31st Congress, 
 Session, 
 
 [SENATE.] 
 
 Ex. Doc. 
 No. 1. 
 
 FROM 
 
 TO 
 
 THE TWO HOUSES 
 
 AT THE 
 
 OF CONGRESS, 
 
 / ' 
 
 % . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 COMMENCEMENT OP THE FIRST SESSION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS. 
 
 December 24, 1849. 
 
 Read, and ordered to be printed, with the accompanying documents. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 PRINTED FOR THE SENATE. 
 
 1849. 
 

 371 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 N. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL A^^D MINERALOGICAL REPORtsl 
 
 Report on the geological and mineralogical survey of the mineral lands of 
 the United States in the State of Michigan ^ made under the authority 
 of an OiCt of Congress approved March 1, 1847, entitled An act to es- 
 tablish a land office in the northern part of Michigan y and to provide for 
 the sale of mineral lands in the State of Michigan f by Charles T, 
 Jackson j United States geologist for the survey of the mineral lands of 
 the United States in Michigan. 
 
 Boston,, November 10, 1849. 
 
 Sir : 1 have the honor of transmitting to your department my report on 
 the geological and mineralogical survey of the mineral lands of the United 
 States in the State of Michigan, made in accordance with the instructions 
 given me by the Hon. Robert J. Walker, late Secretary of the Treasury^,. 
 and yourself. » 
 
 With this report I forward the geological maps, plans, sections, draw- 
 ings, barometrical tables^ and a full descriptive catalogue of the collection 
 of rocks, minerals, metals, and ores, which I have collected for the use of 
 the government. , 
 
 I have made my report as full and minute as was possible under the 
 circumstances in which I was placed, and regret that, being deprived of 
 so many of my materials, I have not been able to describe so large an area 
 3f country as 1 should otherwise have reported upon, or to illustrate my 
 " iK with so many drawings as I originally intended. ■ 
 
 i. send you all the reports, field notes, and other documents communi- 
 cated to me by my late assistants and sub-agents, according to the instruc- 
 tions you gave me, and presume they* will be printed with my report. ' 
 
 I do mot consider myself responsible for any errors that may be con- 
 tained in some of them, not having had an opportunity of reviewing the 
 ground described. 1 have avoided correcting any statements of personal 
 matters,, but wish to say that, in presenting reports coiataining them, I 
 obey instructions, and, without endorsing those statements, present the 
 reports entire. 
 
 1 have sent Dr. John Locke’s report on magnetic observations, and 
 have requested him to send you some additionaf matter on the subject,, 
 and also his notes or report on the geology of the district which I assigned 
 U) him in 1847. His occupations in another service to the country during 
 the past year have prevented his completing his geological report in season 
 lo forward to me, but I trust it will be communicated to you in season to 
 re printed with my report. 
 
 Mr. Richard Cropley, who has most efficiently aided me in preparing 
 the materials of this report, has drawn up a descriptive catalogue of the 
 ipecirnens, and the whole collection has been nicely packed in new boxes, 
 conveniently arranged for transportation. This catalogue should be printed 
 vith my report, since it explains the entire mineralogy of the country I 
 have surveyed. 
 
 The collection will be forwarded whenever you shall send me orders to 
 Jo so. 
 
 All the township plats and other documents in my possession will be 
 ^rwarded to you in a few days. They are not sent now, as they are not 
 equired for my report. 
 
372 
 
 Trusting that the report I now send you will prove satisfactory to you 
 and to the cciintry^ I have the honor to he^ with high consideration^ your 
 obedient servant; 
 
 CHARLES T. JACKSON; 
 
 U. S. Geological Surveyor of the mineral lands 
 
 of the United States in Michigan, 
 
 -Hon. Thomas EwinG; Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 List of plates^ iDOod-cutSy and maps accompanying the report. 
 
 Plate L Section of Cliff mine; with a view. 
 
 Plate 2. Front view of Cloven ToAverS;” Isle Royale. 
 
 Plate 3. North view of Cloven TowerS;” Isle Royale. 
 
 Plate 4. Section across Isle Royale from Fish island to Conglomerate 
 bay; with ground plan. 
 
 Plate 5. Section of Bohemian and Lac la Belle mineS; with ground 
 plan. 
 
 Plajte 7. Section from northeast end of Torch lake to Lake Superior*; 
 near the mouth of Eagle river. 
 
 Plate 8. Section from Lake Superior to Gratiot lake; with ground plan; 
 also, ground plan of Northwest mines. 
 
 Plate 9. Section south from Eagle Harbor; Avith ground plan. 
 
 Plate 10. Section from Lac la Belle to Copper Harbor; Avith ground plan; 
 also a view shoAving Bohemian mountain; Mount Houghton; and Bete 
 Gris bay. 
 
 Plate 11. Section of Lake Superior Company’s mines. Eagle river. 
 
 Plate 12. Section of Eagle Harbor Company’s works, Avith ground plan. 
 
 Plate 13. Section of NorthAvestern Company’s Avorks, Avith ground plan. 
 
 Plate 14. East sectional view of Copper Falls mine, Avith a north view of 
 the mine. 
 
 Plate 15. Section of Northwest Company’s works. 
 
 Plate 16. Section of North American Company’s Avorks, with ground 
 plan. 
 
 Plate 17. Section of Medora works, with ground plan. 
 
 Plate 18. View of ^ ^Arched Rock,” Mackinac. 
 
 Plate 19. View of “ Sugar Loaf,” Mackinac. 
 
 Wood-cut No. 1; representing the wood-work at the mouth of a drift. 
 
 Wood-cut No. 2— view of Mirage at Rock Harbor.” 
 
 Wood-cut No. 3 — section of the trap and sandstone at Copper Falls, 
 showing the vein cutting through. 
 
 Wood-cut No. 4 — sketch of a plate of copper and silver. 
 
 Geological map of Keweenaw point. (Large map.) 
 
 Geological map of Isle Royale. (Large map.) 
 
 East sectional vieAv of the Lac la Belle mines, with ground plan. (Large 
 plan.) 
 
 East sectional view of the North\Amst Company’s mine, with ground 
 plan. (Large plan.) 
 
 Section of Cliff mine, with ground plan and plan of stamps. (Large 
 plan.) 
 
OWNSHIPE NOKTH OF THE FIFTH 
 
 RANGES WEST OF THE PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN 
 
 XXVII 
 
 XXVIII 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 ’^Mineral Land 
 
 Conj^Iomerate 
 
 abandoned 
 
 Nearly 
 
 ConleTnyio 
 
 raneous 
 
 Tnclinaiion 
 
 rnace 
 
 The heights /n Teef- above Lake J/i/ie/vor^ are 
 irdieaied by f/'ffurer 
 
 TLe J'ouruLngs' are baker /?o/jv Cayib. Bay/lekd-br CAari-. 
 
 J. W. FOSTER , a- J.D. WHITNEY, U.S. OEOIOOISTS 
 S. W, HlLL,8r V'. SCHLATTER, ASSISTANTS . 
 
 S CALI: 
 
 P. S Riival'a Steam l.ilh Pres: 
 
 
 
 Base of 
 Silurian 
 Sj.'slern 
 
TOWNSHIPS NORTH. 
 
 Si/rM’roA/A 
 
 BASE OK THK 
 
 SI1/UR[AN 
 
 .SYSTKM. 
 
 NKAKI.V 
 
 CON'IKMIVI- 
 
 KANKOIjS 
 
 < •DWU.OMEXdTB 
 
 IMXifr.T, 
 
 iVHimTiy. 
 
 XXXI. V 
 
 xxxvm 
 
 XXXVU 
 
 -XXXVl 
 
 XXXT 
 
 XXXI\’ 
 
 XXXHl 
 
 JXXXll 
 
 R.\NGES WEST OK THE PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 LONUrTUDR WEST 
 
 FROM ftREENWICH. 
 
 The Height .s" in K<m“( <iI)ovi‘ l<;il<e Siijierior, are iudicale< by ligures. 
 
 'rile Somidiujfs are Ijikeii from (!;i|)(. BaylieW’.s whaid. 
 
 ^Miueral Land, supposed 
 r to <’outain Copjx’r. 
 
 ^ Mine. 
 
 ^Mine abaiuloried. 
 
 ' Rearing. 
 
 I IncHnaflou. 
 
 ^ hYirnace. 
 

 0“ 
 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 JLOiTGtl'FTjjl'B: wTjtiST FROM GR-B^NWICH 
 
 
mmmmmumwm 
 
 01 05 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Jiistico 'to our predecessors requires that a short review of what was dis- 
 covered ill ancient times concerning the minerals on the shores of Lake 
 Superior should be introduced into" this report^ and I shall endeavor to 
 condense the remarks that may be necessary for an exposition of the facts 
 into as narrow limits as the subject will permit; and shall refer the reader 
 t© mere ample details printed elsewhere. 
 
 Remains ixf ancient mining operations on Lake Superior. 
 
 Long anterior to the settlement of this country by white men the chil- 
 ^dren of the forest were familiar with the use of native metals, such as 
 gold; silver, copper, and perhaps meteoric iron. Their wandering mode 
 of life prevented the cultivation of the metallurgic art, and it is not sup- 
 posed that they knew how to reduce metals from their ores by the forge 
 or furnace. There is reason to believe that the aborigines in some parts 
 of the country understood the art of obtaining metallic lead from the 
 sulphuret; for the metal is so readily reduced from that ore by roasting it 
 on an ordinary log fire, that it seems impossible for them to have failed to 
 obtain lead if they even threw pieces of the ore into a fire. In the western 
 States, where the lead ores occur loose in the soil and in decayed seams 
 of the=TockS; the Indians would have been most likely to have discovered 
 the art of smelting lead. That metal is probably the only one they knew 
 how to extract from its ores ; but they understood the art of annealing the 
 native metals by means of fire, and we find proofs in the ancient work- 
 ings on Lake Superior, as well as in the accounts recorded by the ancient 
 French Jesuits, who were the first Europeans that visited the lake, that 
 the Indians built fires on and around the masses of native copper which 
 were too large to be removed, and after softening the metal, cut off portions 
 with their hatchets. They understood how to fashion the malleable na- 
 tive metals into all the various weapons, ornaments, or tools employed by 
 them, and manifested considerable ingenuity and skill in this handicraft, 
 but no proofs have ever been discovered that they ever made any castings 
 of metals fusible at a high temperature. Throughout the continent, wher- 
 ever gold, silver, or copper is found native in the soil, or in the decayed 
 rocks, the aboriginal inhabitants, were accustomed to work these metals 
 into various articles, by hammering them with smooth stones, affixed to a 
 withe bound round in a groove cut in the middle of the stone. With such 
 tools the Indians beat out the native metals into the forms they desired,, 
 broke hard quartz, jasper, and hornstone into arrow and spear-heads, beat 
 down the walls of decayed metalliferous veins so as to extract pieces of 
 the metal,* and by differently shaped stone tools they fashioned their vari- 
 ous implements of wood or stone — the results of their ingenuity and per- 
 severance exciting, with justice, the admiration of civilized nations. Native 
 copper was an invaluable metal to the Indian tribes in North America. 
 It must have given to the nations possessing it great power over their 
 neighbors, and by exchanging of the metals for other articles the Indians 
 must have carried on a most extensive trade. It seems to be proved by 
 the fact that tools of native copper derived from Lake Superior are found 
 in many of the western States, both in the soil and in the ancient mounds. 
 Dr. Locke informs me that he discovered pieces off copper containing 
 
374 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 specks of silver in some of the mounds of Ohio^ long before it was known 
 that such a mixture of the metals occurred on the shores of Lake Superior; 
 and on being shown some specimens of the Lake Superior rnetal^ he at 
 once recognised its character as indicating a similar origin. 
 
 I would take occasion to observe here^ that only one other locality of a 
 mixture of native copper and silver is known in the United States^ and that 
 is in Somerville^ New Jersey. I saw there a mass of native copper extract- 
 ed from the old Bridgewater mines, and obseryed numerous lumps of sil- 
 ver projecting from its surface^ while they were firmly united to the copper 
 at the point of contact. The copper of the New Jersey mines is, like that 
 of Lake Superior, associated with trap rocks and new red sandstone. It 
 is not probable that the New Jersey mines ever furnished ^ny considerable 
 quantities of copper to the Indians, for it was not situated so that they 
 would have been likely to discover it, and I think there can be no doubt 
 that most of the copper circulated among the Indian tribes in ancient 
 times must have come from the shores of Lake Superior. 
 
 It has been suggested that a more civilized people than those who are 
 supposed to have built the mounds in Ohio, Kentucky, and some of the 
 other western States, might have been the original copper nfiners of 
 Lake Superior. It is certain that they had pieces of the metal in their 
 possession, for it is found buried in the mounds; but it is more probable 
 that they obtained it by trading with the Indian tribes living on the borders 
 of the great lake. We know that a trade in stone arrow-heads extended 
 over many hundreds of miles; for the stones can be identified by compari- 
 son with the rocks where they were obtained, and I know that the rocks 
 on Moose Head lake, in Maine, furnished many of the stones used by the 
 Indians in Massachusetts, and that the red jasper of Lynn and Malden 
 has furnished them for the Indians of New York, and perhaps of the 
 more western States. If arrow-heads were circulated in trade, most assu- 
 redly native copper must have been still more likely to have been valued 
 by the Indians, and have been an article of traffic among the tribes. To 
 the Indians it must have been very serviceable for many purposes, an- 
 swering for most of the weapons and tools required. That the mining 
 was performed by the Indians having about the same degree of civiliza- 
 tion as that of other northern tribes, cannot be doubted by those who see 
 the rude tools dug up in the ancient excavations on Keweenaw point. 
 The stone hammers made of oval polished shore pebbles, grooved in the 
 centre for a withe which served for a handle, are exactly such as the 
 Indians of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island 
 employed anterior to the settlement of this country by Europeans. The 
 Indians here used such hammers to break up the stones of which they 
 made their arrow-heads, and on Lakr^ Superior the native tribes employed 
 them for similar purposes, and for breaking out pieces of native copper 
 from decayed veins. The Indian miner assisted the operation by kindling 
 a fire on the rocks he wished to break, and hence the origin of charcoal 
 and charred fire-brands which have been found in the ancient mines on 
 the Ontonagon river. 
 
 None of the ancient excavations thus far discovered extend to more than 
 six feet in depth, and are such as Indians would be most likely to have 
 made. Furthermore, we found half-finished scalping knives and spear- 
 heads in the soil near the Eagle river copper mine; and those instruments 
 bear ample evidence of their Indian origin. 
 
375 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ,;We may the^fore consider this question as settled^ that the ancient 
 Chippewas wrought many of the copper veins, as well as, the loose 
 of native copper which they found on the shore of the; lake and in the 
 beds of the streams. In the course of this report, I shall mention partic- 
 ular localities where the facts on which this opinion rests were, observed 
 
 Early explorations on Lake Superior. 
 
 It is not surprising that the Indian priests should have exerted them^ 
 selves to gain the control of the native copper mines, and that they should 
 have endeavored not only to monopolize the exorcising of the Evil Man- 
 itou, who was supposed to be intrusted with the guardianship of this val- 
 iiable metal, but that they should impress on the superstitious minds of 
 the Indians the necessity of keeping the valuable localities a profound 
 ^secret from all strangers, warning them that they would die if they re- 
 vealed them. This superstition the ancient Jesuit fathers found to be 
 universal among the Chjppewas two hundred years ago,- and even to this 
 day if has been found difficult for the explorers of mines to obtain from 
 the Indians information concerning localities of copper. They are also 
 very unwilling to part with any pieces of the metal they may have in their 
 possession. 
 
 There is also an ancient superstition concerning Keweenaw point, 
 which prevented the Indians from settling there. It was the general be- 
 lief that the Evil Manitou resided there; and the point does not appear to 
 have been inhabited by the Indians, but was only visited by them at cer- 
 tain times for the purpose of obtaining copper. Then, by ceremonious 
 rites and offerings to the Evil Spirit, permission was obtained from him by 
 the priests to dig for copper. The Indian priests thus kept the control of 
 the mineral region in their hands, and gained thereby power, influence, 
 and consideration; which doubtless were as much valued by the red men 
 as they now are by their . white successors. 
 
 It is not improbable that the scarcity of game in the wilderness on 
 Keweenaw point may have added to the Indians’ aversion to settlement 
 upon that peninsula; but fish are abundant enough near its shores, so that 
 they could have lived there had they chosen to do so. 
 
 Those portions of the point north of Portage lake were but little 
 visited by the Indians, or even by the early French voyageurs ; for in 
 canoe navigation they naturally chose the safer route to La Pointe by 
 coasting round Keweenaw bay to Portage lalce, and following that lake to 
 the short carrying-place, over which they bore their canoes again to the 
 .great lake, and on returning they took the same passage. Thus the Jusuit 
 missionaries did not visit the localities where the veins of copper were 
 most prominent, and hence they were not discovered by them. The In- 
 dians, as the missionaries themselves declare, were very averse to giving 
 information concerning the localities of copper, and they therefore did not 
 communicate to them all they knew. 
 
 Soon after the establishment of the French colonists in Canada, the 
 Jesuit fathers came and joined their efforts in spreading the Christian reli- 
 gion over the northern portion of this country. . This opened the way 
 for the advent of that succession of earnest and indefatigable Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries to whose annual narratives of their progress and labors wp are 
 indebted for a great portion of what we know of the early discoveries and 
 
376 
 
 State of the vast regions around the great American lakes. They spread^ 
 themselves; in spite of the elements^ and of man^ (more implacable^ crue4 
 and merciless than the storms of winter^) from the shores of Nova Scotia 
 and Maine to the great streams and lakes of the far west; and from the^ 
 shores of the Gulf of Mexico ; through the valley of the Mississippi; W 
 frozen regions far up toward the great bay of Hudson.’’ 
 
 Omitting all details which do not concern the discovery of minerals; or 
 prove the uses made of them by the Indian tribeS; I shall refer the reader' 
 for an account of other matters to the original French works. 
 
 The first account of the occurrence of native copper on the lakes is in 
 the work of ^^LagardO;” published in Paris in 1636; in which we find 
 some interesting remarks concerning the richness of the country. He 
 says: There are mines of copper which might be made profitable; if 
 
 there were inhabitants and workmen who would labor faithfully. That' 
 would be done; if colonies were established. About eighty or one hun- 
 dred leagues from the Huron s there is a mine of copper; from which'' 
 Truchement Brusle showed me an ingot; on his return from a voyage' 
 which he made to the neighboring nation.” ^^It is pretended also that; 
 near Saguenay; gold; rubieS; and other precious stones are found.” ^^He 
 is assured that; in the country of the Souriquois; there are not only mines 
 of copper, but also of steel; also, certain blue transparent stones, which 
 are as valuable as turquoises.” It would appear from the above passage 
 that the author of this history was not very familiar with mineralogy. He^ 
 remarks, that among the rocks they found stones covered with diamonds, 
 which were attached to the rock— some of them appearing as if from the- 
 hands of the lapidary, so beautiful were they. He says, however, he 
 is not sure they werejiney but they were very handsome, and would write ^ 
 upon glass.” He says: It seems that one might find mines of iron and 
 
 many other minerals, if one would take the trouble of searching,, and go 
 to some expense. There is an abundance of limestone, and of wood and' 
 other materials required for building.” This account was probably ob- 
 tained from the Indians, for the missionaries did not penetrate so far as 
 Lake Superior until some time afterwards. In the Relation de ce qui* 
 s’est passe dans le pays des Hurons,” there is much information concern- 
 ing the ^^Lac Superiour.” The origin of the name Green om 
 
 Lake Michigan, is also shown to be derived from a corruption of the 
 Fronch name Grande Baye^’’ — an arm of the Lac des Illinois.” 
 
 The Relations” for 1659-’60 give an account of one of the Jesuit* 
 fathers residing near the lake which we call Siiperieur.” ^^It is en- 
 riched on all its borders by mines of lead almost pure, and of copper all 
 refined in pieces as large as the fist, and great crocks which have whole 
 veins of turquoises.” Is it not probable that this aqthor mistook the^ 
 green hydrous silicate of copper or chrysocolla of Copper Harbor for tur- 
 quoise? The Indians may have brought pieces of the green rock” to- 
 the missionary, and its color would lead those not familiar with minerals 
 into this error. This writer says, also, that little scales of gold are borne 
 down the rivulets, which he regards as coming from the debris of sonie 
 mine of that metal. He says they found a vein of gold sand as big 
 as his arm, in laying the foundations of the chapel St. Joseph, on the^ 
 borders of Lake Huron; but the gold was in minute proportion. He de- 
 scribes a vein of copper pyrites as opened by his workmen, who mistook: 
 
m 
 
 it for ore of brass, not knowing that brass was a composition;’.’ and 
 remarks, ^^that they laid up the foundations of the chapel^ without know- 
 ing that4hey had found a treasury.” 
 
 In a small duodecimo volume of 168 pages, published in Paris in 1640y 
 by Pierre Boucher, entitled Histoire veritable et Naturelle des Moeurs 
 et productions du pays de la Nouvelle France, vulgairement dite le Can- 
 ada,” are found the following passages : 
 
 There are mines of copper, tin, antimony, and lead. Many believe- 
 there are also deposites of sulphur (des souffrieft.) A manufacturer of salt- 
 petre told him that it would be found as abundant and as good as in any 
 other part of the world, and in quantity.” 
 
 In Lake Superior there is a great island which is fifty leagues in cir- 
 cuit, in which there is a very beautiful mine of copper; it is found alsoin* 
 various places in large pieces all refined.” " 
 
 There are other places In those quarters where there are similar mines 
 so I learned from four or five Frenchmen who lately returned, and who 
 went with a Jesuit father on a mission, and died. They were gone three 
 years without » finding an opportunity to , return; they told me that they 
 had seen an ingot of copper all refined, which was on the , coast, and 
 which weighed more than 800 lbs., according to their estimation. They 
 said that the savages, on passing it, made a fire on it, after which they 
 cut off pieces with their axes. One of them, wishing to do so, broke his 
 axe.” 
 
 They told me, also, that they found beautiful blue stones, which are 
 believed to be turquoises. They found, also, green stones, like emeralds, 
 (green fluor spar ?) There are diamonds, also ; but I do not know that 
 they are fine ” . 
 
 In the Relation for 1666-’6T, chap, ii, page 32 et seq., entitled Rela- 
 tion de la Mission du St. Esprit, aux Outaouacs dans le lac tracy dite- 
 aupravant le Lac Superieur; Journal du voyage du Tere Claude Allouez 
 dans le Pais des Outaouacs,” we find these passages : 
 
 The savages respect this lake as a divinity, and. make sacrifices to it> 
 on account, perhaps, of its magnitude, for it is two hundred leagues long 
 and eighty wide; or on account of its goodness in furnishing them with 
 fishes, which nohrish all these people where there is but little game. 
 There are often found beneath the water, pieces of copper all formed, and 
 of the weight of ten and twenty pounds. I have seen them many times 
 in the hands of the savages; and as they are superstitious, they keep them 
 as so many divinities, or as presents from the gods beneath the water, who 
 have given them as pledges of good fortune. On that account they keep 
 the pieces of copper enveloped among their most precious funiture. 
 There are some who have preserved them for more than fifty years, and 
 others who have had them' in their families from time immemorial, and 
 cherish them as household gods.” 
 
 Some time since a large mass of copper, like a rook, was seen with the 
 point projecting out of the water. This afforded passers-by an opportu- 
 nity of cutting off pieces. Nevertheless, when I went there it was not to 
 be seen. I believe the storms, which are here very violent' and like those 
 onThe sea, had covered the copper rock with saiid. Our savages wished 
 to persuade us that it was a divinity, and had disappeared, for sorne^ reason 
 which they did not mention. ” 
 
878 
 
 tn 
 
 De la Mission du Saint e Esprit a la Pointe de Chagaouamigond 
 dans le Lac Tracy on Superieur — chap, xi, des proprietez et Raritez.’’ 
 
 From the above work I have translated the following interesting^descrip- 
 tion of the form of Lake Superior^ and of the copper found there: 
 
 The lake has nearly the form of a bended bow, of more than eighty 
 leagues in length. The southern side represents the string, and a long 
 tongue of land which springs from the centre of the southern shore, and 
 projects upwards of twenty -five leagues into the lake near to its middle, is 
 the arrow.” (Kev/eenaw point.) 
 
 The northern coast is bordered with frightful crags, which are the ter- 
 mination of that prodigious chain of mountains which take their rise at 
 Gape Tourment, above Quebec, and extend to this place, traversing more 
 than six hundred leagues in extent, and losing themselves at the farther 
 extremity of the lake. There are very few islands in the lake, and they 
 occur mostly on the northern side near the shore. This great expanse of 
 the waters gives room for the winds, which agitate the lake with as much 
 violence as they do the ocean.” 
 
 On page 26 is a chapter headed Mines of copper which are found on 
 Lake Superior.” 
 
 Up to the present time it was believed that these mines were found on 
 only one or two of the islands; but since we have made a more careful 
 inquiry, we have learned from the savages some secrets which they were 
 unwilling to reveal. It was necessary to use much address in order to 
 draw out of them this knowledge, and to discriminate between the truth 
 and falsehood. We will not warrant, however, all we learned from their 
 simple statements, since we shall be able to speak with more certainty 
 when we have visited the places themselves, which we count on during 
 this summer, when we shall go to find the ^ wandering sheep’ in all 
 quarters of this great lake. The first place where copper occurs in 
 abundance after going above the Sault is on an island about forty or fifty 
 leagues therefrom, near the north shore, opposite a place called Missipi- 
 conatong. 
 
 The savages say it is a floating island, which is sometimes far off and 
 sometimes near, according as the winds move it, driving it sometimes one 
 way and sometimes another. They add that, a long time ago, four In- 
 dians accidentally went there, being lost in a fog, with which this island 
 is^almost always surrounded. It was long before they had any trade with 
 the French, and they had no kettles or hatchets. Wishing to cook some 
 food, they made use of their usual method, taking stones which they 
 picked up on the shore, heating them in the fire, and throwing them into 
 a bark trough full of water in order to make it boil, and by this operation 
 cook their meat. As they took up the stones they found they were nearly 
 all of them pure copper. After having partaken of their meal they thought 
 of embarking, fearing to remain lest the lynxes (loups cerviers) and the 
 rabbits, (lievres) which are in the place as large as dogs, (!) would come 
 and eat up their provisions, and even their canoe. Before leaving they 
 collected a quantity of these stones, both large and small ones, and even 
 some sheets of copper; but they had not gone far from the shore before 
 a loud voice was heard, saying in anger, ^ Who are these robbers who 
 have stolen the cradles and playthings of my children V The sheets of 
 <Gopper were the cradles, for the Indians make them of one or two pieces 
 
of 1 wood; (a fiat piece of bark with a hoop over one end,) the child being 
 swathed and bound Upon the flat piece. The little pieces of copper which 
 they took were the playthings, such pebbles being.used by Indian children 
 for. a like purpose. This vCice greatly alarmed them, not knowing what 
 it could be. One' said to the others, it is thunder, because there are fre- 
 qaent storms there* others said, it is a obtain genii whom they call Mis- 
 sibizi, who is reputed among these people to be the god of the waters, as 
 JNfeptune was among the Pagans ; others said that it came from Memogovis- 
 siousis — that is to say, sea-men, similar to the fabulous Tritons, or to the 
 Syrens, which live always in the water, with their long hair reaching to their 
 waists. One of our savages said he had seen one in the water: neverthe^- 
 less, he must have merely imagined that he did. ' However, this voice so^ 
 terrified them that one of these four voyageurs died before they reached 
 land. Shortly after, a second one of them expired; then a third; so that 
 only one of them remained, who, returning home, told all that, had 
 taken place, and died shortly' afterwards. The timid and superstitioiis 
 savages have never since dared to go there for fear of losing their lives, be^ 
 lieving that there are certain genii who kill those who land there; and with- 
 in the .memory of man no one has been known who hks set foot, on that 
 shore, or even coasted along its shores, although the island is within sight, 
 
 . and even the trees are visible upon another island called Achemikonan. ' 
 
 There is both truth and error in this story, and this is most probably 
 the explanation: These four savages were poisoned by the Avater which 
 they boiled with red hot copper, which, by the intensity of the heat, gave- 
 ofl* their poison, &c. It is not a poison which acts immediately, arid on 
 one as soon as it will on another, as happened in this case. It may be 
 that when they were taken ill, they more readily imagined they heard 
 awoice: perhaps they heard an echo, such as are vety commoii ahiong 
 the rocks which border this island; or perhaps they made this fable since, 
 not knowing to what to attibute the death of these Indians. When 
 they said it was a floating island, it is probable they may have been mis- 
 led by the vapors which surround it; they being rarified or condensed 
 by the variable^action of the sun’s rays, made the island appear sometimes 
 near and sometimes far off. It is certain, however, that it is a comhidh 
 belief among the Indians that there is a great abundance of copper on this 
 island; but they dare not go there. We hope to begin our discoveries 
 upon it this summer. 
 
 Advancing to a place called the Grand Anse, (Great bay,) we meet 
 with an island three leagues from land, which is celebrated for the pactal 
 which is found there and for the thunder which takes place, because 
 they say it always thunders there, (Thunder cape.) But further towards 
 the west, on the same north shore, is the island most famous for copper, 
 called Minong, (the good place,) Isle Royale. This island i^ -twenty-five 
 leagues in length ; it is seven leagues from the main land and sixty from 
 the head of the lake. Nearly all around the island, on the water’s edge, 
 pieces of copper are found mixed with pebbles, but especially on the side 
 -which is opposite the south, and principalfy in a certain bay which is near 
 the northeast exposure to the great lake. There are shores ^tous escarpez 
 de terre glaize,’ and there ^re seen several layers or beds of copper, one 
 ^ver the Other, separated or divided ^y other beds of earth or rocks. In the 
 water is seen cepper sand, and one can take up in spoons grains of the 
 
[ 1 ] 380 
 
 metal big as an acorn^ and others fine as sand.’’ (This description proba- 
 bly refers to Rock harbor.) This island is almost surrounded with islets 
 which are said to be composed of copper and they are met with even to 
 the main land on the north. One of them is two gun-shots from Minong. 
 It is near the middle of the island, and the end which looks towards the 
 northeast; and farther out on this side, there is another island called Man- 
 itoimiinis, on account of the copper which abounds on it; and it is said 
 that those who were there on one occasion, on throwing stones, made it 
 resound like an explosion. 
 
 Advancing to the head of the lake and returning one day’s journey 
 by the south coast, there is seen on the edge of the water a rock of copper 
 which weighs 700 or 800 pounds, and is so hard that steel can hardly 
 cut it;^ but when it is heated, it cuts as easily as lead. Near Point Cha- 
 gaouamigong, where a mission was established, rocks of copper and 
 plates of the same metal were found on the shores of the islands. 
 
 Last spring we bought of the savages a sheet of pure copper, two feet 
 square, which weighed more than 100 pounds. We do not believe, how- 
 ever, that the mines are found on these islands, but that the copper 
 probably brought from Minong, (Isle Royale,) or from other islands, by 
 floating ice^ or over the bottom of the lake by the impetuous winds, which 
 are very violent, particularly when they come from the northeast. 
 
