
 lient. Length, 0.338 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.0075 m. Thickness of shaft, about 0.003 m. 
 Centre of knob to end of blatle, 0.177 m. 
 Abrupt transition on this end, before which 
 thickness of shaft increases to 0.0038 m. x 
 0.004 m. On same end near knob, five encircling 
 lines of engraving. They serve to emphasize 
 the transition from round to rectangle. 
 
 The following fragment, if complete, would 
 |>erhaps belong to a different class. 
 
 2406. lioth ends gone. Length, 0.136 m. 
 Thickness of knob, 0.01 m. Thickness of shaft, 
 0.005 m. 
 
 Class e. Shaft rectangular. (Fragments 
 
 only.) 
 
 («'.) Points. 
 
 2407. Uncleaned. Length, 0.256 m. Thick- 
 ness of knob, 0.0032 m. Shaft, 0.0013 m. square 
 and less. Centre of knob to point, 0.16 m. 
 
 2408. Length, 0.099 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. x 0.0013 m. Centre 
 of knob from point, 0.0755 m. 
 
 Discards of (a') : uncleaned one. 
 
 (6'.) Both ends lacking. 
 
 2409. Length, 0.084 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.003 m. Width of sides, 0.0015 m. and less. 
 
 2410. Uncleaned. Length, 0.20 m. Thick- 
 ness of knob, 0.0027 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m.x 
 0.0019 m. and less. 
 
 2411. Uncleaned. Length, 0.093 m. Thick- 
 ness of knob, 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square 
 
 and less. 
 Discards of (Jb') : cleaned, one; uncleaned, six. 
 
 Addenda to FoRM 1. Fragments. 
 
 («'.) Similar to Class €, but with shaft partly 
 
 twisted. Both ends gone. 
 
 2412. Length, 0.15 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.0065 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less. 
 
 (6'.) Fragment with knob at one end. Ad- 
 jacent shaft first rectangular then angularly 
 elliptical. Both ends gone. 
 
 2413. Length, 0.095 m. Thickness of knob, 
 0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0016 ra. square near knob, 
 afterwards 0.0023 m.x 0.008 m.-0.0033 m.x 
 0.0023 m. Reddish. 
 
 Form 2. Knob as in Form 1, but sides 
 are angular. 
 
 Class a. Shaft partly round ami partly 
 rectangular, the j^ortions next to knob 
 being rectangular. (No complete pieces.) 
 («'.) Points. 
 
 2414. Uncleaned. Length, 0.202 m. Knob, 
 0.003 m. square. Shaft, 0.0013 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob, 0.14 ra. from point. 
 
 2415. Uncleaned. Length, 0.185 m. Knob, 
 0.0025 m. square. Shaft, 0.002 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to point, 0.135 m. 
 
 2416. Uncleaned. Length, 0.454 m. Knob, 
 0.0027 m. square. Shaft, 0.0018 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to point, 0.3985 m. 
 
 2417. Uncleaned. Length, 0.255 m. Knob, 
 0.003 m. square. Shaft, 0.002 m. square and 
 less. Centre to point, 0.108 m. Cf. No. 2680. 
 
 Discards of (a') ; uncleaned, two. 
 
 (6'.) Both ends lacking. 
 
 2418. Uncleaned. Length, 0.198 m. Knob, 
 0.0022 m.x 0.0012 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m.x 
 0.001 m. 
 
 2419. Uncleaned. Length, 0.222 m. Knob, 
 0.0028 m. X 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0022 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2420. Uncleaned. Length, 0.403 m. Knob, 
 
 0.005 m. square. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0028 m. 
 
 and less. 
 
 Discards of (b') : cleaned, one; uncleaned, five. 
 
 Class p. Similar to Class a, but with more 
 
 develojml transition from rectangular 
 
 part of shaft to round. (No complete 
 
 specimens.) 
 
 («'.) Point. 
 
 2421. Uncleaned. Length, 0.271 m. Knob, 
 0.0027 m. square. Shaft, 0.0022 ra. x 0.002 m. 
 and less. Centre of knob, 0.114 m. from point. 
 Principal transition on this end. Plain but not 
 abrupt. No swelling. On the other side of 
 knob, gradual transition. 
 
 (7/.) Ends. 
 
 2422. Uncleaned. Length, 0.333 m. Knob, 
 0.0027 m.x 0.0029 m. Shaft, 0.002 m.x 
 0.0017 m. and less. Shaft on one side of knob 
 rectangular to end (0.06 m. from centre of 
 knob). On the other side, plain transition to 
 round at 0.14 m. from centre of knob. 
 
 2423. Uncleaned. Length, 0.30 m. Knob, 
 
 i 
 
 i 'I 
 !( 
 
306 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 307 
 
 square. 
 
 Form 3. Knob two convex or straight 
 surfaces with rounded sides which 
 meet with or without forming an 
 ANGLE. Shaft cut down at either end 
 
 OF KNOB, AND AT THESE POINTS USUALLY 
 EMPHASIZED, SUCH EMPHASIS IN THE MORE 
 DEVELOPED SPECIMENS TAKING THE FORM 
 OF ONE OR MORE RINGS. 
 
 Owing to the lack of sharp distinctions be- 
 tween tlie specimens of greater and less degree 
 of development, it seems best to group all the 
 Knob, 0.0022 m. x 0.002 m. Shaft, examples together according to the degree of 
 
 development of the knob and its appurtenances. 
 Class a. Shaft partly rectamjular and 
 jiartly round, the part next to knob being 
 rectanyidar. 
 
 («'.) Ends pointed. 
 
 2437. Uucleaned. Length, 0.0325 m. Knob, 
 
 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0014 m. x 0.0018 m. at knob, 
 
 elsewhere less. Centre of knob to one })oint, 
 
 0.195 m. Transitions gradual, that on short 
 
 Knob, end being the more marked. 
 
 243a Bent. Length, 0.127 m. Knob, 0.0025 
 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m.x 0.0023 m. Centre of 
 knob from one point, 0.0835 m. Transition 
 gradual. Short end rectangular to point. 
 
 2439. Uncleaned. Length, 0.467 m. Knob, 
 0.0034 m. Shaft, 0.002 m.x 0.0018 m. Centre 
 of knob to nearest end, 0.12 ni. Transitions 
 gradual. 
 
 2440. From back of South Building. Ends 
 blunted. Length, 0.401 m. Knob, 0.0057 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0022 m. x 0.0023 m. Centre of knob 
 to one end, 0.227 m. Transition on this side 
 plainly marked. The other side is rectangular 
 to within 0.031 m. of end. 
 
 2440 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.133 m. 
 Knob, 0.0055 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m. x 0.003 m. 
 and less. Centre of knob to nearest end, 0.051 
 m. This end rectangidar. 
 
 (6'.) Points (enough of shaft pre- 
 served to render one-knob type 
 certain). 
 
 Slightly develojjed, oblong knobs. 
 244L Roughly coiled. Length, 0.438 m. 
 Knob, 0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to point, 0.088 m. Transitions 
 
 0.0038 m. square. Shaft, 0.0028 ra. x 0.003 m. 
 and less. Short portion at one end entirely rec- 
 tangular. On the other side, plain but easy 
 transition at O.OG m. from centre of knob. 
 
 2424. Uncleaned. Length, 0.203 m. Knob, 
 0.0038 m.x 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. and 
 less. Gradual transitions. 
 
 Clans y. Similar to Class a, but with rec- 
 tuMjular part partially twisted. 
 Point. 
 
 2425. Uncleaned. Condition poor. Length, 
 0.222 m 
 
 0,0016 m. and less. Centre of knob, 0.15 m. 
 from jKjint. Gradual transition. Shaft mostly 
 twisted on both sides of knob. 
 
 Class S. Shaft rectanr/idar. 
 Only pointed ends. 
 
 2426. Probably about complete. Length, 
 0.080 m. Knob, 0.0025 m. x 0.0007 ra. Shaft, 
 0.002 m. X 0.0007 m. and less. Centre of knob to 
 one end, 0.065 m. Both ends dull. Color reddish. 
 
 2427. Uncleaned. Length, 0.155 m. 
 0.0025 m. square. Shaft, 0.0017 m. 
 Centre of knob to one end, 0.0735 m. 
 
 The following are incomplete. 
 («'.) Points. 
 
 2428. Length, 0.455 m. Knob, 0.002 m. 
 square. Shaft, 0.0013 m. square and less. 
 Centre of knob to jwint, 0.40 m. 
 
 2429. Xearly complete. Length, 0.112 m. 
 Knob, 0.002 m. x 0.0017 m. Shaft, 0.0016 m. x 
 0.0015 m. and less. Centre of knob to point, 
 0.082 m. 
 
 243a Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 0.0025 m. x 
 0.0024 m. Shaft 0.0015 m. x 0.0017 m. Centre 
 of knob to point, 0.0027 m. 
 (&'.) Both ends lacking. 
 2431. Uncleaned. Length, 0.142 m. Knob, 
 
 Shaft, 0.001 m. and less. 
 Length, 0.097 m. Knob, 
 Shaft, 0.0012 m. square 
 
 Length, 0.099 ni. Knob, 
 Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0017 
 
 0.0016 m. X 0.0017 m. 
 
 2432. Uncleaned. 
 0.003 m. X 0.0022 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2433. Uncleaned. 
 0.0025 m. X 0.0022 m. 
 m. and less. 
 
 2434. Length, 0.104 m. Knob, 0.0034 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 ra. square and less. 
 
 2435i Length, 0.207 m. Knob, 0.0055 m. x 
 0.005 ra. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0038 m. and less. 
 
 The following nuraber is more developed. 
 
 2436. Uncleaned. Length, 0.153 m. Knob, 
 0.0035 m. X 0.0033 ra. Shaft, 0.0024 m. square. 
 
 Discards of (/>') : uucleaued, four. 
 
 gradual. 
 
 2442. Uncleaned. Light green patina. 
 Length, 0.422 m. Knob, 0.0045 m. Shaft, 
 0.0025x0.0023 m. Centre of knob to point, 
 0.14 ra. Transitions gradual, that on long end 
 being the more plainly marked. 
 
 2443i From south slope. Bent. Length, 
 0.254 m. Knob, 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 
 0.0024 m. at knob, elsewhere less. Centre of 
 knob to point, 0.167 ra. 
 
 2444. Uncleaned. Length, 0.39 ra. Knob, 
 0.006 ra. Shaft, 0.0035 ra. square near knob, 
 elsewhere less. Transition gradual, but prepared 
 for by slight increase in thickness of shaft. 
 
 2444 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.375 m. Knob, 
 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0019 ra. square and less. 
 Centre of knob to point, 0.131 m. Transitions 
 gradual, but that on short end accompanied by 
 slight swelling of shaft. 
 
 Discards similar to above : uncleaned, two. 
 
 The following have more develoijed knobs, 
 with a tendency to diminish their length. 
 
 2445. From West Building. Length, 0.435 m. 
 Knob, 0.0028 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. (at knob, 
 0.0018 m.). Centre of knob to point, 0.12 m. 
 Transitions gradual, that on short end being pre- 
 ceded by slight swelling of shaft. 
 
 2246. Length, 0.222 ra. Knob, 0.0035 m. 
 Shaft, 0.002 ra. square (at principal transition), 
 elsewhere less. Centre of knob to point, 0.118 ra. 
 Transition gradual, but preceded by above swell- 
 ing. The other transition is gradual. 
 
 2447. Length, 0.208 ra. Knob, 0.004 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 ra. square and less. Short end of 
 shaft rectangular, long end has gradual transi- 
 tion. Centre of knob to jjoint, 0.176 ra. 
 
 2448. Uncleaned. Length, 0.305 ra. Knob, 
 0.0075 ra. Shaft, 0.0025 ra. square and less. 
 Centre of knob to jwint, 0.112 ra. Transition 
 plain, but not abrupt. From transition to point, 
 engraved screw-threading. On other side of 
 knob, shaft has gradual transition. 
 
 Discards similar to abate (Nos. 2445-2448) : un- 
 cleaned, one. 
 
 (c'.) Points which do not include 
 enough of shaft to make it certain 
 that there was one knob only. 
 Knob oblong. Partially developed. 
 
 2449. Uncleaned. Length, 0.42 m. Knob, 
 0.004 ra. Shaft, 0.002 ra. x 0.0017 ra. and less. 
 Transition grailual. 
 
 2460. Uncleaned. Length, 0.225 ra. Knob, 
 0.005 ra. Shaft, 0.0025 ui. square and less. 
 Advance<l transition with preliminary swelling, 
 connecting ring and round, blunt, ornamented 
 terminal piece, engraved with spread screw- 
 threading. This end is distant 0.0865 ra. frora 
 centre of knob. On the other side of knob, 
 gradual transitions. 
 
 Discards with knobs similar to Nos. 244B f . : uncleaned, 
 
 one. 
 
 Short partially developed knob, re- 
 sembling ring. 
 
 2451. Uncleaned. Length, 0.156 ra. Knob, 
 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0025 ra. x 0.0024 m. and 
 less. 
 
 Short developed knobs with tendency 
 to angularity. 
 
 2452. Point blunted. Length, 0.133 ra. Knob, 
 0.0045 ra. Shaft, 0.002 ra. x 0.0025 m. and 
 less. Gradual transitions. 
 
 2463. Length, 0.207 ra. Knob, 0.005 ra. 
 Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.003 ra. and less. Short 
 end rectangular, the other has gradual transition. 
 Zigzag on shaft at both sides of knob. 
 
 2464. Length, 0.153 ra. Knob, 0.0045 m. 
 Shaft, 0.002 ra. x 0.0025 ra. and less. Plain 
 but not abrupt transition, with slight increase in 
 thickness of shaft. 
 
 2455. Length, 0.219 ra. Knob, 0.0085 ra. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 ra. square and less. Preserved 
 transition gradual but plain. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2452 ft.) : uncleaned, 
 seven. 
 
 (</'.) Complete pieces with blunt ends. 
 Developed knobs. 
 
 2466. Uncleaned. Length, 0.3275 m. Knob, 
 0.0055 ra. Shaft, 0.0027 ra. x 0.0029 m. at 
 knob and main transition, elsewhere less. Ends 
 plain, but one is preceded by a groove. Diame- 
 ter, 0.0017 ra. Distance frora centre of knob, 
 0.181 ra. Transition plain but not abrupt. The 
 other transition is gradual. 
 
 (e'.) Blunt end with insufficient shaft 
 to raake certain that there was one 
 knob only. 
 
 2457. Length, 0.249 m. Knob, 0.009 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m. square and less. Preserved 
 transition plain but gradual. 
 
 2467 a. Length, 0.3855 m. Knob, 0.01 ra. 
 At either side, ring. Shaft, 0.0038 m. square and 
 less. Centre of knob to end, 0.231 ra. Groove 
 at end. Gradual transitions. 
 
 2457 b. Condition poor. One rivet lost. 
 Length, 0.114 m. Knob, 0.0095 ra. Shaft, 
 0.0075 ra. X 0.008 m. at knob, elsewhere less. 
 Centre of knob to end, 0.0895 ra. Transition 
 plain but not abrupt. Marked with two (or per- 
 haps three) grooves. Groove at end, forraing 
 sort of cap. This end of shaft spliced with 
 blade 0.036 ra. in length and 0.0035 m.-O.OOl ra. 
 in thickness, which is inserted and held by two 
 
 Ij 
 
 I 
 
 i^aa 
 
308 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 309 
 
 rivets. Possibly not a spit, but formally sim- 
 ilar. 
 Discards of (e') : one, uucleaned. 
 
 (/'.) Ornamented blunt end with ad- 
 vanced transition. 
 
 2458. Nearly complete. Length, 0.265 m. 
 Knob, 0.006 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0035 m. and 
 less. Centre of knob to short end, 0.069 m. 
 Transition accompanied by increase in thickness 
 and by disk-ring. Terminal piece ornamented 
 with screw-threading and a convex surface. On 
 the other side of knob, gradual transition. Might 
 be taken as a straight pin of Type k. Seems 
 better to regard it as a mixed or transitional 
 form midway between pin and spit, the solid disk 
 corresponding to the separable disk still pre- 
 served on certain spits, e. g. in the Carapanos 
 collection (from Dodona.) 
 
 («/'.) Ornamented blunt end with ad- 
 vanced transition. (Original length 
 and number of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2459. Uucleaned. Length, 0.0815 m. Knob, 
 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less. 
 Centre of knob to preserved end, 0.06 m. 
 Transition followed by terminal piece with screw- 
 threading. 
 
 2460. Uucleaned. Length, 0.0915 m. Knob, 
 0.008 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.035 m. at transi- 
 tion, elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end, 
 0.0705 m. Ring at transition. Just before 
 end, convex surface. 
 
 2461. Uncleaned. Length, 0.067 m. Knob, 
 0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. and less. Centre 
 of knob to end, 0.0455 m. Short tenninal end 
 ornamented with convex surfaces and screw- 
 threading. 
 
 2462. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1535 m. Knob, 
 0.008 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square and less. 
 Centre of knob to end, 0.1435 m. Ring at 
 transition. Round part of end covered with fine 
 threading. 
 
 Discard of (^') : uncleaned, two. 
 
 (A'.) Similar to (7'), but with terminal 
 
 more developed. (In no case is 
 
 original number of knobs certain.) 
 
 246a Length, 0.097 m. Knob, 0.0105 m. 
 
 Slijrht ring at either side. Shaft, 0.005 m. 
 
 square at transition, elsewhere less. Centre of 
 
 knob to end, 0.079 m. Ring after transition. 
 
 (*'.) Similar to (h'), but with highly 
 developed mass of rings taking the 
 place of transition. (Original num- 
 ber of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2464. Length, 0.071 m. Knob, 0.012 m. At 
 either side, two rings. Shaft, 0.0055 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to end, 0.0675 m. Sides of rec- 
 tangular part of shaft ornamented with zigzag 
 frameil in five lines. 
 
 Q'.) Ends gone. No rings at side of 
 knob. 
 
 Oblong rounded knobs. (Number 
 of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2465. Uncleaned. Patinated light green. 
 Length, 0.211 m. Knob, 0.0024 m. Shaft, 
 0.0017 m. square. Gradual transition. 
 
 2466. Uncleanetl. length, 0.192 m. Knob, 
 0.0034 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m. square and less. 
 Gradual transition. 
 
 2467. Uncleaned. Length, 0.295 m. Knob, 
 0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less. 
 Transition gradual. Size of knob and shaft dis- 
 proportionate. 
 
 246a Length, 0.252 m. Knob, 0.009 m. 
 
 Shaft, 0.007 m. square next to knob, elsewhere 
 
 less. On one side of knob, rectangular stub ; on 
 
 the other, nearly complete long end with gradual 
 
 transition. Next to knob on short end, five or six 
 
 faint grooves, beyond which a few circles. On 
 
 long end, a single groove, after which faint circles, 
 
 of which some are dotted, others crossed, and the 
 
 remainder plain. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2465 ff.) : uncleaned, 
 ten. 
 
 Short rounded knobs. 
 
 2469. Uncleanetl. length, 0.158 m. Knob, 
 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. square and less. 
 Gradual transition. 
 
 2470. Uncleaned. Length, 0.32 m. Knob, 
 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less. 
 Gradual transition. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Xos. 2468 f.) : uncleaned, 
 one. 
 
 Oblong knobs, the sides of which, 
 convex or straight, meet at a sharp 
 or slightly rounded angle. 
 
 2471. Uncleaned. Length, 0.12 m. Knob, 
 0.0038 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. square at knob, 
 elsewhere less. Gradual transition. 
 
 2472. Length, 0.09 m. Knob, 0.005 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less. Transition 
 plain but gradual. 
 
 2473. Length, 0.132 m. Knob, 0.0057 m. 
 Shaft 0.003 m. square and less. Transition 
 gradual. 
 
 2474. Length, 0.181 m. Knob, 0.007 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0037 m. square at knob, elsewhere less. 
 
 Gradual transition emphasized by two grooves. 
 Rectangular part ornamented with broad undu- 
 lating zigzag. 
 
 2475. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.301 m. Knob, 0.008 m. Shaft, 0.0038 m. 
 square at knob, elsewhere less. Transition, 
 gi-ooves, and zigzag as in No. 2474. 
 
 2476. length, 0.366 m. Knob, 0.008 m. 
 Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. Transitions 
 gradual. 
 
 Plate CXXIX. 
 
 2477. Length, 0.772 m. Knob, 0.013 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0075 m. x 0.007 m. and less. Gradual 
 transition. 
 
 Discards similar to aboee (Xos. 2471 fif.): uncleaned, 
 twelve. 
 
 Short, angular knobs, similar to pre- 
 ceding, but shorter. 
 
 2478. Length, 0.105 m. Knob, 0.0034 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0018 m. square at kuob, elsewhere less. 
 Gradual transition. Original number of knobs 
 uncertain. 
 
 2479. Bent, probably purposely, into leaf- 
 8ha))ed design. Length, 0.395 m. Length as 
 bent, 0.085 m. Width, 0.045 m. Knob, 0.005 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0023 m. at kuob, elsewhere 
 less. Transitions gradual, that on shorter end 
 being plainer. 
 
 2480. Uncleaned. Length, 0.395 m. Knob, 
 0.006 m. Shaft, 0.0024 m. square at knob, 
 elsewhere less. Gradual transition. 
 
 2481. Length, 0.28 m. Knob, 0.007 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0048 m. x 0.005 m. and less. 
 
 2482. Length, 0.085 m. Knob, 0.0127 m. 
 Shaft, 0.006 m. stpiare at knob, 0.007 m. at 
 transition, elsewhere less. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2478 ff.): uncleaned, 
 nineteen. 
 
 (X;'.) Ends gone. Shaft has raised rings 
 adjoining knob. 
 
 Rounded knobs with single ring at 
 either side. 
 The following may also be regarded as straight 
 pins of Type k. Cf. No. 2458. 
 
 248a Length, 0.077 m. Knob, 0.0125 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0039 m. and less. Plain, 
 slightly abrupt transition preceded by three en- 
 graved lines. On same side (that of which the 
 more is preserved), zigzag in frame. Traces of 
 aigzag also on other side. Uncertain how many 
 knobs originally. 
 
 The following two are of doubtful classification. 
 2484. Length, 0.219 m. Knob, 0.01 m. Shaft, 
 
 0.003 m. X 0.0035 m. and less. Short end termi- 
 nates in convex surface and cap. On longer side, 
 gradual transition. Probably had only one knob. 
 
 248a Length, 0.117 m. Knob, 0.0095 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0035 m. square and less. On one side 
 of knob, ornamented terminal end, on the other, 
 rather abrupt transition. Traces of fine zigzag 
 on shaft at either side of knob. Probably sub- 
 stantially complete. 
 
 Discards similar to No. 2483: cleaned, one; uucleaned, 
 thirteen. Similar to No. 2485: uucleaned, one. Number 
 of knobs in no case certain. Majority probably Lad but 
 one knob. 
 
 Rounded knob with double ring at 
 either side. (Original number of 
 knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2486. Length, 0.16 m. Knob, 0.011 m. At 
 either side, grooved ring. On one side of knob, 
 short stub (0.007 m. x 0.003 m.), into which was 
 inserted piece held by a rivet. On the other 
 side, easy transition with one or two grooves. 
 Rectangular part ornamented with double row of 
 diamond hatching inclosed in frame. Belongs 
 here formally, though not certain that it was a 
 spit. 
 
 Angular knobs, short or slightly 
 elongated, with a single ring at 
 either side. (Original number of 
 knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2487. Length, 0.171 m. Knob, 0.0105 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less. On longer 
 preserved side, abrupt transition with three lines 
 of engraving. 
 
 2488. From West Building. Length, 0.38 m. 
 Knob, 0.0085 m. Shaft, 0.0045 m. x 0.005 m. 
 at knob, elsewhere less. Transition plain, but 
 gradual. 
 
 2489. Length, 0.4405 m. Knob, 0.014 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0057 m. square and less. Transition 
 
 gradual. 
 
 2490. From south slope. Length, 0.1355 m. 
 Knob, 0.01 m. Shaft, 0.0049 m. square and 
 less. On longer preserved side, easy transition 
 emphasized by three rings engraved at beginning 
 of round part. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2487-2490) : uncleaned, 
 
 su. 
 
 Oblong slightly angular knobs, with 
 a single wide flat ring at either 
 end. Rings rectangular. (Prob- 
 ably with but one knob origi- 
 nally.) 
 2491. Length, 0.234 m. Knob, 0.005 m. 
 
310 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 311 
 
 Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0031 m. and less. Longer 
 preserved side has gradual transition. Pi'obable 
 traces of fine zigzag near knob. 
 
 2492. Found probably at northeast comer of 
 main terrace near or under Cyclopean wall in 
 1893. Length, 0.578 m. Knob, 0.007 m. Shaft, 
 0.0038 m. X 0.004 ni. and less. Gradual tran- 
 sitions. On longer preserved side, thickening of 
 shaft (centre from centre of knob, 0.114 ui.) to 
 0.0045 m. square. Probably transitional to two- 
 knob type. 
 
 Similar rings, but knobs are more 
 angular, and are shorter in pro- 
 portion to thickness. 
 
 2493b Length, 0.274 m. Knob, 0.01 m. Shaft, 
 0.0057 m. square and less. Preserved short 
 rectangular stub on one side of knob ornamented 
 with cross inclosed at ends by a single groove. 
 Longer piece on other side of knob with gradual 
 transition emphasized by three grooves. On this 
 side, cross inclosed by double grooves at ends. 
 Uncertain how many knobs originally. 
 
 Angular knobs with several rings at 
 sides. 
 
 2494. Length, 0.222 m. Knob, 0.0085 m. 
 Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less. On one side 
 of knob, three rings, on the other, an imcertnin 
 number and gradual transition. Could be re- 
 garded as a straight pin of T3rpe k. Uncertain 
 how many knobs originally. 
 
 2495l Length, 0.273 m. Knob, 0.0155 m. 
 Shaft, 0.006 m. square and less. Single ring at 
 each side of knob. On one side, coarse zigzag, 
 on the other, gradual transition, with four grooves 
 immediately prece<ling. Between knob and tran- 
 sition, another group of about four similar 
 grooves. 
 
 Irregularly rounded rather flat knob 
 with block-like rings, partially 
 grooved, at either side. 
 
 2496. Length, 0.155 m. Knob, 0.007 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.004 m. at transition, else- 
 where less. Transition rapid, but not abiiipt. 
 
 Addendum to Class a. It is uncertain whether 
 the following was not a straight pin. 
 
 2497. Length, 0.166 m. Knob, 0.0105 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0026 m. x 0.003 m. and less. On longer 
 stub, gradual transition, marked by one or two 
 grt)oves. Rectangle ornamented with zigzag of 
 bent lines. 
 
 Clann p. Shaft rectanfjnlur on both sides 
 of knob. Lonf/ end partly tainted. 
 The following two numbers, being ends and 
 
 nearly complete, include also a rounded portion 
 beyond rectangle (or twisted rectangle). An- 
 gular knobs. 
 
 (a'.) Pointed end. 
 249a From West Building. Length, 0.42 m. 
 Knob, 0.0064 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. 
 and less. Centre of knob from point, 0.082 m. 
 Transition gradual. 
 
 (6'.) Blunt end. 
 
 2499. Uncleaued. Length, 0.401 m. Knob, 
 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0035 m. at knob, 
 elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end, 0.158 m. 
 Slight cap at end. Gradual transitions. 
 
 Discarth : iincleaned, three. These have no ends pre- 
 served, and, probably in consequence thereof, no round part. 
 
 Class y. ahaft rectantjuhir. {Jn no case 
 is ot-iffinal number (tf knobs certain.^ 
 («'.) Points. 
 
 Oblong roundetl knob. No rings. 
 
 2500. Uncleane<1. Length, 0.257 m. Knob, 
 0.0037 m. Shaft, 0.0019 m. x 0.0022 ni. and 
 less. Centre of knob to )x)int, 0.13 m. 
 
 2501. Length, 0.101 m. Knob, 0.0037 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0027 m. and less. Centre 
 of knob to point, 0.09 ra. 
 
 Similar, but with shorter knob. 
 
 2502. Length, 0.128 m. Knob, 0.0039 m. 
 Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.028 m. and less. Centre of 
 knob to point, 0.113 m. 
 
 Similar, but with angular knob. 
 
 2503. Uncleaned. Length, 0.186 m. Knob, 
 0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less. 
 Centre of knob to point, 0.087 m. 
 
 Discard similar to above (No. 2503): uncleaned, one. 
 
 (6'.) Blade end. (Original number 
 of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2504. Uncleaned. Length. 0.141 m. Knob, 
 0.005 m. Nearly rectangular. Shaft, 0.003 m. 
 and less. Centre of knob to end of blade, 
 0.048 m. Width of blade, 0.0055 m. 
 
 The following doubtful piece is put here for 
 convenience. 
 
 2505. Uncleaned. Length, 0.065 m. Knob, 
 0.0135 m. Shaft, 0.0048 m. x 0.0045 m. Centre 
 of knob to edge of blade, 0.0585 m. On same 
 side next to knob, ring rising abruptly from 
 shaft, perhaps transitional to Form 4. Width 
 of blade, 0.0095 m. 
 
 (c'.) Ends gone. Shaft plain at ends 
 of knob. 
 Rounded knobs. Oblong. 
 
 2506. length, 0.042 m. Knob, 0.0027 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0015 m. square and less. 
 
 2606 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.143 m. Knob, 
 0.0036 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0018 m. and less 
 except at 0.11 m. from knob, where it swells to 
 0.002 m. X 0.0025 m., probably to mark the com- 
 mencement of a terminal end. This piece is 
 somewhat doubtful. 
 
 2507. Uncleaned. Length, 0.114 m. Knob, 
 0.003 ra. Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0027 m. and less. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2506 ff.): uncleaned, two. 
 
 Rounded knobs. Short. 
 
 2508. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Knob, 
 0.002 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m. square and less. 
 
 2509. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Knob, 
 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m. and less. 
 
 2510. Uncleaned. Length, 0.2105 m. Knob, 
 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square next to 
 knob, elsewhere less. 
 
 Discards similar to al>ove (Xos. 2508 f.): uncleaned, two. 
 
 Angular oblong knobs. 
 2611. Length, 0.1125 m. Knob, 0.0037 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0016 m. x 0.002 m. and less. 
 
 2512. Uncleaned. Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 
 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m.x 0.0025 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2513. Uncleaned. Length, 0.109 m. Knob, 
 0.0045 m. Sliaft, 0.0018 m.x 0.0025 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2514. Uncleaned. Length, 0.118 m. Knob, 
 0.006 m. Shaft, 0.0022 m. x 0.0024 m. at knob, 
 elsewhere less. 
 
 2515t Length, 0.066 m. Knob, 0.008 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0038 m. square and less. Longer pre- 
 served side has zigzag of bent lines. Could be 
 put under Class a (because of softening of cor- 
 ners as though for gradual transition), or imder 
 straight pins of T]rpe k. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2611 flf.): uncleaned, 
 ten. 
 
 Angular knobs. Shorter. 
 
 2616. length, 0.091 m. Knob, 0.0037 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0023 m. square at knob, elsewhere less. 
 
 2517. Length, 0.1275 m. Knob, 0.0037 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0022 m. square and less. Traces of 
 zigzag on longer prcocrved end near knob. 
 
 2518. Length, 0.0975 m. Knob, 0.0027 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0022 m. stjuare at knob, elsewhere about 
 half as large. 
 
 2519. Uncleaned. Length, 0.169 m. Knob, 
 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. x 0.0019 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2520. Uncleaned. Length, 0.188 m. Knob, 
 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.0025 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2521. Uncleaned. Length, 0.16 m. Knob, 
 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less. 
 
 2522. Uncleaned. Length, 0.069 m. Knob, 
 0.095 ra. Shaft, 0.0039 ra. x 0.004 m. Orna- 
 mented. Short stub has on all sides dot in 
 circle, preceded by single engraved line next to 
 knob, followed by zigzag. On long stub, single 
 line next to knob, followed by row of dots in 
 circles and dot in double circles. 
 
 252a Length, 0.162 ra. Knob, 0.01 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0052 m. x 0.005 m. and less. 
 
 2524. Uncleaned. Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 
 0.01 m. Shaft, 0.0032 m. square and less. 
 
 2625. Uncleaned. Length, 0.221 m. Knob, 
 0.01 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. and less. 
 
 2526. Uncleaned. Length, 0.123 m. Knob 
 0.009 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0042 m. and less. 
 Advanced transition. Followed by short, round 
 stub (diameter, 0.003 m.). Traces of zigzag 
 ornament. 
 
 2527. Length, 0.11 m. Knob, 0.013 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0075 m. square and less. Shorter stub 
 has broken round surface at end, hence there 
 were probably more knobs than one. Large 
 zigzag of bent lines at both sides of knob. 
 
 Discards similar to altove (Nos. 2516 ff.): cleaned, one; 
 uncleaned, twenty-seven. 
 
 ((/'.) Ends gone. A single ring at 
 each end of knob. 
 
 Rounded knobs. Knobs are oblate 
 or nearly spherical, but with pear- 
 like flattening of sides toward 
 poles. 
 
 2528. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Knob, 
 0.013 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. 
 Probably advanced transition on longer stub. 
 
 2529. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0545 m. Knob, 
 0.013 m. Knob and attachments transitional 
 to Form 5. 
 
 Discards similar to above (No. 2528) : uncleaned, five. 
 Angular knobs. Short. 
 
 2530. Uncleaned. Length, 0.13 m. Knob, 
 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0032 m. x 0.003 m. 
 
 253L Length, 0.106 m. Knob, 0.012 ra. 
 Shaft, 0.0055 ra. x 0.006 m. and less. 
 
 2532. Length, 0.044 m. Knob, 0.0135 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m. x 0.005 m. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2530 ff.): uncleaned, 
 four. 
 
 Class 8. Shaft round next to knob. 
 
 (a'.) Ends gone. A single light round 
 rinsr at either side of knob. 
 Rounded knob. 
 
312 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 313 
 
 253a From West Buikling. Length, O.IOG m. 
 Knob, 0.011 ra. Shaft, 0.003 n». x 0.0034 m. 
 (6'.) One end with blade, the other 
 gone. A single heavy round ring at 
 either side of knob. 
 Oblong slightly develo|)ed knob re- 
 sembling rather a simple convex 
 surface. 
 
 2534. Length, 0.43 m. Knob, 0.008 m. x 
 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0005 m. at knob, elsewliere 
 less. Centre of knob to edge of blade, 0.28G m. 
 Width of blade, 0.004 m. 
 
 Form 4. Similar to Form 3, but swell- 
 ing OF SIDES IS RECTANGULAR. FoRM 4 IS 
 
 TO Form 2 as Form 3 is to Form 1. (No 
 ends preserved.) 
 
 Cftii<t( a. Shaft rectantjular ami rounds the 
 parts next to knob heintj rectanf/ufar. 
 (a'.) Shaft prominent at ends of knob, 
 but without rings. 
 
 2535. Length, 0.1815 m. Knob, 0.0027 m. x 
 0.0025 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m. and less. Original 
 number of knobs uncertain. Color reddish. 
 
 (6'.) One or more rings at either side 
 of knob. 
 
 2536. ITncleaned. Length, 0.1515 m. Knob, 
 0.0038 m. X 0.003 m. At either end, single ring. 
 Shaft, 0.0034 m. x 0.003 m. next to ring, else- 
 where less. L«)nger stub has gradual transition. 
 
 The following piece is more advanced, and is 
 transitional to a rectangiUar form (not repre- 
 sented at Argos), that would correspond to 
 Form 5 more closely than does Form 6. 
 
 2537. Length, 0.132 m. Knob, 0.005 m. 
 square. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less. 
 Raised rectangular rings, one at one end of knob 
 and two at the other. Possible trace of zigzag 
 of bent lines on shaft. Original number of 
 knobs uncertain. 
 
 C7(/.s8 p. Shaft rectanf/ular. (Original 
 number of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 («'.) Shaft prominent at ends of knob, 
 but without rings. 
 
 2538. Uneleaned. Length, 0.144 m. Knob, 
 0.0028 m. X 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0022 m. square 
 and less. This piece probably had no more knobs. 
 
 (6'.) A single ring on shaft at either 
 end of knob. 
 
 2539. Uneleaned. Length, 0.119 ra. Knob, 
 0.005 m. square. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and 
 0.003 m. square next to knob. Long stub in- 
 crases to 0.0035 m. x 0.004 m., part of which is 
 oxidation. 
 
 Form 5. Similar to Form 3 as regards 
 
 SHAPE of knob, but THE RING ON SHAFT 
 AT ENDS OF KNOB HAS NOW BECOME AN 
 APPENDAGE TO THE KNOB. KnOB WITH 
 ITS RINGS APPEARS AS SOMETHING SEPARATE 
 FROM SHAtT AND IN MOST CASFJi IS A SEP- 
 ARATE PIECE. (There are no complete 
 pieces and in no case is the original num- 
 ber of knobs known.) 
 C/««« o. Shaft rertanffular and round, the 
 jHtrtif next to knob bciny nvtangular. 
 Ends gone. 
 
 2540. Length, 0.339 m. Knob, 0.02 ra. It 
 is short, with convex sides. It forms one piece 
 with rings, and is jacketed over the shaft. Shaft, 
 0.006 m. and less. Gradual transition. Not 
 certain that this piece is a spit. 
 
 C7a»» p. Shaft {mo far a» preserved) rec- 
 tangnlar. 
 (a'.) Point. 
 
 2541. Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 0.016 m. 
 With rings forms one piece which is jacketed 
 on over shaft. Shaft, 0.004x0.0043 m. and 
 less. 
 
 (i'.) Ends gone. 
 
 2542. Length, 0.0525 m. Knob, 0.016 ni. 
 With its rings forms a separate piece which is 
 jacketed on. Shaft, 0.007 ra. x 0.0075 m. At 
 short end traces of round stub, 0.0005 m. in 
 diameter. 
 
 254a Length, 0.184 m. Knob, 0.015 nu 
 
 Uncertain whether it forms a separate piece. 
 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m. square. 
 
 Discardi similar to above (Nos. 2542 ff.): aucleaned, 
 three. 
 
 Form 6. Advanced rectangular knob 
 
 WITHOUT rings. KnOB RISES SHARPLY 
 FROM SHAtT, WITH WHICH IT FORMS ONE 
 
 PIECE. (No complete pieces.) 
 Shaft i-ectangular (so far as preserved). 
 Ends gone. 
 Knob plain. 
 
 2544. Uneleaned. Length, 0.13 m. Knob, 
 0.0041 m. square. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.003 m. 
 Original numlwr of knobs imcertain. 
 
 Knob oi'namented. 
 
 2545. From West Building. Length, 0.139 m. 
 Knob, 0.006 m. square. Three fine lines across 
 each end inclosing cross, on all four sides. Line 
 of cross double in two places. On one side, fine 
 lines along long edges, one on each edge. Shaft, 
 0.004 m. square and less. Probably but one 
 knob. 
 
 Form 7. Similar to Form 6, but knob 
 is divided by broad groove in centre 
 
 WITH SLOPING SIDES. EnDS FALL SHARPLY. 
 In spite OF DIVISION IS ESSENTIALLY ONE 
 KNOB. 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round, the parts next 
 to knob being rectangular. 
 Only one piece, the ends of which are 
 
 gone, but which probably had but one 
 
 knob. 
 
 2546. Length, 0.537 ra. Length of knob, 
 0.0095 m. + 0.0085 ra. Sides, about 0.0055 ra. 
 Miuare. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 ra. and less. 
 Gradual transitions. 
 
 Type c. Two knobs. 
 Form 1. Knob a thickening of shaft. 
 Sides of knob round. 
 Shaft i-ectangular and round, the parts next 
 to and between knobs being rectangular. 
 Only one specimen, and that with both 
 ends gone. 
 
 2547. Uncleanetl. Length, 0.257 m. Knobs, 
 0.007 ra. Centre to centre, 0.05 ra. Shaft, 
 0.003 ra. X 0.0035 m. and less. Gradual transi- 
 tion with slight thickening of shaft on mixed end. 
 
 Form 2. Knob a thickening of shaft. 
 Sides of knob rectangular. 
 ClasH a. Shaft reetangular and round, the 
 jHtrtit next to and between knobs being 
 rectangular. 
 
 lioth ends gone. 
 
 2548. Uncleane<l. Length, 0.314 m. Knobs, 
 0.0035 m. square. Centres, 0.018 m. apart. 
 Shaft, 0.0024 ra. square and less. One stub 
 rectangular, the other has gradual transition 
 with swelling. 
 
 Class fi. Shaft rectangular. 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2549. Uneleaned. Length, 0.193 m. Knobs, 
 about 0.005 ra. square. Centres, 0.034 m. apart. 
 Shaft, 0.0028 ra. square. Longer stub is slightly 
 twisted and has trace of zigzag. 
 
 Class y. Shaft between arid adjoining 
 knobs nearly elliptical (i. e. rectangular 
 with rounded angles), but toward jwint 
 becomes somewhat more rounded. 
 Point. 
 
 2550. Uneleaned. Length, 0.16 ra. Knobs, 
 0.003 ra. X 0.0027 m. Centres, 0.016 m. apart. 
 Shaft, 0.0025 ra.x 0.002 m. and less. Centre 
 of nearest knob to jwint, 0.13 m. 
 
 * Developed specimen with advanced terminal end from 
 
 Form 3. Sides of shaft incut at ends 
 OF knobs, which are convex, with 
 
 ROUNDED SIDES. EnDS OF SHAFT ADJOIN- 
 ING knobs TEND TO INCREASE IN EMPHASIS. 
 
 Corresponds to Type b, Form 3. 
 Class a. Shaft rectangular and round, the 
 parts near to and between knobs being 
 rectangular} (No complete pieces.) 
 (a'.) Point. 
 Plate CXXX. 
 
 255L Length, 0.611 m. Knobs, 0.009 m. 
 Distance apart, 0.026 m. Shaft, 0.0046 m.x 
 0.005 m. Centre of nearest knob to point, 
 0.086 ra. At either end of each knob, raised flat 
 rectangular ring. Transitions gradual. 
 
 (6'.) Pi'eserved end plain and blunt. 
 No cap. 
 
 Larger and more developed knob 
 near more advanced transition. 
 2552. Length, 0.405 m. Knobs, 0.006 m.- 
 0.009 m. Distance apart, 0.0185 m. Shaft, 
 0.004 m. square and less except at transition, 
 which is 0.005 ra. x 0.004 m. Gradual transition. 
 Knobs of same size, but original 
 number uncertain. 
 255a Length, 0.423 m. Knobs, 0.014 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0065 ra. square and less except at tran- 
 sition, which is 0.008 m. square. Nearest knob 
 to end, 0.299 m. Traces of zigzag on rectangular 
 part of shaft. 
 
 (c'.) Preserved end plain and blunt, 
 but with cap. 
 
 Low rounded knobs with a single 
 ring at either side of each. (Origi- 
 nal number of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2554. Length, 0.415 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. 
 Distance apart, 0.064 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. near 
 knobs, elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end, 
 0.303 ra. Gradual transition. 
 
 Rounded knobs with a single ring at 
 either side of each. (Original 
 number of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 2555. Length, 0.417 m. Knobs, 0.014 m. 
 Distance apart (between rings), 0.071 m. Shaft, 
 0.006 m. square near knobs, elsewhere less. 
 Gradual transition. 
 
 Developed angular knobs with sev- 
 eral rings at either side of each. 
 (Original number of knobs un- 
 certain, but probably not less than 
 three.) 
 
 Tegea {Mitth. V. p. 67, pi. iv. a [Milchbofer]). Mov- 
 able disk at beginning of long end. 
 
314 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 315 
 
 2556. Length, 0.293 m. Knobs, 0.0145 m. 
 Interspace, 0.024 m. Shaft, 0.0055 in. square 
 at knobs, elsewhere less. Shorter stub has four 
 rings next to knob and four at break. Longer 
 stub has four next to knob and five at transition. 
 Between knobs, three and five. Transition plain, 
 but not abrupt. Nearest knob to end, 0.203 m. 
 
 ((/'.) Preserved end a plain round ter- 
 minal piece, uncertain whether with 
 cap. 
 
 Hounded knobs with grooved ring 
 at either side. 
 
 2557. Length, 0.29 m. Knobs, 0.012 m. 
 Interspace, 0.073 in. Shaft, 0.005 m. x 0.006 m. 
 and less. Transition rapid, but not abrupt. 
 Length of terminal, 0.075 m. 
 
 (c'.) Both ends gone. 
 
 Rounded knobs with a single ring 
 
 at either side of each. (Original 
 
 number of knobs uncertain.) 
 
 255a Length, 0.383 m. Knobs, 0.0125 m. 
 
 Intei-space, 0.07 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. square near 
 
 knobs, elsewhere less. Gradual transition. 
 
 Oblong angular knobs. No rings. 
 
 2559. Length, 0.22 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. In- 
 terspace, 0.035 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square and 
 less. Transition plain but gradual. 
 
 2560. Length, 0.226 m. Knobs, about 0.01 m. 
 Transition followed by terminal, the beginning 
 of which is rectangular, the remainder round. 
 Probably no more knobs originally. 
 
 Discard similar to above : uncleaned, one. 
 
 Short angular knobs. No rings. 
 
 2561. Length, 0.321 m. Knobs, 0.012 m. 
 Interspace, 0.037 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. square 
 and less. Probably no more knobs originally. 
 
 2662. Length, 0.365 m. Knobs, 0.009 m. 
 Interval, 0.02 m. Shaft, 0.0045 m. square and 
 less. Gradual transition. Probably no more 
 knobs originally. 
 
 256a Length, 0.171 m. Knobs, 0.012 m. x 
 0.015 m. Interval, 0.042 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. x 
 0.0065 m. and less. Short terminal. 
 
 Addenda to ChiKu a. Fragments with knobs 
 of unequal size. Probable that nearly all had 
 originally three knobs, but the case of No. 2552 
 makes it preferable to put them here. Arrange- 
 ment from rounded to angular knobs. 
 
 2564. Length, 0.157 m. Knobs, 0.013 m. 
 and 0.008 m. Interspace, 0.021 m. Advanced 
 transition (on side of smaller knob) followed by 
 round ornamented terminal (length, 0.039 m.), 
 beginning with disk. 
 
 2566. Length, 0.115 m. Knobs, 0.011 m., 
 0.007 m., the smaller being towartl transition. 
 Interspace, 0.014 m. Advanced transition fol- 
 lowed by ornamented terminal piece beginning 
 with disk as in No. 2564. Length, 0.054 m. 
 Traces of zigzag on rectangular part of shaft, 
 on all four sides. 
 
 2666. Uncleaned. Length, 0.157 m. Knobs, 
 0.014 m. and 0.0095 m., the smaller being to- 
 ward transition. Interspace, 0.017 m. Advance<l 
 transition followed by round part, after which 
 secondary ti-ansition and round terminal, of which 
 length, 0.057 m. 
 
 The fact that the smaller knob is, in the above 
 addenda, nearer the transition is without signif- 
 icance in those cases in which it was balanced 
 by a similar smaller knob on the other side of 
 larger knob. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Noe. 2564 ff.): cleaned, five; 
 uncleaned, two. 
 
 ClaifS /8. licctanf/idai' shajt. A» no end» 
 are jtretten'ed, the majontij were jtrobabfy 
 of Class tt. (Original number of knobs 
 in no case certain.) 
 
 2567. Length, 0.258 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. In- 
 terspace, 0.075 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square at 
 knobs, elsewhere less. 
 
 2668. Length, 0.063 m. Knobs, 0.016 m. 
 Intei*space, 0.0275 m. ; at each end, on all four 
 sides, two grooves (distance apart, 0.004 m.) con- 
 nected by diagonal cross lines. 
 
 2669. Length, 0.138 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. 
 and 0.011 m. Interspace, 0.045 m. Shaft, 
 near knobs, 0.047 m. square, elsewhere less. 
 
 257a Length, 0.128 ni. Knobs, 0.015 m. 
 Interspace, 0.037 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. and less. 
 Faint traces of ornament near knobs, ))erhaps 
 lines connected by diagonals as in No. 2668, and 
 circles. 
 
 2671. Length, 0.15 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. and 
 0.0065 m. Interspace, 0.025 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. 
 (near knobs, elsewhere less). 
 
 The following have a single ring on shaft at 
 either side of knobs. 
 
 2672. Length, 0.152 m. Knobs, 0.01 ra. 
 and 0.011 m. Interspace, 0.034 m. Shaft, 
 0.006 m. and less. Traces of zigzag between 
 knobs. 
 
 257a Length, 0.113 ra. Knobs, 0.009 m. In- 
 terval, 0.017 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. 
 near knobs, elsewhere less. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 8572 f.): cleaned, one; 
 uncleaned, four. 
 
 Addenda to Class /3. Knobs of unequal size. 
 
 («'.) Without rings. 
 
 2674. Length, 0.086 m. Knobs, 0.018 m., 
 0.009 m. Interval, 0.0315 in. On all four sides, 
 broad zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2674 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0365 ra. 
 Knobs, 0.01 ra., 0.005 m. Interval, 0.022 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m. square. All four sides occu- 
 ])ied with ornament. Space divided by vertical 
 lines into three sections, in each of which, a di- 
 agonal cross. Lines and crosses struck with 
 
 chisel. 
 
 Discard similar to above (Nos. 2674 f.): one. 
 
 (6'.) One or more rings next to each end of 
 knobs. 
 
 2676. Length, 0.055 m. Knobs, 0.022 m. and 
 0.01 m. Interval, 0.013 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. 
 s(juare. Single plain rings. 
 
 2676. From West Building. Length, 0.089 m. 
 Knobs, 0.007 ra. and 0.008 ni., larger knob being 
 toward transition. Interspace, 0.0115 ra. Shaft 
 near knobs, 0.0042 ra., 0.0045 m. Advanced 
 transition which was followed l>y disk and ter- 
 minal end. 
 
 2577. Length, 0.076 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. and 
 0.013 ra. Interval, 0.0115 m. Shaft, 0.004 ra. 
 square. Single rings. 
 
 2678. Length, 0.096 m. Knobs, 0.0115 ra. and 
 0.005 ra. Interval, 0.011 ra. Shaft, 0.003 m. 
 square. Three rings outside large knob, else- 
 where two. Between large knob and transition, 
 framed zigzag. Portion between small knob 
 and break divided by two lines into two sections, 
 of which the first has framed zigzag ; the second 
 is plain. 
 
 2679. Uncleaned. Length, 0.04 m. Knobs, 
 0.0125 m., 0.0095 m. Interspace, 0.02 ra. Shaft, 
 0.0055 m. square. Single rings. Stub of shaft on 
 side of smaller knob has broken out hole. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0015 m. 
 
 Discards of {b')'. uncleaned, six. 
 
 Class y. Shaft rectanf/ular and i-ound, the 
 ends and the part between knobs being 
 round. 
 
 Both ends blunt, sliorter end probably 
 complete. 
 2580. Length, 0.322 m. Knobs, 0.0078 ra. 
 Interspace, 0.0115 ra. Ornamented w^ith fine 
 parallel threading. Shaft, 0.003 m. square at 
 knobs, elsewhere less. Shorter end has plain 
 but not abrupt transition to i*ound. Longer end 
 has gradual transition. Near knobs, zigzag of 
 bent lines on all four sides. 
 
 Addendum to Class y. The following could 
 also be i-egarded as straight pins of Type f. 
 
 2580 a. Both ends incomplete. Length, 
 0.142 m. Knobs, 0.008 m., 0.0125 m. Ring at 
 either side of each. Interval between ring^, 
 0.023 ra. Shaft, 0.0035 m. square. Between 
 knobs, rounded rectangular bar and outside larger 
 knob, round shaft. 
 
 Form 4. Similar to Form 3, but swelling 
 OF SIDES IS rectangular. (No Complete 
 specimens.) 
 
 Class a. Shaft rectanf/ular and round. 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2581. Length, 0.827 ra. Knobs, 0.0075 ra. x 
 0.0065 ra. and 0.007 ra. square. Interspace, 
 0.251 ra. Shaft, 0.0065 m. x 0.006 m. near knobs, 
 elsewhere less. Smaller knob acts as transition 
 to following end, which is round. Next to knobs, 
 swelling of shaft but no rings. 
 
 Sirailar but more develoi)ed rectangu- 
 lar knol), with a square ring at either 
 side of knobs. 
 
 2582. Length, 0.307 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. 
 square. Interval, 0.0575 ra. Shaft, 0.0045 m. 
 square and less. Direct but not abrupt transi- 
 tion acorapanied by slight thickening of shaft. 
 
 Class p. Shaft rectangular and round, 
 with secondary swelling near end as well 
 as at transition. 
 Ends. 
 258a Length, 0.536 m. Knobs, 0.0035 m. x 
 0.003 m. Slightly developed. Interspace, 
 0.01 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m.x 0.0025 m. and 
 less. Plain but gentle transition to round. 
 Probable that this piece is practically complete. 
 2684. Uncleaned. Length, 0.25 ra. Knobs, 
 0.0035 ra. and 0.0033 ra. Interspace, 0.0225 m. 
 Ring adjoining each knob on side toward ends. 
 Shaft, 0.0023 m. square. From middle of sec- 
 ondary swelling to preserved end, screw-thread- 
 ing. 
 Form 5. Similar to Form 3, but ring 
 at either end of knob has now become 
 an appendage to it. Cf. Type b, 
 Form 5. 
 
 Rectangular shafts. No ends pre- 
 served. 
 Plate CXXXI. 
 
 2585. Length, 0.247 m. Knobs, 0.014 ra. 
 and 0.0135 ra. Intei-space, 0.062 ra. Shaft, 
 0.005 ra. square and less. Advanced transition. 
 Knobs probably of same piece with shaft. 
 
 2586. Length, 0.18 ra. Knobs, 0.015 m. 
 
 [ 
 
316 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 317 
 
 Interspace. 0.0665 m. Shaft. 0.0035 m. square 
 and less. Knobs appear to l>e jacketed on. 
 
