Series One J. S. C. A. PAMPHLETS Number One 3 m . '^THE SECOND GENERATION 9. \» w . PROBLEM Some Suggestions Toward Its Solution By Roy Hidemichi Akagi, Ph. D. (SECOND EDITION) Issued by The Japanese Students' Christian Association in North America 347 Madison Avenue, New York City June, 1926 THE SECOND GENERATION PROBLEM Some Suggestions Toward Its Solution By Roy Hidemichi Akagi, Ph. D. GENERAL SECRETARY THE JAPANESE STUDENTS' CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION IN NORTH AMERICA (SECOND EDITION) Issued by The Japanese Students' Christian Association in North America 347 Madison Avenue, New York City June, 1926 First Edition, April, 1926. Second Edition, June, 1926 FOREWORD In its effort to serve the cause of the younger generation of Japanese on the Pacific Coast and to contribute something toward the general welfare of Japanese in America, the Japa- nese Students' Christian Association in North America caused the discussion of the second generation problem at the Pacific Coast Sectional Conference, held at Asilomar, Calif., during the Christmas vacation, 1924-25. At its meeting in September, 1925, the Central Executive Board officially took up the problem at length and decided to incorporate it into the J. S. C. A. pro- gram ; to publish a pamphlet emphasizing the plans for the solution of the problem; to call a Pacific Coast Council on Ad- vanced Program in order to consider, among other subjects, the solution of the problem as a possible program of the J. S. C. A. activities on the Pacific Coast ; and to appoint a Committee on the Second Generation Problem in order to institute needed investigations as well as to carry out some of the plans which may be formulated by the proposed Council Meeting. The meeting of the said Council on Advanced Program took place at Asilomar, December 22-26, and the sixteen members, repre- senting the J. S. C. A. local chapters from Vancouver to Los Angeles and Salt Lake City, took up the question with a view to finding out what the J. S. C. A. can do. The deliberations of the Council are summarized in the Japanese Student Bulletin for January, 1926. At both of these meetings, the writer provided a short out- line out of which the present pamphlet grew. The Council on Advance Program, fully recognizing the necessity for such a pamphlet as moved by the Central Executive Board, and realiz- ing the difficulty of its task, discussed the problem fully and appointed Miss Ruby Hirose of the University of Washington, Francis Minoru Hayashi and Kazuo Kawai of Stanford Uni- versity, George Kaneko of California Institute of Technology, and Frank Iso> Nakamura of Occidental College to form a Com- mittee On Second Generation Problem. The Committee met with the writer and determined the scope of the proposed pamphlet, which now greets the public in its present form. The present pamphlet is an attempt to suggest possible means of solving the more important phases of the problem. Limited space has made necessary the outline form of presen- 3 tation and the elimination of illustrative material as well as adequate reference to some of the worthy attempts already being made by other organizations on the Pacific Coast. The section on the analysis of the problem, incorporating in general outline with considerable modifications and additions an article on the subject written by Kazuo Kawai in the January number of the Japanese Student Bulletin is included for. the benefit of those who are not familiar with the significance of the problem. It may be rightfully claimed that the pamphlet over-em- phasizes the point of view of the second generation. Two pos- sible reasons may be given for this position: first, this is the only logical procedure in solving the problem, and, second, there has been no spokesman to present their viewpoint in a comprehensive way. The writer, however, knowing full well his limitations and the complicated nature of the problem, does not even hope that this is a complete and perfect treatment of the problem; far from it. He welcomes, therefore, criticisms and suggestions from those who are sincerely interested to help solve this important problem of Japanese in America. R. H. A. New York City, Easter Day, 1926. CONTENTS Foreword ' 3 Introduction 7 Analysis of the Problem 8 Points of View 12 Cooperation Between Two Generations 14 Cooperation With Americans 16 Vocational Guidance and Employment Bureau : 1. Vocational Guidance 18 2. Employment Bureau 20 Education : 1. Higher and Professional Education 21 2. Scholarships and Loan Funds 22 3. Japanese Chairs in American Colleges 23 Religious Activities 25 Wholesome Recreational Centers _ 28 Social Hygiene Education 29 Publications 31 Development of Leaders _.. 32 Suggested Procedure _ _ - _ 33 Seven Lamps of Second Generation Problem 36 5 JAPANESE STUDENTS' CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION IN NORTH AMERICA The objects of the Japanese Students' Christian Association in North America are three-fold: (1) to unite all Japanese, especially Christian, students and to cul- tivate an organized effort; (2) to promote growth of Christian character and fel- lowship among its member? and to spread the Christian way of life among Japanese students in North America; (3) to stimulate capacity for service and to render needed services for the general welfare of Japanese students in North America. 6 INTROD UCTION HE recent development in the Japanese question in America has been both fortunate and unfortunate. It has been ex- tremely unfortunate in the sense that the "harm was done" in the relationship between the United States of America and Japan. The legalization by the United States Supreme Court of the Pacific Coast land legislation against Japanese people, the barring of Japa- nese from the privilege of naturalization in the United States, and the total exclusion of Japanese immigrants by congressional legis- lation are some of the high lights in this direction. Now we hear an attempt even to deprive the children of Japanese parentage in this country of the privilege of becoming American citizens ! Amer- ica is thus forcing the race question, no matter what the explanation may be on her part, into Japanese-American relationship. On the other hand, the development has been a blessing in the sense that it has clearly defined and outlined the future course of the Japanese question in America; it has awakened the Japanese in America, especially on the Pacific Coast, to realize the importance of the position of the American citizens of Japanese parentage. Indeed, it has conclusively demonstrated that there' is small hope for the solution of the Japanese question except in the future devel- opment, nobly conceived and carefully conducted, of the so-called second generation of Japanese. Much has been talked about and a great deal of ink has been spilled over this question, but little is yet accomplished, or being accomplished, in providing practical plans and in leading them to- ward a brighter future. What follows is not a discussion but an attempt to present some definite plans and suggestions to meet their needs, especially from the point of view of the second generation themselves. 7 ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM HAT is the so-called "Second Generation Problem?" We should understand the nature of the problem before we con- sider the plans for its solution. It is essential, therefore, that we should answer this question with a brief but comprehensive analysis of the problem. General Considerations. In the Hawaiian Islands and on the Pacific Coast, where a considerable Japanese population exists, there has been growing up a great number of Japanese children, totaling today more than 60,000 in the Hawaiian Islands and more than 50,000 on the continent. They are born under the American flag and are constitutionally American citizens. Their entire edu- cation and social training are exclusively American; consequently, their ideas and ideals, customs and traditions, attitude of mind and mode of expression are distinctly American. They speak the best of English language, betraying not the slightest foreign accent and making use of the current slang, whereas they cannot speak, and are not learning, their mother tongue as readily. Having been brought up entirely in this country, they know little, if anything, of things Japanese, to say nothing about the land and its culture. This situation makes it difficult for them to merge with Japanese and to become a part of the Japanese community. On the other hand, they are physically Japanese and they bear all the characteristic physical ear-marks of their ancestry. Thus, the average American, making no distinction between the first and the second generations of Japanese, classifies them with their alien parents and reacts to them in the same way as he does toward the latter. Hence, not only are they barred from American society, but they are subjected to discrimination , and unequal treatment alike with their parents. If the second generation of Japanese are by nature incapable of being absorbed by the Japanese community and if they are not accepted as Americans by American society, where should they belong? Thus, they are truly men and women without a country, and herein is the background of the second generation problem. The second generation problem is, thus, nothing but a situation brought about as a result of maladjustment of two groups in the meeting of the East and the West. If we look upon it more closely and carefully, it will be found to be not a problem, but a series of 8 complicated maladjusted situations and problems arising therefrom. Some of the more apparent manifestations of these situations and varied problems may be outlined as follows : Relation to First Generation. As it has been already pointed out, the young- second generation of Japanese are culturally and socially American, and have very little in common with the older first generation Japanese. The gaps which exist between these two generations are indeed deep and wide : difference in language equip- ment, the second generation being able to speak practically no Japa- nese and the first generation being equipped with inadequate knowl- edge of English; difference in customs and traditions, often develop- ing actual conflict between two widely divergent ideals of the family of the first generation and the individualism of the second; differ- ence in