MASTER NEGA TIVE . 92-80637 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the . t^ • ^» "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project Funded by the _„,,,,. xttt-tcc NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia. University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: WHITON, JAMES MORRIS TITLE: GR RULES OF AND LATIN... PLACE DA TE : 18 / COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARCFT Master Negative it Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record > ' f I I l> f n il » ■ 6a7,62 V;58 "i^— "■— ir '*'" 11" ■■§'■ I am ■iV»r>MH'"« \$ mw "Hi ll. [Whiton, James Morrisj 1833- 1920. Parallel rules of Greek and Latin syntax. For use in classical schools. Boston, Ginn & Heath, 1877. 2 p. I.. 30 p. 14 X 24 J^ I eta Interleaved. Preface signed: J. M. W., R. P. K, Restrictions on Use: _ }--&eek lanRiiape—Syntax. 2. Latin language— Syntax Robert Porter, 1844-1904, joint autTI5?: 8"'^»^fy"ta'^- I. Keep, Library of Congress ©1877: 14628 / ") PA161.WS ia-27237t ,> TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: j£^^_, __ REDUCTION RATIO: IMAGE PLACEMENT: @ IIA IB IIB DATE FILMED: _Sl/Sj'_92_ INITIALS _Aii} HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGF. CT ^~' //^ ■■■H Association for information and image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100^ Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter mlHiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiii TTT 5 6 iiiliiiiliiii T iiiiiiiiminiiiiiiii Inches 1 1.0 I.I 1.25 8 9 liiiiliiiiliii 10 11 iiiliiiiliiiili I 2.5 |15 6 3.2 2.2 3.6 U£ i: 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 12 13 14 15 mm iiliiiiliiiilmiliiii iiiiliiuli MfiNUPnCTURED TO RUM STPNDfiRDS BY fiPPLIED IMPGEt INC. \ ■■Mi t ^ / If J IJ 1 jr PARALLEL RULES OF GREEK AND LATIN SYNTAX. FOR USE IN CLASSICAL SCHOOLS. BOSTON: eiNN & HEATH. 18 7 7. \ COPYBIGHT, 18T7, BY J. M. WHITON AND R. P. KEEP. I ») l llll I l ll l Hi I lll i i li" 1^ Note to Teachers. The object of this compend is to represent perspicuously the main correspondences and differences in Greek and Latin syntax. Exceptions and particulars are to be learned from the grammars. They will, perhaps, be more firmly retamed, and more distinctly associated in the mind with the leading rules under wliich they are comprehended, if the pupil writes them opposite the rules, as soon as learned, in the blank pages provided for that purpose. It is recommended that the examples, as well as the rules, should be committed to memory. The matter here collected seems to represent that amount of syntax which may be insisted on as a permanent deposit in the mind, available for constant use. Suggestions from teachers who may make trial of the present pamphlet are particularly invited. WniisTON Sbminaby, Easthampton, Mass., August, 1877. J. M. W. 421308 PAEALLEL EULES OF GEEEK AND LATIN SYNTAX, FOR SCHOOL USE. HominatiTO. 1. Vocative. 2. Accusative. 3. 4. The nominative is chiefly used as the subject of a finite verb, or as a predicate after verbs signifying to be, become, &c., and after passives of making, choosing, naming, &c. 6 dvTjQ l^lOiv. The man came. XiQixh] axQatriyog. He was chosen general. Servius regnabat. ServiuB was reigning. Ego sum nuntius. I am a messenger. The vocative is used, with or without an interjection, in addressing a person or thing. aaovEig, (w) ^laxiv^'y Perge, Laeli, Dost thou hear, (O) ^^schineg ? Go forward, Lselius. The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative. Tovto aco^H rifidg, Deus mundum aedificavit. This saves us. God buUt the world. Verbs of making, choosing,- namtngf considering,.^ showing, and the like, may take two accusatives of the same person or thing. KvQov (jtQarrjyov dmdei^sv. Hamilcarem imperatorem He appointed Cyrus general. f ecerunt. They made Hamilcar commander. [1] 6. 6. 9. Verbs of asking, demanding, teaching, and concealing (and, in Greek, verbs of putting on or off), take two accusatives, — one of the person, the other of the thing. ^ij fiB ^Qv^pw rodto. Me sententiam rogavit. Do not hide tliis from me. He asked me my opinion, Rem. — The passive of these verbs retains the accusative of the thing. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accu- sative. Septem annos regnavit. He remained three days. He reigned seven years. The limit of motion is expressed by the accusative. persons and places. . yMiu y^^ \ -r.