 2587. Length, 0.384 m. Knobs, 0.0275 m. 
 Interval, 0.057 ni. Shaft, 0.0083 m. square and 
 less. Gradual transition on longer stub. Knobs 
 perhaps of separate pieces from shaft. 
 
 2588. From south slope. Length, 0.234 ni. 
 Knobs, 0.023 ni. and 0.0225 m. Interspace, 
 0.041 m. Shaft, O.OOG m. square. Rectangular 
 inset near end of longer stub probably to pre- 
 pare for transition. Between rings of each knob, 
 longitudinal striations. Knobs of separate pieces 
 from shaft. 
 
 Type d. Three knobs.^ 
 
 Form 1. Knob a simple swelling of 
 SHAFT. Sides of knob kect.vngular. 
 Knobs of this form belonging to 
 Type d are more advanced than those 
 
 OF THE CORRESPONDING FORMS OF TypeS 
 b .VND C. 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. No com- 
 plete pieces. 
 
 2589. Shorter end may be complete. Length, 
 0.368 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. square. Interspaces 
 (reckoned from centres of knobs), 0.027 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0053 m. square and less. Centre of 
 nearest knob to end, 0.027 m. On long stub, 
 gradual transition. On all four sides along 
 knobs, slightly wavy band of zigzag of bent lines 
 finely engraved. 
 
 2590. Both ends gone. Length, 0.331 m. 
 Knobs, 0.007 m. square. Centres, 0.032 m. 
 and 0.029 m. apart. Shaft, 0.005 m. square 
 and less. One end round, with broad screw- 
 threading, which is not engraved but struck 
 with chisel in connecting sections of about 0.002 
 m. in length. This end preceded by rapid tran- 
 sition. Between knobs, on all four sides, broad 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 Form 2. Sides of shaft incut at ends 
 OF knobs, which are convex, with 
 rounded sides. Portions of shaI'T ad- 
 
 .fOINING knobs tend TO INCREASE IN EM- 
 PHASIS. Cf. Form 3 of Types b and c. 
 Cfass a. UShuft rertitnfjuhii' antJ round. 
 Group i. Central knob larger than the 
 other two. 
 (<i'.) Ends. 
 259L Plain end probably about complete, the 
 other not. Length, 0.418 m. Knobs, 0.01 m., 
 
 ' On four spits of this type in the Carapanos collection 
 (from Dodona), all of which are straight, is passed a disk 
 of analogous size. Disk on ornamented end, and rests 
 
 0.0135 m., 0.000 m. (from ornamented end). 
 Interspaces, 0.017 m., 0.016 m. respectively. 
 Shaft, 0.007 m. square at principal transition, 
 elsewhere less. One transition advanced and 
 followed by ornamented terminal, the other easy 
 but markeil with three lines of engraving. Zig- 
 zag of bent lines on four sides of this part of 
 rectangle. 
 
 2592. Length, 0.515 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. and 
 0.0075 m. Interspace, 0.022 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. 
 and less. Nearest knob to end, 0.40 m. Grad- 
 ual transition. Broken end had advanced tran- 
 sition and ornamented round terminal. On 
 rectangular part of this end, fine zigzag of bent 
 lines. 
 
 (6'.) Both ends gone. 
 
 Short angular knobs without ring at 
 end. 
 
 2593. Length, 0.298 m. Knolw, 0.0085 m., 
 0.011 m., 0.0095 in. (fi*om direction of advanced 
 transition). Interspaces, 0.033 m. and 0.032 m. 
 respectively. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less. 
 One transition advanceil (0.075 m. from nearest 
 knob), the other gradual (0.104 m. from nearest 
 knob). On rectangular part, narrow zigzag of 
 bent lines. 
 
 2594. length, 0.293 m. Knobs, 0.009 m., 
 0.011 n>., 0.0085 m. (from advanced transition). 
 Interspaces, 0.024 m. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square 
 and less. One transition advanced (0.098 m. 
 from nearest knob), the other gradual (0.07 m. 
 from nearest knob). On rectangular part, traces 
 of zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 Discard similar to aboee (2593 f.): uncleaned, one. 
 
 Oblate rounded knobs with advanced 
 ring at either end of each knob. 
 
 2595. Length, 0.153 m. Knobs, 0.0135 m. 
 and 0.0095 m. Intervals, 0.02 m. and 0.0175 m. 
 Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. Gradual tran- 
 sitions, one at 0.023 m. from nearest knob 
 marked by three engraved lines, the other at 
 0.028 m. from the other small knob with four 
 lines. The latter led to round terminal. On 
 all sides of rectangular part, narrow zigzag of 
 bent lines. 
 
 Ordinary knobs. Arrangement from 
 rounded pear-sha{)ed sides to short 
 sides with sharp angles. Single 
 ring at end of each knob. 
 
 2596. Length, 0.318 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. 
 
 against square basis, 
 which is square. 
 
 Holes in disks round, except one 
 
 and 0.012 m. Intervals, 0.01 m. and 0.009 m. 
 Shaft, 0.005 m. x 0.0055 m. at principal transi- 
 tion, elsewhere less. At 0.045 m. from nearest 
 knob advanced transition, probably followed by 
 round terminal. At 0.032 m. frani the other 
 small knob, gradual transition with two engraved 
 lines. Entire rectangular part covered with fine 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2597. Length, 0.18 m. Knobs, 0.006 m., 
 0.012 m., 0.0075 m. (reckoned from principal 
 transition). Interspaces, 0.015 m. and 0.018 m. 
 resiMHJtively. Shaft, 0.0036 m. square and less, 
 except at transition, where it is more. At 
 0.0395 m. from nearest knob, advanced transition 
 with disk into which round terminal was in- 
 sei-ted. At 0.032 m. from the other small knob, 
 gradual transition with two and three lines. 
 Traces of zigzag of bent lines on rectangular part. 
 
 2598. Length, 0.108 m. Knobs, 0.006 m., 
 0.012 m., 0.0065 m. Interspaces, 0.014 m., 
 0.0125 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. square and less. 
 At 0.02 m. from knob, abrupt transition with 
 ring, groove, and disk. At 0.013 m. from other 
 small knob, plainly marked transition to round. 
 
 2599. Length, 0.124 m. Knobs, 0.006 m., 
 0.011 m., 0.0075 m. (counting from shorter 
 stub). Interspaces (between rings), 0.0085 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0037 m. x 0.004 m. At 0.0165 m. from 
 smallest knob, break, which was followed by 
 round part. At 0.015 m. from other small knob, 
 easy transition with three lines. 
 
 2600. Length, 0.2055 m. Knobs, 0.008 m., 
 0.0135 m. Interspaces, 0.01 m., 0.0125 m. 
 Shaft, 0.004 HI. X 0.0037 m. and less. Plainly 
 marked transition. Traces of zigzag of bent 
 lines on rectangular part. 
 
 2601. From West Building. Length, 0.1665 m. 
 Knobs, 0.007 m., 0.01 m. Interspaces, 0.013 m., 
 0.017 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less, ex- 
 cept at transition (0.0035 m.x 0.004 m.). 
 Transitions equidistant (0.018 m.) from knobs, 
 the one advanced to terminal, the otlier plainly 
 marked to round. 
 
 2602. Length, 0.182 m. Knobs, 0.01 m., 
 0.0175 in. Interspaces, 0.022 m., 0.021 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0057 m. square and less (at transition, 
 0.006 m. 8(piare). At 0.0675 m. from knob, 
 advanced transition with disk and round orna- 
 mented terminal. At the other end, stub (length, 
 0.004 m. ; width, 0.006 m. ; thickness, 0.0024 m.), 
 in end of which hole (broken out) 0.0025 m. in 
 diameter. Shaft was therefore composite. Faint 
 traces of zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2603. Length, 0.133 m. Knobs, 0.0075 m., 
 0.01 m., 0.008 m. Interspaces, 0.018 m., 0.02 m. 
 Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. and less. Advanced 
 transition with disk, followed by ornamented 
 round terminal. 
 
 2604. Length, 0.225 m. Knobs, 0.009 m., 
 0.012 m. Interspaces, 0.03 m., 0.031 m. Shaft, 
 0.0034 m. X 0.0038 m. and less, but increasing 
 to 0,0055 m. square at transition. Advanced 
 transition with disk at 0.055 m., gradual transi- 
 tion at 0.045 m. from respective nearest knobs. 
 Traces of zigzag of short bent lines. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Sob. 2596 ff.): cleaned, two; 
 uncleaned, one. 
 
 Group ii. All three knobs equal or nearly 
 equal in size. (Xo ends preserved ex- 
 cept jwssibly terminal of No. 2610. ) 
 The following numbers are without rings at 
 ends of knobs. 
 
 2605. Length, 0.357 m. Knobs, 0.009 m. 
 Interspaces, 0.021 m.,0.015m. Shaft,0.0045m. x 
 0.0043 m. and less. One stub rectangular, the 
 other has gradual transition to round. 
 
 2606. Uncleaned. Length, 0.438 m. Knobs, 
 0.006 m. Interspaces, 0.021 m., 0.0215 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0026 m. x 0.0028 m. Transitions at 
 0.05 m. and 0.053 m. from knobs, the one plain 
 to rectangle with rounded corners (traces of 
 beginning of screw-threading), the other gradual. 
 
 At either side of each ring a single 
 knob. 
 
 2607. Length, 0.393 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. 
 Interspaces, 0.012 m. Shaft, 0,0038 m. square 
 and less. On one side rectangular to break, on 
 the other, gradual transition to round. 
 
 On shaft adjacent to ends of knobs, 
 two grooves, which with notch 
 form two low rings. 
 
 2608. Length, 0.328 m. Knobs, 0.0085 m. 
 Iuterspaces,0.0135 m.,0.012 m. Shaft,0.0045 m. 
 square and less. On one stub, plain but not ab- 
 rupt transition ; the other stub is rectangular to 
 break. In interspaces, a single line of engraving 
 along each edge. 
 
 Single heavy ring at either side of 
 each knob. Knobs angular but 
 rather flat. Knob and ring form 
 transition to form in which knob 
 and ring are one piece in construc- 
 tion. 
 
 2609. Length, 0,463 m. Knobs, 0,012 m. 
 Interspaces, 0,009 m., 0,015 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. 
 square and less. On one stub, gradual transi- 
 
318 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 319 
 
 K 
 
 tion to round ; the other stub is rectangular to 
 
 break. 
 
 Raised double ring at either end of 
 each knob. Knobs similar to 
 those of preceding number (2609). 
 
 2610. Terminal perhaps about complete. 
 Length, 0.258 m. Knobs, 0.012 m. Inter- 
 spaces, 0.018 m., O.OU m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. x 
 0.006 m. and less, but increases to 0.01 m. squai-e 
 at transition. Transition advanced. After it, 
 rectangular piece fonning secondary transition, 
 and round plain terminal. The other stub is 
 rectangular to break. From a distance of 
 0,003 m. from break, incut 0.001 m. on two 
 adjacent sides ; purpose not clear. 
 
 Class /?. Shafl rectungxdar. 
 Group i. Central knob largest. 
 
 Ordinary knobs with a single ring 
 at either side of each. Arrange- 
 ment from less to greater angu- 
 larity. 
 
 2611. Length, 0.135 m. Knobs, 0.008 m., 
 0.01 m., 0.0085 m. Interspaces, 0.0335 m., 
 0.0315 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0033 m. and 
 less. 
 
 2612. Length, 0.14 m. Knobs, 0.0095 m., 
 0.0165 m.. 0.009 m. Interspaces, 0.0125 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m.x 0.0053 m. and less, but in- 
 creases to 0.005 m. X 0.006 m. at transition. Ad- 
 vanced transition. Zigzag of bent lines through- 
 out. 
 
 26ia Length, 0.186 m. Knobs, 0.009 m., 
 0.0175 m., 0.0095 m. Interspaces, 0.026 m., 
 0.029 m. Shaft, 0,0055 m. square at transition, 
 elsewhere less. Advanced transition followed 
 by short stub in which hole (diameter, 0.0028 m., 
 depth, 0.01 m.) into which terminal (probably 
 of iron) was inserted. Zigzag of bent lines 
 throughout. 
 
 Addendum to Group i. The following piece 
 is perhaps best put here. 
 
 2613 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0,083 m. Knobs, 
 0,007 m., 0,0125 m. Interspaces, 0.017 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0,0032 m. At either side of 
 large knob and at inner end of one of the others, 
 three raised rings. At either side of the other 
 small knob, double ring. Original number of 
 knobs uncertain. 
 
 Discards o/* Group i. : cleaned, one ; uncleaned, four. 
 
 Group ii. Knobs of equal or nearly equal 
 size. 
 
 («'.) Blade end. 
 Ordinary knobs. No rings. 
 
 2614. Length, 0,105 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. In- 
 tervals, 0.017 m., 0.0185 m. Shaft, 0,005 m. 
 square and less. Width of blade, 0.0065 m. 
 Thickness, 0.003 m. Blade probably slightly 
 longer originally. 
 
 (b'.^ Ends gone. 
 
 Ordinary knobs. No rings. 
 
 2615. Length, 0.177 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. In- 
 terspaces, 0.003 m., 0.0028 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. 
 and less. Advanced transition with hole (diam- 
 eter, 0,003 m, X 0.002 m.) in end containing 
 stub of inserted bronze terminal. 
 
 At either side of each knob a single 
 ring formed by enlargement of 
 adjoining ])ortion8 of shaft. 
 261& Length, 0,146 m. Knobs, 0.0095 m., 
 0.01 m. Interspaces, 0.013 m., 0.0145 m. Shaft, 
 0.0052 m. sc^uare and less, but increases to 
 0.0063 m. square at transition. Advanced tran- 
 sition with disk, after which i-ound terminal. 
 Zigzag of bent lines throughout. Possibly more 
 knobs originally. 
 
 Rings separated from knobs and ad- 
 joining |)ortions of shaft by deep 
 groove, Ortlinary angular knobs. 
 
 2617. Length, 0.1825 m. Knobs, 0.0115 m., 
 0.012 m. Interspaces, 0,0385 m., 0.03 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0065 ni. square and less, Advance<l 
 transition with disk followed by stub of terminal. 
 The other end has broken round surface at 0.031 
 m. from nearest knob. 
 
 Rings more advanced in that they 
 are raised above the shaft. In- 
 dependent of knobs, from which 
 they are separated by a shallow 
 groove. Cf. No. 2529. Knobs 
 slightly angular. 
 
 2618. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0715 m. Knobs, 
 0.015 m. Interspaces, 0.02 na. Shaft, 0.001 m. x 
 0.009 m. May have been part of rod or staff, 
 but formally belongs here. 
 
 Form 3. Similar to Form 2, but sides or 
 knobs are rectangular. form 3 : form 
 2 = Form 1 : plain round knob with- 
 out GROOVE AT ENDS (NOT REPRESENTED 
 AT HeRAEUM). 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 End. 
 
 2619. Length, 0,42 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. 
 square, and 0.0075 ni. x 0,008 m. (ii«). Inter- 
 spaces, 0.0385 m. and 0,04 m. Shaft, 0.0053 m. x 
 0,0057 m. and less. Nearest knob to end, 
 0.194 m. 
 
 Form 4. Knob similar to that of Form 2, 
 
 BUT combined with RINGS TO FORM AN 
 ORGANIC WHOLE. OuTER ENDS ON RINGS 
 ABRUIT, INSIDE SLOPES INWARD TOWARD 
 BASE OF KNOB. GROOVE DEEPER THAN 
 LINE OF SHAFT. 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 Plate CXXXIL 
 
 2620. Both ends gone. Length, 0.292 m. 
 Knobs, 0.008 m., 0,0078 m., 0.0085 m. Inter- 
 spaces, 0.0235 m., 0.026 m. Shaft, 0.0037 m. x 
 0.003 m. and less. Gratlual transition to round. 
 Corners of shaft beveled off in interspaces. 
 
 Form 5. Knob as in Form 2, but combined 
 WITH rings to form an organic whole, 
 
 WHICH may be a separate PIECE. 
 
 Cf. Form 5 of Types b and c. 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2621. Length, 0.151 m. Knobs, 0.0105 m., 
 0,012 m., 0.011 m. Interspaces, 0.02 m., 0.021 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0053 m. square and less. Abrupt but 
 not advanced transition. Knobs with their rings 
 probably separate pieces ivom shaft. 
 
 2622. Length, 0.503 m. Knobs, 0,018 m. 
 Interspaces, 0,029 m., 0,023 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. 
 square. Plain but gradual transition, marked 
 by three engravetl lines. Two or three lines also 
 at each end of knobs (outside rings). Knobs 
 and rings probably separate pieces from shaft. 
 
 Form 6. Advanced rounded knobs rising 
 
 ABRUITLY from SHAl-T AND DIVIDED BY 
 GROOVE IN CENTRE SO THAT EACH HAS 
 THE FORM OF TWO BROAD RINGS. (Knobs 
 
 and shaft of one piece.) 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 
 2623. Both ends gone. Length, 0.409 m. 
 Knobs, 0.008 m., 0.0085 m., 0,008 m. Inter- 
 8i>ace8, 0.086 m., 0.085 m. Shaft, 0.0052 m. 
 square and less. Gradual transitions. 
 
 Form 7. Advanced rectangular knobs 
 rising abruitly from shaft. 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 Ends gene. 
 
 2624. Length, 0.468 m. Knobs, about 0.008 m. 
 square. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less. Grad- 
 ual transition. On each side of each knob, 
 diagonal cross running from corner to comer, 
 pjugraved or struck with chisel. 
 
 Tjrpe e. Fonr knobs. 
 
 Ordinary developed knobs with rounded 
 angles. Shaft grooved at either end of each 
 knob. Adjoining portions of shaft emphasized 
 
 so as to form rings. Similar to three-knob type, 
 with central knob largest, except that between 
 central knob and one of the smaller ones (that 
 nearest small end) a still smaller knob is in- 
 serted. 
 
 Shaft rectangular and round. 
 
 2625. Both ends gone. Length, 0,197 m. 
 Knobs, 0.009 m., 0.013 m., 0.005 m,, 0.009 m. 
 (reckoned from principal transition). Intervals, 
 0.0165 m., 0,01 m., 0,0065 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. 
 square. Advanced transition at 0.045 m. from 
 nearest knob, gradual at 0,025 m. 
 
 Addendum to Type e. The following piece 
 probably had five knobs originally. 
 
 2626. End. Length, 0.243 m. Knobs, 
 0.0045 m.-0.0065 m. Shaft, 0.0037 m, square, 
 increasing at transition to 0.005 m, x 0.0052 m. 
 Advanced transition, ornamented with two 
 grooves. After it, terminal ornamented with 
 screw-threading. 
 
 Type f. Five knobs. 
 
 Angular or slightly rounded knobs 
 
 WITH groove at each END. EmpHASIS 
 OF ADJOINING PORTION OF SHAFT. 
 
 Shaft recta mjular and round (jexcejit in 
 incomple te f ragmen ts ) . 
 Group i. Knobs of three sizes, the largest 
 being in centre and the two smallest 
 at either side of central knob. 
 
 Ends gone, 
 (a'.) Smallest knobs slightly developed 
 and but slightly larger than shaft. 
 
 2627. Length, 0.158 m. Knobs, 0.01 m., 
 0.005 m., 0.008 m. Interspaces, 0.005 m.- 
 0.008 m. Small ring at either side of central 
 knob. Elsewhere, emphasis. Transitions (about 
 equidistant from knobs), the one gradual, the 
 other advanced. The latter is followed by orna- 
 mented round terminal. Nari'ow zigzag of bent 
 lines throughout rectangular part. 
 
 2628. Length, 0.139 m. Knobs, 0.011 m., 
 0.0063 m., 0.0065 m,, 0,0085 m. Intervals, 
 0,009 m. Shaft, 0,004 m. square and less. Ad- 
 vanced transition followed by round terminal. 
 Zigzag of bent lines throughout rectangular 
 part. 
 
 2629. Length, 0.1485 m. Knobs, 0.01 m., 
 0.0047 m., 0.0075 m. Interspaces, interior, 
 0.0085 m. ; exterior, 0.0075 m. Transitions ad- 
 vanced, with disk followed by ornamented termi- 
 nal, and gradual. Throughout rectangular part 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2630. Length, 0,162 m. Knobs, 0,01 m.. 
 
 ij^iiiiyMwa^Mi 
 
320 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 321 
 
 I 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 0.0047 in., 0.0075 m. Interspaces, interior, 
 0.075 m., 0.06 ni. ; exterior, 0.0055 m. Shaft, 
 0.004 ui. and less. Gradual transition preserved, 
 the other was probably advanced. Traces of 
 ziffzaji of bent lines. 
 
 Discanh similar to Nos. 2629 f . ; nncleaned, one. 
 
 (6'.) Interior knobs developed. Rings. 
 263L Length, 0.368 m. Knobs, 0.0165 m., 
 0.012 m., 0.0115 ra., 0.0125 m., 0.0115 m. In- 
 tervals, interior, 0.017 m., 0.0185 m. ; exterior, 
 0.0215 ra., 0.0225 ra. Shaft, 0.0067 m.x 
 0.0065 ra. at transition. Advanced transition 
 followed by ring and round stub. On all sides 
 zisrzajj of bent lines. 
 
 Group ii. Central knob largest. Smaller 
 knobs of uniform size. 
 
 No ends preserved. Arrangement 
 toward angularity. 
 2632. Length, 0.219 m. Knobs, 0.0175 m. ; 
 0.011 ra., 0.0115 m. ; 0.01 ra. Interspaces, 
 0.0235 m. (interior), 0.018 ra., 0.017 m. (ex- 
 terior). Shaft, 0.0065 m. square and less, in- 
 creasing to 0.0068 m. square at transition. 
 Advanced transition. 
 
 263a Length, 0.28 m. Knobs, 0.0195 m. ; 
 0.011 m., 0.012 ra. Intervals, 0.031 ni., 0.029 m. 
 (interior), 0.0225 m., 0.023 m. (exterior). 
 Shaft, 0.008 ra. square and less. Advanced 
 transition followed by round stub. On all sides 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2634. Length, 0.232 m. Knobs, 0.021 ra. ; 
 0.011 ra.-0.012 m. Interspaces, 0.034 ra., 
 0.0325 ra. (interior), 0.022 m., 0.024 m. (ex- 
 terior). Shaft, 0.006 ra. square and less. Ad- 
 vanced transition. 
 
 Addenda to Type f. The following fragments 
 with three and four knobs may be put here 
 owing to their similarity to the better preserved 
 specimens of the type. 
 
 (a'.) Similar to Group i., (a'). 
 Sirailar to Nos. 2627 if. 
 
 2635. Three knobs. Length, 0.0915 m. 
 Traces of zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 2636. Four knobs. Length, 0.132 m. 
 
 Similar to Nos. 2629 f. 
 
 2637. Three knobs. Length, 0.0975 m. 
 Advanced transition followed by stub of round 
 terminal. Broad but close zigzag of bent lines 
 throughout rectangular i)art. 
 
 2638. Three knobs. Length, 0.088 ra. Slight 
 traces of zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 The following is sirailar to Group i., (6'). 
 
 2639. Four knobs. Length, 0.304 ra. Ad- 
 
 vanced transition with two grooves, followed by 
 round terminal. Slight traces of narrow zigzag 
 on rectangular part. 
 
 2640. Three knobs. Length, 0.087 m. Fine 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 (ft'.) Similar to Group ii. 
 
 2641. Three knobs. Length, 0.357 m. Grad- 
 ual transition. 
 
 2642. Four knobs. Length, 0.11 m. 
 2643i Four knobs. Length, 0.137 m. On 
 
 all sides, fine zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 (c'.) The following fragment probably 
 
 had seven or more knobs originally. 
 
 Shaft rectangular. Angular knobs 
 
 with a single ring at either end of 
 
 each. 
 
 2644. Four knobs. Length, 0.2345 m. 
 Knobs, 0.0225 ui., 0.015 m., 0.0135 m. (his). 
 Interspaces, 0.031 ra., 0.0325 ni., 0.0425 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0075 ra. square and less. On all sides, 
 zigzag of bent lines. 
 
 Addenda to Types a-f. («'.) Ends. 
 Plain, jwinted. 
 
 2645. Uncleaned. Length, 0.275 ra. Ring 
 followed by i-ectangular pai-t (length, 0.029 m.), 
 after which round. Gradual transition. 
 
 Discard similar to No. 2645 : uucleaued, oue. 
 
 Plain, blunt without cap. 
 
 2646. Length, 0.14 ra. Round. 
 Plain, blunt with cap. 
 
 2647. Frora West Building. Length, 0.196 m. 
 
 Discards similar to AV>. 2647 : cleaned, one ; uucleaned, 
 fonr. 
 
 Advanced. Sira])le terminal. Plain, blunt. 
 
 2648. Length, 0.053 m. 
 
 Discard similar to Xo. 2648 : one. 
 
 Ornamented, somewhat advanced terminal 
 pieces. 
 Simple screw-threading. 
 
 2649. Uncleaned. Length, 0.129 m. 
 Double screw-threading, changing to sin- 
 gle near end. 
 
 2650. From West Building. Length, 0.167 m. 
 Plain sections separated by simple thi-eading 
 
 or grooves (three to six). 
 
 2651. Uncleaned. Length, 0.071 m. Six 
 plain sections, besides end. 
 
 Convex sections separated by a single ring. 
 Sections short. 
 
 2652. Uncleaned. Length, 0.063 m. Ten 
 sections. 
 
 2653. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1035 m. Eleven 
 sections. 
 
 2654. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1625 m. Fif- 
 teen sections. 
 
 Discard similar to above (Nos. 2652 ff.) : uncleaned, 
 one. Kigbt sections. 
 
 Convex sections separated by two rings. 
 Sections long. 
 
 2655. From West Building. Probably in- 
 complete at end. Length, 0.1125 m. Four sec- 
 tions. 
 
 Similar but with short sections. 
 
 2656. Incomplete. Length, 0.52 m. Five 
 sections. 
 
 2657. From south slope. Length, 0.122 ra. 
 Fifteen sections. 
 
 2658. Frora West Building. Incomplete. 
 Length, 0.063 m. Six sections. 
 
 Convex sections separated by three rings. 
 Sections short. 
 
 2659. Length, 0.175 m. Eleven sections. 
 
 2660. Length, 0.15 ra. Twelve sections be- 
 sides short initial section. 
 
 Discards similar to Nos. 2659 f. : cleaned, oue ; un- 
 cleaned, three. 
 
 Convex sections separated by two, three, 
 and four rings. Sections long. 
 
 2661. Fix>ra West Building. length, 0.131 m. 
 Six sections. First two sections separated by 
 four rings, last two by two, the others by 
 three. 
 
 Convex sections separated usually by four 
 rings. Sections short. 
 
 2662. length, 0.175 ra. Twelve sections. 
 Between first two sections one ring, between last 
 five, elsewhere four. 
 
 Convex sections separated by five rings 
 usually. Sections short. 
 
 2663. Length, 0.099 ra. Eight sections. At 
 end, bunch of rings (number uncertain) and 
 cap. Between last two sections, screw-threading 
 equivalent to about six rings. 
 
 Discard similar to above : uncleaued, one. 
 
 Convex sections (short) separateil by four, 
 five, and six rings. 
 
 2664. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.1163 ra. Eight sections. First four groups 
 of rings have six each, the next two five each, 
 and the last four. 
 
 Convex sections (short) separated by four, 
 five, six, seven, and nine rings. 
 
 2665. Length, 0.133 ra. First group of 
 rings numbers seven, the second nine, third, 
 fourth, and sixth six each, the seventh four, the 
 eighth six or seven, and the fifth five. 
 
 The following number could also be regarded 
 as a pin. 
 
 Terminal piece, the latter part of which 
 has two convex surfaces separated by 
 plain space. At either side of surfaces. 
 
 rmgs. 
 
 2666. Incomplete. Length, 0.0905 m. First 
 convex section preceded by three rings and fol- 
 lowed by one, the second is preceded by two 
 and followed by two plus cap. 
 
 (6'.) Neither end preserved. 
 Plain and siraple. 
 
 2667. Length, 0.235 m. Gradual transition. 
 
 2668. Length, 0.668 m. Gradual transition. 
 
 2669. From West Building. Length, 
 
 0.523 ra. Gradual but plain transition. 
 
 Discards similar to above (Nos. 2667 ff.) : cleaned, two ; 
 uncleaued, fifty. 
 
 More advanced. Transition piece. 
 
 2670. Length, 0.074 ra. Easy but plain 
 transition followed by piece of round end which 
 is ornamented with coarse screw-threading. 
 
 Advanced transitional pieces. Ordinary. 
 
 2671. Length, 0.1005 m. Two lines engraved 
 
 at transition and four on shaft arranged in 
 
 pairs. 
 
 Discards similar to No. 2671, but plainer : cleaned, 
 two ; uncleaned, five. 
 
 Advanced transition consisting of heavy 
 ring with rounded sides. 
 
 2672. Uncleaned. Length, 0.105 ra., of 
 which 0.092 ra. belongs to terminal. Terminal 
 rectangular so far as preserved. 
 
 Oue knob and ring of another knob. Shaft 
 rectangular. 
 
 2673. Length, 0.19 m. Rings double. 
 
 Discards (uncleaned) : fragments with single knob, 
 forty-five ; fragment with two knobs, one ; fragments 
 with single knob, which are perhaps better regarded as 
 straight pins (Type k), twenty-six ; uncertain, one. 
 
 Knob only. 
 Plate CXXXIII. 
 
 2674. Frora south slojie. Length, 0.026 ra. 
 Diaraeter, 0.022 m. Heavy ring on one side, 
 lighter on the other. 
 
 Bronze knob on iron shaft. Knobs rounded 
 without rings. Shafts of uncertain 
 shape, probably rectangular. 
 2676. Uncleaned. Length, 0.024 m. Di- 
 araeter of knob, 0.015 ra. Shaft, 0.006 m. 
 square. 
 
 2676. Uncleaned. Length, 0.038 m. Knob, 
 0.013 ra. Shaft, 0.006 ra. 
 
322 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 SPITS 
 
 323 
 
 i 
 
 2677. Length, 0.261 m. Knob, 0.019 m. 
 Shaft, 0.005 m. 
 
 ((•'.) Shafts so twisted or bent as to suggest 
 decorative or other purpose, which is, how- 
 ever, in no ease certain. 
 Knotted or braided. No knobs. 
 
 2678. Uncleaned. Preserved end pointed. 
 Bent into shai)e of ellipse the sides of which 
 are formed by a double coil with its strands 
 twisted about each other. Length, about 0.35 m. 
 Shaft, 0.001 m. x 0.0013 m. Rectangular and 
 round. 
 
 2679. L^ncleaned. Preserve<l end blunt. 
 Complex knob near centre with single loop at 
 each end, one loop being larger than the other. 
 Length as bent, 0.099 m. Rectangular and 
 round (size, 0.0010 m. x 0.0018 m.). 
 
 Discards similar to Nos. 2678 f., but simpler : un- 
 cleaned, four. 
 
 Ends twisted so as to form one large loop. 
 One knob. 
 268a Sjjit of Type b, Form 2, Oass a, («'). 
 Length, 0.185 m. Knob, 0.019 m. x 0.017 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0012 m.x 0.001 m. and less. Grad- 
 ual transitions. Twisted purposely, i>erhaps to 
 fasten. 
 
 Looped shafts, possibly decorative. No 
 knobs. 
 
 2681. Both ends gone. Length, 0.092 m. 
 Shaft round. Thickness, 0.0018 m. x O.OOIC m. 
 and less. Small loop with returning end. 
 
 2682. Uncleaned. Length as bent, 0.025 m. 
 Shaft rounded. Thickness, 0.0017m. x 0.0015m. 
 Two narrow loops with returaing ends. 
 
 2683. Uncleaned. Length as bent, 0.10 m. 
 Shaft partly rectangular, partly rounded. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0024 m. X 0.0023 m. At one end, double 
 loop with returning end. 
 
 The following tyi)es are related to the pre- 
 cetling by analogies of form. 
 Type g. Knob represented by flattening 
 of shaft. 
 
 Class a. Shaft rectanrjular from one end 
 of flat part and round from the other. 
 
 2684. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length, 
 0.132 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. (flat- 
 tened to 0.0075 m. X 0.0018 m.). About half 
 of shaft round. 
 
 Class p. Shaft rectangvlar from both ends 
 of flat part. 
 
 2685. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length, 
 0.055 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0035 m. (at flat 
 part, 0.0065 m.x 0.004 m.). 
 
 Class y. Shaft round. 
 
 2686. Uncleaneil. End. Length, 0.1165 m. 
 Shaft, 0.0028 m.x 0.0025 m. (flattened to 
 0.0035 m. X 0.001 m.). 
 
 Discard : uncleaned, one. 
 
 Type h. Head at one end. Single knob. 
 Elonsrated knob with rounded sides. Shaft 
 rectangular, with corners slightly rounde<l. 
 Slightly grooved on side of knob toward |)oint. 
 
 2687. Uncleaned. Length, 0.12 m. Knob, 
 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0015 m. Head, 
 0.0025 m.x 0.002 m. Somewhat similar to 
 simplest form of )>ins. 
 
 Type I Head at one end resembling knob. 
 Composite shaft, rectangular, with round part 
 inserted. 
 
 2688. From south sloj^e. Other end gone. 
 Length, 0.16 m. Head, 0.011 m. Jacket, 
 0.0085 m.x 0.007 m. Split for 0.0555 m. 
 where round is insertetl. At lower end, four 
 enirraved lines. Much more oxidized than round 
 })art. 
 
 Type j. Blade at one end of shaft, and per- 
 haps blunt round terminal at the other. 
 No knob. 
 Form 1. Shaft not solid but formed by 
 
 FOLDING together A NARROW THIN STRIP. 
 
 Class a. Folded so as to form a small 
 tube. Edfjes do not form straight line. 
 Sometimes they overlap. 
 Ends. Flattened to form blades. 
 
 2689. Length, 0.074 m. Thickness, 0.0024 
 m. Width of blade, 0.0035 m. 
 
 2690. Uncleaned. Length, 0.126 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0038 m. and less. Width of blade, 
 0.004 m. 
 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2691. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0317 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.002 m. and less. 
 
 2692. Length, 0.1525 m. Thickness, 0.0024 
 
 m. and less. 
 
 2693. Length, 0.079m. Thickness, 0.0028m. 
 
 2694. Uncleaned. Length, 0.041 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0034 m.-0.002 m. 
 
 2695. Uncleaned. Length, 0.074 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.004 m. and less. 
 
 Discards similar to the above (Nos. 2691 ff.) : uncleaned, 
 two. 
 
 Class p. Edges folded in and brought 
 close together, the hollo ir between the two 
 rolls taking the place of tube. 
 One end blade-shaped, the other blunt 
 and round. 
 
 2696. From south sIoikj. Possibly not com- 
 plete. Length, 0.087 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 X 0.0015 m. Width of blade, 0.0027 m. 
 
 2697. Uncleaned. Possibly not complete. 
 Length, 0.483 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. and 
 less. Width of blade, 0.0035 m. 
 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2698. Uncleanetl. Length, 0.242 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0025 m. X 0.0018 m. 
 
 Discards similar to No. 2698 : uncleaned, three. 
 
 Form 2. Solid siiAtT, rounded. Blade 
 
 DOUBLE. 
 
 Bhule ends only. 
 The following have both parts of blade in the 
 same ))lane. 
 
 2699. Uncleaned. Length, 0.424 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.002 m. Length of blade, 0.011 m. + 
 0.0115 m. Width, 0.003 m. and less. 
 
 2700. Uncleaned. Length, 0.07 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.003 m. and less. Length of blade, 
 0.011 m. + 0.011 m. Width, 0.0049 m. and 
 less. End has sides i"ounde<l to point. 
 
 2701. Uncleaned. Length, 0.063 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.003 m. Length of blade, 0.01 m. + 
 0.009 m. Width, 0.0075 m. and less. Near cen- 
 tre of first part, round hole (diameter, 0.001 m.). 
 
 Both parts of blade in planes which are 
 at right angles to each other. 
 
 2702. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.004 m. and less. Length of blade, 
 0.027 m. Width, 0.005 m. 
 
 T3rpe k. Solid rounded shaft (without 
 knob ), one end of which terminates in 
 blade which is not set in same plane 
 with shaft. 
 End. 
 
 2703. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1365 m. Shaft, 
 0.0017 m. Use uncertain. 
 
 Type L Sinular but straight Slight knob 
 or convex surface near beginning of 
 blade. Shaft round except near blade. 
 
 2704. Found in first clianiber at east end on 
 lower terrace, April 28, 1893. Probably in- 
 complete at other end. Bent. Length, 0.115 m. 
 Knob, 0.0032 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m. to 0.0017 m. 
 Length of blade, 0.008 m.+ 0.018 m. Width, 
 0.0052 m. and less. Rectanguhir part orna- 
 mented with grooves and fine lines. Use uncer- 
 tain. Perhaps a medical instrument. 
 
 Tjrpe ni. Plain shafts without knob, termi- 
 nating at one end in hook or loop. The 
 other end in the only case preserved is 
 a flat point. 
 
 Class a. Rectangular shaft. 
 2705. Uncleaned. Other end gone. Length, 
 0.19. Thickness, 0.0015 m. X 0.0013 m. Loop, 
 0.008 m.x 0.0055 m. 
 
 Class /8. Rounded shaft. 
 THQIS. Probably complete. Length, 0.335 m. 
 Shaft, about 0.0036 m. Diameter of loop, 
 0.012 m. 
 
 Only loop end preserved. 
 
 2707. Length, 0.176 m. Thickness, 0.0017 m. 
 Loop, 0.0115 m. X 0.007 m. 
 
 2708. From back of South Building. 
 Length, 0.086 m. Thickness, 0.0023 m. Loop, 
 0.008 m. X 0.007 m. 
 
 2709. Uncleaned. Length, 0.102 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0037 m. Loop, 0.021 m. x 0.009 m. 
 
 2710. Length, 0.349 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. 
 Loop, 0.02 m.x 0.006 m. 
 
 Addendum. Irregularly elliptical shaft with 
 closed loop. Resemblance to this type perhaps 
 accidental. 
 
 2711. From back of South Building. Length, 
 0.05 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m. x 0.0013 m. Loop, 
 0.0055 m. X 0.003 m. Differs from the others 
 in having loop closed with end protracted. 
 Type n. Terminal follows knob. Single 
 
 knob, angular, with groove at either end. 
 
 (Probably better regarded as spits than as 
 
 straight pins, e. g. of Type d.) 
 Class a. Rectangular terminals. 
 
 2711a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.165 ni. Knob, 
 0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. squai-e. Length 
 of terminal, 0.0255 m. 
 
 2711 b. Uncleaned. End of shaft gone. 
 Length, 0.14 m. Knob, 0.0075 m. Length 
 of terminal, 0.0455 m. Ends in round knob 
 (diameter, 0.003 m.). 
 
 2711 c. Uncleaned. Fragment of terminal. 
 Length, 0.033 m. More advanced than the pre- 
 ceding number. 
 
 2711 d. Fragment of terminal. Length, 
 0.055 m. Size at break, 0.0018 m. x 0.002 m. 
 Ba.se, 0.0075 m. x 0.007 m. Interior rectangle 
 set (perhaps inserted) diagonally to outer. The 
 triangiUar corners thus left project slightly. 
 Class p. Round terminal. 
 
 2711 e. End incomplete. Length, 0.055 m. 
 Diameter, 0.003 m.-0.008 m. Tapers cou- 
 cavely. Heavy ring at base. 
 
 Discard of Class $ : uncleaned, one. 
 
 8. SPEAR-BUTT. 
 2712. Broken at large end. Length, 0.115 m. 
 
324 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 NAILS 
 
 325 
 
 Bronze shell (thickness, 0.001 m.-0.002 m.). 
 with iron filling to depth of 0.04 ni. Remain- 
 der of filling probably bronze. Near molding 
 at lower end, incised line (probably cast). 
 Cf. Nat. Mus., Athens, No. C8G6 (Acropolis). 
 
 9. PESTLE OR PLEKTRON. 
 
 2713. Uncleaned. Length, 0.115 m. Round 
 shaft terminating at one end in molding, at the 
 other in swelling. Thickness, 0.0034 ra., in- 
 creasing toward end to 0.0054 m. Decoration 
 of head: convex surface with double ring be- 
 neath and single ring and cap above. Length 
 of head, 0.017 m. 
 
 10. HOOKS. 
 A. FREE. 
 Type a. End of shaft turns up. 
 Chi»s a. Plain handles. 
 
 2714. Uncleaned. Length, 0.07 m. Length 
 of handle, 0.022 m. 
 
 Cla»» fi. Handle has eyelet at end. 
 
 2715i From upper terrace. Length, 0.283 m. 
 P^yelet formed by flattening and bending back 
 handle. Width of shaft, 0.007C m. and less. 
 Thickness, 0.0045 m., decreasing toward jtoint, 
 where it is 0.001 m. 
 
 Addenda to Type a. It is uncertain whether 
 any of the following are hooks, but they bear a 
 general resemblance in form. 
 
 2716. Condition poor, but probably about 
 complete. Ifent. Length, 0.155 m. Handle 
 (length, 0.052 m.), shaft, and hook. Entire 
 object could be regarded as a handle. 
 
 2717. Long end may be incomplete. Length, 
 0.140 m. Shaft partly rectangular, but mostly 
 round. Thickness, 0.0045 nj. and less. 
 
 271& Long end broken. Length, 0.0775 m. 
 Shaft irregularly rectangular. Thickness, 
 0.0045 m. square and less. 
 
 2719. Uncleaned. Broken at both ends. 
 Length, 0.057 m. Shaft, 0.00G5 m. x 0.0057 m. 
 and less. 
 
 The following have hook at only a slight an- 
 gle (obtuse). 
 
 2720. Uncleanetl. Length, 0.16 m. Length 
 of handle, 0.049 m. Shaft round. Diameter, 
 0.0045 m. and less. End pointed. 
 
 2721. Uncleaned. Both ends broken. Length, 
 0.085 m. Handle, 0.0035 m. s<|uare at begin- 
 ning. Passes gradually to round and tai)ers 
 toward end. 
 
 Tjrpe b. Shaft straight No hook. 
 
 2722. End of liandle as though hacked off 
 with chisel. Length, 0.54 m. Length of han- 
 dle, 0.129 m. Width, 0.026 m.-0.015 m. 
 Thickness, 0.004 m. and less. Width of blade, 
 0.014 m.-O.Ol m. Thickness, 0.007 m.-0.003 m. 
 Decoration at beginning of handle and on one 
 side only. Zigzag bounded on outer side by two 
 straight lines. Between lines, faint diagonal 
 line. Outside lines to break, short parallel lines 
 along each edge. 
 
 B. ATTACHED. 
 
 All examples belong to one type. 
 
 Clans a. Shaft rectanfjular and round. 
 
 2723. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Shaft, 
 0.0032 m. X 0.0035 m. Length of hook, 0.018 m. 
 Gradual transition to round at elbow. 
 
 Ducard nim'dar to No. 2723 : one. 
 
 2724. Uncleaned. Hook damaged. Length, 
 0.105 m. Shaft, 0.001 m. x 0.005 m. and less. 
 Near elbow, passes to round. Length of hook, 
 0.015 m. Forms obtuse angle with shaft. Pos- 
 sibly not a hook. 
 
 Class p. liectangnlar shaft. 
 
 2n2&. Length, 0.143 m. Shaft, 0.0043 m. x 
 0.0053 m. and 1ch.s, decreasing toward ])oiut. 
 Length of hook, 0.012 m. 
 
 272& Length, 0.153 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. 
 stpiare near elbow, from whence decreases to- 
 ward blunt jxiint. Length of hook, 0.016 m. 
 Size, 0.006 m. x 0.0065 m. at toj), decreasing 
 towanl elbow. 
 
 2727. Both ends damaged. Length, 0.112m. 
 Shaft, 0.0045 m. x 0.005 m., tapering toward 
 point. Length of hook, 0.02 m. Flat surfaces 
 lie in diagonal planes, giving effect of section 
 of a diamond. 
 
 Addendum to p. Uncertain whether the fol- 
 lowing is a hook or not. 
 
 2728. Both ends damaged. Length, 0. 177 m. 
 Shaft, 0.007 m., decreasing to 0.0038 m. at end. 
 Length of hook, 0.03 m. Decreases in size 
 from 0.0065 m. (elbow) to 0.0015 m. (jwint). 
 
 Discards : probably rather ends of spits than hooka : 
 cleaned, two ; uncleaned, one. 
 
 11. NAILS. 
 
 All the certain specimens have heads. Such 
 as do not are classed as ** Addenda." 
 Tjrpe a. Small, thin, flat head. Shaft round. 
 
 (</'.) End |)ointcd. 
 
 2729. Length, 0.118 m. Diameter of head, 
 
 0.008 m.; of shaft, 0.0063 m. Rectangular 
 [)oint. 
 
 (6'.) End blunt and flat. 
 
 2730. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0735 m. Di- 
 ameter of heatl, 0.0088 m. ; of shaft, 0.0065 m. 
 End, 0.006 m. x 0.0039 m. 
 
 Cf. two plain round nails from Mycenae 
 (shaft-grave v, No. 842), with plain, small, 
 flat heads and shaft that tapers to blunt point. 
 
 (c'. ) End gone (hence pieces may be rivets). 
 
 2731. Length, 0.116 ra. Head somewhat 
 convex. Diameter, 0.0069 m. Diameter of 
 shaft, 0.0065 m. 
 
 2732. Lt'ugth, 0.112 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.0215 m. ; of shaft, 0.014 ni. and less. 
 
 Cf. nails from Mycenae, es|>ecially example 
 
 cited s. n. 2730. 
 
 Discards of (c') : uncleaned, two. 
 
 Tjrpe b. Round thick head. Flat top. 
 
 Shaft rectangular. 
 273a End gone. Length, 0.077 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.02 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. 
 Shaft, 0.006 m. square near head, elsewhere 
 less. Uncertain whether head aiul shaft are of 
 one piece. 
 T]rpe c. Round thick head. Rounded top. 
 
 Shaft round. 
 
 2734. End gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.018 m. Thickness, 0.004 m. 
 Diameter of shaft, 0.0055 m. and less. 
 
 2735. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diam- 
 eter of he;ul, 0.0195 m. Thickness, 0.0055 m. 
 Diameter of shaft, 0.0048 m. near head, else- 
 M'hei-e less. Head of two parts, the inner rec- 
 tangular, the outer i-ound. Inner i)art of same 
 piece with shaft. Size, 0.006 m. square on un- 
 der side, 0.0067 m. x 0.007 m. on upi>er. 
 
 Shaft round and rectangular. 
 
 2736. End gone. Length, 0.04 m. Diam- 
 eter of head, 0.021 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. 
 Shaft round in \\ii\Hir i)art. Abrupt transition. 
 Size of rectangular part, 0.003 m.x 0.004 m. 
 Flattens toward break. 
 
 The following nuaiber is of uncertain use. 
 
 2737. Length, 0.038 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.015 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. Shaft round. 
 Diameter, 0.0037 m. and less. Flattens in 
 lower part. Was probably inserted and fastened 
 by rivet which passed through hole at end. 
 Shaft terminates in rectangle (0.006 m.x 
 0.0065 m.), which projects slightly on under 
 side of heatl. Remainder of head j^rhaps a 
 separate piece. 
 
 Type d. Round thick head. Conical top 
 (undeveloped). 
 Rectangular shaft. 
 
 2738. End injured. Length, 0.133 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.02 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.- 
 0.005 m. Slightly concave on under side. Shaft, 
 0.005 m. and less. 
 
 2739. liroken near head. Diameter of head, 
 0.0215 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m. at centre, de- 
 creasing to edge. Lender side flat. Groove near 
 outer edge of top side. 
 
 Cf. Olt/mpia, No. 1210 (hammered). Accord- 
 ing to Furtwiingler, one example was found under 
 the Ileraeum in Olympia. 
 Type e. Solid round head resembling an- 
 gular knob with grooved shaft. 
 Shaft rectangular. 
 
 2740. End gone. Length, 0.101 ni. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.015 m. Top a smooth rectangular 
 surface. Shaft, 0.0064 m. x 0.007 m. and less. 
 T3rpe f. Solid cubical head. 
 
 Shaft round. 
 
 2741. Uncleaned. End incomplete. Con- 
 dition poor. Length, 0.08 m. Head, 0.0085 m. 
 square. Thickness, 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2742. Uncleaned. End gone. Condition 
 l>oor. Length, 0.092 m. Head, 0.009 m. 
 squai-e on top and 0.007 ni. at bottom. Thick- 
 ness, 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. x 0.0055 m. 
 and less. 
 
 Type g. Hollow round head with convex 
 top. 
 
 Nail-shaft of iron. 
 
 2743. Short stub only of shaft remains. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.0285 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. x 
 0.0085 m. Inserted into bronze socket which 
 reaches to under side of head. 
 
 2744. Short stub only of shaft remaining. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0475 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. x 
 0.008 m. Inserted into low socket on under 
 side of head. 
 
 Cf. Olymina, No. 1214. Iron nail. 
 Type h. Round hollow head with conical 
 
 top. 
 
 Cf . gold tacks with rounded head from My- 
 cenae (shaft-grave IV, Mus. Nos. 359, 371) and 
 from Heraeum tomb. No. 3317; also bronze 
 nails from Mycenae (not from shaft- graves), 
 No. 2892, and from shaft-grave in. No. 49. 
 The last has conical head and is employed to 
 hold tocether rosettes. All the above in Nat. 
 Mus., Athens. 
 
326 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 NAILS, BUTTON, AND FASTENERS 
 
 327 
 
 Plain. 
 
 2745. Shaft broken close to head. Diame- 
 ter of head, 0.0227 m. Thickness of head, 0.008 
 ni. Shaft stub, 0.0065 m. in diameter. What re- 
 mains looks more like bottom of a socket the 
 sides of which have been broken down. Re- 
 mainder of shaft may therefore have been of 
 iron. 
 
 2746. Shaft incomplete. Sides of head 
 crushed flat. Length, 0.0525 m. Diameter of 
 head, 0.012 m. Thickness, 0.012 m. Diameter 
 of shaft, 0.0018 m. and less. 
 
 2747. From "West Building. Shaft gone. 
 Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Thickness, 0.009 
 m. On under side, hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.) 
 for insertion of shaft. 
 
 Ornamented. 
 274& Shaft incomplete. Head in poor con- 
 dition. Length, 0.107 m. Diameter of head, 
 0.034 m. Thickness, 0.036 m. At0.004m. and 
 0.009 m. from top of head narrow raised en- 
 circling bands. Near lower edge, shallow groove. 
 Inside about two thirds filled with bronze and 
 another substance (jierhaps lead) to hold shaft. 
 Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.005 m. and less. 
 Plate CXXXIV. 
 
 2749. Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.10 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.035 m. 
 Narrow raised bands near top and at bottom 
 of cone and at top and bottom of outer edge. 
 Surface of top slightly concave, of outer edge 
 convex. Inside of cone half filled with bronze 
 and perhaps a little lead (see No. 2748) for in- 
 sertion of shaft. Shaft rectangular (0.0055 m. x 
 0.006 m.) at first, afterwards round. 
 
 Cf. Olympia, No. 1220. 
 Plate CXXXIV. 
 
 2750. About one third of flange gone. Shaft 
 incomplete, and bent. Length, 0.148 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.063 m. Thickness, 0.062 m. 
 Shai>e and decoration similar to that of No. 2749. 
 Shaft, 0.006 m. X 0.005 m. and less. Held in 
 jdace by melted bronze. 
 
 Cf. nail from Necropoli del Fusco, Notiz. 
 ihfjU Scavi, 1893, p. 456. 
 
 Aildenda ^o Types a-h. The following shafts 
 probably had heads originally, but their form is 
 uncertain. Possible that some are ends of spits. 
 
 (a'.) Round shaft. 
 
 Ends originally pointed, now rather blunt. 
 Plate CXXXIII. 
 
 275L Length, 0.104 m. Diameter, 0.006 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2752. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter, 0.0085 m., 
 decreasing toward fiat point. 
 Ends blunt. 
 
 275a Length, 0.058 m. Thickness, 0.0078 m. 
 X 0.0087 m., decreasing toward end. 
 
 2754. Length,0.134m. Thickness, 0.008m. x 
 0.007 m. at top, passuig immediately to round 
 and tai)ering toward end. Top smooth and pos- 
 sibly original. 
 
 Both ends gone. 
 
 2755. Length, 0.098 m. Thickness, 0.01 m. x 
 0.011 m. and less. 
 
 (i'.) Rectangular shaft. 
 'End originally probably i)ointed, now blunt. 
 
 275& Length, 0.136 m. Size, 0.007 m. 
 square, tapering toward end. 
 
 The following ty|)es are ornamental, and, 
 with the exception of the first (Type i), of un- 
 certain use and application. 
 Type i Ornamental head developed from 
 
 cone of T3rpe h. No shaft. 
 Plate CXXXIV. 
 
 2757. Injured at top and bottom, but practi- 
 cally complete. Length, 0.102 m. Diameter 
 of bottom, 0.0685 m. ; of top, 0.007 m. Lower 
 edge preserved to depth of 0.006 m. in jdaccs. 
 Flares outward. Under side hollow, but greater 
 part of cone is solid. Ornamented with grooves, 
 rings, and convex surface as in Plate. 
 
 Cf. De Ridder, Bronzes de VAcrojtole^ No. 
 385. 
 
 Plate CXXXIII. 
 Tjrpe j. Ornamental composite head. 
 
 275& From back of South Building. Height, 
 0.024 m. Diameter of bottom, 0.0405 m.; of 
 top, 0.018 m. ; of waist of shaft, 0.01 m. Bot- 
 tom smooth and slightly concave. Thickness 
 of etlge, 0.002 m. In centre, hole, 0.019 m. 
 across and 0.006 m. deep. In top, hole, 0.01 m. 
 X 0.0085 m. across and 0.0035 m. deep, into 
 which another section may have been fastened. 
 
