Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 
 Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library 
 
UIDE TO THE 
 
 PAVILION of 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 NEW ZEALAND AND THE 
 
 BRITISH COLONIAL 
 
 EMPIRE 
 
 NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR 
 1939 
 
Department of Overseas Trade 
 
 MINISTER 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. R. S. HUDSON, M.P. 
 
 COMPTROLLER-GENERAL 
 SIR QUINTIN HILL, K.G.M.G. 
 
 DIRECTOR OF EXHIBITIONS 
 J. H. JONES, ESQ., O.B.E. 
 
 British Commission 
 
 %. 
 
 COMMISSIONER-GENERAL 
 SIR LOUIS BEALE, K.G.M.G., C.B.E. 
 
 DEPUTY COMMISSIONER-GENERAL 
 E. S. A. BAYNES, ESQ. 
 
 ASSISTANT TO COMMISSIONER-GENERAL 
 A. FROUDE, ESQ. 
 
 PAVILION OFFICER FINANCE OFFICER 
 
 G. W. BALDOCK, ESQ. A. SHERRARD, ESQ. 
 
 2 
 
Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 
 
 THE PAVILION ....... 7 
 
 THE COURT OF HONOUR .... 9 
 
 THE ROYAL ROOM . . . . . .II 
 
 THE CROWN JEWELS . . . . . 1 4 
 
 THE SILVER ROOM . . . . . .17 
 
 " WESTMINSTER BRIDGE " . . . . 1 8 
 
 PUBLIC WELFARE HALL . . . . .20 
 
 MARITIME HALL . . . . . . 4 1 
 
 SUBMARINE CABLES . . . . -47 
 
 ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL ... 49 
 GALLERY ........ 53 
 
 FINE WOOLLENS ..... 53 
 
 IRISH LINEN ....... 54 
 
 FINE CHINA ...... 55 
 
 LEATHER ....... 58 
 
 THE HALL OF METALS ..... 60 
 
 MAGNA CARTA HALL . . . . . 8 1 
 
 PEDIGREE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON OPPOSITE 82 
 
 THE ART GALLERY ...... 86 
 
 OFFICIAL PRINTING ..... 89 
 
 3 
 
contents 
 Barclay's bank 
 
 CINEMA 
 
 THE BRITISH " BUTTERY " 
 
 TEA EXHIBIT 
 
 TEXTILE FURNISHINGS . 
 
 THE ENGLISH GARDEN 
 
 BANDS 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 NEW ZEALAND . 
 
 BRITISH COLONIAL EMPIRE 
 
 COMMITTEES 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 SCULPTORS AND ARTISTS 
 
Introduction 
 
 TflS Majesty's Government in the United King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 
 
 J_[_ welcomed the opportunity afforded by the 
 New York World's Fair to associate themselves with 
 the Government of the United States of America and 
 the Governments of the many other nations taking 
 part in the exhibition in celebrating the event which 
 it commemorates — the 150th anniversary of the 
 inauguration of America's first President — and in 
 presenting a picture of the aims and achievements of 
 the world of to-day that will play their part in " build- 
 ing the world of to-morrow," which is the theme of 
 the exhibition. 
 
 An attempt has been made to illustrate, on such 
 a scale as limitations of space allow, some of the out- 
 standing features of the contribution of the United 
 Kingdom to the arts of peace and the advancement of 
 civilization. At the same time — having regard to the 
 nature of the relationship of this country and the 
 United States — it was felt that opportunity might be 
 taken to recall some features of our common history, 
 in which the world of to-day and the world of to- 
 morrow have their roots. The visitor to the British 
 Pavilion will accordingly find in the Court of Honour 
 a series of exhibits recalling the age of feudalism and 
 chivalry, and in Magna Carta Hall an attempt to 
 picture the slow but sure development of self-govern- 
 ment from its earliest beginnings. 
 
 5 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2014 
 
 https://archive.org/details/guidetopavilionoOOgrea 
 
The Pavilion 
 
 "^SHE British Pavilion was designed by Messrs. 
 Stanley Hall & Easton and Robertson. 
 The design derives more from the nature of 
 the problem than from the desire to express any par- 
 ticular phase of architectural development. It is 
 contemporary in spirit and makes no conscious acknow- 
 ledgment to tradition, nor is it modelled on any given 
 prototype. Its mass and detail elements are rather 
 the result of specific aims and requirements arising 
 from the site and the nature of the exhibits. 
 
 The dual nature of the Pavilion — the south build- 
 ing being separated from the north building by a road 
 — necessitated a particular solution, for the first floor 
 of the south building is entirely given over to the 
 exhibits of Australia, New Zealand, and the British 
 Colonial Empire. The Court of Honour is on the 
 second floor, and acts as a vestibule to the main 
 British exhibit in the north building ; it is of necessity 
 approached by steps. The solution adopted is a wide 
 double external staircase, leading to twin ante-rooms. 
 
 The shell of this building was provided by the 
 World's Fair authorities, but its decoration and the 
 attributes designating its purpose as the introduction 
 to the British exhibit are the work of British architects 
 and artists. 
 
 From the Court of Honour a broad bridge leads 
 to the north building. The approach to this at first- 
 floor level is an unusual arrangement, but one which 
 has been employed by the Architects to give the design 
 a special character. Visitors are led by a gradual 
 descent to the first floor via a mezzanine which 
 
 7 
 
THE PAVILION 
 
 contains the climax of the main vista, the " Attractions 
 of Britain" exhibit, dominated by a 40-ft. gilded 
 statue which was modelled and cast in England. 
 
 Visitors descend from the level of this exhibit to 
 the Art Gallery with its adjacent " Buttery " opening 
 into the English garden designed as the sector of a 
 circle. They then visit the " Hall of Metals " and 
 leave the Pavilion through the " Magna Carta Hall " 
 and its rotunda, which is in itself an auxiliary entrance 
 to the building, with stairs and elevator. 
 
 Features of the design of the British Pavilion are 
 the employment of daylight lighting for the majority 
 of the sections, including the maritime exhibit, with its 
 long row of windows overlooking the English garden ; 
 the great statue which dominates the " Attractions of 
 Britain " section ; and the air-conditioned cinema and 
 "Buttery." The raised bandstand, with its garden 
 gallery, is also characteristic, as is the external ex- 
 pression of the building marking the descending level 
 of floors and the simultaneous heightening of the roof 
 with its clerestory lighting. 
 
 The external sculpture and decorative motifs are 
 based upon heraldic themes, and the clothing of the 
 structure is finished in an English material containing 
 mica as one of its ingredients. The main entrance 
 doors in nickel silver to the architects' special design 
 were supplied on loan by the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. 
 The garden in layout, planting, and workmanship is 
 based on English traditions. 
 
 8 
 
PLAN OF 
 
 THE PAVILION 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 
 A. THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 B. THE ROYAL ROOM 
 
 C. THE CROWN JEWELS 
 I). THE SILVER ROOM 
 
 E. "WESTMINSTER" BRIDGE 
 
 F. PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 G. MARITIME HAI L 
 
 H. ATTRACTIONS OF 
 
 BRITAIN HALL 
 
 K. THE GALLERY 
 L. BAND STAND 
 
The Court of Honour 
 
 N the wall behind the colonnade, against a 
 background of rich velvet, is a series of gilt 
 and coloured panels and shields, modelled in 
 high relief, depicting the Historic Heraldry of Britain. 
 There are seven bays, each covering a century, from 
 the thirteenth to the nineteenth (the twelfth century, 
 when heraldry first appeared, being included with the 
 thirteenth, and the twentieth with the nineteenth). In 
 the centre of each bay are two large panels of two out- 
 standing historical figures of each century, while on 
 either side of these are the shields of sixteen (or, in the 
 first and last panels, twenty-four) others. The central 
 figures for the mediaeval centuries are shown as mounted 
 knights, each with his Arms on shield, surcoat, and 
 horse trapper, and his Crest on his helm. For the 
 modern period full Achievements of Arms with Sup- 
 porters are shown. There are thus six mounted 
 knights, eight full Achievements, and 128 shields. The 
 principle adopted has been to rely for mediaeval Arms 
 upon contemporary evidence of use, and for modern 
 ones on official record. The names included are 
 meant to represent, as far as possible, all aspects of 
 national achievement. The scheme was planned and 
 the research carried out by Anthony R. Wagner, Port- 
 cullis Pursuivant, the selection of historical names being 
 supervised by Professor V. H. Galbraith. 
 
 On the wall opposite the Heraldry exhibit is a 
 display of antique plate loaned by the City Livery 
 Companies of London, which have flourished since the 
 Middle Ages, when they were Trade Guilds. 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 It is appropriate that the Livery Companies should 
 be lending their plate, for these collections recall in 
 many picturesque ways the history and traditions of 
 the Guilds of London. Cups given by individual 
 members to their Guilds are common to most countries 
 and these form the largest section in the exhibit. The 
 Master's Steeple Cup of the Carpenters (an essentially 
 British type) is one of a set of four given by the four 
 Wardens at the beginning of the seventeenth century. 
 Reminiscent of these are the four amusingly conceived 
 contemporary cups of the Innholders. The early 
 eighteenth-century Brand Cup of the Drapers is a 
 magnificent monument to the solidity and dignity of 
 the Companies. 
 
 Glimpses into the history of London are seen in 
 some of the plate. The Bank of England Cup was 
 given to the Mercers in 1 694 in recognition of the loan 
 of their hall for the first meetings of the Bank. Great 
 figures in English history have been members of the 
 Companies, amongst whom is Samuel Pepys. A ewer, 
 given by him and engraved with his Arms and a Latin 
 inscription, doubtless carefully thought out by himself, 
 is lent by the Clothworkers. One of the oldest sporting 
 events in England is recorded in Doggett's Badge. 
 This has been competed for by watermen in a sculling 
 race on the Thames since 1 715, under the auspices of 
 the Fishmongers' Company. 
 
 Some traditional ceremonies of the Companies, 
 which have been handed down for centuries, such as 
 drinking from a loving cup to celebrate the memory 
 of a benefactor and the passing of a rosewater dish 
 round the table at banquets, are still carried on 
 regularly by the Companies. It is fitting, therefore, 
 
 10 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 that one of these ancient traditions should cross the 
 Atlantic in the gift of a rosewater dish from the 
 Corporation and twelve chief Livery Companies of 
 London to the City of New York. This dish was 
 designed by a young, contemporary British designer. 
 
 Along the same wall on which the gold plate is 
 displayed will be found an exhibit of modern book- 
 binding organized in co-operation with the Master 
 Bookbinders' Association of London. 
 
 The Court of Honour is entered through two ante- 
 rooms, the Royal Room and the Silver Room. 
 
 The Royal Room 
 
 The four large paintings symbolize four episodes 
 of British history in terms of Royal and Imperial 
 Heraldry, and emphasize the manner in which 
 Britain's history has centred round her kings. The 
 shields in the borders are those of our sovereigns and 
 their consorts. 
 
 The first panel symbolizes the Hundred Years' 
 War by figures of the Kings of England and France, 
 mounted and heraldically habited, tilting for the 
 crown and shield of France. Above the King of 
 England are his badge, the Sunburst, and the Garter 
 of his famous Order of Knighthood. Above the King 
 of France are the Star of his Order of the Star, and his 
 badge, the Flying Hart. 
 
 In the upper border are the shields of English and 
 Scottish sovereigns to the time of Edward III ; in the 
 lower, those of the English kings' consorts. 
 
 The second panel symbolizes the Wars of the 
 Roses by two rose-bushes, the White Rose for York 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 and the Red Rose for Lancaster, in front of a striped 
 paling of the respective livery colours of the two houses, 
 blue and white for Lancaster, blue and murrey for 
 York. Between and over them hang three crowned 
 shields of the Arms used by the Kings of England in 
 this period. In the centre that of Richard II, with 
 his badge, the White Hart, below ; to the left that of 
 Henry IV, with his collar of SS depending ; and to 
 the right that of his successors, with the Yorkist collar 
 of Suns and Roses. Under the bushes are grouped 
 the badges of the two factions : for Lancaster the 
 Beacon, Antelope, and Swan ; for York the White 
 Lion, Boar, and Falcon and Fetterlock. In the 
 borders are shields of English consorts. 
 
 The third panel symbolizes Tudor pageantry by a 
 composition centred on the Royal Arms between the 
 shields of Ireland (first used by English kings at this 
 period) and Wales (for the Tudors' Welsh descent). 
 Above on a mount is the badge of the crown in the 
 Hawthorn Bush, as it was found after Henry VII's 
 victory at Bos worth. On either side of this stand 
 " Royal Beasts " supporting banners of other Tudor 
 badges : Henry VIFs Greyhound with the crowned 
 Tudor Rose ; the Apostolic Eagle of Katherine of 
 Arragon, with her badge, the Sheaf of Arrows ; the 
 Unicorn of Jane Seymour, with the badge of her son, 
 Edward VI ; her Panther with the crowned Red Rose 
 of Lancaster ; the Clarence Bull with the crowned 
 White Rose en Soleil of York ; and the Beaufort Yale 
 with the crowned Portcullis. In the borders are the 
 shields and badges of the Tudor consorts. 
 
 The fourth panel symbolizes the age of coloniza- 
 tion, following the union of the English and Scottish 
 
 12 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 Crowns, by a ship flying the flags of Saint George, 
 Saint Andrew, the Union (of England and Scotland) 
 of 1603, Saint Patrick, and the Union (with Ireland) 
 of 1 80 1. On the deck stand colonists supporting 
 banners of the British Empire, and in a boat is a 
 colonist with the banner of the United States of 
 America. Britannia at the stern holds out her trident 
 over Neptune rising from the waves. Land seen on 
 the right represents the British Isles, and on the left 
 America. In the upper border are the shields of 
 sovereigns since the Union, and in the lower border 
 those of consorts. 
 
 These panels were also planned and the research 
 carried out by Anthony R. Wagner, Portcullis 
 Pursuivant. 
 
 Historic Books 
 
 A wall case at one end of the Royal Room con- 
 tains the following interesting historic books : 
 
 The New Testament in Greek, 1550, bound for 
 Queen Elizabeth in red velvet with gold stamped 
 panels and enamelled Coat-of-Arms. The decoration 
 is usually described as the English " Lyonnese " style, 
 the characteristics of which are massive gold centre 
 and corner ornaments. 
 
 A book bound for Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester, 
 suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth. It is bound 
 in contemporary English calf and is tooled and gilded 
 to a Grolieresque pattern. In the centre of each side 
 is impressed the crest of the Earl of Leicester (the bear 
 and ragged staff). The date of the book is 1545, and 
 it is a splendid example of English binding of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 13 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 A book of the Gospels shown open at a page con- 
 taining notes in the handwriting of King Charles I. 
 The book was executed by the " Nuns " of Little 
 Gidding in Huntingdonshire in 1630. The verses and 
 engravings were cut from black-letter bibles and 
 rearranged on sheets of thick paper so that the Gospel 
 story could be read as one continuous history. After 
 the volume came into the possession of King Charles I 
 it was recorded that " not a day passed but the King 
 spent one hour in the perusing of it." He is said to 
 have referred to it as a jewel that he would " upon no 
 terms part with." 
 
 Loyal Addresses 
 
 Other wall cases in the Royal Room contain two 
 fine modern examples of illuminated calligraphy. 
 These take the form of loyal addresses from the Royal 
 Academy of Arts and the Royal Institute of British 
 Architects to His Majesty King George VI on the 
 occasion of his Coronation. The addresses have been 
 graciously lent by His Majesty. 
 
 The Crown Jewels 
 
 In an annexe to the Royal Room will be found 
 replicas of the Crown Jewels of Great Britain. They 
 date mainly from the Restoration, the ancient Regalia, 
 which had accumulated since the reign of King Alfred, 
 having been destroyed by order of the Commonwealth 
 Government. A few items survived, however — the 
 Ampulla and Anointing Spoon and some of the more 
 important jewels, notably the Black Prince's ruby and 
 the sapphire from Saint Edward's ring. The new set 
 was made to resemble as far as possible that which 
 
 14 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 had been destroyed, and the names attached to the 
 old ornaments were given to the new ones. Thus the 
 Coronation Crown was called Saint Edward's Crown. 
 This is the crown with which the Sovereign is actually 
 crowned ; it is of gold and set with diamonds, rubies, 
 emeralds, sapphires, and pearls. 
 
 The Crown of Saint Edward being used only for 
 the Coronation ceremony, it is necessary for the 
 Sovereign to have another crown to be worn on other 
 occasions of state. This is known as the Imperial 
 Crown of State. In front of it will be seen the Second 
 Star of Africa, cut from the Cullinan diamond found 
 near Pretoria in 1905 and presented to King Edward 
 VII by the South African Government. It weighs 
 3°9t^ carats and is the second largest cut diamond in 
 existence. Above it is the Black Prince's ruby. From 
 the arches hang four large pear-shaped pearls, said to 
 have been the ear-rings of Queen Elizabeth. In the 
 centre of the diamond cross surmounting the crown is 
 the sapphire said to have adorned the ring of Edward 
 the Confessor. 
 
 The Imperial Crown of India was made for the 
 Durbar held by King George V in 1912. 
 
 In Queen Mary's Crown, made for the Coronation 
 of 191 1, only diamonds are used. In the cross in front 
 is the famous Koh-i-noor, weighing 108 carats, and 
 below it is the Fourth Star of Africa from the Cullinan 
 diamond, weighing 62 carats. In the centre of the 
 cross surmounting the crown is a pear-shaped diamond, 
 the Third Star of Africa, weighing 92 carats. 
 
 The Prince of Wales's Crown is of plain gold. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth's Crown and the Coronets of 
 Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret Rose are 
 
 15 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 the latest additions to the Regalia, having been made 
 for the Coronation of King George VI and Queen 
 Elizabeth in 1937. 
 
 The sceptre is perhaps the most ancient emblem 
 of royalty, and no fewer than five are included in the 
 Regalia. The King's Royal Sceptre with the Cross is 
 placed in the right hand of the Sovereign at the 
 Coronation. It contains the Star of Africa, the largest 
 cut diamond in the world, weighing 5 1 6 J carats, which 
 was cut from the Cullinan diamond. The Sceptre 
 with the Dove is placed in the left hand of the sovereign 
 at the Coronation. The Orb is surmounted by a 
 cross on which rests a white enamelled dove with out- 
 stretched wings. Replicas are also shown of the 
 Queen's Sceptre with the Cross and the Queen's 
 Sceptre with the Dove. The latter is not now used at 
 the Coronation, being replaced by the Queen's Ivory 
 Rod, which also is surmounted by a dove. 
 
 Saint Edward's Staff, known as the Rod of Justice 
 and Equity, is supposed to guide the footsteps of the 
 King. The King's Orb, surmounted by the cross, 
 signifying independent sovereignty under the cross of 
 Christianity, is placed in the King's hand after he has 
 been crowned. The Queen's Orb dates from the 
 Coronation of William and Mary, when both were 
 crowned as reigning sovereigns. 
 
 The swords include the Sword of State, the 
 Jewelled Sword of State, the Swords of Spiritual and 
 Temporal Justice, and the Curtana, or Sword of 
 Mercy. The Sword of State is carried before the King 
 at the opening of Parliament and other state cere- 
 monies. At the Coronation it is carried in the pro- 
 cession, but is replaced by the Jewelled Sword with 
 
 16 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 which the King is invested. The other three swords 
 are copies of those sent by Pope Clement to Henry VIII 
 when he bestowed on him the title of Defender of the 
 Faith. They are all carried behind the King by peers 
 at the Coronation. 
 