^^ Romam redit. She came to the suitors. He retiums to Eome. « ,, -I 7_ >Li_ 4-* « Thp iponsative is used in exclamations. Adverbs of swearing are followed by the accusative, — ine accusaiue ftj and vcu fid (affirmative), fid (negative). ^q^ j^e miseruml ^a tov OeSvI No, by the god I Lh, wretched me! A verb or an^djective may be followed by an accusative to limit its application. xd^va, tiiv xecpuX^v. Capita velamur. I have a pain in my head. We have our heads veiled. To^Ml/loi'Y'''^'"''*^ [2] Rem. — A phrase in this construction often has the force of an adverb. tOVtOV ZOV TQOTtOV, In this way, or, thus. Maximam partem lacte vi- vunt. They Mve mostly on milk. The accusative of kindred significatLon repeats the idea contained in the verb, and may follow both transitive and intransitive verbs. I enjoy pleasure. Vitam vivere. To live a life. U* Verbs signifying to do any thing to, or to say any thing of, a person, take two accusatives. tavrd fis noiovaiv. They do this to me. cf. fis xaxci)*; noui. He treats me ilL Genitive after Notms. 12. J / A substantive dependent upon another in the relation commonly ex- pressed in English by the word of, is put in the genitive. The following are the chief varieties : — 1. POSSESSIVl!. Castra hostium. Tlie enemies' camp. 2. Subjective. Paver Numidarum. The fear of the Numidians (which they feel). [31 jy Tov TtatQog oixia. The father's house. jy TOV 8lj(A.0V Evvoia. The good-will of the people. dedicate Oenitive. 13. 3. Objective. rd Tlavffaviov fuaog. Amor gloriae. Tlie hatred of (toward) Pausanias. Love of (for) glory. A fountain of water. 4. Of Material. Fens aquae. A fountain of water. 5. Of the Whole (after nouns, adjectives, &c., denoting a part). 7io)lol Twv QTjtoQiav, Quis vestrum. Many of tlie orators. ^Vixieh. of you? 6. Of Specifioation (also called appositional genitive). mhg *Ax>fjVMV. Tellus Ausoniae. The city of Athens. The land of Ausonia. 7. Of CHABACTERISTia sari Tovrov tov tQOTtov. Vir summae virtutis. He is of this character. A man of the highest worth. Rem. — The genitive of characteristic, in Greek, is always a predicate geni- tive, cf. 13. 8. Of Measube (of Time, Space, Value, &c.). tQifav rjfjiEQOJV odog. Puer novem annorum. A three-days' journey. A boy of nine years. May be referred to (7). A partitive or possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, after verbs signifying to be, become, belong, &c., limiting a noun which may easily be supplied. vonog jQaxovtog eaziv. Omnia hostium sunt. The law is Draco's. [41 All things are the enemies'. Oenitive after Verbi. 14. 15. 16. 17. Verbs of sharing, touching, aiming, enjoying, obtain- ing, hiUing, misig, beginning, cMming, l^sputing, govern the genitive.^ The soul partakes of the divine. a v^n j'y. 1 6 tt a L CIV cu V ,K.r.A. X.Z.I. . ; Verbs denoting fulness and want govern the genitive. They filled their ears with wisdom. Verbs of ruling and commanding govern the genitive. nolvKQdmjg ^dfjiov kvQaweveto. Polycrates was bearing sway over Samoa. Some verbs denoting an action of the senses or of the mind take a genitive of the object: e,g.^ taste, smell, hear, perceive, understand, remember, forget, desire, care for, spare, neglect, admire, despise. qitovrjg dxovsiv. To hear a voice. This construction is rare in Latin, cf. 37, 3. Quid est quod defensionis indigeat? What is there wliich needs defending? Satagit rerum suarum. He has his hands full of his own affairs. Becordor, memini, reminiscor, and ohliviscor, take a genitive of the object ; refert and interest take a genitive of the person whose concern they denote. Meminit praeteritorum. He remembers the past. Interest oznniuin. It is the interest of all. Rem. — Instead of the genitives, mei, tut, suif &c., the abla- tives, medy tud, sud, nostrdf vestrdy are used. 10. OenitiTe in Ablative Um. 20. Verbs of judicial action (accuse, convict, &c.), and of emotion (praise, pity, envy, admire, blame, &c.), are fol- lowed by a genitive of the cause. He prosecutes me for bribery. tovrovg oi}cteiQu .n^ - - * pounds of TtQk, noQd, ueqI, tzqo. ., JI 1! T ^ f' ' ' ""' '''^''*' ""^^ -P^'^' !. ^, t , t J ^fe*". prae, pro, sub, super, and sometimes circum, toig vofioig ifiiiivcav. Abiding by the laws. £8] Adsum amicis. I stand by my friends. 3. Dative of the possessor. ovH far IV tjfiiv XQt^fiara. We have no money. Mihi est noveroa. I have a step-mother. 