cultural attainments and modes of thinking, hence, difference in the attitude of mind, the desire for emancipation on the part of the second generation bringing the culture of their parents into con- tempt ; difference in religious beliefs, often precipitating the con- flict between Christian and Buddhistic ideas ; difference in nationality and national loyalty, the second generation offering allegiance to the United States of America and the first generation to Japan ; un- settled conditions of the first generation with regard to permanent residence in America, due mainly to anti-Japanese atmosphere, and the altogether different attitude of the second generation. Add to these the eternal spirit of the revolt of youth against old age ! As a result of such a situation, neither side really appreciates the point of view of the other, leading to the prevalence of misunderstanding, the absence of harmony and cooperation, and the lack of sympathy and proper respect between the two classes of Japanese on the Pacific Coast. How to reconcile these two groups so as to bring about new adjustments and accommodations, and to redefine situa- tions so as to evolve new codes of conduct — these constitute a prob- lem of vital importance. Relation to American Society. The second generation Japa- nese are essentially American in birth and training and have practic- ally nothing in common with the first generation except the racial tie, but they are not readily taken into the fold of American life. This paradoxical situation is a result of sentiment rather than of reason. Because they bear the physical characteristics of their ancestry, they are not taken as American citizens in the daily life and the consti- tutional possession of citizenship does not help them in the least. Their problems and destinies do not ordinarily interest American or- 9 ganizations and clubs, everv churches and other Christian bodies; which practically close doors in their faces. While in many instances they are not barred theoretically, for all practical purposes they are shut out by being made to feel uncomfortable and uneasy. Their friendship with Americans, bred from childhood up through schools, is riot lasting' and usually melts away sooner or later. In short; race prejudice, consciously or unconsciously; separates them from the bulk- of Americans and almost always this action emanates from the latter group. The problem is, then, how to educate Americans as to the true nature and significance of the second generation Japanese in order to overcome their prejudices and to become willing to accept these Americans of Japanese parentage into American society on something like an equal and fair footing. When this problem is adequately solved, the East will meet the West on respectable terms on- the American continent and the Japanese contributions toward life-and ideals will eventually follow. Vocational and Employment Guidance. Most of the second generation members are not content to remain in the same vocational status as their parents in their present occupation as unskilled labor- ers, farmers, gardeners, house-workers, peddlers, etc. But the Japanese community on the Pacific Coast is not large enough to afford much opportunity for development in large commercial or pro- fessional fields which confine their activities to merely the Japanese community. Even in the case of unskilled second generation, there are no Japanese factories' or big business establishments or farms large enough to absorb them. On the other hand, due to race prejudice, American firms on the Pacific Coast, all over the country for' that matter, do not readily employ second generation Japanese, even in professional lines. Neither are the second generation quali- fied to go to Japan and adjust themselves to Japanese society, for obvious reasons already discussed. This situation is due to one or all of the following various forces at work : lack of trained and sympa- thetic vocational director; practical absence of parental advice, or very often forced vocations where 1 there is strong parental control; ignorance of the vocations and the field of future activities; lack of financial backing; lack of ambition and ideal for hard work among the ; second generation ; unsettled Condition of Japanese community ; pessimistic future of Japanese in America, due mainly to anti- Japa- nese legislation, naturalization decisions, and the immigration law; race prejudice on the part of Americans; and the pessimistic future of the second generation themselves, especially in view of the grow- 10 ing movement to take citizenship rights away from them. The problem is, then, how to open up suitable vocational fields for the second generation, to guide their training and education accordingly, and to show them a bright future. Standard of Social Conduct. The second generation know practically nothing of the spirit which is behind the social conduct prevalent in Japanese society. Their parents exercise very little in- fluence over them, due to the gap which exists between the two generations already mentioned. Neither do they know the best of the ideals guiding social conduct in American society for the simple reason that they are excluded therefrom. Thus, the second genera- tion are placed in a position to throw off all restraining and directing influences of home and society before they have learned and mastered self-control or have been able to make necessary and whole- some adjustment to the new order. This leads to an unstable and unnatural social life. Fortunately, very few of them are known to the truant officers or to the juvenile courts. The problem is, then, how to provide the Japanese second generation with wholesome and stable social life and how to unite them harmoniously with the American, as well as Japanese, society, thereby preventing disorgani- zation and demoralization in the second generation. Religious Life. Due to the general anti-Japanese atmos- phere on the Pacific Coast, the second generation as a group feel self-conscious and out of place in American churches, although as individuals many of them have penetrated through this barrier. On the other hand, the Japanese churches are designed to meet primarily the needs of the first generation, and take very little consideration of the language difficulties as well as social and cultural divergen- ces of the second generation. The Japanese second generation are thus unprovided for religiously. Recently the Japanese churches have been attempting to adapt their programs to the needs of the second generation, but the experiment is as yet unsatisfactory, due to the absence of experience and the lack of a tried and proved tech- nique in the handling of the second generation, in addition to the lack of leaders. In order to get a more vivid situation, add to this the presence of both Christianity and Buddhism in their midst, and the materialistic tendency of their environment, especially the tendency of the American youth to drift away frorn the religion of the churches. The problem here is how can we give to the second genera- tion Japanese an adequate religious training which will magnificently strengthen and encourage them in their peculair life struggles. 11 These several vital problems or situations, then, together consti- tute 1 the second generation problem. Through this brief sum- mary of the more important phases, it must be apparent that this is a complicated but important problem which will either make or un- make the more harmonious relationship between the East and the West, especially on the Pacific Coast. The other and miscellaneous elements in this problem will be touched upon and made clearer as the pamphlet unfolds itself in the following pages. It may be pointed out here that the problem of the second generation Japanese is similar in nature to the problems of any immigrant races or nation- alities in their second generation with but one distinctive difference, namely, that, whereas in the case of European immigrant groups the second generations sooner or later lose their national and even racial identities and merge into American life, the second genera- tion Japanese can never lose their physical identity and will be physically "Japanese" always, even though they may be one hundred per cent. American in every other respect. Hence, the added diffi- culty of the Japanese second generation problem. N addressing ourselves to the important task of meeting and ^JL^ trying to solve this vital and most complicated series of problems, we must first set before us proper and basic attitudes of mind in handling the problem as a whole. We must especially bear in mind the following points around which all suggestions on the succeeding pages revolve : 1. To respect the point of view of the second generation them- selves, not parents', and to find the solution in their interest. ■ Here- tofore, the first generation saw the problem from their own point of view and tried to force their interests and ideas and conclusions over the second generation. Hence, their proposals missed the mark- far, and caused the seeming revolt of the second generation to their parental control and advice. 2. To respect the fact that they are all American citizens and to give them the best of training and equipment in fulfilling that sacred trust. The new Japanese expatriation law, doing away with the hated dual citizenship of Japanese children born abroad, is a step in this direction. The fact that many second generation Japa- nese have dropped their Japanese citizenship in recent years is alsd in this direction. It is a complete folly to try to bring them up under POINTS OF VIEW 12 dual claims they should be brought up to become worthy American citizens of Japanese parentage. 3. To impress them that their place is primarily in America and that they, for good or bad, are bound to stay and to fight for their destiny here. They should be directed and encouraged, by all means, to build up their careers in America and not in already too crowded Japan ! One draw-back in this direction has been the tem- porary character of Japanese residence in America, especially among the immigrant group, due to several weighty reasons, including anti^- Japanese agitations. Naturally, they looked upon the growing prob- lem of the second generation from that temporary point of view. This tendency is gradually dying out, especially among the parents. The second generation, with American citizenship, have less handi- caps than their parents and their permanent residence in America should give new clues to many heretofore unsolved problems, such as land ownership. 