V'^am, n a Wall THE JAPANESE IN HAWAII A Statistical Study Bearing on the Future Number and Voting Strength and on the Economic and Social Character of the Hawaiian Japanese by Romanzo Adams Professor of Economics and Sociology, University of Hawaii (PRICE 23 CENTS) Published by The National Committee on American Japanese Relations 287 Fourth Avenue New York Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/japaneseinhawaiiOOadam INTRODUCTION T his Monograph by Professor Romanzo Adams, of the Uni- versity of Hawaii, deserves careful consideration by all who are thinking on the future of the Japanese population in the United States, whether in continental America or in Hawaii. Professor Adams has brought to the study of this much discussed question rare ability as a statistician and sociol- ogist. He gives us bis results and also the basis on which he founds them. Any student who will take the pains to study the tables here given in full, can hardly fail to reach the same general conclusions. Those who have been anxious lest Hawaii fall into the clutches of the Japanese in Hawaii and ultimately into the possession of the Japanese Government, may banish their fears and anxieties, for Professor Adams here proves the fallacy of many alleged statistics and lurid pictures based upon them w^hich have been widely circulated. Professor Adams’ principal conclusions may be summed up in a few clear-cut statements. 1. Japanese population in Hawaii has begun to di- minish as compared with the total population. 2. Since the Gentlemen’s Agreement went into effect more Japanese men and children have left Hawaii than have entered, over 6,000 of the former and nearly 15,000 of the latter. 3. The movement of Japanese wives from Japan to Hawaii has about ended. 4. The fecundity of married Japanese women in Hawaii is lower than that of any other race-group except Caucasians from the United States and north Europe. 5. Should Congress pass a law enabling Hawaiian sugar planters to import new, cheap, illiterate labor immigrants from south Europe or from China, Hawaiian-born Japanese youth will in all prob- ability migrate in large numbers to continental United States, which they have full right to do. being American citizens. 3 6. The numbers of voters in 1941 of American citi- zens of Japanese race will probably be under 25 per cent of the whole number of voters. In addition to this statistical study of the Japanese population in Hawaii, there is uro-ent call for two qualitative studies such as have been conducted in California by Rev. Paul B. Waterhouse and Professor M. L. Darsie. Mr. Waterhouse secured replies from over 2,000 Japanese children and young people in the public schools of California to a questionnaire on their personal interests and purposes. He found that two-thirds of them were attending Protestant Sunday Schools ; thirty-five per cent of the entire number declared themselves Christian, while nineteen per cent said they were Buddhist. The American patriotism of these young people was manifested in many striking assertions. Professor Darsie has reported an “Intelligence Test” given in English to 568 children of Japanese race. The average I. 0. proved to be 90.2 For purposes of comparison the I. Q. of several immigrant groups in America is given ; namely. North European. 100.3; Finn, 90.0; South Italian, 77.5. The writer of this introductory note believes that the time has come for a radical change in the matter of immigra- tion from Japan and of treatment of Japanese in the United States. 1. On the part of Japan it would be well to stop forth- with all further immigration to the United States of the laboring classes, both skilled and unskilled. The number of Japanese families in Hawaii and on the West Coast, though comparatively small and of a relatively high order of intelligence and virtue, constitutes a serious problem in assimilation and Americanization. Two or three decades will prob- ably be needed to find out how fully the present Japanese population can be wholesomely incorpo- rated into our body politic. 2. The Japanese government should also take steps at once to abolish the dual citizenship of Japanese children born in the United States. Their Japanese citizenship is of no possible advantage to Japan and is fraught with serious hardships for the children and with grave dangers of international irritation. 3. On the part of the United States it would be well to arrange at once for the abrogation of the Gentle- men’s Agreement and the enactment of a treaty stopping further Japanese immigration of the labor- 4 ing classes, whether skilled or unskilled, annulling dual citizenship and granting most favored nation treatment to all Japanese lawfully in the United States. 4. The United States should also amend the present law of naturalization, raising the standard and giving privileges of citizenship to every individual who will personally qualify, regardless of race or nationality. 