FIREPRGOFIN RODUGTS FOR MODERN BUILDINGS . ■■■■..'M PENN METAL C O M P A N Y 201 DEVONSHIRE ST^ BOSTON, MASS. ] [ 1 1 □ 1 1 □ □ r “I □ 1 1 il[^ PENCO PRODUCTS (FIREPROOFING DEPARTMENT) COPYRIGHT 1913. PENN METAL CO. Plaster Reinforcement METAL LATH METAL CORNER BEAD METAL STUD ■■ - i! L is ^ ^ ^ «fi i Concrete Reinforcement TRIANGLE MESH EXPANDED METAL SELF SENTERING TRUSSIT NEW ENGLAND SALES OFFICES PENN METAL COMPANY Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company Building 201 DEVONSHIRE STREET Rooms 402 to 407 BOSTON, MASS. ^li Di 1 □ r~~i □ □ I—1 □ [ ] [ m D D[^ PAGE 1 'Penn Metal Company' To the Man who Builds. MODERN FIREPROOFING PENCO PRODUCTS. Series 12. HIS is the age of fireproof construction—of STEEL and IRON construction. When fire guts a modern building the loss is comparatively small if the walls remain sound and intact; and it is, therefore, of greatest importance that the walls be construct¬ ed of fireproof material throughout. The use of metal lath goes a long way toward making a building fireproof. The space between the studs, if faced on the two long sides with seasoned wood lath, acts as a flue, and mice and matches frequently start a fire. With metal lath the mice, in the first place, cannot get through the wall, and, in the second place, there isn’t fuel enough to start a fire if they did. With fire once started in a room, a partition lathed with wood has too much kindling about it to afford much resistance, but a metal lathed partition, even if the studs are wood, will hold the fire for a considerable time. Even the best wood lath will shrink and swell somewhat with changes of moisture in the room. The key on wood lath is comparatively far apart, and the plaster depends in a large degree on its adhesion to the wood. As the mortar is absolutely inelastic, the continual working of the lath, even though the movement is only microscopic, in time breaks this adhesion, while the occasional swelling of the wood pinches the key and breaks it. We, therefore, find large areas of plaster on wood lath coming loose, particularly on the ceilings of kitchens or bath rooms where occasionally exposed to steam, or in situa¬ tions where the floor above is sometimes wet. Such trouble never occurs when Penco Metal Lath is used. The key is continuous over the entire back of the wall. Expansion is only due to temperature, and the rate is the same as for the plaster. Even the unequal settlement of the building will not, except in extreme cases, cause the plaster to show cracks. This is because the metal, being lapped on the edges and at the ends, acts as a continuous re-in- forcement throughout the whole wall, and the tendency to crack is, therefore, not localized, but is distributed evenly; and the resultant cracks are, therefore, so small as to be invisible. Falling Plaster is not Possible with Penco Metal Lath. PAGE 2 y 201 'De'Vonshire Streets 'Boston, Mass. An Unusual Test. Fire tests of building materials have been held many times by underwriters and manufacturers, and such tests, incited largely by commercial motives, have become quite common, but the tests described are most unusual, from the fact that they were con¬ ducted at the request of an association of men who gave the test an entirely different aspect—The Lath¬ ing Contractors Association of Cleveland. At their request. Building Inspector V. D. Allen, of Cleve¬ land, appointed the following committee to super¬ vise, examine and make a detailed report of the results: L. H. Miller, of Bethlehem Steel Company; Prof. J. H. Nelson, of Case School, and W. S. Lou- gee. Architect. The tests were conducted on June 28 and 29, 1912, in a specially prepared laboratory, at 7500 jEtna Road, S. E., Cleveland. No pains were spared to make the test furnace as complete as possible, and the equipment was pronounced by authorities pres¬ ent as the most complete ever prepared for this purpose. Six concrete furnaces were built in a circle, with their huge doors facing out—these doors, about 7 ft. X 10 ft, comprising the partitions to be tested. Built into heavy steel frames, the partitions approximated, as nearly as possible, actual building conditions. Within the circle formed by these furnaces, were the heating coils through which oil was forced to feed the flames. Also, from here through mica-covered peep holes in the massive concrete walls, the action of the Are on the inner side of the doors could be seen during the test. Heat was furnished by oil burners, kept ignited from gas burners. The conditions of the test pro¬ vided that each partition should be under fire for a period of two hours, with heat averaging 1,700 de¬ grees after the first 30 minutes. The tests were carried out in accordance with the specifications adopted by the American Society for Testing Mate¬ rials. The test was unique again, in that probably more prominent men interested in fireproof construction were present than at any similar test ever held. These included representatives from the U. S. Bu¬ reau of Standards at Washington, from the Boston Manufacturers’ Mutual Fire Insurance Company, from Columbia University at New York, from the National Board of Fire Underwriters, Building Com¬ missioners from the larger cities of the country, prominent architects, representatives of the promi¬ nent trade and technical journals; in fact, an assem¬ bly representing the country’s biggest and brainiest men in the building line; men whose chief interest is the conservation of life and property, whose aim is to build wisely and well. The tests define sharp¬ ly certain lines which have been long in dispute, and these men went away unanimous in their enthusiasm as to the merits of metal lath construction. Metal Lath on Wooden Studding. Record of Construction : Erected and Plastered under the Direction of the Committee, between May 2, 1912, and May 8, 1912. SPECIFICATIONS. STUDDING.— The studs to which the metal lath is to be applied shall be 2 in. x 4 in. well seasoned Norway pine, set 12 in. center to center, well nailed top and bottom, to a plate and sill of the same sized material, all to be lathed on both sides. GROUNDS.— To be % in. thick. METAL LATH. —All lath used in this work to be 24 grange expanded metal lath, painted both sides, and weighing not less than 3 pounds per square yard. NAILING.— This lath is to be nailed to the stud with 1 in. No. 14 gauge staples every 4 in. Each sheet of lath should lap the other sheet at least 1 in. along both the vertical and horizontal joints. JOINTS. —Care must be taken to break joints in each course. PLASTERING.— The First (Scratch) Coat shall be 1 part Portland Cement, 1-10 part hydrated lime, and 214 parts clean, sharp sand. Add about I pound of long cattle hair per bag of cement used. Roughen the surface of first coat by scratching diagonally in both directions. The Second (Brown) Coat should be of the same mixture as the first coat with the hair omitted, and should be applied to the first coat after the latter has hardened sufficiently, but before it has become dry. Immediately before the application of the second coat or any subsequent coat, the preceding coat should be well drenched with water, applied with a brush or thru a hose provided with sprink¬ ler nozzle. Bring to a true and even surface within Vs in. to 3-16 in. of the face of the grounds. After this coat has been darbied and straightened in all directions, lightly scratch the same with a scratcher. The Finish Coat should be 1 part Portland Cement and 214 parts of clean, sharp sand. After the Brown Coat has set firm and hard, but while still green (within 12 hours after the wall has been browned out), apply a finish coat of the above mixture with a trowel, and float it with a cork or carpet float to a true and even granular surface. The Test. This partition, while of a type seldom recommended as abso¬ lutely fireproof, showed remarkable results under test. After two hours of firing with temperature averaging over 1,700 degrees, and at times ranging as high as 1,912 degrees, but one large crack showed on the outside of the door, and from this smoke came from the burning wood studs. When the door was opened, however, while there were several vertical and lateral cracks, the metal lath was still holding the plaster in place, as shown by the photograph at top of this page. Water was immediately turned on the partition from a IVn nozzle, with full hydrant pressure, from a distance of 20 ft. for 214 minutes. At the end of this time, the finish coat of plaster