4. To transcend the anti-Japanese atmosphere in the Pacific Coast states and to make the whole of America, the whole world if need be, the field of future activities. An idea is prevalent all along the Pacific Coast that the anti-Japanese sentiment is a national sentiment and that Japanese will face discrimination everywhere in America. This is not true. The Japanese people on the Pacific Coast should destroy this smoke screen of tainted imagination and should encourage the second generation to widen their vision, even beyond the Rockies, for their promised land of milk and honey. 5. To consider and evolve plans for the solution of the prob- lem, not from a local and individual point of view, but from, a broad- er and Coast-wide or national and co-operative point of view. The second generation problem has been discussed long enough, mostly from the narrow local point of view, often featuring merely pet theories of certain individuals, and we should be able to co-operate all along the .Pacific Coast in instituting definite plans of solution. 6. To impress the growing mind of the second generation that they should take pride in their Japanese heritage, both outward and inward, and that they should weave, this heritage into the fabric of American citizenship. The solution of the second generation prob- lem will come sooner when the best element of their Japanese heri- tage,: instead of being thrown to wind and detested, will shine forth brightly but uniquely, for they can not lose their racial identity for sometime to come. 13 COOPERATION BETWEEN TWO GENERATIONS XF we are ever to solve the second generation problem, we must first of all realize the necessity and importance of better un- derstanding and closer cooperation between the first and the second generations. So far, it has been the general attitude of the first gen- eration that the second generation are but a congregation of weak- lings and that there is nothing worthwhile in them and in their future, while the second generation, unable to withstand such an unreason- able judgment, more or less revolted against even the liberal de- mands of the first generation ; they were almost water and oil. We have heard enough of these foolish accusations on both sides; now both must take a more sympathetic and serious attitude toward the specific problems which lie in each group. In order to bring about this result, we should endeavor to create agencies and formulate means of contact in various ways. Here are a few suggestions : Dinners and Informal Suppers. Father-and-son banquets, mother-and-daughter banquets, or parents-and-children banquets, where the two generations can exchange ideas and deepen fellow- ship around the meal table. Games may be conveniently ar- ranged after dinner. The first generation must become "young- er" in their attitude toward the second generation, without los- ing their dignity. Fellowship Gatherings. Socials and receptions of various kinds in which both generations can participate. Both genera- tions can exchange invitations or put up mutual affairs accord- ing to the convenience of the occasion. Discussion Groups. Lectures and Discussion Groups, where both generations can present their respective points of view and profitably discuss specific problems. They can exchange places and try to understand the other's point of view, as for example, by letting a first generation member speak on "If I Were a Second Generation" and vice versa. We must substitute real facts and knowledge for imagination and taken-for-granted atti- tude. Literature and Publicity Work. At present there is no adequate publication or literature, if at all, by which either generation can understand the point of view of the other. Why not, publish pamphlets written . by the second generation „in Japanese and by the first generation in English, giving their ^re- spective ideas and points of view? This can be done either in 14 pamphlet form or .through Japanese newspapers., More pub- licity work must be conducted by the second generation through Japanese papers with regard to their ideas, status, and problems in -order to educate the first' generation. The writings or. the second generation can easily be translated into Japanese for. this purpose. At present, there is -no medium of exchange of ideas between the two generations , in -written form. Perhaps an in- stitute of research may be started, for this purpose by some organizations. The J. S. C. A. on the Pacific Coast is taking such a step already. (CF, "Publications" below). Home Education and Strengthening of Home Atmosphere. Most of these things should begin at home. Existing organi- zations, such as churches and various associations, should under- take constructive campaigns of education so as to educate the parents with respect to the peculiar status of their children, and the children concerning the altogether different position of their parents. Every possible means, such as games, parties, reading and . discussion hours, etc., should be employed to produce this result; homes can become a miniature society in this' sense. If perfect understanding exists between parents and children, the more serious problem is solved. (CF. "Home Education". below). Churches. Churches "should be able to provide an ideal place where the two generations can meet in bodies and ex- change ideas. The binding tie of religion will promote the clearer understanding of dim-cult situations on both sides. (CF. "Religious Activities" below). Personal Contacts. If each member of both generations can take an appreciative attitude and place more weight on the value of personal contact, then society will become a great school instead of a battle-ground of antagonistic ideas. Questionnaires. In order to help better understanding be- tween these two generations, comprehensive questionnaires may be sent to the members of both generations in order to foster clearer thinking and to gather data as well as various points of view. What each generation need and how far they are willing to cooperate in fulfilling such needs may be emphasized in this work. Reading thus far, the reader must have thought of some addi- tional definite plans by which better understanding between the two generations can be brought about. Why not practice them all? ' • . 15 COOPERATION WITH AMERICANS ETTER understanding and cooperation between American v|CjJ society and the second generation Japanese are as much important, if. not more, as cooperation between the two genera- tions. For the second generation problem is fundamentally and strictly speaking an American, not Japanese, problem. Unfortunate- ly, there is prevalent among Japanese an idea or a belief that the majority of Americans are anti-Japanese and that they are not interested in Japanese and their problems. Consequently, there is a tendency for segregration among Japanese, even in the second generation themselves. Unfortunately also, Americans have not come to realize the real significance of the problem and are scarcely doing anything to solve it. On the other hand, there are many Americans who are friendly toward Japanese and who will cooperate with us if we only go fifty per cent, of the way. As American citizens, who are destined to cultivate their future in America, the second generation should be encouraged to become a part of American society by all means and in every possible way. Integration, retaining the best of Japanese and polishing the, best of America, should be the watchword. Educating Americans. Educating Americans with respect to the second Generation Problem is important. Most of the Americans do not know the problem and every source must be utilized to educate them as to the existing status of the second generation and. their significance. Both writing and speaking can be used effectively for this purpose. Mobilize all those prize- winning orators of the second generation and place them before American audiences — churches, clubs, civic bodies, conferences and all ! Deputation teams are the very thing for this purpose, while individual work may be as effectively carried out. Encour- age writing among the second generation for the same purpose. While Japanese criticize Americans as anti-Japanese and ignor- ant of facts, how much of this work is now being done on the Pacific Coast in order to make the second generation problem understood among Americans ? Personal and Home Contacts. The second generation should be encouraged to establish personal and home contacts with American friends, 1 even if they have to go seventy per cent, of the way. If they are sincere enough and worthy enough, the lasting 16 friendship with Americans will follow by right.. Lej: each second generation Japanese come to know at least one American and one American home intimately and well, while endeavoring to establish similar relationships with the other. Sincerity and persistence, will always win in the end. . . , . , Inter-Racial Group Contacts. Interf racial conferences or re- treats, composed of the younger generation of. Japanese and Americans, is one of the most! effective and surest means in bringing about closer understanding between the' two groups. It can be done in the form of conferences, discussion groups, fixed forums, retreats (such as Japanese and American girls going to a mountain camp over the week-end), informal gatherings in homes (either in Japanese or American), socials and receptions, etc. The experiences of the Southern California Chapter of the J. S. C. A. have conclusively shown the value of this work. More occasions must be created where the Japanese and Amer- ican younger generation can get together and think together and come to know each other's problems intimately. : Here again, the Japanese must go sixty or seventy per cent., ninety per cent, if necessary, of the way at first. Cooperation with Organizations. The second generation Japanese should be encouraged to cooperate more and more with American organizations, especially the religious bodies such as churches, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., etc. There are many ex- amples where second generation Japanese have been honored with responsible positions in these organizations and movements and they must be encouraged to go further. Joint meetings between Japanese and American young people's organizations are as effective. Every possible opportunity must be utilized in strengthening the organized tie and cooperative spirit between the American and Japanese younger generation. Again, go ninety per cent, of the way if necessary ! Know the Best of Japanese Culture. In coming closer with Americans, the best asset which the Japanese second generation can put forth is the knowledge of the best of things Japanese, This is difficult as they are born in America and educated in American schools. But it can be accomplished, if. they are will* ing to pay the small price therefor. (CF. "Japanese Chairs in American Colleges" and "Publications" below). 