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Author: 
 
 Cardiff Coal and Iron 
 Company (Cardiff, Tenn 
 
 Title: 
 
 Cardiff, Tennessee 
 
 Place: 
 
 [n.p.] 
 
 Date: 
 
 1890 
 
MASTER NEGATIVE « 
 
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 997.9 
 C17 
 
 cCardiff coal and iron company^ Cardiff, Tenn»| 
 
 Cardiff f Tennessee; its attractions for in«* 
 vestment^ immigration, and the establishment of 
 industries* Addressed to mochanics, tradesmen, 
 manufacturers and capitalists seeking now fields 
 for profitable labor^ enterprise and investment, 
 jl890i 
 
 cover-title, 23 p* fold* maps* 29*« 
 
 
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CARDIFF COAL AND IR(Mf COMPANY, 
 CARDIFF, TENNESSEE. JULY 1890. 
 
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 THE LIBRARIES 
 
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 TENNESSEE. 
 
 ♦ > ♦ ♦ » 
 
 Its Attractions for Investment, 
 
 Immigration, and the 
 
 Establishment of 
 
 Industries. 
 
 « »■» » 
 
 Addressed to Mechanics, Tradesmbii, Manufac- 
 
 turers and Capitalists i^ek;iiig lf€v7 Fields 
 
 for Profitable Labor, Enterprise 
 
 and Invefetment. 
 
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 CARDIFF GOAL AND IRON COMPANY, 
 
 CARDIFF, TENNESSEE. 
 
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 JULY, 1890. 
 
 
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 The Cardiff Coal and Iron Company asks your 
 attention to the advantages of its property for the immi- 
 gration of manufacturers, mechanics and tradesmen, and 
 their families ; for the establishment of new industries 
 and the transfer of old ones ; and for investment in land 
 ' and stock. It believes that its lands in Roane, Cum- 
 berland and Morgan Counties, Tennessee, afford unex- 
 celled opportunities of prosperity to tradesmen, laborers 
 ind manufacturers of almost all kinds, seeking new fields 
 of employment and enterprise in a section of the country 
 -which is growing in population and wealth more rapidly 
 than any other. 
 
 The Company's charter, granted by the State of Ten- 
 nessee, sets forth the purposes of the incorporation as 
 follows : 
 
 " The encouragement of immigration, the locating, establishing and 
 building of towns and cities, the purchase, improvement, develop- 
 ment and sale of property, and the establishment and encouragement 
 of industries, are the objects for which this charter is granted." 
 
 .M 
 
The by-laws expressly confer the following powers, 
 among others, to the President and Directors, for the 
 promotion of immigration and industries : 
 
 " They may sell and cause to be conveyed any and all the lands 
 and real estate of the Company to such corporation, person or per- 
 sons, in fee simple, or for any less estate, on such terms and condi- 
 tions, for such prices or considerations, by public vendue or private 
 sale, as they from time to time shall deem expedient and most for the 
 interest of the Company, and shall cause suitable conveyances to be 
 made thereof. They may demise any of the real estate or personal 
 property of the Company as they may deem expedient, at such rents 
 and on such terms as they may think proper, and cause suitable 
 leases to be made thereof. They may, in the name and behalf of the 
 Company, subscribe for and take and hold, and at their discretion 
 sell and otherwise dispose of, stock and bonds in other corporations 
 which may be organized for the development of the Company's prop- 
 erties, such as water works, gas or electric lighting, hotels, street 
 railroads, iron furnaces, rolling mills, brick works, tanneries and 
 divers manufacturing or mining companies. They shall declare all 
 dividends, allow accounts, supervise the conduct of the various offi- 
 cers, agents and their subordinates. They shall cause such streets, 
 ways, parks and passages to be made and maintained on the Com- 
 pany's lands as they may deem needful, and give and convey in fee 
 simple, or by lease for term of years, or otherwise, such portions of said 
 lands as they may deem expedient for the interests of the Company, 
 to public or private uses, to promote the development of the Com- 
 pany's property and further its interests." 
 
 The capital stock of the Company is $5,000,000, in 
 shares each of $100 par value. 
 
 The following are the Company's officers : 
 
 President — B. B. Smalley, Burlington, Vermont. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, — W. P. Rice, Fort Payne, Alabama; Henry C. 
 Young, Cardiff, Tennessee. 
 
 Directors. — The President and Vice-PRESiDENTS, Ex-Officio ; 
 Joshua L. Chamberlain, New York City, N. Y.; William Warner, 
 
 t» 
 
 
 Kansas City, Missouri; Samuel E. Pingree, Hartford, Vermont; 
 Charles L. James, Boston, Massachusetts ; T. G. Montague, Chatta- 
 nooga, Tennessee; Robert Pritchard, Chattanooga, Tennessee; 
 J. F. Tarwater, Rockwood, Tennessee ; J. M. Ford, Kansas City, 
 Missouri; Carlos Heard, Biddeford, Maine; John M. Whipple, 
 Claremont, New Hampshire. 
 
 Treasurer, — Charles L. James. 
 
 Assistant Treasurer.— ^, L. Callahan. 
 
 Fiscal Agents in the North. — Cordley& Co., Bankers, 121 Devon- 
 shire Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Bankers in the South. — First National Bank of Chattanooga, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Transfer Agents. — American Loan and Jrust Company, Boston, 
 Mass. 
 
 General Manager at Cardiff. — M. M. Duncan. 
 
