MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 91-80034 MICROFILMED 1991 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK ii as part of the Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: THIERSCH, FRIEDRICH TITLE: GREEK TABLES PLACE: ANDOVER DA TE : 1822 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative # BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record I 887^58 T3dl .Thiersch, Friodrich, -1784-1860. Greek tablcsy or, A nothod of teaching the Groolc paradi{7i in n more simple and fundamental manner, by D.Friedricli Thiersch... To which is added an essay on the dialects, from Buttmann^s Grammar. Tr. by R.D-Patton. • . /jidover, Flarg, 1822. iv, 5-8^) p. 2^?T cm. ^ Restrictions on Use: 408 Z Another copy. Another copy in \ Plimpton Library* 18 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE:_ 3^ mn^ REDUCTION RATIO: IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA ^J ^9 1^^ _ DATE FILMED: klllJAL INITIALS ^^_ FILMED BY: RESEARCH PUBLldATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGe7cT ik c Association for Information and image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii |[m|im|im| I I I u 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 iliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliii T T mm TTT I I I 14 15 mm iiiilimlmil Inches .0 i.i 1.25 1^1^ 2.5 1^ IM 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 MfiNUFRCTURED TO fillM STRNDORDS BY APPLIED IMfiGE, INC. ) ^ N • M » -* 4^' A — ^'ji^»m 3£: Xfl y^TT^ 1 ^n * 1 ^ ,i. .. . ••• >••< wSr ' t « j LIBRARY N.YORK. OR A METHOD OF TEACHING THE GREEK PARADIGM IN A MORE SIMPLE AND FUNDAMENTAL MANNER , Bt D. FRIEDRICH THIERSCH f ROF. IN THE LYCEUM AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILOLOG. SEM. AT MUNICH TO WHICH IS ADDED AN ESSAY ON THE DIALECTS, FROM BUTTMANN^S GRAMMAR. translated By K. B?TPATT0N PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IN MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE. ANDOVER PRINTED AT THE CODMAN PRESS BY FLAGG AND GOULD 1822. i** / / ADVERTISEMENT. <:^ t--. «< The present translation originated in a sincere desire to excite and cherish, in the youth of our country, a thirst for more exten- sive investigation, in the subjects connected with the Greek Gram- mar and Literature. The author holds a distinguished rank in Germany, among those who have laboured so successfully, of late years, to facilitate the study of the Greek language. The original work was not designed by the Author to enter the lists with any Grammars in common use, and the same may be said of the translation. In Germany, the Original has been gene- rally admitted into the Gymnasia, even where the Greek Grammar of the Author is not adopted for the purposes of elementary instruc- tion. And if the Translation can succeed in extending the views of our students beyond the range of mere grammatical forms, and the modes of instruction to which they have been accustomed, and enable them to participate in the views and feelings of the schol- ars of a portion of Europe, so conspicuous for philological attain- ments, the translator will have reason greatly to rejoice, although the translation, as a translation, may not be approved. The Translator confe!?ses himself of the number who value highly the philological works of the Germans, and who earnestly desire to see them circulated in our country ; to see the same spir- it of laborious research and expansive inquiry infused into the bos- ouis of our youth ; in order that we may avail ourselves of the ad- vances made by others; of their experience, habits, thoughts, and feelings ; and thus, be enabled to cope with them in future research- es. Whether this be possible, under the present inauspicious frowns of the Government on our expanding literature, is a seri- ous, and to every genuine student a painful question. But every one who wishes to mitigate in some degree the deserved reproach- es, cast upon us by the monarchical nations of Europe, will eager- ly embrace the least opportunity, to extend our views beyond the limits of our colleges, our cities, and even of our country itself. The system developed in this work does not differ materially from that of Buttmann. Thiersch has pursued the analysis a step or two further, with what success every one must decide for bim- self 5072 f ^.5 V JV ADVERTISEMENT. The Edition of the Tables, that of 1813, to which I had access, literally swarmed with errors of the press. So far as time would permit I have endeavoured to eradicate them, and not to commit new ones in correcting the old. It has been thought expedient al- so to render the Homeric Paradigms more complete, by some addi- tions, principally from the second edition of the Grammar of the Author. These additions being merely from another work of the Author, it was not thought necessary to specify them particularly. The Original was printed in tables and in the folio form. The whole work is here reduced to a smaller size which renders it more convenient and less expensive. On the dialects, we have preferred the small but comprehensive treatise of Buttmann. Mat- thias's account is somewhat confused, and probably, in a historical point of view, incorrect. Many assertions of Thiersch, on this head, are perhaps too gratuitous. Buttmann is always chaste and inductive. As to the translation itself, much might be said, as usual, on the crowd of German technics, and the unwieldy and refractory German sentences, which almost refuse to receive the English dress. But I forbear. To those who are acquainted with the Ger- man, and especially the German of the prefaces to this work, noth- ing need be said : to those who are not, all that could be said would be in vain. I close with the hope, that those who have more time and abil- ity for such an employment, may endeavour by means of transla- tions, to extend our acquaintance with the philological works of foreign nations, especially of Germany, and thus produce that uni- versal literary excitement, which eventually must secure to us the highest literary privileges, as well as establish our national pros- perity on the firmest basis. PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. To be thoroughly grounded in the Greek Paradigm, it is not enough that the learner be able, immediately, or, at least, upon a little recollection, to analyse every form which presents itself, for example, leKjpd^eitjaav,, to tell immediately what it is, and that the root contains Xti^n^ Xei^^ or X{t(p, He must also be prepared, as in the Latin, without the labour of conjugating, to give, in its prop- er form, any mood, tense, and person of any verb at pleasure. Should the instructor, therefore, demand the 1. Aor. Mid. Opt. mood. 3 pers. Dual numb, of X9^^^^^ ^^ must be able promptly tq answer XQvOdiaaia^riv . Owing to the endless complication of the Greek Paradig^m, this attainment has been deemed impossible for the beginner; and so indeed it must be, if we consider the vast multitude of rules in our grammars, regarded as indispensable for the for- mation of as great a number of tenses. Every one, however, who will pursue the method here pointed out in explaining the forms and in using the paradigm, will find it, I think, not only pos- sible, but, to the gratification of both teacher and learner, not even difficult. The paradigm must be reduced to its simple constituent parts, as is done in the following pages, and these parts united again under the inspection of the learner. Thus the different parts necessary for the formation of any mood, person, tense, &c. whatever, arrange themselves naturally in his memory ; and while the question of the instructor suggests first the mood, then the tense, and finally the person, the learner forms them immediately in the same order. Let ji^QvafaGala^^iv^ for instance, be requir- ed. First of all, the teacher referring him to the I. Aor. Mid. he forms this tense from the root and termination, ixQiGODGUfiriV^ ac- cording to the given rules. ' Secondiv, the teacher referring hira * I 6 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. to the Optative mood, he rejects the mutable parts e ctfif^v so that x(i^o(^o remains, and introduces the characteristic vowel of the mood,* («*) e. g. X9^^^^^^- Finally, the teacher referring him to the 3 pers. Dual number, he knows that the Optative has, in this person, the termination peculiar to the Secondary tenses, t which is so familiar to him that in the present case he immediate- ly suggests (ji^iyi/, and will give the completed form XQVGtoaotlad^^v. Or let the Perf. Pass, of ktyoj (ground-form A^A^y,) and Infin. mood (termination a&ui subjoined,) be required, and he answers, with little hesitation, XiXfya&atr kiXi'x&ac (§ 5. 3. and § 3. Note 1.) Experience has taught the author that after the explanation of the paradigm, but little additional practice was necessary, in or- der to acquire suitable facility; for such is the consistency and well grounded regularity of the Greek paradigm, that the begin- ner will very soon tind himself at home. It is evident, however, that in order to obtain our end, besides the analysis of the para- digm into its constituent parts, we must endeavour to simplify the various doctrines and rules concerning augments, shortening long syllables, &c. — especially concerning the formation of the tenses. How can we expect the beginner to give a person of some remote tense, for example the 3 pers. Plur. numb. Aor. 1. Pass. Indicat. mood of 7ra\'>cu, if he is forced from the present into the iFut.Act. thence into the Perf Act., thence into the Perf. Pass., then into the 3 pers. Sing, of the same, and thus finally arrives at the Aor. 1 Pass.? The old deduction-theory which has been already in part abandoned by others, is here entirely rejected, and the tenses in general derived immediately from the Praes., or rather, together ♦ (Modusvocal) Our language rather revolts at the unbounded liberty in the conaposition of words which the German enjoys. But the transla- tor feels hinaself constrained to adopt, hereafter, for the sake of brevity, on the frequent recurrence of this phrase {Modusvocal^) the literal but apposite expression jWoorf-rou>«/. Vid. J 15. t {Kebtniempora) By Primary and Secondary tenses^ used throughout tliis work to denote the Haupltcmpora and J^ebeulempora of the original, is meant no more t' an this, that, in respect to the form, {der form nachy) the primary tenses (Praes. Fut. Perf.) have each connected with them a secondary tense (Imperf. Aor. Plusqpf.) called by ButimaoQ historical lenses, (historische tem- pora) Ausfuhrliche Gramm. J 81. (Tr.) PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 7 with the Praes., from the common root. Any doubts on this head will, it is hoped, be entirely dissipated by a nearer examination of the paradigm. If we now demand of the learner thus initiated, the above mentioned Aor. 1. Pass. Ind. Mood, Plur. numb. 3 pers. he will im- mediately to its ground-form fmid^ annex the personal termina- tion d^fiGap ; but, being accustomed to change t before another r into a, (§ 4. 