FOREIGN CHRtSTUVH^ MlsO>NARY SOCIETY SERIES. 
 
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 The Success of Modern Missions 
 
 THE LOWEST CLASSES HAVE 
 ^ BEEN REACHED. 
 
 My won! shall not return unto me voiil.— Isa. 55:11. 
 
 By F. M. RAINS 
 
 An address delivered at Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
TV /r ANY did not regard the conversion of 
 the heathen practicable a century ago. 
 When William Carey proposed to an assembly 
 of preachers that something be done for the 
 evangelization of the heathen, the president 
 arose hastily, and shouted in displeasure, 
 “Young man, sit down ! When God pleases 
 to convert the heathen he will convert them 
 without your aid or mine.” A bishop of the 
 Church of England publicly and powerfully 
 argued against the idea of the missionary en- 
 terprise. The Parliament of England declared 
 against it. In 1796 the General Assembly of 
 Scotland carried the following resolution : “To 
 spread abroad a knowledge of the gospel 
 among barbarous and heathen nations seems 
 to be highly preposterous inasmuch as it antici- 
 pates, nay, it even reverses the order of na- 
 ture.” One preacher praised the “ happy ig- 
 norance of the untutored savage.” When a 
 charter was asked of the Massachusetts Legis- 
 lature for the American Board, a member ob- 
 jected on the ground that America had no 
 religion to spare. The proposal provoked 
 much opposition. Missions to the heathen 
 have been called “ organized hypocrisy.” The 
 secular press generally, until quite recently, 
 spoke in terms of disparagement and mild 
 contempt of missions. Foreign missions have 
 been pronounced a failure over and over again. 
 It is my purpose to show they have been a 
 
success. In this paper I shall aim to prove 
 that the lowest classes have been reached. 
 
 The gospel in the islands of the Pacific 
 Ocean has worked a marvelous change. Sav- 
 age strifes embittered the lives of the people. 
 Wars among them were almost incessant and 
 most cruel. John Williams, the missionary, 
 once visited Harvey Island, and found that its 
 population had been diminished by war from 
 two thousand to sixty ; seven years afterward, 
 he again visited this island, and found that 
 there were only five men and three women 
 surviving, and these were still contending who 
 should be king. 
 
 Captain Cook expressed the opinion that 
 nothing would ever be done to christianize the 
 Pacific Islands. He declared “ there were no 
 motives in public ambition or in private avarice 
 for such an undertaking.” He knew little or 
 nothing of the motives that move men in the 
 enterprise of world-wide missions, which had 
 its origin in the highest development of Chris- 
 tian character. 
 
 In December, 1794, a company of ministers 
 met in London and formed the now historic 
 London Missionary Society, and one of the 
 leaders of the meeting said: “We are called 
 together for the funeral of bigotry ; and I 
 hope it will be buried so deep as never to rise, 
 again.” The constitution of the new society 
 declared that “the design of the society was 
 not to send Presbyterianism, Independency, 
 
 3 
 
Episcopacy, or any other form of church order 
 or government, but the glorious gospel of the 
 blessed God to the heathen.” The new society 
 purchased and equipped a ship at an expense 
 of $58,000. Thirty missionaries were sent to 
 Tahiti. In September, 1796, the good ship 
 “ Duff,” flying an ensign, the figure of a dove 
 with an olive branch in her mouth, sailed from 
 Portsmouth. The people of Tahiti not only 
 worshiped innumerable gods, but also the 
 spirits of deceased ancestors. Immorality, 
 polygamy and infanticide prevailed to a won- 
 derful extent. The children were generally 
 killed by strangling or by piercing with a 
 bamboo. A missionary once asked three 
 women, whom he casually met, whether they 
 had killed any of their children. One replied 
 that she had killed nine, another seven, and 
 another three. A father of nineteen children 
 confessed to the murder of them all, and after 
 hearing the gospel he wept at the remembrance 
 of their deaths. The wife of a chief was 
 greatly troubled in the hour of her death by 
 remembering that she had put to death her 
 sixteen children. 
 
 There were almost continual wars. During 
 the first fifteen years of the mission there were 
 ten wars. James Alexander says : “The im- 
 morality of the Tahitians reached its climax 
 in the strange organization of men and women, 
 called Aeroi, who lived together, indiscrimi- 
 nately, without marriage, spending their time 
 
 4 
 
in licentious dancing and feasting from village 
 to village, and killed their children. They 
 kept up their organization only by initiating 
 new members.” 
 
