•".-r- -i- ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL DATE BORROWED DATE due _^AR 9 i DATE BORROWED L_ date due r — C2S (747} MIOO t ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M 365- 1 Civii Affairs s I CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS SECTION 1: GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 25 APRIL IS44 /* IESISISTED * * « Dissemination of restricted seat ter , -* The information con- tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material way be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating In Government work, but will rsot foe communicated to the public or to the press except by authorised military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1 942- ) RESTRICTED t I Ui I f\ 11* j NUMBERING SYSTEM OF ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indi- cated by consecutive numbering within the following categories: Ml MiOO M200 M300 M400 M500 M600 M700 M800 M900 M99 Basic and Advanced Training M199 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre- Induction Training M299 Personnel and Moral® M399 Civil Affairs M499 Supply and Transportation M599 Fiscal M699 Procurement and Production M799 Administration M899 Miscellaneous up Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction * n * $ * HEADQ.UART3BS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES Waahirrtton 25, D, C. 25 April 19^4 Army Service Forces Manual M 365 - 1, Civil Affairs Handbook - Philippine Islands, Section 1, Geographical and Social Background, has been prepared under the supervision of the Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guidance of all concerned, /§PX 461 (21 Sep 43) J By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL: / W. D. STYKR, Major General, General Staff Corps, Chief of Staff, OFFICIAL: J. A, ULIO, Major General, Adjutant General* RESTRICTED RESTRICT ED - iii =» $ This study on Geographical and. Social Background in the Philippine Islands was prepared for the V MI LIMY 00V3RHMBHT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE FEOVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the T FAR EASTERN UNIT, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE U, S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICERS USING THIS MATERIAL ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OB. ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE THIS MATERIAL MORE USEFUL .FOR THEIR PURPOSES# THESE CRITICISMS SHOULD $E SENT TO THE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY OOVBRJfMRNT DIVISION, PMGO , 2807, MUNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D, C, RESTRICTED RESTRIC TED - It INTEODUCTIOH / i Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook , The basic purposes of civil affair® officers are (l) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations# (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damag© resulting from disorder and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable developments) « It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given official program of action . They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making. \ BESTHICOT RESTRI OTED ito ^ fats C 1 I 1 L All A IRS liOM 0 K S 1 Q E 1 £ £ L M1LIII 1 • Geographical and Social Background 2, Government and Administration 3* Legal Affairs 4® Government finance 5<» Money and Banking 6® Natural Be sources ?• Agriculture is .8® Industry and Commerce 9 * Labor 10# Public Works and Utilities 11® Transportation Systems 12® Communications 13® Public Health and Sanitation 14# Public Safety 16* Education 16® Public Welfare 17 « Cultural Institutions This study on Geographical and Social Background in the Philippine Islands was prepared for the M I LI TAB Y GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL, by the FAR EASTERN UNIT, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - vi - TABLE OF CONTENTS I. THE LAND B. Boundaries and Frontier Districts 1. Boundaries 2* Boundary Disputes 3. Telephone, Telegraph and Airlines Crossing Boundaries 4. Ports of Entry 5. Steam and Cable Lines from Ports Territorial Divisions 1* Natural Divisions 2. Economic Divisions 3* Racial, Ethnical and Religious Divisions 4» Political and Administrative Subdivisions II. THE PEOPLE A. Population Statistics 1. Census Returns and Estimates 2. Estimates of Population During Japanese Occupation 3. Composition of Population B. Cultural Characteristics 1« Family and Sex Church and Religion Social Stratification Quasi-public and Private Organizations Outstanding Qualities and Habits General Living Conditions 2 . 3 * 4 ® 5. 6 . 7. 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 6 11 22 25 29 29 29 35 36 39 39 a 50 54 63 69 Attitude Toward the War and the United States 75 8. Languages 78 9* Racial Conflicts and Discrimination 82 C. Influential Persons 88 III. BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 IV. MAPS The Philippines and the Pacific preceding page 1 Density of Cultivated Areas » a 11 Important Mineral Locations » « 15 Philippine Islands following page 90 RESTRICTED aniiiitMi RESTRICTED Map by Clifford H. Mac Faddeti RESTRICTED - 1 - GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND I. THE LAND A. Boundaries && Frontier 1. figtf^aniea The Philippines, lying about £00 miles southeast of continental Asia between latitudes 1*° 1*1* and 21° 25* North and longitudes ll6o and 127° East, are bounded on the East by the Pacific Ocean and on the West by the South China Sea* Bashi Channel separates the northern— most group of islands — Batan Islands, which constitute Batanes Province — from Taiwan, while the Celebes Sea separates Mindanao, the large southern island, from the Celebes and Moluccas Islands in the Netherlands Indies. The northern- most island in the Batan group — Y*\mi — is 61.1* miles from the Japanese 1 I island of Koto Sho, just off the coast of Taiwan, and Balut Island, south of Davao Province, Mindanao, is 1*3 miles fr^m Dutch Ariaga. To the southwest Balabac Strait and Alice Channel divide Philippine territory — Palawan and Sulu Provinces, respectively — from British North Borneo. 2. Bo^dap: Disputes Small islands just north of Borneo, including the Turtle and Mangsee Islands, have been the cause of boundary disputes in the past. Although claimed by Spain as part of the Philippines, the islands were ceded by the Sultan of Sulu to the British North Borneo Company in 1878, and since that time have been administered by the government of British North Borneo. RESTRICTED mmom ~ 2 - In 1900 and again in 1930 they became the subject of treaties between the United States and Great Britain. According to treaty terms, the islands belong to the United States, but will continue under administrative juris- diction of British North Borneo until the United States decides to take over their administration. For such action, a year’s notice must be given. 3# Telephone. Telegraph and Airlines Crossing Boundaries Before the war communication with other countries was offered by two cable companies and four radio companies, all owned and operated by private interests. The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company operated direct radio telephone circuits with San Francisco, Berlin, Bandoeng (Java), Bangkok, Tokyo, Hong &ong and Kuala Lumpur (Federated Malay States) , as well as with ships at sea. Airlines . - In November 1935 Pan American Airways established a weekly service between Manila and the United States Pacific coast, and between Manila and Hong Kong. In May 1941 the first Clipper flight from Manila to Singapore was made, inaugurating a regular passenger and mail service. Con- sideration was given in 1940 to linking the Philippines with the Netherlands Indies by extension of the Dutch service from Java to Manila. Although the project received active endorsement by Manila business interests — supported by the United States High Commissioner to the Philippines and by representations to the Department of State — negotiations were unsuccessful. It is understood that plans repeatedly met with opposition from Japan. cat ions Under Japanese Occupation . — In March 1943 the Japan- ese announced the resumption of telegraphic communication between the Philippines and Japan, China and Manchuria, and in September restoration of telephone connection between Tokyo and Manila was claimed. In October RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 3 - 1943 it was stated that Hong Kong was linked with 11 additional telegraph stations in the Islands, making a total of 62 connections. Early in April 1943 Tokyo broadcasts announced the resumption on somewhat reduced schedules of all former air lines connecting Japan proper with the Asiatic mainland and islands to the south. According to the Japanese statement two flights a week from Fukuoka, Japan, to Manila were re-established. Information regarding the regularity with which the service may have been maintained is lacking. 4, P g£&§ gS&2 In the pre-war Philippines there were 15 ports open to overseas ship- ping, as follows: Philippine Ports of Entry Province Port Albay. Do. Cagayan Camarines Norte.. Cebu. Davao Iloilo. Negros Occidental Rizal Sulu Do Do •••«.••«. « . . . . Tayabas. Zamboanga Do • .Leg&spi . .Tabaco . .Aparri ..Jose Panganiban (Formerly Manbulao) ..Cebu . .Davao ..Iloilo . .Pulupandan . .Manila ..Jolo ..Si&si • .Batobato . .Hondagua . .Zamboanga . .Mal&ngas Although all of the fifteen ports were classified by executive order of the Commonwealth Government in 1939 as open to overseas shipping, foreign trade was reported by the Collector of Customs as entering only nine. The relative importance of those ports is indicated by the following statement RESTRICTED mm of Philippine foreign trade by port of entry in 1$>U0: Philippine Trade by Port of Entry - 191*0 (In thousands of pesos - Peso equals $0.50.) Total Imports Exports Manila. 21*0,315 11*2,535 Iloilo < 8,1*90 59,1*20 Cebu 17,280 38,110 Davao. 1,190 16,230 Jose Panganiban. . . , 1,370 8,610 Legaspi. ...... ..... hho 5,750 Zamboanga • • . 230 3,620 Jolo, 135 115 Aparri....... y y ” Unclassified 2/.... 20 37,1*60 Totals. 269,1*^0 311,853 5* ££& £fl&U Lines from Ports 3/ Steamship Lines * - Before the war fifty-some steamship lines operated services connecting Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Legaspi, Davao, Zamboanga, and other Philippine ports with all parts of the world. Monthly, bi-monthly, and sometimes more frequent schedules were maintained between Manila and North Atlantic ports — including Halifax, Montreal, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk — via Singapore and Cape of Good Hope. Ships also left Manila and Cebu for Atlantic ports via Panama, and for Atlantic and Gulf ports via San Pedro, or via Japanese ports, Singapore, and Panama. Some lines enroute to Atlantic ports called also at Shanghai and Hong Kong, and others at ports in Java and the Straits Settlements* Regular LTOT-pesos r z/ Represents value of gold and silver which was not classified by ports except during the last half of 19U0. 3/ See Section XI of the Handbook: Transportation, for details concern- ing shipping and cable lines. RESTRICTED I ffBSTBICIED - 5 - schedules were maintained between the Philippines and United States and Canadian Pacific ports, via Hong Kong, Shanghai, Japan and Honolulu. Sailings were made from Manila and &ebu to Liverpool, London, Glasgow, and ports of northern Europe via Singapore and Suez, while ships left Manila and Davao for Hong Kong and ports in China and Japan, enroute to Australia, via Rabaul, New Guinea. Regular sailings also were maintained between V Manila, Iloilo, Cebu and outports, via Batavia, Java, to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and South Africa. Still other lines operated between Manila, Hong Kong, Amoy and Shanghai, calling at Bali and Java ports, while frequent sailings were made to and from Japanese ports via Hong Kong. Finally, Manila was connected with Bombay and Calcutta by regular services. ftfihle Lines . - International cable service was first established in the Philippines shortly before American occupation of the Islands, when in 1€>9$ the Eastern Extension, Australia and China Telegraph Company laid 740 nautical miles of cable between Manila and Hong Kong. In 1903 the Commercial Pacific Cable Company laid a line from Manila to Guam over a distance of 1,642 nautical miles, and in 1906 the same company connected Manila by cable to Shanghai, a distance of 1,22>5 nautical miles. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 6 - B. Territorial Division 1. Natural DfacUiOM , The 7,090 known islands which constitute the Philippines fall naturally into four main divisions, i.e., Luzon and adjacent islands in the North; ll the smaller, central group known as the Visayas; Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago to the South; and Palawan, with small adjacent islands, lying West of the main configuration. More than 6,800 islands are less than one square mile in size, while only 11 account for 94 percent of the total land area of 297,410 square kilometers (114,830 square miles). These 11 islands are: Area of Eleven Largest Islands _ Area El Square Kilometers Sqwayq ftUat Luzon 104,688 40,420 Mindanao 94,630 36,527 Samar ........ 13,080 5,049 Negro s 12,705 4,904 Palawan 11,785 4,549 Panay 11,515 4,445 Mindoro 2J ••• 9,734 3,757 Leyte 7,214 2,785 Cebu 4,410 1,702 Bohol ........ 3,865 1,492 Masbate 3,269 1,262 All others ... 20.615 — 7,95fl .. PfrUlgplttftd*. 297.410 1141830 Topographical Divisions . «** On the 11 largest islands massive mountains, plateaus, low marshlands, many rivers and extensive valleys and eoastal plains afford an impressive variety of topography. Elevations range from a foot or two above sea level to mountain summits nearly 10,000 feet high. About , XJ The main Vi sayan Islands are: Samar, Negros, Panay, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, and Masbate. g J Census of the Philippines, 1939; Volume II, page 42, 2j Mindoro is Southwest of Luzon and Northwest of the Visayas. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED half the archipelago is tropical forest land, hut fertile coastal plains are well distributed throughout, and there are four large river valleys. The most extensive mountainous areas, as well as the largest valleys, are on the island of Luzon, J&TJillP.Pft .Lu^P.S consists of a valley — running north and south for over 120 miles and with an average width of 40 miles «—« bounded on the east coast by the Sierra M&dre Mountains, while to the west lie mountains of the Cordillera Central, separating the valley from the China Sea, Flowing north through this region the Cagayan River, with its tributaries, drains an area of approx- imately 10,000 square miles. Central Luzon is composed of a plain extending north from Manila Bay to the China Sea ©nd the Caraballo Mountains, which separate the plain from the Cagayan Talley, The Zambalea Mountains lie west of the plain and an extension of the Sierra Madre lies to the east. Central Luzon is drained by the Pampanga River, flowing south into Manila Bay, and the Agno which flows north into Lingayen Gulf off the Western Coast, and scene of the early Japanese invasions. The area of the plain is approximately 4,000 square miles, although a considerably greater area is drained by the two rivers and their tributaries. Southern Luzon consists of the southwest volcanic region directly south of Manila — in part plain and in part mountainous— and of the southeast volcanic district, composed of the Bondoc and Bicol Pen— i/ insulas. . Mount Mayon, a typical volcanic cone, is in this section near the town of Legaspi, Albay Province, « 2j Bondoc Peninsula is formed by the elongated portion of Tayabas Province and Biscal Perm insula consists of Albay, C amarine s Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon Provinces, RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 8 - Mindoro f the island directly south of Luson, has not been entirely explored. It is high and mountainous, hut with a fairly extensive coastal plain in the east and a much smaller one in the southwest. The central, or Viaavan group , is generally mountainous, with coastal plains of varied importance* Panay has the greatest area of level and rolling country in this group s and Cebu the least* A relatively large central plain runs north and south on Panay between a high mountain rang© on the west coast and much smaller mountains in the east* Negros has high central mountains, with most of its level land to the west and northwest, Mashate, Samar, Bohol, and Cebu are in general characterised by rolling hills, plateaus, and low mountains, while Leyte consists of a low mountain range running north and south with small parallel valleys to the east and west in the northern part of the island. There are no large rivers in the Visayas* Mindanao t the large southern island, includes the mainland and the Zamboanga Peninsula extending southwest toward Borneo, with whicn it is connected by a submarine plateau supporting the numerous small islands forming the Sulu Archipelago, The Diuata Mountains lie along the east coast of Mindanao and to the west are two large river valleys, the Agusan and the Cotabato, The valley of the Agusan is approximately 93 miles long, with an average width of about 1? miles, A considerable proportion, however, con- sists of marshlands, particularly near the center where four streams join to form the Agusan River, flowing north into Butuan Bay. To the west of Agusan valley lies the Lanao-Bukidnon upland separated by extinct volcanoes from the rich Cotabato valley to the south. Tnis broad valley contains RESTRICTED HEST.RIC r £SD - 9 - approximately 18,000 istwr® ®iX®s, exclusive of marshlands, and averages 30 miles in width. Brained by the Eio Grande de Mindanao, which rises in the Lanao-Bokldnon upland and empties into I liana Bay on the west, it is the largest and most important of the undeveloped agricultural regions in the Philippines, The Zamboanga district of Mindanao consists of a long, narrow mountainous peninsula, with high ranges to the northeast. Valleys are well dispersed in the peninsula, and a small coastal plain skirts its southern extremity . Separated from the tip of the peninsula by a narrow strait is the island of