5. Note 2.) he will suggest without hesitation, tmia- This may serve to explain the mode of proceeding in question- ing the learner concerning the tenses. The advantage however of this method in recognizing and developing the forms which oc- cur in reading, as well as in promoting a rapid progress and a gen- erous freedom in the language, is very evident. Whoever will ac- quaint himself with the forms by mere effort of memory, never obtains a sure possession of them. Rigid method, so requisite in most cases, is here in a special manner necessary, and only what we learn methodically can take root and thrive. The committing the paradigm to memory, which is still necessary for acquiring fa- cility in the use of the forms, proceeds with greater ease and accu- racy if the whole is grounded on a system of derivation or forma- tion which presents itself at every step. The arrangement of the whole, however, (which in the introductory part must descend to a consideration of even the letters or elementary parts of words,) is worthy of investigation — perhaps of regard by those who are employed in the business of instruction. The author trusts that he may be indulged in making such a suggestion, if, without neglect- ing the most recent investigations of Grammarians, he has been fortunate enough to simplify the doctrine of Greek forms, and bring it out of its former confused state, but still without adopting the arbitrary principles of Lennep and others. I PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. The paradigm has met with a more favourable reception than I had ventured to anticipate. When that which is sanctioned by custom is attacked, although without noise or arrogance, the op- position of those is awakened who are unable or unwilling to com- prehend what is new. What is old and customary is become, from long use, both familiar and dear to them. In giving shape, how- ever, to a mass hitherto only partially reduced to order, many circumstances were necessarily arranged otherwise than in the common method. Hence a number might easily fail of the desired success, and thus afford occasion to the captious of expressing their chagrin. Contrary to my expectations the method here proposed was placed, by the Gottingen Gelehrte Anzeigen No. 45. 1808, unmo- lested, by the side of earlier attempts, and the issue awaited. By the New Leipsic LiWaiur Zeiimg No. 117. 1808, it was received as to its distinguishing features, and the old deduction-theory re- jected. By the Jena AUgemeine Lit. Zeit, No. 192. 1808, it was received without any limitation or moditication, ''became thereby life is restored to a tnass heretofore dead^ and the rich design mani- fest in this systematic language is clearly demonstrated, which, for a long time, has been regarded as the spiritless work of caprice or chance,^^ In consequence of this the paradigm came into frequent use, and was introduced into many of the more respectable Gymnasia ; nor has any one yet been found, who has not, from his own experi- ence, realized their utility. This new edition, which appears nine months after the first, will shew that I have paid a due regard to the objections advanc- ed by others, and have adopted their proposed improvements ; at the same time, that I have been fully sensible how imperfect the PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809. f former edition was. The present edition is enriched principally by the addition of the Homeric paradigm, which the study of Ho- mer renders so desirable. To our friend Mr. Assessor D. Dissen, we are indebted for the careful enumeration of the Homeric forms, who instituted a thorough examination of Homer, in order that nothing of importance might escape us. The last tables, exclu- sively the result of his labours, will prove, no doubt, to the young friends of Homer an acceptable present. It was not till lately that an attack was made upon this meth- od by one, whose opposing voice, I had, from the commencement, expected to hear. In the Jena Allgem. Lit, Zeit, No. 4. of this year, appeared an article, " some strictures on Thiersch''s paradigm of the Greek verb by F — G." written with much warmth. The re- marks of the author, who has never made a trial of the method, and, nevertheless, threatens to overturn it as prejudicial to the cause of instruction, concern, for the most part, mere trifles, which might be altered by a single stroke of the pen if really necessa- ry. Besides, these cavils expose, not only the animosity, but the ig- norance also, of the author. He threatens to subvert the method in one of its principal parts, by objecting, to the derivation of ev- ery tense from the root, the form xfTixfarat for rirvfAfitvot, eial, and thus wishes to deduce the original epic form from the much younger aspirated Perf. Act. — On this point, however, the deriva- tion of the tenses, it is necessary to be more explicit, that I may avoid, for the future, the imputation of a desire of change and a fondness for arbitrary arrangement. In the oldest Grammarians traces are found of that method, ac- cording to which, the tenses are formed in such a manner, that one is always made the foundation of another; e. g. from Ido^tiv is formed do&i^aofiai, from tqftXa, hfcXafitjv, kc. The opinion was finally adopted, that, in order to arrive at any form after the PraRS., we must pass through another form to which it seemed to bear some analogy. But we find it no where asserted, that this system of derivation is not equally valid and useful when the order is in- verted, and I86&r}v formed from So&tjaofiai., or ezvipa from rtzvcpu. Thus the author of the Halle Grammar, to whom most of us are indebted for our elementary instruction, thinks he has simplified the business, when he advises us to derive all the tenses of the Pass, from the corresponding tenses of the Act. At least, it is not h I 10 PREFACE TO THE EDITIO?,' OF 1809. a more capricious mode of proceeding, to change, for the Fut. Pass. t/;a> into (fd^tjaoficci, |w into x^V^yofiac, and for the Aor. ipa into (fd^tjv, ^a into x^V^^ than, according to the common method, to convert (fa into f^fum, ya into yfiut, and xa sometimes into (acii and sometimes into Ojua^ in order to obtain the Perf. Pass. ; or, in or- der to arrive at the Aor. 1. Pass, of (Tr()iVw, to lead us through ia- TQiipa^ tdTQfifa, i(STQct^fxat>, taTQcmroii, iarQccn-x^t]!/. When any method is so arbitrary, we may be assured that it has wandered far from the way which the language has pursued in its formation. First of all, we cannot mistake the analogous formation of those tenses which are classed together in the paradigm as primary and s^econdary tenses, rizvcfa frfrvqfcv^ rvqj^iiaoinai hvif^tjv, ryi/zw fTvipa, kc. Should this already appear capricious, to receive a doubtful Fut. axtffjw, in order to obtain fjxyoa, still it is a matter of indifference, in itself considered, whether we form tvqjdr^GOfiat. from fTV(f>$Tjp, or iTiKfdtjv from rvifdi'jOOfAac^ were it not necessary to ren- der this mode of proceeding subservient to a more important end. Of this however more hereafter. What now concerns us is, to strike at the root of the old deduction-theory, which renders even the primary tenses dependent on other forms, e. g. xervqa on iTVi^fa, TtTv^^at on rtrvqa, Tvq^^i^aofiai through hv(fOyjv on TtT VTiTtit. Let us commence with the Perf which Grammarians have begun to regard as n finished or perfect presenU* {Prcesens perfectutn^ TiVfqra, 1 have struck — just now.) For the unfinished or imperfect present, {Pr(Bsens imperfecium,) certain terminations were invented, Plur. — fifv—Tf—vtav^ and were subjoined to the root, — q)a (pa flip (fctre {(pdvTOi) quGL Pd ^cififp Pdrf {^dvTGI,) pa(H, tXcL rldfiiv zkdre {zXapTGi) tXolgv To denote that the present was past or finished {Press, perf) the reduplication was introduced into the three radical languages, {^{^dfAfp, gegangen, cecidi,) and thus originated the ground-forms of the Perf. which have been preserved entire, in the epic lan- ♦ Compare Hermann de emend, rat. Graec. Grarara. p. 186. Matthiae ausf. GrJimm. p. 685, and (he ingenious dissertation ♦'Jxo*/4*, at least not with- out the most violent and unnatural changes, e. g. Sidi^ev, by re- jecting ov, m, «, from dtdoUa^fv, It must already appear evident that in the formation of the Perf , the language has pursued its own free course, without ren- dering this tense dependent on the first Aorist. And why, indeed, in order to arrive at the original forms Tt^va^ev, dfldifjifv, should we invent unheard of Aorists, eitvtjacc^ fdioa (Homer has, it is true, iddfiijag^ tddnai^ iddtioaxf, iddeiaav ; nothing however from tdtGUy still less from i'^i^fjaa, which he and all the Greeks would have found intolerable by the side of i&uvov) — why, I say, should we invent these strange Aorists, and proceed from these to unknown Perfects, such as didnaa^ and from these (e. g. from deidiTiafiiv^) remove the xu which never existed, in order to arrive at the orig- inal and independent form diidifiiv ? This last form, however, (de- ficient in the Mood-vowel,) altogether unconcerned about this for- midable bulwark of etymology, is formed independently of any other tense, from the ground-form of the tense and the termina- tion. If this mode of proceeding is unphilological in \he case of d^di^ev^ didtmg^ it is equally so in the case of Ti<>vtt(jisv, fiffiamg, and others, for the formation is same. Beyond this, the language of Homer made but few advances in the further formation of the Perfect. The a retained from the old Perf *"«, became the characteris- tic vowel of the Perf, {jifcO-) mnoif^ttfiev, nfnoi&uxf, (ttAi;/) ne- nXnya^iv, {(pivy) miffvyaiufv. It is evident thai this form of the second Perf., as it is called, is derived from the Fut. 2. no more than deidia from idnaa and diidtxa. In the verba pura a x was introduced, to avoid the collision of vowels, as in ovxiti^ ^rixixi. The final vowel of the root was now doubled before this x, accord- ing to the general rule, /?;/?«-«&*, /?;/?«xa(T*, ^ifii^xaai. In many verbs both forms are found, side by side, in different persons, ri- ^vfjxi not Tt&vaf, re^vaov not rt^vrixaoi, ; also ^i^aaoh fit^afnv, Pe^aojg ; and ^e^fjuag^ ^t^tixe ; Plusqpf ^elirjxfi. These are the steps by which the epic language proceeded in the independent formation of the Perf. viz. the invention of the reduplication, TtVAajUi I/; the introduction of the Mood-vowel «, jrf- (ptvyctfifp^ and of the x in the verba pura, ri'&vaa Ti&ptixa, rt- '&vac Ti^pfiKf, &c. The remaining peculiarities of this tense have been subsequently introduced. One of these is, the introduc- tion of the X in the verba liquida, and in a portion of the verba muta. Such forms as 7r*gr«yxa, ionaQxu, &c. are unknown in the epic lan- guage, much more so the attic forms, in which the x suppresses the r sound, e. g. mi^cj mnei^-xa ntneixa. The dt'doixu there- fore of Homer is not to be derived from dfldoi, but from the inter- mediate form dfio). As little claim to originality has the other form of the Perf with the aspirated n and x, e. g. rtrvq^a, mnXfxcc. The aspirate was retained, it is true, where it was found in the root, as in T;wi;;foi?, Od. 12. 