 Captain Cook said : “There is a scale of 
 dissolute sensuality which this people have 
 ascended wholly unknown to every other na- 
 tion, and which no imagination could possibly 
 conceive.” 
 
 Such was the condition of this otherwise 
 charming island when the brave missionaries 
 reached it. Pomare, the king, was most vi- 
 cious and savage. The missionaries estimated 
 that during a reign of thirty years he sacrificed 
 two thousand human victims as offerings to his 
 idols. 
 
 After a long night of sixteen years of toil, 
 the gray light of a new day could be seen. 
 A chapel was built at the request of the king. 
 Soon the converts were numbered by the hun- 
 dreds. The national idol, Oro, was qow made 
 a post for the king’s kitchen, and finally cut 
 up for fire-wood. Nearly all the other idols 
 were destroyed, together with the temples and 
 altars. Twelve of the idols were sent to the 
 London Missionary Society as souvenirs. The 
 natives aided in building schools and churches. 
 The king erected a great house of worship 
 containing three pulpits. He was baptized in 
 the presence of four thousand of his subjects. 
 The missionaries aided in writing a code of 
 laws, and when it was finished the king called 
 
together seven thousand natives and read it to 
 them. It was well enforced. This code of 
 laws gave peace and order and prosperity to 
 the island. The king died in a joyful Christian 
 hope. The work went on from island to island, 
 and many renounced and destroyed their dumb 
 idols to serve the living God. In 1839, Captain 
 Harvey made the following observation re- 
 specting Tahiti: “This is the most civilized 
 place I have seen in the South Seas. It is 
 governed by a dignified young lady of twenty- 
 five years of age. They have a good code of 
 laws, and no liquors are allowed to be landed 
 on the island. It is one of the most gratifying 
 sights the eye can witness, to see on Sunday in 
 their church, which holds about five thousand 
 people, the queen near the pulpit with all her 
 subjects around her, decently clothed and 
 seemingly in pure devotion.” Charles Dar- 
 win, the naturalist, had only words of com- 
 mendatioTi for this missionary work. After a 
 visit to the island, he said: “Before we lay 
 down to sleep, the elder Tahitian fell on his 
 knees, and, with closed eyes, repeated a long 
 prayer in his native tongue. He prayed as a 
 Christian should do, with fitting reverence, 
 and without a fear of ridicule or any ostenta- 
 tion of piety. At our meals, neither of the 
 men would taste food without saying before- 
 hand a short grace. . . . On the whole, 
 
 it appears to me that the morality and religion 
 of the inhabitants are highly creditable.” 
 
 6 
 
Tahiti became a radiating center of the gos- 
 pel light. Native converts went to neighboring 
 islands preaching the AVord. The natives on 
 surrounding islands, three hundred miles away, 
 hearing that Tahiti had abolished the worship 
 of idols, came to obtain books and to receive 
 instruction. The missionaries witnessed the 
 literal fulfillment of the promise, “The isles 
 shall wait for His law.” The news spread as 
 far as the Hawaiian Islands, where idolatry 
 was voluntarily abandoned before a missionary 
 from America had ever reached the islands. 
 The high priest was the first to apply the torch 
 to the heathen temples. The natives went 
 every-where destroying images and sanctuaries 
 of their paganism, even to the most distant 
 islands. 
 
 band of missionaries from Boston reached 
 Hawaii in 1820. The people were given over 
 to the most senseless idolatry and to the most 
 revolting immorality. Modesty was unknown, 
 and the traffic in female virtue became a trade, 
 and every foreign vessel was a floating Sodom. 
 Marriage laws were unknown. The paganism 
 of the people took on its worst form at the fu- 
 nerals of their chiefs. Besides making human 
 sacrifices, they utterly abandoned themselves 
 to sensuality and violence. They threw aside 
 the restraints of decency as they did their 
 clothing. They filled the air with loud and 
 long-continued wailings and the noise of shell- 
 trumpets. They knocked out their front teeth. 
 