4. Dative of the agent : — With verbals in -r/o^, and sometimes with passive verbs. tovto noirjtsov tatlv ruiTv. Tliis must be done by us. navxa inilv 7tt7toir(ia.u Every thhig haa been done by us. 5. Ethical dative. xl Go\ iiadrjOOfiai ; What shall I learn, do you say ? With participles in -dus, and with compound tenses of passive verbs. Suum cuique incommodiifii ferendmn est. Every one has his own trouble to bear. Mihi constitutum est. I have determined. At tibi venit ad me. But, I tell you, he is coming to me. 6. A double dative occurs after sum and a few other verbs. Malo est hominibus avaritia. Avarice is an evil to men. 28. A. The dative is used after adjectives and adverbs, denoting resem- blance, sameness, union, and approach. ofioioi dlX/^loig. Canis lupo similis est. Like each other. A dog is like a wolf. B. Many adjectives of quality are followed by the dative of the person to whom the qualit}^ has relation. Omnibus carum est. It is dear to all. [9] t/toi evitQEOTOv eozip. It is pleasing to me. ,y ^Ir* The dative is used to denote the (3ause, manner (in- cludes respect) , means, or instrument. cbtodvrjaxEi vooqt. He dies of a disease. Rem. — iQaoncu^ to use, takes its object in the dative. IQmxai aQyvQicg, They use silver. cf, 33. \ cf. utor, in Latin* SO. Comparatives are followed by a dative (of means) to express the measure of difference. Taller by a head. cf. 36. 31. The time in which is expressed by the dative (so es- pecially with words signifying day, week, month, year). tJ varsgaia. On the following day. cf. 40. 32. The place in which is expressed (in poetry) by the dative. *EXXddi voaoav. Ihrelling in Greece. [lOJ cf. 38. .J^m 11 1 Ablative. 33. 84. 35. 36. 37. of, 29. c/. 19 c/. 21. c/. 30. c/. 29 E. cf. 15. Cause, manner, means, and instrument are expressed by the ablative. Utilitate laudatur. It is praised because of its usefulness. Rem. — The ablative (of cause) is often used to show that in accordance with which any thing is done. Jussu senatus. In accordance with the command of the senate. Price is denoted by the ablative. Vendidit auro patriam. He has sold his coimtry for gold. Comparatives are followed by the ablative. Nihil est amabilius virtute. Notlxiug is more lovely than virtue. Measure of difference is expressed by the ablative. Uno die longior. One day longer. The ablative is used after the following words : 1. Uior, fruor, fungor, potior J vescor. 2. Fido, conjido, nitor, innitor, 3. Verbs and adjectives of plenty and want. [HI Worthy of friendship. 4. Dignus, indignus, contentus, praeditus, frettts. 6. Opus and usus. Plurimis rebus fruimur. We enjoy very many things. Salus veritate nititur. Safety depends upon truth. Non egeo medioina. I do not need medicine. Digni sunt amicitia. They are worthy of friendship. Auctoritate tua nobis opus est. We have need of your authority. 88. cf. 32. A. The place in which, if the name of a town, is put, when in the first or second declension and singular num- ber, in the genitive ; if of .the third declension or plural number, in the ablative. Romae et Tarenti habitavit. He dwelt at Rome and at Tarentum. Athenis et Tibure vixit. He lived at Athens and at Tibur. B. The place from which, if the name of a town, is put in the ablative without a preposition. L12] Discessit Corintho. He departed from Corinth. •f l-T 39. c/. 20. 40. c/. 31. Rem. — Domus aud rus are construed like names of towns. Abiit rus. He is gone to the country. Vivit rure or ruri. He lives in the country. Rediit rure. He has returned from the country. Domum revertitur. c/. 7. He returns home. Do mi manet. He remains at home. Do mo arcessitus sum. I am called from home. Source and separation are expressed by the ablative, commonly with a preposition. Oriundi ab Sabinis. Sprung from the Sablnes. Rem. — The following words omit the preposition : perfect participles (of origin) ; verbs of freeing, removing, depriving ; while verbs of repelling and taking away, compounds of a6, de^ exj and superj take the person in the dative. Nate Dea. Child of a goddess. Solvere somno. To release from sleep. Vitam adulescentibus vis aufert. Violence takes life away from the young. The time at or within which is expressed by the abla- tive. 113] Octogesimo anno mortuus est. He died in his eightieth year. «BiJL# c/. 12, 7. The ablative of a substantive denoting character or quality is used, when joined with an adjective, to charac- terize a person or thing. Summa virtute adolescens. * A youth of the highest virtue. 