17 VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND EMPLOYMENT BUREAU ^■js^HE problem of choosing the right kind of vocation and of finding employment is the most important of all the prob- lems now confronting the second generation Japanese on the Pacific Coast. Indeed, this is the darkest cloud which looms in the second generation firmament, casting undue pessimistic and dark shadows over the entire horizon of the future. If this problem can be adequately solved in the near future, all other problems, vital as they all are, will be also solved and the future will loom up as a most optimistic one. I. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE Vocational Guidance Bureau. In order to direct and assist the second generation in choosing their vocations, it is of prime importance that there should be organized and maintained a vocational guidance bureau, directed by a competent and tech- nically trained and high-visioned and well-informed director. This central bureau should have its branches in all large Japanese centers under a similarly well-qualified director-assistant in each bureau, while all these branch bureaus are correlated with and directed by the central bureau. This is fundamental as there is no guiding post for the benefit of the younger generation in choosing their future careers. Scientific Selection of Vocations. In advising on voca- tional problems, these bureaus should be well thought out and equipped so as to mobilize every possible method of detecting and determining a person's right future vocation, including all the latest intelligent, scientific and common sense tests. Let individual nature guide the future, more than one's imagination and unreliable inclinations. Investigation and Research Work. Investigation and re- search work, conducted by a competent person or persons and lasting at least three years, should be made all over the country to discover the best-fitted work for the American citizen of Japanese parentage. The direction of vocational guidance should be made in the light of such investigations and researches and data gathered thereby. For example, before advising the choice of agriculture or engineering definitely, the director should be somehow certain of the future work, extent, and distribution in the respective field. Hence, the necessity of correlating this work very closely with the work of the employment bureau. 18 Vocational Challenge. Various life work challenges should be presented constantly before the second generation to arouse their interest. For example, journalism by well-known journal- ists, medicine by distinguished physicians, commerce by success- ful business men, agriculture by prosperous agriculturists, etc. This work is important as the second generation are ignorant of the fields of future activities. Enthusiasm for the chosen', vo- cation should be an important factor in determining the future career. Higher Education. Higher education as a basis for future vocation should be encouraged wherever possible, intellectually and financially. (CF. "Higher Education" below). Shorter Technical Training. In more cases, shorter train- ing in technical or professional lines should be encouraged. Where even this training is not possible, every member of the second generation should be encouraged to learn some vocation, requiring less amount of intelligence and skill. Yet, there will still be a mass of untrained members of the second generation and they should be sympathetically guided in their unskilled labors. Agriculture. Japanese farmers of the past distinguished themselves so well in agriculture that they became the storm- center of anti-Japanese agitations. They lost ground simply because they did not possess citizenship. The second genera- tion are American citizens and should possess some of the praise- worthy qualities of Japanese farmers. More trained men and women should be encouraged in the future to go into agriculture. Campaign of Education. The second generation Japanese should be educated as to the general nature of their peculiar status and its true bearing with regard to their future vocations ; they should be encouraged to cultivate their future destiny in America more than anywhere else and that their future is not only on the Pacific Coast but all over the country, and the world if need be. On the other hand, the first generation should be edu- cated as to the possible vocational future of their children in order to avoid present and future conflicts in the selection of a career. Encouragement of Talents. There should grow up success- ful stars in as many vocations and careers as possible and, to this end, all talents of various kinds among the second generation 19 should be encouraged and developed through prizes, scholarships, and loan funds. Let there emerge out of the second generation Japanese great scholars and scientists, great artists and musi- cians, great religious leaders and social workers, great journal- ists and novelists and essayists, — yes, great figures in every- thing through encouragement and inducement from the first generation. (CF. "Scholarships and Loan Funds" below). II. EMPLOYMENT BUREAU The work of the Vocational Guidance Bureau will not be complete if it is not well correlated with an efficient Employ- ment Bureau. Employment Bureau. Employment Bureau should be organ- ized just like Vocational Guidance Bureau, side by side with the latter, all along the Coast in order to guide and aid ;the employment of trained or untrained members of the second generation. Investigation and Research. As in the vocational work, investigation must be carried on throughout the country as to the future possibility of employment for the members of the second generation, and all allied agencies and organizations in- terested in similar work should be carefully enlisted. (1) Large American firms all over the country, should be especially ap- proached and openings should be made, even only for the well trained members of the second generation. (2) Japanese firms should also be approached with the same view. (3) Some new work should be created as a result of research work in various fields, especially for the second generation, such as a Chemical Research Institute proposed by Dr. Sato. All of these pioneer efforts are necessarily difficult and require patience; they must be carefully approached and thoughtfully handled. Campaign of Education. The second generation should be educated through various channels with regard to the general attitude toward employment, in addition to technical training. Their future is not strewn with roses and they should equip them- selves with the "shirt sleeve" philosophy and "from-bottom-up" idea in facing the thorny path of future employment. Above all, they should possess character. They are bound to suffer for the present, but, if properly trained and educated, they are also bound to succeed and to contribute much toward future happiness and brightness. 20 4 !;.>■;.. i EDUCATION N the future struggle of the second generation Japanese, education will, and must, play an important part. An inter- est must be aroused among them in better educated manhood and womanhood to bear the burden of the Japanese question at the cross-roads. I. HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Higher Education. We must encourage higher education, both liberal and professional, in as many cases as possible in order to give them the best possible equipment and tools for their future activities. College educated and well-trained men and women will win out at the end. Trade Education. We must encourage shorter technical and vocational training in more cases. Many second generation Japanese will not be fit for higher education, and they should go through secondary, education in technical fields, ranging from six months to four years. This can be done even during the gram- mar school age. They must all learn at least one trade well;; especially in view of the keen competition with other racial groups. Information, Bureau. They should be so informed and so directed and so trained in their chosen fields that their higher edu- cation and technical training shall not be earned in vain. To this end, a well equipped and systematically organized Informa- tion Bureau, such as that of the J. S. C. A., should be created for the benefit of second generation Japanese in order to give neces- sary information and counsel in choosing institutions. This work should be closely related to the work of the Vocational Guidance Bureau already discussed. Publicity on Educational Fields. As the second genera- tion are not familiar with the various fields of education and institutions in various parts of the country, campaigns of edu- cation and extensive publicity work should be conducted by the Information Bureau. Publication of a series of pamphlets or booklets on various phases of American education, similar to the one in preparation by the J. S. C. A. on "The Guide to American Colleges for Japanese Students," should be encouraged and widely distributed. This work should adequately cover the field of secondary education in various trades. While- the second generation are thus being prepared for higher and technical train- 21 ing, the first generation also should be led to realize the value of educated manhood and womanhood. College Homes. One of the problems among Japanese stu- dents on the Pacific Coast is the difficulty in finding proper places to stay during their college education, especially for those who come from distant places. The difficulty is not so much finan- cial as racial, for many private homes are closed to Japanese students. The number of students of