was gone, and a large portion of the second coat, and small spots of even the first coat* No water came through the wall, however, and the partition did not fail at any point. This was a remarka¬ ble demonstration of the holding power of metal lath, even under the most unfavorable conditions. PAGE 3 Venn Metal Company' 2-Inch Solid Metal Lath. Record of Construction : Erected and Plastered under the Direction of the Committee, between May 2, 1912, and May 8, 1912. SPECIFICATIONS. Studding. —The Channel Iron used in this work shall be £ in., a channel formed up from steel No. 16 gauge or heavier, weighing not less than .276 lbs. per linear foot. Tbe channel studding is to be set 12 in. center to center, well secured top and bottom to the construction. Temporarily brace partitions between ceiling and floor, which brace shall remain until after the scratch coat has set. Lath. —All lath used in this work to be 24 gauge expanded metal latb, painted both sides and weigh¬ ing not less than 3 lbs. per sq. yd. This partition to be lathed on one side only. This lath is to be sewed to the channel iron with No. 18 gauge annealed gal¬ vanized tie wire. One tie every 4 in. vertical, and one tie between each stud or vertical channel. Each tie to receive two twists. The sheets of lath are to lock, or to lap at least 1 in. all edges. Plastering.— Same as under Metal Lath on Wood Studding, except that it is back-plastered to make a solid 2 in. partition. Grounds. —| in. on lathed side, and J in. on oppo¬ site side. The Test. This partition developed the most surprising resist¬ ance to the Are. For the entire two hours it stood with no outward sign of the fierce flames beating against the inner side, though the heat ranged as high as 1,929 degrees at times. From one section the plaster fell early in the test, due to steam gen¬ erated from moisture where the wall had not thor¬ oughly dried. Diagonal cracks also appeared, but no smoke came from them and it was the consensus of opinion that these also were caused by the “green¬ ness” of the partition. When the door was opened, as shown in photograph at top of this page, the wall was absolutely intact, even to the finish coat, and showed no signs of the intense heat to which it had been subjected, with the exception of a smoke begrimed spot at the bottom. When water was ap¬ plied, as in the previous tests, the finish coat came olf in spots, as did also the second coat to a small extent. The first coat remained firmly in place, except in one small section about 3 in. by 8 in. where the metal lath was slightly exposed. No smoke, steam or water came through the wall, and it seemed ready to stand another two hours’ heat. Wood Lath on Wood Studding. Record of Construction : Erected and Plastered under the Direction of the Committee, between May 2, 1912, and May 8,1912. SPECIFICATIONS. Studding. —To be 2 in. x 4 in. well seasoned Norway pine set 16 in. center to center, well nailed top and bottom to a plate and sill of the same material, all to be lathed on both sides. Grounds. —To be I in. thick. Wood Lath.— All lath to be used in the work are to be the best quality of No. 1 White Pine lath. These lath are to be laid up | in. apart and six to a break, and to have six nails to each lath, two nails in the ends, and one to each intermediate stud. All lath to be well soaked in water before being used. Plastering. —As soon as possible after the lathing is done, brown out the walls with a brown coat of U. S. Gypsum Co.’s or equal prepared hard wall plaster specially prepared and well fibered for wood lath work. This coat to be screened and rodded in all directions. Finish Coat. —Sand Finish. Within 12 hours after the wall has been browned out, and while still green, apply a finish coat of prepared lime sand finish. This coat to be well floated, using plenty of water in tbe operation. PAGE 4 201 TyenJonshire Streets 'Boston, Mass The Test. The wood lath partition is» of course, not intended to be fire¬ proof and it was tested merely to show how little resistance it does afford the flames, and to justify building inspectors in the stand they have taken against it in the fire zone. One hour and twenty-one minutes after the fire was started, the maximum heat having been 1,865 degrees, the partition had failed to all intents and purposes. The inner side was completely gone, the studs were burnt away, and all that remained was the thin, outer shell of plaster, badly cracked and showing flames and smoke through large apertures. The fire was allowed to burn the full two hours, however, and, as shown by photo¬ graph on opposite page, a large section of the wall gave away en¬ tirely before the door was opened. The slight jar in opening the door caused still more of the partition to fall—see photograph at top of this page—and when the water had been turned on the lit¬ tle that remained of the panel for the required two and one-half minutes, nothing was left but the steel frame in which the part¬ ition was built. Panel No. 6. Plasterboard on Wood Studding. Record of Construction : Erected and Plastered under the the Direction of the Committee, between May 2, 1912, and May 8, 1912. SPECIFICATIONS. STUDDING. —The studs shall be 2 in. x 4 in. well seasoned Norway pine, set 16 in. center to center, well nailed top and bot¬ tom to a plate and sill of the same size. GROUNDS.— To be % in. thick. PLASTER BOARD.— The plaster board shall be -Is in. thick, weighing not less than 2 lbs. per sq. ft. The boards must be spaced not less than 14 in. apart on all sides, and each edge must have a bearing on the stud of not less than % in. NAILING.— First nail the entire middle of the board and then the outer edges, using 114 No. 10 gauge, 7-16 head, wire nails, set 4 in. apart, with each nail driven firm and tight. JOINTS,— Joints must be broken horizontally, and perpen¬ dicular joints must not come on the same stud on opposite side of partitions. DO NOT WET BOARDS.— Care must be taken that the plaster board is not wet before the application of the plaster. PLASTERING.— To be United States Gypsum Co.’s Imperial Prepared Plaster or equal. BROWN COAT.— First thoroughly fill the joints between the boards, using the above material. Follow this up with a brown coat of about % in. thick of the above materials, carefully laid on with darby to a straight and even surface. FINISH COAT.— After the brown coat has set firm and hard, but while still green (within 12 hours after the base coat has been applied) lay on a finish coat of United States Gypsum Co.’s Pre¬ pared Sand Float Finish, or equal. This material is to be laid on with a trowel and floated with a cork or carpet float, to a true and even granular surface, using as little water as possible in floating. The Test. The plaster board partition was tested because of oft repeated but unsubstantiated claims as to its fire protective value, and the results justified the fears that it has been greatly over-rated. Showing up, as it did, to even less advantage than the wood lath partition, the possibility of its being even fire-resisting, was settled once and for all. The temperature for this test was much lower than the pre¬ vious ones—the highest point reached being 1,562 degrees, and yet at the end of 74 minutes the panel had failed to such an extent that it was necessary to turn off the fire. The photograph on the opposite page shows the condition of the partition at this stage. When the door was swung open, the greater part of the partition fell, as indicated in photograph at top of this page; and after the water was applied, practically nothing remained but the steel frame. The photograph at the bottom of this page shows this stage of the test, the picture being taken from the outside, show¬ ing the piles of ashes left in the furnace from the burned plaster board before the door was opened. PAGE 5 'Penn Metal Company^ HAMPTON IRON AMPTON EXPANDED METAL LATH is manufactured from a sheet processed by our own formula to successfully resist the corrosive conditions in many of the brands of so-called hard plaster. ^ When metal lath was first placed on the market, the hair mortar and lime were excellent protectors for the steel; but conditions have changed on inside plastering, and the manufacturer as well as the architect has been confronted with the steel in hard plaster problem. Moisture reaching the large quantity of sulphate of calcium that is found in all hard plasters, forms a chemical action which is very much the same as sulphuric acid, and