 Returning still towards the mouth of the lake, following the coast on 
 the south, at twenty leagues from the place last mentioned, we enter the 
 liver called Nantounagan, (Ontonagon,) on which is seen an eminence 
 where stones and copper fall into the water or upon the earth: they 
 are readily found. Three years since, we received a piece which was 
 brought from this place, which weighed a hundred pounds, and we sent 
 it to Quebec, to M. Talon. It is not certain exactly where this was taken 
 from: some think it was taken from the forks of the river; others that it 
 was from near the lake and dug up from the soil. 
 
 Proceeding still further, we come to the long point of land which we 
 have compared to the arrow of the bow, (Keweenaw point;) at the ex* 
 tremity of this there is a small island which is said to be only six feet 
 square, and all copper ! 
 
 ^M¥e are assured that copper is found in various places along the^ 
 southern shore of the lake. All the information we obtained from others 
 it is not necessary for us to detail; but it seems necessary that more eiact 
 researches should be made, and this is what we shall endeavor to effect. 
 If God prospers us in our enterprise, we shall speak next year with more 
 certainty and knowledge.” 
 
 The Relation of 16T0-’71 contains the remarks of Pere Ablon. In the 
 second part, he gives an account of the copper mines, page 91: We 
 
 would remark, by the way, that copper is found in all parts of this lake, 
 although we have not, as yet, sufficiently exact knowledge, for want of 
 thorough explorations; nevertheless, the plates and masses of this metal 
 which we have seen, weigh each a hundred or two hundred pounds, and 
 much more. The great rock of copper of 700 or 800 pounds, and which 
 all the travellers saw near the head of the lake, besides a quantity of 
 pieces which are found near the shores in various places, seem not to per- 
 mit us to doubt that there are somewhere the parent mines, which have * 
 not been discovered.” 
 
381 
 
 Voyages du Baron de la Houtan dans VAmerique Septentriondlei 
 
 In this work, yolume 2, Description abrige du Canada,” he says^t 
 ^^Lake Superior is five hundred leagues in circumference, including all the 
 »bays and inlets. This little fresh-water ocean is tranquil enough from 
 the 1st of May to the end of September. The southern coast is the safelst 
 for canoe navigation on account of the numerous bays and rivers, where 
 one can stop during storms, &c. There are on this lake mines of copper, 
 'the metal being so pure that there is hot a seventh of loss. There are 
 also some islands full of caribous,” &c. * 
 
 Peter Francis#Xavier de Charlevoix, a Jesuit, was born at St. fcluentiu, 
 in France, in J682. He made a tour of the American lakes in 1721 , but 
 he does not appear to have visited Lake Superior. He says : On the 
 
 coast of this lake (Superior) large pieces of copper are found,, which are 
 objects of superstitious worship among the savages. They regard thCrh 
 with veneration, as presents from the gods which inhabit the waters; 
 They collect little pieces and preserve them with care, but make no us^ 
 of thefn. They say that formerly a great rock of copper appeared above 
 the surface of the water, and as it is not now seen, they pretend that the 
 god« have removed it elsewhere; but it is more probable that in time the 
 waves have covered it with sand and mud. It is certain that great quan- 
 tities of this metal have been discovered in many places without digging 
 much. 
 
 In my first voyage in this country, one ©f our brethren, who was a 
 goldsmith, while he was at the mission of Sault Ste. Marie, made some 
 candlesticks, crosses, and censors of it; for this copper is often quite 
 pure.” 
 
 On page 317 he saye ^‘that the Indians believe they would die if they 
 ^should communicate the localities of the mines to strangers.” They haye 
 a similar superstition concerning the use of their simple medicines. 
 
 Peter Kalm, professor of economy in the University of Aobo, in Swe- 
 dish Finland, travelled through the provinces, and published an account 
 of his travels in 1772. (London: 2 vols. 8vo.) In volume 2, page 399, 
 under date Montreal, September, 1789, is the following memorandums 
 
 To-day I got a piece of native copper from the upper lake. They 
 found it almost pure, so that it does not want melting over again, but is 
 immediately fit for working. 
 
 One of the Jesuits at Montreal, who had been at the place where this 
 metal is got, told me that it is generally found near the mouths of rivers, 
 and there are pieces of native copper too heavy fer a single man to lift up. 
 The Indians say they formerly found there a piece about seven feet long 
 and five feet thick , all pure copper. As it is always found in the grouiidl 
 near the mouths of rivers, it is probable that the ice or water carried it 
 down from a mountain. Notwithstanding the careful search which has 
 been made, no place has been found where the metal lies in any great 
 quantity together. ’ ’ 
 
 This author appears to haye anticipated the glacio-aqueous theofy of 
 transportation of boulders. 
 
 English accounts of Lake Superior copper. 
 
 - ♦ 
 
 ' The earliest English traveller who visifed the shores of Lake Superior, 
 of whom we have any account, is Alexander Henry. His work is en- 
 
titled Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, 
 between the years 1760 and 1776, in two parts, by Alexander Henry, 
 esq.” New York, 1809. Octavo.* 
 
 Henry was a trader, who, soon after the conquest of Canada by the 
 English, set out on a trading voyage to Fort Mackinaw. He arrived 
 there while the fort was in possession of the English troops, and was 
 present when that dreadful massacre of the whole garrison was effected 
 by the Indians, who took the fort by a most ingenious stratagem. Henry 
 was saved by being suddenly and most unexpectedly adopted as a brother 
 by one of the conquering Indians, and who most carefully guarded him 
 from harm during the subsequent carousals of the Indians, concealing 
 him in a cave on the opposite island — Michilimackinac — -the place now 
 called Mackinaw. Referring to his most interesting and evidently truth- 
 ful narra-tive for an account of his voyages and perils, and for his general 
 description of the country, I shall limit myself in this review to a few 
 extracts showing the amount of knowledge he possessed of the existence 
 of copper and other metals, or ores, on the shores of Lake Superior. 
 Part II, page 194 et seq , he says : 
 
 ^^On the 19th of August, 1765, we reached the mouth of the Ontona- 
 gon river, one of the largest on the south side of the lake. At the mouth 
 was an Indian village; and three leagues above, a fall, at the foot of 
 which sturgeoi>at this season were obtained so abundant that a morith’s 
 subsistence for a regiment could have been taken in a few hours. But I 
 found this river chiefly remarkable for the abundance of virgin copper 
 which is on its banks and in its neighborhood, and of which the reputatidh 
 is at present more generally spread than it was at the time of my firs 
 visit. 
 
 The attempts which were shortly after made to work the mines of 
 Lake -Superior to advantage will very soon claim a place among the facts 
 which I am about to describe. ' 
 
 The copper presented itself to the eye in masses of various weight. 
 The Indians showed me one of twenty pounds. They were used to 
 manufacture this metal into spoons and bracelets for themselves. lu the* 
 perfect state in which they found it, it required nothing but to beat it into 
 shape. The Piwatie or Iron river enters the lake to the westward of the 
 Ontonagon, and hence, as is pretended, silver was found while the 
 ^ country was in possession of the French.” 
 
 Page 204 : On my way back to Michilimackinac I encamped a second 
 
 time at the mouth of the Ontonagon river, and now took the opportunity 
 of going ten miles up the river with Indian guides. The object for which 
 I most expressly went, and to which I had the satisfaction of being led, 
 was a mass of copper of the weight, according to my estimate, of no less 
 than Jive ions*^^ (This is the copper rock now on the ground near the 
 War Department, in Washington.) Such was its pure and malleabfe 
 state, that with an axe I was able to cut off a portion weighing a kundi^ed 
 pounds. On viewing the surrounding surface, I conjectured that thh 
 mass at some period or other had rolled from the side of a lofty hill which 
 rises at its back.” 
 
 Chap. IV, page 211: “The same year (1767) I chose my wintering 
 ground at Michipicoten, on the north shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 “At Point Mamance the beach appeared to abound in mihera! sub- 
 
stances^ and I met with a vein of lead ore where the metal abounded ini 
 ciibic crystals. 
 
 Still coasting along the lake^ (on the north shore,) I found severall 
 veins of copper ore of that kind which the miners call ^gray ore:’ 
 
 Near Michipicoten bay he says he found on the beach ^ several pieces- 
 of virgin copper, of which many were remarkable for their form, some re- 
 sembling leaves of vegetables (dendritic copper,) and others animals.’ ” 
 
 In 1770 Messrs. Baxter, Bostwick, and Henry formed ^^a company of 
 adventurers for working the mines of Lake Superior;” They built a 
 barge at Point aux Pins, and laid the keel of a sloop of forty tons. Early 
 in May, 1771, they sailed for the island of yellow sand, where they ex- 
 pected to find gold, and make their fortunes^ but they found nothing of 
 value. The miners examined the coast of Nanibojou, and found several 
 veins of copper and lead, after which they returned to Point aux Pins,, 
 and erected an air furnace. The assayer reported on the ores which: 
 they had collected, stating that the lead ore contained silver in the pro- 
 portion of forty ounces to a ton; but the copper ore only a very small pro- 
 portion indeed.” 
 
 From Point of Pins they crossed over to Point aux Iroquois, where Mr. 
 Norberg, a Russian gentleman, acquainted with metals, and holding a. 
 commission in the 60th regiment, and then in garrison at Michilimacki- 
 nac, accompanied us on this latter expedition. As we rambled, examin- 
 ing the shods or loose stones in search of minerals, ^Mr. Norberg chanced 
 to meet with one of 8 lbs. weight, of a blue color,. and' semitransparent.. 
 This he carried to England, where it produced in the proportion of 60 lbs. 
 of silver to a hundred weight of ore. It was deposited in the British 
 museum.” 
 
 It is difficult to say what ore of silver this could have been; but from., 
 the character of the gangue at Copper Falls, I suppose it may have been, 
 native silver in that kind of veinstone. I have not found chloride of sil- 
 ver in any of the veins, and therefore I do not think it could have been 
 that ore, though at one time I thought it possible. — (See American Jour- 
 nal of Science, vol. XLIX, No. 1.) 
 
 Henry revisited the Ontonagon river, where, besides detached masses^ 
 of copper formerly mentioned, he saw ^^much of the same metal bedded 
 in the stoned They built a house, and sent to the Sault for provisions". 
 He pitched upon a spot for the commencement of mining operations, and 
 remarks that there was a green colored water which tinged iron of a 
 copper color.” This the miners called a ^Header . In digging they 
 frequently found masses of copper, some of Avhich were three pounds in 
 weight. 
 
 On the 20th day of June, 1772, the miners, after passing the winter- 
 at the Ontonagon, all returned, and stated that they had penetrated forty 
 feet into the hill, but on the arrival of a thaw, the clay, which on account 
 of its stiffness they had neglected to secure by supporters, had fallen in, 
 and that to recommence the search would be attended with much labor 
 and cost; that detached masses of metal, which to the last had daily pre- 
 sented themselves, would, they supposed,, ultimately lead to some body 
 of it; but they could form no conjecture as to the distance, except that ii 
 was so far off as not to be pursued without sinking an air shaft ; and lastly, 
 that this work would require the hands of more men than could be found,.. - 
 An the actual situation of the country. 
 
[ 1 ] 384 
 
 Here mx operations in this quarter ended. The metal was probably 
 within our reach; but^ if we had found* it, the expense of carrying it to 
 Montreal must have exceeded its marketable value. It was never for the 
 exportation of copper that our company^ was formed, but always with a 
 view to the silver, which it was hoped the ores, whether of copper or lead^ 
 might in sufficient quantity contain. The copper ores of Lake Superior 
 can never he profitably sought for hut for local consumption. The country 
 must he cultivated and peopled before they can deserve notice. 
 
 ^^In the following month of August we launched our sloop^ and carried 
 the miner^ to the vein of copper ore on the north side of the lake. Little 
 was done during the winter; but, by dint of labor, performed between the 
 commencement of the spring of 1773 and the ensuing month ot Septem- 
 ber, they penetrated thirty feet into the solid rock. The rock was blasted 
 with great difficulty, and the vein which at the beginning was of the 
 breadth of four feet, had in the process contracted into four inches. Under 
 these circumstances we desisted, and carried the miners back to the Sault. 
 What copper ore we had collected we sent to England; but the next sea- 
 son we \yere informed that the partners there declined entering into fur- 
 ther expenses. In the interim we had carried the miners along the north 
 shore as far as the river Pic, making, however, no discovery of importance. 
 
 * This year, therefore, (1774,) Mr. Baxter disposed of the sloop and other 
 effects of the company, and paid, its debts. The partners in England 
 were, his royal highness the Duke of Gloucester; Mr; Secretary Towns- 
 hend; Sir Samuel Tuchet, hart.; Mr. Baxter, consul of the Empress of 
 Russia; and Mr. Cruickshank: in America, Sir William Johnson, bart.; 
 Mr. Bostwick, Mr. Baxter, and myself. A charter had been petitioned 
 for and obtained, but owing to our ill success it was never taken from the 
 seal office.” 
 
 The celebrated traveller Mackenzie, in describing Lake Superior, merely 
 says, in relation to copper, (vol. 1, London, 1802, page 51,) ^^on the same 
 side (south side of the lake,) at the river Tonnagan^ is found a quantity 
 of virgin copper. The Americans, soon after they got possession of that 
 country, sent an engineer thither; and I should not be surprised to hear 
 of their employing people to work the mine. Indeed, it might well 
 worthy the attention of British subjects to work the mines on the north 
 coast, though they are not supposed to be so rich as those on the south.” 
 
 George Heriot, deputy postmaster general of British North America,^ 
 published a large 4to volume of Travels through the Canadas,” &c.," 
 in London, in 1807. On page 201 he says: White Fish point is on the 
 
 south shore; 'opposite to which, on the north coast, and at a distance of 
 fifteen miles across, there is a mine of copper, formerly worked by the 
 French. That metal is here found in native purity, uncontaminated by 
 mixture with any extraneous substances.” 
 
 In more modern times we have the observations of Henry R. School- 
 craft, who accompanied General Cass in his travels on the lake, and who 
 visited the great block of native copper at Ontonagon, an account of which 
 was published, with a plate, in the American Journal of Science, volume 
 3.' During the last war with England, or soon after, Dr. Francis te 
 Baron, of Plymouth, visited Lake Superior and brought home a piece of 
 the great copper rock of the Ontonagon. The first proper scientific explo- 
 rations in the mineral lands of Lake Superior were made by my late friend 
 Dr. Douglas Houghton, while employed as the State geologist ofMichigan^ 
 
M5 [ 1 ] 
 
 ttrd S'libseqnentiy) while engaged in a connected linear and geological sut- 
 vey, under the direction of the general government. His publications were 
 annual reports^ in which he described the geology of the country and the 
 minerals he had discovered. He withheld any designation of localities of 
 the metals and oresj giving only one locality, viz: that of the green sili- 
 cate of copper, of Copper Harbor. There cannot be a doubt that he was 
 aware of the localities of most of the exposed copper veins, for he had tra- 
 versed the region where they occur, and was a good observer. It is sup- 
 posed that he reserved a more full description of the minerals and ores, 
 with that of their localities, for his final report. This, unfortunately, he 
 did not live to write. He perished in the field of his labors, on the coast of 
 Keweenaw point. 
 
 First mining explorations on Keweenaw point . 
 
 It has long been known that native copper is occasionally found in trap 
 rocks, masses many pounds in weight having been discovered in those 
 rocks, in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Nova Scotia; but no one then sup- 
 posed that the occurrence of such masses of this metal was of any practical 
 interest, or that it was even probable that any locality would be discovered 
 where it could be economically mined. It was generally believed, by geol- 
 ogists, mineralogists, and miners, that the few isolated lumps of native 
 copper which were occasionally found in amygdaloidal trap and trap 
 breccia were accidental, and were derived from the fusion and reduction 
 of pieces of copper ores which were originally included in the partially al- 
 tered or fused rocks, through which the injected dikes of trap had been 
 protruded in a molten state. Theories had been formed to account for this 
 supposed origin of native copper; and it was said, that since the sand- 
 stones are made up of disintegrated particles of pre existent rocks, such as 
 granite, gneiss, mica-slate and hornblende rocks, the origin of the native/ 
 copper might be attributed to the deposition of the debris of the disinte- 
 grated veins of copper pyrites in the sand, which subsequently became in- 
 durated into sandstone, and was afterwards disrupted and fused at the 
 juncture of the two rocks by the upheaval of intensely ignited and over- 
 flowintr trap rocks, thrown up like lavas from beneath the solid crust of the 
 earth. This theory was regarded as adequate Jo the explanation of the 
 occasional existence of lumps of native copper in the amygdaloidal trap and 
 the accompanying breccia. Thus far no regular vein of metallic copper was' 
 known or even believed to be probable. 
 
 In this state of scientific opinion it might have been hazardous to the 
 reputation of any geologist, who was not prepared to demonstrate the fact, 
 to declare his belief in the practicability of mining with advantage for 
 native copper. This I was fully aware of, and in my first surveys on 
 Lake Superior I took care to collect ample proofs of the existence not only 
 of true veins of native copper, but also to prove the extent of the veins,, 
 and that they became richer as they descended into the rocks. The favor- 
 able situation of some of the veins which were in the beds of streams over 
 hills or precipices, enabled me to effect this without being obliged to wait 
 for the slow and expensive operations of mining; for,, by tracing a vein 
 down a steep slope and measuring the difference of level, it was easy to 
 say, with certainty, what would be the nature of the vein at an equivalent/i 
 perpendicular depth when opened by the miner’s shaft. Owing to the; 
 
 Part ii— 25 
 
386 
 
 . more ready dlsintegratioti of the stibstance of si vein than that of the solid 
 ledges^ the streams frequently wear their channels in the course of a vein^ 
 especially if the slope of the land should chance to direct the waters along 
 that line. Hence it is obvious that many of the streams were likely to ex- 
 pose the surface or outcrops of veins in a linear direction. This was found 
 to be the case in several instances^ and advantage was taken of this cir- 
 ciunstance to trace the linear extent of some of the veins, so as to prove 
 that the deposites of copper werq not stovk-werkesy or short contem- 
 poraneous deposites in irregular fissures. Certain minerals w^’ere also ob- 
 served to characterize true veins, and to form the leaders or central lilies of 
 the fissures in which the copper was deposited. It was also remarked that 
 the prehnite which generally forms these leaders was impregnated with 
 very small and almost microscopic crystals of native copper at the surface,^ 
 and that the proportion of copper rapidly increased in this veinstene as it 
 descended into the rock, and the veins soon contained lumps of solid cop- 
 
 per of considerable size. 
 
 From data such as these the opinions which I published in 1844 were 
 derived j and those opinions were confirmed by my renewed researches in 
 1845, and by the experience of the miners who have since carried on their 
 operations on Keweenaw point. 
 
 It was feared by some geologists that the veins might run out, or that 
 ^th"ey would become poor; but, thus far, the metallic contents of the lodes 
 have been found to increase in richness as they were penetrated by mining 
 
 oprerations; and it seems-to be ascertained that the true veins continue to en- 
 rich until they reach another kind of rock, when the nurture of the contents 
 of tlie vein changes. This has been proved at two of the mines, the only 
 
 ones which have attained any considerable depih. 
 
 My first explorations on the mineral lands of the United States in Michi- 
 gan were made in the summer of 1844, while in the employ of Mon. Da- 
 vid Henshaw, who accompanied me to Keweenaw point for the purpose 
 
 of examining the country for copper. The linear survey had not, at that 
 time, reached any portion of the mineral lands, and Keweenaw point pre- 
 sented an unbroken wdlderness; only a small party of miners, in the em- 
 ploy of the Lake Superior Mining Compaiiy,and an encampment of United 
 Stales soldiers, having established themselves there. 
 
 The only houses which had been erected Avere the office of government 
 mineral agency of General Walter Cunningham, at Porter’s island, Copper 
 Harbor, and a rude log-hut, built by Charles Gratiot, esq., at Eagle Harbor, 
 for the accommodation of his party of explorers. Not a road or trail existed 
 anywhere on the point, and the tangled growth of spruce and wffiite cedar 
 obstructed the banks of the streams and the coast, giving a most unpromis 
 
 ing appearance to the country, and offering great difficulties in the explo- 
 ration of those regions which were considered most likely to expose the 
 metalliferous veins. Numerous pits had been sunk, at random, in the 
 soil and rocks at Eagle Harbor, by the miners under the direction of Mr. 
 Gratiot; but nothing considered worthy the attention of capitalists lffi.d 
 been discovered, and the miners were about to leave the coimtry. Mr« 
 De Garmo Jones, of Detroit, had sent up Mr. C. O. Douglass to aid Mr. 
 Gratiot in exploring the country, and he was associated with me in my la- 
 bors, proving a very* efficient assistant. Mr. Frederick W. Davis and Mr. 
 Joseph S. Kendall accompanied me, and assisted in exploring the country 
 lor minerals. 
 
It is Well known tfiat tlie results of my examination of the mineral lands 
 t>n Keweenaw point were the establish nrleiit of the fact that native topper 
 mid uative sil'oer existed there in regular veins ^ tvhich could be advantage- 
 'ousJ.y wrought by mining operations^ and that, in consequence, the capi- 
 talists of the eastern States began the enterprises which have resulted in 
 the demonstration of the practicability of mining profitabiy for copper and 
 'silver on Keweenaw point. I selected the best veins for the establishment 
 ,cf permanent works, collected and analyzed the ores, discovered the nature 
 of all the mineicds accompanying the copper and silver veins, and pub- 
 lished a brief repoit 6f my researches* 
 
 In 184:5 I was again sent to Lake Superior, and then explored other 
 veins, and pointed out the superiority of the metallic lodes over that of 
 the ores of copper — e: result quite contrary to the general opinion of miners 
 and geologists, but which has been most fully sustained by subsequent 
 experience. As wms anticipated by me, the green silicate and black oxide 
 t)f copper at Copper Harbpr soon gave out and was abandoned. The Bos- 
 tun aiid Fiiisburg Miuiiig Company liausferred their mmers frunx that 
 place to the metallic copper lode, which I had surveyed in company with 
 Mr. Whitney, at the cliff, on the southwestern branch of Eagle river. 
 This mine is now well knov.ui as one of the wonders of the world, afford- 
 ing the largest masses of native copper v/hich have ever been seen, and 
 yielding a considerable amount of native silver. I again surveyed those 
 veins I had explored in 184.4, and advised the opening of a mine at a 
 place which I named Copper Palls. Operations were forthwith com- 
 menced at this place, and a new coiiipan^r was formed by the division of 
 the Lake Superior Mining Companv. This mine is still in operation, 
 and has given promising results. The Lake Superior Mining Company 
 sold kut their right to the veins at Eagle Harbor, opened mines on the 
 l)orderS of Eagle river in 1844, and continued their operations for some 
 years at that place. They did not succeed in making their mine imme- 
 diately profitable, owing to want of experience in the business, and the 
 great diflciiities and expenses they had to undergb in a wilderness where 
 'every article of supply was then very costly and had to be obtained from 
 a great distance. It is now understood that regular mining operations 
 will be resumed at that place, and it is hoped with better success, i 
 . It became my duty to condemn a great number of localities as of no 
 value, and they have been mostly abandonetl after some further explo- 
 rations. 
 
 Soon after the publication of my first report, several scientific gentler 
 men and persons intemsted in geology visite^ the lake, verified niy re* 
 searches, and extended their observations to other parts of the couiitry. 
 in i84d, speculmims in mining simk became prevcilen t in* most of our 
 cities, and many companies were formed with the idea of mining on Lake 
 erior. Locations were taken possession of at random, and reports, 
 pared by incompetent explorers-— some of rvhom called themselves 
 geologists— were spread all over the country. Stock- gambling became 
 the rage, and the result, as might have been easily foreseen, was to in- 
 jure the confidence of the people in all mining adventures, and especially 
 ill those of Lake Superior, the site of so many absurd speculations,. 
 Against this folly I used my utmost exertions, exposing the errors which 
 I knew existed wfith regard to the supposed value of locations I knew to 
 worthless, and gave lectures for the purpose of correcting public 
 
opinion and exposing the absurdity of many of the popular schemes of 
 mining; while I sustained the really valuable locations^ and advised judi- 
 cious and enterprising operations on well proved veins. 
 
 Experience has since proved that the views I then promulgated were 
 correct; and since then a sane and proper economy has taken place in 
 mining adventures on the lake. This result has been in a measure 
 brought about by time, and by a downfall in the mere speculations; while 
 some of the companies having good mines have endeavored to proceed 
 with their operations. 
 
 It is due to the country and to myself that this exposition of the facts 
 should be published; for it should be known that mining on Lake Supe- 
 rior was not the result of chance, and that speculations in mining fol- 
 lowed in the train of really good and proper adventures — an occurrence by 
 no means confined to the business of mining. 
 
 In this report I shall contribute some of the most important observa- 
 tions that were made by me in my surveys of 1844, trusting thus to place 
 them beyond the reach of any subsequent explorer who might set up 
 claims to them. To those who have preceded me I shall endeavor to 
 give full credit. 
 
 The island of Mackinaw has long been known to consist of a grayish 
 white compact limestone, containing a few species of fossil shells and 
 corals', which appear to belong to the upper part of the Niagara group of 
 the Silurian system, or the clilf limestone of Ohio. I obtained a few in- 
 ternal moulds of the fossil shell pentamerus ohlongus and a cyathophyh 
 
 him from the limestone of Mackinaw. 
 
 % 
 
 The same limestone constitutes the rocky basis of most of the islands 
 in St. Mary’s river; and some of them, the fossils, are more abundant. 
 Thin beds of gypsum were also observed in the limestone, and large masses 
 of it were found by Dr. Houghton on one of the islands near Mackinaw. 
 On reaching the Sault Ste. Marie we came to the red and gray sand- 
 stone strata, which dip into the lake at an angle of 18^, and form by their 
 basset edges the ledge over which the waters of Lake Superior discharge 
 themselves into St. Mary’s river. On this shelf of red sandstone are 
 strewn myriads of large rounded blocks of primary and trappean rocks 
 which were probably brought down the lake by the ice. These boulders 
 break the eurrent of the water into irregular rapids, and render some of 
 the channels dangerous to boats which pass down from the lake. 
 
 On the shore, at an elevation of twenty feet above the present level of 
 the waters of the lake, the ground is strewn with innumerable boulders 
 of gTanite, sienite, gneiss, hornblende rock, porphyry, quartz, epidote 
 rock, conglomerate and indurated red sandstone, nearly as hard as jasper. 
 These boulders rest upon the soil, which is underlaid entirely by red and 
 gray sandstone strata. They are erratic stones derived from far distant 
 localities; and, if they were brought down the lake by ice, the water 
 of the lake at the epoch of their deposition must have been more than 
 twenty feet higher than it is now, and the outlet must have been some 
 miles wider. 
 
 On examination of these boulders, and comparison of them with the 
 rocks on L%ke Superior, it is observed that many of them must have been 
 removed from the interior of the country by the agency of rivers, for the 
 coast of the lake does not present such rocks as are found among these 
 boulders, though ledges of the sariie nature are found inland . 
 
889 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 I suppose, then, that the ice of the rivers, raised by the spring freshets, 
 l)ore many of these rocks fropi their beds, and deposited them at their 
 mouths, on the lake coast, and that subsequently, by the ice forming on 
 those shores, the rocks were again lifted and moved down the lake, the 
 current transporting the ich with its load of rocks. ^ The current of the 
 lake Is so gentle, we must suppose that many seasons were required for 
 the removal of these boulders from their native places to the Sault Ste. 
 Marie, if this removal was effected by causes now in action. If we resort 
 to the glacial agency of a more remote geological time, as required for the 
 explanation of the phenomena before us, we shall have to conceive of 
 Lake Superior as a large de gJMce^ scooping out not only its bottom, 
 but extending its ravages over the hills and mountains of the lake borders, 
 or receiving by numerous lateral glaciers the tributes fjtjom th4 distailt 
 hills; but I am not sure that American geologists are prepared to accept 
 the glacial theory, as adequate to account for the removal of drift boulders. 
 Certainly the high northern latitude of Lake Superior will afford us ample 
 ground for making the whole lake into a huge sea of ice, if the tempera- 
 ture of the middle States should be proved to have once allowed the for- 
 mation of glacier ice hundreds of feet in thickness. f 
 
 It may be regarded as certain that the v/aters of Lake Superior occupied 
 a much higher level in ancient times; for we observe not only three or 
 four different terraces that formed the ancient shores of the lake — one 
 forming after another, as the waters gradually subsided — but we have a 
 istill stronger proof of the action of the' waves of the lake, in the erosion 
 of caverns at Pictured Rocks, where tffie sandstone has been worn into 
 ispacious and elevated arches by the action of the surf and the grinding' 
 of pebbles driven by the waves. This will be more fully proved by ob- 
 servations which will be recorded further on in this report. 
 
 The red sandstone at the Sault Ste. Marie is soft, and it is easy to ex- 
 cavate a canal through it, so as to connect the navigable waters of the 
 lake with those below the rapids. By means of a levelling instrument, I 
 ascertained that the difference of level between the waters above and be- 
 low the falls is between eighteen and twenty feet. I believ'e that a survey 
 and plan for a canal have been made, but thus far no attempt to carry the 
 project, through has been made. 
 
 The only difficulty in making a ship canal at the place is, that there 
 would be required for the protection of its entrance on the lake shore an 
 extensive breakwater, capable of resisting the action of the ice and the 
 batterings of the surf. This breakwater should be so constructed that 
 the ice might slide over, instead of passing against, its walls. 
 
 If it should be found desirable to construct a railroad, instead of a canal, 
 the ground will afford great advantages; for tlie sandstone strata form a 
 nearly level bed, and the soil resting upon the rock is but a few feet in 
 tfiickness, and in many places the rock is within a few inches of the sur- 
 face and would form an unyielding bed for the track. Little or no exca- 
 vation would be required in building a railroad, and the distance is less 
 
 *Thig theory, I find, was proposed by the French Jesuit missionaries two hundred years ago. In- 
 deed, they seem to have anticipated ihe glaeio-aqueous theory of drift. 
 
 I 
 
 I Sir John Richardson, who has recently returned from the arctic regions of this continent, in- 
 forms me that no glaciers exist in that froz -n region; and hence it is not probable that they ever 
 did exist tha*e, for the condidons requiied for the tbrmauon of glacier icc are not found in those 
 regions. 
 
than a mile. The railroad might perhaps run out upon a pier extending 
 to water deep enough for shipping. 
 
 lb facilitate transportation on the lake^ some such improvemem should 
 be made. 
 
 Sipce my first visit to Lake Superior^ the Sault Ste. Mane has rapidl 3 r 
 become s^tled by traders and forwarding agents, and the town is now in 
 a thriving condition. Formerly, the only business was Indian trade anJ 
 the fisheries — ^most of the white fish sold in western States being caught 
 and packed at the Sault. 
 