 Cf. Nat. Mus., Athens, Nos. 7185, 7190, 
 7191, 7193, which are similar, and No. 7189, 
 which has flat top (all from Acro|)olis). Olym- 
 pia. No. 1224, has hole clear through. 
 Type k. Ornamental globular heads at* 
 
 tached to round shaft 
 Class a. J*hiin shaft . 
 Plate CXXXIV. 
 
 2759. End gone. Bent (uncertain whetlier 
 of original design). I^ength, 0.095 m. Di- 
 ameter of head, 0.013 m. ; of shaft, 0.0065 m. 
 
 276a Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.039 m. 
 
 Diameter of head, 0.027 m. ; of shaft, 0.0085 m. 
 and less. Head represents bud or fruit. 
 Cf. Olympian No. 1183 (apple on stem). 
 Class p. Shaft ornamented with heavy 
 scretc-thrcading . 
 276L Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.05 m. 
 Diameter of head, 0.024 m. Flat on top. Shaft 
 (0.006 m. X 0.007 m.) inserted into under 
 
 side. 
 
 Addendum to Class /3. Ileatlless shaft. 
 
 2762. Neither end complete. Length, 0.078 m. 
 Diameter, 0.0065 m. 
 Type L Elongated ornamental head with 
 
 hole in end. 
 
 2763. Shaft which probably was of iron en- 
 tirely gone. Length, 0.0465 m. Diameter at 
 top and bottom rings, 0.013 m. ; at centre, 
 0.02 m. Above top ring, extension with groove 
 on each narrow side. Diameter of hole, 
 0.0025 m. In bottom, hole (diameter, 0.0045 m. ; 
 depth, 0.0039 m.). From hole grooves radiate 
 to outer etlge. General api>earance, especially 
 of hole, favors classification here rather than as 
 pin-head. 
 
 Object of somewhat similar api>earance from 
 Megara Hyblaea published by Orsi, Mon. Ant. 
 Line. I. col. 828, as a iiendant. Not stated 
 whether object has hole in bottom. 
 Type m. Ornamental head representing 
 
 flower. 
 
 2764. Uncleaned. Shaft gone. Condition 
 poor. Length, 0.027 m. Consists structurally 
 of three parts (though all are of one piece). 
 Upper part (length, 0.017 m.; sides, 0.009 m. 
 square) has four slightly flaring petals, one at 
 each corner. On outside of each i>etal, a smaller 
 l>etal. Ifetween jwtals, bud-like centre extend- 
 ing to top. In top, slight hole. Middle section 
 (length, 0.005 m.; sides, 0.009 m. xO.Ol m.) 
 has two grooves (or three raised bands). Lower 
 section (diameter, 0.008 m.) has small hole in 
 bottom for insertion of shaft and two grooves 
 about side. 
 
 12. BUTTON. 
 
 276S About one third of head gone. Di- 
 ameter, 0.0185 m. Length, 0.003 m. Thin 
 rounded head. In centre of under side, heavy 
 eyelet (diameter of hole, 0.001 m.). 
 
 Cf . button from uncleaned scra])s from Acrop- 
 olis now in Nat. Mus., Athens. Similar buttons 
 from Villa Benvenuti near Este found in cist- 
 grave of iron age : Montelius, CicPrim. It. Text, 
 
 col. 292, fig. e. Likewise from Este : Ghirar- 
 dini, 3Ion. Ant. Line. VIII. col. 27, pi. I. 
 No. 31. In Villa Papa Giulio, § xxxv. (Rome), 
 many bronze buttons, very similar, with eyelets 
 underneath. 
 
 Discard : uncertain, one. 
 
 13. FASTENERS. 
 A. WIRE. 
 
 2766. Band damaged. Length of wire, about 
 0.255 m. Size, 0.0015 m. x 0.0013 m. and less. 
 Rectangular. Band, 0.027 m. x 0.023 m. Small 
 repousse dots about edge, and two or three rows 
 in interior running lengthwise. At present, 
 band encircles only one end of wire. 
 
 2767. From Old Temple. Ends probably 
 incomplete. Lengthat present, 0.062 m. Wire, 
 0.0022 m. X 0.0014 m. (diamond-shaped sec- 
 tion with obtuse angles softened). Irregular 
 coil, from which proceed two arms on one side 
 and one on the other. Their ends meet and are 
 twisted about each other. Two pieces of wire, 
 of which one forms the single arm and one of 
 the pair. 
 
 Place of coil taken by bronze disk. 
 
 2768. None of the ends complete. Length, 
 0.059 m. "NVire, 0.0027 m.x 0.0015 m. near 
 disk, decreasing toward ends. Section as in 
 No. 2767. Disk (diameter, 0.0205 m.) has row 
 of small dots about edge convex side uppermost. 
 Rivet holds at back of disk three pieces of wire 
 one on top of the other, passing through flat- 
 tened ends of two and middle of the third. 
 
 Addendum. The following disk may have 
 similar value to that of No. 276a 
 
 2769. (Shows under side.) From back of 
 South Building. Uncertain how much is lost. 
 Diameter, 0.016 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. On 
 top, close to edge, groove. In centre, hole 
 (0.0045 m.x 0.002 m.) from which bar 
 (0.0015 m. X 0.0017 m.) projects 0.005 m. At 
 back, bar seems to spread and hold wire in place. 
 
 B. CHAIN. 
 
 2770. From West Building. Uncertain 
 whether and to what extent incomplete. Length, 
 0.038 m. Four links of horseshoe shape matle 
 of round wire and open at small end. 
 
 The following object is put here on the sup- 
 position that there were originally more links. 
 
 2771. Length, 0.0225 m. Rectangular and 
 round wire. Tapers nearly to point at end of 
 
328 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 larger loop — an objectiou to making this object 
 a link of a chain. 
 
 C. EYELET OR HINGE. 
 
 2772. Both ends probably incomplete. 
 Length, 0.0925 m. Two bars terminating in 
 interlocked closed eyelets. Bar of eyelets rec- 
 tangular (0.0005 ni. X 0.0025 m.), of shafts 
 rounded rectangular. 
 
 14. CLAMPS. 
 
 2773. One cleat on under side broken off 
 close to bar. Length, 0.09 m. Width of bar, 
 0.01 m.-0.0215 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m.- 
 0.008 m. On under side at 0.018 m. from one 
 entl, and 0.028 m. from the other, small cleat. 
 
 2774. Length, 0.102m. Thickness, 0.0045 m.- 
 0.0007 m. On imder side near each end 
 (0.012 m., 0.009 m.), cleat. Height of each, 
 0.0135 m. Width, about 0.014 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.004 m. and 0.007 m. 
 
 2775. Length, 0.10 m. Width of bar, 
 0.039 ni.and less. Thickness, 0.004 m.-0.007 m. 
 Height of cleats, 0.013 m. 
 
 Hole in ends makes identification as clamp 
 uncertain. 
 
 2776. (Shows under side.) One end prob- 
 ably incomplete. Length, 0.00 m. Width, 
 0.035 m. and less. Thickness, 0.0038 m. and 
 less. Near one end, hole (diameter, 0.0075 m.). 
 Groove on top nearly at right angles to sides. 
 
 15. CAPS. 
 
 2777. From back of South Building. De- 
 fective. Diameter, 0.077 m. Height, 0.020 m. 
 and less. Upper edge bent slightly outward in 
 parts. 
 
 2778. Defective. Conditiim jKwr. Sides 
 bent flat against bottom. Diameter, 0.0717 m. 
 Height of sides, 0.0115 m. and less. 
 
 2779. Found in South Stoa, April 24, 1895. 
 Height, 0.00 m. Diameter, 0.077 m. and less. 
 Thickness of sides, 0.007 m. and less. Near top, 
 bronze rivet from side to side. On outside near 
 top, shallow groove. 
 
 Different from Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 281, 
 No. 120. 
 
 Tlie following with ear or ears at side is prob- 
 ably to be put here. 
 
 2780. (Shows under side.) Defective. 
 Height, 0.01 m. + 0.005 m. Diameter, 0.028 m. 
 
 On one side of top, ear (width, 0.01 m. Length, 
 0.006 ra. ). At base, hole (diameter, 0.003 m. ). 
 The following objects of uncertain classifica- 
 tion probably had similar use. 
 
 2781. From back of South Building. De- 
 fective. Diameter, 0.048 m. Twjthed edge. In 
 centre, convexity with hole (diameter, 0.005 m. ). 
 On same side, leaf pattern, at base of teeth and 
 about centre. 
 
 2782. Perhaps from northeast comer of Old 
 Temple. About complete. Height, 0.021 m. 
 Diameter, 0.024 ra. (top), 0.045 m. (bottom). 
 Neck (length, O.OOC m.), beneath which, convex 
 lower ))art. Perhaps coating of end of staff. 
 
 16. CENTREPIECE. 
 
 278a Found back of South Buihling, 1894. 
 Defective. Condition jnior. Size, 0.053 m. 
 Ends, 0.0115 m. square and less. Thickness 
 of metal, 0.0015 m. Inside hollow. About ends 
 on all sides except back, grooves, two al>out each 
 end. 
 
 17. BINDING. 
 
 2784. From back of South Building. Ends 
 broken. Length, 0.135 m.. Wi«lth, 0.048 m. 
 and less. Consists of two parts : upj)er ribWl 
 flange, inner line of which is broken. The 
 seccmd part (same piece with top); length, 
 0.008 m.; width, 0.0275 m. ; thickness, 
 0.005 m. at junction with upj>er part, from 
 which decreases toward rounded edge. Uniler 
 side flat ; fonns acute angle with uj)i>er part. 
 Doubtful whether object can have lieen part of 
 binding of shield rim, one objection being that 
 original diameter was only 0.23 m. 
 
 18. DECORATIVE BRACES AND 
 STRIPS. 
 
 A. STRAIGHT ORNAMENTAL APPLIED 
 BRACES. 
 
 {Each object differs from the otherx in ti/pe.) 
 
 2785. Small end broken at nail-hole. Length, 
 0.045 m. 
 
 2786. Large end broken. Length, 0.049 m. 
 Claw, length, 0.00G5 m. rounded. Diameter, 
 0.005 m. at base, decreases toward end. Shaft 
 rectangidar, with beveled corners (0.0077 m. 
 and less). 
 
 2787. (Shows reverse side.) Both ends prob- 
 ably defective. Nails broken close to surface. 
 
 DECORATIVE BRACES AND STRIPS 
 
 329 
 
 Length, 0.221 m. Width of centre, 0.0235 m. 
 and less. Thickness, 0.012 m. and less. At 
 0.009 m. from end, nail. Blade, width, 
 0.125 m. Thickness, 0.0064 m. Near centre, 
 nail. At 0.015 m. beyond nail, on narrow side, 
 round hole in shaft. Depth, 0.006 m. Diam- 
 eter, 0.0035 m. Perhaps cross brace of grating 
 or, more likely, leg of small chair or bed. Cf. 
 lower part of leg of bed in archaic relief from 
 Tegea (Ibrahim Effendi, Ath. Mitth. IV. p. 
 136, pi. vii. Milchhofer). 
 
 B. CURVED ORNAMENTAL APPLIED BRACE. 
 
 Plate CXXXV. 
 
 2788. One end broken. Length, 0.221 m. 
 Width, 0.051 m. and less. Thickness, 0.027 m. 
 Ribs raised above surface, 0.0045 m. Near 
 whole end, nail (diameter, 0.006 m.). On under 
 side, hole fllled with iron rust. Hence only head 
 is of bronze. At 0.085 m. from first nail, sec- 
 ond nail of bronze. Object cast solid, but with 
 many flaws which show on under side. Diame- 
 ter of protracted circle (inside), about 0.955 m. 
 This and similar objects probably applied to 
 edge of large kettles or caldrons, like the small 
 pieces Nos. 2188, etc. See, however, Olymjna^ 
 Nos. 1229 f., which are very similar in shaj)e but 
 smaller. Several similar pieces, both larger and 
 smaller in Nat. Mus., Athens, among scraps from 
 Acroix>lis (uncleaned). In Museum of Flor- 
 ence similar small ornaments, but not flat on 
 one side (Tomba a circolo di Poggio alia Guaixlia, 
 1895). 
 
 C. STRIPS AND RODS. 
 
 T]rpe a. Triangular, the widest side being 
 applied. 
 
 2789. One end broken. Length, 0.168 m. 
 Sides, 0.0075 m., 0.0042 m., 0.004 m. End 
 undercut on wide side, probably for purpose of 
 fastening. 
 
 2790. One end gone, the other defective. 
 Length, 0.146 m. Sides, 0.0078 m., 0.0043 m., 
 0.0052 m. Single engraved line near outer edge 
 of each of short sides. 
 
 2791. lioth ends broken. Length (arc), 
 0.0585 m. On each of narrow sides, line close 
 to each edge ; in interior, broad, rounded, obtuse- 
 angletl zigzag of bent lines. I3oth ends turn 
 slightly outwanl, hence best put here. 
 
 Discartts of Type a : uncleaned, two. 
 
 Tjrpe b. Quadrangular (two acute and two 
 obtuse angles). 
 Manner of application differs from that of 
 
 objects of preceding tyi>e, one of the obtuse 
 angles being applied. 
 
 2792. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length, 
 0.173 m. Thickness, 0.0035 m. x 0.0024 m. 
 One end flattens from near break. At break, 
 hole (diameter, 0.002 m.). Shows manner of 
 application and fastening. 
 
 2793. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length, 
 0.245 m. Width, 0.0036 m. x 0.0025 m. 
 
 2794. Uncleaned. Length, 0.241 m. Forms 
 at centre 8-shaped loop. 
 
 Discards of Type b : uncleaned, two. 
 
 T3rpe c. Quadrangular. Right angles. 
 Manner of application uncertain. 
 
 2795. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length, 
 0.085 m. Sides, 0.002 m. x 0.0005 m. 
 
 2796. Uncleaned. Length, 0.164 m. Sides, 
 0.0024 m. X 0.0007 m. and less. 
 
 2797. Ends gone. Length, 0.093 m. Width, 
 0.0035 m. and less. On both sides, rough 
 groove. 
 
 2798. Uncleaned. One end broken. Length, 
 0.084 m. Width, 0,0035 m. and less. Near wide 
 end crossed at right angles by heavy grooves. 
 
 2799. L^ncleaned. Ends gone. Length, 
 0.067 m. W^idth, 0.0055 m. Thickness, 0.0015 
 m. Near one end, four small fragments of sheet 
 gold, three of which rest on bronze incrusta- 
 tion. This incrustation, and consequently the 
 gold fragments, belongs to some other piece of 
 bronze. 
 
 Type d. Flat, quadrangular (as in preced- 
 ing tjrpe ), and round shaft combined. 
 
 2800. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length, 
 0.19 m. Shaft rectangular and round. Size, 
 0.0053 m. X 0.0008 ra. 
 
 Probably also : 2800 a» Uncleaned. One end 
 gone. Length, 0.21 m. Shaft rectangular and 
 round. 
 Type e. Round shaft, plain. 
 
 Manner of application uncertain. 
 
 280L Large end broken. Length, 0.053 m. 
 Diameter, 0.003 m. and less. Use uncertain. 
 Placed here because of similarity to following 
 number. 
 
 2802. From West Building. One end broken. 
 Length, 0.25 m. Diameter, 0.0047 m. 
 
 2803. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length 
 as bent, 0.044 m. Diameter of shaft, 0.0038 m. 
 Type f. Shaft round (or nearly round), with 
 
 coil at one end. 
 Class a. Plain. 
 
 2804. One end gone. Length as bent, 0.025 m. 
 
330 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 Diameter of shaft, 0.0008 m. Uncertain whether 
 
 loop is original. 
 
 Class p. Chord Jiat for application. Re- 
 mainder of circumference has interrupted 
 rope pattern. Coil plain. 
 
 2805. One end gone. Length, 0.152 m. 
 Diameter of shaft, 0.0033 m. 
 
 Type g. Round shaft consisting of three 
 plain strands twisted together. 
 
 2806. Both ends gone. Length, 0.086 m. 
 Diameter, 0.0033 m. 
 
 2807. Both ends gone. Length, 0.134 m. 
 Diameter, 0.004 m. 
 
 280a Both ends gone. Length, 0.189 m. 
 Diameter, 0.0037 m. 
 
 19. INSERTED DISKS. 
 
 Type a Plain. 
 
 2809. Cracked nearly through. Diameter, 
 0.069 m. Tliickness, 0.0043 m. and less. On 
 both sides, slight depressions which look like 
 marks of hammer. 
 
 Type b. Ornamented simple disk. 
 
 2810. Split by corrosion into several laminae. 
 Diameter, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. On 
 outside, rosette, the centre of which is slightly 
 concave; reverse plain. 
 
 Type c. Plain, with dowel at back for in- 
 sertion. 
 
 2811 Diameter, 0.0002 m. Tliickness, 
 0.0042 m. Length of dowel, 0.021 m. Disk 
 and dowel of one piece. Cast. 
 
 Addenda. Comi>osite disks. 
 
 2812. From back of South Building. De- 
 fective. Lead kernel nearly intact. Bronze 
 covering mostly preserved. Diameter of leaden 
 part, 0.051 m. Thickness, 0.0053 m. Bronze 
 follows conformation of outer surface. 
 
 2812 a. Uncleaned. Lead kernel nearly 
 complete. Bronze only partially i)reserved. 
 Similar to preceding. Diameter, 0.0525 m. 
 
 20. OTHER DECORATIVE ATTACH- 
 MENTS AND FRAGMENTS. 
 
 2813. One end gone, the other defective. 
 Length, 0.085 m. Width, 0.0105 m. and less. 
 Sides slightly convex. Manner of attachment 
 uncertain. 
 
 2813 a. Uncleaned. Similar to No. 28ia 
 Length, 0.039 m. 
 
 2814. Top broken. Height, 0.043 m. Di- 
 
 ameter, 0.055 m. Five layers of bronze, de- 
 creasing toward top. Diameter of uppermost 
 layer, 0.015 m. Bronze part forms thick coni- 
 cal shell, into which is inserted from bottom 
 solid cone of lead. This cone projects 0.006 m. 
 below bottom, and partially overlaps inner edges 
 of bronze. On top, mass of iron oxide, prob- 
 ably remains of rotl which held object as pend- 
 ant. 
 
 2815. Both ends broken. Length, 0.175 m. 
 
 Width, 0.022 m. 
 
 2816. Both ends broken. Length, 0.042 m. 
 Stem with short blade. Width of stem, 0.0097 
 m. ; of blade, 0.0145 m. Blade curved. 
 
 21. SLTPORTS. 
 
 2817. Found at east end of south slope, April 
 24, 1893. Height, about 0.125 m. Length of 
 foot, 0.017 m. Width, 0.016 m. Upper part 
 of shaft rectangular. Lower part round. 
 
 2818. Uncleaned. Top damaged. Height, 
 0.088 m. Length of foot, 0.01 m. Width, 
 0.005 m. Formed by cutting back shaft and 
 bending end. Diameter of shaft, 0.005 m. 
 and less. 
 
 2818 a. Fragment Height, 0.0225 m. 
 Width, 0.011 m. 
 
 Solid. 
 
 22. RODS. 
 
 2819. From West Building. One end broken. 
 Length, 0.476 m. Diameter, 0.006 m. 
 
 Hollow. 
 
 2820. From south slope. One end broken. 
 Length, 0.121 m. Diameter, 0.01 m. Com- 
 plete end nearly triangular. Elsewhere, rounded. 
 Oi>en cylinder. Edges do not form straight 
 line. 
 
 Filled. 
 
 2821. Both ends gone. Shell cracked entire 
 length. Length, 0.123 m. Diameter, 0.023 m. 
 Interior filletl with iron rust and another sub- 
 stance which is probably part of core. 
 
 23. BARS. 
 Plain. 
 
 2822. From back of South Building. One 
 end broken. Length, 0.06 m. Width, 0.023 m.- 
 0.041 m. Thickness, 0.0033 m. and less. 
 
 282a Length, 0.0735 m. Width, 0.022 m. 
 and less. Thickness, 0.0047 m. and less. 
 
 One end damaged. Length, 0.10 m. 
 
 BARS, BALL, AND CASTINGS 
 
 331 
 
 Width, 0.013 m. Thickness, 0.0095 m. and 
 less. 
 
 282& Condition jxMr. Length, 0.06 m. 
 Width, 0.025 m. and less, especially toward 
 one end, which terminates in rounded beveled 
 ]>oint. 
 
 2826l From south slope. Ik>th ends gone. 
 Length, 0.044 m. Width, 0.018 m. and less. 
 Inscribeil. 
 
 2827. Both ends roughly cut off. Length, 
 0.084 m. Width, 0.02 m.-0.0215 m. Thick- 
 ness, 0.0065 m. -0.0085 m. For inscription see 
 Appendix, 
 
 24. BALL. 
 From West Building. Diameter, 
 
 25. CASTINGS. 
 
 0.014 m. 
 
 A. PARTIALLY FORMED OBJECTS. 
 
 Plate CXXXVI. 
 
 2829. Standard and paw. Height, about 
 0.154 m. Height of standard, 0.112 m. Diame- 
 ter of top of standard, 0.088 m. Attachments 
 cast in one piece with standard: 1. From a 
 point 0.03 m. below top of standard rises diag- 
 onally lion's paw with four toes. Toes have 
 claws. From heel projects round stub (length, 
 0.018 m. ; diameter, 0.013 m.). This stub per- 
 haps marks \A\^e through which bronze was 
 jwured. 2. Near top of standard, oblong 
 rounded attachment in line with paws. Length, 
 0.026 m. 3. From middle of upper part of 
 standard, on opi>osite side from precetling at- 
 tachment, round stub rising diagonally. 
 
 2830. Crimped arc. Length, 0.109 m. 
 
 Width, 0.035 m. and less. Thickness, 0.01 m. 
 and less. Top side has ornament of slightly 
 raised rays which do not quite reach outer edge. 
 Inner edge beveled. 
 
 2831. Conve.x-concave arc. Outside diame- 
 ter, 0.083 m. Width of ring, 0.031 m. and 
 less. Thickness, 0.005 m. and less. 
 
 2832. Perhaps part of mold. Size, 0.057 m. x 
 0.035 m. X 0.009 m. In edge, outlines of at least 
 three circles, of which only the largest shows 
 trace of bottom. 
 
 2833. Bar. One end complete. Size, 
 0.087 m. X 0.027 m. x 0.01 m. 
 
 2834. Segment of sphere. Width, 0.072 m. 
 Thickness, 0.037 m. and less. 
 
 2835. Uncleaned. Fragment of sphere. 
 Entire surface rough. Diameter, 0.253 m. 
 
 B. CASTINGS WHICH PRESENT ACCIDENTAL 
 RESEMBLANCES TO VARIOUS OBJECTS. 
 
 2836. (Penis.) Length, 0.083 m. 
 
 2837. Bird. Height, 0.04 m. 
 
 2838. (Binding for corner.) Length, 0.063 m. 
 
 2839. (Saddle.) Height, 0.046 m. Length, 
 
 0.05 m. 
 
 C. FORMLESS CASTINGS. 
 
 2840. Length, 0.14 m. Width, 0.12 m. 
 Thickness, 0.004 m. 
 
 2841. Condition poor. Size, 0.085 m. x 
 0.06 m.x 0.008 m. 
 
 Discards ofC: six, of which one from West Building. 
 
 Other discards. Here belong a number of pieces, partly 
 castings, partly pieces of sheet bronze, wliich have been 
 partly melted and fused together, or mixed with other 
 substances, as lead, rock, sand. Most of them show ac- 
 tion of fire. Uncleaned, seventy-eight, of which two 
 from back of South Building, near retaining wall. 
 
APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 333 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE BRONZES 
 
 964. Plate LXXXIX. (photographs). Two 
 copies below. The second, on reexamination, seemetl 
 to represent more accurately the actual condition of 
 the bronze. Letters scarcely legible. Height, about 
 0.003 m. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 (1) G>i'cro"Tiafs ■>■]//[?]) EIAAa&[ou 
 
 (2) €h«r(mo[s] HcAAa8i[«u 
 Translation: (Projterti/) of Thystla, daughter (or 
 
 wife) of Helladios. 
 
 0wroTiu[s : does not seem to occur, but Hesychius 
 has (K'trnfi (quoted by L. and S.) and C-)vaTaScs (quoted 
 by P.-B.). Cf. also 0[u](rcn'8ai, Athen. Mltth. IX. 
 p. 321 (Ceos), 'Efl-iVeCu^is] ©vatas, Areh.-Ep'uj. Mitth. 
 aus Oest. XI. p. 181, and ©i'o-om', 'E«^. 'A.px- 1883, col. 
 215. 1. 125 (the last two also in P.-B.). For -acrr- 
 see G. Meyer, Gr'iech. Graui! p. 304, Bmgmann, 
 Griech. GniMv} § 100, 1 a and § 119, 1. — r]^[s] : 
 it seems better to assume a blank space between the 
 words than to supply this word, which is not of the 
 Argive dialect. — 'EAXa8t[ov : see P.-B. s. v. and also 
 C. LA. III. 1343, C. I. S. 53, 179. Another i)os- 
 sibility would be 'EAAai'to[i' or 'EAAartofvo?, but the 
 nominative case of the former is an objection, and for 
 the latter there is hardly space. The word occurs 
 B. M. I. III. § 1, p. 65 (lasos), 'EAAavtW Topo-n's. 
 
 1581. Plate XCVI. (photograph and drawing). 
 Copy below. Retrograde-boustrophedon, beginning 
 
 ^/Noi t:ir5is;e^ 
 
 o 
 
 3^ ^A/grnnA 
 
 r 
 
 with lower right corner. Height of letters, 0.002 m.- 
 0.0047 m. Letters in lines 1 and 2 increase in size 
 with the direction of the writing. 
 
 The letters of the first line are very legible, inas- 
 much as they are clearly cut and well preserved. 
 Those of the second line, however, have been nearly 
 effaced by the oxidation of the bronze, and were ex- 
 
 tremely difficult to decipher. Nevertheless, the forms 
 of the letters as given in drawing and copy are for 
 the most jiart fairly sure. The single letter of the 
 third (middle) line is faint but certain. 
 
 AptOTCta Ekc I daxoiQ) avt&tK \ C 
 
 Translation : Aristela offered (me) on behalf of 
 Ekethaio. 
 
 For 'A/Moreia, cf. C /. G, 155 (Attic), quote<l by 
 P.-B., and there accented 'Apurrcia. The first letter 
 of the second (top) line may be either 6 or <^, but the 
 balance of probability is in favor of $. Neither 'E«cc- 
 daxui nor 'EKc<^to> seems to occur. For '£kckX»}«, 
 'Ekc^iS?/^, *£kc<^vXos, which present the nearest anal- 
 ogy, see B. C. H. Index. The reading of the word 
 as a feminine form from an oj- stem instead of a mas- 
 culine form from an o- stem is arbitrary. IX;dica- 
 tion on behalf of another person in an inscription 
 from Athens published by Kurte, Athen. Mitth. XXI. 
 p. 294, y[vn)<Tt.TTo\i(jt.rf vTcip AiKcufM^i'ouf 'A(r«cA>/7ri<p 
 'Aftvvw avtdT)Kt. That Ekethaio or Eke|>haio is an 
 unknown name of a ])erson is more probable than 
 that it is an unknown epitiiet of Hera. 
 
 1746. Platk CII. (photogra]>h). Drawing be- 
 low. A single letter. Height, 0.008 ni. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Initial letter of *Hpac or 'Hpat. Cf. No. 1965^ 
 and B. M. Catalogue of Greek Coins, Pelopojinesiis, 
 Introd. p. Iv. 
 
 1824, 182& Plates CVL, CVII. (photograph 
 and copy). Ketrograile. Height of letters, 0.0055 m.- 
 0.008 m. 
 
 ft J aS \ d3k 
 
 The reading makes it probable that the fragments 
 are to be combine<l, in spite of the difficulty of adjust- 
 ment. This part of the inscription probably con* 
 tained names only. It is probable that the fathers' 
 names were added in a second column at the left, but 
 even if they were place<I under the names of the 
 sons, the first name on the fragment, as next to the 
 last, would still be in the nominative. 
 
 The first name is probably 4>iA.Xta«, cf . C. I. O. 
 1514 (cite<l by Pape-Benseler), TTiotikX^ <I>tAXtu; 
 C. I. S. III. i. 446 (Stratos), 1. 4. *tAAtas Ti;Aa[i7eo«, 
 
 or *tAXi'&is, cf. C. I. S. III. i. Appendix, 1066, 1. 2, 
 ♦tXAt'Sa; B. C. H. V. p. 413, No. 22, 1. 3, Ti'pov 
 4>iXA.t8a 'A/i«^t<r(rT«w; ibid. p. 414, No. 23, 11. 14, 15, 
 4>iAAi&i«. It may also have been 4>iXXt?. Cf . B. C. H. 
 Index, 1877-«6, and vol. XX. p. 206 (Delphi), 1. 
 35, ♦tXis 'Apycio?, *iXXis 'Kpyuot. For 4>iAAi8as and 
 4>l\Xi« in literature, see P.-B. The second name is 
 probably the nominative, possibly the genitive, of 
 Sw&i/xos. Cf. the indices to the various Corpora, and 
 to B. C. H., and 'E<^. 'Apx- 1883, col. 29, No. 9 
 (Epidaaros), Ntxarav ^ut&d/jiov. An Argive named 
 SuiSu/iias is mentioned by Pans. III. ix. 8 (quoted by 
 P.-B.). 
 
 Double writing of consonants is the rule for Argive 
 inscriptions which have four-stroke sigma. so even in 
 A. J. A. XI. p. 43, 1. 5, 'YAXti;?. In those which 
 have three-stroke sigma there are no cases in j)oint. 
 Those which use san write but one consonant in cases 
 of gemination. Cf. /. G. A. 30, 1. 5, and Nos. 1826, 
 1. 9, 'YXJs, and 2252, c 2t»ctX4as. It follows that for 
 the period to wliich an Argive retrograde inscription 
 would naturally be assigned the single consonant 
 should be ex]>ected. The double writing of the con- 
 sonants in this inscription, taken together with the 
 style of the letters, makes it probable that this is an 
 exceptional example of retrograde writing at a later 
 I)eriod. Cf. the retrograde writing of names of Ar- 
 give kings on the hemicycle on the north side of the 
 sacred way at Delphi. B. C If. XVIII. p. 186, and 
 Frazer on Paus. X. x. 5. 
 
 182a^ Plates CVI. (photograph) and CVII. 
 (drawing).* 
 
 1. <f>{or p)a$iiaTa W T' a&€V ':: hoyvo- 
 
 [hjc (rvv\€oi W Tus apas W Tus 
 
 2. 
 
 3. yos :• Ttts Apyciuc •• ra St Tra/xfara 
 
 4. -»ta [^Jai'ttToi' :: he oXAo ti Ka<fov •• li- 
 
 5. c]7r[iT]tx»'«HTo :i c[h(?)o]t fto-^ut ii [Tor9]<>- 
 
 6. -CK ,: irp*>[ir(?)]po[p(?)]o« :• t$irpua- 
 
 7. «u Sc fi]t 8a/uto[p]yoi ris .• h<H[s (?) 
 
 8. -s] Apyctas :• kcu hoi Fm t- 
 
 9. -o :: Toi HuAcs jl aTro8ofi[^€voi 
 
 10. ya« :: Apyetusya •• KaTtt»c[a- 
 
 11. -yvoi/ foi coTo i: irot ras H[cpac 
 
 The interpretation de^tends to a considerable ex- 
 tent on the view which may be taken of the dot after 
 T in the first line. Rogers, who thinks it an attempt 
 to puncture the plate for a nail-hole (/. c. p. 166), 
 and Frftnkel disregard it in reading, and join r to 
 what follows. The reading thus obtaine<l, raS' iv, is 
 easy and plausible, and there are examples of allow- 
 ance of space for nail-holes.* Preparation for the nail 
 
 > Published by J. D. Ro(>:er8 in .1. J. A., Second Series, 
 V. (1001). pp. ir)9 flf., and by Max Frinkel in Insc. Argol. 
 No. :m II. G. IV.). 
 
 - By E. GUU^ron. 
 
 » See Rogers, /. c. p. 1C7. Add the inscription from Olym- 
 
 by means of a carefully worked indentation is a some- 
 what different matter ; and until examples are found 
 for it, it may be well to look for some other explana- 
 tion, especially as in this case the indentation was 
 not actually used for such a purpose. The analogy 
 of the Locrian inscription (/. G. A. 321), where let- 
 ters (usually prostrate) with three dots on either side 
 serve as a means of numbering the paragraphs, sug- 
 gests that :: T • in this inscrij)tion may have a similar 
 use. In this case the letter would probably introduce 
 the last paragraph in the document, namely, that con- 
 taining the sanctions. If so, additions to the main 
 body of the document are not to be exjjected, but 
 simply measures to secure the fulBlhnent of the pro- 
 visions of the preceding paragraplis. 
 
 Line 1. tpaOfjiaTa: for the slight preference in favor 
 of <^ as against p, see above s. n. For <^a<rp.aTa with 
 substitution of -o-p,o for -^p.a, cf. Brugmann, Griech. 
 Gram'} p. 186. In the absence of the preceding 
 context, it is uncertain whether the word is complete 
 as it stands, and, if so, in what sense it was meant. 
 Nor is it possible to look forward for a reference, if 
 the above hypothesis regarding the paragraphs be 
 correct The termination would also fit v<j>a<TfiaTa. 
 A*<l>a6fmTa like </)r//jti/, f ari. Sansk. bha-ti, seems not to 
 have existed in Greek. Rogers and Frankel take 
 the initial letter to be p. The former suggests (I. c. 
 p. 165) ypddfiaTa = ypd.(riJuiTa = ypdfiixxiTa, ^pd6fiaTa = 
 Sptt<r/xaTa • <rvv6dfiaTa, ayopda-ftaTo, and (I. C. p. 174) 
 lapOdiiaTa. In understanding ypdafxara ( < ypdO/xaTa) 
 as ypdfkfiaTa he agrees with Robert (to whom he re- 
 fers), who thus interprets ypaa-a/jLaToiv in the inscrij)- 
 tion from Hermione {Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 598). 
 Neither indicates the process by which *grabh-ma 
 becomes ypa-dfua. or ypa-(rp.a.* Frankel reads 
 -p or oja^/iara without explanation. To these con- 
 jectures may be added pdOfiara = *pda-ft.aTa = pdfi- 
 fjLara (C /. G. S. 2421). For the sense of this, as 
 also of v<l>da-fiaTa above, cf . the prescriptions for dress 
 in the sacrificial inscription from Andania (Cauer, 
 Delectus^ p. 33, No. 47). However, as in the case 
 of ypa-Oji-a above, it is difficult to account for the sub- 
 stitution of suffix-initial 6* or o- for the final labial con- 
 sonant of the root without a somewhat extensive and 
 j)erhaps unsafe application of the principle of analogy. 
 — oScj/: if this word begins the paragraph, it can 
 scarcely be anything but dhlv (in sense of h€h6\6aL) 
 or aScv' (in sense of Iho^tv), from di/Sdrw. The diffi- 
 culty with regard to the breathing is pointed out by 
 Rogers, I. c. pp. 163 f. ; nor do examples of i/ftAoxris 
 like'Iir(7r)o/xeSo)i', /. 6^.^.30 (cited by Kuliner-Blass, 
 I. p. 109), and 'Hpas, lopo/im/xoi/c?, A. J. A. XI. 
 
 pia published in the Jahreshffte d. Oesterreich. Arch. Instituts, 
 I. p. lit" (Szanto). 
 
 * For a discussion of this word see Helen M. Searles, A 
 Lexicographical Studi/ of the Greek Inscriptions, s. v. ypdffafuu 
 
 * Mentioned as a possibility by Rogers, /. c. p. 1»>J. 
 
334 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 APPENDIX : INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 335 
 
 (1896), p. 43 (cited by Rogers), quite suffice to obviate 
 it. — uyvb[y(?) : as the amount of text lost at the aides 
 of the plate is uncertain, it is useless to try to fill out 
 the lines. From the position of the word and that of 
 aw\€oi below, it may be that the sense of the begin- 
 ning of the sanction was something like ayvov to aSos 
 ToiTo • al 8i Tis Tavra irap^aivoi h*y <nn')((<H k.t.A. 
 Line 2. awxioi : L. and S. s. v. II. 2. Cf. I.G. A. 
 
 500, Tof 3 vofJLOV toZtov iqv TIS 6i\y [<'^3x**'* ^ irpo&rj- 
 Ttt[t] \pTJ(f>ov woTC [/*»/ (^Jvai Tov vofjiov TovTov. Slightly 
 different in sense in the inscription of the Labyadae, 
 B.C. H. XIX. p. 12, 1. 28(HomoUe).— ip5s: genitive. 
 The apodosis begins here. The form tus upas tus shows 
 that a definite cui-se, described in the missing part of 
 the line, is meant. For similar formulae see Rogers, 
 I. c. p. 168. Something like Ivoxp^ to-Tw may be supplied 
 with Rogers. Cf. Cauer, Delectu^ No. 430 (Eresos), 
 A 11. 24 f. ['<]a[i] ToAAa «[v]oxos [«](rTw tw ro/io) [tw 
 or T(o cTTt Toi] Tuv araXKav uveAoi'Ti ; also D 1. 16, 
 €v6xoi.\% c/i/icjrai tw I'Ofiw (dative or genitive). Speci- 
 mens of dpai'(public), 7. G. .4. 497 (Teos) and (private), 
 C. /. A. III. ii. 1417-1420 (Herodes Atticus) ; cf. 
 "Wuensch, C. I. A. Appendix, p. ii., and Ziebarth's 
 article there cited, ' Der Fluch ira Griech. Recht,' 
 Hermes, XXX. (1895), pp. 57 ff., where other ex- 
 amples are given. 
 
 Line 3. Besides inclusion in the curse mentioned 
 above, the culprit is to be banished from Argive ter- 
 ritory and his property (7u/x[aTa) is to be confiscated. 
 Cf. the tablet from Hermione above mentioned, 1. 5, 
 : TpcTo KOI Sa/iev«<r«r^o : €i'S | 'A^i'ttiav : . Rogers 
 quotes appositely, /. G. A. 500 (Halicarnassus), 11. 
 35-37. 
 
 Line 4- ■*" [^]dvaTov or fa[i] ut-aTov, Rogers, ^[a 
 djavaTov, Frankel. There is sufficient trace of con- 
 cavity in the edge at the left of a (see s. n.) to make 
 it likely that 6 is the correct reading. There is room 
 for Ka[t $"], but the letters would be somewhat more 
 crowded than they are in other parts of the line. 
 •Ka [^ja^aTof is therefore epigraphically preferable. 
 So far as concerns the context, it is too scanty to 
 afford a sure basis for choice, but it is at least clear 
 that the verb of which [i^jaraTov is the object cannot 
 be directly connected with the verb of which n-a/*[aTa 
 is the subject, because death is not a penalty which 
 can be inflicted after confiscation of property and 
 banishment. Some new set of circumstances must 
 intervene. On the other hand, consistency with the 
 general view of the inscription taken above requires 
 that the [d]a»aTov h>/ uAAo ti Ka9ov refer to the same 
 person with the subject of avvxtoi. It is probable, 
 then, that the commencement of a new clause or sen- 
 tence lias been lost, and that if there is a connective 
 before [d]dvoTo»', it joins the verb on which [dJui-aTof 
 depends with the verb of a lost preceding clause of 
 similar purport, i. e. [' If any one should . . .] and 
 ^should contrive^ death or any otlier harm [agaiust 
 
 the exile.' Unless a full clause be supplied before 
 [d]dvaTov, some other reading than «(a[i] must be 
 found, an adverbial use being unlikely. Rogers 
 suggests 7ro]Kd, which would be suitable, and, taking 
 the scantiness of space into account, is to be preferred 
 to Ka[i] . — h- : it is useless to try to complete the 
 word. Rogers suggests h[oTtu»' and h[fiTi»'t (/. c. 
 p. 169). 
 
 Line 5. For the first word Rogers and Frilnkel 
 have «Jjrt[T]€xvu>tTo, which the former takes directly 
 with ica?oi'. The reading is probably correct, but the 
 combination with Ka?oi', though it makes good sense, 
 is rendered doubtful by the lack of evidence as to the 
 length of the lines. It seems reasonable to suppose 
 that the verb is in protasis, but so far as concerns its 
 ])osition it might also be in apodosis, as the expression 
 of a wish or curse : only, in that case, some other 
 reading would have to be found, — something more 
 plausible than e]^[i fJc'xvoiTo (cf. Pamphylian Ft\i- 
 Tw, I. G. A. 505, 1. 24 ; G. Meyer, Griech. Gram*. 
 sections 198, 240 ; Prellwitz, Ett/moloy. Worterhuch, 
 s. V. o;(os ; Searles, op. cit. s. v. ''exw), or Kara]- 
 'T{_(r']T^Xv<M,To (but the existence of a ^ in epichoric 
 Argive is rendereil probable by the presence of <^, 
 and by the occun-ence of a i/r among the builders' 
 marks on the stereobate of the New Temple; cf. 
 Brownson, ,4. J. A. VIII. p. 219), neither of which 
 has been found in Greek. Unfortunately, the fol- 
 lowing clause is itself so mutilated and difficult as 
 to afford no assistance. Here Rogers reads (/. c. 
 p. 174) ^[to]i F^(rCtirf or eji' iji tto-^et)/, and Frttn- 
 kel, €. oiFifT^fit, with the remark, " ^[tt (sice <'[i', €[^)] 
 Mfur^ctc {sive -(T^co/) explicent peritiores." The lacuna 
 after the first letter of the clause preserves the out- 
 line of a letter at each side, that at the left being 
 either o or d, as is evident from sha|>e and size. Be- 
 tween it and the opposite edge there is space for one 
 letter of average size, or for two letters, if one were t, 
 and the other a narrow letter like k, y, or A. Of the 
 letter at the right there remains the right bevel of 
 a full-length vertical hasta. It is also beveled at the 
 top, contrary to the custom of the inscription in the 
 case of the ends of strokes, and continued horizon- 
 tally to the left for about 0.0005 m., thus making it 
 probable that the vertical hasta was met by a stroke 
 which joineil it from the left, and, more likely than 
 not, at right angles. The letters which correspond 
 best to these indications are 1, B, G, and S. It 
 will be seen at once that T (as in ^[to]*) is impos- 
 sible, nor are the conditions favorable for the letters 
 with slanted tops, as 1. M, 1, etc. This fact and 
 the doubtful i/'i'XbKris seem to render c[v <u]( very im- 
 probable. Of the indicated letters, & and p seem to 
 yield only optatives, e. g. •€[^]i, <[p(/»)«]«. the rela- 
 tion of which to the context would be difficult of ex- 
 planation ; IT also leads to a series of improbabilities, 
 e. g. (1) ^oi for i}irov, which involves difficulty of 
 
 form and sense ; (2) *c7roi for ottoi, which might 
 be construed with a following optative, but does 
 not occur, and cannot well be invented l)ecause the 
 pronominal root o (Bragmann, Grtindriss, II. p. 768, 
 Griech. Gram'} p. 243 ; cf. G. Meyer, Griech. Gram^. 
 p. 179), apart from its rarity in Greek, is not used 
 to form relatives ; (3) *€7rot for cirei (cf. oikoi : oucct), 
 also construable but also non-existent, and in use con- 
 trary to the other conjunctive-adverbial forms in -ot. 
 There remains h, with which it might be possible to 
 read €[h(I»]i (sc. iv hii), provided the absence of 
 the -V could be explained. As we have no right to 
 assume errors in an inscription so carefully cut, and 
 as assimilation of v before h is out of the question, it 
 seems necessary to assume a parallel form es, derived 
 from el's (cf. the inscription, Mon. Ant. Line. I. 
 col. 594, 1. 5, of an earlier period than /. G. A. 38, 
 1. 4, -oi^ Tov?), in accordance with the principle 
 stated by Brugmann {Griech. Grant! p. 75, 3), and 
 like cv used with cases of rest. Proclitic preposition 
 and object forming practically one word, the -s would 
 become medial between vowels and change to -h ac- 
 cording to the principle also exemplified in /. G. A. 
 38, so that cB- would represent £*(h)h. — What fol- 
 lows is read by Rogers Furito) and explained as ciSti'i;. 
 Context and usage make this interpretation seem very 
 probable. The presence of o-^(0 is, however, diffi- 
 cult to account for («8-«(o-)-it;). Elean fci^ws is, of 
 course, of no assistance because of ^iVaios, etc. (Cf. 
 G. Meyer, Griech. Grantl p. 269.) The weak form 
 of the root seems to encourage the conjecture that we 
 may possibly have here a trace of the direct applica- 
 tion of the optative suffix (ii;) to the root (fi8). the 
 sibilant thus produced being afterward extended to 
 the sigmatic aorist. Cf. Brugmann, Griech. Grani^. 
 p. 337, and Grundriss, II. p. 1302. Rogers also sug- 
 gests and rejecte " ^U (yis • . . . to-x»^'s, Hesychius) ^m 
 (*i^p)." To add another improbability, it might be 
 possible to think of a •fi's, nominative of m, pCv (large 
 inscription from Gortyna, col. II. 40 ; Roehl, Inia- 
 ffinegy p. 45, No. 6 = Roberts, Introduction to Greek 
 Epigraphy, No. 304 a), as a parallel form of T, Sopho- 
 cles, Frag. 427 (Nauck), cf . Kuhner-Blass, I. pp. 583, 
 595 f., G. Meyer, Griech. Granil p. 508, n. 1. — At 
 the end of the line Rogers reads, 9o[^apos or to[utoi', 
 andFrankel [t(?)]o-. As has been stated before(«. «.), 
 conditions of space and preservation admit t, 9, or u, 
 with slight, if any, preference. Beyond the o the 
 e<lge has a vertical bevel, 0.0105 m. in length, show- 
 ing that the right hasta of the missing letter was a 
 straight upright stroke. This renders both 6 {9o6a- 
 p6s) and v (tovtoi') impossible. Owing to the position 
 it is unlikely that the indirect object of c]iri[T]€xvwtTo 
 (e. g. [T]ii[t «/»vydSi, [T]o[rs «^uyd«Tiv, [t]o[is 'Apyciots) 
 is to be supplied. It is more probable that this is 
 the beginning of the apodosis, which stated the con- 
 templated result of the preceding clause, i. e. reward 
 
 if the action of e]iri[T]cxvoiiTo was directed against 
 the exiles, punishment if it was directed against state 
 or people. 
 
 Line 6. As Rogers has remarked (l. c. p. 170), the 
 line treats of property (presumably the 7rdfi[aTa of 
 I. 3), which is to be bought. The word ending in 
 -OS at the beginning evidently designated the person 
 who was to have the first right of purchase. Rogers 
 infers Sa/uopy[os from the following line, or, with less 
 probability, Ss cx*^^ /xeyio-Tov tc'XJos. — For the fol- 
 lowing word Rogers reads ''■po[y]po[<^]os, Frfinkel, 
 ?rpo[T]po[7r]os. As the left side of the hole termi- 
 nates with an upright bevel with no trace of protrac- 
 tion of a tojj-bar to the left, the latter reading is im- 
 possible. The former reading is plausible so far as 
 concerns the sense, but it is rendered doubtful by the 
 fact that the upper edge of the hole, while it can 
 scarcely be said to be beveled, is nevertheless hori- 
 zontal, and suggests cleavage along the line of a hori- 
 zontal stroke. Furthermore the point of departure of 
 a downward stroke seems to be visible in the upper 
 edge at about 0.0055 m. from the left hasta. As 
 there is no trace of a corresponding stroke on the 
 under side of the lacuna, the letter thus outlined 
 could not well be other than P. If this is correct, it 
 is not easy to see just what the reading was. Setting 
 aside evident impossibilities like 7rpo[ir]pt> [h]os and 
 Trpo [7r]po[i»c]os, one might perhaps think of lu[7r]po- 
 po€ on a bronze basis from Ligouri6, from which 
 Kretschmer in Jahreshefte, III. pp. 134 f., evolves 
 Trpwpot (for i^povpoi). But that the person designated 
 could be qualified as irpoTrpoypoi even in a transferred 
 sense, or the action of the verb as irpoTrptopo)^ (i. e. 
 'as a precautionary measure'), seems a hazardous 
 supposition. — The condition of the bronze at the end 
 of the line is described s. n. As there is an upright 
 bevel at the right edge of fragment d, it is possible 
 to read £^piid[o-6w with Rogers, or c^piia[iTo or 
 e^7rptta[p,ci'os. The first is preferable. For -u- see 
 on next line. 
 
 Li7ie 7. al 8c /i]e 8ajuuio[p]yor tis : SO Rogers and 
 Frankel, except that at the beginning they bracket 
 only the firet letter, inasmuch as the letters i 8c (qu. 
 and fi?) were traceable when the plate was found 
 (cf. Rogers, l. c. p. 160). — 8a/uxio[p]yot : with the -u- 
 cf. i^pua- above, Kapvcu'os (1877), SiKcXaas (2252), 
 and the oAiios yip<av inscription /. G. A.M ( = Col- 
 litz, S. G. D. L No. 3261 = Ohjmpia, IV. pp. 101 ff., 
 pi. xxxix., V. No. 693). For relations with Cypriot 
 and Pamphylian see Brugmann, Griech. Grram} 
 p. 18, and ibid^ p. 37. Cf. G. Meyer, Griech. 
 Gram\ p. 220, and Rogers' note, /. c. p. 171. It is 
 perhaps worth while to notice that, while in Cypriot 
 in every case between i-1- vowel (and u + vowel) a 
 corresponding semivowel -j- (or -u-) is developed (cf. 
 Hoffmann, Griech. Dialekte, I. pp. 37 ff.), in Pamphy- 
 lian this semivowel is written at least, chiefly in the 
 
APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 337 
 
 336 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 older inscriptions (Sillyon ami coins of Aspendos and 
 Perge). As to the character of the sound there 
 api)Iar8 to be substantial agreement between Pani- 
 phylia and Argos, for there exist in both probable 
 cases of an inherited -la suffix, e. g. Ta/it'ias. cVinySi'toK 
 (Paraph.), u^i'os (Argive), along with cases like 
 ,roA.t.€ (Paraph.) and Kapvcaas (Argive), where pri- 
 mary inheritance is less certain, and again instances 
 where a secondary t appears in the place formerly 
 occupied by an entirely different consonant, e. g. 
 Paniphylian luifMltn (-S-, cf. Sansk. -s-), fcTcja (-8-), 
 Argive ^fiuolp-\yol (-f-). ParaphyUan and Argive 
 also approach each other and differ frora Cypnot m 
 allowing the i to be developed after other sonants 
 tlian simple i, e. g. Fertia, Kapvtua^. In this in- 
 scription, however, 'Apyctas is written without i. — 
 The next word is uncertain owing to the difficulty of 
 deciding between saji and /x at the end of the line. 
 From the description previously given («. n.) there 
 seems to be a slight preference in favor of san. We 
 may therefore, with due allowance, read oU. Rogers 
 sug'-ests hols (viz. rporots ols [ho vo'/ios k«Xcv'« Fot 
 and^ot /ilcyicrra rAca l| xom). That here and in the 
 following lines there are, as Rogers has observed (/. e. 
 p. 171), provisions for the caiTying out of the confis- 
 cation of the property of the exile, and for the punish- 
 ment of the magistrates who fail of their duty in the 
 matter, seems probable, but there are not sufficient 
 data for any probable completion of the lines. For a 
 variety of ingenious attempts, see Rogers' article. 
 
 Line 8. t5s] may be supplied at the beginning. 
 Frilnkel remarks that the absence of punctuation 
 (cf. 11. 3 and 10) points to the article. ySs may have 
 preceded. Banishment of the 8a/iiopyos, or of the 
 officials upon whom the duty would next devolve, 
 is probably indicated. In the former case koI ol fot, 
 with which Rogers reads tCyyiTara cur, would be ap- 
 propriate, in the latter oVoi (as in Cypriot for epic 
 oTot, also suggested by Rogers), with which we might 
 perhaps supply i[v tSi ipM. tVe'xoin-o (cf. I. G. A. 
 
 110). 
 
 Line 9. The first letter might be the end of an 
 optative, e. g. /SwAoivto, as Rogers conjectures, or 
 possibly of a pronoun, e. g. toito, ovto. Under cer- 
 tain circumstances, specified in the preceding lines, 
 the tribe of the Hylleis (cf. A. J. A. XL p. 43, No. 
 xii. 1. 5, and Richartlson's note, pp. 45 f .) are to sell 
 the property ((liro&>/x[€vot), ]>robably, as Rogers sug- 
 gests, for the benefit of the sacred treasury. The 
 edge at the end of the line is beveled, indicating :[[. 
 
 Line 10. yu for ye ; so Rogers and FrJinkel. The 
 territory of Argos is contrasted with some other dis- 
 trict or place specified in the inscription, or with 
 extra- Argive territory in general. — At the end of the 
 line the left bevel of the left hasta of an a is pre- 
 served for nearly its entire length. Rogers, who sup- 
 plies KaTaK[aAcot, is probably right in assuming that 
 
 the sentence refers to the recall of the banished i^r- 
 son. It is also conceivable that in this and the 
 following line approval in the sight of Hera is invoked 
 for any one who shall slay a fugitive (original offender 
 or derelict official) from Argive territory at least, in 
 which case KaTaK\^a.v<M. could be read. 
 
 Line 11. The y at the beginning is certoin. Ac- 
 cortling to the view which may be taken of the intent 
 of the preceding line, the wonl may bo completed as 
 J»'tt]yvov or aTv]yv6v (both suggested by Rogers), or, 
 if ((oTaK[d»'ot (or something of similar meaning) be 
 read, as hoyvov. — irol for irp6« (cf . Prellwitz, Ktym. 
 Woerterh. s. v. wort, Searles, Lejeicog. Stiubj, a. v., 
 G. Meyer, Griech. Gram^ p. 389, n. 1). — H[€>as: 
 the right bevel of the upright of the c is preserved. 
 