42. c/. 29 (dative of respect), The ablative of specification is used to restrict the meaning of a noun, adjective, or verb. Rex fait nomine, non potestate. He was a king in name, not in power. 40« c/. 26. A noun and a participle (a second noun or an adjective may take the place of the participle) are put in the ablative absolute, to denote time, cause, means, condition, with reference to the principal verb of the sentence. Servio regnante. "While Serv'ius was reigning. Cicerone consule. While Cicero was consul. Agreement. A verb agi-ees with its subject-nominative in number and person ; 01 uvdQsg Xeyovaiv. The men say. Deus mundum aedificavit. God built the world. ■ but a collective noun in the singular may take a plural verb. td TtVqOog expT^cpiGavto. The multitude voted. Multitude abeunt. The multitude depart. [14] Adjectives. 40« i ^3- 4 Belativef. 46. I A neuter plural subject regularly takes its verb in the singular tavta eysvero. These tilings took place. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. Vir fortis. A brave man. J / aoq)og avtiQ, The wise man. Rem. 1. When the nouns are of different genders, an attributive adjective generally agrees with the nearest. Ttavzl H(d loyqj xal fij]X(^v^* Vita moresque mei. By cveiy word and device. My life and character. Rem. 2. A predicate adjective belonging to several nouns jointly is plural (or dual), and masculine unless the nouns denote inanimate things. nataog x«! nrp:Qo^ ovxtti fiev ^coovrojv. Pater et mater mortui sunt. My father and mother being no longer alive. Father and mother have died. Relatives agree with their antecedents in gender and number, but take the case required by the construction of their own clause. ot ihdQeg ovg elSfg dmp.x^ov. Animal quod sanguinem The men whom you saw have gone away. Exception to Rule 4G. — A relative which would prop- erly be in the accusative as the object of a verb is gen- erally attracted into the genitive or dative, if that be the ease of its antecedent. ix t^v fc6}^oyv (av f/ff. From the cities which he has. habet. An animal which has blood. IIS] Infinitive. ^£ f • ^eO« I i Adverbs. 4c7* Prepositioofl. 60. The infinitive is construed as a neuter noun, and may be the subieci or object of a verb. aaUv Imi to Iv TZoXt'ficp djto- Jucundum est laudari. {>Vfjaxsiv. Itisdelightftdtobepraised. *Tis a noble thing to fall in battle. ^ovlnai lld^siv. Vincere scis, Hannibal. He wishes to come. You know how to conquer, Hannibal. fcpt] ojQav eivai. He said that it was time. Verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving, &c., are followed by the infinitive with the subject-accusative expressed or implied. Sentimus calere ignem. We perceive that lire is hot. Ke^. - mid always takes the infinitiye, Rkm. - After the past tense of a verb of saying, &e., an i*> may take oz. or cos, object-clause which would be introduced in English by the ,' , , , -r , word that, is reariUarly expressed in Latin by the accusative emov always takes on or cog ^^^ .^^^^.^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^ ^3 ^^^^ except when it signifies bid. ^^.^ ^^ ^^ .^ ^^^ ^^^^ .^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^ .^ .^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Adverbs limit verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Sapientes feliciter viviint. The wise live happily. OVtCOg HTltlV. So to speak. Prepositions govern various cases according to their meaning. 1. Four prepositions take only the genitive, avti, dno, k (th), TtQO, also the improper prepositions avev, oxeq, axQi, fiixQh tnncij 7i)Jiv. 1. The following prepositions take the accusative : ad, adversus or adversum, ante^ apud, circa or circum, circiter, cis or citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, oh, penes, per, pone, post, praeter, prope, propter, secun- dum, supra, trans, ultra, and versus. [16] 2. Two take only the dative, ev and avv. 3. Two take only the accusative, sig and cag, 4. Three take the genitive and the accusative, did, xaro, V7ZSQ, 5. One, am, takes the dative and the accusative. 6. Seven take the genitive, the dative, and the accusa- tive, diiqjt, tm, (jietd, Ttagd, tzeqi, TtQog, and mo. Rem. 1. After a passive verb, the personal agent is regularly expressed by vno, less frequently by naQa, TtQog, and tx, with the genitive, c/. 