 At present, the forwarding of supplies to the miners and the. transporta- 
 tion of copper add considerably to the business of the place; and some of 
 the inhabitants are apprehensive that a ship canal would destroy their 
 Businesl of forwarding supplies, or in shipping copper. This idea, like 
 the first popular prejudices against labor-saving machinery, is fallacious; 
 for whatever improvement tends to afford facilities for travel to and from 
 the lake, and to cheapen supplies, must immediately tend to increase the 
 business at Sault Ste. Marie, and aid in settling the country. I trust,, 
 therefore, that those inhabitants who would he most directly benefited by 
 the contemplated canal will not oppose an improvement whereby Lake- 
 Superior will be connected by direct navigation with the loweiTakes, and 
 .thus with the ocean. It will he done sooner or later, and there is no reason 
 
 why it should not be done now. It is due to those hardy pioneers who 
 first opened this new mining region and brought forth part of its buried 
 treasures, that a ready way should be prepared for their free commimlca- 
 tion with the more settled parts of the country. 
 
 Leaving the Sault Ste. Marie, we embark upon the waters of the great 
 lake, sail for Keweenaw point, and begin our researches at Copper Harbor. 
 
 ’On reaching Copper Harbor, after a cursory examination of the trap 
 rocks, conglomerate and sandstone, of that place, and of a series of speci- 
 mens collected by General Walter Cunningham, the United States mineral 
 agent, we took^ a boat and explored the coast to Eagle Harbor, stopping 
 overnight at Agate Harbor on our way. This coast was found to consist 
 of a coarse conglomerate rock, made up of rounded and smooth pebbles 
 of porphyry, quartz, greenstone, epidote rock, hornblende rock, granite, 
 sienite, agates, jasper, indurated slate and sandstone, ail cemented to- 
 gether by finer particles of similar materials: on the inoimediate coast, 
 the conglomerate rock cutting it nearly at right angles to its course, and 
 running out under the waters of the lake. The sanifstone and conglom- 
 erate rocks dip to the northwestward from 25^ to 30°, and bear ample 
 proofs of having been tilted up into their present inclined position by the 
 trap rocks which protrude from beneath the strata a few rods further in- 
 land. At and near the line of junction of the two rocks, the trap is highly 
 amygdaloidal, being frequently filled with agates and zeolites. Agate 
 Harbor takes its name from the abundance of pebbles of agate which cover 
 the shores where die amyp’daloid has iindere’one disintesTcilion; and the 
 place has long been frequented b)^ toyagturs ihr the purijose of obtain lug 
 specimens cf them. Aiier a ciirsory exaLuiiiatioa of t]]is coast, we readied 
 Eagle Harhor, where a party of miners, under the direction of Mr. (Jharles 
 Gratiot, had passed the winter, and had made iiiimenms explorations, in 
 
 the hope of iinding a workable vein of 
 
 ;opper. 
 
 1 iiev 
 
 nad sunlr severai 
 
 shallow- pits into dhe rocks, whore pieces of copper had been found, and 
 
391 
 
 cn 
 
 liad opeiaed some of the prehnite and laiimonite cupriferous veins, but 
 iseemed to have met with little encouragement. 
 
 Mr. G. O. Douglass had been sent by Mr. De Garmo Jones, of Detroit, 
 to aid the miners in finding the copper veins, and was associated with me, 
 performing much valuable service, for which he was prepared by previous 
 excursions with Dr. Houghton, while he was State geologist of Michigan. 
 We examined with care every locality where it was thought copper might 
 be found, and described ten different veins which occur on the lands 
 taken by the Lake Superior Mining Company; we also examined and de- 
 scribed all the minerals brought in by the several explorers who were en- 
 gaged in searching the .country for mines. To the industry and perse- 
 ^verance of Mr. Douglass I am indebted for much information concerning 
 the localities where viens of copper occur. Several of the smaller veins 
 were examined by him alone, were reported to me, and were described as 
 unworthy of further 'research; thus much time Avas saved. 
 
 , Eagle harbor is a small bay, about a mile in length, and a little more 
 than a third of a, mile in Avidth. It is deep enough at its entrance for the 
 ordinary draught of schooners and steamboats to pass into it, and is 
 capable of being .rendered accessible to vessels of larger size, by blasting 
 away the ledge forming the bar. The rocks are amygdaloidal trap, asso- 
 ciated, as. usual, with sandstone. On the south side of the bay fine red 
 sandstone strata Avere observed, and the dip Avas found to be to the north- 
 northwest 25^. Crystallized calcareous spar veins, from a few inches to 
 more than a foot in width, were found, and in them were observed perfect 
 crystals oT analcime in its usual trapezohedral form. At the point on 
 the Avest side of the harbor a vein of datholite and prehnite, containing 
 abundant particles of native copper, was found. Large and perfect crys- 
 tals of datholite, of a delicate pink color, Avere obtained at this place, and 
 in some of them minute scales of copper were observed. A black mineral, 
 looking like the scoria of a copper furnace, forms the principal veinstone 
 at this* point, and on chemicaLexamination it Avas found to contain silex, 
 oxide of iron, oxide of copper, and boracic acid. The outcrop of this 
 vein is nearly on a level with the Avaters of the lake, so that it was not 
 regarded as Avorthy of any further examination by mining. * A few, blasts 
 were put in for the purpose (5f obtaining specimens of the minerals. On 
 ,the shore, numerous pebbles were picked up, in which were found both 
 native copper and silver; but no vein of these metals was found beneath 
 or near it. A few rods east from the bay, on the lake shore, a wide vein 
 of laumonite, full of strings and irregular pieces of native copper, Avas 
 found, and good specimens Avere obtained. This vein was subsequently 
 worked by the Eagle Harbor Company, who had purchased the lease of 
 the Lake Superior Company; but they opened' the vein directly into the 
 lake by a trench, Avithout^any regular and systematic mining; and al- 
 though they obtained a considerable quantity of laumonite, rich in coppefj 
 they injured the ground for mining, so that it has been abandoned. 
 
 A vein called, by Idr. Douglass, No. d , on the Lake Superior Company’s 
 location, was examirierl by him and Mr. Davis. It’ is neai|y tAvo miles 
 southeast from Eagle river, and is sixteen inches wide. It occupies the 
 feed of a small stream, and is exposed for six or eight rods: its course, avS 
 determined by a pocket compass, south 15 ^ east, north 15^ Avest; and its 
 dip is to the Avestwa-Tcl., Yein No. 2 is the one previously described at the 
 point at Eagle Harbor. No. 3 was examined by Mr. Douglass, who states 
 
392 
 
 that its course is north 15^ west, south 15^ east; and its dip was to the 
 eastward. The width of the lode was six feet; and although no copper 
 was found at the surface^ small particles of it were observed in the rock 
 thrown out of the pit which had been sunk in it. A little silver was also 
 seen. This vein was regarded asnf no value. 
 
 Vein No. 4 occupies the bed of a small stream, eighty rods east from 
 Copper Falls. The surface of this vein was so covered by earth that it 
 was difficult to examine it without the aid of miners. A small amount of 
 native copper was seen in the veinstone. 
 
 No. 5 is the vein now known as the Copper Falls mine; it was first 
 discovered by Messrs. Joseph Hempstead and C. C. Douglass, and was 
 immediately visited and examined by me. The course of this vein was 
 by compass north 26^ west, south 26^ east; and its dip was northward. 
 It occupies and crosses the bed of a stream, and is fully exposed to view 
 in the rocks at the falls. At the head of the falls the vein was six inches 
 wide, and fifteen or twenty feet lower down the width had augmented to 
 more than a foot, and in some places it was 18 inches wide. The veinstone 
 was of prehnite and calcareous spar, and particles of copper were pretty 
 thickly mixed with it, but were of minute size at the surface. At the 
 bottom of the falls large lumps of copper, some half a pound in weight, 
 were found; and, on blasting into the vein, the copper was observed to 
 increase in quantity, so as to prevent our obtaining any large masses of the 
 veinstone by the use of powder. , In the wall rock, on both sides of the 
 vein, globules of copper were observed pretty thickly implanted, and 
 several string veins or feeders came into the main vein. 
 
 From all the ascertained conditions, it was thought this place would 
 prove valuable for mining, and it was therefore recommended to the com- 
 pany to sink a shaft for the purpose of testing it. This was not done 
 until the next season, when I made a minute resurvey of the location. 
 
 The rock .containing this vein is a reddish amygdaloid, produced by 
 the interfusion of a fine red sandstone and greenstone trap. A bed of 
 sandstone dips in such a manner as to pass under a perpendicular shaft 
 sunk at the mine. 
 
 Above Cop’per Falls we came to another bed of amygdaloid, dipping with 
 the before- mentioned sandstone to the northVestward, and underlying it. 
 A quarter of a mile further up there is another bed of sandstone, which also 
 dips to the northwest 25^; then another bed of amygdaloid was seen; so 
 that there are a series of alternating plates or beds of sandstone and amyg- 
 daloidal trap. Some of these trappean beds have the appearance of strata, 
 though they are not really stratified in their intimate structure. The fine 
 sandstone is curiously divided into rhombic prisms, and appears like brick- 
 work irregularly laid up. The grain of this sandstone is fine; it is in- 
 durated by the influence of the trap rocks f and appears as if partially 
 fused. Compact masses of it form good whetstones, and it has been 
 used for that purpose by the miners. 
 
 Notwithstanding the pre existence of the sandstone, the trap rocks 
 which burst through and between these strata have not given a metal- 
 liferous character to the stratified rock; and it is found that the veins 
 either of copper or copper ore cease to be productive at the points where 
 hey traverse the sandstone, calcareous spar generally filling the crevice 
 traversing that rock, while the copper disappears. These curious rela- 
 
tions of veins to their including rocks I shall more particularly discuss in 
 a subsequent part of this report. 
 
 Vein No. 6 , situated at Sand Bay, was examined by Mr. Douglass ^nd 
 the miners. It was a foot wide at tho surface, but it contained very little 
 native copper, and was abandoned as worthless. ’ 
 
 Yein No. 7 was also examined by him. It is exposed in the bed of a 
 small stream immediately opposite the middle of Sand Bay, about half a 
 mile from the shore. Its course, by compass, was north 20^ west, south 
 20° east. Little copper occurs mixed with the veinstone; but one looss 
 mass of pure copper, sixteen pounds weight, was found in the stream*, 
 and was presented to me by Mr. Gratiot. 
 
 Vein No. 8 is situated on Eagle river, about a mile from its mouth, and^ 
 for the distance of 1,800 feet in length, is exposed in the bed of th4 
 stream — a vein ofprehnite, filled with -particles of native copper and silver, 
 being the leader. This vein or leader is from three to eight inches wide^ 
 and on each side of it, to a considerable distance, the amygdaloid is filled 
 with globules of copper and silver, so as to form a lode of considerable 
 richness. The course of the vein is north 32° west, south 32° east, by 
 compass. On the west side of the river, where the vein approaches the 
 bank, the amygdaloid is very rich in copper and silver, and there the 
 first mining operations were commenced — a shaft having been sunk and 
 a considerable quantity of the metalliferous rock extracted. Samples 
 were blasted from the whole face of the cliff opposite the point where the 
 shaft was directed to be sunk: 50 pounds of it were assayed by me, and 
 the following results obtained: 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per ton. Pure copper. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 CJoarse washed ore , , , m • • • • 
 
 Lks, oz. 
 8 13 
 8 12 
 
 Lbs. oz. 
 17 9 
 17 9 
 
 Lbs. Ubs. 
 
 350 1 r 220 
 
 350 ! Which 1 ' 43 
 
 1 .1 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 3 8 
 
 .6 
 
 Fine -do 
 
 
 17 9 
 
 35 2 
 
 700 J i 263 
 
 4.4 
 
 ♦ ' 
 
 One ton of the rock, therefore, contains 263 pounds pure copper, and 4^% 
 pounds pure silver. — (See American Journal of Science, vol. xlix. No. 1; 
 also, my report to the Lake Superior Copper Company, 1844 and 1845.), 
 
 Vein No. 9 was examined by Mr. Douglass, who describes* it as sitr 
 uated half a mile from vein No. 1, and as Being from two to four inches 
 wide. It contains some native copper. 
 
 Vein No. 10, also described by him, crosses Eagle river, a little further 
 up than vein No. 8; but I have not been able to find it, owing, perhaps, 
 to the covering of boulders and gravel in the river’s bed. 
 
 These veins were all explored as far as was then practicable. Speci- 
 mens were obtained and submitted to chemical examination by me, and 
 a few of the veins were considered worthy of mining operations — that 
 of Eagle river (No. 8) and of Copper Falls (No. 5) being the best then dis- 
 covered. Specimens were brought by Mr. Jacobs, one of the explorers of 
 the Lake Superior Company, from the cliff on the west branch of Eagle 
 rivet; but they were poor when compared with those subsequently ob- 
 tained by mining at that important place. 
 
 In 1845 I was sent to re-examine the locations of the Lake Superior 
 
Company, and was employed to survey the cliff vein for the Pittsburg 
 and Isle Royale Company. Mi. J. D. Whitney was associated with me 
 in the latter survey, and we examined the latter vein in company. Th® 
 measurements and plans were made, and the samples of the pres taken 
 assayed by me, and the report thereon presented to the company. 
 
 New surveys were made with great care of the Copper Palls, vein and 
 the Eagle river mines, and numerous analyses and assays of the minerals, 
 were made at the mines, and after my return to Boston.— (See my report 
 for 1845.) 
 
 Oi'ganization of the parties for the geological survey in 1847. 
 
 It was thought advisable ip. the selection of my assistants to choos® 
 gentlemen who bad already some experience on Lake Superior. I there- 
 fore appointed Professor John Locke, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Mr. J. 
 ■^D. Whitney, of Northampton, Massachusetts, both of whom had been 
 employed in mining surveys on the shores of the lake. Dr. Locke was 
 also already distinguished as a magnetic observer and as a geologist, and 
 was, therefore, especially qualified for the duties assigned to him., Mr. 
 Whitney had been for some years my pupil, and had assisted me in a 
 previous geological survey. 
 
 The other members of my corps were — 
 
 Dr. William P. Channing, of Boston, sub-agent; 
 
 Sir. Joseph Peabody, of Salem, sub-agent; 
 
 Mr. J. H. Mullet, of Detroit, surveyor; 
 
 Mr. George O. Barnes, of Plymouth; Mr. William R.. Bernard, of Mis- 
 souri, assistant sub-agents; 
 
 Mr. John Locke, of Maine; Mr. C. A. .Toy, of New York; Mr. G. J. 
 Dickenson, of Boston; Mr. George E. Smith, of Illinois; Mr. James Mc- 
 Intyre, of Maine, packmen for instruments, &c. 
 
 Mr. Joy was subsequently employed as clerk for the party. 
 
 Mr. Peabody wishing to improve himself in the science of geology by 
 being with me oonstanily, and intending to leave a vacancy to be filled 
 by Mr. J. W. Foster, who was desirous of being associated with us, gen- 
 erously resigned his place of sub-agent in favor of Mr. Foster, who was 
 employed with the understanding that he would prepare sketches of 
 scenery and aid in the drawing of sectional views. 
 
 Three parties of explorers were organized and received instructions 
 from me as to their duties, and then each party was sent to make the ex- 
 plorations required. 
 
 Previous to this dispersion, I was desirous of affording to every mem- 
 ber of our corps an opportunity of inspecting the mines which had pre- 
 viously been surveyed by me, in order it) impress on the young men 
 the importance of not disregarding veins that are exposed on the surface 
 of the earth, which, though not prepossessing in their appearance, often 
 lead to rich deposites of native copper, as was demonstrated at the Copper 
 Falls, 
 
 P 
 
 V./ 
 
 uperior, and Boston and FiUsburg Company 
 
 C mines, 
 
 & f 
 
 X -i. U 
 
 the same time an opportunity was afforded to Dr. Loclm of making his 
 magnetic excerimeals in and around the mines. 
 
 After this preparation, the several parties separated. Dr. Locke, with 
 a snitablio corps of sub-agents and packmen, was sent to explore the coast 
 to Chocolate river, auid tlien to examine two ranges of townships (range 
 
385 
 
 m 
 
 25 and range 26) between the mouth of Chocolate river and Lake Michi- 
 gan. A copy of his iristmctions is. hereto appended, (document A.) 
 
 Mr. Whitney, with a picked corps of voyageurs and two assistant sub-' 
 agents and a packman for instruments, was sent to the Ontonagon river, 
 and was instructed to explore the country between that and the Montreal 
 •river; also, to send one of his party with the linear surveyors who were 
 at work running the towmship lines near the boundary of Wisconsin and 
 Michigan. His instructions are annexed to his report. (See document B.) 
 
 The third party, under my immediate direction, made a rapid tour 
 around the northern shores of the lake for the purpose of a general recon- 
 naissance of the country, and in order to make a few astronomical meas- 
 urements, and then we were left by the steamboat on Isle Royale, where 
 I proposed to make a more minute exploration for mines and minerals, 
 and determine the geology of tl^e island. This was effected in as rapid 
 a mariner as circumstances would permit — a thorough examination of the 
 geology of the entire island having been effected,, all the accessible veins 
 explored, and numerous astronomical observations made on different 
 points of the island. A number of cases of minerals were collected, and 
 every mine was ©xamined. A section was surveyed 'across the island by 
 Messte- Ransom, Peabody, Poster, and myself, and my plan was neatly 
 copied by Mr. Foster. After the completion of this survey, we were de- 
 tained three weeks awaiting the arrival of a vessel to take us back to 
 Keweenaw point, where I proposed to mctke a more thorough examina- 
 tion of the mines and to collect a supply of minerals, and, if possible, 
 to complete the survey of the entire peninsula. This I was enabled to 
 accomplish in part only, on account of the lateness of the season. All 
 the working mines were visited, and many of the abandoned ones were 
 also examined, and a larger collection of fine specimens of the ores and 
 minerals were obtained for the use of the government. 
 
 In the mean time, the surveys of the eastern district by Drs. Locke and 
 Channing, and of the western district by Mr. Whitney and his. party, 
 were in progress, and the result of all our labors was expected to prove 
 highly satisfactory. 
 
 Hastening home in order to arrive in time to' make out my first synop- 
 sis, as required by my instructions, to be presented by the middle of No- 
 vember, 1 prepared that report in season , and forwarded it to the Treasury 
 Department, and it was printed in the report of the Land Office — a 
 synopsis intended merely to give an .account of \ the progress of the 
 survey; hence all details were reserved for my final report, which I was 
 instructed to prepare on the completion of the survey. 
 
 Organization of th<^ parties for the survey in 1848. 
 
 During the winter of 1847 I was eniployed in making analyses of the 
 ores and minerals collected during the summer’s field-work, and my as- 
 sistants were insimcted to prepare the materials for their reports on tliair 
 several districts. Mr. Whitney was employed in my laboratory part of 
 the winter in the analysis of some new minerals which had been discov- 
 ered by 'me; and Mr. Barnes analyzed some specimeiis of the copper ores 
 and some of the minerals fomid in the- native copper veins. 
 
 In tlie spring.of 1S48 criTangements were made for the continuance of 
 tire survey. Dr. Locke was detached, by orders of the Secretary of the 
 
Treasury-; as a magnetic surveyor; in accordance with my request; and i 
 vacancy thus made in the assistants’ corps was filled by my promotion o 
 Mr. J. W. Poster to the place of assistant geologist. Mr. J. D7 Whitne] 
 was still retained as an assistant geologist. Mr. Samuel W. Hill; o 
 Michigan; had urgently desired the place of surveyor; and since Mr 
 Mullet’s health did not permit him to go with uS; I appointed Mr. Hill ii 
 his place. Dr. Walcott Gibbs, of New York, was appointed sub-agent ir 
 the place of Dr. Channing; who, on account of other engagements, hat 
 resigned. 
 
 My assistant sub-agents were: Mr. G. J. Dickenson, Mr. James McIn 
 tyre, and Mr. George O. Barnes; Mr. C. A Joy was employed as clerk 
 and Mr. A. W. Thayer as a packman for instruments. Mr. Williak 
 Schlatter, whom we met at Copper Harbor, was temporarily employed as 
 draughtsman, and Mr.. Joseph S. Kendall as observer of the stationary 
 barometer at Copper Harbor. 
 
 Four pgirties were ultimately formed from this. corps: 
 
 The first party assisted me in the survey of Keweenaw point. This 
 party consisted of Messrs. J. W. Poster, S. W. Hill, G. O. Barnes, A. 
 W. Thayer, and myself. 
 
 The second party surveyed from the Ontonagon river to Keweenaw 
 point. This party was made up by the association of Mr. J. D. Whit- 
 ney, Dr. Walcott Gibbs, and Mr. C. A. Joy. 
 
 The third party explored the townships in the interior of Isle Royale. 
 This party consisted of Messrs. G. J. Dickenson and James McIntyre. 
 
 The fourth party was made by sending my assistant, Mr. J. W. Foster, 
 and surveyor, Mr. S. W. Hill, together, to explore the Menomonee river to 
 Green Bay. 
 
 The results of the labors of the several parties will be given in the fol- 
 lowing reports; each assistant being required by me to present an account 
 of all he had done, and to send in his maps, drawings, and illustrations. 
 I send all the documents I have received. I regret to find that they are 
 very incomplete, and that some of the statements in them are incorrect. 
 I shall therefore make no attempt to incorporate any part of their reports, or 
 to present any generalizations on any data given in them; choosing to 
 limit myself to my personal observations and discoveries, in order "to avoid 
 any misunderstanding or possible misrepresentation. 
 
 I regret that I have not been allowed to keep the township plats of a 
 portion of the country I have examined, which would then have been in- 
 corporated into my geological map, so as to have included the whole of 
 Keweenaw bay, and some other places. All the township plats I had, have 
 been reduced to prpper geological maps by my assistant, Richard Cropley, 
 esq., who has executed this work in an artistic manner. I present the 
 geological maps of Isle Royale and Keweenaw point, both of which were 
 drawn' and colored by him. These maps represent the limits of the rHineral 
 lands more accurately than any description of the localities could be made 
 to express; for the rocks pay no attention to township lines in their irregu- 
 lar course. The position of every mine is also marked upon them, and 
 the courses of the most distinct veins are represented by colored lines, with 
 arrows showing their dip, as well as that of the strata of Ihe adjacent rocks. 
 These maps are to be engraved to- accompany this report, as are also the 
 plans and sections of the mines I havd surveyed. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 397 
 
 IJescription of the trap rocks of Keweenaw pmnt* 
 
 Trap rocks are composed chiefly of aggregated crystals and fine particles 
 i hornblende and felspar^ mixed with oxide of iron, and various accidental 
 ninerals, such as commonly occur associated with and are mixed more or 
 ess with them. These accidental minerals are generally the various 
 leolites, chlorite and calcareous spar. Their presence is not essential to 
 he composition of the rock, which is, as before stated, composed of the 
 ninerals hornblende ^nd felspar; but they are so commonly found mixed 
 vith it, that they should be regarded as the usual accompaniments, and 
 hey often most readily enable us to decide at the first glance the nature of 
 he rock. 
 
 Trap rocks are regarded by all geologists as of igneous origin, some 
 maiiitaining that they originate from the molten interior of the earth, and 
 are formed from the primary metallic elements of the planet; while others 
 regard them as the fused lower rocks, and as being derived from the strata 
 which overhe the igneous matter in the earth’s interior. 
 
 Whatever may be the views of geologists with regard to the particular 
 origin of the materials, all agree that trap rocks, like the lavas of vol- 
 canoes, were thrown up from beneath the solid ‘crust of the glob^e in a 
 state of igneous fusion. This is most fully proved by the efects they 
 have produced upon the strata through or between which they have 
 found egress; and also by the structure, composition, and mineral con- 
 tents of the trap rocks themselves. Instead of bursting out in circular 
 spaces or by cylindrical chimneys, like the lava eruptions of modern 
 volcanoes, the trappean rocks were intruded through linear chasms or 
 fractures in the superincumbent rocks, which they not unfrequently have 
 overflowed, so as to rest uhconforrnably on their strata, appearing as over-- 
 lying masses or as beds in the strata. They are observed on Keweenaw 
 point, as had been also observed in Nova Scotia, New Jersey, and 
 Connecticut, passing between the strata of red sandstone, and forming a 
 large bow or crescent, the curvature or arch being directed towards the 
 NNW., while the general direction or trende of the trap bed is ENE. and 
 WSW. This is also the case in Nova Scotia, and is represented’ in the 
 geological map of that province published by Mr. F. Alger a^nd myself in 
 1828. It is ihteresting to observe a perfect parallelism in the lines of 
 upheaval of those rocks, so remotely separated from* each other, yet obey- 
 ing the same general laws of disruption, and producing the same effects 
 on the rocks which they traverse. On Keweenaw point the curve of 
 trende of the trap rocks forms the arc of a circle, the radius of which is 
 about thirty-six miles in length. The width of the belt of this rock is three 
 miles in its narrowest part, and seven miles in its widest, the average 
 width being five miles. It underlies seven townships, or, more exactly, 
 217 sections, between Portage lake and the extremity of the promontory. 
 This is included between ranges 27 and 34^ west, and townships 27 to 34. 
 The face of the country is broken, hilly, and irregular, numerous streams 
 intersecting the surface. The soil is of excellent quality, warm and fertile, 
 as trappean soils generally are, and is covered with a thick growth of 
 hard wood forest trees, mixed with some soft wood. The forests are 
 more open than those on the adjacent sandstone rocks, aiid the timber is 
 more thrifty. 
 
 Most of the locations which were originally made on Keweenaw point 
 
wem on this band of trap rock) information having been obtained respect 
 ing its limits, and the fact stated that most of the copper mines are founc 
 in this rock. It Avas found very easy to determine the boundaries of th^ 
 trap and sandstone, for the exposure of the rocks is complete at the end o 
 the point and at Portage lake, so that, h^r measuring its width at thes< 
 points, the position of it was determined there. Then, by searching th( 
 Doundaries inland, the curvature of the band Avas readily ascertained 
 This I had ascertained from the researches made and information ob' 
 tallied on my first visit in 1844; bat, during the survey, the whole dls' 
 trict Avas traversed in order to test the correctness of the views then 
 entertained. It has now been proved along the whole hand from Portage 
 lake to the extremity of the point, and a portion of the belt has been 
 traced towards the Ontonagon river by my assistants* When the lineai 
 and geological survey under the direction of the late Dr* Houghton was 
 made on this point, the portion of the trapjiean belt was ascertained with 
 considerable precision, and was subsequently represented on the map ol 
 the country by Messrs, Burt and Hubbard in 1846. On that map/the 
 positions of mines that have been opened at my advice in 1844 are also 
 represented. , 
 
 Sandstone and conglomerate of Keweenaw point. 
 
 The red sandstone and conglomerate rocks of KeAveenaAV point existed 
 there anterior to the elevation of the trap rocks, and Avere produced by 
 the deposition of fine sand and pebbles, deriA-ed from pre-existent primely 
 rocks— such as grariite, gneis'S, or mica slate. Porphyry furnished a 
 large proportion of the defos; but it is doubtful Avdiether it is not a rneta- 
 morphic rock, resulting from the semifusion of the finer materials of 
 sandstone. It is evident at once, from inspection of the pebbles of the con- 
 glomerate, that they have been ground into their present shape by long at- 
 trition under av ater , or upon some ancient shore. They are oA^al and rounded, 
 
 and are of various magnitudes, from that of a buck-shot to" the. size of a 
 man’s head. They originated from some nether rock, or were transported 
 to their present location by drift agencies — this locality not exhibiting any 
 rock they could have been derived from, in place. If they were trans- 
 ported boulders, like those of the more recent drift, they A\muid seem to 
 indicate the existence of ice immediately after the coal era— all opinion 
 difficult to establish, it being counter- indicated by the fossils ol that 
 epoch. 
 
 There is no reason to believe that igneous agencies had anything to do 
 with the origin of the pebbles of the conglomerate, for they bear ample 
 proofs of their having been rounded by the action of water. From 
 the circumstance that the conglomerate borders the trappean rocks, it is 
 supposed that an ancient shore may have existed along that line, or that, 
 during the upheaval of the trap and before the materials of the sandstone 
 were indurated into masses, the reflux of the water may have carried 
 away the fine sand into deeper water, and left the pebbles near the up- 
 rising trap. It is certain that the finer sandstone is more remote from 
 the trap than the conglomerate is, and that it is less uplifted and inclined 
 as it recedes from the trap band. Thus, at and near the junction of the 
 tAVo rocks, the strata dip 25^ or 30^, Avhile remote from it the sandstone 
 strata are horizontal, or only slightly waved. Sandstone was certainly depos- 
 
399 
 
 tl] 
 
 ited 14 ^ water; for the ripple marks are well preserved, and record this fact 
 in an absolute manner, for we at once recognise the well-known action 
 of water on sand. By pressure and heat the materials of a loo^se, shifting 
 sand became converted into solid sandstone, the layers of sand forming 
 the different strata. At first, the whole must have been in horizontal or 
 nearly horizontal layers; for water necessarily doposites mechanical sedi- 
 ment in this manner, and the only slopes of deposition would be on the 
 shores, where a very moderate inclination would take place, but much 
 less tiian we find it to be where the strata have been disturbed by the 
 trap rocks which caused the elevation of the sandstone along the line of 
 ifes disruption. 
 
 Anterior to my researches, the red sandstones of Lake Superior were sup- 
 posed to be the old red, and subsequently the opinion that they belonged to 
 the Potsdam, New York, series, gained ground; but, from the facts that the 
 mineral composition, associations, and contents were identical with the 
 sandstones of Nova Scotia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, 
 and that the disturbing agency which moved them was in the same direc- 
 tion, and produced similar if not identical results, I was disposed to regard 
 those rocks as of the same age, or as of the new red sandstone series. This 
 idea has been confirmed by researches made during the survey, and 
 mainly by the discovery of a tract of limestone in the midst of Uie sand- 
 stone of Keweenaw point, near the Anse — *a discovery due to Mr. C. "F* 
 Merion, one of the linear deputy surveyors. This limestone was visited 
 by my assistant and sub-agents, and a fragment of a pentamerus oh- 
 iongus was obtained, which leads us to the belief that this limestone is 
 an upper niem.ber of Niagara, New York, 'group. The strata lines of the 
 limestoie dipping, according to Mr. Whitney, 30^, proves that the sand- 
 stone is not so old as the limestone, hut was deposited around it. This 
 would prove absolutely that the sandstone of Keweenaw point is not of 
 the Potsdp.m series, and is either the old or the new red. Now, since the old 
 fed saDclstone is genefally rich in fossil shells, and no fossils have thus far 
 been found in this sandstone— they being. also rare in the new red series—^ 
 the mineralogical resemblance and mineral contents, as also geological 
 disturbance, all coincide to favor the idea that it is the new red, or that 
 system of sandstones which is regarded as such in New England. 
 
 This question is one that has been agitated for several years; and I 
 shou^ld have been able, the past summer, to have settled it to full demon- 
 stration, had not my field-work been interfered with, so as to prevent my 
 completion of the work as was originally projected. 
 
 Changes which the sandsto7ies have undergone by the action of trap rocks ^ 
 
 It is obvious that a mass of molten rocks, thrown up through sedi- 
 mentary strata, must have excited a powerful influence on the materials 
 and coudilion of the sediment. 
 