 1827. Plates CVL, CVII. (photogiaph and 
 copy). Height, 0.0085 m. and 0.0035 m. 
 
 TO 
 
 It is possible but not probable that part of an a 
 remains on the right. 
 
 1877. Plate CX. (photograph and copy). The 
 letters faint but certain. Height, 0.007 m. 
 
 ©a/ifx/nXos fit avtdtKf rai Hepai : ras Kapicuo? 
 Translation : TJuimophilos dedicated me to Hera 
 from (i. e. perhaps siml from) the Karneia. 
 
 0a/x(K^Xos : second, third, and fourth letters very 
 faint. The name does not seem to occur. Analogous 
 are 0a/itK\i>, C. I. G. 1840 (Corcyra), 0c/ui o<rTp<i- 
 T05, B. M. L II. p. 83, No. 298. 1. 26 (Calymna), and 
 l>erhap8 ©a/iv/K)?. C I. A. IW. Add. No. 23, 1. 4. 
 See Fick-Bechtel, Griech. Eigennavun, p. 139.— 
 aviBlM : cross-bar of a uncertain, but lowest of the three 
 possibilities indicated in copy is the most probable. 
 — Kapveuas: the dotted line in copy of K represents 
 a false stroke in the original. Right side of p un- 
 certain owing to oxidation. The lines indicated by 
 dots in copy are fairly clear, but probably do not belong 
 to the letter. Preller-Robert, Griech. Mythologie, I. 
 p. 250, n. 3, assume a festival of Ajiollo Carneios at 
 Argos on the basis of Schol. to Theocritus, V. 83, and 
 Hesych. s. v. uyi/njs, according to whom Aiwllo 
 Carneios was called 'Ayi}TO)p at Argos, and was wor- 
 shiped at the festival called liyr/Topto. The use of 
 the singular is noticeable. Elsewhere ra Kupma. Here 
 it probably agrees with the genitive singular of copn/, 
 a word used by the Scholiast above cited in speaking 
 of the Carneia, and by Herodotus, I. 31, in referring 
 to the Heraea (covVt/s opr^ r^ 'Hpyj rouri 'Apyti- 
 oun), or possibly with i/icpa? (genitive singidar), cf. 
 Kopvelai tJ/xcVkii {J. H. S. IX. p. 328, fron. Cos). 
 The genitive is slightly freer than in rapyeiot aviOtv 
 Tw Aifl tCv KopivBiietv (/. G. A. 32), but resembles 
 that in iir\i 'Pttx<nd&ii IlodiW fit [•coxf^Ktv - - ] Aonrci- 
 8ov Sdci'iSai on a bronze fragment from the Acropolis. 
 Bather, J. U. S. XIII. p. 129. For-.t-, see on No. 
 1826,1-7. 
 
 1878. Plate CX. (photograph and copy). Let- 
 ters faint and in imrt illegible owing to oxidation. 
 Height, 0.0045 m. 
 
 N[i]»coo-ias /ic avfBiKf. to* Hcpat. 
 
 Translation : Nikasias dedicated me to Hera. 
 
 NiKouTi'us: right bar of N and following letter hid- 
 den by oxidation. Instead of -<ri-, -vn- may be read, 
 •8 the upper right hasta of the san is faint and not 
 
 lowed by a straight line and an s-shajied line of the 
 same. Probably not intended for letters. 
 
 1885. Plate CXI. See s. n. 
 
 1886. Plate CXI I. Shows concave side of dots. 
 
 Defective at both ends. Height of letters, 0.025 m.- 
 
 0.032 m. 
 
 GRIA -cpio- 
 
 With e cf. H in No. 1883. Beneath loop of p, 
 
 quite certain. It does not seem to have been joined three or four dots, faintly struck, perhaps for tad 
 
 at the top U> the remainder of the letter. For NtKa.ta,, 1887. Plate CXI. Shows concave side of dots, 
 
 which does not seem to occur, cf. Avtr-a.^v, Haver- A single letter, one side of which is gone. Height, 
 
 oKias. For -«- see on No. 1826,1.7; NiKoaiw, for 0.02 m. 
 
 NtK^tW, is found C. I. G. 1513, 1. 18 (Tegea). - Probably an B. The middle bar is entire. Above 
 
 Hepai • middle bar of e uncertain. Cross-bar of a given end at edge of break, beginning of dot. 
 
 by u»i«r stroke. Nevertheless, the dotted Une piob- 1888. Plate CXI. See s. n. 
 
 ably represents a real stroke. 1889- Pirate CXIL (photogvaph and drawing, 
 
 1882. Plate CXI. (photograph and drawing), both showing concave side of dots), fragments 
 
 Both show concave side of dots. Inscription retro- 
 grade. Broken at both ends, and abraded at bottom. 
 Preserved height, 0.028 m. 
 
 a]ii 
 
 \KV 
 
 Perhaps a proper name beginning with Au»ca-. On 
 the same side, a number of circles (see drawing), per- 
 haps decorative, and in any case independent of the 
 inscription. 
 
 1883. Plate CXI. (photogiaph and drawing, 
 both showing concave side of dots). Fragments a, b, 
 and e, of which b is in unin8cril)ed part. Uncertain 
 whether c joined //. Defective at both ends and in 
 interior. Height of best preserved letter, 0.024 m. 
 On the same side with the inscription and intermingled 
 with it are many circles faintly struck, which do not, 
 however, seem to form part of a system. 
 
 Fragment a. The only certain letter is Y. At the left 
 along and near broken edge, lightly 
 struck dots and circles, which may 
 
 form part of an H. At the right 
 
 near e<lge, complex of dots in which 
 
 it is difficult to recognize any letter 
 
 except possibly an un-Argive A, or 
 
 a P reversed (51), or an A. It is 
 
 profitless to speculate as to what 
 
 name beginning 'YX- or 'Yf>- or Ya- 
 
 may have stootl here. 
 
 Fragment r. In central part, A I 
 
 in heavy dots. At left edge, three 
 
 similar dots which may have formed 
 
 part of a T. At right edge, 6. also in heavy dots. The 
 
 inscription may be rewl TAIG, i. e. T]tti H«[pat. 
 
 With the rounded S cf. the rounded G in No. 1886, 
 
 and the (if for B) on coins of Argos, B. M. C 
 
 Peloiminesm, p. Iv. For A, cf. /. G. A. 351 f 
 
 a and b. They probably do not adjoin. Letters, none 
 of which is complete, in heavy dots. Independent of 
 them, numerous circles without systematic arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 Fragment a. Parts of two letters, perhaps V and 
 
 P (the latter reversed). 
 
 Fragment h. Perhaps I A T, i a[T, i. e. tJoi. 
 
 1985. Plate CXV. (photograph). Copy below. 
 Height, 0.014 m. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Initial letter of 'Hpas or'Hpai. Cf. No. 1746. 
 
 1994. Plate CXVI. (photograph). Copy be- 
 low. Letters poorly preserved. Height that of 
 thickness of rim (0.004 m.-0.005 m.). Tops toward 
 outside. 
 
 .^r^l^lH^F^^,^ 
 
 ^% 
 
 <^/ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 tJ^ 
 
 
 
 . . cp Tot Hepai 8ap.o<u> ivai . . 2 
 Translation uncertain. Perhaps a record of de- 
 posit with Hera for the benefit of the people. 
 
 The firet letter looks like half of an o, but may be 
 only an accident of incrustation. On the latter sup- 
 
 "°M r rl^it of A, a «« .£ T of faint circle., t.l- *<..o[.yr, .<uSl ^^o^in, Aough not a close par- 
 
338 
 
 THE BRONZES 
 
 APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 339 
 
 allel either in construction or sense. — 6dfio<v> : Steplianun, s. v. 
 probably -ov (rather than w), as was usage after the cited by P.-B.) 
 
 and Eupolis, Fmgm. 280 (Kock, 
 For the tt- see on No. 1826, 1. 7. 
 
 introduction of the Ionic alphabet. Absence of article 
 could be taken to indicate the presence of a proper 
 name, i. e. Damos. — cvat = ^voi or perhaps better 
 ttvai, to be consistent with ^u/iov. The form seems 
 here to be Arcadian. — In the third space after cvat 
 there seems to be a 2. It may have been preceded 
 by es ( = e*t). Otherwise possibly similar to J. H. S. 
 XIII. p. 128, No. 53, 'AOr}vaiai M, where Bather 
 suggests M»/8a)i'. Cf., however. Rouse, Greek Votive 
 Offerings, p. 105, n. 1. — For use of shrines on 
 Acropolis at Athens as places of deposit, see Bather, 
 ibhJ. p. 129. 
 
 2233. Plate CXXV. (photograph and copy). 
 Length, 0.052 m. Letters much damaged by corro- tliere is space for only one or two letters. Diameter, 
 sion. 
 
 — With the punctuation contrast I ft.' i • v*$€K€ \ in the 
 Euthykartidas inscription {B. C. H. X. p. 464). 
 
 2827. Plate CXXXV. (photograph and copy). 
 Incomplete at both ends. Height of letters, 0.01 m.- 
 0.016 m. 
 
 avc^cKJc rai Hi [pat 
 
 SILVER R1NG» FROM THE HERAEUM. 
 
 Plate CXXXVIL Photograph of ring (actual 
 size) and of impression of seal (enlarged). Copy of 
 inscription. Condition fairly good except at end of 
 inscription where there is a break of 0.0055 m.- 
 0.0065 m. Uncertain how much of bar is missing, but 
 
 Height, 0.0044 m.-0.013 m. 
 Tas Hepas 
 
 Tos: upper cross-bar slightly heavier and probably 
 to be preferred. — "Hpa; : tail of p certain. In case 
 of last letter the fourth stroke seems to have been at 
 the lower edge of the upper excoriation, but the cor- 
 rosion rendei's the intention of the engraver somewhat 
 doubtful. 
 
 For interpretation, cf. Upiov Ttj% 'A^i/vat'a?, J. H. S. 
 XIII. p. 126, No. 10, and'AV's. ibid. p. 128, 
 No. 52. On an axe from Calabria, rus *Hpas tapos 
 c(/t(, I. G. A. 543. Cf. also the inscriptions from the 
 Cabirion near Thebes, Szanto, Athen. Mitth. XV. 
 pp. 388 ff. 
 
 0.0185 
 
 Height, 
 at seal. 
 
 0.004-0.0043 m.. 
 Thickness of bar, 
 
 m. X 0.0145 m. 
 increasing to 0.006 m. 
 about 0.0065 m. 
 
 Bar ornamented with line beading near each edge. 
 On the seal, incised figure of uncertain character. On 
 the original as well as on the photograiih thereof, one 
 seems to see a crouching figure resembling a monkey, 
 which might perhaps be intended for Bes, a repre- 
 sentation of whom in porcelain was found in the 
 first year's campaign. However, the wax impression 
 and its enlarged photograph show rather a winged 
 figure with cylindrical body, around the bottom of 
 which are two bands. The head seems to be de- 
 tached and slightly removed from the axis of the 
 
 struck with chisels. Height, 0.005 m.-0.007 m. 
 
 2252. Plate CXXVI. (photograph). Copy be- bo<ly. There seem to be three slender legs, but only 
 low. Length. 0.115 m. Letters not engraved, but two feet ; the third is perhaps behind the others. This 
 
 figure would probably be that of some daemon, per- 
 haps a form of *E^- 
 trowTa. For others, 
 not very similar, see 
 Furtwttngler, Die 
 viii. 25 (cf. vol. I. p. 
 
 EVO^^MMsri:A.l'^®£,<£,c'emK^HlAr^ 
 
 Ei'&i^a; : /tc accdcKc : c <<i> Si'tcAtiac 
 
 Translation : Eudavias of Sicily dedicated me. 
 
 Ev^uyitas: the penultimate letter is badly made, 
 but probably was intended for an a. The name oc- 
 curs also in C. I. G. II. 2266. I. G. A. Add. 43 a, 
 said to be from Argos, has EYA . . . S. — c SttcXi- 
 tas: €<s> for ck. Cf. t NawTrtiKTw (/. G. A. 321), 
 e Ttts XaA€i&«, c Tas OlavBl^ (ibid. 322), and espe- 
 cially cs iroAios, C. I. P. I. 492, 1. 2. For the single 
 writing, cf . tov crvrapn'oKras in the Tyskiewicz inscrij)- 
 tion, 1. 2 {Mon. Ant. Line., I. p. 594). The for- 
 
 pls. 
 
 Antiken Gemmen, vol. I. 
 
 100), iv. 52, and xviii. 41. Between the head and the 
 inscription, ornamental gold rivet. Cf. Furtw^ngler, 
 op. cit. vol. III. p. 90. 
 
 Inscription. This occnpies entire band, between 
 beading, except seal. Scarcely legible toward end of 
 preser>-ed part. Height of lettei-s, 0.002 m.-0.0024 m. 
 KoXos : Ifu : KaXas : tvc (?) 
 The first sigma has three strokes. Lowest stroke 
 of the second sigma faint and doubtful. The last 
 letter looks like a lunate sigma, but apart from the 
 mula is similar to Nu^ioi c^ (1)iKt\ia<: in an inscrip- difficulty in the form of the letter, the reading uf or 
 tion of the tcpoiroiot' at Delos (B. C. H. VI. p. 34, tW- is unintelligible. It is of course useless to think 
 
 II. 51 f .). On the other hand, Tavpo/tmrat oi utto Sikc- 
 Atas in an inventory from the same place {B. C. H. X. 
 p. 465. 1. 115). The former is of about 180 b. c, 
 the latter of 364 B. c. The island is probably meant. 
 Another Sicily in the Peloponnese is mentioned by 
 
 * Published with the Bronzes because of the inscrip- 
 tion. Impressions and photographs thereof, together with 
 
 of ii's, C. I. A. IV. b, 373, 100 ; I. 398, 4 (cf. Meis- 
 terhans, Grammatik d. att. Inschriflen, p. 47, n. 413 
 a, b. G. Meyer,. Griech. Gram'i § 320). Tlie letter 
 could also be considered as part of a p, in which case, 
 instead of reading : IVC after KaAas, an alternative 
 
 some notes, were kindly furnished by Professor R. B. 
 Ricl'.ardson. 
 
 reading could be adopted, viz., 3IF«- i. e. Hip[as. 
 At certain times and in a certain light this seems 
 almost plausible. In any case some word like SoktvAios 
 is probably to be supplied with icaXos, and the inscrij)- 
 
 SILVER PIN IN BRITISH MUSEUM, SAID TO 
 BE FROM NEAR THE HERAEUM. 
 
 Plate CXXXVIL For description, see after No. 
 
 tion will have nothing to do with the KaXos-in8crii>- 490, p. 223, and for inscription, Insc. Argol. (/. G. 
 tions on vases.^ IV.), No. 508, and cf. No. 2239 above. 
 
 » Cf. Rolfe, ' An Inscribed Kotylos from Boeotia,' Harvard Studies in Class. Philol. II. pp. 89 ff. 
 
I 'I inaiiilt_''.^. 
 
 Thk Argive IIbrabum 
 
 Plate LXX 
 
 a> 
 
 v 
 
 a> 
 
 BRONZES. -FRAGMENTS OF STATUES. STATUETTES. 
 
TiiK Ar«;i\k IIeraeim 
 
 PlATK LXX 
 
 Oi fV 
 
 
 ■\ 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 (ji 
 
 BRONZKS. -FRACJMKNTS OF STATllCS. STATl KITKS. 
 
The Aruive Heraei.m 
 
 Plate LXXI 
 
 TlIK ARGIVE ilERAElIM 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 
 Plate LXXII 
 
 BRONZES.- STATUETTE 
 
 12 
 
 BRONZES.- ANIMAL FlGrRINP:S 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXI 
 
 TiiK Argive IIbrabum 
 
 Plate LXXII 
 
 IPM 
 
 8 
 
 K(V r: 
 
 10 
 
 BRONZES.- STATUETTE 
 
 12 
 
 BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
The Arc.ive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate LXXIII 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate LXXIV 
 
 'I 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 1« 
 
 (19) 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 S«^^?a*as 
 
 (20) 
 
 1» 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL FIGURINES. 
 
 BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES. 
 
TnF. Argivf. Hekaeim 
 
 Plate LXXm 
 
 Thk Aroivf. Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXIV 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 i19j 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 (20 
 
 19 
 
 (22) 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL KIGIRINES. 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL FIGIRINES. 
 
TnF .\r«;ive Heraeim 
 
 Pl.ATK LXXV 
 
 Thr Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LXXVI 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
 BRONZES.- ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
'M 
 
 The ARciivE IIeraei'm 
 
 Plat a LXXV 
 
 The Argivk Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXVI 
 
 'I 
 
 BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXVII 
 
 The Argivr Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXVIII 
 
 43 
 
 (43) 
 
 42 
 
 f42) 
 
 (44) 
 
 
 ..^^H 
 
 48 
 
 '471 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL FIGURINES. 
 
 183 184 
 
 167 
 
 BRONZES—ANIMAL FIGURINES. STRAIGHT PINS 
 
TnF. Arcive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LXXVII 
 
 The Argivk Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXVIII 
 
 If 
 
 43 
 
 (43) 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 "1 
 
 V 
 
 46 
 
 BRONZES. - ANIMAL F'lGlRINKS. 
 
 1S7 
 
 imONZES.-ANIMAL FIGURINES. STRAIGHT PINS 
 
The Argivf. Meraei m 
 
 Plate LXXIX 
 
 Thk Argivb Herakum 
 
 Plate LXXX 
 
 H*.) ,^ pa»>> •»«»*• 
 
 > owwi>«saa» 
 
 415 
 
 315 
 
 332 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS 
 
The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate LXXIX 
 
 The Argive Herabum 
 
 Plate LXXX 
 
 ■ill 
 
 ^ ^ 'P^ 
 
 416 
 
 316 
 
 332 
 
 361 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS 
 
The Argivk Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXI 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXII 
 
 'ill 
 
 600 
 
 606 
 
 495 
 
 BRONZES.-STRAIGHT PINS. 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS. 
 
The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate LXXXI 
 
 The Argive Herablm 
 
 Plate LXXXII 
 
 495 
 
 BRONZES.-STRAIGHT PINS. 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS. 
 
The Argivk Heraeu.m 
 
 Platk LXXXUl 
 
 The Argivk Herakum 
 
 Plate LXXXIV 
 
 708 
 
 719 696 
 
 682 
 
 BRONZES.-STRAIGHT PINS. SAFETY PINS 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAKiHT PINS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXIII 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXIV 
 
 llll 
 
 708 
 
 719 696 
 
 682 
 
 BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS. SAFETY PINS 
 
 BRONZES— STRAIGHT PINS 
 
The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate LXXXV 
 
 ^^^^f^^^S T\ 
 
 
 BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS 
 
 1 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXVI 
 
 BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS 
 
The Aruivf. IIeraeim 
 
 Plate LXXXV 
 
 BR(JNZES.— SAFETY PINS 
 
 The Argivr IIeraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXVI 
 
 BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS 
 
Tub Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate LXXXVII 
 
 The Argive IIfraeum 
 
 Plate LXXXVIII 
 
 949 
 
 956 
 
 957 
 
 958 959 
 
 (960) 
 
 C961; 
 
 RRONZES— SAFETY PINS 
 
 nUONZES-SAFETY PINS ETC. NEEDLE, FINGER-RINCiS 
 
rr 
 
 Thb Argive IIbrakum 
 
 Plate LXXXVII 
 
 The Argive Hfrabum 
 
 Plate LXXXVIII 
 
 
 00)J 
 
 949 
 
 956 
 
 967 
 
 958 959 (960) 
 
 960 
 
 961 
 
 (961) 
 
 BRONZES-SAFETY PINS ETC. NEEDLE, FINGER-RINGS 
 
 BRONZES— SAFETY PINS 
 
The Argivb Hbrakum 
 
 Plate LXXXIX 
 
 The Argivb Heraeum 
 
 Plate XC 
 
 II 
 
 B 19 > 
 
 \ « 
 
 1013 
 
 1015 
 
 1019 
 
 1020 
 
 1021 
 
 973 
 
 1360 
 
 1372 
 
 1379 
 
 1380 
 
 BRONZES— FINGER-RINGS AND BRACELETS 
 
 tl 
 
 BRONZES.— DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
The Argivb Heraevm 
 
 Plate LXXXIX 
 
 The Argivr Heraeum 
 
 Plate XC 
 
 It 
 
 1013 
 
 1015 
 
 1019 
 
 1020 
 
 O 
 
 1021 
 
 \ooo 
 
 1033 1054 
 
 973 
 
 1360 
 
 1372 
 
 1380 
 
 BRONZKS. -FINGER-RINGS AND BRACELETS 
 
 BRONZES.— DECORATIVE RINGS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCl 
 
 1526 
 
 1527 
 
 1525 
 
 BRONZKS.— DECORATIVE AND STRI'lTIRAL RIN(iS 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate XCII 
 
 1556 (1557) 1557 
 
 1555 
 
 1558 
 
 BRONZES-STRUCTURAL RINGS ETC. BEADS, PENDANTS. MIRRORS 
 
The Argivb Hbrakum 
 
 Plate XCI 
 
 The Argive Herabum 
 
 Plate XCII 
 
 ooo 
 
 1475 1480 
 
 1481 1482 
 
 1484 
 
 1485 
 
 (1495. H^S ^^B 
 
 1497 
 1509 
 
 1526 
 
 1527 
 
 1525 
 
 1556 (1557) 1557 
 
 1555 
 
 1558 
 
 BRONZES-STRUCTURAL RINGS ETC. BEADS, PENDANTS. MIRRORS 
 
 BRONZES.— DECORATIVE AND STRUCTURAL RINGS 
 
i! 
 
 I 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCIII 
 
 1578 
 
 1584 
 
 1582 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 Ml 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCIV 
 
 (1565) 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 i! 
 
> i 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCIII 
 
 The Argivk IIeraeum 
 
 Plate XCIV 
 
 ' 1 565 
 
 1578 
 
 1584 
 
 1582 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 h ' 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 A 
 
I , 
 
 The Argive IIeraevm 
 
 Plate XCV 
 
 The Argive IIeraevm 
 
 Plate XCVI 
 
 1577 
 
 (1566' 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
1' 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCV 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCVI 
 
 
 
 <■ > ;S « 
 
 :♦ . < •• 
 
 
 
 y>>i.^ 
 
 1576 
 
 •■>wL 
 
 
 
 !H.,,,^.-. 
 
 
 1566 
 
 1677 
 
 (1566) 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
nil 
 
 The Argive Heraeitm 
 
 Plate XCVII 
 
 1588 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRROR 
 
 li 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCVIII 
 
 1588. back. 
 
 1587 
 
 1586 
 
 '1588. back.) 
 
 1589a 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
 i«^Mahiai 
 
The Argivf. Heraeim 
 
 Plate XCVII 
 
 1588 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRROR 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate XCVIII 
 
 \ 
 
 .\\''-H 
 
 Tr^ 'V. 
 
 :x^^v^^ 
 
 'M?*.;. 
 
 % \ 
 
 .>.»■; 
 
 ;t 
 
 
 1588. back. 
 
 1586 
 
 1587 
 
 1588. back 
 
 1589a 
 
 BRONZES.— MIRRORS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate XCIX 
 
 
 
 1604 
 
 (1598^ 
 
 "''^:i;i:::^l:*i;":— ■ 
 
 
 1608 ^«»»^ 
 
 1614 
 
 1599 
 
 
 flV 
 
 »i«» 
 
 ® 
 
 1661 
 
 (1599» 
 
 1676 
 
 1672 
 
 1674 
 
 1670 
 
 1678 
 
 BRONZES.— DIADEMS, ETC. DISCS 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate C 
 
 1705 
 
 BRONZES.— DISCS 
 
111 
 
 The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate XCIX 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate C 
 
 I 
 
 Pi 
 
 SH757:! 
 
 aiiSi"'"'*' 
 
 (1598) 
 
 ' XT' O-^^ 
 
 o 
 
 1608 
 
 1614 
 
 1599 
 
 
 pJi ^ 
 
 661 
 
 1705 
 
 1676 
 
 1672 
 
 1674 
 
 1670 
 
 1678 
 
 l| 
 
 BRONZES.— DIADEMS, ETC. DISCS 
 
 BRONZES.— DISCS 
 
,, \ 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 Plate CI 
 
 The Argivk Heraeum 
 
 1739 
 
 1740 
 
 BRONZES.-DISCS. BINDING-STRIPS 
 
 Tub Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CII 
 
 1768 
 
 1772 
 
 bronzks.-binding-strips, ornamented bands, coatings 
 
The Argive Heraei'm 
 
 Plate CI 
 
 The Argivk IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CII 
 
 I'l 
 
 1738 Kij^"*»^ 
 
 1740 
 
 1739 
 
 RRONZES.-niSCS. niNDING-STRlPS 
 
 (1746) 
 
 1748 
 
 
 M 
 
 "; '<>■ . • - ■■ 
 
 w- •dfiSL*>u-.. jK?- 
 
 ^-^-^>- . ''^ '■■ 
 
 ^r-^ 
 
 '■f> 
 
 t''i- ,;;»* 
 
 HM&^'^ 
 
 iM.ff^^k^^ 
 
 
 1768 
 
 1772 
 
 URONZKS.-r.INDINCi-STRIPS. ORNAMKNTED BANDS. COATINGS 
 
ill! 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 plat« cm 
 
 i|'l 
 
 III 
 
 1792 
 
 11792) 
 
 BRONZES— COATINGS 
 
 The Aruivp. Heraeim 
 
 Plate CIV 
 
 -€^ 1803 
 
 BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS. PLATE 
 
The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate CIII 
 
 I. » 
 
 I* 
 
 1774 
 
 1778 
 
 .•> -rri 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 vV 
 
 
 --^ .. 
 
 1782 
 
 1780 
 
 1792 
 
 (1792) 
 
 l| 
 
 BRONZES.— COATINGS 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CIV 
 
 BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS, PLATE 
 
III! 
 
 The Argivk Heraeum 
 
 Plate CV 
 
 \ 
 
 1829 
 
 1823 
 
 BRONZES -PLATE. CUT ORNAMENTS 
 
 ll 
 
 The Argivb IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CVI 
 
 lO 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION 
 
The Argivf. IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CV 
 
 1829 
 
 HRONZES -PLATE. LVT ORNAMENTS 
 
 1823 
 
 The Argivr IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CVl 
 
 
 m 
 
 CM 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION 
 
The Argivf. Heraeim 
 
 Plate CVII 
 
 The Argivk IIekaecm 
 
 Plate CVIII 
 
 3 
 
 BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION 
 
 1848 
 
 BRONZES—FIGURES, ETC. LEAVES. THONG, PLATES 
 
1)^' 
 
 l< ^ 
 
 The Arcivb Heraeum 
 
 Plate CVII 
 
 CM 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 C«4 
 00 
 
 II. 
 ■ 
 
 BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION 
 
 The Argivr Hbrabum 
 
 Plate CVIII 
 
 il 
 
 1848 
 
 1850 
 
 BRONZES—FIGURES, ETC. LEAVES. THONG, PLATES 
 
iP 
 
 I, « 
 
 '1 
 
 The Argivk Herakum 
 
 Plate CIX 
 
 1879 
 
 BRONZES.— PLATES, PLATTERS 
 
 II, 
 
 The Argivk IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CX 
 
 00 
 GO 
 
 a. 
 
 LJl 
 
 Q 
 
 2 
 
 (- 
 Ll 
 ^^ 
 
 A ^ 
 
 uU. 
 
 CO 
 
 2L_ 
 
 BRONZES.— PLATES 
 
h^i 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CIX 
 
 Thk Argivr IIerabum 
 
 Plate CX 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 11. 
 
 LM 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 ^^ 
 
 UJ- 
 
 .■-~\ 
 
 ■•.::B 
 
 2. 
 A 
 
 
 21. 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 1879 
 
 BRONZES.— PLATES 
 
 r.RONZKS— PLATES. PLATTERS 
 
 h 
 
I', I 
 
 The Arcuvk IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CXI 
 
 The Argive IIeraecm 
 
 Plate CXII 
 
 F.RONZES.-PLATKS. PLATTERS 
 
 1981 
 
 1903 
 
 1905 
 
 BRONZES— PLATTERS, SAUCERS 
 
 I I 
 
Il 
 
 I. » 
 
 The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate CXI 
 
 BRONZES.-PLATES. PLATTERS 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXII 
 
 
 (1889) 
 
 (1889) 
 
 1981 
 
 1903 
 
 1905 
 
 BRONZES.-PLATTERS, SAUCERS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXIII 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXIV 
 
 1946 
 
 1950 
 
 1978 
 
 BRONZES.— SAUCERS 
 
 BRONZES.— SAUCERS 
 
The Argive Heraei'm 
 
 Plate CXIII 
 
 1946 
 
 BRONZES.— SAUCERS 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXIV 
 
 1978 
 
 BRONZES.— SAUCERS 
 
The Argive IIeraei.m 
 
 Plate CXV 
 
 
 (1980) 
 
 -'</^ 
 
 1990 
 
 1991 
 
 BRONZES— SAICKRS. UOWLS 
 
 The Argive IIeraei'm 
 
 Plate CXVI 
 
 2002 
 
 1996 
 
 1997 (a) 
 
 BRONZES.— IKiWLS 
 
The Argivk Herabum 
 
 Plate CXV 
 
 1990 
 
 '"^^^mi^ 
 
 1991 
 
 BRONZES —SAUCERS, BOWLS 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXVI 
 
 2002 
 
 1996 
 
 1997 (a) 
 
 BRONZES.— BOWLS 
 
Thb Argive Herabum 
 
 Plate CXVII 
 
 The Aroivs Hbraeum 
 
 Plate CXVIII 
 
 2025 
 
 2038 
 
 2038 
 
 BRONZES. -BOWLS SUSPENSION VASE. ETC. PITCHER, JARS 
 
 BRONZES— JARS, BASIN 
 
 i 
 
 H\ 
 
Thb Argive IIerabi'm 
 
 Plat« CXVII 
 
 The Argivb Herarum 
 
 Plate CXVIII 
 
 2025 
 
 BRONZES. BOWLS SUSPENSION VASE, ETC. PITCHER. JARS 
 
 I 
 
 2038 
 
 2038 
 
 BRONZES.— JARS. BASIN 
 
The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXIX 
 
 2053 
 
 BRONZES -CALLDRON. BOSSES. HORIZOXTAL HANDLES 
 
 The Argive Heraei- 
 
 M 
 
 Plate CXX 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXIX 
 
 2053 
 
 BRONZES —CAULDRON. BOSSES, HORIZONTAL HANDLES 
 
 Thb Asoivb Hbrabum 
 
 Plate CXX 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES 
 
The Argivb Herabum 
 
 Plate CXXI 
 
 The Argivb Herabum 
 
 Plate CXXII 
 
 2118 
 
 
 2143 
 
 2159 ^,1^^^^-fc 
 
 oO 
 
 ^t&^^SjB^ 
 
 2193 
 
 2158 
 
 2161 
 
 2199 
 
 2160 
 
 2194 
 
 2156 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL HANDLES 
 
 La i * 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXI 
 
 2142 2159 ^^p^^^ 
 
 C Jdj O 
 
 ^^mmmmit^^ 2153 2160 
 
 2161 
 
 2156 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXII 
 
 (2195) JtlJ- 
 
 2199 
 
 2194 
 
 BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL HANDLES 
 
The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXIII 
 
 2219J 
 
 BRONZES-VERTICAL HANDLES, VARIOUS ORNAMENTS, FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. 
 
 The ArGIVB llERABirM 
 
 Plate CXXIV 
 
 2227 2229 
 
 2225 
 
 2224 
 
 BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. SMALL TRIPOD-STANDARDS 
 
The Argivk Heraecm 
 
 Plate CXXIII 
 
 (2219) 
 
 BRONZES.- VERTICAL HANDLES. VARIOUS ORNAMENTS. FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. 
 
 The Argivb Hbrabum 
 
 Plate CXXIV 
 
 2227 2229 
 
 2225 
 
 2224 
 
 BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. SMALL TRIPOD-STANDARDS 
 
Thk Argivb Hkrabum 
 
 Plate CXXV 
 
 '^i^Ei^X 
 
 (2239) 
 
 2239 
 
 BRONZES.— FEET OF STANDARDS, MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS 
 
 TiiK Argive Hbraeum 
 
 Plate CXXVI 
 
 
 2259 
 
 2264 
 
 BRONZES.-MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS AND HANDLES. VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXV 
 
 >^^HE^^X 
 
 C2239' 
 
 2239 
 
 BRONZES.— FEET OF STANDARDS. MISCELLANEOL'S VESSELS 
 
 The Argive IIeraeum 
 
 Plate CXXVI 
 
 2259 
 
 2264 
 
 BROXZES.-MISCELLANEOrs VESSELS AND HANDLES. VARIOUS IMPLKMF.NTS AND I THNSILS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXX\ II 
 
 The Argive IIerabim 
 
 Plate CXXVIII 
 
 1 
 
 2305 
 
 2452 ' 2457b 
 
 HRONZI-S.-VAKIOLS IMPLKMl-MS. SiMTS 
 
 BRONZES— SPITS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXMI 
 
 BRONZES.-VARIOLS IMPLEMENTS, SIMTS 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXVIII 
 
 2452 ' 2457b 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
The Argivk Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXIX 
 
 2S02 
 
 2545 
 
 2527 
 
 2531 
 
 2546 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXX 
 
 2556 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
The Argivk Her.veim 
 
 Plate CXXIX 
 
 2502 
 
 2545 
 
 2527 
 
 2531 
 
 2546 
 
 URONZES.— SPITS 
 
 The Argivr IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CXXX 
 
 2555 
 
 2556 
 
 URONZliS.— SPITS 
 
The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXXI 
 
 2614 
 
 2619 
 
 2592 
 
 2690 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
 The Argive IIekaeum 
 
 Plate CXXXII 
 
 2647 
 
 2633 
 
 2640 
 
 nRONZKS.— SPITS 
 
The Argive Heraevm 
 
 Plate CXXXI 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXXII 
 
 2614 
 
 2620 
 
 2633 
 
 2619 
 
 2592 
 
 2590 
 
 2640 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
 BRONZES.— SPITS 
 
Platk CXXXIII 
 
 The Argivk Hkraeum 
 
 2738 
 
 2740 
 
 27M 
 
 2727 
 
 The Argivk Hkraeum 
 
 Plate CXXXIV 
 
 2787 
 
 BRONZES.— VARIOUS UTENSILS AND CONSTRUCTIVE PIECES 
 
 BRONZES.-SPITS, VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 
 
The Argivr Heraecm 
 
 Plate CXXXIII 
 
 Plate CXXXIV 
 
 The Argive Heraeum 
 
 2758 
 
 2727 
 
 r.R()NZKs.-sprrs. various implemknts and itensils 
 
 2787 
 
 imONZES.— VARIOUS UTENSILS AND CONSTRUCTIVE PIECES 
 
The Arcivf. Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXXV 
 
 2788 
 
 (2827) 
 
 BRONZES.— CONSTRI'CTIVK AND DECORATIVE PIECES 
 
 The ARciivR IIeraei.m 
 
 Plate CXXXVI 
 
 ^i> 
 
 2835 
 
 2840 
 
 ItRONZES.— CASTINGS 
 
The Argivk Herakum 
 
 Plate CXXXV 
 
 2788 
 
 2828 
 
 Ly 
 
 2827 
 
 (2827) 
 
 BRONZES.— CONSTRUCTIVE AND DECORATIVE PIECES 
 
 The Argive Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXXXVI 
 
 2829 
 
 
 2834 
 
 2836 
 
 2837 
 
 2840 
 
 BRONZES.— CASTINGS 
 
The Argive Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXXVIl 
 
 EN(iRAVEI) STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES FROM THE 
 
 ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
 WAX IMPRESSION OF SEAL 
 OF ABOVE SILVER RING (enlarged) 
 
 TOP SIDE OF HEAD UNDER SIDE OF HEAD 
 
 SILVER PIN IN BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 BRONZES— MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA 
 
The Argivf. Heraei-m 
 
 Plate CXXXVIl 
 
 WAX IMPRESSION OF SEAL 
 OF ABOVE SILVER RING (enlarged) 
 
 TOP SIDE OF HEAD UNDER SIDE OF HEAD 
 
 SILVER PIN IN BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 BRONZES— MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA 
 
 en(;kavj:i) stoxks, gems, and noiiiEs from the 
 
 AUCJIVE llEHAFUM 
 
ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 By RICHARD NORTON 
 
 THE STONES AND GEMS 
 
 The engraved stones found (though only in limited numbers) at the Heraeum might 
 disappoint one who sought among them things of beauty. It is not that they are second- 
 class works of their kind, but they belong to the beginnings of Greek art before the 
 craftsmen had attained to the power which later enabled them to turn into shapes of 
 beauty even the commonest article of daily use. But such disappointment is more than 
 counterbalanced by the interest of another kind inherent in them, — a double interest, 
 in fact, connected in part with the Heraeum and in part with the broader question of 
 the early stages of Greek art. 
 
 Not one of these stones is much later than the seventh century b. c, and most of 
 them are probably much earlier. This phenomenon of the absence of late work is the 
 same in the other classes of objects found on the site, the very large majority of which 
 belong to prehistoric and archaic times. But beside this fact there is another equally 
 noteworthy, which is that a large proportion of the stones are of a style heretofore but 
 little known. That is to say, they put before us a new local art, and it can be shown, I 
 believe, that the most probable home of this art was the Heraeum,^ by which name must 
 be understood the town in the vicinity (which of the many there were we cannot with 
 certainty say) that supplied the needs of the sanctuary. 
 
 That they are the product of one locality is suggested by the following facts. (All are, 
 of course, intaglios.) 
 
 1. The material is the same in almost all. It is steatite. 
 
 2. There is little variety in the shapes, and one or two peculiar forms are frequently 
 repeated. If the stones had been imported from many places, it is certain that they would 
 vary much in form. 
 
 3. The range of subjects carved upon them is very limited. 
 
 4. The style of the carving is practically the same in all, and in most cases so rude 
 that it would be hard to believe that the ancient Argives should have found it worth their 
 while to import such work. 
 
 It is worth noting that there is scarcely a trace of the use of the drill, which was con- 
 stantly employed by the Mycenaeans. On Nos. 17, 21, 33, and a few others, there seem to 
 be traces of it, but the rule is for the design to be cut. This was perhaps induced by the 
 softness of the stone ; or the fact that, in the main, only soft stone was used may imply 
 tliat the drill was not generally known. 
 
 The drawing of the human figures and of horses, the representation of birds and snakes 
 (also found in great numbers on the vases from the Heraeum), remind one of * geo- 
 metric * vases. A few gems were found that distinctly belong to the * geometric ' style, 
 
 * I shall use the word Heraeum throughout this article, embracing all the neighborhood of the temple where lived 
 not as meaning the sacred temenos, but in a broader sense, the people to whom the sanctuary belonged. 
 
 343 
 
 
 y ' 
 
 lilfi 
 
344 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 and those of what is I believe a new type may, perhaps, be the forerunner of the * geo- 
 metric' It is noticeable that on the true * geometric ' stones occur none of the odd or 
 inexplicable forms that we see on the new class. 
 
 It might be thought that the use of steatite, a mineral not found in Greece proper, was 
 a proof tliat the stones were imported from some distant place ; but when one considers 
 that, as noted above, stones of this style have been found in considerable numbers oidy 
 at the Heraeum, it seems more likely that it was merely the material and not the finished 
 product that was imported. The carving was then done at the Heraeum. This sbitement 
 is borne out by the fact that only a very insignificant amount of objects of unquestion- 
 able foreign make were found in the excavations, and <ilso by the finding of one or two 
 stones all ready shaped but without any design. 
 
 For the detailed study of the stones several methods of classification are possible : 
 according to their material, shape, subject represented, or style. As there are a few 
 stones absolutely different in style from the others while the materiiil is the same, it is 
 manifest that any attempt at classification according to material would be barren of 
 result. Similar reasons make classification according to shape or subject undesirable, so 
 that nothing is left but to classify them, so far as my own judgment goes, according to 
 style. Others may consider that individiuil stones belong to other classes than those in 
 which I have arranged them, but the separation of the classes in general will, I trust, 
 find acceptance. 
 
 Before discussing the stones in detail a word must be said in regard to the use to which 
 such objects were put. They are often spoken of as sealSf but it seems improbable that 
 their owners used them as such. Had they done so, it is incredible that no impressions of 
 them should ever have been found. I refer of course only to Greece, and not to the coun- 
 tries in the farther east where seals were in common use. Furthermore, what imaginable 
 way is there for their use as seals ? Documents that could be sealed by any such stones 
 as these were unknown in the days when they were made. They are too small and insig- 
 nificant to have been used as marks of proprietoi-ship of objects, — were this extravagant 
 hypothesis to be brought forward, — and the fact that there is a very noticeable repeti- 
 tion of design disproves any such idea. That most of them are bored shows that they 
 were meant for susj^ension, but were they seals, it is quite certiiin they would have been 
 given some stiff and permanent setting. Gold rings like those found at Mycenae, or 
 others of less valuable material, might (so far as usfibility is concerned) — except for 
 the other reasons I have adduced — be Ccalled seals. Such rings, however, form but 
 an infinitesimal division of the whole cLass of these objects. If they were not seals, 
 what were they ? Probably, in the majority of cases, amulets. The fact that they are 
 bored suits this explanation. They may well have been worn in old times, as they are 
 still to-day by the women in Crete, hung by a string round the neck. The style of 
 subject carved upon them is well suited to amulets. Religious scenes, for instance, or 
 the figures of strange beings are what one would expect on amulets. When we remember 
 the close relation of animals to deities in ancient times, we see how stones which to our 
 ignorant eyes present only the picture of a cow or lion may, in every likelihood, have 
 conveyed a religious and sacred impression to the original owner. Others, too, suggest 
 from their shajie, or size, or carving, that they were merely beads, for it is not at all 
 likely that all were used in the same way. Evans ' in his epoch-marking works shows 
 reasons to believe that he has found a form of writing on the earliest of these stones. 
 
 * Cretan Pictographs and Prae^ Phoenician Script and Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean Script. 
 
 PRIMITIVE CLASS 
 
 345 
 
 This, however, is no reason for thinking them to be other than amulets; though no one 
 has been able to read the signs found by Evans, and they may possibly be abbreviated 
 prayers or sacred and evil-averting signs. 
 
 There is one more question difficult of explanation, and that is how there came to be 
 so many stones of this sort at a place like the Heraeum. I can only suggest the explana- 
 tion that if these stones were amulets, it may well be that such powerful and sacred objects 
 were made by the priests, - that they were issued from the temple somewhat as indul- 
 gences are given out by the Catholic Church. Or it is possible that perhaps after the 
 dejith of the owner, or at some such solemn moment, they were dedicated in the temple. 
 These are, of course, mere hypotheses. 
 
 CLASS I. PREHISTORIC OR PRIMITIVE. 
 
 Only eight stones of this sort were found (Nos. 1-8). The only carving on them con- 
 sists of scratches, and they show no trace of true masterly cutting. Similar scratchings 
 were found by Schliemann on whorls he dug up at Troy, and by other excavators. It Is 
 possible that these lines conveyed some meaning to the original owner of the object, but, 
 at present, it is impossible to say what it was. Evans ' suggests that certain somewhat 
 similar carvings found l)y him stand for letters. None of the examples from the Heraeum 
 suggest this or anything more than being the haphazard work of an untrained carver. 
 They seem to be merely attempts to decorate the stones with more or less symmetrical 
 patterns. 
 
 In shape they show some variety, and it is difficult to explain why the makers of these 
 stones should have been satisfied with such rude carving of designs when they were able 
 to model the forms so comparatively well. 
 
 PLATE CXXXVIII. 
 
 L Circular; both sides slightly convex. IJored. Botli sides scratched. Dark blue steatite. 
 IJi cm. Perliai>8 a bead. Found during first year's work. 
 
 2. Button shaiie. Double bore-hole. Design : star. 2.8 cm. The stone is broken, but both 
 parts were found. Found on stairs south of Second Temple. 
 
 a Hemispherical. Bored. Scratches on flat surface. Red steatite. Diameter, 1.9 cm. Found 
 back of West Building. 
 
 4. Circular ; both sides convex. Bored. Both sides scratched. Dark green steatite. 1.8 cm. 
 Found on southeast sIo|)e near bottom. 
 
 5. Spool shape. Ends concave. Cross lines and circle scratched on one end. Dark red steatite. 
 Diameter, 1.7 cm. The form is, perhaps, an imitation of a fish's vertebra. Found back of South 
 Building, at southwest corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 6. Flat; circular. Bored through centre. Light green steatite. 1.5 cm. No engraving; 
 accidental scratches. Perhaps a bead. This is one of those which being formed but not decorated 
 implies that the decoration was done at the Heraeum, as do the following. Found back of South 
 Building near No. & 
 
 7. Circular and slightly si>ool -shaped. Not bored. Mottled green steatite. Diameter, 1.8 cm. 
 Thickness, 0.8 cm. Like No. 6^ this is apparently unfinished. Found east of chambers on Second 
 Temple terrace. 
 
 & Steatite pebble. 1.7 cm. long. Perhaps shows the sort of stone used by the engravers. 
 Found during first year's work. 
 
 1 Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script, fig. 16, and p. 16 (285). 
 
 'I 
 
 i 
 
nf 
 
 346 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 ARGIVE TYPE 
 
 347 
 
 CLASS n. NEW TYPE— 'ARGIVE.' 
 
 The following are stones of a new, or at least very unusual type. There are thirty- 
 three (Nos. 9-41) of them. They vary considerably in shape : — 
 
 1. Hemispherical ; 11 (Nos. 9-19). 
 
 2. Button shape ; 4 (Nos. 20-23). 
 
 3. Cylindrical ; 1 (No. 24). 
 
 4. Shield shape ; 1 (No. 25). 
 
 6. Rectangular; 8 (Nos. 26-33). 
 
 6. Lenticular and lozenge ; 5 (Nos. 34-88). 
 
 7. Rectangular and oval with animal on top; 3 (Nos. 39-41). 
 
 The designs vary less than the shapes. They fall into three classes : — 
 
 1. Human. 
 
 2. Animal. 
 
 8. Geometric. 
 
 Perhaps a fourth class uninteVlgihh ought to be added. The stones are often carved 
 on all their various surfaces, whether curved or flat. Of the hemispherical group six 
 have carving only on the flat surface, and the other five have their rounded back deco- 
 rated with zigzags. 
 
 The button-shape group contains but one exception (No. 23) to the rule that the speci- 
 mens of this shape have both of their flat surfaces carved. 
 
 The one cylindrical stone has one end carved and the other smooth. 
 
 The shield-shaped stone is carved only on the flat surface. 
 
 The rectangular group also shows one exception (No. 31) to the same rule. 
 
 Three of the five lozenge-shaped stones are carved on both sides ; one on only one. 
 One is doubtful (No. 36). 
 
 Of the animal group, No. 41 is the only example that has more than one surface adapt- 
 able to carving. In this case the animal is on the edge of the stone and both flat sur- 
 faces are carved. 
 
 On first sight one sees that these stones have little or nothing to do with the true 
 Mycenaean stones with which it seems, from the proximity of the Heraeum to Mycenae, 
 they might well have had some connection. The few Mycenaean stones that were found 
 in the excavation are easily differentiated from those of the new class, and that so very 
 few Mycenaean ones were found appears to be another bit of evidence to show how little 
 the Heraeum depended on foreign trade for the satisfaction of its needs. The nature of 
 the carving on the new stones, rude and awkward as it is, is quite unlike that of true 
 Mycenaean work. Nor did the Mycenaean carvers show any special preference for steatite, 
 while the subjects which they were fond of representing, such as lions, cows, fish flying, 
 relijrious and hunting: scenes, do not occui- on the Heraeum stones. A few stones of the 
 same character as those under discussion have been found in other |>arts of the Greek 
 world, and they will be noted in connection with the si)ecial specimens to which they bear 
 the closest resemblance. Further excavation will undoubtedly bring others to light, but 
 for the present the Heraeum must be considered if not the original source of this work, at 
 least a place where it was in considerable demand. 
 
 One curious point in regard to their discovery which may throw light not only on the 
 stones themselves but also on the history of the Heraeum is that none were found on the 
 Old Temple terrace, but all came from the neighborhood of the Fifth-century Temple and 
 
 the majority from the south slope, -a spot that seems to have been used for the layino- 
 aside of discarded objects. The enormous number of objects of all sorts found in thi" 
 one place suggests tliat it may have been used as a sort of burying-ground for things that 
 had, for some now unknown reason, become too sacred for such further mortal use as 
 they had originally served. That there were such burying-grounds is, of course, proved 
 by tiie discovenes on the Acropolis of Athens. 
 
 Jlemispherical. All are bored. 
 
 a Zig^g pattern in different directions over back. Design: man and horse, also irregular 
 marks to fill space Diameter, 2.4 cm. Dark red steatite. Found during first year's work. 
 
 la Smooth back. Design : horse and decorative marks. Red steatite. 2 cm. Much rubbed. 
 l«ound east of chambers on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 11. Zigzags on back (cf. No. 12). Design : horse and decorative marks. Red steatite. Diam- 
 eter, 2.9 cm. *ound at east end of Stoa below Cyclopean wall. 
 
 22. Zigzag on back. Design: horse, beyond which stands man with upraised arms, holding 
 perhaps a sword over the horse's head. Slightly fractu,-ed. 3 cm. Found in Northwest Building 
 
 la Smooth back. Design : man holding something in raised hand ; behind him marks similar 
 to those Evans > takes to have to do with a house. Red steatite. Diameter, 1.8 cm. Found dur- 
 ing first year s work. 
 
 14 Zigzags on back. Design : man seated, arms raised. Cf. No. 39. Red steatite with yellowish 
 streaks. 2.2 cm. Found east of chambers on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 16. Half stone, broken along bore-hole. Smooth back. Design : man seated. Cf. No. 14. Dark 
 blue steatite. 2 cm. Found above east end of Stoa below Cyclopean wall. 
 
 16. Smooth back. Design : man standing. There are other marks, but the gem is so broken 
 they are mexplicable. Light blue steatite. 2.1 cm. Found back of West Building in the large 
 deposit. 
 
 17. Elongated hemispherical. Smooth back. Design : two men, perhaps fighting. It suggests 
 one of the gold rmgs from Mycenae. Dark red steatite. 3 cm. x 2.5 cm. Found above east end 
 of Stoa below Cyclopean wall. 
 
 la Not absolutely hemispherical. Three divided rows of arrowhead pattern on back. Design : 
 circle divided into quarters by crossed lines. Each quarter has three 'arrow' markings one 
 within the other. Blue steatite. 2 cm. Found during first year's work. 
 
 19. Elongated hemispherical. Smooth back. Design : double axe.2 Blue steatite. Length, 
 2.7 cm. Found back of West Building in the large dei>osit. 
 
 B tit ton shape. All are bored (except No. 23). 
 
 2a Much broken. Design, Lartje Hide : branches of trees 3 surrounded by circle of cog-wheel 
 pattern. Small side : snake (?) and lines that are distinct, but scarcely explicable. They do not re- 
 semble any of Evans's pictographic signs, and it is plain from the sureness of the cutting that they 
 are not haphazard. They are also quite unlike the ordinary space-filling patterns. It is possible 
 that they represent a horned animal lying down ; the head to the left. Red steatite. Large side, 
 3.5 em. x 3.75 cm. Small side, 2 cm. Found east of chambers on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 2L Design, Larf/e side : two figures holding a bough upright between them ; below the bough a 
 crescent-shaped object. Snake surrounding left half of design. Small side : sunk circle with raised 
 cross, the arms of the latter having incision down the middle. Green steatite. Large side, 2.5 cm. 
 Found near the southeast corner of the Second Temple. 
 
 22. Design, Larr/e side : two figures holding hands, and in free hand branches : between their 
 feet a bird upside doicn, and below this a snake (?). Between the heads of the figures traces of 
 another birtl (?). Cog-wheel circle surrounds the group. Small side : scarcely explicable. Per- 
 haps animal with branch alwve and below. Red steatite. Large side, 3.5 cm. Found on south 
 
 ' Cretan Pictogmpht, p. ,38 (307). » Cf. Evans, Cretan Pictographs, p. 43 (312), and Further 
 
 * Cf. Kvaiu, Cretan Pictograpla, p. 35 (304). Discoveries, fig. 16. 
 
 I« 
 
 < 
 
 
348 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 # 
 
 At other end traces 
 was never wholly 
 
 No. 26. 
 
 slope. A stone of about this size and carved with figures like those on the larger side of this one 
 is in the Museum in Athens. It is uncatalogued, and I could not find whence it came. 
 
 23l Not engraved or bored. Pale green steatite. Largest diameter, 2.1 cm. Found at south- 
 east corner of Second Temple terrace, outside peribolus wall. 
 
 CyUndrical. 
 
 24. Double branch pattern. One end with geometric design, thus : 
 of three drill holes directed along the long axis ; stone is broken and 
 drilled. Red steatite. Found during first year's work. 
 
 Shield shape. 
 
 25. Bored. Smooth back. Design : man upright, arms raised. Decorative markings. Incised 
 line around whole. Dark red steatite. 2.8 cm. long. Found above east end of Stoa below 
 Cyclopean wall. 
 
 Rectanfjular. All hut No. 31 bored. 
 
 26. Stone broken through bore-hole, only half preserved. Design : on one side 
 cattle sui)erposed. (For somewhat similar representation of cattle, cf. Evans, Cretan 
 Pictogniphs^ fig. 11 a.) Behind cattle unintelligible curved lines. On other side 
 cattle (? ) facing, and between them snake (?). On the unbroken edge pattern (see 
 cut). Found back of West Building in the large deposit. 
 