this group is steadily increasing in recent years. This need is felt more among girl students than among boys; in many cases mothers hesitate in sending their daughters to college for this very reason. Japanese student clubs answer the difficulty admirably for a limited num- ber of boys, but there are not enough, while in many places there are no dormitory facilities. To alleviate such a situation, there should be started "College Homes," at least in large centers, wholesome and trustworthy, with a motherly matron in each, accom- modating from ten to fifteen students. In large centers, two or three or more of these homes can be started. This is especially needed for girl students. Relating to American Homes. In meeting the above stated difficulty, systematic and constructive attempts should be made in relating the second generation Japanese students to American homes, not only on the Pacific Coast but also throughout the country. For this purpose, smaller institutions east of the Rock- ies should be recommended. This work can be conducted also by the Information Bureau. II. SCHOLARSHIPS AND LOAN FUNDS Best Inducements. Scholarships and Loan Funds are the best inducements to such higher professional and technical edu- cation. We should invest our wealth in this direction and show that we are really interested in the better education of the second generation. (1) It will help those students who are otherwise unable to go to college or even to secondary schools, though they work part of their way; (2) It will also help the proper development of students with special abilities in various fields; and (3) It will further arouse self-conscious desire and effort for education and achievements on the part of the rising generation. Arrangements may be made so that money ad- vanced may be refunded in time and used as revolving scholar- ships or loan funds. 22 Development of Talents. There are numerous talented members of the second generation everywhere on the Pacific Coast. They should somehow be brought to the attention of ; the Japanese .as: well as the American public and given all the needed encouragements and inducements for future development. Let them all thus become pioneers and models for the younger ones to follow in various lines of life careers. There surely can rise out of these second generation Japanese great and accomplished writers and scholars, artists and musicians, physicians and scien- tists, religious leaders and social workers, business men and agriculturists. Scholarships and loan funds can greatly en- courage and help such a development. Methods and Means. As to the methods of creating such scholarships and loan funds, the following are suggested as most easily realizable: (1) Alumni of different institutions may be enlisted to found scholarships and loan funds in connection with their respective institutions; (2) each locality or town may be canvassed for the founding of scholarships and loan funds for its own sons and daughters, as San Francisco Japanese for those who are born in San Francisco, etc. ; (3) professional groups may start scholarships and loan funds for professional education — physicians for medical, dentists for dental, business men for commercial, mechanics for mechanical, farmers for agricultural, florists for floricultural, journalists for journalistic, etc.; (4) various organizations and societies may establish scholarships and loan funds for specific groups, such as Kumamoto-Ken-Jin Kwai for Kumamoto-Ken descendents, etc. ; (5) memorial scholarships and loan funds as we find in American colleges ; (6) private donations and endowments. American Scholarships. There are numerous Japanese stu- dents who are holding scholarships and fellowships in various American colleges and universities. Through the help of the Information Bureau many of these can be investigated and sec- ond generation Japanese related to them. More Japanese should use this source for their educational support. III. JAPANESE CHAIRS IN AMERICAN COLLEGES The question of teaching the Japanese language to the second generation Japanese is a mooted question. While we are not con- cerned to uphold or reject the perpetuation of Japanese language schools on the Pacific Coast, it should be admitted that there are 23 many who will never go to those language schools, and that this method of teaching the Japanese language is not perfect; further still, that many second generation Japanese will never need the Japanese language, in .their work. On the other hand, we wish to suggest means of effectively teaching the Japanese language and civilization through the English language at the time when they desire to learn them. . Endowment of Japanese Chairs. The Japanese people in America and Japan should take the lead in endowing new chairs (or systematical development and expansion of the ones already in existence) for (1) the benefit of students of Japanese parent- age and (2) the general interest of American students and public. This will provide ;ample opportunity for Japanese education for those who desire to have it at the time when they wish to have it, instead of forcing it upon them. Japanese initiative in this line should enlist the necessary cooperation on the part of American friends. Why not move to have these Chairs in all the large institutions on the Pacific Coast and leading institutions of the country? This work may be later extended even to high schools. The Hawaiian Islands furnish splendid experiences in this line. Home Education. Where the parents are so insistent in having their children taught in the Japanese language, they might as well start it in their own homes. The children can ac- quire a speaking knowledge easily through this means. Publications on Japanese Culture. As the knowledge of Japanese culture and civilization will help many members of the second generation in their role of American citizenship and links between the East and the West, we should lead the way in edit- ing and publishing a series : of books on Japanese language and literature, history and civilization, in English; such, for example, as a series on Japanese literature, another on Japanese art, still another on modern Japan, etc. (CF. "Publications" below). Extension Lectures and Radio Courses. Side by side with publications, extension lectures from various chairs may be started for the benefit of those who cannot attend the . higher institutions. Radio lectures of similar nature will also help. Various discussion groups or forums may also be systematically used for the same purpose. ; . Study Trips. Study trips to Japan in connection with these chairs or other organizations, such as the Nichi-Bei Kengaku- 24 Dan, conducted on the basis of non-commercial enterprises, will help the same end, provided the itinerary in Japan is' properly worked but and ample time is given for study. : - Scholarships for Study in Japan. Scholarships and endow- ment funds may be established with a view to selecting and Send- ing every year a few prominent and promising graduate students to Japan for further studies. Tolerance. While all these means may be started arid car- ried on, nothing should become compulsory for these second generation Japanese who have no Japanese background and who have no desire 'to learn about things Japanese. Much of the troubles and difficulties on the Pacific Coast are due to the in- tolerance and forced parental authority on the part of the fir.it generation. Tolerance should govern the conduct of both. RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES ^^VELIGION should play an important part in the future of ji^fc the second generation Japanese. As against the material- istic tendency of the day, the pioneers of tomorrow should ex- perience spiritual awakening and revaluation of life. Religious training should be encouraged by all means. Besides the present church activities, the following points may be emphasized : Religious Education. Stronger emphasis should be laid on constructive religious education movements, including Sunday Schools. This should begin while the second generation are still young. To this end, it is essential that there should be organized a religious education association or a Sunday School union, whose object shall be to study the peculiar situations in which the second generation Japanese are placed and to evolve the best adapted plans for their religious education. Such an association may publish literature and magazines specifically adapted to the second generation, while its director should help organize and systematically develop agencies of religious edu- cation in every community and church. It may also start the training of leaders in this line of work. Junior Congregations. Most Japanese churches are adapted to the needs of the older generation and the second generation do not feel comfortable, not to say anything about language difficul- ties. On the other hand, they will not at present feel at home in American churches on account of difference of background and various other reasons. In order to meet this difficulty, Japanese 25 churches should .start junior congregations,, conducted exclusive- ly in English and designed to answer their specific needs. Union services and joint meetings for this purpose are extremely, useful. It is fortunate that a few Japanese churches are already intro- ducing this system; more should adopt it, or else the life of the church will be limited. Young People's Societies. Young People's societies in various churches can do more only if they can evolve plans by which a wider range of young people may be attracted to the meetings. More constructive thinking should be done in this direction, as at present everything is built upon imitation. Joint meetings will help cooperative effort in this direction. The re- ligious education association mentioned above should study the needs of these groups and provide constructive plans. Religious Organizations. More encouragement should be given to various religious organizations and clubs of the right kind. These groups shoud he graduated according to age. It is essential also that these religious organizations should have more than local significance and should be a part of a larger movement, involving the entire Pacific Coast — correlated agen- cies will encourage the morale of the local group. In this sense, the J. S. C. A. is the pioneer group in bringing together the Chris- tian members