5. For Congress to enact a Japanese exclusion law or pass any discriminatory legislation inevitably humiliating to Japan would be a serious mistake and utterly needless. It would contravene the Gentlemen’s Agreement, ignore its moral signifi- cance and repudiate its spirit of mutual friendship and confidence. The ends in view, moreover, can be secured in friendly conference, each taking into full consideration the viewpoints and the needs of the other. The constructive measures advocated above would re- move the one remaining cloud that rests on our common horizon, and do much to promote friendship, goodwill and co- operation for the permanent peace of the Pacific. SIDNEY L. GULICK. lanuarv l.S. 1924. The Japanese Population in Hawaii* I NSTABILITY has been a prominent characteristic of the popula- tion of Hawaii for at least a half century. The great decrease in the native Hawaiian population and its partial amalgama- tion with Caucasian and Asiatic elements, the importation of laborers from many countries, the rapid increase by births of some foreign peoples, and the departure of many laborers to the mainland of the United States and of others to their native lands, are some of the oustanding facts. Considerable interest attaches to the question of Hawaii’s future popula- tion. Doubtless migration to and from the Territory will eventually be a less important factor and population will become more stable. What will this population be? Just now the prediction is frequently made that, unless some special device be introduced to prevent it, the Japanese will soon be the majority of Hawaii’s population. The fol- lowing statistical study is made in order to help the reader to form a just opinion as to the probable outcome of present tendencies and forces. The period under consideration, so far as the definite forecast is concerned, extends to 1941. The term “Japanese” as used herein includes, unless otherwise specified, all persons of Japanese descent, both native and foreign born, and the terms Chinese, Portuguese, Filipino, etc. are used similarly. The term American and north European means American, British, German, and a few others, and corresponds to “other Caucasian” as used in the census. I. Growth of the Population in Hawaii by Racial Elements (1872-1923) S UGAR production has been carried on for a long time in Hawaii, but not until it was given a duty free market in the United States by the reciprocity treaty of 1876 did it dominate the economic life of the Island. Table A shows the growth of the various population elements from 1872 to the present year. The figures for 1923 are the estimates of the Territorial Bureau of Vital Statistics, and they are very accurate estimates be- * Portions of this monograph have already been published in Foreign Affairs, December, 1923. Permission has been granted for reprinting these portions in this pamphlet. 6 cause arrivals and departures as well as births and deaths are matters of record and publicity. The Hawaiian born children of foreigners in 1896 are classified as follows: American, 820; British, 712; German, 520; Norwegian, 162; French, 26; (total American and North European, 2240); Portuguese, 6959; Chinese 2234; Japanese, 2078; all others, 222. The Chinese, the first of the labor groups to be brought to Hawaii, reached their highest relative numbers in 1896, when they constituted 17.8 per cent of the population as com- pared with 7.9 per cent in 1923. The Japanese, coming more recently, reached their highest relative number in 1920, when they constituted 42.7 per cent of the population of the Terri- tory. Since that date their percentage has decreased as fol- lows : 1921, 41.6 per cent; 1922, 41.1 per cent; 1923, 40.4 per cent. The number of adult male Japanese, both Hawaiian and foreign born, decreased from 41,795 in 1910 to 36,548 in 1920, and further decreases will characterize the present decade. Attention is called to the recent rapid increase in the num- ber of Filipinos. The very recent increase in “other Cauca- sians” is explained mainly by the coming of men in armb- and navy service. Attention is called to the approximate equality of the sexes of laborers brought from Portugal, Spain and Porto Rico, and to the marked inequality in the case of the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and Filipinos, especially in the earlier years of each movement. Note that since 1900 the Japanese have been approaching sex equality and, in a smaller degree, the Chinese also, while the same tendency is manifest in the case of the Filipino since 1910. The men come first, then the women, and then children multiply. 7 TABLE A POPULATION OF HAWAII BY NATIONALITY FOR VARIOl ; 1872 1878 1884 1890 Male Female Total Both Sexes Male Female Total Male Female To NativeHawaiianRace 26,130 22,914 49,044 44,088 21,504 18,510 40,014 18,364 16,072 34. 6. C'aucasian-Havvaiian . \ 1,225 1 1,262 2,487 3,420 2,119 2,099 4,218 3,085 3,101 Asiatic-Hawaiian .... Portuguese^ 367 28 395 436 5,239 4,138 9,377 4,770 3,832 8,( Porto Rican' . Spanisli* Other Caucasian'. . . . 1,336 484 1,820 2,512 3,446 2,056 5,.502 3,210 1,393 4,f Chine.«e' 1,831 107 1,938 5,916 17,068 871 17,939 14,522 779 15,3 Japanese' 98 18 116 10,079 2.281 12,3 Korean' Filipinnl 7,4 Hawaiian-born chil- dren of Foreigners. . 