A BRIEF REVIEW .• OF THE United States-Hawaiian Annexation Question . . . A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE United States-Hawaiian Annexation Question, BY C. ir. STURDEMST. HONOLULU : ROBERT GRIEVE, ELECTRIC BOOK AND JOB jPRlNTEB 118 Merchant Street, (up stairs.) 1897. INTRODUCTORY. Honolulu, H. I., February 10, 1897. If this little pamphlet which is a simple statement of facts as they exist, shall serve to assist the American public in arriving at a right understanding of the Hawaiian question it will have ac- complished the purpose for which it is published. P. O. Box 462. C. V. Stuedevant. My acquaintance with Mr. C. V. Sturdevant leads me to say that I consider his statements of fact to be worthy of credit. W. R. Castle, Ex-Hawaiian Minister to Washington. OF THE United States-Hawaiian AnneKation Ouestion -: o :- I shall endeavor first to treat of the sentimental side of the Ha- waiian question. I do not see that the much mooted question of the ( X-Queen's character enters into the consideration of this matter in any sense. The statement has often been made that Liliuokalani was rob- bed of her throne. The fact is, she did exactly the same thing as King James II. of England did, with precisely the same result. Both attempted to subvert the constitutions they had sworn to support, and both lost their thrones. I quote from page XIII. of Senator John T. Morgan's senate re- port No. 227 to the 53rd Congress, 2nd Session: " The question whether such a state of affairs as is shown by the undisputed facts in this case constitute an abdication and created an interregnum was passed upon in England with more care, because of the serious results that followed the decision, than seems to have been bestowed upon a like controversy in any other country. " The people of Great Britain have many liberties that are firm- ly established in the traditions of that country, and on many oc- casions they have asserted their rights, as the basis of govern- mental power, with great determination and success. In 1688, when James II. was on the throne, his severe conduct, exercised through the J udiciary of the Kingdom and in other ways, and a strong ad- hesion to the Catholic religion, caused the people of Great Britain to accuse him of an intention to violate their unwritten constitu- tion. He was a great and powerful King, and had accomplished 4: very much for the glory and honor of England. But the people of England held him to an observance of the spirit of his oath of loyaltj' to the constitution of that country, and, when they became satisfied that he had made an effort to subvert it, they, in their Parliament, passed upon the question of his abdication and held that his intention and effort to violate the constitution robbed him of his title to the crown and opened the door to the establishment of a new dynasty. Blackstone, in speaking of these events, says: " ' King James 11. succeeded to the throne of his ancestors, and might have enjoyed it during the remainder of his life, but for his own infatuated conduct which, with other concurring circumstances, brought on the revolution in 1688. " ' The true ground and principle upon which that memorial event proceeded was an entirely new case in politics, which had never before happened in our history — the abdication of the reign- ing monarch and the vacancy of the throne' thereupon. It was not a defeasance of the right of succession and a new limitation of the crown bj- the King and both houses of Parliament; it was the act of the nation alone upon the conviction that there was no King in being. For, in a full assembly of the lords and commons, met in a convention upon the supposition of this vacancy, both houses came to this resolution: 'that King James II., having endeavored to subvert the constitution of the Kingdom by breaking the original contract between king and people; and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental law and having withdrawn himself out of this Kingdom has abdicated the Government, and that the throne is herebj' vacant. "Proceeding further this eminent jurist says: "'For whenever a question arises between the society at large and any magistrate vested with powers originall_y delegated by that society it must be decided by the voice of the society itself; there is not upon earth any other tribunal to resort to, and that these consequences were fairly deduced from these facts, our ancestors have solemnly determined in a full parliamentary con- vention representing the whole society,'" B After having, by her attempt to promulgate a new constitution, abdicated the throne, in other words, having dethroned herself, Liliuokalani, finding herself balked for the moment and not realiz- ing the determination of those she was attempting to disfranchise, made the following speech: " Oh, ye people who love the chief, I hereby say to you, I am now ready to proclaim the new constitution for my Kingdom, thinking that it would be successful; but behold obstacles have arisen. Therefore, I say unto you, loving people, go with good hope, and do not be disturbed or troubled in your mind, because within the next few days now coming I ivill proclaim the new constitu- tion." The people or '■ society'' met in mass meeting and unanimously empowered the committee of safety to act according to their dis- cretion, they declared the throne vacant (as did the English par- liament in 1688), proclaimed the abrogation of the monarchy, and proceeded to organize a Provisional Government to act until an- nexation to the United States might be realized or consummated. President Cleveland withdrew the annexation treaty from the Sentite and seeing no hope for their policy for three years the executive and advisory councils passed an act providing for a con- stitutional convention to draft a suitable constitution for a Re- public. The constitution was ratified by an immense mass meeting in the drill ehed on the evening of July 2d, and on July 4th, 1894, at at 8 o'clock A. M., the Provisional Government was abolished and the Republic of Hawaii born into the family of nations. The Republic of Hawaii which now knocks at the door of the United States for admission is thoroughly and strongly organized. It has been recognized by all nations as the de jure as well as the de facto Government of these islands. It and the Provisional Government which it succeeded have maintained its autonomy for more than four years (since January 6 17th, 1893), and so far as internal strife is concerned can do so indefinitely. There was an attempt made to destroy the Government in Jan- uary, 1895, when there was no warship in jjort, but the Eepublio came through with flying colors. As to foreign intervention from Europe, there is no fear what- ever, but The Japanese Question is a different matter. It is frequently charged that " the Japanese scare is simply an annexation bugbear used to hasten the United States into action." In order to show conclusively that it is not " talk" but cold, hard facts, I will, after quoting a couple of newspaper articles, give a comparative table of Japanese immigration pre^Dared hy the De- puty Collector-General of the Hawaiian Islands. This table shows the increasing rate at which the Japfmese colonization scheme is being carried out and unwelcome as it is, the fact remains that unless the United States does take immediate action it will be too late to do so peaceably, as this Government could not as a matter of course maintain its independence against Jap- anese intervention, and it is an old saying, and true, that " It is easier to keep out of trouble than it is to get out." New York, Dec. 24, 1896. — The Commercial Advertiser's Wash- ington correspondent says: " While Ministers Cooper and Hatch are making hopeful reports over the prospects of Hawaiian annexation, the Japanese Govern- ment is quietly preparing a coup d'etat for the proper time. It has been an open secret for some months past that the Mikado's Ministers have been very busy m "colonizing" Japanese in the young Kepublic of the Pacific. The meaning of this, in so many words, is that Japan herself wants some say in the matter, when it comes to voting for annexation. The fact is, his Ministers are very anxious to extend the Mikado's emriire. 7 " Within the past few weeks the Japanese Legation here has been very busy in collecting all the data possible bearing on the treaties and conventions between this country and Hawaii. They have visited the various committee-rooms of the Senate and secured copies of every Hawaiian document in existence. Indeed, it was the thoroughness of their quest thftt 'gave a clew to their intentions, and has caused sO much comment in Congressional circles just now. The excitement over the Cuban question during the past few weeks gave them ample opportunity for conducting their investi- gations without attracting attention. The Japanese Legation has been particularly anxious to get all the information possible bear- ing on the relations of the young Eepublic with other countries. The Senate committee-rooms and document rooms have been searched for data of every description, and already the Legation has acquired some valuable information. No expense or pains have been spared to secure everything in any way pertaining to Hawaii." ' " The following extracts from an article in the Yomouri Shinbun, a Japanese home paper, are reprinted by the Shanghai Mercury with caustic comments: ' It is time to awake from our dream of stay at home seclusion and give rein to the bold Japanese spirit of adventure. The ex- pansive power of the Japanese race must make itself felt eastward through North and South America and the Indies, westward through India, and southward through Polynesia, dominating everywhere the white inhabitants and supplanting the black races (sic). ' The making of a Greater Japan should not be limited to the piecemeal extension of our dominions. The spirit of colonization must he encouraged and emigration facilitated by the authorities at home, while abroad Legations and Consulates must be estab- lished at once for the protection and assistance of our colonists. • Japanese settlers have already opened trade in the groups of islands, English, Dutch, French and German, lying between For- mosa and Australia, and of late years the tide of Japanese emigra- 8 tion has set southward with ahnost irresistible force. The islands immediately adjacent to Formosa — viz., the Philippine and Caroline groups— belong to Spain, and there is danger of our spheres of influence clashing. To guard against this an agreement delimiting our respective territories was drawn up after the war, but the south-going tide of Japanese emigration is not to be stayed by the power of man, and contact and complications between Japanese and Spaniards are inevitable. The murder of a Japanese by a native in an island of the Caroline group last February is a case in point. The murderer was let off, and redress was thereupon claimed, through our Minister in Paris, from the Spanish Govern- ment, but there being no Envoy specially charged with Japanese interests in Madrid, the matter could not be cleared up and satis- factorily settled. Not only are such complications bound to occur; further, the Spanish authorities, mistaking our natural expansion for simple aggression are devoting attention to military defense in the Phillippines. It appears also that at the close of the war Spain was for joining the - Triple Alliance, with a view to robbing us of the fruits of our victory in the south. To prevent the recur- rence of such misunderstandings and to transact the diplomatic business arising from the proximity of our possessions it is most necessary that a Minister Plenipotentiary should be appointed to Madrid. ' Hawaii is the country of the highest importance and brightest prospects for our emigrants, who already number more than 20,000 of the total population of 70,000. Every year some 2,000 Japanese emigrants settle in Hawaii, and of those who go the majority stay^ after the expiration of their contracts. The growth of- our influence has naturally made us an object of jealousy to foreign countries such as Anierica, Portugal and England, and the present Hawaiian Governtaent who favor the idea of a union with the; United States. In view of these facts and of our great and gi-owing interests in the country Japan can no longer be content to be represented merely by a Consul-General, and the appoint- 9 ment of a Minister Resident is desirable."'--£'ye)ii«.gf Bulletin, Jan. 11, 1897. Unsupported the above clippings would be of no value but the following showing of Japanese activity proves the correctness of their statements: . .. Japanese Arrivals. Japanese Depaetdres. 1895. 1896. 1895. 1896. January - • " 270 89 February.. 15 ... 151 80 132 March . 1,333 . 39 83 393 April 435 584 543 461 May -25 1,293 168 June 45 780 249 466 July 70 296 104 225 August 35 478 369 324 September 26 99 .... 279 October . , . 767 91 133 November . 67 1,134 302 371 December 868 372 •: ; 201 98 Other Countries 19 59 ' ■ 9 46 2,938 6,322 2,120 3,095 Total Arrivals, 1896 6,322 Total Arrivals, 1895 2,938 Excess Arrivals, '96 over '95 ........ 3,384 Total Departures, 1896 3,095 Total Departures, 1895 2,120 Excess Depart's '96 o'er '9'5 975 10 Arrivals, 1895 2,938 Departures, 1895 2,120 Excess Arrivals over De- partures, 1895 818 Arrivals, 1896 6,322 Departures, 1896 3,095 Excess Arrivals over De- partures, 1896 3,227 Excess Arrivals over Departures, 1895. . , , 818 Excess Arrivals over Departures, 1896. . , 3,227 Total Excess of Arrivals over Depart's, '95 and '96 . . 4,045 To C. V. Sttjbdevaht. P. B. MoSTOCKER, Deputy Collector-General of Customs. Hundreds of these Japanese " students " are walking the streets of Honolulu in idleness. " There is coming to Havpaii either in February or March, a Jap- anese man-of-war, which will be permanently stationed in the Honolulu harbor. This information leaked out this morning and is vouched for by excellent authority. "Mr. H. Shimamaru, the Japanese diplomatic agent and Consul General was seen in his office at the Japanese consulate on Nuuanu avenue this morning. He stated that he anticipated the arrival of a war vessel here within the next couple of months, but denied that he had received any official advices informing him just when the ship would arrive. " ' I have been told,' continued the Japanese Consul General, 'that a Japanese man-of-war would be dispatched to Hawaii. This 11 information came from headquarters in my country. Now, just when the vessel will arrive I am unable to say.' " Has your Government any grievances ? " ' None whatever,' was the prompt reply. " ' There is absolutely no significance in the dispatching of a war vessel to Honolulu if such is the case, by the Japanese Government, When I left Tokio in October of 1895 for Hawaii, I was informed by the Minister of the Navy that a vessel would undoubtedly be sent to this country in the near future. There are now 30,000 Japanese liviag in Hawaii. The Minister is aware of the fa'ct that the Japanese colony in Hawaii is the largest outside of Japan in the Pacific Ocean and evidently believes that the presence of a war vessel in port would be pleasing to the residents here.' "By the Peking the news of the convening of the Japanese Con- gress was received. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of that coun- try has a bill before that body asking for an appropriation to establish a Japanese legation in Hawaii. If this bill should pass Congress, Mr. Shimamaru will be promoted from his present posi- tion of Diplomatic Agent and Consul General to Minister resident and Consul General." The above is from the Hawaiian Star of January 30th last. Heretofore the only country keeping a warship here perma- nently, has been the United States. 12 Plantation Labor Statistics. NUMBEB AND NATIONALITY OP SuGAR PLANTATION LaBOKEES, 1896. • [Compiled from latest Bureau ol Immigration Report]. ISLANDS. HAWAI- lANS. POET- UGUESE. japa'ese Chinese. S. S. ISI/ANDEES All Others. Total- Hawaii 604 1,123 6,854 1,463 32 186 9,252 .506 543 1,799 795 72 75 3,790 1.93 245 1,103 658 12 49 2,220 321 688 2.828 941 17 163 4,868 Total 1,584 2,499 11,684 3,847 133 473 20,120 Of the above, 8,835 only are under contract; a little over tvi^o- fiftlis. The number of contract laborers are divided as follows, as to nationality, viz.: Havpaiians 522 Portuguese ■ 420 Japanese 6,602 Chinese 1,203 Polynesians 88 There are 365 minors employed on the different plantations. — From Thrum's Annual by permission. Ewa plantation, one of the largest sugar plantations in Hawaii, tried free labor last year with perfect success and satisfaction. They claim that contract labor is no longer necessary for profitable sugar culture. One more objection is thus disposed of. The following editorial which appeared in the Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser of January 22nd last seems to me to put the commercial side of the question in its true light, while it does not apply under Hawaiian laws to the Chinese, the Japanese have the " most favored nation " clause in their treaty with Hawaii as they have with the United States. "The San Francisco Press. We are not, and our friends in San Francisco, are not quite able to discover the reasons for the general opposition of the press of that city to annexation. There 13 does not appear to be any discussion of the merits of a question, which involves the relations of that city with a place which stands third in the commercial importance of its trade. This is singular, because that city is not overburdened with a profitable foreign trade, and what it has, is constantlj' threatened by the competition of the Northern ports and Canada. " If the plan of annexation is defeated, what will be the relation of the Pacific Coast to us in the future ? It will be only a matter of time when the " control " of the Islands will pass virtually into the hands of the Asiatics. This may easily take place without the least interference by the Governments of those countries. In form, the nation may be wholly independent, but in substance, it will be what the majoribj' of the people make it. Without annex- ation the political forces which are dangerous and dormant at present, will gradually move to the front, and nothing but physical force will control them. Moreover, the Asiatics will crowd in here, without limit, and establish great factories, and come in comjjetition with American merchants in the Mexican and^ South American trade. The Japanese have already discussed the subject of establishing factories here, and in due time this will be done. There are some special advantages here in that line, which do not exist in Japan. The certainty of a large commercial marine in Japanese hands, will make tangible the proposition to finally build cotton and woolen mills here, at the best distributing point of the Pacific. "The wiser Asiatics will see the advantage to themselves of making this the great " free port " of the Pacific, and they may do this without any Government assistance. We could not prevent them from doing this, or from striking at the trade of the United States from this point. As a free port or general exchange, beyond the control of American legislation or restrictions, the commerce of the coming Nicaragua Canal would be deflected from the Pacific Coast to a spot free from any restrictions. "Though all the Powers agreed to maintain the independence of the Islands, they cannot alter the critical position we are in, u owing to our geog'raphical position at the front of tlie Orient. The tendency will be towards the irrepressible immigTation of Asiatics, and the small contingent of Americanists and Europeans cannot control it. Singapore and Hong Kong are wholly in the hands of the Asiatics in trade and commerce, and are nominally British because those places are covered by British guns. Much more may be said on this subject. The press of San Francisco should well consider this aspect of the case, if it has the interest of that important city in view." Summary Table of Amount and Nationality of Investment in Plan- tation and Other Corporations in tlie Hawaiian Islands, Compiled June, 1893. NATIONALITY OF INVESTOKS. M SuGAB Plan- tation COK- POBATIONS. 22 Planta- tions NOT INCOEPOEA- TED. 43 COBPOKA- TIONS OTHEB THAN Sua'K. Total. Hawaiian born American. . Hawaiian born British .... Hawaiian born German .... Half-caste, Hawaiians $ 18,594,695 2,960,280 4,803,218 196,200 1,233,936 39,165 38,991 285,056 259,700 49,500 3,550 415,000 500,000 1,195,000 515,000 2,690,994 948,197 1,289,520 233,006 299,523 28,839 .51,620 277,076 44,640 420 13,565 $ 21,700,689 4,408,477 6,787,738 429,206 2,048,468 68,004 90,611 562,132 304,840 49,920 392,115 Portuguese All other Nationalities. 75,000 800,000 Total $ 27,964,290 3,000,000 5,877,400 $ 36,841,690 - — From Thrum's Annual by permission. The above table is so nearly correct at the present time that a later one has not been compiled. It shows that Americans own over 77% of all incorporated and S0^% of all unincorporated sugar plantations in the Islands or out of a total of $30,964,290 invested in sugar plantations $22,469,975 is owned by true blue Americans. I make the above quotation and deductions to show the injustice of opposing Hawaii because of predjudioe from any sugar pro- 15 ducing section of the United States where I venture to say are many foreigners engaged in sugar culture. Certainly the men who have left home to come here where they could better themselves and who have worked to Americanize these islands and make them desirable for " Old Glory " to float over, men, I say, who have risked their lives in several revolutions in support of good Government are not less entitled to the protec- tion and consideration of the home Government than are the foreigners within its borders. According to Willett & Gray — " During the past fifteen years the consumption of sugar in the United States has grown from 993,532 tons in 1881 to 2,000,000 tons in 1896, at an average rate of increase per annum of about six per cent. There are very good i-easons for estimating that in the next fifteen years the consump- tion will again double itself and become at least 4,000,000 tons." The above shows an annual increase in United States sugar con- sumption for fifteen years of 67,091 1-5 tons or more than one- third of Hawaii's entire crop. In other words, the consumption of sugar in the United States has increased from 24.1 lbs. per capita in 1867 to 66.4 lbs. per capita in 1894. There has been a steady increase all along and in 1894 the increase over 1893 was 3 lbs. per capita (I quote from p. 157 of the world's almanac) and this taken in connection with the steadjf increase in population makes opposition to Hawaii's sugar seem preposterous. Resume of Imports, 1895. Total. Per Cent. $ 4,516,944 38 79.04 471,122 98 8.25 110,751 61 1.94 223,701 56 3.92 207,125 59 3.62 Australia and New Zealand 122,804 60 2.15 30,731 21 .54 1,192 51 .02 7,849 90 .14 21,793 20 .38 $ 5,714,017 54 100 Per Cent. - — From Thrum's Annual by permission. Table of Quantity and Value of Hawaiian Exports to All Countries for the Year 1896, Sugar, lbs Rice .' lbs Coffee lbs Bananas bnclis "Wool lbs Hfdes pes Pineapples .pes Goat Skins pes Sheep Skins pes Molasses gals Betel Leaves bxs Tare Flour lbs Plants, Seeds pkgs Sundry Fruit Value Awa pkgs Bones and Horns Curios Value Canned Fruits doz Sundries ' Foreign Products Total ■. . . . UNITED STATES, * Of this Division^U. S. Atlantic Ports took 50,072,521 lbs. Sugar, valued at $3,288,708.00, or 15.22 per cent, of total value of exports for the year. — Fyom Thnim^s Amnial hy i^^rmission , 17 A trade balance in favor of Hawaii, of $2,760,120.61 shows the financial abilitj' of the Islands. Under annexation Hawaii's purchases from the United States would increase materially for the reason that the duties on all goods from there would be removed, making them cheaper than English goods with a dutj'. The following quotation from Senate report No. 227, 53rd. Congress, 2nd. Session p. 67 shows how the already large trade with Hawaii was secured: " The Hawaiian Treaty— A Review of Its Commercial Results. " The Hawaiian treaty was negotiated for the purpose of securing political control of those islands, making them industrially and commercially a part of the United States and preventing any other great power from acquiring a foothold there, which might be adverse to the welfare and safety of our Pacific coast in time of war. They are situated midway on the direct way from Panama to Hong Kong and directly on the shortest line from the Columbia River or Puget Sound to Australia. Here the two great lines of future commerce of the Pacific Ocean intersect, and vessels must stop there for refreshment and refuge. " The Islands prior to the treaty were declining in population, and owing to the decay of the whale fishery, were declining in wealth. Their soil is, perhaps, the most productive for sugar raising of any known in the world. "But the high tariff on sugar and the exceedingly low wages which must be paid in tropical countries for raising sugar to sup- ply the United States rendered the industry difficult. In 1875, a movement arose in the islands for the importation of Hindoo coolies to supply the requisite cheap labor, and the consent of England was promised. The growth of the Australian colonies had gradually developed a growing market for Hawaiian sugar, and, after a trial of it by some of the Hawaiian planters, it was 18 found that better prices could be obtained in the free-trade port of Sydney than in San Francisco, and return cargoes could be bought there much more cheaply. Preparations were making for sending there the entire crops of 1876-77. These matters came to the knowledge of the State department. The Hawaiians had been pressing for many j-ears for a commercial treaty with the United States, but without success. It was, now felt in the State department that the question was assuming grave importance, and, as political supremacy in the Islands must inevitably follow the commerce, it was recognized that this country must make favorable concessions to them, or else let them follow the inevit- able tendency and drift slowly into the status of an English colony. The result was the negotiation of the existing treaty and its ratifi- cation by the consent of the Senate." The main points for consideration by the United States in the question of accepting or rejecting Hawaii's plea for admission are found in the above quotation. First and foremost is the value of the islands to the United States in time of war, from its geographical position for a coaling, supply and repair station. Second, the Hawaiian trade and patronage of American shipping is no small item for consideration. As will be seen by a reference to the table of imports on page 15 the United States received $4,516,944.88 out of $5,714,017.54 of Ha- waii's foreign trade in 1895 or 79.04% (1896 tables not yet to hand). Rear Admiral J. G. Walker made a survey while here of Pearl Harbor and thoroughly investigated its value as a naval rendezvous and in his report to the Senate, p. 20 in Ex. Doc. No. 16, 53rd. Congress, 3rd. session, he says : " it should not be forgotten in this connection that Pearl Harbor offers, strategetically and otherwise the finest site for a naval and coaling station to be found in the whole Pacific." On pages 11, 12 and 13 of the same document may be found an interesting report as to the ease and cheapness with which an en- trance to Pearl Harbor can be made for the largest sbi^DS. Comparative Table of Population of the Hawaiian, Islands. Islands. Census 1832. r'TCWtJTTt! t_;rjl> O U B 183S. Census 1&53. Census 1860. Census 1866. Census 1872. Census 1878. Census 1884. Census 1890. Census 1896. 45,792 35,062 29,755 10,977 6,000 1,600 1,047 80 39,364 24,199 27,809 8,934 6,000 1,200 993 80 24,450 17,574 19,126 6,991 3,607 600 790 21,481 16,400 21.275 6,487 2,864 646 647 19,808 14,035 19,799 6,299 2,299 394 325 16,001 12,334 20,671 4,961 2,349 348 233 17,034 12,109 20,236 5,634 2,581 214 177 24,991 15,970 28,068 *8,935 1^ 2,614 26,754 17,357 31,194 *11,859 I 2.826 f • 33,285 17,726 40,206 15,228 2,307 105 CO 164 Totals 130,313 108,579 73,138 69,800 62,959 56,897 57,985 80,578 89,990 109,020 2,119 2,716 4,194 5,366 10,383 36,346 49,368 69,516 71,019 67,084 58,765 51,531 47,602 44,232 40,622 39,504 *Iticluding Niihau.— -Prom Thrum's Annual by permission. 20 The above table will show the decline in population until the reciprocity treaty was made, while the increase .since 1878 will give an idea of what might be exjsected under annexation. A fair idea of the growth of Hawaiian commercial imj)ortance can be gained by a reference to the following brief tabulation of the number of ocean steamers arriving at the port of Honolulu in the last quarters of 1890, 1893 and 1896: British. Ameeioan. Japanese. Total. 1890 5 9 0 U' 1893 11 7 1 19 1896 22 13 4 39 Nationality of Vessels Employed in Foreign Carrying Trade, 1891 — 1894. Nations. 1891. 1892. 1893. 189i. No. TONS. No. Tons. NO. Tons. No. tons. American 233 169,472 212 160,042 219 177,422 259 187,647 21 26,869 11 4,340 27 20,134 13 11,435 33 52,866 30 59,317 58 111,655 67 132,085 9 9,005 5 5,978 5 5,062 6 6,708 S 8,239 3 4,701 4 7,167 3 4,155 All Others 10 8,401 11 8,201 2 2,245 2 1,814 Total 311 274,852 272 242,579 315 323,685 350 343,844 — From Thrum's Annual by permisHion. The above table shows the United States to have something more than two-thirds of the carrying trade: For 1895 it was 74.70%'. The climate and soil of the islands are adapted to a wide diver- sity of industries which under annexation will offer glowing inducements to the American small farmer. 21 Detailed Statement of Bonded Debt, Dec. 31st, 1896. [From Beport of the Minister of Finance]. Under Loan Act of 1876 . 1882. 1886. 1888. 1890. 1890. 1892. 1892. 1893. 1896. Per Cent. -@ -@ ■@ .