423. from the root xfvx'i so in rtrgrixct^ (root T^tix) rh^oifa (root r^jfcp.) fii^Qvxa (root ^gvx-) But an aspirate in the Perf., assumed independently of the root, is utter- ly unknown in Homer. A multitude of perfects are found such as x/x07T«, TtTQcya, mnlf^ya, GfGtjiia, Tifq^ixa, m'q^fiyoc. &c. which afforded an opportunity for such an aspirate, but no where is any trace of such a form as riVt'^a for jtrvna; a satisfactory *proof, that those aspirated Perfects were first introduced during the subse- quent progress of the language. The first traces of them are met with in Herodotus. We have, then, five steps by which the lan- guage has proceeded gradually in the formation of this tense. The forms deldtfifv, nfnoi&a^ifv, ^e^rixaiifv, Tfrvqafxfv, zifmixa^fv, may serve to indicate these steps. Those, however, who derive the 3d, 4th, and 5th of these forms, from the Aor. 1., and the 2d from the Fut. 2., and, for the 1st, avail themselves of syncope, will do well to reflect, whether they are not pursuing a course, directly contrary to that which analogy points out in the formation of lan- guage. Having ascertained the formation of the Perf. to be independ- 3 14 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809. ent of the other tenses, and the primary tenses of the Act. stand- ing thus on their own foundation, it will not be difficult to prove the same in respect to the primary tenses of the Pass. It has been usual to derive the Perf. Pass, from the Perf Act., the Aor. 1. Pass, from the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf. Pass., and the Fut. 1. Pass, from the Aor. 1. The reduplication, which is common to the Perf. Act. and Pass., can furnish no satisfactory evidence that the one is derived from the other. For admitting that this sign was invented to denote the completion of a portion of time, we should naturally expect to tind it wherever this idea prevails. In conformity with its original use, we meet with it to denote a completed future, tvipo^iai, ztrvipo- fia^. With regard to the Perf Act. and Pass., the radical vowels are not unfrequently altogether different ; e. g. Perf Act. rmf^a. Pass. t/ti7^<«6 ; Perf Act. ttrgoqa^ Pass. rfTfjocftfiai. ; xixAocjra, vfy^tat. Add to this, that frequently the Perfects Act., from which the Perfects Pass, are derived, are arbitrarily assumed, e. g. Tiinifxa (from mvito)) in order to form ninv(5(jiat,; ^'I'xcc (from iixo)) to form fji'y^ui; and we are constrained to acknowledge that the Perf Pass, like the Perf Act., is not dependent on any other tense for its formation. This assertion receives the fullest contirmation from the circumstance, that even in Homer we tind this aspirated form in the Perf. Pass., which, in the Act. we meet with^tii-stinlferodotus; e. g. imtfTgu(fajai. from imTgtnu), 11. 2. 25, M kaoi rinnijQOKfaTai, xal toaaa fif'^ttjU ; and II. 11.26, xu- affot di dguxopTfg OQbiQi'xoiTO ngoil dfigt'jv. It is, we presume, su/ficiently apparent, that such forms are not derived from the much younger aspirated Perf Act., but, together with this, imme- diately from the root ; e.g. TQan, {iQajiM is found in Herodotus,) TiTQanvtui, TfTgdnaTai, TfTgacfaiac, Who, then, would not delight to follow the course of the lan- guage itself, which, from the root xogvO (comp. xogvg xogvi^-og) forms xfxogvxJfitpog, from laogvx »« ftog^aom, (comp. uogvxog) ^u- tiOQvxiitvog ; from qgad, neffQadfiipog ; xad, xtxui'i^ipog ; ksy, XtXfy^iat,; qXty, m'tfX^y^iui, &c.? or, a^ is usual, changes the r sound into (t, as in idf^fp, later form h^fp ; and thus from jrf*x^ produces mnfca^ac ; from Xa&, Wai^"^; tti^i^ nf7ivOf,ai ; &c. ? S0me one may still prefer to pursue this X(x6gv{^f4u, through PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809. 15 itogvaaco, itogvao), ixogvaa, xfxogvxa, xfxogvfiai ; and ntnvG^M through mvd^M, ufvaoi, (nfvaa, mnfvxtt, nfnvxa and ninvpav ; as the Platonic sophist chases his optwg op through tire, air, earth, and water, without discovering the absurdity. On him we might justly impose the task, of collecting the necessary number of epic Perfects Act. with their Aspirates and Kappas, in order to derive from them, according to his beloved method, such perfects as the following, and the forms derived from them, which occur in innu- merable instances in Homer and Hesiod, viz. xtxah^fifAah Kf;fa^<(r- fidt, ktkeifufiai, IfXfyfiai, ^tfiiyfAai, vipi^fAoii, nenukay^oii, ntnvd' fAOii, mqafifiah ntCfvyfAai, iiKfvXayfiai, TtTQCLpfACii, Ttzcifioct., thai- fAttl, TtTV(.lfiClt^ &c. Every person of discernment must recognise the merits of our present Grammarians, and pay them the homage which is due. Had they, however, thought sufficiently for themselves, they would not have regarded that as sacred, which has not yet been banished from the more unskilful labours of their older brethren. Pride or weakness alone can delight in charging with presumption and rash- ness, one who is endeavouring to extirpate some of the old thorns and briars from a field, which still is not susceptible of cultivation enough, to produce the desired fruit. Besides, in all this, we have not considered what possible sense there can be in saying, that qa is changed into jw^a^, xa into fiat and sometimes into (jftat. From qa we cannot form fAfAai., or from xa, juat ; still less Ofiat. Is nothing more intended however than this, that ftat is annexed to the root in place of xa, then why not represent the matter as it really is, that we may understand the nature of the formation, viz. that this fiai, the termination of the primary tenses, is subjoined to the root, in the Praes. with the mood-vowel, and in the Perf without a mood-vowel ? q)fvy~o-fiai, nfqfvy-iaai. We proceed now to the derivation of the Aor. 1. Pass, from the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf., the most unintelligible of all. Butt- man has already abandoned it. Had ibis tense been derived from the 3 pers. Dual Plusqpf hfrvqdfjp^ it would have been, to say the least, very convenient ; for, by dropping fr, we obtain the de- sired form. But what contrivances are necessary to arrive at TtTQaTTtttc from Tgt'nM ! And what form have we then obtained analogous to that of the Aor. ? By all these contrivances, we ob- tain Ti'TQa-Ti-TCctrj which, piece by piece, must be moulded into w :*!:*!'?SW"^'"*^'-<*™i-«^ * "tte-T 16 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809. I; s li the new form e-zQf-(f^T]v. In both these forms of the Perf., viz. Act. and Pass., the same analogy frequently obtains, (mgaira*, l(f)€tv^f}v^) for which a sufficient reason can be given. But this analogy is by no means universal ; e. g. x*x()tra* has iycQi^tji/ and also ixQhd^rjv ; xixXifnaty fxki&f]if and i%\ivx>riv ; ninavjai, inava- ^rjv; fAf'fivrjTahifipfjaOtjt;; litxQTjTai, iXQVO^nv- Such Aor. forms as these, much more however {vgi&rjif usually derived from fv- QriTtth inrivi&t]v from f7jt^i>TjTai, ^()t'&7]v from ilgrixai, and espe- cially, fQQi^fiv from {'i()t]Tat, demonstrate fully the independent formation of this Pass, tense also. Its internal structure will make this still more obvious. Compare liv(f{>fiv Tvq^{^(it]v Tvq^^flg ^<^nv '^Hfiv '&fig with tSwv doit]v dovs taxriv GTaifjv Gzag and we see most clearly, that the ground-form of the tense, in hvq.dt}v^ as also in TvqO/jnoinui^ is not concealed in ztrvmat^ the 3 pei-s. Sing, of a different tense, but that it is rvqj^e ; e.g. nXfX' ^rjaoinai, ground-form nXtx^^e ; (fUrj^i^aofia^, (fiXri^e, Admitting that the future signitication was already denoted by the intervention of a a, nXtin-o-fiat, nXtK-ao-fiai, nlt^ofjiat, the in- termediate member {^e was ihen introduced, between the a and the root, by one of those arrangements, so frequent in the Greek, which give birth to so many ground-forms ; e.g. nXixof^ou, ttA^x- aofiah TiXm-iyi-GOfitti, TiXfx^f'iOOfiac. At the same time, from the root thus lengthened nXfx, TjXfx&f, nXfx^f ; rvn, TvnOf, rvq^f, an Aor. was formed without the characteristic vowel, (§ 38,) in- Xix(^f]v, iTtcfi^riv. The same may be said of tvnrioonai^ ground- form Tvm, Thus the steps by which all the forms were gradually obtained are obvious. 1. Tvn. gave birth to livnov itvnofifjv, nrvna hervTifiv, (Isl- ter forms rnvifa, txnvcfiiv,) xi-Tun-^iai, xixv^fiat, ixfxvfif.tr]v. 2. xvnx. xun strengthened by x, xvttxod (xvttxop, xvuxofAai, ixvnxofitjv. 3. Tl'TTf. XVTT with f, ixVTlTjP, XVTTlOt) XOnfO^lttl. 4. xvip. xvn with a, xvxpto txvxpa, xxjxpo^iav exvipufitiv xt- 6. Tvmja, xvne with a, xvnf'iGOf^oii, <2 PREFACE TO THE EDITION' OF 1809. 17 6. rvq^^f. xvne with <& before f, exvg^d^tjv. 7. xvg)&f], (for Mv, Nv,) and gives the sound of », by the Oeruan y. [Tr.] i A V • n 2^ OF THE VOWELS. !• • 1 1 OF THE VOWELS. §1. Vowels with one simple sound. Focalis brevis, longa, anceps, explained, 1. Simple vowels are /, J. «, ;, v. When repeated, «, oo, ««, /^, vv, they are written only once. We may distini^uish them, however, for the present by a stroke above e, 6, a, f, u. Note 1. Double t is written t? ; double o, m. Thus f and o have their own appropriate sig^ns, and are always written tj, oi. For iu,r, V, however, there are no appropriate signs. 2. The simple vowels are called shorty {breves); when doubled, long {long(e). Therefore The short vowels are *, 6, a, i, v. The long vowels are >;, w, a, T, v. Thus «, I, V, serve to denote both their long and short sounds, and are called, on this account, ancipites, i. e. having a twofold use, as denoting both the long and the short sounds ; so that they appear in one word long, in another short. General view, I 6, doubled, give ^, «. «, :, v, give J, T, v. Breves e, o ; longaB ??, cu ; ancipites a, i, v. Note 2. a, i, v^ are not therefore doubtful vowels, concerning which it may be doubted, whether, in a certain word, they are long or short ; or which might be, in the same word, and at the same time, both long and short; or which waver between long and short : but they are vowel-signs of a twofold nature or use, i. e. the same signs serve to denote the single and repeated sounds. Note 3. The long vowels have no other on>in than the dupli- cation of the short ones. For xuog, u^no, Sulog, oV^aoi/, xQv- GOOGM, write Xiog, ti^no, dfjkog, digaoi^, jf^yrarJaw. If the same sound occurs by the side of a vowel already lonjr, it is received into this, and forms one sound, e. g. X(^t^'o6(o xi^vodi, (fM^rat, (ft- Note 4. The sounds of i, v, being formed by the palate and lips, in the front part of the month, may be denominated front vowels. Those of «, (, o, being formed by the organs in the back part of the mouth, may be called 6ac.t-vowels. \4 i \ OF THE CONSONANTS. t3 § 2. Vowels with two coalescing sounds^ {Diphthongs) ; their origin. Diphthongs are formed when a back-vowel, {a, f, o,) unites it- self in utterance, with a front-vowel, {i, v,) producing one sound. Thus, 0$ OV CO fOl (OV a a& civ a «^ ^v Note 1. The iola behind the long vowel is usually placed as a point underneath, (iota subscTiptum.) Thus tj, oi, ^ ; not nh Note 2. ui also is found as a diphthong: but the c was (in this case,) originally pronounced with an aspirate similar to W, (di- gamma Aeolicum) ; e. g. 170^ was pronounced whios ; pfficcvla^ mtmawhia ; vh consequently, was not, properly speaking, a Diph- thong. Note 3. In pronnnciation, w commonly takes the place of ao^ and ri the place of fa and ««. //, consequently, has a twofold sound ; that of long ^, and of te, according as it proceeds from a double f, or from la and ««. In gtA/iffoi, from qduao)^ it has a clear sound ; in qtipl and tjv^ from qaupi, and lav^ the sound is more obscure. Note 4. ft has a sound between f and *; and ov has the sound of an obscure 0, which is lost in the v. Hence when f and are protracted in pronouncing, fi and ov are frequently obtained. We must accustom ourselves here, at once, to distinguish between the f and 0, protracted in {i and ou, and the duplication of these vowels, ?; and w. ! OF THE CONSONANTS. § 3. Kindred Consonants. Relation between the sounds oj Tl^ K^ 71 Rules for their changes. Among the Consonants are related, as to their sounds, 1. 77, B, 0. 71, with a gentle /i, or breathing, becomes/?; and n and /? pronounced with the strong aspirate, become if. 2. K, r, X X and y, with the strong aspirate, become %. 3. T, A, S. T and ^, 'with the strong aspirate, become ^. I u Thus, T. n. K. OF THE CONSONANTS. Of these consonants, n x r are utter- ed without any perceptible breathing, and are, therefore, called Tenues. x ^ are the most strongly a5=pirated, for which reason they are call- ed .ispirat(^. Between th.v^e two classes, as to the strength of the aspirate, are found fi y d, and are denominated Medice. The Tenues, Media', and Aspiratae, have therefore, among themselves, in their re.-pective classes, an equal strength of aspirate. Tenues 1 71 1 X 2 3 3 r •J X 1 T 2 3 Media; Aspiratae All the nine together are called Mutes, {Mutce,) and we must accustom ourselves to regard them in a twofold light : first a^ related in sound, J7, K, ^-sounds ; and then in respect to the strength wi!h which they are aspirated, Tenues, Mediae, Aspiratae. Note 1. When one of the 77 or A-class, precedes one of the r-class, the former must be of equal strength with the latter, in respect to the aspirate. Thus, not h^fYrai, but huVrai ; not 3 1 ] I T*r,o.