418 431 849 947 1,068 972 2,040 3,909 3,580 All others' 343 21 364 666 997 375 1,372 775 232 1,0 Total 31,650 25,247 56,897 57,985 51,539 29,039 80,578 58,714 31,276 89,9 * From 1872 to and including 1896 the numbers of all racial groups except Native Hawaiins and part Hawai ^ Estimates necessary because of certain differences in the classifications in the Census of 1900. Data suffici * Estimate of Hawaiian Bureau of Vital Statistics based on arrivals and departures and births and deaths si) 8 (CNSUS DATES, BEGINNING WITH 1872, AND FOR JUNE 30, 1923 1890 1900 1910 1920 June 30, 1923 ale Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Both Sexes 399 14,620 31,019 15,642 14,1.57 29,799 13,439 12,602 26,041 11,990 11,733 23,723 21,468 249 4,236 8,485 f 3,4()02 ; 3,4392 6,8992 4,438 4,334 8,772 5,528 .5,544 11,072 12,514 1 1,5582 1,4002 2,9.582 1,812 1,922 3,734 3,524 3,431 6,955 7,374 596 3,636 8,232 9,7852 8,4872 18,2722 11, .571 10,730 22,.301 13,737 13,26.5 27,002 26,397 2,878 2,012 4,890 3,133 2,469 5,602 6,375 1,078 912 1,990 1,326 1,104 2,130 2,105 133 1,574 .5,007 5,6992 2,8482 8,5472 9,255 5,612 14,867 12,309 7,399 19,708 35,774 1 163 1,419 19,.382 22,296 3,471 2.5,767 17,148 4,526 21,674 16,197 7 .310 23,.507 23,714 1 ,58 4,171 22,329 47,.508 13,603 61,111 54,784 24,891 79,675 62,644 46,630 109,274 120,590 3,931 602 4,533 3,498 1,452 4,9.50 5,608 2,160 201 2,361 16,851 4,180 21,031 36,199 58 6,675 13,733 1 1 > 1 1 1 61 172 833 421 227 648 605 466 1,071 409 249 658 402 7 17 36,503 109,020 106,369 47,632 154,001 123,099 68,810 191,909 151,146 104,766 255,912 298,520 r I >r foreign born only; i goo - 1 923 the children of the various nationalities are classed with their parents, o ike close estimates possible. >1 s of 1920 . 9 II. Japanese Steerage Travel A. Between Japan and Hawaii S TEERAGE passenger travel of Japanese between Hawaii and Japan (Table B) and between Hawaii and California (Table C) affords some information as to the movement of popula- tion, but it must be remembered that many travellers were round trip passengers and that they do not represent gain or loss of population. Japanese travel, other than steerage, has been small, and a considerable part of it of the round trip variety. There are three sources of passenger statistics : the reports of the U. S. Bureau of Immigration; Japanese governmental sources; and the records of steerage arrivals and departures kept by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. The figures of no two are comparable for the following reasons ; the Bureau of Immigration classifies Hawaiian born Japanese as Americans, while the Japanese government classifies them as Japanese. The Planters’ Association follows the method of the Japanese government, but it includes only steerage passengers. Year by year comparisons are further invalidated by considerations of time. Passengers may leave Japan near tfie end of one year and reach Hawaii near the beginning of the next. With due allowance for all such factors, it seems probable that all three sets of figures are approximately in harmony with each other. The Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ •Association figures have been kept carefull}’- and have re- ceived official publication. I have used them because they give children under sixteen years of age a separate classifica- tion, and this shows the character of the movement more ade- quately. •Attention is called to the fact that before 1908 the num- ber of women arriving was less than a fifth the number of men, but that arrivals of women have exceeded departures almost constantly since that date. From 1908 to 1920 the arrivals consisted most largely of wives whose husbands had preceded them and of young women who came to become brides — the “picture brides.” More recently the arrivals con- sist mainly of Japanese women returning from a visit to Japan and of Hawaiian born young women who, as children, were sent to Japan to be educated. It is probable that departures of women will exceed arrivals for the present decade. The men who arrived after 1908 were mainly men return- ing from a visit in Japan, but there were some immigrants, mainly sons, over 16 years old. of Japanese in Hawaii. There were some Hawaiian born males who had been sent to Japan as children and who returned classified as men. About a 10 TABLE B JAPANESE STEERAGE PASSENGER TRAVEL BETWEEN HAWAII AND JAPAN Arrivals in Hawaii FRO.M Japan Departures to Japan FROM Hawaii Differences Ye.\r Men Wom- en Chil- dren Men Wom- en Chil- dren Men Wom- en Chil- dren Net 1868 148 1885-94* 21,881 5,191 133 4,507 957 101 17,374 4,234 32 21,640 1894-97^ 17,839 4,041 Data w anting 1898-1904 61^670 8il38 Data w anting 19053 5;447 567 55 1,658 687 873 3,789 — 120 -818 2,851 1906 17,007 1,113 67 1,676 728 951 15,331 385 -884 14,832 1907 11,940 2,877 158 1,810 692 986 10,130 2,185 -828 11,487 1908 2,369 1,700 133 1,804 678 972 565 1,022 -839 748 1909 385 849 76 1,581 617 912 -1,196 232 -836 -1,800 1910 507 1,182 87 1,720 717 1,026 -1,213 465 -939 -1,687 1911< 341“ 788“ 57“ 829“ 351“ 488“ -488“ 437“ -431“ -482 1912 1,270 2,019 176 1,787 742 911 -517 1,277 -735 25 1913 2,005 2,637 346 1,832 760 911 173 1,877 -565 1,485 1914 1,724 2,504 296 1,921 798 1,021 -197 1,706 -725 784 1915 1,140 1,745 231 1,655 739 992 -515 1,006 -761 -270 1916 1,841 2,008 259 1,422 706 866 419 1,302 -607 1,114 1917 1,758 1,935 297 1,680 668 1,040 78 1,267 -743 602 1918 1,629 1,966 235 2,281 878 1,514 -652 1,088 -1,279 -843 1919 1,613 1,909 380 2,122 1,244 1,617 -509 665 -1,237 -1,081 1920 1,483 1,721 356 2,369 1,389 1,783 -886 332 -1,427 -1,981 1921 1,670 1,552 432 2,769 1,724 2,064 -1,099 -172 -1,632 -2,903 1922 2,179 1,730 527 2,576 1,686 1,839 -397 44 -1,312 -1,665 1923 1,442 1,440 551 