HOW THEY SAY IT IN MISSIONARY LANDS. PRICE, FIVE CENTS. PHILADELPHIA: WOMAN’S FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, No. 1334 Chestnut Street. 1893. How THEY say it. AFRICA. The speech of Central Africa belongs to the great family of languages called the Bantu, and is divided into many dialects. The Mpongwe and Benga include variations of many other dialects on the western coast, and were first reduced to writing by our missionaries. Each syllable ends in a vowel and the accent is on the syllable next the last, with exceptions in the compound words. All of the vowels are pronounced. The letter g is always hard, and u is always oo —as in moon. The terms, Fang or Fan, Fangwe and Pang we are all used for the one great and fierce tribe inhabiting the country one hundred miles, and more, back of the coast. Geographical Angom. Pronounced Baraka. “ Bata. “ Batanga. Benita or Benito “ Corisco. “ Ekuku. “ Enyonga. “ Names. A-ngam. Bah rah-kah. Bah-tah. Bah-tah-ngah. Bay-ne-tah. Ko-Hs-co. Ay-ku-ku. Ay-ngo-ngah. 2 Evune. Pronounced. Ay-ml.-nay. Kangwe. u Kaw-ngv:ay. Mbiko. U Mbe-ko. Olamba. << O-lah-mba. Ogowe. u O-go-way. Talaguga. (( Tah-lah-goo-yah. Monies and their Value. Dollars, francs and shillings are used, but the value of any civilized coin varies among different tribes, and at different distances from the coast. 5 yards of cotton cloth are equivalent to one dollar. 5 bars of soap “ “ “ “ 10 common china plates “ “ “ “ Decou (Day-sou), equal to ten cents. Vinte (Ve-ntay) “ “ one cent. The natives count by decimals, always on the fingers, repeating until one hundred is reached, which is nkama (nkah-mah), “nothing higher.” Weights and Measures. Igwera (E-gweh-rah), about a pound. Eguwa (Ay-goo-wah), a fathom; a length of cloth stretching from the chin to the arm’s length. Distances. Nanda (nah-ndah), used by foreigners for a mile but rather indefinite, as the natives use the word for any distance from one resting place to another, even if it be several miles. Long distances are measured by day’s journeys. 3 Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciat ion. Ah-kiiw-ndaw. Plantain used for food. Ah-nyah-mbay. God the Creator. Bah-lo. Canoe. Bwah-ngah. Medicine, the same word is used for the fetish charm or amulet. Cah-sah-vah. The root of a plant beaten and cooked for food. Ejanganavgobo .f Ay-jah ngah-nah-hgo-bo. Book. Blende. Ay-lay-nday. Boat. Etata. Ay-taw-taw. Banana; used as fruit only. i j Ezango .* Ay-zah-ngo. Book. Hangwe. f Ha-ngway. Father. Ijua. t E-ju-ah. Death. Hina f. E-le-nah. Soul or Spirit. Inlinla .* E-ne-nah. Soul or Spirit. Ngwe .* Ng-way. My mother. Iviri. E-ve-ree. Shadow of a person or tree. Jai. f Ja-ye. My mother. Jombo. Jo-mbah. Fish cooked in plan¬ tain leaves. Mebai. May-bi. Palavar house or council. Mwana. Mwah-nah. Child. Mwanga. f Mwah-ngah. Garden or plantation. Ngama. Ngaw-mah. Musical instrument (drum.) Akanda. Anyambe. BwaloA Bwctnga. Cassava. fBenga. *Mpongwe. 4 Nisiva. Pronunciation. Ne-swah. God. Njina. Nj e-nah. Gorilla. Ntyaga .* Ntyah-gah. Garden or plantation Ntyigo. Ntye-go. Chimpanzee. Nyam. Nyahm. God the destroyer of life, Nyangue* Nya-nguay. Mother. Onenji. O-neh-njee. Teacher. Owaro .* O-wah-ro. Canoe. Paia. f Pi-ah. My father. Ren.* Ray-re. Father. Tata* Tah-tah. My father. Udika. Oo-dee-kah. An oily nut. Ukuku.f Oo-koo-koo. Disembodied spirit. Salutations. “ Mbolo.” Mbo-lo. “ May you live to be old.” “ Jonga n! ingeni .” Jo-ngan’i-nge-ni. “ Peace be among you.” The daily greeting is the word, “ Mbolo,” liter¬ ally “grey hair,” or “May you live long enough to have grey hair,” or grow old. With savage tribes the expression assures the stranger that his life will be secure. The answer is, “ Aye, Mbolo,” or “yes, the same to you.” St. John, 3d Chapter, 16th verse (in Benga dialect.) “ Kabnjana Anyambe a tandaki he ha mwa v& Mwan ’ aju umbdka ovanZ ndo moto whShSpi a kamadidS via , a nyange , ndo a ka diandi na egombe yShSpi.” *Mpongwe. f Benga. 5 CHINA. The Mandarin language which is spoken in all the country North- of the Yangtse Kiang, and in Western China, is one of the most ancient in the world. It has no alphabet but 214 radicals, which are combined to form numerous characters each of which represents a word. The coast provinces south of the Yangtse have many dialects, which differ widely from each other, and also from the Mandarin; but few of these can he written (except with Roman letters). The Mandarin, and also what is called the classical written language or style, is read by beginning at the right and reading from the top to the bottom of the column, toward the left. Geographical Names. (Words of two syllables are about equally accented.) Pronunciation. Chinanfu. Che-nan-foo. (Spelled Tsi-nan on almost all maps.) Chi Ning Chow. Che-ning-joe. Fa-ti. Fa-tee. Haining. Hay-nan. Hangkew. Hang-queue. 