27, 4; 29. bia^hidEig vTtd Ti6aaq)eQvovg, Slandered by Tissaphemes. Eem. 2. — Compare with the use of in and sub the analogous use of Etg (hg) and tv (originally the same word), also of mo with the accusative and with the dative. 2. The following prepositions take the ablative : a, a6, or a6s, absque, coram, cum, de, e or ex, palam, prae, pro^ sine, and tenus. Rem. 1. After a passive verb the personal agent is regularly expressed by a or ab with the ablative, cf. 27, 4; 33. Laudari ab laudato. To be praised by one whom men praise. Rem. 2. — In and sub take the accusative when they denote motion or tendency ; when situation, the ablative. Supery when it signifies above or uponj takes the accusative ; about or concern' ingy the ablative. CU] MOODS AN-D TENSES. 51. 62. 63. Clauses expressing a purpose or motive take the sub- junctive after primary, and the optative after secondary tenses. The subjunctive sometimes takes the place of the optative. dmvosizcu rf)v yiqjVQUv Ivaaiy w^^ fii} dia^Tits, (Xex.) He purposes to break down the bridge, that you may not cross. TOtJiov mm (film qWo d€T6d(u, ojg 6vv8Q'/ovg f /of. (Xen.) For this he thought he needed friends, that he might have co-workers. nh)ia nattmvoEv, ha lu] KvQog dia^ij. (Xen.) He burnt up the boats, that Cyrus might [may] not cross. Clauses expressing the object, after verbs denoting fear, caution, or danger, take fi//, and follow the rule for clauses denoting purpose, fiy = Latin ne : [irj ov = Latin ut. MvSwS^^ t6ti fit] nEta^dXcovtai. (Isoc.) There is danger lest they change. idsiaav fi^ avrovg KazaKoipEiav. (Xen.) They feared lest they should cut them up. A verb of fear or caution is sometimes omitted before fi^ with the subjunctive, or oTto^g i^/j with the future indica- tive (rarely the subjunctive). Clauses expressing a purpose or result take the sub- junctive with the conjunctions ut or ne, quo (chiefly with comparatives), quin, or quominus. So, also, after relative words equivalent to ut or ne with the correspond- ing demonstrative word. Enititur ut vincat. (Cic.) He strives to conquer. Scribebat orationes quas [ut eas] alii dice- rent. (Cic.) Ho used to wiito orations for others to speak [which others might speak]. Rem. — A negative purpose is expressed by we; a negative result ^ by ut non. Clauses expressing an object of apprehension take the subjunctive with we, that or lest, and ut, or ne non, that not. Ne animum offenderet verebatur. (Cic.) Ho feared lest ho should hurt his feelings. Vereor ut tibi possim concedere. (Cic.) I fear that I cannot allow you. Timeo ne non impetrem. (Cic.) I fear that I may not obtain (it). The proposition on which an ut or ne clause depends is sometimes omitted. [18] < 04« 55. 56. fit] ch/QorAoieQov 5 to dXrfil^' dmiv. (Plato.) (I fear) lest it be too rude to speak the tnitli. OTTWs,* ovv taeaOs uid(jE^' lihoi z/%' elevdeQiccg, (Xen.) {See) now tliat you be men worthy of freedom. Purpose is expressed by the future indicative after rela- tiyes, or by ortcog with the future after verbs of effort, or by the infinitive alone, or the infinitive with ooazs. nQics'^nav ds Ttefimiv ijrig ravr' tQsl, (Dem.) To send an embassy to say this. qp()oiTiov tmatti^eadai. (Xen.) They had no money to procure provisions. i^ovh'firfaav 'Elevavva k^LdtfaaaaOai wWs elvai aqjiai xara- q}vyt}v. (Xen.) They wished to make Elousis their own, that it might be a refuge for them. Result is usually expressed by wats with the infinitive, sometimes the indicative. toiovTov idog riiiiv TtaQt'Soaay oiars avvsXdEiv tg tavzov. (Isoc.) Such a custom they handed down to us, that we assemble togetlier. Ac, ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussimus. (Cic.) And, not to be tedious [I say it that I may not be tedious], Komans, we ordered the letters to be produced. Ut is sometimes omitted after /acio, and verbs of wish- ing, urging, &c. Ne may likewise be omitted after cave, Fao — habeas. ( Cic. ) Endeavor to have. Cave — putes. (Cic.) Beware of supposing. Purpose may be variously expressed, as follows, but not by the infinitive, except in poetry. ut veniam orarent, cf. 51. qui veniam orarent. cf, 51. veniam oraturi, fut. act. part., not in Cic. veniam oratum, former supine. ibant, J ad veniam orandum, gerund with ad; rare. ad veniam orandam, gerundive with ad. veniam orandi causa (or gratia) , gerund with causa, veniaB orandae causa (or gratia), gerun- dive with causa, to beg favor. o a o O S on cf. 51. [19] 57. A relative clause expressing some characteristic of an antecedent takes the subjunctive. Sunt qui putent. (Cic.) There are tsome who supx>o6e. 68. A cause or reason is regularly expressed b}^ the indica- tive, except when stated upon the authorit}^ of another person ; in which case the rule for indirect quotation applies, (c/. 