 27. Flat (brick shaiie). Both sides engraved; edges smooth. Design, one side: 
 winged horses. Other side : distinct but unintelligible. Retl steatite. 4 cm. x 3 cm. 
 Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace, outside peribolus wall. 
 
 28u Brick shape. Both sides engravetl ; edges smooth. Design (same on both 
 sides) : animal and decorative marks, framed by straight lines. l.G cm. x 2 cm. x 
 1.1 em. Found on surface of ground of the Old Temple terrace. 
 
 29. Broken along bore-hole, only half found. Both sides and the complete edge engraved. 
 Design : each side divided into two compartments. When the stone was complete there were 
 undoubtedly four such divisions. On one side are squares, one within the other, the smallest 
 having its diagonals drawn. On the other side each division has merely lines drawn parallel to 
 the diagonal, — those in one division from left to right, the other from right to left. On edge 
 ' arrowhead ' pattern. Red steatite. 4 cm. Found in the deposit at southwest comer of Second 
 Temple terrace. 
 
 30. Broken ; only part found. Both sides engraved ; edges smooth. Design : on one side deeply 
 cut, but unintelligible (but cf. Evans's sign for a house, Cretan Pkto«jr(tj)hs,i>. 37 [308]). Green 
 steatite. 5 cm. x 1 cm. (thick). Found near East Building. Another stone very similar to this 
 one was shown me by Mr. Evans. He obtained it in Delos. It is now, I believe, in the Ash- 
 molean Museum. 
 
 3L Bored, and bit of original bronze fastening still in hole. Both sides engraved. Design : 
 on one side two men ; one holds branch, other holds weapon ('?). The former seems to be clad 
 differently from the latter. Other side : four compartments, each filled with patterns of straight 
 lines. Green steatite. 2.7 cm. x 2.3 cm. Found in deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple 
 terrace. 
 
 32. Both sides engraved. Design, on one side : man fighting or hunting ; the disk in front of 
 him may be his shield. On other side : animal. Dark blue steatite. 1.7 cm. x 
 1.4 cm. Found at southeast comer of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 33. Only one side engraved. Design : crab or spider • and snake. Light green 
 steatite ; not bored. 1.9 cm. square. Place of discovery not known. 
 
 Lozenge. All are bored. 
 
 34. Both sides engraved and deeply cut all around edge, so that it resembles 
 the 'spool' shape. Design, one side: flying bird. Other side: branch. Light green steatite. 
 2.1 cm. Place of discovery unknown. 
 
 * Cf. Evaus, Further Discoveries, figs. 5, 6, and p. 339, pi. ii. 14, 15. 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 GEOMETRIC TYPE 349 
 
 3& Engraved on one side. Design: two winged creatures face to face. Dark red steatite. 
 1.0 cm. J^ound at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 y..^^^7^7\f'rf ^'""-If'KT^y ^^' '---^- Both sides engraved. Design, on one side: 
 bulls-head full front On other side : starfish pattern. 1.2 cm. thick. Diamef^r, circ. 4 cm. Red 
 steatite. *ound iii deposit back of West Building. 
 
 37. Both sides apparently engraved, but are so wom as to be undecipherable. Red steatite C\ 
 ±-i cm. i'ound during first year's work. 
 
 3a Engraved on Iwth sides. Design, on one side: flying bird. On other; 
 Dark red steatite. 1.5 cm. Found on south slope. 
 
 N08. 39-41 have animals on top. 
 
 3a Bored. Cow (?) lying down. Design : man seated (cf. No. 14). Red 
 steatite. Length, 1.3 cm. Found during first year's work. 
 
 4a Bored (below belly of animal). Monkey-like animal crouching. Design : 
 animals, — very rude and much scattered over field, — perhaps also a scorpion. 
 (Cf. Evans, Further Discoveries, fig. 31.) Light red mottled green steatite. 
 Design : 2.5 cm. x 3 cm. Height, 2.5 cm. Found east of the Northwest Building. 
 
 winged animal. 
 
 No. 39. 
 
 4L Animal much worn. Both sides and all three edges engraved, 
 cipherable. On the edges are these patterns : 
 
 Design on both sides unde- 
 
 AA/Vl 
 
 
 Fkomt End. Bottom. 
 
 Found on south i\o\^. Light blue steatite. 2.8 cm. x 2.3 cm. 
 
 Back End. 
 
 CLASS III. ' GEOMETRIC ' {CIRC. TENTH CENTURY B. C). 
 The next elas.s of stones to consider are of a type which, though by no means common, 
 is less strange than that of the preceding stones, and can be dated by external evidence. 
 It is the ' geometric ' type ; a type that is pkiiily of the same epoch as the * geometric ' 
 vases. These show a distinct advance over the earlier stones in being made of harder 
 material, and in the carving being much stronger and more certain. They show none of 
 the sketchy and tentative quality of the more primitive work. In shape and material, 
 too, they vary from the earlier and from Mycenaean work. All are of a fine-grain white 
 marble, and all are square. One peculiar shape, that of a low truncated pyramid, occurs. 
 The backs have no Jifjure design. The bore-hole runs from hack to front, hence these 
 could not be used as seals. 
 
 42. Boretl from back to front. Shape: truncated pyramid. Back 
 smooth. Design : two ' geometric ' figures to right holding branches (?). 
 Decorative marks. White marble. 3.4 cm. square. (In the Ashmolean 
 Museum is a stone closely resembling this one ; it was found in Melos in 
 1894.) The design is of two figures, and between them a branch. Found 
 at east end of Second Temple terrace, near East Building. 
 
 PLATE CXXXIX. {tipper part), 
 43 Broken at comers. Bored from front to back. Shape : truncated 
 
 No. 42. 
 
 pyramid. On one sloping side of back are cut circles with dots in their centres. Design : divided 
 into four eijual divisions. Only one, a human figure with space-filling markings, decipherable. 
 Lower part of human figure in a second division. White marble. Circ. 4.5 cm. Found in West 
 Building. 
 
 44. Fragment. Similar to No. 43. Square, brick shape, not pyramidal. Design in compart- 
 ments, but destroyed. Human figure visible on left. White marble. Size originally about same as 
 No. 4& Found at east end of Second Temple terrace, near East Building. 
 
 I 
 
 
348 
 
 EXGKAVKl) STONES, (JEMS, AM) IVOHIES 
 
 Xo. -JG. 
 
 slope. A stt)ne of about this size aiul carved with figures like those on the larger sitle of this one 
 is in the Museum in Athens. It is uneataloguetl, and I could not find whence it eanic. 
 
 23. Not engraved or bored. Pale green steatite. Largest diameter, 2.1 cm. Found at south- 
 east corner of Second Temple terrace, outside jieribolus wall. 
 
 C»lUitdne<iJ. 
 
 24. Double branch pattern. One end with geometric design, thus : ij^ At other end traces 
 of tlaee drill holes directed along the long axis ; stone is broken and Jlp was never wholly 
 drilled. Keil steatite. Found during first year's work. 
 
 Shii'hl shape. 
 
 25. liored. Smooth back. Design : man upright, arms raised. Decorative markings. Incised 
 line around whole. Dark red steatite. '!.% cm. long. Found alnive east end of Stoa below 
 Cyclopean wall. 
 
 U(don(jnlar. All hnt No. 31 hored. 
 
 26. Stone broken through iK^re-hole, only half preserved. Design : on one side 
 cattle superposed. (For somewhat similar re])resentation of cattle, cf. Evans. Cfvtini 
 Pkt<njiiiithft,{v^. 11a.) Ik>hind cattle unintelligible curved lines. On other side 
 cattle (.' ) facing, and between them snake (?). On the unbroken edge pattern (^see 
 cut). Foiuul back of West Building in the large de|>osit. 
 
 27. Flat (brick shaiH'). I$oth sides engraved: edges smooth. Design, one side : 
 winged horses. Other side : distinct but unintelligible. Hed steatite. 4 cm. x IJ cni. 
 Found at southeast corner of Secon»l Temple terrace, outside jwribolus wall. 
 
 28. IJrick shape. Both sides engraved; edges smooth. Design (same on Loth 
 sides): animal and decorative marks, framed by straight lines. l.G em. x 2 cm. x 
 1.1 cm. Found on surface of ground of the Old Temple terrace. 
 
 29. Broken along bore-hole, only half found. Both sides and the complete edge engraved. 
 Design : each side divided into two compartments. When the stone was complete there were 
 undoubtedly four such divisions. On one side are .s<piares, one within the other, the smallest 
 having its diagonals drawn. On the other side each division has merely lines drawn ])arallel to 
 the diagonal, — those in one division from left to right, the other from right to left. On edge 
 • arrowhead ' pattern. Ked steatite. 4 cm. Foiuul in the deposit at southwest corner of Second 
 Temple terrace. 
 
 30. Broken : only part found. Both sides engraved : edges smooth. Design : on one side deejdy 
 cut, but unintelligible (but cf. Evans's sign for a house, (.'i'vtan J*irto«/rojtIiSs\^. 37 [308]). Green 
 steatite. •') cm. x 1 cm. (thick). Found near East Building. Another stone very similar to this 
 one was shown me by Mr. Evans. He obtained it in Delos. It is now, 1 believe, in the Ash- 
 molcan Museum. 
 
 31. r»ored, and bit of original bronze fastening still in hole. r>oth sides engraved. Design : 
 on one side two men: one holds branch, other holds weajion (?). The former seems to be clad 
 differently from the latter. Other side : four compartments, each filled w ith patterns of straight 
 lines. Green steatite. 2.7 cm. x 2.3 cm. Found in deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple 
 terrace. 
 
 32. Both sides engraved. Design, on one side : man fighting or hunting : the disk in front of 
 him maybe his shield. On other side: animal. Dark blue steatite. 1.7 cm. x 
 1.4 cm. Found at southeast comer of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 33. Only one side engraved. Design : crab or spider ' and snake. Light green 
 steatite : not bored. !.{> cm. square. Place of discovery not known. 
 
 Lozenfje. All are bored. 
 
 34. Both sides engraved and deeply cut all around edge, so that it i*esembles 
 the 'spool' shape. Design, one side: flying bird. Other side: branch. Light green steatite. 
 2.1 cm. Place of discovery imknown. 
 
 1 Cf. Eviius, Further Diicoceritu, figs. 5, G, .iiul p. 339, pi. ii. 14, 15. 
 
 Xo. 33. 
 
 ^ 
 
 winged animal. 
 
 GEOMETKIC TYPE 349 
 
 3& Engraved on one side. Design: two winged creatures face to face. Dark red steatite. 
 1.0 em. hound at .southeast corner of Secoiul Temple terrace 
 
 3& Broken through Whole : only half found, lioth sides engraved. Design, on one side : 
 bull s-head full front On other s.de : starfish pattern. 1.2 cm. thick. Diameter, eirc. 4 em. Ked 
 steatite. I'ound 11. deposit back of West Buildin<'. 
 
 37. Both sides :,pi,arently engraved, but are so^vorn as to be undecipherable. Red steatite C^ 
 'ZA em. tound during first year's work. 
 
 3a Engraved on lM>th sides. Design, on one side: flying bird. On other 
 Dark ml steatite. 1.5 cm. Found on south slojie. 
 
 Non. 39-41 hace anhnals on top. 
 
 39. B<ned. C ow (?) lying down. Design : man seated (cf. No. 14). Red 
 steatite. Length, 1.3 cm. Found during first year's work. 
 
 40. Bi>red (below l>elly of animal). Monkey-like animal crouching. Desi.ni : 
 
 animals, — very rude and much scattered over field, - perhaps also a scorpimu 
 
 (Cf. Evans, Fm-thr Uixrorrnrs, fig. 31.) Light red mottled green steatite. 
 
 Design : 2.;) em. x 3 cm. Height, 2.5 cm. Found ea.st of the Northwest Buildin-. 
 
 41 Annual much worn. Both sides and all three edges engraved. Design on^both sides unde 
 cipherable. On the edges are these patterns : 
 
 No. 39. 
 
 IAAA/1 
 
 Fko.NT K.\U. BoTTiLM. 
 
 Found on south slope. Light blue steatite. 2.8 cm. x 2.3 cm. 
 
 Back End. 
 
 CLAS.S III. -(iKOMKTRIC (Clh'C. TKNTII CKXTrUY H. C). 
 The next class of stones to consider are of a type which, tliouoh by no means common, 
 is less stranjre than tiiat of tiic precediiio- stones, and can be dated by external evidence. 
 It is the • jreometric ' type ; a type that is phiinly of the sjime epoch as the ' oeometric ' 
 vases. These show a distinct advance over the earlier stones in being- made of harder 
 material, and in the carving being much stronger and more certain. They show none of 
 the sketchy and tentative (piality of the more primitive work. In shape and material, 
 too, they vary from the earlier and from Mycenaean work. All are of a fine-grain white 
 marble, and all are .s(|uare. One peculiar shajie, that of a low truncated pyramid, occurs. 
 The backs have no ff/ure design. The bore-hole runs from huek to front, hence these 
 could not be used as seals. 
 
 42. Bored from back to front. Shape: truncated i)yramid. Back 
 smooth. Design : two ' geometric ' figures to right holding branches (?). 
 Decorative marks. White marble. 3.4 cm. square. (In the Ashmolean 
 Museum is a stone closely resembling this one ; it was found in Melos in 
 181»4.) The design is of two figures, and between them a branch. Found 
 at east end of Second Temple terrace, near East Building. 
 
 PLATE CXXXIX. i»pi>er part), 
 
 43. Broken at corners. Bored from front to back. Shape : truncated 
 pyramid. On one sloping side of back are cut circles with dots in their centres. Design : divided 
 into four equal divisions. Only one, a human figure with si)ace-filling markings, decipherable. 
 Lower part of human figure in a second division. White marble. Circ. 4.5 cm. Found in West 
 Building. 
 
 44. Fragment. Similar to No. 43. S<piare, brick shai>e, not pyramidal. Design in compart- 
 ments, but tlestroyed. Human figure visible on left. Whit«' marble. Size originally about same as 
 No. 43. Found at east end of Sucoud Temple terrace, near East Building 
 
 No. 42. 
 
 >S- 
 
 ".| 
 
350 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 45. Bit of white marble similar to that useil for Nos. 41-44. Square, 4.2 cm. Edgfes and l)oth 
 sides carefully worked. Edges curve very slightly outward, which is not the case in Nos. 41-44. 
 Possibly an unfinished work. Found near No. 44. 
 
 46. Bored from back to front. Back smooth, and edges only beveled very slightly. Design 
 undecipherable. It seems to be merely decorative, and jK-rhaps is a connecting link between the 
 preceding and those that follow. Found above Stoa and lielow Cycloj>ean wall. 
 
 47-51. All bored from back to front. Backs Hat and smooth. Design : 
 decorative (?). White marble. Size : (No. 47) 2 cm. : (No. 48 ) 2 cm. ; 
 (^No. 49) 1.8 cm. ; (No. 50) 2.1 cm. ; (No. 51) 1.8 cm. It is noteworthy 
 that the cutting of these dift'ers from tluit of the preceding in being less 
 angular, and the hollows are curved instead of being sunk to an edge. The 
 designs of Nos. 47, 48, and 49 are exactly the same. Another stone of this 
 same sort was bought by me in Athens in the spring of 1898. It is 3.3 cm. 
 square and fractured at one corner (see adjacent cut). 
 
 No. 47 was found near East Building. 
 Nos. 48, 49, 50, found in deiK>sit back of West Building. 
 No. 51, found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace, within the peribolus wall. 
 
 CLASS IV. MYCENAKAN. 
 
 The Myeenaean stones do not call for special comment. It is, however, noteworthy 
 that so few stones of this class were found. Considerinj;- the proxi'uity of Mycenae, one 
 might well have expected them to be among the objects often found at the Heraeum. 
 
 52. Circular-lenticular. Bored. Design : animal to left and bough over its back. Blue stea- 
 tite. 2 cm. Found in South Building. 
 
 53. Circular-lenticular. liored. Design: horned animal (bull?) to right, head turned over 
 back. Branch vertically in front of animal and below the beast decoi-ative marks. Dark blue 
 steatite. 1.7 cm. Found in South Building. 
 
 54. Circular, flat. liored. Design : horned animal to right. Red steatite. 1.3 cm. Stone 
 very much rubbed. Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 65. Fragment of large (probably 3-4 cm. diameter) circular-lenticular stone. 
 
 V ^ Undoubtedly bored. Cornelian. Design : two cattle to left, the further one turu- 
 
 ^ ing head backward. Best Mycenaean work. Place of discovery unknown. 
 
 56. Circular, flat. Bored. Design : two fore-ipiarters of horned 
 animal joined : branch in front of one of the animals. Found in 
 deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 67. Circular. Back slightly convex, liored. Design : anthropomorphic mon- 
 sttM- running. White calkspar. 1.3 cm. Found near West Building. 
 
 58. Lenticular. Bored. Design : griffin to right and below dolphin upside down 
 
 No. oo. 
 
 to left. Hard white stone. 
 
 1.9 cm. long. 
 
 Found near West Building. 
 
 CLASS V. NONDESCRIPT. 
 
 59. Cylinder. Bored. Design : eagle, snake (above its head star), and 
 fore-part of lion (with something in frtmt of head). Light green steatite, 
 1 cm. h'Ug. F^ound at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 60. Earth glazed with gray slip now much destroyed. Circular. Bored. 
 Back smooth. Design : three rows of three crosses or dots divided by two 
 
 pairs of parallel lines. Diameter, 1.3 cm. Found on south slope. 
 
 6L Earth glazed. Glaze destroyed. Circular. Bored. Incised line around edge. Design : 
 griffin seated to right and snake (?). Rosette on back. Diameter, 1.7 cm. Cf. Ivory, No. 7. 
 Found on south slope. 
 
 ^jcnyr 
 
 iW? 
 
 No. 59. 
 
 THE IVORIES 
 THE IVORIES. 
 
 351 
 
 -^. 
 
 •N"- 
 
 ^>y\>«_;. 
 
 Ano.,s the smaller a„h,,u,t,es f.,.„„l at the Heraeum were a eonsi.leral.Ie number of 
 objec-ts ..f .v,„j. re,,rese,mus many .lifterent purposes, most of whi.h ea„ l,e easily unde,^ 
 s .K.<1. bou.e a,. u.ore d-flic-ul, ,„ .-ompreheu,!, a„.l are particularly i,„eresti„/b ecal 
 «. d.e s„u,lan y they b«.r to oerUiu of the stones that have been described abo^ve 
 
 The u.se of the f„llo»„,g objects is uncertain. They are all of then, bored, and this 
 
 taken „,t„ consnierafon wth their peculiar sha,« ,in section ., . ), bas le^ me to 
 
 won.U.r whether th^- n.i.d.t not have been used a, cove., of l^T^r ^2 Th f act 
 h,at they are car,..! on both sides does not p.^l,.de the possibilitv of such a us^ e 
 siuM^ar b.t of worked ivory was found at Olympia ( 0/,«;„V,, < Brol^^n,' p. 188, 194) 
 
 lhe.v are several p,nnts th.at are common to all five exau.ples to be ,oted. All .are 
 hored. All are engraved on both sides. All are the san.e shape and ne.arlv the Lm! 
 r line. " '""" "" "'" '"'"""• '^'' "" '"'Se.' side baling n.e"^ 
 
 PLATE CXXXIX. {lower jmrf). 
 
 J;. M "^"; ^"'T,"''t * ^^;"^'*^ ^""^" ''""'''^ *" ^^^'- ^^'^''^ P--^- raised. Small sUh : Lioness 
 seated, head turned l-ack, right paw raised. Between front legs star • ^-loness 
 
 of dots. Greater diameter, 4.G cm. Broken. Found at southwest 
 corner of Second Temple. 
 
 2. Design, Lrmie side: Winged man-headed griffin with orna- '**^''' 
 
 _ . _. '«e»t projecting from head, seated •_, 
 
 to left. Right paw raised: be- 
 tween paws flying double-headed 
 bird to left. Small side : Lion in 
 same i)osition as lioness on No. 1, 
 with three stars of dots and lines 
 I>etween front feet, (in-ater di- 
 ameter, 4.5 cm. Found in black No. 4. 
 layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 3. Design, Lmyt side: Lion seated to right. Right paw 
 raised. Head tin-ned back. Decorative dot in front" of and 
 behind head. Small side : Eatrle 
 flying to right. Greater diameter, 
 4.G cm. Broken. Found during 
 first year's work, pi-ohahl ;/ at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 4. Design. Lanjv side: Two winged gorgons holding branches. 
 Small side: Lion running to right. Head with crest turned back. 
 Decorative stars. Greater diameter, 4.4 cm. The lion is less Ori- 
 ental in tyi>e than those on the preceding ivories. The drawing of 
 the paws suggests the early Attic vases. Found at southwest corner 
 of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 5. Design, Latuje side: Double, winged, single-headed gorgon, 
 seated with front paws on supjwrt sliapetl like an Ionic capital. Tiie jj^ - ^ 
 hair is rolled, as on the Tenean Apollo. Small side: Eagle flying 
 
 to right. Elaborate detail. Six ornamental <lots, one above bird, one below, one above and one 
 l>elow head, one above and one below root of tail. Greater diameter, 5.3 cm. Found at southeast 
 corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 The following are apparently ornaments of various sorts. 
 
 6. Circular bit of ivory. One side convex, other flat and edge beveled. Small hole 
 in centre of flat surface. No decoration. Diameter, 4.2 cm. Found on south sloi)e. 
 
350 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 4& Bit of white marble similar to that used for Nos. 41-44. Square, 4.2 cm. Edges and both 
 sides carefully worked. Edges curve very slightly outward, which is not the case in Nos. 41-44. 
 Possibly an unfinished work. Found near No. 44. 
 
 46u Bored from back to front. Back smooth, and edges only beveled very slightly. Design 
 undecipherable. It seems to be merely decorative, and perhaps is a connecting link between the 
 preceding and those that follow. Found above Stoa and below Cyclopean wall. 
 
 47-51. All bored from back to front. Backs flat and smooth. Design : 
 decorative (?). White marble. Size : (No. 47) 2 cm. ; (No. 48) 2 cm. ; 
 (No. 49) 1.8 cm. ; (No. 50) 2.1 cm. ; (No. 51) 1.8 cm. It is noteworthy 
 that the cutting of these differs from that of the preceding in being less 
 angular, and the hollows are curved instead of being sunk to an edge. The 
 designs of Nos. 47, 48, and 49 are exactly the same. Another stone of this 
 same sort was bought by me in Athens in the spring of 1898. It is 3.3 cm. 
 square and fractured at one corner (see adjacent cut). 
 No. 47 was found near East Building. 
 Nos. 48, 49, 50, found in dejwsit back of West Building. 
 No. 51, found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace, within the peribolus wall. 
 
 CLASS IV. MYCENAEAN. 
 
 The Mycenaean stones do not call for special comment. It is, however, noteworthy 
 that so few stones of tliis class were found. Considering the proximity of Mycenae, one 
 might well have expected them to be among the objects often found at the Heraeum. 
 
 52. Circular-lenticular. Bored. Design : animal to left and bough over its back. Bhie stea- 
 tite. 2 cm. Found in South Building. 
 
 53b Circular-lenticular. Bored. Design: homed animal (bull?) to right, head turned over 
 back. Branch vertically in front of animal and below the beast decorative marks. Dark blue 
 steatite. 1.7 cm. Found in South Building. 
 
 54. Circular, flat. Bored. Design : horned animal to right. Red steatite. 1.3 cm. Stone 
 very much rubbed. Found at southeast comer of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 65. Fragment of large (probably 3-4 cm. diameter) circular-lenticular stone. 
 Undoubtedly bored. Cornelian. Design : two cattle to left, the further one turn- 
 ing head backward. Best Mycenaean work. Place of discovery unknown. 
 
 56i Circular, flat. Bored. Design : two fore-cjuarters of horned 
 animal joined ; branch in front of one of the animals. Found in 
 deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 67. Circular. Back slightly convex. Bored. Design : anthropomorphic mon- 
 ster running. White calkspar. 1.3 cm. Found near West Building. 
 
 68. Lenticular. Bored. Design : griffin to right and below dolphin upside down 
 to left. Hard white stone. 1.9 cm. long. Found near West Building. Na 57. 
 
 59. 
 
 CLASS V. NONDESCRIPT. 
 Cylinder. Bored. Design : eagle, snake (above its head star), and 
 
 W 
 
 No. 59. 
 
 ^ fore-part of lion (with something in front of head). Light green steatite, 
 1 em. long. Found at southeast comer of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 60. Earth glazed with gray slip now much destroyed. Circular. Boretl. 
 Back smooth. Design : three rows of three crosses or dots divided by two 
 pairs of parallel lines. Diameter, 1.3 cm. Found on south slope. 
 
 6L Earth glazed. Glaze destroyed. Circular. Bored. Incised line around edge. Design : 
 griffin seated to right and snake (?). Rosette on back. Diameter, 1.7 cm. Cf. Ivory, No. 7. 
 Found on south slope. 
 
 THE IVORIES 
 THE IVORIES. 
 
 351 
 
 Small side : Lioness 
 
 uii4^ 
 
 '>'. 
 
 An ong the smaller antiqu.t.es found at tbe Heraeum were a considerable number of 
 objects of ivory re,,resentn,g many different purposes, most of which can be easily unde,^ 
 stood. Some are more difficult to comprehend, and are particularly interesting Cate 
 of the ,.m.Iar, y they bear to certain of the stones that have been described abo™ 
 
 The use of the following objects is uncertain. They are all of tl>em bored, and this 
 taken „,to consideration with their peculUr shape (m section ^-—, ) has ed me to 
 wonder whether they might not have been used as covers of bSf^ ij,^ The fart 
 that they are carved on both sides does not preclude the possibility of sXiJ On 
 simUar bit of worked ivory was found at 01ym,>ia (Olympia, 'Bro„zen,> „. 188, 1194) 
 
 There aj^ several points that are common to all five examples to be noted. AU are 
 bor«l. All are engnivejl on both sides. All are the same sliape and nearly the sam^ 
 
 PLATE CXXXIX. {lower part). 
 L Design, Large mle: Winged griffin seated to left. Right paw raised 
 seated, head turned Lack, right paw raised. Between front legs star 
 of dots. Greater diameter, 4.6 cm. Broken. Found at southwest 
 corner of Second Temple. ^ 
 
 2. Design, Larr/e side: Winged man-headed griffin with orna- 
 ment projecting from head, seated 
 to left. Right paw raised; be- 
 tween paws flying double-headed 
 bird to left. Small side : Lion in 
 same position as lioness on No. 1, 
 with three stars of dots and lines 
 between front feet. Greater di- 
 ameter, 4.5 cm. Found in black 
 layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 a Design, Large side: Lion seated to right. Right paw 
 raised. Head turned back. Decorative dot in front of and 
 behind head. Stnall side : Eagle 
 flying to right. Gi-eater diameter, 
 4.6 cm. Broken. Found during 
 first year's work, probabli/ at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 4. Design, Large side : Two winged gorgons holding branches. 
 Small side : Lion running to right. Head with crest turned back. 
 Decorative stars. Greater diameter, 4.4 cm. The Hon is less Ori- 
 ental in type than those on the preceding ivories. The drawing of 
 the paws suggests the early Attic vases. Found at southwest corner 
 of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 6. Design, Large side: Double, winged, single-headed gorgon, 
 seated with front paws on support shaped like an Ionic capital. The 
 hair is rolle<l, as on the Tenean AjwUo. Small side : Eagle flying 
 
 to right. Elaborate detail. Six ornamental dots, one above bird, one below, one above and one 
 below head, one above and one below root of tail. Greater diameter, 5.3 cm. Found at southeast 
 corner of Second Temple terrace. 
 
 The following are apparently ornaments of various sorts. 
 6. Circular bit of ivory. One side convex, other flat and edge beveled. Small hole 
 in centre of flat surface. No decoration. Diameter, 4.2 cm. Found on south slope. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 .vi— 
 
 No. o a. 
 
 No. 5 6. 
 
 ('I 
 
 ' / 
 
352 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 7. Circular. 
 
 Design : 
 
 griffin. 
 
 Back of ivory slightly convex, decorated with raised rosette 
 having small hole in centre. Diameter, 2.7 cm. Cf. stone No. 6L Found at east end of Second 
 Temple terrace, near East Building. 
 
 a Similar to No. 7. No design. Hole bored through. Diameter, 3.6 cm. Found in burnt 
 layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 9. Circular. Flat on both sides. Bored. Design : frog (?) with tail (?), seen from above. On 
 back of ivory rosette. Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found in same place as No. a 
 
 la Circular. Flat. Bored. Design : five circles with centres dotted (like a dice), the outer 
 circles connected with the inner one by straight lines. On other side rosette. Diameter, 1.7 cm. 
 Found during first year's work. 
 
 11. Button shape. Bored. Design, Large side : Bird flying to right within circle. Small 
 shh: Four-leafed rosette within ' cog-wheel ' circle. Greater diameter, 1.8 cm. Found at south- 
 east corner of Second Temple terrace, outside i>eribolus wall. 
 
 12. Circular. Flat. Bored, and little hole in centre of each side. Design : eagle with snake 
 in beak flying to left, circumscribed by thi-ee circles. On other side i-osette. Diameter, 2 cm. 
 Found in burnt layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 la Same shape as Nos. 1-5. Bored. Design, Larrje side : Swan to left ; behind head four- 
 pointed star, circumscribed by two circles. Small side : Flying fish (?) to right, circumscribed l>y 
 two circles. Greater diameter, 2 cm. Found in same place as No. 12. 
 
 14. Circular scarab. Broken. Design: bird flying to right, circumscribed by two circles. 
 Diameter, 1.4 cm. Found in same place as No. 12. 
 
 ISu Circular. Boi-ed (split through bore-hole and top not found). Design : bird flying to right 
 Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found during first year's work. 
 
 16. Button shape. Bored. Design : Androsphinx to right, circumscribed by circle on each 
 side. Greater diameter, 2.7 cm. Found in West Building. 
 
 17. Circular. Flat. Bored. Design : bird flying to right, circumscribed by three circles. On 
 other side /^:=:>v Diameter, 2.3. Found in West Building. 
 
 18. Circular. Flat. Bored, — broken through bore-hole. Design : on 
 one side, buttei-fly (?). On other side, rosette, so nmch rubbed that it is 
 impossible to be sure of the design. Diameter, 2.5 cm. 
 
 19. Circular. Bored. Fragment of one side showing rosette. Diameter, 
 3.2 em. Found in burnt layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 2a Circular. Flat and very thin. Small hole through centre. Design: six-i>etaled star. 
 Back smooth. Diameter, 2.1 cm. Found near East Building on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 2L Circular. Bored. Too much worn to tell what the decoration was. Probably animal to 
 left. Diameter, 1.6 cm. Found in West Building. 
 
 22. One half of spool-like object. Bored. Diameter of top, 2.6 cm. Found near East Build. 
 
 ing on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 • ^J^^V 23. Fragment, pi-obably of No. 22. 
 
 M^^^^Sk 24. Button shai)e. Unengraved. Place of discovery not known. 
 {SSSSPh Jf 25. Oval slice with bit of bronze through centre. Perhaps orna- 
 ^L^5s2r ™^"*^ "^ * fibula. Found during first year's work. 
 ^NJj^ 26l Rectangular bead. Bored lengthwise. Arrowhead pattern 
 
 No. 27. on opposite sides. 2 cm. x .9 cm. x 5 cm. 
 
 West Building. 
 
 PLATE CXL. 
 27. Cubical bead. Bored. Circles cut round bore-hole. Two ends and two sides engraved. 
 On one end, head of griffin, on other bird. Both sides decorative. Length, 
 2.1 em. Found on south slojie. 
 
 2a Similar to last. On two sides flying bird. On two ends decorative 
 pattern of wings (?) similar to last. Length, 3.6 cm. Found at west end of 
 Second Temple. 
 29. Fragment. Shape similar to last. Design. Seated figure. Seated 
 Length, 2.1 cm. Found prohahhj in West Building. 
 
 No. 28. 
 
 griffin. 
 
 THE IVORIES 353 
 
 30. Fragment of flat disk. Bored. Diameter *> 7 cm Plonn ^t v 
 
 Qi p^ . , oi , ... *>'«<»'"ei«r, «.< cm. l^lace of discovery unknown 
 
 ARTICLES OF APPAREL OR OF HOUSEHOLD USE 
 
 Pound in the deposit at southwest corner. P«*iterns ot circles. Length, 6.0 cm. 
 
 aa Fragment of fibula similar to last. Bronze pin still attached. Central one of the three 
 
 d.ks represented by only a section. The hollowed-out circles in centres of two e JdLk and on 
 
 ^^::^t:^^^ -"^ '-^'' ^-^- <- ^— )^ ^ em.";o::::i : 
 
 Se^ndSpre?' '' "' '''' '' ''^^'^ '' ""^ ^^^^'^"^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^' ^^hwest corner of 
 
 Second TTi^r "' "' '''" '' ''"'' '' ^"^ '"'^^ "^ ^^^ ^ ^^"^ ^' -«--* corner of 
 
 36. Fragment^ Perhaps head of lar^ pin (like a hairpin). At base two rams back to back 
 Length, 7 cm. Found east of Northwest Building. 
 
 37. Fragment. Perhaps of pin. Both sides decorated with incised circles. Length, 3 3 cm 
 Pound at southeast corner of Second Temple. ^ 
 
 1 ^^-^^J^'^S™^"*^ «^ "worked ivory, the uses of which cannot be made out. Lengths: (No 38) 
 4^1 cm ; (N,.. 39) 2.7 cm. ; (No. 40) 1.5 cm. ; (No. 41) 1.1 cm. ; (No. 42) 3.4 cm • (No 43) 3 6 en. 
 
 44-4^ 47-58. 50. Ivory bodkins and heads of bodkins of simple undecorated type. Most were 
 foiuul in the dei>os.t at the southeast corner, as were also the following items. 
 60. Head of bodkin of more elaborate type or pin. 
 
 61-65, 66 67, 68. Ivory pins. Many were found in or near the West Building, or in the 
 deposit at southwest comer. ^ 
 
 t^'J!^"^} ""^ ^'°* ^^^'"^ '^^P* •'*' *^^* "^ numerous bronze pins found at the Heraeum. 
 70-72. b ragments, perhaps of pins. 
 
 73-83. Fragments of bodkins or pins. 
 
 84. Small circular-bowled spoon. 
 
 85. Use uncertain, perhaps a stylus. 
 
 86. L^se uncertain. 
 
 HUMAN OR ANIMAL FIGURES. 
 
 87. Animal lying down. Head and upper half of body destroyed. Base formed of thin sheet 
 of ivory 3 cm. x 1.6 cm. Found in West Building. 
 
 8a Plaque, on which in low relief are the lower halves of two figures. On left a man moving 
 to right towards what was probably meant for a xoanon. The latter from the drapery was evi- 
 dently of a goildess. The tunic of the man and the chiton of the statue are very carefully orna- 
 mented with patterns of squares and diamonds. Style of the end of the sixth century b. c. 
 
 89. Figure like the Egyptian god Bes. Bored. Much broken. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. 
 
 About a dozen fragments of colored glass (" Phoenician ") bottles. 
 
 Several glass and two or three stone beads. 
 
 Few fragments of obsidian. 
 
 Many small steatite whorls. Several were found in the deposit at the southeast corner. 
 
 Bit of shell of bird's egg — probably ostrich. 
 
 \ 
 
 I M 
 
352 
 
 ENGKAVKH STONES, (iKMS, AND IVOKIHS 
 
 7. Circular. Design: griffin. Back of i\M)ry slightly convex, tleconitcil with raise«l i-osctte 
 havin<^ small hole in centre. Diameter, 2.7 cm. C'f. stone No. 61. Fountl at east end of Second 
 Temple terrace, near East r»uiUling. 
 
 a Similar to No. 7. No design. Hole bored through. Diameter, Ji.O em. Found in burnt 
 Liyer at west entl of Seeiuul Temple. 
 
 9. Circular. Flat «.n both sides. rM>red. Design: frog (?) with tail (•), st-en from above. On 
 back of ivory rosette. Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found in same place as Nt». a 
 
 la Circular. Flat. IWed. Design: five circles with centres dotted (like a dice), the outer 
 circles connected with the inner one by straight lines. On other side rosette. Di:imeter, 1.7 cm. 
 Found «luring first year's work. 
 
 11. Button shape. Bored. Design, Loftjr k'hIi' : Bird flying to right within circle. S„Htlf 
 siih: Four-leafed rosette within 'cog-w heel' circle. Greater diameter, 1.8 cm. Found at south- 
 east corner of Second Temple terr.ace, outside jwribolus wall. 
 
 12. Circular. Flat. Bored, and little hole in centre of each side. Design : eagle with snake 
 in beak flvin^' to left, circumscribed by three circles. On other side msette. Diameter, 2 cm. 
 Fouml in burnt layer at west end of Second Temi»le. 
 
 la Same shaiw as Nos. 1-5. Bored. Design, Lun/c slih- : Swan to left : Whind head four- 
 pointed star, circumscribed by two circles. Shhi!/ sidr : Flying fish (.') to right, circumscribed by 
 two circles. Greater diameter, 2 cm. Found in same place as No. 12. 
 
 14. Circular scarab. Broken. Design: bird fiying to right, circumscribed by two circles. 
 Diameter, 1.4 cm. Found in same place as No. 12. 
 
 15. Circular. Bored (split through bore-hole and top not found). Design : bird flying to right. 
 Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found during first year's work. 
 
 16. Button shape. liored. Design : Androsphinx to right, circumscribed by circle on each 
 side. Greater diameter, 2.7 em. Fountl in West Ibiihling. 
 
 17. Circular. Flat. Bored. Design : bird flying to right, circumscribed by three circles. On 
 other side /^=^-v Diameter, 2.3. Found in West Building. 
 
 18. Circular. Flat. Bored, — bniken through bore-hole. Design : on 
 one side, butterfly (?). On other side, rosette, so nuich rubbed that it is 
 impossible to be sure of the design. Diameter, 2.5 cni. 
 
 19. Circular. Bored. Fragment of one side showing rosette. Diameter, 
 3.2 cm. Found in burnt layer at west end of Second Temple. 
 
 2a Circular. Flat and very thin. Small hole through centre. Design: six-petaled star. 
 Back smooth. Diameter, 2.1 cm. Found near East Tmilding on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 21. i'iroular. Bored. Ttxi much worn to tell what the decoration was. Probably animal to 
 left. Diameter, 1.(3 em. Found in West Building. 
 
 22. One half of spool-like object. Bored. Diameter of top, 2.^. cm. Found near East Build. 
 
 ing on Second Temple terrace. 
 
 23. Fragment, jirobably of No. 22. 
 
 24. Buttcm shape, rnengravetl. Place of discovery not known. 
 
 25. Oval slice with bit of bronze through centre. Perhaps orna- 
 ment of a fibula. Found during first year's work. 
 
 26 Kectangular bead. Bored lengthwise. Arrowhead pattern 
 on ojiposite sides. 2 cm. x .0 em. x 5 cm. 
 
 No. 27. 
 
 West Building. 
 
 PLATK CXL. 
 27. Cubical bead. Bored. Circles cut round bore-holo. Two ends and two sitles engraved. 
 On one end, head of griffin, on other bird. IWh sides decorative. Length, 
 cm. Found on south slope. 
 
 28. Similar to last. On two sides flying bird. On two ends decorative 
 pattern of wings (?) similar to last. Length, 3.6 em. Found at west end of 
 
 No. 28. Second Temple. 
 
 29. Fragment. Shape similar to last. Design. 
 
 Seated figure. 
 
 Seated 
 
 griffin. Length, 2.1 cm. F'ound prohabli/ in West Building. 
 
 No. 29. 
 
 THE IVOKIP:s 353 
 
 II ^::::!.^'Z'!:t V- ''rrr^''-- nace of discove., unknown. 
 
 Found at ::::z :;; ;;::omi^:;^^^^^^^ "-' ''''^''- ^^^^^^ ^^^- ^^'-^^ ^«- ^^^^^i-t, 2.1 c™. 
 
 ARTICLES OF APPARKL OR OF HOCSEHOLD USE 
 
 ^ib'^:t;i;::tr:r^^ - ^^^'- -n><>f ^-rycutto 
 
 Found in the de,>osit at L.thwest ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''''''^'' '''''' '^'^' ^' --^^ Wth, 6.G cm. 
 3a Fragn.ent of fil>nla similar to last. Bronze i.in still ■itt-u-h.A r . i r . , 
 
 S,.^;.l T«';:i:'." "' "■"' '"^'* "' •""■'" -' """ '"^'S- as Xo. ^ F„„„,, .» s„„th»est co..„e,. of 
 
 u"H:7r\,::;!r.:rx::i:r,!ic ""-">• '^ "»- — -— ■'• 
 
 37 h,agme.,t. I'.,!,,.,,, „f ,,i„. lioth sides ,lccorafc,l with incised circles. Le.,.^1, 3 3 en 
 Jounil at sontlieast iiirncr of Second Teniide. "-"o"'. -'-^ ""• 
 
 38-4a K,„sment» of workcl ivory, tlie nses ot wl.ich cannot Ik; made ont. Un^tl,, • f \„ 381 
 
 tst .!!r:! "° "' '"'°"'"'"' "■"' '"' "'^ ""■'-■ '^ ■"■""- »"- ^"' f-""«l «' '"eiK-sit at soutl,: 
 44-4« 47-58, 59. Ivory l>o.Ikins and hcids of iKKlkins of simple nndcwated ty|«. Most were 
 
 'Z ',"■ , ?n ■■" "'° ''"""'™»' ""■""■• "» »•"•« ••''»» '!■« f»"»»ing iten,,, 
 60. Ilea<l of bodkin «>f more elaborate tyj)© or pin. 
 
 61-65, 66. 67, 68. Ivory pins. Many were found in or near the West Building, or in the 
 •b'posit at southwest corner. " 
 
 ^f '«i'*'''1*^ "^ *""• ''^"'"'' ''•'''•'^ •'" ^'''■'^ ''^ numerous bronze pins found at the Ileraeum. 
 70-72. b ragments, ])erhaps of pins. 
 
 73-83. Fragments of bodkins or pins. 
 
 84. Small circidar-bowled spoon. 
 
 85. Cse uncertain, perhaps a stylus. 
 
 86. Use uncertain. 
 
 HUM.VN OR ANIMAL FIGURES. 
 
 87. Anin.al lying .lown. Head and upper half of body destroyed. Ikse formed of thin sheet 
 of ivory 'i cm. x l.(] em. Foun<l in West Building. 
 
 8a Plaq.ie, on which in low relief are the lower halves of two figures. On left a man movin- 
 to right towards what was probably meant for a xoanon. The latter from the drapery was evit 
 dently of a goddess. The tunic <.f the man and the chiton of the statue are very carefuUv orna- 
 mented with patterns of squares ami diamonds. Style of the end of the sixth century b. c. " 
 
 89. Figure like the Egyptian god Bes. Bored. Much broken. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. 
 
 About a dozen frao-ment.s of c(dored jrlass (« Phoenician ") bottles. 
 
 Several crhisn and two or three stone beads. 
 
 Few frajr^nients of obsidian. 
 
 Many small steatite wliorls. Several were found in the deposit at the southeast corner. 
 
 Bit of shell of bird's egg — probably ostrich. 
 
 
354 
 
 
 ENGRAVKD STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 Two beads of glazetl paste. 
 
 Terra-cotta disk with turtle in high relief. Ctrc. 2.5 cm. 
 SuuiU stone arrowhead. 
 ga Leg of stand for vase CO- Decorated with zigzags. Hoil steatite. IM cm. high, 3.5 cm. 
 broad. Same stvle of work as the early engr:ivi'«l stones. 
 
 91. Hit of terracotta. Decrated on one side with zigzags. Perhaps leg of vase-stand. 
 
 Length, 5.5 cm. 
 
 92. r>it of coral. Length, 5 cm. 
 
 93 Kectan-ular bit of shell conulomerate. Hored in centre of side. 2.7 en., x ±2 cm. x 1.1 cm. 
 Found at southeast corner of Second Temi»le terrace. 
 
 94. Disk of terra-cotta. Relief on Loth sides. Traces of glaze. Not bored. Design : figure 
 drivin- a bi-a to ri-ht. On other side enthroned wi.nian (.' ) to left holding an object, now n..t to 
 be made out' in each hand. Found in the West Building. This figure may well he a representa- 
 tion of the statue of llera at the Ileraeum which is shown on coins in almost exactly this form. 
 (Cf. Frazer, rout>>nii<t.><. vol. 111. p. 184. fig. iiK) 
 
 The Ar<jive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CXXXVIII 
 
 IVORIES— ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES I-II 
 
354 
 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES 
 
 Two beads of glazed paste. 
 
 Terracotta disk with turtle in high relief. Circ. 2.5 cm. 
 Small stone arrowhead. 
 9a Leg of stand for vase (?). Decorateil with zigzags. Re«l steatite. 7.3 cm. high, 3.6 cm. 
 hroad. Same style of work as the early engraved stones. 
 
 91. Bit of terra-eotta. Decorated on one side with zigzags. Perhaps leg of vase-stand. 
 
 Length, 5.5 cm. 
 
 92. Bit of coral. Length, 5 em. 
 
 9a Rectangxdar hit of shell conglomerate. Bored in centre of side. 2.7 cm. x 2.2 cm. x LI cm. 
 
 Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace. , t^ . « 
 
 94. Disk of terra-cotta. Relief on hoth sides. Traces of glaze. Not bored. Design : figure 
 drivin- a bi-a to right. On other side enthroned woman (?) to left holding an object, now not to 
 be made out, in each hand. Found in the West Building. This figure may well be a repre^nta- 
 tion of the statue of Hera at the Heraeum which is shown on coins m almost exactly this form. 
 (Cf. Frazer, Pausania», vol. III. p. 184, fig. 29.) 
 
 The Argivr Heraeum 
 
 Plate CXXXVIII 
 
 I 
 
 ■i 
 I" 
 
 i 
 
 IVORIES.— ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES I-II 
 
' 1 
 
 The Argive Heraelm 
 
 Plate CXXXIX 
 
 The Argivc Herabum 
 
 Plate CXL 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 ® 
 
 53 
 
 94 
 
 56 
 
 
 .J ' 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES III-V; IVORIES 
 
 IVORIES. ARTICLES OF APPAREL OR HOUSEHOLD USE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL FIGURES, MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 fH 
 
The Argive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CXXXIX 
 
 The Argive Heraelm 
 
 Plate CXL 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 •'S.-.s^;;^ 
 
 n 
 
 f 1 ^ 
 
 12 
 
 ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES III-V: IVORIES 
 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 IVORIES. ARTICLES OF APPAREL OR HOISEHOLD USE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL FIGURES, MISCELLANEOUS 
 
hi 
 
 COINS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM 
 
COINS FRO^I THE ARGIYE HERAEUM 
 
 By HERBERT FLETCHER DeCOU 
 
 The coins described in the foUowino: list were found in the excavations on the site of 
 the Arjrive Heraeuui, 1892-1895. 
 
 The finding-places are given so far as they are known. When they are omitted, it is 
 to be assumed that no record exists. Details of finding-place, depth,* etc., are not indi- 
 cated. 
 
 Of the 46 coins of known provenience, 21 come from the West Building, 9 from the 
 South slope, and 2 from the siime neighborhood, i. e. from back of the South Building. 
 The remainder are from various i>arts of the excavation. No relations between the 
 period of the coins and the building in which they were found can be estiiblished. It 
 may, however, be noticed that the Byamtine coins are with one exception probably from 
 the Ixiwer Stoa (X). 
 
 The small proportion (about /.) of the coins belonghig to the period of free Greece 
 is somewhat remarkable, as well as the fact that for the archaic period Corhith alone is 
 represented. However, it scarcely needs to be i^inted out that the circumstances do not 
 in this case warrant any conclusions based on negative evidence. For the later period, 
 in i)articukr, it would be quite futile to attempt to explain the absence of any particular 
 pieces, and nearly so to explain their presence. Nevertheless, though the coins tell us 
 nothing about the later history of the Heraeum, or of its condition at the period they 
 were minted, still in the obscurity which enshrouds the latter days of the sjinctuary, even 
 these slight records of the occasional presence of human beings on the site are not with- 
 out a certain interest. 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 A. GREECE (AUTONOMOUS AND MUNICIPAL). 
 
 TIivHxaly. Larisa. 
 
 Plate CXLI. 
 
 L From West Building. Bi-onze. Size, 0.018 m. 
 Obv. Female head (Larisa), three-<juarter face, 1. 
 Loosely floating hair confined by fillet. Iter. 
 Horseman, r., clad in petasus and chiton, and 
 holding lance. Horse prancing. Above, 1. AA. 
 Incrustation l)eneath horse prevents letters, if 
 any, from showing. 
 
 Phncis. 
 
 2. From South sloi>e. Bronze. Size, 0.0215 m. 
 Obv. Three bull's heads, full-face, forming tri- 
 
 angular pattern, licv. Broad wreath within 
 which T. 
 
 Corinthia. CoHnth. 
 
 3. From South slope. Silver. Weight, 9 
 granmies. Size, 0.0245 m. Obv. Pegasos, bri- 
 dled with curled wing, walking 1. Beneath, 9. 
 liev. Incuse square consisting of eight triangu- 
 lar com])artments alternately raised and indented. 
 Of the indentations one is flat, another repeated. 
 Fabric rather flat. 
 
 4. Silver. Weight, 8.50 grammes. Size, 
 0.0245 m. Obv. Pegasos with curled wing trot- 
 ting or flying 1. Uncertain whether with bridle. 
 
358 
 
 COINS 
 
 Beneath, ?. Rev. Quadripartite incuse square 
 resembling swastika. Fabric flat. 
 
 6. From South slope. Silver. Weight, 8.50 
 grammes. Size, 0.0225 m. Obv. Pegasos. At- 
 titude uncertain. No trace of 9. Jiev. Quad- 
 ripartite incuse scjuare resembling swastika. 
 Fabric flat. Hole for suspension, 0.0025 m. in 
 diameter. 
 
 6. Bronze. Size, 0.0115 m. Obv. Pegasos 
 flying, 1. Hev. Trident. At r., in field, toix'h. 
 
 (^Municipal.) 
 
 7. Bronze. Size, 0.0213 m. Obv. Head of 
 Roman emperor, r. (resembles Augustus). In- 
 scription illegible. Hev. Pegasos, flying, r. Un- 
 certain whether with rider. At 1., in field, CO I 
 (remainder illegible). 
 
 8. Bronze. Size, 0.0215 m. Obv. Head of 
 Tiberius, 1., laur. At 1., TERE. At r., C. Re- 
 mainder of inscription effaced. Hev. Front of 
 hexastyle temple. Seems to be Doric with three 
 steps. In upper 1. field, LA. At r. of gable, 
 RE^. At r. of columns, I IV 1 1. Beneath temple, 
 
 M ^R for (COR). 
 
 Duovirate of L. Aerius Peregrinus and L. 
 Furius Labeo. 
 
 9. Bronze. Size, 0.0205 m. Obv. Female 
 bust (Tyche, accortling to B. M. C. Corinth^ 
 p. 71, No. 572), r., turreted. At 1., ROMAL 
 At r., ETIMPER (for Homae et imperio). Rev. 
 Tetrastyle temple on high base, seen from cor- 
 ner. Infield, LCANAGRIPPAE IIVI. Beneath, 
 COR. 
 
 L. Caninius Agrippa, Duovir. 
 
 10. Bronze. Size, 0,032 m. Obv. Head, beard- 
 less, and laureate, r. Rev. Horseman moving 
 rapidly to r. 
 
 Much worn. Resembles B. M. C. Corinth, 
 No. 580 (Domitian), but features of head of 
 obv. are not quite the same. Attribution to Cor- 
 inth doubtful. 
 
 11. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Head of Ro- 
 man emperor, r. Resembles Domitian. Rev. 
 Perhaps temple on Acrocorinthus as in B. M. C. 
 Corinth^ No. 541 (Claudius). 
 
 Patinated. Attribution uncertain. 
 
 12. Bronze. Size, 0.0245 m. Obv. Draped 
 bust of youthful Marcus Aurelius, laureate, r. 
 In 1. field, MAVKLMVS. Rev. Zeus, with lower 
 part of body draped, seated on throne, I. Holds 
 Nike in r., and rests uplifted 1. on sceptre. In 
 1. field, CLI, in r. COR. 
 
 13. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 
 0.02G m. Obv. Head of Commodns, beardless 
 and laureate, r. In 1. field, COM M 10^^. In r. 
 field, 'M^W,.^^' ^^<^'- Aphrodite standing, 
 body in front view, face 1., holding shield. Nude 
 to groin. In 1. field, CLI, in r., COR. 
 
 14. From East Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.025 m. Obv. Head of Commodus, laureate, r. 
 In r. field, NVS (Antoninus. Remainder of in- 
 scription illegible). Rev. Aphrodite upright, 1., 
 looking into shield which she holds in hands. 
 Possible ti*aces of Kros at her feet. In field at 
 r., COR (remainder of inscription illegible). 
 
 15. Bronze. Size, 0.028 m. Obv. Ileatl of Ro- 
 man em])eror, laureate, r. Features resemble 
 those of Antoninus Pius rather than those of 
 Commodus. At 1., IMPCAESCOM. In r. field, 
 M^AVCCERM§; (perhaps two illegible letters 
 after CERM). Rev. Wreath of pine within 
 
 Sicyonla. Sicyon. 
 
 16. From Roman Building, season of 1895. 
 Silver. Weight, 2.50 grammes. Size, 0.015 m. 
 Obv. Chimaera, 1. Letters, if any, invisible 
 owing to incrustation. Rev. Dove flying, 1. 
 
 Achaia. Patrae (^CoIonUi Amjusta A roe 
 Patrensis). 
 