6 Pronunciation. Ichowfu. E-chow-foo. Kiung Chow. Ke-ung Joe. Lien Chow. Le-en Joe. Macoa. Ma-cow. Mui Luk. Nodoa. Peking. Pe-hying. Shantung. Shan-toong. Soochow. Soo-Joe. Tientsin. Teen-tzin. Wei Hien. Way He-en. Yang-tse Kiang. Yang-ze-Kee-a ng. (Tse, tlie hissing sound in metz.) Yeung Kong. Yung Kang. Monies and their Value. Tael —(Tale.) A Chinese ounce of silver, worth about $1.40. Cash —(Chen.) About one twelfth of a cent. Weights and Measures. Kin —(hard sound of g.) A Chinese pound, equal to a pound and one-third of our weight. Distances. Li —(le.) One Chinese mile, or one-third of an English mile. 7 Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Bunti. Boon-tee. Native. Ch’a* Tea. Chefoo. Prefect. Chekien. Je-he-en. District magistrate. Chino. Chow. Sedan chair. Chi-eh. Che-ah. Cart. Citing. City. Chow. Joe. Region, used as a termina¬ tion, as burg is in English. Fa Ti Fah-tee. 11 Flowery land.” Fu. Foo. Official residence. Hakka. Immigrant from an¬ other province. Joss House. A temple. Kang. (Iv aspirated.) Brick bed with heat under it. Kang. Yhon. Large earthen water jars. Kiang. Kee-ang. River. King. Gh ing. “ Capital ” (used only for Peking northern, and N anking, south’n cap’l). Koo niang. Ivoo-nyung, Miss. Lao ti-en ye. Lou-te-en-yea. The Lord of heavem Le. Le-u. Donkey. * Peking. 8 Pronunciation. Li-chee. Ly-chee. Mi. Me. Ning Po. Sa7npans. Shao Chi-eh. Show Che-a Shenza. Shen-ze. “ShieShie” Shi-eh Shin Shin. Shen. Tai Tai. Tie. Tantze. Tan-ze. Ts’a* Yamen. Ya mun Yang Kwei-ts. Yung gl A kind of fruit. Rice. “ Peaceful wave.” Boats. Wheel barrow (little cart.) Mule litter. . “Thank you.” Native term for Chinese gods, now used by Chris¬ tians to represent the name of God. A lady of rank. Order of exercises. Tea. Official residence of a magistrate, and also of higher officials. i dze. F oreigners — liter¬ ally, foreign devils. Salutations. l( Shien Seng Hao-ah. ,} Shan Sung How. “ Mr. is it well with you ?” “ Tsai KienP Dsi-Gee-an. “We will meet again.” A Chinese salutation consists in joining the two hands together in front of the breast, palm to palm, and making a bow, more or less profound according to the rank of the person saluted. * E. Shantung. 9 St. John, 3d Chapter 16th verse. (In Mandarin Classical language.) 10 INDIA. There are over one hundred distinct languages spoken in India, and a great many more dialects; of these languages not more than ten possess any very important literature. Hindustani or Urdu, a mixture of Hindi and Persian, is understood in all the large towns and cities. Hindi is read from left to right, and Urdu from right to left. Marathi is the language used by our missionaries in Southern .India. Geographical Names. Pronunciation. Allahabad. UUa-hah-bahd. Ambala. Um-bdh-la. Ani. Ah-nee. Bindki. Bind-key. Bombay. Bom-bay. Calcutta. Kal-kut-ta. Dehra. Dey-ra. Dosnah. Bose-ndh. Etah. Ate-ali. Etawah. It-dw-wah. Farrukhabad. Fur-ruek-ah-bdhd. Fategarh. Futty-gur. Fatehpur. Futty-poor. Ferozepore. Feroze-poor. Gurshai. Goor-sah-high. Gwalior. Gwdh-lee-or. Harbans. Her-bdnce. Himalaya. Him-dwl-ya. 11 , # Pronunciation. Hoshyarpur. Ho-she-dr e-poor. Jahanabad. Jehan-a-bad Jagraon. Jug-rown. Jagadri. Jug-ud-ree. Jalandhar. Jullund-dhur. Jhansi. Jhon-see. Karanpur. Kwr-un-puor. Kartapore. Kur-ta-ponr. Katra. Kut-ra. Khanna.. Kun-na. Kodoli. Ko-do-lee. Kolhapur. Kola-poor. Land our. Lan-dower. Lodiana. Lo-dee dn-na. Mainpurie. Mine-poo-ree. Manihala. Money-hdlla. Miraj. Me-rddge. Morinda. Maw-rinda. Panhala. Pun-hdlla. Punjab. Pun-jdwb. Rakha. Ruck-ha. Ratnagiri. Rut-nvg-geerie. Rawal Pindi. Rdw-wul-p in-d ee. Sabathu. Sab-dh-too. Saharanpur. Sa-hdh-run-poor. Sangli. Sung-glee. Shadiatad. Shod-dea-tad. Sharakpur. Shir-ruck-poor. Shuruwar. Shoo-roo-were. 12 Pronunciation. Sutlej. Sut-ledge. Tirvva. Teer-war. Vagah. Vah-ga. Monies and tlieir Value. Mohur (Mo boor). About seven dollars. Rupee Less than fifty cents. Anna (Ah-na). One sixteenth of a rupee, or two and a half cents. Pice One fourth of an anna, or half a cent. Pie (Pye). One-third of a pice, or one- sixth of a cent. Measures. Gaz (Guz). One yard. Gira (Gee-ra). One sixteenth of a yard. AVeiglits. Mauncl (Mund). About 82 pounds. Seer (Sare). Two pounds. Chattak (Chut-tack.) Two ounces. Distances. Kos (Cose). Two miles. MU (Meal). One mile. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Ung-graze. English. Eye-ah. Nurse. Angrez. Ayah. 13 Pronunciation. Baboo. Bahboo. Bengalee gentleman. Bai. Buy. Tide of “lady.” Bakshish. Buck-sheesh. Fee or present. Bazaar. Bah-zar. Market place, shops. Begum. Bay-gum. Lady of rank (title.) Bhajans. Bud-juns. Sacred songs set to native music. Bhisti. Bheese-tee. Water carrier. Bibi. Bee-bee. Wife. Bunnia. Bun-nee-ah. Shop keeper. Buddha or Siddartha. Bood-dha. Founder of Budd¬ hist religion. Cantonment. Can-toon-ment. Military station. Chanda. Chun-dah. Alms. Chawal. Chaw-wool. Rice. Charpai. Char-pie. Bed. Chirags. Chee-rahgs. Little earthen lamps. Chokidar. Chow-key-dahr. Watchman. Choola. Chew-lali. Fireplace. Chuddar. Chud-der. Head sheet, a thin muslin for cover¬ ing the head. Coolies. Cool-lees. Porters. Dak Gharry. De hk-gah rry. Post carriage. Dandy. Dan-dee. A canoe shaped convey¬ ance, in which Europeans are carried by coolies in the mountains. Deccan. Duck-un. South land. Dervish. Dur-vashe. A religious fanatic. (Mahomedan.) 