@ •@ @ •@ 1,500 00 69,400 00 2,000,000 00 190,000 00 95,000 00 29,100 00 69,200 00 4,000 Oo 850,000 00 222,000 00 $ 3,330,200 00 Act. 68 of the Session Laws of 1896, provides for the consolida- tion of the public debt of the Eepublic of Hawaii and the issuance of new four per cent bonds therefor, not to exceed in the aggre- gate $3,330,000, redeemable in from twenty-five to fifty years. The total liabilities of the Kepublic of Hawaii are $3,914,608.35 while its assets as represented in Government lands which include the old Crown lands; harbor improvements; water works; Public buildings and cash in hand are about double that amount. Hawaii is not a pauper country. It is probably wealthier in resources developed and undeveloped than any locality in the United States and, instead of being a drag and expense on the United States is well able to take financial care of herself and will pay her just proportion of the country's expense and thereby enrich rather than (as some would make it appear,) impoverish, the home Government, by just that much. Educational. Aside from th^ asiatics who have no voice in the political affairs of the Republic the percentage of illiteracy is practically nil. There is a compulsory educational law which is rigidly enforced on all na- tionalities and it would indeed be hard to find a boy or girl more than twelve years of age who could not both read and write. 22 The following I's quoted from the report of the regular weekly meeting of the Board of Education held January 27tli last. "Mr. Scott asked what should be done in the Chinese schools with regard to Chinese new year. Last year attendance was not enforced. The deputy inspector recommended that Chinese chil- dren be excused for the first four days of next week from school, and that truant officers be so instructed. Carried." I find on p. 295 of the World's almanac for January that 13.3% of all the residents of the United States over 10 years of age are illiterate. Comparison is not made to exalt the Hawaiian popula- tion unduly but rather to show that it is worthy of U. S. citizen- ship. 28 LESSONS FBOM THE CENSUS. SCHOOL STATISTICS, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Comparative Table of School Population, 1896-94. [From Beports of the Department of Education]. No. In School, Jan. No. In School, Jan. Islands. Schools, 1896. Schools, 1894. 189(3. Boys. Oirls. Tota I 1894. Boys. Oirls. Total Hawaii .... 62 1,841 1,540 3,381 64 1,661 1,453 3,114 Maui and Lanai .... 38 1,245 1,088 2,333 82 1,217 •1,004 2,221 Molokai. . . . 5 175 59 284 7 136 115 251 Oahu 66 2,929 2,283 5,212 54 2,502 1,972 4,474 Kauai and Niiliau . . . 16 823 633 1,456 19 722 525 1,247 Totals . 187 7,013 6,603 12,616 176 6,238 5,069 11,307 Number of Schools, Class, Etc., 1896. Government Native Schools. Government English Schools.; Independent Schools. !zi !2; !^ ■ !z! o o o o o o o o o Islands. o o o o o o o o O ' H Ms m Ul % CO choc o c ohoo o ehoo so Q >^ "S. w m CO cc Ui w CO Hawaii .... 2 2 27 47 80 2,740 13 30 614 31 80 3,027 35 106 2,185 Maui and 28 60 1,895 10 22 438 Kauai and Niihau . . . 1 1 32 12 29 1,269 3 7 155 4 5 162 1 4 72 Totals ... 3 3 59 122 254 9,093 62 169 3,464 Nationality of Pupils, 1896 and 1894. 1896. 1894. Hawaiians 5,207 5,177 Part Hawaiians. .. 2,198 2,103 Americans 386 285 English 200 184 Germans 253 208 Portuguese 3,186 2,551 Total, 1896 12,616 1896. 1894. Norwegians 96 83 740 529 S. S. Islanders. . . 29 35 261 113 8 5 Other Foreigners. 52 34 Total, 1894. . . .11,307 24 Pupils under 6 years 262 boys, 271 g-irls; total, 533 " between 6 and 16 years 6,206 " 6,019 " •' 11,225 " over 15 years 545 " 313 " " 868 Totals 7,013 " 5,603 " 12,616 — From Thrum's Annual hy permission. Population of the Hawaiian. Islands by Nationality, Sept. 27, 1896. Totals. Males. Females. 16,399 . . . . : . . . 14,620 4,243 . . . . 4,236 1,975 1,111 1,406 844 866 566 56 45 216 162 8,202 ' . 6,989 19,212 . . . . 5,195 19,167 . . . . 2,449 s 321 134 . 448 152 Part Hawaiians... 4,249 4,236 8,485 Americans 1,975 1,111 3,086 British German .... French 56 45 101 Norwegian 216 162 378 Chinese 19,167 2,449 21,616 455 Other Nationalities. 448 152 600 72,517 36,503 109,020 Hawaii's heterogeneous or cosmopolitan population would not afifect the "United States for the reason that with the exception of the Chinese all are now free to enter the United States at will. There are only (Sept. 27th. 1896) 21,616 Chinese less 3,563 con- tract laborers (not all on sugar plantations) who must return to China at the expiration of their contracts except as provided in Act. 3 found on p. 31, in the Islands all told, and probably not one per cent of them would ever care to avail themselves of any opportu- nity to go to tlie main land for the reason that they can do much better here. Furthermore the entire population of Hawaii is entirely insigni- 25 ficant, being only 109,020 (Census of September 27th last) or less than the respective population of thirty-one different cities of the United States while eight other cities lack less than 10,000 of as great a population apiece as the whole group of the Hawaiian Islands (See world's almanac for January pages 383 and 384). The average annual immigration into the United States for the past ten years has been; more than. four times the present total population of the Hawaiian Islands... In other words the United States has received every three months for the past ten years, a greater number of less desirable immigrants than they are now asked to receive from Hawaii. The opposition to annexing the Republic of Texas was so great as to cause it to be a distinct party issue in the Presidential elec- tion of 1844. Opposition to the purchase of Alaska in 1867 was also very marked but who to-day questions the wisdom of either of those or any of our many other accessions west of the Mississippi? The desire of Hawaii in the matter is perhaps best expressed in the following resolution which was passed unanimously by the Senate on May 13th. and by a vote of 14 to 1 in the House of Representatives May 20th. 18.96, the last Session of the Hawaiian Legislature. " Whereas it has, in the past, been the announced policy, both of the Provisional Grovernment and the Repubhc of Hawaii, to ad- vocate the annexation of Hawaii to the United States of America; " And whereas the Legislature of the Republic of Hawaii is now in regular session assembled, and will soon adjourn for a consider- able period; " And whereas it is fitting that the elected Representatives of the people should place themselves on record as to the present state of feeling among themselves and their consituents on this subject. •' Be it resolved by the senate and the House of Representatives that the Legislature of the Republic of Hawaii continues to be as heretofore, firmly and steadfastly in favor of annexation to the 26 United States of America and in advocating such policy they are expressing not only their own sentiments but those of an over- whelming majoritj' of the lavs'ful voters of Hawaii." The Laud Act. The Hawaiian Land act which is of too great length to allow of publication in this pamphlet is in brief an act under which settlers may get exceedingly favorable terms on any one of three different plans, viz: Fibst: Non-assignable Perpetual lease without rent, taxes only being required. The lease descends from generation to generation in the same family. Second: Lease for twenty-one years with right to purchase — at ' original appraised value — after third year, certain improvements having been made. Third: Purchase on time payments of one, two and three years, certain conditions of cultivation and residence being required. Special terms and conditions of sale may be made by the Com- missioner of Public Lands with the consent of the Executive. Note: — The tables in Thrum's Annual are prepared with much care from Government reports. 27 Extracts from the Laws and Regulations Restricting Chinese Inunigration. Chapter LXXX. (As Amended). Be it Unacted by the Queen and the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom: Section 1. No Chinese, except women who have relatives by marriage or blood residing in this Kingdom, children under ten years of age who have parents or guardians residing in this King- dom, clergymen, teachers and merchants heretofore residing and doing business in this Kingdom, except as hereinafter provided, shall be allowed to enter this Kingdom unless upon condition that while here he will engage in no trading or mechanical occupation other than domestic service or agricultural labor in the field or in sugar or rice mills, and that he will, whenever he shall cease to follow his vocation as agricultural laborer in the field or in sugar or rice mills, or as domestic servant, leave this Kingdom; and that for every breach of such conditioji he shall, upon conviction by any Police or District Justice, be liable to a fine of one hundred dollars. Section 2. (As amended). Conditional permits to enter this Republic may be granted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, with the approval of the Executive Council, for such Chinese as shall be recommended by the Board of Immigration, upon the applica- tion of employers of domestic, agricultural or mill labor, which said permits shall contain the condition printed in both the Eng- lish language and in Chinese characters, that the beai-er is allowed to enter this Republic solely on condition that while here he will engage in no trading or mechanical occupation other than domes- tic service or agricultural labor in the field, or in rice, coffee or sugar * mills, and that he will, whenever he shall cease to follow his vocation as agricultural laborer in the field, or in sugar, coffee or rice mills, or as domestic servant, leave this Republic, and that for every breach of such condition he shall on conviction by any District Magistrate 28 be liable to a fine of one hundred dollars. Permits to enter this Eepublic may also be granted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs for any Chinese resident in this Republic at the date of the pas- sage of this Act, provided that such jDerson shall have resided within the Eepublic for two years immediately preceding such passage; and also to such other persons as may wish to sojourn temporarily in the Republic as travelers, or as merchants having business interests in this Republic, provided that such sojourn shall not exceed six months; and provided that such person so per-' mitted to enter shall give a bond to said Ministers in the Sum of, five hundi'ed dollars, liquidated damages, conditioned that^ he will leave the Republic within six months, and if he shall be found within the Eepublic after the exjjiration of six months shall be- guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall ujjon conviction be imprisoned at hard labor for a term not to exceed six nojonths. For each per- mit granted under this section the Minister of Foreign' Affairs shall be paid a fee of five dollars. Section 7. Every employer, upon engaging the services of any such Chinese upon arrival in this Kingdom, shall register in the Foreign Office the name and intended place of occupation of every Chinese thereby allowed to enter this Kingdom, and in case of any change in the employment of any such Chinese, each successive employer shall cause such change to be registered in the Foreign Office. SKOTion 9. (2nd. clause). The Collector-General, or any Collec- tor of Customs, shall have the authority to detain any person detected in, or reasonably suspected of, a violation of any of the jjrovisions of this Act, and to hold him until a warrant of arrest can be .obtained. Section lOB. (As amended). Anv Chinese who shall enter or attempt to enter this Kingdom contrary to the provisions of this Act, or without the permit or permits hereinbefore provided for, * shall, upon conviction before any District Magistrate, be liable to a fine of not more than two hundred dollars or to imprisonment at hard labor for a term not exceeding six rionths, or both, in the discretion of the Court. , ^ . , Section 12. This Act sliall take effect from the date of its ap- proval. I hereby certify that the foregoing Act having passed its third reading in the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom on the 30th day of November, A. D. 1892, on the 17th day of December, A. D. 1892, was presented to Her Majesty the Queen, through the Cabinet and was not returned to the Legislature within ten days (Sundays excepted) thereafter, and that the Legislature had not adjourned prior to the expiration of said period of ten days. Dated Honolulu, December 29th, A. D. 1892. JOHN S. WALKER, President of the Legislature. 'Attest: C. J. McCarthy, Glerk Section 2. (As Amended). Approved this 22ud. day of April, A. D. 1896. SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Republic of Hawaii. Section lOB. (As Amended). Approved this 12th day of January, A. D. 1893. LILIUOKALANI R. By the Queen: G. N. Wilcox, Minister of Interior. m ACT 74 (Ah amended) OF THE EXECUTIVE AND ADVISOEY COUNCILS. An Act Relating to Chinese Immigkation, Supplementaky to Chapter liXXX OF THE Session Laws of 1892, passed the 30th day of November, A. D. 1892, Entitled " An Act Eestbicting Chinese Immigeation," i?e it Enacted by the Execvtive and Advisory Counoih of the Provis- ional Government of the Hawaiian Mands: Section 1. (As amended). In addition to the conditions named in Section 2 of Chapter LXXX of the Session Laws of 1892 upon which pei'mit& may be granted to Chinese to enter the Hawaiian Islands to engage as agricultural laborers in the field, or in rice or sugar mills, such permits shall only be granted upon the further condition that the sum of one dollar and fifty cents at the end of each month shall Ije paid by said laborer to the Board of Immigra- tion, in such manner and subject to such regulations as said Board shall direct, until such payments amount in each case to the sum of thirty-six dollars, to be held as a fund to the credit of the laborer for the uses and purposes hereinafter set forth. Section 4. When the laborer shall cease to follow his avocation as an agricultural laborer in the field, or as a laborer in sugar or rice mills, and shall depart from the Hawaiian Islands, the amount to his credit shall be used as follows: The Board of Immigration shall apply so much thereof as maj' be necessary tor the payment of his passage and pay the remainder to him. Section 5. (As amended). Every emi^loyer of Chinese admitted to this country under permits provided by this Act, shall deduct each month from the wages due such laborer at the end of each month the sum of one dollar and fifty cents, and every employer who shall fail to remit to the Board of Immigration the amount above provided out of the wages of such laborers, and every labor- er who shall refuse or neglect to pay such amount at the time and in the manner directed by said Board, shall be guilty of a misde- meanor and liable to a fine of not less than ten nor more than fifty 31 dollars for each failure; and the said Board may thereafter refuse to grant the application of such employer for permits for Chinese to enter this country. Provided, however, if any such employer shall vfithin thirty days after each failure show to such Board good and satisfactory reason for such failure, said 'penalties shall not be imposed. Approved this 3rd day of May, A. D. 1894. (Signed) SANFOED B. DOLE, President of the Provisional Government of the Havmiian Islands. (Signed) J. A. King, Minister of the Interior. Sections 1. and 5. (As amended) Approved this 19th day of March, A. D. 1895, (Signed) SANFOED B. DOLE, President of the Republic of Hawaii. (Signed) J. A. King, Minister of the Interior. ACT 3. An Act Eelating to the Eesi^biction of Chinese Immigeation. Be it Unacted by the Legislature of the Republic of Hawaii: Section 1. It shall be lawful for the Minister of Foreign