 In this list of officers, it is confidently believed, there 
 is a combination of ability and energy, and of experience 
 in similar undertakings, which assures a successful man- 
 agement to the Company. The subordinate agents and 
 employees at Cardiff have been selected with a like 
 careful regard for experience and competency. 
 
 SITUATION OF THE TOWN. 
 
 The town of Cardiff is situated in Roane County, in 
 the heart of the great Alleghany mineral belt, seventy- 
 five miles north of Chattanooga, and about as far south 
 of the Blue Grass region, of which Lexington, Kentucky, 
 one hundred and forty miles north of Cardiff, is the 
 metropolis. The choice of the site was influenced in 
 the first place by the fact that within this stretch of a 
 hundred and fifty miles between the Blue Grass region 
 and Chattanooga some important centre of industry 
 and population is bound soon to be developed by the 
 progress of the country. After thorough surveys of the 
 
whole line the particular locality of Cardiff was chosen 
 as surer than any other to secure to its settlers the ad- 
 vantages and profits of such a development. 
 
 THE LAY OF THE LAND. 
 
 I . Because of the lay of the land. The town site is a 
 parallelogram comprising some three thousand acres, a 
 segment of a beautiful and fertile valley bounded west 
 by Walden's Ridge, and east by hills which separate it 
 from the lowland of the Tennessee River. It slopes 
 gently down from these dividing hills on one side, and 
 from the foot hills of the Ridge on the other side, form- 
 ing in the centre a level inviting railroad transit ; the 
 trend of the valley is nearly northeast and southwest. 
 Height of this level (which is the lowest part of the town 
 site) eight hundred feet above sea level. Height of Wal- 
 den's Ridge, 1,700 feet. This valley land has all been 
 cleared and well tilled for more than a hundred years, 
 and dates its settlement back to the beginning of the 
 State. The titles come from grants for services in the 
 Revolutionary War. As one travels southward from 
 the Blue Grass region, this rich valley is the first that is 
 suitable for the site of a town which may reasonably 
 hope to attain the growth of such cities as Chattanooga 
 and Birmingham. There are situations on the way 
 which are adapted for hamlets and villages, but, until 
 Cardiff is reached, none that is clearly destined by nature 
 for a great aggregation of industries and people. 
 
 Back from Walden's Ridge the Company has acquired 
 conveyances of vast tracts of mineral, agricultural and 
 timber lands, in which for more than a year it has been 
 pursuing careful topographical and geological surveys, 
 as well as clearing up titles of portions of it which are 
 
 \ 
 
 ; 
 
 in dispute by reason of interfering grants, or grants 
 imperfectly located originally, and of squatters' claims, 
 and other sources of conflict. The topographical survey 
 remains under the direction of Mr. Otto Sonne. The 
 geological survey has been directed by Prof. A. C. Gill. 
 The Company's legal counsel include Messrs. Wheeler 
 & Marshall and Pritchard, Sizer & Thomas, of Chatta- 
 nooga, Warner, Dean & Hagerman, of Kansas City, 
 Owens & McElwee, of Rockwood, and Wright & Wright, 
 of Wartburg. In the Company's prospectus, issued in 
 March, 1890, the President and Directors, desirous of 
 avoiding by any possibility an overstatement, set forth 
 moderately that " the Company's acquisitions, approved 
 by these legal authorities as of absolutely good and inde- 
 feasible title, exceed fifty thousand acres, or more than 
 seventy square miles." It becomes proper now to add 
 that the Company's deeds include within their terms 
 more than one hundred and fifty thousand acres, and 
 that in the progress of the legal investigations and of 
 the topographical surveys strong hopes are warranted 
 of a successful maintenance of title to very much more 
 than the fifty thousand acres then asserted ; and also 
 that their mineral riches are amply confirmed at every 
 step of the survey. 
 
 On the annexed map A the platting of the town site is fully deline- 
 ated. Tennessee and Massachusetts Avenues are fixed in the design, 
 and confirmed by the lot purchases and by block buildings, as the 
 principal business streets. The favorite sites for dwellings are on 
 the back streets from those avenues, and also on the east side of the 
 township, where the platting is specially adapted for the purpose. 
 Many spacious and some quite costly houses have been built in both 
 localities. The blocks on the lower level of the valley, in the vicinity 
 of railroad tracks, are more particularly adapted to manufacturing 
 uses, and have been platted with that design. 
 
 i 
 
The map B shows the tracts of land back of the Ridge within the 
 terms of the Company's deeds, the streams by which they are 
 traversed, and (in red lines) the routes of the highways and county 
 roads by which they are now accessible. The following is a recent 
 brief description of them by a reporter who conducted a special 
 investigation of their facilities for settlement ai\d development : — 
 