in consequence the steel in time becomes entirely absorbed. Galvanizing, while a splendid protection in many cases, corrodes rapidly when put to an acid test. We have spent over a year in experimenting with all forms of metals that would best answer this difficult question of corrosion, and we can now place before you a metal lath that will best withstand corrosion in hard plaster. ^ During the experimental stage of Hampton metal, we had occasion to make many interesting tests, both for outside work in all weather conditions, and chemical tests for inside plaster. These chemical tests are of most interest, for they bring us into close touch with conditions found in very nearly all plaster that is used in the average building. To best get these re¬ sults : Take a 25% solution of sulphuric acid, made up three parts water and one part sulphuric acid. Put the water first into a jar; then put in the acid and stir rapidly while the acid is being poured. Then let cool until it becomes an even temperature with the room. Put in a sample of Hampton Metal Lath and any steel lath. Allow to stand about four or five hours, and note results. ^ Let us send you a sample, and try out this most interesting test. Hampton Expanded Metal Lath will be furnished painted a special color to distinguish it from other laths, and will be sold at a price no greater than any coated steel lath of a similar gauge or grade. ^ Hampton Metal will be carried in stock, not only in Boston, but by our distributing agents in Springfield, Mass., New Haven, Conn., and Providence, R. 1. Q By specifying Hampton Expanded Metal Lath, you practically guarantee your client 50% longer life for his ceilings and metal lath partitions, and at no BAXTER BUILDING. PORTLAND. ME. greater COSt. 20.000 Sq. Yds. PENCO METAL LATH and 10.000 Ft. CORNER BEAD used in this building. _ __ HAMPTON IRON STEEL Above shows result of 24-hour Sulphuric Acid test, 26^ solution. Steel shows a loss of 50^. Hampton Iron a loss of 19(. 201 'Dc'Vonshire Street, 'Boston, Mass PENCO EXPANDED METAL LATH. MERCHANTS’ BANK, State St., Boston. Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects. TRIANGLE MESH in concrete floors and roof. PENCO METAL LATH and PENCO METAL FURRING in walls and ceilings. METAL CORNER BEADS in all corners. P ROTECTION against fire is the first important advantage of Penco Expanded Lath, but by no means the last. Rats and mice cannot gnaw through metal lath ; cannot weaken the wall or infest the building. Vermin finds no lodging in metal lath as in wood. Penn Metal Lath does not absorb moisture and swell, warp, bulge or stain the plaster. The use of Penco Lath does away with many of the common plaster troubles. The key or bond of Penco Lath is the most perfect yet devised, and yields results not obtaina¬ ble with any other metal lath on the market. A superior bond with plaster is accomplished by means of the special slanting strand, and the slant in the bond between the meshes. Penco Metal Lath is not merely a background, but a thorough reinforcement to the plaster which completely surrounds the metal, leaving no chance for exposure to rust or heat. PENCO DIAMOND C EXPANDED LATH. Sheets 24 in. x 96 in. Packed 15 sheets, 27 yards to a bundle. 24 Gauge* weight 3 pounds to square yard. 26 Gauge* weight 2 1-2 pounds to square yard. 27 Gauge, weight 2 1-4 pounds to square yard. Furnished Galvanized or coated with Asphaltum Paint, also made from non-corrosive Hampton Iron. Note particularly the new width of 24 in. on Penco Lath. This means: FIRST—Three sheets 24 in. wide can be placed as quickly as three of 18 in. and will cover 33% more wall surface. SECOND—There are 33% less ties to make. THIRD—And with 33% fewer laps, there will be a big saving in amount required. RESULT: less time, less material—money saved. PAGE 7 Venn Metal Company' PETER BRIGHAM HOSPITALS, BOSTON. MASS. Codman & Despradelle, Architects. Wells Bros., Builders. 300.000 Sq. Ft. TRIANGLE MESH used in flooring. HERRINGBONE "A" LATH specified and placed in all ceilings. B. & A. R. R. WORCESTER UNION STATION-INTERIOR. A splendid example of interior decoration on Penco Metal Lath. AH roofs concrete on “Trussit” metal. 200,000 sq. ft. Penco Metal Lath, Penco Channels and Metal Corner Beads used here. PAGE 8 KEITH'S THEATRE, PORTLAND. ME. Example of Metal Lath for Interior Work. All Plaster and Stucco Work, Columns, etc., on Penco Expanded Metal Lath. BOSTON YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. Woodbury 6c Leighton Co., Builders. Shepley, Rutan 6c Coolidge, Architects. 225,000 sq. ft. Penco Metal Lath used here. Metal Corner Bead, and over 100,000 line feet of Penco Furring Stud. 201 De-Vonshire Street, "Boston, Mass. Herringbone Expanded Metal Lath. (PATENTED) Style “BB” Sheets 20j x 96 in. - - Ij square yards Size of mesh - - - 7-32 in. x Ig in. Packed 15 sheets (22| sq. yards) to the bundle. WELLESLEY HIGH SCHOOL. All ceilings and walls plastered on HERRINGBONE METAL LATH, (PATENTED) Style “A” Sheets 14 in. x 96 in. . . 1 square yard Size of mesh . . . 3-16 in. x 1 in. □ Weight Per Square Yard Style “A” .3 lbs. Packed 20 sheets (20 sq. yards) to the bundle. There is a series of heavy ribs in “Herringbone” length-wise of the sheet. These ribs rest with the lower edge against the studding or furring, and hold the lath rigid, so that it does not buckle or “belly.” This saves labor, material, temper and money. The small cross ribs are twisted to present a flat surface to the trowel, spreading the mor¬ tar instead of cutting it, and causing them to be completely enveloped, preventing corrosion, and forming a key that is perfect. □ Copley-Plaza Hotel, Boston, Mass. Henry J, Hardenbergh, Archt. HERRINGBONE “A” LATH used THROUGHOUT. This is the only lath made which is partic¬ ularly designed to meet the trying conditions ever-present in ceiling work. Its wide strands and small mesh prevent the plaster from drop¬ ping off when applied, while its peculiar con¬ struction, together with its extra heavy weight, afford the rigidity necessary to support the weight of the plaster without danger of sag¬ ging between the studs. It is equally suitable for all classes of work. PAGE 9 'Penn Metal Companjr HE stucco house, with a construction which the best architectural and mechanical practice offers, looks when new as substantial as brick, stone or solid concrete; it does not fail perceptibly from year to year, but ages slowly and gracefully. The wooden building must be repainted or otherwise repaired at regular intervals to keep it tight and sound; even masonry buildings need repointing of the mortar joints. Stucco compared with brick is rapid in construction; the walls are excellent non-conductors of heat and cold, they are dry and they are lasting. They are permanently self-colored, not becoming shabby but mellowed by age, saving not only the first cost of painting, but the cost of repainting, which is a large item in the life of a wooden house. To determine the relative cost of various kinds of residence buildings, an association of manufacturers last year secured bona fide bids on a series of houses, each one exactly like the others in every par¬ ticular except the outer walls, which were to be con¬ structed of the several materials to be compared. A little modern eight-room house of good design and ex¬ cellent arrangement was chosen, the original having been actually built near Boston. The average figures taken from five sets of bids were as follows: □ From this it will be seen that the house with the outer walls of stucco on metal lath may cost only 2.9 per cent more than the ordinary clapboard house. An¬ other consideration that is worth while is the protection afforded by stucco against external hazard from fire. Cement stucco on metal lath applied to wood studding has withstood fire and water under tests so severe as to justify saying it will preclude all possibility of the spread of a fire such as might reach residence district, provided, of course, that the roof is covered with non-combustible roofing. Type Description Aveage Bid Percent- Excess age excess over clap- over clap¬ boards boards No. 1. No. 2. Clapboard . Shingle. $6,759.65 6,868.80 $108.85 1.6 No. 3. 10-inch brick wall—hollow . 7,372.48 612.53 9.1 No. 4. 12-inch brick wall—solid . . 7,641.00 881.05 13.0 No. 5. Stucco on hollow block . . 7,187.65 427.70 6.3 No. 6. Brick veneer on hollow block 7,483.16 723.21 10.7 No. 7. Stucco on metal lath . . . 