 7 
 
lacerated their bodies, set fire to houses, danced 
 in a state of nudity, and appeared more like 
 demons than human beings. They put their 
 children to death. One woman told a mis- 
 sionary that she had buried all of her thirteen 
 children alive. The missionaries once rescued 
 a boy from the grave in which he had been 
 placed to be buried alive, and he grew up in 
 their care and became the most popular preacher 
 in Hawaii. 
 
 The presence of the missionaries soon worked 
 a wonderful reformation among the people. 
 Congregations numbering thousands gathered 
 to hear the preaching of the gospel. Schools 
 were opened. The king was the first pupil, 
 and after he had learned to read he gave com- 
 mand that every one in his kingdom should 
 attend the mission schools. In a few years 
 30.000 of the people were able to read and 
 write. The missionaries soon prepared school- 
 books, tracts, and translations of the Scriptures. 
 In 1832 a translation of the New Testament 
 had been distributed. Titus Coan, the mission- 
 ary, could not go to all who were anxious to 
 hear. He asked them to come to him. The 
 people settled by the thousands around the 
 little village of Hilo, and here was held for 
 two years a unique “ camp meeting.” There 
 was not an hour, day or night, that he could 
 not rally an audience of from 2,000 to 6,000, 
 at the sound of a bell. The old church was 
 packed with 6,000 hearers and a new building 
 8 
 
with half as many more. He had no leisure. 
 He once spoke three times before breakfast. 
 He set the people to work, and more than 
 40,000 were visited from house to house with- 
 in five miles of the central station. 
 
 During twelve months 5,244 people had 
 been received into the church. On one Sun- 
 day he baptized 1,705, and 2,400 sat down 
 together at the Lord’s Supper. What a scene 
 was that! What a gathering! The liar, the 
 thief, the murderer; the mothers whose hands 
 had reeked with the blood of their own child- 
 ren ; those whose eyes, noses, lips and limbs 
 had been consumed with the fire of their own 
 or their parents’ former lusts, gathered about 
 the table of the Lord. The hoary priest of 
 idolatry, with hands but recently washed from 
 the blood of human victims, was at that service. 
 These all met before the cross of Christ with 
 their enmity slain, “washed and sanctified and 
 justified in the name of the Lord Jesus and by 
 the Spirit of God.” 
 
 During the five years ending June, 1841, 
 7,557 persons were received into the church at 
 Hilo. When Titus Coan left Hawaii he had, 
 himself, baptized about 12,000. Sunday was 
 better kept than in the United States. Fifteen 
 houses of worship w'ere built, mainly with the 
 labor and money of the people themselves; 
 
 If you were to go to Honolulu you would 
 feel like you were in a city of this country. 
 You would see street-cars, telegraph and tele- 
 
 9 
 
phone lines, and electric lights. You would 
 find a score of steamers plying between the 
 islands and other lands. You would see natives 
 dressed like Americans, engaged as teachers, 
 lawyers, ministers and government officers. 
 Where seventy-five years ago there was an un- 
 clothed race of savages, you would now find 
 a civilized community, supporting their own 
 churches, and with marvelous success carrying 
 on Foreign Missions. The Hawaii national 
 motto is: “The life of the county is righteous- 
 ness.” Hon. Richard H. Dana, a distinguished 
 lawyer of Boston, while on a visit to the island 
 in i860, wrote as follows: “Whereas the mis- 
 sionaries found this island a nation of half- 
 naked savages, living in the surf and on the 
 sand, eating raw fish, fighting among them- 
 selves, tyrannized over by feudal chiefs, aban- 
 doned to sensuality; they now see them de- 
 cently clothed, recognizing the laws of marriage, 
 going to school and church with more regularity 
 than our people do at home, and the more 
 elevated portion of them taking part in the 
 constitutional monarchy in which they live.” 
 The aborigines of New Zealand not only 
 feasted on enemies who were killed in battle, 
 but they specially fattened slaves for their 
 feasts. A poor slave girl would sometimes be 
 commanded by her master to bring fuel, light 
 a fire and heat an oven, and then would be 
 knocked in the head and cast into the oven. 
 The children were taught the severest cruelty 
 
 10 
 
from the first. When a child was named, 
 small pebbles were thrust down its throat to 
 make it hard-hearted. The little ones were 
 taught to be liars and thieves. In 1772, the 
 natives killed a ship’s crew numbering twenty- 
 eight men. Ten years later they killed ten 
 sailors and cooked and eat them in triumph. 
 