14 Pronunciation. Dhobi. Dhobee. Washer man. Ecka. Eck-ka. Two wheeled pony cart. Fakirs. Fuk-ears. Religious beggars. Gariwalla. Garry-walla. Driver of an ox cart. Gur. Goor. Raw sugar made from cane. Hadji. Hah-iee. A Mahomedan gentleman who has made the pil- grim age to Mecca. Hakim. Huck-keem. Native doctor. Hisab. Hiss-sahb Arithmetic. Holi. Ho-lee. A Hindu festival. Huqqa. Hook-k a. A pipe. Kafir. Cah-fear. Unbeliever. Kapra Wolla. Cup-rah-wallah. A cloth merchant. Kua. Coo-ali. A well. Kurta. Coor-tah. A small coat. Mashak. Mush-uck. Goat skin bag for water. Mela. May-lah. A religious fair. Mem Sahib. Maym Sah-hib. Mrs. Moulvie, Mowl-vee. Native teacher. (Hindi.) Munshi. Moon-shi. Native teacher (Ma¬ homedan.) Nirvana. Near-vah-na. Oblivion. Padre Sahib. Pahd-re-Sah-hib. Man missionary. Palkee. Pall-key. A n enclosed ca rriage. Pujah. Poo-jali. Worship. Pundit. Pun-dit. Teacher (Hindoo.) Punkah. Pung-kali. House fan. Purdah. Pur-dah. A curtain. Rajah. Rah-ja. Man of high rank— petty king. 15 Rani. Pronunciation. Rah-nee. Queen. Sardar. Sir-dar. A head man, or na¬ Saree. Sar-ree. tive officer. A sheet used as an outer Serai. Sir-6ye- garment or robe. Street. Sirkari. Sir-cah-ree. Belonging to the Sitar. Sit tar. Government. Musical instrument Suttee. Sut-tee. similar to a guitar. Burning of a widow Tandoor. Tun-du-er. with the dead body of her husband. An oven. Toolsi. Tull-see. A sacred plant. Tulwar. Tull-wahr. Native sword. Wilayat. W ull-eye-ut. The foreign country. Zenana. Zun-an-na. Part of the house occu- pied by the women. Salutations. Salaam. Sah-lahm. “ Good morning” (“peace be to you.”) The salutation is made by bowing and touching the forehead with the hand as the word “ Salaam ” is spoken. (Hindustani in Roman letters). St. John, 3d chap. 16th verse. “Kyunki Khuda nejahan ko aisd piydr kiyd hai, ki us ne apnd iklautd Beta bakhshd, tdki jo koi us par midn Idwe, halak na ho balki hamesha ki zindagi pdive.” This text is generally used by native teachers and preachers. 16 JAPAN AND KOREA. JAPAN. The Japanese use Chinese characters largely in writing; besides these they have letters of their own, each of which represents a syllable. In writing the Japanese with English letters, the con¬ sonants have the same sound as in English ; but the vowels have the Italian sound, and there are no accents. Geographical Names. Eukui. Pronunciation. Foo-koo-e. Hakodate. Ha-fco-dah ta. Hiroshima. He-ro-she-mah. Kanazawa. Kan ah-zaw-wah. Kiusha. Kiu-shiu. Kyoto. Kee-o-to. Nagasaki. . Nah-cjah-sa-kee. Osaka. O-sah-kah. Sapporo. Sap-po-ro. Takata. Tak-kah-tah. Tokyo. To-kee-o. Toyama. To-yah-mah. Tsukiji. Tskee-jee. Yamaguchi. Yah-mah-goo-chee. Yeso (or Hokkaido) Ye-so or Hok-kai-do. Yokohama. Yo-ko-hah-mah. 17 Monies and their Value. Yen. Silver Dollar. Sen. A cent. Pin. The tenth of a cent. Go-rin. A half cent. Gold and paper money are also in use. Weights and Measures. Kin. lbs. To. Sun. Shaku. Tsubo. About a quarter of a bushel. One inch. One foot. Six feet square. A house is built for a certain amount per tsubo. Distances. Pi (Eee). Equals two and one-half English miles. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Cho (Chinese.) Street. Daimio. Dashi. Doshisha. Dai-mee-o. Feudal Lord. Dah-she. Festival car. Do-shee-shah. College of Congrega¬ tional mission at Kioto. Fujinoyama. Foo-jee-no-yah-mah. The highest Futon. Gakko. mountain in J apan. Foo-ton. Quilted bed spread. School. 18 Pronunciation. Gaku-in. Literary hall or college. Gekkin. Organ. Geta. Ga-tah. A clog or wooden shoe. Hai. Hah-ee. Yes. Haori. Hah-o-ree. Outer garment or coat. Hibachi. He-bah-che. Fire box or brazier, filled with charcoal. Hirakana. He-rah-kah-nah. Japanese letters (plain or common kind.) In. A hall. Itchi kyo huai. Union church. Jesu Kyo or 3" asu-Kyo. “Jesus doctrine,” Christianity. Jin. Man. Jinrikisha. Jin-reke-shah. Small two wheeled carriage drawn by men. Jizo. Je zo. A heathen god, lit¬ erally, guardian of children. Kago. Bamboo basket suspended from a pole and carried by two men, the convey¬ ance used in crossing mountains. Kanji. Kan-iee. Superintendent. Kiaro. Ke-ar-o. Hand stoves, carried in the sleeves to keep the hands warm. Kimono. Ke-mo-no. Garment or robe. Kirislo Kyokwai. Ke-risto-keo-kwai. Church of Christ, also Pres¬ byterian church. 19 Pronunciation. • Ko. Child. Kocho. Ko-cho. Principal of a school. Koto. Harp. Kurima. Ku-ree-ma. Public conveyance or carriage. Kwaido. Church building. Kwan. High official. Kwazoku. Kwah-zok. A nobleman. Kyo. (Kee-o) Teaching, doctrine, instruction. Machi. Street. il Mata Kimasu” Mah-tah-Ke-mas. “I will come again.” Matsuri. Ma-tsoo-re. Eeligious festival. Mia. Me-ah. Shinto temple. Mikado. Me-kah-do. Emperor. Mochi. Mo-chee. Kice cake. Obi. Obe. Sash or girdle. Okkasan. Ok-kah-san. Mamma, or mother. Okusama. Okoo-sah-mah. A lady. Riki. Power. Samisen. Sah-ee-sen. Common guitar. Sampan. Boat. San. Mr., Mrs. or Miss (put after the name.) Sensei. Sen-sa. Teacher. Shu. Wheeled vehicle. “Shikataganai .” She-kah-tah ga-nai. 11 It is inevit¬ able.” Shimbokwai. Sliim-bok-kwai. A social gathering. Shimbun. Newspaper. 