6,952.90 192.95 2.9 No. 8. Brick veneer on boarding 7,226.44 466.49 6.9 No. 9. Brick veneer on studding 7,153.98 394.03 5.8 PAGE lO 201 De'Vonshire Street, 'Boston, Mass. EXAMPLES of Several Different kinds 0/Residences. STUCCOED on Pence atid .Herringbone Expanded Metal Lath. PAGE 11 'Penn Metal Company^ The following specification of a typical exterior used as the basis for stucco construction, if followed carefully will give one a building economical and enduring in any habitable climate:— Residence as it appeared before overcoating. Furring. —Use painted steel rods or painted crimped furring. One-quarter inch is best, and it should not be over one-half inch at the most. This furring is to be applied along the face of the studding with galvanized staples. Insulation. —After the lath on the outside has been back plastered, the air space may be divided by applying heavy building paper, quilting, felt or some suitable insulating material between the studs, fastening it by nailing wood strips over folded ends of the material. This insulation should be so fastened as to clear the 2-inch bridging, leaving the preponderance of the air-space on the outside. Care must be taken to keep the insulating material clear of the outside plaster, and to make tight joints against the wood framing at the top and bottom of the spaces, and against the bridging where the 3-inch face intercepts. Lathing. —Before lathing it is well to apply one coat of paint or water¬ proofing to the face of the studs where it will come in contact with the plaster. Good construction is not possible with wood lath. Best results are gotten with Herringbone Ingot Iron. The lath is fastened horizontally over the furring strips at 12-inch centers, with x 14-inch gauge staples. The sheets, when lapping between furring, should be tied with No. 18 gauge wire and each sheet should be lapped or locked with the adjoining sheet. There should be 6-in. strips of metal lath bent around the corners and stapled over the lathing, unless the sheets of metal lath as applied are folded around the corners, so as to secure a proper bond for the plaster, and prevent cracking at the corners. In applying lath to the inside of a building, the sheets of metal lath should be folded around the inside corners to prevent the cracks which so often develop there when wood lath is used. Plastering. —Portland cement itself will protect metal from corrosion by reason of its moisture-resisting qualities, but on account of the porosity of the plaster occasioned by the use of sand and stone, it is well to use a waterproofing material to prevent moisture from penetrating the stucco. The first coat should be about J-in. to f-in. in thickness, and the second coat should be about |-in., but the two coats combined should be less than IJ inches in thickness. The last coat should have in it a mixture of waterproofing which has been tried out thorough¬ ly and tested, and for the mixture the manufacturer’s specifications should be followed closely. It is aimed for the first and second coats to get a Portland cement mortar with as little lime in it as will allow it to work freely. Clean winter cattle hair, free from salt, should also be used in sufficient quantity to hold the plaster thoroughly together. Calcined gypsum should not be used in combination with Portland cement; the gypsum will destroy the protective quality of the cement. Neither should it be used as a substitute for Portland cement. For 1st and 2nd coats and back-plastering, mix in the following proportion : Lime Mortar.—Two barrels of hydrated lime, 1 yard of clean sharp sand free from loam, 4 bushels cattle hair. Make up at least three days before using. Cement Mortar.— Two parts of clean sharp sand free from loam, 1 part Portland cement. Mix fresh in small batches as used. The lime mortar and cement mortar should be mixed and tempered separate¬ ly, measured carefully, equal parts of each, and mixed well tegether. In plas¬ tering over the face of the stud, the plaster should be forced well through the lath in order to fill entirely the space between the lath and the stud. The back-plastering should be a heavy coat well trowelled, so that the lath is entirely enveloped. The finished coat may be done in a way to get any one of the many surfaces which give stucco its charm; this coat should contain no lime, as it makes the wall more porous, and if a lighter color is wanted than can be gotten with ordinary cement, a white Portland cement should be used. The waterproofing acceptable to the architect should be mixed with the last coat of the ex¬ terior according to directions given by the waterproofing manufacturer. The lathing and plastering on the inner side of the wall need not differ from ordinary practice, although attention is again directed to limitations of wood lath dwelt upon above. The exterior plaster must not be allowed to dry rapidly. Do not let it dry out inside of a week; if necessary, hang a curtain of burlap or other material in front of the wall so that the wall can be kept moist for several days. Stucco should never be applied when the temperature is below freez¬ ing. These precautions will insure a surface of enduring and artistic texture, light gray in color. Old Wood Residence after Overcoating with Cement Plaster. PAGE 12 201 'De'Vonshire Streets 'Boston, Mass. I f f ♦ ■i' I H ere is an interesting comparative cost of a cement stucco three-flat building against a similar three- flat building made from wood. Following is a cement mixture used on this building. Outside walls are lathed with Penco Expanded Metal Lath applied di¬ rectly to wood stud ; Scratch Coat :—Four pounds of hair to one barrel of putty, one barrel sand, and one bag Portland Cement. (1-4) Second Coat outside :—One Portland Cement and two sand. Back PlasterOne cement to four mortar. The total cost, including Metal Lath in place, etc., was 95 cents per square yard, against $1.10 per square yard for wood, same building. Now then, this means not only economy in building, but also less insurance rates and more attractive and sani¬ tary construction, together with a fireproof protection. In almost every locality materials used in this cement mix¬ ture can be very readily and quickly obtained. This form of construction is so well known today to the average contractor, that it has passed its experimental stage, and is now down on a basis where it can be applied economically. PAGE 13 'Penn Metal Company Penco Metal Lath in Massachusetts Schools NORMAL AND LATIN SCHOOL GROUP, BOSTON. MASS. Peabody & Stearns, Architects, 225,000 (t. PENCO EXPANDED LATH and 20,000 ft. CORNER BEAD in these Buildings. FRANKLIN TRADE SCHOOL. BOSTON, MASS. R, C. Sturgis, Architect. 90,000 sq. ft, PENCO EXPANDED 24 GAUGE LATH used here. NEWTON TECHNICAL SCHOOL, NEWTONVILLE, MASS. Geo, F. Newton. Architect. PENCO EXPANDED METAL LATH used throughout this Building. WINSOR SCHOOL, LONGWOOD, MASS. MALDEN HIGH SCHOOL. Cooper & Bailey, Architects. 135,000 ft. PENCO EXPANDED LATH and 12.000 ft. CORNER BEAD placed in this Building. R. Clipston Sturgis, Architect. PENCO EXPANDED METAL LATH. PENCO CHANNELS, and METAL CORNER BEAD placed here. PAGE 14 201 'De'Oon^htre Street, 'Boston, Mass. Wire Cloth Galvanized. No. 19 and No. 20 Carried in Boston. Rolls 150 feet long, 3 feet wide. 50 square yards to a Roll. Bay State Bank Building, Lawrence, Mass. 162,000 square feet Penco Sheet Lath used in this building. SALEM HIGH SCHOOL 275,000 square feet Penco Expanded Lath. 10,000 feet Metal Corner Bead Installed. Penco Sheet Lath A metal lath to be used where plaster economy is a feature. Takes even less plaster than a wood lath, is fireproof, vermin proof, and gives a surface free from cracks and stains. Used extensively in tile work. Sheets, 13J x 96 inches—1 square yard. *Sheets, 24 x 96 inches—1 7-9 square yards. Packed, 10 sheets to a bundle. Weight, 4| pounds per square yard. Always furnished plain unless otherwise specified. ‘Carried in Boston Stock, page 15 "Penn Metal Company' CEILINGS. All ceilings shall be hung to the roof beams or slab with 2 in. X i in. hangers where bending is required, and 1 in. x i in. hangers where straight, not more than 4 feet on centers, to which shall be bolted 2 in. x i in. bar purlins punched to receive the I in. or 1 in. channels; or 2 in. x 2 in. x i in. angles may be used, and the channels clamped to same. The channels are to be spaced not more than 12 in. on centers where Penco 24 Gauge Expanded Metal is used, but may be spaced 16 in. on centers if “A” Herringbone Lath is