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This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. A UTHOR: EMERY, ANNIE CROSBY TITLE: THE HISTORICAL PRESENT IN EARLY.. PLACE: ELLSWORTH, MAINE DATE: 1897 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARCFT Master Negative # Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record Restrictions on Use: 877.58 Em3 Emery, Annie Crosby, 1071- Tlie historical present in early Latini a dio- sortation prosented.., hy Annie Crosby Enory. Ellsworth, Uaine, Hancock County publishing co«, 1897# i 120 p. 23^ cn^ ' Thesis (Ph,D), Bryn liawr. ^4^49 <> A \^J TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE:__|i^_ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lAdlA IB DB DATE FILMED: iVr_2:Jl:13_ INITIALS jCl£^ FILMED BY: RESEARCH PUBLICATTONS. INC WOQDBRIDGR. CT ^' REDUCTION RATIO: ^Z^. c Association for information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100. Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilii Llii rrr Inches I 1 I I I 5 6 lllllllllllllllUI 7 8 9 10 11 iiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliinli 12 13 14 15 mm TTT .0 I.I 1.25 II I ilia 2.8 2.5 "• 5 ,;, -J ft 3.2 2.2 i^ 3.6 U£ III 4.0 2.0 t£. •i i. Uitiii. 1.8 1.4 1.6 TTT ^Mmmjimmm 1 K/ MRNUFfiCTURED TO flllM STfiNDRRDS BY RPPLIED IMPGEt INC. r..:.- . F -^^^4 - V^lt v. ^ .< rn^ '■ P .»-«. -i^-i* ♦fl >1j ■>i*-- ^^* >»^ Ki M^ ■ >^ 1--' ^■. ^:m-^^ ,07-7 ..T / , o 3 ' i*^ .*' Vvvri Hi?>^ :'*^ */^'^i ^■."^-t t'^'^Sk ■^ y^' "2s7 7.'5 8 b.TTl J iu tlic CJlttj of llctu ^ovTi gibrarig THE HISTORICAL PRESENT IN EARLY LATIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF BRYN MAWR COLLEGE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY \ BY ANNIE CROSBY EMERY ELLSWORTH, MAINE HANCOCK COUNTY PUBLISHING COMPANY, PRINTERS 1897 , 9 »» > ' THE HISTORICAL PRESENT IN EARLY LATIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF BRYN MAWR COLLEGE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ANNIE CROSBY EMERY ELLSWORTH, MAINE HANCOCK COUNTY PUBLISHING COMPANY, PRINTERS 1897 t • • • ( • • • • • : • » • < • * • • « • • • • • * • • • t • • t • « • ** « • • • C t I • I < w < • » • ''SB CHAPTER I, CURRENT THEORIES OF THE HISTORICAL PRESENT. The opinions hitherto advanced in regard to the His- toncal Present maybe resolved into two main theories- one, that the Historical Present gives a lively represental t.on o the past by bringing past events before the mind as ,f they were taking place in the present; the other, hat It represents as continued or incomplete certain ac- tions which are assigned by the context to a past sphere of time The power of the Historical Present to enliven the narrative, which by the adherents of the first theory is re- garded as its essential characteristic, is not denied by the adherents of the second, but is conceived to follow as a Ze ^ r /'' '""''"'" ""' P^^'-^y^"^ '^'^--^ in the process of development. The former of these theories is that stated in most of he grammars, and defended in one form or another by he larger number of modern scholars. Thus, the His- torical Present is defined by Kiibner- as follows : "In der Jirzahlung vergangener Ereignisse wird das Prasens . oft gebraucht . . . indem in der Lebhaftigkeit de^ Darstellung die V ergangenheit als Gegenwart angeschaut wird. Similar definitions, are given by Holtze,^ Reisig,3 Schneider, 4 Draeger, s Schmalz.<> and others. These • Aus/nAr/Me Grammatik der lateinuchen Sprache, 1878, II, 8,1 2 .862, '^;'';"^/'-''"'-''"' -->-'« ^'i»"-u„. us,ue ad Terentill Uipsig, Schmalz undLandgraf, Berlin, 1881-90, III, §288, i ' Dj temporum apud prisco, ^criptcrcs Latinos mu, Glatz, .888, p. 7 I.p.^S "-"""''"■''""■'"■"''" '*''"'"' ''' ^«^- Leipsig. 1878.8:, ' Lateinuche Syntax, §22, in Iw. Mailer's Handbuch der klassuAen AlUr tummtssmuhafl, He Aufl., 1890, II. "^""'*^» Alter- ■y f^^ .-j -:i 1 1 C ( t C.I vi « defid'itions imply, and sometimes even state,' that the Historical Present takes the place of the Aorist or Historical Perfect in narration, and assume that it is used to vividly represent the past because it denotes present time, that is, time contemporaneous with the speaker, and brings the events of the past into that present. Brugmann,^ on the other hand, maintains that the func- tion of the Historical Present to represent the past depends upon the timeless character of the present tense, which en- ables it to be used of events that are past and future from the point of view of the speaker, as well as contemporane- ous with him. Thus the speaker does not bring past events into the time in which he is speaking, but rather transfers himself back into the time in which the events took place. '' Das sogenannte praesens historicum beruht nicht darauf dass der Sprechende bei besonders lebhafter Erzahlung das vergangene Ereigniss in die Zeit in der er spricht riickt, sondern eher umgekehrt ; er tritt aus den Rahmen der Zeit ganz heraus, drangt uber dem Interesse an dem Ereignisse selbst die Vorstellung des zwischen dem Vor- gang und der Erzahlung des Vorganges bestehenden Zeitverhaltnisses zuruck, und versetzt sich in Gedanken in die Zeit als das Ereigniss sich eben abspielte, sodass er dasselbe wie in einem Drama oder wie auf einem Bilde vor sich sieht. Das praesens historicum beruht also auf dem zeitlich schrankenlosen Gebrauch dieses Tempus." With this view Hultsch3 agrees, although he adds that ultimately there is no great difference between it »SoHoltze: "pro perfecto usurpatur." Reisig: "statt eines Aoristus praeteriti kann ein Prasens ersetzt werden im erzahlenden Tone." ^ Berichte der k. sachischen Geselhchaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipsig, phiL'hist. CL, XXXV (1883), p. 169. 3 Die erzahlenden Zeitformen bei Polybios, Ahhandlungen der k. sachischen Geselhchaft der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Cl.y XIV (1894), i, p- 43- The first articles are found ibid., XIII (1893), p. i ff, p. 347 «• and the view that by the Historical Present the speaker brings the past into the present.^ The theory that the Historical Present does not repre- sent the past as present, but denotes the continued and in- complete state of certain actions which are shown by the context to belong to the past, depends, like that of Brug- mann, upon the timeless character of the present tense This theory finds its strongest supporter in Hoffmann and IS expressed as follows in his Zeit/olge nach dem J^raesens historicum im Lutein, Wien, 1884, P- H : "Wenn in den Grammatiken dem Praesens hist die Wirkung beigelegt wird, dass es eine vergangene Handlung als gegenwartig darstelle, so kann ich dieser durchaus irrigen Ansicht gegentiber nur wiederholen was ichbereits . . . betont habe,^ dass die grammatischen Zeit- formen iiberhaupt nichts mit der natiirlichen Zeit zu thun haben, dass sie nur Phasen der Handlung, des Seins be- zeichnen, und dass daher auch das Praesens an sich durch- aus nicht von der unmittelbaren Gegenwart des Sprechen- den zu verstehen ist, sondern nur von der Gegenwart der Handlung, d. h. von der Phase ihres Vollzuges, ihres Eintretens und Stattfindens. In welcher natiirlichen oder ausseren Zeit aber ein solches praesentisches, als eintretend Oder statthndend besagtes Sein liege, ob es schlechthin und fiir alle Zeit bestehe, ob strict nur zur Zeit des Sprechenden, ob zur Zeit anderer bereits vergangener Handlungen, dass lasst sich nicht aus dem Tempus selbst sondern nur aus dem Zusammenhange entnehmen. Das Besondere in dem Gebrauche des historischen Praesens sion of Suhrh-"''""; ^" r^-Perfectandthe Aorist in Greek, which is a discus- sion of Hultsch s work, American Journal of Philology, XVI (1895), p. 183, J Hoffmann first advanced his theory in Die Construction der lateinischen Zettpartikeln, Wien, i860, 2te Aujl,, 1873, p. 183. a^eimsCien liegt nur darin, dass die betreffende Handlung nicht nach Massgabe ihrer Lage zur Gegenwart des Sprechenden als abgeschlossen ausgepragt, sondern als geschehend hinge- stellt wird. Durch diese Darstellungsweise wird die Monotonie der Factenaufzahlung unterbrocben ; die Erzahlung gewinnt eine gewisse Anschaulichkeit, Unmit- telbarkeit und Lebendigkeit, aber sie gestaltet sich bei langerer Anfeinanderfolge soldier Praesentia unruhig und hastig, eben weil die Ereignisse nur als eintretend genannt werden, obne dass durch das Tempus auch ihr Abschluss angezeigt ware".^ Kohlmann ^ also attributes this imperfect function to the Historical Present, and says that there is the same difference between the Historical Present and the Aorist that there is between the Imperfect and the Aorist. Lattmann,3 on the contrary, maintains that the Histor- ical Present, while it is to be referred to the achrcnistic > Hoffmann's theory that the Historical Present is a purely preterite tense, used to denote the continuance of an action in the past, is largely based upon a study of the sequence of tenses after it. This leads him to make an unfortunate distinction between the "Historical Present", which must take the sequence of a past tense, except in such subordinate clauses as are so related to the rest of the sentence that they naturally tend toward the present sequence, and what he calls the ''Real Present" (wirkliches Praesens), which, he says, admits of present se- quence even when the subordinate clauses in their relation to the sentence natur- ally tend toward the past sequence (see below, Chapter V.)- This "Real Present" he attributes to the poets— "Das ist ja gerade die Freiheit welche der Dichter vor dem Historiker voraus hat, dass er sich in die Gegenwart der von ihm erzahlten Begebenheiten versetzen und nicht bios diese in praesentischer Form referieren, sondern nach Massgabe gleichsam seiner eigenen Anschauung und ethischen Betheiligung an den Vorgangen potential-hypothetische Urtheile, deliberativ-dubitative Fragen, seltener eine subjective Begrundung oder Ein- schrankung, oder eine potentiale Bestimmung im Conjunctiv des Praesens ein- mischen darf, wo der Prosaiker seinen zeitlich verschiedenen Standtpunkt durch Anwendung des Conjunctivus Imperfecti wahren muss", (pp. 16-18.) * De verbi Graeci temporibus^ Halle, 1873, pp. 6-7. 3 Selbstandiger und hezogener Gebrauch der Tempora im Lateinischen, Gottingen, 1890, pp. 16-17. present, yet contains no idea of continuance or incompletion - Denn dam.t dass .ch eine Handlung als dauernd hinstelle, beze,chne .ch sie eben-falls nicht ein bestimn^ter Bestandl the.l der Verbalform auf eide andere Zeit hinweist-als gegenwarfg. Dauernd heisst in diesem Falle immer zur Ze.t des Sprechenden dauernd '. Man erkennt das schon daraus, dass, wenn eine dauernde Handlung der Vergangenheu bezeichnet werden soil, durchaus eine aus- druckhche Form der Vergangenheit ( Imperfectum ) gebraucht werden muss, wahrend wenn es nicht darauf ankommt d>e Handlung der Vergangenheit als dauernd zu beze,chnen viele Historiker das Prasens in solchem Um- frange gebrauchen, dass das Perfectum historicum fast uberflassig erscheint".' Although Lattmann thus opposes Hoffmann's view Preset wt.'