B&silaa, site of the principal Philippine rubber plantations, fhe Siilu Archipelago is composed of a number of small islands lying to the southwest as far as Borneo. Jole md T&wi Tawi am the largest and most important. She island of Palawan appears to be the crest of a submerged mountain range and coastal plains are little developed, although extensive coral growths are evident on all sides. There are few rivers and little level land apart from several short valleys which cross the Island from east to 1 i west. Climatic Divisions. - Lying In the Torrid Zone, the Philippines have little variation in temperature. Such differences as exist are generally caused by differences in elevations. Over a period of 16 years the annual average in the southernmost weather station at Jolo was recorded at 79,88°P, and in the northernmost station at Aparri, at 78.44°F. Baguio, mountain resort north of Manila, located at an elevation of 4,766 feet above sea level, registered 64.22°P „ , while the highest annual average recorded 82,4 V, — » was reported from the station at Bomblon, on the small island RESTRICTED - 10 - ) of tna same name north of Panay . Other climatic elements then temperature, however, show considerable variation in different areas, especially in respect to rainfall. Prevailing winds, topographical conditions and location of the islands combine to cause this difference, and the country has been divided Into four types of climate on the basis of varying degrees of rainfall. The first type, characterised by two pronounced seasons, one dry in winter and spring, the. other wet In gunner and fall, prevails on the western parts of Luson including Manila and environs — and the western portions of Mindoro, Regres, Panay and Palawan. The second type includes no dry season and a very pronounced maximum rainy period in winter. In this class fall all the eastern part of the Blcol Peninsula region of southern Lulmn, eastern Samar and Leyte, and a large section of eastern Mindanao. The third type consists of a short, dry season, lasting from one to three months, and no very pronounced rainy period. Regions with this type of climate include the eastern part of Mountain Pro** vines in northern Luson and the western portions of Cagayan, Isabela and Bueva Tiscaya Provinces, also in northern Luson. The Bon doc Peninsula, Ma abate and Bomblbm Islands, northeastern Pansy, eastern Hegros, most of Cebu, and north- central Mindanao axso fall within the third type of climate, as well as most of eastern Palawan. Io dry season and no very pronounced maximum rainy period characterise the fourth type, which prevails in north* XT Including the Gat&aduanes Islands off the coast of Albay Province, the eastern part of Albay, the eastern and northern parts of the Camarines Provinces, and all of Sorsogon Province, as well as a great portion of the eastern part of Tayabas Province. astern RESTRICTED MAP Of THE PHSliPPIKES Sf»0UJM6 DCHSlTy OF areas euztivrted 1930 jjjpjj moving f*om (mn«*3*n«n 4 nuevneoua laesu 2*2,445 231.449 226,294 i to, ooo ro rcss Thon 200.000 ■ 1.00,000 . . - 150000 ■ 50.000 . „ - tOO.uOO M ISPOO . . - 50,000 §§ IOjOOO . . . »000 &i '000 . „ 10.000 □ £•5* T(snn. 1,000 PRCPflWO m The Division Of STATISTICS DepflRTmenT of RGRieuiTURf $ commfRef mniwa rj'j c fit. ol ,» wttcim utiowm. mpti liwti RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 11 - masters Luzon, the southwestern coast of the Bicol Peninsula, eastern Mindoro, northern Cebu and Hegrbs, western Leyt© and most of central, eastern and southern Mindanao. 2« Economic Divisional - la greater or less degree all parts of the Philippines contribute to the country's chief source of national wealth, agriculture* Bice and coconuts are found in all provinces, as well as some corn, fruits and vegetables. Some areas, however, have obtained special prominence in the production of certain crops, either through custom or natural advantages in climate or soil. Thus the central plain of Luzon is the most important rice area, the island of Hegros tne chief sugar center, and southern Luzon the main coconut and abaca region. Eighty percent of Philippine tobacco is grown in northeastern Luzon, while the Vi sayan Islands constitute the chief eom—pr educing area, ih® Philippine Census of 1939 reported farms by type, classifying individual farms on the basis of the crop in which at least 50 uercent of the farm 9 s cultivated land was planted. The classification of farms by type and province presents a fair picture of the distribution of agricul- tural land. These data, as given by the census, are summarized on page 12* The provinces listed reported over 20,000 farms each. 2j Section VII of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of agricul- ture » bestricted Agricultural Land Holdings Shorn in Number... aod 12 u © .d P OS moa we© o o «, «n Ok tt> Sk «k CVi rH iH rH rH rH m eg © 05 £ ■p « •H P 2 © tl © UN ON OJO OO VO CH ON ONVO ON CM V£> rH cm h r-H inr— rH f— in VO VO CM ON CM CM ON ON ON •• © 0 P O U U « o s 0 56 CO H © ra a o o o o ©I o o •0 H rH O as g •H d t3 © A 5 © p S © rH M bO © © © O M r inf-pNO Q CM IX * CM (H TO 4 on in on r-TO wnw Sk Sk K K K «k K MO rH ON rH H H rH *» ■4 ON 4 rH 160 4 rH f"~ "s’ lAiAH r-* », K K K H ON uncm 4 CM OnOnQ ON IK 4k K K ■ ®t K K K CM •60 Q H C g\8ATO On cm -4 mvo On rH ON rH CM !*“ CM f*— cm h uncnuncm r— o © OSH H ON CM H 4 © k «* % ON ON HI g,: On H 9b Cki TO rH H f-- TO H TO CM NX) HQ H H *0 S 1 S _ © ON CM CM 4 On CN ON VO ON H CM VO m On rH UN CM ON ON ON •4 CM h " i rH ON ON ON K in On VO UNH H 4V0 On 4 r- on s* «N IK H ON 4 H Q% CM 'SO f*— 6 H On VO ON O ONV0 », f\ j-i k On ON CM rH ON rH H O CM rH H ON On ON O H UNVO ON O UN F*— CM Kohvo-4-oncmon K K K K CM -4 H CM !! 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LTV VO ? h* h- Qv irvGo oj 6 o Cvj ^>4-CVJ sfH •> »» •* «k <* 9 * CVJ H H H O^VO «H 3 HO OVO sf ITV CVi 3 -4-tO r- ->*vo VO Ov^t CVJ VO 3 OC^TSO VO f—lTV VO H I — CVJ vo cn irv os r~~ 3 8 CVJ OV60 -sj-cvi rH IfVSO Pr\ rH t -** T60 « ft n as A ft fH rH 'vf r — rrv r — rH CVJ Os TO fH -vf CVJ "SO CVJ H UTVTO irvosino cvj r>v •1 fv •> at X K cvj '60 'H- irvvo p CVJ CVJ OJ CVJ CVJ CVJ •Kli s vc 1 r- CVJ) ■60 - CVJ UT| TO •» cr- CVJ TO • 3 VC VC IT 1 O r- ir , cS « O' r— h- £ VO cr> CVJ • VO IT Os irv TO *>v rH C^V VO TO « CVI s* -4" Os CVJ « CVJ o c*\ Os LTV •s* Si Os C*A CVJ VO ■60 rH VO <* Os C*V CVJ VO VO VO Ok & VO CVJ r— & vo CO m H § G ® oa *H H s u o G 3 CO 3 3 3 © -P O o 3 3 Q 3 CO rH 3 >3 SS d,E-f fH G •> fi Os © f^v .h Os-P fH © «m 3 0 H TO O 3 O TO G CVJ © vo O VO •< © ISO G 3 TO a © a. 3 H *3 **V t>. G o © N ,G 3^ G © TJ rG S fl TO a u © -P u o G $ © fr o tS) » TO © O § u a*. OL) g N 5 © -p © aQ TO © a r-| »H 3 > O Of © T 3 © -3 O o -p TO © > s © xi -p 3 o TO G •H 3 £ © rH © Oa 3 TO © 3 © •* +> © U u o “© TO •s © to a © «H G TO 3 3 3 3 G G 0 © © M 3 3 1 — 1 © J 0 ■p aG © o, 3 0 0 3 g » © © -e g CL, •G G G © cd 24 JX. fla H H W O nlculc^l^R g o 04 © 3 a 1 3 3 G 3 U © a RESTRICTED 4 RESTRICTED Mining lands . — Mineral deposits are widely scattered. Gold mining claims, for example, have been filed in practically every province, although Mountain Province in northern Luzon is by far the most important gold-producing section, as well as the chief mining area in the Philippines. Iron mining is concentrated mainly in the province of Camarlnes Norte, and extensive iron reserves exist in Surigao Province, northeastern Mindanao, The principal copper mining district is in the subprovince of Bontoc, Mountain Province, and Zambales Province, on the western coast of Luzon, is the chief chromite center, with reserves in this location believed to be the largest in the world. Manganese, although widely scattered, is mined mainly on Slquljor Island, south of Cebu, on Busuaaga Island in Palawan Province, in Camarlnes Sur Province, and in Ilocos Norte Province, northwestern Luzon. Coal is mined chiefly on the island of Cebu and on Batan Island, Albay Province in southeastern Luzon, while reserves are held at Malangas in Zamboanga Province, Mindanao. The Philippine Census of 1939 reported mining companies by kind of mine and hy provinces, together with total assets in 1938. These data, shown on page 15, may be taken as indicative of the division of territory by principal mining districts. See Section VI: Natural Resources for details regarding mineral resources. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Map by Clifford. H. MacFaddcn RESTRICTED f \ HES TRIG TED - 15 - By Province 8 1 / Kind of Mine &umD@r of and Province Companie s Total Assets Pesos 2 Mountain Province 54 120,719,250 Abra 10 365,865 Agusan 2 336,550 I sals e la 2 198,480 Pangas inan 4 2,014,750 Nueva Bcija 3 190,070 Bulacan 6 3, 709 ? 550 Tayabas 3 691,670 Camarines Norte 41 27,174,120 Camarines Sur 5 1,337,550 Albay 3 246,150 Marinduque 3 470,600 Masbate 10 15,015,275 Leyte 2 178,860 Mi samis Oriental 6 2,979,300 Surigao 18 11,061,900 All other provinces Total gold mines 198 188,199,000 Iron mines? Camarines Norte 3 4,196,200 All other provinces 2. Total iron mines 6 4,411,940 gtasjM.ffilaeg* Zambales 7 1,989,540 Pangs si nan - ' 3 61,290 All other provinces &] 2 Total chrome mines 15 3,635,290 Manganese mine si Palawan 6 575,010 I locos Norte 4 783,800 Camarines Sur 2 x 213,850 All other Provinces §] —5 Total manganese mines 15 2,114,690 Pangasinan 3 51,900 All other provinces §J 2+ 384.090 Total copper mines ll 2,435,990 BSSTRI CT3D HBSXBXCgP - 16 - Coal mines t 3 3,530 All other provinces 7/ 3 434.950. lot&l coal mines 5 428,480 Xj Phi 1 IpgpFae Cen aus o f ^9 39 , TSume^vT^age 546. %J Peso equals $0,50 in U.S. currency . 2j Other provinces include Marlnduque and Samar. ±/ Surigao (Dina gat Island), Misamis Oriental, Small deposits of chrome ore have also been mined in Csmarines Sur, I locos Sort©, Antiqu®. &nd Samar provinces, J %/ Negros Oriental (Siquljor Island), Iloilo, and Bohol. $J It is not clear why th© principal provinces in which copper is found are not listed in the Census statement. Volume IV was received in the United States in proof form only, before war broke out in the Philippines, and it is possible that editing was not completed-. As noted in the text, the main Copper mining district is in Mountain Province; other mines are located in Albay (Bapu Eapu Island), Antique, Ho cos Norte, and Zambales, Copper also is found in Capis and Negros Occidental Provinces. 2j Albay (Bat an Island) and Cebu Provinces. KBSTBI GT35D RESTRICTED - 17 - 1 / Prevalence of Manufacturing . » There is little manufacturing in the Philippines. Aside from the conversion of certain ray materials into V finished products for export — notably refined sugar, cigars and cigarettes, Cordage, pearl buttons, and hats — « manufacturing is primarily to meet the comparatively small needs of local eons^aers. and much of this production is carried on in native cottage industries* factories are located almost entirely in Manila %nd environs, the business and commercial center of the country. Noteworthy exceptions to this rule Include one sugar refinery located near a sugar central in Occidental Negros, a branch in Cebu of a Manila coconut oil factory, and a paper plant in Oriental Negros. The government fish cannery and factory for manufacturing tin cans are located in Paapanga Province in the vicinity of fish ponds, while another fish cannery is in Zamboanga Province. The government cement factory Is located at Naga, Cebu, and a pineapple canning plant was operated before the war by a sub* si diary of the California Packing Corporation in Misamis Oriental Province, Mindanao, where the company 3 e fruit was grown. All other manufacturing plants of any else or consequence are situated in Manila or vicinity. Xj See Section VinTXndiustry and Commerce, for a discussion of manufac* turing. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 18 - ±J Prevalence of Timber and Lumbering. • Approximately 60 percent of the total land area of the Philippinea is covered with forests, and logging and sawmilling are naturally important enterprises. The 1939 Census reported a assets — * including land and buildings, equipment and products — of logging and sawmilling establishments by provinces. These data, summarized below, are indicative of the prevalence of timber and lumbering enterprises in the Islands. The provinces listed are those JLn which aggregate assets amount to 100,000 pesos ($50,000) or more. Logging and Sawmilling Establishments Total Assets Eftaai Sj Luzon: Mountain Province 2,151,155 Cagayan 558,285 Zambales 719,430 Nueva Ecija 630,150 Tayabas 447,270 Camarines Norte 3,330,230 Camarlnes Sur 3,897,555 Albay 151,555 Manila, City of 2,538,590 404,660 Ylaavas: Samar 129,690 Leyte 375,440 Negros Occidental 5,044,380 Negros Oriental 227,350 Jj See Section 71: Natural Resources for more detailed information, j 2/ Peso equals $0.50 in U.S* currency. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 19 - £mlftsa late! Aag.e.t« Pesos Mindanao 1 Zamboanga Mi sarnie Occidental Surigao Agnean Lana© Cotabato Davao 2,600,960 149,045 1,558,400 .g»?,7.gaog 29,775,970 2,283,360 363,340 117,200 324,820 All other provinces ]J IgLtei iPfaUtolagg land holdings are limited to a maximum of 144 hectares (366 acres) for sale to Individuals and 1024 hectares (2500 acres) for sale or lease to corporat- ions* Hot more than 24 hectares (59 acres) may be secured as a homestead, and by and large land holdings are considerably smaller. The size of the average Philippine farm was reported by the Census of 1939 as 4*09 hectares (about 10 acres), Phras under 10 acres, however, accounted for 81 percent of the total mimber. There are large sugar, coconut, and abaca plantations, and some rice farmers are comparatively large land owners* Their estates are 4 usually rented to a number of tenant farmers. Compilations included in the Census classify Philippine farms by size range and by province. The data, as summarized on page 20, reflect the greater preponderance of small land holdings in Luzon* The larger sugar and abaca plantations are in the 7 i say as and Mindanao, respectively, where agricultural %J Batanes, I locos Horte, I locos Sur, La Union, Abra, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Tar lac, Pampanga, Bulacan , lataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Sorsogon in Luzon; Masha te, Capiz, Antique, Iloilo, Cebu and Bohol in the Visayas; Mi garni s Oriental and Bufcidnon in Mindanao, and the provinces of M&rinduque, Bomb Ion, Palawan, and Sulu. (Data are from Vol. I? of the Census, 1939, page 46)* RESTRICTED Ag r i culturfl l - L a nd Hold in gs Shawn in Nu m ber »nd Size Range of Far-ms by Prnvinr» fl . y * RESTRICTED - 2 u - £ £ O 4 T C a R On CN C\ | ^ °3 o © -p u c in CM * CM| cJ oa o © P G o o 4 On * 4 , • o? On n O 0 ) P G O in 4 CM G m © © T> g S 3 LO ■to r~vo m vo 4 cm oo Os "60 S iHQCMh-h- 4 O VO CM m H Wf>H CM to VO O 4 CM to in HH sfin O mtO m CM VO On 4 f"-CM m 4 r-VO €Nm ^ o O 1 ^ C^CM PVOOCM to r— in o m CM MO r^j OnQ tO m CM P m p p m VO m CM *' ^ cm h r — p inK 4 S «S », •> p r-~ in vo vo cm m cm cm m m m CD p G G «o 3 G 25 CO o N to 3 o ►G o o G P G M © -G P G O S 3 «H r- to h inn -4 - cm H O 2 Sp CM CN - 4 - CM HH 4 W m rH VOVOtQCMtOr-mP no rl CM -4 r-to p On - 4 - CM H nn to CM vo vo into m m mvo Q vo to CM vo mvo in *4 CM crvto mvo VO CM CM to to 4CM CM rH rjt0 m men m « « A On *0 r- tH onto r-r- p CM On cn\ cn Q 4^0 On VO »« ®» 9 k Cs *> *4 ON O into in CM rH vo m m m mvo CM ON CM On On MO CM inn on to 4 m o vo H Inn CM HVO CM rH vo vo mvo OHM^ xxxxxxxx vo to m mvo cm mo to CM h- CM mCM, CM m g o to P o o o p o CO p GO t -3 « Gd O bO GO GO IQ sop cJ w ^ o cm in On CM to VO vo cm vo cm m f> — 4m to in© to p m m ■4 mm mp cm cm *4 r—p ^3^ mCMHH H H r-VO vo VO CM vo m on r-vo ■vjvo r — vo CM VO VO ON to H VO O On On - 4' X X bo p flO cd oO OiJffl N 3 P g a) .a p 3 o CO W 15 ■3 & oa CD G I E-i C_> 4 G O bo o oa G O co 6 G a. a CC p & S' a PM © 3 O © N CT* P P H H H ^ exp o GO p p G cO © p ■n g p © O *H o u o o m oa o o G G 3 Q CO . bfl bDjQ J 3 ©coqp®©©o H O 4 M 25 55 O G RESTRICTED - .21 'W 5) _ h“ H 4ArH os trvso os ?— ?»>. CM VO h-VO Os iAV£ >t CM CM . «* H CM & r- A av o CM ■sf lavo ^ ° tA -%t CV% o,ts© V.