 " The boundary line of the Cardiff Company's mountain property 
 included within the terms of its deeds, and comprising both the 
 titles which have been perfectly cleared up and those which are in 
 process of adjustment, is rectangular in form, the eastern line of the 
 rectangle being the most irregular. The southern boundary is about 
 eighteen miles in length, reaching from near Emory Gap Station 
 to Daddy's Creek, on the west of Crab Orchard Mountains. The 
 eastern boundary stretches from near Post Oak, in an irregular 
 line, the mean direction being east by north, to the Emory Rivei, 
 above Oakdale Junction. The northern boundary reaches from the 
 Emory River out on the Cumberland Plateau to the west of the Crab 
 Orchard Mountains. The western boundary reaches from Crab 
 Orchard Gap north about eight miles. These boundaries, there- 
 fore, enclose a territory eighteen miles long and eight miles wide. 
 This land embraces the whole of Clifty Creek Basin, the whole of 
 Crab Orchard Creek Basin, the head-waters of Piney, Mammy and 
 Fall Creeks, the whole of Yellow Creek and a goodly share of 
 Daddy's Creek. The main road from Rockwood to Wartburg, known 
 as the Brown's Gap road, on the divide between Clifty and Crab 
 Orchard Creeks, the Antioch road over the mountain to Crossville, 
 the Rich Gap Road to Crossville and the Millstone Gap road to 
 Crossville, all cross the Cardiff Co.'s mountain territory, passing 
 through the Crab Orchard mountains. The southwest corner of the 
 Company's land is cut by the old Nashville and Knoxville stage road 
 through Crab Orchard Gap. The Cardiff mountain lands are in Mor- 
 gan and Cumberland Counties, while the town site is in Roane County. 
 The Company's mountain headquarters are located in the southeastern 
 part of the mountain land, four miles north of Walden's Ridge, and 
 five miles west from Cardiff. From these headquarters westward the 
 road runs over a series of sandstone formations and dpwn into the 
 fertile bottoms of the creeks, which have worn deep channels in the 
 plateau. These creeks and their tributaries are of pure and quick 
 water, furnishing admirable drainage and an inexhaustible pure water 
 
 supply for domestic and stock purposes. It is a soft, freestone water, 
 the streams rising in springs, a never-failing source. One can hardly 
 proceed a quarter of a mile in any direction on the plateau without 
 crossing one of these creeks. The soil of the plateau is light and 
 sandy, well adapted for gardening and fruit raising, with luxuriant 
 grass for stock. The scenery all through this section is very beauti- 
 ful. The land is undulating, the ridges being crowned with a luxu- 
 riant forest growth, with here and there an abrupt rocky wall or 
 sharp peak projecting." 
 
 \ 
 
 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 
 
 2. Because of transportation facilities. The town site 
 is traversed from north to south by the Cincinnati 
 Southern railroad, part of the Queen & Crescent rail- 
 road system, which is the main route from Cincinnati to 
 New Orleans. The managers of this great railroad 
 system are interested next to the Cardiff Company itself 
 to promote the development of Cardiff for their own 
 traffic. The passenger station and the freight yards 
 are admirably commodious. Every desirable facility is 
 afforded on the most liberal scale for transportation and 
 storage, and rates both north and south are adjusted to 
 the advantage of the business of the town. At a short 
 distance northward, communication is effected with the 
 East Tenn., Va. & Ga. railroad system. In the west 
 several lines are advancing from Central Tennessee to 
 connection with these roads, and to effect it must pass 
 through the Cardiff Company's lands back of the Ridge, 
 and open them to easy access. Water transportation by 
 the Tennessee River is also available. The town site is 
 watered by the branches of Caney's Creek, which after 
 their junction flow down to the Tennessee River on an 
 easy grade, capable of being paralleled by rail at very 
 moderate expense. Thus (without any outlay by the 
 
8 
 
 Cardiff Company unless for future communication with 
 the river) the town is in complete and easy communica- 
 tion with all quarters of the country, by long established 
 main ways of commerce. There is no part of the United 
 States from which freight cannot promptly and regularly 
 be transported to and from Cardiff without breaking 
 bulk after once lading on the cars. 
 
 The annexed map A shows the course of the Queen & Crescent Rail- 
 road line throughout the town, and the location of the passenger sta- 
 tion and the freight yards. Map B shows the railroad relations toward 
 Chattanooga southward and toward Lexington and Cincinnati north- 
 ward, and also the branch of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia 
 line, communicating eastward with Knoxville. This map exhibits 
 also the vast lands of the Company beyond Walden's Ridge, which 
 must be traversed by any of the railroads that are building eastward 
 from Central Tennessee in order to reach a junction with the Queen 
 & Crescent and the E. T., Va. & Ga. lines and the Tennessee 
 River. Map C is a vertical section of these lands, and shows the 
 gaps in them available for railroad communication. The course of 
 Caney's Creek is also drawn in Map B, showing the route of direct 
 communication with the Tennessee River from Cardiff. The narrow 
 guage road from the Rockwood mines and furnaces to the River is 
 indicated on the same map. 
 
 MINERAL WEALTH. 
 
 3. Because of mineral wealth. A vein of rich red 
 fossil or Clinton iron ore runs in the foot hills of the 
 Ridge throughout the whole length of the town site, and 
 the Ridge above is seamed with several veins of excel- 
 lent coal. Over the Ridge the Company owns vast 
 tracts of land full also of iron ore and coal. The titles 
 of more than fifty thousand acres are clear and inde- 
 feasible. The titles of areas even greater are in process 
 of adjustment. These land titles proceed originally 
 from the State of Tennessee. Both the town site and 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 9 
 