 The Ampulla, in the form of a golden eagle, holds 
 the oil with which the King is anointed. This and 
 the Spoon into which the oil is poured are, as stated 
 above, both much older than the rest of the Regalia. 
 
 Other ornaments included in the Regalia are the 
 Ring which is placed on the King's finger during the 
 Coronation, the Bracelets, the King's Garter, worn 
 below the left knee, the Queen's Garter, worn on the 
 left arm, and Saint George's Spurs. The Royal Mace 
 is one of those carried by the Serjeants-at-Arms at the 
 Coronation and on certain other occasions. 
 
 The Silver Room 
 
 The craft of the silversmith still flourishes under 
 the patronage of the Goldsmiths' Company, who have 
 helped in collecting for the British Pavilion examples 
 of modern work, which represents the best designers of 
 to-day. These are equally interesting as works of art 
 and for their associations. The Calix Majestatis, 
 graciously lent by His Majesty King George VI, is a 
 magnificent experiment by a sculptor in modern 
 design. This Cup is intended to commemorate the 
 Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. 
 The Royal Crest surmounts the cover of the Cup, the 
 Coat-of-Arms and Garter adorn its body, and the 
 supporting Lion and Unicorn take the position of 
 handles. The plinth, carved from Devon marble, 
 
 17 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 shows figuratively the number of historic dynasties 
 which have occupied the throne. In contrast, the 
 Dish and Beaker from Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
 bridge, are more traditional, but as pieces of crafts- 
 manship they bring out the qualities of the metal as 
 well as anything in the collection. Many current 
 interests are represented in this small exhibit of cere- 
 monial plate ; the Church, Education, Banking, 
 Transport, Physical Fitness, and Sport all offer their 
 contribution, for the silversmith is an artist who can 
 touch life at many points. 
 
 An exhibit prepared by the Royal Mint is included 
 in this room. Just over 1,000 years ago (a.d. 928) 
 Alfred the Great's grandson, King Aethelstan, issued 
 minting regulations, which are the earliest surviving 
 charter of the London Mint. 
 
 The Exhibit is confined to its most recent work : 
 
 coins : the British coinage of King George VI, 
 including his Maundy money ; coins struck for a 
 number of Dominions and Colonies, etc. ; coins struck 
 under contract for foreign governments. 
 
 medals : a few official awards ; medals struck for 
 public bodies or private persons. 
 
 seals : impressions of the Great Seal of the 
 Realm ; the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster 
 Seals and Public Seals of Colonies. 
 
 The display work in the Court of Honour and the Royal 
 and Silver Rooms is by Mr. Ronald Dickens. 
 
 " Westminster Bridge " 
 
 On leaving the Court of Honour the visitor passes 
 across the bridge connecting with the second floor of 
 
 18 
 
THE COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 the North Pavilion. On each side of the entrance is an 
 English early seventeenth-century suit of cuirassier's 
 armour, loaned from the Tower of London. On 
 either side of the bridge are views seen when crossing 
 the River Thames over Westminster Bridge in London. 
 The bridge leads the visitor into the Public Welfare 
 Hall. 
 
 19 
 
Public Welfare Hall 
 
 RITAIN— land of the English village, the Welsh 
 mountain, and the Scottish glen ; home of 
 Shakespeare and Milton, of Dickens and 
 Thackeray, Robert Burns and Walter Scott, of Raleigh, 
 the Pilgrim Fathers and William Penn, of Wesley and 
 George Fox, of Florence Nightingale, of hundreds of 
 other men and women whose names are household 
 words on both sides of the Atlantic. Britain — where 
 the Industrial Revolution began, covering great 
 stretches of land with factories and carrying British 
 manufactures in British ships to every port and country 
 in the world. Britain — where 46,000,000 people live 
 in a territory smaller than Oregon, holding fast to 
 democratic institutions and an historic tradition of 
 political stability and personal freedom. 
 
 That is the old, familiar Britain. But there is 
 another and a newer Britain — a country where great 
 schemes of social security, financed by contributions 
 from employer, worker, and Government, protect the 
 whole working population against the worst evils of 
 sickness, bereavement, unemployment, and old age ; 
 where a continuing campaign, maintained with the 
 help of heavy subsidies from national and local taxes, 
 is steadily clearing away the old reproach of the slums 
 and providing all with uncrowded houseroom within 
 their individual means. Britain to-day everywhere 
 enjoys services for the care of mother and child, a 
 modern system of universal education, Government 
 facilities for training young and unemployed workers, 
 and a network of national employment exchanges 
 assisting employers to find workers and workers to find 
 
 20 
 
PLAN OF THE PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 jobs. Village life continues as sturdily as ever, with 
 modern welfare services to meet special rural needs. 
 Leisure hours in town or country, in England or Scot- 
 land or Wales, bring unrivalled opportunities for bodily 
 and mental recreation within the reach of all — oppor- 
 tunities that are improved in many ways by public 
 money, both local and national, but are free from the 
 trammels of Government regulation and control. 
 
 Practically all these services are the joint product 
 of public and private effort, and their day-to-day 
 administration is based on harmonious co-operation 
 between the central Government Departments,* other 
 public bodies (especially the local municipal authorities 
 freely elected by the inhabitants), and private organiza- 
 tions of every kind (especially those represented on the 
 National Council of Social Service) . 
 
 Information Bureau [A] 
 
 All visitors who are interested in the details of 
 British public welfare services are cordially invited to 
 make themselves known at the Information Bureau, 
 where Government and private publications are avail- 
 able and where the officer in charge will be happy to 
 answer inquiries. Questions requiring reference to 
 Great Britain will be dealt with by return of post, and 
 the replies forwarded to any address in the United 
 States or Canada. 
 
 N.B. The reference letters in brackets [ inserted after 
 section headings refer to the key plan. 
 
 * Chiefly the Ministry of Health and the Department of 
 Health for Scotland, the Board of Education and the Scottish 
 Education Department, and the Ministry of Labour. 
 
 21 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 Changing Britain [B] 
 
 The visitor who crosses " Westminster Bridge " at 
 once finds himself face to face with a literal representa- 
 tion of the title theme. Before him stretches a model 
 15 ft. long of a typical English town of about three 
 hundred years ago ; Shakespeare has just died and 
 the Pilgrim Fathers are soon to set sail. Streets of 
 half-timbered houses with their gardens cluster round 
 abbey, castle, and market-place. Outside the town 
 walls stretches open countryside not yet cut up into 
 fields, with an ancient manor-house in the distance 
 and nearer the town an old tilt-yard where the 
 mediaeval sports are not yet all abandoned. England 
 is still Merrie England. 
 
 But the town changes before the onlooker's eyes. 
 Gradually castle, abbey, and town walls fall into decay. 
 The old houses become tumble-down and overcrowded 
 and their gardens are given up to rows and rows of 
 ugly little brick boxes. A railroad comes into one side 
 of the picture and the smoke from the locomotives 
 mingles with the smoke from tall factory chimneys to 
 form a heavy pall over the whole town. Grimy indus- 
 trial works stand where the green fields used to be. In 
 the foreground is a gaunt workhouse, whose close 
 resemblance to a prison does not stop at outward 
 appearances. We have arrived at the heyday of the 
 Industrial Revolution, about a hundred years ago. 
 Britain was the workshop of the world, growing richer 
 and more populous every year. National energy was 
 concentrated on industrial production ; men, women, 
 and small children worked incredibly long hours in 
 the factories and mines and their few hours of rest 
 
 22 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HAL I . 
 
 and sleep were spent in filthy slums and rickety 
 hovels, ill-built, ill-ventilated, and without water or 
 sanitary conveniences of any kind. History knows 
 part of this grim period as the " Hungry Forties " and 
 it stands recorded for ever in the works of Charles 
 Dickens. 
 
 The Town of To-day 
 
 Events, however, do not stand still, and the scene 
 is changing again. This time it is changing for the 
 better — to the town as we know it to-day. The abbey 
 and castle and walls are still there, grown mellow with 
 age but now kept in careful repair. Some of the old 
 factory buildings remain, but they are being rapidly 
 replaced by new ones, which are light and airy and 
 consume their own smoke and effluent. Modern roads 
 with all the apparatus of roundabouts and traffic lights 
 are supplementing or replacing the old highway 
 system. The slums are being steadily pulled down, 
 and in their place a garden suburb is springing up on 
 the outskirts with all the facilities for healthy recreation. 
 Most significant of all are the numerous buildings 
 scattered over the town which are devoted to public 
 welfare services unknown a hundred years ago. A 
 health centre provides medical attention for mother 
 and child, schoolchildren, and sufferers from a number 
 of diseases. The old workhouse has given way to an 
 up-to-date municipal hospital to which no taint of 
 pauperism attaches. The busy Employment Exchange 
 stands for the role of the central Government in 
 employment problems. Modern school buildings 
 
 23 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 provide for the child population, and the Elizabethan 
 grammar-school has been transformed into an up-to- 
 date unit in the general educational system. The 
 public library, the waterworks, the playing-fields, and 
 the swimming-pool are only a few of the other examples 
 of how public welfare services have made their mark 
 on the physical appearance of the town of to-day. 
 The local administration of many of these services has 
 added so much to the duties of the town council and 
 its officials that the municipal offices have far outgrown 
 the resources of the old town hall. 
 
 The transformation ends with the town of to-day. 
 No man can probe the future and no attempt has been 
 made to portray the town of to-morrow. Much more 
 than a hundred years is needed to efface the results of 
 the sins and errors of the past. Modern Britain still 
 has her slums, her grimy industrial cities, and sick and 
 poor people whose needs are not yet fully met. In 
 the town of to-day public and private effort in com- 
 bination are steadily and surely carrying through a 
 process of social transformation which, though much 
 has been accomplished, has not yet reached its 
 end. 
 
 The three models have been designed under the 
 guidance of the Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 
 On the wall opposite " Changing Britain " the 
 hand of a great clock ticks past the last hundred years, 
 illuminating as it passes some of the more important 
 milestones in social and political progress. The 
 exhibits on either side further illustrate the theme of 
 
 [C] 
 
 24 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 " Then and Now " ; one side is devoted to education 
 and the other to health and work. In each showcase 
 actual examples as well as pictures of old-time practice 
 are included by way of contrast to conditions of the 
 present day. 
 
 The Three Countries [D] 
 
 The visitor now passes further into the main hall 
 of the Exhibit and finds himself before a huge map of 
 Great Britain standing out in sharp silhouette against 
 a background of softly changing light, recalling the 
 familiar words of John of Gaunt in Shakespeare's 
 King Richard II : 
 
 This precious stone set in the silver sea . . . 
 
 This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. 
 
 The map bears a number of symbolic scenes on 
 its face. There is Westminster, seat of the British 
 Parliament and of the London County Council — two 
 democratic assemblies standing for national and local 
 government respectively ; the scene is encircled, as 
 London is encircled in reality, by low-cost houses built 
 since the war. In other parts of the map the " dream- 
 ing spires " of Oxford stand for British education, and 
 doctors and nurses for public health, physical fitness is 
 typified against a background of the Welsh mountains, 
 a Government training centre is shown in the industrial 
 North, and in the Highlands of Scotland an aeroplane 
 ambulance illustrates the special public health service 
 of these remote parts. 
 
 Next to the illuminated map, in the centre of the 
 hall, are two sections dealing the one with leisure 
 
 25 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 occupation of mind and spirit and the other with 
 village life — two fundamental factors which help to 
 mould the British national character. 
 
 Leisure in Freedom [E] 
 
 In the first of these sections a large panel demon- 
 strates by text and picture how stage and screen, music 
 and the fine arts, literature and the press — all free 
 from political or ideological censorship — combine to 
 mould a free and instructed public opinion. ' ' Leisure's 
 choicest fruits," as the caption says, " spring from the 
 soil of freedom." The British Government does not 
 attempt to control the minds and thoughts of its 
 citizens ; the role of public authorities is to provide 
 and foster cultural facilities of which the citizen is free 
 to take advantage or not. A series of three miniature 
 stage , sets illustrates in piquant technique three 
 examples of these facilities — museums and galleries, 
 public libraries, and two world-famed London attrac- 
 tions, the " Zoo " and Kew Gardens. 
 
 The treasures of British museums and galleries are 
 second to none ; they include incomparable paintings 
 and sculpture of every period, from the Elgin Marbles 
 onward, relics of the past from the funeral furniture of 
 the Queen of Ur to the dresses worn by Queen 
 Victoria, some of the oldest manuscripts of the Bible, 
 and the aeroplane in which the brothers Wright made 
 their first successful flight. 
 
 The free public libraries in Great Britain are the 
 daily resort of thousands of readers of every form of 
 literature, from the deepest works of philosophy to the 
 daily newspaper or the latest novel ; we owe here a 
 
 26 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 special debt to that great Scot-American Andrew 
 Carnegie, whose generous benefactions to many forms 
 of public welfare in Great Britain include assistance to 
 hundreds of free public libraries. 
 
 The " Zoo " (or Zoological Gardens) and Kew 
 Gardens have the chief collections of living animals 
 and plants respectively in Great Britain. 
 
 A model of a community centre is shown together 
 with illustrations of what goes on in such centres, 
 including dramatic and musical activities as well as 
 games of physical exercise. 
 
 Village Life [F] 
 
 Village life is described in the caption of the 
 exhibit as " a modern pattern woven in an ancient 
 fabric." More of the population lives in towns than 
 in most European countries, but this fact has not 
 destroyed British village life. The clachan in the 
 north of Scotland, the Welsh village with its colour- 
 washed cottages, the half-timbered farm buildings of 
 Herefordshire, the red-brick cottages of Berkshire, the 
 thatched roofs of the West Country — in these and many 
 other districts each village still retains its own peculiar 
 charm. It was a hard task to choose a characteristic 
 village for portrayal, but in the end the organizers of 
 the exhibit have chosen a village in the Cotswolds — on 
 the borders of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire — where 
 the grey stone houses with their mullioned windows 
 still follow the style set five hundred years ago. The 
 model shows how the modern village, like the modern 
 town, enjoys public welfare services, but in forms 
 specially suited to rural needs. There are new houses 
 
 27 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 with modern equipment, piped water supplies and 
 electricity, and the apparatus of twentieth-century 
 domestic comfort is being rapidly applied. On the 
 other hand, local arts and crafts continue to put up a 
 spirited resistance to the invasion of machine-made 
 products from the town, and the growth of what is 
 new has not been allowed to impair unduly the beauty 
 of what is old. 
 
 The British village has always preserved a genuine 
 communal feeling between men and women in different 
 stations — the squire, the parson, and the schoolmaster, 
 the farmers and shopkeepers and craftsmen, the farm 
 workers and cottagers. This feeling of a village 
 community which is older than feudal times has sur- 
 vived the fall of feudalism and nourishes in the 
 democratic conditions of to-day. Perhaps its best 
 expression is on Armistice Day, when on November 1 1 
 the whole village gathers round the local war memorial 
 for a Service of Remembrance. The scene is repre- 
 sented in one of a series of five exhibits on this theme, 
 the other examples being the village flower show and 
 meetings of a village club, a women's institute, and a 
 young farmers' club. All these organizations are 
 explained on the exhibits themselves. 
 
 The rest of this section shows photographs of other 
 village activities of all kinds, from maternity and child 
 welfare to the travelling library service. 
 
 The walls of this hall are occupied by six bays 
 dealing with particular aspects of public welfare. 
 There are three on each side, the subjects being as 
 
 The Six 
 
 28 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 follows, beginning on the left side as one enters from 
 the direction of Westminster Bridge : 
 
 Left Side : New Homes for Old. 
 
 Mother and Child. 
 Children at School. 
 
 Right Side : Britain at Work. 
 
 Britain at Play. 
 Social Security. 
 
 New Homes for Old [G] 
 
 Good housing is a basic need of every family. 
 Since the World War Great Britain has built more 
 low-cost houses in proportion to its population than 
 any other large country. Four million houses have 
 been built in Great Britain in the last twenty years — 
 enough to house comfortably the entire population of 
 Canada and seven of the adjoining states of the Union. 
 Every third British family lives in one of these new 
 houses, which go on being steadily completed at a rate 
 of a thousand every working day. 
 
 The new houses are not like the old rows of little 
 houses in straight, narrow streets which used to be 
 built fifty years ago. Still less are the new houses like 
 the notorious slums which were run up in many 
 industrial areas in the first half of the last century. 
 Built of flimsy materials, crammed together without 
 light or air, damp, insanitary, and overcrowded — for 
 many years even after the World War, the slums 
 remained a menace to the health of their inhabitants 
 and a standing reproach to the conscience of their 
 
 29 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 fellow citizens. Within the last five years, however, 
 a determined attack has been made on the slums. 
 They are now being swept away at a rate of over 
 200 houses a day, and replaced by modern low-cost 
 houses. 
 
 The new houses are well built, with modern 
 cooking, bathroom and sanitary accommodation. 
 Most of them are in groups of two or four, each house 
 with its own garden. Low-cost apartment houses are 
 only found in the large cities, where workers cannot 
 afford to travel far to and from their jobs. The 
 exhibit shows in diagram form particulars of three 
 types of low-cost houses — the standard type with three 
 bedrooms, a larger type for the bigger families, 
 and, at the other extreme, a special type of bungalow 
 for old couples in the evening of their days. 
 
 Over a million of the new houses (including 
 practically all those build to replace demolished slums 
 and tp reduce overcrowding) belong to municipal 
 authorities, and are let at low weekly rents graded to 
 the tenants' means — usually between $2 and $3 a 
 week, but in some cases, chiefly farm workers' cottages, 
 as low as $1. These rents are only possible because 
 of heavy subsidies from the central Government 
 (through the Ministry of Health and the corresponding 
 Scottish Department) and from the municipal authori- 
 ties towards the cost of building and maintaining 
 the houses. Similar arrangements apply to some 
 thousands of houses built by private housing associa- 
 tions. Most of the remaining three million are being 
 bought by their occupiers by weekly payments on the 
 instalment system, mostly with the help of building 
 societies. 
 
 30 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 Mother and Child [H] 
 
 To twentieth-century ways of thinking no care 
 can be too great for the welfare of the expectant and 
 nursing mother and her child. 
 
 The result of modern efforts in Great Britain, in 
 which doctors, nurses, midwives, health visitors, and a 
 host of other public and private workers all play their 
 part, is given in some striking statistics displayed in 
 this bay. To-day only one British mother dies out of 
 every three hundred confinements ; only one baby 
 born alive out of every sixteen is lost within the year ; 
 and only one child dies of measles, scarlet fever, 
 whooping cough, diphtheria, or croup for every three 
 that did so as recently as twenty-five years ago, even 
 after allowing for changes in the birth-rate during that 
 time. 
 
 Times have changed. Ancient Greece was not 
 the only country where weakly and unwanted infants 
 were once turned out to die of exposure. As recently as 
 1843, when Dickens was writing " Martin Chuzzlewit,". 
 the typical midwife was Sairey Gamp. This example 
 and others of the bad old times for mother and baby 
 are vividly illustrated in a series of revolving scenes in 
 this bay. 
 
 Side by side, by way of contrast, are examples of 
 the British maternity and child welfare services of the 
 present day. They are almost wholly the growth of 
 the past twenty years. Beginning from some private 
 experiments in infant welfare clinics, there is now an 
 organized network of public services throughout the 
 length and breadth of Britain under the general super- 
 vision of the central Government (through the 
 
 3i 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 Ministry of Health and the corresponding Scottish 
 Department) and the immediate administration of 
 municipal and county authorities or of private societies 
 receiving grants from those authorities. The services 
 are within the reach of all, and are either free or 
 charged for according to the recipient's means. In 
 order to make this possible the services are financed 
 from municipal and county taxes and through the 
 general grant for health services which is paid to 
 municipal and county authorities by the central 
 Government. 
 