used. Where wood beams occur, the channels are to be held up by 1 in. X I in. clamps nailed into sides of beams with two nails. Staples driven into bottoms of beams over channels will not be accepted. Where the supports for channel iron are more than 4 feet apart, 1 in. iron must be used. Metal Lath must be cut from 24 Gauge sheets, and weigh at least 3 pounds to a square yard. □ PARTITIONS. Thin partitions around ducts, and where else shown, are to be made of channel iron spaced not more than 12 in. on centers, thoroughly fastened top and bottom. Where the height is 10 feet or less, use | in. iron; and over 10 feet, use 1 in. channel iron. The studs are to be then lathed on one side with Penco Metal Lath, or channel iron may be spaced 16 in. on centers if Special “A” Herringbone Lath is used. Where thick partitions are shown, use Penco Metal Studs, spaced not more than 12 in. on centers, and rigidly fastened, top and bottom. Lath on each side with Penco 24 Gauge Metal Lath and leave strong and true, ready for plastering. □ WALL FURRING. The inside of all exterior walls shall be furred and lathed on the brick. First put up | in. channels on edge horizontally, and to these fasten | in. channel iron on | in. Penco Prong Studs 12 in. on centers, and then lath with Penco 24 Gauge Expanded Metal, or the vertical channels may be spaced on 16 in. centers if Special “A” Herringbone Lath is used. □ MISCELLANEOUS FURRING AND LATHING. All pipe chases or other places where furring and lathing are required to properly finish the plastering, shall be furred and lathed as required. □ CORNICES AND FALSE BEAMS. All cornices and beams shall be formed of brackets made of 1 in. x 4 in. band iron or channel iron. Brackets to be spaced not more than 12 in. on centers, and strengthened longitudinally with I in. channel. Lath with No. 24 Gauge Penco Expanded Metal. PAGE 16 201 DenJonshire Streets 'Boston, Mass. Figure 1. Figure 1.— REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR, using EXPANDED METAL or TRIANGLE MESH REINFORCING. Beams fireproofed with cement and metal lath and plaster ; ceiling suspended from soffit of beams. This type of construction is used when it is desired to conceal the overhead floor beams. Pence No. 2 Hanger is placed on beam before concrete floor is placed. Channels can be put in place later, when ready for lath and plaster. I in. and 1 in. Channels carried in stock in Boston warehouse. I in. Channels, .5, . . . 24-foot lengths. 1 in. Channels, .68, . . . 24-foot lengths, in. and 2 in. Purlins punched for Channels, in Boston stock. No, 1. — Showing Purlin irons used in construction with Figure No. 1, also furring channels. Furring channels spaced 12 in. o. c. Purlins made from 2 in. x 3-16 in. steel. This construction allows metal lath to be attached, with smooth surface for plaster. No. 6 Hanger. Illustrating the method of secur¬ ing channel fur- rings to I-beam sections. Clips are made to fit any size beam and furring chan¬ nel. # 3 No, 3. —Made any length, to be placed on beam flange channels, arranged same as Hanger No. 2. PAGE 17 Penn Metal Company' VERY one of the great conflagrations of the last ten years has taught its lessons in fire protection; and that in all of these ca¬ lamities, notably at Rochester, Baltimore and San Francisco, cement and steel should stand paramount in effective pro¬ tection of property is significant. The magnitude of these dis¬ asters has attracted the highest talent of the engineering pro¬ fession, and the results of the most painstaking investigations, carefully analyzed by the great engineering societies of the country, indicate clearly that metal lath and cement plaster form the most effective par¬ titions and protective coating for steel skeletons of buildings. In the Baltimore conflagration, steel columns were stripped of their terra cotta coverings and hopelessly buckled. Heavily laden terra cotta tile floors fell through the ceilings under them, leaving large areas of metal lath dangling from the floor beams with the plaster still enmeshed. PAGE 18 201 'De'Vonshire Street^ 'Boston, Mass “The Prong that Won’t Come off” PENCO METAL STUD. FOR FURRING AND SOLID PARTITIONS. Made in 10 and 12-foot Lengths. HOLLOW PRONG :PAfiTm0N.STU05 LATHS THE LITTLE PRONG IS THE LABOR SAVER ^ /TETAL LATH, as applied to Penco Metal Stud, is fastened every three and one-half inches by prongs which are a part of the Stud. This method eliminates lacing wires or clips, and insures a rigid and permanent construction. Lengths of Stud and Furring, ten feet. EASILY AND QUICKLY ERECTED. LIGHT IN WEIGHT, STRONG IN RESISTANCE. FIRE PROOF. VERMIN PROOF. SOUND PROOF. Penco Stud for Hollow Partitions Made 2, 3 and 4 in. wide PAGE 19 Venn Metal Company' S HOWING method of fastening Double Studs to wood construc¬ tion. Shoes are very easily turned on the ends. A shoe with a bearing of three inches on the floor and ceiling strip is sufficient to secure a very strong and rigid fastening. Wood blocks between the studs are used for attaching wood trim. A light weight fire-proof partition is thus ob¬ tained. - O PENCO CHANNEL STUDS For Hollow Partitions. Size Inches Gauge Weight Blk. Galv. 2 20 438 472 2i 20 500 540 3 20 565 608 34 20 625 675 4 20 691 740 2 18 581 630 24 18 664 720 3 18 747 810 34 18 830 900 4 18 919 990 HOLLOW PARTITION ON WOOD FLOOR. 1 PAGE 20 201 'De'Vonshire Street, "Boston, Mass. Penco Hollow Partition Stud. Penco Hollow Partition Stud and Channel Rail. This illustration shows partition fastened to concrete floor before finished floor is put in place. \ N ECONOMICAL method of erecting this style of s\. partition is by securing a stud to the floor and ceiling, forming a rail for attaching studs. Penco Expanded Metal Lath is then applied to both sides of studs, and plastered. The wood blocks shown between studs are for attaching baseboard. Hollow partitions can be built to any thickness. Pipes, telephone tubes, electric wires, etc., can be run through this type of partition and thoroughly concealed. This illustration shows partition fastened to con¬ crete floor before cinder All is put in place. Penco Channel Rail for Penco Channel Studs in Hollow Partitions. SIZE INCHES GAUGE WEIGHT BLK. GALV. 2 20 500 540 2J i i 565 608 3 4 i 625 675 34 i ( 691 740 4 ( i 756 805 2 18 664 720 24 i i 747 810 3 i i 830 900 34 < ( 920 990 4 4 ( 1010 1080 Channel Studs for Hollow Partitions always shipped plain, unless specified galvanized or painted. Penco Metal Stud is put up in crates about 100 pieces to a crate. Dimensions of Crate—10 in. x 26 in. x 124 in. Weight of Crate—about 575 lbs. gross. PAGE 21 Venn Metal Company' Solid Partition on Wood Floor. Send us Your Plans for Estimate The small quantity of metal used in the construction of Solid Partitions, and the thorough protection of metal by plaster, makes an abso¬ lutely Fireproof wall. When floor space is valuable, the extreme thinness of Solid Partitions will appeal. PENCO WALL FURRING ATTACHED TO BRICK WALL. Size nches Gauge Weight Blk. Galv. Size Inches Gauge Weight Blk. Galv Vi 20 188 202 '/2 18 249 270 20 219 237 % 18 290 315 20 250 270 % 18 332 360 1 20 313 338 1 18 415 450 1>4 20 375 405 V4 18 498 540 11a, 2(1 438 473 V/j 18 581 630 1-Vl 20 500 540 1% 18 664 720 l^ENCO WALL FURRING is attached to brick walls by nailing through the holes in the fur¬ ring. When covered with Penco Expanded Lath and plastered, air spaces are formed, which prevents moisture discoloring the plaster. 