Affairs to grant permits as shall bo recommended by the Board of Immi- gration, upon the application of the employers of domestic, agri- cultm-al or mill labor, to any Chinese now residing in the Hawaiian Islands under temporary resident's perinits issued in accordance with Section 2 of Chapter 80 of the Session Laws of 1892, to remain in this country as agricultural laborers, or domestic servants. Section 2. Such permits shall contain the condition printed in both the English language and in Chinese characters, that the bearer is allowed to remain in this country solely on condition that while here, he will engage in no trading or mechanical occupation, other than domestic service or agricultural labor in the field, or in rice or sug-ar mills and that he whenever he shall cease to follow Jjis vocation as agricultural laborer in the field, or in rice or sugar mills or as domestic servant, leave this country, and that for every hreach of such -condition, he shall on conviction by any District Magistrate, be liable to a fine of one hundred dollars. : Section 3. TJiDon the issuance of such p^ermit to such laborer or servant, the conditions upon vehich he entered this country shall be void, and the bond theretofore given by him sha,ll be can- celled, and he shall thereafter be subject to all the conditions, restraints, regulations and jjenalties, which are imposed by law upon Chinese who come to this country to engage in domestic service or agricultural labor in the field,, or in rice or sugar mills, upon permits issued to them under the provisions of Chapter 80 of the Laws of 1892, as amended by Act 74 of the Laws of the Pro- visional Government, and ict 27 of tlie Laws of the Eepublic of Hawaii. . . Section 4. Such Chinese laborers and servants shall be included in and be a part of the five thousand Chinese whose entrance into this country is authorized under Section 2 of Chapter 80 of the Session Laws of 1892. Section 5. This Act shall take effect from the date of its approval. Approved this 12th day of July, A. D. 1895. SANPORD B. DOLE, President of the Bepublic of Hawaii. CONSTITUTION OF THE f^EPUBLilC OF HflWflll. : o : RIGHTS OF PERSON AND PROPERTY. Abticle 1. — Rights of the Person. Section 1, Grod hath endowed all men with certain inalienable Rights, among which are Life, Liberty and the Right of acquiring, possessing and protecting Property, and of pursuing and obtaining Happiness. Section 2. The Government is conducted for the common good, and not for the profit, honor or private interest of any one man, farailj' or class of men. Section 3. The Legislature may provide by law, however, for the supervision, registration, control and identification of all per- sons, or any class or nationality of peixons; and may also by law restrict and limit the term of residence, and the business or employ- ment of all persons or of any class or nationality of persons coming into the Republic. Article 2. — Religious Freedom. All men are free to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences; but this privilege shall not be so construed as to justify acts of licentiousness or practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the Re23ublic. Article 3. — Freedom op Speech and of the Press. All men may freely speak, write and publish their sentiments on all subjects; and no law shall be enacted to restrain the liberty of speech or of the press; but all persons shall be responsible for the abuse of such right. Provided however, that the Legislature may enact such laws as may be necessary, to restrain and prevent the publication or public utterance of indecent or seditious language. 2 Article 4. — Meeting and Petition. All men shall have the right to assemble in an orderly and peaceable manner, without arms, to consult upon the common good and to petition the President or Legislature for redress of grievances. Articm: 5. — Wkit of Habeas Corpus. The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus belongs to all men, and shall not be suspended, except by the President or by one of the Cabinet Ministers as herein provided, when in case of rebellion or invasion, or imiuent dang'er of rebellion or invasion, the public safety shall require its suspension. Provided however, that no alien unlawfully entering the Repub- lic shall be entitled to this Writ as of right. Article 6. — Right of Trial. Section 1. No person shall be subject to punishment for any offense except on due and legal conviction thereof by a tribunal having jurisdiction of the case. Section 2. Except in case of impeachment or offenses within the jurisdiction of a district magistrate, or in summary proceedings for contempt, no person shall be held to answer for any offense except upon indictment, information or complaint, describing such offense; and he shall in all cases have the right to meet the wit- nesses who are produced against him, face to face; to produce witnesses and proofs in his own favor; and by himself or his coun- sel, at his election, to examine the witnesses produced by himself and cross-examine those produced against him, and to be heard in his own defense. Section 3. Subject to such changes as the Legislature may from time to time make in the number of jurors for the trial of any case, and concerning the number required to agree to a verdict and the manner in which the jury may be selected and drawn, and the composition and qualifications thereof, the right of trial bj' jury in all cases in which it has been heretofore used, shall remain inviolable except in actions for debt or assunqjsit in which the amount claimed does not exceed one hundred dollars, and such offenses less than felonies as may be designated by law. And pro- vided that no capital case shall be tried by a jury of less than twelve men. The jurj- may be waived in all civil cases under such conditions as may be prescribed by law, and by defendants in all criminal cases except capital. Article 7. — Previous ConvictioN' or AajtJiTTAL. . No person shall be required to answer foi- any offense identical both in law and fact with an offense of which he has been dulv convicted or of which he has been duly acquitted, Abticle 8. — Peivilbqe of Accused, No person shall he compelled in any criminal case to be a wit- ness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. Article 9. — Slavery, Involuntary servitude except for crime, is forever prohibited in this Republic. "Whenever a slave shall enter the territory of this Republic he shall be free. Article 10. — Security trom Search and Arrest, Every pei'son has the right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his house, his papers and effects; and no warrant shall issue, except on probable cause, sup2:)orted by oath or afBrmation and describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article 11. — Taxing and Appropriating Power, Section 1. No Subsidy, Duty or Tax, of any description, shall be established or levied without the consent of the Legislature; nor shall any money be drawn from the Public Treasury without such consent, except in the manner directed by this Constitution. Section 2. Each member of society has the right to be pro- tected in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property, according to law; and therefore, he shall be obliged to contribute his propor- tion or share to the expense of this protection; and to give his personal services, or an equivalent when necessary, as may be pro- vided by law. Article 12. — Eminent Domain. Private propertj' may be taken for public use, and private rights of way may be obtained across the lands of others for railways, drains, flumes, water-pipes and ditches for agricultural, milling, manufacturing, mining, domestic or sanitary purposes; but only upon due process of law and just compensation. Public use shall include such purposes as shall be required or designated by treaty stipulations between the Republic of Hawaii and any other nation. 4 Article 13. — Military Subject to Law. Section 1. The Military shall always be subject to the laws of the land. Section 2. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner prescribed by the Legislature. THE EEPOBLIC. Article 14. — Form and Name of Government. The Government hereby instituted is a Republic under the terms and conditions of this Constitution. The name of this Government is, and shall be, the Eepublic of Hawaii. Article 15. — Territory. The Territory of the Eepublic of Hawaii shall be that heretofore constituting the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, and the terri- tory ruled over by the Provisional Government of Hawaii, or which may hereafter be added to the Republic. Article 16. — Ensign. The Ensign heretofore in use as the Hawaiian National Ensign, shall continue to be the National Ensign of the Republic of Hawaii. Article 17.- — Citizenship. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the Hawaiian Isl- ands, and subject to the jurisdiction of the Republic, are citizens thereof. Special Rights of Citizenship. Section 2. Any person not a Hawaiian citizen, who took active part, or otherwise rendered substantial service in the formation of, and has since supported the Provisional Government of Hawaii, who shall within six months from the promulgation of this Consti- tution procure from the Minister of the Interior a certificate of such service, as herein set forth; and who shall take an oath to support this Constitution and the laws of the Republic so long as he shall remain domiciled in the Republic, shall be entitled to all the privileges of citizenship without thereby prejudicing his native citizenship or allegiance. Section 3. For the purpose of identifying the person entitled to such certificate, the Minister of the Interior shall appoint such 5 number of examiners as he may deem best, to receive applications and take evidence upon sucH subject. Such examine*s shall certify to the said Minister a description of each person found to be entitled to such certificate, which des- cription shall include the name, age, country of birth, occupation, length of residence in Hawaii and present residence. Section 4. It shall be in the discretion of the Minister of the Interior to reverse the decision of any such examiner and issue a certificate to any person in his opinion entitled thereto; and to re- fuse to issue a certificate to any person, who, in his opinion, is not entitled thereto.. The decision of the Minister shall be final and not subject to ap- peal or review. Section 5. Any person to whom such certificate shall be granted shall be admitted, upon application, to naturalization, without showing any further qualifications. Article 18. — Natubalization. Section 1. The Naturalization of Aliens shall be exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Justices of the Supreme Court. The procedure shall be such as may be provided by law. Section 2. An ahen may be admitted to citizenship upon the following conditions, viz: 1. He shall have resided in the Hawaiian Islands for not less than two years. 2. He must intend to become a permanent citizen of the Republic. 3. He shall be able understandingly to read, write and speak the English language. 4. He shall be able intelligently to explain, in his own words, in the English language, the general meaning and intent of any article or articles of this Constitution. 5. He shall be a citizen or subject of a country having express treaty stipulations with the Eepublic of Hawaii|concerning natura- lization. 6. He shall be of good moral character and not a refugee from justice. 7. He shall be engaged in some lawful business or employment or have some other lawful means of support. 8. He shall be the owner in , his own right of property in the Eepublic of the value of not less than Two Hundred Dollars over and above all encumbrances. 9. He shall have taken the oath prescribed in Article 101 of this Constitution and an oath abjuring allegiance to the Govern- I 6 ment of Ihis native land or that under which he has heretofore been naturalized, and of allegianoe to the Republic of Hawaii. 10. He shall make written application, verified by oath, to a. Justice of the Supreme Court, setting forth his possession of and, compliance with all of the foregoing qualifications and require^ ments, and shall prove the same to the satisfaction of such Justice- Article 19, — Denization. Section 1, Letters of Denization of the following classes may be granted by the Executive Council: 1. Letters conferring all of the privileges of citizenship, except the right to vote, which may be granted to any person, 2. Special Letters conferring all of the rights of citizenship including the right to vote, which shall be granted only to persons eligible to become naturalized; pirovided however that the condi- tions of intention to become a permanent citizen, of an oath abjur- ing allegiance to the Government of his native land, of an oath of allegiance to the Republic and of application to the Supreme Court shall not be required; and provided further that the condi- tion of being a citizen or subject of a country having treaty relations with this Republic concerning naturalization shall not apply to persons who have resided in the Hawaiian Islands for a period of seven years or more prior to the date of the promulga- tion of this Constitution, and who may apply for Letters of Deni- zation within five years from such promulgation. Section 2. Every person receiving letters of denization shall take the oath prescribed in Article 101 of this Constitution and shall thereupon be subject to all of the duties and obligations of a citizen. Section 3. All Letters of Denization heretofore granted are here- by revoked. Aeticle 20 — Division of Powers of Goveenment. The Supreme Power of the Republic is divided into' the Execu- tive, Legislative and Judicial. Except as herein provided, these shall be preserved distinct. THE EXECUTIVE POWER. Aeticle 21. — Executive Codncil. Section 1. The Executive Power of the Republic shall be vested in a President and Cabinet. Section 2. The Cabinet shall consist of a Minister of Foreign 1 Affairs; a Minister of the Interior; a Minister of Finance and an Attorney General. Sectiok 3. The President and Cabinet sitting together shall constitute the Executive Council. ; THE PRESIDENT. Akticle 22. — Qualifications of President. In order to be eligible to the office of President, a person shall; Be not less than thirty-five years of age; Have been born in the Hawaiian Islands or resided therein for not less than fifteen years; And be a citizen of the Republic. Article 23. — First President. Sanford Ballard Dole is hereby declared to be the President of the Republic of Hawaii, to hold office until and including the Slst day of December, 1900, and thereafter until a successor shall have been duly elected and qualified. Article 24. — Election oe President. Section 1. On the third Wednesday of September, 1900, and on the third Wednesday of September in every sixth year there- after, the Legislature shall meet to elect a President for a term of six years to begin with the first day of January of the year following. Section 2. For the purjDoses of sucli election the Seiiate and the House of Representatives shall sit together. The election shall be by ballot, and the person receiving a majority vote of all the elective members to which the Legislature is entitled, which majority shall include a majority of all the Senators, shall be President for the succeeding term; or for the unexpired portion of such term in case no person shall have been elected prior to the first day of such term. Section 3. If the Legislature shall fail to elect a President be- fore the first day of January following the date when the Legisla- ture is required to meet for such election, the President whose term has then expired or the Minister who is acting as President shall continue to be or act as President until his successor is elect- ed and qualified; but such failure to elect shall in no case discharge the Legislature from their duty to immediately proceed with such election. Section 4. No President shall be eligible for reelection for the term immediately following that for which he was elected. 