 The services include : ante-natal and post-natal 
 centres where the expectant and nursing mother can 
 get examination, advice, and suitable food ; a national 
 midwifery service, which enables every mother in town 
 or country to have a properly trained midwife if she 
 is confined at home ; public and private maternity 
 wards for mothers who have their babies in hospital ; 
 health visitors to advise mothers in their homes about 
 family health problems ; welfare centres where infants 
 are weighed, examined, and treated for minor troubles, 
 and where milk and meals are available ; day nurseries 
 for infants while their mothers are out at work ; and 
 a number of other miscellaneous services. All these 
 supplement and reinforce the traditional ministrations 
 of the private family doctor. 
 
 Modern Britain can justly claim to be saving the 
 lives of thousands of mothers, babies, and children 
 through its organized public welfare services, and for 
 each one saved there are many others who are stronger 
 than they otherwise would be. Britain to-day is justly 
 proud of her future citizens. 
 
 32 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 Children at School [K] 
 
 The educational system in England and Wales 
 consists of two parts, that which is financed wholly or 
 partly from public funds and called the public educa- 
 tional system, and that which is independent of public 
 funds and outside the scope of the public welfare 
 services. Although the former is by far the larger, the 
 latter is not unimportant, as it includes, for instance, 
 the great so-called " public schools." 
 
 The model in this Section illustrates the former 
 part only. It shows the main types of schools and 
 colleges belonging to it. The less important have been 
 omitted for lack of space, and for the same reason no 
 attempt has been made to illustrate the differences 
 (mainly of detail) between the English and Welsh 
 system and that of Scotland. The model shows also 
 how children and young persons normally progress 
 from one type to another. The buildings in the model 
 do not purport to be reproductions of actual buildings. 
 Some photographs of actual buildings are shown below 
 the model and the vacant space on the left of the model 
 itself has been used for photographs of typical school 
 and college scenes. 
 
 Education is compulsory between the ages of 5 
 and 14 (after this year 15), and after that voluntary. 
 
 No fees are charged in public elementary schools 
 (i.e. infant, junior, and senior schools). In other 
 schools and colleges provided or aided from public 
 funds some part of the cost of education is met from 
 fees, and students of proved ability who require 
 assistance in paying them are assisted according to 
 their needs. 
 
 33 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 Children normally enter the infant school at 5, 
 pass on to the junior school at about 8, and stay there 
 till about 11. Here comes the first great choice. 
 Those children (about one out of every seven) whose 
 parents wish them to receive a secondary education 
 and who pass the necessary test of ability go on to 
 secondary schools and the others to senior schools. 
 
 Senior school children normally stay there for the 
 remainder of the period of compulsory education, 
 except those (about three per cent.) who, after passing 
 a test of ability, proceed to junior technical schools at 
 about 13. These schools, which exist only in certain 
 places, provide a combination of general education 
 with specialized preparation for a particular industry 
 or occupation, generally covering a period of two 
 years. 
 
 Secondary school pupils mostly leave at about 16 
 after taking the School Certificate Examination. 
 Some, however, stay on until about 18, and the leavers 
 at this age include those who go on to a university. 
 About one-fifth of all passing through secondary schools 
 go on to a university, teachers' training college, or 
 technical college. 
 
 Both in town and country a large and increasing 
 number of students of all ages attend evening classes, 
 some to improve their knowledge and earning power 
 and others for cultural or recreational purposes. 
 
 Britain at Work [L] 
 
 The British public welfare services protect workers 
 at all stages of their working life. For the young 
 person about to make his first start in industry, they 
 
 34 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 help him and his parents to choose his career and find 
 him a job in his chosen occupation. If the prospects 
 in his home town are meagre, they help — if he and 
 his parents are willing — to find him a job in a more 
 promising area and move him there ; and they keep 
 in touch with him and help him until he has settled 
 down and can fend for himself. 
 
 For those in search of work there is a nation-wide 
 employment exchange service which brings together 
 the employer needing staff and the man requiring 
 work. The service is free to all, quick, and efficient. The 
 employer is offered a careful selection of workers fitted 
 to his particular needs ; the worker can be told of 
 suitable jobs available for him near his home or away 
 from home, and spared the hardships of an undirected 
 search for work. The worker in certain areas offering 
 poor prospects of a satisfactory amount of employment 
 can be found a job in a more promising area and 
 assisted to move, with his belongings and family, and to 
 settle there. Those who have not a satisfactory footing 
 in industry can be given intensive training in a variety 
 of occupations ; or, if they are suffering from long 
 unemployment or lack of minor medical treatment, 
 can be restored to good condition so as to be able to 
 hold a job when one is found. 
 
 Industrial relations and the regulation of wages 
 and hours of work rest upon solid foundations of good 
 sense and good will. Workers and employers in many 
 trades are strongly organized, and of their strength 
 has been gradually fashioned voluntary machinery for 
 the peaceful settlement of wages and working con- 
 ditions. The State interferes only when voluntary 
 efforts are immature or have failed to safeguard the 
 
 35 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 rights of both sides, and then only in such a way as to 
 preserve the principle of self-government. 
 
 Except in special cases, notably coal-mining and 
 road haulage, the hours of work of adult men are not 
 controlled by law, but are left to be dealt with by 
 agreement ; the hours of women and young persons 
 are, however, extensively controlled by legislation. 
 There is also legislation designed to secure safe and 
 healthy working conditions for the worker in manu- 
 facturing and certain other operations. 
 
 " A healthy mind in a healthy body " was the old 
 Roman prescription for happiness. Intellectual and 
 aesthetic interests have already been dealt with in 
 another part of the Public Welfare Section (see 
 Section E) and our tour has now brought us near it 
 once more, as we study the bay which shows the 
 British interpretation of " the healthy body." 
 
 English has given the word " sport " to many 
 other languages. Moreover, an astonishing number 
 of the games now played everywhere in America and 
 Europe originated with one or other of the English- 
 speaking peoples ; this is true of organized football, 
 baseball, cricket, lawn tennis, and golf, to name no 
 other examples. 
 
 Some games and pastimes are specially associated 
 with the different countries of the United Kingdom, 
 and the exhibit includes scenes from them on this basis. 
 British football has two forms — Association (" soccer "), 
 in which the ball must not be handled, and Rugby 
 (" rugger "), in which it can be. Cricket is as popular 
 
 Britain 
 
 [M] 
 
 36 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 in England as baseball is in America. Many people, 
 however, would say that the characteristic English 
 sport was fox-hunting, which is still pursued as in the 
 days of John Peel and Surtees. To Scotland belongs 
 the honour of having invented golf ; and another 
 characteristic pastime of the northern kingdom is the 
 Highland Games, which include piping, dancing, and 
 tossing the caber (the stem of a fir-tree), as well as 
 more ordinary athletic contests. For Wales, again, 
 the example chosen is rather cultural than athletic — the 
 Eisteddfod, which is chiefly marked by competitions 
 in music and poetry in the Welsh language. 
 
 But the British do not confine their outdoor amuse- 
 ments to these. There are very few forms of sport 
 which do not have a strong following among them, 
 whether team sports like rowing (who has not heard 
 of the Oxford and Cambridge boat-race ?) or man-to- 
 man contests like boxing and wrestling, whether 
 organized classes of physical education or less formal 
 activities like walking (" hiking," as it is called^ or 
 cycling or swimming or climbing, whether the joys of 
 a crowded seaside resort or of fishing all by oneself and 
 away from one's fellow men. Examples of various 
 outdoor activities like this appear in succession in 
 the exhibit. Other examples not illustrated include 
 " baiting the Government " — a form of amusement 
 which is still retained and valued in Great Britain. 
 
 Something like half the working population now 
 enjoy annual holidays with pay, as a result of friendly 
 agreements between workpeople and employers, and 
 the proportion is rapidly growing. 
 
 The significant point is that Englishmen and 
 Scotsmen and Welshmen can choose their form of 
 
 37 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 amusement for themselves. Government and other 
 public authorities do not prescribe it for them — their 
 role is to see that facilities exist wherever they are 
 wanted by encouraging their provision with grants of 
 money or, as with public playing-fields and swimming- 
 pools, by themselves providing the facilities for the 
 public to use. The British like to enjoy their sport 
 their own way, not the Government's way. 
 
 Social Security [N] 
 
 Thirty years ago nothing stood between most * 
 British workers' families and financial disaster when 
 the breadwinner died or became unable to follow his 
 job through trade conditions, sickness, or old age — 
 nothing, that is to say, except scanty savings, private 
 charity, and Poor Law relief which it was felt degrading 
 to receive. 
 
 To-day the position has been revolutionized. 
 The great bulk of the working population of Great 
 Britain is covered by three great schemes of compul- 
 sory national insurance, controlled by the central 
 Government. National Health Insurance provides free 
 medical attention, free medicine, and fixed weekly 
 cash payments while the worker is off the pay-roll as 
 a result of sickness or disablement, together with a 
 single cash payment when the worker's wife, or the 
 woman worker (if she is insured), is confined. Unem- 
 ployment Insurance provides fixed weekly cash payments 
 for the unemployed worker, his wife, and dependent 
 children. Contributory Pensions provide fixed weekly 
 
 * A minority belonged to private benefit societies. 
 
 38 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 cash payments for the widow, dependent children, and 
 orphans of an insured worker after his death, and for 
 himself and his wife when first he and then she reaches 
 the age of 65. 
 
 All three schemes are administered on the same 
 principles as private insurance, with one exception, 
 that membership is compulsory for the great bulk of 
 employed workers below a certain standard of income ; 
 consequently, no one in an insurable occupation may 
 stand out, but, on the other hand, no " bad risk " is 
 kept out. The insurance funds out of which the 
 benefits are paid are derived, in each of the three 
 schemes, from three sources : 
 
 (i) a fixed weekly contribution made by the 
 
 employer for each worker ; 
 
 (ii) a fixed weekly contribution made by the 
 
 worker ; and 
 
 (iii) a fixed contribution made by the central 
 
 Government out of the national revenue. 
 Each worker has " insurance cards " to cover these 
 schemes, and items (i) and (ii) are paid for by buying 
 special stamps at a Post Office and fixing them week 
 by week on the card. The employer has to do this 
 and deducts the amount of item (ii) from the worker's 
 wages. 
 
 Thus workers, employers, and the general body of 
 taxpayers all have a financial interest in keeping the 
 schemes on sound lines. The unemployment and 
 pensions schemes are directly administered by the 
 central Government ; the detailed administration of 
 the Health Insurance scheme is generally speaking in 
 the hands of " approved societies " — mostly the old 
 friendly and benefit societies. 
 
 39 
 
PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 The main part of the Social Security Bay is a 
 symbolic moving diagram showing how the three 
 parties contribute to the national insurance schemes 
 and the benefits which flow from them. Actual 
 specimens of the cards and stamps used are also shown. 
 
 Unemployment insurance nowadays has no resem- 
 blance to a " dole." Workers who through long 
 unemployment have exhausted their benefits under 
 the scheme just described are no longer eligible for 
 further payments from the fund. They may, how- 
 ever, receive, according to their household needs, 
 " unemployment assistance " from the Unemployment 
 Assistance Board, which is financed entirely by the 
 central Government, and beyond this there remains as 
 a last recourse the provision of " public assistance " — 
 the modern humanized version of the old " Poor 
 Law." Reference to both these assistance services is 
 included in the Exhibit. In addition, men and women 
 over 70 who are not entitled to old-age pensions under 
 the contributory scheme described above are eligible 
 for old-age pensions of varying amounts, subject to an 
 income test. 
 
 To complete the story it should be mentioned that 
 under English law the employer is, broadly speaking, 
 made responsible for paying compensation when a 
 worker is killed or injured by an accident at work. 
 
 The display work in the Public Welfare Hall is by 
 Mr. Misha Black. 
 
 40 
 
Maritime Hall 
 
 ON leaving the Public Welfare Hall the visitor 
 enters the Maritime Hall and looks down 
 upon a large map of the world where, dis- 
 played upon the ocean surfaces, are over 9,000 small 
 models of ships representing the extent of British 
 mercantile shipping. The oceans are constructed of 
 glass with an arrangement of light to give the effect of 
 movement. The land surfaces are made of copper. 
 
 On one side of the Hall is a series of models 
 designed to illustrate the development of British trans- 
 atlantic shipping during the past century. The models 
 include the four vessels which first crossed the Atlantic 
 under steam power : the Sirius, Great Western, Britannia, 
 and Great Britain. 
 
 The small paddle steamer Sirius was the first 
 vessel to cross the Atlantic under continuous steam 
 power. She was built of wood in 1837 by Robert 
 Menzies & Son, of Leith, for the service between 
 London and Cork of the St. George Steam Packet 
 Company, which eventually became the City of Cork 
 Steam Packet Company. 
 
 Although never intended for the Atlantic service, 
 this little cross-channel steamer was chartered by the 
 newly formed British and American Steam Navigation 
 Company and despatched from Cork Harbour to New 
 York in April 1838. Under the command of Lieu- 
 tenant R. Roberts, R.N., the Sirius left London for 
 Cork Harbour, where she coaled, leaving on April 4 
 with forty passengers for New York, where she arrived 
 on April 22, her average speed for the crossing being 
 
 4i 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 6- 7 knots. She was closely followed by the paddle 
 steamer Great Western, which arrived the next day. 
 
 The paddle steamer Great Western was the first 
 steamer constructed specially to cross the Atlantic. 
 She was built of wood at Bristol in 1837, by Mr. 
 Patterson, for the Great Western Steamship Company, 
 to the plans of Mr. I. K. Brunei, F.R.S. Her first 
 crossing of the Atlantic was accomplished in April 
 1838, and fully demonstrated the practicability of 
 ocean steamship transport. 
 
 To enable the vessel to resist the action of the 
 heavy Atlantic waves, she was constructed with great 
 longitudinal strength. The ribs were of oak, and of 
 scantling equal to that of contemporary line-of-battle 
 ships. The saloon, which was the principal apartment 
 in the ship, was 75 ft. long, 21 ft. wide, and 9 ft. high, 
 and is stated to have been the largest and most 
 luxurious room provided in any vessel of the period. 
 There was accommodation for 120 first-class passengers 
 and 20 second-class, but, if necessary, sleeping berths 
 for a further 100 passengers could be provided. The 
 crew consisted of 60 officers and men, so that a total 
 of 300 persons could be accommodated. 
 
 The Great Western left Bristol for her first crossing 
 of the Atlantic on April 7, 1838, three days later than 
 the Sirius, and arrived in New York Harbour on 
 the morning of April 23, only a few hours after the 
 Sirius. The time occupied was 15 clear days, the 
 average speed for the entire crossing was 8-2 knots 3 
 and the best day's steaming 243 miles. 
 
 The paddle steamer Britannia was the first vessel 
 owned by the Cunard Steamship Company. Built of 
 wood at Greenock, in 1840, by Robert Duncan & 
 
 42 
 
MARITIME H A L L 
 
 Company, she was the first of four sister ships to 
 establish a monthly transatlantic mail steamship 
 service from Liverpool to Halifax and Boston, 
 subsidized by the British Government. 
 
 The Britannia was a two-decked barque-rigged 
 vessel, built with a square stern and clipper bow. On 
 the upper deck provision was made for the officers' 
 quarters and the galley ; there was also a shelter for 
 cows, which were carried in order to ensure a supply 
 of fresh milk. The passenger accommodation con- 
 sisted of the dining-saloon and cabins for 115 persons 
 on the main deck below. 
 
 The Britannia left Liverpool for her first crossing 
 of the Atlantic on July 4, 1 840 ; she arrived at Halifax 
 in 1 1 days 4 hours, and completed her run to Boston 
 in 14 days 8 hours. A contemporary newspaper 
 account states that " the fine vessel is so large that it 
 was necessary to swing her out into mid-stream (the 
 Mersey) and place her passengers aboard from a 
 tender owing to her immense size." The return 
 crossing was made in a little over 10 days, the best 
 steaming having been 280 miles in a day. 
 
 The S.S. Great Britain was the first large vessel to 
 be built of iron, and was also the first screw steamer 
 to cross the Atlantic. She was built by the Great 
 Western Steamship Company at Bristol in 1839-43, to 
 the designs of Mr. I. K. Brunei, F.R.S. It was origin- 
 ally intended to fit her with paddle-wheels, but while 
 she was still under construction the design was altered to 
 adapt her for screw propulsion. The vessel was floated 
 on July 19, 1843, but did not run her trials until 
 December 1844, when she attained a speed of 11 knots. 
 On July 26, 1845, the Great Britain left Liverpool for 
 
 43 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 New York, carrying some 60 passengers and 600 tons 
 of cargo. The passage took just over 15 days, an 
 average speed of 9-3 knots being maintained, while 
 her engines indicated 600 h.p. The return voyage 
 was made in 14 days, the best day's run being 287 miles. 
 
 For comparison with these early vessels there is in 
 close proximity to them a model of the latest achieve- 
 ment of British mercantile design and construction, the 
 Queen Elizabeth, which, like her sister-ship the Queen 
 Mary, will complete the trip from England to America 
 in under four days. The Queen Elizabeth was launched 
 on the Clyde by Her Majesty the Queen on 
 September 27, 1938. 
 
 On the opposite side of the hall are models of 
 other examples of modern British shipbuilding — 
 Circassia and Cilicia, Monarch of Bermuda, Capetown 
 Castle, Strathnaver and Strathaird, and Empress of Britain. 
 
 On the further side of the large map of the world 
 are showcases containing the following charts and 
 documents, lent by the Antiquarian Booksellers' 
 Association (of London), and dating from the early 
 days of transatlantic navigation and exploration : 
 
 Sir Francis Drake 
 
 ORIGINAL MAP, ILLUSTRATING HIS WEST INDIAN 
 VOYAGE OF 1585-86 
 
 This famous map, engraved by Battista Boazio 
 almost immediately after Drake's return to England, 
 is extremely rare. Sir Francis Drake sailed from 
 Plymouth on September 14, 1585, with a fleet of 
 twenty-five vessels. Sir Martin Frobisher was his vice- 
 admiral and Francis Knollys his rear-admiral. After 
 many adventures they reached the coast of Florida 
 
 44 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 (then a Spanish possession), and pursued their way to 
 the northward, until, in compliance with their orders, 
 they reached the Virginian colony. They returned to 
 England, reaching Portsmouth on July 28, 1586. 
 
 Old English Sea-Charts 
 
 Three examples are shown of original navigators' 
 maps, prepared for the use of English seamen by 
 Nicholas Comberford, " in RatclifFe Highway, at the 
 Signe of the Piatt," between the years 1650 and 1657. 
 
 Original sea-charts are now rare, and the examples 
 shown are, apart from their great geographical interest, 
 of fine decorative quality. As they were primarily 
 intended for the use of seamen, they give fuller details 
 of coast-lines, islands, shoals, and sand-banks than of 
 interior regions, the space for the latter being used to 
 enhance the beauty of the map. 
 
 The first is a Portulan Chart of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, including the coast-line of New York State, 
 copied from Henry Hudson's lost map. Manhattan 
 Island is marked in gold. The map shows also 
 Canada (" Nouvelle France "), New England (" Nova 
 Anglia "), Maryland, Virginia, and other countries in 
 both hemispheres. 
 
 The Portulan Chart of the Island of Hispaniola or 
 Haiti is a fine and picturesque marine chart of the 
 type used by the buccaneers who inhabited the island 
 at this period. 
 