 Mr. Marsden preached his first sermon here 
 on Christmas Day, 1814, from the text, “Be- 
 hold I bring you good tidings of great joy.” 
 It was ten years before the first conversion. 
 Not until 1830 was the first public baptism, 
 when a chief and two natives were baptized. 
 Before the end of the year there were thirteen 
 more. After this the progress was rapid. In 
 1842, Bishop Selwyn wrote: “We see here a 
 whole nation of pagans converted to the faith. 
 Where will you find throughout the Christian 
 world more signal manifestations of the pre- 
 sence of the Spirit, or more living evidence of 
 the kingdom of Christ?” There were soon 
 20,000 church members. Speaking of the 
 influence of the mission on New Zealand, 
 Charles Darwin said: “The lesson of the 
 missionary is the enchanter’s wand. 
 
 Several young men redeemed from slavery by 
 the missionaries, were employed on a farm ; 
 they had a respectable appearance. I found 
 there a large party of children collected together 
 for Christmas Day, and all sitting around a tea 
 table. I never saw a nicer or more merry 
 group ; and to think that this was the center of 
 
a land of cannibalism, murder, and atrocious 
 crimes.” 
 
 The history of missions to the Fiji Islands 
 is a picture of the brightest light shining in the 
 deepest darkness; While all the natives of the 
 Pacific were barbarous, the Fijis were superla- 
 tively bad. The missionaries witnessed scenes 
 too horrible to be described, too full of fiendish 
 cruelty to be imagined. The Fiji went beyond 
 the’ ordinary limits of blood-shedding and 
 cruelty. They were a disgrace to mankind. 
 Female children, especially were killed. “ Why 
 should a girl live?,” they would say. “She 
 can not poise a spear; she can not wield a 
 club.” There was a custom of strangling the 
 widows after the death of their husbands. It 
 was the privilege of the oldest son to take the 
 lead in strangling his mother at the death of 
 his father. When one chief was lost at sea, 
 seventeen of his wives were strangled. When 
 the army was defeated in 1839, eighty women 
 were strangled. 
 
 Cannibalism was one of their greatest sins. 
 This inhuman practice has been known in other 
 ages and countries. The tribes along the 
 Congo seek human flesh and delight to find 
 “ long hogs,” as they call human victims. But 
 in the Fiji Islands it existed to an extent and 
 with horrors unsurpassed elsewhere in the 
 world. When James Calvert went there his 
 first duty was to gather up and bury the bones 
 of eighty victims sacrificed at a cannibal feast. 
 
He lived to see this very people who had taken 
 part in that horrible meal seated about the 
 table of the Lord. It was interwoven with 
 the whole frame-work of society, so much so 
 that not only in the case of prisoners taken in 
 war, but on the most ordinary occasions, such 
 as the building of houses, the launching of a 
 canoe, the offering and eating of human sacri- 
 fices were considered indispensable. Canni- 
 balism was one of the important things in the 
 training of children. Mothers would rub a 
 piece of human flesh over the lips of their 
 children in order to give them a taste for blood. 
 One of the favorite games of the children was, 
 in imitation, the whole process of a cannibal 
 feast. They played cannibalism as our chil- 
 dren play church. To such an extent was this 
 crime that few died a natural death, and for 
 the same reason an old man was seldom seen. 
 One missionary estimates that within four years 
 no less than five hundred persons were sacri- 
 ficed and eaten within twenty miles of one 
 island. They ate human flesh chiefly from the 
 love of it. It was more palatable to them than 
 pork. It is said the flesh of foreigners was 
 often too strong with salt and tobacco to be 
 good. A certain king was accustomed to return 
 from neighboring islands with strings of the 
 bodies of babies hanging from his canoe like 
 strings of fish or other game, tribute exacted 
 from their parents for food. The higher the 
 rank the more this revolting custom was prac- 
 