^r ""': '''■"^"^"" ^'^^^ ^'^^ "-^--a Present, whde it ,s timeless, yet serves to vividly represent :tor:w ''^ Tf '^""'°" '^' ^^""^^^ -3', 'nsati . factory because of the very frequent use of the tense and us jargely arbitrary variation with the Historical Perfect - Dagegen ist seine Erklarung leicht, sobald man das Prasens als achronistische Verbalform scharf sondert von dem Prasens als Tempus der Gegenwart " " fromTh^ '""'''" 'u'"'^' '"'^••^ '■^"'^te than Lattmann's from the two mam theories of the Historical Present has been formulated by Rhodemeyer.a He maintains that the ^ichT k r"' """'" ^'^ '"'' ^'"'^ ^f - action which took place m a sphere of time determined as past by the context. ^ The above theories represent with sufficient accuracy the current views in regard to the Historical Present. ' Op, cit.y p. 16. * Op. cit.y p. 17. ' Das Prasens Historicum bei Herodot und Thukydides, Basel, 1889. 8 None of them has been based upon a complete study of the tense in early Latin. This early Latin means chiefly Plautus and Terence, and Varro (de re rustica), since the remains of the other dramatists, of Ennius, Lucilius, and the historians are too fragmentary to serve as a basis for any very certain conclusions. Plautus and Terence, especially, represent, so far as it can be represented by literature, the common speech of the people, unaffected by conscious attempts at artistic style. They reproduce familiar conversations of every-day life. A study of the Historical Present in these authors should, therefore, lead to the discovery of its nature and use in the spoken lan- guage. Its function in this spoken language was its original function, and the foundation of any use that it may have developed in literature. To make the necessary study of the Historical Pres- ent in early Latin is the purpose of this dissertation. Any theory that may result in regard to the nature of the tense will be set forth without direct comparison with the theories hitherto advanced. CHAPTER n. THE HISTORICAL PRESENT IN EARLY LATIN. In Plautus and Terence, and also in other ante-rlassi- cal authors (Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Ennius, Lucil- uis, the fragmentary comic and tragic poets, the fra^- mentary historians, and Varro), the Historical Present is usedm the narration of past events, and varies in the same narration with the Historical Perfect, the Imperfect the Plupertect and the Historical Infinitive. The nature of its function as distinguished from the functions of these other tenses is the problem to be solved. The first step must be an mvestigation of the kinds of verbs which are found in the Historical Present. The following is a list of them compared with the verbs found in other tenses when these tenses vary with the Historical Present in the same narra- tion : ^ VERBS OF SAYING. (Including verbs of calling, commanding, promising, threatening, denying, etc and their opposites.) ^ s> ^^^m Historical Imperfect. Historical Present. inquit 129 (79 in Varro, de r. r.) aio 15 loquor I colloquor i Perfect. ecfatus I elocutus I aiebam c Pluperfect. Historical Infinitive. colloqui I -In the cbove list the appended numeral gives the number of occurrences 1 he first person, as a rule, is cited, for the sake of convenience. ^oJZ^^^:^ '"''-'""' ''-^'-^ "-'^ <^'--«- are made We: Djllt'st"' ''''-'''' ^"""'"'' "'"> ^^°' '«95-96). Livius Andronicus: Baehrens, Fragmenta Poetarum Romamrum iSSfi Ennms (and Naevius, BMum Puniaw.): L. Mueller, S ' Lucihus: Lachmann, 1876. ' ^" lO II VERBS OF SAYING. (Including verbs of calling, commanding, promising, etc.) [continued.] Historical Present. Historical Perfect. Imperfect. dico 1 8 edico 2 dixi II dicebam 2 indico i praedico i fateor i narro 4 percontor i interrogo 3 rogo 13 interrogavi i rogito 2 respondeo 3 nomino i clamo I respondi 4 rogitabam 2 conclamo 2 exclamo 7 inclamo i exclamavi i clamito i boo I voco 4 vocavi 2 advocavi i invoco 4 provoco I revoco i invito I arcesso i offirmo I posco 3 postulo 3 oro 8 exoro 2 obsecro 3 precor i impero i iubeo 7 suadeo i iussi 6 persuadeo i adhortor i hortabar i Pluperfect. dixeram i Historical Infinitive. dicere i praedicere i clamitare i VERBS OF SAYING. (Including verbs of calling, commanding, promising, etc.) [continued.] Historical Present. Historical Perfect. dehortatus i Imperfect. adiuro i pollicitus I monebam i adiurabam i increpo i nego 6 increpui i abnuo i taceo I tacui I sileo I reticui i obstipui I obmutui I Pluperfect. Historical Infinitive. obiurigare i negare 2 negitare i abnuere i VERBS OF PERCEPTION. (Including verbs of hearing, seeing, knowing, etc., and their opposites.) audivi 4 exaudiebam i video 12 videor 2 viso I aspicio 4 circumspicio i conspicio 3 respicio i conspicor 3 specto I circumspecto i respecto i vidi 4 providi i visus 7 aspexi 2 conspexi i despexi i suspexi I conspicatus 2 inspectavi i videbar i videri i circumvisere i hortari i spectabam i contemplatus i observavi i observabam i noram i Historical Present. cogito I amo I veneror i gaudeo I conqueror i rideo 2 fleo I 12 VERBS OF PERCEPTION. (Including verbs of hearing, seeing, etc.) [CONTINUED.] volo I cupio I quaero 2 Historical Perfect. scivi I adgnovi i cognovi 3 ignovi I sensi 5 Imperfect. cogitabam i putabam i rebar i Pluperfect. intellexeram i oblitus fueram. Historical Infinitive. putare I VERBS OF EMOTION AND WILL. (Including verbs of inclination, effort, etc.) dilexi I veritus i metui 2 extimui i perdolui i amabam 3 miseritus i peracui i volui 3 nolui 3 quaesivi i metuebam 2 gaudebam 4 [bam I conlacruma- cupiebam i quaerebam 2 Historical Present. vestigo I laboro i pugno I exspecto i insto I destino i VERBS OF EMOTION AND WILL. (Including verbs of inclination, effort, etc.) [CONTINUED.] Historical Perfect. studui I passus I pugnavi i Ii7iperfect. studebam i audebam i Pluperfect. institi I certabam i exspectabam i praestolabar i INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION. Historical Infinitive^ pati I instare 2 H eo 4 ivi I ibam 3 H abeo 8 abii 7 abibam i abieram i H adeo 2 adii 2 H circumeo i H coeo I 1 exeo 4 obii I H praetereo i praeterii i H prodeo i 1 redeo 3 redii i transii i redibam i ^1 venio 11 veni 6 H advenio 4 adveni i H convenio 3 conveni i convenibam i convenieram 1 ^^1 dcvenio i lugere 2 ^H • ^^^^^1 eveni i mirarier I ^H intervenio 2 irasci ^H pervenio i proficiscor 2 cedo I perveni i profectus i nolle ^H accedo 2 abscessi i accessi 8 abscesseram 1 invidere 2 ^H concessi i quaerere i ^H discedo i INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION. [continued.] Pluperfect. Historical Historical Present. Perfect. Imperfect. incedo i incessi i procedo 2 processi 2 recede i recessi 3 successi I adgredior i egredior i adcurro 5 concurro i occucurri i occurrebam i praecucurri i percurro i pergo 4 perrexi i commeo I commigravi 2 praevortor i revortor 2 ingruo I proruo I penetro i insilui i resilui i exilio I .sul)silio I aufugio 1 aberravi i evasi i decumbo 1 cado 3 accido I concido 2 decido 1 incido i elapsus 1 declinavi i congenuclo i adsido i surgo I Historical Historical Historical Infinitive, Present. exsurgo I conscendo 2 inscendo i Perfect. H volavi I 1 convolo I m devolo I involo I 15 INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION. [continued.] fugere i adcuml>ere i Imperfect. Plnperfect, Historical Infinitive. TRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION which may denote either momentary or progressive actions.' admovi i ago 6 duco 4 abduco I con duco I deduco 3 educo I produco 2 seduco 3 subduco 2 aveho 3 adveho 2 deveho 2 niitto 3 semovi i egi I circumegi i coegi I duxi 3 abduxi i eduxi I perduxi i produxi I subduxi I avexi i advexi 2 misi I admisi i abducebam i agebam 2 duxeram i ducere i perducere i advexeram i ■ Here are included, in addition to the verbs that obviously belong to the a gory. 3o„,e verbs which in their derived meanings have lost the idea of motion hat they or,g,nally contamed; and other verbs which contain the idea of motion con^ . f " "'"^ "gainst the object. When this action may be rvbl«l f^P"'";"'y'"°"'-n'="yand instantaneous, the verbs expressing i, i6 TRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION which may denote either momentary or progressive actions. [continued.] Historical Present. omitto I fero I aufero 2 differo i ecfero 2 refero i tollo I extollo I porto I comporto i inferino i addo I edo I indo I abscondo 3 detraho 3 arripio 2 surripio i surpuo I extrudo i ecfodio I segrego i capio 5 suscipio I prendo 5 Historical Perfect, remisi i (te)tuli 2 detuli 3 pertuli I transtuli i sustuli I abdidi i edidi i abtraxi i detraxi i arripui i corripui 2 exemi i diremi i cepi I suscepi I prendi i Imperfect. Plupeyfect. rapiebam i captabam i Historical Infinitive. ferre i perferre i trahere i rapere i expromere i suscipere i Historical Present. 17 TRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION which may denote either momentary or progressive actions. [continued.] Historical comprehendo I lego I pono 2 depono i impono 2 oppono I conloco 3 instruo i statuo I condo I adHgo I adpHco I adnumero i copulo I resupino i insinuo i saepio i consterno i complector i adorno i Historical Perfect. reprehendi 2 conrasi i delegi i posivi I deposivi i imposivi i opposivi I locavi I instruxi i institui i Imperfect. solvo 2 attigi I I exsolvi I Pluperfect. Infinitive, tendere i tegere i Historical Present. caedo i excido I praecido i oppnmo I compungo i convorto i pervorto i enico i ferio 2 foedo I frango 3 iacio I conicio i obtrunco i offendo i optundo I percello i percutio 2 protero i pulto I quatio i saucio I subline r 18 TRANSITIVE VERBS OF MOTION which denote primarily momentary actions. Historical Imperfect. Pluperfect. Perfect. compuli I reppuli I compressi 2 repressi i conturbavi i exammavi i adieci i conieci i deieci i eieci 2 proieci i reicei i iactavi i inquinavi i necavi i obtruncavi i oneravi i percussi 2 sacrificavi i CTUciabam i immolabam i torporavi i sacrificabam i sollicitabam i 19 ■ ovc).wvs\ servavit : lanam yO-r//." These Presents, however, are not Historical. But see Ritschl's Opuscula, IV. p. 223, foot-note, where the inscription is quoted in support of the Historical 1 resents found in the above Scipio inscription. 