^r«., but TivQcnra,; not /?6/?,o*^rft., but /?^/Vir«, ; not Yfygacfrai, but y.^yQauTa,; uoi gundog, hni Qaplog ; noi in- Xex&fiv, but enhihiv ; not fhtnlr^v, but dnqhr^i, ; not nQt^^fji^, but fT^fqiTt^p, Sic. WoTE 2. Of two separated aspirate?, in two adjoining syllable^* the first is changed into its Tenuis ; e. g. mg/h^xa, not qegcXfrxa] r.fX9va(oxa, not x^XQ^awxa ; tqix^ not (fQiyog. » . § 4. T7ic 77, K and T-sounds, before a and ^. Double conso^ na7Us, Semivou^els. Pronunciation of some vowels. 1. A (I, immediately preceded by one of the Ti-sounds, gives birth to a 1^, which contains, therefore, na, or (3a, or gn. For pk67tG(o, TQi^ao}, ygaqaa,, write ^ke^m, t^Iii,(o, youxpio, 2. From o, immediately preceded by a x-sound, proceeds a ^, Jhich contains, therefore, x(t, or yo, or ya. For nXexo^, Wcu. (fQf%<5M, write ttA^Ico, A*|w, p^n^vK OF SYLLABLES. 25 3. When a i-sound comes before a ff, it is rejected. For j avvTGO), iQfcdob), Ttit&ooi, wrlte dvvaui, iQiiao), ndaw. Note I. For this reason, \p and | are called double-consonants. Further ; f is the sign for ad, and g for ar, and may also be reck- , oned among the double consonants. ^ Observe also the gliding pronunciation of X, fA, Vj q, which, on this account, are denominated Liquids, (^Liquidce,) and Semivowels^ {Semivocales ;) and, in the paradigm, form a'distinct class of verbs. 4. A 7i-sound, before a ju, is changed into ju. For tetvnfjiai, ' TiTQiP^iaiy yeyQaqfiat, write TfrvfAfiai, rtrQi^fiai, yfy^a^fiui. 6. A x-sound, before a ju, is changed into y For ntnXfXftai^ fifpQfXficci, write mnXfyfiai, pf^Qfyfim: liXiy^at,, from Afycu." remains, of course, unaltered. 6. A T-sound, before a fi, is changed into a. For i^wTfiat^y r^gfidfAut, TifTifiitfitti, write r^vva^av, rj^fcaftat,, nineiafAai^. Note 2. A r-sound, before another r-sound, is changed into a. For nend&rah ^qfid&tj^, write nimiarav, iqfiadrjv. Note 3. N before the Ti-sounds, also before yj and before jm, is pronounced like fi ; but, before the x-sounds, and before J, like y ; (properly like ng in hang,) e. g. top noXf^ov xai Tfjt/ f^ctxriv qtvyfiv, should be pronounced, torn polemong kai taem machaem pheugein. The ancient Greeks wrote also, ro/w noXffJLoy xav ttjfi fiax^iv qfvynv. In the middle of certain words, the /u and y are still written : not Xav-^avoi, Xt^v-napco, mqav-fiat, 7ifqap-xa, rvv- Xapbi, qvp-yapot) ; but Xafupupo), Xt^findpo), mqafifiui, mqayxa, TvyX^iPia, qvyydvm. J 2. OF SYLLABLES AND ROOTS. OF SYLLABLES. § 5. Origin and extent of Syllables. Multiplicity of Consonants avoided, 1. A syllable is formed when a vowel is uttered alone, or to- gether with a consonant ; e. g t-yo), ao-og, e-Xfi-m. Note 1. The vowel may have a consonant both before and after it ; and after it, even a double consonant ; e. g. ptjv, yovv, TviU-o). xo-(>«^. When two other consonants, i. e. not forming a 26 OF SYLLABLES. double consonant, come after the vowel, a final vowel has gener- ally been dropped ; e. g. mqg is wfjae-^wg^ae. Note 2. The vowel of the syllable, besides a single consonant preceding it, may take also another consonant, viz. a Mute or a Liquid ; e. g. axa^-og, ^^^*., {^ga^. Sometimes a a followed by a Mute with a Liquid, commences the syllable ; e. g. axk^Q6g, ankfjv, Gqgayig, axQtatog, ajQatog. Note 3. Hence we may determine the proper mode of divid- ing the syllables. This must be so regulated that no syllable close with two consonants ; e. g. noX-la, r«, dn-va, xov-dev, dv-&Qco- natv, dn-^o-xf-Qovy m-lu. Consonants which can commence a word, remain together in the division of the syllables; e.g. aa- TQcotog, u-axQM-Tog; ^axX^mog, A-tsxXn-ni-og. 2. TV before a is rejected. For umvo^, write aiwa* ; for ^a*- fiOvai, daifitotjt. 3. 2" coming between two consonants is dropped. For TrfTrAjpx- G&ot,, write TtfnXfx&oi', and according to § 3. 1. mnkfx^ov. For YfYQaqoOtti,, write yfygaq{^at. 4. When an v together with a r-sound, standing before a, are rejected, the remaining short vowel is lengthened, viz. e into u and into ov.^ The doubtful vowels, however, «, .; y, are dou' bled, e.g. «, r, V ; rj and ai remain the same. For aufpSoto, xim- Topxai, xfxixfavxai, dfixpvpxm, write omlao), xvnxovai, xexvquai, ^eixpiJGi; xvnxmpxGi becomes xvtixmgi. 5 6. Long and short syllables. Long syllables changed into short ones. Whatever precedes the vowel, is not regarded, in the measure of a syllable; but solely the vowel, and the consonants which im- mediately follow it. Thus, in oxhi^og. axX are not attended to in measuring the syllable axXri, because they precede the vowel ^. ^\ \ ^^''^^'f '* *^*^*'^ ^^^" *^^ vowel is a simple or short one, e» g- i, 0, a, I, i>, and is followed by one single consonant at the ut- most ; e. g. i-lt-n6p, 6-^fp, 6, no-kv-qd-xSg. 2. A syllable is long, 1. by nature, when its vowel is a double one, viz. a long vowel, t;, a>, «, f, v, or a diphthong ; e. g. Tioi- «»', V^ xav-xap, xfi-pup, (TT;i-;fc.7. 2. By position, when it con- tarns a simple vowel followed by two consonants ; e. g. A^xro?, OF ROOTS, 27 3. A long syllable originally short, is shortened again by re- jecting the last of its two vowels or consonants. Thus, xiiviiv^ axovitp, xffipfiv, Tvnxttp, when shortened, become xfvfip, axo- iip, xffieip, xvniiv. Note 1. From f, (i. e. ad,) from a before a Mute, and from iv^ the first of the two letters is always rejected. qoa^My XeinoD, (fevyo), when shortened, give (pgadoi), XmoD^ qvyo). When the same letter is repeated, it is, of course, a matter of indifference, which one is rejected. ^aXkeip, uyyiXXfip,hecome ^aXfJp, ayyfX^iv. Note 2. On the contrary, such syllables as (pid, ni^, xvx, may easily be lengthened into qtid, 7ifi&, ^^^X- Note 3. When Xyi&hp becomes Xa&np it is a sign that the ri originated from a, § 2. Note 3. This is very common : e. g. ^dy fifjd^, axT], pri, q)tj, qtjp, become, wheo shortened ,dS, fia^, (rxa, ^u, ip€ty qc(p. OF ROOTS. § 7. Of twofold roots. Change of a long into a short root. The Verbs arranged in three classes according to the termination of the root. 1. The root of a word consists of the letters or syllables on which the various forms of the word rest : e. g. XtiuM, tXunop, keinrjiat, root Xfin : xaXt'o), xuXiaag xaXioaifii, root xaXf 2. The root is long, when it consists of a long syllable ; or, if it be more than one syllable, when it ends with a long syllable : e. g. mtd^, yfvov, ^uXX, igfid, af.ui^, dyyiXX. 3. The root is short, when it consists of a short syllable ; or, if it be more than one syllable, when it ends in a short syllable : e. g. Xi>n, q>Qad, paX, ccxo, dXo, nfga. 4. A long root is changed mto a short one, when its final sylla- ble is shortened in the usual manner : (§ 6. 3.) e. g. the long roots ayyfXX, igtid, dxov, txig, n6v{^, q^aC, when shortened, become dyyiX, igid, dxo, dg, 7iv&, qgud b. By subjoining to the unaltered root an en, we obtain the first Pers. of the Praes. ; e.g. Xhti, qdf, dyyfXX, give Xfin-o), qiXt-fo, myyiXX-ot). 6. A regular verb mujst have a root which ends in a vowel, a Mute or a Liquid: e.g. qiXt-&), Xi'y-o), ^uXXm. If thi^ be not the case, the original root has been altered by the addition of some il / OF ROOTS. ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 29 letters. It must, therefore, except in the Prses. and Imperf., be liberated from those letters, and in this manner be reduced to one of the above mentioned cases. Note. The roots which end in oa, and in f, are very common. Of these terminations the former is almost always, the latter very frequently, reducible to a x sound. Thus, qQifst,, ngatftf, tuQaac, ^^fy; 9 is generally doubled, Qtnt, t^jginr ; 2. if it commence with a vowel, by doubling the same. Thus from ig, op, iJK, (d^f, avdav, ix, v^Qi^, ft, (vx> ^/xf, atg, «i*/ we obtaio 3. A root is increased behind, (receives a suffix,) by the addi- tion of various lettei-s, without any general rule : e. g. SK, ytjoaax; (in all the following examples the final consonant of the root must be rejected) dt(fccx, didaxax, didaox : 2:X, na^, nccax ; aid, atdax, uiaX' -S'2; e. g. ngay, ngay-aa, nguaa ; qgix, qgiaa ; Z, e. g, GTivux, OTffaxi, GTifai; naiy, 7r«*f. Note 1. When the root is increased by the addition off, the f of the root becomes : e. g. key, Xoyf ; ifig, xvyxo-v^ letn, "km. Xi>iAnav,* XnP, Aaft Xafipav.* Note 3. From these lengthened roots, we can easily obtain the short ones on which they rest : and from these short roots, obtain the original long ones : e.g. Ufinuv-Xin-Xitn, 4. Every suffix of this sort is retained only in the Praes. and Imperf. It vanishes, therefore, with the changes it has occasion- ed, as soon as another tense is formed. ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. § 9. Introduction, \. In the Greek, as in other languages, three Primary Tenses are to be distinguished, viz, Praes. Fut. and Perf. ; each of which, in respect to the form, has connected with it, a Secondary Tense^ viz, Imperf. Aor. and Plusqpf The Fut., together with its secon- dary tense, has frequently two forms ; one of which is derived from the long, and the other from the short root: viz, Fut. 1, or the long Fut. ; Aor. 1, or the long Aor. ; Fut. 2, or the short Fut.; Aor. 2, or the short Aor. Hence we obtain eight tense-forms, in pairs, of which each pair is formed in a similar manner, and, con- sequently, may be similarly derived from the root. Their natural order is the following : Praes. Fut. 2, or short Fut. Fut. 1, or long Fut. Perf. Imperf. Aor. 2, or short Aor. Aor. 1, or long Aor. Plusqpf. • N before y and /, is changed into y ; before rr and ^3, into f* : accord- ing to » 4. Note 3. (Tr.) 30 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 31 ^ i Note. All these forms are in use in but few verbs ; in many a few only are found. . 2. The secondRry tenses receive the Augment, but only in the Indicative. The Perf. also receives the Augment, and retains it an all the moods. If the Perf commences with a consonant, this consonant is repeated before the Augment, (Reduplicatio,) to , which the Plusqpf. prefixes an additional e: e.g. ri^^rr, iVi^^r, «- Tvnr, hmm; (fiXf, i^d,, (iffqdf) mqtXf § 3. Note 2, infifiXf; XQvao, ix(iV(Jo, ^fXQ^ao, iaexQvao ; ^e.i&f^ijf&e ^ 0£x*, secondary ; tenses and Perf o/xf ; also ikmS, nXm^. if the word begins with a vowel, tollowed by one consonant, the whole of the first sylla- ble is repeated before the Augment, to form the Perf. (Reduplica- tio Attica); e.g. ifjud, tQ^i^fid ; dxo, axi^xo. \ Note 1. When the root begins with two consonants, without a Licjuid, VIZ. with ^,, ,^?.g, ^^, or with y,, the Perf. and Plusqpf. receive merely an , for the Augment : e. g. xpn>d and ?,;« give 1 only iiiifvd and 4\w, in every augmented tense whatever. Note 2. We suppose the learner, therefore, to know from which root each tense is derived, and what changes it undergoes Should an Aor. 2, for example, of A.iW, be required, the root must tirst be shortened and supplied with the Augment, e. g, ilm. In the same manner, (faiy tquv. We suppose him also, to be pre- viously acquainted with the reason, why «/^ makes .;> ; ngaaa, iHQiKy; (f^aC, m the Plusqpf, infifgad; t?*^i;ax, in the Perf, r*^- va; (f^iv, in the Plusqpf., only /(j^^'>,„. Nothmg then remains but to subjoin the terminations. If he knows that the Perfect ends in ^iui, and the Aor. 1. in t97^i., he finds no difficulty, with a knowl- edge of the preceding eight Sections, in forming from kehco, {kfXfm-^a,) UkH^ifAav, {tXun-Ofjv) tXdq&f^p; from oUim, t^ixrjfia, and wxiix^fip; and from rngajaxo), nrgtoficci, hgrnittiv ; &c. 3. In order to render himself familiar with the terminations of the Active, let him observe them in their proper order. Praes. Imperf Fut. 2. Aor. 2. Fut.l. Aor. 1. Perf Plusqpf. -w -ov -f(o ^ov -ffoi -aa -« -uv Note. Properly speaking, we have here done with the for- mation of the tenses. But the three classes of verbs must be separately considered, the foregoing explanations applied, and the deviations or exceptions noticed. § 10. Verba Pura, In this class of verbs, the roots are not generally shortened. Hence the Fut. 2. and Aor. 2. are not common. Observe also, that when a consonant is added to the root, the final vowel of the same is very frequently doubled, (§ 8. 