1,640 1,072 1,173 -198 368 -622 -452 1908-23 23,356 27,685 4,439 29,988 14,769 19,129 -6,632 12,916 - 14,690 -8,406 ' Report of Board of Labor and Immigration, 1894. ’Data of arrivals and departures for the years 1894-1904 very incomplete. The figures are of pass- ports issued in Japan. Actual arrivals were fewer. ’ Data for 1905-1915 are from the Reports of the Bureau of Labor Immigration and Statistics, and data for 1916-1922 are from the Governor’s annual reports. ’Before 191 1, the calendar year is meant; 1911 is a half year ending June 30, 1911, and the later dates refer to fiscal years ending June 30. n TABLE C JAPANESE STEERAGE PASSENGER TRAVEL BETWEEN HAWAII AND CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES Ye.5U Aurivals from the United States Departures to the United States Differences Men Wom- en ■ Chil- dren Men Wom- en Chil- dren Men Wom- en Chil- dren 1885-94 692 20 1905‘ Vo — proba bly 8,657 712 281 1906 few if any 11 ',047 794 386 1907 ar rivals. 5' 149 198 91 1908 ' 45 17 7 1909 16 7 5 1910 31 8 3 191P 4 13 5 4 -9 — 5 -4 -18 1912’ 32 0 42 6 -10 -4 -14 1913 25 1 1 37 3 2 -12 —2 -1 -15 1914 31 2 5 36 2 -5 0 0 0 1915 51 8 5 53 5 5 -2 3 1 1916 71 11 5 68 5 1 3 6 4 13 1917 40 4 52 8 -12 -4 -16 1918 47 3 6 58 5 -11 -2 6 — 7 1919 34 12 4 174 30 12 -140 -18 -8 — 166 1920 57 9 5 299 67 24 -242 -58 -19 -319 1921 63 11 5 183 56 73 -120 -45 -68 -233 1922 44 8 3 28 9 2 16 -1 1 16 1923 50 11 7 104 9 4 -54 2 3 -49 1911-23 549 82 46 1,147 210 127 -598 -128 -81 -807 ‘ 1905-10 calendar years. “1911 half year ending June 50. 1912-23 fiscal year ending June 30. 12 third of the men who departed were returning to Japan for permanent residence, and those who were married took their wives and children. Most children going to Japan in this way do not return to Hawaii. The children who arrived ten or fifteen years ago were mainly foreign born children coming to join their fathers. More recently they are children returning from a visit to Japan or from a more extended trip for educational purposes. B. Between Hawaii and Continental America Two things relative to the departures for the mainland (Table C) challenge the attention: (1) The very heavy move- ment before 1907 (the date of the (jentlemen’s Agreement) and its negligible and nearly balanced character after that date; (2) A beginning of a revival of the movement in 1918 — this latter movement being one of Hawaiian born Japanese and of Japanese naturalized as a result of service in the war. The numbers are not large yet, but they are large relative to the total number eligible to go — that is, to the number able to prove their citizenship to the satisfaction of the immigra- tion authorities. Probably from 20 to 25 per cent of those eligible have gone to the mainland, and the movement will grow as the children reach maturity in larger numbers. It should be remembered that comparatively few Hawaiian born Japanese have reached adult years. III. Laborers on Sugar Plantations A STUDY of Table D in connection with the two preceding will show that the quest for plantation labor has been the chief factor in bringing the various foreigners to Hawaii and that the representatives of all nationalities tend to leave the planta- tions almost constantly, thus creating a need for constant new importations. For example, from 1880 to 1890 about 33 per cent of the Chinese were plantation laborers, and now only about 6 per cent. In 1901, nearly 45 per cent of the Japanese were plantation laborers, now only 13 per cent. The Filipinos, who were brought first in 1908, constituted 5 per cent of all sugar plantation laborers in 1910, 30 per cent in 1920 and 47 per cent in 1923. Counting men only, the Filipinos exceed the Japanese by more than 7,000. But now the Filipinos are beginning to come to the towns and cities, and about a thousand went to California last year. The total number of laborers employed on sugar plantations is about the same as it was twenty years ago. 13 TABLE D LABORERS EMPLOYED ir July 31 June 30 June 30 r 1882 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1901 1902 1904 1905 1906 Americans and North Europeans 834 379 409 466 483 526 658 514 674 Inc’d in 'other' 979 1,098 1,082 Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian . . 2,575 2,255 2,062 1,873 1,717 1.903 1,615 1,497 1,482 1,326 1,470 1,493 1,312 1,687 1,604 Portuguese, Porto- R\can and Spanish 637 3,081 3,132 3,017 2.526 2,177 2,268 2,218 2,064 2,153 4,512 4,705 4,942 4,920 5,303 31 Chinese 5,037 5,626 5,727 4,517 2,617 2,784 6,289 8,114 7,200 5,969 4,976 3,937 3,738 4,138 3,684 Japanese 15 1,949 3,299 7,560 13,019 13,684 12,893 12,068 16,786 25,654 27,537 31,029 32,331 28,406 26,218 2.435 4,946 3,615 All others 1.145 1,249 1,358 928 248 280 232 230 389 371 418 1,078 83 48 19 Total . . . . 