 13 
 
ticed. A man named Loti had his wife help 
 him bring wood for an oven and a bamboo 
 knife, which she cheerfully did, and then killed 
 and cooked her, and invited his friends to help 
 eat her. Twenty-eight persons were once 
 seized while fishing and merely stunned and 
 then thrown into an oven ; and some of them 
 recovered and attempted to escape, but were 
 driven back upon the red-hot stones. A chief 
 registered the number of bodies he ate by 
 stones set up on end, and a missionary counted 
 eight hundred and seventy-two stones. The 
 ovens of Bau, used only for cooking human 
 bodies, were said to be seldom cool. A king 
 said: “White men make good eating; they 
 are like ripe bananas.” As many as fifty bod- 
 ies have been cooked for one feast. Among 
 these would be found men and women of all 
 ages, and even little children. On one occa- 
 sion the tongue of a prisoner was cut out and 
 eaten raw, and while the sufferer begged for 
 speedy death, the king was laughing in high 
 glee. Two men were taken in battle and com- 
 pelled to dig a hole in the earth for an oven 
 and cut the fire-wood. Their arms and legs 
 were then cut off, w'hich were cooked and eaten 
 in the presence of the men still living. 
 
 These facts are sufficient to show the dark 
 cloud that hung over the group of beautiful 
 islands. The people bordered the line of total 
 depravity. But they were not beyond the 
 power of the gospel. Nowhere else did the 
 
 14 
 
worst forms of savagery seem so overpower- 
 ing. It was a long, hard struggle. After 
 years of toil, the reward came. The change 
 was complete, and the growth of the Christian 
 community rapid. On the 30th of April, 1854, 
 the king ordered the great wooden drums to 
 be sounded to call the people to the important 
 service, at which heathenism was renounced 
 and the gospel embraced. These drums were 
 never before beaten except to call to war or to 
 a cannibal feast. In 1857, the king put away 
 his many wives and was publicly baptized. He 
 and his people became loving and gentle. The 
 old king, once treacherous, and a bloodthirsty 
 cannibal, died in 1884, a faithful, gentle, intel- 
 ligent Christian, who was greatly beloved by 
 all who knew him. The lion had become a 
 lamb. Churches were organized, places of 
 worship were provided, which were crowded 
 with great congregations. In every island 
 there was scarcely a house in which could not 
 be heard daily morning and evening prayers in 
 the family. Out of a population of 120,000, 
 at least 102,000 were regular attendants of the 
 church. Forms of Christian civilization were 
 adopted. Your property is as safe in Fiji as 
 in Tennessee or Ohio. The Fiji were formally 
 annexed to Great Britain in 1874. In the cer- 
 emony of cession, the king handed his war-club 
 to the commissioner, saying: “The king gives 
 her majesty. Queen Victoria, his old and fa- 
 vorite war-club — formerly, and until lately, the 
 
 IS 
 
only known law of Fiji.” Sixty-seven years 
 ago there was not a single Christian in Fiji; 
 to-day there is not an avowed heathen. For 
 many years cannibalism has been wholly ex- 
 tinct. 
 
 There is a church building at Bau. In the 
 walls are to be found stones that were once 
 gods, stones gathered from the ruins of ancient 
 heathen temples, stones taken from fortifications 
 over which men once fought, bled and died, 
 grim, hard stones that for ages absorbed the 
 tears and blood of generations of men who 
 walked this earth without God and without 
 hope. To-day within the walls of this strange 
 church building stands a rough bowlder of 
 gray rock that was once known as the killing 
 stone, against which scores of poor victims of 
 lust and murder have been dashed to death 
 to make a feast for the heathen lords of Bau. 
 This grim memorial of dark days has been 
 turned into a baptismal font from which many 
 hundreds of men, women and children have 
 had water sprinkled upon them for baptism. 
 There would have been a baptistery instead of 
 a baptismal font in this building if a fuller 
 gospel had been preached. We rejoice, how- 
 ever, at the mighty work of God accomplished 
 in Fiji by our Wesleyan brethren. They have 
 done the will of God in making known his 
 saving grace in that land. 
 
 The Fijian church is a missionary body. It 
 has sent out its workers to New Britain and 
 
 i6 
 
New Ireland. The light of the gospel has 
 flooded the whole land and transformed it and 
 made it another kingdom in the family of the 
 civilized nations of the earth. “The uplifting 
 by the sun of the briny waters that surge 
 around these islands, to float in the sky and 
 gleam in hues of light, is not more wonderful 
 than this transformation by Divine grace of the 
 foul and fiendish heathen into humble, loving 
 and lovable Christians — into sons of God and 
 joint-heirs with Jesus Christ.” 
 