2. note 2 ); e. g. /()t'(ro, /piaojcjw. Observe also, that the Perf and Plusqpf take a x between the root and the termination, in order to strengthen the form ; e. g. Tid-vfjua, {ifxf^poixa,) not ztd^pa-a. In the same manner, 7ifg:lXfixa, int(ftXf]X{Lv, &LC. XQVGO XQVGO'bi i-Xgvao-op Xgvooj-aot) i-XQVOM-aa mf-xgvGou-H-a Plusqpf. MXf'j-ic-iiv i-xf-xgvO(6-x-fiv l-Te-ttfAfi-x-dv i-re-ri-x-fcv Note. Only when the root can be shortened, as in dxovo), 6tti-oi, some short tenses are found in use. §11. Verba Muta. 1. When a a is added to the Mute which terminates the root in this class, the changes mentioned in § 4. 1,2, 3, take place. In tvnjM, which is used for the Paradigm, the root is tutt, and t is added to strengthen it. Hence, rvnacj zvipo), Xfyaoa Ai|ai, Jtfl&GM 71(10(0. 2. The Perfect changes often i into o ; e. g. jifix^io, ntnoi&u ; aspirates frequently the n and x sounds ; e. g. Tf'rvqa, ntnXfxc^i and takes sometimes the x sound in place of a r : e.g.ntTifi^-u mniixa. Roots otxe PraBS. oixt-(a Imperf. MXf-ov Fut. 1. OtX7]-G(t} Aor. 1. MX})-Ga Perf cjix?;-x-« TCfia t& Tifia-Oi Tl-ft) i-Tifia-ov i-Tl-OV Tl/LitJ-GOi ri-Ob) *-r/|Ui;-(ja t-TL-Ga if-Tifji7j-X'-a zt'Ti-x-a Roots tun P. (-ccfifp ate av itov tt^v ere ow as 'tiv ng n Plusqpf. hnvn I -UfAtv htov (iitjv 'fififp ene naav SabjuQCt. {terminations as in the Primar, tens.) Praes. ti^tttT Aor. 2. Tvn ' •' ^ . , , > '0)uiP rjTov tiTOp D. Aor. 1. Tvip ^ / -cu/uf 1/ tiK (oai P. rerf. rnvn Optat. {terminations as in the Secondar. tens. Praes. runt^ Fut. 2. Tvni Aor. 2. Tvn Fut. 1. TVljJ Perf. ifTvTi^ •oifit oig ot ^ -OifltV OITOP OITTJV 'Otfjiev one okv Deviation. •acfii, aig av Aor. 1. xi\^ I-ai^fp arop alr^jp •Kifiip ane auv 94 OF THE PASSIVE. OF THE PASSIVE. 3& Imperative. Infinitive. Praes. Aor. 2. Pcrf. 2. Perf. 1. tVJlT tvn xfTVn 'ttOV -fT€ JfTV(f } 'OV Deviation. iTMV iTCDaOCV OVJMV Pr«9. Fut. 2. Aor. 2. Fut. 1. Tvnt Tvn 'flV 'I IV 'flv Tvn j -€iv TVlp J -tlV Aor. 1. vvxp Prass. Fut. 2. Tvnt '(OV Tvni 'ODv -OV «T0> "ttTOV UTMV -an aiMaav or avTbiv Participles. Baa OV Aor. 2. aau OV Fut. 1. Deviations. Tui/; -oig aaa Deviation. Aor. 1. TVlp -at Perf. 2. TfTvn ) ^ r Perf. 1 . i:(TV(f J tvai Aor. I. Perf. 2. TtTvn > Perf. 1 . TiTvap > •(ag via Tvn -o)v TVlp -(OV av 09 uaa ooa OV OV Prjes. Fut. 2. Fut. 1. Fut. 2. M. Fut. 1. M. Fut. 3. OfiiaL •Oflid^OV Ofiid^a V fa&ov nai eodov ovxac § 14. Of the Passive. Indicat. Primar. tenses. Tvnf tvnf]G Tvnf TVlp TfTVlp. Forms of the Perfect without the characteristic vowel. -fi-fiai^ -ipai^ n-Tai> -fi-fif&ov if-d^ov qj-{tov •fi-fAfd^a q.-^{ Secondar. tenses. -OfitJV ov -OfAi&OV iO{^0V 'OfAf&a ioitt Aor. 1 . M. iTvxp- afitjv w azo afAidov aa&ov aa^tiv, &c. Plusqpf. -fi-ftrjv ipo n-TO hixv { -fi-fAfd^ov qj-dov q^-^t]v -fA-f*(^a (f!-^e TtTV \ Imperf. Aor. 2. M. Indicat. Itvtit hvn fto to{^fjv OVTO Subjunct. (termination of prim, tense.) Praes. tvttt^ -M^iav rj rjrat^ Aor. 2. M. Tvn > -w^t^ov tio^ov tja^ov Aor. 1 . M. TVlp J -cDfif&a tjad^e tavTai^ Optat. {termination of secondar. tense.) Praes. tvtit^ Fut. 2. TvntjG •oifitjv }■ -olfie^ov -oif^f'O^a 010 OlOTO OIG&OV oio'&tiv oio^e otvTO Fut. 1. TV(f{^tia Fut. 2. M. Tvnf Aor. 2. M. Tvn Fut. 1. M. Tvxp Fut. 3. TtTVXp Aor. 1. M. TVlp. -alfitiv aio ano etc. Note. Forms without the characteristic vowel cannot be con- structed in the Subjunct. and Optat. Imperative. -OV '{G'&OV -eGd^e Aor. 1. M. Tv\p -at Praes. tvtit Aor. 2. M, TVTi Perf. TiTV lad^o) tod^oiv iodo}Gav aG&(0 &ic, q^o> (f){f^O}V (f&oiGav Infinitive. Praes, tvut"^ Fut. 2. TvnriG Fut. 1. TVqj'&TjG Fut. 2 M. Tvnd }► -fO^M Aor. 2. M. TVTi Fut. 1. M. TVlp Fut. 3. TfTVlp Aor. 1. M. TVlp -aod^at Perf. TfTV -(fr&at Praes. tvtit Fut. 2. TvntiG Fut. 1. TV(f&riG Fut. 2. M. Tvni 'Ofifvog t) ov Participles. Aor. 2. M. Tvn Fut. 1. M. TVlp Fut. 2. TfTVlp Aor. 2. M. TVlp •ofAfvog t) OV 'ifAfvog n o*' Perf. xiiv fn-fiivog ri OV i^iillMllinilllKllHi 30 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. § 15. General observations. The three parts in every person distinguished. When a tense is fully formed, we regard as its Ground-form^ what piecedei the final vowel. Of the Fut. 1. rvxp-cj^ the Ground- form is Tvxf)^ which remains, throughout this tense, unaltered. Of the Aor. 2., however, the Ground-form is rvn ; in the Ind. hvUf with the Augment. To this root is annexed, in every Mood and Person, a vowel, which we call the Mood-vowel^ or characteristic vowel of the Mood, because it serves principally, to determine the Mood. Finally, the Terminations are subjoined to the Mood-vowel. In every form, therefore, these three parts must be accurately distinguished, viz. Ground-form., Mood-vowel, and Termination, The first determines the tense ; the second, the mood ; and the third, the person. The Mood-vowel of the Ind., Act., and Pass., throughout the whole conjugation, some tenses excepted, is, in the three first per- sons of each number and in the 3 Plur., an o ; in all the rest an i ; e.g. Sing. 1. tvnx-o 2. tuttt-^ 3. rvju-e. Dual 1. Tvm-o 2. TvnT-€ 3. Tvnx-t Plur. 1. rvnx-o 2. rvm-e 3. rvnt-o. § 16. Conjugation of the Primary tenses' in the Indicative. The Terminations of the Primary tenses in the Ind. are as fol- lows : With the Mood-vowel. M.vow. & term, united. Terminations alone. S. -0 -ig ^t D. -fiiv -tov -TOV P. -fiiv -ze -viat -fti -eig -n -OfAfV -{TOV -(TOP 0-0 f-ig (-1 0-fA(V i-TOV 6-TOV 0-fAtV f-Tf O-VTOC Conjugation. Praes. tvtit^ -w {ig a, Fut. 2. Tvni > -ofjiiv itov txov Perf. thvn Fut. 1. Tvxp] -ofjifp fTf ovat Note 1. In the 3 pers. Plur., vt before a are rejected, and o becomes a, § 5. 4. The « in the Perf. is lengthened, rervnuai, because vt is dropped. tic ctg f 'afUfV OLTOV UTOV -Ufiifv ttTf aat CONJUGATION OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 37 Note 2. The Perf. takes for the Mood-vowel, an «, but is ir- regular in the Sing. The grand and never failing distinction between the primary and secondary tenses is this ; that the primary tenses have the 3. pers. Dual uniformly short {-tov) ; the secondary tenses, on the contrary, long {-Ttjv) ; and, that the 3. pers. Plur., in the former, ends in vtoi ; in the latter, in v. § 17. Conjugation of the Secondary tenses in the Indicative. The Terminations, which are subjoined to the Mood-vowel, in the Secondary tenses of the Indicative, are Terminat. alone. Term, and M. vow. CoDJugatioD. S. -V -g - -ov -eg -e „ r-ov eg e Dlmperf. ezvirt I f . -fxev -TOV -Ttjv -Ofiev -eTOv -eTt]v a q " i -Of^ev eTOv tr?;, F.-fi€v-Te -V -Ofiiv-(T€ -OV ^'Ofiev exe ov Note 1. The Aor. 1. takes, for the Mood-vowel, an «, and proceeds in the Sing, like the Perf. Note 2. The Plusqpf. takes for the Mood-vowel, ei, and ter- minates the 3 pers. Plur. in eiaav and eouv. -a ag e Aor. 1. iTVxfj ^-afiev aTOv aTt}P -afjiev «T6 av Plusqpf. ixexvn { -i -eiv eig ev eif^ev eixov eixr^v etfiev ei>Te eiouv or efsav § 18. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. In the Subjunctive, the long vowels w 7], in place of the short ones e, are annexed to the root, for Mood-vowels, and to these fhe Terminations of the Primary tenses are subjoined. Mood. V. and Term. Mood. v. and Term, united. s. (0-0 r]-ig ti-i -ft) -tjg -v D. (o-fAev tJ-TOV tj-TOV -Mfiev -rixov -TjXOV P. tD-fnev tj-Te Praes. (ti-VTOt^ Conjugation TVTIT " -(tifiev • -^xe -WQt Aor. 2. xvit -w V^ 3 Aor. 1. xvip > -Mfjiev tjxov tjxov Perf. 2. xexvn -COfifP fixe (uai Perf 1. xexvcfi ^ 6 . « .--"^ 38 INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE. Note. The Secondary tenses of the Prjes. and Perf. (Impcrf. and Plusqpf.) have no appropriate forms, except in the Indicative. The Futures also, have no Subjunctive or Imperative. § 1 9. Conjugation of the Optative, The Optative takes, for its Mood-vowel, o^, and in the Aor. 1 . ««. The terminations are, in the 1 pers. Sing, fit., in the 3 Plur. sp ; the other4)ersons follow the analogy of the Secondary tenses. S. -oi^it -otg "■ -oi D. -otfifp -oiTOv -onrjp P. -Ol(.l€P -OtTf -OlfP I' Aor. 1. -tttfAi^ -aig -qlv &c. Praes. xvnx ") Fut. 2. Tvni Aor. 2. Tvn Fut. 1. TVXp Perf. 2. TixvTt Perf. 1. Titvq) , -oi^i ocg 01^ > -01 fit P on OP OlTtlP -otfitp ont oup § 20. Conjugation of the Imperative. The Imperative, which in every Number has only the 2d and 3d pers., takes^ for its Mood-vowel, uniformly an *, and subjoins to this, in the Sing. 2. -^t, 3. rw; Dual 2. -toi/, 3. -rmp Plur. 2. -T«, 3. Twaav, (irregularly optojp without the Mood-vowel.) -&h however, is usually dropped ; e. g. Tunre for rvnTt^i. Conjugation. -f-TOP -f-te l-T(X)P -OPXOiP PraBS. Tvm Aor. 2. xvTi Perf. 2. xtxxm Perf. 1. xixv

—ttiv niiftr/ n4i Aor. 2. run Fut. 1. xvtp Note. The Aor. 2. has the accent, both in the InGnitive and Participle on the last syllable j e. g. xvndp ovua df, Inf. xvnflv. ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. ' 1. Derivation of the Tenses, « If the Paragraphs on the letters and syllables, are fresh in the memory, the learner will find no difficulty in comprehending, in its whole extent, the Greek Passive ; which, indeed, must not be regarded as a confused and arbitrary mass of inflexions, but as a noble and inimitable master-piece, and worthy, on account of the euphony and perfection of its forms, of the highest degree of at- tention and admiration. The Praes. Perf. and Plusqpf. have each one tense-form, the Futt. and Aorr. have each two, making in all twelve tense-forms. The Futt. and Aorr. require a separate consideration. We com- mence with the four first-mentioned tenses, § 22. Formation of the Pr(Bs. Imperf Perf and Plusqpf The Primary tenses of the Pass, end in -jU«t, and the Seconda- ry tenses, in -inrjp ; which terminations are preceded by the Mood- vowel o; in the Perf. and Plusqpf., however, they are subjoined immediately to the root. Verba Pura. Root o/xe Praes. oUi-o-^tat Imperf Mxf-o-fntjp Perf. (^Hfj-f4ttt ^8, I. Plusqpf. (ax^-jufjp Verba Muta. Xi'y-o-fiai lXfy-6-fitiP Xtify-fittf, iUXiy-fir]p Verba Liqnida. gfkl-gaX giXX-o-ficit iqM'O'fiTjp *saA-/uat § 12. igaX-fitjp 40 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. ^ Note 1, For the chang^es which the Mutes or 71 x r-sounds undergo, see § 4, and the several examples there given ; e. g. Praes. Perf. Praes. Perf. Tvnto) (ruTi) TiivfifAac CTiva^M {oTfvax) ioxivay^iai, tVKOfiav r^vyinui g:(i«f£o (qijad) TitifQaa/Aui ftdcj TtiifeiGfjiai, ra(j(xGO0j {tuquj[) Tfta^ayftuc Note 2. When the root has an f, it assumes Irequently, in place of this «^ an a ; e. g. oj^tcfw, iar^ufn^ai. Note 3. 