« w VO ->$■ H Ov OV LA 4A uS <3* . OV OV •» e*. «* H CM OV VO OV CM VO O OV CN h-r,CM LA CM "60 CM -sfONh-^' *0 OVOM^urNH^^QT 1 f"- (A -tfVO LA VO f© CM 150 oi Vs£ LA -^VO f-*~ ov f*— | tn its cn cn cm vo «,t O VO h-CMn(hH Os Os ^ SV ««V tP* gr^ <&* «S «V ■*0 f—VQ o T &0 h-vo tA iH a »o LA f*~ OV CM CM S\^Q ■**$■ CM iAVO o -sf SAOV 4* O CM CM f— CM -150 OV h»> \R Os '4 0 » > <* «* • »> ■* «k «* *, ™ w P~“ LAO of i— H H H Murv f=Rsa«a^rt^>R wvo iA0ir%S oj *1 «i 0 CM IAW VSG -St LA VO o OV 04 CM CVS CM 04 04 CM V£5 H ‘3 4» H S3 -P r d _ «H # O H _ O h «J o o 0.0 e» m o •H M i CM a ’s «S «5 03 59 ®Ci ha X s 0 $ 1 2^ Members of the Philippine Independent Church, popularly known as &gUpayans, organized during the early years of American occupation to obtain ecclesiastical independence for Filipino priests* 2j These groups should not be confused with * tribes,* a term universally resented by Christian Filipinos, sine® such tribal characteristics as may have originally existed have disappeared. The individual groups never were political units, nor have they had effective native, or tribal, organisation larger than the village* 3/ Tagalog provinces in Luzon arej Batangas, Bulacan, Tayabas, Laguna, Cavite, Riss&l (in which Manila is located), Bataan, Nueva Ecija, and Camarines Norte, Considerably less numbers of Tagalogs also live in Sambales, F&mpanga, Tar lac, Nueva Vizcaya, Camarlnes Sur, Pangasinan, La Union, and Mountain Province* RESTRICTED - 24 - RESTRICTED The smaller ethnological groups of Christian Filipinos — whose habitats are indicated by their names — are the Bicols, living in the Bicol provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon in southern Luzon; the Pangasinans, Pampangans, and Zambalans, found mainly in Pangasinan, Fsmpanga, and Zambales Provinces in central Luzon; and finally, the Cagayans, whose principal habitat is the Cagayan valley in northern Luzon, Chief of the non-Christians are the Moros of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, who are the Mohammedans of the Philippines, The more populous provinces in Mindanao — Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu — constitute the strong- hold of the Moros, They are present in lesser numbers in Zamboanga and Davao, while some are also found in Palawan* Pagan tribes include Igorots, Xfugaos, and Kalingas — all of Malay origin — • about 40 percent of whom inhabit Mountain Province in northern Luzon, Smaller groups are scattered throughout the Islands, especially in Mindanao, These "wild men", among whom greater ethnic diversity exists than among Christian Malays, have been found to be very intelligent people and excellent fighters, Igorots especially having distinguished themselves during the Japanese invasion. The Negritos are believed to be remnants of Philippine aborigines who, dispossessed by invading Malays of the littoral and principal river valleys, survive only as remote hill tribes of northern i Luzon and the mountainous interiors of Mindanao, Palawan, Negros, Fanay, 1/ and Tahlas Islands, J7 Tab las is the largest of the islands forming Eomblon Province between Mindoro and Masbate, RESTRICTED 25 - KSS TRIG TED 4 . saA S&dalsm £ggglfig&ft « «* ®he Philippine® ar® divided into 49 provinces, 24 of which ar® in the island of Lumen,, 10 la the ¥i sayan Islands, and 9 la jd Mindanao, Six group* of smaller i eland® conetitute the remaining six province® of Batane®i «*« north of Luison **» and Mindoro , Marinduque e Ros&~ ■felon,, Palawan, and 3ulu, In the ©as© of coastal provinces, numerous V lying and adjacent islands are included within the provincial areas® She Polillo Islands in Lemon Bay, for example, ar# part of fayabae Province which is strong along the eastern coast of Luzon, and Catandnanee Island i# a sub-province of Alfeay 9 in the southern peninsular area of Luzon,, Similarly * Binagat Island and the Sta r git© and Buoas Island® ar© part of Surlga© Provinc© ©n the northeastern coast of Mindanao,, Mai^y other examples could he cite d a She provinces vary greatly in area from Bataneg, with ?4 squar® miles, to Cotafeato, with 9,620, and range in population from Batanes, where some 9, §00 people dwell ©n the rocky, wind-swept islands between Luzon and Taiwan, to C#bm with more than a million Inhabitants* Beading down the ®ap fro® north to south, the provinees of the Philippine®, with capital®, ar# as follows I (see table on pp. 26 and 27) RESTRICTED - 26 - i Province Capital "Rsti . - _ . _ l&sco ... 2.780 I locos Nort® . . Laoag 41,840 I locos Sur . . Yigan 20,940 7,« TT«< aw _ „ San Fernando ..... 23,360 Abra Bangued 15,290 Mountain Province . . . Bontoc ........... 14,280 Cagayan Tuguegarao ....... 27,640 I sabela I lagan 31,320 Nueva Ylzcaya t Bayorabong 12,140 Pangasinan Lingayen 30,650 1 na Iba „ . ............ 8,300 nPfiTifirt Tar lac ........... 55,680 TTiiavsi "B5a1 ■? _ Caban tuan 46,630 Pampanga San Fernando ..... 36,660 Bn la can . Msloloa .......... 33,380 Bataan Balanga 11,680 Hi sal Pasig 27,540 Cavite Cavite 38,250 Laguna . Santa Cruz 17,650 Bataagas Bantangas 49,160 f Pn , w'a'hfiH - Lucena * 21,670 Camarines Norte ...... Daet 20,070 Camarines Sur Naga 22,500 Albay . Legaspi 41,470 Sorsogon Sorsogon 22 , 100 Mindoro Calapan 17,160 MnrlnHnfhiA Boac » 21,000 Romblon Romblon 14,310 Palawan / Puerto Prince sa. . . 10,890 Viaayan nrovlag^: Ms obn +■>« Ma abate .......... 23,310 Samar Catbalogan 26,650 Lavfcft ... Tacloban 31,230 Capiz (Panay Island); Capiz 29,020 Antique w " San Jose 29,140 Iloilo M " Iloilo, City of .. 90,480 Negros Occidental . . . Bacolod, City of . 57,470 Negros Oriental t*0 e •••»•• • 22,240 Cebu* Cebu, City of .... 146,820 Bohol Tagbilaran 15,620 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED ~ 27 - Mindanao i Zamboanga. ....... , .. • • Zamboanga, City of .. .131,450 Misajaia Occidental.... Qroquieta ........... 21,520 Mi samis Oriental ..... Cagayan 48,080 Surigao .............. Surlga© 34,340 Agusan lutma .............. 18,290 Bukldnon ............. Malaybalay. 18,820 Danao Dans&Xan, 11,320 Cotabato Coiabato 10,170 Davao.. Davao, City of 95,550 Sulu Jol© .......... 12,570 - ®br©© provinces have Butorcnrlneas . The extensive Mountain Province in northern Luson is divided into Apsyao, Genguet, Bontoc, Xfugao, and Kalinga subprovinees, and the islands of Catanduanes and Suquijor are subprovinces of Albay and Hegros Oriental, respectively. Por purposes of local government provinces and subprovinces are divided into municipalities, municipal districts, and chartered cities, the aggregate area of which comprises the total area of the Philippines. On January 1, 1939 there war® 925 municipalities, 245 municipal districts, and 9 chartered cities. ]J MwtalTMllUltl and ■onlelual d istricts are divided into barrloa — 16,939 In all — 2J which are rural or semi-rural areas somewhat like townships in the United States. Many barrios have a center, or centers of population, in phys- cal respects somewhat similar to American villages. In most municipalities the rural population greatly outnumbers the urban, but each unit includes a princi- pal urban, or qua si -urban area, known as the nob la cion , in which is located the •presidencla . or "city hall." J J Census of 1939, Volume II, Summary. RESTRICTED - 28 Manila and Baguio have always bean chartered Cities each governed under a separata law 0 and for many years prior to 1936 a number of the larger munici- palities , most of which were also provincial capitals , sought to attain the status of cities* Under the Commonwealth seven of them — Baeolod (in Negros Occidental) , Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, Quezon City, Xl Zamboanga, and * a gay t ay (in Batangas) — were granted special charters by the National Assembly before the taking of the 1939 Census* Since that data three more cities have been created, S&n .Pablo in Laguna Province, Cavite, Cavite Province, an.d Dan sa lan, Lanao Province* jL / Quezon City, northeast of Manila, was planned as an outlet for th® over- crowded metropolis. Its area i® more than twice as great as that of the national capital, '§J Development of Tagaytay represented an effort to create a health and summer resort on a high plateau overlooking Lake Taal, southeast of Manila in Batangas Province, RESTRICTED RESTRICTED » - 29 - II. THE PEOPLE A. Population Statistics 1. Census Returns and Estimates The Census of January 1, 1939 reported the population of the Philippines as 16,000,303* Since then it has been variously estimated at from approxi- mately 17*000,000 to 18,000,000. The latest available official estimate of y the Commonwealth Government placed the total at 16,971,100 as of July 1, 1941* Both Census figures and the official estimates are shown below by provinces. Population of the Philippines Island in Estimated province which Located Census 1939 July 1. 1941 Abra Luzon 87,780 90,400 Agusan Mindanao 99,023 108,800 Albay Luzon 432,465 449,600 Antique Panay 199,414 206,600 Bataan Luzon 85,538 90,100 Batanes n 9,512 9,800 ► Batangas it 442,034 457,400 Bohol Bohol 491,606 512,400 Bukidnon Mindanao 57,561 61,600 Bulacan Luzon v 332,807 347,000 Cagayan Luzon 292,270 311,200 Camarines Norte n 98,324 106,200 C amarines Sur it 385,695 415,200 Capiz Panay 405,285 424,500 Cavite Luzon 238,581 252,500 Cebu Cebu 1,068,078 1,092,600 Cotabato Mindanao 298,935 320,900 Davao n 292,600 326,300 Uocos Norte Luzon 237,586 239,600 Iloc os Sur it 271,532 274,600 Iloilo Panay 744,022 785,100 Isabela Luzon 219,864 239,900 Laguna r 279,505 293,300 La Union n 207,701 210,900 Lanao Mindanao 243,437 269,400 n Journal of Philippine Statistics, July 1941 , Bureau of the Census and Statistics, Manila. .RESTRICTED m m s m m J© - Province Island in which Located Census 1939 Estimated July 1, 1941 Leyte Leyte 915,853 972,200 Manila 1 / Luzon 623 ,492 684,800 Marinduque Marinduque 81,768 86,100 Masbate Masbate 182,483 202,100 Mindoro Mindoro 131,569 U2,800 Misamis Occidental Mindanao 210,057 233,100 Mis amis Oriental ?! 213,821 229,700 Mountain Province Luzon 296,874 314,400 Negros Occidental Negros 824,65S 899,900 Negros Oriental n 394,680 416,800 Nueva Ecijs Luzon 416,762 451,900 Bueva Vizcaya n 78,505 85,800 Palawan Palawan 93,673 97,800 P&mpamga Luzon 375,281 395,800 Pangas inan n 741*475 768,500 Rizal 444,805 482 , $00 Homblon Romblon 99,367 105,300 Samar Samar 546,306 574,800 Sorsogon Luzon 247,653 259,500 Sulu Sulu 247*11? 259,800 Suriga© Mindanao 225,895 244,500 Tar lac Luzon 264,379 280,100 Tayabas !i 358,553 383,500 Zambales n 106,945 110,900 Zamboanga Mindanao 16,971^100 Total Philippines 16,000,303 Chartered Cities 4 * With the exception of Manila, the population cf Chartered [ties is included in figures for the respective provinces. As reported by the »nsus. (Volume II, page 59) population of the cities on January 1, 1939, was follows : The population of M an ila is not included witji that of Rizal Province in which the city is located. In statistical compilations of the Philippine government Manila is treated as a province. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 31 - Population of Chartered Cities Province in City which Located Census 1939 Bacolod Negros Occidental 57,474 Baguio Mountain Province 24,117 Cavite Cavite 38,254 Gebu Cebu 146,817 Dansalan Lanao 11,319 Davao Davao 95,546 Iloilo Iloilo 90,480 Quezon Riz&l 39,013 San Pablo Laguna 46,311 Tagaytay Batangas 1,657 Zamboanga Zamboanga 131,455 Municipalities . - Philippine municipalities and municipal districts are analogous to counties in the United States* As noted earlier there were 1170 municipal units 'in the Islands on January 1, 1939, three of which have since been made chartered cities. Of the 1167 remaining, only nine have as many as 50,000 inhabitants, according to the Census returns. Five of the nine sire in the Visayan Islands, which contain the most densely populated areas in the Philippines. Municipalities having a population of 25,000 or over are listed on page 32. Poblacions . - The Census does not list poblacions individually except under the separate reports for each province. As the latter fill four volumes it is impracticable to determine which poblacions are the most populous. The 1939 Census reported only 26 as having over 10,000 inhabitants, while 358 were listed as under 1,000 in size. Ninety-six had from 5,000 to 10,000 in- habitants, and by far the greatest number — 697 -- were in the 1,000 to 5,000 group. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 32 - Population la s£ 2m ffuQQQ Miiflicipalitv Province in which located Qqnsas ,1922 Ormoc Leyte 77,349 San Carlos Negros Occidental 69,990 Escalante si n 60,152 Tarlac Tarlac 55,682 Dulawan Cotabato 55,329 Pasay Rizal 55,161 Bago Negros Occidental 53,874 Sagay ft M 53,767 Quihnlngan Negros Oriental 53,582 Batangas Batangas 49,164 Cagayan Misamis Oriental 46 ,084 San Carlos Pangasinan 47,334 Cabanatuan Nueva Ecija 46 , 626 Pagadian Zamboanga 46 , 262 Tuburan Cebu 45,750 Lipa Batangas 45,175 Tangub Misamis Occidental 44,743 Isabela Negros Occidental 43,509 Baybay Leyte 42,526 Cadiz Negros Occidental 41,905 Laoag Ilocos Norte 41,842 Legaspi Albay 41,468 T&lisay Negros Occidental 40 , 547 Kolambugan Lanao 39,647 Silay Negros Occidental 39,483 Abuyog Leyte 39,111 Caloocan Rizal 38,820 Janiuay Iloilo 38,778 Cataingan Masbate 38,709 Galatrava Negros Occidental 38,695 Argao Cebu 37,331 Bauan Batangas 37,043 Misamis Misamis Occidental 36,313 Gar car Cebu 36,308 San Fernando Pampanga 35,662 Santa Barbara Iloilo 35,406 Katipunan Zamboanga 35,355 Itogan * Mountain Province 35,179 Toledo Cebu 34,413 Surigao Surigao 34,339 Santiago Isabela 34, 154 Rosario Batangas 34,130 * Municipal district RESTRICTED RESTRICTED « 33 - M UaMiMsg s£ te£ 21.Q0Q Municipality Province in which located Census 1939 Santa Cruz Davao 33,808 M&lasiqui Pangasinan 33,660 Makati Rizal 33,530 Burauen Leyt© 33,505 Opon Gebu 33,426 Mallo as Bulacan 33,384 Mal&feon Rizal 33,285 Sirtdangan Zamboanga 33,069 Pot© tan Iloilo 33,020 Cone® pci on Tarlac 32,702 Dagupan Pangasinan 32,602 C&lamba Langmm 32,363 Dipolog Zamboanga 31,-604 Balaraban Cebu 31,385 Hagan Isabela 31,323 Aroroy Masbate 31,289 Tacloban Lsytr 31,233 Iriga Caiaarines Sur 31,005 T«n jay Negros Oriental 30,979 Malita Davao 30,775 Lingayen Pangasinan 30,655 Miagao Iloilo 30,179 Milagros Masbate 30,171 San Isidro Leyt®> 30,063 Tabaco Albay 29,957 H&gonoy Bulacan 29,734 Daraga Albay 29,484 Nabua C* amarines Sur 29,433 Bulan Sorsogon 29,414 Kabankalan Negros Occidental 29,315 M&asin Leyt® 29,264 Siasi * Sulu 29,259 Barili Cebu 29,247 Lubao Pampanga 29,154 San Jo s® Antigua 29,140 Urdaneta Pangasinan 29,120 Palompoa Leyt© 29,120 Capiz Capiz 29,0a Loon Bohol 28,799 Dulag Leyte 28,693 * Municipal dietrict RESTRICTS? RESTRICTED - 34 - Population bv Municipalities of Over 25.000 Province in which located Cgngpp., 1232 San Jose Nueva Ecija 28,666 Hlmamaylan Negros Occidental 28,407 Danao Cebu 28,387 Basey Samar 28,296 Dapitan Zamboanga 28,295 Iligan Lanao 28,273 So god Leyte 28,222 Passi Iloilo 28,060 Ligao Albay 27,927 Luuk * Sulu 27,678 Guimba Nueva Ecija 27,681 Tuguegarao Cagayan 27,643 Pasig Rizal 27,5 a Bogo Cebu 27,517 Hinigaran Negros Occidental 27,438 Dalaguete Cebu 27,284 Tiaong Tayabas 27,179 Merida Leyte 26,794 San Miguel Bulacan 26,759 Catbalogan Samar 26,654 Quinobatan Albay 26, U 9 Aparri Cagayan 26,409 Tanauan Batangas 26,186 La Car lota Negros Occidental 26,084 Talibon Bohol 26,077 Angeles Pampanga 26,027 Hilongos Leyte 25,920 Naga Cebu 25,850 Camiling Tarlac 25,824 Jaro Iloilo 25,797 Calbayog Samar 25,786 Sariaya Tayabas 25,736 C a, nay an Negros Occidental 25,645 Manjuyod Negros Oriental 25,5^1 Bayambang Pangas inan 25,578 Palo Leyte 25,471 Asturias Cebu 25,468 * Municipal district RESTRICTED * 35 * z. Eatinfn s£ taariattaa Baste* la&snaat. SasamSAs* Tk© Japanese have announced several estimates of population, usually with reference to Manila, which city is said to be growing in size, ”keep- ing pace with its rapid economic and industrial progress. 11 In March 1943 a report from Manila gave the population as 94 - 0 , 000 , exclusive of 5,500 Japanese residents, and stated that Greater Manila, including incorporated suburban towns* had topped the Billion marie, exclusive of Axis and neutral nationals. Early in 1944 a Tokyo broadcast reported the population of Manila as between 1,300,000 and 1,500,000 or more than double the pre-war figure. In further explanation of the increase in Manila’ 3 population, it is said to be due to the desire of residents of rural districts to share the advantages of the ” neighborhood unit system in force in the city, which i/ aims at smooth distribution of commodities.” In August 1943 figures released by the Japanese, purportedly compiled by the Philippine Bureau of the Census, gave the population of the Islands as 17,910,800 of which 9,930,900 were males. \J Probably the Neighborhood Association, described in Section VIII of the Handbook on Commerce and Industry. I kbstbicieb » 36 - 3 . Coamsitjcm M iMaiMm Age . - The Philippine Census of 1939 reported the population by age groups as follows: Population By Age Groups Total Males Females Under 5 ...... 2,602,756 1 , 329,418 1,273,328 5 to 9 . 2,493,678 1,278,498 1,215,180 10 to 14 ..... 1,784,618 914,310 870,308 15 to. 19 1,657,112 800,402 856,710 20 to 24 ..... 1,523,997 759,711 764,286 25 to 29 1,343,726 660,540 683,186 30 to 34 917,160 454,491 462,669 35 to 39 868,854 446,076 422,778 606,293 300,619 305,674 45 to 49 ..... 571,030 301,995 269,035 50 to 59 727,747 362,124 365,623 60 to 69 ••••« 540,768 286,568 254,200 70 to 79 ..... 215,516 104,565 110,951 80 to 89 97,327 43,645 53,682 90 and over 49*71! 22.319. 27.412 16 , 000,303 8,065,281 7,935,022 Race. - The Census reported Philippine population by race as shown below: Population bv Race Groups Total Males Females Brown .•««».».. Yellow ........ White Negro 1 / ...... Negrito ••••.. Mixed 2/ Not reported •• Totals 15,753,637 141,311 19,300 173 28,984 50,519 J lZ2 16,000^303 7,905,222 107,093 11,112 127 15,384 25*86 8 475 8,065,281 7,853,415 34,718 8,188 46 13,600 24,651 4Q4 7,935,022 1 / The American negro. 2/ Persons were reported as mixed (mestizos) when parents belonged to different races. When one parent was mestizo — or both — persons were reported as belonging to whichever race predominated. Mestizos include mainly persons whose mother belongs to the brown race and whose father belongs to the yellow or white race • pESTMCTED. *a> GitizensM^* - The population by citizenship as of January 1, 1939 was reported as follows i Population by Citizenship ........a. ............. Foreign: Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,487 46,233 in Manila Japanese . ...... 29,057 17,388 in Davao 4*730 in Manila 1,188 in Mt. Prov. Americans . 8,709 3,191 in Manila 1,958 in Rizal Prov® 438 in Cavite 755 in Mt. Prov. Spanish 4,627 German ................ 1,149 British 1,053 Soviet 237 French 197 Nether land 168 Other 3,970 Total foreign ......... Total Philippines ..... - 15,833,649 166.654 16,000,303 Religion. - Religious groups were reported by the Census as shown below Population by Religions Roman Catholics 12,603,365 Aglipayans 1 / ....... ... 1,573,608 Protestants 378,361 Mohammedans 677,903 Buddhists 47,852 Shintoists 13,681 Other religions 67,157 Pagans 626,008 Religion not reported .. 