 We rind that a chemical combination of the materials of the sandstone 
 took place with those of the trap rocks at the line of junction, and a vesic- 
 ular rock called amygdaloid resulted from this action; while further from 
 the, trap a breccia or trap-tuff ^ eonsisting of broken pieces of amygdaloid 
 and sandstone, is found. Sometimes, instead of being broken into frag- 
 ments and converted into a breccia, we find the sandstone indurated into 
 a flinty red rock resembling jasper, though not ^0 fine in texture. This 
 
metamorphicxcnange m me sandstone rocks is particularly noticed at and 
 n,ear its junction .with porphyritic trap near Mount Houghton 4 nd Bohemian 
 mountain^ and on the coast^ township 58; rang^ 28; sections 25 and 26; 
 where the jasper-like rock forms bold cliffs projecting into the lake. 
 This rock in some places passes into a distinct porphyry, and appears to 
 have derived its felspar from the adjacent porphyritic trap. In some in- 
 stances it seems to have been entirely fused and thrown up like a por- 
 phyry dike. The same phenomena were previously noticed by me on 
 the eastern coast of the State of Maine, where, at Seward’s Neck, in 
 Cobscook bay, the sandstone is changed distinctly into porphyry, and 
 has all the appearance of having undergone entire fusion or softening into 
 a paste by the action of heat. It is supposed by some advocates of the meta- 
 morphic origin of all hypogene rocks that the trap rocks are merely melted 
 sandstones. If such is their origin, the alkalies and magnesia which 
 they contain must have been added to the original materials of the sand- 
 stdne during its fusion. There is no difficulty in conceiving of the sub- 
 limation of potash and^oda, which we know are volatile at a high tempera- 
 ture; but magnesia being one of the most fixed or non-volatile substances 
 known, while none of its combinations render it volatile in the slightest 
 degree, we are at a loss how to account for its introduction inffi seperin- 
 cumbent rocks by sublimation, and suppose its introduction must always 
 have resulted from direct contact with the materials with which it is 
 combined. 
 
 If the Silurian limestone of Keweenaw point underlies the sandstone, 
 it is possible that its magnesia may have been derived from the same 
 source as that in the trappean rocks; for it is supposed by geologists that 
 the magnesian limestones rvere originally derived from shells and corals, 
 and by some chemical cause have been subsequently charged with carbo- 
 nate of magnesia. 
 
 In favor of the idea of the existence of a fossiliferous limestone beneath 
 the new red sandstone of Keweenaw point, we may mention the fact that 
 I cast of what appears to have been an orthocera was found in the breccia 
 af amygdaloid and altered limestones at the Copper Falls mines. May it 
 not have been torn from a subjacent bed of limestone by the agency of 
 the intruded trap rocks? We knoAV that the trap dikes and granite veins 
 in other places have brought up with them fragments of the rocks thrdugh 
 which they passed on their way to the surface; and I Avould suggest this 
 view as the most probable explanation of the presence of the fossil cast in 
 question in a rock of igneous origin. 
 
 Between the sandstone and trap there is generally a mass of broken 
 pieces of indurated sandstone, more or less vesicular, scoria of fused trap 
 and sandstone, amygdaloidal and compact trap, porphyry and occasional 
 (accidentally present) pebbles of other rocks. These materials form, when 
 re-cemented by heat, a rock known under the name of trap-tuff ox breccia. 
 The fragments of rocks composing it generally have their angles of frac- 
 ture more or less distinctly preserved; but sometimes they are partially 
 rounded by the action of heat, and by the mechanical abrasion arising 
 from the motion of the waters beneath which they were deposited. Thus 
 by insensible gradations the breccia may pass into a species of conglome- 
 rate; but it is not to be confounded with the conglomerate rocks of the 
 sandstone seMes, which are evidently more ancient, or were present an- 
 terior to the period of the intrusion of the trap rocks. The trap breccias 
 
places, as at Eagle river, a considerable space betweem 
 'tile sandstones and amygdaloid, and have been mistaken for the conglom^ 
 erate of the neighboring sandstones. 
 
 Along the line of junction of the trap rocks and sandstone, the trap be- 
 comes vesicular or amygdaloidal, and the spheroidal cavities are generally 
 ffiled with chlorite, calcareous spar, agate, laumonite and pectolite, in 
 concretions varying in size from that of a pepper-corn to that of a musket 
 ball. The chlorite appears generally to line the cavities in the amygda- 
 lloid, and to have been first deposited. Calcareous spar or some zeolite 
 or agate was then deposited, filling the cavity, so that where the rock is 
 broken and the spherules are exposed, they appear like green balls, their 
 ^surface being covered with chlorite. At the Lake Superior Company’s 
 mines, it was observed that when a cavity in the amygdaloid was filled 
 with chlorite, a granule of copper was almost invariably found. in its centre. 
 ;In another portion of the amygdaloid, near the copper vein, the cavities 
 were filled with pure copper or silver, or with both these metals. 
 
 It is difficult, if not impossible, in the present state of science, to account 
 for these phenomena, either by igneous agency or by infiltration from an 
 aqueous solution. The rock presents in its general aspect the appearance 
 of a slag, from which the copper had not been separated. The sole of ah 
 old reverbatory refining copper furnace resembles very much this rock; 
 Ibut still, on minute mineralogical inspection, the chemist or mineralogist 
 will observe that certain conditions existed in the copper-bearing amyg- 
 dMoid, which are not reconcilable with the idea of its having been charged 
 with copper by sublimation of the metal, or even the entanglement of it 
 Iby mechanical means. It would be easy to make a theory which would 
 seemingly cover some of the facts, but it is more difficult with the speci- 
 mens in hand to believe in it; for any one who is deeply versed in the 
 iprinciples of science, and who is aware of the facts and their meaning, 
 Sees diffiLCulties that would not be apparent to an unqualified observer or 
 half-educated geologist. To one who is aware of the significance of the 
 complicated phenomena presented in these rocks, and the difficulty of ex- 
 plaining them by any known principles of science, a crude theory or hy- 
 pothesis seems an impertinence. He prefers to allow the facts to remain 
 ;imexplained, rather than bedim his vision by the colored glasses of theory, 
 4hd be thus led to false conclusions. l am confident that, in the present 
 estate of science, no explanation can be given fully accounting for the asso- 
 ciation of minerals in these trap rocks, which could not be broken up bjr 
 ah exhibition of other facts obtained on the same spot. 
 
 I make these remarks that they may serve as a salutary caution to thosa 
 who may desire to generalize phenomena which will not admit of it. It 
 Is better for the present to arrange our facts in order, and to wait until 
 their relations can be better appreciated. 
 
 I value more discrepant facts than a general theory — holding that hasty 
 generalizations have done much to obscure the vision of the scientific 
 world; while a new tact, as yet inexplica,ble, may be a thread leading 
 through the labyrinth of many complicated series of phenomena. 
 
 Nature (md origin of the veins in the trap rocks of Lake Superior. 
 
 Prom what I have above stated, the reader is doubtless prepared to 
 meet with an account of some complicated phenomena; and he will now 
 Part ii — 26 
 
402 
 
 m 
 
 "be gratified; perhapS; in the contemplation of a series of facts* altogether 
 new in practical geology; viz: the occurrence of veins of solid metallic 
 copper admixed with native silver; and yet not alloyed with it. There 
 are; also, most curious and inexplicable facts concerning the relations of 
 the associated minerals containing or contained in copper. By reference 
 to the catalogue of specimens of minerals I have collected for the use 
 of the government; the reader will see that most, if not all, of the facts 
 to which I shall call his attention are represented by those specimens. 
 
 Nature of veins, 
 
 Yeins are fissures in the rocks filled with other minerals; contempora- 
 neous vedns are those which originated with the rock and are of the same 
 age. They are distinguished by their running out either in length or 
 depth; and are rarely valuable as depositaries of metalliferous ores. To 
 this class of veins belong the stock-werkes of the German miners. 
 
 True veins generally traverse the strata when they occur in a stratified 
 #rock; and form, with the line of strike of the strata, a considerable angle » 
 This class of veins is found to be more regular than those running paral- 
 lel to the layers of stratified rocks, and have most frequently well-defined 
 walls, often incrusted with layers of veinstone, prehnite, quartz, calca- 
 reous spar, or some other of the associated minerals — this margin being: 
 called saalbandes by the German miners. The fissure is filled with vein- 
 stones of various kinds and with the metalliferous or metallic matters^,, 
 constituting; with the accompanying minerals, the hde. Sometimes the* 
 vein at the surface consists entirely of prehnite, containing only minute* 
 specks of copper within the crystals, or very sparsely scattered through? 
 the massive prehnite. These veins often lead to solid metallic copper,, 
 ^nd the veinstone gives place to that metal. 
 
 On removing the prehnite attached to the masses of pure copper, the- 
 copper is found to be impressed with the forms of its crystals, showing 
 that the copper was either fluid at the time it was brought in contact with 
 the prehnite waUs, or that it was deposited upon them from some solution 
 of the metal, or by condensation of its sublimed vapor; both of these- 
 hypotheses are, however, objectionable. 
 
 The surface of the solid copper is also impressed by crystals of calca- 
 jeous spar, quartz, analcine, datholite, and by most of the minerals which 
 occur on the sides of the vein. We also observe that fine brilliant scales 
 of pure copper exist in the interior of all these minerals, even in the per- 
 fectly-formed crystals. It is obvious, therefore, that copper was present 
 in its metallic state at the time when the minerals in the veins ’^ere 
 formed; while it is obvious, from what I have previously stated, that 
 there was a subsequent filling of the vein by metallic copper introduced 
 hy some means not yet satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 It has been supposed by some geologists that the contents of the veins 
 were introduced by galvanic segregation, an hypothesis likewise open to 
 many objections. In the first place, we would ask, From what was the 
 copper segregated 1 and if it was derived from disseminated particles in 
 the rocks, in what state did it traverse them and concentrate in the 
 Teins? Again: How can we conceive of a battery formed of the sand- 
 stone and trap rocks to have been formed so as to make the veins their 
 poles ? If the rocks were galvanic at one time, we ought, as these rela- 
 
4©3 [13. 
 
 tions to each other are still the same^ to find a galvanic current in them 
 still; even though it may have diminished in strength since the rocks be^ 
 came cold. There is magnetism; as is very obviouS; in all these veins, 
 with polarization in the walls; which form the terminations of the masses 
 of trap; but we have as yet no proofs of a galvanic current in them. It 
 was my intention to have tested this question most thoroughly during 
 the past summer; but my field-work was interrupted by orders of the 
 Department of the Interior. More may be learned of the laws that pro* 
 duced the deposition of .copper and silver in these mines by a prolonged 
 study at ohosen. places; than by hastily running over the country with 
 an affectation of diligence^ and without any correct views. I was in 
 hopeS; therefore; to have been allowed time for these important investiga- 
 tions; and after properly instructing my assistants; to have left to them 
 the ceremony of visiting those tow;nships where the nature of the geology 
 had been sufficiently proved to render it unimportant for me to visit them 
 in person. It is obvious to geologists familiar with geological surveys, 
 that; from coast exposures; and those in the beds of rivers and upon hill- 
 sides; where the rocks are best determined; the positions of the inland 
 ranges can be most satisfactorily ascertained. Still; in order to obey in- 
 structions; we have to visit all the townships; even though they are 
 covered by soil and swamps; and if no additional facts in the geology are 
 ascertained; it is possible we may add something to our knowledge of the 
 topography. In the mineral lands^ however ^ I chose always to go myself 
 through every township along the probable line of mineral deposites. This 
 has all been done; and all the facts which can be obtained in the present 
 state of the country are learned, so far as concerns the geology and mine- 
 ralogy and minee of Keweenaw point and of Isle Royale. 
 
 Returning from this digression, I would next describe another class of 
 veins which run parallel to the direction of the trap range, and lie be- 
 tween it and the sandstones, in amygdaloidal rock or in epidote. These 
 veins, or beds, as they are also called, are not generally regarded as per- 
 manent for mining purposes, and yet they are often sufficiently powerful 
 and rich to render them worthy of attention. The miner, I know, looks 
 at them with distrust, and is unwilling to lay out expensive work on 
 them ; but, so far as they have been opened in one or two of the Ontona- 
 gon locations, they have given .promising results, insomuch that I wouK ' 
 recommend the thorough examination of one of those beds by regul)*^ 
 mining operations, so as to decide on their permanency. 
 
 Journal kept on the Geological Swwey in 1847. 
 
 June 3.- — I sent a party of assistants and sub-agents to Detroit to ibtain 
 supplies for the survey, and there to await the arrival of the othe? mem- 
 bers of the corps. 
 
 Dt. Locke, one of the assistants, was at Washington, and was riquested 
 to join the party at Detroit on the 10th of June. y ’ ’ 
 
 June 7. — I left Boston with the remainder of the corps, and ^bined the 
 party at Detroit, to which place I had requested the Secretary cHhe Trea- 
 sury to send the funds required. 
 
 June 13. — The party was sent from Detroit to the Sault Ste. Marie. I 
 remained in Detroit awaiting the arrival of a draft on the Treasury 
 
1 1 ] 404 
 
 partment, and for copies of township plats and maps from the surveyor 
 general’s office. 
 
 June 15. — I went to Ann Arbor to examine the specimens collected by 
 the late Dr. Houghton. 
 
 June 16. — I received a letter from Mr. Young, Commissioner of the 
 General Land Office at Washington, informing me that my letter to the 
 •Secretary of the Treasuiy, asking for a remittance, had been attended 
 ^to. 
 
 June 19, — I received a letter from the Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office, authorizing me to draw upon the treasury of the United States for 
 $2,500. 
 
 June 21. — Negotiated the draft with C. C. Trowbridge, esq. Deposited 
 in his hands for safe keeping $2,000, and took $500 in silver for part pay- 
 ment to my boatmen. Left Detroit for Mackinaw and the Sault Ste. 
 Marie; at the latter place we found the advanced party waiting for a pas- 
 sage to Copper Harbor. 
 
 June 24. — Left the Sault Ste. Marie for Copper Harbor. 
 
 June 25. — Reached Grand Island, where, during a short stay at noon, 
 I took a meridional altitude of the sun to determine the latitude of the 
 place, which was found to be 46^ 29^'. .At noon, barometer eight feet 
 above the level of the lake stood at 29.502, temperature 78^ Fahrenheit. 
 Temperature of the lake far out, is -j- 2^° C . = 36^° Fahrenheit. Tempera- 
 ture of the air at same time, -f - 9^ C . — 48^ Fahrenheit. Time of the obser- 
 vation, 5 p. m. Dr. Locke and myself measured the height of the mural 
 cliffs at the Pictured Rocks, while the steamboat was passing by them, 
 and found them to be 175 feet high. 
 
 June 26. — We reached Copper Harbor. 
 
 June 27. — Went to Fort Wilkins — saw ordnance sergeant Wright — 
 took up quarters there, promising to obtain orders from the Quartermaster 
 General for permission to occupy them. Took time and variation observa- 
 tions by altitude and amplitude of the sun. Watch, originally set to Bos- 
 ton time, was found to be lA. 11m, 23s. fast for mean time of Copper 
 Harbor. Rate of watch determined subsequently, 13" loss per diem — hence 
 the difference m time between Boston and Copper Harbor is Ih, Tm, 3s. 
 
 Yariation (declination) of the magnetic needle, by amplitude, found to 
 
 5^ 10' east. 
 
 June 28. — Wrote to Washington — arranged and adjusted our instru- 
 mtnts — selected our materials, and divided the corps into three surveying 
 paries. 
 
 Jtne 29. — Went to Eagle river with my whole corps for the purpose of 
 instructing the young men in the business of mining, and to prepare them 
 for objervations on veins they might discover in the districts they would 
 be sen to explore. These mines had all been previously surveyed by me, 
 and affirded admirable opportunities for showing the progressive enriching 
 of veini as they descend into the rocks. At the same time Dr. Locke 
 and Mr. Mullet, my surveyor, had opportunities for making a series of 
 interesting observations on the magnetism of the trap rocks, and of the 
 disturbance of the magnetic needle near the veins. 
 
 June 30.V— Examined the Lake Superior Company’s mines, which are 
 not iii operation at this time; but the superintendent awaits orders from 
 the trustees the company. I descended into every shaft that had been 
 sunk, and examined every level with as much care as was practicable. 
 
405 [ > I 
 
 and searched the ‘rocks and the vein for the purpose of learning the 
 of the mine. It appears that shaft No. 2, passed into the western side of 
 ike vein, was very rich in copper and silver at the surface, where it imme- 
 diately^ bordered upon the central, vein or leader, and impoverished as it 
 left it in descending. After working for a time in the barren rock, the^ 
 miners sent off a level towards the river, with the intention of striking thier 
 vein under the stream, but, to their great surprise, opened into a deep and 
 wide ravine, or ancient channel of the tiver, filled with great masses of 
 ‘copper, lumps of copper and silver mixed, small globules of pure silver, all 
 rounded and worn by the action of running water, and mixed with sand, 
 gravel, and water-worn pebbles. A single mass of silver was obtained 
 from this ravine which weighed lbs., and was worth ^130. It is now 
 in the cabinet of the United States mint in Philadelphia. Masses of coj^ 
 per varying in weight from a few ounces to more than a thousand pounds 
 were also obtained, and were exported to France and sold. The miners 
 called the ravine a cavern, and did not fully understand its nature and 
 origin. To me it was immediately apparent that the water of the river 
 had, in ancient times, cut away the more easily decomposable veinstpne> 
 and had left the copper and silver, which, on account of thek high specific 
 gravity, sank to the bottom, while the lighter earthy particles were washed 
 away. The copper was worn by the abrasion of sand and boulders pf 
 rocks, and was left in the ravine with the large boulders, which, obstruct- 
 • ing the running water, and entangling the sand washed down the streamy 
 caused the gradual filling up of this trench. The river, turned aside by 
 this obtruction, wore its way into the rocks, and formed a new channel. 
 It is probable that there was formerly a water-fall at this place, and that 
 the rocks have gradually been worn down to the present level, the! fails 
 disappearing on this account. Such is the probable origin of this ravine j 
 and it appears that the river had done the first mining, directly in the veiu^ 
 No one could have known in advance that such an opening would have 
 been found, so far beneath the present bed of the river, but it was certainly 
 unfortunate for the mines that a level should have been sent oflf so neai 
 the surface. It was done contrary to my advice. Some good has resulted 
 from it, for the true position of the vein has been demonstrated by it, as 
 the bottom of the ravine exposes a green veinstone, mixed with calcareous 
 spar, in which there are globules and pieces of copper and silver, and it is 
 highly probable that, if proper mining operations are carried on here, a 
 rich lode may yet be won. 
 
 After examining into the condition of these mines, I made a series of 
 magnetic observations around them by means of a solar compass. 
 
 The declination of the magnetic needle was found to be — 
 
 ^ At the mines, 6^ E. 
 
 N. E. side of the river, 2J° E. 
 
 At shaft No. 2, E. 
 
 Between shafts 1 and 2, W. 
 
 At the oifice, a few hundred yards west of the mine, 7® E. 
 
 The course of the vein in shaft No. 2 was N. 30^ W. 
 
 Dip of the wall rock in ravine, N. E. 7(P. 
 
[ 1 ] 406 
 
 Barometrical observations at the mouth of Eagle river ^ 5^ feet above the 
 
 surface of lake. 
 
 5^ feet above surface of lake; 9h. 25m.; 29.450; T. 17*^ C.; t. 16*^ C. 
 
 At Lake Superior Copper Co.’s office; lOh. 30m.; 29.210; T. 22^ C.; 
 t. 22° C. 
 
 Height by barometrical observation; 256 feet 5 height by previous level- 
 ling; 246.14 feet. 
 
 July i. — Visited the Cliff mine; belonging to the Boston and Pittsburg 
 Mining Company; situated on the southwest branch of Eagle river; about 
 three miles west from the office of the Lake Superior Copper Company. 
 This mine I surveyed; anterior to its being wrought; in the summer of 
 1845; in company with Mr. J. D. Whitney. 
 
 Barometrical observations at office of the Boston and Pittsburg Co. — 
 12J p. m.; B. 29.13; T. 24^ C.; t. 24i^ C. 
 
 4^ p. m.; B. 29.10; T. 25^ C.; t. 24J^ C. 
 
 These observations were taken to determine the elevation of that spot; 
 which is found by calculation to be 404 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 At this mine there are thirteen houseS; most of which are now occu- 
 pied by people attached to the mines. One of them contains a steam- 
 engine and set of dry stampS; which were put up; and after a short’ time 
 proved to be useless. 
 
 The Cliff mine is one of the most remarkable known; for the enormous 
 masses of native copper it contains. One of the masseS; now got out; is 
 estimated at 50 tons weight. It is cut by means of steel chisels^ driven 
 by blows of a heavy sledge-hammer — one man holding the chisel; while 
 the other strikes with the sledge; a groove is mortised out across the mass 
 of copper; and then a series of ribbons of it; about a quarter of an inch 
 in thickness; are cut out; until the channel thus mortised divides the 
 mass. They divide the copper into masses of about a ton or a ton and a 
 half in weight — the cost of cutting it being now ^10 per square foot of cut 
 surface; measured on one side of the mortise. The copper is perfectly 
 malleable and ductile; and is very tough. During the past summer; 44 
 copper rockS; Aveighing 61;995 lbs.; and 77 barrels; weighing 42;356 lbs.; 
 mixed with some rock; were obtained — the whole being estimated at 
 104;351 lbs. — aA^eraging a little over 60 per cent, of clean copper. The 
 ore put up in barrels is estimated by Captain Staples; who is now in charge 
 of the mine; at 50 per cent, copper. The masses of solid copper are nearly 
 pure; and ought to yield more than 90 per cent, of refined metal in the 
 face — the only impurities being a little rock attached to the surface; or 
 rarely included within the copper. 
 
 Descended into the shaft of the mine; which noAV reaches 208 feet in 
 depth. Masses of copper Avere seen in the 2d and 3d shafts; and at the 
 lowest level; where the metal is in solid veins, and quite pure. 
 
 These masses of pure copper are removed by finding some place wheie 
 a hole may be made in the rock; and then firing a heavy blast; tamped 
 by sand. This starts the copper from the Avail rock; and sometimes re- 
 moves it entirely from the rock. The masses are then cut up in the mines 
 by means of chisels; as before stated. The mass noAv being cut up is 8 
 inches in thickness; on an average. The vein varies from two to four feet in 
 width, and has no distinct saalbandes in the lower part of the mine, 
 though they appear higher up. It seems to be a true and distinctly char- 
 
407 C I 3 
 
 =acterized vein, and increases in width and richness as it descends in the 
 Tock. 
 
 I measured the height of the cliff in which the vein is seen, and found 
 hy a level that it was 297 feet high, and to the upper exposure of the vein 
 the height was 213 feet. The slope of the cliff is 40®, and the distance 
 measured on that slope to the top of the vein was 330 feet. By baromet- 
 rical observation, the height of the top of the cliff is 701 feet above the 
 level of Lake Superior. 
 
 A series of magnetic observations was made in the mines by my assist- 
 ant, Dr. Locke; and on the surface the declination was measured by Mr. 
 Mullet, my surveyor, on both sides of the vein, from the base of the cliff 
 to its summit. The following are the results obtained by the solar com- 
 pass : ^ 
 
 The course of the vein, as determined by solar compass, is N. 38® 
 
 Declination of the needle at the top of the vein, on the west side, 5^ 
 ' 35' E.; on the east side, 4® 50' E. 
 
 Declination of the needle lower down, on the west side, 4® 35' E.; on 
 the east side, 5® 3CK E. 
 
 Declination of the «reedle at the upper drift, on the west side, 5® 45' E.; 
 on the east side, 6® 10' E. 
 
 Declination of the needle at the junction of the compact trap and amyg- 
 * daloid, on the west side, 2® 45' E.; on the east side, 0® 50' E. 
 
 Declination of the needle lower down, on the west side, not observed j 
 -OH the east side, 6® 50' E. 
 
 Declination of the needle all the way to the lowest drift, on the v/est 
 : side, not observed; on the east side, 6® 50' E. 
 
 For Dr. Locke’s observations on the intensity of magnetism and the 
 ^ declination of the needle in the mines, I refer to his report which is an-, 
 tiexed to this. ‘ 
 
 After making a pretty thorough examination of the mine, and fully ex- 
 ^^plaining it to all members of my party, I requested the superintendent to 
 . solicit the directors of the company to have a plan and section of the min^ 
 .prepared, and to furnish me with a copy for the use of the government. 
 
 ' This I subsequently employed Mr. S. W. Hill .to do for me, and it was 
 ' drawn by Mr. W. Schlatter during the winter. I directed Mr. Hill to meas- 
 we every opening, and to calculate the cubic contents of the space, so as 
 to give some idea of the amount of work done at this mine. This was 
 ^ done according to my wishes, and is represented in the section fiirnished 
 hy me to the department, a reduced copy of which accompanies this re- 
 iport. (See plate 1.) 
 
 lAst of minerals found hy me at the Boston and Pittsburg Company^ s 
 ■ minSy on Eagle river , — Native copper, crystallized ; native copper, dentritic) 
 ^native copper, impressed with crystals of prehnite; native copper, im- 
 pressed with crystals of calc spar; native copper, impressed with crystals 
 of quartz; red oxide of copper in fibrous crystals in the vein, also incrust- 
 ing the native copper; native silver in copper and in prehnite; analcime; 
 4aumonite; compact table spar; anhydrous prehnite; cellular Hentritic 
 ^quartz; calcareous spar; bo tryoidal prehnite. 
 
 July 2 , — This day ‘We went to Copper Falls mine, on township 58, 
 range 31, section 11, to make an examination of their works, and to ex- 
 plain the mine to my' party. On going from Sand bay, I took a baroinet- 
 v rical observation on the shore of the lake, and then proceeded through the 
 
408 
 
 11 ] 
 
 'woods to the mines^ and made barometrical observations there^ and by 
 these observations determined the height of the mines above the lake leveL 
 At the shore^ the barometer stood B. 29.530; T. 22^ C., t.»21° C. 
 
 After allowing the barometer to cool; B. 29.515; T. 22^ C.; t. 19^^ C. 
 At tl^e office of Copper Falls mine; B. 29.30; T. 24^ C., t. 25 ^ C. 
 
 The height by calculation is 211^ feet above the level of Lake Superior* 
 I descended into the mineS; with my assistants; and explained every- 
 thing to them; taking notes of every fact of importance. Examined the 
 2d shaft; in which is the 80-feet level. The direction of the vein iS; by 
 compasS; N. 26^ to 30^ W.; S. 26^ to 30^ E. It dips to the westward 
 There is a vein of solid copper; and a veinstone rich in a mixture of na- 
 tive copper and native silver. It is 18 inches thick, and the sheets of 
 copper are from 4 to 6 inches in thickness. The vein becomes thinner to 
 the northwestward. One of the masses of copper got out was 20 feet 
 fong; 9 feet wide; and from 4 to 6 inches thick; and weighed by estima- 
 tion ten tons. There are five shafts sunk in tliis veiii; the deepest pene- 
 trating perpendicularly 120 feet. The longest level is ^ feet in a straight 
 line; and there is also a cross-cut of 20 feet at its extremity. 
 
 The ,adit level is 482 feet. 
 
 Shaft No. 1 - 
 
 T8 
 
 
 (( 
 
 2 - 
 
 120 
 
 CC 
 
 u 
 
 3 - 
 
 43 
 
 <C 
 
 u 
 
 4 - 
 
 llij 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 5 - 
 
 31 
 
 CC 
 
 These five shafts were all carefully examined by me in company with 
 the mining agent; Joshua Childs ; esq.; who politely aided me in my re- 
 searches. He also promised to furnish me with a plan of the mine and 
 with a good set of specimens of the ores and minerals. He has a hand- 
 some collection of the rare and beafitiful productions of this remarkable 
 mine. His crystals of metallic copper are the finest in the world; and 
 many of his specimens of crystallized minerals are very perfect and beauti- 
 ful. Among the curious ones is a singular variety of analcime; of a salm- 
 on red color, and presenting the singular form of a long rhombic prism,, 
 as if pseudomorphic. The terminations of Jhese crystals are trihedral; 
 the inclination of the planes on each other being about 100^. This mine- 
 ral; by analysis, I afterwards discovered to be a mixture of leonhardite 
 and analcime. — (See analysis.) It occurs in ciystallized calcareous spar 
 traversing the rhombic masses of that mineral; and is associated with 
 regular crystals of analcime and leonhardite. I examined with minute 
 accuracy every mineral in Mr. Childs’s collection; and proposed to send 
 Mr. Whitney to make drawings of the finest crystals, but he never had 
 time to attend to it, having been occupied until after I left the field at the 
 Ontonagon river. While at Copper Palls mines I directed a series of 
 magnetic observations to be made by my surveyor, Mr. S. H. Mullet, for 
 the purpose of learning the variation of the declination of the magnetic 
 needle at different points around the copper vein; and Dr. Locke, my as- 
 sistant geologist; also made his observations, which are contained in his 
 report. — (See his report.) 
 
 Mr. Mullet reported to me the following results of his observations on 
 the declination of the magnetic needle as determined by the solar com- 
 pass. The observations were directed to be made on both sides of the 
 ■vein; beginning below the lowest exposure of it. 
 
On the east side of the vein, at the lower shafts the variation was 6®^ 
 40' E._, and in three different places towards the upper sliaft the same re~ 
 suit was obtained. On the west side of the vein the variation was also* 
 found to be 6® 40' E., in five different stations, so that it was%vident 
 there was no magnetic disturbance produced by this vein. 
 
 Above the race or falls, where there is a Junction of the sandstone and 
 trap rock, the declination was 4^ 25' E., and three rods farther up on the 
 sandstone it was 5^ 20' E. These observations accord with those made 
 elsewhere at the junctions of these two rocks, and prove that there is a 
 decided effect produced on the magnetic needle by the contact of these 
 two rocks, but that the copper vein has nothing to do with it. After ex 
 amining these mines we walked to Eagle Haibor, which is two miles dis- 
 tant, and spent the night there. 
 
 I saw Mr. French, the agent of the Eagle Harbor Company, who gave 
 me much information concerning his operations in mining at Eagle Har- 
 bor. This company has been working with a small party of miners— 
 eight of whom are now employed opening some of the neighboring veins., 
 I went with him and examined all these openings. Sixty rods back from 
 the harbor 38 tons of copper ore was raised — 5 tons of it being nearly pure 
 copper, and the rest of it a mixture of copper, laumonite, and leonhardite. 
 One of these veins runs nearly north and south, or N. E. It is 2 febt 
 8 inches wide, and dips eastward 65^. This vein has been unfortunately 
 opened like a trench, directly into the lake, and is now full of waters 
 The ore was tolerably rich, and can be very easily washed entirely free 
 from the laumonite. • The work has penetrated to the depth of 87 feet. 
 A few rods west of this is another pit where the vein is 2 feet wide, and 
 consists of copper, mixed with calc spar. The pit is how full of Avater. 
 The pit is 65 feet deep. Farther west there is another vein, 3 feet wide^, 
 and contains copper, mixed with a soft greenish mineral, resembling de- 
 composed serpentine. With this I found pulverulent black sulphuret of 
 copper, associated with the pure metal*. This pit is 35 feet deep. Farther 
 west is still another vein, which is 2 feet wide, but it has not been wrought 
 to any extent. 
 