20 Pronunciation. Shin Kyo. Shogun. Shoji. Sobetsukuwai. Tatami. Tenshisama. Tera. Toni. New" doctrine, also Protestantism. Shogoon. Formerly the highest official in Japan. Sho-jee. Paper partitions, or sliding door. So-ba-tsu-k-wai. A farewell meeting. Tah-tah-me. Mats, 3x6 ft. in size. Ten-she-sah-mah. (Literally, son of heaven.) Ta-rah. Buddhist temple. Tore-ee. Gateway. Salutations. “ Ohayo.” O-hai-yo. “ Good morning,” to 8 or 9 o’clock. “ Kon nichiwa .” “ This day,” from 9 to sunset. “Konban.” “ This night,” or after sunset. “Savonara .” Sah-yon-ah-rah. “Good night,” or “Farewell, if it must be so.” The Japanese bow in meeting or parting from each other, but they are learning to imitate foreign customs and shake hands with foreigners. St. John, 3d chap., 16th verse. (In English letters.) “ Sore Kami wa sono umitamaeru hitorigo wo tamau hodo ni yo no hito wo aishitamaeri , ho wa subete /care wo shinzuru mono ni horoburn koto naku shite kagirinaki inochi wo ukeshimen ga tame nari.” 21 KOREA OR TA-CHOSUN. The language of Korea is similar in construc¬ tion to the Japanese. Many of the words have been imported from China, but neither Japanese nor Chinese is understood when spoken, although Chinese is read by all scholars. With the excep¬ tion of a few slight differences in dialect, the lan¬ guage of Seoul can be understood all over the kingdom. The written characters are read from the top down and from right to left. Geographical Names. Chemulpo. Eui Ju. Fusan. Korea. Seoul (or Kyung-gi-do. Gensan. Pronunciation. Chee-mul-po. We-jew. Foo-sahn. Ko-ree-ah. ) Sow-oul. Ghen-sahn. Monies and their Value. Cash —a small copper coin is the only money. Large numbers of these are carried by a cord passed through a hole in the centre. 1 puri, is 5 cash. 3000 cash are equal to a silver dollar. Weights. Korean weights are the same as Chinese. A Kean or Catty is equal to 1^ pounds. A nyang or onnus is equal to of a keun. A Ton is equal to j 1 ^ of a nyang or onnus. 22 Measures. The measures used in the city differ from those used in the country. Land is measured by the quantity of grain used to sow it, or the time taken to plough it. Grain is measured by so many henp or handfuls to make a sym or bag. Distances. Chi— equals one inch. Cha — “ one foot. A li is really measured by time—10 li means an hour’s travel by coolies on the plains, the distance is less on the mountains because the coolies travel more slowly. Native Words Found in Missionary Abagie. Literature. Father. Ahmounie. Mother. Chinas. Outside silk garment. Chogories. A little jacket or waist. Hapmun or Inguin. King. Kamsah. High official, governor. Kilchung. Guest house. Mee Kook saram. Americans. Pung Sok. Custom. Quagas. Government examinations. San. Mountain. Sarang-pang. General reception room. Tai. Great. 23 Tai In. Wae Yamen. Yang ban. Yangeen. Yong num. Yun. Great man, foreigner. Foreign office. Gentleman. European. Official residence. Kite. St. John, 3d Chap., 16th verse. (In Korean characters.) H o| £ c=> 53 21 cT °l oi U H 3 o| *11 0_ AH % O ZL £| °H 24 MEXICO AND GUATEMALA. The Spanish language is spoken in Mexico and Guatemala. All of the vowels have the long English sound, except the letter A when followed by H. The letter H is always silent. J has the sound of H. The letter Z is always pronounced like S. LI is pronounced as if it were Y, as in Tortilla—Tor-tee-yah. The letter N with a cir¬ cumflex over it is like n and y, as Mana—Man-yah. Words ending in a vowel, or n or s, have the accent on the syllable next the last, these ending in a con¬ sonant on the last syllable. Geographical Names. Guatemala. Pronunciation. Guatemala. San Jose. Gwah-ta-mdh-lah. Sahn-Ho-sdy. Mexico. Acapulco. Cardenas. Comalcalco. Ah-cah-pool-ko. Kdhr-da-nahs. Co-mahl-kdhl-ko. f Gah-ld-rah-da Ko-ah- \ pe-yah. Gar-rd-ro. Fron-td-rah. Hah-kah-lah. Hah-lah-pah. Ma-re-dah. Galerade Coapilla. Guerrero. Frontera. J acala. Jalapa. Merida, 25 Pronunciation. Ozumba. O-soom-bah. Paraiso. Pah-rah-ee-so. j Sahn Hwahn Be San Juan Bautista. l tah. San Luis Potosi. Sahn Loo-es Po-to _ ( Sahn-Me-qal d San Miguel del Mezquital j fafajd Saltillo. Sahl-tee-yo. Tabasco. Tah-bdhs-co. Tixtla. Tes-tlah. Tlalpam. Tlahl-pahm. Toluca. To-loo-kah. Tuxpan. Toos-pahn. Vera Cruz. V rah-Croos. Zacatecas. Sah-kah-td-kahs. Zimapan. Se-mah-pahm. Zitacuaro. Se-tdh-kwah-ro. Monies and Their Value. TJn Peso— (Oon Pa-so.) One dollar. Real y medio —(Ra-ahl e ma-de-o.) 1B| cents. Real —12£ cents. Medio —6 cents. Cuartillo —(Cwahr-tee-yo.) 3 cents. Tlaco —(Tlah-ko.) H cents. Weights and Measures. Arroba —(Ahr-r6-bah). A little over 25 pounds. Libra— (Lee-brah.) A little over 1 pound. Onza —(On-sah.) A little over 1 ounce. 26 Ouartillo —A little over 1 quart. Fanega (Fah-na-gah.) A little over 2 bushels. Cargo, —(Kahr-gah.) 4 bushels. Distance. Legua (La-gwah.) A league, over 2j miles. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Aguacale. Ah-gwah-cah-ta. A fruit. Aguador. Ah-gwah-dor. Water carrier. Ahuahuetes. Cypress trees. Alameda. Ah-lah-ma-dah. Public garden or park. Apartado. Ah-pahr-tah-do. Post-office box. Ah-to-la. Ah-va-ne-dah. Ah-so ta-ah. Kah-le -an-ta. Kahl-sah-dah. Atole. Avenida. Azotea. Caliente Calzada. Calle. Kah-ya. Chirimoya. Che-re-mo-yah Cura. Koo-rah. Divino Salvador. De-ve-ne Sahl-vah-dor. Divine Saviour. El Faro. A1 Fah-ro. « The Lighthouse ” (relig¬ ious newspaper). Feria. Fa-re-ah. A fair. Fiesta. he-as-tah. Feast or holy day. Gruel of corn meal, chocolate, &c. Avenue. Flat paved roof. Hot. Paved road, gravel walk, highway, or avenue. Street. A fruit. Priest. 