8 Article 25. — Salary of President. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the Eepublic. Article 26.-— Power of Appointment. Section 1. The President, with the approval of the Senate, shall appoint the members of the Cabinet; the Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts; the Auditor General and all Diplo- matic and Consular Representatives to foreign countries; and un- til the end of the first session of the Senate, the appointees of the President shall act. Section 2. In case a vacancy in any such office shall occur while the Senate is not in session, the President may fill such vacancj' by granting a commission which shall, unless confirmed, expire at the end of the next session of the Senate. Section 3. In case of the absence from the seat of Government or temporary disability of any member of the Cabinet, the President may appoint one of the remaining members of the Cabinet to temporarily perform the duties of the member so absent or disabled. No such ad interim appointment shall, however, be valid for more than sixty days from the date of the appointment. Section 4. The President shall also, with the approval of the Cabinet, appoint the members of the Board of Health; Board of Education; Board of Immigration; Board of Prison Inspectors and any other Boards of a Public character which may be created by law; and the District Magistrates. Section 5. The President shall have the appointment and re- moval of all officers of the Government, whose appointment or removal is not otherwise provided for. Article 27. — Power op Removal. The President shall have the power, with the approval of the Cabinet, to remove any of the officers enumerated in the last Article, except the Auditor General, and the District Magistrates, who shall be removable as provided by law; and excej^t the Judges of the SuiDreme and Circuit Courts, who shall be removable only as herein prescribed; and except the members of the Cabinet, who shall be removable only by the President with the consent of the Senate. The President with the approval of three members of the Cabinet may remove any member of the Cabinet. 9 Article 28. — Convening the LEaisLATUBE. The President may convene the Legislature or the Senate alone in special session, and in case the seat of government shall be in- secure from an enemj', riot, or insurrection . or any dangerous dis- order, direct that any regular or special session shall be held at some other than the regular meeting place. Article 29. — Receiving Foreign Representatives. The President shall receive and acknowledge all Diplomatic Representatives accredited to the Republic by other Governments. Article 30. — Messages to the Legislatures. The President shall, upon the meeting of the Legislature, and at such other times as he may deem proper, inform such body, by message in writing, as to the condition of the Republic; or concern- ing other matters of public interest; and recommend the consider-' ation of such measures as to him. shall seem best. Article 31. — Martial Law — Suspension of Habeas Corpus. The President, or one of the Cabinet Ministers £.s herein pro- vided, may, in case of rebellion or invasion, or imminent danger of rebellion or invasion, when the public safety requires it, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the whole or any part of the Republic under martial law. Article 32. — Treaties. The President, with the approval of the Cabinet, shall have the power to make Treaties with Foreign Governments, subject to the ratification of the Senate. The President, with the approval of the Cabinet, is hereby ex- pressly authorized and empowered to make a Treaty of Political or Commercial Union between the Republic of Hawaii and the United States of America, subject to the ratification of the Senate. Article 33. — Commandeh-in-Chief. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of all the Military Forces of the Republic. 10 THE CABINET. Article 34. — Counsellobs of the President. The Cabinet shall be the special counsellors of the President and shall be consulted by him concerning all matters of public policy, appointments to office, and other matters of importance concerning which action is contemplated. The President shall not be bound to follow the advice of the Cabinet, except in the instances where, by this Constitution, the approval of the Cabinet is required as a prerequisite for his action. Article 36. — Reports — Responsibility- — Powers of Appointment and Removal. Section 1. Each member of the Cabinet shall keep an office at the seat of Government, and shall, not later than the last Wednes- day in February in each year, present to the President a full re- port of the principal transactions within his department during the year ending December thirty-first last preceding, together with such recommendations as he may think proper. He shall also at any time, when requested in writing by the President, report to him on any subject within the scope of his authority. Section 2. The members of the Cabinet shall be responsible for the conduct of their respective Departments; and, with the approv- al of the President, shall have the appointment and removal of the following heads of Bureaus, under their respective Departments, viz. : The Superintendent of Public Works; the Surveyor General; the Registrar of Conveyances; the Superintendent of the Honolulu Water Works; the Marshal; the Collector General of Customs; the Tax Assessors in Chief and the Post Master General, and also the heads of any other Bureaus created by law. Section 3. Each head of a Bureau shall be responsible for the conduct of his Bureau, and shall have the appointment and remov- al of the officers under him, subject to the approval of the Minis- ter in whose Department he is employed. Section 4. The financial responsibihty of any officer of the Gov- ernment, for his own conduct, or that of his subordinates, shall be determined by law. Article 36. — Acting President in Case of Death, Disability or Ab- sence OF President. Section 1. In ease of the temporarj- disability or absence from the Country of the President, the Minister of Foreign Afiairs, while such disability continues, shall act as President; or, 11 In case of the disability or absence from the Country of such Minister, the Minister of the Interior, while such disability or ab- sence of the President continues, shall act as President; or, In case of the disabilitj' or absence of both such Ministers, the Minister of Finance, while such disability or absence of the Presi- dent continues, shall act as President; or, In case of the disability or absence from the Country of the three Ministers aforesaid, then the Attorney General, while such disability or absence of the President continues, shall act as Pres- ident Section 2. In case of death, resignation, removal or permanent disability of the President, the Minister of Foreign Affairs shall thereupon act as President until a successor to the President is elected in the manner herein designated; or, In case of the disability or absence from the Country of such Minister, the Minister of the Interior shall act as President for the time aforesaid; or, In case of the disability or absence from the Country of both such Ministers, the Minister of Finance shall act as President for the time aforesaid; or. In case of the disability or absence from the Country of the three Ministers aforesaid, the Attorney General shall act as President for the time aforesaid. Section 3. If at any time during the absence of the President or acting President from the seat of Government, an occasion shall arise requiring a declaration of martial law, or suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, the powers in and concerning such matters herein granted to the President, maj' be exercised by one of the Cabinet Ministers, who shall act in order of priority and in the manner named in Section 2 of this Article. Section 4. In case of the death, resignation, removal or perma- nent disability of the President, before six months prior to the ex- piration of his term, the Minister who shall thereupon act as President, shall, unless the Legislature is in session, immediately summon a special session of the Legislature to meet within thirty days, to elect a President to fill the unexpired term of the Presi- dent who has died, resigned, been removed or become permanent- ly disabled. Section 5. In case any Minister shall act as President as herein provided, he shall, while so acting, have all the rights and powers and be subject to all the duties and obligations by this Constitu- tion granted to or prescribed for the President. 12 Article 37. — Ex-Offioio Members of the Legislature. The members of the Cahidet shall be ex-officio members of both Houses of the Legislature, with all the rights, powers and privi- leges of elected members, except the right to vote. THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. Article 38.— The Legislature. Section 1. The Legislative Power of the Republic is vested in a Legislature, and, suljjeot to the limitation herein provided, a Council of State. The Legislature shall consist of two Houses, styled the Senate and the House of Representatives, which shall organize and sit separately, except as otherwise herein provided. The two Houses shall be styled " The Legislature of the Repub- lic of Hawaii." Section 2. No person shall sit as a Senator or Representative in the Legislature, unless elected under and in conformity with this Constitution. Article 39. — Geneeal Elections. Section 1. A General Election shall be held on the last Wed- nesday of September, 1897, and General Elections shall be held on the last Wednesday in September every two years thereafter. Section 2. If from any cause a general election shall not be held at the appointed time, the Minister of the Interior shall with- out unneccessary delay, appoint another time for the holding of such election. And the election so held upon such appointment shall be deemed to be a general election. Article 40. — Supreme Court Judge op Qualifications of Members. In case any election to a seat in either House is disputed, and legally contested, the Supreme Court shall be the sole judge of whether or not a legal election for such seat has been held; and if it shall find that a legal election has been held, it, shall be the sole judge of who has been elected. Article 41. — Burden of Proof of Eligibility. In case of eligibility of any person to be a Senator or Represent- ative, or an elector of Senators or Representatives, is questioned by any legal voter, before any Court or tribunal having authority to 13 consider such matter, the burden of proof shall rest upon the per- son whose eligibility is so questioned to establish his eligibility The unsupported statement or oath of the person whose eligi- bility is so questioned shall not be deemed sufficient to shift the burden of proof.; but he shall show by other evidence, to the sat- isfaction of the Court or tribunal, that he is eligible, AkTICUE 42. DiSQUALII'ICATIOHS OT LEGISLATORS. No member of the Legislature shall, during the term for which he is elected, be appointed or elected to any office of the Govern- ment except that of President, Cabinet Minister, Justice of the Supreme Court, or member of the Council of State, office in, or under, or by authority of the Government, includ- Akticle 43. — Disqualifications or Government Oeeioehs and Employees. Except membei-s of the Council of State, no person holding ing Notaries Public and Agents to take Acknowledgments, nor any employee of the Government, shall be eligible to election to the Legislature or to hold the position of an elected member of the same. Article 44. — Disqcalipigation of Certain Classes, No idiot or insane person, and no person who shall be expelled from the Legislature for giving or receiving bribes, or being ac- cessory thereto; and no person who in due course of law shall have been convicted of larceny, bribery, gross cheat, or of any criminal offense punishable by imprisonment, whether with or without hard labor, for a term exceeding two years, whether with or without fine, shall register to vote or shall vote or hold any office in or under or by authority of the Government, unless the person so convicted shall have been pardoned and restored to his civil rights. Article 45. — Oath op Oefick Every elective member of the Legislature shall take the follow- ing oath or affirmation: I solemnly swear (or affirm) in the presence of Almighty God, that I will faithfully support the Constitution and laws of the Ee- public of Hawaii; and conscientiously and impartially discharge niy duties as a member of the Legislature. 14 Abtictle 46. — Officers and Rut.es. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each choose its own officers, determine the rules of its own proceedings, not in- consistent with this Constitution, and keep a journal. Article 47. — Ayes and Noes. The ayes and noes of the members on any question, shall, at the desire of one-third of the members present, be entered on the journal. Article 48. — Quokdm. Section 1. A majority of the number of elective members to which each House is entitled, shall constitute a quorum of such House for the conduct of ordinary busines.s, of which quorum a majority vote shall suffice. But the final passage of a law in each House shall require the vote of a majority of all the members to ■which such House is entitled. Section 2. A smaller number than a quorum maj' adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalities as each House may provide. Section 3. For the purpose of ascertaining whether there is a quorum present, the chairman^shall count the number of members pi'esent. Article 49.