 West of this is the silver vein, which yields some good specimens of 
 native silver, near the surface, in the decomposed rock. Copper was^ 
 found there in a sort of indurated clay, resembling decomposed serpen-' 
 tine, and in trap Icock in small string veins, which were quite irregular. 
 
 Sir. French gave me specimens of all the ores he had raised, and offered^ 
 to furnish a plan of all his mines. He stated to me that he had measured 
 and sounded Eagle Harbor during the winter, when it could best be done- 
 on the ice, and that he found the harbor 4 rods less than a mile wide. 
 The greatest dejpth of water in the harbor is 100 feet, and that on the bar 
 is 10 feet, and can be easily deepened there to 16 feet by blasting away 
 the rocks. This ought to be done for the safety of loaded steamboats,, 
 which frequently take shelter in this bay. The veins at Eagle Harbor 
 have proved richer than I supposed tfiey would be when I first surveyed 
 them in 1844, and are worthy of systematic mining — the dpeiations which, 
 have thus far been made , being merely shallow explorations. 
 
 Mr. Taylor, of Eagle Harbor, also gave me some very curious speci- 
 mens of native copper in analcime, and a very pretty piece of doubly re- 
 fracting calcareous spar, both of which he obtained at the mines at thii^ 
 
List of minerals obtained at Eagle Harbor. — Datholite; laumonite'^ 
 leonhardite^ calc spar; agate; native copper; siiphuret copper; and native 
 silver. 
 
 July ^. — This afternoon after examining the mines, we took boat for 
 Copper Harbor, and on our way examined Cyprus River Company’s mine, 
 on an island oi trap rock, near Agate Harbor. We found string veins of 
 iaumonite, much pinched, containing a little copper, but they are of no 
 value, and have been abandoned. 
 
 Running along the shore we verified my previous surveys, and stopped 
 to examine the New York Company’s mine, which was opened on a vein 
 of sulphate ot baryta, colored black by an admixture of sulphuret of 
 copper. Yarious forms of sulphate of baryta are found here, and calca- 
 reous spar, colored jet black with black sulphuret of copper, occurs mixed 
 with the baryta. The crystals of calcareous spar are the scalene dodecahe- 
 dron, the six-sided prism, rhombohedra more obtuse and more acute than 
 the primary, and an infinite variety of modifications of the primary rhom- 
 bohedron. Some of the crystals, especially the variety called dog-tooth 
 spar, are of a delicate blue color; others, especially the rhombohedra, are of 
 a honey yellow, and the six-sided prisms are sometimes transparent and 
 colorless, or are jet black from admixture of fine particles of sulphuret of 
 •copper. 
 
 The sulphate of baryta is generally in the cock’s-comb form of aggre- 
 gation, and is very abundant. The crystals on the surface are white, 
 while in the interior the^r are black, and a deeper colored mass of almost 
 jet blackness is found on breaking up the specimens. The weight of 
 this mineral deceived the miners and the geologist employed by the com- 
 pany, and led them into the erroneous belief that the ore was valuable, 
 when, it cannot be economically smelted ; the mineralogist, however, feels 
 indebted to the conipany for so large a supply of interesting specimens as 
 they have raised in their mining operations — hundreds of tons of them 
 lying about the mine. The vein is in conglomerate rock, and is of no 
 value. Its direction is north and south. (For a list of the minerals ob- 
 tained by me I refer to the accompanying descriptive catalogue.) In the 
 evening we rowed to Copper Harbor, and remained there on the 4th and 
 5 til of July. 
 
 July 5. — On this day a party of about 60 gentlemen, superintendents 
 and others interested in the mines, with others resident on Keweenaw 
 point, held a meeting and dined together, commemorating the Declaration 
 of Independence of the United States. I was invited to attend this cele- 
 bration,^ which w^as socially and temperately enjoyed, and it afforded an 
 oppertudity for each of the inhabitants to give an account of his labors, 
 privations, and adventures in the first settlement of that district. This 
 meeting enabled me to form some estimate of the enterprise and zeal of 
 the early adventurers, and was highly instructive as well as entertaining. 
 A few observations were made on the morning of this day. Dr. Locke 
 was engaged with his magnetic labors, and the other members of our 
 corps wrote up their journals of what they had seen. At 8 a. m., the 
 barometer at Fort Wilkins, hung up 26 feet above the level of the lake, 
 stood B. 29.54, T. 23^ C., t. 23*^ C. The dew-point was ascertained to 
 be as follows: 
 
Temp, of air 23^ C. — Deposition point 13^® G. 
 
 Vaporization point 14^ C. 
 
 2 jm~ 
 
 True dew-point 13| 
 
 These observations indicated fair* weather, and I hastened to send out 
 my assistants on the several districts which I had assigned to them. 
 
 July 6. — This day Mr. Whitney, one of my assistants, was sent with^ 
 a party of sub-agents and voyageurs selected by him from our men, to go 
 to Iron river, where we expected he would be able to join the party of 
 linear surveyors under W. A. Burf, esq., my instructions recommending 
 that I should send one of my explorers with the linear surveyors, who 
 were to be instrjicted by the surveyor general to receive him into their 
 carpp. My written instructions for the survey of the district between 
 Montreal and Ontonagon rivers were given to Mr. Whitney; (a copy is 
 appended to this report. — See document B.) 5 p. m., B. 29.55, T. 84^, 
 at Fort Wilkins. 
 
 July 7. — Dr. John Locke was fitted out with a party of sub-agents and 
 boatmen, and left this day for Horse Shoe harbor, T. 59, R. 28 S. 36, to 
 make magnetic observations. The results he obtained v/ill be found in 
 his, report. Dr. Locke is to follow the coast from the head of Keweenaw 
 bay to Chocolate river, and then to survey two ranges of townships be- 
 tween the Lakes Superior and Michigan. 
 
 July 8. — This day I proceeded with my party to examine the coast 
 around Keweenaw point to Lac la Belle, and to note the exact plaices 
 where the junction of the sandstone and trap rocks took place. This 
 was eflfected, and specimens of all the rocks and contained minerals were 
 obtained. At the extremity of Keweenaw point the barometer was ob- 
 served at 2J p. m, , . 
 
 ' Extremity of Keweenaw point, 8 feet above Lake Superior, at 2^ p. m., 
 B. 29.50, T. 23^ C., t. 23^ C.; 
 
 Extremity of Keweenaw point, 8 feet above Lake Superior, at 3|- p. m., 
 B. 29.49, T. 23° C., t. 23^ C.; 
 
 4 feet above Lac la Belle, at 9f p. m., B. 29.45, T. 20^ C.; 
 
 Office of Lada Belle Mining Company, Sibley’s, at 9| p. m., B. 29.18, 
 T. 19^0 C. 
 
 We remained over night at this place. ^ 
 
 July 9. — 8 a. m. barometer stood, at Mr. Sibley’s office, B. 29.25, T. 
 21J^ C. 
 
 A set of altitudes of the sun, for the estimation of the lo^igitude of the 
 place, were also taken'in the morning. 
 
 After examining the mines, I took a series of double altitudes of the 
 sun jusf before, at, and after noon, for the determinatipn of the latitude 
 of the place. ^ 
 
 At 3 p. m., at Sibley’s office, B. 29.24, T. 25^ C., t. 25|-^ C. As- 
 cending the mo^jntain to the Bohemian Company’s mines, we found, at 
 4 p. m., B. 28.945, T. 27^, t. 26^. This observation was taken at the 
 office of the company. 0|i the summit of the mountain, B. 28.6^5, 
 T. 26^0 C., t. 26^ C. One hour later, B. 2a.630, T. 26^ C., t. 24^ C. 
 
 Just below the summit of the hill there is a vein of copper ore in a 
 very crystalline trap, and highly magnetic with polarity. The vein 
 
412 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 runs north 22^ west, south 22^ east, and dips east- southeast ^from 63^ to 
 70*^. The vein is two feet wide, and consists of calcareous spar con- 
 taining gray sulphuret of copper. Upper mine, B. 28.70, T. 26^ C.^ 
 t. 25^0. Here we observed two veins of copper ore running northeast 
 and southwest, and dipping to the northwest 65^, consisting of nearly 
 pure gray copper ore. Descending the hill, at the first shaft of the Bo- 
 hemian Company’s mines we found the B. 28.865, T. 26^ C. I ob- 
 tained a collection of specimens of the rocks and copper ores, and returned 
 to the Lac la Belle Company’s cabins. 
 
 Judy 10. — ^Examined the Lac la Belle Company’s mines in the morn- 
 ing, and at noon took a series of double altitudes of the sun for the de- 
 termination of the latitude of the place : 
 
 At noon, B. 29.20, T. 26f^ C. 
 
 2 p. m., B.29.20, T. 26fo C. 
 
 Imc la Belle mine . — The lower drift, excavated by the miners em 
 ployed by this company, was made for the purpose of exploring a vein of 
 gray copper ore, which was discovered by the miner, W. Richards, while 
 in Mr. Sibley’s employ. 
 
 The drift measures 200 feet in length, is 6 feet high, and 4 feet wide. 
 This opening exposes the vein, which is found to dip to the eastward 
 about 60^. The vein is quite irregular — its width varying from 2 feet 2 
 inches to 4 feet. The ore is scattered throughout a veinstone of cal- 
 careous spar, and in some places it is quite rich in copper ore. Its gen- 
 eral average yield of copper is about six per cent. There is a cross course 
 or branch vein exposed near the mouth of the drift, which is from 2 to 3 
 inches thick. Its course is nearly east and west. 
 
 The magnetic needle is much disturbed by this crossing, and points 
 north and south along a drift which runs east and west. The cross vein 
 dips north 60^. In the upper drift the principal vein was found to dip 
 to the east 60^, and to run nearly north 20^ east, while the cross vein 
 runs east and west, and dips north 70°. An opening or natural cave 
 was found, where the upper drift enters the hill. It was 30 or 40 feet in 
 length, and afforded the first view of the vein to the original explorer.. 
 The drift excavated here is 70 feet long. 
 
 On testing the temperature of the springs of water which open into 
 this drift, I found it to be while the air in the drift stood at 
 
 10° C., and the exterior air was at 26° C. 
 
 Owing to natural crevices, the upper level is quite wet from the infil- 
 tration of surface water, while that below is comparatively dry. A 
 branch of the east and west vein runs northeast by east, and is mostly 
 solid copper ore, and 2 feet in thickness. Gray sulphuret of copper,, 
 purple copper, yellow copper, and iron pyrites, are the ores found in this 
 vein. Although the average yield of the vein is low, there are rich 
 pockets here and there which yield a considerable quantity of ore, con- 
 taining upwards of 40 per cent, of copper. It is ^ proposed, if mining 
 operations are continued here, to erect a stamping mill, so as to be able 
 to pulverize and wash the ore up to 25 per cent, before reducing it to 
 black metal — the state in which they propose to send the ore to market. 
 
 I took the temperature of the air and watef at the farther end of the 200 
 feet level, and found it to be the same as in the upper drift before men- 
 tioned, the temperature of the exterior air being 25° C.^ that in the mine- 
 
413 
 
 was 10^ and the temperature of the water was 7° C. These obser- 
 vations were made almost 100 feet below the surface of the ground. 
 
 6 p. m., Sibley’s, B. 29.17; T. 25^^ C; t. 25^ C. 
 
 Dew-point 17^^; temp, of air, 25^ C. 
 
 July 10. — Saturday evening, finished my surveys of Lac la Belle and 
 Bohemian Company’s mines, and was about leaving, when to our sur- 
 prise Dr. Locke and his sub-agents arrived at Lac la Belle, and informed 
 me that their boatmen had all deserted them, and had set out on foot to 
 return to Copper Harbor. I learned that the mutiny was got up by the 
 boatmen, because Dr. Locke would not allow them to make as free use of 
 his sugar as they wished, and that their demands were unreasonable. 
 Not knowing what mischief they might do at Copper Harbor, I immedi- 
 ately sent a person through the woods with a letter to Sergeant Wright, 
 requesting him not to harbor the deserters at Fort Wilkins. 
 
 While Dr. Locke remained with me he measured the height of Bohe- 
 mian mountain, and obtained results within a few inches of those already 
 obtained by me. Dr. Charming also repeated the measurement, with the 
 same results. Taking advantage of this visit to the Bohemian and Lac 
 la Belle mines. Dr. Locke and Mr. Mullet made a series of very interest- 
 ing magnetic observations on and around the veins of copper ore. The 
 results of Mr. Mullet’s surveys are exhibited in the accompanying dia- 
 ^am. Dr. Locke’s observations are contained in his report on the mag- 
 netism of our district. 
 
 In order to have other comparisons of our barometrical measurements, 
 
 1 requested Drs. Locke and Channing to measure the height of Mount 
 Houghton, and I subsequently went there and measured it myself. The 
 results of these separate measurements agreeing within a foot, gave assur- 
 ance of the fidelity of those delicate instruments. 
 
 About 100 tons of copper ore have been raised by Mr. Mandlebaum’s 
 miners at the Bohemian Company’s mine, and the ore is estimated to 
 contain about 6 per cent, of copper. The cost of driving his drift was 
 firom 5 to 6 dollars per linear foot — the dimensions of the opening being 6 
 feet in height by 3^ feet in width, or 21 square feet. In sinking the shaft 
 the cost was from 7^ to 8 dollars per foot. On the drift they excavated 
 from 3 to 5 feet in a week, while in sinking the shaft they penetrated from 
 
 2 to 4 feet per week. He employed 10 miners, who worked only in the 
 day time during the summer. In winter, when the air of the mine is 
 ■pure, they will work night and day. 
 
 Mr. Sibley, agent of the Lac la Belle mines, employs 10 miners, a min-i 
 ing captain, 4 laboreri, and a blacksmith. 
 
 From one of the small but rich veins of gray copper ore, they have 
 tracted, and have now on hand, 75 bbls. or 20 tons of rich copper ore^ 
 which will yield from 25 to 30 per cent. A few tons of the picked ore 
 had already been sent to the smelting works near Boston, and by my 
 assay it was found to contain 40 per cent, of copper. The ore is rich 
 enough, but this vein is narrow, while the wide vein is comparatively 
 
 g K)r. Farther explorations will be made to find the vein at the base of 
 ohemian mountain, so as to prove it at a lower point. This mountain 
 is admirably adapted for easy mining, and it is hoped it may yield a profit- 
 able supply of copper. It is, however, as yet uncertain. • 
 
 Jvlu 11. — Took a series of altitudes of the sun this morning for time. 
 Barometer at Sibley’s office at }1J a. m., B. 29.192; T. 26^ C.; t. 26® 
 
414 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 C. Tke dew-point at the same time was found to be 14^^ C. -'At noon 
 B. 29.17; T. 27^ C.; t. 27° C.; Ip. m.; level of Lac la Belle; B. 29.45; 
 T. 291 C.; t. 29^ O. 
 
 Set out for Mount Houghtoii; and examined the location of the Alliance 
 Company at the base of the mountain; Mr. D. Sharwood; the agent of the 
 company; politely accompanying uS; and lending us every possible assist- 
 ance. 
 
 Before ascending Mount Houghton; I endeavored to measure its height 
 by laying out a base line on the beach; and measuring angles from the 
 zenith by means of the sextant; after the ingfenious method proposed by 
 Monsieur le Prof. Elie >de Beaumont; but owing to the shortness of my 
 base line; and the high refraction of the atmosphere; accurate results could 
 not be obtained by trigonometrical means. The barometer was therefore 
 considered our most reliable instrument. 
 
 The first levelling by the barometer fixed the height of Mr. Sharwood’s 
 cabin; where we spent the night; and^the next morning the work was re- 
 newed; and the height of the summit of the mountain was measured from 
 that place; and on returning; this was verified by repetition of the obser- 
 vations. 
 
 Level of the lake; 5 p. m.; B. 29.365; T. 24f^ C.; t. 23 ^^ C. 
 
 B. 29.365; T. 24|^ C.; t. 23^^ C. ^ 
 
 Ascended immediately to Mr. Sharwood’s cabin; where; B. 29.155; T. 
 25^ C.; t. 24^ C. 
 
 July 12; 11 J a. m.; B. 29.150; T. 28^ C.; t. 29^ C. 
 
 Dew-point — deposition point 18^ C. 
 
 Vaporization point 19^ C. 
 
 2 ) 87 ^ 
 
 True dew-point 18-|° C. 
 
 3^ p. m.; at Sharwood’s cabin; B. 29.19; T. 27^ C.; t. 27® C. Set out 
 for the top of Mount Hough tom, where. 
 
 At 5 p. m.; top of Mount Houghtori; B. 28.58; T. 26J® C., t. 24® C, 
 
 After standing to equalize the temperature — 
 
 Top of Mount Houghton; B. 28.57, T. 26® C., t. 24® C. 
 
 Do. B. 28.57; T. 2.5f® C., t. 25® C. 
 
 Declination of the magnetic needle on top of the mountain was 5® 1(K 
 east. The rock at this place is a dull red jasper, stratified in structure, 
 and splitting into thin sheets. It is supposed to be an indurated fine red 
 sandstone, which has undergone partial igneous fusion by the heat of the 
 trap rocks, which are in immediate contact with it. 
 
 After examining the geology of the mountain and collecting specimens^ 
 of the rocks, we returned to Sharwood ’s cabin. The jaspery rock on 
 Mount Houghton runs south 80® west, and dips northward 70®. This 
 observation was made on the east side of the mountain. * On our way up 
 and down the mountain we noticed the soil and the forest trees, and ob- 
 served one pine tree, which had been struck by lightning, to be 16 feet in 
 x^iroumference at four feet above the roots. Tte forest trees indicate a 
 good' soil. 
 
 After exploring the land towards Lake Superior we returned to Shar- 
 wood’s cabins, and found B. 29.25, T. 22^® C., t. 21® C. 
 
 B. 29.25, T. 21® C., t. 19® G. 
 
415 
 
 tn 
 
 From these observations we calculated the-height of Sharwood’s* Feet. 
 
 cabin, above the lake, to be - - - - - 245.2 
 
 Height, of Mount Houghton above Sharwood’s - - - 620.& 
 
 Height of the summit of the mountain above the level of the lake 866 
 
 The measurements of Drs. Locke and Channing diftered from mine 
 only 14 inches: so we may regard this height of the mountain as cor- 
 rectly ascertained. 
 
 In company with Mr. Sharwood, we examined the rocks for copper; but 
 very little was' found. The works commenced here had already been 
 abandoned, there being no regular vein, and only a few scattered particles 
 of copper in the rock. The excavation made by the miners is on the 
 east side of the mountain, on a cliif which opens upon the lake. Ex- 
 plorations have been undertaken on the north side of the mountain, but 
 with no successful results. 
 
 The jaspery rock reaches, according to Mr. Sharwood, nearly to Bohe- 
 mian mountain, and extends to the lake shore. We had observed it near 
 the Little Montreal river, forming bold headlands extending into the lake. 
 After packing up our specimens, we returned to our boat on Lac la Belle, 
 and set out for Copper Harbor, stopping along the shore wherever any- 
 thing attracted our attention, collecting specimens of the rocks and min- 
 erals on our way. Some fine agates were seen in the amygdaloid; but it 
 is almost impossible to get them out whole without blasting the rock. 
 The limits of the . rocks are pourtrayed on the geological map which ac- 
 companies this report, so that it is unnecessary to describe their positions 
 with respect to the township lines. 
 
 July 14. — Copper Harbor, Fort Wilkins, B. 29.44, T. 21° C., t 21° C. ; 
 dew-point 9^° C., temperature of air 21° C. Went to Porter island to see 
 Professor Mather and Mr. J. W. Foster, and left one of my barometers with 
 Professor Mather to observe regularly. 
 
 July 15. — Heavy thunder-storm coming up; barometer falling rapidly. 
 It rose again as the storm came on. The lake waters retired from the 
 shores, and the level was reduced a foot, and then flowed in again> in as 
 remarkable a manner. | 
 
 Professor Mather and Dr. Locke observed this oscillation of the lake 
 corresponded with barometric fluctuations. I was desirous of ascertain- 
 ing if this was a general cause of sudden movements of the water, which 
 could not be traceable to the influence of winds, and requested Mr. Ma- 
 ther to keep for me a regular meteorological journal, and observe the 
 movements of the waters at Porter’s island, which is a spot favorably sit- 
 uated for such observations; he has furnished me with the original record 
 of his observations — a table, appended to this report, with my barometrical 
 observations. 
 
 July 16. — This morning we have another severe thunder squall, accom- 
 j^nied by violent wind. The wind renders the observations on the rise 
 ^d fall of the waters of the lake uncertain. B. 29.14, T. 23° C. 
 
 Saw Mr. Keeny, who is here for the purpose of obtaining copper for the 
 Baltimore sni.elting works . 
 
 July 17. — ^The storm being over, this day Dr. Locke resumed his voy- 
 age along the coast on his way to Chocolate river, taking with him a new 
 party of boatmen. We purchased of Messrs. Mather & Foster their boat, 
 
416 
 
 m 
 
 which we found already named the ^^Geologist,” a name we allowed to 
 be continued. Mr. Foster was desirous of being employed by me, and 
 Mr. Peabody, my sub-agent, thinking he would prove useful, and would 
 contribute some drawings of scenery^ he had made on the lake, which would 
 add to the interest of the report, earnestly requested me to allow him to re* 
 sign his place of sub-agent and to appoint Mr. Foster. The offices were 
 all filled, and this was the only way in which a vacancy could be created. 
 I acceded to Mr. Peabody ^s proposal and appointed Mr. Foster to the 
 place he bad left vacant. Mr. Peabody took upon himself the nominal 
 duty of packman of instruments, but really performed high scientific laborsy 
 making most of the barometrical and astronomical calculations required. 
 His object in resigning his place was to avoid being sent away on a sepa- 
 rate section, wishing to be constantly with me in order to improve him- 
 self in mineralogy and geology. The difference in pay was regarded by 
 him as of no account, and, for a supposed advantage to the survey, he 
 generously gave up his place of his own accord. The next movement I 
 contemplated was to go to Isle Royale and make a complete exploration of 
 the geology and mining resources of that island. An opportunity was 
 afforded for making a rapid tour of the northwestern portion of the lake in^ 
 a steamboat, which was to take a party around the shores, and ,land at 
 every point of interest. This gave me a chance to make a general recon- 
 naissance of the coast and to fix the positions of several places by astro- 
 nomical observations j while it would not retard our contemplated explo- 
 rations of Isle Royale more than a few days. This was the only way in 
 which we could get to Isle Royale, no other vessel going there, and the 
 traverse being too far for our boat to cross over. 
 
 July 18. — We embarked in the steamer Julia Palmer, and ran to the On- 
 tonagon river, where we found that Mr. Whitney and party had just arrived, 
 and had gone up the river about 15 miles seeking for the chief of the linear 
 surveyors. I examined some boxes of minerals which had been brought 
 down from the copper mines, and obtained some specimens of red oxide 
 and native copper from Mr. Hubbard, who is opening a mine about 10 
 miles up the river. 
 
 The Ontonagon river is the largest stream which enters Lake Superior. 
 Its waters are deep enough at the mouth of the river for boats to enter, and 
 is navigable for them up to the falls. A long and narrow island divides the 
 river into two channels, through which the water slowly and tranquilly 
 runs, and empties into the lake over a bar which obstructs the current. 
 
 The soil is coarse and sandy, but it is said to be productive. There 
 were good kitchen gardens near the few houses which have been erected 
 at this place. 
 
 Several companies have locations on this river, and if they should 
 prove to contain workable copper mines a considerable settlement will be 
 made at the mouth of the river. The land is reserved for the use of the 
 government at this place. Left a letter for Mr, Whitney at the Ontonagon 
 post office, and then left for our voyage to Montreal river, stopping at the 
 base of the Porcupine Mountains to obtain a meridional altitude of the sun, 
 and to examine the rocks on the coast. By this observation it was found 
 the R. 43, T. 51 N. section 10, is in latitude 46^ 49' north. The rocks 
 at the base of Porcupine Mountains are fine-grained compact red sand- 
 stone, the strata of which dip to the nortwest 151®. 
 
 July 19. — We reached Montreal river, where I took some observations 
 
417 
 
 [II 
 
 and examined the rocks on the coast, and at the falls. The Montrea 
 river presents many attractions for the admirers of picturesque scenery, and 
 exhibits the most beautiful waterfall existing on the coast of Lake Su- 
 perior. Not far from the mouth of the river we came to red sandstone 
 jrocks, which dip to the northward 70^, and it is a steep ledge of this rock 
 which produces the falls of the Montreal river, the water precipitating itself 
 over the edge of a cliff 80 feet in height and falling into a deep circular 
 basin, while the rushing waters have excavated a sort of amphitheatre 
 around this pool. The actual fall of water is but 60 feet, the river having 
 out a channel of 20 feet in depth into the ledge. We walked on a little bank 
 or shelf of sandstone around one side of the pool, and directly under the 
 overhanging ledges on one side of it, and from a measured base the an- 
 ;gles were taken, whereby I ascertained the height of the falls as above 
 -Stated. 
 
 July 20. — Continued our voyage to Ija Pointe, where I made a set of ob- 
 servations for time, and a meridional altitude of the sun for latitude. 
 After which I met with Dr. Norwood, the assistant geologist on Dr. D. D. 
 'Owen’s survey of Wisconsin, and with him I made comparisons of our 
 ^thermometers and barometers, and found that they agreed perfectly with 
 *each other. We arranged as to hours of observation so that our labors 
 might prove serviceable to both parties. Remained at La Pointe two 
 ^daysj and by the meridional altitudes of the sun, I obtained for the lati- 
 tode of that place, 1st, 46^ 46^ 24". 6; 2d, 46^ 46' 25". 3 : results 
 .agreeing so nearly that they may be regarded as approximations to the true 
 latitude, although I am aware that many observations are required for the 
 most exact results. My watch, set to Boston time, was found to be Ih. 
 :2(y 19" fast for mean time at La Pointe. By observations on Isle Royale, 
 the rate of the watch was 11". 48 per diem loss. The true difference in 
 time between Copper Harbor and La Pointe is 13", or 195 minutes in longi- 
 tude. This, of course, is but an approximation, and is given as such, for 
 longitude requires a great many sets of observations and several carefully 
 rated chronometers. Next season we hope to be provided with two chro- 
 nometers. 
 
 July 22. — Measured the temperature of the water of Lake Superior, off 
 Pigeon river. Temperature of air = 8^ C. ; temperature of lake =3-^ C. 
 We are now about 25 miles from Isle Royale; four mile« from the shore 
 off Pigeon river. Temperature of air — 9° C. ; temperature of lake z=: 5^ C. 
 
 Went on shore to see the mines of the British North American Mining 
 'Company, and visited Mr. T. Childs, the agent of the mines, who gave 
 ns some specimens, and showed us the mines, which appear to be quite 
 rich in silver at the surface, but thus far no deep working has been at- 
 tempted to prove the quality of the vein as it extends downwards. The 
 vein is composed of calcareous spar and sulphuret of zinc, filled with thin 
 scales of pure metallic silver. This vein is made up of a series of highly-in- 
 clined bands of calcareous spar and trap rock, the aggregate width of the 
 whole being six feet. The dip of the vein is WSW. 70^. On entering 
 the shallow drift excavated by the few miners who have been employed 
 here, I obtained some very rich specimens of native silver from the vein. 
 By assay of a sample of the pulverized ore, two and a half per cent, of 
 ‘silver was obtained. There is very little copper ore and no native copper 
 in this mine, and the whole character of the lode is entirely different 
 from the mines on the south shore. I shall feel much interested in learn- 
 Part ii — 27 
 
418 
 
 [13 
 
 ing the results of deep workings at this mine. Near the silver vein is 
 vein of galena associated with beautiful crystals of amethystine quartz. 
 This vein is two and a half feet wide^ and runs N. 30^ W.^ S. 30^ 
 and dips to the westward 85^. Having but one hour to spend at this 
 place; I could not make so full an examination of the veins as I desired. 
 I regard the mine as interesting to all who are engaged in similar works 
 on Lake Superior. 
 
 Jukj 23. — We reached Rock Harbor; on Isle RoyalC; and were left there 
 with our boat by the steamer. We pitched our tent in a little grove near 
 the shore; and laid out our plan of operations; visiting first the minihg 
 ground belonging to the Ohio and Isle Royaie Mining Company. I took 
 advantage; alsO; of every opportunity to obtain observations for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining the geographical position of the island. The lati- 
 tude observations are all suiliciently accurate; but; forivant of chronome- 
 ters; I could only obtain approximations to the true longitude; though for 
 short trips I found I could rely on my watch; v\rhich had- been carefully* 
 adjusted and regulated in Boston; and has a well-arranged compensation 
 balance. The results of the observations taken will be inserted in the 
 appendix. It was no part of my duties to make astronomical observa- 
 tions; and I was not provided by the government with any instruments 
 for that purpose; but I have been able; by means of my own instruments 
 and by taking advantage of time and place; to contribute somethings 
 however imperfect it may bC; to the geography of the country. Had I 
 been permitted; it would have given me pleasure to have done more; and^. 
 by use of good chronometers and other instruments; to have completed a. 
 series of more valuable observations than I have here volunteered to give. 
 
 July 24. — This day we examined the openings which have been made* 
 by the Ohio and Isle Royaie Company near Rock Harbor. At one places, 
 near the houses put up by Mr. RansoiU; there are crystals of quartz^ 
 colored brownish red by suboxide of copper; as determined by Mr. J. H. 
 Blake; who accompanied us. Some native copper was found at that 
 place; but there is no vein of any value there. 
 
 We then made an excursion to a place which Mr. Blake had named 
 Epidote; from the large beds of that tnineral which are found there. It 
 is hve miles SW. from Rock Harbor; and in latitude 48^ 2' 8" north; ac- 
 cording to my observations. The whole coast is composed of trap rockS;>, 
 with two beds of epidote rock; the upper of which is full of native cop- 
 per. The copper-bearing bed is about one foot in thickness; and consists 
 of a yellowish green granular epidotC; filled with angular grains of pure 
 metallic copper very uniformly distributed; and constituting from 8 to 20 
 per cent, of its weight. Under the copper-bearing bed there is another 
 bed of epidote; more compact in structure; and about five or six feet in 
 thickness. This bed contains stellated masses of a mineral which I 
 named chlorastrolite. This mineral is fouhd also among the rolled peb- 
 bles on the shore and on the beaches of an island at Rock Harbor; and 
 was first observed there by J. H. Blake; esq. 
 