 the back lands contain also abundance of limestone and 
 brick clay. Whenever any of the railroads now pushing 
 eastward from Central Tennessee reaches the Company s 
 back lands, the ore beds and coal measures there will 
 become as accessible and marketable as those along 
 Walden's Ridge now are. The quality of the coal and 
 iron is not experimental, but has been proved by proht- 
 able working for more than twenty years. The coal 
 that has long been profitably coked for the Roane Iron 
 Company's blast furnaces at Rockwood is mined from 
 the same veins in Walden's Ridge. The iron ore for 
 those furnaces (as well as for others at Dayton and else- 
 where) is supplied from the Cardiff Company s mines. 
 Two groups of the iron mines near the north end of the 
 town site have been worked for many years. They are 
 connected by branches with the Cincinnati Southern 
 railroad, which furnishes a special ore train for their 
 accommodation. Twenty car loads are now shipped 
 daily from these mines, yielding a net profit of more 
 than $30,000 per year, and work is under way to triple 
 the quantity, and increase the proceeds proportionately, 
 by enlarging the present openings and making new 
 ones Plans also are made for a blast furnace of the 
 most approved modern pattern on the Company's own 
 lands, and ground was broken for it on June 26. The 
 ore vein is within seven hundred yards from its location, 
 and the limestone beds within one hundred yards. 
 A broad guage railroad, double track, connects it with 
 the mines. All the coal and iron works are under direc- 
 tion of Mr. M. M. Duncan, General Manager, who for 
 the last eight years has been Superintendent of the 
 Roane Iron Company's mines, coke ovens and blast fur- 
 naces. The geological survey instituted and still prose- 
 
I< 
 
 lO 
 
 cuted by the Company reports the following mineral 
 deposits as thus far ascertained, and others yet to be 
 investigated : Coking, steam, smithing, gas and domestic 
 coals ; hematite, limonite (brown hematite) and carbon- 
 ate iron ores; limestone and marble; freestone and 
 conglomerate; fire-clay, brick-clay, pipe-clay, etc.; zinc 
 blende and calamine; lead sulphide or galena; alum, 
 glauberite and green vitriol. 
 
 The town site Map A, exhibits the iron mines now worked by the 
 Company, and their track communication with the Cincinnati South- 
 ern (Queen & Crescent) main line of railroad. In the vicinity of 
 each group of mines are villages (owned by the Company) for the 
 accommodation of the miners and their families, and commissary 
 stores for their supplies. These mines may be multiplied manifold, 
 as the ore vein runs through the foot hills the whole length of the 
 township with an average thickness of more than four feet. Parallel 
 with this vein, and less than a quarter of a mile northwestward is an 
 extensive limestone deposit, and within a further distance of half a 
 mile are three veins of coal. The same map exhibits the Company's 
 furnace site, and the construction of the furnace has begun under 
 the care and supervision of Mr. Duncan. Coal for its use will be 
 mined from the Company's coal measures in Walden's Ridge, and 
 coked on levels from which it can be delivered at the furnaces by 
 gravity power if desirable. The iron ore will be delivered likewise at 
 the furnace by gravity power. Map C exhibits the coal measures in 
 the Ridge directly above the town site, and the juxtaposition of the 
 iron ores and limestone for flux. In like manner coal supplies at the 
 minimum of cost will be distributed to manufacturing establishments 
 of every variety in the town. 
 
 The map C exhibits a vertical section of the Company's back 
 lands, and the coal and iron veins which traverse them, and the 
 position of these mineral lands in their relation to the valley in which 
 the town is situated. With regard to the iron ores and coal measures, 
 the geological survey reports as follows : 
 
 Iron. — " The mines give an excellent opportunity of estimating 
 the quantity of ore. The size of the veins is very regular, avera;jinor 
 
 / 
 
 N 
 
 in Cardiff from four to four and a half feet, and on the Riley's Creek 
 property, eight miles distant, fully six feet. There is enough iron 
 ore within ten miles of the town to supply ten one-hundred ton fur- 
 naces for a hundred years. Besides the vast deposits of red fossil 
 ore, there are undeveloped deposits of brown hematite within two or 
 three miles of the town. This may prove very valuable for mixture 
 with the ' harder ' portions of the Clinton ore. The carbonate ores 
 have not been found in large quantities." 
 
 Coal. — " The escarpment of Walden's Ridge forms the south- 
 eastern boundary of the productive coal-measures. Between it and 
 the seaboard of Georgia and the Carolinas there is no coal. Though 
 the Ridge rises only eight or nine hundred feet above the valley, yet 
 the position of the strata is such that about 1400 feet of coal- 
 measure rock is exposed. Eight distinct coal-beds have been recog- 
 nized. Four of these are of workable thickness for considerable 
 areas. Test openings on such beds as may be easily reached from 
 the surface show these results : Bird's Branch bed, twenty-two inches 
 and sixteen inches, three miles apart ; Haley Grove (sub-conglomer- 
 ate) three feet six inches, thirty-four inches of coal, rest slate ; Sewanee 
 now seven feet at end of our tunnel. 
 
 " The Sewanee is noted as the most trustworthy coal-bed of Ten- 
 nessee. Its coke is used successfully by the Roane Iron Company. 
 It is also a good smithing and domestic coal. The Haley Grove bed 
 is in two layers, with a parting of slate between. This is an excel- 
 lent smithing and coking coal. The JEtna. vein has not yet been 
 opened, though borings to the northward find it nearly five feet thick, 
 and to the south-west it is more than six and a half feet in thickness. 
 The Bird's Branch vein is of about the same size. It is reported 
 three and a half feet in places. 
 
 " The quantity of the coal is inexhaustible. If we consider that 
 three of the eight beds in the coal land belonging to the Cardiff Co. 
 are workable over large areas, we have, at the lowest estimate, twenty 
 thousand tons per acre. Two thousand acres would supply four 
 one hundred-ton blast furnaces for a hundred years. In brief, the 
 amount of coal on the Cardiff property is for all practical purposes 
 unlimited." 
 