27 Pronunciation. Fonda. Fon-dah. Restaurant. Fria. Fr6-ah. Cold. Frijoles. Fre-ho-las. Beans. Hacendado. Ah-san-dah-do. Owner of the hacienda. Hacienda. Ah-se-an-dah. A large farm. Jicaras. He-kah-rahs. Bowls made of gourds and painted. Lima. Le-mah. Lemon. Limon. Le-mon. Lime. Maguey. Mah-gay. A century plant. Manana. Man-yah-nah. To-morrow. Mensajero. Man-sah-ha-ro. “Messenger” (religious newspaper). Mescal. Mas-kahl. Distilled Pulque. Mesones. Ma-so-nas. Inns. 3fetate. Ma-tah-ta. A stone hand mill. Mozo. Mo-so. Servant. Noche triste. N6-cha-tres-ta. Sad night. Orchata. Or-chah-tah. Summer drink. Para Orislo. Pah-rah Krfs-to. 1* or Christ. Paseo. Pah-sa-o. Promenade. Patio. Pah-te-o. Space around which the house is built. Plaza. Pl&h-sah. Square or park. Portales. Por-tah-las. A projection of the house, forming a cov¬ ered way over the sidewalk and sup¬ ported by pillars. Pulque. Pool-ka. Drink made from cen¬ tury plant. 28 Pronunciation. Bancheros. Rahn-cha-ros. Farmers. Bebozo. Ra-bo-so. Long scarf, worn by women about the head and shoulders. Sarape. Sah-rah-pah. Blanket with a hole in the middle to put the head through; worn by men. Sombrero. Som-bra-ro A hat. Templada. Tam-plah-dah. Temperate. Tierra. Te-ar-rah. Country, or region. Tilma. Tel-mah. A man’s outer garment. Tortilla. Tor-tee-yah. A sort of pancake of corn meal that partly takes the place of bread. Tuna. Too-nah. Fruit of the cactus. Volcan. Vol-kahn. Volcano. Salutations. “ Buenos diasP Booa-nos de-ahs. “ Good morning.” “Buenas tardesP Boo-a-nahs tar-dahs. ‘‘Good after¬ noon.” “ BuenosnochesP Boo-a-nahs no-chas. “Goodnight.” “Que le vaya Ud bienP “May it be well with you.” “Que no tenga Ud novedadP “May you keep well.” The Mexicans greet each other with a bow, and always shake hands; even when shopping, they shake hands with the clerks. St. John 3d chapter , 16th verse. “ Porque de tal manera amo Dios al mundo, que ha dado a su Hijo Unigenito, para que todo aquel que en El creyere, no se pier da, mas tenga vida eternaP 29 PERSIA OR IRAN There are as many languages in Persia as there are nations. “Persians generally speak Persian and Turkish; the former is the court and the latter the business language. The Persian is a language rich in idioms and tones.” Our missionaries gen¬ erally need to understand two languages, and it is often a great hindrance to missionary work not to be able to speak three or four. Those in Teheran and Hamadan use the Armenian and Persian; in Salmas and Tabriz the Armenian and Turkish; in Oroomiah, modern Syriac and Turkish, and in Mosul the Syriac and Arabic. “A” has the sound of “Ah” when marked, and in the Persian the ac¬ cent is generally on the last syllable; in Syriac it is on the next to the last syllable. Armenian is read from left to right; Turkish, Persian and Syriac from right to left. Geographical Names Haft Dewan. Hamadan. Ispahan. Mosul. Oroomiah. Tabriz. Teheran. Tiary. Pronunciation. Haft-Dewan. Ham-a-ddn. Is-pd-hdn. Mo-sool. O-roo-me-ah. Tab -reez. Tay-e-rdn. Tee-d-ry. 30 Monies and their Value. Tomar .—about $1.50. Kran —(Fifteen cents) 10 Kran in a Toman. Pen-na-bdd —Half a Kran. Sha-hee —(Copper coin worth about f a cent) 20 Shahee in a Kran. Weights Man , or BoC —a term for several different weights, 6j, 7 and 34 pounds. Char-dk —a quarter of some larger weight. JJirahm (dr-a-m)—nearly a pound. Measures. Zar (Zare)—usually 30 inches. Ar-sheen —27 inches, and sometimes 42 inches. Distances. Farsang —equal to three miles in some places, but longer in other places. Words used in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Abba. Cloak. A Aboona. A-boo-na. Aglia. Bishop. Landlord, master or Mr. Ameer-i-Nizam. Anderoon. Commander of army. The women’s apart¬ ments in a Turkish or Persian house. 31 Beg. Pronunciation. A title of nobility of lowest degree. Berun. Bheestee. Bee-rune. Men’s apartments. Water carriers. Cajavahs. Boxes slung on each side of a horse, in which pas¬ sengers are carried. Chavadar. Char-va-dar. Muleteer. Cnooshya. Cnosh-ya. Presbytery or Assembly. Ferangi. Fer-ang-ee Foreigner. Henna. Hen-na. A juice from a plant, used to stain the hair and finger tips. Injil. In-jeel. New Testament. Kasha. Ka-sha. Pastor or priest. Ket-Khoda .* Klian. Head man of a village. A titled nobleman. Ko-Khd.\ Koomnah. Koorsee. Lacheela. Mar. • Head man of a village. Meat cooked and stored for use. A low table placed over a vessel of coals, and spread with quilts, around which the Per¬ sians sit for warmth. Head dress. Prefix to Bishop’s name —lord. Mesta.-f Curds. Moharrdm. Month of mourning among Persian Mohammedans. * Persian, f Syriac. 