'Keil, Grammatici Latiniy VI, 265. ^ Ibid., 615. 34 of the tense, but their isolation from other tenses makes it impossible to decide how far, in the original context, they may have vividly represented the past, or how far, like those in the Scipio inscription to which they seem closely parallel, they may have tended towards an aoristic function. CHAPTER III. THE VARIATION OF THE HISTORICAL PRESENT WITH OTHER TENSES. It will be well to examine first passages drawn from the comic poets and from Varro, that is, from the litera- ture that represents most nearly the speech of the people, and to leave for later consideration passages drawn from tragedy, from the epic and satire, and from history, that is, from the remains of ante-classical Latin that represent literary styles. A. I. The Historical Present varied with the Historical Perfect, a. In some passages the description of a scene is introduced by a Perfect; given by Historical Presents ; and concluded again by one or more Perfects. The con- cluding Perfects may simply state the occurrence of some event, or may denote some sudden, instantaneous action, or some resulting action. Tniculentus 645-55 : 645 Rus mane dudum hinc ire me iussit pater, Vt bubus glandem prandio depromerem. Post illoc ueni quam adtunit si deis placet Ad uillam argentum meo qui debebat patri, Qui ouis Tarentinas erat mercatus de patre, 650 Quaerit patrem: dico esse in urbe, interrogo Quid eum uelit. * ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Homo cruminam sibi de coJlo detrahit^ Minas uiginti mi dat^ accipio lubens, Ccndo in cruminam: ille abiit^ ego pera minas 655 Ouis in crumina hac in urbem detuli. Here the concluding Perfects are of sudden actions, * Leo reads ahity thus making this action a part of the scene itself. 36 37 Cf . Caftiui 478-89, where, after one scene has been con- cluded by a Perfect of instantaneous action and a neg- atived Perfect, activities implying a succession of scenes are portrayed by Historical Presents, and the de- scription is left suspended, with no concluding Perfect : Nam ego ut dudum hinc abii, accessi ad adulescentes in foro: *Salvete' inquam. *quo imus' inquam 'ad prandium?' atque illi iacent. 480 'Quisait: hoc? aut quis profitetur?' inquam-. quasi muti j//^«/, Neque me r/a'ifw/. *ubi cenamus una?' inquam: atque illi z?/';/ ///«/ a subordinate verl). According to Wagner's reading, the description of the scene portrayed in the passage quoted above is introduced in this line by a Perfect of momentary action. Nam neque ut celari posset tempus spatium ullum dabat, 375 Neque uoce alia ac res monebat ipsa poterat conqueri. Postquam aspexi, ' o facinus indignum ' inquam et corripui ilico Me inde lacrumans, incredibili re atque atroci percitus. Mater consequitur : iam ut limen exieram ad genua accidit Lacrumans misera: miseritumst. profecto hoc sic est, ut puto: 380 Omnibus nobis ut res dant sese, ita magni atque humiles sumus. Hanc habere orationem mecum principio institit : ' O mi Pamphile, abs te quam ob rem haec abierit causam uides; Nam uitiumst oblatum uirgini olim ab nescio quo inprobo. Nunc hue confugit, te atque alios partum ut celaret suom.' 385 Sed quom orata huius reminiscor, nequeo quin lacrumem miser. ' Quaeque fors fortunast ' inquit ' nobis quae te hodie obtulit, Per eam te obsecramus ambae, si ius, si fas est, uti Aduorsa eius per te tecta tacitaque apud omnis sient. ... • • • • Pollicitus sum. 4. The Historical Present varied with the Pluperfect. There is only one example of this variation. Curculio 644-49 • Ea me spectatum tulerat per Dionysia 645 * * * » * * «i Postquam illo uentumst, iam ut me collocauerat, Exoritur uentus turbo: spectacia ibi ruont: Ego pertimesco : ibi me nescioquis arripit Timidam atque pauidam, nee uiua.m nee mortuam, where the Pluperfect denotes an action antecedent to the actions described by the following Historical Presents. 5. The Historical Present varied with the Historical Perfect and the Pluperfect. This variation is of rare occurrence. Mostellaria 486-92, where a scene is described by His- torical Presents, varying with a Perfect of instanta- * This lacuna is not indicated in the MSS, but Goetz and Schoell, and Leo follow Fleckeisen in assuming it. It is possible that the passage originally con- tained other tenses in addition to the above Pluperfect and Historical Presents. 56 neous action (condormitiinms — we fell asleep), and with a Pluperfect of an action antecedent to that of this Perfect : Abi7nus omnes cubitum, condor miuimus. Lucernam forte oblitus fuerani extinguere : Atque ille exclamat derepente maxumum. Ait uenisse ilium in somnis ad se mortuiim. In Eunuchus 629-41 the only Pluperfect is of antecedent action. The Historical Presents emphasize the main events : Dum rus eo, coepi egomet mecum inter uias, 630 Ita ut fit, ubi quid in animost molestiae, Aliam rem ex alia cogitare et ea omnia Peiorem in partem, quid opust uerbis ? dum haec puto, Praeterii imprudens uillam. longe iam abieram^ Quom sensi: redeo rursum, male uero me habens. 635 Vbi ad ipsum ueni deuorticulum, constiti : Occepi mecum cogitare ' hem biduom hie Manendumst soli sine ilia ? quid tum postea ? Nil est. quid ? nil ? si non tangendi copiast, Eho, ne uidendi quidem erit ? si illud non licet, 640 Saltern hoc licebit. certe extrema linea Amare baud nil est.' uillam praetereo sciens. In Rttdcus 956-59 the only Pluperfect (noram) is equiva- lent to a descriptive Imperfect. 6. The Historical Present varied zulth the Historical Perfect^ the Imperfect and the Pluferfect, This variation is of rare occurrence. It will be un- necessary to quote the passages in full, since they furnish only further illustrations of principles of variation that have already been emphasized. So in Rudeiis 37-69 ' the narrative begins with Perfects. The main point is brought out by an Historical Pres- ent. Perfects of ordinary narration follow, leading up to the description of a scene, which is given by * Leo, op. cii.y pp. 191-92. 57 Historical Presents, and concluded by a negatived Perfect of narration. A descriptive Imperfect follows, introducing a character (erat).' Then fol- low the descriptions of a series of scenes, given by Historical Presents, which vary with one Perfect and a Pluperfect of antecedent action. The narrative ends with Perfects, Cf. Jlfenaechml 17-67.^ S/lchus 539-66, where, with the exxeption of one dlclty the only Historical Presents are forms of Inqtiam; and all the Imperfects are forms of suin, Phormlo S92-99, where the second of the two Pluperfects is of instantaneous action ("Plusquamperfektum der Schnelligkeit ") : ue7iio ad hominem, ut dicerera Argentum opus €sse et id quo pacto fieret. Vix dum dimidium dixeram, iniellexerat : 595 Gaudebat, me laudabat^ quaerebat senem. Dis giatias agebaf, tempus sibi dari, lussi opperiri. hominem ad forum * 'i'he Imperfect of the copula is interpreted throughout this dissertation as descriptive of the state or condition of its subject. It must be remarked, how- ever, that when the verb denotes primarily existence, that is, is not accompanied by a predicate adjective (as it is in Casina 907 and 914), the idea of continuance >s as prominent as that of description. In such passages as the above (49 Ei <'rat hospes par sui, Siculus senex) this is especially true. Cf. Miies G/oriosus 99. quoted above, p. 46. • Leo, op. dt.i pp. 186-7. 58 59 y. The Historical Present varied zvith the Historical Perfect^ the Imperfect^ and the Historical hifinitive,^ In Ainfliitruo 1091-1124 a vivid description of the birth-scene of Hercules opens with two Historical Presents. Imperfects of continued action and of de- scription follow. Then come Perfects of ordinary narration, interrupted by an exclamatory Historical Present with which the narrator dwells fondly for a moment on the fact of the infant Hercules' strength, before recollecting herself and proceeding; with the narrative. .Then begins an especially vivid description of a particular part of the scene in Histor- ical Presents, varying with rapid Historical Infinitives. The narrative closes with Perfects of ordinary narra- tion : Postquam parturire hodie uxor occepit tua, Vbi utero exorti dolores, ut solent piierperae, Inuocat deos immortalis, ut sibi auxilium ferant, Manibus puris, capife operto, ibi continue conionat ' 1095 Sonitu maximo. aedes primo mere rebawur tuas; Aedis totae confulgebant tuae, quasi assent aureae. • • •«• • • • • Dum haec agnntur, interea uxorem tuamn Neque gementem neque plorantem nostrum quisquam audtuimus: 1 100 Ita profecto sine dolore peperit. .... ' In a tragic fragment there is an example of the Historical Present varied with the Historical Perfect and the Historical Infinitive. See below, B, i, c. A variation between the Historical Present and the Historical Infinitive was brought about by Ritschl in Trinummus 835-37 by reading, Ita iam quasi canes baud secus circumstant nauem turbine uenti : Imbres fluctusque atque procellae infensae fremere frangere malum, Ruere antemnas, scindere uela, where the Infinitives well express haste. But the MSS read circumstahant^ an«l are followed by the editors, including Goetz and Schoell in their latest text. I" their former edition they read the Present with Ritschl. * Cf . with this Historical Present contonat^ which denotes the continued noise of the thunder, the Perfect tomtit y in 1062 of the same play, used of a sudden crash of thunder. See above, p. 47. 1 105 IIIO 1115 Postquam peperit, pueros lauere iussit nos. occepimus^ Sed puer ille quem ego laui, ut magnust et multum ualeL Neque eum quisquam colligate quiuit incunabulis. postquam in cunas conditust, Deuolant angues iubati deorsum inpluuium duo Maxumi : continuo extolltmt ambo capita sed apgues oculis omnis circumuisere, Postquam pueros conspicati, pergunt ad cunas citi : Ego cunas recessim rursum uorsum trahere et ducere^ Metuens pueris, mihi formidans, tantoque angues acrius Persequi, postquam conspexit angues ille alter puer, Citus e cunis exility facit recta in anguis inpetum : Alterum altera prehendit eos manu perniciter. 1 1 20 puer ambo anguis enicat, Dum haec aguntur, uoce clara exclamat uxorem tuam Summus imperator diuom atque hominum luppiter: Is se dixit cum Alcumena clam consuetum cubitibus, Eumque filium suom esse, qui illos angues uicerit : Alterum tuom esse dixit puerum. In Amfhitruo 203-60 a vivid description of a battle in mock epic style is given almost entirely by Historical Presents. The few Perfects express simple facts, or denote momentary actions. The only Imperfect is of continued action and descriptive, and the two His- torical Infinitives, while closely resembling the Historical Presents, serve also to indicate the intensity of the actions that they describe : Principio ut illo aduenimus, ubi primum terram tetigimus, Continuo Amphitruo delegit uiros primorum principes. 