of the second generation in the institutions of higher learning all along the Coast and throughout the country. Sectional meetings of these religious organizations will help the local work immeasurably. In all these groups, there should be a strong spiritual element, as well as social and service ideals. Discussion Groups. Discussion groups of various kinds, including Bible studies and religious forums, under the leader- ship of strong and reputable persons, should be encouraged and introduced wherever it is possible. Young people today are too dogmatically taught in their religious views, often being hot- house products, and they should be led to think them through until they will become a part of their system. Church Music. Church music has not had needed develop- ment in Japanese churches. With the coming of the second genera- tion, this subject should be given careful consideration. Music should be given full sway in religious education and the second genera- tion should be induced to take active part in church choirs. Musicals and oratorios of various kinds at various times should 26 be encouraged especially for the sake of the second generation. Fill God's house with music, and often the doors to the sacred chambers in young people's hearts will be naturally opened. Deputation Work. Spiritual growth requires practice, side by side with learning. This can be brought about through various service activities of the churches and societies. How- ever, deputation work will provide the best training in that direction, and it may be either religious or lay. It will in- variably give religious confidence to the participants. Gospel teams will further strengthen their spiritual convictions. In short, let the religious convictions of the second generation grow through actual contact with adversity and experiences. Constructive Reading. Second generation Japanese should be encouraged to read more up-to-date and worthwhile re- ligious hooks which will develop and strengthen their religious beliefs and convictions. It is surprising to find how little churches today are helping the younger generation in this direc- tion. Each church or young people's society should be equipped with a well-selected library for this purpose. Meetings of read- ing circles and discussions of latest books will be extremely use- ful and may be organized in connection with such a library. The reading habit should be carefully developed from early childhood and gradually cultivated. There is a sad tendency to read more light and often harmful books, especially cheap novels, than worthwhile and elevating books. Suggestive lists of good and forceful religious books and character-building literature may be issued by the church or the religious educa- tion association. Church Socials and Dinners. Churches should be able to provide wholesome entertainments and socials for the good of the second generation. Church suppers or dinners should bring the first and second generations together often. Careful supervi- sion and constant planning will always help to avoid unnecessary complications. Retreats and Conferences. In order to deepen the fellow- ship and spiritual vitality, various retreats and conferences should be encouraged, especially under district or sectional auspices. Small week-end groups can be successfully instituted by one church. Conferences for specific subjects, such as re- ligious education, will be still more useful. In this connection, the members i of the second generation should be encouraged 27 to attend and participate in various conferences conducted by American religious organizations, such as Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. Students' Conferences, Hi-Y Conference, etc. Religion at Home. For the deeper spiritual development of the second generation, religious training must begin at home. It is the materialistic atmosphere prevailing in homes which leads many boys and girls astray. Moreover, some parents in- sist that their children should have religion hut that they them- selves do not need it. Adequate spiritual training of the younger generation can not be hoped for from parents who are indiffer- ent to religion and from homes which have no spiritual back- ground. Churches and other religious organizations should do everything in bringing religion into homes for the sake of parents and the second generation. Cooperation. Wherever possible, the second generation should join American churches. In more cases, Japanese churches, especially the second generation, should cooperate more in various ways. They should cooperate with various re- ligious organizations, such as Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. Moreover, there should be perfect cooperation between Chris- tian and Buddhist churches where there is sincere effort at spiritual development. Finally, most important of all, all Jap- anese churches in one community should cooperate for the sake of their second generation members. WHOLESOME RECREATIONAL CENTERS Q WHOLESOME recreational center is one of the neces- sary agencies, especially in large centers, for the physical comfort and development of the second generation. But the Americans are not offering such facilities freely and readily ; in many places even such an organization as the Y. M. C. A. closes its doors to these American citizens of Japanese parentage. Japanese churches in the majority of cases have failed so far to provide such facilities. Various organizations and athletic clubs are extremely one-sided and are neglecting the character-build- ing side coupled with physical exercise. Wholesome Recreational Centers. The Japanese should take the initiative in building and developing wholesome recrea- tional centers, like those of the Y. M. C. A. or Y. W. C, A., in all large cities or villages. These centers should be equipped in such a way so as to attract the second generation in their pur- 28 suit of recreation. The work of the center should be directed by. a trained director, and his assistants if necessary. Various classes may be organized for various age groups. Good work is being started by the Japanese branches of the Y. M. C. A. in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Athletics. In connection with these centers, various sports may be organized, such as basketball, baseball, tennis, handball, and swimming. These several sports may be developed by trained coaches in cooperation with similar American organ- izations. Wholesome Atmosphere. It is essential that a strong spir- itual atmosphere should prevail in such centers. This may be accomplished through organized classes in physical exercise, reading, and close relationship with religious activities in churches or otherwise, but more effectively through the char- acter of the director. Social Centers. Social centers may be incorporated with these recreational centers in order to provide for wholesome socials. (CF. "Social Hygiene Education" below.) Training of Leaders. The question of primary importance is the lack of leaders in this work. Able physical directors may be trained; it is not yet too late if we can train them at all. (CF. "Development of Leaders" below.) Cooperation. There are numerous petty organizations and clubs among the second generation today. They should be united around one worthwhile center and develop various ath- letics therein. Combined effort is always stronger and more effective than individual effort. T has been already pointed out in the analysis of the prob- ^ I lem that there is a certain amount of instability in the standard of social conduct among the second generation. The refusal of American society to receive them and their rebellion against the controlling influences of their parents very often result in throwing off the restraining and direct- ing influences of home before they have learned self-control, or have been able to discover the new standard and to make wholesome adjustments to the new order. This tendency will naturally lead to demoralization in the second generation group. Demoralization is accelerated, moreover, on account of the in- SOCIAL HYGIENE EDUCATION 29 fluences of the American younger generation, especially in the high schools, of moving pictures, and of various other agencies. Fortunately, the second generation Japanese are, in general, not discouraged and demoralized as yet, and we should prevent possible disorganization and demoralization through a social hygiene education movement. Social Hygiene Education. While there are such move- ments and available organizations among Americans, we should start a social hygiene education movement exclusively for the second generation Japanese for the simple reason that they are placed in an entirely different environment and have different psychological reactions. The subject is an extremely delicate one and we should plan and proceed with every caution and in- sight, with perfect knowledge of local conditions and the general nature of the second generation. The simplest procedure may be: (1) securing the cooperation of the Japanese community, es- pecially physicians and parents ; (2) securing competent and ex- perienced lecturers through such organizations as the American Association of Social Hygiene; (3) drawing up campaign sched- ules throughout the Coast, giving more time to large cities and dividing these up into districts; (4) conducting a series of lectures for separate groups of girls, boys, mothers, and fathers, while allowing ample time for discussions and personal inter- views ; (5) securing the cooperation of local physicians for con- tinued education; (6) spreading the use of helpful literature on the subject. Home Education. The social hygiene movement should be- gine at home, and the education of homes, both mothers and fathers, should be emphasized. Much depends upon the knowl- edge and attitude of mothers. Japanese homes should become a miniature society and a place of comfort and elevating morale. Education Through Reading. A part of such an education may be accomplished through the wise use of good literature on sex education. Such for example are the following works by Dr. Winifred Scott Hall: (1) "The Doctor's Daughter" and "Life Problems" for girls ; and (2) "John's Vacation" and "Chums" for boys. For boys and girls of college age, Dr .Her- bert Grey's "Men, Women, and God" will furnish a fitting start. Other reliable literature may be obtained through such organi- zations as the American Association of Social Hygiene or the American Medical Association. 