12 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 4. The Company's lands back of Walden's Ridge, of 
 which, as has been mentioned, more than seventy square 
 miles are held by clear and indefeasible title, are well 
 timbered with both hard and soft woods, specimens of 
 which are to be examined in the Company's exhibition 
 building in the town. Among the varieties of wood are 
 pine, hickory, poplar (white wood), holly, sweet gum and 
 black gum, cherry, birch, maple, beech, basswood, black 
 walnut, chestnut, and six varieties of oak. The follow- 
 ing extract from a report of Mr. C. H. Young describes 
 their quantity and quality and adaptiveness for manu- 
 facture : 
 
 ^ 
 
 " Not having been heretofore accessible to transportation, the Car- 
 diff Company's great tracts of mineral lands beyond Walden's Ridge 
 have not been lumbered to any extent, and a greater part of them 
 remains an unbroken forest, as it was when the first settler came to 
 the country in the latter part of the last century. Fires have done 
 some damage in stunting the growth of a certain amount, but the 
 quality is good, and there is a supply and variety sufficient for all 
 
 kinds of work. 
 
 " The pines occupy a prominent place, being well distributed over the 
 land. The yellow pine (short leaved), suitable for all kinds of framing 
 and heavy timber work, is of even quality and good size, many trees 
 scaling one thousand feet to the tree, and holding their size nearly 
 to the top. This pine is easily lumbered, being mostly on level land 
 or gentle slopes. The white pine is not wholly first-class, but is very 
 good and of large size, and is an important part of the timber pro- 
 duct, supplying as it does to this section a need for which no other 
 timber is suitable. It is all in the creek bottoms and not so cheaply 
 lumbered, but pays well for all expense when manufactured. There 
 are several millions of this, most of it very accessible. Much of this 
 pine would have been better could it have been used years ago. 
 
 *'The oaks form a large share of the product, there being six 
 varieties. The white oak is very sound and large, especially adapted 
 
 13 
 
 to carriage work and car building, also making a fine finish when 
 properly worked. Black oak is more brash and better for lighter 
 work in furniture, having a fine grain when finished. Red oak also 
 will work into furniture and car work, having a tint when finished 
 almost like cherry. Spanish oak is of uniform soundness, and a very 
 fine timber for both heavy and light work. It is almost inexhaustible, 
 and attains a large size, many trees measuring three feet in diameter, 
 and thirty feet to the limbs. Post oak is very tough, and will work 
 where white oak is suitable. It has a peculiar spot in the grain that 
 makes it a beautiful finish stock. Chestnut oak is especially valu- 
 able, the bark being used for tanning. It is more open grained than 
 other oak, but makes a good furniture timber. The oak in this 
 country alone will be sufficient to supply car furniture and carriage 
 works for years, and it is doubtful if it can ever be used as fast as it 
 grows. It can be obtained at very low cost, and is well distributed 
 on good even land to lumber. There are millions of feet of it for 
 
 ties alone. 
 
 " The chestnut is very abundant and valuable for ties, telegraph 
 
 poles and inside work, also for posts and fence rails. 
 
 " Next comes hickory, for all kinds of bent work in wagons and 
 agricultural machinery, and the supply and quality is sufficient to 
 support a large manufactory of this class in Cardiff for a century. 
 This would be an industry that could be made profitable to an enter- 
 prising party at once, in the use of this timber alone. It is inex- 
 haustible. Red hickory is a fine lumber for house finishing. 
 
 " White wood, or as it is called here, poplar, is of good quality and 
 very large. It is abundant, and has a yellow cast that makes it 
 especially desirable for inside work. It is easily worked into lumber 
 at small cost, which gives it a value as one of the factors in the 
 timber development. 
 
 " Holly is plenty, and attains a good size to make desirable stock 
 for market. The streams are lined with it for many miles. 
 
 " Black walnut is natural to the limestone in the valley about Car- 
 diff, and can be obtained very cheaply, although much of the best 
 nas been used in years past. There are sections, however, round- 
 aoout, that have never been cut off. 
 
 " Both sweet gum and black gum abound. The former makes a 
 very fine finish lumber, and can be made valuable. 
 
 ** Cherry is found in some localities, and can be obtained cheaply. 
 
1 
 
 14 
 
 " Birch and maple are plenty and make fine furniture stock. 
 
 " Beech and basswood are plenty in some sections, and are of fine 
 quality. 
 
 " These timbers are natural to the plateau, and cover the Cardiff 
 Company's entire property. When the question of transportation is 
 solved, and railroads cross the plateau from west to east, the product 
 of the forests of this great mountain region will play as important a 
 part in the future development of Cardiff as her immense resources 
 of coal and iron, and will aid largely in giving her a variety of indus- 
 tries, thereby increasing her power as a great manufacturing centre." 
 
 BUILDING MATERIAL. 
 
 5. There is no place in the South where the cost of 
 building is more moderate, by reason of the facility of 
 supplies of material and labor. None of the great cities 
 which have grown up of late years in that part of the 
 country has enjoyed at the start such advantages in this 
 respect. The sources of lumber supply are close in the 
 neighborhood, the hills are full of excellent building 
 stone, and very extensive quarries, lime-kilns and brick- 
 yards are in operation within the town itself. One of 
 the several building firms or companies now at work in 
 Cardiff (July, 1890) has on its pay roll more than three 
 hundred carpenters, masons, briickmakers, lime burners, 
 quarrymen and ordinary laborers. 
 
 i 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 6. There is no healthier portion of the United States. 
 The mean annual temperature is very nearly the same 
 as that of Chattanooga, 59.7 degrees Fahrenheit, and 
 enables work in the open air all the year round. The 
 nights are cool and refreshing even at the height of mid- 
 summer. In the large surveying parties of the Company 
 (two groups, topographical and geological) which have 
 
 I ! 
 