205 Eos legat: Telebois iubet sententiam ut dicant suam: Si sine ui et sine bello uelint rapta et raptores tradere. Si quae asportassent redderent, se exercitum extemplo domum Reducturum, abituros agro Argiuos, pacem atque otium Dare illis: sin aliter sient animati neque dent quae petat, Sese igitur summa ui uirisque eorum oppidum oppugnassere. Haec ubi Telebois ordine iterarunt quos praefecerat Amphitruo, magnanimi uiri freti uirtute et uiribus Superbi nimis ferociter legates nostros increpant^ 210 6o 6i Respondent bello se et suos tutari posse, proinde uti 2'i5 Properiter * de suis finibus exercitus deducerent. Haec ubi legati pertulere, Amphitruo castris ilico Producit omnem exercitum : contra Telelxjae ex oppido* Legiones educunt suas nimis pulcris armis praeditas. Postquam utrimque exitumst maxuma copia, 220 Dispertiti uiri, dispertiti ordines: Nos nostras more nostro et modo instruximus Legiones : item hostes contra legiones suas instruont^ Deinde utrique imperatores in medium exeunt^ Extra turbam ordinum collocuntur simul. 225 Conuenit^ uicti utri sint eo proelio, Vrbem, agrum, aras, focos seque uti dederent. Postquam id actumst, tubae utrimque cantint contra; Consonat terra : clamorem utrimque efferunt, Imperator utrimque hinc et illinc lovi 230 Vota suscipere^ hortari exercitum. Pro se quisque id quod quisque et potest et valet Edity \t.xxo ferit: \q\2>. frangunt: boat Caelum fremitu uirum : ex spiritu atque anhelitu Nebula constat : cadunt uolneris ui et uirum. 235 Deniqne ut uoluimus, nostra superat manus : Hostes crebri cadunt : nostri contra ingruont. Vicimus * ui feroces. Sed fugam in se tamen nemo conuortitur Nee recedit loco quin statim rem gerat : 240 Animam omittunt prius quam loco demigrent ; Quisque ut steterat, iacet optinetqae ordinem. Hoc ubi Amphitruo erus conspicatus est, Ilico equites iudet dextera inducere. Equites /^;v«/ citi, ab dextera maxumo 245 Cum clamore inuo/ant, impetu alacri : Foedant et proterunt hostinm copias lure inustas. • ••••••• 250 Pcrduelles penetrant se in fugam : ibi nostris animus additust. Vortentibus Telebois telis complcbantHr corpora, Ipsusque Amphitruo regem Pterelam sua obtruncauit manu. Haec illic est pugnata pugna usque a mani ad uesperum : Hoc adeo hoc commemini magis, quia illo die impransus fui. 255 Sed proelium id tandem diremit nox internentu suo. * Leo, propere irent. ^ Leo would omit uicimus^ after Spengel. Postridie in castra ex urbe ad nos ueniitnt flentes principes, Velatis manibus orant^ ignoscamus peccatum suom : Dedunt(\\vi se, diuina humanaque omnia, urbem et liberos In dicionem atque in arbitratum cuncti Thebano poplo. 260 Post ob uirtutem ero Amphitruoni patera donata aurea^/. Note especially lines 221-22, where the Historical Present gives a picture of the drawing up of the enemy's forces, over against the simple statement of fact in regard to the speaker's ow^n forces, conveyed by the Perfect. It is possible that the picture presents itself from the point of view of the Perfect itself, /. ^., 'Ve drew up our forces and watched the enemy draw up theirs." However, in a passage of this kind due allowance must be made for pos- sible metrical considerations. In Bacchides 259-306 the one Historical Infinitive seems to denote haste : Vbi portu eximus, homines remigio scqiti^ 290 Neque aues neque uenti citius. In Mercator 42-106 after an introductory Perfect and Imperfects of repetition, a series of Historical Infini- tives gives a hurried and vehement description of a father's anger toward his son. After an interval a reconciliation scene between father and son is por- trayed by Historical Presents. A negatived Perfect of narration follows, introducing the description in Historical Presents of the lading of a vessel, the departure of the son, his arrival at his des- tination and the success of his enterprise. Then follows, after an introductory Perfect of instan- taneous action, the description in Historical Presents, varying with an explanatory Perfect, of his inter- view with a friend, and his visit at the friend's house. A subsequent interview is also portrayed by Historical Presents, and the narrative then closes with two Perfects of ordinary narration : : Sf 62 45 SO Amare ualide coepi hie meretricem. ilico Res exulatum ad illam clam adt&a/ patris : Leno inportunus, dominus eius mulieris, Vi sumnia quicque ut poterat rapiebat domum. Obiurigare pater haec noctes et dies : Perfidiam, iniustitiam lenonum exprotnere : Lacerari ualide suam rem, illius augerier. Summo haec clamore : interdum mussans conloqui^ Abnuerey negitare adeo me natum suom. Conclamitare tota urbe et praedicere^ « 80 90 95 Ego me ubi inuisum meo patri esse intellego Atque odio me esse quoi placere aequom fuit, Amens amansque ut animum offirmo meum : Dico esse iturum me mercatum, si uelit, Amorem missum facere me, dum illi obsequar. ^5 ^S^f gratias mihi atque ingenium adlaudat meum, Et mea promissa non neglexit persequi. Aedificat nauem cercyrum et mercis emit : Parata naui imponit: praeterea mihi Talentum argenti ipse sua adnuinerat manu : Seruum una mittit^ qui olim puero paruolo Mihi paedagogus fuerat, quasi ut mihi foret Gustos, his sic confectis nauem soluimus. Rhodum uenimus ubi quas merces uexeram Omnis ut uolui uendidi ex sententia : Lucrum ingens facto praeterquam mihi meus pater Dedit aestimatas merces. ita peculium Conficio grande. sed dum in portu illi ambulo, Hospes me quidam adgnouit^ ad cenam uocat. Venioy decumbo^ acceptus hilare atque ampliter. Discubitum noctu ut imus, ecce ad me aduenit Mulier, qua mulier alia nullast pulcrior : Ea nocte mecum ilia hospitis iussu fuit, Vosmet uidete, quam mihi ualde placuerit : Postridie hospitem adeo^ oro ut uendat mihi : 105 Dico eius pro meritus gratum me et munem fore. Quid uerbis opus est ? emi atque aduexi heri. Cf. Mercator 228-63. Cf. also Eunuchus 617-27, where the number of Historical Infinitives is unusually large. 100 ^Z In Eunuchus 397-433 the Historical Infinitives are of re- peated actions. The only Historical Presents are forms of tnquam, and occur in the description of typical scenes that are portrayed in order to illus- trate the general narrative : Th. Vel rex semper maxumas Mihi agebat quidquid feceram: aliis non item. Gn. Lahore alieno magno partam gloriam 400 Verbis saepe in se transmouet, qui hal:)et salem; Quod in te est. Th. Habes. Gn. Rex te ergo in oculis Th. Scilicet. Gn. Gestare. Th. Vero: fr^r^^fr^ omnem exercitum, Consilia. Gn. Mirum. Th. Tum sicubi eum satietas Hominum aut negoti siquando odium ceperat, 405 Requiescere ubi uolebat, quasi . . nostin ? Gn. Scio : Quasi ubi illam exspueret miseriam ex animo, Th. Tenes. Tum me conuiuam solum abducebat sibi. Gn. Hui, Regem elegantem narras. Th. Immo sic homost : Perpaucorum hominum. Gn. Immo nullorum, arbitror, 410 Si tecum uiuit. Th. Inuidere omnes mihi, Mordere clanculum : ego non flocci pendere : Illi inuidere misere; uerum unus tamen Inpense, elephantis quern Indicis praefecerat. Is ubi molestus magis est, * quaeso ' inquam * Strato, 415 Eon es ferox, quia habes imperium in beluas ? ' Gn. Pulchre mehercle dictum et sapienter. papae, lugularas hominem. quid ille ? Th. Mutus ilico. Gn. Quid ni esset ? Pa. Di uostram fid-m, hominem perditum Miserumque et ilium sacrilegum ! Th. Quid illud, Gnatho, 420 Quo pacto Rhodium tetigerim in conuiuio, Numquam tibi dixi ? Gn. Numquam; sed narra obsecro. Plus miliens audiui. Th. Vna in conuiuio Erat hie, quem dico, Rhodius adulescentulus. Forte habui scortum : coepit ad id adludere 425 Et me inridere. * quid ais ' inquam homini * inpudens ? Lepus tute es, pulpamentum quaeris ? ' Gn. hahahahae. Th. Quid est ? Gn. Facete, lepide, laute, nil supra. Tuomne, obsecro te, hoc dictum erat ? uetus credidi. Th. Audieras ? Gn. Saepe, et fertur in primis. Th. Meumst. 430 Gn. Dolet dictum inprudenti adulescenti et libero. Pa. At te di perdant ! Gn. Quid ille quaeso ? Th. Perditus: Risu omnes qui aderant emoriri, denique Metuebant omnes iam me. 64 Andrta 51-148 is an excellent passage in which to study the variation of tenses. It contains 20 Historical Presents, 13 Historical Perfects, 18 Imperfects and 7 Historical Infinitives. After a subordinate clause, which sets the time, the narrative begins with a description in Imperfects and Historical Infinitives of the hero's manner of life. Another speaker throws in a comment with a Perfect of ordinary narration. Then a new character is introduced into the narrative by a Perfect, and her habits are described by an Im- perfect. A Perfect of momentary action follows, and then an Historical Present, to mark an important fact. The hero's introduction to the new character is told by a Perfect. A succession of repeated actions is expressed by Imperfects (in their midst occurs also an explanatory descriptive Imperfect, crat) and also by Historical Infinitives. A quick succession of explanatory Perfects follows. Then a new and important event is marked by an Historical Present. This is followed by Imperfects of continued action, a Perfect of momentary action, and, again. Imperfects of continued action. A funeral scene is then depicted by Historical Presents, varying with Perfects of momentary action. Another scene is then described by Historical Presents, varying with a vehement His- torical Infinitive. Note that the description concludes with an Historical Present, instead of the more common Perfect : Si. Nam is postquam excessit ex ephebis [Sosia, et Liberius uiuendi fuit potestas* ], (nam antea Qui scire posses aut ingenium noscere, * Wagner reads as follows : Nam is postquam excessit ex ephebis, Sosia, Librius uiuendi ftiit postestas — nam antea, thus bringing about an introduction of the following narrative by the I*erfect. 65 Dum aetas mstus magister prohibebant ? So. Itast.) 55 Si. Quod plerique omnes faciunt adulescentuli, Vt animum ad aliquod studium adiungant, aut equos Alere aut canes ad uenandum, aut ad philosophos, Ilorum ille nil cgregie praeter cetera Studebat^ et tamen omnia haec mediocriter. 