10,243 14,539 15,578 17,895 20,536 21,294 23,780 24,653 28,579 35,987 39,587 42,242 45,820 45,243 41,525 4- The statistics for 1882-1899 are taken from the Reports of the Board of Immigration and Labor. From 1901 to 1917 the statistics are taken from the 1917 Report of the Governor, and those of 1922 from th te 14 UGAR PLANTATIONS 1882-1923 une June June June May May May April April Anril June June June June May June 30 30 30 30 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 970 1,000 1,084 899 940 738 700 733 778 765 743 779 893 895 942 1,100 1.309 1,454 1,339 1..522 1,297 991 968 964 940 886 982 943 1,322 1,027 966 700 >,546 6,487 6,290 6,903 7,650 6,894 6,800 6,607 5,929 5,413 4.934 4,783 4,821 3,949 3,420 3,300 :,916 3,561 2,761 2,758 2.744 2..561 2.229 2,208 1,997 2,129 1,895 1,908 2,378 1,586 1,487 1,500 ,771 26,875 28,106 27,582 28,123 24,711 24,732 24,807 23,870 24,696 24,611 24,791 19,474 17,446 16,992 16,000 ,125 2,229 1.752 1,771 1,668 1..387 1,392 1.499 1,307 1,352 1,299 1,407 1,982 1,150 1,170 1,000 141 86 2,269 3,331 4,630 8,009 8,912 8,549 8,845 9,459 9,964 10,354 13,061 12.271 18,189 21.000 140 10 316 279 283 309 310 337 295 300 280 266 373 383 236 225 .918 41,702 43,917 45,048 47.335 45,600 46,043 45,704 43,961 45,000 44,708 45,231 44.304 38,707 43,402 44,825 > of that year. The Hawaiian Annual supplied the figures for 1918-21. The figures for 1923 are estimates. IS IV. Births and Deaths T he birth rate is important in relation to future population. It depends mainly on two things ; ( 1 ) The relative number of married women of child-bearing age ; (2) The fecundity of the women, which is partly a racial, but chiefly an economic and social, class characteristic. No forecast of future population of Hawaii as aflFected by birth rates will be valuable unless it is based on a careful study of the age-sex distribution of the various national groups. Table E shows the abnormal age distribution of the women of the various groups, especially of the Japanese, who are relatively numerous at 20-44 years of age. There are few old women and few girls 10-20 years of age. The age distribu- tion of the Japanese women is at present unusually favor- able to a high birth rate — more favorable than it will ever be again. Before 1930 the age distribution will shift in such a way as to result in a measurable decrease in the birth rate. The decade 1910-1920 was for the Japanese in Hawaii a period of getting wives. Before 1907 the great majority of the men who came from Japan were unmarried and many of the married men left their wives in Japan. Commonly the men came with the intention of remaining only a few years in Hawaii. The application of the provisions of the Gentle- men’s Agreement to Hawaii had the effect of stabilizing the Japanese population of the Territory, and many of the men, when they decided to prolong their stay, sent for their wives or for women to become their wives — the “picture brides.” The coming of the women has been an important movement and it is practically completed. The Japanese men of Hawaii are now married in higher ratio than are the men of any other racial group. The demand for wives and brides has been supplied. “Picture bride” arrivals since the date of the Gentlemen’s Agreement have been as follows: 1907 466 1915 1050 1908 755 1916 909 1909 436 1917 985 1910 658 1918 1017 1911 865 1919 848 1912 1285 1920 676 1913 1572 1921 529 1914 1407 1922 555 1923 263 The increase in the number of Japanese married women 1910-20, as shown by Table F, was much greater than that 16 TABLE E AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII CLASSIFIED BY NATIONALITY AND SEX— CENSUS 1920 Males Females Under 10 Yrs. of Age 10-19 Yrs. of Age 20-49 Yrs. of Age 50 Yrs. of Age or Over Under 10 Yrs. of Age 10-19 Yrs. of Age 20-44 Yrs. of Age 45 Yrs. of Age or Over Ibiwaiian and Part Hawaiian 6,300 4,409 7,709 2,610 6,132 4,.531 7,079 2,9.55 Portugues(? 4,591 3,260 4,628 1,253 4,423 3,280 4,167 1,388 Porto Rican 914 666 1,254 295 868 676 678 246 Spanish 473 318 409 126 382 301 328 93 Other Caucasian* 1,391 1,953 7,2.54 1,797 1,194 937 3,672 1,589 Chinese 2,731 2,054 6,354 5,048 2,668 1,822 2,231 578 Japanese 16,394 8,915 .30,208 7,111 15,919 7,.564 19,588 .3,653 Korean 607 201 2,178 502 558 217 5.50 137 Filipino 1,570 980 13,932 357 1,.541 499 2,027 112 All Other 96 53 174 86 87 79 58 2,5 'I'otal 35,073 22,809 74,100 19,185 .33,772 19,906 40,378 10,776 'Indudos a considerable number of men in military and naval service. TABLE F SOME STATISTICS OF MARITAL CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF HAWAII Married Women 1910 Married Women 1920 Increase in the Decade 1910-20 Married Women Under 45 Yrs. of Age 1920 Single Males 1.5-45 Yrs. of Ago 1920 Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian, . Portuguese Porto Rican Spanish .American and North European . Chinese Korean Japanese Filipino •\11 Other 7,792 4,059 904 351 2,200 1 ,555 295 13,970 } { 8,314 4,775 956 411 3,310 2,416 681 22,373 2,246 68 522 716 52 60 1,110 861 .386 8,40.3 1 2,053 1 6,.302 3,851 780 336 2,487 2,005 578 19,204 2,1.56 68 4,047 2,610 581 446 8,0.50 2,793 1,015 11,521 9 932 (est.) 86 Total 31,387 45,5.50 14,163 .37,767 41,081 .Ml, exclusive of the Japanese. . . 