72.) xijdsTO yoQ Java^v mi (ut Optjaxovtag oquto, (ITom.; For she was concerned for the Baiiai, because slie saw them dying. tor UzQmUa IxaMlpv on otQatrf/og (V.«j', u'/MiTog aTticov Non mihi nisi admonito ve- nisset in mentem. (Cic) KvQov. (Xen.) But I should wish, if I went away against Cyrus's will. ovd^ ill' d IX a I cog ti,' xaxov mGoqu ti. (Soph.) Nor, if justice were done, should I fall into any evil. |3oi'Ao//i//r av. cf, 67. I should like. [i.e. if the occasion of- fered]. It would not have conie into my mind, except by admonition [had 1 not been warned]. Pace tua dixerim. (Cic.) With your leave, 1 woulil .-ay. Forsitan haec illi mirentur . ( Cic. ) May be they would wonder at this, [i.e., if, &c.] 65. When a condition is implied or disguised, {cf. 64) a verb signifying necessity or propriety in a consequent clause denoting what is not a lact — Takes the imperfect indicative without av. (cf. 60, Rem.) Takes the indicative, the perfect for time gone by. x«/ lidhata eixog Jjv v^iag TtQOOQdodui. (Tnuc.) Illud erat [fuit] aptius, aequum cuique concedere. (Cic.) And, especially, it would be seemly for you to provide. [23] It would be [would have been] fitter to allow each one his f.air duo. m. B. — General Suppositions. Supposition involving a general tnith or repeated action, present or past, requires tdv with the su1)junctive wlieu the consequence is in a primary tense, and ft with the opta- tive when it is in a secondary tense. The consequent clause takes the present or imperfect indicative, or any form denoting repetition. evla^ov tag dia^olagj xav xpevdsig ojgiv. (Isoc.) Beware of slanders, even if they are false. « tig uvtsinoi, evdvg tedvfjxei. (Thug.) If any one refused, be was immediately slain. 1. Supposition involving a general truth takes the pres- ent or perfect subjunctive in the condition, and the present indicative in the consequence. Si hoc dicas, bene est. If ouo says [if you say] this, it is well. Si prohibita impune transcenderis, neque metus ultra neque pudor est. (Tag.) If one oversteps [if you have overstepped] proliibitious with impunity, there is no fear or shame any more. 2. Supposition involving repeated action takes the im- perfect or' pluperfect subjunctive in the condition, and the imperfect indicative in the consequence. Brat Quinctius, si cederes, placabilis. (Liv.) Whenever [if] you yielded, Quinctius was placable. 67, A mild command and a modest assertion involve possibility, and are expressed by — The subjunctive, present, imperfect, or perfect; the imperfect implying what cannot be. The optative with av. Gv fikv xofii^otg av Gsavrov xi Ot)Mg. (Soph.) You may take yourstlf where you like. ^ovloifiT^p av (velim). cf, 64. I should like. 124] Haud sciam an. (Cig.) I should incline to think. Veil em adesset M. Antonius. (Cic.) Vellem = l^ovlofoiv av. I would have liked to have Mark Antony hero. 68, oy* The so-called conditional relative sentence is formed when a relative word introduces the conditional clause, in any of its varieties. A. Particular suppositions : — 1. a fiTj old (if ovds otofiai ndhai. (Plato.) Whatever I do not know, [if I do not know a tiling] I do not even think I know. 2. ovH (h tTtexsiQOVfiev nodrxEiv a fiij ^TtiGtdfJisda. I PIjAto ) We would not undertake to do what we did not undei-stand. 3. otav firj aOtvco, nenavao^iai. (Soph.) Whenever I am not strong, I will cease, 4. nsivojv (pay 01 dvy oTtoze ^ov lotto. (Xen.) If hungry, he would eat whenever he might wish. B. General suppositions. crr« f^oj tov deivov yfvoivto, 7to)loi avrov aTtslsiTtov. When [if ever] they got out of danger, many used to leave him. (Xen.) If a conditional relative clause is itself dependent on a conditional clause, it regularly takes by attraction the same mood as the leading clause. 