60 Gaudcbam. So. Non iniuria; nam id arbitror Adprime in uita esse utile, ut ne quid nimis. Si. Sic vita erat: facile omnes perferre ac pati ; Cum quibus erat quomque una, eis sese dedere; Eorum studiis ohsequi [aduersus nemini, 65 Numquam praeponens se illis] : ita ut facillume Sine inuidia laudem inuenias et amicos pares. So. Sapienter uitam iiisiittiit ; namque hoc tempore Obsequium amicos, ueritas odium parit. Si. Interea mulier quaedam abhinc triennium 70 Ex Andro commigrnuit hue uiciniam, Inopia et cognatorum necligentia Coacta, egregia forma atque aetate integra. So. Ei, uereor nequid Andria adportet maH ! Si. Primo haec pudice uitam, parce ac duriter 75 ylgchat^ lana ac tela uictum quaeritans; Sed postquam amans accessit pretium pollicens \'nus et item alter, ita ut ingeniumst omnium I lominum ab labore procliue ad lubidinem, Acctpit condicionem, dein quaestum occipit. So Qui turn illam amabant, forte, ita ut fit, filium Pcrdiixere illuc, secum ut una esset, meum. Egomet continuo mecum ' certe captus est : Ilabet.' obseruabam mane illorum seruolos Venientis aut abeuntis : rogitabatn * heus puer, 85 Die sodes, quis heri Chrysidem habuit ? ' nam Andriae Illi id erat nomen. So. Teneo. Si. Phaedrum aut Cliniam Diccbant aut Nicaretum; nam hi tres turn simul Amabant. * eho, quid Pamphilus ? ' * quid ? symbolam Dedit, cenauit.' gaudebam, item alio die 90 Quaej'cbam : coniperiebam nil ad Pamphilum Quicquam attinere. enim uero spectatum satis Putabam et magnum exemplum continentiae; Nam qui cum ingeniis conflictatur eius modi Neque commouetur animus in ea re tamen, 95 Scias posse habere iam ipsum suae uitae modum. Quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere et laudare fortunas meas, Qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio praeditum. 66 Quid uerbis opus est ? hac fama inpulsus Chrcmejj ICO Vitro ad me uenit, unicam gnatam suam Cum dote summa filio uxorem ut daret. Placuit: despondi. hie nuptiis dictust dies. So. Quid igitur obstat, quor non fiant ? Si. Audies. Fere in diebus paucis, quibus haec acta sunt, 105 Chrysis uicina haec ///iJr/Vw;'. So. O factum bene ! Beasti: [ei] metui a Chryside. Si. Ibi tum filius Cum illis, qui amarant Chrysidem, una aderat frequensj Curabat una funus; tristis interim, Non numquam conlacriunahat. placuit tum id niihi. 1 10 Sic r^'^//^/^*^//?/ ' hie paruae Gonsuetudinis Causa huius mortem tam fert familiariter : Quid si ipse amasset ? quid hie mihi faciet patri ? ' Haec ego putabavi esse omnia humani ingeni Mansuetique animi officia. quid multis moror ? 1 1 5 Egomet quoque eius causa in funus prodeo. Nil etiam suspicans mali. So. Hem, quid id est? Si. Scies. Ecfertur ; imus. interea inter mulieres, Quae ibi aderant, forte unam aspicio adulescentulam, Forma So. Bona fortasse. Si. Et uoltu, Sosia, 120 Adeo modesto, adeo uenusto, ut nil supra. Quia tum mihi lamentari praeter ceteras Visast, et quia erat forma praeter ceteras Honesta ac liberali, accedo ad pedisequas, Quae sit rogo: sororem esse aiunt Chrysidis, 125 Per cuss i I ilico animum. attat hoc illud est, Hinc illae lacrumae, haec illast misericordia. So. Quam timeo, quorsum euadas! Si. Funus interim Procedit; sequimur ; ad sepulcrum «<'«//;/ //i,* In ignem inpositast ; fletur. interea haec soror, 130 Quam dixi, ad flammam rt-r^^jj// inprudentius. Satis cum periclo. ibi tum exanimatus Pamphilus Bene dissimulatum amorem et celatum indicat : Adcurrit; mediam mulierem compUctitur : ' Mea Glycerium,' iuquit *quid agis ? quor te is perditum ? ' 135 Tum ilia, ut consuetum facile amorem cerneres, Reiecit se in eum flens quam familiariter ! * * The variation of Historical Presents and Perfects in 128-136 of the funeral scene well illustrates principles of variation that have been emphasized. The picture of the funeral procession is brought before the eyes by Historical Presents. The arrival and the placing of the body on the pyre are narrated by Perfects, as necessary but unimportant details, hurried over, as it were, in order to get to the main point. The mourning that meantime is going on is depicted by an Historical 67 So. Quid ais ? Si. Redeo inde iratus atque aegre ferens; Nee satis ad obiurgandum causae. Venit Chremes postridie ad me clamitans: 145 Indignum f acinus; comperisse, Pamphilum I'ro uxore habere banc peregrinam. ego illud sedulo Alegar c factum, ille instat factum, denique Ita tum discedo ab illo, ut qui se filiam Neget daturum. Ci. also Eiinuchus 512-29.' 8. The Ilistoi-ical Present varied with the Ilistorieal Pe7'fect^ the Iniperjeet, the Plziferfect^ and the Historical Infinitive, Phormio 71-135 is a v^ery good narrative passage. The narrative begins with an Historical Present of an important fact, and continues in Perfects of ordinary narration, Imperfects of description and of continued action, and a Pluperfect of antecedent action. In 91- 103 a scene is described by Historical Presents and one Historical Infinitive. In 103-110 the description of another scene is introduced by a Perfect, marking an event closely connected with the concluding event of the previous scene, and given by Historical Presents, varying with a descriptive Imperfect. A remark is 1 'resent. The approach of the girl too near the flames is narrated by a Perfect, as an instantaneous action, or, perhaps, an action suddenly observed by the spec- tator. Her rescue by the hero is vividly described by Historical Presents, and then the impulsiveness with which she throws herself into his arms is well indicated Ity a Perfect of instantaneous action. * Grysar, op. cit.y quotes the Historical Infinitives in this passage as denoting repeated action, but they are, rather, descriptive of particular events enacted at a particular time : Vbi ueni, causam, ut ibi manerem, reppcrit : Ait rem diuinam fecisse et rem seriam Velle agere mecum. iam tum erat suspicio 515 Dolo malo haec fieri omnia. v^'s>2i adcumbere Mecum, mihi sese dare^ sermonem quaerere. 68 thrown in by another speaker with the Perfect cocfit. Then in 112-116 still another scene is described bv Historical Presents, and an Historical Infinitive and descriptive Imperfects follow. Another speaker asks a question in an Historical Present and follows it with a similar question in a Perfect. The answer is given by a Perfect of ordinary narration. The narrative concludes with a series of Perfects, denoting a rnpid succession of single events, and with an Historical Present of a more continued state : Ge. Abeuntes ambo hinc turn senes me filiis Relinquont quasi magistrum. Da. O Geta, prouinciam Cepisti duram. Ge. Mi usus uenit, hoc scio: Memini relinqui me deo iralo meo. 75 Coepi aduorsari primo : quid uerbis opust ? Seni fidelis dum sum, scapulas perdidi. Venere in mentem mi istaec : namque inscitiast, Aduorsum stimulum calces. Coepi eis omnia Facere, obsequi quae uellent. Da. Scisti uti foro. 80 Ge. Noster mali nil quicquam primo; hie Phaedria Continuo quandam nactus est puellulam Citharistriam, banc amare coepit perdite. Ea seriiiebat lenoni inpurissumo, Neque quod daretur quicquam; id ciirarant patres. %>, Rcstabai aliud nil nisi oculos pascere, Sectari, in ludum ducere et redducere. Nos otiosi operam dabamus Phaedriae. In quo haec discebat ludo, exaduorsum ilico Tonstrina erat quaedam : hie solcbamus fere 90 Plerumque earn opperiri, dum inde iret domum. Interea dum sedemus illi, interuenit Adulescens quidam lacrumans. nos mirarier ; R ogam us quid sit. * numquam aeque ' imjuit • ac niodo Paupertas mihi onus uisumst et miserum et graue. 95 Modo quandam uidi uirginem hie uiciniae Miseram suam matrem lamentari mortuam. Ea sita erat exaduorsum, neque illi beniuolus Neque notus neque cognatus extra unam aniculam Quisquam aderat, qui adiutaret funus: miseritumst. 100 Virgo ipsa facie egregia.' quid uerbis opust ? Commorat omnis nos. ibi continuo Antipho * Voltisne eamus uisere ? ' alius • censeo : 69 Eamus: due nos sodes.' itnuSy uenimuSy Vide /n us. uirgo pulchra, et quo magis diceres, 105 '^W aderat adiumenti ad pulchritudinem : Capillus passus, nudus pes, ipsa horrida, Lacrumae, uestitus turpis: ut, ni uis boni In ipsa inesset forma, haec formam extinguerent. lUe qui illam amabat fidicinam, tantum modo no 'Satis' inquit 'scitast'; noster uero... Da. lam scio: Amare coepit. Ge. Scin quam ? quo euadat uide. Postridie ad anum recta pergit: obsecrat, Vt sibi eius faciat copiam. ilia enim se negat Neque eum aequom ait facere : illam ciuem esse Atticam, 115 Bonam bonis prognatam : si uxorem uelit, Lege id licere facere; sin aliter, negat. Noster quid ageret nescire : et illam ducere Cupiebat et metucbat absentem patrem. Da. Non, si redisset, ei pater ueniam daret ? 120 Ge. Ille indotatam uirginem atque ignobilem Daret illi ? numquam faceret. Da. Quid y?/ denique ? Ge. Quid fiat ? est parasitus quidam Phormio, Homo confidens: qui ilium di omnes perduint. Da. Quidisy^aV/' Ge. Hoc consilium quod dicam r/* c ^ ■ rH a. 3 3 1> C 3 c c W CA to ^3 tr. 3 3 C 0) c/5 « 5 >H • Vi *H S: yu * » •-> S ■4-J ^ v* •^ 3 •f ^ 3 3 .2 • 1— 1 •* s • ^^ ;^ *^ "'^ ^ ^ »i4 »M .^ v» a PL, *»4 •** ^ 5 • 5 •Ji 3 *^ 3 1 CA 3 ■*-> 3 ^ •— < • •-< U3 "»* On »4 *^ « t - 1 S" "Si r {-1 W 3 l> <-■ w s » '3- 3 r r- !/3 .5 'S c W 3 • u cy 3 fc/3 • *** "*»» "*^ « 3 C 1 10 _ ha 3 P. n^ "V >§ rt (A ^ •x ^ M ro f* ,0 « *4 1 ro US u c 1) ••* 1 5: 3 3 cS y c a; 3 • • • in a C •»4 1 3 3 u • • _ c C en •^4 5 s ••«* '4-* 'r* c § NO c 0) 91 5 QO to 5 .«5 % •s CA ■s 7J -1 0* • 5: 3 i > • 3 3 &4 0) > in c ~ 3 u "o 73 C X x •c ro M M4 HH 1 *^ 4J M 1) a* ? 1 •\ ^ ro •* 1 ' t^ JS v Q tf) 'ci « 'c3 .iS » tA 3 4-> ^ 4-1 H f 3 3 C 3 C rt • H ^ I 3 u c 0) H M s H U -l S H 1 86 87 M t-4 I ro •^ « (A o s c *l"^ 3 H hJ 1 •V* Si »o « <2> 3 e; 5 re C 8 M 00 lA o c c (A > o a o ^ "\j CA 9 C 2»» ^ ^ « ro 4) o a 4> Pn h (A s Si Si ■a \n 8 tA Si 'fsk ^ « 7. Imperfect in the subordinate; Historical Present in the principal clause, ut CO CO I vo ^ E 0) c CA C^ vO )-• ■-« I r>. "a Nk 73 D 0) CA £5 «-> =3 . .2 c :s ^ Pt, H hJ O^ (A P S3 N VO Si S (A -I 0^ t-O HH i-< iM a «-) CA ^ 3 CA 3 u c )-< 3 3 -r (A 3 C C c< o H Ps H c/} ^ W postquam Plaulus I Total: 4. Plautus I Terence I 2 il Present in the principa ut Plautus I Terence 2 RELATIVE SENTENCES. I. Historical Present in the subordinate; Historical Present in the principal clause. pronoun Plautus Ennius Coel. Antipater Total: 10. 3 2 I adverb Plautus 2 Terence i Cato I 2. Historical Perfect in the subordinate; Historical Present in the principal clause. pronoun Plautus Terence S. Turpilius Ennius L. Cassius Hemina Total: 20. 8 2 I I I 13 adverb Plautus 5 L. Pomponius i Ennius i i)li 3. Imperfect in the subordinate; Historical Present in the principal clause. pronoun Plautus 5 Terence I Lucilius 2 Sisenna I adverb Plautus I Attius I Sisenna 2 Total: 13. 88 Pluperfect in the subordinate ; Historical Present in the principal claure, pronoun adverb Plautus 6 Plautus Terence I 7 Total: 8. CAUSAL SENTENCES. 