17,417 23,177 5,760 18, .563 29,.560 17 of all the other nationalities combined, and in 1920 they constituted nearly half of all married women and over half of all married women under 45 years of age. Excepting the -\mericans and I'ilipinos, the number of unmarried boys and men 15-44 years of age in 1920 indicates the approximate ratio of marriages in the decade 1920-30. In this decade the number of married Japanese women under 45 years of age may be expected to fall from 51 per cent to about 44 per cent of the whole number of married women of this age, and the ratio of births will be reduced correspondingly. Since July 1, 1912, a record of marriages by nationally has been kept for all but three years. The Bureau of Immi- gration has the record of arrival of “picture brides.” Table G shows that during the time when “picture bride” arrivals were most numerous, 1912-1914, the Japanese marriages constituted 57.1 per cent of all marriages. More recently, with the reduction in “picture bride” arrivals, 38.8 per cent are Japanese. Basing the estimate mainly on the number of young men and boys who are or will be marriage- able by 1930, I would say that this percentage will decrease still further. Invalid conclusions are frequently drawn because crude birth rate is confused with fecundity. In a society of normal age-sex-marital distribution, the crude birth rate does indi- cate pretty accurately the fecundity, but this is not true under the special conditions in Hawaii. Where the purpose is to forecast long run tendencies, the fecundity, as measured by the refined birth rate, — the rate based on the number of married women under 45 years of age — is the important thing. In Table H both the crude and the refined birth rates are given. The refined rate can be computed for census years only. Three observations should be made on the figures given in Table H. (1) The low crude birth rate of the Filipinos is explained by the fewness of Filipino women. (See table of age-sex- distribution.) (2) The fecundity of the Japanese women is lower than that of any other group but the American and north European. This is contrary to popular opinion but is well attested by the statistical data. (3) The corresponding data for the various foreign born nationalities in the United States are not available, but there is reason for believing that both the fecundity and the crude birth rate are higher for the recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe than for the Japanese in Hawaii. The death rate is. of course, a factor in determining the 18 TABLE G NUMBER OF MARRIAGES IN HAWAII FOR CERTAIN FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 Japanese Men Marry Japanese Women 1,844 1,806 1,409 1,305 1,263 No d ata 62P 683> 1,007 Japanese Men Marry non-Jap- anese Women 12 6 4 9 13 No d ata 13 9 14 Japanese Women Marry non- Japanese Men 6 2 1 3 6 No d ata 12 14 15 Number of “Picture Bride” Arrivals 1,572 1,407 1,050 909 985 1,017 848 676 529 555 263 All Marriages in Territory 3,231 3,149 2,730 2,716 2,762 2,572‘ 2,015‘ 2,075> 2,2681 2,362‘ 2,594 All Marriages E.xcept Those in which both Parties were Japanese 1,387 1,343 1,321 1,411 1,499 No d ata 1,647 1,679 1,587 Percentage of Japanese to All . . 57.0 57.3 51.6 48.0 45.7 38.8 ‘ The total number of marriages, ipiS-ig^a. and the number of marriages of Japanese, 1921 and 1922, are not comparable to the figures for other years since, during these years, the “picture brides” were not required to be married in Hawaii and some of them were not so married. The 1923 figures are compar- able with those of the earlier years, the requirement of the Hawaiian marriage of “picture brides" having been restored. TABLE H BIRTH RATES FOR THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII— 1920 Number of Births for Year Ending June 30, 1920 Number of Births for Each 1,000 Population Number of Married Women Under 45 Yrs. of Age, Census 1920 Number of Births to each 1,000 Married Women Under 45 Yrs. of Age Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian Com- bined 1,866 47.9 6,302 296.0 Portuguese 1,127 45.4 3,851 292.6 Porto Rican 265 50.0 780 339.4 Spanish 116 47.7 336 345.2 Other Caucasian 374 14.9 2,487 150.3 Chinese 661 29.2 2,005 329.6 Japanese 4,963 43.7 19,204 258.4 Korean 192 36.9 578 332.1 Filipino 584 24.9 2,156 270.8 All Other 17 28.3 68 250.0 All Races 10,165 39.0 37,767 269.1 All except the Japanese 5,202 35.0 18,563 280.1 19 rate of natural increase of population. The death rate of the Japanese in Hawaii, considered in relation to age, falls a little below the average, the average being made high by the exceptionally high rates of the native Hawaiian and the Filipino. Because of these exceptionally high death rates, the rate of normal increase — the rate based on fecundity and death rates — for the two races is low. The nationalities are listed as follows in order of rate of normal increase, the low- est first : (1) American and North European; (2) Filipino; ( 3 ) Hawaiian (including part Hawaiian); (4) Japanese; (5) Portuguese; (6) Porto Rican; (7) Spanish; (8) Korean; (9) Chinese. V. Future Voting Strength of the Japanese in Hawaii I T has been predicted that the Japanese will have a majority or near majority of the voters by 1940. This is improbable on the face of it, since they constitute at present only 40.4 per cent of the population and the percentage is diminishing. Moreover, by 1940, most of the Japanese men and women over forty years old, being aliens, will not be eligible to natur- alization, while nearly all of the other people over forty will be either native born or foreign born eligible to naturaliza- tion — this on the basis of present laws and policies. It is not possible to make a close estimate of the voting strength of the various national groups in 1940 because of the number of factors of uncertainty, chief of which is further immigration and emigration. There is also the question of whether persons eligible to naturalization