'I'he (T, before the termination -jMa«, is found also in many of the Ferba Pura^ for the purpose of strengthening the form: e.g. ctxovoj, ^jaovaiaai, ; X9^^ xf^^iofiuc ; TeXtM TfiiXfOfAui. Note 4. i\^, when it is the final corisonant of the root, alter ft I V, is rejected in the long tense-forms of the Pass. : e. g. xqUm, HfXQtfiai, § 12. Note 2. Note 5. Ih) in the root is generally shortened : e. g. zf i;;fai, imy^iav ; gjfvya), ntquy^tai. § 23. Formation of the Futures and Aorists, In the second Futures and Aorists, and in the Verba Liquida in all the forms, the root must be shortened. The Terminations are Verba Pura. Fut. 2. Aor. 2. Fut. 1. Aor. I. (with the short root) Fut. 2. M. -fOfAut Aor. 2. M. -0fAt]v (with the long root) Fut. I. M. -GO fiat koT, 1. M. -accfirjv Verba Muta. Short roots run Fut. 2. tvmi-aofiui Aor. 2. iTun-fjif Long roots run OtXTJ wanting wanting oixr]-Ot](JOfiat olxt]-dfjv XQvao wanting wanting XQVGM-'&fJGOfJlOtt iXQVOM-{^TJV qiXf qiXi^-aoftat' iqtXrj-occjutjv qid qidt]~GOfi^t tqld-rtM qfid Fut. 1. Tvq-^tiGOfiat qfiG-{^ti Aor. 1, iTvq)"&fjv lqtiG"^v TlfiOC TlfiTf-GOjUat tTifitj-aafitjv Verba Liquida, qccv XQiv qav-fjGOfAai x^iv-rjOOfnat iquv-fiv tXQiv-riv qav-'&r,GOfiai XQi-^tiGOfiat iq « V- &rjv IxQi-ifrtV ON THE PASSIVE VOICE, 41 Verba Muta. Short roots tvn Fut. 2. M. Tvn-iOfioit Aor.2. M. irvn-Ofitjv Long roots rvn Fut. 1. M. TVXpOfAttV Aor. 1 . M. txvxpOLfiriv kevlafiriv TVX Tvx-iofiat irvx-Ofifiv TfVX Verba Liquida. xiv fr. THvoi gaX fr. ?; AAoi rev-tofiai ^aX-iofiat iTev-OfiTjv ii;ak-6fi7jv TfV^OfiOtt wanting, as in the Act., and the Aor. follows the analogy of the Act. igtda igeddfitiv. Note 1. The four last tenses of each class are marked with M, {tempera Medii), on account of the Middle signification of their Aorists. Note 2. The completed Future, Futurum exactum vel perfectum^ receives the Augment as in the Perf. and the Terminations as in Fut. 1.; e.g. kfcn, keXfixpOfiUh relictus ero; rvm, TtrvxpOfACct ; ttuttxa, T^narrjGOfiM. Note 3. It is obvious, that the given Terminations, both the Aorists Pass, excepted, contain the Terminations properly so call- ed -ju«* -firiv, the Mood-vowel 0, and also the intermediate mem- ber, which comes between the Mood-vowel and the root: e.g. Tvq{^rj(^Ofiat contains Tvn-{^{-G-o-fiuh and consequently, the mem- ber or syllable {^f more than rvn-G-o-fiai ; rvn-e-Ofiut with a a gives TV7i(-a-0(Jictt rvntjaofiut. 2. Conjugation. § 24. Conjugation of the Indicative. The Aor. 2. in -f]v, and the Aor. 1. in --&tiv, must be separated from the other forms, as they belong to another Conjugation, viz. of the verbs in -jut, to which they form the transition. The Mood- vowel is, throughout, the same as in the Act. In the Perf., how- ever, it is wanting in all the Moods, and the Terminations are subjoined immediately to the root. The terminations are, in the Primary tenses TerminatioDS alone. S. "fiat -Gat D. -fifS^ov -ad^op P. 'fif^tt -O'&e -zai -G&OV -VTUt With the Mood-vowel. -Ofiat 'iGat -etat -Oflf&OV -fGd^OV -fG&OV -OfAlitu -iG-&£ -ovrat Note. From the 2 pers. Sing. -iGat, when it has the Mood- 42 ON THE PAtaiVK VOICE. ► -OfAut fj {rat ETC. vowel (therefore not in the Perf. and Plusqpf.) the a is rejected, in every Tense and Mood, and the remaining vowels contracted j e. g. -eaai -ecu, -tji -ly. In this manner may he conjugated FraBs. Tvnt "* Fut. 2. TVTtrjo Fut. 1. Tvq.{^ria Fut. 2. M. Tvni Fut.l.M. Tvxp Fut. 3. Tfivxp There remains yet the Conjugation of the Perfect. 1. In (he Verba Pura. In this class of verbs, the Terminations follow upon the final vowel of the root, and occasion no multiplication of Consonants. Hence the Conjugation proceeds without interruption, e. g. from qxXt'cj we obtain in the Perf. Pass. C -f4at Gat. rat vrat Verhc Mtita. In this class, the Terminations being subjoined immediately to the root, whose final letter is a Mute, a multiplication of Conso- nants is occasioned, which must be obviated in the manner above described. Vid. 6 3. 4 and 5. ; e. o-. TfTvn-itat fi-fAat ifxvn-fAix^ov TiTVn-f4f{^a TfTvn-aat ip-at Titvn-o^ov T{TV7l-G^e rtrvn-rai n-rav TfTVTl-Ox^OV {ttTvn-vTai) Note. The persons of the Perf. and Plusqpf., which cannot be formed regularly, are formed, as in Latin, by means of the Participle and the Auxiliary that; e.g. 3 pers. Plur. Perf rnvfi- /MfVo* fiW, verberali sunt; 3 pers. Plur. Plusqpf TfTVf,f4,'poi r)aav ; Subjunct. T^Tv^i^upog (J ,)? §; Opt in v fifif pog firjv utjg ^J^, &c. A XtXfy-fitxi UXfy-fie'&ov ON THE PASUVE VOICE. XfXfy-aat ^-at 43 XiXfy-Tttt it-rat XfXfy-fii^cc X(Xfy-o-&ov y-'&ov XiXfy-vrat XiXfy-G^ov y-'&ov XfXey-G'&e y-^i In the same manner, {nenetd^-fiat) mnfiG-fiat, {ninft^-aat) ninet^Gcit, {ntnit^-Tat) -nimtG-Tat. From tp^aCo) (root q^ad) we obtain (nfqQaSfiat) 7if(pQaGf4at,{m(f^adGat) niqgaGaty{ni(f gad- tat) niqgaGTat. If we endeavour to avoid the multiplication of consonants in the 3 Plur., by rejecting v, we obtain the 3 pers. Sing, again. This Pers., therefore, cannot be regularly formed. The Verba Liquida occasion no difficulty ; e. g. giXXcD, iqaXfiat, tqaXGat, iqaXxat, i^aXfiif^ov, {{^uXg^op) tqaX^ov, &c. In this class alone, v in the 2 Sing, before a, remains ; e. g. qatv, qav, ji(-qav-fAat, neqafi^at, ntqap-aat, &c. The terminations of the Secondary Tenses in the Indie, are, Terminat. aloDe. With the Mood-vowel. -fifJV 'GO -TO -O^rjV -iGO -ITO 'fif'&OV -g{^OV -G^tlV -Ofie&OP -iG&OV -iGd^1]» "^i^a. -G&f -vto -OfAid^a -i(5&e -ovto Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes, for its mood-vowel, an «; e.g. "afitiv -aGO -UTO, &c. Note 2. By dropping the cr, in the 2 pers. Sing., eoo becomes (0 -ov ; and aGO, ao -w. Imperf. Itvttt } f o k ^ t -• , ' « ir/, Aor. 2. M. iTi;7TS ~^^^^ " f ro, &c. Aor. I. nvxp-aunv w «ro, &c. The Plusqpf. suffers the same changes as the Perf., and for the same reasons ; e. g. infqtXi^^tjp, infqiXriGO, intqiXriro^ &c. with- out any difficulty on the score of the consonants. But htTvn-fArjv gives tTfTVfA-fjiTiP ; hirvn-Go, mVui/'o, &c. Note 3. In the Pass, also, the Primary tenses are distinguished from the Secondary, by the 3 Pers. Dual and Plur. ; e.g. Primary tenses -gx^op^ Secondary tenses -o&tjp. Primar. tenses -ira*, Se- condary tenses -?'to. This distinction should be particularly at- tended to. 44 ON THE aaSSIVE TOICE. ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 46 § 25. Conjugation of the Subjunctive, The Mood-yowels are, as in the Act., co and ^, and the termi- nations are those of tbe Primary tenses. Mood-v. and Terminat. -a)/M«* -tjoai -tjrat Praes. Ti;7rr\ -wfAfd'ov -fjad^ov — tjad^ov Aor. 2. M. zvn \ -(Ofiat, tj titai &c. -w/df&a -tiG&e -(tivrat, Aor. 1. M. xi}\\)J Note 1. By rejecting n, in the 2 pers. Sing, we have riat, y^i, t}. Note 2. The other Aorists in -r^v and -^tjv^ as has been ob- served above, do not belong to the Conjugation ; and of course, do not come at present under consideration. The Imperf. and Plusqpf. have no other Mood but the lodicat. The Futt. Subj. are wanting, as in the Act. The Perf cannot form a Subjunctive, because the difference between this Mood and the Indicative, con- sists in the lengthening of the characteristic vowel, which fails in the Perfect. When such forms of the verba pura as (oxtja^ov, n(q:iX(avTai, occur, they have the characteristic vowel and suffer a contraction. § 26. Conjugation of the Optative, The Optative takes here also its Mood-vowel of, and the ter- minations of the secondary tenses. Mood-v. and Terminat. -ocfitjv 'OiGo "OiTO Praes. rvitr -oififd^op -oiad^op -oiG&riv Fut. 2. rvntia -oi^uOcc -ocx^e -oivTO Fut. 1. rvq^'&rja Fut. 2. M. TVTif Aor. 2. M. TUTi: Aor.I.M. Ti;i/;-a/^t;i/«to a^TO Fut. l.M. tvxp &C. Fut. 3. TfTVXlf Note 1 . The Aor. 1 . M. takes here also its ai. Note 2. In the 2 pers. Sing., the o is dropped, and no farther change takes place. Note 3. In this Mood also, the Perf. cannot be formed, because the Mood-vowel fails. In the Attic dialect, however, some of the verba pura^ to form the Optat., receive an t, between the root and the Termination ; e. g. {nfipiXrj-i-fitjv) nfdtffitjp, {niffiXri-t-Go TifqiXriGo) n6(fiX7iO, &c. and this i disappears entirely when it can- not be subscribed ; e. g. {Xekvmfjp) XfXvpf]i> ; which, however, properly speaking, should be written XtXvifAtiP, XtXvJo, &c. ' -oififJV 010 OITO &.C. § 27. Imperative, The Mood-vowel is here also an i. The Terminations are Alone. With the M. -vowel. -GO -G^Oi -fGO -eG{t(a -G{^0V -G&COP -fG^OV -tG^MV -G^6 -G&MGap -{G{^£ -{G'&COGaV Note. After rejecting Aor. 1. M. Tvx^) > -(G&at TV71T '\ TV7ir]G tvg){f^f]G Tvne ^ -Ofifvog Tvn TVlp TiXVXp -ciGd^av -ufAtPog Perf. {rnvn-Gd^ai) reTvqj&at, (jfrvn-fifpog) tfTvpfiivog. In the same manner, Xfyoj {XfXey-G^ai) XeXf'x^ai^ XiXtyfiiPog ; nii&o), {nemv^-G^av) mnfi-G^au {nenH^-fufpog) nfneiGptPog ; (fQaCo), {nin^ttd-G{^at,) nfqgaGd^ac {7if(fQocdfi{pog) ne(jpgaGfjitvos : Xvo) makes XiXvo^ui^ XiXvfiipog. ^ . - afc^^tjtf" '.ij)i^^"' ' in'w^*^'-" '■■^^^^ft?"^'^- COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. § 29. Active. Indicative. Common. PraBS. TVTIT UTIT ( -OfifV fig f* (TOV ITOV et€ QVQV Tvm Homeric. etg -w {£, &c. II -ov tg f Imperf. izv-nr ^ -o^ev trov ittiv JTTT y rvTiT I'XVTIT tg I, &c. TUTTTf (TX f -OV fg f izunTfOK \ and 3 Piur. -ov rvmaan } -ov fg f hvuTuaa S and 3 Plur. -ov Note. These forms of the Imperf., Aor. 1. and 2., Act. and Pass., in -0 ^ 3. Plur. 0-"^* Fut. Ti5ip -0) (ig ft, &c. tv\\) -o) fig fi, &c. • Added from the Gram. « 210. c. [Tr.] i« j COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADlGlf. Common. -a ag f AoT. \. ftvxp (-oifAfv arov aTtjv -ufifv ar« uv Homeric. Tvxjjaan -ov a? 47 e^ &c. Perf. TfTvn -a ag f -ttfifv atov arov -fiv fig ft Plusqpf. hftvn { -fififv titov fhrjv -f^fjifv fiTf fioav or foav TtTVTt -a fg f 3. Plur. 'Qp ag f &LC* TfTVn hftvn -fa fag ff ffv -fififv fiTOv firrjv -fifjifv fiTf fiaav (1. fidfa 2.{rifidfag) 3. f^dff -v fiftdTjg tjdri 7}drjad^a ff^*^)* Note. Anomalies, occasioned by the failure of the characteris- tic vowel, cannot conveniently be enumerated in the Paradigm. Of this sort are, fi'xTOv^ Od. 4. 27, for fintrov Praes. ; li^rr^v^ 11. 1. 104, for fiKfrriv Imperf ; fiXt]Xov{^fjifv^ U. 9. 49, for fiXrjkov^a- fAfv Perf. ; Wfifv^ (later form lOfifv) for tdafifv^ full form otdafAfv ; intTiid^fifv^ II. 2. 341, for infnl^fiiifv, commonly infnoid^fifAfv^ Plusqpf.; &c. Subjunctive, Common. -w rjg fi PraBS, Tvm \ -cofifp 7]top rjtov -fofufv rjTOp (oai tvm < Aor. 2. Tvn -0) tig ri -(OfifV t]T0V f]TOV -MfifV tJTf 0)01 Aor. 1. tvxp -(o i^g &c. as Aor. 2. Perf T«Ti;:i: -01 rjg &c. as Aor. 2. Homeric, l.-o) 2, 7;^ 3. rj (ofii rigd^a riGt> l.-b)fifv 2. tjTOv 3. ?;rov OfifV fTOV fiov 1, WjMfv 2. 7y« 3. cod* Ofli*!' fTf fl.-oi 2.^5 3.^ »• « 1 . -(OfifV 2. 7JT0V 3. 7]T0V Tftvn -OfifV fTOV frov 1. -(OfifV 2. tjTf 3. (oGi -OflfV fTf tvxp -(o (Ofii v\LC. as Aor. 2. tfTvn -oj w/4* is:c. as Aor. 2, Tl»7I Added from th«.Gram., « 211. [Tr.1 ill' Mtj "rjyi»!iiy'<"—»i'ii' n'W^t-Wl'inniKI llillIU m imn^^m - iig^*m < m < immn » 0- ' ' * '^mi0*mim'^ i 48 COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. Optative. Common. / -oifxt ocg ot Praes. rvm I -oi(.tiv oiiov ohtiv \ -oififp one oiiv c -oJfti o7g 0? Fut. 2. tvTi l-o7^{v oltov oiTt]v Tvn \-o7^itf o7t£ o7(v \-ioifi Aor. 2. Tim-y^ tutt and zervn Fut. 1. Tvip \ -oific oig 01^ Lc. xvxp Perf. titvn J TfruTi C -atfii aig av Aor. 1. Ti;t// l-ui(.t{v aiTOv ccirrjv Homeric. Tvnz -OLfn> oig, &c. \-tomtv \- toig tot ioiTOv foirrjv lOlTf fOlfV oifAt oig, kc. rvip -ai^t uig^ &c. Tviif -Hu fcug fee and the 3d Plur. icav Imperative and Infnitive. Praes. tvtit ^ -fiov hmv tvtit-{iv timt-e frw, &c. tvtit \ -t^iv or -ovtuiv Aor. 2. TVTI -f fVw, &,C. Il/TT -f?!/ Tl5jT Titvn ) TirfTr ^ ^ -01/ «rw Aor. 1. Ti;i// < -arov utmv Tvift-cct Tvip-ov atta, kc. rvip-at \ -ate urM(5av or afrojp Fat.2. Inf. TfTT-f?!/ FuiA.rvip-fiv rvn-uiv i7v rvip-ffaiac tf^ifp fiv Perf. TitV7t-{ iTw.kc. TiTvn-ivat TirvTi-f tio), kc. zftvn \T^^"*' Prtes. Tvnx > Fut. I. 14^1^ ^ " Participles. (ov ovaa ov Fut. 2. Tvn ~Mv ovacc ovv Aor. 2. TfTi -Mv ovact 6v tvnz ) _ zvip ^ oiv ovaa op rvn -fcop tovoa tov Aor. 1. zvip -ag aaa Perf. zizvn -(xtg v7a av og T "^ '71 } t zvn Zizvn zvxp -ag zv zizvn ovaa ov aaa ap v7a 6g COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 49 § 30. Passive. CommoD. Indicative Homeric. -OfAat tj izat t 1. -Ofiat 2. iat f] Praes. zvnz ^ -Ofxi&ov ta^ov iod^ov zvitz I 1. -ofAi&op -OfUG&ov -OfAi'&a iGxte opzau \ 1. -ofii^a -OfUG'&a In the remaining persons like com. 1. -6(ii]v 2. io 3. izo £ -Ofirjv ov izo Imperf. izvnz I -o^id^op tad^op iG&riv , \ -Ofiid^a iG'&i OPZO zvnz tvnz 1. -6(ilii)^0P -O^iGd'OV 1. -ouixta -ofAtad^a Id the other per-^ons no deviation. zvnziGn 1 -Ofifjp iO izo izvnziGH I 3d Piur. OPZO Perf. lizv -fAfAav ipat nzat -fAfAi&ov (f.