201 'Dc'Vonshire Street, "Boston, Mass Triangle Mesh Steel Woven Wire Reinforcement is made with both single and stranded longitudinal or tension members. That with the single wire longitudinal is made with one wire, varying in size from a No. 12 gauge up to and including a one-half inch diameter, and that with the stranded longitudinal is composed of two or three wires varying from No. 12 gauge up to and including No. 4 wires stranded or twisted together with a long lay. These longitudinals, either solid or stranded, are invariably spaced 4-inch centers, the sizes being varied in order to obtain the desired cross sectional area of steel per foot of width. Transverse or diagonal cross wires are so woven between the longitudinals that perfect triangles are formed by their arrangement, thereby not only lending additional carrying strength to the longitudinal or tension members, but positively spacing them and providing a most perfect distribu¬ tion of tbe steel. These diagonal cross or transverse wires are woven either two or four inches apart, as is desired. It is the most perfect reinforcement for concentrated loads, distributing the stress imposed by the load throughout the floor slab. A hinge joint is provided on each longitudi¬ nal, which enables this reinforcement to be folded longitudinally in any desired shape, making it adaptable to all kinds of concrete construction. Its design provides a most perfect mechanical bond between the steel and the concrete, and from the fact that it is not galvanized (unless specifically ordered) the maximum adhesive bond is developed. Triangle Mesh Woven Wire Reinforcement for Concrete is made with either solid or stranded longitudinal members, properly spaced by means of diagonal or cross wires so arranged as to form a series of triangles between the longitudinal or tension members ; the longi¬ tudinal members being invariably spaced four inches apart, the cross wires either two inches or four inches apart, as desired, providing either a two-inch or four-inch mesh. The sizes of both longitu¬ dinals and cross wires are varied, in order to provide the cross sectional areas of steel requited to meet the conditions. Triangle Mesh Reinforcement, we believe, is the most efficient material on the market for the purposes; It provides a mote even distribution of the steel, reinforcing in every direction. Tension or carrying members accurately spaced. A most perfect mechanical bond. When a specific size of fabric or area of steel is specified, it is impossible to leave out any portion of the reinforcement. Minimum cost of installation. Easily handled and stored on the work. Low cost of inspection. LONQITUDINALS SPACED 4-INCH CENTERS CROSS WIRES SPACED 4-INCH CENTERS Number and Gauge of Wires. Areas per Foot-Width, and Weights per 100 Square Feet. Styles Marked * Usually Carried in Stock Style Number No. of Wires Each Long Gauge of Wire Each Long Gauge of Cross Wires Sectional Area Long Sq. In. Sectional Area Cross Wires Cross Sec¬ tional Area Ft.-Width. Approximate Weight per 100 Sq. Ft. 4 1 6 14 .087 .025 .102 43 5 1 8 14 .062 .025 .077 34 6 1 10 14 .043 .025 ,068 27 *7 1 12 14 .026 .025 .041 21 *23 1 Vi in. 12y2 .147 .038 .170 72 *24 1 4 121/2 .119 .038 .142 62 26 1 6 12V2 .101 .038 .124 55 *26 1 6 12% .087 .038 .110 50 27 1 8 121/2 .062 .038 .085 41 28 1 10 12y2 .043 .038 .066 34 29 1 12 i2y2 .026 .038 .049 28 31 2 4 i2y2 .238 .038 .261 106 32 2 5 121/2 .202 .038 .226 92 33 2 6 i2y2 .174 .038 .196 82 34 2 8 i2y2 .124 .038 .146 63 35 2 10 121/2 .086 .038 .109 50 36 2 12 i2y2 .052 .038 .075 37 38 3 4 i2y2 .358 .038 .380 151 39 3 5 i2y2 .303 .038 .326 130 40 3 6 121/2 .260 .038 .283 114 41 3 8 12% .186 .038 .208 87 *42 3 10 12Vi .129 .038 .151 66 43 3 12 i2y2 .078 .038 .101 47 Length of Rolls; 150-ft., 300-ft. and 600-ft. Widths: 18-in., 22-in., 26-in., 30-in., 34-in., 38-in., 42-in., 46-in., 60-in., 54-in., and 68-in. LONQITUDINALS SPACED 4-INCH CENTERS CROSS WIRES SPACED 2-INCH CENTERS Number and Gauge of Wires. Areas per Foot-Width, and Weights per 100 Square Feet. Style Number No. of Wires Each Long Gauge of Wire Each Long Gauge of Cross Wires Sectiona Area Long Sq. In. Sectional Area Cross Wires SqJn Cross Sec¬ tional Area Ft.-Width. Approximate Weight per 100 Sq. Ft. 4-A 1 6 14 .087 .060 .102 53 5-A 1 8 14 .062 .050 .077 44 6-A 1 10 14 .043 .060 .058 37 7-A 1 12 14 .026 .050 .011 31 23-A 1 14 in. 12y2 .147 .076 .170 86 24-A 1 4 12y2 .119 .076 .142 76 25-A 1 5 12'/! .101 .076 .124 70 26-A 1 6 i2y2 .087 .076 .110 64 27-A 1 8 i2y2 .062 .076 .185 55 28-A 1 10 12'/2 .043 .076 .066 48 29-A 1 12 12’/2 .026 .076 .049 42 31-A 2 4 12 y2 .238 .076 .261 120 32-A 2 5 12'/2 .202 .076 .226 107 33-A 2 6 i2y2 .174 .076 .196 97 34-A 2 8 i2y2 .124 .076 .146 78 35-A 2 10 12’/2 .086 .076 .109 64 36-A 2 12 12%! .052 .076 .075 52 38-A 3 4 12'/2 .368 .076 .380 165 39-A 3 5 12'/2 .303 .076 .325 145 40-A 3 6 12'/2 .260 .076 .283 129 41-A 3 8 12'/2 .185 .076 .208 101 42-A 3 10 12'/. .129 .076 .151 81 43-A 3 12 12%! .078 .076 .101 62 Length of Rolls ; 160-ft., 300-ft. and 600-ft. Widths; 18-in., 22-in., 26-in., 30-in., 34-in., 38-in.. 42-in., 46-in.. 50-in., 54-in., and 58-in. PAGE 23 Venn Metal Company^ PEERLESS GARAGE Boston, Mass. J. R. WORCESTER & CO.. Engineers G. B. H. MACOMBER CO., Contractors 7 foot 6 inch Span. 4 inch Slab. 1 50 pounds live load per square foot. 90,000 SQUARE EEET TRIANGLE MESH. STYLE 40, USED PAGE 24 201 'Dc'Vonshtre Street, "Boston, Mass ^^'o(>l)UlTllY 8: Li^ioiitox Go. BI; 1 o IX G C oxxnAO Tons 20i nuvoNSIUKE STHEIJT Boston Massacih’si^tts April 24th, 1913. Penn Uetal Company^ 201 Devonshire 6t., Boston, Mass. Gentlemen: For your informatlon you will probably be inter¬ ested to know the outcome of placing your Triangle Mesh throughout the floors of the Robert Brigham Hospitals. We e^lected this system of reinforcement first for economy of handling reinforcing steel. The hand¬ ling and placing of your Triangle Mesh more than justi¬ fied our prediction In materially lowering the cost over our earlier estimate for this work. The main point that we wish to bring out is the fact that we used youi*' Style 40 throughout the entire building. This style of material covered the speci¬ fication for steel in the larger part of the work. How¬ ever, we found that we had a number of bays where a much heavier reinforcement was required and ws simply added additional steel in the form of bare, where required, to make up the additional area. We found ^his worked out very nicely for the reason that it is a very simple matter to space the bars by tying them to the longitud¬ inal raembera of your Triangle Mesh fabric. We are very well satisfied with the way this mater¬ ial served our purpose throughout these buildings and believe this system of reinforcing to be moat economical for work of this nature, where the rolls can be run con¬ tinuously over the bays. Yours very truly, Woodlw^r^ Leightm^. 0y PONEMAH MILLS, TAFTVILLE. CONR F. P. Sheldon & Sons, Engineers. J. W. Bishop, Contradtor. Triangle Mesh Concrete Reinforcement used. WHITE BUILDING. SEATTLE. WASH. Built by Slone & Webster, BoSlon, Mass. Triangle Mesh Reinforcement used. ROBERT BENT BRIGHAM HOSPITALS. Over 200,000 sq. ft. Triangle Mesh used in floor and column reinforcement. HEAVY WIRE MESH IN Fl.OOR CONSTRUCTION. Heavy Floor Conitrudtion, Style No. 39 Triangle Mesh, with 6 in. slab, carrying 250 lbs. L. L. PAGE 25 Term Metal Company STYLE 7 TRIANGE MESH. A perfect reinforcement at a minimum cost for concrete exposed to temperature expansion and con¬ traction. Thousands of feet of Style 7 Triangle Mesh are now being used in all sidewalks and surface reinforcement. Over 1 20,000 square feet No. 7 Triangle Mesh placed in floors of new Fish Wharf, So. Boston; over 1 00,000 feet in first floor Fargo Trust Bldg., Boston: 100,000 feet in side¬ walks, Salisbury Beach. All side¬ walks around Filene Bldg., Boston, reinforced with Triangle Mesh. Also reservoirs, swimming pools, etc., etc. m REtNFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. PLYMOUTH. WtS. ^ 100,000 Sq Ft. TRIANGLE MESH REINFORCEMENT used. All sidewalks reinforced with Triangle Mesh. I STOOD THE TEST WELL Re-enforced Concrete Paving at Plym¬ outh, Wis., Has Unusual Features. A re-enforced concrete pavement has been laid at Plymouth, Wis., having three unusual features of construction. They are the use of "Pecky” cypress I t fi o s« th b< t; for expansion joints, a re»enfOrcement of the concrete with a woven wire mesh and a new form of rough surface. "Pecky" cypress boards, 1x8 inches, were used along each gutter, and every four feet across the street. In place of the usual asphaltum or tar expansion joints. On those stceets Where car tracks had been laid, a joint was made on each side of the track at the end of the ties, says an exchange. The re-enforcement was a woven wire mesh placed directly on the base con Crete, so as to lie between the surface and the base. By using this mesh and placing the expansion joints every 40 feet the street was ciit up into mono¬ lithic squares of 40 feet. The surface finish ccat consisted of a mixture of crushed granite chips and Portland ce¬ ment. The pavement is now over a year old, and it is said that no cracks or flaws have developed. There are 10,786.22 square yards in the pavement, and the number of square feet in the curb and gutter is 4648.2. The contract price was $ 1 . 