 15 
 
 been at work for a year, there has been no case what- 
 ever of sickness. The Company's resident physician 
 reports that neither in the town nor at either of the 
 mining villages has there been any epidemical disease 
 during his charge, and that the percentages of ordinary 
 illness are remarkably light. The facilities for drainage 
 are excellent. This is the satisfactory condition of the 
 public health, notwithstanding the extraordinary provo- 
 cations to a different condition which attend extensive 
 openings of soil for grading and building in every new 
 and fast growing town. Doubtless the long settlement 
 and ancient clearing of the valley (as has been men- 
 tioned, it was one of the very first settled places in 
 Tennessee) have promoted these favorable healthful 
 conditions. A large public bath and swimming tank 
 has been established for summer use on one of the 
 branches of Caney Creek. The quality of the upper 
 waters of the creek for drinking is very pure, and there 
 are also very large springs close in the vicinity. The 
 Company's engineer reports the water supply satisfactory 
 for every purpose, both in quantity and in quality, for some 
 years to come, and whenever it is outgrown by the needs 
 of population and of manufactures, the Tennessee or 
 Emory Rivers can easily be reached for an absolutely 
 inexhaustible supply by piping. 
 
 MODERATE COST OF LIVING. 
 
 7. The fertile valley lands and the farms on the upland 
 plateau yield abundant products for the table. The rail- 
 roads add to these the provision markets of great cities 
 within such a moderate distance that the cost of supplies 
 is not largely enhanced by the charges of transportation. 
 The climate enables economy in clothing and domestic 
 
i6 
 
 fuel, and the latter for the most exterxsive use is both 
 cheap and plentiful. 
 
 GOOD -WILL. 
 
 8. The good-will of all the native population of the 
 region is an element of success not to be underrated in 
 importance. The following paragraph of the Company's 
 prospectus of March, 1890, remains strictly true, and 
 has been confirmed at every step of the progress of set- 
 tlement and industries : 
 
 " By rigid instruction to all its agents the Company has exercised 
 such scrupulous fairness in all its transactions, and exhibited such 
 abundant pecuniary resources for every need, that it has attracted 
 the good-will of everybody concerned, and has entirely escaped a 
 class of dangers from local prejudice and animosity, on which 
 Southern undertakings sometimes have been wrecked. Southern as 
 actively as Northern and Western people are interested in and in 
 behalf of the Company's enterprise, and it is safe to say that it has 
 no more cordial well-wishers than the old inhabitants of the region in 
 which it is prosecuted." 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TOWN. 
 
 The considerations thus enumerated were among 
 those which induced the choice of the site of Cardiff; 
 and progress in its development has approved the selec- 
 tion. The first sale of the Company's town lands was 
 held in April, 1890, and is well known by the published 
 reports in all sections of the country as the most exten- 
 sive and profitable land sale ever held in the United 
 States. During the short interval since that sale, there 
 has been a steady influx of population and progressive 
 rapidity in building. Almost all the trades necessary 
 for the comfort of a well organized town are now repre- 
 sented at Cardiff, but there is room and opportunity for 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 17 
 
 more, to keep pace with the growth of the place. All 
 the usual building industries (lumber yards, planing 
 mills, brick yards, lime kilns, etc., etc.), are well re- 
 presented; the town is excellently lighted with an 
 electric system (arc lights for public illumination, and 
 incandescent lamps for domestic use); a dummy line of 
 railway is graded for several miles down the valley, and 
 preparations are making for a similar line northward; 
 the foundations for a large hotel, of the first class by 
 comparison with the best in the country, are finished, 
 and contracts are making for the whole structure to be 
 pushed to speedy completion; a national bank and a 
 State bank and trust company are chartered and organ- 
 ized ; brick blocks are going up for business, and frame 
 buildings of every variety both for business and for 
 residence ; a Commercial Club or Board of Trade has 
 been organized and is preparing elegant and commo- 
 dious quarters for itself ; the Exhibition Building, a large 
 and handsome wooden structure, accommodates the 
 offices of the Company (while a brick and stone block 
 is going up for their occupation jointly with the First 
 National Bank) and also furnishes room for public and 
 social meetings ; the railroad station is beautiful as well 
 as commodious, and the grounds around it are laid out 
 as a park ; the grading of the principal business avenues 
 is finished ; the iron-mining villages are being improved ; 
 surveys are making for branch railroads to coal mines ; 
 a broad highway is opened along the eastern hills ; and 
 a well conducted newspaper, the Cardiff Herald, is estab- 
 lished, with a completely equipped job printing office and 
 
 steam presses. 
 
 Even without the great mineral resources which spe- 
 cially assure the prosperity of Cardiff, it is very worthy 
 
i8 
 
 of examination by people from other sections of the 
 country who have any disposition to identify themselves 
 with new places sure of rapid growth from their locality 
 as distributing centres of districts increasing in wealth 
 and population. Its distance from New England and 
 the Middle States is much less than that of the regions 
 of the Far West which have been developed into pros- 
 perity by immigration from the East. Its climate is 
 milder, and certainly as healthful. Its natural surround- 
 ings are far more beautiful. The native population is 
 hospitable. These inducements of themselves are suf- 
 ficiently attractive for immigration to Cardiff from old 
 sections whose fertility is exhausted and whose business 
 is on the wane. Here are new fields sure to reward 
 energy and enterprise and honesty, with wealth and in- 
 fluence and respect. 
 