1, Historical Present in the subordinate; Historical Perfect in the principal clause, quia Plautus 2 2. Historical Perfect in the subordinate; Historical Present in the principal clause, quia Terence i 3. Imperfect in the subordinate ; Historical Present in the principal clause. quia Terence Total: 3. quod Varro I propterea quod Sisenna i 4. Pluperfect in the subordinate ; Historical Present in the principal do use. quod Terence i It seems clear from a study of all the above tables that the use of the Historical Present in subordinate clauses is to be explained neither by the relative position of these clauses to their principal clauses, nor by the attraction of the subordinate to the principal verb, but is, rather, independent, and, as has already been emphasized, par- allel to the use of the tense in principal clauses. It will not be necessary to do more than briefly classify and cite the passages. They may be divided into single sentences composed of one or more subordinate clauses and one principal clause, in which no variation 89 of the Historical Present with other tenses occurs in the subordinate clauses ; and longer passages composed of two or more subordinate and principal clauses, in which such variation does occur. TEMPORAL SENTENCES. I. Historical Present in the subordinate ; Historical Present in the principal clause, a, -postqua^n,^ Ctirculio 683 : Postquatn nil flt^ clamore homincm posco, L. Afranius 207-9 • postquam se uidet Inibi esse, gnatam paruulam sororibus Comviendat, Cf. Caecilius Statins 4, h, qtioniain,^ Truculentus 401-3 : Mater ancillas iubet^ Quoniam iam decumus mensis aduentat prope, Aliam aJiorsum ire. * The single sentences cited above often occur in longer passages in which the independent verbs show a variation of the Historical Present with other tenses. Sentences in which two subordinate clauses depend upon one principal verb are cited under the heading of each clause. * In order that all the examples of each kind of temporal sentence may be grouped together, references are given to the occurrences of sentences like the above in passages in which there is a variation of tenses in the subordinate clauses: Captiui ^%Ty Miles Gloriosus i2^-$\ Hecyra 187-8; Phormio 6'i2-'^'i. ^ Aulularia 377; Bacchides 2<)0'<)iy 299-300; Cistcllaria 164-65; Poenuhis 68-9. ^ Bacchides "^ot^-yy Epidicus 217. go Heaiiton Timoritmcnos 650-51 : quom exponendam do illi, de digito anurunr Detraho^ Cf . Andria 362 ; Hecyra 39-40 ; Attius 436. In Ennius, Comoediae 386 the principal clause is wanting : Cum desubito me orat mulier lacrimansq.ue ad genua acddit, Cf. Annales 411-12 and 496^ d, tthi,^ Caftiui 501 : 4 ubi quisque uidenij emit obuiam. Cf. Miles Gloriosus 178; Adclfhi 471-72; Sextus Tur* pilius 194-95. In Pacuvius 69 the principal clause is wanting : Vbi ego me grauidam sentio adgrauescere. Ennius, Annales 65 r Occiduntur tibiy potittir ratti' Romulu' praedam. Qj. Claudius Qiiadrigarius 10, line 26 : ubi eum euertit, caput praecidit, e, dtan.^ Bacchides 950-51 ; 3 Miles Gloriosus 308; Trimimmus 166-68; Emmchus 228 ', ^nnms, Annales 2^6', Q^ Claud- ius Quadrigarius 13. * Amphitruo io6i, where the principal verb is not expressed; Casina 915, 9^2; Mercator %Q-2\ Miles Gloriosus 114-15; Mostellaria 1051-52; Pseudolus 1278; Eunuchus 132-34, 255-56, 414; Ilecyra I83-84, 185; Heauton Timorw menos 276-77 (so Dziatzko, after Bentley;, 304-5; Phormio 862; Ennius, Tragoediae 180, where the principal verb is wanting. In passages like the above occurring where there is a variation of subordinate tenses there is one example of «/, Mercator loo; and one of priusquanty Poenw his 66-7. ^Amphitruo 1120; Bacchides 279; Casina 909; Mercator 193; Stichus 366-67; ^«««^/5«.y 255. 583, 843-44; Q. Claudius Quadrigarius 10, lines 20-1. 3 According to Ritschl and others; MSS have Perfect in the subordinate clause. 91 2. Historical Presefit in the subordinate ; Historical Perfect in the -principal clause, a. -postquam,^ Persa 822, where the principal tense is a pure rather than historical Perfect : lam diu facturnst^ postquam bibimus„ Cf, Andria 513-14 : nunc, postquam uidet Nuptias domi adpatari, missast ancilla ilico. h^ quonia^nJ^ PoenuJus 665 : Inde hue aufugit^ qmnicLtn capitur oppidum^ Cf. Casina 583. c, quom, « Amphitruo 668 : Grauidam ego illanc hie reliqui^ quom abeo^ Eunuchus 792-93 : quom tibi do istam uirginem> Dixtin hos dies mihi soli dare te ? Cf. Captiui 282. d, priusqua?n,^ Curculio 637 : , , , priusquam 7?ioritur mihi dedit. * Menaechmi 24-5; Trinummus 108-I13; Ilecyra 120-21, 126-28, 158-59* * Aulularia 9; Bacchides 292; Casina 885-86; Menaechmi 481-83; Ru- dens 6'J-S; Trinummus 1 12-13. ^ In passages like the above occurring where there is a variation of subordi- nate tenses there are the following examples of ubi : Cistellaria 160-61 ; Stichus 558, where the principal clause is itself subordinate to another verb; Eunuchus 260-61, 517; I/eauton Timorumenos 276-77. And the following examples of donee: Cistellaria 581-83; Mercator 194 (so Leo; see Chapter III, p. 45, note). 92 Casina 241, 976; Cistcllaria 90-1; CurctiUo 682; Menaechmi 449 ; Mercator 924 ; Miles Giorwsus 504-5 ; ^ Mostellaria 1017-18; P^^;/w/w5 803-04 ; 3 Rudens 2t6']-6S', TrmtimmtisS^g ; yl^/-?/^///54i-42, 691, 868-69 ; 4 Eimuchus 341,949-50; Hecyra 829; Heauton Timoritmcnos 257- 58, 272, 491-2, 983; Phormio 1007; Sextus Turpilius 149; L. Pomponius 190. 3. Historical Present in the subordinate ; Im;pcr/ect in the ^principal clause* a* postquam* Phormio 569-72 is sometimes quoted as an illustration, and hence is included here. But the principal verb upon which the subordinate verb really depends is a Perfect Infinitive depending upon the Imperfect Indicative : s Postquam uidet mc eius mater esse hie diutius, Simiil autem non manebat aetas uirginis Meam neclegentiam: ipsam cum omni familia Ad me profectatn esse aibant* b, quoni,^ Menaechmi 1136 : Hunc censebat te esse, credo, quom uocat te ad prandiuin. ^ Amphitruo 1098-99; Mercator 97-8; Pseudolus 1279; Rudens 37; ^w/«/^//«j 629, 632-33; Phormio 'Jd', Ileauton Timerumetios ^gg,6s$\ Ilecyra 800-1. * According to Leo's reading the subordinate tense is a Perfect. ' According to Leo's punctuation this sentence belongs under i, e, * The principal tense is a pure rather than historical Perfect. ' Lange, quod plurimi alii quibus res timida aut turbidast. In IJcatiton Ttmortuncnos 399 the temporal clause is in- troduced b\' dam and the one principal verb is an Historical Perfect. 2. The Historical Presefit varied zvith the Imferfect. Temporal and relative clauses. In Phormio 76-1103 the temporal clauses, which contain the Presents, are introduced bv duni. In Q^ Claudius Quadrigarius 10+ the temporal clauses, which contain the Presents, are introduced by difl'er- ent particles, one of which is dum, ' See Chapter III, p. 56. ' p. 38. ^ pp. 67-9. ■♦ pp. 75-6. 103 3. The Historical Present varied zvi/h the Pliifer/ect. Temporal and relative clauses. Menaechmi 480-84 ; ' Eunuchus 234-61, 4. The Historical Present varied -with the Historical Perfect and the hnpej'fect. I, Temporal and relative clauses. Captiui 478-87 : ^ Nam ego ut dudum hinc ahii^ access? ad adulescentes in foro: 482 Dj'co unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus, Quibus solcbam menstrualis epulas ante adipiscier: Aht'o ob illis, postquam uideo me sic ludificarier. 2. Temporal and causal clauses. j\fercator 191-200,^^ where the only subordinate Present is introduced by dum. J. Temporal, relative and causal clauses. Menaeclnni 1052-57, where the principal clauses contain no Historical Presents : Eripui^ homines quom ferebant te sublimen quattuor, Apud hasce aedis. tu clamabas deum fidem atque honiinuni omnium : Quom ego accurro teque eripio ui pugnando ingratiis. Ob eam rem, quia te seruaui me amisisti liberum. Quom argentum dixi me petere et uasa, tu quantum potest Praecucurristi obuiam. * See Chapter III, p. 54. p. 36. P-45' I04 los 5. The Historical Present varied with the Historical Perfect and the Pluperfect. J. Temporal and relative clauses, Poenulus 64-87 : ' Sed illi seni, qui mortuosty ei filius 65 Vincus qui fuerat^ abditiuos a patre, Puer septuennis stirripitur Carthagine, Sexennio prius quidem quam moritur pater. Quoniam periisse sibi uidet gnatum unicum, Conicitur ipse in morbum ex aegritudine Ille qui surripuit puenim, Calydonem auehit: Vendit eum domino. . 75 Emit , . . senex Puerum ilium eumque adoptat sibi pro filio Eumque heredem fecit^ quom ipse obiit diem. Carthaginiensi duae fuere filae : 85 Altera quinquennis, altera quadrimula. Cum nutrice una peri ere eae Megaribus. Eas qui surripuit^ in Anactorium deuehit: Cf . Ainphitruo 203-60. ^ 2, Te^nporal and causal clauses* Eunuchus 575-92,3 where the only subordinate Presents are introduced by du7n, 6. The Historical Present varied with the Historical Perfect^ the Imperfect and the Pluperfect, Tanporal and relative clauses, Cistellaria 160-96 : ^ 160 Is ubi malam rem scit se meruisse, ilico Pedibus perfugium peperit^ in Lemnum aufugii, Vbi habitabat. turn ilia, quam compresserai^ i c See Chapter III, pp. 42-3. * pp. 59-60. ' pp. 48-9. * p. 43. Decumo post mense exacto hie peperit filiam. Quoniam reum eius facti nescit qui siet, 165 Paternum seruom sui participat consili: Postquatn ille uxori iusta f'cit^ ilico Hue commigrauit. diixit uxorem hie sibi Eandem, quam olim uirginem hie compresserat, Vt earn cognoscit esse, quam compresserat ^ 180 Ilia illi dicit eius se ex iniuria Peperisse gnatam clam atque earn se seruo ilico Dedisse exponendam. ille extemplo seruolum lubet ilium eundem persequi, si qua queat Reperire quae sustulerit. ei rei nunc suam 185 Operam usque assiduo seruos dat^ si possiet Meretricem illam inuenire, quam olim tollere, Quom ipse exponebat^ ex insidiis uiderat. 