23 y 2 per squ&re yard, including grad¬ ing, and 48 cents per foot on the curb ac ut pr th: as sit; the chi ing ele' T cov $1S.I pen a r cat Pn $1,( thi ni( and gutter. AT NATIah THE BOSTON HE RALO JAN. 14, 19 12. T riangle ME^FI wire reinforcement has demonstrated its superiority over all other forms of reinforcement for pavements, sidewalks, floor and roof slabs, and is now adopted by many municipalities and concrete engineers as their standard reinforcement. The more standard weights and areas carried in stock at Boston warehouse. FILTRATION PLANT, Wilmington, Del. Coleman Bros., Boston, Contractor*. Over 100.000 So. Ft. of TRIANGLE MESH REINFORCEMENT used. PAGE 26 201 DenJonshire Street, "Boston, Mass. Triangle Mesh in Road Construction. Considering the fact that large areas of our New England States will have muddy roads for at least three months during the year, and half of that time these roads are impassible, the econo¬ my of a paved road is apparent. In Europe it is conceded that the average cost to haul one ton per mile is 8c., whereas in the United States the average cost is 23c. per ton per mile. An estimate made in Indiana on costs per ton per mile to haul goods on various types of road surfaces was as follows: Asphalt 2.7 cents Block Pavement 5.3 Good Macadam 8.0 i i Gravel Road 8.8 i i Earth, hard and dry 18.0 6 ( Macadam with ruts 26.0 ( i Wet Sand 32.0 ( ( Earth Roads, ruts and mud 39.0 ( 6 Dry Sand 64.0 i i The main purpose of a pavement is the distribution of pres¬ sure over a greater area, and thereby decreasing the tractive power required. Decreasing the tractive power lowers the cost of marketing produce. With the advent of automobile traffic, paved streets and roads that few years ago showed comparatively long life under ordinary wheel traffic are fast going to pieces under the action of automo¬ biles. Pavements laid on poor sub-soil or with insufficient thick¬ ness cannot possibly remain in good condition under the excessive loads being hauled by motor trucks. For durability, low maintenance cost, and for comfort to users, which is of great importance here in New England where automobile tourists travel our roads continuously during six months of the year, concrete in road construction should receive more favorable consideration. The formation of cracks due to the soft yielding sub-soil can only be prevented by the use of a proper amount of steel reinforce¬ ment. Under average conditions, the question of expansion and contraction presents the greater number of difficulties. It is now very well known that concrete will expand and contract under changes of temperature, and also that the cement during the set¬ ting period will contract to a marked degree. This meams that the pavement moves over the sub-soil, this movement in itself causing the setting up of tension or compression stresses depending upon whether it is a case of contraction or expansion of the ma¬ terial. Although the concrete in itself has a certain amount of tensile value, it has been found advisable to eliminate this value in concrete computations. For this reason, steel reinforcement is placed in the pavement to take up or at least assist the concrete in taking care of these temperature stresses. Triangle Mesh in Long Island Motor Parkway, Vanderbilt Cup Race Held Over This Road. PAGE 27 'Penn Metal Company^ m^wP^^sk 1^1 iM' ^p^^mKKSk mm T he problem of a satisfactory reinforcement for Beams and Columns is solved by Triangle Mesh. The mesh is constructed to allow the steel to be thoroughly embedded in concrete, easily and quickly put in place, and at a cost below any other system. The hinge in Triangle Mesh per¬ mits easy adjustment of steel for all column reinforcing. STYLE 7 TRIANGE MESH ON BEAMS, GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT. PAGE 28 201 De'Vonshtre Street, 'Boston, Mass. j. m. woncesTCf* C. C. eCTTBC Q. »«. •MAXIM ■•cat AM. aoc. e. C. J. R. WORCESTER Sc CO. CONSULTING Engineers 79 MILK STREET Boston TtkCMHOMC “main 4ia-’ CABue AOOMI9S "jAToatTan, •o»t9m“ March 7, 1911. Mr. F. M. Johnson, Penn Metal Company, 201 Bevonahlre St., Boston. Dear Slr:- We consider the triangular mesh reinforcing fabric made by the Amerioan Steel A Wire Company to be a very satisfactory form of reinforoement for reinforced concrete slabs. Yours truly. J. R. TOKCESIIR i CO., By. roMM C.2SL Orrice or tmc CHicr EitoiNECii March 24th 1910. Subject: Miscellaneous. Reinforcement The Penn Metal Celling & Roofing Co., 201 Devonshire Street, Boston, Mass. Gentlemen:- 1 beg te aoknowledgo your favor of the 2lBt instant and would advise that Triangle Mesh Reinforcement has been approved for our Bridgeport car barns platforms. Yours truly. Assistant Engineer. PAGE 29 Venn Metal Company' ‘Trussit’’ Standard Size Sheets are 19 in., by 96 in., and are packed 10 sheets per bundle. Gauge WEIGHT PER SQ. FT. Black Galvanized 24 Curtain Walls and Partitions 1.02 lb. 1.10 lb. 27 For Low Studded Partitions 0.71 lb. 0.86 lb. For Solid Partitions. The use of Trussit in solid partition construction gives a wall li inches thick, or as much thicker as desired, con¬ structed without permanent studding of any character, yet making an absolutely fireproof plastered partition. Statistics from recent large conflagrations show that solid partitions are of the most durable type, even when exposed to intense heat. The space-saving features of such a partition cannot be over-estimated. When compared with the ordinary 6-inch partition, Self-Sentering means a saving of one square foot of floor space to every three lineal feet of partition. In factories, warehouses or any industrial buildings, this increased floor space furnished, as it is, at no increased cost, often is just enough to mark the difference between efficient and non-efficient arrangement of the building’s contents. The temporary studding required in erection can be placed very much more rapidly than permanent studding, while the cost is merely nominal, as it is possible to use it over and over again. There is absolutely no waste of plaster, as the first coat applied forms the foundation for the second coat, to be applied on the reverse side. “TRUSSIT” is carried in lengths from 4 feet to 10 feet. Trussit Partition Ready For Plaster PAGE 30 201 'De'Oonshire Street^ "Boston, Mass “Self-Sentering’’ is a combined reinforcing and cen¬ tering, and at the same time a one- piece steel lathing and furring for outside walls, partitions, eleva¬ tor shafts, ceiling, etc., etc. “Self-Sentering” is so constructed that all steel is in tension. Roughly speaking, “Self-Sentering” offers a bonding surface eleven times as great as the same sectional area in reinforcing bars. All gauges carried in Boston warehouse. Size of sheets—28 inches wide by lengths of 4, 5, 6. 7, 8,10 and 12 feet. Longer lengths up to 14 feet furnished on special order. Intermediate lengths will be cut from the next larger sheet, and any waste charged to customer. Height of ribs, 13-16 inch. Spacing of ribs always 3J inches center to center. Made regularly in the following gauges and weights : Gauge Painted Wt. Galvanized Wt. Sectional Area 28 .60 lb. per sq. ft. .75 lb. .177 sq. in. 26 .72 lb. per sq. ft. .932 lb. .213 sq. in. 24 .96 lb. per sq. ft. 1.11 lb. .284 sq. in. Galvanized Self-Sentering furnished on special order only. On special order we can furnish the following ; Gauge Painted Wt. Galvanized Wt. Sectional Area 30 .48 lb. per sq. ft. .63 lb. .142 sq. in. 29 .54 lb. per sq. ft. .69 lb. .160 sq. in. 27 .66 lb. per sq. ft. .804 lb. .192 sq. in. 25 .88 lb. per sq. ft. .99 lb. .249 sq. in. Note that Self-Sentering made from galvanized sheets, also from American Ingot Iron and all special gauges, as shown above, is only furnished on special order, and with the usual delays inci¬ dent to mill delivery of sheets. Self-Sentering is bundled for shipment with three heavy wooden cleats on each side of the bundle, securely fastened with band iron. Packed, 28 gauge, 10 sheets ; 26 gauge, 8 sheets ; and 24 gauge, 6 sheets to each bundle. In figuring the covering capacity of Self-Sentering, side laps need not be considered, as they are provided for without charge, and each sheet has a covering capacity of 28 inches in width. End laps must be allowed as indicated in the specifications. TABLES. For ordinary spans, Self-Sentering does not require centering, but to insure best results, the spans shown in Table “A” following should not be exceeded without using temporary supports until the concrete has set. TABLE “A” SLAB THICKNESSES Gauge in. 2 in. 2Vi in. 3 in. 3V2 in. 28 3 ft. 8 in. 3 ft. 3 in, 3 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 9 in. 2 ft. 6 in. 26 4 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 9 in. 24 4 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 8 in. 3 ft. 4 in. 3 ft. 0 in. The following load tables show safe live loads, and in using these tables, the dead load need not be taken into further consideration. To get the total safe load, add to the figures shown, 12 lbs. for each inch in thickness of the slab, plus 6 lbs. per square foot for the undercoating of Blaster. For instance, a 2-inch slab would weigh 2 times 12 equals 24 plus 6 equals 30 lbs. per square foot; thus a 2-inch slab reinforced with 24 guage Self-Sentering on a 4-foot span is good for a live load of 258 lbs. per square foot, or a total safe load of 258 lbs. plus 30 lbs., which equals 288 lbs. per square foot. The slab thickness as shown, in every instance, is considered as above the base of the Self-Sentering, and the plastered coat underneath is not included in the computation. TABLE “B” Safe Superimposed Loads per square foot on Self-Sentering Slabs. Assumptions : Stress in Steel—16,000 lbs. per square inch. Extreme fiber stress of concrete—800 lbs. per square inch. Ratio between Moduli of Elasticity—15. Gauge Thick¬ ness of Slab SPAN 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. 