shall seek natur- alization and whether citizens actually exercise their right to vote. Because wild guesses, some of them purporting to be estimates based on statistical calculations, have been given wide publicity, I am venturing to make an estimate of the number of potential voters in 1941. (See Table I.) In order to indicate my method to a slight extent. I am making the estimate by stages. The preliminary estimate of column one is based on the assumption that the situation will not be modified by immi- gration or emigration, after the census date of 1920. Under this assumption the potential voters of 1941 will be all of the people who were living in the Territory in 1920 and who will survive till 1941, except certain classes excluded by law. as follows : 20 (1) Men stationed in Hawaii for military and naval serv- ice; (2) Foreign born not eligible to naturalization; (3) Native born women married to aliens not eligible to naturalization ; (4) Illiterates; (5) Mental incompetents. There is a consider- able quantity of statistical information to guide the estimate as to men in army and navy service, foreign born persons not eligible to naturalization, illiterates, and mental incom- petents, and as to death rates, so that this estimate, as far as it goes, should not be far from accurate. In the second column I have introduced such modifica- tions as I have thought necessary in view of probable im- migration and emigration, matters of much greater uncer- tainty. The greatest uncertainty in this estimate relates to the Filipinos. (They are eligible to citizenship.) The estimate assumes a continuation of existing laws and labor policies, but the planters are anxious to change their policy if they can secure a change in the law to permit the importation of Chinese laborers. In the event of their securing laborers from China or from some other country, nearly all the Filipinos might return to their native land. If the new laborers were aliens ineligible to citizenship, none of them would be voters. But the coming of new laborers in sufficient numbers to sup- plant the Filipinos would also have the effect of accelerating the movement of Hawaiian born Japanese toward the main- land of the United States. Even if all the Filipinos leave Hawaii, I can see no valid ground for the view that the Japanese will constitute over 28 per cent of the total potential voters in 1941. A potential voter in order to become an actual voter must register and cast a vote. If foreign born, he must be natur- alized. This is a matter, not of counting heads, but of prac- tical conduct, of interest, of disposition. At ju'esent most of the foreign born Spanish and Porto Ricans are ineligible, being illiterate, and their children are nearly all minors. The Filipinos are politically minded, but they have not yet trans- ferred their political interest to Hawaii and so very few have sought naturalization. The disposition toward voting, or at least toward registration for voting purposes, may be meas- ured approximately by Table J, showing the percentage of those estimated as eligible who registered for the regular November election in 1922. These percentages must not be taken to indicate the dis- position of the voters in 1941. The Americans, Hawaiians and Portuguese have had larger political experience and they formulate the issues and policies and hold the offices. The Chinese and Japanese have had little or no political experience 21 TABLE I ESTIMATED NUMBER OF POTENTIAL VOTERS IN HAWAII IN 1941 National Groups Preliminary estimate based on the assumption that the situa- tion will not be changed by immigration and emigration after the census date 1920 Final estimate in which allowance is made for probable immigration and emigration Hawaiian and part Hawaiian 20,000 20,000 Portuguese, Spanish and Porto Rican .... 22,000 20,000 American and North European .... 11,200 15,000 Chinese 11,500 10,000 Japanese 44,000 30,000 Korean 1,200 800 Filipinos and others... 8,500 40,000 Total 118,400 135,800 Per cent Japanese .... 37.1 22.1 TABLE J Estimated Number of Potential Voters Persons Registered for Voting Purposes Per cent Registered of Number of Persons Estimated as Having the Right to Vote Male Female Male Female Male Female Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian 9,840 8,800 9,543 7,474 96.9 84.9 Portuguese 4,683 3,711 3,180 1,032 67.9 27.8 American 3,925 3,929 3,738 3,138 95.2 79.6 Chinese 2,139 1,232 1,285 214 60.0 17.3 Japanese 1,428 1,404 1,014 121 71.0 8.6 22 and they are not politically minded. Their voting is more a matter of ritual than of practical politics, but they will develop politically with experience. The present indications are that they will be conservatives in politics. VI. The Economic Status of the Japanese in Hawaii M ost of the foreign born Japanese of Hawaii came or were brought as field laborers on sugar plantations. A few came as business or professional men. Slowly but surely the labor- ers have improved their economic position and the Hawaiian born young men and women are aiming definitely at a still higher economic status. Many of them possess the industry, intelligence, thrift and the character necessary to success in this effort. Only a few statistical facts bearing on their economic progress will be cited. Forty-four per cent of the women were employed