195 . . . . . hoc ubi Mater resciuit^ iussit accersi eam domum. Cf. Mcnaechmi 24-66;' Miles Gloriosus 109-33;^ He- cyra 115-191.3 * See Chapter III, p. 57. pp. 46-7. p. 69. I07 CHAPTER V. THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES AFTER THE HISTORICAL PRESENT. It has been commonly said of the Historical Present that in its influence on dependent verbs it is regarded as either a primary or a secondary tense, according as its form or its logical meaning predominates. This view w^as first opposed by Hug,^ who maintained that the pres- ent sequence after the Historical Present was due to the meaning as w^ell as to the form of the tense : " Denn wenn eine vergangene Haupthandlung so lebhaft vor die Seele tritt dass sie als gegenwartig angeschaut wird — und das ist doch der Sinn des Praesens hist. — so sollten offen- bar auch die damit gleichzeitigen Nebenhandlungen in die Gegenwart treten, also Imperfect zum Prasens werden, oder wenn sie vorgegangen sind, in die Zeit riicken die ein Vorhergegangensein in Beziehung auf die Gegenwart ausdriickt, also vom Plusquamperfect ins Perfect." But this sequence, logical as it would be, is not always ob- served, and often the past sequence is employed in its stead. Such variation, how^ever, according to Hug, does not depend upon the arbitrary choice of the writer. On the contrary, it is governed by some principle, none the less fundamental because the writer follows it by instinct rather than by conscious effort. This "Grundprincip" Hug tried to establish as follows : " Die Construction des Prasens hist, als Prasens ist am meisten bei den Neben- satzen durchgedrungen, die dem Hauptsatze, der das * Die Consecuiio temporum des Praesens historicum zunachst bei Caesar^ yahrbiUher fiir dassische Philologie^ i860, pp. 877 ff. See Hoffmann, Zeitfolge nach dem Praesens historicum^ pp. i ff. Hug included in his treatment such subordinate clauses as have been discussed in Chapter IV. Prasens hist, hat, am nachsten stehen, mit ihm am innig- sten zusammenhangen." Furthermore, in the case of subjunctive subordinate clauses he maintained that the position of the subordinate clause in relation to the prin- cipal influences the sequence of tenses according to the following rules : "a. Wenn der Nebensatz dem Praes. hist, des HauptJatzes nachfolgt, so konnen beide Constructionen fromiscuc angewendet werden. "^. Wenn der Nebensatz dem Praesens hist, des Hauptsatzes vorangeht, so wird er in der Kegel in's Im- perfect gesetzt, einige wenige Falle ausgenommen in welchen schon vorher Hauptsatze in's Praes. hist, gesetzt sind, Oder bei kurzen indirecten Fragesatzen, deren Verbum ganz in der Nahe des Verbum finitum steht." The reason given by Hug for the latter rule was that the writer "sich gewissermassen scheute, die Nebenhand- lung hineinzuziehen, bevor er die Haupthandlung hineingezogen hatte, oder: er scheute sich die Folgerung zu Ziehen, bevor die Ursache gesetzt war". The same results that Hug reached through a study of the subject in Caesar were reached about the same time by Reusch through a study of the subject in Cicero,^ and the theory that the sequence of tenses after the Historical Present is conditioned by the position of the subordinate clause has been accepted by many grammarians. Hoffmann, in his treatise already referred to, made a vigorous attack upon this theory. With justice he exposed its inconsistencies, and then proceeded m an exhaustive treatment of the subject, based upon a study of all the ante-classical authors, of Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, Sallust, Vergil, Livy, Ovid, Velleius, Curtius, « Zur Lehre von der Tempusfolge, Elbing 1861. See Hoffmann, op, ciL. p. 4. Reusch also included indicative subordinate clauses. io8 Tacitus, the younger Pliny, Florus and Eutropus, to establish a theory to the effect that the Historical Present is a purely preterite tense, and can be followed by only the past sequence, except in the case of a certain class of subordinate clauses which naturally, from their relation to the rest of the sentence, tend toward the present sequence : ' "Diirfen wir das Resultat unserer Untersuchung dahin 2usammenfassen, dass das Praesens hist, dem Lateiner nur als Praeteritum gegolten hat, und dass somit alle um ein Prasens hist, sich gruppierenden Nebensatze in den der Lage zu einem Praeteritum entsprechenden rela- tiven Zeiten gegeben werden mtissen, — dass jedoch von dieser temporalen Unterordnung solche indicativische oder conjunctivische Nebensatze ausgenommen sind, die ent- weder nur einen begrifflichen Bestandtheil des Hauptsatzes bilden, oder die Aussage desselben, sei es als Object, sei es als Epexegese, vervollstandigen, und weiter solche conjunctivische Relativ-, Final-, und Fragesatze, die, als im Sinne des Subjects gehalten, durch die praesentische Zeitform von den in die Erzahlung gehorigen, vom Stand- punkte des Berichterstatters aus formulierten geschieden werden sollen."^ Any other cases of present sequence he does away with by maintaining that the principal verb upon which the subordinate clauses depend is no longer an Historical Present but has been made by them into a "real Present". 3 That Hoffmann's distinction between the "Historical Present" and the "real Present" is valueless, has been shown in Chapter H. With this distinction removed his results in regard to subjunctive subordinate clauses may * See Chapter IV, p. 77, note, for Hoffmann's division of subordinate clauses. ^ pp. 97-8. 3 p. 25: "das Praesens des Hauptsatzes .... wird auf dem Boden der praesentischen Nebensatze zum wirklichen Praesens." See Chapter I, p. 6, note. 109 be accepted, and stated as follows : the Historical Pres- ent may be follow^ed by either the present or the past sequence ; but, as should be expected, the present pre- dominates in those subordinate clauses that are most intimately connected with their principal clauses in that they expand the activity of the principal verb, or express ideas existing in the mind of the subject of this verb, rather than in the mind of the narrator.^ That such a principle adequately accounts for the sequence of tenses after the Historical Present in early Latin, will be seen from a study of the passages. By far the greater number of the subjunctive subordinate clauses dependent upon an Historical Present are final or con- secutive or of indirect question ; that is, they express ideas present in the mind of the subject of the principal verb, or contain the necessary expansion of his activity. Of these sixty-five show the present sequence, twenty the past sequence. The same principle explains the present sequence in the one example of a subjunctive temporal clause introduced by friusqtiam^ which is in reality a final clause. But subjunctive temporal clauses introduced by cum^ which have reference to the point of view of the nar- rator and express his knowledge of the temporal relation between past events, contain only the past sequence.^ The following tabular statements will give the sta- tistics of the sequence of tenses in different kinds of subjunctive subordinate clauses dependent upon an Histor- ical Present, together w^th the relative position of these clauses and their principal clauses : * It will be noticed that the above principle closely resembles Hug's " Grund- princip". * It must be noted that all but one of the examples of past sequence in cum clauses are found in Varro, where in most cases the principal Historical Present is a form of inquam. m Mil li ' no III TEMPORAL SENTENCES. pHusquain Present sequence I subordinate clause pre- cedes principal subordinate cla use folloivs principal T cum Past sequence 13 ......... T2. ....*... ui Present sequence 26 Past sequence 12 38 without ut Present sequence 2 7te Present sequence 6 Past sequence I 7 relative Present sequence 3 Past sequence 4 7 FINAL SENTENCES. subordinate clause pre- cedes principal 2 I subordinate clause follo7vs principal 24 II 35 6 I 3 I CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. ut Past sequence I ut qui Present sequence I quin Present sequence 3 relative Present sequence 2 subordinate clause pre- cedes principal subordinate clause follo^vs principal I SENTENCES of INDIRECT QUESTION. relative Present sequence Past sequence... 19 .2 21 subordinate clause pre- cedes principal St Present sequence 2 ne Present sequence i subordinate clause follows principal 17 2 19 These tables show : 14 temporal sentences, of which i has the present, 13 have the past sequence; 54 final sentences, of which 37 have the present, 17 the past sequence; 7 consecutive sentences, of which 6 have the present, i has the past sequence; and 24 sentences of indirect question, of which 22 have the present, 2 the past sequence. In addition to the subordinate clauses included in the above tables may be noted clauses of indirect discourse (temporal, final, conditional) following a verb of saying in the Historical Present. Of these clauses some show the present and others the past sequence, while all follow their principal clauses. In a few cases, even after the same verb the clauses vary between the present and the past sequence. The cause for the variation of present and past se- tpence, which occurs even in the clauses that are most intimately connected with their principal clauses, is prob- ably, despite of Hoffmann, to be sought in the dual nature of the Historical Present. This tense, since it has the force of a present tense, representing the past as present, is naturally followed by a present sequence of tenses; while, since it has also the force of a past tense, narrating past events, it may also be followed by a past sequence of tenses. That in those subordinate clauses that are most closely connected with their principal clauses the present 112 sequence predominates is another proof that the Historical Present serves to represent the past as present, and has not, as Hoffmann claims that it has, the force of a purely preterite tense. By denying this fact Hoffmann is forced to regard the most natural present sequence after the Historical Present as an exception to the rule of past sequence, and to make a baseless distinction between two phases of one tense. It seems doubtful whether the choice of present or past sequence depends consciously upon the degree of vividness in the representation of the past. In a care- fully cultivated style, what Hale ^ says of the part played by subordinate clauses after an Historical Present may, possibly, be true : " It is not history that is given us [by the use of the Historical Present in principal clauses], it is the mimic stage. Now, these stage-presents are fol- lowed in a dependent clause (say a final clause) now by a primary tense, now by a secondary. What is it that tells us, as we read, whether w^e are to keep up the fiction of the theatre, and wait to see the act of the final clause, say the intended blow of a murderer, actually performed upon tlie stage, or are to drop the illusion, and return to the sober narrative, namely, that this was once upon a time a purpose ? It is nothing but the verb of the final clause itself. In that verb, and in no other, lie or do not lie the directions. The choice of the subordinate verb is itself just as perfect and complete a method of communi- cation between writer and reader as is the choice, for the main verb, between the sober aorist and the stagy present." But in colloquial speech, at least, it is more probable that the variation was an unconscious result of the two elements in the Historical Present. ^Sequence of Tenses in Latin ^ American Journal of Philology y VIII, (1887) p. 63. The passages illustrating the sequence of tenses after the Historical Present