1. tap nve^'f o2 dp naQMGij ravxa Xfymai, aaXag ^ei. If any who may be present say this, it will be well. 2. ei ting, o« naQEitjaav, tavra 7Jyom\ xulwg dp f;foi. If any who luiyht be present should say this, it would be well. 3. St tipsg, o1 TiaQT^Gav, tavta e)^^av, xahag dv taxEV, If any who wore present had said this, it would have been well. A variety of the conditional sentence is formed when pronouns or particles implying condition, proviso, con- cession, or comparison, introduce the conditional clause. Errat longe qui credat [qui = si quis]. (Tee.) If any one believes [it], he widely errs. Quaecumque causa vos attulisset, laetarer. Whatever cause might have brought you, I should be glad. (CiC. ) Oderint, dum metuant. (Cic.) Let them hate, provided they fear. Quamvis ipsi infantes sint. (Cic.) However incapable of speaking they themselves may be. Rem. 1. — The subjunctive 'after quasi, and other particles of comparison, is a condition whose consequence is omitted. Quid ego his testibus utor, quasi res dubia aut obscura sit? (Cic.) Why do I use these witnesses, as [I should do] if the thing were doifbt- ful or obscure? Rem. 2. — The primary tenses of the subjunctive regularly follow these particles, unless the connection requi'-es the sec- ondary. A dependent clause essential to complete the meaning of a subjunctive clause, or an infinitive with accusative, takes the subjunctive. Quae quidem mihi tarn jucunda est, ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi terrain vi- dere videar. (Cic.) Which, indeed, is bo pleasant to me, that, the nearer I draw to death, I seem, as it were, to see the land. [25] 70. Particles signifying until or before that take (1) the indicative to express absolute time ; but, (2) when de- noting relative time, are followed by the subjunctive with av after primary tenses, and the optative, generally with- out av, after secondary tenses, or a preceding optative (c/. 69). 1. xavta tnotow p/()« axotog lye veto, (Xex.) 2. fif'xQ'' ^ "*' h^ ?/xw» (d (JTZovdcu [isvovtcov, (Xen.) But until I come, let tbe truce remain. t r y t "> f » * ft^roTS a)(>a tiri oqigtov, avt^vsv avzovg, tars tficpayoiev n, (Xek) Whenever it was breakfast-time, he used to wait for them until they took a bite. Particles signifying whe7i, before that^ or until^ take (1) the indicative to express absolute time; but, (2) when w^hen denoting relative time, take the subjunctive. But clauses introduced by an indefinite " when [= if ever] " follow the rules for conditional sentences (c/. QQ). Cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, ibidem fuermit servi. (Cic.) At the killing of Sex. Boscius, the slaves were on the spot. Cum servili bello premeretur, auxilium ex- petivit. (Cic.) When she was burdened by the servile war, she earnestly sought aid, Priusquam lucet, adsunt. (Cic.) Before daybreak, they are present Priusquam incipias, consulto opus est. Before you begin, deliberation is necessary. (S-ALL.) Dum leges vigebant. (Cic.) While the laws were effective. Differant, dum defervesoat ira. (Cic.) Let them put it off till anger cools. 71. fiQiv, besides the constructions of Rule 70, may take the infinitive. In writers later than Homer this is the com- mon construction after affirmative clauses. ditfrjaav tcqIv jovg culovg dTtoKpivaaOai, (Xen,) They crossed before the others answered. [26] •2« 73. Indirect quotation introduced by a primary tense re- quires no change from the direct form. After a secondary tense, all indicatives (except in suppositions contrary to reality, c/. 76), or subjunctives, may either be changed to the optative in the same tense, or remain unchanged. ^hvofjiai onoag ae ditodQa. (Xen.) I am planning how I may escape you. rpiOQH ozi iQTi Cairo zc^ TtQayfiazi. (Xen.) He was perplexed what to do with the thing. elmv on ?/ fih nohg 6Cf(av tsrsixtatai f^dtj. (Thuc.) He said that their city has its wall built akeady. Rem. — When a subjunctive clause with av is changed to the optative, av is generally dropped; elsewhere av is retained. av is never used in the indirect discourse unless it would have stood in the direct. Indirect quotation requires the principal verb of a de- claratory sentence, or a question of appeal, to stand in the infinitive, and dependent verbs in the subjunctive. In other interrogative, and in imperative sentences, the principal verb must take the subjunctive. Proponit: esse nonnullos, quorum auotoritas plurimum vale at. (Caes.) He explains, that there are a few whose influence is very powerful. Quern ausurum Alexandre succedere? (Q.Cijet.) Who would venture to succeed Alexander ? [A rhetorical question.] Quid tandem vererentur? (Caes.) Wliat, pray, did they fear ? [A simple inquiry.] Rem. — The subjunctive will take a primary or a secondary tense, according as the tense of the verb introducing the quota- tion is primary or secondary. 