— Punishment of Persons not Members. Each House may punish by fine, or by imprisonment not exceed- ing thirty days, any person not a member of either House, who shall be guilty of disrespect of such House by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; or. Who shall publish any false report of its proceedings; or. Who shall, on account of the exercise of any legislative function, threaten harm to the body or estate of any of the members of such House; or. Who shall assult, arrest or detain any witness or other person ordered to attend such House, on his way going to or returning therefrom; or. Who shall rescue any person arrested by order of such House. But the person charged with the offense shall be informed, in ■writing, of the charge made against him, and have an opportunity to joresent evidence and be heard in his own defense. Article 50. — Compensation of Members. The Members of the Legislature shall receive for their services, in addition to mileage at the rate of ten cents a mile each way, the 15 sum of Four Hundred Dollars for each regular Sessioa of tlie Legislature, payable in three equal installments on and after tlie first, thirtieth and sixtieth days of the Session ; and the sum of Two Hundred DoUare for each extra Session of the Legislature, except a Session for the sole purpose of electing a President, for which members shall receive mileage only. Akticib 51. — Punishment or Members. Each House may punish its own members for disorderly be- havior or neglect of duty, by censure, suspension or expulsion. Article 62. — Exemption from Liability. No member of the Legislature shall be held to answer for any words uttered in the exercise of his legislative functions in either House, before any other tribunal. Article 63. — Exemtion prom Arrest. The members of the Legislature shall, in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of the respective Houses; and in going to and returning from the same. Provided that such privi- lege as to going and returning shall not cover a period of over ten days each way. THE SENATE. Article 54. — Number of Members. Section 1. The Senate shall be composed of fifteen memberis. The Senators to be elected at the first election held under this Constitution shall hold office until the general election held in the year 1899. Elections. Section 2. Senators shall be elected at the general election to be held on the last Wednesday of September, 1899, in three classes to hold office for two, four and six years, respectively, and thereaf- ter in terms of six years. The details of such election and appor- tionment of terms shall be provided for by the Legislature. Vacancies. Section 3. Vacancies caused by death, resignation or otherwise, shall be filled for the unexpired term at special elections. Article 56. — Senatorial Districts. Section 1. For the purpose of representation in the Senate, 16 tinti'l otherwise provided by law, the Eepublic is divided into the following Senatorial Districts, viz: First District: the Island of Hawaii. Second District: the Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Ka- hoolawe. Third District: the Island of Oahu. Fourth District: the Islands of Kauai and Niihau. Section 2. The electors in the said districts shall be entitled to elect Senators as follows: In the First District, four; In the Second District, three; In the Third District, six; In the Fourth District, two. Article 56. — Qualifications of Senatoes. In order to be eligible to election as a Senator, a person shall: Be a male citizen of the EeiDublic; Have attained the age of thirtj' years; Be able understandingly to speak, read and write the English or the Hawaiian language; Have resided in the Hawaiian Islands not less than three years; Be the owner, in his own right, of property in the Republic of the value of not less than Three Thousand Dollars over and above all encumbrances; or have been in the receipt of a money income of not less than Twelve Hundred Dollars during the year immedi- ately preceding the date of the election, for the proof of which he may be required to produce original accounts of the receipt of such income. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Article 57. — Number of Representatives. Section 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of fifteen members, elected, except as herein provided, every second year. Teem of Office. Section 2. The term of office of the Representatives elected at the first election held under this Constitution, shall extend to the last Wednesday in September, 1897, and the term of those there- after elected at general or special elections, shall be until the next general election held thereafter. 17 Vacancies. Section 3. Vacancies caused by death, resignation or otherwise, shall be filled for the unexpired term at special elections. Eepeesentative Distkicts- Section 4. For the purpose of representation in the House of Representatives, until otherwise provided by law, the Republic is divided into the following- Representative Districts, viz. : First District; that portion of the Island of Hawaii known as Puna, Hilo and Hamakua. Second District; that portion of the Island of Hawaii known as Kau, Kona and Kohala. Third District; the Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoo- lawe. Fourth District; that jjortion of the Island of Oahu lying east and south of Nuuanu street, and a line drawn in extension thereof from the Nuuanu Pali to Mokapu point. Fifth District; that portion of the Island of Oahu lying west and north of the fourth district. Sixth District; the Islands of Kauai and Niihau. Apportionment. Section 5. The electors in the said districts shall be entitled to elect Representatives as follows: In the first District, two: In the Second District, two; In the Third District, three; In the Fourth District, three; In the Fifth District three; In the Sixth District, two. Article 58. — Qualifications of Eepbesentatites. In order to be eligible to be a member of the House of Repre- sentatives, a person shall, at the time of election: Have attained the age of twenty-five years; Be a male citizen of the Republic; Be able understandingly to read,. write and speak the English or Hawaiian language; Have resided in this country not less than three years; And shall either own property in the Republic worth not less than One Thousand Dollars over and above all encumbrances, or have received a money income of not less than Six Hundred Dol- lars during the tvcelve months immediately preceding the date of election. 18 LEGISLATION. Article 59. The Legislature has the power to enact wholesome Laws not in- consistent with this Constitution. Abticle 60. — Sessions op the Legislatuke. Section 1. The first regular Session of the Legislature shall be held on, the third Wednesday in February, 1896, and biennially thereafter, in Honolulu. Section 2. Neither House shall adjourn, during any session, for more than three days, or sine die, without the consent of the other. Section 3. If either House shall so adjourn without the consent of the other, the other House may proceed to legislate as though it were the sole legislative body, and may exercise the full powers of the Legislature. Section 4. Each session of the Legislature shall continue not longer than ninety days, excluding Sundays and holidays. Provided however, that the President, with the ajjproval of the Cabinet, may extend such session for not more than thirty days. Section 5. Special sessions of the Legislature shall be held at Buch times as may be indicated by the President in manner herein provided; or upon the call of the Presiding Officer of the Senate, when requested in writing so to do by two-thirds of the members of the Senate ; or at such other times as are herein specially provided. Article 61.— Enacting Clause. The Enacting Clause of all Laws shall be, " Be it enacted by the Legislature of the Eepublic of Hawaii." Article 62.— Introduction op Bills. No bill shall be introduced into either House by any inember of such House, unless it shall have first received thereon the written endorsement of three members of such House. ij. : Article 63.— Title op Laws. Each Law shall embrace but one Subject, which shall be ex- pressed in its Title. The Title of a Law amending or repealing another law shall refer to the section or chapter of the law amended or repealed, and to the subject-matter involved. 19 Article 64.— Reading of Bells. . " A Bill, in order to become law, shall, except as herein provided,' pass three readings in each House, the final passage of which in each House, shall be by a majority vote of all the elective members to which such House is entitled, taken by ayes and noes and entered upon its journal. ' ' Aeticle 65. — Ceetification of Bills fbom one House to the Other. Every Bill when passed by the House in which it originated, or in which amendments thereto sha,ll have originated, shall immedi- ately be certified bj' the Chairman and Clerk and sent to the other House for consideration. , Article 66. — Signing Bills. Except as herein provided, all Bills passed by the Legislature shall, in order to be valid, be signed by the President. Article 67. — Veto of President. Every Bill which shall have passed the Legislature shall be cer- tified by the Chairman and Clerk of the House last considering it, and shall thereupon be presented to the President. If he approves it he shall sign it, and it shall become a law. If the President does not approve such bill he may return it, with his objections, to the Legislature. He may veto any specific item, or items, in any bill which ap- propriates money for specific purposes; but shall veto other bills,' if at all, only as a whole. ' Article 68. — Pkooedube on Receipt op Veto. ' Upon the receipt of a veto message from the President, each House of the Legislature shall enter the same at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider such bill, or part of a bill, and again vote upon it by ayes and noes, which shall be entered upon its journal. If, after such reconsideration, such bill or part of a bill, shall be approved by a two-thirds vote of all the elective members to which each House is entitled, it shall thereby become law. Akticle 69. — Pailube to Sign or Veto. If the President neither signs nor vetoes a bill within ten days after it is delivered to him, it shall become law without his signa- ture, unless the Legislature adjourns sine die prior to the expira- tion of such ten days. 20 In computing sucli period of ten days, Sundays^ holidays recog- nized by the laws of the Republic, and the day upon which the bill is delivered to the President, shall be excluded. Article 70. — Appropbiations. Section 1. Appropriations, except as otherwise herein provided, shall be made biennially by the Legislature. ■ Section 2: The Minister of Finance shall submit to the Senate, at each regular session of the Legislature, Appropriation Bills for the succeeding biennial period. Section 3. No Appropriation Bill, or bill providing for a national loan, shall be introduced by any one except a member of the Cabinet. . Provided, however, that any member may introduce 'a bill amend-' ing the permanent appropriation bill for salaries and pay rolls herein provided for. Section 4. In case of a failure of the Legislature to pass appro- priation bills providing for payments of the necessary current ex- penses of carrying on the Government, and meeting its legal obli- gations, the Minister of Finance may, with the advice of the Execu- tive Council, make such payments for, and during the new biennial period, for which purpose the sums appropriated in the last appro- priation bill shall be deemed to have been re-appropiated. Section 5. The appropriation bill for salaries and pay rolls shall be a permanent one, and the items and amounts therein enumera- ted, and such salaries and j^ay rolls as may hereafter be incorpo- rated therein, shall continue, until stricken out or amended, to be the basis for payment in future, and shall not be required to be re-appropriated from time to time. Section 6. The appropriation bill for salaries and p)ay rolls passed on the 26th day of April, 1894, shall continue in force, and be the permanent appropriation bill for the purposes therein set forth, subject to such amendments and additions thereto, as maj' from time to time be made by the Legislature. Article 71. — Eetkospective Laws. Except as herein provided, no Eetrospective Law shall ever be enacted. '21 , ■ ■ ELECTIONS. Article 72. — ^Exemption of Elbgtoes on EleOtion Day. Section 1. Every Elector shall be privileged from arrest on election daj', during his attendance at election, and in going to and returning therefrom, except in case of breach of the peace then committed, or in case of treason or felony. Section 2. No elector shall be so obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, as to prevent his voting, except in time of war or public danger, or in base of absence from his place of resi- dence in actual military service, in which case provision may be made by law for taking his vote. Abtigle 73.— Method op Voting fob Eepeesentatives. Each voter for Representatives may cast as many votes as there are Representatives to be elected from the Representative District in which he is entitled to vote. He may cast them all for one Representative, or may apportion them among the several Repre- sentatives in such manner as he sees fit; provided hov/ever, that any fractional division of a vote other than one half shall be void. The required number of candidates receiving the highest number of votes in the respective Representative Districts shall be the Representatives for such Districts. Article 74. — Qualifications of Voters for Eepresentatives. In order to be eligible to vote for Representatives, a person shall : 1. Be a male citizen of the Republic; and if naturalized prior to January 17th, 1893, by a native of a country having, or having had treaty relations with Hawaii; or. Have received special letters of denization entitling him to all the privileges of Hawaiian citizenship; or. Have received from the Minister of the Interior the Certificate of Service herein p)i'ovided for; 2. Have resided in the Representative District in which he of-- fers to register, not less than one month immediately preceding the time at which he' offers to register; 3. Have attained the age of twenty years; 4. Have taken and subscribed the oath set forth in Article 101 of this Constitution; 5. Prior to each regular election, during the time prescribed by law for registration, have caused his name to be entered on the Register of Voters for Representatives for his district; 6. Prior to such registration have paid, on or before the first day of January next preceding the date of registration, all taxes due by him to the Government. Provided however, that for the 22 registration for the first election held under the provisions herein, taxes may be paid at any time prior to the application for regis- tration. 7. Be able understandingly to speak, read and write the Eng- lish or Hawaiian language. In order to comply with this requirement he shall be able to read and write, with ordinary fluencj' any section or sections of this Constitution. Provided, however, that the requirement that he shall be able understandingly to speak, read and write the English or Hawaiian language, shall api^ly to those persons w-ho shall obtain the certifi- cate of service as provided for in Article 17. Article 75. — Method of Voting pgr Senators. Each voter for Senators may cast one vote only for each Senator to be elected from the Senatorial District in which he is entitled to vote. The required number of candidates receiving the highest num- ber of votes in the respective Senatorial Districts shall be the Sen- tors for such District. Article 76. — Qualifications of Voters for Senators. In order to be eligible to vote for Senators, a per.