 But when to these are added the mineral resources of 
 the place, and the countless purposes of profitable indus- 
 try to which they can be turned, the attractions are 
 doubled. The quantity of iron ore in the Company's 
 possessions in and near the town is estimated by mining 
 experts (as has been already quoted) as sufficient "to 
 supply ten loo-ton furnaces for a hundred years." The 
 quantity now mined (July, 1890) from openings in the 
 veins at the north end of the township, for the supply of 
 Rockwood and Dayton furnaces, is twenty car-loads per 
 day, and preparations are making for speedily tripling 
 this amount. The measures in Walden's Ri3ge and the 
 Company's possessions back of the Ridge are, in the 
 words of the mineral experts, " for all practical purposes 
 unlimited " in the quantity of coal they can furnish, and 
 the qualities of the coal are proved by profitable experi- 
 ence to be excellent for coking, for steam power, and for 
 
 \ 
 
 19 
 
 domestic use. The cost of making iron per ton at 
 Cardiff is estimated by the Company's experts as follows, 
 the estimates being based, when possible, on the actual 
 cost of operations now in progress on the grounds : 
 
 I i tons coke at $1.50 $2.62j 
 
 2i " ore " .70 1-92 i 
 
 i ton limestone .30 ^5 
 
 Labor and incidentals 3-25 
 
 Total, $7.95 
 
 In case it is ever deemed advisable to work ore belonging 
 to other parties, an additional expense of 55 to 68 i cents 
 per ton will be incurred, raising the total to $8.63} at a 
 maximum. 
 
 WITH WHOM TO COMMUNICATE. 
 
 Persons considering immigration to Cardiff, or engage- 
 ment in trade or the establishment of industries there, 
 or investment in the Company's lands, may address cor- 
 respondence directly to the Cardiff Coal and Iron 
 Company, Cardiff, Tennessee. We recommend, how- 
 ever, personal visits and inquiries on the spot. Mr. M. 
 M. Duncan, the General Manager of the Company at 
 Cardiff, Mr. H. C. Young, the resident Vice-President, 
 and Mr. R. L. Callahan, the Assistant Treasurer, will 
 always be pleased to furnish full information in response 
 to such personal inquiries. The President and Treas- 
 urer of the Company also may be consulted at its 
 offices, at No. 4 Liberty Square, Boston, Mass.; and Mr. 
 Rice, the First Vice-President, at the office of W. P. 
 Rice & Co., No. 15 State Street, Boston, Mass. The 
 banking house of Messrs. Cordley & Co., the fiscal agents 
 
20 
 
 of the Company in the North, is at 121 Devonshire 
 Street, Boston, Mass., where all the publications of the 
 Company may be consulted, and information concerning 
 its stock may be obtained. 
 
 HOW TO REACH CARDIFF. 
 BOSTON TO CARDIFF. 
 
 Fitchburg R.R. to Rotterdam, Bee Line to Cincinnati, 
 
 West Shore to Buffalo, Cin. So. (Queen & Crescent Route) 
 
 Lake Shore to Cleveland, to Cardiff. 
 
 Boston & Albany R.R. to Albany, Bee Line to Cincinnati, 
 New York Central to Buffalo, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 Lake Shore to Cleveland, diff. 
 
 Merchants' & Miners' Trans. Co. E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. (via Knox- 
 
 Stmr to Norfolk, ville) to Keathley, 
 
 Norfolk & Western to Bristol, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 Shore Line R.R., or any Steamboat Norfolk & Western to Bristol, 
 
 Line, to New York, E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. {via Knox- 
 
 Penn. R.R. to Hagerstown, ville) to Keathley, 
 
 Shenandoah Val. to Roanoke, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff.. 
 
 New York & New England R.R. 
 
 to New York, 
 Penn. R.R. to Hagerstown, 
 Shenandoah Val. to Roanoke, 
 
 Norfolk & Western to Bristol, 
 
 E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. (via Knox- 
 
 ville) to Keathley, 
 Cin. So. (Q..& C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 Fitchburg R.R. to Troy, New York, Lake Erie & Western 
 
 Del. & Hudson to Binghamton, and connections to Cincinnati, 
 
 Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 Boston & Maine R.R. and con- Norfolk & Western to Bristol, 
 
 nections, to Philadelphia, E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. (via Knox- 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio, via Washington, ville) to Keathley, 
 
 to Shenandoah Jc, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 
 Shenandoah Valley to Roanoke, diff. 
 
 /• 
 
 < 
 
 % 
 
 21 
 
 NEW YORK TO CARDIFF. 
 
 New York Central R.R. to Buffalo, Bee Line to Cincinnati, 
 
 Lake Shore to Cleveland, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 Penn. R.R. to Hagerstown, 
 Shenandoah Val. to Roanoke, 
 Norfolk & Western to Bristol, 
 
 E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. (via Knox- 
 
 ville) to Keathley, 
 Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardif:. 
 