^op (fid^ov zizv^fiat -xpai, kc. 3d Piur. zizvifazai^ Plusqpf./r^rj; zizv ^ -fAfiTjv \po kc. iZiZV -fifAii^^a g^&i {ziZVf.lfilPOt> ilGl) -fifAfjv ipo nzo -(Afii{^ov (f&op (f^rip -fAfAi^a q^i {ziZVfAfAiPOL ^jGav) -Ofiat t] izat -OfAi&OP iOd^OP iG&OP j'^A^ff V l-6fAid0P -OfHiGd -Ofii&a iGd^i opzai \ \.-6m&a -ouiGd ('tlp t]g n Aor. 2, Izvn I -tj^np t^zop i^t7jp ttvn \~t]fjiip r^zi t]Gap (^qapiGmi OA. W.b^l.ioT tqapfi. vid. Gram. § 210. c.) [Tf..] Aor. 1. lzva>& -tip fig, kc. like Aor. 2. »^*i^o. J ^^'oi ^ ' * ' izvqv^ ^ 3d rlur. -tjaav or iv Fut. 2. zvntjG Fut. 1. zvq^'&fiG , (1.-0 ' < l.-o 3d PJur. -qazo l.-o^at 2. sat tj ^ov )fii&a -OfiiG&a zvn > > ' > -ripkc.^dir\KiT.-r,Gap ov iv ^tvn ^ * ' Fut. 2. c -t;i"«^ V ''^«* M. zvn \ -b^idop i7G6op i7a6op -tifitOa i2G$i ^pzat zvn * Aor M 3r. 2. C -o^r]v ov €zo .izvn ^-OfiiOop (gOop iGdt] \-6fii6a iadi oyzo ' 1 -tv^at 2. irj 3. i7zai, l.-tVfii^OP 2.iiG&0P 3.i{Gd^0V e7G6op e7Gdov \.-iV(iidu 2.iiGdi 3. i0pza& {7G6e ivpzav zvn ( 1. -Ofirjv 2. to ¥ izvnlX.-OfAiSop -OfniGdov oyzo Zizvn ' l,-6f4eda -ofAioSa 60 COMMON AND HOMERID PARADIGM, COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 61 1/ ft Fut. 1. M. Tvxp-ofAai,, &c. like the Praes. TVXp < 1 . -6^ Common. Homeric. 1. -Ofiav 2. (Ui'fi -OfitSov -OfieoSov {xnvxp 'Ofioci, &c. with reduplicat. vid. Gram. § !jJ08. 10. [Tr.] Aor. 1. M. C'Ctfiriv w aro ^^^ r 1. -a/i^i/ 2. «o -w «Ti;t//'j -«^*doi/ wadov a»?J' o7o ono Homeric. 'folfifjv tOiO fOtto Tvn <^-oifAi^oP oIg'&ov oiad^f^p rvn I-toified^ov iotad^ov (oio'&tiv -oifif^a olo'&e oIpto Aor. 2. M. Tvn Fut. l.M. TVXp Aor. 1 . M. Tv\p -oifif]p 010 ono tvn -oifif^op oiG^op olad^tjp TiTvn -oififd^a oiG'&e oipto tvxj) -ai^tjv ato ano -aifned^ov aiO'&op alad^tjv rvxp -ttifjiedu aia&€ uipto -eoified^a &c. l.-0if4f]P &c. \.'Olfl£&OV oi/ifG^ov l.-oifie&a oifiea'&a \.-alfifjp &c. l.-ulfifdov ai/AfoOov l.-aififOa aifAioOot lur. -uiPTO aiaio 3 PI Imperative, Praes. Tvnr Perf. TiTV iad^mv tO'&Maap 2. -*o ev 3. iWco&c. TVnT Aor. 2. Tvn rjT(a fJTtOP 7lT0)GaV riTOi &c. -fJTOV -f]T€ Aor. 1. TV(jpd^ -^TA I -ou Aor. 2. M. TUTi < -fd^ov *Wwv f -fOd^t IGd^OiGaV C -at ctG'd'io Aor. l.M. Ti;ip s-acT^oi/ aGittop f -UG^t ClG^biGOtV 3 Plur. -tO'&oyp tnv -xpo &c. TVJT -^^* &C. ri;qr^ -»;ta &c. Tvn 2. -fo *u &c. T6TU7I 2. -*U &.C. TWip -at {fo)* aGd^ta &c. *^i!»(ifo II. 19. 36. vid Gram. § 213. [Tr.] Note. The IniiDitives and Participles, not deviating in Homer from the common forms, are omitted. CONTRACTIONS OF THE FINAL VOWEL OF THE ROOT AND THE MOOD VOWELS IN THE VERBA PURA. § 31. Enumeration and classification of the possible contractions in the Verba Pur a. Before the conjugation of the Aorr. Pass., together with the original and simple conjugation without Mood-vowels, can be un- derstood, we must give a general view of the so named Contrac- tions. The Verba Pura^ for instance, whose roots end in a j^ o, e. g. Ttfiiot-M oinf-(o ;f()iiffo-co, undergo, in the Praes. and Imperf., especially in the Attic dialect, many changes ; e. g. oiWft was pro- nounced oixel; and X9^^^V^ XQ^^oT. These changes are denomi- nated Contractions. We must guard, however, against the notion, that the vowel which appears after the contraction has taken place, always contains the vowels which stood together before the change. When olxt'it is contrac'ed into oixfl, and XQ^'^^V '"^^ XO^^^^i ^^o would. believe that the ti, in this case, besides the i and *, contains also another f , or that in the oi are concealed an o 97 and i ? £v- jdently, the rapid pronunciation effected such a change, that in place of the two or more vowels one only was heard, and that, too, which came the nearest to the prevailing sound. It is not, there- fore, necessary to suppose, that the sound finally obtained, includes within itself the former ones, or is merely a sign of the union of those sounds. It is quite a different thing, when « in dfflog is con- tracted into drjXog and when o'inff becomes oixf7. In the first case, the sign 7] is employed, which comprehends ft ; in the latter, how- ever, the ff , in the rapidity of pronunciation, becomes fi^ the sound of which approximates to that of «. CONTRACTIONS IN THE VERBA PURA. 53 In the Verba Pura^ (-foj-aw-ow,) the vowels e a are brought in immediate contact with the Mood-vowels. Besides, these Mood- vowels, when the several terminations are annexed, give birth, as we have already seen, in the several Moods Slc. Act. and Pass, to the following sounds, viz. m ti ov t^ r] ol. Each of these, there- fore, together with the simple Mood-vowels of the Ind. viz. f, preceded by f a and 0, give all the possible cases of contraction ia the Verba Pura. But ft and ?] need not be comprised in this clas- sification ; for the Iota, except in a case presently mentioned, oc- casions no difficulty, being merely subscribed wherever it is possi- ble 5 e. g. TtfAUfcg Ti^iag. E i and ?^, therefore, may be considered as equivalent to f and ri. For the contractions, then, remain, the two short vowels, the two long ones, and the two diphthongs ot « ; in their proper order, { fj m 01 it» § 32. Contractions which occur in all the Persons. -f -0 -^ ^(0 -Oi -H f6 io ft} fOf 601 68 as a6 arj aoi aoi an 06 00 ori 003 OOV 03 1. E. 2. A. 3. O, 1. For 66 we obtain 6i; for 60, a; and ;, before the long vow- els and diphthongs, disappears : e.g. if Ik -66 (fihi iqiX -60V iqlkov (fl'k -6ri ff^k\l i;ao7v- It is evident that no other contraction is possible. § 33. On the Homeric Contractions, The Verba pura, in Homer, must be regarded in a two-foUl point of view. 1. As inclining to the uncontracted and open forms. In conse- quence of this, the contraction does not take phice, when t is fol- lowed by CO ^ y^ ofc or », when o is followed by oi tj or i;, and when « is followed by r^ or tj. In the other cases, the uncontracted or open forms and the contracted, are sometimes found together; e.g. n^W(Tf(iMv6{ and n^oof^qMi'fi. 2. Such forms alone are constrticted as are permitted by the Hexameter verse. A great liberty is used, therefore, in regard to the inflections. For instance, where the Hexameter demands it, e is frequently lengthened into ft, ; e. g. qik-tM-itjg-tr] gives qiX-eiM -iitjg-fhi : and the contracted forms are modified to suit the verse, so that in verbs in «co, the vowel of the root, or one of the con- tracted vowels, is lengthened at pleasure before the contracted syllable. In this manner, vccurauaa {paUTMOu is at variance with the Hexameter verse) may become vauraojau and vaifTowaoc. So OQaovoa gives 6()(oaa and ofjoojaa ; ^aov^a gives ^mgu and ^wwda (towda is not adapted to the Hexameter verse.) So also, ^n'ccea- '&ai, fivaadai, fAPuaad^ai, yfXafip yfku ytXdnv. The contraction of fo into iv^ which does not take place, however, in the 2d pers. Sing. Imperf and Aor. 2. M., is somewhat anomalous. Thus vii- KfovGt (from vftxfOPTGi) in Homer, becomes vfixfrai. In the 3d pers. Plur. Imperf., such forms as inooOovp ctit^^miovvy undergo the usual contraction of ;o into ou. Having premised thus much, all the cases of contraction occurring in Homer, in the Verba pura^ may easily be explained in the following Paradigm. VERBA PURA, § 34. Active. Verba Pura in -iot. Indicative Prces. 55 S. qiX Full form. -i(0 Attic. -OI -iOi Homeric. -ei(a -uig -eig -f'eig -eieig -elg -tit, -ft -eet -elet^ -ei D. -UTOV -ell OP -e'er OP -eierov -eltov P. -tOflfV -ovfiev -tOf-l^P -ilOfifV -evfiev -ttif -eTre -texe -eiere -elzf ■ -iovav -OVGV -e'ovat -evGi Subjunctive. S. qcK -t(0 -00 -tM -elio -tfjg **• -iijg -elrjg -f'tjG&a ~'P "? -tp ■e'fjGi, -elf} -eifH D. -ffJTOV -7]T0V -i'tJlOP -elf TOP P. -fMjUflt -wjLiep -eci)(Aep -elofiev -i7]Tf -ijre -ei]Te -eieze -i(f)(5l -MGC -t(aov Optative. S. tX S. (g}il D. P. Infinitive. Full form. Attic. -uiv -eiv Homeric. -fiv Participle, 'fMV -(OV -tCDV -flMP -iovaa -ovaa "tovaa -iiovaa -iov -ovv ~iOV Indicative Impcrf. sov -ovv -fOV -tfOXOP -flfGHOP -ffg -fig -teg -fig -ffOHfg -fifoxfg -u -u -ft -ft -ifaxf -fifGXf 'ieiov "ilTOV -If TOP -fix OP -ftTtjV -flrrjp -ftTtjP -flTfJP -fO^iV -OVfifV -t'o^ifv -fVfAfP ~ifT€ -ilre -ifjf -flxf 'tOV "OVP -fOP -OVP -UGHOP -fUanop Verba Puka in -«w. Indicative PrcEs, s. Tlf* -«W -ft* -aw -M -6 m "MM -oLfig -dftg -ag -dag -aag -aft -a ft -« 1 -aa -da D. -afxop -aiop -dfxop -drop -duTOP P. -ClOfliP -MflfP -dofifp -M(.liP -00) fiUP -MMl -ttfXf -axf -dfxf -dxf -ddxf -aovat -Mat -dovGt Subjunctive. -Mat -OMat -MMi S. TifA -U(0 -w -d(o -M -6 m -MO) -arjg -^g -dpg -drjG&a -y -dri -ar^at D. -a^jxov -axop -afjxop P. "01(0 flfP -MfifP -aojfifp -MfifP "drjxf -ttXf -drixf m -acout -MQt -dvjot -Mat VERBA PURA, 67 Optative, Full form. Attic. Homeric S. Ttfl -doifAt -MJ4t -aoifit "Mfit -doig -Mg -dotg "Mg -dot -dot "M D. -aoiTOP -MXOV -dotxop -aoixtjp -MXf]P -aoix7]p P. -aotf.iip -M^fP -aot^Afp -doixf -MXf < -aotxf "MXf -dotfp -MfP -doifp "MfV Imperative, S. Tlfl -ttf -« -ae -a -atxM axM -atxM -dxM D. -dfxop axop -afxop -dxop -atxMP -dxMP -atxMP -dxMp P. -dfXf "dfXf -axe "aexMGap dxMaap -afxMaap -dxMOap "OMfit ■00)X0P -OMfAfP "6(!0Xf -Ot^fP Tlfjl TtfJt S. fXlfl D. P. -aetp -aMp "daaa "dop Infinitive. ■q.p -aftp Participle, "(fp -a(xv ■MP -aMp -MP -OMP ■Maa -daaa -Maa "MMaa "dMau MP -dop -MP Indicative Imperf. -aop "MP -aop -MP -OMP -aeg "ug "afg -ag -dug -ttf -a -ae -a -da -dfxop -dxov -dfxop "dxop "daxop -aixfjp -dx7]p -atxrjp -dxtjp -udxrjp -ao^KP -a^ifv -aofifp -afifp "OMflfP "dfxe -axf -atxf -dxf "daxf -aop -tui/ -aop "MP Also 1 . -aaxop "duaxop 2. -fg 3. -f 3 Flur. "OP 58 VERBA PURA. VkRBA PuRA in -OOli, Indicat, Proes. Full form. Attic. Homeric. S. SfjX -6 m -0) -00) -ofig ^o7g -oeig -o7g -6(1 -01 -6 ft -Oi D. -OiTOP -OVTOV -6fT0V -OVTOV P. -oo^ev -OVf.l(V -OOfAiV -OVfifV -6 fit -OVT€ -6iit -ovte -6ovac -ovai -6ovGi Subjunctive. S. dtjK -Ota -•01 -6ia 'Otjg -o7g -0|i5 -oj^oi^a 1 -6ri -01 -h -otjai D. -otjtov -MTOV -6f]T0V P. -6MfifP -Mf.iev -OMfiev 1 -6rjTf -one -orjie -6u)ai^ -WGl Optative. -00) (J*- S. dtjK -ooi^u -o7fii -6oifii -6oig -o7g -ooig -6oL -01 -60L D. -60CTOV -ohov -6oiTQir -oohi]v -oitfiv -ooiri}y P. -6oififv -o7fiev -6oifiev -6one -0?T* -oocre -ooitv -o7ev -60 lev Imperative. S. d^K -oe -» -oe -ft -OfTO} -OTM -oe'tai -trro) D. -6fT0P -UTOV -6eT0v -UTOV -OtTMV -UIMV -OttMV -blMV P. -6 fie 0>m -Hie -6eie -bxe -OiTMGUV -tiiwaav -oe'raiGav -UTOiOav • Infinitive. d^l -oeiv -tiV -~6eiv VERBA PURA. 59 dfjl Participle. Full form. Attic. Homeric. -00)1/ Ml -0)y -00)1/ -oovaa -ovna -ooi'(r« -60V ^OVP -OOP Indicat. Imperf. S. edrjK D. P. -OOP -OVP -OOP -oeg -ovg -oeg -ovg -oe -OV -oe -ov -6erov -OVtOP -oeTOP -OVTOP -otrr^p -OVTt]P -OtJfjV -OVTllV -oofiep -ovfjiep -oofiep -ovfiep -oeie -ovte -6eTe -ovTe -OOP -OVP -OOP -OVP Note. Many forms of the the verb io -om, which occur in Homer, made by protracting before the Ultimate or Penultimate, have been omitted by the Author ; regarding them perhaps, as examples of that poetical license, which shortens or lengthens a syllable at pleasure to accommodate the form to the measure of the verse. Examples of such forms, both in the Act. and Pass., are «^()a)0*'ra, II. 18. 372. Id^iooPTui, II. 8. 543. vnvojovTag, II. 24. 344. Od. 5. 48. /0)fT««, II. 20. 29. ;foi60, Od. 5. 215. x^'^^^^^ II. 21. 306- QWOPTO, II. 1 1. 50. TiXatoui', Od. 5. 