10 ft. 28 Self-Sentering li in. 204 113 74 26 “ l| in. 238 132 79 24 “ IJ in. 305 160 95 28 “ 2 in. 310 164 98 61 26 •“ 2 in. 359 192 128 92 49 24 “ 2 in. 476 258 166 no 64 28 “ 2J in. 419 233 150 93 57 26 “ 2J in. 484 279 188 119 76 50 24 “ 2J in. 651 377 263 171 114 79 28 “ 3 in. 561 311 184 114 73 45 26 “ 3 in. 863 386 231 147 97 64 24 “ 3 in. 938 512 322 210 143 100 69 47 28 “ 3J in. 694 368 218 135 80 50 26 “ 3| in. 850 455 274 174 115 76 50 24 “ 3J in. 1140 620 380 248 169 118 83 58 PAGE 31 Tenn Metal Company TYPICAL SELF-SENTERING ROOF CONSTRUCTION. “SELF-SENTERING” FOR ROOFS S ELF-SENTERING permits of the use of a concrete roof with any type of building. The sheets are merely laid over the roof purlins, attached to them by clips or staples. Self-Sentering acts as both form and reinforcing, and the concrete is applied direct to the required thickness, only enough passing through the mesh to thoroughly imbed the steel in the concrete. The under side is then plastered with cement mortar, and your roof is complete, ready for such waterproofing as you may desire. Economy in the construction of such a roof is effected : First, because no forms or centering are required. The heavy ribs give ample rigidity to support the weight of the wet concrete. Second, because the large sheets permit the rapid erection of such a roof with a minimum of labor expense. These same large sheets require the fewest possible laps, and this also increases labor efficiency Third, because the slabs need be but 2 inches in thickness, cutting the dead load in half as compared with the ordinary concrete roof. This is not only a saving in labor and material on the roof itself, but very often permits the use of much lighter supporting framing. FOR FLOORS The concrete floor has proven itself the most enduring type, and as in roof work, its only objection has been —high cost and excessive weight. Through the advent of Self-Sentering, by means of which the most expen¬ sive part of such work—form work—has been eliminated, the cost has been reduced to compare very favorably with any other type. The use of the lighter slabs required by Self-Sentering has cut the weight to a minimum, and yet the strength of these floors is unquestioned. There is no danger from failure due to premature removal of forms; as Self-Sentering, acting as both form and reinforcement, is always in place.' ARCHED FLOORS. For extra heavy loads, Self- - Sentering permits a very economical application of the arched slab. The sheets are curved at our factory, at a slight charge, to any desired radius and they are as easily and quickly applied as in flat slab work. Note the saving in form work— and every builder recognizes the expense of centering—not only in the slab itself; but where used with concrete beams, only the bottom boards for beam boxes are required. PAGE 32 201 'Dc'Vonshire Street, "Boston, Mass. FOR CEILINGS. For fireproof ceiling work wherever suspended ceilings are re¬ quired, or where beams or other supports are too far apart to permit the use of metal lath without cross furring, Self-Sentering offers an economical type of construction. In this capacity, it acts as both lath and furring—the heavy ribs taking the place of small channels or angles necessary with metal lath and the diamond mesh connecting fabric forming a perfect plastering surface. The Self-Sentering is merely secured by clips or wiring to all beams or hangers at each heavy rib, these supports being spaced from 3 to 5 feet on cen¬ ters, depending on the gauge of Self-Sentering used. Due to the close spacing (3i inches center to center) of the Self-Sentering ribs, an unusually firm surface is afforded for the plastering, and the necessary strength is developed to support this heavy load. In addition to the added strength given to such a ceiling by reason of the closely spaced ribs, the saving in both time and material effected by the elimination of all furring, and the labor entailed in its application, is a very material consideration. Under circumstances as outlined above, this is the simplest and most economical form of fireproof ceiling. SHOWING UNDER SIDE SELF-SENTERING ROOF AND SELF-SENTERING CEILING. Curtain Wall Specifications. Self-Sentering shall be used as a reinforcement for all exterior curtain walls. Gauges to be used as indicated in the following table ; Spacing of Supports Wall Thickness Trussit Gauge Self-Sentering Gauge 6 in. If in. 27 28 8 in. 2 in. 26 28 10 in. 2j in. 26 26 12 in. 24 in. 24 26 Where supports are more than 6 feet apart, temporary bracing shall be provided on 2-ft. centers to give a firm plastering surface until one side has been plastered. Sheets to be securely fastened to columns and other permanent supports at intervals not to exceed Yj inches, the corrugations running in the direction of the shortest spans. Where structural supports are used, Trussit or Self-Sentering shall be attached by special clips (which can be secured from manufacturers) or by wiring; if of wood, staples shall be used ; if of reinforced concrete, any method shown in the details herewith can be used. Side selvedge edges of all sheets shall be securely interlocked and wired together with No. 16 gauge tie wire at intervals not to exceed one foot. Where Self-Sentering is used, these laps may be secured by clinching with a special punch. The ends of the sheet should lap 6 inches if laps occur between supports, and not less than 1 inch if over supports. Laps between supports must be properly staggered. PAGE 33 Venn Metal Company^ U. S. Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, N. H.—41,000 sq. ft. Penco Expanded Metal in floors. Penco Metal Lath used in ceilings. Slab Tables. The following tables give the safe live load, in pounds per square foot, for stone concrete slabs, reinforced with different weights of Expanded Metal, on spans ranging from four feet to twelve feet by steps of six inches, and for slabs varying in thickness by half-inches from three inches to eight inches. Above each table is noted the style of Expanded Metal upon which the table is based. The sectional area of the reinforcement per foot of width, and the weight of the reinforcement per square foot, are found by reference to the table on the preceding page. In order to keep within the shear and deflection limits, we have omitted heavy loads which would cause shear, and loads on long spans which would cause excessive deflection. The stresses flgured for the steel in tension, and concrete in com¬ pression and in shear, are indicated above the tables. The concrete is considered in these tables as offering no tensile resistance. Stress of Steel in Tension, 16,000 lbs. per sq. in. Extreme Fiber Stress of Concrete in Compression 800 lbs. per sq. in. Concrete in Shear not over 60 lbs. per sq. in. Ratio of Moduli of Elasticity taken as 15. Straight line Formula. Bending Monument one-twelfth WL. SLAB TABLE No. 1. 3 inch No. 10 Expanded Metal, (Styel “G”) Slab SDaa 4*0" 4>b" yb " b'Cr* b ’b" 7*cr' 7>b" tj»cr 9'cr' 9 ■y" t ? i 'T> 4. i«y‘ ‘1 4 .>' Aiyi/s''/'' '! V, .‘■V'< ,! s ' ' ri ) I >>,.•!'< 1 I - >'-lr \'. I ■' ^.|ll',' '-i, r 'i r<'>,, • ' ' ‘Is '’' . ,caV ^ V:m\'V''’' .ftv •'■>:*. 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