30 Cooperation. It should be added here that the Pacific Coast Council of the J. S. C. A. movement already is planning to con- duct such ■ a social hygiene education movement in the near future. Whether this important work is done by the J. S. C. A. or any other organization, there should be : perfect cooperation in attaining the best, result for the good of the second genera- tion and their future. PUBLICATIONS ONE of the most amazing things which will surely attract the attention of anyone who studies the second generation problem today is the fact that there is no adequate, if any, reading matter and channel of expression for the second gener- ation. American newspapers, magazines, and books do not touch their problem; Japanese newspapers are written exclu- sively for the first generation in Japanese, and only recently a few of them are introducing an English section; there are no newspapers, magazines, or books which are exclusively de- voted to the important second generation problem and which serve as a medium of education and expression for them. Second Generation Magazine. It is essential that the sec- ond, generation be provided- with a monthly or weekly maga- zine all written in the English language and planned to fit their peculiar circumstances and needs. Such a magazine, among other things, should contain: strong editorial section as a guiding post of the second generation; forum section as a channel of expression and exchange of discussions among themselves,, as well as between the two generations ; section on second gener- ation problem which should contain a series of constructive articles on the subject by various contributors, both Japanese and Americans of the first and second generations ; Japanese section through which Japanese history and civilization, litera- ture and art, current news and thought, may be interestingly presented; American section through which an effort will be made to make of the second generation the best of American citizens, hy presenting current news and problems of citizen- ship ; international section which will give worthwhile inter- national news items and trend of thought; educational section, for the discussion of vocational problems, information concern- ing colleges, problems of social hygiene, etc. ; religious discus- sions should form an important part; book section for the re- view and recommendation of current worthwhile books ; humor- 31 ous section with cartoons and jokes. The emphasis should be character-building and preparation for better citizenship. Pamphlet Literature. It is essential also that a systematic attempt- at a campaign of education be instituted among the sec- ond, as well as the first, generation. Among other things, the following may be mentioned : (1) series of pamphlets or booklets on things Japanese, such as Japanese literature, art, and thought; (2) list of reference books on the same subject; (3) vocational problems and guide ; (4) educational guide, especially 10 technical and professional schools, both secondary and higher, (a similar pamphlet is already in the process of preparation under the auspices of the J. S. C. A.) ; (5) moral and social hygiene questions ; (6) position of the second generation in the history of Japanese in America ; (7) "What the Second Genera- tion Want?" (in Japanese), for the benefit of the first genera- tion, and "What the First Generation Desire?" (in English) for the benefit of the second generation ; (8) the second generation and agriculture, etc. Contests and Prizes. There should be instituted contests and prizes of various kinds. Oratorical contests are already popular and should be further encouraged. Prize essay con- tests, prize poem contests, prize short-story contests, prize novel contests, and contests on humorous writings may also be started and encouraged. We must aim to produce more able writers from among them, for the power of pen properly utilized may help much toward the ultimate solution of their problems. All these worthwhile writings may be published in a series of pamphlets or booklets. Newspapers. It is very encouraging that a few Japanese newspapers have already started English sections and that they are beginning to cater to the needs of the second generation. This work should be expanded and more newspapers should adopt it. The future of Japanese newspapers on the Pacific Coast will eventually center around the second generation, and the sooner the}- adopt this policy the better. DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERS SUTURE leaders of the second generation must come from among themselves. We have failed so far, however, in producing leaders for any one of these activities already out- 32 lined above ; or it will be more proper to state that the second generation are too young today for leaders to emerge from among them. But there are plenty of capable persons and leaders are already emerging. We must give all the needed encouragement to them for the sake of their future. Opportunities for Service. First of all, we should create more opportunities for service with ample inducements and attractions, in order to discover leaders-in-the-making. Doing things certainly draws out talents and geniuses and thereby paves the way to stimulate capacity for leadership. More sec- end generation members must be enlisted in various activities for this purpose. Scholarships. If we have no leaders today, why not start right now to educate and train them? To this end we should establish ample endowments and scholarships for the develop- ment of future leaders in the various fields outlined above, such as physical directors, ministers, religious educators, vocational workers, journalists, cartoonists, scholars 'and writers. Con- tests and prizes of various kinds already mentioned will help this work. This is not an easy task. We must demonstrate before them that there is a bright future in a certain kind of work, although at present there is no such challenge. Hence, we must correlate this work of discovering leadership with the voca- tional guidance work and the work of the employment bureau. SUGGESTED PROCEDURE HE above outline of the main points may sound very ideal- istic and some almost Utopian, but they are all practical and a necessity which must be somehow answered. The fol- lowing methods of general procedure are suggested for serious consideration : Five-Year Plan. While a portion of the above suggestions may be more important than others, we should start the whole scheme with a view to systematic organization within five years. We may start any part, preferably from the most important ones, such as the vocational guidance bureau and ,the second generation magazine, and gradually develop the entire scheme. In the development of special leaders^ we can start even to edur- cate them now and we shall have trained leaders in: five years; we can gradually work up the recreational centers; we can set 33 up the vocational and employment bureaus and complete coun- try-wide investigations within three years ; we can start a small monthly and gradually make it bigger and better. : A five- year plan will complete any of the above suggested methods. Correlated Organizations. Correlation of various activities and cooperation all along the Pacific Coast, instead of working the scheme locally, should be one of the surest means to suc- cess. Thus, one Vocational Guidance and Employment Bureau center with a director and branches wherever there are large numbers of the second generation; one publication center with representatives or distributing agencies everywhere; one Re- ligious Education Association with its general secretary work- ing in cooperation with churches all along the Coast; etc. Trained persons must be used as directors in all of these central organ- izations, with possible trained assistant directors in important branches. Why divide up into weak and petty groups when better and more effective work can be done through combination and cooperation? Organization of Second Generation. Numerous petty or- ganizations should be combined into greater and more forceful organizations in all communities and they should learn to use combined efforts in carrying out their ideals. The J. S. C. A. is one good example in this direction; it now has nine chapters all along the Pacific Coast and west of the Rockies. Financial Possibilities. The question of finance is the fore- most question in carrying out any part of the above suggested plan. While one may think it will require fabulous sums in real- izing a part or whole of these plans, if we start in a small way arid develop steadily, we shall reach the end. To begin with, each family in any community with one child or more will con- tribute five dollars a year or more according to their means toward the development of some systematic plan. In five years, they will have started something definitely and also they will have saved a good round sum. Spread this systematically all along the Coast and there will be enough funds to make a series of plans a success. In short, apply the principle by which the Japanese Association is supported in a more systematic way. The publication of a magazine will become self-supporting with- in a short period of time provided the editorial work is sound and praiseworthy. Small organizations can start something as a part of their own, such as scholarships. If there are a min- 34 imum of 30,000 Japanese families on the Pacific Coast and if each family will contribute $5.00 per year, we will have $150,000 per year as a minimum. Even if each family will contribute $1.00 per year, it will make the total $30,000, while there will be numerous others who are willing to contribute more. What can be more practical than this? Community Center Idea. Combined work with a com- munity, which will involve practically everything outlined above, may be instituted in a Community Center. This will facilitate the centralization of the work, thereby enabling co- operation with other communities and affiliation with central organizations, thereby adding greatly to the efficiency of the work. Christian churches, in particular, should combine for this purpose. The following outline plan may be considered in this connection: (1) Religious Department — Adult Work com- prising worship, prayer meeting, men's and women's clubs, edu- cational meetings, and other various activities ; Young People's Work with junior worship (English), young people's societies, clubs, and choirs; Sunday Schools and Religious Education comprising Sunday Schools, clubs, mothers' and fathers' clubs, and home education; (2) Vocational and Employment Depart- ment — vocational guidance bureau, employment bureau, and vocational education; (3) Physical Education or Recreational Department — physical training classes, various athletic teams, various recreational activities, socials and games; (4) Publica- tion Department — Bulletin or magazine, and pamphlet litera- ture; (5) Education Department — library, public lectures, depu- tation work, social hygiene education, various training classes, summer camps and conferences, community singing; and (6) Service Department — college information bureau, personal work, and community service. Other phases of work may be incor- porated according to the local needs. Institute of Research. It is essential that an Institute of General Research be organized independently or within some organization, such as the Japanese Association, for the purpose of investigating and conducting research work in various phases of the second generation problem. Investigation concerning their vocatioal future is of vital necessity. Questionnaires to the first and second generations were already suggested. In short, such an institute can investigate and provide data on many a puzzling question of the second generation Japanese. 