-5on must pos- sess all the qualifications and be subject to all the conditions re- quired by this Constitution of voters for Representatives, and, in addition thereto, he shall own and be possessed in his own right, of real property in the Republic of the value of not less than Fif- teen Hundred Dollars over and above all encumbrances, and upon which legal taxes shall have been paid on that valuation for the j'ear next preceding the one in which such person offers to regis- ter; or personal property of the value of not less than Three Thou- sand Dollars over and above all encumbrances; or shall have ac- tually received a money income of not less than Six Hundred Dol- lars during the year next preceding the first day of April next preced- ing the date of each registration; for the proof of which he may be required to produce original accounts of the receipt of such in- come. 23 REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. Article 77. Section 1. No person shall vote for the election of Representa- tives or Senators unless he is qualified as herein required, and un- less his name is entered hj a Board of Registration upon the Reg- ister of Voters as herein provided. EEGISTBAa?ION BOAKDS. Section 2. For the purpose of examining applicants for regis- tration as voters and determining their eligibility, there shall be five Boards of Registration, one for that portion of the Island of Hawaii known as Puna, Hilo and Hamakua; one for that jjortion of the Island of Hawaii known as Kau, Kona and Kohala; one for the Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe; one for the Island of Oahu; and one for the Islands of Kauai and Niihau. Such Boards shall consist of three members each, who shall be appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. The President, subject to such approval, may fill all vacancies in any of such Boards. Provided, however, that for the first election held under this Constitution, the President, with the approval of the Cabinet, shall have the power to appoint and remove the members of such Boards, and with like approval may fill any vacancies in such Boards which shall occur before the first meeting of the Senate. Appointments made by the President during a vacation of the Senate shall be valid until the succeeding meeting of that body. Members of any such Boards may be removed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Time of Meeting. Section 3. The Boards of Registi-ation shall meet within thirty days after this Constitution takes effect, for the purpose of register- ing persons entitled to be registered to vote for Senators and Rep^ resentatives, and shall continue to meet at such points within their resjjective districts, for such time as will give all persons entitled to ■register a reasonable opportunity so to do. Provided, however, that the final sitting of such Boards shall not be less than twenty- one days prior to the first election held under the i^rovisions herein. Section 4. The Boards shall, meet within their respective dis- ti'icts at such times between the first day of April and the thirtieth day of June, in the year 1897, and between such days in each second year thereafter, as many times as may be necessary to en- ble them to register all persons entitled to register. 24- .Eegistee at Speoiai. Elections, Skctios 5. At any intermediate special election the Register of Voters used at the last preceding general election shall be used without change. Personal Appeaeance of Applicant. Section ii. No name shall be placed upon the Register of Voters; for either Senators or Representatives, except upon the personal appearance of the applicant before the Board of Registration at an advertised public meeting of the Board. Examination or Applicants. Section 7. Each applicant to be placed upon the Register of Voters for either Senators or Representatives shall, upon each ap- plication for registration, be examined under oath by the Board of Registration as to each one of the required qualifications. Provided, however, that after an ajDplicant shall once, have pass- ed an examination concerning his ability understandingly to speak, read and write the English or Hawaiian language, it shall be at the discretion of the Board to examine him further or not concern- ing such qualification. The examination of the applicant, and of all witnesses examined before any Board of Registration shall be under oath, administered by any of the members of such Board, who are hereby authorized to administer oaths for such purposes. The examination, number of witnesses, and time or times of ex- amination, shall be under the reasonable control and discretion of the Board. Powers of Board. Section 8. Each Board of Registration is hereby given all of the powers and authority, for the summoning and examination of witnesses and the maintenance of order, including the power to punish for contempt, given by law to Circuit Courts. Perjury. Section 9. Any person who shall, under oath, knowingly make any false statement before any such Board, or who, knowing that he is not entitled to register or vote, shall be guilty of the offense of Perjury. Summary Commital for Perjury. Section 10. The several Boards are hereby given power to summarily commit any person for trial for perjury committed be^ fore any such Board, if, in their opinion, there is probable cause 25 to believe that, upon the trial, such person would be convicted of such offense. Challenging. Section 11. Any lawful voter may challenge the right to regis- ter of any person claiming to be eligible to Register as a voter; cross-examine the applicant and any witnesses produced by him, and produce and examine witnesses against such eligibilitj'. Section 12. No Board of Registration shall enter the name of any person upon the Register of voters until satisfied that such person possesses the requisite qualifications. Appeal peom Board. Section 13. If any Board shall refuse to register the name of any person applj'ing to be registered, the person refused, and, in case any name has been registered, any legal voter, may, at any time within ten days after the decision of such Board, appeal to the Supreme Court in the manner provided by law for civil appeals to the SuxDreme Court from the Circuit Court, or in such manner as may hereafter be provided by law. Section 14. Upon such appeal being perfected, the Supreme Court shall proceed to hear such cause either in term time or in vacation, as soon thereafter as reasonably may be; and the deter- mination by such Court of such question shall be final. Notice op Decision to Board. Section 15. Immediately upon rendering a decision upon any such appeal, the Supreme Court shall notify the Board of Regis- tration from which such appeal was taken; and if such decision shall reverse the decision of the Board, such Board shall immedi- ately cause the Register to be corrected to conform with such decision. Statcs op Person Eegistered Pending Appeal. Section 16. In case of an appeal from a decision of any Board admitting the name of any person to registration, the name of such person shall remain upon the Register pending the decision of the Supreme Court concerning the same. If the person so registered shall vote at any election before a decision of the Court shall have been made and acted upon, such vote shall not invalidate such election, even though the decision of the Court .shall be adverse to the registration of such name. 26 Notice of Meetings. Section 17. The time and place of all meetings of the several Boards shall be advertised in the English and Hawaiian languages in newspapers, or by notices, posted in at least three frequented places in the locality where such meetings are to be held. This section shall not be construed to prohibit the adjournment of any such advertised meeting, from day to day, to a certain, time announced at the time of adjournment. Time or Kegisteeing. Section 18. No name shall be registered or stricken from the Register, except in an open meeting of the Board, and upon public announcement, except for the following causes, viz: 1. In case the Supreme Court shall render a decision upon ap- ■peal reversing the decision of the Board. 2. In case the Board has decided that a person is entitled to registration, and his name has been accidentally omitted from the Register, mis-spelled, or he has therein been mis-named. Copies of Kegistee to be Sent to Inspectors of Election. Section 19. The respective Boards shall, as soon as reasonably ma.y be after the Register of Voters for any voting precinct is com- pleted, prepare four copies thereof and forward them to the Chair- man of Inspectors of Election for such precinct; or, in case such officer shall not then have been aiDpointed, to the Deputy Sheriff of the District in which such precinct is located. The officer receiving such copies shall retain one for use at the election, and immediateh' post the other copies in three frequented places within the precinct for the inspection of the public. Inspectoks Not to Change Registers. Section 20. No name shall be added to or stricken from the Register of Voters, or in any manner changed by the Inspectors of Election, except upon the written order of the Board of Regis- tration for such District. COBEECTION OP EeGISTEB. Section 21. If it shall be manifest to any Board, at any time, that the name of a jjerson admitted to registration has been acci- dentally omitted from the Register or mis-spelled, or that he has been misnamed therein, such Board shall immediately remedy such omission or mistake; and, if a cop 3' of the Register has been sent to the election precinct in which such person is entitled to 27 vote, shall immediately in writing, order the Inspectors of Election for such precinct to correct such copy of the Register. Such order shall get forth the reasons for the action directed to be taken, and shall be retained and filed by the Inspectors of Elec- tion as a part of the records of the election. The power of revision and correction hereby conferred, shall not be construed to allow the reopening of the qu.estion of the qualifications of any person registered by the Board. Becoed of Peocebdings. Sectiost 22. The several Boards shall each keep books of record in which minutes shall be preserved of all their proceedings. Aeticle 78. — Eepeal op Election Laws. All election laws in force when this Constitution is promulgated are hereby repealed. Aeticle 79. — Eules and Kegdlations foe Oaths and Elections. Until otherwise provided by law the President, with the approv- al of the Cabinet, shall have power to make rules and regulations not inconsistent herewith, for administering oaths and holding elections provided for by this Constitution. Aeticle 80. — Fiest Election. The first election of the Legislature shall be held at such time and places, within four months after the promulgation of this Con- stitution, as shall be directed by the President, with the approval of the Cabinet. COUNCIL OF STATE. Article 81. — How Constituted. Section 1. There shall be a Council of State of fifteen mem- bers, ffve of whom, shall be elected by the Senate, five by the House of Representatives, and five ajopointed by the President with the approval of the Cabinet. The members of the Executive Council may sit and take part in the meetings of the Council of State, but shall not vote. Section 2. The Council of State shall be elected and appointed during the first session of the Legislature; and at each regular session held thereafter. 28 Tebm of Office. Section 3. The term of office of the members thereof shall ex- pire at the end of each regular session of the Legislature held after their election. Vacancies — How Filled. Section 4. Vacancies among the elective members of the Coun- cil occurring between sessions of the Legislature may be filled by the Council. Vacancies among the appointed members of the Council occur- ring at any time, may be filled by the President with the approval of the Cabinet. Qualifications of Membees. Section 5. Persons who are eligible to become elective mem- bers of the Legislature, or who are such members, and no others, shall be eligible to be elected or ajjpointed as members of the Council. Powers of Council op State. Section 6. The Council of State may, upon the request of the Executive Council, appropriate jjublic moneys, wheu, during the time intervening between the sessions of the Legislature, the emergencies of war, invasion, rebellion, pestilence or other great public necessity shall arise. In case of such aispropriation, the Minister of Finance shall ren- der a detailed account of the expenditures made under such authority to the next regular session of the Legislature. Paedons. Section 7. The President, by and with the advice of the Cabi- net and the Council of State, shall have the power to grant re- prieves and pardons and to commute sentences, after conviction, for all offenses except in cases of impeachment. Adtisoey Powers. Section 8. The Council of State shall also, when called upon by the President, advise him in all matters for the good of the State, wherein he shall require its advice. Meetings. Section 9. The Council of State may be convened at any time by the President. Its members shall serve without pay. 29 THE JUDICIAL POWER. Article 82. The Judicial Power of the Republic shall Ije vested in one Su- preme Court, and in such Inferior Courts as the Legislature may, from time to time, establish. Aetigle 83. — SuPBEME CouET— Impeachment — ^Removal. Section 1. The Supireme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and not less than two Associate Justices. Provided, however, that in case of the disqualification or absence of any Justice thereof, in any cause pending before the Court, his place for the trial and de- termination of said cause shall be filled as provided by law. Section 2. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall hold their ofiices during good behavior, subject to removal upon imjaeach- ment, and shall receive for their services a comisensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Pro- vided, however, that any Justice of the Supreme Court, or a Judge of any other Court of Record, upon recommendation of the Execu- tive Council, may be removed from said office, on a resolution l^assed by two-thirds of all the elective members of the Legislature sitting togethei-. Section 3. The Justice or Judge against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall have notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day on which the Legislature shall act thereon. He shall be heard before the Legislature. AETICLE 84. SUPEEME AND InPEEIOE CoUETS. The Judicial Power shall be divided among the SujDreme Court, the Justices thereof, and the several Inferior Courts of the Repub- lic in such manner as the Legislature may, from time to time, pre- scribed; and the tenure of office of the Judges of the Inferior Courts shall be such as may be fixed by the law creating them. Article 85. — Jueisdiction. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under the Constitution and Laws of the Republic, and Treaties; to all cases affecting Public Ministers and Consuls, and to all cases of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction. ' Aeticle 86. — Decisions. The Decisions of the Supreme Court shall be final and conclusive upon all parties, when made by a majority of the Justices thereof 30 or by a majoritj- of those who constitute the Court as provided by law in. case a Justice thereof is disqualified or absent. Article 87. — Opinions to the Executive, The Justices of the Supreme Court, when requested by the President or the Cabinet, shall render opinions upon questions of law upon solemn occasions. Article 88. — Disqualification by Pkevious Judgment. No Judge or Magistrate shall sit on an appeal or new trial, in any case in which he may have given a previous judgment. Article 89.— Disqualification by Eelationship or Pecuniary Interest. No person shall sit as a judge or juror in any case in which his relative by affinity, or by consanguinity within the third degree, is interested, either as plaintiff or defendant, or in the issue of which the said judge or juror may have, either directly or through suoli relative, any pecuniary interest. Article 90. — Impeachment. Section 1. The President and all civil officers of the Eepublic shall be liable to removal from office on impeachment by the House of Eepresentatives upon any of the following grounds, namely: Any act or negligence involving moral turpitude jaunishable by law as an ofiense and committed while in office, incapacity for the due performance of official duty, maladministration in office, and assessment of office-holders for partisan or political expenses. Section 2. The Senate shall be a Court, with full and sole authority to hear and determine all impeachments made by the House of Eej)resentatives. Section 3. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be ex- officio President of the Senate in all cases of impeachment, unless when impeached himself. Should the Chief Justice be impeached, some person specially commissioned by the President shall preside over the Senate during such trial. Section 4. Previous to the trial of any impeachment the Sena- tors shall respectively be sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question according to law and the evidence. Section 5. The judgment of the Senate, in case of the convic- tion of the person impeached, shall not extend further than to re- moval from office and disqualification to hold any place of honor, trust or profit under the Republic; but the person so convicted Bl shall be nevertlieless, liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according' to law. MISCELLANEOUS PKOVISIONS. Article 91. — Constitution Supreme Law. This Constitution when promulgated, shall thereupon become the Supreme Law of the liepublic, and the Constitution promulg'a- ted on the 7th' day of July, 1887, and all other Constitutions at any time the Supreme Law in the Hawaiian Islands, and also all Laws and parts of laws inconsistent herewith, are hereby expressly abrogated and are declared to be null and void. Article 92. — Existing Statutes and Offenses. Section 1. All statutes and enactments in force in the Hawai- ian Islands at the time this Constitution takes effect, not inconsist- ent therewith, and all rights, .actions, prosecutions, judgments and contracts then existing and valid, shall continue as if this Consti- tution had not been adopted, unless the same are inconsistent with this Constitution, or are herein specifically abrogated, or are other- wise herein provided for. Section 2. Statutes heretofore enacted, which are not inconsis- tent herewith, which refer to the King, or the Government, or the Kingdom, or to the Provisional Government, shall be construed to refer to the President, or to the Republic or Government of the Republic of Hawaii, as the case may be. All acts which, by statute in force at the time when this Consti- tution takes effect, have heretofore been defined to be offences against the King, or the Provisional Government, or otherwise, shall be deemed to be offenses against the Republic or Government of Hawaii, unless such statute shall be inconsistent herewith, or shall be repealed or changed by law. Acts heretofore committed, which were prohibited by statutes existing at the time such acts were committed, shall be punishable under said statutes the same being construed as above provided. Section 3. All criminal and penal proceedings arising or now depending within the limits of the Hawaiian Islands, shall be prose- cuted to final judgment and execution in the name of the Rejaublic of Hawaii; and all causes of action arising to individuals or corpora- tions, and all actions at law and suits in etpity now depending in the several courts within the limits of the Hawaiian Islands, not al- ready barred by law, may be commenced or carried on to final 32 judgment and execution in the corresponding courts of the Re- public. The style of all processes shall be " The Republic of Hawaii," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the Republic of Hawaii. Nothing in this Constitution contained shall be the basis or ground for a writ of error or habeas corpus or certiorari or prohi- bition or quo warranto, nor for an appeal in any pending Judicial proceeding-, and all process heretofore issued, or which may be issued prior to the day when this Constitution shall go into effect, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the Republic of Ha- waii; but such writs or appeals shall lie in respect of all judg- ments, decrees, orders or other proceedings heretofore made or had or pending in the several courts of the Hawaiian Islands, in conformity with the laws in force when such writs, decrees, orders, or other proceedings were made or were jJending. Article 93. — Office Hoijdebs. Section 1. All persons holding office under the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, at the date of the promulga- tion of this Constitution, shall continue to hold and exercise all the power to them granted until their respective offices shall become vacant. Section 2. All commissions issued by or under authority of the late Monarchy, or of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, are hereby declared to be vacated, null and void, from and after the first day of September, 1894, unless cancelled prior to that date. Article 94. — Treaties, Bonds, Etc., Confirmed. All existing treaties and all bonds and notes heretofore made or authorized under the authority of the late Monarchy or of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, and all obligations of the Pos- tal Savings Bank are hereby recognized, ratified and confirmed. Article 95. — Crown Land. That portion of the public domain heretofore known as Crown Land is hereby declared to have been heretofore, and now to be, the property of the Hawaiian Government, and to be now free and clear from any trust of or concerning the same, and from all claim of any nature whatsoever, upon the rents, issues and profits thereof. It shall be subject to alienation and other uses as may be provided by law. All valid leases thereof now in existence are hereby con- firmed. 33 Aeticle 96. — Majority Eule. The approval, concurrence, consent, advice, agreement or action of the Legislature or either House thereof, or of the Executive Council or of the Council of State, or of any Board of Registration or other public Board, shall not for its validity require the assent of more than a majority, unless otherwise herein required; but in respect of the Executive Council such majority, shall be required to include the President. Article 97. — No Public Aid to Sectarian or Private Schools. Prom and after December thirty-first, 1895, no public money shall be appropriated nor public land conveyed to or for the sup- port or benefit of any sectarian denominational or private school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the Government. Article 98. — Lotteries. No lottery shall be authorized in this Eepublic, nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. Article 99. — Government Oefigers not to Take Foreign Employment. No ofiicer of the Eepublic nor member of the Legislature shall hold any office or receive any pay from any other Government or Power whatever. Article 100.- — Advisory Council. Until the convening of the first Legislature, in either special or regular session, the members of the Advisory Council of the Pro- visional Government of the Hawaiian Islands shall constitute a council to be styled the "Advisory Council of the Eepublic of Hawaii." The Advisory Council of the Eepublic of Hawaii and the Execu- tive Council, sitting together, shall be vested with all the powers, and authority heretofore vested in the Executive and Advisory Councils of the said Provisional Government, and also all the powers and authority by this Constitution granted to the Senate or to the Legislature. Such convening of the Legislature shall thereby terminate the existence, power and authority of the Advisory Council. Article 101.— Oath op Officers, Electors, Legislators and Jurors. No person shall be eligible to be an Ofiicer, Senator or Eepre- 34 sentative under the Republic, or an Elector of Senators or Repre- sentatives, or a Juror, until he shall have taken and subscribed the following oath or affirmation, viz: I do solemnly swear, (or affirm), in the presence of the Almighty God, that I will support the Con- stitution, Laws and Government of the Republic of Hawaii; and will not, either directly or indirectly, encourage or assist in the restoration or establishment of a Monarchical form of Government in the Hawaiian Islands. Article 102. — Inteepeetation. "Wherever the word " herein " is used in this Constitution it shall be deemed to mean and include anything contained in this Consti- tution or any article or clause thereof, unless the context indicates another construction thereof. The Titles to Articles and Sections of this Constitution shall not be construed to be a part thereof. AMENDMENT OR REVISION OP THE CONSTITUTION. Aeticle 108. Section 1. This Constitution may be amended or revised in the following manner and no other. Segtiok 2. Amendments to this Constitution or a revision there- of, may be ^proposed by not less than five members of either house at any regular session of the Legislature. Section 3. In order to pass any amendment or revision it shall receive three readings in each House, at each of which readings it shall receive an affirmative vote in each House of not less than a majority of the elective members to which such House is entitled. The Vote shall be taken by a call of the ayes and noes, which, with the proposed amendment or revision, shall be entered on the journal. Section 4. Upon the passage by the Legislature of any amend- ment or revision of the Constitution as aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the Minister of the Interior to publish such amendment or revision weekly, for the twelve weeks next preceding the succeed- ing general election to the Legislature, in not less than two news- papers published in Honolulu in the English and Hawaiian langu- ages respectively. Section 5. Such amendment or revision shall be considered by the Legislature at its first regular session following the succeeding general election; and, in order to be finally adopted, shall receive three readings, on different days, in each House, at the first and second of which readings it .shall receive an affirmative vote in each House of a majority of the elective members to which such House is entitled; and at the last of which readings it shall receive 35 an affirmative vote in each House, of not less than two-thirds of the elective members to which such House is entitled. The voting shall be taken by a call of the ayes and noes, which, together with the proposed amendment or revision, shall be enter- ed in the journal. Section 6. Each amendment shall be considered and voted upon separately, in each session of the Legislature in which it shall come up for consideration, as herein provided. Section 7. In case of a proposed revision of the Constitution, each component part of such revision forming a separate proposi- tion, shall, in like manner, be considered and voted on separately, except upon the final reading at the second session of the Legisla- ture *at which such revision shall be considered, when it shall be voted on as a whole. Section 8. Any amendment or revision which shall have been adopted in manner aforesaid by two successive Legislatures, shall thereupon and without further act, become a part of the Constitu- tion of the Republic. The Constitutional Convention, convened in Honolulu, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, on the 30th day of May, A. D. 1894, pur- suant to the provisions of Act 69 of the Acts of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, entitled " An Act to Provide for a Constitutional Convention," approved the 15th day of March, A. D. 1894, and pursuant to the Proclamation of the President summoning said Convention to assemble, having framed and adop- ted the Constitution herein before set forth; now it is hereby' de- clared, enacted and proclaimed by the Executive and Advisory Councils of the Provisional Government and by the elected Dele- gates, constituting said Constitutional Convention, that on and after the Fourth day of July, A. D. 1894, the said Constitution shall be the Constitution of the Eepublic of Hawaii and the Su- preme Law of the Hawaiian Islands. Done in Convention by unanimous consent this Third day of July, A. D. One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-Four, in ■witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. SANFOED B. DOLE, President of the Provisional Government. WILLIAM CHAUNCEY WILDER, Vice-President. FRANCIS MARCH HATCH, Minister of Foreign Affairs. JAMES ANDERSON KING, ' Minister of the Interior. WILLIAM OWEN SMITH, Attorney-General. 36; WILLIAM PESSENDEN ALLEN, CRISTAL BOLTE, CECIL BEOWN, JOHN EMMELUTH, JOHN ENA, JOHN A. McCANDLESS, JOSEPH P. MENDONCA, JAMES FRANCIS MORGAN, JOHN NOTT, DAVID BOWERS SMITH, EDWARD DAVIES TENNEY, HENRY WATERHOUSE, ALEXANDER YOUNG, ■ LEMUEL CLARK ABLES, HENRY PERRIM BALDWIN, CHARLES LUNT CARTER, ANTONIO FEENANDES, WILLIAM HORNER, JOSE KEKAHUNA lOSEPA, DAVID HAILI KAHAULELIO, JOHN WILLIAM KALUA, JOHN KAUHANE, ALBERT KUKAILIMOKU KUNUIAKEA, FREDERICK S. LYMAN, WILLIAM FAWCETT POGUE, WILLIAM HYDE RICE, ALEXANDER GEORGE MORISON ROBERTSON, JOHN MARK VIVAS, ALBERT SPENCER WILCOX, GEORGE NORTON WILCOX. A.TTEST * CHARLES T. RODGERS, Secretary of Convention. INDRX TO RRVIRW. PAGE Annexation, Hawaii's Desire for, Article 32 of Constitution, and 25 Cliinese Restriction Laws 27-32 Commercial Growth, Status 20 & 12 Consideration, Matters for, by United States 18 Contract Labor Unnecessary 12 Education, Literay, etc 21-24 Exports of Hawaii 16 Financial Condition, Republic of Hawaii 21 Imports of Hawaii (1895). 15 Industries, Diversity of 16 & 20 Japanese Immigration 9-10 Japanese Question, The 6-11 Land Act, Synopsis of 26 Labor Statistics 12 Monarchy, Abrogated, Cause 3&5 Monarchy, Abrogated, A Precedent 8-4 Monarchy, Abrogated, By Whom 5 Nationality of sugar planters 14 Population, comparative table 19 Population, compared to U. S. immigration 25 Population, by nationalities (1896) 24 Reciprocity Treaty, why made 17 Republic, why proclaimed 5 Republic of Hawaii, the 5 Shipping, nationality of 20 Sugar consumption of the U. S 15 Sugar production of Hawaii 15 Trade balance of Hawaii 17 Trade relations with the U. S 16 & 18 Walker's report on Pearl Harbor 18