 It will be difficult to blast away this lower bed of epidote rock in the 
 process of mining; for it is very hard to^ drill; and does not come out 
 readily in good-sized masses. The dip of the copper-bearing bed is to 
 the SE. by S. 28^; and the course of the outcropping edges is nearly 
 NE. and SW. In mining here; the work will have to be carried on by a 
 
 oping shaft; or inclined drift; following the dip of the bed. No timber- 
 
ing will be required ^ for the trap rocks forming the roof are suffibiently 
 solid and compact to sustain the pressure. Small true veins of datholite, 
 calcareous spar^ and prehnite^ containing spiculas crystals and sheets of 
 copper^ are seen traversing the trap rocks and cutting through the epidote 
 beds in their course. They dip to the NW. by W. 60^. They are from 
 two to three inches wide^ and aie quite rich in copper. One of these 
 veins was opened by tire Ohio and Isle Eoyale Mining Company^ under 
 the direction of Mr. BlakC; and was found to widen from one to three 
 inches as it descended eight feet. There are numerous veins of this kind 
 on this coast. The small veins in this part of the island generally nin 
 NE. and S W., and dip to the NW. Preparations are now making by the 
 superintendent of the Ohio ahd Isle Eoyale Mining Company to test both 
 the epidote bed and the cross veins. From the situation of the epidote 
 bedS; it appears that^ since they dip towards the lake shore at this place, 
 they must break to the surface inland at a short distance, if their dip is 
 regular. If worked from the shore, the drift will ascend, and no trouble 
 from water or foul air will be met with. The company now employs 
 about fifty men, and has made great improvements at Rock Harbor — erect- 
 ed good buildings, cleared a large area of land, made a good garden, 
 through which a l)rook flows, and is crossed in the middle by a good 
 bridge. The soil is fertile, producing most of the ordinary culinary vege- 
 tables in abundance. It is probable, if mining operations should prove 
 advantageous on Isle Eoyale, that a village will spring up in this place; 
 and, since the improvements alluded to were first made by Mr. Leander 
 Ransom, of Cleveland, the place is properly named, in his honor, Ran- 
 som.” 
 
 Rock Harbor is the largest and most beautiful haven on Lake Superior, 
 is deep enough for any vessels, and is perfectly secure from every wind. 
 The numerous islands which stand like so many castles at its entrance 
 protect it from the heavy surges of the lake. In some respects it resem- 
 bles the bay of Naples, with Procida, Capri, and Ischia at its entrance; 
 but no modern volcano completes the background of the picture, notwith- 
 standing the traditions of there having been earthquakes and eruptions ia 
 historical times on Isle Royale. Igneous rocks, most assuredly, do con- 
 stitute the rocky basis of more than four- fifths of the island, and there 
 must at one time have been greater eruptions there than ever took place 
 in Italy; but still this was at a period anterior to the existence of human 
 beings on tlie globe. 
 
 Isle Royale is a most interesting island, singularly formed, cut up into 
 deep bays, and sending out long spits of rocks into the lake at its north- 
 eastern ^tremity; while at its southwestern end it shelves off far into the 
 lake, presenting slightly inclined beds of red sandstone, the tabular sheets 
 of which, for miles from the coast, are barely covered with water, and • 
 offer dangerous shoals and reefs, on which vessels and even boats would 
 he quickly stranded if they endeavored to pass near that shore. How 
 different is the coast on that portion of the island where the rocks are of 
 igneous origin ! Bold cliffs of columnar trap and castellated rocks, with 
 mural escarpments, sternly present themselves to the surf, and defy the 
 storms. The waters of the lake are deep close to their very shores, and 
 the largest ship might in many places lie close to the rocks as at an artifi- 
 cial pier. The color of the water, affected by the hues of the sky, and 
 holding no sediment to di&L its transparency, presents deeper tints than 
 are seen on the lower lakes — deep tints of blue, green, and red prevailing^ 
 
according to the color of the sky and clouds. I have seen at sunset the 
 surface of the lake off Isle Royale of a deep claret color — a tint much 
 richer than ever is' reflected from the waters of other lakes, or in any other 
 country I have visited. Added to the fantastic irregularities of the coast 
 and its castle-like islands — the abrupt elevation of the hills inland rising 
 like almost perpendicular walls from the shores of the numerous beauti- 
 ful lalms which are scattered through the interior of the island, and corre- 
 sponding with the lines of the mountain upheaval — we observe occasional- 
 iy rude crags detached from the main body of the mountains, and in one 
 , place two lofty twin towers, standing on a hill-side, and rising perpendicu- 
 larly, like huge chimneys, to the elevation of seventy feet, while they are 
 surrounded by deep green foliage of the primeval forest. I requested my 
 assistant (Mr. Foster) to make a sketch of these singular towers, while I 
 was engaged in measuring their height. (See plate.) 
 
 Not less strange and fastastic are the effects of mirage on the appear- 
 ance of the peculiar scenery of this island, and the northern coast of the 
 lake seen from it. For weeks in summer the traveller may be gratified 
 by a view of the most curious phantasmagoria — images of the islands and 
 mountains being most vividly represented, in all their outlines, with their 
 tafts of evergreen trees all inverted in the air and hanging over their ter- 
 restrial originals, and again repeated upright in another picture directly 
 over the inverted reflection. A very beautiful view of mirage of this 
 character was represented near Rock Harbor, where the islands presented 
 an appearance as shown in the accompanying drawing. 
 
 In the deep valleys which traverse the interior of the island, between 
 the hills, there are either small lakes or swamps filled with a thick growth 
 ,of cedar trees. On the hills there is a mixture of maple, birch, spruce, 
 fir, apd pine trees, which are of thrifty growth, and will afford both tim- 
 ber and fuel. The soil formed by the decomposition of trap rocks is well 
 known to be warm and fertile; and so far as cultivation has extended 
 here, this soil will sustain a character equal to that of the trap ranges of 
 Nova Scotia. In the low lands, the cold springs from the hills keep the 
 «oil cold and wet; but where they are not thus exposed, or if the lateral 
 supplies of water were cut off by artificial drainage, I have no doubt the 
 soil might be cultivated and would produce good crops. This has been 
 proved by Mr. Ransom, at Rock Harbor, where the low-land soil, which 
 was originally covered with swamp muck, is now drained and fertile. 
 
 Under the shade of the crags, and among the thick evergreen swamps 
 of white cedar, it not unfrequently happens that perennial ice is found, 
 covered by a layer of turf. Mr. Blake discovered a considerable area of 
 ice thus preserved in midsummer, near Rock Harbor. On the immediate 
 rocky border of the island, the influence of the coid air from the lake is 
 most strikingly exemplified in the stunted growth of the fir and spruce 
 trees which cover the rocks; and in numerous instances we were able 
 also to witness the joint effects of cold air and a limited supply of soil, in 
 reducing the growth of trees, and giving the wood an extremely fine tex- 
 ture. In the cracks and crevices of trap rocks, where a little soil remains, 
 we find small trees have sprung up, having all the appearance of age 
 which the dwarfed trees raised by the ingenious Chinese gardener are known 
 to present. These little trees, from four inches to a foot high, are covered 
 with mosses like old trees, and the tiny stem presents in its bark and 
 wood the different layers representing many seasons. In cutting through 
 little trees, they were found, in some instances, to possess forty dif- 
 
ferent annual rings^ indicating as many summers. Mr. Blake made a 
 collection of numerous specimens, bearing proofs in their structure of 
 great age. \ The wood of spruce or fir in these diminutive trees was found 
 nearly as hard as boxwood, arid as fine. The trap rocks on this coast 
 are very compact, and more crystalline and less vesicular than those of 
 Keweenaw point. They are also distinguished by the greater prevalence 
 of epidote beds and datholite veins. Indurated clay and semi-jasper veins 
 also occur in it. Some of the trap is porphyritic, and it occasionally be- 
 comes so crystalline as to resemble sienite. Among the loose rounded 
 stones or boulders are noticed porphyry, with a red felspar base, contain- 
 ing occasionally a little quartz, and spotted with large crystals of a lighter 
 red felspar and granite, with white and black mica. There being no 
 porphyry or granite in place on the island, these boulders must have been 
 transported from a distance and deposited here. They cover not only 
 the coast and low-lands, but also the highest hills and elevated valleys. 
 
 On the shore occur pebbles of all the different rocks and minerals of 
 the coast, mixed with drift boulders, which have been transported thither 
 in former times. Lumps of native copper and polished pebbles contain- 
 ing it are frequently met with on the shore, and were known to abound 
 there in former times — the aboriginal tribes having been found to be fully 
 acquainted with the fact that loose pieces of copper were readily procured 
 on the shores of Isle Royale. ^ , 
 
 Sunday y July 25.-— Remained in camp. Day rainy and cold. Wrote 
 up journal. 
 
 Monday y July 26. — Last night, it was very cold and uncomfortable. 
 This day, went up the bay of Rock Harbor about one mile, to examine a- 
 vein of cupriferous epidote in the rocks where the trap and sandstone 
 join. This vein dips to the N. by E. 50^, while the strata of sandstone 
 dip to the SSE. 12^. The copper-bearing epidote is from 4 to 6 ifrches 
 thick, and contains sheets of copper between its layers, and spiculas of 
 copper in its mass. Pieces of the vein or bed break out into rhombic 
 prisms, exhibiting the usual smooth joints of slaty cleavage, often glazed 
 with layers of bright green epidote. It was obvious that this bed could 
 not be wrought profitably, the ore being too poor in copper to pay for its 
 extraction. 
 
 Rowed up to the head of the bay, and took a set of observations for lat- 
 itude near and at noon, by which it was ascertained that this point is in 
 latitude 48^ A! 25" N. 
 
 July 27. — We set out on our tour of circumnavigation of the island^ 
 stopping to examine minutely every point of interest. Leaving Rock Harbor, 
 we coasted along the shore towards the eastern extremity of the island, 
 and stopped first at the Union Company’s location, two miles from Rock 
 Harbor. This location is in charge of Mr. Charles Whittlesey, and is now 
 undergoing exploration by him. There is a vein containing native copper 
 at this place. It is five feet wide, runs nearly east and west, and dips to 
 the north 82°. Some very fine specimens of copper have been obtained 
 here. Three miners are employed in sinking a pit for exploration of the 
 vein. We took the course of the vein accurately by means of the sol^ 
 compass, and found it to be N. 88^° W. The declination of the magnetic 
 needle was E. at the mine. I examined three small veins of copper* 
 and calcareous spar which traverse these trap rocks. The copper is mostly 
 in sheets, and lies in contact with the walls of the vein, which is well de^ 
 
422 
 
 O -! 
 
 fined. Mr. James Hubbard^ the agent of this company; showed us every 
 desirable attention while we were at this place. The mines are 200 yards 
 firom his log-house. 
 
 Visited Mott’s island, where we saw a small copper veiii; 4 inches wide. 
 Its course was S. 80^ W.; N. 80^ E., and dips N. 50^. The veinstone 
 is 2 feet 4 inches wide; but is not all metalliferous. One end of this island 
 is trap rock; and the other conglomerate. Trap breccia was observed 
 near the line of junction; as usual. Keweenaw point was seen in mirage 
 from this place. 
 
 On completion of our examination of this location; we rowed to that of 
 Mr. Scovill; where we camped for the night — 8 p. m.; B. 29.38; T. 13^ 
 C. This point is composed of columnar trap rock; having a basal tiform 
 arrangement; the colors being quite distinct; and in three and five-sided 
 prismS; which, on the extremities, being polished by the action of the 
 waveS; presented the appearance of a pavement. In the cliff; there are 
 inclined columns resembling very much the basaltic rocks of central 
 France. 
 
 ■ Jw/y 28. — This day we examined Mr. ScovilPs mine. The vein is a 
 greenish mixture of calcareous spar, prehnitC; and trap, containing sheets 
 and spiculse of native copper. The course of the vein is N. 65^ E., 
 S. 65^ W.; and dips NW. 68^. It is from 1 foot 3 inches to 2-^- feet wide; 
 and has some lateral string veinS; or Imdersy as the miners call them. A 
 shallow pit has been sunk on the vein, but thus far the ore does not ap- 
 pear to be rich enough to encourage mining, though some good specimens 
 have been obtained. 
 
 We followed this vein along its course, south west ward, to a place where 
 Mr. Shaw has attempted some explorations, by sinking a pit on the vein. 
 This location is taken out in the name of Captain Smithv.dck. It is 100 
 rods southwest from Mr. ScovilPs pit. A marked ravine and fossa in the 
 ground indicate the line of the vein to be continuous to this place. The 
 exact direction of this line, surveyed by Mr. Mullet, was found to be, by 
 solar compass, S. 61^^ W. The declination of the magnetic needle was 
 E. Although some rich mixtures of copper and veinstone were ob- 
 itained, this mine does not yet appear to be rich enough to warrant the 
 expenses of mining. A few specks of silver have been found in one part 
 •of the vein, but we did not succeed in obtaining any. 
 
 Near the lake level, 11 a. m., B. 29.185, T. 12J^ C. 
 
 8p.m.;B. 29.095; T. 10^ C. 
 
 July 29. — This day we set out for Duncan’s location, and examined 
 on our way the Castle Rocks, or Cloven Towers. 
 
 Crossing the bay, we passed some pretty islands of trap rocks, covered 
 with tufts of spruce and fir trees, and landed on the shore on the other 
 side; then, entering the woods, we walked about a mile, clambering over 
 high ledges of trap rocks, which rise at an angle of from 40^ to 45°, and, 
 traversing a thick forest and a small cedar swamp, we came to the elevated 
 land on which are situated the Castle Rocks. These curious needles or 
 chimneys of trap rock reminded me of the celebrated rock at Puy, in the 
 department of Puy de Dome, in central France. They are not of so large 
 dimensions, but are much more slender and obelisk-like. Their position 
 is quite remarkable, for they stand like monuments on the side of a hill 
 three or four hundred feet above the level of the lake, and do not exhibit 
 •any marks of abrasion from causes such as have rounded the neighboring 
 
423 
 
 m 
 
 Iiills. How they came to escape the denudating force of ice and water of 
 ancient times, is not apparent; but they are evidently outliers of the 
 neighboring trappean hill, on the side of which they stand now so con- 
 spicuous. They are evidently in place, and not detached blocks. A fine 
 view of them was obtained by felling the trees which stood in our way; 
 and while Mr. Foster made his sketches, I measured their height, with 
 Sir Howard Douglass’s reflecting semicircle. One of them was 70 feet 
 high from its base, and the other 60 feet. In one point of view they ap- 
 pear like leaning towers, and in another they seem to be quite vertical. 
 Their structure, being jointed, gives them the appearance of an artificial 
 work, and might lead some to suppose they were the work of some former 
 xace of men — natural geological monuments having been thus frequently 
 mistaken for works of art. After making all the examinations of this place 
 which were desirable, and observing the bearings of certain well known 
 points, in order to designate this position, we went to Mr. Duncan’s cabin, 
 about three quarters of a mile distant, and dined with him, on the rough- 
 est backwoods fare, and then returned through the woods to our boat, and 
 lowed back to our camp at Scovill’s point, amid a shower ot rain. Rain 
 continued all night, with wind from the southeast. 
 
 July 30. — Storm still continues, and the weather is cold. Temperature 
 9^ C. Remained in camp engaged all day in writing. 
 
 July 31. — Storm continues; 9 a. m. B. 29.11, T. 13^ C.; IJ p. m., B, 
 29.17, T. 16° C. 
 
 August 1. — 9 a. m., B. 29.395, T. 17° C. Weather cleared. Set 
 out on our voyage again. Having learned that Mr. Ives and his party 
 of surveyors were confined on Passage island by the storm, and were pro- 
 bably without provisions, I sent the boat to relieve them; but they had 
 just succeeded in embarking when our boat reached the island. They 
 came to see us soon after, and arrangements were made to join one of my 
 party to theirs for exploration of the interior of the island, while I explored 
 the coast with other members of the corps. Mr. G. J. Dickenson was de- 
 tached for this service, and continued with Mr. Ives until the season’s 
 work was over. Mr. Mullet was subsequently sent to assist Mr. Dicken- 
 son in this service. 
 
 At noon we reached the spit called the Little Finger of Isle Royale, and 
 there took a series of observations of the sun at and near noon — the me- 
 ridional altitude giving for the latitude of that ppint 48° 1 0' 25'' north. The 
 xocks at this point are hard greenstone trap. We ran over to Amygdaloid 
 island, and entered a narrow bay with sandy beach and bottom, walled iu 
 by clife of trap rocks on both sides. The water of this little boat harbor 
 is shallow and is quite warm, so that myriads of delicate shellfish, the 
 lymnea, cover the bottom and shores. I noticed marks made in the 'fine 
 sand by the movements of these little molluses, which resembled marks I 
 had seen on fine sandstone, and which are called, perhaps erroneously, 
 iucoides. We pitched our tent on the sandy shore, and spent the night at 
 this place. 
 
 August 2. — ^8 a. m.,B. 29.54, T. 14° C., at lake level. Time pb- 
 servation taken here just before we left. (See tables of astronomical 
 observations.) Crossed over the island to a location claimed by Matthew- 
 son Miller, whom we met just after leaving this morning. This loca>tioii 
 Ts also claimed by the American Exploring Company. Our examination 
 was, however, likely to end the dispute, for we found the little vein they 
 
424 
 
 Ti] 
 
 were contending for to be utterly worthless. At the so-called mine we 
 found Mr. Curtis Fowler and some men rebuilding a log-house in the 
 place of one which had been burnt down by an accidental fire in the 
 woods. The house is built for the purpose of claiming pre-emption whea 
 the land shall be sold by government. The original building, I was in- 
 formed^ was erected in June, 1846, and it was burnt down last month. 
 The vein they were exploring is composed of hard epidote, and is only 
 four inches wide, and very poor in copper. It dips to the north by east 
 48^, and occupies a ravine about three feet wide, worn by the surf. The 
 trap rocks are very hard and not amygdaloid al, and mining here would be 
 an absurd waste of labor and money. There seemed, however, to be no 
 want of faith in its value among those whom we met there, for they were 
 about to procure supplies and commence mining. I advised them to aban- 
 don their project. 
 
 Leaving this island, we crossed over to Miller’s location, on the main 
 land, and camped. This location has already been surveyed by Mr. Ives- 
 and his party. 
 
 Level of lake, T^p. m., B. 29.55; T. 19^ C.; declination of the mag** 
 netic needle 6° east. 
 
 During the day we have had a view of a most remarkable mirage on 
 the north shore of the lake, where Thunder cape, a bold headland 1,30#^ 
 feet high, is seen changing its shape in a very remarkable manner, occa- 
 sionally appearing inverted, in part, in the air, and frequently sending out 
 a long figure like the horn of an anvil on the right of its table top. This- 
 projection on the sky we found to be the reflection of the shore at the base 
 of the cliff, and it was perfectly obvious that the mirage must be produced 
 by the condensation of a film of moisture from the warm air which moves 
 from the heated woodlands of the interior over the colder air of the lake.. 
 Refraction alone could not produce so wide a separation between the object 
 and its image. The islands on the north shore, called the ^^Paps,” were-' 
 seen inverted by mirage; and these phenomena were many times repeated 
 in the course of a few hours. 
 
 August 3. — Level of lake 6 a. m., B. 29.57, T. 15^ C. This 
 morning we examined Miller’s copper vein; it was found to run nearly 
 east and west, and to dip to the north. It is two feet wide. Near this is 
 a smaller vein, which has a course north 60^ east, south GO^west, and 
 dips to the north. About thirty pounds of copper have beei^ot out of' 
 these veins by means of the pick and gads, but no mining explorations; 
 have been made, and the vein does not seem to warrant much outlay in 
 its examination. 
 
 We left Miller’s, and went to the Pittsburg and Isle Royale Company’s 
 location, at Todd’s Harbor. The first vein we examined proved to be a ' 
 stock- werke, or irregular vein, without any well-defined walls. The vein- 
 stone, or gangue, is amygdaloid, containing laumonite, calcareous spar^ 
 datholite, and native copper, the metal being in pieces of a pound in 
 weight. This copper- bearing rock is fifteen feet wide, and the general ' 
 slope is to the northward. The second vein is from seven to eight inches 
 wide, runs northeast and southwest, and dips northwest 65^. Two other 
 places had been -opened, in one of which copper is found in thin sheets. 
 This vein is a foot wide, and dips to the northwestward 74^. Its course is 
 north 26^ east, south 25*^ west. The wall rock is shivered into a shingle 
 •of slaty appearance, andris disintegrated for the width of four or five feet. 
 
425 [ 1 ] 
 
 This appears to be a regular and will be opened to ascertain its work- 
 able value. 
 
 August 4. — 5 p. m., B. 29.34, T. 19^ C. 
 
 Todd’s Harbor is wide and good, but is somewhat exposed to the north- 
 west winds. One of the channels is very deep. This location is one of 
 the most favorable for mining on the northwest shore of the island, but it 
 is yet uncertain whether the work can be pursued profitably. Several 
 veins containing copper have been found, but they are mostly poor. Mr. 
 McCulloch, the agent for the company, is still industriously engaged in 
 exploring the veins, and has a large supply of good specimens, some of 
 which he presented to us. We obtained good specimens of prehnite and 
 datholite. Native silver was found in small quantity at McCargoe’s cove 
 by Mr. McCulloch; but we did not find the spot to which he directed us, 
 the vein being beneath the surface of the water. 
 
 Continuing our voyage close along to the shore, I observed a number 
 of ravines in which there are probably veins that have never been ex- 
 plored. Those which came to the shore contain but little copper on this 
 side of the island. At Gull rock we were detained by a strong head 
 wind, and, while stopping on the shore, opposite that rock, I took a set 
 of observations at and near noon, which gave for the latitude of the place 
 48^ 1' 2i^'', by calculation of the meridional altitude of the sun. 
 
 Near Gull rock I examined a vein of prehnite and quartz, with native 
 copper scattered through it. This vein is 18 inches wide, and runs north 
 65'^ east, south 65^ west, and dips to the north 80*^. Another vein was> 
 found which is 4 feet wide, and is nearly vertical. It runs north 
 east, south 25^ west. It contains copper, and intersects the vein before 
 described, near the water’s edge. Gull rock cove is a sniall indentation 
 in the cliffs of trap rocks, and has a gravel beach, on which it is easy to 
 draw up the boat, so as to render it safe from the waves of the lake. 
 There is also excellent camping-grou#i near to the shore, with an abun- 
 dance of fir and birch trees to supply bed and fuel. 
 
 August 6. — This morning continued our voyage to Washington Harbor. 
 Three miles from Gull rock we came to the Siskowit Company’s loca- 
 tion — Whittlesey agent. It i§ just occupied, and an exploring party is at 
 work. They have discovered some small veins of native copper; but 
 thus far their prospects do not seem to be encouraging. Half a mile fur- 
 ther southwmt, we came to another house belonging to Mr. Whittlesey’s 
 company — ^Mr. Benson agent. Nothing has been done here in the way 
 of mining. A short distance from this we saw two other rude log houses 
 which were not inhabited. We next reached the Franklin Company’s 
 location — B. Corey agent. This place is 6 miles from Washington 
 Harbor. Mr. Corey has a party of men at work exploring for copper. 
 He says that his company possess six locations here, and that one of then] 
 is claimed by another party now at work at Washington Harbor. Thej 
 have found some small veins of copper, two of which I examined. They 
 were from 4 to 6 inches wide, and run north and south. They did not 
 appear to be valuable, or of sufficient importance to warrant the expense 
 of mining. 
 
 We next examined a location belonging to the Isle Royale and Chicago 
 Company— Mr. Hug^hon agent. Stopping at noon at Huganon’s cove, 
 I took altitudes of the sun at and near noon, and the meridional altitude- 
 calculated gave 47^ 5(y 54^" as the latitude of the place. 
 
426 
 
 Passing along the north shore of Isle Royale^ we found a number 
 ‘lof safe landing-places for boats^ notwithstanding the representations 
 made of the dangers to be apprehended for want of them. Good gravel 
 ffceaches are quite common , and many little indentations occur which 
 osiier shelter to boats. The trap rocks present bold mural precipices along 
 the whole line of this coast ^ and are only broken by the little nooks to 
 which I have referred. Mr. Corey accompanied us in his boat from his 
 location to Washington Harbor, and, as we crossed over the bay, he went 
 io one of the small islands where the Franklin Company has a location, 
 while we went to Card’s point, and camped near his cabin. The Amer- 
 ican Fur Company formerly had a location here for siskowit and trout 
 fishing, and had cleared a considerable tract of land and corded up the 
 cut wood, which is now all rotten — the company having soon aban- 
 doned the place. I took a set of observations here for latitude and time. 
 '((See tabled.) At Card’s point, near lake level, B. 29.36, T. C., 
 fevening. 
 
 August 7. — B. 29.42, T. 19^ C., t. 25^ C. This day we explored the 
 weins of Phelps’s island in the mouth of Washington harbor. Found on 
 this island a house, inhabited by an old man by the name of Isaac 
 Hewitt, and Mr. Wright, an English miner. The two last-named persons 
 were at work exploring a vein, and we went to find them. They were 
 :at work for the Ohio and Dead River Company. The Franklin Company 
 also claim this location^ hut it is not worth contending for — all their veins 
 V examined by me having been found to be of no importance for mining. 
 During my stay on Phelps’s island I took a meridional altitude of the 
 :;sun, which gave 47^ 50^ 35 as the latitude of tiie place. On examina- 
 tion of the veins, I found them composed of datholite, compact table 
 .spar, and prehnite, containing a little native copper. Their course is 
 morth 17^ east, and dip westward 75^. Three veins occurring near 
 together were each only an inch v/ide. They furnished some good 
 .specimens of copper, but were evidently loo narrow to he worked by 
 mining. Beneath the surface of the water we saw some outcropping 
 veins, in which pieces of solid copper projected from the surface of the 
 rock. Laumonite and prehnite abound in nests in 'the amygdaloid of 
 this island ; but the finest specimens are obtained by breaking up the 
 loose boulders on the shore. At lake level, B. 29.455, T. 15° C. 
 
 A thunder gust was observed at this time on the north side of the lake; 
 xvind southeast. The declination of the magnetic needle at Card’s 
 ^int was 9° east. 
 
 August 8. — By meridional altitude of the sun, the latitude of Card’s 
 jjjoint was found to be 47° 51' 29" north. This day was spent in a more 
 thorough exploration of Phelps’s island. One of the veins was found 
 
 be 2|- feet wide. It runs north 5° west, south 5° east, and appears to 
 1>€ nearly vertical in its dip. Another vein was-observed having a course 
 irorth 10° east, and dips to the eastward. It contains some sheets of 
 copper. All these veins occur close to the water’s edge, and cannot be' 
 xvrought there. It is possible to trace them inland, and to sink a shaft 
 there; but I did not see sufficient reason to justify the outlay of money 
 which would be required. 
 
 August 9. — While at Washington Harbor, we explored every location 
 ' 0 f interest, and visited a place near the head of the bay, where Mr. Card 
 iiad supposed that a copper vein existed; but it was found to be a decom- 
 
posed rock without copper. We then ascertained the precise spot where 
 the sandstone and trap rocks form a junction — a iittle south of Gardes 
 pointy as represented on the geological map of the island which accom- 
 panies this report; noticed a vein of sulphate of baryta at this place^, and 
 then doubled the headland forming the southwestern extremity of the 
 island 5 which is composed of red sandstone, and entered Rainbow cove; 
 stopped there to dine and to make some observations. The latitude of 
 the mouth of a small stream, which empties into the lake by filtering 
 through a gravel bar, at this place, is 47° 49' 57". The rocks here are 
 sandstone, and the shore is low and sandy. A little meadow filled with 
 tall bluejoint grass and equisetacea 2^ feet high, and numerous flowers^ 
 peculiar to wet and cold land, attracted our attention. The sandstone 
 rocks on this coast dip to the southeast by south 20°, and the course of 
 the strata is nearly north 60° east, south 60° west. 
 
 August 11 . — Level of the lake, B. 29.53, T. 16° C., t. 15° C., 9 a. m. 
 
 We set out for Siskowit bay, passing over tables of sandstone, which bare- 
 ly allowed our boat to float over'the surface, and which extend far into the 
 bay. Yisited the fishing station formerly established here by the Ameri- 
 can Pur Company, and found Messrs. J. Blackwood, George Bolles, 
 David Bubee, and Frederick Myers engaged in packing siskowit and 
 lake trout. They informed us that they caught, salted, and packed up 
 sixty barrels of fish last season, between the months of July and Novem- 
 ber, and they calculate to pack upwards of 500 barrels of them this year. 
 This place is of no value except for the fishery, for the sandstone is not 
 metalliferous, and the s$il is poor, thin, and sandy. The surface has 
 been thoroughly cleared of woods, and is covered with a thin crop of 
 grass and a tangled growth of raspberry bushes. A short stay at this 
 place was all that was required. We purchased some potatoes, which 
 were regarded by us as great luxuries, and then sailed over to a small 
 island, where wm camped for the night in a beautiful cove, where our 
 boat WSLS sheltered from the high wind, which prevented our going further 
 this day. 
 
 August 12. — We are detained on the island by the violence of the wind. 
 At noon, by meridional altitude of the sun, the latitude of this place was 
 found to be 47° 57' 9" north. 
 
 At lake lev|l, in morning, B. 2‘9.57, T. 19° C. 
 
 • 6 p.m., B. 29.46, T. 17° C. 
 
 August 13. — Ran to Datholite, observing where the sandstone rocks 
 terminated, and thus fixed the line of junction of that rock with the trap.— 
 (See geological map of Isle Royale.) At Datholite, at lake level, B. 29.21, 
 T. 21° G.; indications of rain. Examined the copper veins at this place, 
 which is one of the Ohio and Isle Royale Gompany’s locations, and was 
 named by Mr. J. H. Blake on account of the prevalence of veins of dath- 
 olite. We found a German squatter had taken possession of this place, 
 and had a log- cabin near the copper veins. One of the veins at this 
 place is two feet wide, runs morth 60° east, south 60° west, and dips 
 northwest 50°. Another vein, containing an abundance of datholite, runs 
 north 35° east, south 35° west, and dips to the northwest. It occurs in 
 the bottom of a ravine eight or ten feet wide; but the vein itself is only 
 a few inches wide. Native copper occurs thickly disseminated in them, 
 and perfect rhombic dodecahedral cr}^stals of copper are often found in 
 
428 
 
 m 
 
 After making a hasty exploration of these veins^ we set out for Rock 
 Harbor^ hoping to arrive before the thunder squally now gatherings should 
 overtake us. In this we were defeated; for soon a most violent thunder 
 storm broke upon us, and forced us to betake ourselves to the first land- 
 ing we could find. Hastening to the shore; we had just time to throw 
 up our tent to cover ourselves ; throw the India-rubber cloth over the pro- 
 visions; when the rain began to fall in torrents. Our boat was drawn up 
 on the shore; and made an excellent rain-gauge; collecting 150 quarts of 
 rain in one hour. During the squall the Bar. stood at 29.21; T. 18^ C.; 
 t. 18^ C. Soon as this storm was over; we set out again for Rock Har^ 
 bor; arrived there at night; and set up our tent on an old camping ground 
 in Ransom. The steamboat had arrived during our -absence; and had 
 left again. Mr. Ransom’s family had arrived and his house was nearly 
 completed . 
 
 August 15. — Spent the day in writing. Sent Messrs. Poster and Pea- 
 body to examine a cave we had heard of at Scovill’s point. 
 
 # August 16. — Remained still at Rock Harbor Avriting up journal. 
 
 Augnist 17. — Took a series of astronomical observations; and examined 
 the rocks around Rock Harbor. 
 
 August 18. — Remained in camp. 
 