 The chart for the navigation of the coast of North 
 Carolina from Cape Fear to " Dennis Island," possibly 
 the earliest Portulan Chart of this locality, was executed 
 six years before the grant of the Charter to Lord 
 Clarendon and others for the foundation of the colony. 
 
 45 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh 
 
 ORIGINAL ROYAL WARRANT RELEASING HIM FROM 
 THE TOWER OF LONDON TO PREPARE FOR HIS LAST 
 VOYAGE TO AMERICA, JANUARY 30, l6l6 (n.S. 
 1 6l 7), ON PARCHMENT, WITH PRIVY SEAL 
 
 In 1603 Sir Walter Raleigh was sent to the Tower 
 for conspiring against James I, and remained there 
 until the beginning of 1617. About 16 10 he sought 
 permission to make another voyage to Guiana, and 
 with the assistance of his friends succeeded in obtaining 
 the release embodied in the document shown. Raleigh 
 had promised to find gold in Guiana, and the King 
 favoured the expedition. Raleigh sailed on March 17, 
 161 7, but after great privation the expedition was 
 unsuccessful, and in 1618 he returned home. He was 
 arrested and was executed on October 29, 161 8. The 
 following is an abridged transcript of the Warrant : 
 
 "'James, by the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, 
 Fraunce and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. To our 
 trusty and well-beloved Sir George More, Knight, our 
 Lieutenant of our Tower of London, greeting. Whereas 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight, having been heretobefore by 
 order of our Lawes convicted and attainted by high treason 
 by him committed against us and our States, since which 
 tyme, through our princely clemence, wee, forbearing to 
 execute uppon him the penaltie of our lawes, have notwith- 
 standing continewed him prisoner in our said Tower, where 
 he still remaineth as prisoner in the custody of you our 
 Lieutenant there. . . . Now wee, out of our princely com- 
 passion, being graciously pleased that the said Sir Walter 
 Raleigh shall be noe longer continued prisoner in our said 
 Tower, but forthwith be fully enlarged and delivered out of 
 the same, in hope he maie and will prove serviceable to us 
 and our State." 
 
 46 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 ORIGINAL LETTER ENTIRELY IN HIS OWN HAND 
 RELATING TO HIS LAST VOYAGE TO AMERICA, 
 JULY I, l6l6 
 
 This letter is written in the handwriting which 
 Raleigh used in his "Journal " of his last voyage, and 
 is one of the most important documents in relation to 
 that voyage. On his release from the Tower of 
 London for the purpose of making a voyage to Guiana 
 in search of gold, he immediately began his prepara- 
 tions, in the course of which he wrote this letter to Sir 
 Peter Vanlore, a naturalized Dutch merchant with 
 whom he had been in contact for many years. 
 
 The letter was sent with a covering note to Sir 
 Peter Vanlore asking him to copy the letter to his 
 brother in Amsterdam. The letter requests the 
 brother (or brother-in-law) to approach a merchant in 
 Amsterdam with a view to his furnishing Sir Walter 
 Raleigh with important information relating to certain 
 merchandise to be obtained in Guiana, a part of such 
 merchandise, " the charges being deducted," to become 
 the property of the merchant. 
 
 Submarine Cables 
 
 In one section of the Maritime Hall will be found 
 a Submarine Cable Exhibit representing a most 
 important link between the United States and the 
 United Kingdom. The first and last Atlantic cables 
 respectively uniting the two countries were laid by the 
 Great Eastern in 1866 and by the Dominia in 1928, 
 models of which are shown. 
 
 The development of world cable communications 
 since 1866 is graphically displayed in an illuminated 
 
 47 
 
MARITIME HALL 
 
 map, and the laying model gives a good conception of 
 the vast depths in which a cable ship has to work. 
 
 The raw materials for submarine cables are 
 collected from all parts of the world, and pictures, 
 samples, and sections representing the whole industry 
 stage by stage are shown. 
 
 The Maritime Hall has been organized with the 
 co-operation of the Chamber of Shipping in London 
 and the Liverpool Shipowners' Association, and the 
 Submarine Cable exhibit was prepared by Submarine 
 Cables Ltd. 
 
 The display work is by Mr. Misha Black. 
 
 48 
 
Attractions of Britain Hall 
 
 ^ROM the Maritime Hall the grand staircase 
 H leads down to the Attractions of Britain Hall. 
 Facing the steps and dominating the whole 
 vista of the first floor of the Pavilion is the great figure 
 modelled by Mr. Maurice Lambert, and symbolizing 
 the friendliness, love of peace, and strength of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In the main body of the Hall are eight vertical 
 frames each containing three large photographs of 
 places or incidents of interest in the United Kingdom. 
 Here those who have already visited the British Isles 
 will doubtless find many old friends : a view of the 
 Houses of Parliament showing the " Big Ben " tower ; 
 Trafalgar Square with the Nelson monument ; a busy 
 scene in Oxford Street ; Windsor Castle ; Hampton 
 Court Palace ; Canterbury Cathedral ; and other 
 places of historic interest. The English countryside 
 also has not been forgotten. Photographs will be 
 found of English village scenes as well as views of 
 mountain and coast scenery in England, Scotland, and 
 Wales, including the Giant's Causeway in Northern 
 Ireland. Pageantry is also represented, with scenes 
 such as the Opening of Parliament, and sport by views 
 of Henley Regatta, the " Derby " at Epsom, and the 
 gathering of the clans for the Highland Games at 
 Braemar in Scotland. 
 
 On each side of the Hall are recesses containing 
 models of Lincoln Cathedral in England, Stirling 
 Castle in Scotland, Caernarvon Castle in Wales, 
 and Carrigkfergus Castle in Northern Ireland. The 
 
 49 
 
ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL 
 
 lighting of the models is varied so that they appear 
 alternately as seen by daylight and as though floodlit 
 at night. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral 
 
 Lincoln, one of the most ancient cities of 
 England, and capital of Lincolnshire, is situated on 
 the Witham, 42 miles south of Hull and 130 miles 
 north of London. Its cathedral, one of the finest in 
 England, is mainly Early English in style, though con- 
 taining examples of every period of Gothic archi- 
 tecture. Notable features are the central tower (1235- 
 131 1 ), the two western towers (completed 1450), the 
 west front (partly Norman) , the Galilee or south porch 
 (c. 1240), the decorated choir (1254), and the decagonal 
 chapter-house (c. 1225), in which several of the earliest 
 meetings of the English Parliament took place (temp. 
 Edward I and Edward II). The cathedral possesses 
 an original manuscript of Magna Carta which, by the 
 courtesy of the Dean and Chapter, has been lent for 
 display in the British Pavilion, where it may be seen 
 in the Magna Carta Hall. 
 
 Stirling, the county town of Stirlingshire, Scot- 
 land, is situated on the right bank of the Forth, about 
 39 miles north-west of Edinburgh and 29 miles north- 
 east of Glasgow. The older town is on the slope of a 
 hill which is crowned by the castle, dating from remote 
 antiquity, though most of the existing buildings were 
 
 Castle 
 
 50 
 
ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL 
 
 erected by the Stuart sovereigns, who used it as a 
 royal residence. These include James Ill's parliament- 
 hall, a palace built by James V, and the chapel-royal 
 rebuilt by James VI (James I of England) . 
 
 Caernarvon Castle 
 
 Caernarvon, the county town of Caernarvon- 
 shire, North Wales, is near the south-western end of 
 the Menai Straits, separating Anglesey from the main- 
 land, about 69 miles west of Chester. Its castle was 
 begun for Edward I, who created his infant son. 
 Edward (afterwards Edward II), born here in 1284, 
 the first Anglo-Norman Prince of Wales, in succession to 
 the native princes whom he had deposed. Edward III 
 in 1343 similarly invested his eldest son, Edward the 
 Black Prince, with the principality, and from that time 
 the title of Prince of Wales has been borne by the 
 eldest son of the reigning sovereign, the last investiture 
 having taken place at Caernarvon with great historic 
 ceremony in 191 1. 
 
 Carrickfergus is an Irish seaport town situated 
 on the north shore of Belfast Lough and on the south- 
 eastern border of County Antrim, 9J miles north-east 
 of Belfast. Its castle, which stands on a rock pro- 
 jecting into the sea, is reputed to have been founded 
 by John de Courcy in the twelfth century, at the time 
 of the partial conquest and settlement of Ireland under 
 Henry II. 
 
 5 1 
 
ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL 
 
 Travel Enquiry Bureau 
 
 On one side of the Hall is an Enquiry Bureau, 
 organized by the Travel and Industrial Development 
 Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 
 collaboration with the British Railways. Here en- 
 quiries will be welcome from those who are contem- 
 plating a visit to the British Isles. A telephone is 
 available for their use and accommodation is provided 
 for writing and consulting the pamphlets to be obtained 
 in the Bureau. 
 
 British Architecture 
 
 On the opposite side of the Attractions of Britain 
 Hall is a section devoted to British architecture, 
 organized in co-operation with the Royal Institute of 
 British Architects in London. The exhibits in this 
 section give a comprehensive view of the types of 
 modern building now being erected in Great Britain. 
 
 52 
 
Gallery 
 
 A Gallery around the Attractions of Britain Hall, 
 approached directly from the Maritime Hall, 
 is devoted to industrial exhibits relating to 
 woollen goods, Irish linen, fine china, and leather. 
 
 The display work is by Mr. Misha Black and Mr. 
 C. Allenbruck {Irish linen). 
 
 Fine Woollens Exhibit 
 
 For over a thousand years — since the far-off days 
 when an " Imperial Weaving Manufactory " estab- 
 lished by Roman colonists at Winchester was reputed 
 to produce cloth " delicate as the finest spider's web " 
 — British woollens have been known and prized 
 throughout the world. 
 
 From the north and west of England, from Scot- 
 land, from Northern Ireland come many different 
 types of wool material, each distinctive, each with its 
 own particular qualities, each embodying the traditions 
 of the district in which it is produced. 
 
 To-day Yorkshire is particularly proud of the 
 quality of its fine worsteds, and can claim to have first 
 put the British wool industry on to a modern com- 
 mercial basis ; Scotland has its Cheviot and black- 
 face sheep, which give us the famous tweeds, saxonies, 
 and homespuns, as well as ladies' dress goods, distin- 
 guished alike by a delightful spontaneity of pattern 
 and colouring and by the solid strength of the material 
 itself; the West of England manufacturers produce 
 renowned flannels and riding cloths. Hand-loom 
 weaving is still carried on in the Islands of Harris, 
 
 53 
 
GALLERY 
 
 Lewis, and Shetland. Excellent homespuns come 
 from the pastures and mountains of Northern Ireland, 
 where the wool of the small hardy Irish sheep favours 
 the production of rough, sturdy fabrics. Every wool- 
 growing and wool-weaving district of Great Britain 
 and Northern Ireland has its own tradition and its 
 own record of quality and workmanship. 
 
 Irish Linen Exhibit 
 
 The story of Irish linen is the story of an age-old 
 industry which had its first beginnings in ancient 
 Egypt and which has had its roots in Ireland since at 
 least the thirteenth century. 
 
 Those who have visited Ireland and have seen its 
 mountains, its loughs, and its people may have seen 
 also crofters' wives sitting before their cottages using 
 spinning wheels which bear the indelible mark of time, 
 and may have thought, as many before, " This is a relic 
 of another age and has no place in modern times." 
 
 It is in certain respects a survival — but it is a 
 survival in which the best of skilled craftsmanship has 
 amalgamated with modern methods. In no better 
 way can the Irish linen industry be described than by 
 saying that in this mechanized age it is one of the few 
 remaining industries where man is still master over the 
 machine. The machinery is there through virtue of 
 an ever growing demand for a first-class product, but 
 it is upon the skilled work of men and women whose 
 craft has been handed down from generation to 
 generation that the quality of the cloth depends. 
 
 In many processes, moreover, the machine has no 
 place. It is of the utmost importance if the superfine 
 
 54 
 
GALLERY 
 
 finish of Irish linen is to be maintained that such pro- 
 cesses as combing should be carried out with the 
 greatest care. Side by side with the machines, too, 
 one will find girls drawing threads by hand or plying 
 their needles industriously and skilfully. Where hand 
 embroidery is required, the design is stamped, and the 
 cloth is then sent to the country districts where the 
 embroidering is carried out carefully by women who 
 have inherited their skill from earlier generations. 
 
 It is not necessary to describe the various processes 
 from which emerges the " queen of fabrics " as they 
 are demonstrated in the Irish linen exhibit. There 
 may be seen on the one hand photodioramas of these 
 processes housed in nine giant pirns, and on the other 
 hand the various uses to which Irish linen is put, from 
 shirts to towels, from handkerchiefs to bedroom 
 furnishings. 
 
 The exhibit has been arranged by the Irish Linen Guild 
 on behalf of the Irish linen industry. 
 
 Fine China Exhibit 
 
 Of all the major contributions that England has 
 made to ceramics nothing has proved of greater or 
 more lasting importance than bone china ; it has the 
 rare facility of seeming equally precious whether 
 decorated with colour or left in the white. It is a 
 thing of beauty in itself. Decoration in colour, how- 
 ever, has done much to enhance that beauty, as will 
 be seen from the representative collection of wares 
 here displayed. 
 
 Bone china combines the glory of K'ang Hsi with 
 that of late eighteenth-century Sevres ; yet, withal, it 
 
 55 
 
GALLERY 
 
 retains an individuality of its own. It is the porcelain 
 par excellence of to-day and of to-morrow. 
 
 To the interested it may be said that bone china 
 derives its name from the use of calcined bone, which 
 is added to the china clay and china stone. The 
 Chinese are reported to have a saying that china stone 
 and china clay are the bones and flesh of porcelain. 
 If this be so, surely it is not too fanciful to suggest that 
 bone ash endows the material with the third and most 
 necessary attribute, life. 
 
 The firms contributing to this collection of bone 
 china wares are six in number and are known collec- 
 tively as the English Fine China Manufacturers. 
 Each firm has distinctive qualities of its own both in 
 body and in decoration. It is hoped that the oppor- 
 tunity thus offered of contrasting the different styles, 
 some traditional and others of a more modern tendency, 
 will be appreciated by American lovers of bone china. 
 
 Spode Fine China 
 
 First produced in 1795, it remains a recognized 
 formula for the finest china produced to-day. " Spode" 
 is renowned for the hard, velvety glaze produced on 
 this durable fine china, and the rich artistic designs 
 show the highest craftsmanship. 
 
 Royal Crown Derby 
 
 The world-famous Derby Red, Blue, and Gold 
 designs are an outstanding feature, these having been 
 continuously produced for over 150 years. Crown 
 Derby china covers a wide variety of designs, and 
 includes many reproductions of patterns in the Derby 
 tradition. 
 
 56 
 
GALLERY 
 
 Royal Doulton 
 
 Specially famous for unique colour effects — 
 Flambes, Chang, Sung. Colourful figurines repre- 
 senting characters from the Age of Romance ; table- 
 ware distinguished by the rich ivory tone of its fine 
 bone china. Pottery representing Dickens and other 
 Old English characters have a quaint and lasting 
 appeal. The highest awards have been given by 
 International Adjudicators. 
 
 Minton 
 
 Founded by Thomas Minton in 1793. Since that 
 time it has been successful in securing premier awards 
 at the Great International Exhibitions, while the 
 familv succession and the Minton tradition of crafts- 
 manship have remained unbroken throughout the 
 years. 
 
 Wedgwood 
 
 Founded by Josiah Wedgwood, F.R.S., in 1759 
 and is carried on to-day by his direct descendants. 
 Wedgwood wrote to his partner, Bentley — " I have 
 given you my idea of the best plan for making perfect 
 Porcelain.''' Fine china was first made at the Etruria 
 Works in 181 2. 
 
 Royal Worcester 
 
 Founded by Dr. Wall in 1 75 1 . The perfection of 
 body and excellence of design which characterized 
 Royal Worcester from its foundation were recognized 
 over a century and a half later by the high Awards 
 given to it at the Chicago Exhibition in 1893. 
 
 57 
 
GALLERY 
 
 Leather Exhibit 
 
 The exhibit of British leather has been designed 
 to demonstrate the quality and attractiveness of some 
 of the best-known British specialty leathers. Twelve 
 manufacturers have co-operated in its construction, 
 and their exhibits demonstrate the extent to which 
 present-day leathers cater for the most exacting 
 modern tastes. 
 
 Several of the exhibits show the variety of colours 
 in which various types of leather can be produced, as, 
 for example, the suede sheep leathers for clothing, the 
 skivers and other light leathers for fancy goods. 
 Natural-grain shumac-tanned moroccos for upholstery 
 and interior or mural decoration are shown. These 
 are tanned exclusively with pure shumac, and there- 
 fore do not decay in industrial atmosphere nor darken 
 under the influence of light. Hide leather for up- 
 holstery in the home, public buildings, motor cars and 
 wall-panelling is also shown. Leather of this type 
 is used in the London, Midland, and Scottish " Corona- 
 tion Scot " train, on exhibition at the World's Fair. 
 It can be seen in the dining-saloons, cocktail lounge, 
 and in the club saloon. 
 
 Box calf and chrome side leather for shoe uppers 
 are exhibited, including several branded leathers 
 which are widely used throughout the United States in 
 the manufacture of footwear and sports shoes. Many 
 of these have certain outstanding characteristics, such 
 as attractive grains and water-resisting qualities. 
 Other types of upper leather illustrated are made of 
 calf, goat, and all classes of reptile. Woolled sheep- 
 skins made up in the form of rugs and slippers provide 
 
 58 
 
(iALLERY 
 
 an attractive feature of the exhibit. Pigskin leathers 
 for luggage and fancy leather goods are shown, and 
 also a wide range of shoe-lining leathers in calf, goat, 
 and persians, and buckskin and mock buck for riding- 
 breeches, shoes, and military equipment. 
 
 Several varieties of glove leathers are to be seen, 
 amongst them deer, East India sheep, white and cream 
 washables, and imitation peccaries. 
 
 59 
 
The Hall of Metals 
 
 OUR great industrial civilization, the World of 
 To-day, is based upon mechanical progress. 
 The efficiency of the machines which serve 
 us and which carry civilization forward depends 
 partly upon human inventiveness and ingenuity, but 
 even more upon the materials at the inventor's 
 service. 
 
 Improvements in the production of metal which 
 originated less than two hundred and fifty years ago 
 underlie all this. Discovery, research, and invention 
 have bit by bit released greater and greater forces for 
 the service of mankind. Each decade of progress in 
 metal production has meant more to the world than a 
 century had done previous to 1700. 
 
 The Hall of Metals demonstrates this progress. 
 Its most prominent feature is a six-sided structure each 
 face of which portrays one of the successive progressive 
 steps forward in the production of iron and steel — 
 contributions which Great Britain has made to world 
 development. 
 
 The torch, once kindled, has passed from hand to 
 hand. All nations have shared in the great work of 
 progress, from the moment when the industrial age 
 was born in the transference of the primitive iron- 
 works of the Sussex forests to the coal-fields of the 
 North. 
 
 It is neither possible nor suitable in an exhibition 
 to attempt more than the briefest outline of the idea, 
 or to make more than the briefest reference to metals 
 other than iron and steel. The same processes of 
 
 60 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 research and advancement have been taking place over 
 the whole field of metallurgy. Just as cheap and 
 plentiful iron made the industrial age possible, so are 
 a vast variety of new alloys, new productive methods 
 and treatments in metallurgy throwing open the gates 
 of the World of To-morrow. 
 
 To understand the Hall of Metals it is desirable 
 first to examine its central " theme " feature. 
 