32 Pronunciation. Mongol. Brazier of charcoal. Mosul. The city from which comes the word muslin. Muezzin. Mu-6z-zin. Priest who gives the call for prayer three times a day from the roof of the mosque. Mullah. Teacher or priest. No Ruz. No-Rooz. Persian New Year’s day. Barevs. Bar-evs. Salutations. Proots. Protes. Protestants. Rdbi. Baby. Teacher. Rais* Kay-ees. Head man of a village. Ramazan. Ram-a-zan. Month of Mohamme¬ dan fasting. Serparast. Sub-governor. Sertib. General of army. Shamdsha. Sham-a-sha. Deacon. Shah. The king of Persia. Sheikh. Chief of a tribe or village, and also a religious chief. Su Hauck. Colonel. Tacht-ra-vdn. A closed or curtained con¬ veyance without wheels, with poles extending before and behind like shafts, by which it is slung on horses’ backs. Yagoort* * Turkish. Curds, a very com¬ mon article of diet. 33 Salutations. “Salaam —a lai Koom” (Persian and Turkish.) “Peace to you.” Shldmd tokh (Syriac—masculine.) “Peace to you.” Shldmd lakh ( “ feminine.) “ “ Khoda Hafiz —“God keep you.” Persian and Turkish “farewell.” The Persians salute one another with the right hand raised to the breast, and an inclination of the body more or less profound, as the person saluted is of higher or lower rank. St. John, 3d Chap., 16th verse. 34 SIAM, OR MUANGr TI. The Siamese language is one syllabled, and is called a “tone” language, because the same words spoken in five different tones may mean five differ¬ ent things. The accent is generally on the last syllable. The alphabet has forty-four letters be¬ side the vowels. It is read from left to right, as the English language. The same language is used all over the country. Geographical Names. Ayuthia. Called by natives Kroong Kon (ancient capital). Pronunciation. Bangkaboon. Bang-ka-boon. Ban Laam. Ban-Laam. Menam. Me-ndm. Pak Talay. Pak Ta-ldy. Petchaburee. Petcha-boo-ree. Kajburee. Baj-boo-ree. Siam. Seedhxn. Somray. Sam Bay. Tharua Banphai. Ta rua Ban pax. Monies and Tlieir Value. Bat or Tical. —(Ba-at.) About 60 cents. 35 Weights. The coins of the country are the standard of weight. Bat or Tical. About half an ounce. Tumlung. —(Tam lung.) “ 2 oz. Chang. —(Chang.) “ 40 oz. Hap. —(Ha-ap.) a 133 lbs. Measures. 20 Kanan —(Ka-nan) make a Tang (bucket). 100 Tangs “ Kean (cart). Distances. Sen. —130 feet. 40 Sen. —One mile. 400 Sen. —One yote. 1 yote. —Ten miles. Time. The Siamese language has no equivalent for week. 6 Natee. —(Na-tee.) Make 1 Bat (1-10 of an hour). 10 Bat. “ _ 1 Mong (hour). 12 Mong. “ 1 Wan (day). 29 or 30 Wan. 11 1 Duan (month). 12 or 13 Duan. —(Du-an.) Make 1 Pee. Pee. —A year. r Wan Atit. —(Atet.) Sunday. “ Chan. —(Chaan.) Monday. “ Ang Kan. —(Ang Kan.) Tuesday. “ Phoot. —(Phoot.) Wednesday. “ Phra Hat. —(Plira Hat.) Thursday. a Sook. —(Sook.) Friday. ‘ £ Sou. —(Sou.) Saturday. 36 Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Bat. Foot. Bideeka. Bi-dee-ka. Priest of the royal temple. Boon. Merit. Boore or Bee. Providence. Bek. Little children. Kancm. Cocoanut shells. Kapick. Ka-p6k. Kotten fish pounded to a jelly, and used for flavoring. Kon Neo. Rice (glutinous). Kroo. Teacher. Luk On. Look On. A baby. Maak. Leaves of a plant (pep- per family), which, used with Betal nut and lime, stains the teeth black. Mem. Menam. Mera. Niphan. Panoonq. Pm. Prabat. Pra Kroo. Phrae-Kroo. Prci Pralat. Phra Pralat. Mong-koot. A fruit. Lady, or lady missionary. Me-nam. River, literally, mother of waters. Malaa. “Mem has come.” Ne-pan. Oblivion, Nirvana. Pa-noong. Waist cloth or skirt. Excellent, divine, sacred. Phra-bat. The fool of Buddha. Priest of the royal temple. Lieutenant-Governor. 37 Pronunciation. Samret Chow. An order of the priesthood. Sang. Somepan. Some-pan. Tide. Too-e. Wan Phra. Wat. Glory. Head priest of the com¬ mon temple. Little cup. A sacred day. A temple. Salutations. “ Sa-bi Pud “Are you well?” “La-pi-kawn” “I take my leave before I go”—equivalent to our “good-bye.” The Siamese bow in greeting, and lift the hands placing palm to palm. For greater reverence they kneel and lift the hands in the same way. St. John 3d chapter, 16th verse. mi iT) mimmm trotting wm itevmi mmzm, mvnmfiKmfiduvm f ■ 7 i * isSlnainns/, ufi is « Siwnn 38 LAOS. Language. The Laos is also a “tone language/’ but it has no plural, “all” or “many” being prefixed to the singular to make the plural. While it is very like the Siamese, it has a wholly different written char¬ acter. The Laos character was first printed by our missionaries in 1892. It is read like the English, from left to right. Geographical Name. Pronunciation. Che-ung Hi. Che-ung Mi. C he-ung-Sdn. La kawn. La poon. Meh Hawk Hang. Meh Ping. Meh Wring. Pa-P6w (as in cow). Cheung Hai. Cheung Mai. Cheung Saan. Lakawn. Lapoon. Maa Dawk Dang. Maa Ping. Maa Wang. Pa Pow. Monies and Tlieir Value. Rupee. —(Ru-pee.) 37 cents, at the present rate of exchange. Att .—About one cent. Sailing. —(Sa-loong.) A silver coin, about one dime. Tical. —(Te-call). A Siamese coin, about 60 cents. Win .—2 annas, equal to five cents, the smallest silver coin. 39 Weights and Measures. Weights and measures have no English equiv¬ alents. They are arranged by decimals, as toy, pun, mun, san (hundred, thousand, ten thousand, hun¬ dred thousand.) Distances. Distances are generally indicated by the time required to travel them. A journey of seventy- five miles is spoken of as “three nights,” that is, travelers will camp three nights on the way. Eighteen miles would be one day, twelve miles four hours. 