 17. From N. W. of West Building. Bronze. 
 Size, 0.024 m. Obv. Head of Commodus, beard- 
 less, and laureate, r. At 1., o'^o (remainder 
 effaced). Rev. Three military standards. The 
 central standard is surmounted by an eagle 
 pei-ched cm a thunderbolt. Above, COL (remain* 
 der illegible). 
 
 Laconia (^Roman emj}ewr8). 
 
 18. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0235 m. Obv. Draped bust of L. Verus or 
 M. Aurelius, laureate, r. In 1. field, illegible 
 inscription. Rev. Winged thunderbolt. In 1. 
 field, N'^'INoMMA I (the first part perhaps for 
 [Anto]neutos). In r. field, uncertain letters, 
 i. e. LA A, 
 
 The attribution to Laconia rests on slight 
 ground, as the winge<l thunderbolt is common 
 also in Elis ; cf. B. M. C. Peloponnenus^ p. 215. 
 
 19. Bronze. Size, 0.023 m. Obv. Draped 
 bust of youthful Commodus, r. In r. field, 
 MOAOS. Remainder of inscription illegible. 
 
 AAKC 
 Rev. Wreath, within which AAI 
 
 MONl 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
 359 
 
 2a From South slope. Bronze. Size, 0.0205 m. 
 Obv. Bearded male head, laureate, r. Inseri])- 
 tion illegible. Rev. Drajjed female figure, stand- 
 ing, 1. Holds in r. sistrum and in 1. situla. In 1. 
 field A A A. In r. field i^i(ON. 
 
 Put here because of uncertain identification 
 of head of obverse. 
 
 Arf/oHs. Argos. 
 
 2L Found March 22, 1804, at west end of 
 Stoa. Bronze. Size, 0.0155 m. Obv. Head of 
 Hera, r., wearing Stephanos. Rev. Quiver. At 
 
 * 
 1. in field, B , at r., !l^. 
 
 TX 
 
 (^Municipal.') 
 
 22. From South slope. Bronze. Size, 0.025 m. 
 Obv. Male bust, r. Seems to be beai-dless. Per- 
 haps Hadrian. In field at 1., pAN. Remainder 
 of inscription effaced. Rev. Nude male figure, 
 bearded, standing, 1. In r., long 8|)ear. L. rests 
 against side. In 1. field, C (of 'Apy«W). Re- 
 mainder of inscription effaced. 
 
 23. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0252 m. Obv. Beardless bust, r., uncertain 
 whether laureate. Masculine features resembling 
 those of M. Aurelius or of Commodus. In r. 
 field eiNO (Antoneinos). Remainder of inscrip- 
 tion iucrusted. Rev. Upright female figure, r., 
 with r. raised, and 1. extended over small figure 
 to r. Group identified with Leto and Chloris, 
 B. M. C. Pelop. p. 151, No. 168 (coin of Julia 
 Domna). 
 
 24. From back of South Building. Bronze. 
 Size, 0.025 m. Obv. Head and bust of Ju- 
 lia Donma, r. L. field incrusted. In r. field, 
 PJAAOMNA. Rev. Similar to that of No. 23. 
 In 1. field, ^Pre, in r., lUJN ('ApyciW). 
 
 25. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0235 m. Obv. Beardless male head, 1. Head 
 bare. Features, especially the nose, like those of 
 Caracalla. Rev. Draped female figure stand- 
 ing. Holds in either uplifted hand uncertain 
 object, perhaps torch. In 1. field, »PL, in r., 
 eiQN. 
 
 ADDENDA TO COINS OF ARGOS. 
 
 The following minute pieces, all of which are symbols on the revei-se precede those bearing 
 
 of bronze, form a collection which was kept to- letters. Within these classes the arrangement 
 
 gether among the various objects brought from is by the style or form of head, but the minute- 
 
 the Heraeum to Athens, but there is no record ness and poor preservation of many of the pieces 
 
 of provenience either for the collection as a whole renders accuracy impossible, 
 or for the individual pieces. It is therefore un- 2& Size, 0.01 m. Ohv. Head of archaic style. 
 
 certain whether they were found in the same 
 place, or thrown together later for convenience. 
 That the objects are coins seems altogether 
 probable, and that they should be attributed to 
 Argos is likely from the fact that they come 
 
 r., beardless, and perhaps female. Rev. Raised 
 ring in which >i-H . 
 
 27 [wrongly given on Plate as 29]. Size, 
 0.009 m. Obv. Head with upper part of shoul- 
 ders, r. Head seems to be radiate and beardless. 
 
 from the Heraeum, and also from the presence Rev. <#f (perhaps flower or tree). 
 
 of A on several specimens. 28. Size, 0.0095 m. Obv. Head and shoul- 
 
 A rather indefinite criterion of date is afforded ders, r. Top and back covered with bristling 
 
 by the fact that all the alphas have the cross-bar dress like lion's skin. Head appears to be male, 
 
 broken. To judge from such material, however. Rev. Uncertain. From one side there seem to 
 
 as has been available, the A has a straight cross- be two advancing figures, r., from the other some 
 
 bar at Argos so long as it stands for the name monogram or symbol similar to that on No. 38. 
 
 of the town, that is to 146 b. c, when the coin- 29. Size, 0.0095 m. Obv. Object resembling 
 
 age ceases, to be resumed later under Hadrian, head with draped bust, r. In r. field, possible 
 
 It may be, then, that, though the broken bar was traces of letters, among which G. Rev. Wreath, 
 
 regular in the monogram of the Achaean League, in which >Jf< . 
 
 we have here a hitherto unknown local coinage 30. Size, 0.0074 m. Obv. Struck on one side, 
 
 permitted to Argos after the suppression of the Only JL appears, which is probably part of dra- 
 
 league. That the i)ieces continued to be issued pery of shoulder. Rev. Perhaps X in wreath, 
 
 under the emperors seems likely from the style 3L Size, 0.009 m. Obv. Head, r. Rev. 9¥. 
 
 of some of the heads. 32. Size, 0.0085m. Obv. Head, r. Rev. Un- 
 
 Note. — In the following list the coins with certain symbol, resembling tree, i. e. !fiL. 
 
360 
 
 COINS 
 
 1 
 
 33. Size, 0.009 m. Obv. Uncertain head. 
 Het. \ ¥. 
 
 34. Size 0.0085 ui. Obr. Uncertain, perhaps 
 head. Bev. Worn. At side, ^ . 
 
 35. Size, 0.000 ni. Ohv. Uncertain. Possible 
 traces of head. liev. "f . 
 
 36. Size, 0.0095 ni. Obv. Possible traces of 
 head, r. ^er. Perhaps symbol similar to that 
 of No. 29. 
 
 37. Size, 0.0095 m. Obv. Possible trace of 
 face, r. Hev. Uncertain symbol or letter, re- 
 sembling A. 
 
 3& Size, 0.0094 m. Obv. Incruste<l. liev. 
 K ¥. 
 
 39. Obv. Uncertain. liev. 9. 
 
 40. Obv. Uncertain. liev. Perhaps iV . 
 
 41. Obv. Uncertain. Jiev. Perhaps ■«¥•. 
 
 42. Obv. Uncertain, liev. Similar to that of 
 No. 41. 
 
 43. Size, 0.0105 ra. Obv. Worn away. Hev. 
 Uncertain. Perhaps ^ . 
 
 44. Size, 0.008 m. Obv. Uncertain. Jiev. 
 Flower or tree, cf. Nos. 27, 35. 
 
 45. Size, 0.009 m. Obv. Uncertain. Hev. 
 Shrub or flower If . 
 
 46. Obv. Uncertain. liev. Tree. 
 
 47. Obv. Uncertain. liev. Perhaps tree. 
 
 48. Obv. Uncertain. lirv. Perhaps tree. 
 
 49. Obv. Uncertain. Hev. Perhaps tree 
 and 0. 
 
 50. Size, 0.009 m. Obv. Beardless head, r. 
 liev. Perhaps A. 
 
 SL Size, 0.0083 m. Obv. Head, wearing dia- 
 dem or crown, and npper part of shoulders, 
 r. Head aj)parently beanlless. Hev. Large A. 
 The circle under the bar of tlie alpha seems 
 nearly certain. 
 
 52. Size, 0.0095 m. Obv. Head, uncertain 
 whether bearded, radiate, with upjier part of 
 draped shoulders, r. liev. A . 
 
 53. Size, 0.0085 m. Obv. Head, with drape<l 
 bust, r. Hev. A . 
 
 54. Size, 0.008 m. Obv. Faint but prob- 
 able traces of head and drajied shoulders, r. 
 liev. A. 
 
 55. Size, 0.0092 m. Obv. Faint but probable 
 traces of head, r. Jiev. A- (Height, 0.005 m.) 
 
 56. Size, 0.0085 m. Obv. Incrusted. Hev. 
 A. 
 
 57. Size, 0.0079. Obv. Worn away. Bev. N. 
 For this N, cf . B. M. C. Pelop. p. 146, No. 124 
 
 NG 
 ^Eandp. 148, No. 153 Me I 
 
 A 
 Sa Size, 0.0085 ra. Oftt'. Uncertain. 7?w'.N. 
 59. Size, 0.009 ni. Obv. Beardless head, r. 
 Bev. fy, i. e. letter and symbols combined. 
 €0l Size, 0.008 m. Obv. Perhaps head. Bev. 
 
 N 
 
 61. Size, 0.0085 m. Obv. Uncertain. Bev. 
 I. 
 
 62. Size, 0.0088 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Bev. 
 
 63. Size, 0.008 m. Obv. Uncertain. Bev. 
 
 64. Size, 0.008 m. Obv. Uncertain. Bev. 
 "KJf (incrusted). 
 
 66. Obv. Uncertain. Bev. 3c? (not very 
 certain). 
 
 66. Half gone. Size, 0.0146 m. Obv. Upper 
 I)art of head with diadem, r. Bev. Worn and 
 incrusted. 
 
 67. Size, 0.0085. Obv. Beardless head and 
 bust, r. Upjwr lip heavy, as though with nuis- 
 tache. Two locks of hair down back of neck. 
 On breast of garment, spiral ornament. Bev, 
 Uncertain. 
 
 68-102. Sizes 0.0065-0.0115. Oxidized and 
 effaced. 
 
 103. Plain on 1)oth sides. 
 
 104. Plain on both sides. Perliaps not a coin. 
 
 A ttvibutiou vncertfiin. 
 
 105. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0135 m. Much oxidized. Probably Greek. 
 
 106. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Head of 
 Roman emperor, jx^rhaps (Nero or Titus?), r. 
 Bev. Effaced. 
 
 107. Found at E. end of Stoa, April 4. 1893. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.03 m. Obv. liearded head, r. 
 Perhaps Antoninus Pius or Hadrian. Much 
 worn. Bev. Dra]ied female figui-e, standing 1., 
 with r. han<l outstretchetl. 
 
 108. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.027 m. Obv. Youthful and jjrobably male 
 bust, r. Neck thin. Bev. (Ci . In field, slight but 
 probable traces of letters. 
 
 Plate CXLII. 
 
 109. Found in Northwest Building, 1894. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.027 m. Obv. Head, r. Bev. St. 
 
 110. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.028 m. 
 
 ROMAN 
 
 361 
 
 B. ROME (EMPIRE). 
 
 Antoninui Pius. 
 
 111. Bronze. Size, 0.0195 m. Obv. Head of 
 Antoninus Pius, r. In 1. field, ANTONINVS^ 
 (remainder incrusted). Bev. Standing draped 
 figure. In 1. field, ^PX. In r. f., COS Mil ^ 
 Incrusted. 
 
 Jiilia Domna (?). 
 
 112. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.018 m. Obv. Draped female bust, r. Head- 
 dress of style which begins about time of Julia 
 Domna (also Titiana and Maidia Scantilla). 
 Inscription effaced. Bev. Draped female figure 
 standing, 1., with r. hand extended and with 
 cornucopia in 1. Inscription illegible except 
 for E in r. field. 
 
 Pupienus. 
 
 lia Bronze. Size, 0.031 m. Obv. Draped 
 bust of Pupienus, laureate, r. In field, IMP- 
 CAESPVPIENMAXIMVSAVC. Bev. Draped 
 female figure seated in chair, 1., holding in out- 
 stretched r. olive branch, in 1. transverse sceptre. 
 Inscription beginning in 1. field, PAX PVBLICA. 
 Beneath, SC Cf. Cohen, Medailles Imj). vol. 
 V. p. 17, No. 24. 
 
 Gallienus. 
 
 114. Found on South slope, west end, 1894. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.0205 m. Obv. Head of Gal- 
 lienus, r., radiate. Military drapery. Begin- 
 ning in 1. field, CALLIENVSAVC. Bev. Draped 
 female figure standing 1., holding in r. hand olive 
 branch, in 1. transverse sceptre. In 1. field, 
 PAX. In r. field, X . Unless these characters 
 are for AVC the coin is not included in Cohen, 
 op. cU. The characters are clear. 
 
 Anrelian. 
 
 115. From South slope. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0223 ra. Obv. Drai)ed bust of Anrelian, r., 
 ratliate. Beginning in 1. field, IMPAVRELIA- 
 NVSAVC Bev. Two upright figures, 1., man in 
 toga, r., r. draped woman, clasp hands. Begin- 
 ning in 1. field, CONCORDIAMILITVM. Be- 
 neath, P^tc. 
 
 116. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0205 m. Obv. Draped bust of Anrelian, r., ra- 
 diate. Beginning in 1. field, IMPCAVRELIANVS 
 AVC. Bev. Sol upright, radiate, with mantle 
 falling over 1. shoulder, faces 1., with r. arm 
 
 raised, and 1. hand extended and supporting 
 lierhaps a globe. In 1. field a star. At his feet 
 on either side, a captive. The 1. captive has his 
 hands bound behind his back. Beneath, S. Be- 
 ginning in 1. field, OR I ENS AVC. 
 
 Prcibus. 
 
 117. Bronze. Size, 0.0235 ra. Nearly half 
 gone. Obv. Probus, with helmet, shield, and 
 sjjear, 1. Helmet i-adiate. Inscription, ^P 
 PROB VSAUC. /?er. Horseman (Probus) gal- 
 loping, 1, R. hand raised, in 1. spear or sceptre. 
 In front under raised leg of horse, possible trace 
 of figure. Beginning in 1. field, ADV EN TVSAV 
 (remainder lost). 
 
 lia Bronze. Size, 0.024 m. Obv. Bust of 
 Probus, r., radiate with military drapery. Be- 
 ginning in 1. field, IMPCPROBVSPFAVC. Bev. 
 Draped female figure, upright, 1., holding in 
 either hand military standard. Beneath, 1 1 1 XXT. 
 Beginning in 1. field, FIDESM I LIT. 
 
 Cunta. 
 
 119. From East Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.0224 m. Obv. Bust of Cams, r., radiate. Mili- 
 tary drapery. Beginning in 1. field, ^PCMAVR- 
 CARVSPFAVC. Bev. Female figure draped, 
 standing 1., and pointing with staff at object 
 (globe) lying at feet. In her 1. hand, long 
 upright sceptre. Beginning in 1. field, PRO- 
 VIDE N TIAAVCC. 
 
 Constantius Chlorus. 
 
 120. Probably from Lower Stoa. Bronze. 
 Size, 0.0215 m. Obv. Draped bust of Con- 
 stantius Chlorus, r., radiate. In field, FL^CON- 
 STANTIVS NOB CAES. Bev. Draped figure, 
 upright, facing r., receiving figure of Victory 
 from figure with mantle over shoulder (other- 
 wise nude), facing 1. In field, CONCORDIA 
 M I L I TV M. Beneath, Victory, H A 
 
 Galcrius. 
 
 121. Bronze. Size, 0.021 m. Obv. Draped 
 bust of Galerius, r., radiate. Beginning in 1. 
 field, CALVALMAXIMIANVSNOBCAE^. Bev. 
 DrajJed male figui-e with cloak hanging over 
 shoulder, r., joins hands with nude figure hold- 
 ing long sceptre, 1, Their joined hands support 
 small draped female figure. Beginning in 1. field, 
 CONCORDIAMILITVM. Beneath, HB. 
 
 r '' 
 
362 
 
 COINS 
 
 EASTERN EMPIRE AND VENICE 
 
 363 
 
 1^^ From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.019 m. Obv. Male head, r., radiate, with 
 features resembling those of (Valerius. Inscrip- 
 tion partly illegible, ^X I M I A N V S P LA VC. Jiev. 
 Two upright figures clasp hands. Their hands 
 support small figure. In field, CO N CORD I- 
 ^MMJ^^- Beneath, HS. 
 
 I^icinius. 
 
 123. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Bust of 
 Licinius, r., laureate. Military drapery. Be- 
 ginning in 1. field, IMPLICIN^pFAVC. Hev. 
 Partially draped male figure (genius), upright, 
 1., holding some object in extended r., and in 
 1. cornucopia. Inscription nearly effaced. In 1. 
 field, ^^11 II I . In r. field, Ho. In inner r. 
 field, F. In exergue, uncertain letters. 
 
 Constantlus II. 
 
 124. Bronze. Size, 0.0173 m. Obv. Beard- 
 less draj>ed bust of Constantius, r., with diadem. 
 In 1. field, DNCONSTAN ; in r. field, TIVS 
 PFAVC. Rev. Two figures fighting, one partly 
 down, the other thrusting spear into him from 
 above. In 1. field, slight traces of inscription 
 (FELTEMP), inr., REPARATIO. Beneath, QC. 
 
 125. Bronze. Size, 0.0162 m. Obv. Head 
 of Constantius, r., with diadem. In r. field, 
 TIVSPFA|^. Remainder of inscription illegi- 
 ble. Rev. Soldier rushing to 1. upon prostrate 
 enemy. In r. field, REPARATIO (remainder 
 of inscription illegible). In exergue, uncertain 
 traces of letters. 
 
 126. Found back of South Building in " grave 
 of April 13, 1894." Bronze. Size, 0.015 m. Ohv. 
 Head, laureate or diademed, similar to that of 
 Constantius. Inscription illegible except for 
 AVC in r. field. Rev. Wreath, within which 
 V o T In exergue, four letters, of which the third 
 yvLT is N. Cf. Cohen, op. cit. vol. VII. p. 492, 
 
 No. 335. 
 
 Julian (called the Apostate^. 
 
 127. Bronze. Size, 0.0165 m. Obv. Bust 
 of Julian, r. Head bare and beardless. Begin- 
 
 ning in 1. field, ^LIVIL^ (remainder incrusted 
 and illegible). Rev. Soldier upright, 1., pier- 
 cing with spear fallen enemy (horseman). On 
 ground, a shield. In r. field, PAR AT 10 (re- 
 mainder illegible). In exergue, SMKA. 
 
 Gratian. 
 
 128. Bronze. Size, 0.017 m. Obv. Bust of 
 Gratian, r.. wearing diadem. Beginning in 1. 
 field, DNCRATIApPFAVC. Rev. Draped hel- 
 meted female figure (Roma) seated front, look- 
 ing 1. Holds sceptre in r., and has 1. i-aised. In 
 1. field VIRTVSRO ; in r. field, MANORv - . In 
 exergue, TES. 
 
 Attribution uncertain. 
 
 129. From West Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.021 m. Obv. Bust of emperor, r., radiate. 
 Uncertain whether with beard. Heavy features ; 
 thick neck. Inscription, '^CD^ (remainder 
 incrusted). Rev. Two male figures, the 1. 
 draped, the other nude except for cloak over 
 shoulder, clasp hands, above which, figure. 
 Figure at r. holds in 1. long sceptre. In field, 
 CONCORDIAMILITVM. Beneath bands above 
 exergue, F. In exergue, ALE. 
 
 Cf. Nos. 121f, but the inscription ^C(ae8ar) 
 D(omitius)^ would seem to point rather to 
 Aurelian, under whom coins of a similar type 
 (Jupiter presenting globe to emperor) were 
 struck. 
 
 130. Found in Northwest Building, 1894. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.019 m. Obv. Draped bust, r. 
 Rev. Standing draped figure. 
 
 131 From West Building. Much damaged. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.014 m. Obv. Head, r. Illegi- 
 ble inscription. Rev. In centre, figure. About 
 edge, letters, all illegible. 
 
 132. Much incrusted. Bronze. Size, 0.018 ni. 
 Obv. Heail, L Inscription illegible excepting 
 COS?^C in r. field. Incrusted. 
 
 133. From South slope. Condition bad. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Head, r. Rev. 
 Draped standing figure, L 
 
 John Zimisces (a. d. 969-976). 
 
 13& Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated. 
 
 Bronze. Size, 0.0345 m. 
 
 Obn. + 1 h * t Rev. Bust of Christ in halo and 
 
 bAf I Lc ^^^ facing, and holding proba- 
 
 ^ *.*•!" yy "'^^^ ®^ gospel. At side, 
 
 IC-XC. In 1. field, H- EMMA. 
 
 136. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated 
 and much worn. Bronze. Size, 0.0282 m. 
 Obv. + 1 li-i M Rev. Bust of Christ with halo 
 
 ""i'J** and cross facing, and probably 
 holding book of gospel. 
 
 137. From East Building. Bronze. Size, 
 0.028 m. 
 
 Rev. Bust of Christ with halo 
 and diadem facing, and holding 
 gospel. Struck twice, the sec- 
 ond time to 1. of first. To second 
 
 impression belong IC in L field and +EMMA. 
 
 To first impression belong in r. field "XC and 
 NOVN. + 
 
 138. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated. 
 Condition poor. Bronze. Size, 0.0255 m. 
 Obv. ,s\f Rev. Head and bust of Christ 
 '••facing. Details effaced. 
 
 
 Obv. 
 
 Attribution uncertain. 
 
 139. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated. 
 
 Bronze. Size, 0.025 m. Obv. Indistinct male 
 
 figure, perhaps laureate. Above head there 
 
 seems to be a small +. Rev. ti . At 1., two 
 
 or thi-ee balls • 
 
 If on this coin the head is that of Christ, the 
 words " Obv."" and " Rev. " are to change 
 places. 
 
 D. VENICE. 
 
 Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante. 
 142. Bronze. Size, 0.0263 m. Obv. Lion's head 
 with mane. About edge, * ^ARCVS • VE * 
 In exergue, * I ^ 
 Rev. CORFV 
 CEFAL 
 ZANTE 
 
 140. Bronze. Size, 0.016 m. Obv. Head and 
 mane of lion. About edge, V EN ET I • + • S • Ma' 
 Rev. + around which partly effaced inscription, 
 ^ARBATICO .DV+ . 
 
 14L Found in West Building, April 25, 1893. 
 Bronze. Size, 0.028 m. Obv. Head and mane 
 of lion. About edge, * S • MARC • VEN. In 
 exergue, 3|c || :|c 
 Rev. ISOLE 
 
 E T Above and beneath, rosette. 
 ARMATA 
 
 E. UNCERTAIN. 
 
 143-166. Numbers 143-148 from West Much worn or oxidized or both. Bronze. Sizes, 
 Building. Numbers 143-145 found in 1894. 0.0135-0.0212 m. 
 
 C. ROME (EASTERN EMPIRE). 
 
 Arcadius. but with head turned to r., has r. hand raised, 
 
 134. From West Building. Bronze. Size, and with 1. drags captive. In 1. field, SA'^RE^; 
 
 0.0143 m. Obv. Draped bust of Arcadius, r., in r. field, PVBLICAE. In inner 1. field, HF. In 
 
 wearing diadem. Infield DNARCADIVS PFAVC. exergue, SMKA. 
 Rev. Draped male figure upright, moving to 1., 
 
 fl^ 
 
Thk Argivk Herabum 
 
 Platb CXLI 
 
 t •• 
 
 26 
 
 '26) 
 
 29 
 
 31 35 38 61 
 
 55 
 
 67 58 60 
 
 107 
 
 (107) 
 
 108 
 
 COINS— MAINLY GREEK 
 
The Argivk Herakum 
 
 Plate CXLI 
 
 # lb # 
 
 26 
 
 ^mmm 
 
 §(■ m 
 
 55 
 
 .J" 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 (107) 
 
 108 
 
 COIN'S.— MAINLY GREEK 
 
The Argive IIeraeim 
 
 Plate CX LI I 
 
 136 
 
 135 
 
 (135) 
 
 137 
 
 (137 
 
 138 
 
 138 
 
 COINS^MAINLY ROMAN 
 
 THE E(;VPTIA\, Oil CJRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OJUECTS FROM 
 
 THE AR(iI\E HERAEUM 
 
The Argivk Heraeim 
 
 Plate CXLII 
 
 137 
 
 ■>-\ \! ■ ■ 
 
 136) 
 
 135 
 
 (135) 
 
 (137) 
 
 138 
 
 (138> 
 
 -i^S V " 
 
 139 
 
 (139> 
 
 COINS.-MAINLY ROMAN 
 
 THE EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS FROM 
 
 THE ARCUVE HERAEUM 
 
EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECOEGYPTTAN, ORTECTS FROM 
 
 THE ARGIVE HERAEUM ' 
 
 By albert MORTON LYTHGOE 
 
 The intercourse between Egypt and her neighbors on the north, which we should 
 expect to trace, first to the nearer islands and then on to Greece itself, has been proved by 
 recent evidence to have begun at least as early as the XVIth Egyptian dynasty This 
 earliest fixed date lies in the finding by Mr. Arthur Evans, in the palace of Cnossos, 
 of the hd of an alabaster vase inscribed with the names of Khyan, one of a group of 
 kings who have now been proved beyond all doubt to belong to the intermediate period 
 between the Xllth and XVIIIth dynasties, and to be in all probability Hyksos.=^ 
 
 The evidence of an earlier intercourse than this between these two centres of civiliza- 
 tion IS yet problematical, in the absence of any earlier material to which an absolutely 
 certain datmg can be given. Types of pottery and other objects, similar to the earlier 
 Aegean types though not identical with them, have been found by FHnders Petrie in the 
 Xllth dynasty town site of Kahun, and in the royal tombs and old temple of the 1st 
 dynasty at Abydos; =» but in these cases the types themselves lack identification as known 
 Aegean types, and the evidence of their occurrence is not sufficiently conclusive to war^ 
 rant ascribing them to the periods in apparent relation to which they were found. Until 
 known material of this character comes to hand, which can be dated firmly by its occur- 
 rence, under undisturbed conditions, with fixed Egyptian types, we can hardly go beyond 
 this earliest date which Crete has now given us. 
 
 On the other hand, the evidence of the intercourse between Greece and Egypt from 
 that date on is conclusive. Beginning with the dated objects of Egyptian origin found 
 ill the Mycenaean sites of Greece and the islands, which prove that period in Greek 
 civiUzation to have been contemporary, in part at least, with the XVIIIth dynasty, the 
 connection appears to have been interrupted during the disturbed period of the XXIst 
 to the XXVth dynasties, and then finally, with the influx of Greeks into Egypt in the 
 XXVIth dynasty, trade and intercourse between the two countries becomes so constant 
 that they both furnish, from that time on, abundant evidence of their common relation. 
 It 18 of this evidence, of the period known as the Late New Empire, — the XXVIth and 
 succeeding dynasties previous to the conquest by Alexander, — that the Egyptian objects 
 from the Heraeum are a part, and objects of identically the same character have been 
 found also at Eleusis,* Aegina,'^ and Camirus,« and in Egypt itself at Naukratis.^ In fact, 
 it 18 this Greek colony of Naukratis, which rose to great importance under the privileges 
 granted it by Amasis (569-526 b. c), and which, as the capital of the Egyptian Greeks 
 
 I. 
 
 ' I am indebted to Mr. P. Kabbadias, Director-General 
 of Antiquities, for permission to photograph the Egyptian 
 objects from Aegina (now in the Museum at Athens), 
 for comparison with these from the Heraeum (Plate 
 CXLIV.). 
 
 • Cf. Griffith, Arch. Report, 1901, p. 37. 
 
 • The most recent discussion of this material by Pro- 
 
 367 
 
 fessor Petrie is in Methods and Aim in Archaeology, 
 Loudon, 1901. 
 
 * Cf. Philios, •&>>. 'Apx., 1889, 171 S. 
 
 * Cf. Staes, 'E<f,. 'Apx; 1895, 193 «. and 201-255. 
 
 * Cf. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit. Mus. pp. 46-58. 
 
 ^ Cf. Naukratis, parts I. and II., by W. M. Flinders 
 Petrie, E. A. Gardner, and others. 
 
368 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 was visited by Herodotus nearly a century later, that we now see to have been the 
 original source of all this evidence, and to it the origin of the Egyptian objects, both 
 from the Heraeum and the other sites mentioned, is to be traced. 
 
 If we start with the fact that at Naukratis itself examples were found of nearly all the 
 types which have come from the Greek sites named, and that the examples of each type, 
 though coming from places widely separated, are in many cases so closely identical 
 that they might almost have been cast in the same moulds, then we must surely look to 
 Naukratis as their common source. We find, for example, that the series of scarabs fnmi 
 the Heraeimi (Plate CXLIII. Nos. 1 to 39) have their counterparts in those from Nau- 
 kratis' and also in those from Aegina (Plate CXLIV. Nos. 1 to 6) ; similarly, the 
 figures of Apollo from the Heraeum (Plate CXLIII. 51 and CXLIV. 53) duplicated 
 at Naukratis ' ; the figure of Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) also occurring at Aegina (Plate 
 CXLIV. 10) ; and the two whorls (Plate CXLIV. 58 and 59) reproduced in one from 
 Aegina (Plate CXLIV. 8). With such a repetition in so limited a range of subjects, 
 the soiuce of them all cannot be a matter of doubt. There were found at Naukratis, 
 moreover, not only most of the types which are duplicated in these from the Greek 
 sites, but even the moulds in which certain types of the scarabs, for example, were 
 cast. That the examples from the Greek sites were not locally made is obvious, and it 
 is equally clear not only that they must all have been drawn from a common Egyptian 
 source, but that, from the evidence, that source must be Naukratis, the largest and most 
 important centre of trade between Greece and her colonists in the Delta. 
 
 There not only did the Greeks erect temples and sfcitues to Greek divinities and carry 
 on the manufacture of Greek pottery, figurines, and other objects of the same ty\ws and 
 in the same manner as in Greece itself, but they became skilled in the arts of Egypt, 
 and learned to reproduce Egyptian types of deities, Egyptian forms of decoration, and 
 Egyptian hieroglyphics. In some cases they copied the liieroglyi)hic8 correctly, and in 
 others their errors show clearly they had little knowledge of the language. They learned, 
 moreover, to work in the materials in common use among the Egyptians, and we find in 
 <rieatest number scarabs, vases, and figurines of glazed porcelain. On the scarabs they 
 not only reproduced Egyptian inscriptions and designs, but they ornamented them with 
 scenes reminiscent of their own Greek art, as the two running stags, and the stiig pur- 
 sued by a hound (Plate CXLIII. 32 and 33), while in the case of the porcelain figures 
 they both imitated well-known Eg) ptian sul)jects — such as the animals sacred to the 
 gods, as the cat (Plate CXLIII.* 48) and the rabbit (Plate CXLIV. 54), and the 
 Egyptian divinities themselves, as Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) — and also introduced their 
 own Apollo (Plates CXLIII. 51 and CXLIV. 53), here represented as playing on the 
 
 double pipe.^ 
 
 In date this whole class of objects does not vary, but, without a single exception, is 
 to be assigned to this period of the XXV Ith and following dynasties of the Late New 
 Empire, when Naukratis was the centre of Greek influence. None of this material from 
 the Heraeum, or that from any other of the Greek sites mentioned, can be dated more 
 closely to any particular dynasty or reign, from evidence continued in itself. The only 
 objects fr(mi the Heraeum inscribed with a royal name are the three scarabs (Plate 
 CXLIII. 17, 18, and 19), the first of which, and possibly the last two also, is inscribed 
 with the name of Thothmes III., of the XVIIIth dynasty. (See Catalogue below.) None 
 
 > Cf. Naukratis, I. pis. xxxvii. and xxxviii. • Cf. ftliw Naukratu, I. § 17, aud pi. ii. 
 
 • Cf. Naukratis, I. pi. ii. 7 and 13. 
 
 Fio. 1. 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAX, ORTECTS 309 
 
 of those, however, date from the reign of that king, but rather from this period begin- 
 mng with the XXVIth dynasty in which we have already included them. The ^^e\\- 
 known custcmi m this later i»eriod of copying and repeating upon scarabs the names and 
 titles of the ejirher kings is of such common occurrence that we find them even em- 
 ploying the names of the kings of the Old Empire, — a period when the 
 inscribed scarab had not yet come into existence. The name of Thothmes 
 III. seems, however, to occur much more frequently in these later copies 
 than any other royal name, and in Egyptian cemeteries of this XXVIth 
 s. ARAM *lvnasty as many as ten to twenty per cent, of the scarabs have sometimes 
 KROM K,.K,:s,.. been found to bear this cartouche. It is therefore not surprisino- that 
 nirfTiHih'os "^'-^^'^^^ "*' t'»s type should have been found not only here It the 
 nr.butisof Uer Heraeum, but at Camirus • and at Eleusis also (Fig. 1). 
 
 -^1*'^^* f»"0'" t'^ese Egyptian, or Graeco-Egyptian, objects from the 
 Hemeum, which are thus to be grouped in a single class of obviously the same date and 
 origin, there are in addition two glass scarabeoids (Plate CXLIII. 40 and 41) which, 
 while seemingly Egyptian in character, need sjiecial consideration. They are clearly 
 Egyptian in form and partly in device, but in style and treatment they belong to a class 
 of scarabs and scarabeoids which show Asiatic influence, and which have been identified 
 ill general as of Phoenician origin. The extent to which the Phoenicians borrowed 
 Egyptian forms and imifcited Egyptian designs both in metal working and in the engrav- 
 ing of gems IS attested by the considerable number of objects known in which this fact 
 can be easily identified.-' Scarabs and scarabeoids of this class are generally found to 
 bear a design either purely Egyptian or adopted from the Egyptiiin, but in rare cases 
 they actually occur with an inscription in Phoenician characters.=^ 
 
 As to the origin of these two scarabeoids from the Heraeum, whether they were made 
 by Phoenician colonists in tlie Delfci or were brought there by Phoenician merchants and 
 then exported to Greece, we have no evidence ; but that they are of the same date and 
 were brought into Greece at the same period as the other objects of Egyptian character 
 18 made cerfcun by the occuri-ence at Eleusis of a similar glass scarabeoid (Fig. 2), found 
 under exactly similar conditions, — with some fifteen scarabs of the same character as 
 these from the Heraeum, one of which is inscribed with the name of Thothmes III (Fio- 
 1, referred to above), but is of later date just as is No. 17 from the Heraeum. TliTs 
 double occurrence certainly disposes of all doubt in the matter of dating these scarabe- 
 oids, but apart from the fact that they were evidently brought into Greece at the same 
 l>eriod as these other objects we are considering, they are clearly not of the same origin 
 and not to be classed with them. 
 
 • Cf. Mnrray. Cat. o/Gen^in Brit. Mus. p. 13. •• For description of such scarabs in the British Museum. 
 
 tf. Maspero, .Slruygle oj the Nations, pp. 580 flf. cf. Budge, The Mummy, p. iioO. 
 
5,68 EGYPTIAN, OK GRAKCO-EGYPTIAN. OBJECTS 
 
 was visited bv Herodotus nearly a century later, that we now see to have been the 
 orijrinal source of all this evidence, and to it the origin of the Egyptian objects, both 
 from the Heraeuni and the other sites mentioned, is to be traced. 
 
 If we start with the fact that at Naukratis itself examples were found of nearly all the 
 types which have come from the Greek sites named, and that the examples of each type, 
 though coming from places widely sei)arated, are in many cases so closely identical 
 that tliey might almost have been cast in the sjime nu)ulds, then we must siuely look to 
 Naukratis as their counnon source. We find, for exauiple, that the series of scarabs from 
 the Heraeum (Platk CXLIII. Nos. 1 to ',VJ) have their counterparts in those from Nau- 
 kratis' and also in those from Aegina (Plate CXLIV. Nos. 1 to 6); similarly, the 
 figures of ApoUo from the Heraeum (Platk CXLHI. ">! and CXLIV. ^ui) duplicated 
 arNaukratis-; the figure of Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) also occurring at Aegina (Plate 
 CXLIV. 10); and the two whorls (Plate CXLIV. TkS and '»<)) reproduced in one from 
 Aegina (Plate CXLIV. 8). With such a rej)etition in so limited a range of subjects, 
 the source of them all cannot l)e a matter of doubt. There were found at Naukratis, 
 moreover, not only most of the types which are dujdicated in these from the Greek 
 sites, but even the moulds in which certain types of the scarabs, for example, were 
 cast. That the examples from the Greek sites were not locally made is obvious, an<l it 
 is equally clear not only that they must all have been drawn from a C(»mmon Egyptian 
 source, but that, from the evidence, that source must be Naukratis, the largest and most 
 imi>ortant centre of trade between Greece and her colonists in the Delta. 
 
 There not onlv did the Greeks erect temples and statues to Greek divinities and carry 
 on tile manufacture of Greek pottery, figurir.es, and other objects of the siime types and 
 in the siune manner as in Greece itself, but they became skilled in the arts of Egypt, 
 and learned to re[)nMluce Egyptian types of deities, Egyptian forms of decorati(U), and 
 Egvptian hieroglvphics. In some cases they copied the hieroglyphics correctly, and in 
 others their errors show clearly they had little knowledge of the language. They learned, 
 moreover, to work in the materials in common use among the Egyptians, and we find in 
 greatest number scarabs, vases, and figurines of glazed porcelain. On the scarabs they 
 not onlv reproduced Egyptian inscriptions and designs, but they ornamented them with 
 scenes reminiscent of tlieir own Greek art, as the two running stags, an<l the stag pur- 
 sued by a hound (Plate CXLIII. '^2 and 3:5), while in the case of the jmrcelain figures 
 thev both imitated well-known Egy])tian subjects — such as the animals sacred to the 
 gods, as the cat (Plate CXLIII. 48) and the rabbit (Plate CXLIV. r>4), and the 
 Egyptian divinities themselves, as Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) — and also introduced their 
 own Apollo (Pi-ates CXLIII. .ll and CXLIV. T)!}), here represented as playing on the 
 
 double jnpe.^ 
 
 In date this whole class of objects does not vary, but, without a single exception, is 
 to be assigned to this period of the XXV 1th and following dynasties of the Lite New 
 Empire, when Naukratis was the centre of Greek influence. None of this material from 
 the Heraeum, or that from any other of the Greek sites mentioned, can be dated more 
 closely to any i)articular <lynasty or reign, from evidence contained in itself. The only 
 objects from the Heraeuni inscribed with a royal name are the three scarabs (Plate 
 CXLIII. 17, 18, and V.h, the first of which, and possibly the last two also, is inscribed 
 with the name of Thothmes III., of the XVIIIth dynasty. (See Catah)gue beh)w.) None 
 
 W 
 
 ECiYPTIAX, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAX. OIUECTS 3«o 
 
 of these, however, date from the reign of that king, but rather from this period be<ri„. 
 mng with the XXV 1th dynasty in which we have already included them. The ^^ll- 
 known cu.stom in this later perio,l of copying and repeating upon scarabs the names and 
 titles of the earlier kings is of such common occurrence that we Hud them even em- 
 ploying the names <,f the kings of the Old Empire, — a period when the 
 inscnlied scarab had not yet come into existence. The name of Thothmes 
 III. seems, Iiowever, to occur much more fre<piently in these later c(»pies 
 ^^^ than any other royal name, and in Egyptian cemeteries of this XXV Ith 
 
 Fiu. 1. - s AK A,. ^'.^ "''^ty as many as ten to twenty per cent, of the scarabs have sometimes 
 FROM K..K, s.s. been found to bear this cartouche. It is therefore not surprisino- that 
 
 It is iiiscriU'il with .ii.-i|..il,< <,f f I,: . f.,... ] II i i i- i , , "^ 
 
 namcof Thoti. s '''•"'"'^ "^ thi!» type should have been found not only here at the 
 
 in.,lMitis,.f later Heraeuiu, but at Camirus ' and at Eleusis also (Ficr ] ) 
 
 date. A ^ i.* ii I-. • ^ » '• 
 
 Apart from these Egyptian, or Graeco-Egvptian, (objects from the 
 Heraeum, which are tlius to be grouped in a single class of obviously the'same date and 
 tuigin, there are in addition two glass scarabeoids (Plate CXLIII. 40 and 41) which, 
 while seemingly Egyptian in character, need special consideration. Thev are clearly 
 Egyptian in form and partly in device, but in style and treatment they belong to a class 
 of scarabs and scarabeoids which show Asiatic iiiHuence, and which have been identified 
 in general as of Phoenician luigin. The extent to which the Phoenicians borrowed 
 Egyptian forms and imitated Egyptian designs both in metal working and in the engrav- 
 ing <.f gems is attested by the considerable number of objects known in which this^act 
 can be easily identified.-' Scaiv.bs and scarabeoids of this class are generally found to 
 bear a design either purely Egyptian or adopted from the Egyptian, but in rare cases 
 they actually occur with an inscription in Phoenician characters.^* 
 
 As to the origin of these two scarabeoids from the Heraeum, whether they were made 
 by PluHM.ician c.donists in the Delta or were brought there by Phoenician merchants and 
 then exported to Greece, we have no evidence ; but that they are of the same date and 
 were brought int<» (Jreece at the same period as the other objects of Egyptian character 
 IS made certain by the occurrence at Eleusis of a similar glass scarabeoid (Fig. 2), found 
 umler exactly similar conditions, — with some fifteen .scarabs of the same character as 
 tiiese fr(,m the Heraeuni, <»ne of which is inscribed with the name of Thothmes HI. (Fi<r. 
 1, referred to above), but is of later date just as is No. 17 from the Heraeum. Th?s 
 double occurrence certainly disposes of all di.ubt in the matter of dating these scarabe- 
 .u<ls, b.it apart from the fact that they were evidently brought into Greece at the same 
 IMMiod as these other ..bjects we are considering, they are clearly not of the same orioin 
 and not to be classed with them. " 
 
 • Cf. Murray. ( '.,,. of (i.,ns in lint. Mus. ,.. 1 :j. . For description of suel. searabs in the British Museum, 
 
 - I f. MasiH.-n., .s,n,ffgk „f the A <itioi„, ,,p. .->SU ff. cf. Budge, The Mummy, p. 200. 
 
 • Cf. Xn'drnd.'i. I. \\U. xxxvii. and xxxviii. 
 
 • Cf. yauHrath, 1. pi. ii. 7 and 13. 
 
 » Cf. also Xaukratii, I. § 17. an»l pi. ii. 
 
370 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OIWECTS 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 371 
 
 Plate CXLIII. iscalc 1 : 1). 
 
 1. Inscribed Amen Ha neb = '' Amen Ra, the 
 Lord.' Here, and also in Nos. 2, 3, and 4, the 
 maker has shown his unfaniiliarity with the 
 signs in having mistaken this sign of the ostrich- 
 feather, the symbol of the goddess Ma'at, or 
 Truth (cf. No. 13, where it occurs proi)erly) for 
 the reedleaf, in the name of the god Amen (cf. 
 No. 5). For the feather, see Griffith, Beni Ha- 
 san^ part III. pi. V. 72 ; and for the reedleaf, 
 Griffith, Hieroglyphs^ pi. vii. 106. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 2. Same inscription as No. 1, and same error 
 in the reedleaf sign. In addition, the men sign 
 is very badly formed, and in other cases, as No. 
 4, has become quite shapeless. 
 
 Bine-glazed frit. 
 
 3. Same inscription. 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 4. Same inscription. Cf. No. 2. 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 S Same inscription. Here the reedleaf is cor- 
 rectly represented 
 
 Frit, the glaze completely gone. 
 
 6. Same inscription. Characters more care- 
 fully rendered than usual. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 7. Probably to be read Amen Rn neb ma at = 
 ♦ Amen Ra, Lord of Truth.' The middle signs 
 are badly moulded and are fused together. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 a Probably to be read as No. 7. The last sign 
 certainly seems to be the ostrich-feather. 
 Frit, with traces of blue glaze. 
 9l Anlh 7naV« = ' Living is Truth.' 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 10. Ha neb ma" at = ' Ra, Lord of Truth,' fol- 
 lowed by the uraeus, the protector of the sun-god. 
 
 Frit, glaze comi>letely gone. 
 
 11. Probably to be read as No. 10. The third 
 sign seems to be a misshapen ostrich-feather. 
 Lastly, an unintelligible sign, jwssibly an at- 
 tempt at an anlh sign. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 12. Ra nefer neb ma'at = ' The good Ra, Lord 
 of Truth.' 
 
 Frit, no traces of glaze. 
 
 13. Ra neb ma\tt = ' Ra, Lord of Truth.' 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 14. Ma'at /tp/cr = ' Truth is beautiful.' This 
 
 sijrn which we have read as nefer must be the 
 lute-sign, as in No. 12, but crudely represented. 
 (Cf. Griffith, Jfiero(jlifji/n<, pi. ix. 164.) 
 Blue-glazetl frit. 
 
 15. Probably same inscription as No. 13. 
 Frit, badly worn and glaze gone. 
 
 16. Same inscription as No. 13. 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 17. Inscribed with the prcnonien of Thoth- 
 mes UL, Men kheper /?</ = ' Established (i. e. 
 enduring) is the being of Ra.' Outside the car- 
 touche are the red crown of Lower Egypt (rZ»r<, 
 cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 56), and the mallet 
 sign {hn, cf. Griffith, oj). cit. pi. vii. 104), both 
 symbols of royalty. 
 
 Of steatite, with traces of a deep yellow glaze. 
 The whole style of the scai-ab, and esjiecially 
 the cutting of the back, would assign it to the 
 XXVIth dynasty, or the i)eriod immediately 
 following. 
 
 18. In upper register : stni-biti = ' King of 
 Upi)er and Lower Egypt.' Ifelow in the car- 
 touche : At the top, the sun's disk, Ra. At the 
 bottom, the beetle sign, kheper; and between the 
 two an indistinct sign, which seems in all prob- 
 ability to be the rnen, and which would thus 
 "•ive us again the prenomen of Thothmes III., 
 as in No. 17. On either side of the cartouche is 
 an uraeus, the protector of royalty. 
 
 Of frit, the glazing completely gone ; and in 
 style, of same |)eriotl as No. 17. 
 
 19. Too badly worn to be read with any de- 
 cree of certaintv. At lower right side is a car- 
 touche, of which the upi>er sign is certainly the 
 sun's disk, and the lower sign possibly the 
 kheper. Tlie intermediate sign cannot l)e dis- 
 tinguished, but it is possible that we may have 
 again the name of Thothmes III. 
 
 Scaralwoid, of soft i)aste or frit, bordered by 
 a moulded band ornamented around the side 
 with a twisted rojje pattern. (Cf. Petrie, Beco- 
 ratire Art, fig. 169.) 
 
 20. Above, the barque of Ra, surmounte<l by 
 the sun's disk. Beneath, the figure of a hawk, 
 symbolic of the sun-god. 
 
 Of a deep blue-colored frit : glaze gone. 
 
 21. Intended to read Amen Ra, but in Amen 
 the sign of the eagle is incorrectly used, instead 
 of that of the reedleaf. 
 
 Of a blue frit, like No. 20, and glaze also gone. 
 
 22. The figure of a sphinx, recumbent, the in- 
 carnation of Ra, the sun-god, as the protector of 
 mankind. (Cf. Wiedemann, Religion, p. 197.) 
 Above, the sun's disk ; and in front, the feather, 
 symbol of divinity. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 23. Above, the barque of Ra, surmounted by 
 the sun's disk. Below, the uraeus, protector of 
 the go<l. 
 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 24; At the right the crooked sceptre, which 
 as a word-sign has the value AX: = ' ruler, prince ; ' 
 then the uraeus, symbol of royalty ; followed by 
 a third sign, the form and significance of which 
 cannot lie determined. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 25. Human-headed sphinx, standing, crowned 
 with the white crown of Upper Egypt, with 
 uraeus at front, and represented bearded. Same 
 significance as in No. 22, — the incarnation of 
 Ra, the sun-god. Above, the sun's disk. Before 
 the sphinx, the crooked sceptre as in No. 24. 
 (Cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, fig. 39.) 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 2& Above, the sun's disk. Below, seemingly 
 a squatting figure, as of the god himself (Ra). 
 
 Frit, with traces of a yellow glaze. 
 
 27. Standing figure, i-epresenting some god 
 or royal personage. In the right hand a uraeus, 
 in the left a sceptre, and evidently crowned with 
 the white crown of Upi)er Egypt. 
 
 Frit, all traces of glazing gone. 
 
 28. Representation of some animal of long 
 and slender body, and with long snout, — jjer- 
 haps the jackal. (Cf. Davies, Mastaba oj 
 Ptahhetep, part I. fig. 63.) 
 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 29. Amen Ra before a seated ffo<l or kin jr. 
 Amen Ra is represented as hawk-headed, crowned 
 with the crown of Upper Egypt and the double 
 plume, and in his left hand the wa.^ sceptre. 
 (Cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 59.) The seated 
 figure is represented with the same sceptre, and 
 is bearded. 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 30. The ankh sign, or sign of life, with two 
 uraei intei-twined, — a design which occurs in 
 Egypt as early as the Vlth dynasty. (Cf. 
 Petrie, Methods and Aims in Archaeology, 
 fig. 62.) 
 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 31. Representation of the griffin, one of the 
 fantastic lieasts which inhabited the desert, in 
 
 the belief of the Egyptians. (Cf. Maspero, 
 Dawn of Civilizatioti, p. 83.) 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 32. Two running ibexes. (For the Egyptian 
 ibex, cf. Newberry, Beni Hasan, part I. pi. 
 xxviii.) 
 
 Pottery, pale blue-gray color, surface glaze 
 gone. 
 
 33. Ibex pursued by a hound. (For similar 
 lepresentations in Egyptian art, cf. Newberry, 
 Beni Hasan, part I. pi. xxx., and Davies, Mas- 
 taba of Ptahhetep, part I. pis. xxii. and xxv.) 
 
 Blue-glazed pottery. 
 
 34. Duck rising from a marsh or swamp. 
 (For the duck, cf. Griffith, Beni Hasan, part III. 
 pi. ii. figs. 1 and 8.) Behind is a tall-stemmed 
 plant tipped with a clump of leaves, and before 
 the duck is the so-called sedge, a plant identified 
 with the South, or Upper Egypt. (Cf. Bor- 
 chardt, Pflanzcnsiiide, Abb. 35.) The scarab 
 is broken at this end and another character can- 
 not be determined. 
 
 Porcelain, of a dark brownish color, as if 
 subjected at some later period to the action of 
 fire. Glaze gone. 
 
 35. In upper register a recumbent sphinx, with 
 tail raised. Over the animal the sun's disk. 
 (Cf. No. 22.) Below, a hawk, symbolic of the 
 sun-god, is represented in a papyrus-marsh, with 
 a clump of three papyrus stems behind. (Cf. 
 Griffith, Beni Hasan, part III. pi. iii. fig. 16.) 
 
 Blue-glazed frit. 
 
 36. Representation of some animal. 
 Frit, badly worn, glaze gone. 
 
 37. So worn that the design is undetermin- 
 able. 
 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 38. The winged uraeus protecting the sun's 
 disk. 
 
 Frit, glaze gone. 
 
 39. Two winged uraei, protecting a seated di- 
 vinity, who appears to have the sun's disk on his 
 head and to be holding a sceptre. 
 
 Frit, traces of greenish blue glaze. 
 
 40. Above, the hawk-headed Ra, winged, and 
 crowned with the double crown. Below, a scara- 
 baeus with wings outspread, — an emblem of the 
 sun-god. 
 
 Scarabeoid, of blue glass. 
 
 Although the subject of this design is Egjp- 
 tian, yet it is non-Egyptian in style and charac- 
 ter, and is certainly of a class of Phoenician 
 scarabs of which a considerable number are 
 
372 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 known. (Cf. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit. 
 Mhs. pi. B, 146.) 
 
 tt. Apparently, a conventionalized design, of 
 which the centre is a scai-abaeus with outspread 
 
 1^ 
 
 wings. 
 
 Scai-abeoid, of yellow glass. 
 
 Of same style and undoubt- 
 edly of same origin as 40; of. 
 Fig. 2, a similar scambeoid of 
 Fio. 2. — ScAKA- jri-tjeiiisii \)\iiQ jrlass fouud at 
 
 HKOIU OF ASI- O ^ " 
 
 ATic. AND rKOB- Elcusis (Atlieus Mus. 10900). 
 
 ABLY PhOEM- -_ i> •. 1 1 . 
 
 ciA>, oKioiii. 42. Papyrus-capital amulet. 
 
 Found at Eleusia. As a hieroglyphic word-sign the 
 
 papyrus stem has the value 
 
 tcad = green, flourishing (cf. Borchardt, rjian- 
 
 zenmttle, p. 26, and Griffith, Jlieioyli/phs, Bg. 
 
 125). 
 
 Here, as an amulet, with its suggestion of use 
 as a column, it seems to have borne the idea of 
 solidity, strength, and hence well-being. 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. Pierced, at the base 
 of the die, for suspension. 
 
 43. Pendant or amulet, of unknown meaning. 
 Of crystal. Similar pendants occur in Egypt 
 
 at nearly every period, fi-om the Xllth dynasty 
 on. 
 
 44. Like No. 43, but of blue-glazed porcelain, 
 and piei-ced perpendicularly in the base by a 
 small square hole, as if for use as a knob. 
 
 45. Head of a male figure, of blue-glazed 
 porcelain. The modeling of the head, with its 
 thick, massive wig, is chai-acteristically Egyp- 
 tian. 
 
 46. Head of a male figure, evidently of the 
 " Apollo " tyi)e. See below. No. 51. 
 
 Blue-glazed j)orcelain. 
 