74. Indirect questions follow the same rule for moods and tenses as indirect quotation. (c/. 72, examples 1 and 2.) Indirect or dependent questions take the subjunctive. Non video cur non audeam vobis dicere. (Cic.) I do not see why I should not make bold to tell you. 75. Any dependent sentence, though not strictly interroga- tive, if introduced by an interrogative word, takes the subjunctive. Quam sis audax omnes intellegere potuerunt. How bold you are, all could have perceived. (CiC. ) [27] 76. 77. 78. In indirect quotation or question the imperfect and pluperfect indicative remain unchanged in all clauses, and the aorist indicative in dependent clauses after a sec- ondary tense. Wish is expressed by the optative, but if the non-ful- filment of the wish is intimated, by the past tenses of the indicative with eIOb or h yoQ^ or by the aorist (aq)zkmf with an infinitive. jovtovi; fih oi OeoI dnotiaatrvro. (Xek.) These may tlie gods requite. «i^' elxBg at lexovacc, ^zkxiovg (pgevag. (Eub.) Would you had had, O mother I a better mind. eide 6oij ft] tleQixXiig, rots avvsyevofitiv. (Xen.) Would I had then been with you, Pericles! mcpsXs fi8v KifQog ^rjv. (Xen.) Would that Cyrus were alive ! The imperfect and the aorist are distinguished here as in particular suppositions of the second form. (c/. 60.) Wish is expressed by the primary tenses of the subjunc- tive, but, if the non-fulfilment of the wish is intimated, by the secondary tenses of the subjunctive. Sint beati. (Cic.) May they bo happy ! Ita vivam. (Cic.) So may I live I . O utinam primis arsisses ignibus infansi Would you had bumed in that first fire in your infancy | (OviD. Exhortation or deliberation is expressed by the first person of the subjunctive. jzeidoofisda Ttdvzeg, (Hom.) Let us all obey. TttSg tig zm nQ6qiQcn> eitsaiv Ttsidrjtai ^Axai^v ; (Hom.) How can any one of the Achaeana cordially hearken to your words ? [28] A mem US patriam. (Cic.) Let us love our country. Quid mem or em Lapithas? (Veb.) Why should I mention the Lapithae ? [So, also, by the second person.] Quid hoo liomiiie faoiatis? (Cic.) What will you do with this man ? 70. 80. 81 Prohibition may be expressed by fitj with the present imperative, for continued or repeated action, or with the second (sometimes the third) person of the aorist subjunc- tive for a single or a momentary act. fiijdelg vnoXd^rj fis ^ovXeadai Xadsiv. (Isoc.) Let no one suppose that I wish to be muioticed. fji^ Kara tovg vofiovg diHviafjre. (Dem.) Do not give judgment according to the lawa. flmphatic denial is expressed either by the (aorist) sub- junctive, or by the future indicative, preceded by av fiij. ov fi^ Ttidt^tai. (Soph.) He will not obey. Prohibition may be expressed by we with the imperative or the subjunctive, in either the second or third person. Scribere ne pigrere. Do not be slow iu writing. Ne audeant. (Cic.) Iiet them not dare. (CiC.) Sequence of Tenses. All presents, futures, and perfects are primary tenses : all imperfects, pluperfects, and aorists are secondary tenses. 1. The primary tenses of the indicative are regularly followed by the subjunctive, cf. examples under 51, 52, &c. 2. The secondary tenses of the indicative are regularly followed by the optative, cf. examples under 51, 52, x&c. Exc. 1.— The historic present is tense. dia^dXXii zov KvQOv (ag im^ovXevoi avtcp, (Xen.) He falsely accuses [accused] Cyrus of plotting against him. [29] All presents, futures, and perfects-definite are primary tenses : all imperfects, pluperfects, and perfects-indefinite (aorists) are secondary tenses. 1. If the principal verb is in a primary tense, the tense of the dependent verb must be primary, c/. examples under 51, 52, &c. 2. If the principal verb is in a secondary tense, the tense of the dependent verb must be secondary, cf. ex- amples under 51, 52, &c. generally construed as a secondary Legates mittuntut pacem impetrarent. (CiEs.) They send [sent! ambassadors to obtain peace. Exc. 2. — The gnomic, or universal, aorist is construed as a primary tense. og X8 dsoli; sTtiTteidrizai, fmXa t' sxXvov avtov. (Hom.) Whoever obeys the gods, they hearken also well to hira. Exc. 3. — In elaiisoR denoting purpose, and in indirect discourse, the subjunctive may follow a secondary tense. nhua KatmivGsv iva fit} Kvoog dia^Ij. 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