2 Kiip or Span make a Sawk. 4 Sawks (from elbow to finger tip, a cubit,) make one Wah. One Wah 6 feet, or the length a man can stretch with his arms. 1000 Wahs, H miles. [Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Ban. Village. Chang. Elephant. Hua. Hoo-a. Boat. Khon. Rhone. Human being. Khovo. (ow as in cow ). Rice. Kroo. Teacher or missionary. La awn. L, on. Child. Maa Kroo. Meh Kru. Missionary wife, or lady teacher. 40 Pronunciation. Maa Dawk Dang. Meh-Dawk Dang. Maa Leung. Meh L6e-ung. Ni. Nai. Ngun. Pa-Kroo. Paw Leung. Paw Lee-ung. Poo Chai. Poo Sawn. Poo Ying. Pra Chow, (as in cow.) Pra Kam Fe. Pra Nyasu. Sala. Sah-lah. Wat. Red flower town. Physician’s wife, or lady physician. Title of respect—Mr., Miss, Madam, or lady, generally given to unmarried mis¬ sionary ladies. Money. ‘‘ Father teacher,” (an elderly missionary}. Physician. Man. One who teaches. Woman. God (applied also to Buddha and to the king of Cheung Mai.) Bible or Scriptures, used for any sacred writings, Chris¬ tian or Buddhist. Lord Jesus. Rest house for travelers. Temple. Salutations. “Pirn.” Pie Nie. 11 Pi ni ma” “ Chi pi kon.” “ Yu dee ka.” “ Yu dee.” Or “ Baw so dee.” “Where are you going?” “Whence do you come”?” “I will go now.” “Are you well?” “I am well.” “Not very well.” 41 The Laos are not demonstrative, the gesture of reverence, called “wy,” made by bowing the head over the hands placed together, the palms open and the thumbs up, varies according to the sup¬ posed dignity of the person addressed, whether king, nobleman, or person of rank. THE LORD’S PRAYER IN LAOS, 42 SOUTH AMERICA. BRAZIL. Portuguese, the language spoken in Brazil, contains twenty-seven letters. There are slight differences in pronounciation in different parts of the country, but no dialects. The construction of the language and the idioms are very like the French. Geographical Names. Pronunciation. Bahia. Bah-ee-ah. Botucatu. Bo-too-ca-tdo. Brotas. Bro-lahs. Caldas. Kdl-das. Cam pan ha. Kahm-pdhn-yah . Curityba. Coo-ree-tee-ba. Fartura. Far-too-ra. Jaliu. Jah-hoo. Larangeiras. Lah-rahn-jay-rahs. Novo Friburgo. Nd-vo-Fre-bdor-go. Parana. Pah-rah-ndh. Rio Janeiro. Bee-o Jahn-ee-ro. Rio Claro. Bee-o-Cldr-o. Sao Paulo. Soun Pdw-lo. Santos. San-tus. Sergipe. Sur-gee-pee. Sorocabo. So-ro-cd-bo. 43 Monies and their Value. Conto of Reis (Konto-Rays), $500.00. Milreis (Meel-rays), about fifty cents. Pataca (Pah-tah-cah), 16 cents. Tostdo (Tus-town), 5 cents. Vintem (Vin-tame), 1 cent. Weights and Measures. The French metrical system is used. The unit of weight is Uma Gramma, a little over 15 grains. Kilo Gramma, usually called “ UmKilo” a little over 2 lbs. Arroba (Uma Arroba), 32 lbs. Metre —equal to 1 yd. 4 inches. Kilo-metre —equal to f of a mile. Distances. Lequa ^Leg-wah). A league, equal to four of our miles. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Aula. Pronunciation. OwT-ah. School-hours or sions. Bene cio. Ben-soun. Blessing. Bond. Street cars. Cafezal. Cah-fee-zahl. Coffee plantation. Caixa. Kai-sha. Post office box. Casa. Kah-zah. House. Cereja. Seh-ray-jah. Cherry trees. Chacara. Shah-cah-rah. Country place. Cidade. feee-dah-dee. City. 44 CoUegio. Pronunciation. Kol-lesh-ee*a. School. Culto. Kuhl-tu. Religious service. Fazenda. Fah-zen-dah. Farm or plantation. Fazendiero. Fah-zen-day-roo. Planter. Fschola. Eh-skol-ah. College. Fegas. Fay-gahs. Blk beans. Ferias. Fay-ree-ahs. Vacation. Mate. Mah-tah. Paraguyan tea (plant). Meninas. Mee-ne-nahs. Girls. Ministro. Meeneestro. Clergyman. Oracdo. Ore-ah-soun. Prayer. Quintal. Iveen-tahl. Garden. Santa Biblia. Sahn-tah-Bee-blee-ah. Holy Bible. Semestre. Seh-mess-tree. Half year school term. Senhor. Sen-yor. Mr. or Sir. Senhora Sen-yor-ah. Mrs. Trolley. Buck board. ° Bon dia.” Salutations. Bong-dee-a. “Good morning.” u Boa tarde .” Bo-a-tar-dee. “ Good evening 1 .” “ Como esta a senhora ” (Com-oo-es-tali a sen-yor-a). “ How do you do, madam.” South American people bow and shake hands as in North America, only much oftener and more profoundly. St. John, 3d chapter, 16th verse. u Porque de tal maneira amou Deus ao mundo, que deu a seu Filho unigenito, para que todo aquelle que n’die ere, nao perega, mas tenha a vida eternal ’ 45 CHILE, COLOMBIA. The Spanish language is spoken in Chile and Colombia, and is very easy to pronounce. The letter h is always silent, but j and sometimes g have the sound of h. Z is always pronounced like s. LI is pronounced as if it were two different letters, as in Tortilla—Tor-teel-yah. The letter n with a circumflex over it is also like two letters, n and y —as mafia man-yah, ch is like one letter, as ch —in church. Geographical Names. Chile. Pronunciation. Caldera. Kal-ddy-rah. Chile. Chee-leh. Chilian. Cheel-yan. Concepcion. Con-sep-see-own. Copiapo. Co-pee-ah-po. Quillota. Keel-yo-tah. Santiago. San-tee-dh-go. Valparaiso. Val-para-ee-so. Colombia. Barranquilla. Bar-ran-keel-ya. Bogota. Bo-go-tah. Cartagena. Car-ta-hay-na. Honda. Own-da. Magdalena. Mag-da-lay- na. Medellin. May-del-yeen. Socorro. So-cor-ro. Sogamoso. So-ga-mo-so. Zipaguira. Zee-pay-gwe-r ah. 46 Monies and their Value. The currency of Chile is the same as U. S. dollars and cents. Peso (Pay-so), one dollar. Pesita (Pay-see-ta), 20 cents. Peal (Ray-al), 10 cents. Medio (May-tee-o), 5 cents. Quartillo (Quar-teel-yo), 2J cents. Centavo (Sen-tah-vo), 1 cent. The English weights and the French metric system are used. Distances. Legua (Lay-gua). A league, 3J of our miles. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Aguardienti. Alamo. Alquilados. Americano. Brazos. Calle. Colegio. Escuela. Pronunciation. Ah-gwar-di-en-teh. Native brandy. Ah-la-mo. Poplar tree. Al-quee-lah-dos. Servants. Ah-may-ree-cah-no. American. Brah-sos. Field hands. Cal-yeh. Street. Co-lay-hio. Higher College School. Es-quay-la. School. Escuela Popular. Es-quay-la Po-poo-lar. Day school. Fiesta. Fee-es-tah. Holy day, feast. Gringo. Gree-ngo. Foreigner. Hacienda. Ah-se-en-dah. Station or farm. 47 Pronunciation. Heraldo. Ay-ral-do. u Herald,” a religious newspaper. Iglesia. Ee-glay-sia. Church. Jnstituto Internacional. In-stee-too-to. Inter-na- see-o-nall. Higher Academy or College. Limosna. Lee-mos-na. Alms. Madre. Mah-dreh. Mother. Mantilla. Man-tee-ya. Shawl or cape worn over the head. Padre. Pah-dreh. Father. Patio. Paht-yo. Court of a dwelling. Peons. Pay-own-es. Peasants. Poncho. Pon-cho. Cloak made of a square of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head to go through. Senor. Sen-yor. Sir or Mr. Senora. Sen-yora. Mrs. or lady. Salutations. Buena Noche. Boo-ay-na N6-cheh. u Good night.” Buena Dias. Boo-ay-na-Dee-as. “ Good morning.” Gospel of St. John, 3d Chapter, 16th verse. “ Porque de tal manera amo Dios al mundo, que ha dado a su Hijo Uni.genito, para que todo aquel que en el cree, no se pierda, mas tenga vida eterna.” 48 SYRIA. Arabic is the only native language used by our Mission, in preaching or publication. It has twenty-eight letters, and is written from right to left. Its pronunciation is difficult, because of the gutturals, which have no equivalents in English. Geographical Names. Pronounced. Abadeyeh. Ahb-a-de-yeh. Abeih. Ahb-a-eh. Ain Kunyeh. Akin- Qunyeh. Ain Zehalta. Ain-Zehal-ta. Aleih. Ah-lay. Baalbec. Ba-ahl-bec . Beirut. Bay-root. Deir-el Ghazel. Dare-el-G ha-zelle. Deir-el Komr. Dare-il- Qomer. Deir Mimas. Dare Mee-mas. El Meena. El-mee-na. Hamath. Ham-ah. Hasbeya. Hasbey-ya. Hums. Hums. Jedeideh. Je-day-deh. Jezzeen. Djez-zeen. Jun. Boon. Kaleia. Ka-ldy-ah. Kanah. Qa-na. Keffeir. Kef-fare, 49 Kefr Shima. Khiyam. Khureibeh. Maalaka. Mahardeh. Mejdeluna. Merj Ayun. Meshghara. Minyara. Rasheiya. Salelieyeh. Shibaa. Shi i fa. Shweifat. Suk-el-Ghurb. Tripoli. Zahleh. Pronunciation. Kef-er Sheema. Khe-yam. Khu-rei-beh. Ma-ahl-la-quh. Ma-har-deh. Mej-del-oonci. Merj-a-yoon. Mesh-gharah. Min-ya-ra. Ba-shay-ya. Sa-le-he-yeh. Shib-ah. Shlee-fa. Shwy-fat. Sook-il-Ghoorb. Trip-o-lee . Zah-leh. Turkish Money is Used in Syria. Majeedie (Ma-jeed-de), about ninety cents. Piastre (Pe-yaster), about four cents. Lira (Lee-ra) a gold piece, $4.50, equal to an English sovereign, or a French 20 francs piece, $4.00. Weights and Measures. Bottle— (Rotl.) 5| lbs. Kuntar. — (Qun-tarr.) 100 rottles. Drad. — (Drah-ah.) Three-quarters of a yard. 50 Distance. Distances are measured by hours and days. Hour of a loaded mule’s travel, 3 miles or less. Day of a loaded mule’s travel, 25 miles. Native Words Found in Missionary Literature. Pronunciation. Ab-a. Ahb-a. Peasant’s outer cloak. Allah. Ul-lah. God. Argeleh. Ar-gee-leh. Hubble-bubble, a pipe. Bakh-sheesh. Present, or fee. Beclawin. Bed-a-ween. Wandering tribes of the Beit. Bait. Dcir. Dare. Dibs. Effendi. Ef-fendee. Ezar. E-zaar. Firman. Injeel. Issam Allah. Kadi. Qua-dee. Kham, K han. Kibby. desert. House. Convent. Native molasses. Term of respect—Esq. Sheet covering wrapped about women out of doors. A grant or order from the government. Gospel, used also for New Testament. “ In the name of God.” Moslem judge. Cotton cloth. Inn. Cracked wheat and meat pounded together. 51 Pronunciation. Khowaja. Kho-wa-i djah. Gentleman. Koukab. Children’s monthly paper. Lahaf. Padded quilt. Leben. Milk curdled by a leaven- ening process. Mandeel . Veil worn over face. Meena. Mee-na. Harbor and seaport town. Mudir. Mu-deer. Local governor. Mufti. Muf-teh. Expounder of Moslem law. Neshra. A Religious and scientific journal. Semmin. Melted butter. Sheikh. Shay-kh. Head man of village. Shem-el-Howa. Shem-il-howa. Pic-nic, “ Enjoying the air.” Sibby. Boy. • Sirocco. Si-rocco. A hot eastern wind. Sitt. Sit. Lady. Tanjura. Brass saucepan. Tarboosh. Cap or fez. Wady. Wa-deh. A water course, dry in summer. Salutations. “Salaam .” Sa-lam. “Peace.” “ Sab’-bah’Jcum-bil-Kheir Sa-bah-il-Kir. “Good morning.” “Mes’edkum bit Kheir.” “Good evening.” “ Kaif-hal-luk .” Kef-hal-luk. “How do you do?” “ TJuddulu.” T’fud-du-lee. Term of invitation or welcome. “Na’ha’rik Saa’ide” “ May you be happy.” “Go in peace.” “ Maa is sa , laa , mie. v 52 The Syrian form of greeting is to advance toward each other, lightly touch the tips of each other’s lingers (always the right hand), then each rapidly touches his own breast, lips and forehead. The same is done at parting. St. John 3d chapter , 16th verse. (In Arabic.) k ) \ \ QUESTION BOOI^ SERIES. SIAM AND LAOS, SOUTH AMERICA, JAPAN, CHINESE IN AMERICA, SYRIA, CHINA, MEXICO, NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, INDIA, AFRICA, PERSIA. Five Cents each. Fifty Cents per set of Eleven. FOREIGN MISSIONARY CATECHISM. Two Cents each. Fifteen Cents per Dozen.