 47. Figure of the god lies. Represented in a 
 characteristic attitude, as a bearded dwarf, with 
 long ears, bowed legs, and arms resting on 
 thighs. He is sometimes represented also with 
 ])rotrudiug tongue, and dressed in the skin of an 
 animal, with tail hanging down at the back. 
 (Cf. Wiedemann, JRelit/ion, pp. In9 fF.) 
 
 This figure originally had a crown of feathers, 
 which lias been bi-oken off. 
 
 Of blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 There is nothing to prove the generally ex- 
 pressed idea that this gotl was one of foreign 
 origin brought into Egypt at a later perio<l, per- 
 haps at the beginning of the New Empire. 
 Amulets in the form of this gotl ai-e now known 
 as early as the Vtli or Vlth dynasty, and his 
 worship certainly began as early as that. In the 
 
 periotl of the Late New Empii-e (to which our 
 figure belongs) these representations of him be- 
 came extremely common, and they have been 
 found at nearly all the Greek sites to which 
 Egyptian influence sjnead. (Cf. also the one 
 from Aegiiia, Plate CXLIV. 10.) 
 
 48. Seated figure of a cat 
 White-glazed porcelain. 
 
 The cat figures in Egyjitian art as the sacred 
 animal of the goddess Bast, the centre of whose 
 cult was at Bubastis, in the Delta. Innumera- 
 ble repi-esentations of this animal, in branze 
 as well as in iwrcelain, have been found there, 
 and f i-om its proximity to Naukratis it is easy to 
 account for the manner in which these figui-cH 
 have found their way to Greek sites. A similar 
 figure to this was found at Aegina (cf. PLATK 
 CXLIV. 9). 
 
 49. Figure of Ptah, in the form Ptah-Seker- 
 Osiris, a comi»osite deity, who figures imncijially 
 as a god of the dead. As such he is represented 
 as here, as a squatty figure crowned with feathers, 
 and with bowed legs and hands on his hips. 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 50. Figure of a deity (? ), bearded and with 
 the heavy wig falling down before the shoulders. 
 Originally crowned with some attribute, now 
 
 missing. 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 51. Figure of the " Aiwllo " tyi)e, repi-esent- 
 ing the gotl as playing on the double pipe. 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 This motive, of jdaying on the double i»ii)e, 
 occurs in Egyptian art in mural paintings of the 
 XVIIIth dynasty and onwards, in scenes of feast- 
 ing and dancing (cf. Erinan, Lift- in Ancient 
 Ef/tjpt, p. 250), but is unknown in the case of 
 faience or bronze figui-es. Figui-es of this tyj)e 
 are solely the prwluct of (iraeco-Egyptian ait, 
 and were first identified at Naukratis (see alwve). 
 Another example was also found here at the 
 Ileraeum. (Plate CXLIV. 53.) 
 
 52. Figure similar in tyi)e to No. 51, which 
 may jwssibly represent one oi the other tyj^s of 
 Apollo identifieil at Naukratis. (Cf. Kaulrotinj 
 
 I. § IT.) 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 The figure is represented with the heavy wig, 
 broadening out over the ears and falling behind 
 them on the shoulders. In feature this ty|)e has 
 nothing in common with Egj'])tian art of the 
 ])eri<Hl, the long face narrowing down at the chin 
 and the eyes protruding from their sockets being 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 373 
 
 strongly characteristic, rather, of contemporary 
 Greek art. These same characteristics appear 
 also in Nos. 46 and 51, and they are all un- 
 doubtedly due to one and the same influence. 
 Plate CXLIV. (mz/c 5: 6 [left], 1 : 1 [right]). 
 
 53. Same motive as in No. 51. AjwUo playing 
 on the double \n\ye. 
 
 Blue-glazed )x>rcelain. 
 
 54. Figure of a hare, recumbent. 
 Blue-glazed iK>rcelain. 
 
 As a hieroglyphic woixl-sign, the hare has the 
 value wen = ' to be.' It is the common desert 
 hare of Egypt, and is generally represented, as 
 here, with greatly exaggerated ears (cf. Griffith, 
 JHcroijJyiths^ pi. i. 2). This animal was sacred 
 to Osiris Wen-nefer, and votive figures and 
 amulets in this form are very coinmon. 
 
 55. Fragment : form undeterminable. 
 Blue-glazed i)orcelain. 
 
 56. Fi-agmeiit of a i)oreelain vase, blue-glazed. 
 The ornamentation consists of a double band 
 
 moulded in relief : the upjier, of iK'ri>endicular 
 parallel lines between two horizontal ones, and 
 the lower, of a series of rectangles, each with a 
 circle at the centre, separated by two peri)en- 
 diciilar lines. 
 
 I5oth of these forms are well-known Egyptian 
 ones, and occur regularly as border patterns in 
 walklecoration and the like. (Cf. Petrie, Dero- 
 ratiiw Art, figs. 186 and 194.) 
 
 57. Fragment of a vase, with decoration simi- 
 lar to the \x\)\)eT band on No. 56. 
 
 Blue-glazed {Ktrcelain. 
 
 58. Porcelain whorl, blue-glazed. In shape, 
 like two truncated cones base to base, and with 
 
 a hole through centre 
 |)erpendicularly. (Fig. 
 3.) Decoration, on both 
 sides, of a rosette. This 
 form of ornament, the 
 rosette, is one of the 
 commonest in Egyptian 
 art at all i)eriotl8, but it 
 is often so conventionalized that it is difficult 
 to determine its derivation. In this form, with 
 broad, round-ended petJils, it has l>een identified 
 by Petrie (Ihrorative Art, i)p. 56-58) as the 
 daisy, and by Borchardt (Pfanzenmule, p. 4, 
 note 1) as the chrysanthemum coronarbnn. 
 Among the objects f rem Aegina, however, is the 
 cover of a kohl pot in blue-glazed porcelain 
 (Plate CXLIV. 7), which, with its centre in 
 relief, certainly represents the daisy; and it 
 
 Fio. 3. — Porcklain 
 Whorl. 
 
 would seem, from the more common occurrence 
 of the daisy, that that would more likely have 
 been taken as a motive. 
 
 It also occurs with petals with pointed ends, 
 as, for example, on another whorl from the He- 
 raeuin (Plate CXLIV. 59), but in such cases 
 it is certainly derived from another source. 
 
 One of the earliest occurrences of the rosette 
 is the eight-ijetaled form on the headband of 
 the statue of Nefert, of the IVtb dynasty, from 
 Meduni, now in the Cairo Museum, and we find 
 it employed afterwards in innumerable ways, — 
 not only as an ornament on sculpture, but, in 
 combination with other patterns, as a border- 
 pattern in wall-painting (cf. Petrie, oj). cit. figs. 
 125, 126), as a motive in ceiling decoration (cf. 
 Wilkinson, Ancient Eg^jptians, 2d ed. I. pi. 
 viii.), in the glazed -porcelain tile decoration of 
 Tell el-Amarna (cf. Petrie, Tell el-Amarna, pis. 
 xiii. ff.), and the similar decoration of the palace 
 of Rameses III. at Tell el-Yahudieh (cf. Hayter- 
 Lewis, in Trans. Soc. Bill. Arch. vol. vii.). It 
 likewise occurs as a pattern in the cloth and 
 leather coverings of royal thrones (cf. Wilkin- 
 son, op. cit. I. Frontispiece), in bead-work (cf. 
 (iarstang. El Arahuh, pi. xxii.), and in decora- 
 tive metal-work, as in the silver bowls from 
 Mendes, now in the Cairo Museum (cf. MasiJero, 
 Manmil Egypt. Arch. figs. 285 and 286). 
 
 59. Porcelain whorl, blue -glazed, of same 
 shai>e as No. 58. Here the decoration consists of 
 a flower with petals sharply pointed, — a form 
 which occurs constantly and has been identified 
 with certainty by 15orchardt as derived from the 
 nymphuea caerulea (cf. Pjlanzensiiule, p. 12). 
 
 60. Fragment of a group of two figures, in 
 blue-glazed porcelain. The right figure is male, 
 and the left female, with breasts clearly pro- 
 nounced. They are represented side by side, a 
 position which occurs so frequently in Egyptian 
 sculpture, both in standing and seated groups of 
 husband and wife. Each has the heavy wig, — 
 which here shows traces of having been originally 
 colored black, — falling down behind the eai-s 
 upon the shoulders, while on the right breast of 
 the female figure are two black dots, as if a neck- 
 lace had been represented. 
 
 61. Base and lower part of a half-kneeling 
 figure, of blue-glazetl porcelain. 
 
 Represented kneeling on the left knee, with 
 right knee raiseil and foot squarely on base. It 
 is the position of one about to rise, or to upraise 
 an object, from the ground, and occurs in figures 
 
372 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OK (iHAECO ECiYPTIAN. OIUECTS 
 
 known. (C'f. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit. 
 JLts. pi. B. 14G. ) 
 
 41. Amniivntly, a convi'Utionalized ilesign, of 
 wliicli the centre is a searabaeus witli outsitreail 
 
 winy;s. 
 
 Scaral>eoiil, of yellow y;las.s. 
 Of same stvle and umloubt- 
 edly of same origin as 40; if. 
 Fig. 2, a similar scarabeoitl of 
 Fir.. •_'. — .scAitA- .nvenish blue <dass fountl at 
 ATU-. a>dim:uk- Eleusis (Athens Mus. 1U5»GU ). 
 
 ABLY 1'hOK.M- ._ ,," -1 1 . 
 
 riAN. ouuji>. 42. Papyrus-capital anmlet. 
 
 Founa a. KUusis. As a hierogl> pilie word-sign the 
 
 papyrus stem has the value 
 
 «'(/</ = green. H*nirishlng (ef. liorehanlt. Pjliiu- 
 
 'AHsihilt^ p. 20, aud Griffith, JIino»ji>/i>/m, tig. 
 
 i2:o- 
 
 Here, as an amulet, with its suggesti»m of use 
 as a eolumn, it seems to have borne the idea ot 
 solidity, strength, and henee well-being. 
 
 Blue-glazed i)oreelain. Pierced, at the base 
 of the die, for suspension. 
 
 43. Pendant or anudet. of unknown meaning. 
 Of crystal. Similar pendants (x»eur in Egypt 
 
 at nearly everv period, from the Xlltli dynasty 
 on. 
 
 44. Like No. 43, but of blue-gla/ed porcelain, 
 and pierced perpendicularly in the base by a 
 small s(piare hole, as if for use as a knob. 
 
 4& lleatl of a nude figure, of blue-gla/ed 
 porcelain. The modeling of the head, with its 
 thick, massive wig, is characteristically Egyj)- 
 
 tian. 
 
 46. Head of a male figure, eviilently of the 
 •• Aptdlo'* type. See bt'h)W, No. 51. 
 
 Blue-glazeil }M)rcelain. 
 
 47. Fi"ure of the god lies. Kepresented in a 
 characteristic attitude, as a bearded dwarf, with 
 long ears, bowed legs, and arms resting on 
 thighs. He is sometimes repix'sented also with 
 protruding tongue, and dressed in the skin of an 
 animal, with tail hanging «lowii at the back. 
 (C'f. Wiedemann, Ji(/i</!<>tt, pp. l')0 ff.> 
 
 This figure originally had a crown of feathers. 
 whi«'h has been broken ofV. 
 
 Of blue-glazed ])orcelain. 
 
 There is nothing to jirove the generally ex- 
 pressed idea that this g()d was one of foreign 
 origin brought into Egyjtt at a later perio<l. i>er- 
 hai>3 at the lieginning «)f the New Empire. 
 Amulets in the form of this god .ii-e now known 
 as early as the Vth or Vlth dynasty, and his 
 worship certainly began as early as that. In the 
 
 periml of the Lute New Empire (to which our 
 ligui-e belongs ) these representations of Iiim b«'- 
 came extremely «*ommou, and they have been 
 found at nearly all the Greek sites to which 
 Egyptian intlueiice spread. ( C'f. also the one 
 from Aegina, Pl.AlK ("XLIV. lU.) 
 
 48. Seated figure of a cat. 
 W hite-glazed jiorcclaiu. 
 
 The cat figures in Egyptian art as the sacred 
 animal of the goddess Bast, the centre of whose 
 cult was at Bubastis, in the Delta. Innumera- 
 ble representations of this animal, in bronze 
 as well as in porcelain, hay*' Ikch found theix', 
 and from its proximity to Naukratis it is tasy to 
 account for the manner in which these figuivs 
 have found their way to Cireek sites. A >imilar 
 figure to this was found at Aegina (cf. Pi.ATK 
 C'XLIV. 9). 
 
 49. Kigure of Ptah, in the form Ptah-Seker- 
 Osiris, a composite deity, who figures principally 
 as a gotl of the death As. Mich he i> representtd 
 as here, as a sipiatty figure crow netl w ith feathers, 
 and with bowed legs an«l hantls on his hips. 
 
 Blue-glazed jMircelain. 
 
 50. Figure «»f a deity ('!'). bearded and witli 
 the heavy wig falling ilown before the shouhlers. 
 Ori<riuallv crowned with some attribute, now 
 missing. 
 
 Blue-glazed jwrcelain. 
 
 51. Figure of the " Apollo " tyjK', represent- 
 ing the go«l as playing on the double pil>e. 
 
 iUue-glazed porc»lain. 
 
 This motive, of |»laying on the double i»ii»o, 
 tMcurs in Egyptian art in mural paintings of the 
 XVII Ith dynasty and ouward>, in scenes of feast- 
 ing and dancing (cf. Erman, IJ/r in Amiviit 
 Etfiipt. l». 2'>0), but is unknown in the case of 
 faience or l)ronze figures. Figures of this type 
 are solely the pio«lnet of (Jraeco-Egyptian art, 
 and were first identified at Naukratis ( see above"). 
 Another example was also found here at the 
 Ileraeuin. ( Pi.ATK CXLI V. A3.) 
 
 52. Figure similar in tyiM' to No. 51, which 
 may |K>ssibly ii-preseiit one of the other types of 
 Ajjollo identified at Naukratis. (Cf. Xoiiknitii*^ 
 
 l.i 17.) 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 The figure is represente<l with the heavy wig, 
 broadening out over the ears and falling behind 
 them on the shouhlers. In feature this tyiK* has 
 nothing in common with Eirvptian art of the 
 ]M*ritMl. the long face narrowing d<»wii at the chin 
 and the eyes protruding from tlwir smkets being 
 
 ECJYPTIAN, OK GRAECO EGYPTIAN, OIUECTS 
 
 373 
 
 strongly characteristi<-, rather, of contemimrary 
 (ireek art. These same characteristi<-s api>ear 
 also in Nos. 46 ami 51, and they are all un- 
 doubtedly due to one and the same iiiHuenee. 
 Pi.ATK CXLIV. (wf/A- o:G [left], 1 : 1 [right]). 
 
 53. Same motive as in No. 51. AjwUo playing 
 on the doul>le pi|)e. 
 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 54. Figure of a hare, recumbent. 
 Blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 As a hiei-oglyphic word-sign, the hare has the 
 value trr/« = * to be.' It is the common desert 
 hare of Egypt, and is generally represented, as 
 here, with greatly exaggerated ears ( cf. (Jrifiith, 
 Hirruijli/iihs., pi. i. -1 ). This animal was sacred 
 to Osiris Wen-nefer, and votive figures ami 
 amulets ill this form are very common. 
 
 55. Fragment : form undeterminable. 
 Blue-glazeil |)orcelaiu. 
 
 56. Fragment of a porcelain vase, blue-glaze«l. 
 The ornamentati«>n consists of a double ban«l 
 
 uioiilded in relief : the npjHjr, of perpendicular 
 parallel lines between two horizontal ones, and 
 the lower, of a .series of rectangles, each with a 
 circle at the centre, separated by two i)er|>en- 
 diciilar lines. 
 
 Both of these forms are well-known Egy])tiaii 
 ones, and occur regularly as btuder patterns in 
 wall-th'coiation and the like. ( Cf. Petrie, Ihr,,- 
 rofirr Art, tigs. IHG ami 194.) 
 
 57. Fragment of a vase, with decoration simi- 
 lar to the upper band on No. 56. 
 
 Blue-glazed |)orcelain. 
 
 5ft Porcelain whorl, blue-glazed. In shape, 
 like two truncated cones base to base, and with 
 
 a hole through centre 
 per|)endicularly. ( Fig. 
 3.) 1 >ecoration, on both 
 sides, of a rosette. This 
 form t)f ornament, the 
 rosette, is one of the 
 conimoiie.st in Egyptian 
 art at all i)eri»>d.s, but it 
 is t»ften so conyenti«>nalized that it is diffiiidt 
 to «letermine its derivation. In this fjuni, with 
 broad, round-«'nded jK-tals, it has been identified 
 by Petrie { Ihronttirr Art, ]))>. 00-58) as the 
 daisy, and by Borehardt ( I\ffanzt'nsiiiih\ p. 4, 
 note 1) as the rhnimtntheiinnn cofOHOfiinn. 
 Among the objects from Aegina. however, is the 
 cover of a kohl ]>ot in l>lue-glazed i)orcelain 
 (Pi.ATK CXLIV. 7), which, with its centre in 
 relief, certainly represents the daisy ; and it 
 
 FlO. X — POKCKLAIX 
 WllOKL. 
 
 would seem, from the more common occurrence 
 of the dai.sy, that that would more likely have 
 been taken as a motive. 
 
 It also occurs with petals with pointed ends, 
 as, for examiile, on another whorl from the Ile- 
 raeum ( Platk CXLIV. 59), but in such cases 
 it is certainly derived from another source. 
 
 One of the earliest occurrences of the rosette 
 is the eight-petaled f«>rm on the headband of 
 the statue of Nefert. of the IVth dynasty, from 
 Medum, now in the Cairo Museum, and we find 
 it employed afterwards in innumerable ways, — 
 not only as an ornament on sculpture, but, in 
 combination with other pattern.s, as a border- 
 pattern in wall-painting (cf. Petrie. oji. cit. figs. 
 125, 12(j), as a motive in ceiling decoration (cf. 
 Wilkinson. Ancient Kytjptians, 2d ed. I. pi. 
 viii.), in the glazed-porcelain tile decoration of 
 Tell el-Amarna (cf. Petrie, Tell cI-Atnatmi. pis. 
 xiii. ft". ), and the similar decoration of the palace 
 of Hameses III. at Tell el-Yahudieh (cf. Ilayter- 
 Lewis, in Ti-an,s. Soc. Bill. Arch. vol. vii.). It 
 likewise occurs as a pattern in the cloth and 
 leather coverings of royal thrones (cf. Wilkin- 
 .son, op. rit. I. Frontispiece), in bead-work (cf. 
 (iarstang, 7:7 Anihah, pi. xxii.), and in decora- 
 tive metal- work, as in the silver bowls from 
 Meiides. now in the Cairo Mu.seum (cf. Maspero, 
 Minnnil h'lii/jtt. Anh. figs. 285 and 280). 
 
 59. Porcelain whorl, blue -glazed, of same 
 shape as No. 58. Here the decoration consists of 
 a fiower with petals sharply pointed, — a form 
 which occurs constantly and has been identified 
 with certainty by Borehardt as derived from the 
 iHjniphaea euei-uUn (cf. ]*fan\ensiiulv, p. 12). 
 
 60. Fragment of a grouj) of two figures, in 
 blue-glazed porcelain. The right figure is male, 
 and the left female, with Ineasts clearly pro- 
 nounced. They are represented side by side, a 
 position which occurs so fre(piently in Egj'ptian 
 sculptui-e, both in standing and seated groups of 
 husband and wife. Each has the heavy wiir, — 
 w hich here show s traces of having been originally 
 c<dored black, — falling down behind the ears 
 \\\to\\ the shoulders, while on the right breast of 
 the female figure are two black dots, as if a neck- 
 lac«' had been represented. 
 
 61. Rise and lower part of a half-kneeling 
 figure, of blue-glazed porcelain. 
 
 Hejuesented kneeling on the left knee, with 
 right knee lai.sed and foot squarely on base. It 
 is the position of one about to rise, or to upraise 
 an object, from the ground, and occurs in figures 
 
374 
 
 ECIYPTIAX, (m (;HAFX'0-EGYPTIAN, otuects 
 
 The Argivr IIeraeim 
 
 of the god Shu, who is repifsontoil with arms tions of him are very eommou in tlie Late New 
 
 upliftoii ami supporting the ht»riz«>u ami sun's Empire, ami are the only ones in which this un- 
 
 ilisk above his lieail (^ef. Masi)ero, Ihi>r,i nf Civ usual positi»»n occurs, so far as 1 know. Conse- 
 
 Uhatlon, p. 127). Shu was the " uplifter " of «iuently we may have here the lower part of such 
 
 the heavens from the earth. These represcnta- a figure. 
 
 Plate CXLIII 
 
 • 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 f-r> 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 2b: 
 
 
 '.^ 
 
 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 Ifl 
 
 '-> 
 
 
 ■■« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 •-^ 
 
 
 •« 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 Oj 
 
 
 &. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 O 
 
 ID 
 
 *-> 
 
 cn 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /•^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 *■< 
 
 
 >■ 
 
 
 **•>, 
 
 
 >./ 
 
 •* 
 
 U 
 
 tn 
 
 
374 
 
 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS 
 
 of the g(Hl Shu, who is represented with arms tions of him are very common in the Late New 
 
 uplifted and supporting the horizon and sun's Empire, and are the only ones in which this un- 
 
 disk above his head (ef. Maspero, Dium of Civ- usual position occurs, so far as I know. Conse- 
 
 illzation, p. 127). Shu was the " uplifter " of quently we may have hei-e the lower part of such 
 
 the heavens from the earth. These representa- a figure. 
 
 The Argive Herakum 
 
 Plate CXLIII 
 
The Argive Heraelm 
 
 Plate CXLIV 
 
 
 m 
 
 Vj^i^^^*^ 
 
 ^' <N 
 
 INDEX 
 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 ai 
 
 u 
 
 b 
 
 E* 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 w 
 
The Argivf. Heraeum 
 
 Plate CX LI V 
 
 Z 
 
 ■Ji 
 
 y 
 
 ->-«^: 
 
 m 
 
 U 
 
 IXOF.X 
 
 Mi 
 
INDEX 
 
 By may LOUISE NICHOLS 
 
 AcHAEAX League, 183, 359. 
 Achaean origin of My(!enaean style, 71. 
 Achaia, coin of, 358. 
 
 Acrojiolis (Athens), develojmient in terra-cotta figu- 
 rines, compared with that of female figures from. 8, 
 18 ; poros liea<ls from, 29 ; terra-cottas from. .'U ; 
 statue from, compared with ten-a-cotta figurine, 
 ii5; group of hulls attacked by lions from, com- 
 ])ared with terra-cotta group from Heraemii, 40 ; 
 bronze reliefs from, compared with terra-cotta re- 
 liefs from Heraeum, 50, 51 ; marble relief of 
 charioteer from, comiiai-ed with terra-cotta relief 
 from Heraeum, 53 ; vases from, 74, 76, 89, V,i3 ; 
 bronze relief fi-om, compared with clesign on vase, 
 169; bronzes from, com])ai*ed with bronzes from 
 Heraeum, 194 n. 2, 204 ;/. 2, 274 n. 1, 288, 289, 
 295, 296, 324, 326, 327, 329, 336. 
 
 Advanced Archaic terra-cotta figurines, 9, 38 f. 
 
 Advanced Argive terra-cotta figurines, 5, 7, 8, 9, 
 24 ff . 
 
 " Aegean " pottery, 66. 71, 77. 
 
 Aegina, relief from, com])ared with terra-cotta relief. 
 51 ; vases from, 64, 76, 89, 116, 119, 120, 130, 
 131, 133, K35, 138, 152, 153, 158, 175 «. 4; men- 
 tion of, 174, 175 ; sus|)ension vase from, similar to 
 bronze one from the Heraeum, 286; Egyptian 
 objects from, 367, 368, 372. 
 
 Aeolian vases. 150, 151. 
 
 Agrigentum, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1. 
 
 Agripim, L. Caninius, name on coin, 358. 
 
 AiVas (?), on vase, 173, 185. 
 
 AiVc'os (?), on vase from Heraeum, 173, 185. 
 
 tiKfMxupKTiioi, representetl on terra-cotta idatjue (?), 
 
 KO 
 
 i>^. 
 
 AlalMistra, 126, 155, 166, 171, 178. 
 
 Aliki, vases from, 89. 
 
 Amathus, slueld from, 40 ; fihda from, 251 «. 3. 
 
 Amen Ra, on scarabs fnmi Heraeum, 370, 371; 
 barque of Ra, 370, 371. 
 
 Amorgos, bracelet from, 251 w. 2. 
 
 Amphora a colonette, preliminary step to, 135 ; frag- 
 ments of, 172, 173 : in Berlin, 185. 
 
 Amphoras. primitive, 69 ; Mycenaean, 73, 79, aS. 84. 
 88. 92,93, 96 ; geometric. 105. 106. 107, 109, 112, 
 117, 118, 137, 157; miscellaneous types, 160: 
 Corinthian, 166, 171, 172, 173; black-figured 
 style, 176, 178; red-figured style, 179. 
 
 Amulets, 344, 372, 373. 
 
 Amyclae, vase fragment from. 112 ». 1. 
 
 Analysis of clay of vase fragments, 64 n. 9. 
 
 Androsj)hinx, on ivory, 352. 
 
 Animal figures, on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90. 91, 
 geometric style, 104. 107 ff., Argive style. 127, 139, 
 143, 145, 149, 153, 155, on miscellaneous types, 
 160, 161, heads of (calves:"), 98; in Corinthian 
 style, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172; in black-fig- 
 ured style, 177; on engraved stones. 343, 346, 
 347. 350, winged. 349. monkey-like, 349. 
 
 Animals, of terra-cotta, 5, 9. 15, 23, 39 ff . ; of ]>ronze, 
 193, 197-207 ; for head of bronze pin, 235 ; in 
 ivory, 3.53. 
 
 Anthedon, knife from, 299. 
 
 •' Anthropomor])hic " vases, 148. 
 
 Antoninus Pius, coin of, 358, 3(M), 361. 
 
 Antyx (dvTv$), on terra-cotta plaque, 53 ; on vases, 
 1(53. 164 : of bronze. 298. 
 
 Ajihidna, vase fragment from, 69, 99. 
 
 Aphrodite, represented in terra-cotta figurines (?), 14, 
 15, 34; bronze statuette, probably of, 197; on 
 coins, 358. 
 
 AjJoUo of Canachus. 195, 197. 
 
 Ajwllo of Melos, compared with figure on terra- 
 cotta plaque, 48 ; with bronze statuette, 195 and 
 n. 4. 
 
 Apollo. Ptoan, bronze reliefs from temple of, com- 
 pared with terra-cotta reliefs from Heraeum, 51 
 52. 
 
 Aiwllo, Tenean, compared with figure on terra-cotta 
 plaque, 48, 49 ; treatment of hair similar to that of, 
 in figure on vase, 154, in gorgon on ivory, 351. 
 
 "Aiwllo" tyi>e, 14. 29; bronze statuette compared 
 with, 195, treatment of hair in, 195 n. 4 ; porcelain 
 figure of, 372, 373. 
 
 Apparel, articles of. in ivory, ,353. 
 
 Apples, terra-cotta figurine holding (•') . 36. 
 
 Ajiplied color, use of, in vases. 123. 156-159. 160, 16^1 
 
 Apulia, Sikel village in, pin from, 240 h. 1 and 7 ; 
 ring from, 251 «. 3. 
 
 Arcadius, coin of, 362. 
 
 Archaic heads on terra-cotta figurines, 7, 9, 14 n. 5. 
 
 Archaic terra-cotta figurines, 8, 9, 14. 
 
 Archermus. Nik^ of. 7, 52, 195 w. 3. 
 
 Argive-Linear decoration, on terra-cotta figurines, 7, 
 27 ; on vases, 126-144. See also Linear. 
 
 H 
 
378 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Argive (" Proto-Corinthian ") style in vases, Argive 
 
 origin, 61i f., 64 n. 9, 67, 119 ff. ; linear cliaracter- 
 
 istics, 66, 120 : derived from Mycenaean style, 
 
 121 ; contemporaneous with geometric, llil ff. ; 
 
 absorption of Oriental influence, 122 ff., 144 ff. ; 
 
 relation to Corinth, 123, 153. 
 Argive embargo against Attic vases, 17"), 180, 183. 
 Argive tyjie of engravetl stones and gems, 346-4i49. 
 Argolid, the, as centre of Mycenaean civilization, 78 ; 
 
 silver pin from, now in British Museum, 191 h. 1. 
 
 217 71. 2, 339 ; coins of, 3o9. 
 Argos, vase fragment at. comjiared witli Heraeum 
 
 fragment, 114; vases from. 119; coins of, 359 f. 
 Aristeia, name in inscription on bronze, 332. 
 " Aristonothos " vase, comparetl in technique with 
 
 one from Heraeum, KiO ii. 1, 163, ll>4 and h. 1. 
 Arrow, on vases, 113, 151, 162, 163, 181. 
 Arrowhea«l pattern, on bronzes, 199, 200, 259, 262, 
 
 283, 285. 293, 295 ; on engraved stones, 347, 348 ; 
 
 on ivory, Ji52. 
 Arrowhead, of stone, found at Heraeum. 354. 
 Artemis, represented in terra-cotta figurines (?), 14, 
 
 15, 35. See also Persian Artemis. 
 Aryballoi, 70, 71, 126, 14ii. and 148 ii. 1 (ring-form), 
 
 153, 166, 171, 185 ; of ivory, 353. 
 Askos, KM). 171. 
 Astarte, 13 w. 10 ; with Hathor crown, compared 
 
 with bronze statuette. 197. 
 Athena, represented in terra-cotta figurines (!'), 14; 
 
 on vase, 179 ; bronze serpent from aegis of, 204. 
 Athena Cranaea, temple of, bronze fibulae from, 244 
 
 H. 2 ; handle from. 289. 
 Athenaeus, (piote<l, 13 n. 11, 175 n. 1. 
 Athens, vases from, 142, 154 ; bronze relief in, com- 
 pared with jlesign on vase from Heraeum, 169 ; 
 
 bronzes found at, relation to Heraeum bronzes, 
 
 193; embargo on jwttery from. 175: inscription 
 
 from, 332. See also Acrojjolis. 
 Attica, vases from. 64, 107, 119. 
 Augustus, head of, on coin, 358. 
 Aurelian, coins of, .361, 362. 
 Aurelius, Marcus, head of. on coin. 358. ."159. 
 Auxesia, story concerning statue of, 174. 
 
 Bakeshop scene, terra-cotta, 15, 43. 
 
 Ball, bronze, <$31. 
 
 Balls, on vases, 159. 177 (on sliield) ; on coin, 363. 
 
 Bands, bronze, ornamented, 270. 
 
 Bars, bronze, 330 f . 
 
 Bather, A. G., references to, 50 h. 1, 51 h. 8, 54 M. 3, 
 
 192 tt. 2, 202 n. 3, 274 //. 1, 336, 338. 
 Bathos, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1. 
 " Bauernstil." 103. 
 Beads, bronze, 264 ; engrave<l stones used as. 344, 
 
 34.5 ; of glass or stone, 92, 353 ; of glazed paste, 
 
 3.54. 
 Bear, terra-cotta, 1.5. hea«l of, 41. 
 
 Bed, terra-cotta, 42 ; bronze fragment of, 329. 
 Bee-hive tomb, near Mycenae, 10 n. 2 ; tombs near 
 
 Heraeum, 73, 75, 79, 81, 88, 89, 91-95, 98. 
 Beetle, intaglio on bronze seal ring, 251. 
 Bell, bronze, 299 ; beU-shai>ed pendant, 264. 
 " Bell " of wheel, bronze, 298 f. 
 Berlin, tripoil vase from Tanagra in. 52 ; Corinthian 
 
 pinakes in, relation to pinakes from Heraeum, 54 ; 
 
 Argive lekythos in, 145, l(i3, 179; tri]KMl bowl in, 
 
 170 ; vase in, 195 n. 3 ; armlet in, compared with 
 
 bronze from Heraeum, 267 n. 1. 
 Bes, terra-cotta figures of ty])e of, 8, 13, 28, 29 ; on 
 
 seal of silver ring, 338 ; ivory figure of, 353 ; 
 
 porcelain figure of, 368, 372. 
 Biga, on vase, 154 ; on terra-cotta disk, 354. 
 Binding, bronze, 328. 
 Binding-strips, bronze, 269. 
 Bird, human-heade<l, terra-cotta, 41 : " bird-face " 
 
 in terra-cotta figurines, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and n. 6, 
 
 14 H. 5. 16 ff. 
 Birds, terra-cotta, 15 ; terra-cotta figurine holding, 
 
 36; on vases, 90, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 
 
 117, 118, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 139, 144, 146, 
 
 149, 150, 152, 153, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169, 171, 
 
 172, 174, 183, 185 ; of bronze, aquatic, 204 f., 
 
 land, 205-207, on safety-])in, 244, head and neck 
 
 of. wing of. 274, head, beak of, 297 ; 331 ; on en- 
 
 graveil stones, 343, 347, flying, 348, 349 ; on ivory, 
 
 3.51, 352 ; shell of egg of, 353. 
 Black-figured style, 60, 62, 65, 66, 174-178. 
 Boar, on vases, 147, 152, 165, 167. 169. 
 Boat, on vase, 113 and ». 2, 115; inverted, form of 
 
 ar(*h of bronze safety-pin, 242. 
 IWlkins, of ivorj', .'i.53. 
 Boehlau. J., references to. 54 «. 6, 144 n. 2, 145. 1,50 
 
 n. 2, 151, 160 notes 1, 2, 2:i5 n. 4, 240 n. 6, 242 
 
 ». 4, 243 n. 1. 
 Boeotia, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 14 and 
 
 M. 5 ; vases from. 109. 116, 143 ; bronze pin from, 
 
 2a5 H. 4. 240 n. 6. 242 «. 4 ; annlet from, 267 ti. 1. 
 Bologna, fibulae from. 240 w. 1, 242 notes 1 and 2, 
 
 244 ». 4. 
 Borgo S. Se]M>lchro. pins from, 223 n. 3. 
 Bos-iijilk. vases from, compared with those from the 
 
 Heraeum. 68. 70, 97. 
 Boston, Argive lekythoi in, 13.5, 146, 152 «. 1. 
 Bottle, of colored glass (" Phoenician "), 353. 
 B<»w, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 «. 4, Ii5 ; on vases, 
 
 113, 181. 
 Bowls, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80. 81, 82, 83, 84. 85, 86, 87, 
 
 88, 89, 90, 91, %, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, KK), 
 
 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 158, 161, 170, 173; 
 
 three-legged, 70, 74 ; bronze, 284-286. 
 Boxing-match, represented on terra-cotta plaque, 52 ; 
 
 on vase, 113. 
 Boyd. Harriet A., reference to, 241 n. 7. 
 Bracelets, bronze, 251. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 379 
 
 Brachycepluilism, in head of bronze horseman, 195 
 n. 1. 
 
 Braid-pattern. See Guilloche. 
 
 Branchidae, seated figures from, 14. 36. 
 
 Bread, woman kneading, terra-cotta figurine, 18. 
 
 Bricks, terra-cotta, 47. 
 
 Bridle, on vases, 148, 154, 184. 
 
 British Museum, vases in, eompare<l with Heraetnn 
 specimens, 131, 132, 1.35, 1.38, 14,3 n. 1, 144, 140, 
 154, 155, 160 n. 1, 166 n. 2, 180; silver pin in, 
 from Ai^lis, 191 n. 1, 217 n. 2. 339 ; bronzes in, 
 comjMired with Heraeum bronzes, 204 notes 1, 2, 
 217 n. 1, 240 n. 1, 244 n. 3, 251 n. 3, 294. .300. 
 
 Bronzes from the Heraeum, 191^339 ; introduction, 
 191-193 ; process of cleaning, 192 and n. 2 ; classi- 
 fication, 192 : various })eriods in, 193 ; techni([ue 
 of, 193 ; relation to metal work of other centres. 
 193 ; catalogue, 194-331 ; fragments of statues, 194, 
 statuettes and fragments of statuettes, 194-197, an- 
 imals, 197-207, ornament and toilet, 207-275, ves- 
 sels, 275-298, implements, utensils, structural pieces 
 and materials, 298-.'i31; ap})endix, inscriptions on 
 the bronzes, .'132-339. 
 
 Buckles, bronze, 249. 
 
 Bud, bronze nail-head representing, 327. 
 
 Bull, attacked by lion, terra-cotta group, 15, 39 f.. 
 motive in Greek art, 40 ; on vases, 139, 146, 167, 
 169. See also Cattle. 
 
 Bull's head, in terra-cotta, 14, 23, 41 ; on vases. 
 146, 183 ; on engrave<l stones. ,'i49 ; on coin, Ii57. 
 
 Bulle, H., reference to, 26.5 n. 1. 
 
 Butterfly (?), on ivory, 352. 
 
 Button, bronze, 327 ; button-slia])e, in engraved stones, 
 345, 346, 'Ml, 348 ; in ivory, 352. 
 
 Byzantine coins, 357, 362 f. 
 
 Byzantine ware, vases, 180, 184. 
 
 Cabirion near Thebes, potters at, 64 ; vases found at, 
 
 180 ; inscription from, 338. 
 Cakes, dish of, terra-cotta, 15, 42. 
 
 Calathi, representation of, on terra-cotta figurines. 
 10 n. 2, 12 f., 26. 27, 32 ; vases, 124 f.. 145. 
 
 Callaly Castle (Forman Collection), oinochoe formerly 
 at, 129. 
 
 Camirus, poros statuette from, com])ared with terra- 
 cotta figurine, 35; gold hormus from, compared 
 with terra-cotta plaque, 51 ; vases from, 143, 1.55, 
 
 181 ; bronze statuette of goat from, 201 n. 1 ; 
 Egyptian objects from, 367, 369. 
 
 Canachus. See A}M)Uo of. 
 
 CaiM, bronze, 328. 
 
 Captive, on coin, 361. 
 
 Caracalla, head of, on coin, .359. 
 
 Carneia, in inscription on bronze, .'i36. 
 
 Cams, coin of, ^^1. 
 
 Castings, bronze, .331. 
 
 Cat, porcelain figure of, 368, 372. 
 
 Cattle, bronze, 201 ff.; on engraved stones, 348, 350. 
 
 CauUlron, on vase, 164, 165 ; of bronze, 275 ff,, 329. 
 
 Centaur, terra-cotta, 15, 40 ; on terra-cotta plaque, 
 48, 53 f.; on relief vase in Louvre, 49 n. 1 ; on 
 vases, 162, 163, 181. 
 
 Centi-e-piece, bronze, 328. 
 
 Cephalonia. See Corfu. 
 
 Cervetri, gold breastplate frcmi, design of, compared 
 with that of bronze from Heraeum, 251 n. 1. 
 
 Cesnola, L. P. di, references to, 38, 40, 197 «. 1, 250 
 n. 1. 
 
 Chaeronea, bronze rings from, in Atliens Museum, 
 250 7t. 3, 
 
 Cliain. bronze, 327 f. 
 
 Chair, teri-a-cotta, 5 and n. 1, 42, 92. 
 
 Chalcidian origin of '' Proto-Corinthian " style. 119. 
 
 Chalcidian vases, 16.3, 169. 
 
 Cliariot, on terra-cotta pUupies, 48, 53, 54 ; on vases, 
 11.3, 163, 164, 177. 
 
 Clmrioteer, on terra-cotta jjlaque, 53. 
 
 Chase, G. H. See Waldstein. 
 
 Checkerboard pattern, on vases, 105, 106. 109, 114, 
 127, 128, 129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 151, 
 152, 153, 155, 162, 168. 
 
 Cheramyes, statue, 30, 
 
 Chimaera, on coin, 358. 
 
 Chisel, bronze. 300. 
 
 Chiton, method of fastening as shown by terra-cotta 
 figurines, 11 ; on terra-cotta ])laque, 50; on vases. 
 117, 169 ; on bronze, talaric. 265 ; on coin, 357. 
 
 Chiusi, vase from, 118, 
 
 Chloris (in gi-oup with Leto). on coin, 359. 
 
 Christ, bust of, on coins, 3(>3. 
 
 Circles (with or without central dot), on vases, 69. 84. 
 86, 87, 88, 105, 107, 109, 111, 11.5, 145, 146, 149. 
 157, 158, 163, 170, 18^^ ; on lamp, 184 ; on bronzes, 
 206, 209, 210, 213, 220, 223, 227, 228, 229, 231, 
 235, 248, 249. 250, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 274, 
 275, 278, 283. 284, 285, 297, 311, 314, on en- 
 graved stone, 349 ; on ivory, 352. 353. 
 
 Cist, bronze, in Museo Gregoriano, compared with 
 Heraeum bronze, 290. 
 
 Clamps, bronze, 328. 
 
 Claw, bronze, 274. 
 
 Clazomenae, technique of sarcophagi from, compared 
 witli that of vase fragments from Heraeum, 150. 
 
 "Clover-leaf " i\\ie of fibula, on terra-cotta figurines. 
 10 and n. 2,21, 23,26,31. 
 
 Coatings, bronze, 270. 
 
 Cock, terra-cotta, 15, 41 ; on vase, 178 ; of bronze, 
 205 f., 274 n. 2. 
 
 Codrus, legend of, 104. 
 
 Coins from the Heraeum, 357-363 ; general discus- 
 sion, 357 : catalogue. 357-36^^ ; of Greece. 357— 
 .360 ; of Rome (Empire), 361 f., (Eastern Empire), 
 362 f . ; Venice, 363 ; uncertain, 363, 
 
 Color, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9 : 
 
380 
 
 INDEX 
 
 INDEX 
 
 381 
 
 use of extra or applied, in vases, 123, 15(>-lui), 
 
 l(iO, 103. 
 Cominodu!«, head of, on coins. SoS, 359. 
 Cones of teiTan-otta, 1") and //. 10, 43 f. 
 Constantius Chlorus, coin of, iiOl. 
 Constantius 11., coins of, 3(>'J. 
 Containers, bronze, liiMi f. 
 Conventionalism, in Mycenaean vases. 76, 81. 
 Conze, A., reference to, .">4 n. 4. ItKi, lO.'* n. 4. 
 Copenhagen, vases in, .VJ, 113, 114, 115. 
 Copjjer, 272, 275. See also Pinti. 
 C(»ral, bit of, 354. 
 
 Corcyra, terra-cotta figurines from, 14 n. 4. 34. 35. 
 Corfu, Cephalonia, /ante, c«»in of, 3Gii. 
 Corinth, vases from, 107, 144 ; its connection with 
 
 Argos in history of vase jiainting, 122, 123, 145, 
 
 100 : arcliaic bronze relief from, 197 n. 2 ; coins 
 
 of, Ii57 f. 
 Corinthia, coins of, 357 f. 
 Corinthian pinakes in Berlin, connecte<1 with those 
 
 from Heraeum. 54. 
 Corinthian style, in vases, 8, (>0, (J2. G5, (MJ, 119, 122, 
 
 145, 165-173, 182, 185 ; Old, 1G7 ff. ; New, 172 tf. 
 Cornucopia, on coin, 'M\, ,'i62. 
 Coroplastic art, interaction of vase painting and, 6 
 
 and //. 9, 7. 
 Corselet, on vase. 177. 
 
 Cotilon (Bassae), mirrors from, 265 h. 2, 266 n. 1. 
 Cover-knobs. 140. 
 Covers, horses on covers of geometric vases, 23 ; of 
 
 vases, 115, 116, 137, Ki8, 139, 140, 169. 
 Cow, ten-a-cotta, 15, hea«l of, 14, 2.'i ; on vases, 151 ; 
 
 of bronze, 201 and n. 3, 202 ; on engraved stone, 
 
 .'U9. See also Cattle. 
 Crab, on engrave«l stone, 348. 
 
 Crepereia Tryphaena, sarcophagus of. 269 //. 1, 278. 
 Crescents, on vase, 71 : on bronze, 204, 27(), 28;i, 285. 
 Crete, winged human figures from, 50 n. 5 ; as ]>ossi- 
 
 ble centre of soun-e of Mycenaean civilization, 66, 
 
 71 ; vases from, 79. 115, 156. 
 Cross, (Jreek, on terra-cotta spools, 44 ; of terra-cotta, 
 
 44. 
 Cross, on vases, 82, 105, 111, 149. 151, 154 : on 
 
 lamps, 184; on bronzes, 209, 210, 213. 2(>4, 295, 
 
 297, 310, 312, 315 ; on engi-aved stone, 350 ; on 
 
 coins, 212, 36!{. 
 Cujis, 72, 92. 95, 107, 180, 184. 
 Curtius, E., concerning "heraldic" animals. 28. 110 
 
 H. 1 : concerning running figures, 28 ; other refer- 
 ences to, 50 n. 2, 52 n. 1, 175 ». 3. 
 Cut ornaments, bronze, 274. 
 
 Cybele, represente<l in terra-cotta figurines (?), 14. 
 Cyclades, primitive vases from, compared with those 
 
 from Heraeum. 68, 69, 70. 
 Cylixes, vases, 74. 81, 86. 88, 92, 95, 166, 172, 173. 
 174, 176, 177, 178, 179 ; cylix on bronze mirror- 
 handle in hand of satyr, 265. 
 
 Cymbals, bronze, 299. 
 
 Cyprus, influence of, in terra-cotta figurines, 15; 
 terra-cotta figurines from, 27 ; vases from, 1(> w. 1, 
 i^i, 135, 148 ; head from, conqwred with bronze 
 statuette, 197 n. 1 : rings from, 251 n. 3. 
 
 Cyrenaica, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 19, .'U. 
 
 Cyrenean vases, 62, 65, 148, 173. 
 
 Daimons, on reliefs from Olympia. conqMireil witli 
 winged figures on terra-cotta ]»la«pies from He- 
 raeum, 52 ; on silver ring from Heraeum, 'X\^. 
 
 Daisy, design on |)orcelain whorl, 373. 
 
 I)amia, story concerning statue of, 174. 
 
 Safuiofjyoi, in inscription on bronze, 333. 
 
 Dancing, represented on vase, 114. 
 
 DeC«)U, H. F.. Ki-onzes of the Argive Heraeum, 191- 
 331 ; Ins4-riptions on the Bronzes, •'W2-Ji39 ; Coins 
 fn>m the Argive Heraeum, 357-363 ; theory as to 
 headdress of terra-cotta figurines, 13 v. 4. 
 
 I)e<licat«>ry use of vases at the Heraeum, 64. 
 
 Deer, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4 ; on vases, 
 108, 115, 116, 150, 151, 164, 167, 168 ; of bronze, 
 200 f. 
 
 Deianeira, earliest representation of, on vase, 103, 
 
 Deinoi, 135, 185. 
 
 Delos, Nicandra statue from. 8 : winge<l female figure 
 from, compared with terra-cotta figurine, 28 ; en- 
 graved stone from, 348. 
 
 Delphi, statue by Polymetles at, 195 ; retrograile 
 writing in names of Argive kings at, 3.3.'{. 
 
 Demeter, terra-cotta figurines dedicated to, 13 ; re- 
 presentetl in terra-cotta grou]>8 (?), 14, 22. 
 
 Dejiosits of terra-cotta figurines, 3 n. 3. 
 
 De Ridder, A., references to. 49 n. 1, 51 w. 9, 52. 
 181 and «. 3, 194 notes 2, 4, 196 notes 2, 3, 4, 197, 
 204. ;/. 2. 288, 289, 296. 
 
 Diadems, bronze, 196, 240 «. 5, 265, 266 f.; on 
 coins, 3m, 30'1, 363. 
 
 Diamonds, on terra-cotta platpie, 48 : on vases, 8.'t, 
 84, 87, 90, 142 ; on bronzes, 2(K), 24.S, 282, 283, 
 284, ;i09 ; on ivory, ;i53. 
 
 Dictaean Cave, pins from, 217 M. 1 ; rosettes on 
 objects fi-om, 2;i2 n. 1, 299 n. 1. 
 
 Digatnma, in inscription on bronze, 3S3. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, (quoted, 51 n. 4. 
 
 IMonysus, on vase, 178 (head of), 179. 
 
 Dipylon style, on terra-cotta ])la(pies, 53, 54, in vases, 
 65, 102 f., 115, 118, 122, 157 ; in l)ronzes, 193, 
 
 Disks, as earrings of terra-cotta figurines, 12 ; flower- 
 like, 15, 43 : of bronze, 267-269 ; use of, 267 «. 2, 
 269 n. 1 ; gol«l disks from Mycenae, 269 n. 2 ; 
 inserted disks, 330 ; terra-cotta disk, i^'>4. 
 
 IXnlona. bronze plaque from. com])are<l with terra- 
 cotta {daque from Heraeum, 50 f. ; bronze reliefs 
 from, compared with terra-cotta reliefs from He- 
 raeum. 51 : bi-onzes from, com)iared with bronzes 
 from Heraeum. 193, 295. 297, 308, .'^16 n. 1. 
 
 " Dodwell " vase. 169. 
 
 Dog, terra-cotta head of, 15, 41 ; on vases, 108, 115, 
 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 182 ; on scarabs, 368, ;i71. 
 
 Doll, in arms of terra-cotta figurine, 37. 
 
 Dolphin, bronze, 274 ; on engraved stone, 350. 
 
 Domitian, head of, on coins, 358. 
 
 IXirian Invasion, 66, 102, 103, 121. 
 
 " Dorian " techni(|ue, 156. 
 
 I>Ori)feld, W., references to, 30, 300. 
 
 Doryphoros of Polycleitus, Furtwilngler's view su])- 
 IKirted by relief on lamp from Henieum, 184. 
 
 Double-axe, on vases, 112 f., 116; on engraved 
 stones, 347. 
 
 Double writing of consonants in Argive inscriptions, 
 333. 
 
 Dove, terrarcotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34; of terra- 
 cotta, 41 ; on coin, 358. 
 
 Dresden, terra-cotta figure from Thisb^ in, 24 : vases 
 
 eral discussion, 343-345; ckssification and cata- 
 logue, 345-354. 
 
 Kpidaurus, story concerning, 174. 
 
 Eros (?), on coin, 358. 
 
 Este, buttons from, 327. 
 
 Eudamas, name in inscription on bronze, 338. 
 
 Euplironios, vase in style of, 180. 
 
 Evans, A. J., references to, 48 «. 2, 66. 79, 113, 344, 
 345, ;M7, 348, 349, 367. 
 
 Exergue, 173, 179. 
 
 Eye, on vases, 177, 179. 
 
 Fasteners, bronze, 327 f. 
 
 Female figures, large proportion of, among terra-cotta 
 figurines, 4 m. 4, 13 and n. 5 ; on teri-a-cotta plaque, 
 48 ; on vases, 108, 114, 162, 16^^, 169, 170. 172, 
 174, 179, 183 ; of bronze, 196 f. ; on terra-cotta 
 disk, 354 ; on coins, 359, 360, 361, 362. 
 
 in, compareil with Heraeum specimens, 146, 148 Fibulae, forms of, on terra-cotta figurines, 10 f.; 
 "• 1- bronze, 191, 193, 203 n. 1, 240 ». 1 ; of sangui- 
 
 suga type, 244 n. 4 ; of ivory, 353 (with bronze 
 pin). See also Safety-pins. 
 
 Figurines. See Terra-cotta. 
 
 Finger-rings, bronze, 250 f. See aha Rings. 
 
 Fish, on vases, 78, 80 f.. 91, 94, 111, 112, 113, 115, 
 117, 134 ; bronze handle in form of (?), 293; on 
 ivory, 352. 
 
 Flower, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34; on 
 terra-cotta pla(|ue, 50 ; in mouth of lion on gold 
 breastidate from Cervetri, 251 n. 1 ; on handle of 
 vessel, 288 ; nail-head representing, 327 ; on coin, 
 359, 360 ; on porcelain whorl, 373. 
 
 Flower pattern, on vases. 79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 94, 105, 
 128, 134, 137, 138, 167, 178 ; on bronze pins, 234 
 n. 2, 251. 
 
 Flute-player, terra-cotta, 17, 18. 
 
 Fly, in intaglio on bronze seal ring, 251. 
 
 Foot with sandal, terra-cotta, 16, 43. 
 
 Duck, on vases, 90, 110, 169 ; on scarab, 371. 
 
 " Dumb-bell " form of safety-pin, on terra-cotta figu- 
 rines in Atliens Museum, 10 n. 2 ; from Heraeum, 
 25 ; of bronze, 242. 
 
 Dllnmder, F., references to, 120, 143, 181. 
 
 Eagle, on vase, 174; on engraved stone, 350; on 
 
 ivory, 351, 352 ; on coin, 358. 
 Ear, on vase, 179. 
 
 Early Arclmic terra-cotta figurines, 8, 9, 29 ff. 
 Early Argive vases, 121, 124 if. 
 Early Attic vases, 62, 65, 66, 122, 145, 165, 173, 
 
 351. 
 F^arly Naturalistic style in bronzes, 199, 201. 
 Earrings, fonns of, on terra-cotta figurines, 12. 
 Eilgar, C. C, reference to, 276 u. 1. 
 Eel, on vases, 80. 
 Egg, bit of sheU of, 353. 
 
 ^^gypt? excavations in, as throwing light on date of Fortune (Tyche), on coin, 358. 
 
 Mycenaean civilization, 77 ; Mycenaean ware from, Fran^-ois vase, giouj) on, compared with gioup on 
 
 terra-cotta placjue, 53 ; other reference to, 195 m. 3. 
 
 Frankel, Max, references to, 195 n. 4, 196 n. 4, 204 
 n. 1, 333 and n. 1, 334, 335, 336. 
 
 Free style, terra-cotta figurines of, 9, 39. 
 
 Frog, bronze, 203 ; ivory, 352. 
 
 FiTiit, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34; on 
 terra-cotta mould, 43, 48 ; nail-head representing, 
 352. 
 