 The Hexagon 
 
 Panel I 
 
 The quaint archaic picture at the left shows all the 
 processes of iron-winning and working as known in 
 1650. It is reproduced from an engraved clock-face 
 of that period, and shows how little primitive processes 
 had improved since the dawn of civilization. 
 
 Crude and slow, these early methods permitted 
 the production of iron and steel only in small quantities 
 and of uncertain quality. 
 
 The application of mechanical invention was 
 limited by the quality of available material. 
 
 Modern mechanical progress was impossible until 
 iron and steel of consistent quality could be produced 
 cheaply and in quantity. Modern civilization thus 
 began in the iron- works of England only 200 years 
 ago. 
 
 Annual World Production 
 
 1740 . . 70,000 tons (approximately) Iron 
 
 1837 • • 2,400,000 „ Iron 
 
 1937 • • i33> 000 >ooo „ „ Steel 
 
 61 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 Panel II 
 
 Abraham Darby 1711-1763 
 
 Before 1735 iron ore was smelted by charcoal fuel. 
 Great forests were destroyed to provide the wood from 
 which the charcoal was made. Iron remained a 
 comparatively rare and expensive metal. 
 
 Following development work between 1620 and 
 1657 by Dud Dudley, Abraham Darby of Colebrook 
 Dale, Shropshire, introduced in 1735 a practical 
 system of smelting with coal as fuel. This freed the 
 metal from the limit set by dwindling forests and gave 
 industry cheap and plentiful supplies of iron. The 
 steam engine and other machinery became generally 
 available. 
 
 It has been said : " Abraham Darby was the High 
 Priest at the marriage of coal and iron, which gave 
 birth to the Industrial Revolution." 
 
 Panel III 
 
 Henry Cort 1J40-1800 
 
 Though cast-iron had become relatively cheap and 
 plentiful, it was still hammered and wrought by the 
 primitive tilt hammer. 
 
 In 1783 Henry Cort of Fontley, Hampshire, 
 patented a process for producing iron bars by forcing 
 the metal between grooved rollers. Cort's rolling mill 
 could produce bar iron fifteen times as fast as the old 
 tilt hammer. 
 
 The process led naturally to the introduction of 
 rollers with shaped grooves and the production of bars 
 of various sections for special purposes, and thus to the 
 modern rolling mill. 
 
 62 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 In 1 784 Cort introduced the puddling furnace for 
 producing wrought iron more quickly and cheaply. 
 
 Panel IV 
 
 James Neilson 1792-1865 
 
 Cold air had been pumped into primitive furnaces and 
 cold air was still employed a century ago. Since the 
 operation in winter was better than in summer, it was 
 thought that the colder the blast the better. 
 
 In 1828 James Neilson of Glasgow completely 
 reversed this ancient practice. He discovered that to 
 preheat the blast of blast-furnaces resulted in a great 
 saving of fuel. 
 
 By 1833 he had perfected methods of heating the 
 air to 6 1 5 Fahrenheit and thereby reducing the amount 
 of fuel used by 70 per cent. Thus iron was still further 
 cheapened. 
 
 Panel V 
 
 Henry Bessemer i8ij-i8g8 
 
 Although iron had been made cheap and plentiful, 
 steel could still be produced only in crucibles holding 
 about 50 lb. each, at a cost of approximately $290 
 per ton. 
 
 In 1856 Sir Henry Bessemer, of London, invented 
 a process of reducing the carbon by blowing air through 
 molten cast-iron and thereby producing steel in quan- 
 tity. It became cheaper even than wrought iron, 
 which it largely replaced. 
 
 The Bessemer process has been largely replaced 
 by the open-hearth furnace developed from the 
 regenerative furnace first built by Sir William Siemens 
 
 63 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 of Birmingham in 1865. About 75 per cent, of all 
 steel is now made in it. 
 
 Further progress in steel production was made by 
 Thomas (1850-1885) and Gilchrist (1851-1935), who 
 invented the basic process in 1879 which enabled ore 
 containing a high percentage of phosphorus to be used. 
 
 This brought into commercial productivity great 
 mining areas in which the proportion of phosphorus 
 had been too high to allow of treatment before. 
 
 The magnitude of the modern steel industry was 
 rendered possible by this invention. 
 
 Panel VI 
 
 Michael Faraday iygi-i86y 
 Robert Mushet 1811-iSgi 
 Robert Hadfield 1858 
 
 Between 1819 and 1824 Michael Faraday conducted 
 the first experiments in improving steel by alloying it 
 with other metals. The first alloy steel of practical 
 use was patented by Mushet of Sheffield in 1868. It 
 was the first " high-speed steel," so called because 
 tools could be made of it capable of cutting metal at 
 speeds 50 per cent, greater than formerly possible. 
 
 Sir Robert Hadfield, of Sheffield, in 1882 
 invented his manganese steel, combining great hard- 
 ness with ductility. It is the principal steel for such 
 purposes as railway crossings, rock crushing, dredging, 
 and all purposes involving resistance to abrasion. He 
 also invented silicon steel, which has so improved the 
 efficiency of electrical machinery that its introduction 
 saves hundreds of millions of dollars per annum in 
 electric energy otherwise wasted. 
 
 64 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 Primitive Iron 
 
 On either side of the Hexagon are exhibits 
 showing the earliest and latest developments of steel. 
 To the right as one faces Panel I is a collection of 
 century-old Sussex ironwork, mainly the furnishing 
 and equipment of a fireplace. The fireback bears the 
 initials of King Charles II and dates from his reign. 
 
 The roasting jacks, pot cranes, and other articles 
 are of various dates between that period and the 
 beginning of the eighteenth century. 
 
 It will be noted that there is surprising ingenuity 
 in some of the mechanical contrivances for saving 
 labour to the cook, and that the craftsmanship in most 
 cases is wonderfully fine, especially considering that 
 work of this kind was carried out by the village black- 
 smith and almost always by eye and without the aid 
 of any mechanical contrivances. 
 
 At the back of the fireplace are shown two old 
 guns. The first is a very interesting piece which was 
 salved one hundred years ago from the wreck of the 
 Mary Rose, which was sunk off Portsmouth on July 1 8, 
 1545. It has been lent by His Majesty's Armouries 
 from the collection in the Tower of London. This 
 shows very clearly the original method of manufac- 
 turing cannon. They were made on the same prin- 
 ciple as a barrel ; of long " staves 55 of wrought iron 
 over which thick hoops were shrunk, which both held 
 them together and gave them the requisite strength. 
 
 It is interesting to observe that these early cannon 
 were breech-loaders. The breech, or chamber, is 
 separate from the barrel of the gun and was removed 
 for loading. 
 
 65 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 Beneath this old gun is a " carronade." These 
 were practically the first " standardized 55 guns to be 
 cast, and were a leading part of the armament of the 
 eighteenth-century navy. They were also among the 
 first products of coal-smelted iron as introduced into 
 Scotland in 1778 by the famous Carron Company. 
 
 Stainless Steel 
 
 On the left this show of ancient ironwork is 
 balanced by the display of stainless steel — the last great 
 advancement in steel development with which the 
 public is familiar. Its original invention and many 
 subsequent improvements have taken place in the 
 Brown-Firth Laboratories in Sheffield. The value of a 
 metal which combines great strength with resistance 
 to corrosion hardly needs emphasis. Everyone is now 
 familiar with the numerous domestic uses to which 
 stainless steel is put. It is, however, of much greater 
 value in numerous industries for purposes for which 
 iron or steel had previously been useless owing to 
 rust and corrosion. 
 
 " Thunderbolt " 
 
 Immediately facing Panel I of the Hexagon, and 
 in the centre of the main passageway across the Hall of 
 Metals, is the world's fastest Motor-car accompanied 
 by models of two other record breakers — the fastest 
 Motor-boat and the longest non-stop flight Aero- 
 plane. 
 
 " Thunderbolt " is the holder of the world's land 
 speed record at 357-5 m.p.h., mean average both ways 
 
 66 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 over the measured mile, driven by Captain G. E. T. 
 Eyston on the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, on Sep- 
 tember 1 6, 1938. It achieved the fastest speed ever 
 recorded on land over the kilometre in one direction, 
 359-64 m.p.h. The car is 34 ft. 10 in. long, 7 ft. 11 in. 
 broad, and 4 ft. 10 in. high, weighs over 6 tons, and 
 is fitted with two Rolls-Royce 12 -cylinder engines 
 developing over 2,000 h.p. each at 4,000 feet altitude. 
 On the first gear the speed is 70 m.p.h., on the second 
 200 m.p.h., and the car has already exceeded 360 m.p.h. 
 or 6 miles per minute on top gear. 
 
 The " Thunderbolt " is entirely a British product. 
 
 "Bluebird" 
 
 This motor-boat, driven by Sir Malcolm Campbell, 
 M.B.E., achieved the world's record of 130-94 miles 
 per hour on Lake Maggiore on September 17, 1938 
 (130-94 miles per hour= 113-75 knots). It is fitted 
 with a special 12 -cylinder Rolls-Royce aero engine of 
 2,150 b.h.p. 
 
 The length of the actual boat is 23 ft. and her 
 beam 9 ft. 6 in. 
 
 The propeller is geared up and runs at approxi- 
 mately 9,000 revolutions per minute at full speed. 
 
 The boat is of composite construction and was 
 built by Saunders Roe Ltd., England. 
 
 Vickers- Wellesley Aeroplanes 
 
 Two of the three machines which left Ismailia, 
 Egypt, on November 5, 1938, reached Darwin, 
 Australia, on November 7. The non-stop distance 
 
 67 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 > 
 
 flown was 7,162 miles at an average speed of 149 miles 
 per hour. The third machine landed at Koepang, 
 Timor, Dutch East Indies, having flown approximately 
 6,600 miles along the same course. The previous 
 record of 6,306 miles was held by Russian pilots. 
 
 The " Wellesley " aircraft was designed and built 
 to the order of the British Air Ministry by Vickers- 
 Armstrongs Ltd. of England. The machines are fitted 
 with one Bristol " Pegasus XXII," designed and 
 manufactured by the Bristol Aeroplane Co., Ltd., and 
 a three-bladed variable pitch airscrew by Rotol 
 Airscrews Ltd. of Gloucester. 
 
 The record-breaking aircraft is a standard Vickers 
 " Wellesley " as supplied to the squadrons of the Royal 
 Air Force, which has been modified for long-range 
 development work. 
 
 Turbines 
 
 One of the greatest advances in the production of 
 power was the invention by Sir Charles Parsons of the 
 compound steam turbine, patented in 1884. 
 
 Parsons first developed his turbine for the purpose 
 of driving electric generators without gearing, and his 
 early machine of about 10 h.p. or so paved the way 
 for those of 200,000 h.p. and over used to-day. Nearly 
 all the power produced by steam, and that means the 
 bulk of the world's power, is generated by turbines. 
 
 The turbine revolutionized marine propulsion. 
 To demonstrate its value he built a yacht, the Turbinia, 
 which in 1897 attained a speed of 34J knots, and it 
 was as a result of this demonstration that turbines 
 were adopted by the British Navy, followed by 
 
 68 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 merchant shipping ; and to-day the turbine is supreme 
 for the propulsion of the largest and fastest ships. 
 
 But the greatest value of the turbine has lain in 
 its original purpose — the production of electric power. 
 The development of the turbine and alternator has 
 been such that the cost of generating electricity from 
 steam in bulk is probably not more than half what it 
 would otherwise have been. Of the many important 
 components of the modern turbine, the blades are 
 among the most important, and they are subject to 
 more exacting conditions than any other part. One 
 of the chief difficulties is the prevention of corrosion 
 and erosion, and these have been the subject of much 
 research and development. 
 
 At first improvements in boiler-house technique 
 were relied upon to prevent corrosion by improving 
 the standard of purity of steam supply, but the develop- 
 ment of stainless steels suggested that a better solution 
 of the problem might lie in this direction. This has 
 proved to be the case, and stainless steels containing a 
 high proportion of nickel and chromium are now well 
 established as the most important blade materials 
 in use. 
 
 Erosion of the leading edges of blades is a purely 
 mechanical action and stainless properties are no 
 protection. The blades themselves must be reason- 
 ably ductile, but the difficulty is overcome by attaching 
 a shield of high-percentage tungsten tool-steel in the 
 dead-hard condition. 
 
 Silicon Steel 
 
 Another factor of great importance to electrical 
 development was the invention of silicon steel by Sir 
 
 69 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 Robert Hadfield. This has resulted in incalculable 
 saving to the manufacturers and users of electrical 
 equipment by the reduction of magnetic losses, which 
 were considerable with the use of iron and mild steel. 
 Sir Robert Hadfield has himself said, " Faraday by his 
 marvellous insight and discovery of the principles of 
 magnetic induction made iron a thousand, nay, a 
 million times more useful. Without the use, however, 
 of the metal iron in the form of silicon steel, as used 
 in generators and transformers, probably only an 
 infinitesimal portion of the energy produced to-day 
 would be available." 
 
 Magnetic Alloy — Heavy Alloy 
 
 The " theme " of the Hall is necessarily restricted 
 to the progress of Steel. Space does not permit of 
 any similar treatment of alloys of all sorts, many of 
 them entirely non-ferrous and some of them playing a 
 part in our civilization comparable with that of steel 
 itself. A small exhibit shows two of the latest alloy 
 discoveries. One of them a magnetic alloy, the power 
 of which the exhibit exemplifies ; the other an alloy 
 having a density half as great again as that of lead, 
 which, at one time, was the densest and heaviest 
 substance known to man. This new alloy was first 
 produced for the purpose of providing for radium a 
 handier and less clumsy protection than the unwieldy 
 lead " bomb," but it has been found to have numerous 
 applications in industry and is, in fact, assuming a 
 position of considerable importance. 
 
 70 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 Precision of Workmanship 
 
 There is a variety of exhibits which it is needless 
 to specify showing the great precision which modern 
 tools have made possible in producing accuracy of 
 workmanship. An object which is beautiful as well as 
 illustrative of this fact is the propeller of a 40-knot 
 destroyer. 
 
 There are few simple articles of mechanism by 
 which mechanical progress has been brought home to 
 the ordinary man more than by the bicycle and its 
 development the motor-cycle. 
 
 Exactly one hundred years ago Kirkpatrick 
 Macmillan, of Dumfriesshire in Scotland, applied 
 treadles and cranks to the front axle of the " hobby- 
 horse," which the eighteenth century had invented, 
 and thereby produced the ancestor of the pedal- 
 propelled bicycle. In 1842 Macmillan was fined 5^. 
 for knocking down a child — the first record of an 
 offence caused by a mechanically propelled vehicle. 
 
 With improved road surfaces came the desire for 
 greater speed, and before the development of geared 
 transmission speed was obtained by increasing the size 
 of the wheel. For a time machines of the type of the 
 racing bicycle of 1884 were the best the manufacturer 
 could provide. 
 
 Already hard-wearing steel had made possible the 
 introduction of ball-bearings (invented in 1878 by Dan 
 Rudge of Coventry), while hollow tubing superseded 
 the solid iron frames of the blacksmiths' manufacture. 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 The " safety " bicycle, more or less as we know it, 
 began to make headway against the old " penny- 
 farthing " or " high " bicycle during the 'eighties. 
 The modern cycles and motor-cycles shown illustrate 
 the highest development of the production of to-day. 
 New alloys have reduced weight and increased strength. 
 Such discoveries as duralumin, almasilium, bronz- 
 aluminium, and molybdenum steel play an enormous 
 part in the perfect modern product. No reliable 
 figures are available for pedal cycles, but over 3,000,000 
 motor-cycles are in use in the world to-day. 
 
 The Motor-car 
 
 The same remarks apply with still greater force to 
 the development of the modern automobile. In the 
 adjoining exhibit, side by side with the most modern 
 of motor engines, is shown a perfect scale model of the 
 original " Silver Ghost " — the de luxe motor of its 
 day. Much as it differs in outward design from the 
 modern car, the internal differences are greater still. 
 
 Progress in performance and reliability has 
 depended very largely on improvement in the alloys 
 used. For instance, the importance of the " fatigue " 
 resistance of both ferrous and non-ferrous materials 
 has been fully realized, and work is now being done in 
 the Rolls-Royce Laboratories on fatigue strength at 
 normal temperatures and up to a red heat. Much 
 research on resistance to wear under friction has also 
 been carried out, particularly in connection with 
 bearings, gears, pistons, piston rings, valve guides, and 
 sleeves. 
 
 There are many factors of great importance when 
 
 72 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 considering the suitability of alloys for specific purposes. 
 Some of these are : fatigue strength at service tempera- 
 tures ; relative resistance to corrosion ; uniformity 
 of internal structure ; notch sensitivity ; damping 
 capacity ; specific gravity ; expansion coefficient ; 
 heat conductivity ; resistance to wear. 
 
 The evaluation of these properties and others 
 requires systematic and prolonged investigation in order 
 to ensure the elimination of extraneous factors or 
 influences. Repeated tests or checks are usually 
 necessary to be sure of accurate comparison. 
 
 Light alloys have been concentrated on at the 
 Rolls-Royce Laboratories with considerable success, 
 and have resulted in the development of improved 
 casting, forging, and bearing alloys which have super- 
 seded those previously used. Most of these have been 
 designated Hiduminium R.R. alloys, since they were 
 developed in conjunction with High Duty Alloys of 
 Slough. 
 
 Aircraft 
 
 Into aircraft, of course, many other factors enter — 
 matters of design from the point of view of flying 
 efficiency, for instance. The old type of aircraft made 
 up of wood and steel tubing, with a multiplicity of 
 wires and cables — the whole thing covered with fabric 
 — has now disappeared. 
 
 The type of structure of the aeroplane, because of 
 the use of light alloys, has altered from that of the 
 strutted structure to the stressed-skin structure. In 
 this, as in a ship, all the stresses are taken by the frame- 
 work and the outer metal covering, but the framework 
 
 73 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 is not criss-crossed, as in the past, by a multitude of 
 struts and wires but is now a free space, so that wings 
 rather resemble hollow tapered boxes and fuselages 
 cylindrical empty tubes. 
 
 We have to-day aircraft built completely of light 
 alloys derived from aluminium and magnesium of very 
 high quality ; in fact, the metallurgical progress which 
 has been made in aircraft engineering during the last 
 few years has been remarkable. 
 
 Aero-engines have developed along parallel lines 
 to the motor-car. More and more light alloys of high 
 tensile strength have replaced heavier metals. Steels 
 have improved immensely in tensile strength and 
 ductility, and completely new cutting tools have had 
 to be devised in order to deal with them. 
 
 The use of these metals in aircraft has brought 
 about a complete change in the machinery of pro- 
 duction, and the huge presses and other machine tools 
 now required are making aircraft factories very similar 
 to factories for motor-cars and other engineering. 
 
 Tubes 
 
 Owing to their lightness and strength tubes enter 
 into a vast amount of structural work to-day, and here, 
 again, the advance of metal has made possible advances 
 in the strength and adaptability of tubes and the pro- 
 duction of work almost incredible in its fineness and 
 accuracy. Steel tubes in 1939 are instruments of 
 engineering precision, and their shapes are as varied 
 as the jobs they have to do. 
 
 The cry of aircraft designers is for greater strength 
 with less weight : steel tubes provide the answer. 
 
 74 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 The exhibit includes axle tubes from which all need- 
 less weight has been eliminated, but which possess 
 almost endless strength. There are aeroplanes flying 
 which have over 5,000 ft. of steel tube in their structure. 
 
 Scientists are calling for greater fineness and 
 precision in their instruments. When in 1922 Accles 
 and Pollock produced " the smallest steel tube in the 
 world," with an outside diameter of o-oio in., there 
 were people who said that the limits of fineness in 
 tube-making had been finally reached. Exhibited 
 here is 1939's " smallest stainless steel tube in the 
 world " ; its outside diameter is 0-0039 in. A magni- 
 fying glass has been provided so that it may be distin- 
 guished from the human hair lying beside it. 
 