12,368 Total 15^5 WJU5 Tf Members of the Independent Philippine Church (non-Roman Catholics). RESTRICTED •» m * 38 • Occupations * - The Census recorded 8, 466,490 persons engaged in gainful occupations. Reports were based upon th© occupation in which individuals were usually engaged* taking no account of possible part “t is© employment at other jobs. All occupations were classified into 11 mala groups* as tabulated below s r Population by Occupation Groups Occumtion Grout) Total Male SSSSSCo Female Agriculture •s®®®®^*®®©®®***® .3,456,370 2,981,551 474,819 Domestic and personal service 3,478.084 123,508 3,354,576 Professional service 103 , as 65,438 37*97? Public service (not elsewhere classified) 49,620 48,984 636 Pishing 180,569 175,8a 4,728 Forestry and hunting 26,820 24,903 1,917 Mining and quarrying ••••*••• 47,019 46,625 394 Manufacturing and mechanical industries ® ® « ® « © » ® ® ® © © « ® 601,335 333,976 267,359 Transportation and communica® tiOn e®®®*>«ecn«e«®*>®0'®«®©* 203,596 202,449 1,14? Clerical 48,899 44,904 3,995 Trad© « » ® ««•*»«* »«*... *»*©**» 270.766 IZL222 99.667 To'tfiiX 8,466,493 4,219,278 4,247,215 I msimm - 39 - S&feSii Characteristics 1* Family and Sex Philippine eosmmmity life Is strongly reliant on the family and village system typical ©f most agricultural areas in the East, particularly among Malay races. Family bonds are closely drawn and family ties fre- quently unite all blood relationships, the complete family unit taking on the proportions of a clan. Parental authority is thoroughly grounded in the social customs of the people, extending even to late in life. A man of 50 years treats his aged parents with marked respect and deference. The father, as head of the family, commands obedience from the children tut is not despotic. T The mother, although subject to the father* s rule, is not suppressed, fflliriflg S2il®S> on the other hand, exert great influence in the family unit, which, in fact, is a combination of patriarchal and matriarchal forms of family organization. Patriarchal influences of Oriental neighbors — notably the Chinese — ar© noted in the individual Filipino* s respect for family authority the subordination of interests to those of the elders. The matriarchal form, however, was highly developed in large tribal groups in Luzon in the pre-Spanish era, /and the position and power of women today —espec- ially among the Tagalogs — is traced chiefly to this culture, although the attitude toward women doubtless has been influenced also by the introduction of Catholicism at the beginning of the Spanish era. In no other part of the Orient have women relatively so much freedom, or so RESTRICTED ( RESTRICTED - 40 - large a part in control of the family or in social and business affairs. In all respects they are the social equals of men, and in both the priv- ileged and lower classes, are generally regarded as much more enterprising than Filipino men, Fampanga women especially are reputedly clever in business, and rarely does a Pampanga husband complete an important business transaction without the concurrence of his wife. Frequently the women is manager of the household, supervising the expenditure of all cash earned by any member of the family. Suffrage, was granted Filipino women in 1937, and a number have since exercised important leadership in antional affairs, while many others are similarly influential in provincial and municipal matters. Age of Majority . - Filipino men 21 years or over who are able to read and write any dialect or a foreign language, or who possess taxable property valued at 500 pesos ($250) or more, are permitted to vote. Women also must be 21* literate, and residents for at least one year in the Philippines and at least six months in the voting precinct. Monogamy . - When the Filipinos accepted Christianity they also accepted monogamy as the basis for family organization. The Bontoc and Lepanto Igorots also are monogamous, but the Moros, or Mohammedans, are polygamous. Among other non-Christian peoples polygamy may or may not be permitted, but its practice is often determined by economic rather than religious considerations. Divorce , - In keeping with the laws of the Catholic Church, Filipino Catholics are not granted divorce by the Church, The law of the Common- wealth allowed divorce only in case of adultery on the part of the wife, RESTRICTED RESTRICTED I —laBM—CWWH •' - 41 - or concubinage on the part of the husband, Philippine courts did not recognise divorces obtained in foreign countries. Among non-Christians, divorce was permitted but is r ere. In S/larch 1943 Mr, Jorge Vargas, then Chairman of the Executive Commission, and titular head of the Philippine government, issued Executive Order No, 141 providing a new divorce law. Eleven grounds for divorce were recognized by the order, which, according to broadcast® from Manila, was received by leading Filipinos with varying degrees of approbation— some purportedly referring to the new law as Japanese-inspired, and expressing the hope that the people "would not take advantage of the situation* n Prostitution * - Prostitution is not legalised,, and under Common- wealth law urban red-light districts were eliminated. Road houses and taverns on the outskirts of the larger cities, particularly Manila, are known, however, to have been used in certain instances as rendezvous for illicit purposes, 2. £&£S& mA Religion Church * Statp and Politics , « During 300 years of Spanish rule the Roman Catholic Church attained a strong position in Philippine social, educational and economic life and government, and it was not until the American regime that the Church was officially separated from the State, In the years which followed, the Catholic Church both contributed to and benefited by developments which took place in the Philippines, and in the main came to accept the American and modern Filipino concept of th© desired relation between Church and State, When the Commonwealth RESTRICTED « 42 « > Government was organized in 1935 > separation of Church and State was continued. In this connection, Dr* J„ Ralston Hayden, in his book, "The Philippines? A Study in National Government", has the following to says "Although there has always been a group in the Philip pin© Legislature who could be depended upon to support the view of the Archbishop when some subject of special Interest to the Church was at stake, as for example, its property rights or proposed di« vorce legislation, there has not been a clerical political party or any general political struggle in which the Church has been a party. " Religious Freedom * - The Constitution of the Commonwealth guaranteed freedom of religious belief and provided that "optional religious instruct* tion shall be maintained in the public schools as now authorized by law." The law (Section 929, Revised Administrative Coda) authorized the teaching of religion in public school buildings at specified periods, and after regular school hours, upon written request from parents desiring it. In all private schools the teaching of religion was not restricted by the State* Sects? Interrelation * flfiA 1/ ~ 0f H, 550,000 adherents to Christian faiths — reported by the Census of 1939 — 12, 600, OCX) were Roman Catholics, including the great masses of the people and a considerable portion of the upper, influential class. There are, however, other substantial religious groups, both Christian and non-Christian, at least two of which — the Aglipayanos and Protestants — exercise considerable ]J Information in this section is almost entirely from "The Philippines, A Study in National Development," by J. Ralston Hayden, 1942. RESTRICTED mmmm «* 43 m influence for their numbers « 2M IMitoJfii, Sta&b * whose Members are popularly known as Aglipay&noe — after Bishop Aglip&y, head of the organization until his death in 1940 — cams into being smm after American occu- pation of the Islands as a Manifestation of religious and political nationalism* Founders of the movement sought to replace Spanish friars with native secular priests, and to create a church having no organic ties with any foreign organization* Cut off from all authority of the Pope, and with an entirely Filipino clergy and hierarchy, it wad hoped this movement would give religious sanction to a cult of Philippine patriotism* It was this nationalistic sentlsaant which made possible the candidacy of Bishop Aglipay for president of the Commonwealth in 1935 and gave him 148,000 votes, or more than 14 percent of the number cast* With over 1,570,000 members, the church is strongest in the Xlocano region, but adherents are found in virtually every section of the archi- pelago* In areas where they are numerous the Aglipayanos play an important part in local as well as national polities]; their position in the Ilocano Provinces being roughly comparable with that of the Mormons in U tah. In theology the Philippine Independent Church is modernistic and ration- alistic, in contrast to the orthodoxy and mysticism of the Roman Catholic Church, but in its rituals and ceremonies it retains much of the pagentry so loved by the masses* The greatest strength of the Church, however, < lies in its appeal to nationalism. Patriotism is regarded as a religious act. In the opinion of Dr. Hayden, the Independent Church, in an acute struggle for political or social reforms* night develop into a,®© re vital element in Philippine life than it h&s been in the past, ©specially ^ in view of ‘the fact that a majority of its members are of the eoaon people * Protestant sects introduced during Am@rl.caB. occupation have exer- cised an influence out of all proportion to their membership, which in 1939 totaled 378,360* More than teachers and other Amercians, the Protest- ant missionaries came into close contact with the people, learning their languages and participating in all phases of their lives® With this hold upon the natives and with financial and moral support from the United State® , Protestant idssionaries became important auxiliaries to the governmental forces seeking to aid the Filipino© im developing a demo- cratic nation, Protestant denominations include Episcopalians, Methodists, Presby- terians, United Brethem, Congregationalists, Baptist®, Disciples of Christ, and Seventh Day Adventists* The Salvation Army and the Young Men's ©yvi Young Women's Christian Associations are also represented and the latter are especially active and liberal, including all denominations in their work® Most Protestant sects early became affiliated a® th# Philippine Federation of Evangelical Churches, under which definite assignments of territory were made and effort® pooled in maintaining such establishments as the Union Theological Seminary and Union College in Manila. The capital city was open territory, while in the provinces RESTRICTED msmm « 4^ " s! Methodist missionaries operated mainly north of Manila except in Main- tain Provinces, La Union, and the Xlocos, which were the responsibility of United Br&thern and Episcopalians* Baptists and Presbyterians are found chiefly in the -Visay&n Islands , and G ongr© gationali s ts and Episco- palians have done remarkable evangelical work in Mindanao, Kon-CSarletian Sects . - Chief of the non-Christian sects are the Mohammedans, numbering 678,000 and confined to Moro inhabitants in parts of MiManao, the Sulu Archipelago and Palawan, The pagan tribes of Mountain Provinces and other forest areas adhere to their own religious ritual® and superstitious beliefs, without interference from Christian Filipinos. The 1939 Census reported 626,000 as pagans and persons not belonging to any religious group, while about 50,000 Buddhists and 14,000 Shintoist® were recorded. The former were chiefly Chinese — although including some Japanese — and the latter, of course, entirely Japanese, Pridsts i Number Influence . » Filipinos are instinctively a deeply religious people, highly susceptible to that mystic relationship between religious leader and follower, and in no way could the Homan Catholic Church have more effectively increased its power for good In the country than by building up as it did, a well educated, vigorous clergy. In 1936 there were 936 parishes, in which the majority of parish priests md coadjutor® were Filipinos, The regular clergy — members of the religious orders, numbering several hundred — ■ are engaged in missionary, scientific, and educational work. As a group, the Philippine priesthood is sympathetic with Filipino needs and aspirations, and capable of assist- ing in their achievement, A/ i/ J, Ralston Hayden, cited, RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 46 «* Religious Conflicts . - Th© formation of the Independent Church and introduction of Protestantism in th© Philippines, on the whole, tended to develop healthy rivalry and competition, rather than religions conflict. Differences have arisen from tins® to time over the question of compulsory religious teaching in the public schools, and over the alleged abuses of tenants on the large estates of Spanish friars* Both problems, however, were attacked by the Commonwealth Government, and in the formr instance, at least, with & considerable degree of success. While there has always been a feeling of more or less hostility between individual Christian and non-Christian Filipinos, the official attitude is definitely one of tolerenc© and respect for non-Christian beliefs and customs. Conflicts which arise spring more from administrative frictions than from religious differences, j/ In fact, many individual members of the pagan tribes have professed Christianity and adopted the culture of lowland Filipinos. !&nd Owned by the Church . - At the time of American occupation of the Philippines, 425,000 acres of land were owned by Spanish friars of the Roman Catholic Church* The administration of the was the cause of much bitterness and tenant unrest, and the Commonwealth Government prior to the war had purchased 380,000 acres for subdivision and redis- tribution in the hope of solving the political and social problems caused * by the large estates* ' SeeHsection (9) Racial Conflicts and Pianr laiTi stlonff. RESTRICTED RESTRICTE D E ® 4 ? Besides the friar lands the Roman Catholic Church owns a substantial section of Manila * in which land can be acquired only by lease* About 90 percent of Malabang, a municipality of 33*000 inhabitants north of Manila in Rlzal Province s also is owned by the church* 12U4MS* * Many religious holidays are celebrated, in the Philippines , the days of Patron Saiate in every oojsummifcy being observed with fitting pagentry* Whole towns turn out to participate in street processions* festivals @sad church rituals* For the country as a whole the following days in the Catholic calendar wm observed as holidays® IffsMjte Mil iKld Sast-Qi^a * - For the great masses of Christian Filipinos weddings and funerals are in keeping with the rites of the Catholic Protestant efcrches* Throughout the provinces* where the RftHgiotta H olidays Jsssiary 1 January 6 February 2 March 19 March 25 Easter May 24 June 14 June 29 July 25 August 15 September 8 November 1 December $ December 25 December 30 Circumcision Epiphany Purification St* Joseph Annunciation Holy- Thursday ®M Good Friday Ascension Corpus Ghristi St* Peter and St, Paul St. James the Apostle Assumption Nativity of the Blessed Virgin All Saints Immaculate Conception Christmas St, Andrew the Apostle RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 48 - influence of custom is more strongly embedded, weddings are solemnized within the church, but in urban centers there has recently been an in- creasing tendency to call upon justices of the peace or other authorised civil agents to perform marriages, such ceremonies usually taking place in the officer's quarters. Whether performed within or without a church, all marriages must be registered with the government to be legal* Non-Christian peoples have their own weddings and fUner&l ceremonies, which are carried out in accordance with the beliefs and superstitions of the several tribes. Taboos . - Superstitious taboos are common among the non-Christian Filipinos', and remnants of pagan beliefs are still prevalent among the Christian peasantry. There is, for instance, the belief that to retire with wet hair may cause blindness, and the conviction that the floor should not be swept at night* A large percentage of the uneducated adhere firmly to the efficacy of charms and exorcisms, and physicians on occasion have had to pretend adherence to such beliefs in order to keep their practice. Stock £££ MU£4ga under &he Japanese* - Early in 1942 the Japanese announced that the spirit of the "Co-Prosperity Sphere" was in accord with Catholicism, and General Tanaka, then head of Japanese forces in Delegate Piani, to confer with him on religious problems. A similar invitation was extended about a year later. Orders issued in May and June, 1942, required the registration of all religious orders and the Islands, invited 24 Archbishops and Bishops, including Apostolic RESTRICTED special permission for religious organizations to collect or contributions for religious purposes* Im September of that year a religious bureau was set up in the military administration, under Lt* Col* Narisawa. About the same time religious ins tmetion in the schools was abolished by decree, but from time to time Catholic monks, nuns, and teachers are reported arriving from Japan to teach in Philippine schools. Late in 1942 the Japanese evangelist, Dr. Toyohimo Kagawa, reportedly visited the Islands to assist in the evangelistic campaign undertaken by the Federation of Evangelic al Churches. In March, 1943# the Commissioner of the Interior sent a manifesto to all clergymen urging them to combine the doctrine of cooperation with religion in their sermons, and in May the United Evangelical Church of the Philippines — probably the former Federation - passed a resolution pledging further cooperation with the Japanese administration. The organization, which is said to have "unified" 37 sects into 14, has reportedly been enlisted by the Japanese in a movement for a revival of Filipino culture. The Catholic Church, on the other hand, does not appear to be contributing to such a revival, although it is depleted as furthering friendly relations between Philippine and Japanese Catholics. The constitution of the new "Philippine Republic" Inaugurated in October 1943 contains a bill of rights which provides that the free en- joyment and practice of religious profession and worship without dis- crimination or preference shall not be curtailed. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED at 50 a» While the Japanese apparently have not attempted to fore© Shintoism or Buddhism 2 j upon the Filipinos, they sees*, to encourage Filipino partic- ipation in strictly Japanese rituals — such as the Xasukuni Shrine Festival^ and they call freely upon all churches to embrace, at least outwardly, ' whatever campaign or propaganda is expedient at the moment® They appear, moreover, to b© trying to develop Filipino nationalism into a sort of Church and State-sponsored cult, similar to Shintoism. A bishop of the Philippine Independent Church has declared in Manila, "Let patriotism be our guiding light, . ... let it become the political religion of the Filipino nation® 5 * Early in 1944 a circular letter was sent by the Vice Minister of the Interior to all church officials and heads of religious institutions, instigating them to explain to their flocks the basic "ideals, wisdom and philosophy” behind the five principles declared at the "Greater East Asia” conference in Tokyo in 1943 * Shortly thereafter Tokyo claimed that, In answer to the letter, leaders of all churches throughout the Islands had pledged themselves to "an all-out collaboration” in propagating the five principles. Clagg. - A relatively small percent-age of the Filipino people controls a very large proportion of the wealth and political power. The upper stratum of society, or so-called "ruling class,” is generally estimated at not over 5 percent of the total population, or about 800,000 peopl®, ]J Col. Carlos P 0 Romaic in his book ” I Saw the Fall of the Philippines,” states that delegations of Japanese Buddhist monks were brought to Manila soon after the arrival of the Japanese. He feels that , in view of the effectiveness of Japanese Buddhist monks as propagandists in Burma, it may be the plan to use similar tactics in the Philippines. 2 ../Religious ceremony in honor of war dead, RESTRICTED BBS1HI03KD - 51 - Numbered in this group are Spanish families of inherited wealth and marked prestige and influence f including the tobacco and sugar barons , and business magnates* Mr* Joaquin EXizalde, resident Philippine Commissioner in Washington and member of the Cabinet of the Philippine Government in Exile, Is of such a family* Spanish mestizos (mixed Malay and Spanish blood) — of which President Quezon is the most illustrious example — also hold positions of wealth and influence, as do likewise many of the / Chinese mestizos. Vice-President Oslsssna belongs to the latter class* The large group of Filipinos in whom there is some admixture of Chinese blood, although not by any means all of the upper class, is regarded as among the most capable and prosperous elements of the Filipino people* %e preponderance of both Chinese and Spanish mestizos in the upper class is striking! for practically all of the social, business and political leaders are of either Spanish-M&lay or Chines ©-Malay blood* Standards of living in the upper strata of Filipino society, whether metropolitan or provincial, are approximately as high as those of well- to-do Americans, though not entirely comparable. Many of this class, especially the large land-owning families, are genuine aristocrats. Independent economically, competent socially, imaginative, ambitious and politically adept, they dominate the social, business and political life of the country* Their children, usually educated in the more exclusive private schools, are then sent to one of the universities in the Phili- ppines or — before the war— to institutions of higher learning in the United States or Europe* RESTRICTED n«i*Mni «* i *»^‘j"— • *— n—M— — «■ « The following summary is based largely upon Dr. Hayden* s illuminating discussion of subversive movements in the pre-war Philippines, contained in Chapter X? of his book, cited. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 55 - with a constitution and by-laws, In their campaigning and public meetings the 1 waders struck at the very heart of agrarian unrest. They promised that, if placed in power "by the voters in the national election of June 1934, they would abolish all unfair taxation and effect a more even distri- bution of property, forcing a division of the large friar lands among peasant farmers. Visiting personally the lowliest citizens, Sakdal organizers nourished the seeds of discontent. Listening to complaints of burdensome taxation and usurious interest rates, they pledged them- selves to freeing the "unrepresented minority® from political ®bosses, ® who, they Claimed, were selfishly exploiting the masses. Bitter attacks were launched upon the ruling party, its leaders and policies. Mr. Quezon especially was the target of personal as well as more formal criticism* Sakdal propaganda, however, was not confined to the easily swayed taos. A more rational program with greater emphasis upon nationalistic patriotism, and promising "independence® by the end of 1935, was directed to more intelligent and prosperous individuals. In the 1934 elections the Sakdalistas won three seats in the House of Representatives, one provincial goveraship and many local offices. The Quezon victory, however, was conclusive and left no doubt that old line i political leaders would continue at the helm. The Commonwealth constitution was approved by the President of the United States in March of the following year, and it was a foregone conclusion that It would be accepted by the Eilipino people at the plebiscite set for May 14, 1935. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 56 - On the night of May 2, loss than two weeks before the scheduled voting, th* Sakdalistas staged their revolt* Partially armed mobs attacked at least 14 toms in central Luzon, succeeding in three manic i*» p&lities in captaring government buildings* Although not without blood™ shed on both sides, complete control by constabulary forces was quickly established* The exact number of participants in the uprising is not known, but it is believed that between 5*000 and 7,000 men and women took . part. The Philippine Constabulary estimated that 68,000 persons w®r© member® of 'the Sakdal Party at that time. While motives springing from dlsgruntlement and revenge doubtless played a part in the founding of the Sakdal party — as similar movements may get their start, anywhere — -the secret organization was launched at an opportune moment in. Philippine history. On the eve of the establish- ment of a new Government, many of the inarticulate masses were easily convinced that leaders of the forthcoming regime — the same who had held the reins in the past — had little interest in the lot of the Qommon maxi and probably would display no greater interest in the future* Possessing genuine grievances and in real need of governmental reform, thes* people were not merely ready prey of political agitators ; they demonstrated their willingness to fight for what they conceived to be their rights and their country* s welfare. # The veil ©f secrecy which surrounded the uprising was never entirely lifted, although a thorough investigation was mad© by government author- N ities* The investigators found no evidence of communism or radical socialism. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED “ 57 - It was thought that Sakdal leaders may have acted upon orders transmitted from Tokyo by Benigno Ramos who was in Japan at the time, "making arrange- ments for assistance in arms and men to arrive on the morning of May 3» M according to the testimony of participants in the revolt, although the Philippines was flooded with printed propaganda from Japan, there was no indication that any agent of the Japanese government encouraged or sanctioned the expectation that Japan would come to the assistance of Filipino rebels. In its implications the uprising caused widespread uneasiness among responsible Filipino officials, who recognized the fundamental economic and political factors at its root, and certain features of the "social justice" program inaugurated in the early years of the Commonwealth were designed to correct some of the evils denounced by the Sakdaiistas. Initial steps in this direction were the purchase of most of the friar estates for subdivision and redistribution to tenant farmers, and the establishment of an Anti-usuiy Board for the control of cacique abuses. Following its major defeat little was heard from the Sakdal party until the campaign in 1939 and 1940 for amendments to the Constitution permitting a bicameral legislature and two terms of office for the i President. The rejuvenated Sakdal party, then known as the Ganap, opposed both amendments. The Sakdaiistas, however, were not again effectively organized, and under Japanese occupation, as is later noted, all former political parties, as such, have been abolished. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 58 - Youth Organizations* - The Young Philippines Party was one of several minority political parties which attempted to oppose the Nacionalista party of President Quezon in the early years of the Commonwealth, Center- ing about a group of young professional and intellectual leaders, the party was only the beginning of a national youth political organization, and did not before the war exert much influence outside of Manila, «, In 1937 the Young Philippines secured one seat on the Manila Municipal Board, electing the first woman councillor, Miss Carmen Pl&nas® The following year, in a commendable attempt -to provide the country with a strong op- position party for the election of National Assemblymen, Young' Philippines joined with the Popular Front and other minority parties to form Allied Minorities. Preserve the Constitution Youth League was an organization of students of the College of Law, University of the Philippines, which was active in 1940. The group opposed an amendment to the Constitution providing for a bicameral, Congress in place of the unicameral National Assembly as established under the Constitution of the Commonwealth* The amendment, however, was approved by the President of the United States in December 1940, and the first Philippine Congress was to have convened on December 31, 1941 • The Civil Liberty League, an organisation of young, educated Filipinos advocating protection of the rights of Filipino citizens, with special emphasis on freedom of speech and the press, was very active during the Commonwealth. It was a civic rather than political organization. The RESTRICTE D RESTRICTED - 59 - Young hen* a and Young Women 8 s Christia n Associations played important parts in the social and welfare life of the country’s young people. A Boy Scouts movement was introduced into the Philippines as a part of the organization in the United States, while another boys* group, known as the Pioneers, was organized for similar purposes* Fraternal Qro-puiy.flti.ons . - Philippine civic and fraternal organizations are patterned largely after the parent or world organization, exercising similar functions and influence. Chief of such groups are the Rotary Clubs, the Knights of Columbus, and the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines. Masonry is very strong in the Islands, many of the country’s most prominent leaders being ranking masons. President Quezon himself was a mason before he became a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. Many liberal Catholics, moreover, are masons, including several members of the Philippine Supreme Court, a number of other leading government officials, and many university professors. A National Federation of "Women’s Clubs has affiliated organizations throughout the country, with emphasis on civic rather than social activities and there are in Manila a number of fraternal groups among scientific, professional and educational men and women. Such organizations include the Philippine Scientific Society and the Medico-Pharmaceutical Association, the Philippine Bar Association, and the Engineers* , Nurses 9 , and Teachers* Associations. While all have headquarters in the nation’s capital, many of their members live in the provinces. RESTRICTED « 60 - Se&M, - Non-Christian Filipinos, as indicated ea&lier, adhere to their own individual customs and have their own tribal organisations . Although significant in the locale involved, none of these groups is comparable in influence or importance to the organisations, quaei«publie or private, of Christian Filipinos, who comprise 90 percent of the total population, Ua&m jftg Japanese, - The Japanese abolished all former political parties in the Philippine®, uniting both public and private organisations, except the Bad Cross and religious sects, into th e Ham Bacons tructiq^ Sgrvj^e Pcrua. popularly known as the Kalibap i. This organisation appears to be a reproduction of Japan*® IEAA (Imperial Bale Assistance Association). Established December 8, 1942, it is nation- wide in scope, and more recently a women*® auxiliary and a young people® branch, or Junior Kalibapi , have been organised* In December 1943, Mr. Carailo Osias, Director of tjj® Kalibapi s ilaiawi a membership of 791,980, exclusive of the women* s and youth branches. The greatest number — 460,000 — were in Manila, and Cotobat© Province boasted the highest provincial membership. A total membership in 1944 of at least 20 percent of the country* s adult population, or some 3,600,000 persons, is the announced aim of the Director. The women* s auxiliary is said to include 108,000 members, all of whom are reportedly actively engaged in charity end welfare work. The auxiliary was created to widen the scope of service undertaken by the Kalibapi and to exert an indirect influence over the youth of the land. RESTRICTED - 61 - Functions of the Kalibapi . from its inception rather loosely defined, appear to be all-inclusive, with special emphasis on cooperation with Japan in the i preparation of Filipinos for the responsibilities of an independent State,, In recent broadcasts from Manila and Tokyo greater attention has been given to educational and cultural aspects of the organisation* At the same time a . 1 ^ 1 definite program of "dynamic Filipini nation' 1 * has been launched, and members are urged to adopt the motto "Live the Riz&l Way.” Under the Kalibapi Youth Movement four training centers have reportedly been opened to boys and girls from 16 to 18 whose parents are not able to send them to school. The launching of Youth Movements in community centers throughout the pro- vinces is frequently announced. Boys and girls from 15 to 25 are enlisted for reportedly voluntary services in the food production drive, in public welfare work and in fh© maintenance of peace and order. Emphasis is also laid on re- > viving Filipino literature and propagating Tagalog as the national language. Although not always so stated, it would appear that such movements are under the auspices of the Kalibapi Junior. A striking example of quasi -public organisation ar© the Neighborhood As- sociations introduced by the Japanese. Organized on the basis of small groups of from 10 to 15 families, to ”, further the principle of collective action for the common good,” the associations appear to be the chief medium of commodity distribution, while functioning at th© same time virtually as a secret police. Citizens are made collectively responsible for keeping the peace in their vicinity, arid a rigid system of fines is provided for so-called "illegal actions” on the part of individuals or groups. Officers cannot be government officials or employees, but are picked men with a sense of duty to the State. restricted RESTRICTED ** 62 — Neighborhood groups are members of district associations, which are under supervision of the provincial governor* although it has been implied that the Kalibapi may take over direction* In August 1943 a membership of 9,000,000 Filipinos (1,711,350 families) in 98,455 neighborhood units and 11,600 district associations was announced, and in November of that year Manila claimed that over 14,000,000 of the 16,000,000 Filipinos belonged to neighborhood associations established through- out the entire island of Luzon, in most of the Visayas, and parts of Mindanao, Complaints, however, have been received from time to time in Manila regarding "arbitrary acts" of neighborhood officials, especially with reference to dis- I tri button, and Japanese broadcasts refer to frequent drives for membership. Finally it was announced that ration cards for food and other daily necessi- ties would be denied those who refused to enlist. Reports received early in 1944 indicated that permission to travel and opportunities for employment hinged upon registration of the individual in his neighborhood association. While detailed information regarding it is naturally lacking, the under - ground operates in Manila and vicinity as in other occupied countries and guerrilla forces continue active. Secret short wave radio reception, although made difficult by Japanese jamming and winter static, is maintained to a certain extent, and by means of "bamboo telegraph" information of value to under- ground workers and to Filipino citizens at large receives wide circulation. Guerrilla forces have been especially active in Camarines Norte and Mountain Provinces in Luzon, apd in Panay, Negros, Leyte and Cebu in the Visayas, In the latter Islands they have most effectively interf erred with transportation and hampered the operation of provincial governments under Japanese control. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 63 - 5. Outstanding Qualities and Habits General , - Filipinos in general are affable, hospitable, and courteous. They possess dignity and self-respect and are by nature orderly and law- abiding | but — as usual in lands where nature provides bountifully — are not much interested in work for work 1 a sake, nor in putting something aside for a rainy day. They love life and are fond of the arts, and many i . v are exceptionally deft in trades requiring manual dexterity. Accordingly, Filipinos have never shown any special adaptability for commerce or industry, 'being content on th© whole to leave these enter- prises to the Chinese, or to Europeans and Americans* ’There is, however, X a genuine desire for education, and many Filipinos who have held important judicial, executive and educational positions would be a credit to the inhabitants of any country. Among the masses, on the other hand, ignorance and superstition persist to a large degree. The Census of 1939 reported literacy for the country as a whole at 48,8 percent, on the basis of 10,903,880 persons of 10 years and over. Most employers* particularly on large plantations, regard Filipinos as .reasonably good workmen, although physically they are less able than laborers in colder climates* They are readily led by those who under- stand them, but lack initiative and sound jiidgment. Except when hardly oppressed and aroused by the mob instinct, they show great respect for constituted authority. Even before the recent tragic crisis they had demonstrated that they make good soldiers .... e.g,, their resistance to American occupation, Ra cial Peculiarities , - Tagalogs are the dominating Filipino people. restricted .RESTRICTED laiii r# m -~-p ■ — — - '■■■ - 64 - more aggressive and self-reliant than most other types and considerably more numerous than ary except the Yigayans* The latter are comparatively docile and essentially law-abiding® The Xlocanos — much fewer in number — are generally regarded as superior to most Filipino $ in stamina and above them all in industry* Peoples in the Bicol region ar© also comparatively energetic and capable, while the Cagayans as a whole are notoriously Xaay, although there are individual exceptions® Among ncn-Ohristian peoples the Mores are outstanding as a proud# stubborn race# while the mountain pagans ar© of primitive, virile stock:® 2J Use of Alcohol , Narcotics and Tobacco * - Lowland Jilipinos drink in moderation and seldom become intoxicated# unless on special family or social gatherings when, they are prone to squander their all in food and drink* Most native-made alcoholic beverages# however# are comparatively mild* Non* Christian, tribes never lose an opportunity to get drunk on whisky when, they can get it, and laws have been enacted making it dif- ficult for strong liquor to be obtained in the mountain territories* The use of opium was introduced by the Chinese* but Filipinos have not taken to it; nor have they become addicted to other drugs. Tobacco smoking is general, except among young girls# and cigarettes are manu- factured locally and were imported before the war in considerable quantities American cigarettes were increasing greatly in popularity among those who could afford them* Young Filipino men as a rule smoked imported cigarettes, the older men locally made cigarettes, cigars and rolled tobacco Tobacco chewing is also fairly general, the tobacco being usually mixed with are Canute, betel leaf and lime* 1 / See: The Land, 1*3*3. for locale of various races® RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 65 - Gambling . - Authorities agree that Filipinos are born gamblers. Even the poorest will borrow money on almost any terms, if necessary, in order to gamble. Often naive about his ability to repay debts thus incurred, the hapless tao falls into the power of cacique money lenders, with little hope thereafter of escape from debt servitude. Gambling is not limited to Filipino mens women indulge at cards and men add to the hazards of cards and dice those of the cockpits and sweep- stakes. A national lottery for securing government revenue was a feature of public finance under the Spanish regime, and the sweepstakes represent a modern revival of the scheme. Sports and Mtert^inments . - Many of the amusements and sports ©f both Spain and the United States are popular throughout the Philippines, but the chief source of entertainment is cock-fighting. Love of the sport, so closely allied with the Filipino® s inveterate gambling instinct, has be- come what might b© called M the national vice. M It lias been said that a majority of the natives in Manila breed game cocks. The Government de- mands that the spectacles take place in public cockpits on feast days, and a portion of the admission fee goes to the federal treasury. Baseball, tennis and other forms of outdoor recreation were introduced by American teachers and became a permanent policy of the Philippine Bureau of Education. To a certain extent athletics have successfully competed with the cock-fight. Filipinos have participated in the Far Eastern and »«orld Olympic Games, while polo and golf are played by the well-to-do and movies are popular. Domestic films were especially in RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 66 - de wand in the provinces before the war, and imported films were featured in Manila. National Holidays . - Pre-war legal holidays included the followings Certain foreign holidays, such as the Chinese New Tear (usually in February), the British King* s birthday, Bastile Day (July 14), etc., were observed by the racial communities interested although they were not legal holidays. Observance q £. Holidays Under the Japanese ., - In February 1943 the observance of all legal holidays except Sunday was suspended until further notice by Executive Order No* 7* The following month, Jorge B. Vargas, then Chairman of the Executive Commission, proclaimed in Executive Order No. 20 dates which were to be observed as legal holidays as shown below % Legal Holidays in the Philippines January 1 February 22 Easter May 1 May 30 July 4 August 13 June 4 November November 30 December 25 December 30 New Year Day Washington’ s birthday Holy Thursday and Good Friday Labor Day Memorial Day Independence Day Occupation Day Election Day (every 4 years) Thanksgiving Day Bonifacio Day Christmas Rizal Day January 1 New Year Day Empire or Foundation Day Holy Thursday and Good Friday Emperor’s Birthday Meiji-setu National Heroes Day Christmas Rizal Day February 11 Easter April 29 November 3 November 30 December 25 December 30 Sundays RESTRICTED marEtanpa gi a r.m — no «nn R ESTRICTED «n «• From time to time other special holidays are announced by the Japanese authorities in Manila, such as May 18, 1942 when, by Executive Order No, 37, officials, employees, laborers and other elements of the coMironity were given the opportunity to join the parades and celebrations commemorating the n re turn to normalcy of the country after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor.® 1 December 8 has been celebrated as M Greater East Asia Day,” and Philippine ^in- dependence 1 * was marked by a four-day holiday beginning October 14? 1943. Popular Events « - The great annual festival in the Philippines before / the war was the Manila Carnival held in connection with the Philippine Exposition and Commercial and Industrial Fair, Prior to 1940, in which year it was considered inadvisable because of world conditions to undertake the project, the fair and carnival took place on Wallace Field in the Iiuneta, Manila, every February, lasting about 15 or 16 days. In recent years attendance averaged around 500,000, Plans for the fair were again cancelled in 1941? and so far as information is available, the Japanese have not attempted a revival. Many festival events took place annually throughout the provinces, usually in the capitals, when fairs and carnivals were held in celebration of Patron Saints Days, generally in connection with religious observance of the same holidays, Japanese Attitude Toward Entertainment , • In the early part of Jap- anes© occupation much stress was laid by the invaders on the importance of eschewing all so-called frivolities, A curfew was imposed and licenses were not given to reopen places of amusement, such as race tracks, cock- pits, cabarets, and the jai alai auditorium. Motion picture houses, on RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 68 « the other hand — supplied with Japanese newsreels a&d propaganda films— were permitted to reopen at lowered entrance prices * By late 1942, however, many prohibitive measures were rescinded. Night clubs and dance halls reopened and the ban on horse racing, boxing and cockfighting was lifted. In September 1943, the curfew was extended to 2 a,m«, with a warning to residents that the revision was not to encourage M strolling around late at night, " and a reminder that stores and amusement centers were still to close at 11 p.m* except on Sundays and holidays. In the realm of sports, jujitsu has been introduced by the Japanese, ^ut the former sports are still popular, if statements from Tokyo claim® ing widespread participation by the Filipino populace in baseball, basketball, football, bowling, tennis, track, golf and swimming, are correct. In the so-called “Government Employees 8 Trai ni ng Institute” in Manila, the trainees are said to participate in physical drills ** similar to those which the Japanese army found best for its soldiers." To promote cultural relations between Japan and the Philippines, the Watashi Kai, or "Spiritual Bridging Society between Filipinos and Japanese," was 'formed in April 1943 and, according to radio announcements, a Japan Cultural Institute was opened in the Heacock Building, Manila, in July of that year. Early in 1944 a Bureau of Oriental Culture reportedly was created under the Philippine Ministry of Education to intensify re- search into old Filipino customs. The aim, it was stated, was not "entirely to eschew Western influence, but to put greater emphasis on the Philippines ) / and things Oriental." RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 69 - 6. General Living Conditions Living conditions and standards of Christian Filipinos are civilized, even where not too highly developed* Among the hill peoples, particularly in sections of Mindanao and the mountainous areas surrounding the Cagayan valley in northern Luzon, primitive customs such as head hunting and tree dwelling persist, but even in the noii -Christian provinces many tribes are quit© as civilized as their Christian neighbors. Mountain rie© terraces of the Igorots testify to remarkable engineering ability, not usually associated with "primitive 58 peoples. Ggngr&l Isilli o£ Subsistence . - In a survey of standards of living mad® in 1935 by the Department of Labor and the University of the Philip- pines, a good many laborers were found to be undernourished, particularly in the over-crowded sections of Manila. As a predominately agricultural country, however, the Philippine© lack extensive over-crowded industrial canters outside Manila, and in the tropical climate essential shelter and clothing requirements are comparatively light, while food is more readily available to the masses than in rigorous climates or highly in- dustrialized nations. Under the Commonwealth Government, taxation was relatively low, and a minimum wage law, although not strictly enforced in all instances, operated for the protection of labor. i/ In the strong \ family system which prevails, even distant relatives in distress are generally cared for within the family group, and much hardship thus averted. 2/ The minimum wag© established by law was one peso ($0.50) a day. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 70 - la view of the factors outlined above, the general level of sub- > sistence in the Philippines before the war was relatively high when compared with that prevailing in neighboring areas. Except in times of crop failure or similar calamity, and when over-turdened with debt, the average peasant led a simple, carefree existence. Although the subsistence level of the oppressed tao naturally was low, for Filipinos as a whole the living standard was regarded as well above the average for the great masses of Oriental peoples. Types of Houses . - Homes of Filipinos range from one to two room nipa and bamboo huts of the masses to the palatial structures of rein- forced concrete owned by the few very well-to-do. The former, of course, predominate throughout the country side, where ample materials ready at hand are used by the Filipino youth to build his own home. Posts, beams, rafter and sides are made of bamboo, and fronds of nipa palms or cogon * grass furnish the thatched roof. As all parts are tied and bound with rattan or bamboo strips, there is no need of nails. Such a house usually stands on posts well above the ground. Although typical of rural districts, nipa huts also are found in the more crowded native sections of Manila, 1/ while on the other hand, palatial homes are not confined to the metropolitan area. Many provincial districts, such as the rich sugar centers of Iloilo and Negros Occidental, 2t/ The principal native area in Manila is in the Tondo district, north of the Port Area and commonly called Manila's slums. Crowded with thatched# roofed nipa huts, it presents a potential fire hazard and for this reason building regulations for a number of years have prohibited the erection of additional thatched-roofed structures in Tondo. In less numbers, native huts also are found in Santa Ana and other districts on the outskirts of Manila. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 71 - boast elaborate residences owned by wealthy planters « Between the two extremes are the homes of middle-class Filipinos — th© so-called “mestizo” houses, and the more modern concrete or stone structures somewhat on the “Spanish” style of small Western houses „ Residences of the latter type surround the public squares of ©very large town, while the former are common in municipal capitals and in scattered rural areas* Considerably V. more substantial than the nipa hut, the “mestizo” house may have a tUdd t ■■ or corrugated iron roof, and its floor and walls be of wood* A fence of bamboo usually surrounds such a dwelling* Less prevalent types of houses reflect the impact of foreign cultures. In Lanao Province, Mindanao, wooden houses have curved roofs typical of Chinese architecture, and boat-shaped houses resemble Chinese junks, Spanish influence is found in wooden houses built on high walls of brick or adobe stone and usually covered with a tile roof. Scattered bungalows in suburban areas testify to American influence on home building. Adaptation of foreign ideas, however, is not the rule, and the nipa hut suited to climate, the people’s customs and habits remains the typical Filipino home. Dietary Habits * - Rice is by and large the natives' staff of life. Unless replaced at breakfast by bread (when that can be afforded) it is generally eaten three times a day. On the basis of 1939 Census figures, it is probable that rice is the principal food for 11 or 12 million people, or 75 percent of the population. Corn is preferred to rice by about 3,000,000 living chiefly in the Visayan Islands. Domestic production of corn averaged RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 72 - 490,000 metric tons in the five years before the war, while the average rice crop totaled 1,500,000 tons. In years of crop shortages, com was imported from the Netherlands Indies. The two rice -producing countries Indochina and Thailand supplied the Philippines, although in normal seasons rice imports seldom exceeded two or three percent of total con- sumption. Giving place only to rice in the Filipino's diet is fish* With hundreds of species available for the catching, fishing is vocation or avocation of thousands of individuals. Milk fish, or bangos, raised chiefly in ponds on the island of Luzon, account for about a third of the ^rmnal catch and are considered the most important fish in the native diet, especially in Manila. Rice fields yield quantities of mud fish in the rainy season, and these are usually retained by the farmer Cor his own use. Native ''bagoong," a fermented preparation of salted fish, similar to the K nuoc mam” of the Asiatic mainland, is as common in the Philippines as in other Malayan tropics. Although the Islands are among the world's largest producers, con- sumption of the coconut as a foodstuff was much less general, before the war, than in most cocoanut countries. Tropical fruits — notably bananas, mangoes, jack-fruit, papayas, and durians — abound in practic- ally every province and form an important part of the native dietary, while a variety of vegetables, including cabbage, sweet potatoes, onions, beans and tom toes, are supplementary items. RESTRICTED ) RESTRICTED - 73 - Although the Filipinos , in common with tropical peoples generally, are not large flesh eaters, most native families own a few chickens, the typical household having one or two fighting cocks and a few hens for eggs and meat. Hogs also are widely distributed, the greatest concentration being in Cebu, i Leyte and Pangas inan Provinces, "Lech on,” or roast suckling pig, is a favorite Filipino delicacy. Goats — numbering only about 300,000 compared with over 3,000,000 hogs, as reported by the 1939 census — are used for both milk and meat. Carabaos, while chiefly a work animal, also furnish some milk, and when their working days are over, are slaughtered for food. Cattle are raised mainly for beef, and horses, although used chiefly for light draft and riding, are slaughtered to a limited extent. Somewhat over 1,000,000 cattle were reported in the 1939 census and about 250,000 horses. Exclusive of poultry, a total of 69,578,000 kilograms (153,350,000 pounds) of meat, dressed weight, was produced by Philippine abbatoirs in 1937, the latest year for which information is available. This would indicate an annual per capita meat consumption of about 9.5 pounds. Red meat, however, is too great a luxury for the average Filipino. As he rose in the economic and social scale, the native might expand his daily menu even to include imported food products such as wheat flour, canned milk and canned sardines — but no items were comparable before the war to rice and fish in the Filipino diet. Living Conditions Under the Japanese . As gleaned from Manila and Tokyo broadcasts, information relative to present living conditions in the Philip- pines is incomplete and conflicting. There is nothing to indicate, however, that anything approaching prosperity has come to this section of the w Go- RESTRICTSD RESTRICTED - 74 - Prosperity Sphere. - Early in their administration the Japanese reduced wages of day laborers from the previously established minimum of 1 peso a day to about 40 centavos (from 50 to 20 cents)* and all government salaries 1 • were slashed on an average of 50 percent. With the rapid increase in living cost 8 which followed* the Japanese were forced to modify this policy* and in July 1943 a new order permitted increases in wages of unskilled labor and the lower-paid government employees. Early in 1944 President Laurel created a board to study government salaries with a view to effecting a » more equitable salary scale. Unemployment in Manila admittedly has been very serious® although r@<*> lieved to some extent by the employment of idle workers in public and military projects, and the enlistment of many discharged soldiers in the constabulary. In recent months residents of Manila appear to be return- ing in greater numbers to their tribal or village homes in the provinces* thus affording additional relief to the employment situation. There is rationing of food and clothing, and notwithstanding constant pressure from the authorities to make the country self-sufficient in all prime necessities, especially foodstuffs, shortages continue. Price ' ' 1 control measures appear to be