 August 20. — Examined Conglomerate bay and determined the positions 
 of the rocks and veins. There is a vein containing copper at this place, 
 which had been discovered by one of the explorers for the Ohio and Isle 
 Royale Mining Company. This vein runs ENE. and WSW.; and dips 
 northwardly about 85^. It is six inches Avide qnd contains native copper 
 and datholitC; mixed up Avith epidotC; Avhich is the principal mineral of 
 the Amin. The A~ein extends to an island about a quarter of a mile dis- 
 tant in a northeasterly direction . Conglomerate; containing agates ; jasper, 
 and pieces of scoriaceous trap; is the principal rock at this place. This 
 conglomerate bed overlies the fi%e-grained sandstone; and is in contact 
 with the trap rocks ; where it passes into a breccia and amygdaloid. Both 
 the sandstone and conglomerate are very much indurated; and ar© 
 cracked; as if by the iniiuence of heat. I observed that the indurated 
 sandstone Avas divided into rhombohedral prismS; as it generally is Avhere 
 it comes in contact Avith or near to the trap rocks. Returned at night to 
 Rock Harbor. At level of lake; B. 29.40; T. 18° C. ^ 
 
 Axugust 21. — We are hourly expecting the steamboat to *ke us back to 
 KeAveenaAV point; and dare not go aAvay for longer than a day. 
 
 August 22 and 23. — Made excursions around the bay and to the 
 islands. Examined the eastern side of the bay; where a jaspery vein, 
 containing copper; Avas observed in the trap rocks in contact with the 
 sandstone. Rowed around the bay and traced exactly the limits of the 
 trap and sandstones. 
 
 August 24. — Remained in camp this day; making calculations of our 
 observations. 
 
 August 25. — This day I set out on a trip to the central heights of the. 
 island along a line previously surveyed by Mr. Leander Ransom; extend- 
 ing from near Rock Harbor to the coast near Fish island. 1 measured the 
 height of every hill and the depth of every valley on this route to the 
 summit of the trap hills; and then; seeing that there Avas nothing of in- 
 terest to examine beyond; measured the section back again to Rock Har- 
 bor; examining minutely the rocks on the line of section. On calculating 
 my observations, it was found that there had been a fall in the barometer 
 
429 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 during my excursion. I therefore determined to have a stationary instru- 
 ment at Rock Harbor during the next attempt; and being allowed to fill 
 old barometer tube belonging to Mr. Blake, I prepared a stationary 
 instrument, and observed it while Mr. Peabody measured the whole sec- 
 tion from Rock Harbor to the opposite side of the island. Mr. Peabody, 
 accompanied by Mr. Foster, then measured this section over again twice, 
 and the results came out very accurately. The calculations being made 
 by Mr. Peabody, I drew the sectional profile and committed it to Mr. 
 Foster to copy. This section is given in plate 4. I revisited Conglom- 
 erate bay, in order to connect it with our sectional profile, but had not 
 time to measure the heights through the woods. The land being very 
 level, we have given its approximate height on the profile. For the pur- 
 pose of extending my section to the lake shore, I made a review of the 
 geology of Conglomerate bay. On this excursion we examined more 
 minutely the relations of the rocks, the copper vein having been previous- 
 ly explored. The sandstone strata have a WSW. ENE. course, and 
 dip 12^ SSE. in general, though they have, in some places, a much higher 
 dip. By levelling, I found the thickness of the sandstone and conglom- 
 erate to be 68| feet, while the trap is 100 feet high. The junction of the 
 trap and conglomerate is eighty rods from the head of the bay. 
 
 On the other side, at the head of Rock Harbor, the horizontal distance 
 between the trap rocks and the belt of sandstone is 576 feet, the dip 
 being E. by S. 12^. Rowing up the bay to review these rocks, we 
 noticed some drift scratches' on a rounded and smooth ledge of trap rock. 
 These scratches run N. 60^ to N. 65^ E.*, and extend below the water 
 level three feet. The rock is rounded off and sloping to the north. At 
 the head of the bay, we came to sandstone strata which dip to the SE. ; 
 and about thirty yards to the north, we came to trap rock again. 
 
 August 29. — Mr. Foster went to see the rocks at Conglomerate bay, 
 with the intention of adding to our sectional profile. 
 
 September 14.?— For three weeks, we had been most anxiously await- 
 ing the arrival of some vessel to take us off from Isle Royale, and had 
 aresolved, against the advice of every one here, to send our boat across the 
 lake at any hazards, if the vessel did not soon arrive. The weather had 
 been too stormy to admit of any such movement during the past three 
 weeks, and consequently we were forced to remain until the steam vessel 
 should come. Our provisions had been exhausted, and we were entirely 
 dependent upon the hospitality of Messrs. Ransom and Blake. A large 
 party of people interested in mines in Isle Royale had been waiting with 
 us in a similar manner at Rock Harbor, and all eyes were strained lake- 
 ward every day, in hopes of seeing some vessel coming for us. It was, 
 therefore, with great pleasure we this day saw the propeller coming to 
 Hock Harbor, and we hastened to pack up our various articles, and made 
 all ready for immediate embarcation. We then took passage for Copper 
 Harbor, where we arrived on the 15th September. 
 
 September 16. — This day is stormy, and we remain at Fort Wilkins 
 :and examined and arranged our materials. 
 
 September 17.— Examined the mines at Eagle fiver, which Mr. Corell, 
 the agent, had just left, having received orders from the trustees of the 
 mine to discontinue mining operations. ' 
 
 September — Yisited the Suffolk Mining Company’s location in 
 
 company with their agent, Mr. Pray. Satisfied niyself that there was no 
 true vein there, but that the gray sulphuret of copper is dissemiaated in 
 
a "bed of trap rock — the rock yielding from eight to ten per cent, of copper^ 
 Since no reliance could be placed on such a bed^ I advised that no fur- 
 ther outlay should be made in working there; but; since the company 
 had collected the materials for a furnace, and a Welch copper smelter had 
 declared he could work the ore advantageously; they determined to make 
 a trial of the ore they had already raised. 
 
 September 19.— In company with Mr. Pray; I travelled all over this 
 company’s location; examining every spot that presented an opportunity for 
 investigating the geology of that region. Visited the Copper Rock Com- 
 pany’s location; where I found a rude log-cabiU; with one occupant; who 
 held the location in charge. With him and Mr. Pray; I examined every 
 spot where there was any sign of a vein. Obtained some good specimens 
 of native copper from a beautiful variety of porphyritic trap; having red 
 felspar in crystals scattered through the rock ; and gray sulphuret of cop- 
 per from one of the small veins exposed in the bed of the stream. I did 
 not regard the veins on this location as of any value for mining purposes* 
 The rocks are compact greenstone trap and porphyritic trap; not amygda- 
 loidal; and very hard — the basis of the rock being compact felspar. The 
 veins are all narroW; and are pinched between very hard rocks that are 
 expensive to excavate. Returned to Eagle river. 
 
 September 20. — This day I revisited the Copper Falls mine; and re- 
 examined the work. On measuring the course of the vein as it is ex- 
 posed in the several openings; I found it to be N. W., S. 29^® E. 
 by the compass, the variation being 6^ E. While I was engaged in 
 examining the Copper Falls and the Northwest Company’s mineS; I sent 
 Mr. Foster to examine the mine of the Norfhwesten Company. He 
 procured some specimens of native copper, and gave me the following^ 
 memorandum: 
 
 Copper Falls. — Course N. 29 W.; by compass — Yar. 6^ E. 
 
 ‘^Northwest Company lease No. 8. — Course of vein N. 23^ W.; 
 
 Shaft. 
 
 var. 5^ E. — John L. Slawsoii; agent; 
 
 2 F. w. 
 
 on section 24, 60 rods 
 
 east of sectional line; and | mile south of the north location line. At the 
 bottom of the shaft Mr. S. says is 3 feet; in an adit it is about 6 inches^ 
 which will strike the shaft at the depth of 37 feet 2 inches.” 
 
 On my way from Eagle Harbor to the Copper Falls mine I met Mr. 
 Samuel W. Hill; who handed me a letter of recommendation of himself 
 as a surveyor; the letter being addressed to me by Mr. McNair; the mineral 
 agent. Mr. Hill wished to be employed by mC; and I promised to give 
 him some work; and to employ him as surveyor to my party the next year. 
 I learned from him that Mr. Burt; the linear surveyor; was in a vessel be- 
 calnaed off Eagle Harbor; and that he was very desirous of seeing me. 
 I therefore v/ent back to Eagle Harbor, took a boat and boarded the vessel;^ 
 and held a long conversation with Mr. Burt and Mr. Higgins, who had 
 seen Mr. Whitney’s parly on the Ontonagon river, and gave me an account 
 of their proceedings. 
 
 Septemhei' 21 . — This day I set out again to examine the mines at Cop- 
 per FallS; measuring a section from Eagle Harbor to the rhines, and whiter 
 
I stopped there sent a party to examine the Northwestern Company^^ 
 mine. 
 
 At Eagle Harbor B. 29.45^ T. 16° C. 
 
 One mile from Copper Faljs^ 9| a. m., B. 29.20^ T. 19° C. 
 
 Office of Copper Pails^ 10| a. m.^ B. 29.21, T. 19-|° C. 
 
 Office, of Northwestern Company’s mine, Ih. 7m. p. m., B. 28.849*., 
 T. 21° C. 
 
 First Hill, p. m., B. 28.600, T. 19° C. 
 
 May 22. — This day I measured a section from Eagle Harbor to the- 
 Northwest Company’s mines, which are under the direction of Mr. Stout- 
 enbiirg, of New York. In this work I was Idndl^r aided by this gentle- 
 man, who afforded me every facility for a thorough exploration of the- 
 mines under his care, and entertained my party most hospitably during: 
 our stay . 
 
 The following are the barometrical observations made by me on my way 
 to the mines: 
 
 Level of the lake at Eagle Harbor, 9 a. m., B. 29.412, T. 21° C., t. 21° O... 
 
 Oh Conglomerate hill, one mile from lake, 9 a. m., Bi 29.260, T. 22°"’ 
 C. t. 22° C. 
 
 Trap Rock Hill, 9 a. m., B. 28.970, T. 21|° C. 
 
 Height of land on road, 9 a. rn., B. 28.910, T. 21° C. 
 
 Summit of hill, 12h. 48m. p. rn., B. 28.830, T. 21° C. 
 
 Office of Northwest Company, 12h. 48m. p. m., B. 28.845, T. 22° O,. 
 
 The barometer was allowed to stand long enough to give the same tem- 
 perature on the attached thermometer as if it had been separate from the- 
 instrument. This section was, on returning to Eagle Harbor, measured 
 back again. On examining the declination of the magnetic needle at 
 this mine it was found to be 8° 10' E. There are several veins on the^- 
 
 location belonging to the Northwest Company, and Mr. Stoutenburg^,, 
 the agent of the company, has opened them far enough to prove that they 
 are very rich in native copper, and that they will prove profitable whem^ 
 the ground is sufficiently opened by mining. Some of the veins contaim^ 
 a considerable quantity of native silver united to the copper and mixed 
 with the veinstone. Owing to want of confidence in the permanency oF 
 veins of native copper, the company to which the mines belong has nbt 
 afforded the means required to render the property productive. The re- 
 searches of Mr. Stoutenburg have, however, fully proved that the veins- 
 are rich enough to warrant the expenditure of sufficient money to opei:^ 
 regular mines at this place. From the great number of Indian hammers- 
 fourid in opening these mines, it appears that this spot was well knowii& 
 to the aboriginal tribes, and it is evident that they had worked on the reg- 
 ular veins, and had excavated into them to the depth of five or six feet^. 
 boating out the native copper by means of diose rude hammers, cart loate^ 
 of which are seen in the soil around the mine. The first vein I surveyed 
 has a course N. 15° E., S. 15° W. It has been opened by sinking a 
 upon the vein to the depth of 20 feet. This shaft is 8 feet by 7 feet square.^. 
 The drainage is easily practicable to the depth of 40 feet, by the slope off 
 the land. Ori measuring the declination of the magnetic needle over veii^ 
 No. l and shaft No. 2, it was found to be 5° 4CK E. 
 
 Vein No. 2 was parallel to one already mentioned. A shaft has beem 
 sunk upon it to the depth of 50 feet, and a level has been excavated froix^ 
 
 •ar*' 
 
432 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 the bottom of it to the northward 73 feet and southward 20 feet. The 
 declination of the magnetic needle over this vein was E. 
 
 The Stoutenburg shaft is now 21 feet deep. The vein is found to be 
 parallel to the two already described. An adit level has been made to 
 drain these veins to the depth of their present working. Its course is 
 north and south, and it opens a vein where the course and dip of the lode 
 could be measured. It was found to underlie 1 foot 2 inches in 6 feet 4 
 inches. There is a solid sheet of copper exposed in this adit. It is 4 
 inches thick, and is seen continuously for 10 feet in length. The adit is 
 165 feet long and meets a shaft, and it will drain the mines to the depth 
 of 67 feet. Some of the masses of copper which were measured in this 
 mine were 6 feet by 7 feet, and were from 2 to 4 inches in thickness. 
 The largest piece of copper that has been raised here weighs a ton. 
 
 September 23. — This morning barometer at the office of the Northwest 
 Company stood B. 28.87; T. 10^ C. In company with Mr. Stoutenburg, 
 we examined three openings which he had made in the compact trap rock. 
 West of the office, and on the trail to Eagle Harbor, some poor copper 
 veins were found. We then reviewed the mines, and examined the ore 
 heaps, selecting suitable specimens for the government collection. Four 
 shafts have been sunk in searching the copper veins. Three veins are 
 now opened, and on one of them there are 2 shafts 23 feet deep. Thus 
 far the agent has reported to the mineral agent 170,000 lbs. or 83 tons of 
 copper as raised to the surface. He has now 100 tons on the bank. Sil- 
 ver is found in all the veins, but it is most abundant in shafts 2 and 3. 
 
 Two shifts of miners are now employed in drifting. They advance 6 
 feet per week in a drift 4 fee,t by 6 feet. The cost is about $9 per foot. 
 In sinking a shaft 6 feet by 8 feet, the cost has been $15 per foot. The 
 miners pay their own expenses except for mining tools ^ which are fur- 
 nished to them by the company. Mr. Stoutenburg is an active and en- 
 terprising man, and has made many important improvements, not only 
 on the location of which he has charge, but also for the public good. He 
 has made a good road 6 miles in length to Eagle Harbor, and one from 
 the Grand Marais to the end of Agate Harbor, 5 miles long, and has cut a 
 trail from the Grand Marais to his mines, 4 miles in length; and in com- 
 pany with the Gratiot Company’s men, he has cut a trail to those mines 
 for a distance of 3 miles. He does not profess to be a miner, but has, 
 nevertheless, managed to direct a series of good exploration workings on 
 the copper veins, and has a large quantity of copper, which will go far 
 towards paying the expense which the company has incurred in making 
 these researches preparatory to systematic mining. From what I could 
 learn, I could see no reason why these mines should not prove valuablo 
 to the company; but it is obvious that no mine can prove profitable before 
 deep shafts are sunk and proper levels opened, so as to prepare the way 
 for regular stapeing. A large amount of capital must necessarily be ex- 
 pended at some risk in mining, and no operations are so unprofitable as 
 over-cautious half-way measures. No one should say absolutely that a 
 mine will prove profitable, for there are uncertainties about even the most 
 promising mines; but I should consider it as safe to invest capital in this 
 mine as in any other that has not already been proved better. 
 
 Seplemher 24. — Office of the Northwest Company’s mines, B. 28.75; 
 T. ll"" C. 
 
Returning to Eagle Harbor^ on Conglomerate hill, U a. m.., B. 29.08: 
 T. 15^ d.; t. C. ^ ^ 
 
 At Eagle Harbor, 6 feet above lake level, 1 p. m., B. 29.35; T. 17^ 0.; 
 t. C. ^ 
 
 ^This measurement is not so reliable as that made on going to the mine, 
 for a rain is now coming on; wind SE. 
 
 September25 , — Rainy day;’Eagle Harbor, 9 a. m., B. 29.180; ,T. 22° C. 
 
 evening, B. 29.090; T. 22° 0. 
 
 September 26. — Thick fog. This morning, "B. 29.20; T. 17° 0. 
 
 This day Mr. Joshua Childs visited us, and added some valuable items 
 of information to my statistics of his company’s mines. In his shaft, 
 whieh is 6 feet by 7 feet diameter, the cost of mining, all expenses paid, 
 is $10 per foot in depth. The work progresses from 16 to 17 feet per month 
 in sinking a shaft, , and from 20 to 25 feet per month in driving a drift 4 
 feet by 6 feet. His miners at Copper Falls are now cutting up a mass of 
 copper which weighs 8,000 lbs. They saw it with a fine cross-cut saw, 
 there being no rOck mixed with the metal. 
 
 September 27. — B. 29.07; T. 15|^° C. Heavy rain storm all day; thun- 
 der squall in the evening, B, 29.10; T. 15° C. 
 
 September 28. — 9 a. nl., B. 29.170; T. 14° C. 
 
 noon, B. 29.114; T. 13° C. 
 
 Still stormy weather. 
 
 September 29.— I went to the Suffolk Company’s mines, 7 miles from 
 Eagle river, in company with Mr. Pray, for the purpose of examining his 
 location. The bed of copper-bearing rocks at the mines opened by Mr. 
 Pray has a course nearly N. and S., and dips *30° eastward. It underlies 
 u hard and very compact porphyritic trap rock, which has a base of com- 
 pact felspar, and is almost destitute of hornblende, resembling more a true 
 porphyry than trap. On the surface is a thin crust of green carbonate of 
 copper; an^ when the rock is broken open, it exposes numerous particles 
 of compact gray sulphuret of copper very evenly diffused through the 
 rock. Small string- veins of calcareous spar and of sulphate of baryta are 
 seen in the rock where mining operations have opened it. This copper 
 ore exists in an altered slate rock mixed with trap, which is intercalated 
 in the trap rocks. By the disintegration of this slate, which is much 
 ^shivered, there is formed a deep and broad ravine, through which a stream, 
 which is a tributary of Tobacco river, runs. It was evideiat at the first 
 ;glance that.no true vein exists at this place; and notwithstanding the fact 
 that the rock will yield from 4 to 10 per cent, of copper, still it cannot be 
 regarded as proper to erect expensive works on a bed of rock like this, for 
 there is no certainty of its continuing to yield copper tOsany considerable 
 depth, and the machinery required for working the ore would be very 
 expensive. I therefore advised that no more money should be expended 
 at this n^ne. Still, it having been represented by a Welch copper smelter 
 thkt the ore already on the bank could be profitably smelted, the company 
 gave him an opportunity of trying his skill, they having already procur^ 
 the materials for erecting a small blast furnace. This experiment, ds will 
 .be seen in the sequel, proved a complete failure.^ 
 
 T learned from Mr. Pray that the leases taken by his company were 
 101, 102, and 103. They are ih township 57, range 31, in sections 9, 10, 
 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, arid Ifi. After travelling all over these locations in 
 company with Mr. Pray, I visited the Copper Rock Company’s locations, 
 Part ii— 28 
 
434 
 
 m 
 
 adjoining the Suffolk Company’s. They have three locations^ each of 
 'which is one mile square. Mr. Martin L. Punchard is the agent holding 
 possession of these locations. He has built a small log cabin ; and has 
 made some shallow explorations for copper; and has found a few narrow 
 Teins of the metal and of gray copper ore. I visited them in company 
 with him and examined them attentively; procuring specimens of the 
 metal; ore; and veinstones; with the accompanying rocks. Among the 
 minerals I found at this place arC; prehnite in geodes ; pink calcareous spar^ 
 rhomb spar; native silver; and copper. The rock in which the native 
 copper is found is a beautiful porphyry with bright red crystals ot felspar. 
 In this rock a small vein of native copper occurs quite closely pinched. 
 The metal occurs in sheets and in crystals. In one of the veins the 
 gray sulphuret of copper occurs in patches and irregular masses dissemi- 
 nated in calcareous spar. In the amygdaloid the vein is from /our to six 
 inches wide; but that in the hard porphyry rock is narrow and the metal 
 is difficult to extract. About three ounces of native silver were taken by 
 Mr. Punchard from one of his openings in these veins. 
 
 I learned from Messrs. Pray and Punchard that the red sandstone oc- 
 curs about three miles SE. from this location; but on searching for it in 
 the bed of » the stream where Mr. Pray had seen it; we did not find it; the 
 rock probably being concealed by shifting gravel. After searching these 
 locations I returned to Eagle river and examined a vein on the location of 
 the Lake Superior Company. This vein is situated on the river; and is 
 called the Armstrong vein; it having been discovered by a miner of that 
 name. Its course is N. 10^ E.; S. 10^ W., and it dips to the eastward. 
 It is fifteen inches wide; and consists of a red colored mixture of oxide 
 of iron and calcareous spar; with very rare particles of copper. It widens 
 as it descends; and is in its lowest part two feet seven inches wide. Al- 
 though it is a regularly walled vein; I do not think it worth the expense 
 of mining; it having a direction which our experience has shown us to 
 indicate in this region a barren vein. 
 
 Another vein had been opened since I made my original surveys on 
 this company’s location. It is situated a few hundred yards NW. from 
 the office of the company; and was first discovered by a miner named 
 George Knott; and hence is called the Knott vein. It contains native 
 copper; but is narrow; and; alone; would not be worth mining; but it will 
 add something to the products of the location; and the ore may be raised 
 and worked with that from the richer vein in the river’s bed. 
 
 Oqtober 1 . — I revisited the Cliff mine; belonging to the Boston and 
 Pittsburg Mining Company; and collected some statistics of their mine;, 
 and examined all their works and machinery. Captain Edward JenningS; 
 their present superintendent; is an energetic Cornish miner; and has 
 given by his skill great efficacy to the operations under his direction; so 
 that the mine begins now to yield good returns for the labor and capital 
 invested in it. The old dry stamps put up for experiment hafe been 
 abandoned; and wet stamps upon the usual principles have been put up 
 in their place; and are doing very well. I examined this mill while it 
 ■was in operation; and saw the produce of washed copper obtained. The 
 stamp ore is broken into pieces of a few pounds in vsreight; and is then fed 
 into a hopper through which water passes; and the joggling and current 
 of water carry the ore under the stamp-heads. It stamps its own bed;, 
 and the current of water washes out the whole of the pulverized ore and. 
 
435 
 
 LI J 
 
 most of the lumps of copper^ which are carried into a large tank or vat> 
 where the slime is washed away by the current of water, and the heavy 
 particles of metal and rock remain. The contents of this vat are from 
 time to time removed to strakesy and, by stirring it while the water rushes^ 
 through the head of the strake, the lighter particles of rock are removed 
 from the metal. Subsequent to this the ore is thrown on metallic sieves, 
 and, by the operation of jigging y which is a peculiar agitation of the 
 ieve while immersed in water, the copper and silver are made to settle to 
 the bottom, and the rocky particles are scooped from the surface; and the 
 metals, after being sufficiently cleaned in this manner, are packed up in 
 barrels for shipru^ent. After separating i^jjiggi'n^g those particles of cop- 
 per and silver which are too large to pass through the perforations in the 
 metallic bottoms of the sieve, the finer particles are to be settled in kieveSy. 
 or tubs, in which the earthy or metallic matters are agitated with water,; 
 and the metals, from their superior specific gravity, settle to the bottom. 
 It is probable that a set of joggling and sleeping tables will be added to 
 the washing machinery hereafter, when a more powerful steam-engine^ 
 is employed^ that now used being only of ten horses power. It is evi- 
 dent, from what is now doing, that the stamping engine will ad4 consid- 
 erably to the amount of copper and silver shipped by this company, for 
 the stamp ore is estimated to contain about eight per cent, of the metals. 
 Thus far the company has sent to market the richest broken ore, contain- 
 ing from thirty to fifty per cent, of copper, and masses of nearly pure 
 metal-^the average yield of the whole b6ing estimated at sixty -five per 
 cent. 1 was informed by Captain Jennings that the largest mass of cop- 
 per which has been extracted from this mine weighed eighty-three tons. 
 It was cut up into pieces of from one to two tons in weight and sold to 
 the Baltimore Copper Company. 
 
 At this time the miners receive f 10 per square foot of cut surface,, 
 measuring on one side of the cut, for dividing the large ipasses of copper 
 into pieces capable of being transported. This expense is trifling when, 
 the"^ value of the metal and the magnitude of the masses are considered. 
 The tools used for cutting up the copper are well-tempered steel chisels, 
 which are driven by blows of a sledge-hammer, one man holding the* 
 chisel while the othei* strikes with the sledge. A ribbon of copper, about 
 half an inch in width and from one-fifth to one-quarter of an inch in 
 thickness, is thus cut out quite across the mass of copper; thenjanother 
 ribbon is cut out, and so on, until a mortised channel divides the whole 
 mass. On commencing the operation short chisels are used, whereby 
 much power is saved which would be lost in a longer chisel, having more 
 matter to be acted upon, and more elasticity to diminish the effect of the 
 blow. Chisels of greater length are supplied as the Avork progresses in 
 depth, until, in some of the thick masses, one of four feet in length is 
 required, the copper being in some places from three to three and a half 
 feet i^ thickness. Various machines have been proposed for the division 
 of these great slabs of copper, but none of them have been found so effi- 
 cient as this first simple method. Those who propose the application of 
 complicated machinery for the cutting up of this copper should remember 
 that most of the work is to be done in the deep recesses* of the remote 
 galleries of the mine, and. that it is not easy to adapt any of their ma- 
 chinery to the standing lode of copper, or td huge irregular masses tom 
 off and thrown upon the rubbish of the sloping ground and placed in a 
 
^sition not readily accessible. It is surprising to see with what confi- 
 dence and earnestness our ingenious mechanics propose to cut up these 
 masses of copper by machinery, and how ready they are to embark in an 
 enterprise from which they would shrink if they knew the practical diffi- 
 culties in the way. It is obvious, also, that the smallest portion of sili- 
 cious rock imbedded in the copper or any adherent sand would be an 
 effectual obstacle to the use of steel saws; for the hard silicious rock 
 would imbed in the copper, and would be the most efficient tool for cut- 
 ting up the saw. If the copper was on the surface of the earth, and free 
 from rock, it would be easy, notwithstanding any weight it might have, 
 to transport it to a mill with circular saws, which would cpt it with nearly 
 the same facility they do railroad bars; but from what has been before 
 stated, it will be seen that the conditions in this case are quite different. 
 It was also proposed by a workman from a Welch smelting furnace to 
 melt channels through the standing lode of copper by means of a.forge- 
 fire and blast bellows. I objected to this plan, first, that the conduction 
 of heat by a mass of copper would effectually prevent the heating a portion 
 of it to the melting point; and, secondly, that the combustion of the fuel 
 required to melt the copper would produce such a quantity of carbonic 
 acid in the mine as to render the air irrespirable . The first objection was 
 put to the test on the surface of the mine by attempting to melt a mass of 
 copper Xhat had been raised, and it was found impossible to raise a part of 
 it to a high temperature for the obvious reason above stated ; hence this 
 project was abandoned. I mention these various schemes to save any 
 persons the trouble of renewing them, or from interfering with the regu- 
 lar operations of the mine by attempts to again introduce methods which 
 have been found impracticable. Captain Jennings informed 'me that the 
 company made contracts with the miners to excavate levels at the cost of 
 ■$25 per yard in length. 
 
 One hundreff and twenty men are now employed at the mines, seventy 
 of whom are regular miners, and are mostly from Cornwall, England. 
 Seventeen houses have already been erected near the mines, and a village 
 will soon spring up there. Already a regular physician is retained at the 
 mines, and is employed by the different working companies on Kewee- 
 naw point. A clergyman is from time to time engaged to perform Divine 
 s^vices, and a school will soon be opened for the children of the miners 
 and laborers. 
 
 Having descended into the mines, and carefully examined every open- 
 ing and all parts of the vein, in company with Captain Jennings, I made 
 notes of every fact of importance, procured a good set of cabinet speci- 
 mens of metals for the use of government, and left the mine, returning to 
 Copper Falls. 
 
 I sent Mr. Foster with a party of men to examine the North American 
 Company’s mine, near the Cliff mine, and he procured a supply of speci- 
 mens of copper from that mine. 
 
 I saw John Bacon, esq., the superintendent of the North American Com- 
 ipany’s mines, and procured from him the statistical information I required. 
 
 mines are situated on the north side of the west branch of Eagle river, 
 and on the south side of the cliff. The vein of copper dips to the 
 jjrestward; and on the hanging wall of the vein, copper mixed with some 
 ^silver is thickly implanted. The walls of the vein are well defined, and 
 ithe veinstone consists of prehinte, quartz, and calcareous spar, which are 
 
near the surface^ separated in part from the walls by layers of red 
 called by the miners ^^Jluckan.^^ One mass of copper raised from tfijs^ 
 mine weighs 268 pounds. For want of the requisite fiinds, this mine w'as 
 not opened so promptly as that belonging to the Boston and Pittsburgh 
 Company; but now^, more confidence being felt in the permanency br 
 veins of metallic copper^ the work will be prosecuted more vigorously. 
 Many of the first- openings were made merely for the purpose of exploring 
 the ground^ and those^which are not required in regular mining will bp 
 neglected. At present three openings have been made. One shaft is 10{> 
 feet in depth; and two others are 23 feet deep. There are also' levels 
 of 150 and 24Q*feet in length. The coursb of the veinS; as given on Mr. 
 Schlatter’s plan of the ground; are N. 15® W.; and N. 32® W. 
 
 During the next summer I shall make a minute examination of this 
 minC; and I trust the ground will be so far opened as to afford a better 
 view of the vein than can now be obtained. 
 
 , A hasty visit was next made to the Copper Falls mine; for the purpose 
 of viewing the latest developments of the veinS; and in order to procure, 
 a supply of specimens of the ores for the government collection. 
 
 I descended again into the mines ; and examined minutely every levei^ 
 and all the exposures of the vein. Twelve regular miners aild ten labor- 
 ers are employed at this mine. Mr. Joshua ChildS; the superintendeht;, . 
 informed me that there being no rock in the great mass of copper he had 
 extracted from this mine; he was enabled to cut it up by means of a cross- 
 cut saW; at a cost of only $6 per square foot of cut surface. The largest : 
 mass weighed 7 tonS; and it cost $75 to cut it up into pieces which could 
 be transported by wagons to Eagle Harbor; where it was shipped and sent 
 to Boston. 
 
 I exaniined; during this visit to these mineS; a number of barrels of a 
 greenish decomposed mineral found in the vein; which is largely mixed 
 with native silver; some of the pieces containing from $25 to $100 worth . 
 of silver per hundred weight of the rock. This rich ore was obtained* 
 from the vein near the junction of the trap rock and sandstone, and it is 
 generally observed that silver occurs most frequently and in larger quan- 
 tities near the surface of the veins and near the line of contact of saad* 
 stone and trap, as also in the crossings of veins or at the points where 
 ^‘feeders^^ come in. The ore from those points ought to be picked out 
 and worked separately for silver. It should be stamped and Avashed at 
 the'mineS; and then the metals should be packed in barrels and sent to 
 the refiner for the separation of the silver from the copper. 
 