in 1910; only 30 per cent in 1920. This indicates a lessening need for the earnings of wives. The men are leaving plantation labor for more desirable occupations. They are increasing in skilled employments; 2537 in 1910 and 4199 in 1920. They are getting out of oc- cupations of little dignity and the blind alley occupations. They are entering the professions; 221 in 1910, and 651 in 1920. Some are becoming independent business men ; 273 mer- chants in 1910 and 1150 in 1920. There are numerous Japa- nese small contractors and a few are managing enterprises of considerable magnitude. In reading the above figures it must be remembered that the whole number of Japanese males, both native and foreign born, with occupations de- creased from 44,141 in 1910 to 39,582 in 1920. The figures of the Territorial Assessor also indicate moder- ate but significant progress. In 1910 the Japanese paid taxes on real and personal property valued at $1,920,212, or 1.27 per cent of the total valuation. In 1922 their property was valued at $10,785,289 or 3.97 per cent of the total valuation for the Territory. VII. School Attendance S CHOOL attendance through the elementary grades is compulsory in Hawaii. High school and college attendance is optional and so it measures the strength of the desire for an education and the ability to do the more advanced work. In the case of the children of parents with small income it also measures 23 the disposition of parents to make sacrifices for their children and the willingness of the children to earn their way through school. Table K based on data in the census of 1920 will enable the reader to compare the Chinese and the Japanese children of Hawaii with certain classes of mainland children. TABLE K PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN IN SCHOOL IN HAWAII AND IN THE UNITED STATES, CENSUS 1920 Ages .411 Races in Hawaii .411 Races in the I'nited States Chinese in Hawaii Native White Children of Native Parents in the United States Japanese in Hawaii Native White Children of Foreign Born Parents in the United States 14-15 years old 77.1 79.9 91.1 83.9 77.0 79.9 16-17 years old 40.0 42.9 69.1 4S.7 35.1 34.5 18-20 years old 13.1 14.8 33.7 17.5 12.4 11.9 Note the extraordinarily high rate of attendance of the Chinese in Hawaii, and that the rate for the Japanese compares very favorablj' with the mainland rate for the children of the foreign born. High school and college attendance is largely affected by convenience of location of homes to schools and, in the case of the children of the foreign born, by the length of the residence of the family in America. The Chinese of Hawaii are situated mainly in cities and towns and the Jap- anese in rural districts. The foreign born Chinese have lived in Hawaii, on the average, about twenty years longer than the Japanese. 24 VIII. Miscellaneous Data I T would be possible to submit other statistical data which would reflect the social character of the Japanese in Hawaii, but for the sake of brevity I will make certain statements in a non-statistical way. Some are based on official statistics and others are based on the opinions of business men and social workers. 1. In Hawaii there are four national groups which are superior in business responsibility and credit, and four which are inferior. The Japanese belong to the superior four. Their credit is not quite so good as that of the Chinese. Some think that this is explained by the greater length of experience in Hawaii of the Chinese and by their larger capital ; others think that the Chinese are by nature or racial tradition supe- rior in business morality. Much Japanese business is done with insufficient capital, and it could not be done at all ex- cept for the credit extended by wholesale houses. 2. The Territorial prison has fewer Japanese relative to population than it has of any other group. 3. The record of the Japanese as to conduct prohibited by the Volstead Act is not good. The chance to make easy money is too great a temptation. 4. The various relief agencies of Honolulu report that comparatively few Japanese apply for charitable relief. 5. There is less unemployment among the Japanese than among some of the other racial groups. 6. The probation officers of the Juvenile Court do not have to give much attention to Japanese children. 7. Truancy among Japanese children is rare. 8. Many Japanese boys and young men are eager to use such educational opportunities as are provided by Y. M. C. A. night schools and other similar agencies. 9. There are a few Japanese boys 17-20 years old who are becoming serious problems, primarily to their parents. They think that they are Americans and, hence, superior to their parents. They are like the American “smart Aleck,” and they want to spend more than their fair share of the family income on fine clothes and amusements. 10. A considerable number of the boys are enlisted in the Boy Scout movement and if there were enough leaders the numbers could be increased. 25 11. The Japanese students in the University compare favorably with the students of other races; a few superior students, many about average, and a few of inferior quality. Their social and political views are distinctly conservative in character — more conservative than the average for students in the universities of the United States. 26 1 • <