 The Gospel was preached to the Fuegians 
 of South America. They were an exceedingly 
 low type of the race. Admiral Sullivan wrote 
 to Darwin of the influence of the mission, and 
 said: “During eleven years the mission fowl- 
 house had remained unlocked and not one 
 egg had been stolen.” Darwin replied that he 
 “could not have believed that all the mission- 
 aries in the world could have made the Fue- 
 gians honest.” The most quarrelsome, the 
 most dishonest, the most superstitious and 
 cruel of Tierra del Fuego, became models of 
 virtue and industry, and lived in the very 
 shadow of the cross. 
 
 Let us look at Greenland, among the ice- 
 castles of the north. The people were as 
 frozen and as repellant as the climate. Success 
 among the stolid, stupid Greenlanders seemed 
 as hopeless as melting the ice-mountains of the 
 Frozen Pole. They knew not God. No lower 
 type of paganism was to be found on the face 
 
 17 
 
of the earth. They were without temples or 
 idols. Their only religious emotion was fear. 
 The native language had no words to carry 
 spiritual ideas. At first the gospel seemed to 
 have no power to impress them. They ridi- 
 culed whatever the missionaries said. While 
 the missionary spoke they feigned sleep and 
 snored. They would drown the singing with 
 howls and beating of drums. They broke open 
 the houses of the missionaries, destroyed their 
 furniture, stole their food and manuscripts, 
 pelted them with stones, and destroyed their 
 boat. And when starvation looked them in 
 the face, they would not even sell them a 
 morsel of food, though they had an abundance. 
 The Eskimos were repulsive dwarfs. Their 
 looks were ugly, their habits filthy. They 
 wallowed like hogs in the mire of their own 
 filth. At last the long winter of persecution 
 and patient waiting felt the warm touch 
 of a new spring time. The icy hearts be- 
 gan to break up. The whole life of the 
 people was changed. Awful cruelties were 
 replaced with Christian kindness. They now 
 had thought and care for others. Churches 
 and schools were planted, and the whole aspect 
 of the country was changed. Less than fifty 
 years ago the last professed pagan died. 
 
 The gospel conquered the Hottentot terror, 
 Africaner. This desperate outlaw was known 
 as the “Bonaparte of South Africa.” He 
 waged a constant, cruel and relentless war with 
 iS 
 
the natives about him. He stole cattle and 
 burned huts. When Robert Moffat started to 
 his village he was warned that the savage 
 monster would make a drum-skin of his hide 
 and a drinking cup of his skull. Africaner was 
 an outlaw. A reward of about $500 had been 
 offered for his head. This desperado’s bloody 
 hand was against every man. But where 
 could be found a man that would capture or 
 kill such a monster ? Moffat, the peerless 
 missionary, broke his stony heart and won him 
 through the preaching of the gospel. After- 
 ward, an African chief, gazing at Africaner, 
 said to Moffat, “ Look I there is the man, and 
 the lion, at whose roar even the dwellers in far 
 distant hamlets fled in terror from their homes.” 
 The Government of Cape Town sent for him 
 and the reward offered for his head was actually 
 spent in gifts for himself and presents for his 
 people. He traveled with Moffat as a co- 
 laborer in the gospel. The last words of this 
 remarkable trophy of Divine mercy were these : 
 “ 1 feel that I love God, and that he has done 
 much for me, of which I am totally unworthy. 
 My former life is stained with blood; but Jesus 
 has pardoned me.” 
 
 Thuban, the king of Upper Burma, was a 
 monster of cruelty. When he was inaugurated, 
 the event was celebrated by a massacre so hor- 
 rible that several hundred of the nobility were 
 among the victims. The sacrifice of human 
 life was common. When the city of Mandalay 
 
 19 
 
was built, fifty-six young girls were slain, that 
 the eight gates of the city niight, by their 
 blood, be secured from all invaders. Thirty 
 years later, in the same city, the Baptist Mis- 
 sionary Conference was held, the Judson Me- 
 morial Church was dedicated, and Burmese 
 Christians had given thousands of dollars 
 toward the cost. The choir was composed of 
 native Karen. At the close, Tamils, Telugas, 
 Burmans, Karens, Shans, Eurasians, English, 
 Americans and Chinamen sat down together 
 at the table of the Lord. 
 
 These are only a few examples of the suc- 
 cess which have attended the preaching of the 
 gospel among the lowest classes of the race. 
 
 20