 And so with every step forward in the technique 
 of manufacture of steel tubes, their usefulness increases. 
 The surgeon and the scientist, the automobile and the 
 aircraft engineers — the thousand and one of the 
 world's industries show to what an extent the world 
 moves on steel tubes. 
 
 Technically among glass-workers glass is named 
 " the metal," but even if this were not the case an 
 exhibit of optical glass could still legitimately be 
 included in a Hall of Metals. Without lenses and the 
 instruments of precision which make use of them, the 
 progress of metallurgical research would be impossible. 
 
 The beautiful central focusing point of the exhibit 
 at the southern end of the Hall of Metals is a single 
 lump of optical glass as taken from the pot after 
 removal from the melting-furnace. This weighs 475 lb. 
 
 Vision 
 
 75 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 and has a potential value of $500. The type of glass 
 is light flint and has the following optical properties : 
 
 It is used principally in the manufacture of prisms for 
 high-grade binoculars, as used by the Fighting Services. 
 Various rough lens and prism mouldings made from 
 similar lumps are shown in progressive stages of manu- 
 facture, culminating in a polished pentagonal prism 
 ready for use in an optical instrument. 
 
 Two rough lumps of coloured glass are shown and 
 a range of finished photographic filters. 
 
 On either side of the central object are shown a 
 wide variety of scientific instruments as used by the 
 ordinary man in his e very-day life, by the scientist in 
 the research laboratory and the technician in the field. 
 Over 20 firms have contributed to this display in which 
 an effort is made to show the actual uses of the instru- 
 ments exhibited in a manner which can be understood 
 by the non-technical. 
 
 From Mines to Millions 
 
 Between the Hexagon and " Thunderbolt " an 
 exhibit shows graphically the rise in value of iron 
 from the crude ore to various forms of the completed 
 article. 
 
 Although iron is generally looked upon as the 
 cheapest of metals, its value is very high in many of 
 the forms in which it is used, as shown in the " Mines 
 to Millions " exhibit. 
 
 Nd 1 *577 8 v - 4 1 ' 
 
 Instruments 
 
 76 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 In the main this increase is due to the alloying of 
 small amounts of other metals with the iron, to the 
 annealing, hardening, and tempering treatment which 
 is applied to it, and very largely to the shaping pro- 
 cesses ; except in the first change from ore to pig-iron, 
 in which case it is partly owing to the fact that two or 
 three tons of ore are required to make a ton of pig-iron. 
 
 The steel billet is, in general, the raw material for 
 the succeeding products, and when of mild (fairly low 
 carbon content) composition it is the cheapest form in 
 which steel is ordinarily sold. 
 
 The metal is shown lastly in the form of hair 
 springs, the value of a ton of which is more than three 
 million times that of a ton of iron ore. 
 
 To put this in another way, the value of watch- 
 springs costing 1 6 million dollars per ton made of steel 
 would rise to only 1 7J million dollars per ton if they 
 were made of gold. 
 
 Precision with Size 
 
 Facing the exhibits described above, and on the 
 other side of " Thunderbolt," is an exhibit which 
 shows, perhaps, one of the ultimate possible products 
 of non-ferrous metals. In no work is accuracy of 
 design and finish more important than in ships' pro- 
 pellers, and this exhibit which has been arranged by 
 J. Stone & Co., Ltd., of Deptford shows by means of 
 a full-size photograph of the propeller of the Queen 
 Mary the precise finish, as accurate almost as that of a 
 watchmaker, applied to a product of enormous size. 
 The laws which govern the exact angle at which a 
 propeller blade must be fixed and the exact curve of 
 
 77 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 its surface are very complex, and varying in fact in 
 the case of individual ships. Some idea is given of 
 this in the models which are shown and in the smaller 
 highly finished propeller which is displayed alongside 
 the photograph. These are " Heliston " propellers, in 
 which the best combination of pitch, diameter, and 
 surface is chosen to give the highest propulsive 
 efficiency. 
 
 Civil Aviation 
 
 Before leaving the Hall of Metals the visitor will 
 see an exhibit representative of British civil aviation. 
 Two examples of the most up-to-date aero engines of 
 British manufacture are displayed, while suspended 
 above them are models of some of the latest types of 
 aircraft, viz. : 
 
 De Havilland " %" (Frobisher class) 
 
 The new Frobisher class of air liner now in service 
 on the European routes of Imperial Airways. It has 
 four De Havilland " Gipsy Twelve " engines, each of 
 525 h.p., a speed of 234 miles an hour, and accommo- 
 dation for 22 passengers. 
 
 Built by the De Havilland Aircraft Company. 
 
 Fairey Civil Transport F.C.i. 
 
 A civil transport aeroplane built for British air 
 lines under arrangement with the British Air Ministry. 
 It has four 1,000 h.p. engines, and a maximum speed 
 of 275 miles an hour, and accommodation for 30 
 
 78 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 passengers and 5,000 lbs. of baggage or mails. Take-off 
 and landing are facilitated by the use of an auxiliary 
 wing, which in effect converts the aeroplane into a 
 low drag sesquiplane for take-off and a napped high- 
 drag monoplane for landing. 
 
 Built by Fairey Aviation Company. 
 
 Imperial Flying Boat 
 
 The Imperial flying-boats are used on the main 
 Empire routes of Imperial Airways. They have four 
 " Pegasus " engines each of 740 h.p., a speed of 
 200 miles an hour, and accommodation for 15 pas- 
 sengers. Flying-boats of this class made the North 
 Atlantic survey nights in 1937. 
 
 Built by Short Brothers (Rochester & Bedford) 
 
 Ltd. 
 
 Short Mayo Composite Marine Aircraft 
 
 This composite aircraft has been constructed for 
 long-range experimental nights. To overcome the 
 difficulty of launching long-range aircraft into the air 
 with the maximum load, including fuel which can be 
 carried once it is in flight, the heavily loaded upper 
 component is assisted into the air by the lower com- 
 ponent. When a suitable height is reached the two 
 components separate, the upper proceeding on its 
 journey and the lower component returning to its 
 base. 
 
 The lower component " Maia," a high-wing 
 monoplane flying-boat, has four " Pegasus " engines 
 of 740 h.p. and a speed of 200 miles an hour. The 
 
 79 
 
THE HALL OF METALS 
 
 upper component " Mercury," a high-wing seaplane, 
 has four " Napier Rapier " engines of 340 h.p. and a 
 speed of 207 miles an hour. It holds the world's long 
 distance seaplane record with a non-stop flight of 
 5,598 miles. The " Mercury " also holds a number of 
 records for Atlantic flights. 
 
 Built by Short Brothers (Rochester & Bedford) 
 
 Ltd. 
 
 At the back of the exhibit is a large copper map 
 showing British air routes throughout the world. 
 
 The display work in the Hall of Metals is by the 
 Reimann School and Studios. 
 
 80 
 
Magna Carta Hall 
 
 "AGNA CARTA holds a unique position in 
 the unending and world-wide struggle for 
 liberty and freedom. For centuries to the 
 people of England and, indeed, of the United States 
 of America also, it has been a symbol of that struggle. 
 The original document is therefore a fitting exhibit at 
 the World's Fair, an object of interest and indeed of 
 reverence to all who, to whatever nation they belong, 
 believe that the fight for freedom is eternal and the in- 
 spiration to continue the struggle may be strengthened 
 by some knowledge of the heroes of old. 
 
 Needless to say, democracy does not owe its 
 evolution entirely to the Charter extorted from the 
 English King John in 12 15. The battle has been 
 long ; victory and defeat follow one another through 
 the centuries. It seems fitting, therefore, even though 
 Magna Carta occupies the centre place, to indicate in 
 this Hall, pictorially and otherwise, a few of the other 
 landmarks in this struggle. To Americans the earlier 
 stages are naturally the more interesting, inasmuch as 
 they exercised a profound influence on the political 
 thought and the institutions of their Republic. An 
 interesting, perhaps an unexpected link between Magna 
 Carta and the history of the United States of America 
 is provided by the pedigree of George Washington, 
 showing as it does his descent not only from King John 
 himself but from nine of the twenty-five Barons who 
 became sureties for its due execution. 
 
 In the early days of kingship in England the king 
 was expected " to live of his own." Regular dues 
 added to the produce of his own manors sufficed for 
 
 81 
 
 » 
 
MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 the ordinary expenses of his household and for what 
 government administration was necessary to those 
 simple times. But wars abroad called for more money 
 than could be thus provided. King Richard I (Cceur 
 de Lion) had to find money for his Crusade (1190), 
 and for that purpose he sold to many towns in England 
 a charter giving rights to these young and growing 
 communities. Democracy in England owes its strength 
 to a long-established tradition of local government. 
 The picture of Richard sailing to the Third Crusade 
 calls to mind the growth of the trading class clustering 
 in the towns, who were beginning to assert their rights 
 and later were to receive some consideration in the 
 Great Charter. 
 
 The picture, the work of Mr. Glyn Philpot, R.A., 
 is copied from the original now in the House of 
 Commons in London. The Charter nearby, a facsimile 
 of that of the City of Oxford, gives some idea of the 
 privileges that the burgesses of a City desired in the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 As regards the Great Charter itself, a translation 
 or summary of the main clauses will be found on each 
 side of the dais where it stands. Over seven centuries 
 ago it was extracted from a reluctant king by the 
 barons, the Church, and the citizens of London. Since 
 that time both England and American historians have 
 expended much research upon it. Even though some 
 may rank it as merely one of the political bargains of 
 the Middle Ages, none can deny that its comprehen- 
 siveness, its financial provisions, its clauses affecting 
 barons, clergy, townsfolk, and even serfs, gave it a 
 unique value as a rallying point throughout the ages 
 for all English-speaking lovers of liberty. 
 
 82 
 
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MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 The growth of liberty in England did not depend 
 solely on the evolution of Parliament. The Common 
 Law of England provided a barrier of increasing 
 strength against all who endeavoured to infringe or 
 destroy the rights of the individual. The prints of 
 Westminster Hall, the early seat of the King's Courts, 
 show a majestic building dating from the days of 
 William Rufus (noo), the centre from which justice 
 was dispensed. The lawyers and Parliament were 
 always good friends. The very name, the High Court 
 of Parliament, is an indication of the relations between 
 them. The copy of Lord Mansfield's celebrated 
 judgment of 1 772 serves as a reminder of the importance 
 of England's judiciary. 
 
 For seven hundred years Writs of Summons have 
 been issued when the Three Estates, Clergy, Lords, 
 and Commons, were commanded to attend Parliament 
 — usually to consider ways and means of raising money. 
 
 The ultimate control of Parliament over king 
 rested on the power of the purse. Magna Carta 
 marked an important stage in this development. 
 W hen once Parliament had asserted its right to con- 
 trol all the taxes, the power of the king was definitely 
 restrained. " Redress of grievances before supply " 
 and " What touches all must be approved by all " 
 were the watchwords through stormy centuries. The 
 picture of Sir Thomas More refusing a subsidy, an 
 emergency tax, when it was demanded by Cardinal 
 Wolsey, the Minister of King Henry VIII, shows the 
 Speaker of the House of Commons asserting the rights 
 of Parliament. The original picture, the work of 
 Mr. Vivian Forbes, now adorns a corridor in the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 83 
 
MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 In the evolution of Parliament the liberty of 
 members to speak frankly on the floor of the House 
 was essential. Charles I (1625) attempted, but failed, 
 to arrest members of the House of Commons who 
 dared to do so. The Petition of Right, of which a 
 facsimile is shown, points out boldly, without fear of 
 the consequences, the grievances under which the 
 English were suffering under an autocratic king, and 
 restates the ancient liberties they were prepared to 
 defend in the coming years by force of arms (Execution 
 of Charles I, 1649). 
 
 A very real danger still remained to those lovers 
 of freedom who dared to lift their voices against 
 tyranny or injustice. The king might throw them 
 into prison and keep them there indefinitely without 
 trial. The Habeas Corpus Act, of which a copy is 
 shown, gave to the judges the right to demand from 
 the governor of the prison the presence of the prisoner 
 in court, so that the processes of justice might continue 
 without undue delay. 
 
 Such a barrier against an autocratic executive 
 was only effective if the judges were free from royal 
 control. The Bloodless Revolution and the accession 
 of William III in 1689 settled (by the Bill of Rights) 
 that and many other questions, though it was not 
 definitely enacted until 1701 by the Act of Settlement, 
 that judges should remain in office quam diu se bene 
 gesserint, so that the king had no power to remove 
 them. A copy of that Act, " The seal of our con- 
 stitutional rights, the last great statute which restrains 
 the power of the Crown," is the natural conclusion to 
 this short series of historic documents. 
 
 A series of six photographs of contemporary prints 
 
 84 
 
MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 may give some idea of the evolution of Parliament, 
 particularly of the growing strength of the House of 
 Commons. The old ceremonies may be still preserved 
 — as, for example, when the Royal assent is given to a 
 Bill. The final photograph serves to link the present 
 with the past. 
 
 The gradual growth of British liberty and of the 
 Constitution " broadening down from precedent to 
 precedent " cannot be traced further in this Hall. 
 When the American colonies separated themselves 
 from England their own Charter, the Declaration of 
 Independence, gave them a new starting-point. But 
 from the point of view of the evolution of the ever- 
 changing constitution of the British Commonwealth 
 of Nations, the picture of the Coronation of King 
 George VI by Mr. Frank Salisbury serves to bring the 
 story down to the present day. The gorgeous cere- 
 monial, the old-world costumes, the pomp and 
 formality serve to remind one of the struggles of the 
 past. No longer are barons and people forced to com- 
 bine against kings striving to destroy their ancient 
 rights or to stifle their just complaints. Kings are no 
 longer the dangerous enemies of freedom. To-day 
 the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations 
 and of the British Empire as a whole can regard their 
 Sovereign as a symbol of unity, as a repository of trust, 
 and as the natural focus of their loyalty and affection. 
 
 8 5 
 
The Art Gallery 
 
 NOTE by SIR KENNETH CLARK, K.C.B., M.A., 
 
 Director of the National Gallery, London 
 
 "^HIS exhibition has been selected to show the 
 main tendencies of English painting during 
 the last fifty years. It begins with the period 
 of the New English Art Club, which represented an 
 effort to break away from the banalities of current 
 academic painting and graft impressionism on to the 
 tradition of Constable, Turner, and Gainsborough. 
 Mr. Wilson Steer, who has been the acknowledged 
 leader of the group for more than forty years, takes 
 his place naturally beside these masters. His influence 
 is apparent in such painters as Philip Connard and 
 Ambrose MacEvoy, who attempted to do for the 
 portrait what Steer had done for landscape. At the 
 beginning of this century nearly all the leading 
 painters were associated with the Slade School, which 
 produced such brilliant pupils as Orpen, MacEvoy, 
 and John. Although now popularly known as a 
 portrait painter, Augustus John is at his best in his 
 romantic Welsh landscapes with figures, of which there 
 is a carefully chosen group in the exhibition, and his 
 masterly drawings. Both these aspects of his talent 
 are combined in his great decorative cartoon Galway. 
 
 The other movement which influenced the course 
 of English painting during this period is associated 
 with Walter Richard Sickert. He too revived the 
 native tradition by an infusion of French style, but his 
 masters were Degas and Whistler rather than the im- 
 pressionist landscape painters. Sickert has a certainty 
 of tone and an economy rare in English art, and this is 
 combined with an Hogarthian appetite for popular life 
 
 86 
 
THE ART GALLERY 
 
 which gives his best work something more than pictorial 
 interest. He is represented in the exhibition by one or 
 two of his early landscapes of Dieppe, some charac- 
 teristic interiors of music halls, and his moving comment 
 on middle-class life entitled Ennui. Round Sickert 
 were grouped such men as Gilman and Spencer Gore, 
 and his influence is still felt in the work of such young 
 painters as Victor Pasmore. 
 
 Two other painters of the older generation should 
 be mentioned — Sir William Nicholson, who has used 
 the Whistlerian tradition with personal vision, and 
 Ethel Walker, who is represented by her delicate por- 
 traits and one of her large decorations. 
 
 Although it is impossible to simplify the tendencies 
 of post-war painting in England, we may make a 
 rough distinction between those who are chiefly con- 
 cerned with recording their delight in the visible 
 world and those who are anxious to express a personal, 
 poetical vision. In the first category we may place 
 Duncan Grant and Matthew Smith, for although both 
 have created their own worlds, they have done so 
 through the joy of the senses. Duncan Grant has a 
 spontaneous gift for decoration which, at his best, is 
 combined with naturalism as in an Elizabethan lyric. 
 Unfortunately, it has not been possible to include his 
 finest decorative panels, but he is represented by 
 some early work in this manner, notably The Ass 
 and The Tight-Rope Walker, and by one of his later 
 landscapes in the tradition of Constable. Matthew 
 Smith, in a narrower range, has achieved a satura- 
 tion of colour which gives his work real intensity. 
 Somewhere between realism and poetry we find the 
 peculiarly English figure of Stanley Spencer. He is a 
 
 87 
 
THE ART GALLERY 
 
 belated pre-Raphaelite, whose early work has a 
 visionary quality, but who, when no longer obsessed 
 by certain shapes and incidents, is an almost photo- 
 graphic realist. Among the poets we may place Paul 
 Nash, subduing all nature with a kind of wintery 
 simplification, and Graham Sutherland, whose peculiar 
 vision, deriving from Blake and Palmer, seems to give 
 some of the richness and mystery of nature without 
 obvious references to natural form. A poetical strain 
 proper to English painting is visible in many of the 
 best younger artists, and from this point of view 
 Surrealism has had a liberating influence in England. 
 This poetry is most naturally expressed in the familiar 
 English medium of water-colour. The Nashes, David 
 Jones, Francis Hodgkins, Graham Sutherland excel in 
 this medium, and even Henry Moore, whose sculpture 
 shows a severe concentration on problems of form, 
 does drawings full of romantic colour. There is, how- 
 ever, a body of abstract painters, represented in the 
 Exhibition by Ben Nicholson, who aim at the utmost 
 purity from any human association. As a reaction 
 against pure abstraction we may notice a group of 
 young painters, represented by William Coldstream, 
 who believe that absolute fidelity to visual appearances 
 can be justified by sensibility. 
 
 It is hard to believe that English painting will 
 ever be radically different from what it has been in the 
 past. Charm, freedom, a native elegance, and poetry 
 are more natural to English painters than power of 
 composition or the other branches of technical achieve- 
 ment. The selection here exhibited, incomplete as it 
 is, may give the flavour of English art more truly than 
 would be possible in a larger and more formal selection. 
 
 88 
 
OFFICIAL PRINTING, ETC. 
 
 Official Printing 
 
 On the mezzanine floor of the main staircase 
 leading up from Magna Carta Hall is an exhibit 
 of British official publications arranged by H.M. 
 Stationery Office. Specimens of early forms of official 
 publishing in Great Britain are shown as well as types 
 of official publication now issued, and these illustrate 
 the activity of government in our time. The modern 
 exhibits show that much greater attention is now being 
 paid to the printing and appearance of official publica- 
 tions in Great Britain than heretofore. 
 
 A branch of Barclay's Bank (Dominion, Colonial, 
 and Overseas) has been installed in the Pavilion, where 
 the customary banking facilities are available. 
 
 A cinema is included in the Pavilion, where films 
 relating to life in the British Isles may be seen. 
 Dominion and Colonial films are also shown. 
 