 Bait. & Ohio R.R. to Cincinnati, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA TO CARDIFF. 
 Bait. & Ohio R.R. to Cincinnati, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 Bait. & Ohio R.R. to Shen- 
 andoah Jc. 
 Shenandoah Val. to Roanake, 
 Norfolk & Western to Bristol, 
 
 E. Tenn., Va. & Ga. (via Knox- 
 ville) to Keathley, 
 
 Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 diff. 
 
 Penn. R.R. to Pittsburg, 
 Penn. Lines to Cincinnati, 
 
 Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 diff. 
 
 BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON TO CARDIFF. 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio R.R. to Shen- E. Tenn., Va. & Ga., {via Knox- 
 
 andoah Jc. ville) to Keathley, 
 
 Shenandoah Val. to Roanoke, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 Norfolk & Western to Bristol, diff. 
 
 (( 
 
 CHICAGO TO CARDIFF. 
 Big Four " to Cincinnati, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardi.T. 
 
 KANSAS CITY AND ST. LOUIS TO CARDIFF. 
 
 Any Line to St. Louis, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 
 Ohio & Miss. R.R. to Cincinnati, diff. 
 
 K. C, Ft. Scott & M. to Memphis, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Car- 
 Memphis & C. to Chattanooga, diff. 
 
«N» 
 
 22 
 
 
 DENISON, TEXAS, TO CARDIFF. 
 
 M. K. & T. R.R. to Sedalia, Ohio & Miss, to Cincinnati, 
 
 Mo. Pac. to St. Louis, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 M. K. & T. R.R. to Bells, 
 Mo. Pac. to Memphis, 
 
 Memphis & C. to Chattanooga, 
 Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 M. K. & T. R.R. to Mineola, 
 T. & P. to Shreveport, 
 
 Q. & C. Route to Cardiff. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS, BIRMINGHAM, FORT PAYNE AND 
 CHATTANOOGA TO CARDIFF. 
 
 Queen & Crescent System to Cardiff. 
 
 LOUISVILLE TO CARDIFF. 
 Louisville South. R.R.to Burgin, Cin. So. (Q. & C. Route) to Cardiff. 
 
 STOCK INVESTMENT. 
 
 The capital stock of the Cardiff Coal and Iron 
 Company, as has been mentioned, is $5,000,000, in shares 
 of the par value of $ 100. Only a limited amount remains 
 open for public sale, and the subscribers for the greater 
 part are holding for investment with ample pecuniary- 
 resources to retain it in confidence of great and steady 
 enhancement of its value. 
 
 I. By the growth and development of the town of 
 Cardiff, and disposal of town lands. The Company, in 
 pursuance of its development policy, has already ex- 
 pended at Cardiff several hundred thousand dollars in 
 improvements of the town, and will continue disburse- 
 ments for that purpose on the same liberal scale from 
 the proceeds of land sales. Each dollar that goes back 
 into the land increases by so much the stock value. 
 
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 23 
 
 2. By the ultimate opening of the vast tracts of back 
 lands to settlement and improvement, which will be 
 realized when they are pierced by the lines of railroad 
 that are approaching from the west. Their mineral 
 riches will then become as available and marketable as 
 those along Walden's Ridge and in its close vicinity now 
 are, and their timber will find outlet. 
 
 3. By the adoption of a judicious dividend policy by 
 the Company as soon as its land sale receipts exceed the 
 treasury fund desirable for steady pursuance of the 
 development policy. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The official census enumeration, taken scarcely two 
 months after the first sale of town lots was made by the 
 Cardiff Coal and Iron Company, reports a population 
 of 1,235, accumulated within that brief time. This does 
 not include non-resident mechanics and laborers (who 
 number at least five hundred more) or the considerable 
 farming population on the Company's lands beyond 
 Walden's Ridge. It is a very remarkable showing, and 
 the whole history of the settlement of the country may 
 be challenged for a parallel. Since the census enumera- 
 tion the population has been increasing by the daily influx 
 of new immigrants intending permanent residence, and 
 by arrival of families whose fathers, sons and brothers 
 have been preparing homes for their occupation, and de- 
 ferred bringing them to Cardiff till these should be ready. 
 It is not a " boom," in the sense in which that word is 
 commonly used ; but is a steady and well-sustained growth, 
 justifying the expectation of the founders of the town 
 that it is destined for a place of the first r^k among the 
 centres of population and industry in the New South. 
 
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Walden'5 Ridge rise5 here^ ^AC/f of the town 
 
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 CARDIFF, TEN" 
 
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 RUNS /NT THE FOOT OF W ALDEN5 - 
 THE WHOLE LENGTH OF ~ -^E TOWNShI 
 
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 THE IRON ORE OF THE CARDIFF COAL ^^ IRON CO. 
 RUNS /^ THE FOOT OF N/VALDEn'5 RIDG-E THROUGHOUT 
 THE WHOLE LENGTH OF THE TOWNSHIP 
 
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THIS MAP EMBRACES PARTS OP ROANE^ CUM&S^LAND AND MORGAN COUNTIES, TENNESSEE 
 
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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
 This book Is due on the date indicated below, or at the 
 expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as 
 provided by the rules of the Library or by special arrange- 
 
 menc witn cne . 
 
 Ldoranan m cna 
 
 irge. 
 
 
 
 DATE BORROWED 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
 DATE BORROWED 
 
 DATE DUB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Cardiff coal and iron company. 
 Cardiff, Tennessee. July 1890. 
 
 
 COLUMBIA UHIVERSITJ LIBBABIES 
 
 0044242875 
 
 SEP 5 
 
 \9AA 
 
END OF 
 TITLE