largely ineffective, while living costs soar. Hoarding, profiteering, black market operations and graft are all cited as contributing to the general demoralization of living conditions* while restricted transportation and production facilities — both of which have been adjusted to Japanese rather than Filipino needs — are further causes of lower living standards. The new "Republic” ij is threatened U The independant Philippine "Republic" was inaugurated October""* 14, 1943. RESTRICTED KSSTRIoTKD , “ 75 - witk "serious inflation,’' according tc^ broadcasts late in 1943 via the controlled Manila radio, and responsible officials are urged to take prompt and effective measures to avoid "economic collapse in the country". In the words of a recent commentators "The main problem today is not how to live but how to exist. This is what is happening to our middle class people, and what the condition of the poor people is is not difficult to imagine . " 7 • Attitude .Toward the War and the United States Official Attitude „ - The Philippine Government in Exile, consisting of tne President of the Commonwealth and certain other former Commonwealth officials, with headquarters in Washington, D. C., is an accredited member of the United Nations. Tne Philippine Commonwealth is duly represented on all interna. tional conferences and organizations of the United Nations. In the puppet government set up by the Japanese there are a few officials who, it is believed, may be sincere in their cooperation with the enemy invaders. They are doubtless for the most part men either known to have had connections with Japan before the war -— such as the lawyer Pio Duran who has been very active in organizing the Kalibapi — or men who had given expression before the war to pro- Japanese sentiments, as in the case of the puppet President, Jose Laurel. There are, too, as in any country, self-seeking opportunists who as politicians or business men l may willingly go along with Japan at least until the tide turns. On the whole, however, officials of the puppet government -- in most cases the same men who held similar positions in the Commonwealth — BBSTKICTED RESTRICTS) ~ 76 - are helleyed to America to be outwardly cooperating with the Japanese and urging their people to do so in order to facilitate as far as possible the smooth functioning of government and business affairs. It is under- stood that strong pressure by argument and threat has been brought to bear upon the present Filipino leaders and their families, and that they hope by acquiescing to lighten the immediate burden upon the masses of their people, minimise punishment for non-cooperation, and avert a possible premature uprising against the Japanese. Unofficial attitu de. - Among the people themselves, the nail -starved, illiterate and normally discontented Filipino jsffi - the typical "OBderdog"- may readily cooperate with the Japanese in the belief that a change in "overlords" will bring surcease from his unhappy lot. At the tame oi the invasion unconfirmed press reports indicated that remnants of the Safedalistas, or Ganaps, may have tried to aid Japanese entry into Bfenxxa. Remnants of that secret organisation, however - primarily rural residents — have long been under constabulary surveillance, and it does not seem likely that they could have been sufficiently organized to render material assistance. Their original leader, Benigno Bamos, was not released from prison by the Japanese until after the fall of Manila* By and large, Filipinos - believed loyal to the Commonwealth Govern- ment as formerly constituted ~ probably follow the new government because they are called on to, in many instances, by men who were their leaders RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 77 - in the old* Notwithstanding the logic of the Japanese appeal Japanese propaganda is believed to have failed almost totally to win them over, primarily because of brutality and the us® of force, at least in the earlier stages when the die was cast. The Japanese, moreover, by their unwillingness to allow opposing arguments to be heard laid themselves open to suspicion in a country where freedom of speech has been the accepted rule for two generations. There are indications that in many instances Filipinos have not yet returned from the hills, to which they fled at the beginning of the invasion, while in other instances they appear to be putting up stiff resistance to Japanese authorities. In connection with their cotton- planting program on the island of Negros, the Japanese in mid -1943 en- countered not only hostile looks and acts, but bloodshed. In certain places cultivation could be carried out only under the protection of armed guards , Meanwhile , by their own admission, the Japanese have not been able to quell guerrilla activities. Although the authorities frequently claim that peace and order* 1 have been restored throughout the country, fresh outbreaks from bands of tt mis guided” individuals rise to plague them, and promises of amnesty to all who surrender are renewed. Guerillas appear to be most active in northcentral Luzon and in the Islands of Panay and Negros. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 78 - On the whole, however, the Filipino people seen to be accepting the status quo * following the example of their leaders in the realization that effective resistance would be impossible without the backing of armed forces* 3. Languages * Official Languages * - There are two official languages in the Philippines English and Spanish, with the law of the Commonwealth stipulating that in case of doubt in official documents the English text shall determine what is meant. The use of Spanish, while still prevalent in Manila and certain provincial areas, is restricted mainly to the older generation. The CJensus of 1939 reported only 417,375 persons speaking Spanish, or but 2.6 percent of the total population, in contrast to 4,259,550 or 26,6 percent speaking English. During American occupation English was taught in all the schools, and most of the younger generation are able -- with varying degrees of fluency and accent— to read, write and speak it, in addition to at least one native dialect. The Census reported 55 percent of Manila 1 s population as able to speak English, while the ability to do so in the provinces ranges from around 10 percent of the population of Cotabato, Lanao and Sulu to about 40 percent in C amarines Norte and Rizal Provinces. In most of central Luzon English is spoken by from 30 to 35 percent of the people. Twice as many publications in the Islands were printed in RESTRICTED RESTRICTED ™ 79 « English before the war as in all native dialects combined. Diversity of Languages . - There are said to be more sharply distinct / i languages and dialects than diversion of peoples in the Philippines, the lack of a common language being on© of the chief handicaps to the development of homogeneity in the nation *s life. Although all the languages belong to one Malay an stock, and possess certain fundamental similarities of grammar, the many differentiations of dialect and vocabulary within the several main language groups mak© communication difficult between Filipinos from different areas. With this problem in mind, framers of the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth stated in that document that s Hhe National Assembly shall take steps toward development and adoption of a common language based on one of the existing native languages . n Commonwealth Act No* 184., therefore, established an Institute of National Languages, which after a study of numerous dialects, recommended Tagalog. Late in 193/ it was officially proclaimed as the basis for a national language, and when war come to the Islands preparations were under way for teach- ing Tagalog in the public schools. Languages and Dialects - The Bisayam dialect is the language of the densely populated central, or Vis ay an Islands, and the language spoken by much the largest group of Filipinos. One of its two sub- divisions, Cebuan, is spoken chiefly in the islands to the west (Leyte, Bohol and Cebu) and the other, Panay— Hiligaynon, in Panay, Negros and RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 80 - l adjacent smaller islands. Bisayan-Cebuan is the principal dialect of Christian Filipinos in Mindanao — chiefly in Misamis, Surigao, Agusan, Davao and Zamboanga Provinces — while Lanao, Bukidnon, Magindanaw, and Sulu-Moro are spoken in the Moro provinces of Lanao, Bukidnon, Cotab&to and Sulu. Tagalog is the main language spoken in Manila and nine provinces in the central Luzon district, in most of which it is the native dialect of practically the entire population. The principal Tagalog provinces include Batangas, Bulaean, Tayabas, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, and C amarines Norte. Ninety percent or more of the popu- lation of the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro also speak Tagalog* In Northern Luzon, the Ibanag dialect is spoken in the Cagayan valley on the eastern side of the Cordillera mountains, and Xloko is the chief native tongue in the provinces west of the mountain range as well as in the Christian communities in Mountain Province, I go rot, Ifugaw, and Kalinga are the main dialects of the hill tribes of Mountain Province. In Southern Luzon ninety -nine percent of the inhabitants of Albay, C amarines Sur and Sorsogon, speak Bikol, as do also seventy per- cent of the population of C amarines Norte. Masbate, too, is an important center of us* of the Bikol dialect* Foreign Languages - Chinese is spoken by the approximately 120,000 Chinese in the Philippines, chiefly in Manila. The main provinces in which use of the Chinese language is found are Cebu, Rizal, Tayabas, Zamboanga, Iloilo, Leyte, and Davao, although its use is scattered very generally throughout the archipelago. RESTRICTED RESTRICTS - 81 - The Census of 1939 reported Japanese spoken by 28,900 persons, over i 17,000 of whom were in the Japanese settlement in Davao. Aside from 4,660 Japanese in Manila, and somewhat over 1,000 in Mountain Province, the balance were widely scattered in small groups. Sixty-five languages and dialects are separately listed in the Census. Those reported as spoken by more than 100,000 persons are shown V below? L&k mi Dialects i& the Ph.iHpi4ne& (Census of 1939) Number Percent of h£SHS£& 9X ££&!§£& Speaking Population Bisaya 7,099,580 44*37 English ................ 4,259,550 26.62 Tagalog ••••••••••••.••• 4,068,560 25.43 Iloko 2,353,320 14.71 Bikol ... ..... 1,289,420 8.06 Pampangan 621,455 3.88 Pangasinan 573,750 3.59 Spanish U7,370 2.61 Sulu .. 245,260 1.54 193,160 1.21 Lanao, Rranao or Ilanun. a 170,550 1.07 Magindanaw 159,680 1.00 Igorot 139,000 0.87 Samal and Samal-Moro. . . . 125,350 0.78 Chinese 120,099 0.76 Japanese Attitude Toward Language . - Soon after their arrival in the Philippines, the Japanese undertook to introduce their language, they and their puppet officials stressing the desirability of Japanese as the common medium of expression among peoples of East Asia. Japanese and Tagalog were soon declared M official languages” and Japanese teachers reportedly were brought in to teach "Nippongo,” a simplified Japanese. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 82 - Both Nippongo and Tagalog "weeks" have been featured, and from information available it appears that the Japanese are as zealously try- ing to propagate Tagalog as Japanese. Emphasis is placed on the former as a national language and a symbol of Filipino culture, versus American. The new constitution of the Philippine "Republic" declared Tagalog to be the official language, and beginning in December 1943 it was, reportedly, to be taught in all public and private schools, both primary and secondary. 9. Racial Conflicts &ng Di ggr^ifla tiga Alien Oriental Races . ^ The presence of Chinese in the Philippines for hundreds of years has given rise to numerous problems involving at times conflict and alleged racial discrimination. With characteristic energy, thrift and stamina, the Chinese settled in the Islands , inter- married freely with native women, and established themselves firmly in the commercial life of the community. The marked successes of this alien race at times engenders feelings of resentment, and minor attacks upon Chinese and their property are a recurring feature of Filipino life. In a few more serious outbreaks Chinese have been mobbed or killed and their property looted, necessitating intervention by the highest authorities of law and order. Official attempts to curb Chinese influence have ranged from the reported discriminating use by municipal councils of their taxing powers ]J See Hayden, cited. Chapter 28 for a detailed discussion of the Chinese and Japanese in the Philippines. RESTRICTED RESTHIGTED - 83 - to such drastic steps as passage by the national legislature of a book- keeping law which required every merchant to keep complete accounts in English, Spanish or a local dialect* Throughout the years Chinese have been known to secure special favors by bribery of petty officials; but when thoroughly aroused, as in the long struggle over the bookkeeping law, the organised Chines© community has been amply able through legit- imate channels to cop© with legal discrimination against them. Fail- ing to obtain repeal of the bookkeeping law, or its annulment by the United States Congress, the Chinese fought their case to the Supreme Court of the United States which declared the act unconstitutional* Increasing Japanese activity in the Philippines in recent years added to the already widespread concern among responsible Filipinos over the growing participation of aliens in the country’ s economic life* Notwithstanding repeated boyeots against Japanese goods following the ’’China Incident” in 1932, the Japanese rapidly gained ground in the v ( N Philippine market and established themselves in retail trad© in increase- V V irig numbers , Allegedly illegal practices of Japanese fishermen in Philippine waters, moreover, and of Japanese agricultural settlers in ' * Davao Province, brought them into conflict with Philippine law as well as Filipino prejudice. The belief persisted that the Japanese were gaining a stronghold in the Philippine fishing industry and expanding their colony in Davao through the use of ’’dummy" stockholders or partners and by marriage with Filipino women acquiring public land in the names of their wives. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED — 84 "* Tacit recognition of the government 1 s concern over these develop- ments was reflected in provisions of the new Constitution of the Common- wealth, Bills were introduced in the national legislature excluding foreigners from retail business, while Government- operated agencies were designed to increase Filipino participation in business and trade. In the words of the President of the National Trading Corporation, one of the functions of that agency was "to break the strangle hold of foreign retailers" in the Philippines, 1/ Finally, as revised by the Common- wealth Government in 1940, the Philippine immigration law provided that not more than 500 "quota immigrants" of any one nationality could be j admitted in a calendar year* Each move on the part of Filipinos which could be challenged as dis- criminatory was met by warnings and protests from both Chinese and Japanese organizations and officials. While the Commonwealth Government apparently sought to avoid actions which might justly arouse resentment, it manifested an understandable determination to continue its efforts to bring the business of the country into Filipino hands and vouchsafe for Philippine citizens ownership and utilization of the country* s land and natural resources. Native Races . - There is no legal basis for conflict or discrimination between the several native peoples of the Philippines. Ultimate assimilation of all races into the national body politic, without favor or discrimination, t was the stated policy of the Commonwealth Government. Pagans and The Constitution limits the exploitation of all natural resources to citizens of the Philippines or corporations at least 60 percent of the capital of which is owned by Philippine citizens, and specifies similar requirements for the operation of public utilities. The National Trading Corporation was established in 1940 mainly to encourage cooperative dealings among Filipino retailers and enable them to successfully compete with Chinese and Japanese. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 85 - Mohammedan Moros were entitled to representation in the National Assembly on equal footing with Christian Filipinos, and given a voice in national affairs. Ihe laws and tribal institutions of non-Christian peoples were accorded due respect* Owing, however, to the cultural chasm between Christian Filipinos of the lowlands and the non-Christian mountainous tribes, a mutual dislike or distrust is often apparent in some degree. Pronounced differences spring chiefly from administrative frictions between a numerically and politically dominant element of the population and the small minorities with divergent cultural characteristics. The Moros, or Moslems of Min- danao, particularly, resent supervision by Christian Filipinos. Prior to 1935 administration of the predominately non-Christian provinces was under the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, with ultimate responsibility resting in the office of the American Governor General. The Common- wealth Government in 1935 assumed full control of administrative matters, transferring the functions of the former Bureau to the Secretary of Interior* White Races . - Relations between Filipinos and Americans were generally friendly and democratic* There were no acknowledged barriers either in business associations or social contacts to the mixing of Americans and natives freely, although members of the American colony, centered in Manila, could and did select their own social groups. The few British residents in the Islands, on the other hand, while main- taining friendly business relations with their Filipino associates, drew the line in social contacts. Filipinos were seldom invited to British Clubs or social functions of any kind. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 86 «• The Spanish element mixes freely with the native population, although in Manila a large group of residents of pure Spanish blood move in their own fairly restricted social circle. Other European residents, including a few Germans, Dutch, French and Italians, kept more or less 1 1 socially within their own small groups before the war, but of these nationalities the Germans probably associated most freely with Filipino elements. Japanese Attitude Toward Chinese . - Upon occupation of Manila by the Japanese, 50 leading Chinese residents were taken into custody and 20 of them executed, including, it is believed, former Consul General t Wong, The remaining 30 were sentenced to long-term imprisonment at hard labor, Chinese properties in the Islands were seized by the Japanese as enemy assets. As time passed, however, the Japanese appear to have adopted a more lenient policy toward Chinese residents, presumably in keeping with their slogan, "Asia for the Asiatics." Permission was given the Chinese to resume remittances to China, although funds were restricted to small sums unless donated to the Nanking Government, Early in 1943 Tokyo announced that the 120,000 Chinese traders in the Islands were collecting a fund of 50,000,000 yen to be "donated to the Imperial Forces." In "appreciation for the all-out cooperation of the Philippine Chines© Association," the Japanese reportedly returned to their original owners part of the Chinese real estate and other property which had been held by the military forces. RESTRICTED .RESTRICTED - 87 » Attempts allegedly are being mad© to foster Chines© culture by continuing th© publication of a Chinese newspaper, selling Chines© books, and per* mitting the reopentog of Chinese-managed movies and other places of amaaaent* Attitude XOSIMXL MSX&II® “ The Sultan of Sulu # Sar amain, was a member v - - of the Independence Preparatory Committee and one of the signers of th© V Constitution of the ^independent” Philippines* Two Moro youths were said to be included in a group of Filipinos selected in 1943 to a tody in Japan® In July of that year a Dome! despatch announced that a number of Japanese language schools were being established in Zamboanga, Cot- abate and Sulu. About the same time a "Consultative Council,” headed by Sultan Saramain, was formed, purportedly to obtain unity and under- standing between leaders of the Moro tribes* J&Bfta969, Toward Spanish Residents - - In their effort to make of the Philippines a purely Oriental country, the Japanese appear to have more or less ignored the Spanish colony. Regarded as neutrals, Spanish residents were shown no special consideration at the beginning of Japanese occupation other than permission to live outside internment# Licenses to resume their former businesses were granted only in cases where their assets were not desired by the Japanese fighting forces. Several of the larger Spanish concerns were required to turn over their entire stocks of certain commodities, according to one reliable source. RESTRIC TED / RESTRICTED v — 88 ® On the occasion of the seventh anniversary of the outbreak of the Spanish civil war, however, a Filipino writer in the Manila Tribune de- clared that "a new hand of comradeship* 1 is extended to Spaniards in the Philippines as “moral allies" in the establishment of the "lew Order" in Asia* This is the only indication that has been noted in reports from Tokyo or Manila of concern for Spaniards in the Islands* C* Influential PeggQfift The following lists of "influential" persons include those officials who constitute the Government in .Exile and citizens who were leaders in Philippine business and professional life immediately before the war* a/ r ■ 4 'S Where the information is available, their connections during Japanese occupation are indicated. Accurate evaluations of the attitudes of these persons toward the war and the Axis are not possible, although some indication, it is be- lieved, may be obtained from intercepts of radio broadcasts from Tokyo and the Japanese-conirolled station in Manila* It is noted that certain Filipino leaders are especially featured on the radio programs, making frequent speeches that appear to imply complete endorsement of the Jap- anese program, and urging Filipino cooperation in the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere*" On the other hand, certain formerly prominent persons .have received only scant mention, or are conspicuous by their absence from the propaganda broadcasts. It would seem, therefor*©, that 2 / Section II, Government and Administration, of the Civil Affairs Handbook contains statements concerning leading government officials* RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 89 - the latter individuals are either definitely not collaborating with the Japanese, or are unwilling to be placed in the position of appearing to. Those persons whose speeches and/or activities are frequen tl y pib- \ licized, and who are at least outwardly cooperating although their true attitude may not be revealed in public statements — » are denoted in the following lists by an asterisks (a) Leaders of Government in Exile Quezon, Manuel ....... Osmena, Sergio Elizalde, Joaquin M Valdes, Maj. Gen. Basilic J. Soriano, Lt. Col. Andres 2/» Hernandez, Jaime Romano, Col. Carlos P. . . . President of Philippine Cosmom/ealtiu Vice President of Philippine Commonwealth. Resident Commissioner in Washington and Secretary of National Development in the Government in Exile. Chief of Staff of Philippine Army and Secretary of National Defense. •Secretary of Finance. (Former industrialist and mining executive.) Auditor General. Secretary of Information and Public Relations (Former editor and publisher and Aid© to General MacArthur.) M Leaders The Japanese report from time to time the surrender or capture of guerrilla forces, and in a few instances have announced the execution of leaders. It Is not^ possible to verify all such reports, but it has been definitely established that the most notable guerrilla leader — Tomas Confesor — who was reported by Tokyo many months ago as having surrendered, is still carrying on his activities in Panay and Negros Islands (as of if Lb June 1939 Mr. Soriano was decorated with the Grand Cross of Naval Merit by the Spanish Government in Madrid in recognition of his valuable services to the Nationalist cause. (Philippine Mining Year book 1940 , page 14.) RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 90 - March 15, 1944)* The number of others who may be successfully operating is not known, but the following list — consisting mainly of guerrilla leaders reported by the Japanese as having surrendered — will indicate partially those who at least at one time participated in guerrilla activ- ities. Addura, Marcelo • * • « . • • • • Alcunio, .... Aquido, Lt. Danorain Briton, Pedro .••••••• Carlos, Antonio Chiang, Sen Ting 6 Concordia, Lt. Derso • • • • Confesor, Tomas De la Paz, Cristite B e nito . De los Reyes, Gen. Jose • . • Former Governor of Cagayan Province; reported continuing former Commonwealth Government functions in opposition to Japanese regime. Former Judge of Court of First Instance; reported surrendered in February 1944, in Leyte. Reported captured in mountains of northern Nueva Vizcaya in September 1943. Reported surrendered in Legaspi, July 1943* « « M Nueva Ecija, May 1943. Former Chief Manila branch Chungking Publicity Department; reported surrendered November 1943. .Operated under Harry Fenton in Cebu; reported surrendered August 1943. Former National Assemblyman, Governor of Iloilo Province, and Director of the National coopera- tive Administration. Active leader of guerrillas in Panay aud Negros Islands. .Reported surrendered October 1943. Reported released in November 1943 and. appointed head of the Amnesty Board established by the puppet regime. Demetrio, Salvador Former Governor of Leyte Province; reported surrendered February 1944* Deniega, Col Reported killed in August 1943. Domingo, Joseph Reported surrendered in Abra Province July 1943. Enriques, Lt. Col. Manuel Active in northern Luzon; reported surrendered May 1943. Fenton, Harry • American leader of guerrillas operating from west coast of Cetu. Kuoyen, Shih ........ Former Manila representative Chungking Kuomintang; reported released November 1943. Lopez Rev* •••••.••. Former chaplain USAFFE; reported surrendered in Tar lac July 1943. Marcerino, Genaro Alleged would-be assassin of Jose P. laurel when latter was Secretary of Interior under Japanese; reported arrested July 1943. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - 91 - Ramires, Lt. Col. Alfredo . Sa&t *, o © *-> ® o © Reported released from imprisonment November 1943. Reported captured with 15 associates September 1943® Associates included t Conrad o Alcia, Benito C. Aldia, Jose Arawa, Alcadio Bangot, Vicente Borja, Mercedes Cabrera (a woman), Miguel d@ Leon, Lucian© Gabriel, Ramon Xgaachio, Major Amador Manilla, Marcos Martinez, Selustiano Pecario, Jose Tan, and Simeon Verdugo. Retired U. S. Army officer and former manager of a mine in the Philippines; reported arrested August 1943 ; operated in southern Luzon. Nephew of General V a silio Valdes, Chief of S^aff reported surrendered in December 1943. Reported surrendered in Cavite, October 1943. .Former Governor of Gamarines Nort© Province; active in that area; recently reported executed by the Japanese* #Sison, Teofilo * ♦Abello, Emil© , , *Yulo, Jose * . . B© la Gosta, Six to *Avane®na, Ramon . Abad Santos, Jos© . © «• to ® • © © 4 © Bias, Inacleto Horrilleno, Antonio ♦Laurel, Jose p $ 09 © ® © <*> • ® © 9 9 .Moran, Manuel ¥ Ozaeta, Roman Paras f Ricardo , Rovira, Leopold© ® • © » © & $ '3» & V to © to to • © 9 9 to <9 9 9 Balonkita® Juan R a Secretary of Justice, Commonwealth Government and under the Japanese® (1944) Undersecretary of Justice Commonwealth Government® Former Secretary of Justice and Speaker of National Assembly Commonwealth Government; Chief Justice Supreme Court under the Japanese. .Solicitor General, Commonwealth Government. .Chief Justice Supreme Court, Commonwealth Govenmemt Head of Council of State under Japanese (1944). Associate Justice Supreme Court, Commonwealth. Executed in Cebu by the Japanese in 1942. Associate Justice Supreme Court, Commonwealth, n n ~ « « h Associate Justice Supreme Court, Commonwealth. President Philippine Republic under Japanese (1944) also holds portfolios of Minister of Home Affairs Minister of Education, and Minister of Economic Affairs (1944). Associate Justice Supreme Court, Commonwealth. B B R tt tl Presiding Justice Court of Appeals, Commonwealth. w n h «t Industrial Relations, Commonwealth Government. Law fir® Vickers, Velilla and Balonkita. * In 58 81 Suisulong, Lavldes and Sumulong. »! tt » n it ti . Manila Attorney; active in Kalibapi unfler Japanese. Attorney Manila Law firm Vickers, Velilla and Balonkita; legal counsel for Marsman mining interests. • Law firm Vickers, Velilla and Balonkita* . 18 81 Camus and Zavalla* ♦Indicates Filipinos whose activities are mentioned in radio broadcasts from Tokyo and/or the Japanese -controlled station in Manila. RESTRICTED restricted « 95 “ Church leader* — -- — f — f 1 — m utiuHTT *Piani, His ExeelXenqy the Moel Reverend Guillerlao • • *0 S Doherty, Most Reverend Dr. D. Miguel © *Ponaeier, Monsignor Santiago A. * Alejandro, B* P, . • • . • • • Bill let , Jose « » ® « © « © $ « ^Bimsitad, Homan $® * * . e . . Bo c© ho g Jo rge ^Pabre, Sigracio * • . • • • * • Foley, Walter Brook® . . . . * • Ouesnieo, Bishop Jos© . . * . . •Guerrero, Monsignor Maria l£ •Madariaga, Mariano • . . . . Reyes* Monslgnor Gabriel , * * # $ %acho, Santiago ....... * Smiobo , Silvestre ....... •Santos, Pedro . • . * * . , . • •Sobrepena, Dr, fcriqu® . , , , •fersqsa, Alfredo • ••»••» Apostolic Delgate of Reman Catholic Church. (.Long known to be anti-American) Archbishop* Archdiocese of Manila. Bishop, head of the Philippine Independent Church. first Filipino Bishop of Methodist Church? elected in January, 1944. Apostolic Prefect, Mountain Province. Bishop, %iscopal Mission; formerly Bishop Syoto, Japan*, President, Philippine federation of Evangelical Churches. (Pre-war pro-Japanese & anti-American) Head of 3nr@mx of Religious Affairs established by Japanese. Si^bop of Union Church. Ticar General of Diocese of Cebu. Bishop of Manila Bishop of X&ngayen, Pangasinan. Archbishop, Archdiocese of Cebu. Bishop of Yigaa, II© cos Sur. Head Santa Tomas University (pro-france) . Bishop of Cemarines Sur® President, Ebprcne Council of Evangelical Church. Bishop ©f Idpa, Batangas. Newspaper Publishers and Editors Araaeta, J. Aaaado ........ President TFT publications (Taliba-Vanguardia- Tyibune.) jg/ Aran eta, Jos®. ......... Editor Monday Mail. 3f» •Aunario, Pedro • ••...«.. A ral Supt. . . ..Hixbar Gold Mining Company (Copper) Latham, A. B., General Supt Acoje Mining Company (chromite). 1/ See (a) Leaders of Government in Exile. \ 2/ Dr. H. Foster Bain now in the United States, was advisor to the Common- wealth Government on gold and base metal mining when the war began. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED CBS Base Metal Millie JMua to (co»t.) Leitman, Samuel, Consulting engin- eer and General Supt. AsmaXgamated Minerals Peryam, W., Mill Supt. L® panto Consolidated Ripoll, J. M., Mine ^upt. Amalgamated Minerals Sundeen, L» J,, General Supt. . . . Samar Mining Company (manganes e ). (copper) (manganese) , (iron) • Civil Consulting Engineers^ Baltasar, Apolin&ri© Barredo, Faust© Berry , Earl W. Cullity, E. R« Fitzsimmons, Richard T. Lopes, Carlos S« Milne, George Parker* R. L. Sampson, J. H» Siochi, Pedre (h) DflfttaCg Philippine Association of Civil Engineers. Malate Engineering and Construction Go. Berry Engineering Company Southwestern Engineering Company Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Company Civil engineer, sugar* industry Earns haw Docks and Honolulu Iron Works Engineering Equipment and Supply Company International Engineering Corporation Civil engineer and construction executive. ♦Africa, Oandido Aguilar, Eusebio D. Canizares, Miguel Fate 11a, Jose Fajardo, Jacob© Fernandes, Juan V Garcia, Faust ino Guerrero, Fortunate S„ ♦Icasia.no, Marino Locsin, Jose C. ♦Manalang, Chris tobal Institute of Hygiene. Delegate to Greater East Asia Medical Conference Nanking, April 1944* Director Bureau of Health 1941* Director Queaon Institute for Tuberculosis Secretary of Health and Public Welfare 1941 Former Director of Health Physician, Cotobato, Cotobato, Mindanao. Surgeon, Manila Surgeon, Philippine General Hospital, Manilla. City Health Officer, Manila, 1944 President, Philippine Medical Association Bureau of Health (1944) 5 delegate to Greater East Asia Medical Conference Nanking, April 1944* ♦ Indicated Filipinos whose activities are mentioned in radio broad- casts from Tokyo and/or the Japanese-controlled station in Manila* RESTRICTED RESTRICTED <■ 98 ® Doctors (Cent.) *Sison, Antonio Tolentino, Jose G. Trinadad, Angel B. Tuason, Manuel N. *Tlanan, Regino U) ]J AveXino, Jose Balmori, Joaquin De la Crus, Jos© Olvina, Eustaguio G, Paguia, Antonio D# Pineda, Gregorio Tolentino, Pedro P Torcuator, Juan U bald a, Mariano A* Vasquea, Jose M* ## ## m m Head of Philippine General Hospital and of Medical School, University of the Philippines* Holds same offices under the Japanese j also President of the University of the Philippines and Chairman of Board of Nutritional Research (1944). Most noted of Filipino medicos. Physician, Cebu City, Cebu* Executive Secretary Quezon Institute, Manila. Surgeon, Manila® Director Physical Education (194.3); attended Physical. Education Conference, Tokyo, 1943 » Samar Province; founder of M Grunio Qberero" labor organization; Secretary of Labor in 1940. President, Federation del Trabajd d© Filipinas # President Tabaqueros Bnldos* n Union de Marinos Filipinas# Head of National Labor Union, President, National Federation of Labor M Industrial Labor Union President, Seaman's Union " S tevedors s U nion • Sugar labor leader, Negros Island® One of the most noted labor leaders in the Philippines, P©dr© Abad Santos, Socialist leader in Pampanga Province, has died during Japanese occupation. * Indicates Filipinos whose activities are mentioned in radio broad- casts from Tokyo and/or the Japanese -controlled station in Manila* RESTRICTED 24-81723 AB CD-3550 HESTRICTED - 99 - BIBLIOGRAPHY Section I -.Geographical and Social BapkffrnoiQfl The Philippines. A S tudx in National Development^ Joseph Ralston Hayden, Macmillan, 1942. The Philippine g Past and Present. Worcester-Hayden, Macmillan, 1930. The Inhabitants of the Philippines . Frederic H. Sawyer, Scribners, 1900. Philippine Life in Town and Co^irit,r v y T James A. LeRoy, Putnam’s Sons, 1905 Philippine Social Life and Progress . Ccnrado Benitez and others, Ginn & Co., 1940. The Filipino Wav of Life f Camilo Osias, Ginn & Co* , 1940. The Philippine Islands: A Commercial Survey, 0. M. Butler, U ,S. Department of Commerce, 1927. Census of t he Philippines 193Q . Volume II, Summary, Commission of the Census, Commonweal. th of the Philippines, Manila, 1941. Inqaal. Reports. of the U.S. High Commissio ner to the Philippines, Washington, B. C. Climate of the P hilippines . Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Manila 1939. Port of Manila. Yearbook 19A0 f Manila Arras t re Service, Bureau of Customs, Manila. Federal Communications Commission . Foreign Broadcast intelligence Service, Washington, D. C. Daily and other periodic reports. Files of the Far East ern Upit T Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, (Especially reports from former representatives in Manila of the Departments of Commerce State.) RESTRICTED 124' 126 * > Krb? t / • I hu'TARLAC , 1 avtte ,V k art HaJoo* r 3j C A P I 2 ©*. ~ -* L p& nay ^ ', ILOILO r r SurigatfK^ •€%ayi I0CC.{ A |m ISAM 18 BUKIDNON 'JMona'N. Bay ■ \ Cotabai Davao tff. BaMumx. PftE.Aw aAm is. 120* Longitude Greenwich 24-77019ABC PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 0 “ nCAMKJtiXf **=?> V t Scale of kilometers 40 80 1» 160 200 Engano Cape . — j ^ B^^jiLocoe, 1 Laoag/* C l norte/ is* Vig*B §« Fernando Caps Bolinao N °? Springs \Jr 1ZAL\ > ^ •O CALAMLAN csour 12 * "’Arc o»»p^ * Viaayim Sea d “ c w..*,o s Leyte Gulf. ouau^AM «. CC3AGAT L l •% I BIAJSOAQ t \ BlAftOAC T