 Furtwangler and Loeschcke, classification of My- 
 cenaean vases, 62, 72, 74-77, 82 f. ; theory for 
 origin of geometric style, 66, 102 ; other references 
 to, 85, 86, 93, 119. 
 
 156. 
 
 Egyptian (or Graeco-Egyptian) objects from the 
 Argive Heraeum, 367-374 : general discussion, 
 :i67-369 ; catalogue, 370-;i74. 
 
 '"'KyptJa" horseman in terra-cotta of Egyptian manu- 
 facture, 8, 29. 
 
 ICileithyia, represented in terra-cotta groups (?), 14. 
 See also Hera Eileitliyia. 
 
 Eketluiio (?), name in inscription on bronze, 332. 
 
 Eleusis, skyphoi from, 112 «. 2, 113 notes 1, 2 ; vases 
 from, 119, 124 n. 1, 128, 132, 144, 158; pin in 
 nmseum at, 235 «. 3 ; gold ring in museum at, 261 
 
 n. 2 ; bronze plated with gold in nmseum at, 273 Furtwangler, A., interpretation of winged figures 
 
 n. 1 ; Egyptian objects from, 367, 369, 372. on Olympia reliefs, 52 ; concerning the Aristono- 
 
 iKi$, representetl on terra-cotta figurines, 10, 11, 21. thos vase, 164 ; on bronze relief in Athens, 169; 
 
 Ellipses, truncated, decoration on bronze, 27(>, 277. view as to Doryphoros of Polycleitus suppoi-ted by 
 
 Engraved stones, gems, and ivories, 343-354 ; gen- relief on lamp from Heraeum, 184 ; theory as to 
 
 
382 
 
 INDEX 
 
 INDEX 
 
 383 
 
 bronze safety-pin, 249 n. 1 ; dating of vase similar 
 to Heraeum sjiecimen, 287 n. 1, other references 
 to, 10 n. 8, 15 /}. 5, 17, 42, 51 n. 6, 52 n. 7, 53 
 n. 1, 54 ». 5, 64 «. 2, 99 n. 2, 119, 143, 160 /». 2, 
 ItU n. 3, 170. 183 n. 1, 186, 194 «. 5, 200 n. 2, 
 215 notes 1, 2, 232 «. 2, 24i^ /;. 1, 246 m. 3, 247 
 n. 2, 261 n. 1, 287 n 1, 293, 294, 325, ;«8. 5«'«' 
 a/«o Olynipia. 
 
 Galerius, coins of. 361 f. 
 
 Galley, on vase, 113 n. 2. 
 
 Gallienus. coin of, 361. 
 
 Ganiedes oinochoe, conipared with one from the He- 
 raeum, 160 and n. 1. 
 
 Gardner, E. A., references to, 29, 173, 367 n. 7. 
 
 Gear, leather, imitated in bron/.e, 275. 
 
 Gela. terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1. 
 
 Gems, Mycenaean, compared with terra-cotta plaque 
 from Heraeum, 28. See also Engi*aved stones. 
 
 Genre scenes, on vases, in geometric style, 104, 108, 
 113, 157. 
 
 Geometric, terra-cotta figurines, 5, 6, 9, 14, 23 : 
 geometric style in vases, 60, 62, 64, 101 ft., result 
 of Dorian Invasion, 66, 102, methoil of classifica- 
 tion, 101, 102, 104, difference from Mycenaean 
 vases, 102, 104, theories as to origin of, 102. de- 
 velopment of, 103, 104, connection with Dipylon 
 style, 104, 115, date of, 104, relation to Argive 
 style, 121, 157 ; '" geometric " periotl in bronzes, 
 19:i, geometric style in bronzes, 197, 200, 204, 
 geometric ornamentation on safety-pins, 242, 243 ; 
 engraved stones, Ji43, 346. 349 f. 
 
 Girtlle, bronze, 266. 
 
 Glass, vases, 184 ; bottles of, 353. 
 
 Glaze color, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 6. 
 
 Globe, on coin, 361, 362. 
 
 Goad, on vases, 162, 163, 164. 177. 
 
 Goat, on vases, 150, 153, 154, 167, 168, 169, 172, 
 174; bronze statuette from Camirus in British 
 Museum. 201 n. 1. 
 
 Giilil, bronze plated with, 273 and n. 1 ; tacks from 
 Mycenae, 325, fragments of sheet gold, 329, rivet, 
 338. 
 
 Goose, on vases, 159, 167. 
 
 Gordion. fibulae from, 246 notes 2, 4. 
 
 Gorgon, terra-cotta figurine rej)resenting (?), 28 : on 
 terra-cotta plaque (?), 52 ; gorgoneion on vase frag- 
 ment, 171 ; on ivory, 351. 
 
 Gospel, book of the, on coins, 363. 
 
 Graeco-Egyptian. See Egyptian. 
 
 Gratian, coin of, 362. 
 
 Greaves, on vases, 161, 162, 172, 177. 
 
 Greece, coins of, 357 ff. 
 
 Griffin, terra-cotta, head of. 41 ; on vases. 152, 171 ; 
 on bronzes, 193. 274, 294 ; on engraved stones, 
 350; on ivory, 351, 352; on scarab. 371. 
 
 Griffith, F. LI., references to, 367 «. 2, 370, 371. 373. 
 
 GuiUoche, on vases, 82, 86, 87, 88, 107, 109, 129, 
 130, 14;i, 145, 158, 161, 162, 163 ; on bronzes, 266, 
 293. 
 
 Gurlitt, W., reference to, 196 n. 1. 
 
 Hadaczek. C, references to, 44 n., 240 n. 4. 
 
 Hadrian, heail of, on coins, 359, >MK). 
 
 Haghios Sostis, terra-cotta figurines from, 9. 
 
 Hair, development of, on terra-cotta figurines, 12 ; 
 treatment of, on terra-cotta platpie, 49, on vase, 
 154 ; bronze, lock of, 194, treatment of, 195 and 
 note* 3, 4, 197, 287. 
 
 Hallstatt perio4l, vase fragments in Vienna from 
 graves of, 69 ; in relation to geometric style, 103. 
 
 Halo, on coins, 363. 
 
 Handles, bronze, rings used as, 254 n. 1, of mirrors, 
 2&4-266, pUtes with, 275-277, bowls with, 285, 
 of vessels, 288-294, of tripods, 295, miscellaneous, 
 297 f. 
 
 Hare, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 w. 4, 35; on 
 vases. 146. 147 ; porcelain figure of, 373. 
 
 Harness, bronze, 275. 
 
 Harpy, terra-cotta, 41. 
 
 Hartwig, P., enumeration of |K)lychrome vases, 179 f. 
 
 Hawk, on scarabs. 370, 371. 
 
 Hebe, representeil in terra-cotta grou|)8 (?), 13, 22. 
 
 Heermance, T. W., Inscriptions on Vases, 185-187. 
 
 Helbig, W., references to, 10, 53 «. 1, 118, 119, \(i» 
 M. 1, IW, 295. 
 
 Helladios, name in inscription on bronze, 332. 
 
 Helmet, on terra-ootta figurines. 40; on vases. 148, 
 152, 161, 162. 164, 170, 172, 174, 183; on coins, 
 361, 362. 
 
 Hemispherical engraved stones, 345. 346, 347. 
 
 Hera, seateil figures of, 5, 15, representetl in terra- 
 cotta figurines (?), 13, 22 ; cult of, 68 ; name in 
 inscriptions, on vases, 185 f., on bronze, 332. li-'tti, 
 337. 338 ; on terra-cotta disk (?), 354 ; head of, 
 on coin, 359. 
 
 Hera Antheia, 16, 35; terra-cotta figurines repre- 
 senting (?), 10, 21. 
 
 Hera Eileithyia. 13 «. 7, 15 h. 4, 30. 
 
 Hera 'inrio?, 40. 
 
 Hera, of Polycleitus, 13, 39 ; in group with Hebe, 22. 
 
 Heraea, 22 m. 1, 336. 
 
 Herakles, on vases, 163, 177, 181. 
 
 •'Heraldic'* schema, lions on terra-cotta plaque, 7, 
 28; on vases, 90, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 
 118, 127, 169. 
 
 Herotlotus, references to, 65 n. 1, 174 notes 1, 2, 
 175 and n. 1, 193, 336. 
 
 Herring-bone jiattern. on vases, 69. 70, 87, 92. 130, 
 146, 181. 
 
 Heuzey. L.. concerning development of " Bes " tyj>e, 
 28 ; concerning Rhodian ware, 37 ; other references 
 to, 10 ». 1, 14 n. 5, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36, 
 37, 41, 197 «. 3. 
 
 Himation, on vase, 169 ; on bronze, 265. 
 
 Hinge, bronze, 328. 
 
 Hissarlik, primitive vases from, 18, compared with 
 
 those from Heraeum, 68, 70, 97. See also Troy. 
 Hogarth, D. G., statement as to winged human figures 
 of " Mycenaean " style discovered by him in Crete, 
 50 ». 5 ; excavations in Melos, 66 ; other refer- 
 ences to, 202 n. 1, 217 n. 1, 232 «. 1, 299 n. 1. 
 HoUeaux, M., references to, 51 n. 9, 194 n. 5, 195 n. 4. 
 Homer, quoted, 11 notes 4 and 5. 
 HomoUe, Th., reference to, 195. 
 Hooks, bronze, 324. 
 Hoppin, J. C, The Vases and Vase Fragments, 57- 
 
 184. See also Waldstein. 
 Horse, terra-cotta, 6, 15, 23, 29, 40, 41 ; head of, 
 terra-cotta, 41 ; on terra-cotta plaques, 48, 53, 54 ; 
 on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90, in geometric 
 style, 108, 109 ff., 114, 115, 116, 117, with hunmn 
 figures. 111, 112, 117, 118 ; in Argive style, 130, 
 148, 150, 152, 154, 162, 163, 164, 165; in Corin- 
 thian style, 172, 173, 174; in black-figured style, 
 176, 177, 178 ; in red-figured style, 179 ; on " red " 
 ware, 182 ; on Megarean ware, 183 ; on lamj), 
 184; of bronze, 197-200; on bronze, 243, 265, 
 273 ». 1 ; on engraved stones, 343, 347, with hu- 
 man figures, 347, winge<l, 348 ; on coins, 357, 361. 
 Horseman, terra-cotta, 8, 29; on vases, 177, 178, 
 182, 183; bronze statuette of, 194 f., 196 n. 4, po- 
 sition as shown on vases, 194 «. 3, and in bronze 
 rider in National Museum, Athens, 194 n. 4, com- 
 pared with other examples in marble, 194 n. 5 ; on 
 coins, 357, 358, 361, 362. 
 Horseshoe ornament, on bronze, 249, 266, 299 ; 
 
 shape, in links of bronze chain, 327. 
 House, on engrave<l stones, as in Cretan pictograplis, 
 
 347, 348. 
 Household use, articles for, in ivory, 353. 
 Human figure, on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90 f., 
 in geometric style, 104, 107 ff., Ill ff., in Orien- 
 tal Argive, 150, 151, 152, in miscellaneous types, 
 162, 163, on Corinthian vases, 169, in black-fig- 
 ured style, 177, 178, on " red " ware, 182, 183 ; 
 on lamp, 184 ; on bronze, bearde<l, draped, 265 ; on 
 engrave<l stones, ;U3, 346, 347, 348, 349 ; in ivory, 
 353 ; on coins, 359, 361, 362, 363 ; in porcekin,' 
 373. See also Horse. 
 Human head, on vases, 106, 131, 146, 148 (plastic), 
 170 (pUstic), 177; on coins, 357, 358, 359, 360, 
 361, ;W2, 363 ; of porcelain, 372. 
 Hylleis (HwAes), in inscription on bronze, 333. 
 
 lalysos, vvses from, 82, 93. 
 " lalysos " types (funnel-shaped vases), 88. 
 Ibex, on scarab, 371. 
 
 Idols, terra-cotta, 22 ; resemblance of bronze to. 272. 
 tcpo? -ya/iot, represented in terra-cotta groups (?), 22 ; 
 relation of Heraea to, 22 n, 1. 
 
 Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, reference to, 78. 
 
 Implements, utensils, structural pieces and materials, 
 in bronze, 298-331. 
 
 It for t, in inscription on bronze, 333. 
 
 In^, fibula from, 247 n. 1. 
 
 Inscribed bronzes, ring, 250, mirror-handle, 265, 
 binding-strip, 270, inscribed plates, 273 f., vessels 
 of bronze, 277, 278, 284, 297, antyx, 298, bar. 331. 
 
 Inscriptions, on vases, painted, 185, incised, 185- 
 187 ; on bronze, 332-339 ; on silver ring from 
 Heraeum, 338 ; on silver pin in British Museum 
 said to be from near Heraeum, 339. See also In- 
 scribed bronzes and Egyptian objects. 
 
 Intaglio, ornament on seals, bronze, 250 f. 
 
 Interaction of vase painting and coroplastic art, 6 
 and «. 9, 7. 
 
 Inverted design, 91. 151 ff. 
 
 lo, Hellenistic identification of Isis with, 197. 
 
 Iron, 203, 243, 270, 274, 296, 302, 324, 327, 329, 
 330. See also Pins. 
 
 Isis, 197 ; headdress of, compared with that of terra- 
 cotta figurine, 13 n. 4. 
 
 '* Island stone" from bee-hive tomb near Heraeum, 92. 
 
 'uTdfuov, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11. 
 
 Ivories, 351-353. 
 
 Ivory, pins from Mycenae, Tiryns, and Troy, 208 
 n. 2, from Mycenae, 217 n. 1 ; seal of, 251. 
 
 Ivy pattern, 145, 146, 161, 177, 178. 
 
 Jackal, on scarab, 371. 
 
 Jars, bronze, 286. 
 
 John Zimisces, coins of, 363. 
 
 Jones, H, Stuart, reference to, 48 n. 1. 
 
 Jugs (Kannen), 73, 84, 92, 93, 96, 99, 105, 107, 114, 
 118, 131, 132, 143, 145, 153, 154 ; tea-pot shaped, 
 94, 117, 143 ; with three liandles, 71, %, 100, 101. 
 
 Julia Domna, head and bust of, on coin, 359 ; coin of, 
 361. 
 
 Julian (called the Apostate), coin of, 362. 
 
 Jupiter, on coin, 362. 
 
 Kabbadias, P., references to, 36, 195 n. 4, 367. 
 
 Kabirion. See Cabirion. 
 
 Kalathoi, 124, 125, 144. See Calathos. 
 
 Kalkmann, A., his measurements, 195, 196. 
 
 Kameiros. See Camirus. 
 
 Karneia. See Cameia. 
 
 Kavousi, pin from, 241 n. 7. 
 
 Kekule von Stradonitz, R., references to, 35, 36. 37, 
 
 41, .52. 
 Keros, terra-cotta figurines from. 112. 
 Kertsch, terra-cotta figurine from, 35. 
 Key, bronze, 299. 
 Kithara, on vase, 112. 
 Knives, bronze, 299 f. 
 Knobs of covers, vases, 140 ff. 
 Koehler, U., references to, 112, 333. 
 
884 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Koppa, on inscribed vase. 186 ; on coins, 357 f. 
 
 96pioi'<K, name inscribed on vase, 186. 
 
 Kore, represented in terra-cotta groups, 14, -2. 
 
 Kiirte, A., references to. 68, 70, 71, 97, 332. 
 
 Korte, G., references to, 196 n. 2. 197 n. 3. 
 
 Kiirte. G. and A., references to, 246 notes 2, 4. 
 
 Kothons. 143. 166. 
 
 KovpoTp6(fio<; figures, of terra-cotta, 12 n. 1, 13, 19. 
 
 21, 25. 
 Kylix. See Cylix. 
 
 Labeo. L. Furius, name on coin, 358. 
 
 Laconia. coins of, 358 f. 
 
 Ladle, bronze. 296 f. 
 
 Lamps, 180, ISS f. 
 
 Larisa. coin of. 357 : head of. on coin, XiT. 
 
 Laurent. M., fragment of vase from Heraeuni pub- 
 lished by, 113. 164 H. 2. 165 n. 1. 
 
 Leaf pattern, on vases. 80. 81. 93, 105, 131, 146, 18»3 : 
 on bronzes, 233, 266, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 296. 
 297, 299, 328. 
 
 Leather gear, imitated in bronze, 275. 
 
 Leaves, bronze, 274. 
 
 Lechat. H.. references to, 14 n. 4, 34, 35. 
 
 Lekythoi. 119, 122. 123. 124. 126, 127, 131, 145, 146, 
 148, 151, 158, 176, 178. 197 «. 3. 
 
 Lenticular shape, engraved stones of. 346. 350. 
 
 Leto. in group with Chloris, on coin, 359. 
 
 Licinius. coin of, 362. 
 
 Linear development of Argive style, in vases, 62. 66, 
 88, 120. 121. See Argive- Linear. 
 
 Lion, terra-cotta, attacking bull, 15, 39 f.. heraldic, on 
 placpie, 7, 28, on plac^ues, 48, 54 ; on vases, 146, 
 151, 153, 159, 160, 161, 167, 169, 171, 177, 182; 
 bronze, in relief, 198, 199. 293, in the round, 202, 
 203, 235 (head of), on bow of safety-pin, 249, in- 
 taglio on seal ring, 250, on gold breastplate from 
 Cervetri. 251 w. 1, lion's feet tripod standards. 
 295 f., paw of, 331 ; on engraved stone, 350 ; on 
 ivory, 351 ; skin of, on coin, 359 ; head of, on coin, 
 363.' 
 
 Lion Gate at Mycenae, compared with terra-cotta 
 plaque from Heraeum. 28. 
 
 Lizard, on vases, 115, 147: on bronze. 198. 
 
 Local varieties of vases at the Heraeum, 62, 176. 
 
 Loeschcke, G. See Furtwangler and Loeschcke. 
 
 Loop pattern, on vases. 86. 87. 88. 94. 
 
 Lorimer. H. L.. reference to. 298. 
 
 Lotus, on vases, 137, 138, 145, 167. 178 ; on bronzes. 
 19t) f., 285. 
 
 Louvre, relief vase in. 49 n. 1 ; other vases in. com- 
 pared with Heraeum vases. 84. 100, 127, 131, 163, 
 180 : torso from Actium in, 194 ; hydria of Tima- 
 goras in, 195 n. 3. 
 
 Lozenge, on vases. 70, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 105, 106, 
 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 127, 
 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 137, 143, 147, 148, 152, 
 
 157, 162 : lozenge shape, engraved stones, 346. 
 'MS. 
 
 Lusi. ]>in-head from, 213 n. 1 : pin from, 220 «. 1 ; 
 fibula from. 240 n. 4. 241 notes 1 and 7. 
 
 Lythgoe. A. M.. Egyptian or Graeco-Kgyptian Ob- 
 jects from the Argive Heraeum, .{67-374. 
 
 Maeander. on vases. 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 
 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 129, I'M), 133, 134, 135, 
 136, 137, 157, 158. 162 ; on bronze, 229. 
 
 Maenad, on vase, 179. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, head of, on coins. XiS, .'i59. 
 
 Martha, J., references to, 6 w. 8, 9 m. 6. 14 w. 5, 19. 
 21, 24, 28. 32 v. 1, 34. 36, 40, 41. 42. 298. 
 
 Maspero. G.. references to, 369 n. 2, 371, 373, 374. 
 
 Mascpies of terra-cotta. 38. 
 
 Medical instruments, bronze, Ii03, 323. 
 
 Megara Hyblaea, terra-cottas from. 14 /». 6, 28. 'M. 
 37,42, 43: vases from, 99 n. 1, 100, 119, 131, 
 144. 154. 155 : pin from, 218 h. 2, 223 n. 2 : rings 
 from. 251 n. 3, 264 notes 1 and 3, 327. 
 
 Megarean vases, 62, 180, 182 f. 
 
 Melian vases, 159, 163. 
 
 Melos. terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1. {x>ttery 
 from, 66, 71, 154, 276 n. 1 ; engraved stone from, 
 349. 
 
 Menidhi, vase from, 161 : bronze pin from, 213 m. 2. 
 
 Mikos. name on inscribed vase, 186. 
 
 Milchhiifer. A., theory as to bronze j)ins and spits. 2.'i5 
 w. 3; other references to, 50 n. 4, 52 n. 5, 181. 
 2:^5 notes 3 and 5, 313 m. 1, 329. 
 
 Mirrors and mirror-handles, bronze, 264-266 ; mirror- 
 handle, 196 n. 3. 
 
 Miscellaneous types of vases, 159-165. 
 
 Moncucco, pins of Italic ty])e from, 207 n. 3. 
 
 Monkey, terra-cotta, 15, 42 ; on seal of silver ring 
 from Heraeum (?), 338. 
 
 Montelius. O., references to, 10 notes 8 and 12. 11 and 
 n. 2, 207 n. 3, 208 w. 3, 215 n. 2, 228 «. 1, 235 
 n. 2, 240 notes 1, 3, 6, 241 notes 3-6, 242 notes 1, 
 2, 244 «. 4, 298, 327. 
 
 Moulds, use of, for terra-cotta figurines, 7. 8 ; of terra- 
 cotta, 43, 48 : vases, 181. 
 
 Mouse, bronze. 203. 
 
 Murex, on terra-cotta mould. 48, 49; on vases, 81, 
 82, 85, 86, 157. 
 
 Murray. A. S., references to, 191 w. 1, 217 w. 2, 367 
 n. 6,' 372. 
 
 Mycenae, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 «. 2, 22 ; 
 whorls from, 44 ; bull's head from, 23 ; vases from, 
 71, 78, 97, 102, 108, 113 (sUver), 161, 181 ; pins 
 from, compared with bronze pins from Heraeum, 
 208 w. 2, 209 n. 1 ; bronze tacks from. 214 n. 1 ; 
 pins from, 217 n. 1 ; fibulae from, 240 w. 2. 241 
 n. 7. 244 w. 4 ; gold ring from, 250 n. 3, 251 n. 3, 
 gold disks from. 269 n. 2 ; bronze saucer from, 
 278 ; gold cup from, 283 n. 1 ; amphora from, 287 
 
 INDEX 
 
 885 
 
 n. 1 ; knives from, 300 ; gold tacks and bronze 
 nails from, 325. 
 
 Mycenaean style in vases, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 
 linear development of, 66, 88, (wigin of, 71, with 
 "dull" decoration, 71-74, 156, with "lustrous" 
 decoration, 74-91, 156, from bee-hive tombs, 91- 
 95, classification of, 74-77, date of, 77, 78, survival 
 of Mycenaean style, 105, 126 ; in bronzes, 193. 
 
 Mycenaean, terra-cotta figurines, 5, 9, 14, 22 f. ; en- 
 graved stones, 346, 350. 
 
 Nails, bronze, 324-327. 
 
 Naples, vases in Museum at, compared with He- 
 raeum specimens, 131, 135, 155, 166 n. 2. 
 
 Naturalism, in Mycenaean vases, 76, 81. 
 
 Naturalistic style, in bronzes, horses, 200, cattle, 201, 
 Hon, rodent, frog, 203, serjients, 204, birds, 206. 
 
 Naucratis, " cake-stamps " from, 48 ; pottery from, 
 135, 159, 178, 180 ; Egyptian objects from, 367, 
 368, 372. 
 
 Naukydes, group of Hera and Hebe by, 22. 
 
 Nauplia, vases found at, 78, 84. 
 
 Necklace, forms of, on terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; in 
 zigzag pattern, bronze, 196 ; compared with terra- 
 cottas from Heraeum, 196 n. 5 ; on terra-cotta 
 figurines from Terravecchia, 267 n. 2. 
 
 Nee<lle, bronze, 250 ; ivory, 92, 353. 
 
 Nemean lion, Hei-akles and, on vases, 177. 
 
 Nero, head of, on coin, 360. 
 
 Nessos, on vases, 163. 
 
 Net ornament, on vases, 82, 105, 107. 
 
 Neuchatel and Brienne lakes, pins from, 217 n. 1. 
 
 Nicandra, statue, 8, 30. 
 
 Nikasias, name in inscription on bronze, 337. 
 
 Nik^, on vase, 183 ; on coins, 358, 361. 
 
 Nik^ of Archermus. See Archermus. 
 
 Norton, R, Engraved Stones, Gems, and Ivories, 
 343-354 ; theory as to flower ornament on bronze 
 pin-heads, 234 n. 2 ; suggestion as to cut figure of 
 bronze, 274 n. 2. 
 
 Novilara, bronze ring from, compared with bronzes 
 from Heraeum, 258 7i. 1. 
 
 Nude female type, fragment of bronze statuette of, 
 196 and n. 2. 
 
 NyinpJvaea caenUea^ 373. 
 
 Obsidian, fragments of, found at Heraeum, 353. 
 
 Oinochoai, 69, 70 (?), 71, 99, 100, 107, 126, 128-131, 
 144, 145, 148-151, 159, 160, 166, 168, 170. 
 
 Olive branch on coins, 361. 
 
 Olympia, figures of animab found at, 6 ; bronze re- 
 liefs from, compared with terra-cotta reliefs from 
 Heraeum, 51, 52; tripods from, 164; bronzes 
 from, compared with Heraeum bronzes, 193, 194 
 n. 2, 195, 198 notes 1, 2, 3, 199 notes 1, 2, 200 
 notes 1, 2, 201 n. 2, 202 n. 4, 204 notes 2, 3, 205 
 notes 1, 2, 216 notes 1, 2, 219 n. 1, 223 n. 1, 225 
 
 n. 1, 226 n. 1, 230, 232 n. 2, 235 n. 2, 240 notes 5, 
 6, 242 notes 1-4, 243 notes 1, 3, 244 n. 1, 246 
 notes 1, 3, 247 7iotes 1, 2, 249 n. 1, 250 n. 1, 259 
 n. 1, 261 notes 1, 4, 262 notes 1, 2, 264 notes 1-6, 
 265 n. 3, 267 n. 2, 269 n. 3, 270 n. 1, 275, 283, 
 287 n. 1, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 
 297, 298, 299, 325, 326, 327, 329; ivory from, 
 351. 
 
 Open-work vases, 144. 
 
 Orchomenos, vases from, 119, 153, 155 ; " Apollo " 
 statue from, 195 n. 4. 
 
 Oriental influence in terrarcotta figurines, 7, 8 n. 3, 
 9, 13 and n. 4, 28 f.; in terra-cotta plaques, 49, 
 52, 54 ; in vases, 66, 121, 122, 144, 145, 163, 182 ; 
 in bronzes, 193 ; in lotus headdress of bronze statu- 
 ette, 196 f., in cattle, 202, explanation of term 
 Oriental as used in connection with the bronzes, 
 202, in lion, 203, in ivories, 251. 
 
 opfiXK, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; gold 
 hormits from Camirus, 51. 
 
 Ornament and toilet, bronze articles, 207-275; cut 
 ornaments of bronze, 274; ornamented bronze 
 bands, 270 ; ornaments of bronze vessels, 294 
 
 Orsi, P., Sicilian terra-cottas published by, 3 n. 3, 10 
 n. 1, 14 «. 6 ; on " Bes " type, 28 ; on " Spes " type, 
 34 ; other references to, 35, 37, 43, 133, 218 n. 2, 
 223 n. 2, 232 n. 1, 251 n. 3, 254 n. 1, 264 notes 
 1, 3, 267 n. 2, 295, 327. 
 
 Osiris crown, translation of, into terms of lotus, 197 
 n. 4. 
 
 Oven, terra-cotta, 15. 
 
 Owl, on vases, 147, 148, 168, 172. 
 
 Ox. See Cattle. 
 
 Oxides, process of removing, 192 and n. 2; iron 
 oxide, 330. 
 
 Pallat, L., references to, 133, 135, 138, 143, 152, 
 
 153, 158. 
 Palm-tree, on vases, 85, 87. 
 Palmette, on vases, 135, 136, 138, 145, 146, 147, 
 
 154, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 
 
 174, 177, 179, 182 ; on bronzes, 197, 265, 285, 287. 
 Pan, terra-cotta, 37. 
 Panther, on vases, 115, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 
 
 154, 167, 168, 170, 171, 177, 182. 
 Patera, vase, 178 ; bronze, from Tiryns, 275. 
 Patrae, coin of, 358. 
 Pausanias, references to, 5 n. 2, 13, 22 n. 1, 174 n. 3, 
 
 234 n. 2, 333. 
 Peacock (?), of bronze, 205, 206 n. 1. 
 Pegasus, on coins, 357, 358. 
 " Pelasgian " origin of Mycenaean style, 71. 
 Pendants, earrings with, on terra-cotta figurines, 12 ; 
 
 bronze, 264 ; in Museo Kircheriano, 264 ?i. 5 ; from 
 
 Megara Hyblaea, 327. 
 Peregrinus, L. Aerius, name on coin, 358. 
 Pernice, E., references to, 113 n. 2, 154. 
 
386 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Tcpdrai, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11, 18, 
 
 19, 20. See Pins. 
 Perrot and Chipiez, references to, 11 and n. 9, 18, 23, 
 
 36, 40, 95 n. 1, 195 n. 2, 196 w. 5, 197 //. 1. 
 " Persian Artemis," analogy of figure on terra-cotta 
 
 ]>laque to, 50, 52, 54. 
 Pestle, bronze, 324. 
 Petasus, on coin, 357. 
 Petersen, E., reference to, 197. 
 Petrie, W. M. Flinders, references to, 29, 66, 77, 85, 
 
 91, 156, :i67 and notes 3, 7, 370, 371, 373. 
 Phaleron jugs, 122, 153, 160 and tu 1. 
 <f>ddfiaTa, in inscription on bronze, 333. 
 Phiale, 178. See Saucers atid Plates. 
 Phidon, of Argos, date of, 64 f . 
 Phillias (?), name in inscription on bronze, 332. 
 Philostratus ijuoted, 15 n. 4. 
 Phocis, coin of, 357. 
 
 Phoenician ware, in British Museum and Louvre, 
 analogous to Heraeum vase fragments, 68 ; l>ottle, 
 from Heraeum, 353. 
 Phylakopi, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1 ; deco- 
 ration on fragment of pottery from, 276 ». 1 ; knives 
 from, 300. 
 Pig, terra-cotta, 15, 41. 
 Pilos, on terra-cotta figurine, 16, 17. 
 Pinakes, terra-cotta, 47, 54 ; pottery, 117. 
 Pindar, quoted. 51 n. 4. 
 
 Pins, bronze, 203, straight, 191, 207-239, 309, 311, 
 321, safety-pins, 240-249, pseudo-safety-pins, 249 
 f.: pin of iron separable from bronze head, 209, 210, 
 213, 216, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 
 231, 232 (stem and corrugation of pin of iron), 246, 
 247, 248, pin of copj)er, separable from bronze head, 
 216, 225, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240 : of ivory, 353. 
 Pipes, on lamp, youth playing, 184 ; |>orcelain figure 
 
 of A]x)llo playing, 373. 
 Pirasos, seated figure of Hera by, 5, 13. 
 Pitcher, bronze, 286. 
 Pithoi, 68, 116, 181, 182. 
 
 Plaques, terra-cotta, 47-54. See Terra-cotta reliefs. 
 Plates, potterj', 80, 107, 115, 116, 126, 141, 142, 
 145, 154, 159, 166, 172, 176 ; from Aegina, 116, 
 120 n. 1 ; bronze, 272-274, 275-277. 
 Platters, bronze, 277 f. 
 Plektron, bronze, 324. 
 Polos, representation of, on terra-cotta figurines, 5, 12, 
 
 13 and n. 6. 
 Polychrome vases, 158, 178, 179 f. 
 Polycleitus, group of Hera and Hebe by, 22 ; Dory- 
 
 phoros of, 184. See also Hera. 
 Polymedes, statue at Delphi by, compared with bronze 
 
 statuette, 195. 
 Pomegranate, terra-cotta figure holding (?), 15 ». 4 ; 
 on vases, 148, 170, 173, 174 ; on bronzes, 234 n. 2. 
 Pot-hooks, on vases, 107, 126, 127, 130, 137, 145, 
 148, 154, 173. 
 
 Potter's wheel, use of, in terra-cotta figurines, 7. 
 Pottery. See Vases. 
 
 Pottier, E., reference to, 68 n. 1, 127, 135, 155, 181. 
 Pottier and Reinach, interpretation of terra-cotta 
 
 cones, 15 n. 10, 42. 
 Praesos, gold rosette from, 232 n. 1. 
 Prehistoric style. See Primitive. 
 Primitive Argive, terra-cotta figurines, 4, 9, 16 f. 
 Primitive style in vases, 60, 62, 68 ff. ; date of, 68, 
 
 69. 
 Primitive period in bronzes, 193. 
 Primitive style in engrave<l stones and gems, 345. 
 Probus, coins of, 361. 
 '* Proto-Corinthian vases," 61, 62, 63, 64 and n. 9, 66, 
 
 67, 122. See also Argive. 
 Pseud-amphoras (BUgelkanne), 77, 85, 87, 88, 90, 
 
 92, 95. 
 Pseudo-safety-pins, bronze, 249 f. 
 Ptah, porcelain figure of, 372. 
 Ptoan Apollo. See A.\w\\o. 
 Punctuation in inscriptions, 333. 
 Pupienus, coin of, 361. 
 Purple fish. See Murex. 
 Pyramid sluipe in engraved stones, 349. 
 I^xides, 87, 123, 126, 133, 136-139, 145, 148, 153, 
 
 164, 166, 168, 169, 181. 
 
 Quadriga, on terracotta plaques, 48, 53 ; on vases, 
 
 113, 178. 
 Quiver, on coin, 359. 
 
 Rabbit, porcelain figure of, 368. 
 
 Radowitz, Hen- von, lekythos in collection of, 146. 
 
 Ram, terra-cotta, 15 ; hea<l of, 41 ; on vases, 168 ; of 
 bronze, 201 ; ram's horn in Osiris crown, 197 ; on 
 ivory, 353. 
 
 Rayet, O., and M. Collignon, references to, 6 w. 10, 
 23, 160 n. 1. 
 
 Rays, on vases, 70, 82, 91, 101, 106, 110, 111, 114, 
 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 
 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148. 149, 150, 
 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 162, 166, 167, 
 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 178 ; on bronzes, 269, 
 280, 281, 282, 331. 
 
 Rectangular engraved stones, 346, 348. 
 
 Red-figured style, in vases, 60, 62, 65, 174, 178-180. 
 
 " Red " ware, vases, 180-182, and 180 n. 4. 
 
 Reichel, W., and A. Wilhelm. See Lusi. 
 
 Reinach, S., concerning female figures with horses, 40. 
 See also Pottier. 
 
 Relief, vases in, 180. 
 
 Reliefs, terra-cotta. See Terra-cotta. 
 
 Remedello, silver pin from, 215 n. 2. 
 
 Retrograde inscriptions, on vase, 186; on bronze, 
 
 ;«2f. 
 
 Rhodes, influence of, in terra-cotta figurines, 15, 37, 
 in vases, 151 ; connection with Argos, 51 ; vases 
 
 INDEX 
 
 387 
 
 from, compared with those from Heraeum, 71, 135 
 154, 159, 163. 
 Rhyton, 179. 
 
 Rioliardson, R. B., reference to, 338 n. 1. 
 
 Ridgeway, W., references to, 9 n. 6, 260 n. 2. 
 
 Rims, bronze, 272. 
 
 Ring-form aryballos, 143, 148 «. 1. 
 
 Rings, of terra^jotta, 16, 44 ; of bronze, 92, 191, 
 250-264, finger-rings, 250 f., bracelets, 251, decora- 
 tive, 251-263, structural, 263 f., wire twisted into 
 form of, 264 n. 1 ; silver ring from Heraeum, 338. 
 
 Robinson, E., interiiretation of vase, 162 and n. 1. 
 
 Rwlent, bronze, 203. 
 
 Rods, bronze, 294. 
 
 Rogers, J. D., references to inscription from He- 
 raeum publishetl by, 273 iu 2, 333 and notes 1, 3, 
 5, 334, Xio, 336. 
 
 Rolfe, J. C, references to, 299, 339. 
 
 Roma, on coin, ,362. 
 
 Roman ware, 62, 180, 183 f. 
 
 Rome, coins of, 361 ff. 
 
 Rooster, on vase, 168. 
 
 Rosettes, on earrings of terra-cotta figurines, 12, 21, 
 27, on brooch of same, 21, 25, on dress of, 26, on 
 headdress of, 13, 27 ; on terra-cotta spools, 44 ; on 
 tenuKsotU pla<iue8, 48, 54 ; on vases, 70, 80, 84, 
 86,87, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 
 127, i;30, 131, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 
 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 
 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 184 ; on bronzes, 
 196, 197, 201 n. 3, 202, 203, 217 n. 2, 218, 219, 
 232 and n. 1, 251, 265, 268, 269, 270, 276 n. 1, 
 277, 281, 283, 325, 330 ; on engraved stone, 350 ; 
 on ivory, 352 ; on coin, 363 ; on iwrcelain whorl, 
 373. 
 
 Running-dog pattern, on terra^jotta figurine, 31 ; on 
 vases, 85, 87, 88, 105, 107, 111, 116, 128, 131, 
 137, 142, 157, 159. 
 
 Ruvo, cylix from, compared with one from Heraeum, 
 180. 
 
 Safety-pins. See Pins. 
 
 Sail or saucer pattern safety-pins, bronze, 242. 
 
 Salamis, bronze rings from, 250 n. 3. 
 
 Sambuka, Koelder's theory as to, 112. 
 
 Sandal, terra-cotta foot with, 16, 43. 
 
 Sanguisnga tyjie of fibulae, 244 n. 4. 
 
 fram type, of terra-cotta figurines, 30. 
 
 Sanitary vases, 93. 
 
 Satyr, terra-cotta figurine representing (?), 37 ; on 
 
 vases, 177, 178, 179, 180 ; on bronze mirror-liandle, 
 
 ithyphallic satyr, 265. 
 Saucer pattern. See Sail or saucer pattern. 
 Saucers, vases, 96 ff., 125 ff., 158, 159 ; bronze, 278- 
 
 284. 
 
 Scale pattern, on vases, 88, 155, 162; on bronzes, 
 265, 274, 285. 
 
 Scarabaeus, on scarabeoids, 371, 372. 
 Scarabeoids, from Heraeum, 369, 371, 372. 
 Scarabs, 352, 368, 370 f. 
 
 Schliemann, H., concerning " unpainted " terra-cottas 
 from Tiryns, 6 7i. 4 ; concerning "bands" on 
 terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; oUier references to, 9 
 n. 5, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 41, 42, 44 
 78, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 143 n. 5, 160 n. 1, 283 
 n. 1, 345. 
 Sclu^iber, Th., reference to, 195 n. 4. 
 Scorpion, on vases, 115, 147 ; on engiaved stone, 349. 
 Scraper, bronze, 300. 
 Seals, bronze, 250 f., 264 ; use of engraved stones as, 
 
 344. 
 Searles, Helen M., reference to, 333. 
 Seri)ent, terra-cotta, 15, head of, 41 ; bronze, 198 
 
 204, 242, 251, 286, 289, 293. See also Snake. 
 Sheep, on vase, 170 (plastic) ; bronze, 201. 
 Sheet bronze, objects in, 266-274. 
 Sheet gold, fragments of, 329. 
 
 Shield, on terra-cotta figurines, 40 ; on vases, 112 
 and «. 2, 148, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 172, 
 177, 179, 183 ; shields from Dictaean Cave, 299 
 n. 1 ; shield rim, binding of, 328 ; shield shai)e, 
 engraved stones, 346, 348 ; on coins, 358, 361, 362. 
 Ship, on vase fragment, 113 and n. 2. 
 Sickle, bronze, 299. 
 
 Sicily, terra-cottas from, compared with those from 
 Heraeum, 3 n. 3, 10 n. 1, 14 9iotes 4 and 6, 52 ; 
 vases from, 64 ; name in inscription on bronze, 338. 
 See also Orsi. 
 Sicyon, coin of, 358. 
 Sicyonia. See Sicyon. 
 Sicyonian inscription, 117 ??. 1, 185. 
 Silenus, head of, in relief on vase, 187. 
 Silver, pin from Heraeum in British Museum, 191 
 n. 1, 217 n. 2, 339 ; pin from Remedello, 215 n. 2 ; 
 ring from Heraeum, 338 ; coins of, 357, 358. 
 Siren, terra-cotta, 41 ; on vases, 150, 151, 152, 153, 
 
 167, 172. 
 Sistrum, on coin, 359. 
 Situla, silver, in Florence, compared with vase from 
 
 Heraeum, 148 ; on coin, 359. 
 Skyphoi, 74, 91, 107, 108 n. 1, 112 n. 2 and 113 n. 
 1, 2 (from Eleusis), 117, 118, 123, 126, 132-136, 
 138, 144, 145, 148, 151-153, 158, 166, 167, 168, 
 173, 176, 177, 179. 
 Slip, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 6, 7, 9. 
 Smith, Cecil, concerning stamps in British Museum 
 similar to terra-cotta mould from Heraeum, 48 f. ; 
 excavations in Melos, 66 ; other references to, 64 
 n. 2, 122, 156. 
 Snake, on vases, 69 n. 1, 80, 98, 105, 106, 126, 128, 
 130, 134, 135, 137, 142, 159, 160, 174; bronze, 
 head of, 249, 274; on engraved stones, 343, 347, 
 348,350,352. ^ec oZso Serpent 
 Sodamos (?), name in inscription on bronze, 333. 
 
i ! 
 
 888 
 
 INDEX 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sparta, pins in Museum at, 23o n. 3. 
 
 Spatula, bronze, 299. 
 
 Spear, on vases, 112, 150, 161, 162, 164, 169, 170, 
 
 172, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184 ; on coin, 357, 361. 
 Spear-butt, bronze, 323 f. 
 ** Spes " type, terra-cotta figurines, 34. 
 Sphinx, terra-cotta, 8, 29 ; on vases, 148, 149, 150, 
 
 154, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 182 ; 
 
 bronze, 197 n. 2, 287 ; blue-glazed frit figure of, 
 
 371. 
 Spider, on engraved stone, 348. 
 Spirals, on vases, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, 
 
 93, 94, 105, 130, 154, 156 ; on coin, 360. 
 Spits, bronze, 239, 300-^23, 326. 
 Spool-feet. See Tripods. 
 Spool shape, engraved stones, 345, 348. 
 Spools, terra-cotta, 15, 44. 
 Spoon, of ivory, 353. 
 Stag, terra-cotta figurine holding (?), 35 ; on vases, 
 
 150, 164, 169 ; on scarabs, 368. 
 Stamnos, 172. 
 
 Standards, bronze, 331. See also Tripods. 
 Star pattern, on vases, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 137, 
 
 142, 154, 168 ; on bronze, 275, 281 ; on engravetl 
 
 stone, 345 ; on ivory, 351, 352 ; on coin, 361. 
 Star-fish pattern, on engraved stones, 349. 
 Statues, fragments of, in bronze, 194. 
 Statuettes, in bronze, 194-196, fragments of, 196 f. 
 
 See also Terra-cotta figurines. 
 Steatite, as material for engravetl stones, 343, 344. 
 Stephan^, representation of, on terra-cotta figurines, 
 
 12, 13 and w. 6, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 
 
 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38. 
 Stephanos, representation of, on terra-eotta figurines, 
 
 12, 13 and «. 6 ; worn by Hera, on coin, ii59. 
 Stove, on vase, 174. 
 Straight pins. See Pins. 
 Strigil, bronze, 299. 
 Strips, binding, bronze, 269, decorative braces and 
 
 stri])s, bronze, 328-3^^0. 
 Stndniczka, F., references to, 10 «. 10, 11 n. 11, 50 
 
 n. 3, 175, 195 7i. 4, 247 n. 1. 
 Stylus (?), of ivory, 353. 
 Suessula, fibula from, 240 n. 4. 
 Sugar-bowl vases, 136, 166, 170. 
 Suidas quoted, 13 w. 12. 
 Sun's disk, on scarabs, 370, 371. 
 Supports, bronze, 330. 
 Suspension vase, bronze, 193, 286 ; one from Aeg^na, 
 
 similar to specimen from Heraeum, 286. 
 Swan, bronze, 206 ; on ivory, 352. 
 Swastika, on vases, 70, 84, 107, 110, 114, 128, 129, 
 
 162, 163 ; on coin, 358. 
 Sword, on vases, 113 n. 1, 148, 150, 161, 162, 163. 
 Syra, vases from, 73, 97 ; knife from, 299. 
 Syracuse, terra-cotta figurines in Museum at, similar 
 
 to Heraeum specimens, 10 n. 1, 35, 36, 41, 42 ; 
 
 vases from, 99 and n. 1, 100, 106, 119 ; vases at, 
 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 144, 152, 178. 
 Syrinx, terra-cotta figure playing, 18. 
 
 Tables, terra-cotta, 15, 42. 
 
 Tanagra, tripod vase from, in Berlin, 52. 
 
 Tear jugs, 183. 
 
 Teohnitpie, of the bronzes, 193. See also " Dorian " 
 techni<{ue. 
 
 Tegea, terra-cotta figurines from, 5, 9 and n. 6, 14 
 n. 4, 19, 21 ; type of bronze pins at, 235 notes 
 3 and 5 ; pendant from, 264 n. 6 ; spit from, 313 
 n. 1 ; bed in archaic relief from, 329. 
 
 Temple, on coins, 358. 
 
 Terra-cotta figurines, 3-44 ; number of, 3, 9 ; finding 
 places of, 3 ; classification of, 4 ff. ; interpreta- 
 tion of, 13 ff. ; catalogue of, 16 ff. ; Primitive, 4, 9, 
 16 f . ; Tirynthian Argive, 5, 7, 9, 17 ff . ; My- 
 cenaean, 5, 9, 14, 22 f . ; geometric, 5, 6, 9, 14, 
 23 ; Advanced Argive, 6, 7, 8, 9, 24 ff. : under Ori- 
 ental influence, 7, 9, 28 f. ; E^rly Archaic, 8, 9, 
 29 ff. ; Advance<l Archaic, 9, 38 f. ; Free style, 
 9, 39 ; animals, 9, 15, 39 ff. ; various objects, 9, 
 42 ff. ; from bee-hive tomb near Heraeum, 92. 
 
 Terra-cotta reliefs, 47-54 ; finding places of, 47 ; 
 classification of, 47 ; purpose of, 48 ; detailed de- 
 scription of, 49-54 ; reference to, 169. 
 
 Terramare, pins from, 235 n. 2. 
 
 Terravecchia, terra-cotta figurines from, 3 n. 3, 10 
 n. 1, 14 «. 6, 267 h. 2. 
 
 Textile (Nitterns in vases of Mycenaean style, 86 ff. 
 
 Tliamophilos, name in inscription on bronze, IViCt. 
 
 Thera, fibulae from, vases from, 66, 68, 135 ; 
 " Apollo " statue from, 195 m. 4, 24.3 «. 2. 
 
 Therasia, vases from, 80 ; wall ]>ainting from, 85. 
 
 Tliessaly, coin of, 357. 
 
 Thisb^, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 24. 
 
 Thoricus, vases from, 74, 75, 76, 78. 
 
 Thunderbolt, on coins, 358. 
 
 Thyrsos, on vases, 179. 
 
 Tliystia, name in inscription on bronze, 332. 
 
 Tiberius, head of, on coin, 358. 
 
 Tiles, terra-cotta, 47. 
 
 Timonidas jug, 172 n. 1. 
 
 Tiryns, terra-cotta figurines from, 5, 6n. 4, 9, 16, 17, 
 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 41, 42, 44 ; vases from, 68, 71, 
 78, 90, 97, 102, 119, 143, 181 : pins from, 208 
 n. 2, 215 n. 2, 217 n. 1 ; bronze patera from, 275 ; 
 knife from, 300 ; 328. 
 
 Tirynthian Argive terra-cotta figurines, 5, 7, 9, 17 ff. 
 
 Titus, head of, on coin, 360. 
 
 Toilet. See Ornament. 
 
 Tongue pattern, on vases, 70, 80, 131, 137, 139, 140, 
 141, 159, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 178, 179, 
 182. 
 
 Tooth ornament, on bronze, 198, 200. 
 
 Torch, on vase, 179 ; on coins, 358, 359. 
 
 389 
 
 Tortoise, terra-cotta, 15, 42. 
 
 Trau Collection, bronze statuette in, 1% n. 1. 
 
 Tree, terra-cotta, 16, 43 ; on vase, branch of, 181 ; 
 on engraved stone, 347 ; on coins, 359, 360. 
 
 Trefoil, on vase, 161. 
 
 Triangles, on vases, 87, 116, 133 ; on bronze, 275, 
 276, 277. 
 
 Tripod, on vases, 113, 164, 183 ; tripod bowl, 166, 
 170, 177. 
 
 Tripod-standards, bronze, 292 ; tripods and tripod- 
 standards, bronze, 294-296 ; fragment of large, 294, 
 low standards, 295, feet, block, spool, lion's, 295 f. 
 
 Troy, ivory objects from, 69; vases from, 70, 93; 
 pins from, 207 n. 1, 208 n. 2. See also Hissarlik. 
 
 Truth, goddess of, on scarab, 370. 
 
 Tsountas, Ch., concerning terra-cotta figures from bee- 
 hive tomb near Mycenae, 10 h. 2, references to, 
 13 n. 11. 28, 29, 40, 50 w. 4, 54 n. 2, 240 n. 2, 
 241 w. 7, 251 M. 2, 299. 
 
 Turtle, on terra-cotta disk, 354. 
 
 Uraeus, on scarabs, 370, 371. 
 Utensils. See Implements. 
 
 Vases and vase fragments from the Heraeum, 57- 
 184 ; introduction, 60 ff. ; method of sorting and 
 cleaning, 60, estimated number of fragments, 60, 
 finding places of, 61, indigenous and foreign types, 
 62, cUssification of, 63 ff. ; primitive, 68 ff. ; My- 
 cenaean style, 71 ff. ; geometric style, 101 ff . ; 
 Argive style, 119 ff. ; miscellaneous types, 159 ff. ; 
 Corinthian style, 165 ff. ; black- and red-figured 
 styles, 174 ff . ; vases in relief and later vases, 
 180 ff. ; of bronze, 275-294. 
 
 Vases with three Imndles, Mycenaean, 78, 79, 80, 84, 
 87, 92, 94. 
 
 Vehicles, parts of, bronze, 298. 
 
 Venice, .coins of, 363. 
 
 Verus, L., head of, on coin, 358. 
 
 Vessels, of terra-cotta, 47 ; of bronze, 275-298. 
 
 ViUanova, objects from, 228 n. 1, 241 notes 4, 5. 
 
 Volutes, on vase, 85 ; on headdress of bronze statu- 
 ette, 196, 197 and w. 2, 296. 
 
 Vulci, PoUedrara tomb, vase from, 294, 297, wheel 
 on sarcophagus from, 298. 
 
 Wagon, on geometric vases, 109. See Chariot. 
 Waldstein, C, and G. H. Chase, Tlie Terra-Cotta 
 
 Figurines from the Argive Heraeum, 3-44. 
 Waldstein, C, and J. C. Hoppin, Terra-Cotta Reliefs 
 
 from the Heraeum, 47-54. 
 
 Waldstein, C, references to, 39, 64 n. 1, 120, 195. 
 Warrior, terra-cotta, mounted, type of, 13, 40; on 
 vases, 112, 113 and n. 1, 148, 150, 161-164, 169, 
 
 170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, 183; on coins, 
 362. 
 
 " Warrior vase " from Mycenae, compared with He- 
 raeum vase, 148, 160 n. 1, 163. 
 
 Washington, H. S., results of analysis of clay of 
 various vase fragments, 64 fi. 9, 102 n. 2, 116. 
 
 Wave pattern, on vases, 69, 94, 105, 106, 107, 112, 
 126, 148, 183, 184. 
 
 Weights, terra-cotta, 15 and w. 10, 44. 
 
 Wheels, on vases, 85, 105, 116, 118, 132, 140, 164, 
 
 171, 179 ; bronze, 298 f. 
 AVhip, on vase, 112 (?), 162, 182. 
 
 Whorls, terra-cotta, 16, 44 ; of steatite, 92, 353 ; of 
 Ijorcelain, 368, 373. 
 
 Wide, S., on origin of geometric style, 102 ; classifica- 
 tion of geometric tyjjes of vases, 102 n. 1, 103 ff., 
 118 ff. ; other references to, 66, 69 n. 2, 135. 
 
 WiUielm, A. See Reichel. 
 
 Wilisch, E., references to, 135, 136, 149, 165 n. 2, 
 166, 167, 168, 169 n. 1, 170, 171, 172. 
 
 Winged figures, on terra-cotta plaques, 47, 49 ff. 
 
 Winged thunderbolt, on coin, 358. 
 
 Winter, F., references to, 14 n. 4, 34, 37, 194 n. 5, 
 197. 
 
 Wire, bronze, 264, 327. 
 
 Wolters, P., classification of Mycenaean vases, 74- 
 76 ; theory as to origin of geometric style in vases, 
 102 ; other references to, 41, 51 «. 8, 243 n. 1. 
 
 Wreath, terra-cotta figurine holding, 15 n. 4, 35 ; on 
 vases, 79, 145 ; on coins, 357, 358, 359, 362. 
 
 Xoana, 8, 353. 
 
 Zante. See Corfu. 
 
 Zeus, on coins, 358. 
 
 Zigzag pattern, on terra-cotta figurines, 23, 42 ; on 
 vases, 73, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 100, 101, 105, 
 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 
 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 
 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 
 152, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 174 ; on 
 bronzes, 196, 197 and n. 3, 198, 199, 200, 201, 
 207, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 250, 260, 
 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 
 274, 276, 281, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 295, 297, 
 299, 300, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 
 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 324, 329 ; on en- 
 graved stones, 346, 347 ; on other objects, 354. 
 
 THE END. 
 
(tbe BitirriiDt prri# 
 
 Elittroty^d and frinttd by H. O. Himghien &• C#. 
 CttmbriJgt, Mau., U.S. A. 
 
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 ■MP 
 
 
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