 A " Buttery " for light refreshments is provided at 
 the west end of the Pavilion next to the Art Gallery. 
 Here, on a terrace facing the English Garden, visitors 
 may rest and refresh themselves with their favourite 
 
 Cinema 
 
 89 
 
THE BRITISH "BUTTERY," ETC. 
 
 beverage, whether it be tea taken in the English 
 fashion, coffee, cocktail, beer, or an English whisky 
 and soda, more familiarly known to Americans as a 
 " highball." It is hoped that the tired sightseer may 
 find here a pleasant oasis from which to observe the 
 passing crowds and, during certain periods, to listen 
 to the band playing in the bandstand at the east end 
 of the Garden. 
 
 Near the "Buttery" will be found an exhibit, 
 arranged by the International Tea Market Expansion 
 Board, which includes specimens of tea from India and 
 Ceylon and indicates the districts in which the teas 
 were grown. Coloured photographs of scenes in tea 
 gardens in those countries are also shown, with 
 coloured maps and graphic phrases regarding tea. 
 
 Liberal use is made of textiles in several sections 
 of the Pavilion as the background for display. 
 
 The materials used are all of British manufacture, 
 and have been supplied through the Trade Associa- 
 tions of England and Ireland to the general require- 
 ments of the architects, whose desire it was to employ 
 textures and designs of current manufacture, rather 
 than to create special types. 
 
 Curtains of rayon velvet in a shade of gold form 
 the background in the Court of Honour to the section 
 of Britain in Heraldry, and in the Silver Room an 
 interesting cotton weave in blue and white is employed. 
 
 90 
 
TEXTILE FURNISHINGS 
 
 The walls of the annexe in which the Crown Jewels 
 are shown are hung with a " waved " repp of cotton 
 and rayon in a shade of garnet (British Colour Council 
 No. 1 60). The case in which the Crown Jewels are 
 shown is hung with a drapery of silver-grey velvet, 
 giving a pleasing contrast in texture as well as colour. 
 
 Drapery has been used completely for the Magna 
 Carta Hall. The walls to a height of 21 ft. are 
 hung with a cotton velour in a warm shade of cream, 
 decorated with a stencilled design, the crown of King 
 John in pale gold. These hangings are surmounted 
 by a shaped pelmet of the same cream velour, trimmed 
 with gold, from beneath which the hangings are 
 lighted. 
 
 In the centre of the Hall, which is approximately 
 105 ft. by 97 ft. 6 in., is a dais, 27 ft. 6 in. by 60 ft., 
 over which is a canopy, the ceiling of which is carried 
 out in a satin, screen printed in shades of " Garter " 
 blue, with a design in gold representing a coffered 
 ceiling. This and the needlework referred to below 
 are the only two textiles which are not standard 
 productions. 
 
 At the end of the dais, in a setting of red mercerized 
 cotton velvet, trimmed in red and gold, is the case 
 housing the Magna Carta. The base of this is 
 decorated with hand-tooled leather, having a back- 
 ground of red, and a trellis and fleur-de-lis design in 
 gold. 
 
 Magna Carta itself is framed in a special needlework 
 the design of which was inspired by manuscripts in the 
 Bodleian Library and at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 The dais is covered with a Wilton carpet, mottled 
 in two shades of gold. 
 
 9i 
 
 1 
 
TEXTILE FURNISHINGS, ETC. 
 
 The walls of the Art Gallery are treated with a 
 new specially prepared textile which is hung in the 
 same manner as wallpaper. It is damp-proof and 
 washable and is a British invention. 
 
 The curtains in the " Buttery " are in a heavy 
 cotton cloth in a broken effect of orange red. 
 
 A British lace net is being used throughout the 
 Administration Block. 
 
 The settees in the Pavilion, the upholstery 
 materials and covering of which are all of British 
 manufacture, were designed specially for the Exhibition 
 by the architects. 
 
 Also made in England, and selected to harmonize 
 with the external colour scheme of the Pavilion, is the 
 long triple series of awnings which are a feature of the 
 garden front. 
 
 The English Garden 
 
 This enclosed garden of about three-quarters of an 
 acre has been designed by Mr. Percy S. Cane to give 
 a typically British setting to the long facade of the 
 building. 
 
 The straightforward lines of the planning give a 
 feeling of breadth and space which a greater elabora- 
 tion of treatment might have destroyed. The gener- 
 ously wide borders are planted to give bold masses of 
 harmonious colour, and large trees have been intro- 
 duced for the value of their light and shade and 
 additionally for the feeling of maturity w 7 hich older 
 trees alone can give. Paving stone was shipped from 
 England and consists of old stone slabs taken from 
 Whitehall Gardens and the Tower of London. 
 92 
 
BANDS 
 
 Bands 
 
 The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards will play 
 daily from April 30 to May 27, and the Band of the 
 1 st Battalion The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regi- 
 ment) from September 1 2 to the end of the exhibition, 
 in the bandstand at the east end of the garden. 
 
 t 
 
 93 
 
Australia 
 
 COMMISSIONER-GENERAL : MR. L. R. MacGREGOR, 
 
 Australian Government Trade Commissioner 
 
 1HE Australian Government exhibit depicts 
 three special aspects of the present develop- 
 ment and the potential progress of the 
 southern continent, viz. wool, secondary industries, 
 and the attractions of travel. So that visitors to the 
 Fair may obtain first-hand information on Australian 
 affairs an enquiry office has been installed. 
 
 The Wool Section is no mere display of merchan- 
 dise, but seeks through action exhibits, colour, and 
 mural decoration to give an impression of the world's 
 most important wool-producing country, which pas- 
 tures over 110,000,000 sheep. It seeks to give visitors 
 some idea of the extensive plains and the large flocks 
 which graze there. It emphasizes the effective 
 organization of the industry as an item of interest for 
 the American producer. A series of show windows 
 displays a range of the finest fabrics manufactured 
 from Australian wool in the world's best factories, and 
 demonstrates that not only has Australia used science 
 to perfect the product of the sheep, but that science 
 has been harnessed to increase the beauty, the health- 
 giving properties, the wearing qualities, and the com- 
 fort of woollen garments. The modern tendency 
 towards the use of wool specially designed to meet the 
 needs of each of the seasons is emphasized — for 
 Australia looks towards a world of to-morrow clad in 
 the finest woollen fabrics, from which it will derive 
 artistry in clothing as well as health. 
 
 94 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 The Industry Section has been planned more to 
 attract the attention of American investors than as a 
 display of manufactured goods. Already a large 
 amount of American capital is invested in Australian 
 industries, and Australia is looking towards the 
 investor in the world of to-morrow to help her to an 
 increasing extent in the development of the Australia 
 of to-morrow. Display devices illustrate the diversity 
 of Australian industrial resources and production and 
 show the environment of such industries, which pro- 
 duce goods to the value of nearly 900,000,000 dollars 
 per annum. This section shows that Australia to-day 
 is not solely a primary producing country, and 
 prophesies Australia's rise as a great industrial nation 
 in the world of to-morrow. It shows, in addition, how 
 Australia has successfully experimented in the sphere 
 of industrial arbitration systems which have con- 
 tributed substantially to harmony between employer 
 and employee. Here is a phase in which Australia 
 believes she has already entered the world of to- 
 morrow, and it will interest those, both employers and 
 employees, who are to-day wrestling with the problem 
 of harmonious industrial co-operation. 
 
 Australia believes that she has a considerable 
 destiny to play in the world of to-morrow as the play- 
 ground of thousands, who will come by air and sea 
 to enjoy her equable climate, her wide range of 
 scenery, her golden beaches and modern cities, and to 
 mingle with her hospitable people. Action exhibits 
 and coloured scenes depict these attractions of to-day 
 which are being developed for the visitors of to-morrow. 
 A museum display in a modern setting depicts the 
 unique birds and animals for which Australia is known 
 
 95 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 throughout the world — the gentle koala, the platypus, 
 which might be regarded as a link between bird, 
 animal, and fish, and birds of brilliant plumage. 
 
 The pavilion is air-conditioned, and the architects 
 are Stephenson and Turner of Sydney and Melbourne. 
 
 96 
 
New Zealand 
 
 COMMISSIONER-GENERAL: MR. R. M. FIRTH, 
 
 New Zealand Trade and Tourist Commissioner 
 
 1HE New Zealand Exhibit, assembled by the 
 New Zealand Government Department of 
 Publicity and erected in collaboration with 
 Mr. Edward D. Stone, one of New York's foremost 
 architects, is designed to portray not only the variety 
 of scenic and sporting attractions of the Dominion, 
 but also its commercial and industrial developments 
 and the activities of its people. 
 
 Entering the main doorway, the visitor finds a 
 typical New Zealand forest scene in which specially 
 imported native shrubs and ferns are utilized to present 
 a truly natural display. 
 
 A mechanical map of the Dominion indicating 
 the various points of interest adjoins this first exhibit, 
 and beyond is a Maori village-setting where the 
 progress of this native race is graphically depicted 
 from their arrival in New Zealand, thirteen centuries 
 ago, until to-day, when many of their descendants are 
 prominent in Dominion life. 
 
 In miniature are presented hot lakes set in tropical 
 verdure, glaciers that travel down mile-high mountain- 
 sides, underground caverns illuminated by myriads of 
 glow-worms, and fiords running miles inland and 
 flanked by forest-covered precipices 
 
 The sporting displays provide deep-sea anglers, 
 trout fishermen, and hunters with convincing evidence 
 of New Zealand's ability to satisfy their desires. 
 
 97 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 A colourful display of Samoa, New Zealand's 
 South Sea island possession, is included. 
 
 The general well-being of the community in every- 
 day life is depicted in a way that will appeal to the 
 prospective home-maker. 
 
 98 
 
British Colonial Empire 
 
 "^HE British Colonial Empire display, organized 
 by the Colonial Empire Marketing Board, 
 includes six main sections, representing the 
 geographical groups of Dependencies, each containing 
 a realistic diorama of a typical local scene, decorative 
 panels, and a map frieze. Views of the life and work of 
 the peoples of the Empire are shown in series of con- 
 tinuously changing photographs arranged as follows : 
 
 EAST AFRICA SECTION 
 
 Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia, 
 Nyasaland, Somaliland, and Zanzibar. 
 
 WEST AFRICA SECTION 
 
 Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and 
 St. Helena. 
 
 MALAYA AND THE FAR EAST SECTION 
 
 Straits Settlements, Federated and Unfederated 
 Malay States, Sarawak, North Borneo, Hong 
 Kong, Fiji, and the Western Pacific Territories. 
 
 WEST INDIES SECTION 
 
 Barbados, Bermuda, The Bahamas, British Guiana, 
 British Honduras, Jamaica and Dependencies, 
 Trinidad and Tobago, Leeward Islands, Wind- 
 ward Islands, and the Falkland Islands and 
 Dependencies. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN SECTION 
 
 Malta, Gibraltar, and Cyprus. 
 
 INDIAN OCEAN SECTION 
 
 Ceylon, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Aden. 
 
 99 
 
BRITISH COLONIAL EMPIRE 
 
 The central display in the exhibit consists of a 
 giant photo-mural, and this, together with a spoken 
 commentary describing the public services and social 
 work in the Dependencies, tells how Great Britain, in 
 fulfilling her trusteeship, is advancing the physical and 
 cultural development of the peoples of the Colonial 
 Empire, and to what extent the United States is 
 assisting in this development. The mural has five 
 panels depicting the following branches of the above 
 services : Administration and Education, Communica- 
 tions, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Health, 
 and American-British Co-operation. 
 
 Other features are a comprehensive display of 
 Colonial postage stamps and a " press button " 
 information service by means of two automatic 
 machines, one giving particulars of the exports of the 
 individual Dependencies and the other acting as a 
 " Travellers' Guide." 
 
 Visitors can obtain brochures and full information 
 regarding the British Colonial Empire at an Informa- 
 tion Bureau. 
 
 ioo 
 
Committees 
 
 Advisory Committee 
 
 The Rt. Hon. R. S. Hudson, m.p. (Chairman). 
 
 The Rt. Hon. the Lord Riverdale of Sheffield, k.b.e. 
 
 Sir Geoffrey Clarke, c.s.i., o.b.e. 
 
 P. Bennett, Esq., o.b.e., j.p. 
 
 G. H. Locock, Esq., c.m.g. 
 
 Fine Art Selection Committee 
 
 Sir Lionel Faudel-Phillips, Bart. (Chairman). 
 
 Sir Kenneth Clark, k.c.b. 
 
 Campbell Dodgson, Esq., c.b.e. 
 
 Sir Edward Marsh, k.c.v.o., g.b., c.m.g. 
 
 John Rothenstein, Esq., ph.d. 
 
 The Earl of Sandwich. 
 
 The Joint Committee on Films 
 
 (British Council and Travel Association) 
 Philip Guedalla, Esq., m.a. (Chairman). 
 Oliver Bell, Esq., m.a. British Film Institute. 
 
 Lt.-Col. Charles Bridge, 
 
 d.s.o., m.g. British Council. 
 
 A. G. Highet, Esq., m.b.e. General Post Office. 
 
 Kenneth Johnstone, Esq. British Council. 
 
 Keith Jopson, Esq., o.b.e. Department of Overseas 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Rowland Kenney, Esq. Foreign Office. 
 
 L. A. de L. Meredith, Esq., 
 
 c.m.g., o.b.e. Travel Association. 
 
 A. F. Primrose, Esq., o.b.e. (Secretary). 
 
 IOI 
 
COMMITTEES 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE CHAMBER OF 
 COMMERCE IN THE U.S.A. (INCORPORATED) 
 
 ANTIQUES 
 
 Henry Goode, Esq. 
 Arthur S. Vernay, Esq. 
 
 artists' paints and colours 
 C. V. T. Trickett, Esq. 
 
 CHEMICALS 
 
 Richard Fort, Esq. 
 
 CLOTHING 
 
 Harold E. Nash, Esq. 
 
 CUSTOMS BROKER 
 
 P. A. St. John, Esq. 
 
 FINE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING 
 
 F. R. Mansbridge, Esq. 
 
 FOODS 
 
 J. T. Menzies, Esq. 
 
 FURNISHINGS, ETC. 
 
 Arthur W. Forester, Esq. 
 George E. Mallinson, Esq. 
 
 GLASS AND CHINA 
 
 E. John Ridgway, Esq. 
 
 Kennard L. Wedgwood, Esq. (Chairman oj the Sub- 
 committee) . 
 
 Cecil Smith, Esq. (Chairman). 
 
 102 
 
COMMITTEES 
 
 HABERDASHERY 
 
 De Gamp Statler, Esq. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL 
 
 F. C. A. H. Lantaberry, Esq. 
 
 LEATHER 
 
 Gerald Murphy, Esq. 
 
 L. G. Stanley, Esq. {Chairman of the Sub-Committee). 
 
 MERCHANTS 
 
 R. R. Appleby, Esq., c.b.e. 
 
 G. W. Bowring, Esq. 
 Arol Davidson, Esq. 
 
 RAILWAY AND TOURIST AGENCIES 
 
 Arthur L. Colato, Esq. 
 L. S. Law, Esq. 
 Bertram Lord, Esq. 
 Gol. C. M. Turner. 
 William H. White, Esq. 
 
 « 
 
 RUBBER 
 
 T. W. Niblett, Esq. 
 
 SHIPPING 
 
 R. H. Blake, Esq. {Chairman of the Sub-Committee). 
 Wm. Boyd, Esq. 
 George Massey, Esq. 
 Henry Smurthwaite, Esq. 
 
 SILVER 
 
 Jean E. Grelet, Esq. 
 
 SPIRITS 
 
 The Earl of Gosford. 
 W. W. Hull, Esq. 
 Archibald Kelly, Esq. 
 
 SPORTSWEAR 
 
 Mrs. Clara Mellen. 
 
 103 
 
COMMITTEES 
 STATIONERY AND BOOKS 
 
 E. W. Wilkinson, Esq. 
 
 TEXTILES 
 
 ARTIFICIAL SILK 
 
 Samuel A. Salvage, Esq. 
 
 COTTON 
 
 Frederick Atherton, Esq. 
 
 LINEN 
 
 Peter Fletcher, Esq. {Chairman of the Sub-Com- 
 mittee) . 
 
 UPHOLSTERY AND DRAPERY FABRICS 
 
 H. A. Lee, Esq. 
 
 WOOLLENS 
 
 John Barr, Esq. 
 
 Frank J. Nolan, Esq. (Chairman of the Sub-Com- 
 mittee) . 
 
 TOBACCO 
 
 S. J. Ballinger, Esq. 
 
 A. Froude, Esq. (Secretary). 
 
 104 
 
COMMITTEES 
 
 British Consul General's Committee for the 
 New York World's Fair, igjg 
 
 Godfrey Haggard, Esq., c.m.g., o.b.e. 
 
 (Chairman) . 
 Samuel A. Salvage, Esq. (Vice-Chairman) . 
 R. R. Appleby, Esq., c.b.e. 
 John Barbirolli, Esq. 
 The Hon. Charles S. Golden. 
 J. H. Crook, Esq. 
 Edward F. Darrell, Esq. 
 R. M. Firth, Esq. 
 Angus S. Fletcher, Esq., c.b.e. 
 Sir Cedric Hardwicke. 
 Dr. Arthur Hunter. 
 Dr. Foster Kennedy. 
 L. R. Macgregor, Esq., c.b.e. 
 George O. May, Esq. 
 C. M. Parker, Esq. 
 Cecil F. Shallcross, Esq. 
 Cecil Smith, Esq. 
 Sir T. Ashley Sparks, k.b.e. 
 Edward W. Stitt, Jr., Esq. 
 Sir William Wiseman, Bart., c.b. 
 A. Froude, Esq. (Secretary). 
 
 105 
 
Acknowledgments 
 
 The Department of Overseas Trade wishes to 
 acknowledge the valuable assistance of many individuals 
 and organizations, including the following : 
 
 THE PAVILION 
 
 Walter W. Jenkins & Co., Ltd. ("Renfrew" 
 
 Marble Slabs from Devonshire). 
 The Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. (Nickel Silver Doors) . 
 The Whisky Association. 
 
 TEXTILES 
 
 British Celanese Ltd. 
 
 The British Lace Furnishings Publicity Committee. 
 
 British Velvet & Plush Co. 
 
 Arthur H. Lee & Sons. 
 
 Rexine (I.C.I.) Ltd. 
 
 Tootal Broadhurst Lee Co., Ltd. 
 
 Warner & Son Ltd. 
 
 COURT OF HONOUR 
 
 HERALDRY 
 
 Professor V. H. Galbraith. 
 
 The Master of the Armouries, Tower of London. 
 
 HISTORIC GOLD PLATE 
 
 The Corporation & City Livery Companies of 
 
 London. 
 Mr. G. R. Hughes. 
 
 1 06 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 COURT OF HONOUR — contd. 
 
 BOOKBINDING 
 
 The Master Bookbinders' Association. 
 Douglas Cockerell & Son. 
 Golden Cockerel Press. 
 T. H. Harrison. 
 Kelly & Sons Ltd. 
 
 Leighton-Straker Bookbinding Co., Ltd. 
 W. T. Morrell & Co. 
 Nevett Ltd. 
 Novello & Co., Ltd. 
 Oxford University Press. 
 Robert Riviere & Son Ltd. 
 Sangorski & Sutcliffe. 
 W. H. Smith & Son Ltd. 
 Zaehnsdorf Ltd. 
 
 FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS 
 
 Mrs. Constance Spry. 
 ROYAL ROOM 
 
 HISTORIC BOOKS 
 
 The Antiquarian Booksellers' Association. 
 Queen's College, Oxford. 
 