240, &c. [Tr.] S. qd D. P. S . (ftX § 35. Passi roe. Vkrba Pura i\ - -eo^uL. -^OLiai -nfnaL -eoiiai -ei\ucci -ep "'I -{eeai) -e)i -^7a(^ -ea -bpeO^cc -evfiiei^a -eouea&cL -e'eod^e -elaxh -e'fOife -e7a&e -tovrai -tiPTUtr -lOPlCCl -evvTutf Sub) unctive % -eMfAai ■ • -10 11 a I -f'omai * ii 60 VERBA PURi i. Full form. Attic. Homeric. ^iy • tf]tac ^fJTai -trjiat, D. -{(OfLifd'OV -(Ofiii^ov -fWfif'&ov -ftjG&OV -f]a{fov -iljG&OV P. -{(o^uOa -(Of.tf i^a ^fCDfAfita -lf]G&£ ~ijG&S -tf]9d^6 -iffivxai -lovrat -tojvtai S. q)iX D. P. S. q}iX D. P. Optative. -fOtfAfJV -toco -iOlTO ^toiGd^ov -eoiG&tjP -iOlVTO 'iOV -fiGOo) -ugOop -SfGOMV -{fG{yf -itG&MGdV g*A -teG{^C(l> (fiX "tofAfi'og S. ig)iX D. -010 -o7to -oififiyov -oIgO^op -OtGxitjP -oifteO^cc -oioi^e -olvto Imperative, -ov -ilG^M -{igOlop -flGd^f -iiG&MGaV Infinitive. -fOif^ttJP -iOlO -iOlTO -fOi/n6\fOP -tOiG{>OP -eoiG{ytjp -foif^tfO^u -tOLG&t -to IPX -fv -f7o { -{OfifJP -bfifjp -IOV -ov -tfTO -fTro -fOfxfOop -ttfAfxJoP -t'foOop -ilGi}0P -(tGOrjp -HGx^riP Participle. -tif.UPog -tOfiiPOQ Jndicat. Imperf. -fOfirjP {ffo) -i7to -fVfiifOov -tfoOop "liGOtiP -llG^M -eiG&op -flG&tDP -iiGxfe -flGx^OJGttP -e7o\>octf -ivfitpog -IVftJjP -fto -ftfiO -f7G{fOP -llGUtjP p. S". Tlfl D. P. S. Tlfl D p. S. Tlfl D. p. S. Tlfl D. VERBA PURA t Full form. -fOfif&a -16G&S Attic. -HG-dt Homeric. -fo^tfd^a -ifG{^6 • -fvfxe^a -{7G{t£ -tOPTO -avTO -tOPtO -fVPTO $1 V^ERBA PuRA IN -aOflUC. Indicat. Press. -aojuctt -drj -ttOfif^OP -afGi^op -aofAfd^a -UiG'&S -aopTttO -aw t' -ao^ifd^op -a^G^OP -ariG&e -UMPT ttC -aotiiirjp -aoio -doiTO -(KOifli^OP -ClOiGxfOP -aoiGdtjP -aoifif&a -doiGd^i -doiPTO -fxov -UfGd^M -UiGdoP -OCTUt -M^fxfOP -UGx^OP -UiPVOlV -WfiUl -aotiat -aerai -aiav -otaruv -ao^f&op -(t)fifd^ov -ueG^OP -uG&op -duG&op -aofAfd^zx, -ojjut'&cc -d{Gd^{ -aG&e -daa^i -dopiui -cUpTCd -ooiVTca Subjunctive. -a t -cerate -wfieO^op -aGifop -ttGO^f -MPTttt Optative. -M(ilt]P -MO « -ono -v)(Af&OP -MG&OV -MGx^tjP -Mfifl^U -WGdf § -iUPTO Imperative. -01 -ugO^m -UGifOP 9 -dtfrai, -aM[.a{^ov -ar]G\yov "CifiGd^e -a(t)pTut, -aoiinf]p -0)iu7]p -ooifir^i' -aoio -100 -oojo r /« • -CtOCTO -fUrO -OOJTO -aoifiiOop -oi^^v^. -ooj^uxt. -UOCGx^OP -OiG^. -OMGd^. aolGd^}}P -MOd^. -OMOO. -aoi^fd^a -ojufd-, -ovififxi. -doiG&f -inGxf^. -OOtGd", -CXOIPTO -UH'TO -CtjatO -OOtfTO (afo) -{V -w -6(a -UhGd^b) -aG&M -UUGd^OJ -oieG&op -kgOop -ucxg&ov s. 4 ^ 6f P. Ttf* fin %, iitftt S. drjl D. P. S. dtiX D. VERBA PURA. Full form. Attic. Homeric. -•(iWwy '^aa&MP -aea^Mv -aa{^(op -ttfa&e -aad^s -aia&{ -aa^i -aaa&e -aia&MGav -aG^MOav -ttia&Maav -ua&Moav Infinitive, 'KfGd^ac -ua&cct^ -uea&uv ~uG&av -aaa&at' P. Participle • -ao^ivog -bJfAiVO^ -aofuvog -(ofifpog -ouifiipog Indicat. Impt zrj. -(XOflfJV -MfitJV -OCOf^fJV -MfdtJP -00}fltlP uov -01 (afo) -dfTO -ara -ano -CITO -aaro -aofif&ov VJ^lf&OV -aofufdop -(Oflfd. -0Mf.ied. -aeadov -ccaO^op -u{a\)op -UG&OP -uccoirop -at'o&rjv -aaOtiV -aio&tiv -ocaOrjp -auo{fi]P -aof-ifOa -Mjiifiya. -ao^tiia -Mf4f&a -oojfifOce -aiod^e -aoOi -aiaO{ -ua{y( -uaoxtf 'UOVTO -bivTO -ttOVTO -uipTO -OMPTO Verba Pura IN ■ -OOflCtl. Indicat. Free*. -oo/iat -yficci -oof.iac -bfiCli -ori -o7 Ofav -oji -OiTttV -biav -onoLV -tiiat -OOjUfdOP -dfifOoy -0Of.lf&0V -bft( Sop -oioOov -tiodov -ocadop -bodop -oofjieda 'ttfAfOcC -00 ft f Sac -ttfif Oct -OfoOe -bade -OiOi^e -60d6 'OOVTOLL -bviac -oopiab -bPTCti Subjunctivi ^ "OWfiCtl -MfAttt -00)ftCCl> -0*1 1 -01 'Ori . ■ -OfJTCtt -CJTttl -otjTaif -OOOfAf&OV -(OfAfSov -oo)ftf6op -orjffdoi/ -biadov -6t]oOop -QMfAiSot -Wf4{6u -00Jf4{6« f VERBA PURA. Full form. Attic. Homeric. -otjaOe -loGde -Ofiode -OCOPTUl -biPTav -ObiVTUV Optative, s.dni -00lf.iflP -Ol/HfJP -oolfifjv -0010 -o7o -0010 -oono -o7to -oono D. -oolfAiSoy -OlfAfOoP -ooififSov -oolgBop -oIgSop -ooigOop -ooloOfjp -OlGdfJP -OOlOdtiP P. -ooififdtt -oififda -oolfAfOtt -ooiGda -o7adf -ooigOc -OOCPTO -o7pto -QOIPZO Imperative • s. dtiX -oov at {ofo) -OfGdcii -tlGdot} -oeoOca -UGdO) D. -OfGdOP -bodop -OfGdoP -yadop -oigOmp -sgOmp -oioOiop -bodcop P. 'OfOdf -yGxte -Of ode -boSe -OiGdcDGttP -bGdoDoav -oiGdcjoap -baOoDGap dfjl -Of G Sac Sfjk S. idtjX D. P. -OOfAfPOQ ii Infinitive, -bodat -ofGdat' -baBoLt Participle, -bfifpog -oofAiPog -ifitvog Indicat. Imperf. ■OOfifJP -bfiTip -OOflTJV -bfitJV oov (ofo) OfTO -bTO -OfTO -bTO ■oofjLfBop -bfjfBop -00 ^f Bop -bfAfBov ofoBop -boBop ^OfoBop -boBov ofoBtiP -boBrjp ' ofoBfiP -iaBfjp ■oo^fBa -ufiifBu -oofifBa -bfifBa ofoBf -boBf -OfoBf -boBe OOPIO -bPTO -OOVIO -bPTO t« h CONJUGATION OF VERBS WITHOUT MOOD-VOWELS. § 3G. Conjugation of the Aorr. Passive. We come now to the Conjugation without Alood-vowels^ so cnWei]^ because, from tho failure of the Mood-vowels, almost all the devia- tions from the general rule, in the preceding Paradigm, are to be explained. This Paradigm, arranged according to an arbitrary class- ification, can with difficulty bo remembered ; but, when its princi- ples are developed and explained, it is understood in a very short time, and deeply impressed on the memory. To commence with the Aorr. of the Pass, which the Paradigm presented in ^ 29 has anticipated. If we compare the hid. irvqiyj]!/ with the Opt. rvq- 6fh]v^ and irv7i7]v with Tviifh]i'^ it is obvious* that the Ground-forms of the Tenses are rvqSf and rimf, to which, in order to form the Aorr., the Terminations of the Secondary tenses of the Act. are subjoined, viz. Sing. 1. -v 2. -a 3. — Dual l.-f4fv, 2. -toi' 3. -tt^v Plur. \.-fifif 2.-rf 3.-(j«i/. These terminations, in case the Mood- vowel fails, are annexed immediately to the Ground-form, which, in the Indica'. Imperat. and Intin., lengthens the final vowel, e. g. tTvqStii' — hvifOtjociif from TVifOf ; i^fji' — t^t](foLv from cu. Ob- serve first the conjugation. ttVTl Indicat. s Optative. tin J , , nqu- J , ' [nfin. iv:x } ~ fit] Tvn Ttq{y Tim { Subjur.ct. tin -iO Imperat. titOV Tvn Paiticip. ip The Subjunct. has its Mood-vowels, but is usually found in the contracted form ; e.g. jvmo} ri^rroT, jvnHiq init'ig ; dtM (from {Tt) Otrig {)tij, i'>cJ {>7)g {ttj, in Homer {tfiio xhujg diu] with the pro- tracted f , as in (filel(xi'{h]g &c. AORR. PASSIVE. 65 The Optat. takes after the Ground-form an t, and subjoins the terminations of the Indicat, viz. \.-f]v i-fjg 3.-^. Dual, l.-tjfjifv 'Z.'tixov 3.-f}Ttjv. Plur. l.-fjfifv 2.-^r* 3.-f]Gav ; e. g. rvqBi-i-tjv Tvqdfhjp, Tide — Tidfitjv, Oe — Oiiriv, gto. — OTahjv, &c. The Imperative has the terminations of the Act., and in the 2. Sing, retains the Ot, which in the Act. is dropped ; e. g. Sing. 2. -dt S.-TO). Dual 2-T0i> S.-TMP. Plur. 2. xt S.-tmgccv. In some few verbs, e. g. in ora {iGTr^fit,) the vowel is lengthened, (GraOi) t;^6i ; in other cases, it is short, e. g. dido dido-C^i, if tf^i hi to, &c. When another -i^ precedes, the last is changed into the corres- ponding Tenuis or smooth mute, for the sake of euphony, e. g. TVq&t]^L TV(fx^tJTl^ Tl&e^l TlOiTl. The Infinit. m-voii has generally in other cases, the vowel pre- ceding the -vtti short. In the Aorr. Pass., however, Tvntjpai Af;ft^iJ/'a*, and in GTtjpai &c. the vowel is long, but in Ti^t'pat iGTotvai &,c. short. The terminations of the Participles are evidently-i/r^-irda-i/r?. Hence, when the Ground-form is added, and the whole form reduc- ed, from Tvqd^fvTg, TV(f^ePTGa, Tvq^fpxg, we obtain Tvg.&(ig 'fjGa -ip. In the Neuter, t? is rejected to obtain a form differ- ent from the Masculine. In the same manner, do dopzg, d^g -^gu -op; axa GzapTg, Gzug Giaoa gtixp ; dfixvv duxpvpTg, deixpvg vaa vv, § 37. The Active without Mood-vowels. The conjugation without Mood-vowels, which is also the origi- nal conjugation, has been preserved in the Ferba Pura.^ commonly those with monosyllabic roots in-6-a-o, and in others of more than one syllable in v; e. g. qa qf]fii 'Tui. In the same manner, xiJ^ac, di^tmm, oliiuv, Imperf ot^rtv, &c. § 39. Paradigm of the Active. The Homeric do not differ frequently from the common forms. In the Passive, if we except the frequent omission of the Augment ft 66 PARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. PARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. 69 i 1^' h. and the uncontracted form of the Aor. Imperat. d^to^ avv&eo, the commoD and Homeric forms coincide. Indicat, , Press. S. Tld" -fifii did 'bifit, ig -fjf*i' -Tig Horn. tjaSa -(og H. oig oigdu -fjg -7] -oral, -urai D. -ifAi^ov -OfAf&OV -tt^f^OV -tad^ov -oa&ov -(xG&OV P. -fniSa H. 'tfltGdu -Oflf^tt -txfiid^cc -eaei -oa&€ 'Cca^f -ivrai^ -ovtai Subjunctive. -avtai S. Tld" -lOfiOCl diS -Mfiai^ ig -MfAtti -rii tti -tarat -^;ra* D. -Wfif&OV -(OfAi^OV -mfAfd^ov -tja{^ov -(oad^ov •rjo'&ov P. -mfAf&a -wfif{^a -(afAf&a -rjad^e -taa'&t 'tio'&e "(avrat^ 'QiVTttlr Optative, -cuvrat S. Tid- -iififjv did "OlfAfJP /g -ttifitjv 'flo -oio -oio "ilTO -oIto -aiTO D. -eifi() f ~IT0 -OTO -WTO L D. 'f/nedov -Ofiedov -afifdov f -IGdov -oGdov -aG-dop . -iGdf]V -OGdfjP -QLodriv t>. -tfifda -OfifdcC -a^idoL -fG&t -OGdf -ocode -evxo -OVTO -(XVZO • Indicat. A or. 2. S. id -ifirjv id -Ofitjp -iGO {ov) -OGO {ov) -era -OTO D. -ifufdov -O^fxtOV ■ -fGdoV -OGdov 1 -IGdtJV -OGdfjP P. -ffAfSa -OfAfOa -fade -OGde -evTO -OVTO Subjunctive. S. ^ -mfAuv 0^ 6 -MfAav -rjtai' -MTav -MflfdOP &C -(xifAfdov kc. 3 PI. "bipTCCt 3 PI. -MVTCLl 72 DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. I I ^ 'iifjitiv kc, 3 ?\.-iitfTO '& -iao -e H. -fo -fado) kc. Optative. 3 -oifAViV kc. 3 n. -oivio g-ai(At]p &c. 3 Fl. -alvro Imperative. O -0(J0 -« -6a6(xi kc. 'd' -eadac Infinit. and Particip. S -ooSav ■d' -tfifvog 3 -ofAfvog SMALLER PARADIGMS FROM HOMER. § 41. Declensions arid Pronouns. The Paradigms of the Declensions are intended to exhibit the forms of Nouns in Homer, although the forms of the particular Nouns here employed may not be found, some of which are evi- dently inconsistent with the measure of the verse ; e. g. uvffif S. TiflTj Tijutjg ^gr^ Tlflf] tj(pi Tlf^fJP D. Ti^fia P. Tifiai TlflCCa)V iMV MV Tt^firiai rjg a7g* rifiag atXfifjTtjg « cii^fit^TtM ao ot aiXfifJtaMv HOP aix^it^TriGi rig aixfirjTttg dealg Od. 5. Ill*, axmlg II. 12. 281. DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. 73 S, avffiog avt^iov 010 oq)iv avifio) ocpiv avfjuov oapiv avffif og D. cci>f'fLio> avi^OLv o'l'ip avffiov aptfiwv apffiotoc ctpi/iwvg II. Forms of via g added from theGr. § 185. [Tr.^ Sing. P. oig oqip N. viog . viov D. Ac. vlop N. Ac. N.- jr. VtOJP D. vloTatv Ac vlovg V. viog vh via Dual. vh Plur. vug vTaot vTag vhg S. liODP XiopTog XtOVTV XtOPTU If'ov D. Xi'opTf XiopToip P. XiOpTfg XfOPXMP IfOVTfGGC XfHOt Xfoprag III. i{7xog Tfi/fog evaqt foqi. Tf7j[og Tflxog Te 11^0 IP Zetl^MP fG(fl Tfl/fOat fOC (G(ft TfiXfot N. Forms of xcip*; added from the Gr. § 197. Sing. vifog Cj" Vltl vita Vtfl vh'fg vh7g vUoiv vitag vU7g ■noXig TioXiog fog ^^og ' * •• ^ «t noAii ii fji TioXip noXi noXif noXloip TioXitg fjfg noXtMP uoXifaat, noXiag ng f^ag [Tk.] G. i^QOLTog ^QaiiGCfi D. x^atl Ac. HQUTU N i^QaaTog xa^jjzog Plur. xa^tjaTog G. iiQaXbiV D. xqccgI Ac. Kpaara x«gt]V(K 1*1 74 DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. Pronouns, N. G. Sing. tVPfJ GV GfO Gf7o 10 flO D. ififv fxev GfV GfV Gf'dfP Tfolo Goi TOt Tf'lP fv iv iSfp fo7 ol ol Ac. ijAi fie Gt Gf e t tr if Dual. f4lV • N. VO)lV V(OL G(fiO GifMl'p G Gqiop -P GqiGI, G(flP Ac. ocfAfie Vfiflf Odftag G(ffag ^juiag vfiifoig G(fag nqe Tjfiag § 42. fifAi 5U//1, Root i -ft). Those forms only of the following verbs, which occur in Ho- mer, are exhibited. Prces. Indie at. Sing. 1. flfil 2. fig IggI 3. igti. Dual 3. Igtov, Plur. 1. ft- fAtv 2.iGte d.fial iaGt>, Subjunctive, Sing. 1. eto iio) in ^ere/o) II. 23. 27. 2. fi'ij^ 3. ftiGi r,Gt. ft] f'nj Plur. 3. iO)Gi oJff^ HOMERIC FORMS. 76 Optative. Sing. t. fYrjp 2. fYtjg lotg 3. fli^ foi. Plur. 2. fhf 3. elfp. Imperative, Sing. 2. fGG for tGGo Od. 3. 200. 3. tGr(o. Plur. 2. t^f 3. fqwv Infinitive and Participle. ffAfPOLV ffAfifPat ffAfP fflfifP fipat — S I V f(OP (DP Imperfect. Sing. 1. fa ?)« fOP fGnov 2. ff]G6a ^g$oi 3. ftjv tjtjp ^fi/ tjif fGXf. Dual 3. tJGTfjp. Plur. 1. Tjfifv 2. t/jf 3. fGap ^jaav fiaro Od. 20. 106. Future Indicat. Sing. 1 . fGOfiav fGGOpai 2. fOfac, fGtj fGGfav 3. fGftat, fGrav fGGfTUL fGGflrm. Dual 3. i'dfg^oi/. ¥\\xv.\. fGOfifGda iGGOfifSa 2. fGfGde 3. fGOPTai fGGOvrat. tGfGBoii Infinit. and Particip. fGGfGdac fGGOfifvog § 43. (ftifjil Root » V- * **" '-i«» ft»i »#-*'«t.»--««>jai»eW<^> Mpfif- N a wM i ii ti ij iKJ UJu « WlM MiHa»wii i> wPirw i>iBBiiii i » Bfli t?»*« O^i Jift! Rl T341 DUPLICATE 1010674489 1 » r I »» #