35 THE SEVEN LAMPS OF SECOND GENERATION PROBLEM (The following is an outline, shorn of rich illustrative material, of the talks given, with a few necessary changes, before gatherings of the second gener- ation members on the Pacific Coast during January and February, 1926.) HE Second Generation Problem at present is like a dark mansion where there is no light. Some say that there is nothing noteworthy within ; some even dare to claim that it is haunted and therefore dangerous * others in more optimistic mood contend that it is singularly beautiful and wonderful. No one, however, has penetrated into the house and has seen what is actually there because of the darkness and these are all merely imaginary descriptions and rumors. Why not introduce, then, necessary lights into the dark house ? And perhaps we shall see some remarkable revelations. The Lamp of Facts. What is the second generation prob- lem and what are the facts bearing upon it? Much of the cur- rent discussion of the problem is based upon imagination or on pet theories of individuals and not on facts ; therefore, they are liable to become more or less theoretical. We must understand the problem before we can solve it; likewise, we must master facts on the situation facing the second generation before we can hope to solve their problem. Have we, both the first and the second generations, such a knowledge of facts? Ignorance of facts often leads us into misunderstandings and then into unnecessary entanglements and complications. We need to do more researching and investigating in order to discover and gather more data, especially on the points of view and possibili- ties of the second generation. Let the lamp of facts and truth, not of imagination nor of begotted pet theories, light the darkest corners of the second generation mansion. The Lamp of Vision. The present condition, and more es- pecially the future prospect of the second generation, is dark because there is no light of vision. We are often so near-sighted that we cannnot see beyond the smoke screen of the existing sit- uations; darkness is often nothing but self-imposed darkness. We need to look ahead toward their future possibilities than to criticize their present predicament for which they are not wholly responsible and from which they have had no chance or time to emerge ; to evolve more constructive and practical plans for the solution of their difficulties than endless theorizations 36 and destructive as well as irresponsible criticisms ; to have a bright and noble goal toward which we can encourage the sec- ond generation to reach than allowing them to wander about without destinations. In short, we need more dreamers and men of visions among the first and second generations. Visions will breed convictions, and convictions will breed courage. Let there be more visions in the minds of those who are sincerely interested in the second generation problem. Light will in- variably follow the vision. The Lamp of Internationalism. The second generation are the living connecting links between the United States of America and Japan. As American citizens, they should be provided with the best of American ideals and trainings ; while as offsprings of Japanese parentage, they should 'be well equipped with the best of Japanese culture and traditions. Theirs it must be to mold these two bests into one, better and nobler. These, in- deed, are the two wheels in their unique position in America, and neglecting one of them will result in an unbalanced future and losing race. What a remarkable future role these second gen- eration Japanese are destined to play on the stage of the dawn- ing Pacific Era, epecially with such a double background, pro- vided they can develop their invaluable international heritage. Let there be more international attitude of minds and thinking than local or narrow nationalistic views. Let the lamp of inter- nationalism burn ever brightly in the hearts of the second gen- eration. And let there be respect for Japanese heritage at the basis of such internationalism. The Lamp of Responsibility. The first generation should be responsible largely for the creation of the second generation problem, and the second generation for constituting it. But there is general lack of responsibility as to the solution of the prob- lem. Let the lamp of responsibility search the problem hori- zontally and vertically and dispel every shade of darkness. .The first generation should be willing to support the second genera- tion, financially and morally, and to provide means of solution ; the second generation, in return, should become masters of their destinies and take full responsibility in building up their char- acters and laying the foundation for their various life careers, for much depend upon what their future will be and how, much they themselves can contribute toward the making of it. Such 37 a sense of responsibility breeds seriousness and sympathetic at- titude toward others. Men can only be what he wills and can go only as far as his sense of responsibility will lead him. The members of the second generation should demonstrate to the world that great things will emerge from their ranks through their lives. And let us stop "passing the buck'' in facing this vital problem. The Lamp of Cooperation. The first and second genera- tions should cooperate more in realizing their common goal, while the members of each generation should cooperate more among themselves. They need to learn to practice perfect team- work in order to win this game of the second generation problem. We need to adopt cooperative organized effort in place of divided and localized individual effort. We need to cultivate the spirit of sacrifice and respect for others in order that team-work and cooperative effort can bear golden fruits. Moreover, let the spirit of humanitarianism and service dominate these efforts in place of personal gains, for the whole future of the second gen- eration, not of one individual, is at stake. And in this coopera- tive enterprise, let each of the two generations come half way to make it one hundred per cent, cooperation; the second gen- eration should be willing to come sixty or seventy or even ninety per cent, of the way to make it effective. United they must stand or fall ! The Lamp of Religion. Character should be the ultimate criterion in determining the future destiny of the second genera- tion and, for this reason, they should have a strong and unshak- able spiritual foundation. This is essential in face of the pres- ent sweep of materialism which is partly responsible in creating the second generation problem, and also in view of the gigantic difficulties which they are destined to face. Let the lamp of re- ligion bare their weakest and darkest spots, even at the expense of their reputation, and replace them with faith, hope, and love, and God, the dynamic. Religion must play a more intimate part in the life of the second generation, as against general indiffer- ence ; it should become a part and parcel of the life, especially in homes, of the first generation so that the younger generation may grow up in a more favorable atmosphere. If the cause of irreligion is in the American society itself, then lay the chal- lenge before them; but let us be sure that those who are clear of this charge alone throw such a stone in the face of others. 38 And let each one be serious about his faith, be it Christianity or Buddhism, so that it will be life itself and not a means to an end. And let there be more time in each one's life to come face to face with that great spiritual force which governs our life, especially amid the turmoil of this material world. The Lamp of Action. We have been wasting too much time in discussions and theorizations. It is high time now that we should introduce the lamp of action and dispel all pretentious and professional theorists ; that we should follow the footsteps of those who are conscientiously doing things already and con- tribute something definitely in the way of accomplishments. The doors of the dark mansion of the Second Generation Problem are wide open before us. Let us gather up our cour- age to enter with these seven lamps and light every room. And what shall we see then? A wonderful art gallery with exquisite architecture, filled with beautiful works of art — paintings and etchings, color prints and designs, sculptures and metal works, and the rest, all executed by the second generation; a blissful music room where one can hear all kinds of music, vocal and instrumental, all composed and played by the second genera- tion; a spacious library in which one can find every variety of books, history and literature, religion and art, science and com- merce, all written by the second generation ; and so on until the rich treasures of every room are bared to the public. What a revelation it will be! Is it too idealistic a picture? But why not? 39