 SILVER ROOM 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. 
 Mr. G. R. Hughes. 
 The Royal Mint. 
 
 107 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 
 The Government Departments responsible for 
 planning the Public Welfare Exhibit desire to acknow- 
 ledge the help received from the following, among 
 other, organizations and individuals : 
 
 All England Tennis Club. 
 British Broadcasting Company. 
 British Museum. 
 
 Gaumont British Instructional Ltd. 
 Library Association. 
 London Museum. 
 Metropolitan Water Board. 
 Miners' Welfare Committee. 
 
 National Council of Maternity and Child Welfare. 
 
 National Council of Social Service. 
 
 Mr. W. Robinson. 
 
 Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 
 Royal Masonic Hospital. 
 
 Science Museum. 
 
 Sul grave Parish Council. 
 
 Trades Union Congress. 
 
 Wellcome Historical Museum. 
 
 Westminster School. 
 
 Winchester College. 
 
 And the following among other Local Education 
 Authorities : 
 
 London County Council. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Kent. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 West Suffolk. 
 Willesden. 
 
 1 08 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 MARITIME HALL 
 
 Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom. 
 Liverpool Steam Ship Owners' Association. 
 Anchor Line Ltd. 
 Bristol City Line. 
 
 Canadian Pacific Railway Company. 
 
 Clan Line Steamers Ltd. 
 
 Cunard White Star Ltd. 
 
 Elder Dempster Lines Ltd. 
 
 Ellerman & Bucknall Steamship Co., Ltd. 
 
 Furness Withy & Co., Ltd. 
 
 G. Heyn & Sons Ltd. 
 Alfred Holt & Co. 
 Lamport & Holt Line Ltd. 
 
 Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Co. 
 
 Port Line Ltd. 
 
 Royal Mail Lines Ltd. 
 
 Union-Castle Mail Steamship Co., Ltd. 
 
 Andrew Weir & Co. 
 
 SUBMARINE CABLES SECTION 
 
 Submarine Cables Ltd. 
 
 OLD MARITIME CHARTS, ETC. 
 
 The Antiquarian Booksellers' Association. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL 
 
 H. M. Office of Works. 
 
 Ministry of Finance, Northern Ireland. 
 The Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 The Travel and Industrial Development Associa- 
 tion of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Great Western Railway. 
 
 109 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL — contd. 
 
 London, Midland & Scottish Railway Go. 
 
 London & North Eastern Railway. 
 
 Southern Railway Go. 
 
 Mr. J. Dixon-Scott, f.r.p.s. 
 
 " The Times." 
 
 The Topical Press Agency. 
 
 FINE WOOLLENS EXHIBIT 
 
 The Fine Woollen Export Trade Committee. 
 
 Manufacturers 
 
 David Ballantyne Bros., & Co., Ltd. 
 Henry Ballantyne & Sons Ltd. 
 J. H. Binns & Co., Ltd. 
 Blenkhorn, Richardson & Co., Ltd. 
 Bower, Roebuck & Co., Ltd. 
 Broadhead & Graves Ltd. 
 William Brown, Sons & Co., Ltd. 
 Isaac Carr & Co., Ltd. 
 Josiah France Ltd. 
 Gibson & Lumgair Ltd. 
 Arthur Harrison & Co., Ltd. 
 Heather Mills Co., Ltd. 
 James Johnston & Co. 
 Kemp & Hewitt Ltd. 
 A. Laverton & Co., Ltd. 
 Kenneth Mackenzie Ltd. 
 Raceview Woollen Mills Ltd. 
 George Roberts & Co., Ltd. 
 Hugh Sanderson & Son. 
 R. & A. Sanderson & Co. 
 
 1 10 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 FINE WOOLLENS EXHIBIT — contd. 
 
 Walter Sykes Ltd. 
 
 Taylor & Lodge Ltd. 
 
 John Taylors Ltd. 
 
 Walter Thorburn & Bros., Ltd. 
 
 Edwin Walker & Co., Ltd. 
 
 W. E. Yates Ltd. 
 
 Merchants 
 
 Cobb & Jenkins Ltd. 
 Dormeuil Freres. 
 
 Fisher & Co. (Huddersfield) Ltd. 
 
 Mark Fisher Sons & Co., Ltd. 
 
 M. Fisher Sons & Co., Inc. 
 A. Gagniere & Co., Ltd. 
 John G. Hardy Ltd. 
 James Hare Ltd. 
 Holland & Sherry Ltd. 
 Lowe, Donald & Co., Ltd. 
 Wain, Shiell & Son (London) Ltd. 
 
 IRISH LINEN EXHIBIT 
 
 The Irish Linen Guild, Belfast. 
 
 FINE CHINA EXHIBIT 
 
 British Pottery Manufacturers 5 Federation. 
 W. T. Copeland & Sons Ltd. 
 Doulton & Co., Ltd. 
 Mintons Ltd. 
 
 Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Co., Ltd. 
 Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd. 
 Worcester Royal Porcelain Co., Ltd. 
 
 1 1 1 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 LEATHER EXHIBIT 
 
 Federation of Curriers, Light Leather Tanners 
 
 and Dressers, Inc. 
 United Tanners' Federation. 
 A. Baily & Co., Ltd. 
 Bolton Leathers Ltd. 
 Connolly Bros. (Curriers) Ltd. 
 Percy E. Fisher (1928) Ltd. 
 James Garnar & Sons Ltd. 
 George & Co. 
 
 Harrold Leather Manufacturing Co., Ltd. 
 
 E. T. Holden & Son Ltd. 
 
 R. & A. Kohnstamm Ltd. 
 
 W. & J. Martin. 
 
 R. & J. Pullman Ltd. 
 
 Strong & Fisher Ltd. 
 
 1 
 
 HALL OF METALS 
 
 Industrial Associations, Museums, individual 
 firms, and private individuals have all contributed to 
 the composition of the Hall of Metals. It is desired to 
 acknowledge with thanks the public-spirited efforts of 
 the following : — 
 
 HEXAGON 
 
 Mr. N. Phillips Bedson [Portrait of Cort) . 
 British Iron & Steel Federation. 
 " Building " [Photograph of Fulham Power Station). 
 The Butterley Co., Ltd. {Photographs of Castings). 
 Central Electricity Board {Photograph of Trans- 
 mission Tower). 
 
 112 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS — contd. 
 
 Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd. (Specimens of Steel 
 Sections) . 
 
 English Steel Corporation Ltd. (2 Drills, 3-in. dia.). 
 French Railways — National Tourist Office (Photo- 
 graph of Eiffel Tower) . 
 Guest, Keen & Nettlefolds Ltd. (Catalogue for 
 
 Wrought Iron Door-fittings, etc.). 
 Hadfields Ltd. (Manganese Steel Rail, Cast Steel 
 
 Wheels, and Various Tools, Plaque of Faraday, 
 
 Photograph of Sir Robert Hadfield) . 
 Holman Bros. Ltd. (Rock Drill). 
 The International Combustion Ltd. (Photograph of 
 
 Machinery Castings). 
 International Construction Co. (Photograph of 
 
 Morgan Mill). 
 L.M.S. Railway Co. (Photograph of Euston Station). 
 Mr. J. Malbon (Photograph of Darby) . 
 The Metal Box Co., Ltd. (Photograph of Tin 
 
 Plate). 
 
 Oil Well Engineering Co. (Oil Drill, Fish Tail Bit, 
 
 Core Drilling Head) . 
 Samuel Osborn & Co., Ltd. (4 Drills, 1 Sheet of 
 
 Blue Steel, 1 Metal Shaving, Photograph of 
 
 Mushet) . 
 
 Sanderson, Brothers & Newbould Ltd. (30-2/2. 
 
 Circular Metal-Cutting Saw). 
 The United Steel Companies Ltd. (Photograph of 
 
 Bessemer Convertor) . 
 Mr. Rex Wailes, George Wailes & Co., Ltd. 
 
 (Photograph of Mill Gearing). 
 West of Scotland Iron & Steel Institute (Photograph 
 
 of James Beaument Wilson, F.R.S.). 
 
 "3 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS — contd. 
 
 PRIMITIVE IRON 
 
 The Armouries, Tower of London (Gun and Cannon 
 
 Ball from " Mary Rose "). 
 The Carron Company (" Carronade " {light casting 
 
 gun), etc.). 
 
 The Phoenix Ironworks (Strong Box and Charles I 
 Fireback) . 
 
 J. Seymour Lindsay (25 exhibits of seventeenth and 
 eighteenth century domestic ironwork). 
 
 STAINLESS STEEL 
 
 Thos. Firth & John Brown Ltd., Exhibit arranged 
 by Stanley D. Dickson (Firth Vickers Stainless 
 Steels) . 
 
 TURBINES 
 
 Belliss & Morcom Ltd. 
 
 British Electrical & Allied Manufacturers' Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 British Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd. 
 British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd. 
 English Electric Co., Ltd. 
 
 General Electric Co. (Fraser & Chalmers Engineer- 
 ing Works) . 
 Hick Hargreaves & Co., Ltd. 
 C. A. Parsons & Co., Ltd. 
 
 MAGNETIC ALLOY HEAVY ALLOY 
 
 General Electric Co. (Heavy Alloy). 
 
 Wm. Jessop & Sons Ltd. (Magnetic Alloy). 
 
 PRECISION OF WORKMANSHIP 
 
 Bull's Metal & Melloid Co., Ltd. (Propeller). 
 
 114 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS — contd. 
 
 BICYCLES 
 
 B.S.A. Cycles Ltd. {Motor-cycle). 
 
 British Cycle & Motor Cycle Manufacturers & 
 Traders Union Ltd. 
 
 Coventry-Eagle Cycle & Motor Co., Ltd. {Motor- 
 cycle) . 
 
 New-Hudson Ltd. {Bicycle). 
 
 Science Museum (2 Original Bicycles 1884 and 1839). 
 The Sun Cycle & Fittings Co., Ltd. {Bicycle). 
 
 THE MOTOR-CAR, ETC. 
 
 Captain G. E. T. Eyston (" Thunderbolt"). 
 Rolls-Royce Ltd. {Chassis and Engine). 
 Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders. 
 
 AIRCRAFT 
 
 The Bristol Aeroplane Co., Ltd. (" Perseus " 
 Engine) . 
 
 De Havilland Aircraft Co. {Model De Havilland 
 
 " 95 " Aeroplane). 
 Fairey Aviation Co. {Model Fairey Civil Transport). 
 Rolls-Royce Ltd. (" Merlin " Engine). 
 Short Bros. (Rochester & Bedford) Ltd. {Model of 
 
 Imperial Flying Boat and Short Mayo Composite 
 
 Marine Aircraft) . 
 Vickers- Armstrongs Ltd. {Model Vickers-Wellesley 
 
 Aeroplane) . 
 
 Society of British Aircraft Constructors Ltd. 
 
 TUBES 
 
 Accles & Pollock Ltd. 
 
 The Cold Rolled Brass & Copper Association. 
 
 »5 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS — contd. 
 
 BEYOND HUMAN VISION 
 
 Chance Bros. & Co., Ltd. {Lump of Optical Glass, 
 etc.). 
 
 General exhibit of optical elements contributed by 
 various members of the Scientific Instrument Manu- 
 facturers' Association. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 
 
 Chas. Baker [Microscopes ; Micro-projector ; Binocu- 
 lar Microscope with inclined tubes ; Binocular 
 Magnifiers) . 
 
 Barr & Stroud Ltd. [Range Finder; Prism 
 Binoculars) . 
 
 R. & J. Beck Ltd. (Microscopes ; Metallograph ; 
 Spectroscopes; Magnifiers; Robin Hill Camera). 
 
 Cambridge Instrument Co. Ltd. (Flat-cutting 
 Microtome ; Directional Radium Calliper Arm ; 
 Universal Measuring Machine ; Universal Vibro- 
 graph ; Mechanical Mallet) . 
 
 C F. Casella & Co., Ltd. (Spectrometer ; Thermal 
 Precipitator ; Hygrometer ; Smoke Meter ; Dust- 
 Counter ; Mines Pressure Apparatus) . 
 
 Chance Bros. & Co., Ltd. (Block of Optical Glass ; 
 Optical Glass Mouldings ; Contrast and Colour 
 Filters) . 
 
 G. Cussons Ltd. (6-in. Bench Micrometer ; Screw- 
 pitch Measuring Machine; Slip-Gauge Com- 
 parator) . 
 
 J. H. Dallmeyer Ltd. (Speed Camera ; Photographic 
 Lenses ; Projection Lens) . 
 
 Adam Hilger Ltd. (Absorptiometer ; Quartz Spectro- 
 graph ; Microphotometer) . 
 
 116 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS— contd. 
 
 H. Hughes & Sons Ltd. [Marine and Aeronautical 
 Compasses ; Marine and Aeronautical Sextants ; 
 Course Calculators ; Echo Sounder) . 
 
 A. Kershaw & Son (Mechanism of Cinema Projector ; 
 Prism Binoculars ; Opera Glasses) . 
 
 Negretti & Zambra ( Thermo-Hygro graph ; Micro- 
 barograph ; Instruments for control of Aircraft 
 Engines.) 
 
 L. Oertling Ltd. (Precision Balances). 
 
 Ottway & Co. ( Telescopes ; Scaleometer Microscope ; 
 Micrometer ; Heliograph) . 
 
 Ross Ltd. (Telescope; Binoculars; Photographic Lenses). 
 
 Scientific Instrument Manufacturers' Association. 
 
 Soho Ltd. (Reflex Camera ; Photographic Lenses). 
 
 W. F. Stanley & Co., Ltd. (Planimeters ; Surveying 
 Instruments ; Drawing Instruments ; Calculators ; 
 Clinical Thermometers) . 
 
 W. Watson & Sons Ltd. (Density Meter ; Micro- 
 scopes ; Astronomical Telescope) . 
 
 E. R. Watts & Son Ltd. (Surveying Instruments ; 
 Water Current Meter ; Spectrometer ; Balloon 
 Theodolite ; Bomb Sight ; Magnetometer) . 
 
 R. S. Whipple Esq. (Antique Telescope by J. Mann, 
 London. 1 750) . 
 
 FROM MINES TO MILLIONS 
 
 British Iron & Steel Federation. 
 Hoffman Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (Ball Bearing). 
 Kayser, Ellison & Co. Ltd. (Ball Bearings). 
 Redditch Hosiery Needles Ltd. (Hosiery Needles). 
 Emmanuel Shrimpton & Fletcher (Surgical Needles) . 
 John Watts & Co. (Sheffield and London) Ltd. 
 (Razor Blades) . 
 
 117 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 HALL OF METALS — contd. 
 
 PRECISION WITH SIZE 
 
 J. Stone & Co. Ltd. (Propeller, etc.). 
 
 HEAVY CASTINGS 
 
 Brown-Firth Research Laboratories (Dredger 
 Bucket) . 
 
 English Steel Corporation Ltd. (Locomotive Crank 
 
 Axle, Laminated Spring) . 
 Hadflelds Ltd. (Locomotive Wheel). 
 
 STEEL PYLONS 
 
 William Beardmore & Co., Ltd. 
 
 Valuable advice was received from : 
 Mr. A. Allison. 
 
 Ashmore Benson, Pease & Co., Ltd. 
 Mr. H. Baker. 
 Mr. W. H. Bolton. 
 
 British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. 
 
 Lt.-Col. F. H. Budden. 
 
 Sir Harold Cort Carpenter. 
 
 Mr. H. E. Cookson. 
 
 Mr. H. Basil Darby. 
 
 Davy & United Engineering Co., Ltd. 
 
 Mr. H. W. Dickinson. 
 
 Iron & Steel Institute. 
 
 Lancashire Industrial Development Council. 
 Manchester University Press. 
 National Physical Laboratory. 
 Science Museum. 
 
 Department of Scientific & Industrial Research. 
 Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 The Dean and Chapter of Lincoln Cathedral. 
 The Speaker, House of Commons. 
 The Clerk of the Parliaments. 
 Mr. G. T. Hankin. 
 
 Professor F. J. C. Heanshaw, m.a., ll.d., litt.d., 
 Emeritus Professor of History in the University 
 of London. 
 
 Professor G. M. Trevelyan, o.m., g.b.e., f.b.a., 
 Regius Professor of Modern History, Cam- 
 bridge University. 
 
 Mr. P. H. Jowett, a.r.w.s., a.r.c.a. 
 
 Record Office. 
 
 Oxford City Council. 
 
 THE BRITISH "BUTTERY" 
 
 CUTLERY 
 
 Sheffield Cutlery Manufacturers' Association. 
 
 TEA EXHIBIT 
 
 Indian Tea Association (London). 
 Ceylon Association in London. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OFFICES 
 
 GLASSWARE 
 
 Glass Manufacturers' Federation. 
 
 Stevens & Williams Ltd. 
 
 James Powell & Sons (Whitefriars) Ltd. 
 
 ii9 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OFFICES — contd. 
 
 C HI N A WARE 
 
 British Pottery Manufacturers' Federation. 
 W. T. Copeland & Sons Ltd. 
 Crown Derby Porcelain Co., Ltd. 
 Doulton & Co., Ltd. 
 Mintons Ltd. 
 
 Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd. 
 Worcester Royal Porcelain Co., Ltd. 
 
 POTTERY 
 
 W. Moorcroft Ltd. 
 
 LINEN, ETC. 
 
 The Irish Linen Guild, Belfast. 
 
 TYPEWRITERS 
 
 Bar-Lock Typewriter Co. 
 Imperial Typewriter Co., Ltd. 
 
 ELECTRIC FIRES 
 
 Berry's Electric Ltd. 
 
 DIRECTORIES 
 
 Kelly's Directories Ltd. 
 
 GOLD PEN FOR VISITORS' BOOK 
 
 Mabie, Todd & Co., Ltd. 
 
 120 
 
Sculptors and Artists 
 
 The following sculptors and artists have con- 
 tributed to the decoration of the Pavilion : 
 
 EXTERNAL SCULPTURE 
 Mr. Eric Aumonier. 
 Mr. A. F. Hardiman, a.r.a. 
 Mr. F. P. Morton. 
 Mr. Sigmund Pollitzer. 
 Mr. Barney Seale, a.r.b.s., r.b.a. 
 Mr. Trevor Tennant. 
 Mr. Cecil Thomas, a.r.b.s. 
 
 COURT OF HONOUR AND ROYAL ROOM 
 Mr. Gilbert Bayes. 
 Mr. Gerald Cobb. 
 Mr. E. M. Dinkel, a.r.g.a. 
 Miss Marjorie V. Duffell. 
 Mr. W. M. Gardner. 
 Mr. Cecil Thomas, a.r.b.s. 
 Students of the Royal College of Art. 
 
 PUBLIC WELFARE HALL 
 Mr. Clive Gardner. 
 
 MARITIME HALL 
 
 Mr. Leonard Huskinson 
 Mr. Eric Ravilious. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS OF BRITAIN HALL 
 Mr. Maurice Lambert {Statue). 
 Mr. Alfred E. Taylor {Map). 
 
 121 
 
SCULPTORS AND ARTISTS 
 
 MAGNA CARTA HALL 
 
 Students of the Royal College of Art. 
 Mr. E. M. Dinkel, a.r.g.a. 
 Miss Marjorie V. Duffell. 
 
 Mr. Frank O. Salisbury, c.v.o., ll.d., r.l, 
 r.p.s. 
 
 Printed in England 
 under the Authority of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 by William Clowes & Sons, Ltd., London and Beccles. 
 (615) Wt. P. 3141— 727. 12,210. 3/39. W. C. & S., Ltd. Gp. 389. 
 
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