may be briefly classified and cited. It will not be necessary to subdivide the different kinds of subordinate clauses according to the special relation that they bear to their principal clauses.' TEMPORAL SENTENCES. I. Prese7it Sequence, priusquam, Amphtiruo 240 : Animam omittunt prius quain loco demigrent, 2. Past Sequence, cum, Varro, de re rustica I, 69, 2 : Ctmi haec dicer et, venit libertus aeditumi ad nos flens et rogat, Cf. ibid, I, 49, I ; II, I, 3 ; III' 5» ^S. Ibid, 1,3: Stolo cum aspexissct Scrofam, . inquit. Cf. ibid, I, 49, I ; II, 1,1; 1,3; I'll' 5' I ; III' 2, 2 ; 2, 10. Ennius, Annales 295-97 : rerumque suarum Inpartit cumulum, magnam cum lassu' diei Partem fuisset. FINAL SENTENCES. I. Present Sequence, a, ut. Miles Gloria sus 116: Insccndo, ut earn rem Naupactum ad erum nuntiem. Mercator 1 04 : Postridie hospitem adeo^ oro ut uendat mihi. * For Hoffmann's elaborate subdivisions see op, cii., pp. 44-97- 114 Andria 355 : Continue ad te properans percurro ad forum, tit dicam haec tibi. Phormio 11 2-1 3 : obsecratf Vt sibi eius facial copiam. C. Amp/ntruo 205, 1069, ^^93 5 Caftmt ^11-12 -, C a sin a 42, 44, 922;^ Curculio 330, 355; Mostellaria 1049; Pseiidolus 1273, 1276; Rudejis 53-4; Andria 592; Eti- nuchus 578-79, 582, 618, 627 ; Hccyra 116; Varro, de re rustica I, 69, 2. Naevius, Belhim Puniciim 56-8 : Id quoque paciscunt^ moenia ut sint quae concilient Lutatium. captives plurimos idem, Sicilienses paciscit obsides ut reddant. Coelius Antipater 30 : Imperator condamat de medio, ut uelites in sinistro cornu remoueantur, Gallis non dubitatim inniittantur , h, without ut, A^nfhitruo 257 : Velatis manibus or ant ^ ignoscainus peccatum suom. Eunuchiis 583 : Adhortor properent. c, ne, Curctclio 361 : Deduco pedes de lecto clam, ne miles sentiat. Casina 321-22 : orat obsecraty Ne Casinam uxorem ducam, Eu7iuchus 138: • • fif^S^t causas ne det sedulo. Ibid, 578: Edicit ne uir quisquam ad earn adeat^ et mihi ne abscedam imperat. * According to Leo. IIS Cf . Rudens 605 ; Casina 909, where the verb upon which the subjunctive depends is introduced by dtmi, d, relative, Truculentus 401-4 : iubet • • praemandare et quaerere Puerum aut puellam qui supponatur mihi. Varro, de re rustica II, 8, i : Venit a Menate libertus, qui dicat liba absoluta esse. Coelius Antipater 12 : ' Sempronius Lilybaeo celocem in Africam mittit, uisere locum, ubi exercitum exponat. 2. Past Sequence. a, ut, Bacchides 301-2 : yJuferimus aurum omne illim illis praesentibus Palam atque aperte, ttt illi id factum sciscerent. Rudens 601-2 : Videtur * ad me simia adgredirier, Rogare scalas ut darem utendas sibi. Phormio S92-93 : uenio ad hominem, ut dicer em Argentum opus esse. Heauton Timorumenos 6$ii dico ut una cum puella exponet et. Cf . Mercator 90-1 ; Heauton Timorumenos 304-5 ; Sex- tus TurpiUus 81. Pacuvius 331-32: mihi classem imperat Thessalum nostramque in altum ut properiter deducerem. ' Hoffmann, op, cit., p. 94, classes this passage under those in which an indirect question stands in final relation to the principal clause. * MSS give uidebatur. ii6 Cf. Ennius, Tragoediae i8o; Inccrt, (Ennius ?), Inccri, 6-7.^ Ennius, Annalcs 304-5 : Ingenium, cui nulla malum sententia suadef Vt facer et f acinus levis aut malu', Cf. ibid, 19-20. h, ne. Casina 893 : Forem obdOf ne senex rae opprimeret, c, relative, Etmuchiis 581 : • . paucae, quae circum illam essent^ nianent. Cf. Caecilius Statius 275, where the verb upon which the subjunctive depends is introduced by ^««/; Ennius, Tra- goediae 326. Ennius, Annales 294-300 : Haece locutu' vocat . , Cut res audacter magnas parvasque iocumque Eloquerettir , CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. I . Present Sequence, a, ut qui, Andria 148-9 : Ita turn discedo ab illo, ut qui se filiani Neget daturum. h, quin, Amphitruo 238-39 : Sed fugam in se tamen nemo conuortitur Nee recedit loco quin statim rem gerai.^ * See Chapter III, p. 70, note. * Hoffmann, op. cit.^ p. 48, claims to improve the logic of this passage by reading, Nee recedit loco, quin statim rem gerit. 117 Hecyra 126-28 : postquam uidet Paratas nee moram ullam quin ducat dari^ Ibi . aegre tulit. Q^ Claudius Quadrigarius 70 : Romam uenit^ uix superat^ quin triumphus decernatur. c, relative, Poenulus 1284-85 : Vbi nee leno neque illae redeunt, nee quod edim quicquam datur : Pro maiori parte prandi pignus cepi, abii for as. Cf. Aiilularia 377. 2. Past Sequence, ut. Heauton Timorumenos 306-7 : Continuo et lacrumis opplct os totum sibi, Vt facile scires desiderio id fieri. SENTENCES of INDIRECT QUESTION. I. Present Sequence, a, relative, Truculentus 650-51: Quae r it patrem : dico esse in urbe, intcrrogo Quid eum uelit. Curculio 362 : Kog.jnt me serui quo earn. Rudens 64 : Adulescentuli alii narrant ut res gesta sit. Andria 124 : Quae sit rogo . . Hecyra 831 : Rogat unde sit Cf. Amphitruo 1069; Asinaria 343-44 5 Capiui $10-11 ; Cistellaria 164 ; Curculio 339, 340-41 ' 59^ 5 Sticlms 366, where the verb upon which the subjunctive depends is ii8 introduced by du7n; Adclfhi 619; Andria 358; Eunu- chits 341 ; Phormw 93, ^62,-6^^ Coelius Antipater 8. b, si. Cistellaria 183-86 : lubet ilium eundem persequi^ si qua queat Reperire quae sustulerit. ei rei nunc suam Operam usque assiduo seruos dat^ si possiet Meretricem illam inuenire. 119 Etmuchus 594 : c, ne. Ibid, 602-3 : Satin explorata sint. Cf. Ad dp hi 61(^-20, Sfo expectans, si quid mi ifjiperent. simul alia circumspectOy relative, Bacc hides 290-91 : 2. Past Sequence, quoniam sentio Quae res gereretur^^ nauem extemplo statuimus. Naevius, Bellum Punicuni 21-2: blande et docte percontat^ Aenea quo pacta Troiam urbem liquisset,^ INDIRECT DISCOURSE. I. Present Sequence, Mercator 83-4 : Dico esse iturum me mercatum, si uelit^ Amorem missum facere me, dum illi obsequar, ' Hoffmann, op. cit.y p. 87, note 74, explains the Imperfect in this passage as due to the implied potential idea: "potentialem ea res gereretur^ sc, ut aurum nobis absiraheretur.** ^ Vahlen reads liquerit after some of the MSS. Hoffmann quotes Vahlen. Eunuchtis 139-42 : Aity si fidem habeat se iri praepositum tibi Apud me, ac non id metuat^ ne^ ubi acceperim, Sese relinquarny uelle se illam mihi dare. Cf . Asinaria 347-48 ; Casina 53-4, 56-7 ; Mercator 243- 44; Poenulus 6s6'$S\ Phormio 1 14-16. 2. Past Sequence, A mfh itruo 214-15: Respondent bello se et suos tutari posse, proinde uti Properiter de suis finibus exercitus deducerent, Varro, de re rustica II, 8, i : Venit a Menate libertus qui dicat liba absoluta esse et rem divinam paratam; si vellenty venirent illuc et ipsi pro se sacrificarentur, Cf. ibid, I, 69, 2-3. 3. Present and Past Sequence, Amfhitruo 205-10 : Telebois iubet sententiam ut dicant suam : Si sine ui et sine bello uelint rapta et raptores tradere, Si quae asportassent redderent^ se exercitum extemplo domum Reducturum, abituros agro Argiuos, pacem atque otium Dare illis : sin aliter sient animati neque dent quae petat, Sese igitur summa ui uirisque eorum oppidum oppugnassere. Hecyra 145-47- Narrat^&y ut uirgo ab se Integra etiam tum siet^ Seque ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, Sperasse eas tolerare posse nuptias. Cf. Aniphitruo 225-26. Any analysis of syntactical usages is subject to error, and opinions may easily differ in regard to the interpreta- tion of individual passages ; but it is hoped that this study of the Historical Present in early Latin has made 120 clear certain general facts which may be summed up as follows : The Historical Present is characteristic of the collo- quial language, and is used to represent past events as if they were present. It is imperfect in nature and describes rather than narrates these events, as is seen from the fact that it belongs chiefly to verbs of descriptive as opposed to verbs of narrative character. Its use may be extended to verbs of aoristic conceptions when the activities denoted by them form parts of a course of events which is de- scribed as in progress in the sphere of time that the speaker is regarding as present. Its representation of the past involves a certain liveliness of narration, but it has not yet become the rhetorical device and means for pro- ducing stylistic effects that it became in literature. In historical literature, at least, it also seems to have de- veloped an aoristic function hardly distinguishable from that of the Historical Perfect. Indications of this function, which probably sprang from the frequent colloquial use of the tense to describe aoristic activities of the past, are found in early inscriptions. The variation of the Historical Present with other tenses in the colloquial language is governed by certain principles, which are based upon the kinds of activity de- noted bv the verbs, and the functions of the different tenses. In a few cases no especial reason can be assigned for its variation with the Historical Perfect, which may indicate the beginning of the aoristic function that it developed later. But in the majority of cases this varia- tion as well as that with the other past tenses is far from being arbitrary. ERRATA. P. 28, note I, for "A, 5" read "A, 6". P. 80, line 15, for "three" read "two". LIFE. I was born in Ellsworth, Maine, January i, 187 1, and received my early education in the public schools of that city and a private school in Dresden. In June, 1888, I was graduated from the Ellsworth High School. In September of the same year I entered Bryn Mawr Col- lege, where I specialized in Latin and Greek. I received the degree of A. B. in June, 1892, and was awarded the Bryn Mawr European Fellowship. During the year 1892-93 I studied as a graduate student at Bryn Mawr College in the departments of Latin and Greek. During the year 1893-94 I attended the University of Leipsic, and heard lectures on Latin, Greek and Sanscrit by Pro- fessors Brugmann, Ribbeck, Gardthausen, Arndt, Lipsius and Windisch, to all of whom, and especially to Profes- sors Brugmann and Windisch, I wish to express my thanks. During the second semester of the year 1894-95 and during the year 1895-96 I continued my graduate work in Latin and Greek at Bryn Mawr College. In May, 1896, I passed my examinations for the degree of Ph. D., in Latin as my principal, and in Greek as my subordinate subject. My graduate w^ork has been pursued under the direc- tion of Professors Gonzalez Lodge and Herbert Weir Smyth, to whom my especial thanks are due for their continued kindness and assistance. ( -. ■ ...;■ ""^^ S77.-58 WA Lw>«-v 7. U,<»Unc7^\ ^r^ A <2v>t N>r\ Qt^V \\ U7^\ \n \/ '^>y \ ;;v ^'^ <" i f-. ■■•U^^^^- >r^ >-C^. •^♦^K k^'w?; v ^.c^. . V^.*"^ ■ ^H^-' ♦ '^ <.!'"'? ,J>C?'^4. .»v i C^ .^ ^"-^^ •.