 The richest specimen I obtained yielded 5 ounces of silver per 6 pounds 
 of the veinstone. The aA^erage yield on a large sample I have not been, 
 able to obtain; since no such sample has ever been drawn; but the barrels 
 of ore I have mentioned Avere sent away. 
 
 Thus far no niachinery has been put up at this mine except a horse 
 whinU; used for raising the ore and water. If the Avork is to be success- 
 fully prosecuted; a steam engine of twenty or thirty, horses power should 
 be employed; and more extensive openings should be made. It is not yet 
 known whether the mine will pay a profit to its owners or not; for allfhe' 
 means required for the development of its resources have not yet jbeem 
 put in action. 
 
 The most discouraging geological feature which here presents itseSRs 
 the occurrence of a bed of fine red sandstone, which, from its dip and di- 
 
488 
 
 rection, must cut oiF the vein, and will render it unprofitable. This bed 
 was surveyed by Mr. Childs and myself, and was estimated to be 75 feet 
 thick. Beneath it the trap rock again occurs, but it is not certain that the 
 vein in the upper trappean bed extends into the trap rocks below. This 
 point is to be tested by Mr. Childs next year. 
 
 Several veins opcur on the location of this company, and have been 
 fully surveyed by their agent, but they have not yet been proved. It has 
 ’been proposed to run an adit level from the hill side into the shafti^ which 
 ,have been opened, in order to effect drainage, but, since the work will be 
 all in barren ground, the company hesitate as to incurring this expense. 
 The short adit will prove very useful, and will be made^ if the produce 
 of the mine should be deemed sufficient to justify the outlay of the money 
 .required. It is not probable that the long adit will ever be made. 
 
 I requested Mr. Childs to furnish me with a plan of his mine, which he 
 very kindly consented to do. He has made regular surveys and kept 
 plans and sectional views of all the work he has executed. 
 
 After making this last review of the mines for this season, I went to 
 Eagle Harbor and Copper Harbor, and embarked for home on the 3d of 
 October, reaching Boston about the middle of the month. 
 
 I immediately prepared my synopsis of the labors of the season and 
 forwarded it to Washington, with the annual reports of my assistants, as 
 soon as they were received. These synopses were printed in the report 
 of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. 
 
 Thb winter months were devoted to analytical and metallurgic re- 
 searches, applicable to the working of the metals and ores of Lake Su- 
 perior, the results to which I .have arrived being contained in this re- 
 port. 
 
 Journal of the Geological Survey for 1848. 
 
 Having written to the Treasury Department several times during the 
 -spring mmnths for the remittance to me of the funds required for the sur- 
 vey, and for the balance, f 1,500, due to me and my party for the last 
 year; and not having received this remittance, on the 2d June I went to 
 Washington to learn the cause of this delay, and to obtain the money re- 
 quired. 
 
 On arrival there I learned from the Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office that the appropriation for the survey was endangered by certain 
 representations which had been made to a member of Congress by per- 
 sons opposed to it, or by persons who wished to supersede me, by limiting 
 -the appointment to a citizen of Michigan. 
 
 I was informed of the nature of the complaints made, and found that 
 they were charges against my assistants for neglect of duty in the field. 
 To these charges I made a reply, which was deemed satisfactory, and the 
 objections to the passage of the appropriation bill were withdrawn. 
 
 I then procured the funds required for setting out on the survey, paid 
 up all the members of my corps, and advanced them the money ne- 
 xessary for their outfit and travelling expenses to the lake. On the 15th 
 of June I sent forward a party of my sub-agents to Detroit, to purchase 
 STO plies, and followed them myself with the remainder of my corps on 
 .^ph June. The interruption I had so unexpectedly met with by having 
 been obliged to go to Washington, and the haste with which I had to 
 
439 
 
 [‘] 
 
 iiiliKe pre^ caused me to forget to obtain some apparatus which I 
 
 ^w^s 'de^^^^ of procuring for the purpose of searching for galvanic cur- 
 Mtiis in the copper veins. This was a cause of serious regret when I 
 "arrived at the mineS; for I had calculated to settle the vex^d question of 
 the existence of any sucliicurrents. It was impossible to procure the ma- 
 terials required for the construction of such apparatus on Lake Superior^ 
 and hence I was delayed another season in those researches so interesting 
 to science^ and thus far untried in this country. In mines free from sul- 
 phurets^ such^ as the native copper veins of Lake Superior; these experi+ 
 ments could have been tried where the objections urged against the ex- 
 periments of Mr. FoX; of Cornwall; could not be applied; and. therefore 
 interesting results might be looked for. In every other respect, I was 
 well equipped for my labors. The honorable Secretary of the Treasury 
 had allowed me to procure two chronometers; so that the difference of 
 longitude between Boston and Lake Superior could be determined. One 
 of the chronometers was confided to Mr. Whitney, who had been irlstruct- 
 ed in the use of the sextant, and the other was used by me. It was hoped, 
 if another season was allowed for the survey, that by two journeys with 
 these chronometers to liuke Superior and back again a near approxima- 
 tion to the true longitude might be obtained; and the latitude observations 
 previously made by me, connected with a new series of longitude observa- 
 tions, would fix the geographical position of every important point on the 
 lake. I would observe, however, that these, geographical measurements 
 formed no part of my duty; but I was desirous of contributing to that de- 
 partment of knowledge, since it could be done without taking up much of 
 our time, and could not fail to prove interesting. 
 
 I was provided with a good French sextant and mercurial horizon, 
 and one of my friends had loaned to Mr. Whitney a good Fuglish sextant 
 and artificial horizon. I had been accustomed to astronomical observa- 
 tions with such instruments for several years, and Mr. Whitney had also 
 had some practice while he was in my employ in the geological survey of 
 New Hampshire, and had learned to use the sextant. I had procured 
 four good mountain barometers, all of which were perfectly accurate, and 
 Messrs. Whitney and Gibbs had each one of their own. These, with 
 thermometers, numerous compasses, measuring chain, tapes, all the 
 mineralogical instruments, tests, and the geological tools, were provided 
 ^by me from the best instrument makers, and at my own expense. Boats 
 and camp equipage we had left last season at Copper Harbor, all ready for 
 our use on reaching that place. 
 
 The following is a list of persons employed by me on the survey for this 
 ^season: ' 
 
 Josiah D. Whitney, of Northampton, Massachusetts, 
 
 John W. Foster^ of Zanesville, Ohio, 
 
 Samuel W. Hill, of Michigan, surveyor. 
 
 William Schlatter, of Eagle river, Michigan, draughtsman for maps, &c 
 Dr. Walcott Gibbs, of New York,, sub-agent. 
 
 George S. Dickenson, Boston, Massachusetts,") 
 
 ‘George 0. Barnes, Plymouth, do > Assistant sub-agents. 
 
 James McIntyreVBahgor, Maine, j 
 
 C. A. Joy, New York, clerk and packman, &c. 
 
 A. W. Thayer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, packman for instrument, &( 
 -Joseph S. Kendall, Boston, Massachusetts, observer of stationary baromete 
 
 V Assist, geologists. 
 
440 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Dr. John Locke had been detached at his own request^ and by the ad- 
 vice of the Hori. Secretary of the Treasury, to make magnetic observations^ 
 on both Dr* Owen’s district and mine; but, owing to the lateness of 
 the passage of the appropriation bill, did not enter upon field duties tliis^ 
 year. The appropriation bill not passing untfi August, it was considered 
 then to be too late for the beginning of Dr. Lockers field duties, and the means 
 placed at the disposal of Dr. Owen and myself were not sufficient to main- 
 tain that survey until the appropriation shquld be placed at our disposal. 
 This, was a matter of regret, for the magnetic observations had already 
 begun to yield interesting results. ' 
 
 June 25. — This day we reached Detroit, and stopped there two days for 
 the purpose of consulting with the surveyor general, and making arrange- 
 ments with him for transmission to me of the township plats as soon 
 as -they could be drawn. I also made arrangements with C. C. Trow- 
 bridge, esq., to receive for me the funds I might require. 
 
 June 27 , — We embarked for the Sault Ste. Marie, and reached there on 
 the 29th of June. We were detained there until the 7th of July, awaiting 
 the sailing of the propeller ^^Independence,” her machinery being out of ^ 
 order, and the captain had gone to Detroit for materials to effect repairs. 
 During this stay at the Sault, • I directed a series of astronomical observa- 
 tions required for rating our chronometers, and for the determination of the 
 longitude of that place. Mr. Whitney was charged with* these obser- 
 vations. 
 
 July 7. — We left the Sault for Copper Harbor,' and arrived at that place on 
 the 8th. 
 
 July 9.- — We remained this day at Brockway ’s house, engaged in 
 making preparations for our work and in writing to the Treasury Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 July 10, — Removed all our effects to Fort Wilkins, arid, after arranging 
 our articles, made a set of astronomical observations, 
 
 July 11. — Repaired those instruments which had suffered injury on our 
 journey, and also made astronomical observations for rating chronometer 
 and for longitude of Port Wilkins. 
 
 July 12. — Surveyed the borders of Copper Harbor, and sent Mr. Barnes* 
 to measure Brockway’s mountain. 
 
 July 13. — Pilled Mr. Whitney’s barometer, putting the instrument into 
 complete repair; then went to Manganese lake, three miles back from Cop- 
 per Harbor, to measure its height, examine the locality of black oxide of ^ 
 manganese, which gives the name to the lake, and to collect some new 
 species of shells discovered there some years since by Captain Benjamin 
 Starmard . 
 
 The hill directly in the rear of Copper Harbor is composed of conglom- 
 erate rock, and contains a vein of calcareous spar which has been mis- 
 taken for a continuation of the black oxide of copper vein formerly niinedi 
 at Copper Harbor. This hill contains no minerals of interest, and is cov- 
 ered Avith a thin and poor soil, from which the vegetable mould has been 
 burnt by a recent fire, and the fallen forest trees, half burnt, are in great 
 confusion. On reaching Manganese lake, we saw the bed of manganese 
 near ffie falls, fifty yards below the outlet of the lake. It is in a bed of 
 calcafeous spar included in the conglomerate rocks which present them- 
 selves in overhanging crags on the borders of the stream. The manga- 
 nese is ^a silicious black oxide, much mixed with %alc spar, and is of no^ 
 
441 
 
 m 
 
 Talue for the arts. The layers of manganese are three or four beds of 
 from one to seven inches in thickness^ and included in the spar. The 
 middle layer is the thickest. The conglomerate rock dips to the north- 
 westward 13° or 15^^ and the cliff is 40 feet high. 
 
 Manganese lake is a small but very pretty sheet of water^ quite warm 
 at this season of the year, and is inhabited by myriads of fresh- water 
 shells and leeches. The elevation of this lake, as determined by baro- 
 metrical observations, is 141 feet above the level of Lake Superior. 
 
 Level, of Manganese lake, B. 29.36, T. 73J° F., t. 67° F. 
 
 26 feet above Lake Superior, B. 29.48, T. 73^° F., t. 70° P. 
 
 The immediate fall at the outlet of the lake is only 8 feet, and the stream 
 is small. 
 
 We picked up a pint or two of the shells, and packed up a number, of 
 specimens of the manganese and calcareous spar, and then returned to 
 Fort Wilkins. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Hill, one of the deputy linear surveyors, whom I had 
 promised to employ as our surveyor, came and joined us this day. 
 
 Jvly 14. — I set out with my party to review the geology of Keweenaw 
 point, and to fix certain lines of junction of the trap and sandstone by the 
 township lines. I then was to send my boat back to Port Wilkins, and 
 survey a section from Lac la Belie to Copper Harbor. 
 
 Dr. Gibbs went with me, to try his barometer with mine, on this route. 
 Stopped at Horse-shoe Harbor, and sent Mr. Barnes to measure a hill in 
 the interior — ^which he accomplished, and. also obtained specimens of the 
 rocks. 
 
 Barometer at the lake, B. 29.60, T. 68° P. 
 
 Barometer on the hill, B. 28.92, T. 68° F. 
 
 The height is 712 feet. 
 
 We were detained a few hours by wind at Horse-shoe Harbor, and 
 stopped to dine there. Soon as the wind had abated, we continued our 
 voyage along the coast, marking on the spot the exact positions of the 
 rocks — Mr. Barnes seeking the marks of town^ip and section lines, so 
 that we could denote their locations on the township plats, which were to 
 be reduced by our draughtsman into a geological map. Mr. Foster and 
 myself were engaged in the mean time in measuring the dip and direction 
 of the strata, or in collecting specimens of the' rocks and minerals which ' 
 are found on the c5ast. 
 
 At the extremity of Keweenaw point, the trap rocks are quite strongly 
 amygdaloidal, and form regular beds with the conglomerate and sand- 
 stone, and project beyond these rocks into the lake. Agate pebbles are 
 abundant, and are derived from the disintegration of the amygdaloid, and 
 disengagement of these silicious amygdules. Some large geodes of agate 
 were observed, but it was impossible to extract them whole without blast- 
 ing the roc.k. Radiated pectolite, variously colored, occupies som^ of the 
 cavities in the amygdaloid. 
 
 After marking on our township plats the position of each rock — Mr. 
 Barnes seeking out the section lines, and Mr. Poster recording the places 
 on the map; while I explored the geological boundaries, and collected spe- 
 cimens of the rocks and minerals^ measuring the dip and direction of the 
 stratified rocks — we passed along the shore to the Massachusetts location,, 
 which has been abandoned after a fruitless search for copper veins. Six 
 houses have been erected on this spot, and the soil has been cleared, and 
 
is of good* quality^ as is shov/ii by the luxuriant growth of barley and 
 herd’s grass which have been accidently sown near the houses. 
 
 We stopped a short time at the Boston and 'Lake Superior Mining Com- 
 pany’s location^, situated near that belonging to the Massachusetts Com- 
 pany. It has been abandoned^ after an unsuccessful search for copper 
 veins. The houses built for the mining party are in good order, and a 
 considerable clearing has taken place around them. We visited next the 
 mouth of Little Montreal river, and examined the rocks for some distance 
 up that stream. This river falls into the lake over ledges of trap rocks, 
 by a succession of leaps — the aggregate height of these falls being abmib 
 40 feet. Further up the stream, there are other minor falls and rapias. 
 The rocks are hard and compact trap rocks, but slightly vesicular. No 
 copper veins are found at this place, or any mineral of interest. 
 
 Continuing our voyage to Lac la Belle, we noticed a peculiar breccia of 
 porphyry and trap rock, which,’ at first sight, would be mistaken for con- 
 glomerate rock. It contains a large mixture of seams of leonhardite, some 
 of which is of a bright red color, from peroxide of iron. Further towards 
 Lac la Belle, we came to nearly vertical strata of sandstone, the dip being 
 NE. 85°. The range of the outcrop, according to Mr. Foster’s observa- 
 tion with a prismatic compass, is N. 70° W. 
 
 We next entered Lac la Belle in our boat, passing over a sand bar at 
 the mouth of the river, and sailed up that beautiful stream to the lake 
 which the ancient French voyageurs so properly named Lac la Belle. It 
 is indeed a very beautiful sheet of water, spread out directly beneath the 
 Bohemian mountain and Mount Houghton, and covering an area of about 
 two miles square. 
 
 Previous to ascending the mountain, I took a barometrical observation, 
 the instrument being suspended three feet above the surface of the lake, 
 as recorded below. 
 
 July 15. — Three feet above the level of Lac la Belle, p. m., B. 29.57, 
 T. 22° C., t. 67° F. Ascending immediately to the office of the Lac la 
 Belle Mining Company, "^B. 29.265, T. 20° C., t. 68° F. 
 
 From this observation, the height of that spot is 306 feet above Lac la 
 Belle. 
 
 We next examined the adit which had been made since I last visited 
 these mines, with a view to striking the vein at a lower level, and to drain 
 the upper works. This adit is 114 feet below the office, and is a most 
 beautiful specimen of the miner’s skill; but it does not appear thus far to 
 have rewarded them by disclosing a rich lode of copper ore, which it was 
 hoped would be cut by it. Indeed, theie is a high probability that it has 
 not reached the veins which have proved so rich in copper higher up the 
 hill. A vein consisting mostly of calcareous spar, with an admixture of 
 gray sulphuret of copper and some small string- veins of the ore, is all that 
 has thus far been found in this adit. This vein is 3 feet 9 inches wide. 
 l,jt dips from 74° to 81° W., and follows the line of junction of a red shale 
 with the hard trap rock. Near the mouth of the adit, the rocks consist of 
 a curious variety of chlorite slate, which is a soft rock, easily cut by the 
 miners’ tools. The adit runs through this soft green rock, and then 
 through a red slate, and divides into two branches or forks, driven to seek 
 for the vein. The distance from the mouth of the adit to the forks is 158 
 feet; from thence one branch runs 94 feet to a vein, and 160 feet on the 
 vein — making in all 412 feet as the extent of the excavations. But little 
 
ore is now exposed to view in this mine. The vein became pinched as it 
 was followed^ and is not rich enough to pay for the work. Some bunches 
 and small rich veins have been founds but they were quite irregular and 
 uncertain. I measured the temperature of the air and water in this adit^ 
 and found; at the depth of 179 feet below the surface of the ground; the 
 temperature of the air was 48^ F.; and of the water 45^ F.; while the 
 external air was 71"^ F. At the depjjti of 140 feet; the temperature of the 
 water was 44^ F.; a second experiment; in another spot; gave 44® F. 
 
 ' The temperature of the air at that place was 51^ F., the external air being 
 at 71"^ F. 1 then examined the upper drift; which runs NW. and SE.; 
 and enters the hill above the oflS.ce. The temperature of the air in this 
 drift Avas 47^ F.; and that of the Avater Avas 44^ F. After making these 
 experiments; I re-examined the vein/ and found.it to dip to the NE. It 
 has narroAved to 1|^ inch in width. I examined also 50 barrels of ore 
 which Avas extracted from this mine. Each of these barrels of /ore was 
 estimated to weigh about 500 lbs. The ore is a mixture of gray sulphuret 
 of copper; mixed with some pulverulent carbonate; and will probably yield 
 from 45 to 47 per cent, of copper, A working sample of a few tons of 
 this ore was assayed by me in Boston previous to my visiting the mine. 
 
 I went next to revisit the Bohemian Company’s mine; further up the 
 hill; and found the Avorks had been abandoned; on account of a tire which 
 had destroyed all their buildings and the machinery at the shaft. Seven 
 houses had been consumed . Mr. Mandlebaum; the agent, had left for 
 NeA^ York; and no opportunity was afforded for a neAV inspection of the 
 mine. 
 
 July 17.' — This morning we took some observations; and then set out 
 . to measure a section from Lac la Belle to Copper Harbor. 
 
 At Lac la Belle Company’s office, a. m., B. 29110, T. 20^ C. 
 
 Near a brook and ravine running S. 20^ E., 10 a. m., B 28.88, T. 22"^ 
 C.; t. 69® F. 
 
 Montreal river, 10| a. m., B. 29.12, T. 22^® C. 
 
 Ravine, base of ledge, 11 J a. m., B. 28.92, T. 24® C., t. 71® F. 
 
 Under ledge, 12 m., B. 28.915, T. 22® C. 
 
 At this place, saAV a small vein with a little copper. It had been ex- 
 plored by Mr. Mandlebaum. This vein runs N. 30® 
 
 Bridge 8 miles from Bohemian mount, Ih. 10m. p. m., B. 29.01, 
 T. 22® C.; t. 70® F. 
 
 Reached Brockway ’s house at 2 p. m., and then went to Fort Wilkins. 
 Dr. Gibbs, my sub-agent, measured several points with me, Avith his 
 barometer, completing by this means an entire line of section over the 
 whole route to Copper Harbor. The results of this measurement, calcu- 
 lated, gave the sectional profile shown in plate 5. 
 
 July 18.— This day the observations Avere calculated, and the section 
 was draAvn by Mr. Poster, my assistant. / 
 
 ' July 19.— This day 1 sent Mr. Whitney and Dr. Gibbs, with Mr. Joy 
 and three of our best boatmen, to explore the country on the Ontonagon 
 river, and to eastAvard as far as the portage on Keweenaw point. They 
 . are to spend a month in exploring the mines and in making such observa; 
 tions as may be required. He is to carry one of the chronometers and 
 the sextant, and determine the longitude- of a few points on his route. 
 
 Having engaged Mr. Wm. Schlatter to draw a map of KeweenaAV point 
 from the township plats in my possession, for a basis on Avhich the geol- 
 
444 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ogy of the point should,-be represented from my surveys, I remained a few 
 days to superintend the work, and sent Mr. Barnes out to measure the 
 heights of several mountains in the vicinity. He explored a line of sec- 
 tion to the Montreal river, and on his return brought a very singular trap 
 rock, composed of crystals of a black mineral which proves to be pyroxene, 
 >and specimens of prehnite and pieces of rock he met with on his route. 
 
 July 21. — A high north 'wind invents my sending out a party in the^ 
 boat this day. We therefore remained, being occupied in writing, &c, 
 
 July 24.— This day, the wind having diminished, we set out for Ea^le 
 Harbor and Eagle river, where I found letters from Washington awaitinj^ 
 me. Went to Eagle river, and left our luggage at the Lake Superior 
 Company’s office, and then went to explore the Suffolk Company’s loca- 
 tion in company with Mr. Lyman Pray. I sent Messrs. Foster, Hill, and 
 Barnes to explore the country to Torch lake. 
 
 At the Lake Superior Company’s office, which is — feet above the 
 level of Lake Superior, 3 p. m., B. 28.98, T. 20^ C., t. 68^ P. 
 
 Top of hill, one mile north of Mr. Fray’s house, on the Suffolk Com- 
 pany’s location, 4f p. m., B. 28.48, T. 21° C., t. 68° F. 
 
 Mr. Pray’s house, 5 p. m., B. 28.64, T. 20° C., t. 66° P. 
 
 One of my principal objects in this visit was to examine the furnace, 
 which Mr. Pray had erected, and to witness his experiments in smelting 
 the copper ore which he was endeavoring to reduce. I also examined 
 the different openings he had made on the location belonging to the Suf- 
 folk Company. 
 
 July 25. — This morning at Mr. Pray’s house, B. 28.96, T. 22° C., t. 
 62° P. 
 
 Examined the location lease 102, travelling over a large portion of that 
 region and the locations adjoining, in order to explore for the junction of 
 the trap rocks and sandstone. On lease 102, I examined a vein of cal- 
 careous spar containing a little gray copper ore. A drift has been driveu 
 into it in a course north 30° west, and has exposed a vein four inches 
 wide, which dips 76° northwest. At this mine the barometer stood, B. 
 28.98, T. 15° C., t. 56° P. After traversing a table-land thickly covered 
 with maple, birch, and pine trees, we returned to Mr. Pray’s house, where 
 the barometer at 3 p. m. was, B. 28.962, T. 18° C., t. 76° F. 
 
 July 26. — Examined the furnace, made a drawing of it and the steam- 
 engine and blowing- machine, and saw the ore smelted. I observed that 
 more iron than copper was obtained by smelting this trap-rock in the 
 blast-furnace, and that it was not a suitable furnace for smelting copper 
 ore. The temperature required to melt the rock into a liquid slag, even 
 when well fluxed with lime,^ reduced the iron, which is a constituent of 
 the rock, so that the pigs cast were nearly three-fourths of their thicknesS' 
 made up of cast-iron, which floated on the surface of the copper in casting. 
 
 I therefore advised abandoning the idea of working the ore, for it was 
 obvious that it could not be worked to advantage. It was not worth the 
 expense to put up stamping and washing mills, and the copper could not 
 be separated from the rock without this was done. Mr. Pray resolved_,, 
 therefore, to abandon the place immediately. The copper which he had 
 reduced was separated from the iron by refusion, and a cake of it was 
 obtained quite pure by taking advantage of their different specific gravi- 
 ties, and running off the iron from the surface of the melted copper. 
 
26i— At Mr. Pray’s house^ B. 28. 84^ T. 15^C.^ t. 55^ F.; at 11 a, 
 m., 28.82, T. C., t. 6P P. 
 
 After making an examination of the ores from the mines on the Suffolk 
 looation, and stamping and washing a fair sample, which gave 6 per cent, 
 of? pure gray ore as the result, I invited Mr. Pray to accompany me to the 
 Buffalo and Northwestern Company’s locations, where I had not yet 
 been. On this excursion 1 measured the height of every place of interest, 
 preparatory to representing the contour of the country by a sectional pro- 
 file. 
 
 Leaving Mr. Pray’s house, we ascended a hill north by west from that 
 place, and one mile distant. The barometer stood at that place at noon, 
 B. 28.42, T. 17^,0., t. 52^ F. Descended this hill and travelled through 
 the woods to the Buffalo location, lease 137. This location is under the 
 *care of Mr. George Durand, whom we found at the hpuse, and who 
 .kindly received us. At this house, Ih. 10^ p. m., B. 28.565, T. 16° C., 
 t. 65° F. Examined the works at the mines which had been opened. 
 The shafts were full of water, and the mining operations had failed to 
 ;give any hopes of success. A few specimens of the ores were obtained, 
 which were gray sulphuret of copper and native copper, sparingly scat- 
 tered through the rock. The shaft was 40 feet deep, and the ores raised 
 were seen around its mouth. The rocks are trap, and are hard, and not 
 ■sufficiently metalliferous to render the location valuable. The soil is 
 .good, as it generally is on these rocks, and timber is quite abundant. 
 
 Leaving the Buffalo location, we next travelled through the woods to 
 the Northwestern Company’s location, which is in charge of Mr. J. 
 vSlawson. We^did not find him at the mines, but we had an opportunity 
 of examining the works, and obtained a few specimens of the metals, 
 crocks, and minerals found in the mines. 
 
 At Mr. Slawson’s house, 3 p.^m., B. 28.71, T. 18°, t. 61° F. 
 
 The first vein of copper I examined was from two to eighteen inches 
 wide, ancTquite irregular, but has furnished some tolerably large masses 
 of pure copper. An adit 300 feet in length has been excavated on this 
 vein, and is penetrated by a shaft 30 feet in depth. The minerals lob- 
 served among the ore were native copper, leonhardite, laumonite,"epidote, 
 prehnite, and quartz. The copper occurs in sheets and in disseminated 
 particles in the veinstone. At the principal shaft the is quite rich, 
 but the adit gave only poor returns. The upper shaft, 58 feet above the 
 adit, is in a poor vein, and is only 20 feet deep. A new shaft 20 feet deep 
 has been made above this, and is 88 feet above the adit level.' Several 
 other shallow openings have been made higher up the hill, but none of 
 them thus far give any promise of being worth continuing to any greater 
 4epth,^ numerous string- veins only presenting themselves in a hard trap- 
 rock. A great many Indian hammers were found in the soil, near the 
 spot where the native copper occurs on this location. / They are made of 
 shore pebbles weighing 8 or 10 pounds, and are generally of a compact 
 rock) composed of hornblende and felspar. They have an oval form, 
 and in the middle there is a groove cut for affixing a withe, so as to form 
 a handle. The presence of these tools shows that the Indians were in 
 tha habit of frequenting this place for the purpose of obtaining eppper. 
 The soil on this location is good^ and a clearing has been made and cul- 
 tivation begum The forest trees are mostly hard wood, such as maple, 
 yellow birch, and ash. The mine appears to be neglected for want of 
 
means of exploring it to a depth sufficient to prove this vein. The groun'd 
 is very favorable for minings and some parts on the vein have yielded 
 sufficient copper to encourage a more extensive exploration. After ex- 
 amining this location as thoroughly as was deemed necessary^ we re- 
 turned to the Buffalo location^ and then to the house of Mr. Pray^ on 
 the Suffolk location. I then assayed a sample of the ore from the heap 
 at the furnace^ and obtained^ from 2^ pounds of the ore^ 2^ ounces of pure 
 gray copper ore^^=:6|^ per cent. 
 
 July 2T. — This day we proposed visiting the Michigan Company’s lo- 
 cation; but; just as were going, Mr. Robinson, the gentleman who had 
 charge of that location, arrived, bringing with him all his effects, and 
 said that the location was abandoned, and that, after careful search, they 
 had found nothing worthy of examination. 
 
 July 2%, — AtMnPray’s house, 9 a. m., B. 28.92, T. C., t. 63° P. 
 Returned to the Lake Superior Company’s office, where at noon, B. 29.32, 
 T. 19° C., t. 64° P. From these data a sectional profile was obtained. 
 
 July 29. — This day took observations for determining the time at this 
 place, and for rating chronometer; also latitude observations. 
 
 Messrs. Foster and Hill were sent to Copper Falls to obtain a set of 
 specimens of the ores and minerals.^ 
 
 July 30.— Violent south wind and rain. Mr. Hill is engaged in making 
 rough plans, and Mr. Poster in drawing them. Mr. Thayer is calculating 
 my last observations. At 3| p. m., B. 28.875, T. 20° C., t. 68° P. 
 
 July 31. — Wrote up journal and examined minerals while the drawing 
 of plans was going on. 
 
 B. 28.87; T. 22° C. 
 
 August 1. — At 9 a. m., B. 29.09; T. 18° C.; t. 65° F. 
 
 This station 246 feet above the level of Lake Superior. 
 
 August 3. — At lOJ a. m., B. 29.143; T. 21° C.; t. 71° F. Proceeding 
 to the Cliff mine — 
 
 At the office of the Cliff mine, B. 29.02; T. 23° C.; t. 75° P.; height 
 above L. S. Co.’s office 158^ feet. 
 
 The height of this place above Lake Superior is 404^ feet. During 
 this visit to the Boston and Pittsburg Company’s mines I examined the 
 pieces of copper cut from the great mass of 83 tons weight; one of the 
 pieces is of the following dimensions: 4 feet' 8 inches x 3 feet 2 inches 
 X 1 foot. This piece weighs 3| tons. After inspecting this mine, and 
 taking observations of the barometer, which stood, at 2 p. m., B. 28.99, 
 T. 24° C., t. 75° E., I went to the North American Company’s mine, 
 where, at 2f p. m., at the office the bamometer stood, B. 29.00; T. 
 25° C.; t. 77° P.; it is, therefore, nearly on a level with the Cliff mine,, 
 or but 30 feet kbove it. 
 
 . The North American Company’s mines are quite promising, and the 
 preparations for deep working are properly constructed . Two shafts are now 
 opened, and are well timbered, and a good horse whinn has been erected 
 for raising the ore from the mine. The principal shaft is 150 feet deep, 
 and cuts through a vein a foot in thickness, which is rich in copper, and 
 contains some silver. The average stamp ore yields 5 per cent, of a mix- 
 ture of metallic copper and silver in coarse grains. The fine particles 
 were not saved, as the stampings were washed only in a strake. These 
 mines I examined more fully at a subsequent visit. I intended at this time 
 only to make a cursory examination of them, and to go to the other mines 
 
447 [ 1 ] 
 
 to-day . I therefore continued my journejr to the Albion mineS; where 
 we met with Mr. Stevens , the agent of the company . 
 
 At the Albion mines, 5^ p. m., B. 28.845; T. 24° C.; t. 74® F. 
 
 This point is 614 feet above Lake Superior. The Albion Company has 
 abandoned mining operations on this location— all the veins opened having 
 proved worthless. Their agent has, therefore,, turned his attention to 
 sawing lumber for supplying the neighboring locations, and is doing a 
 good business. All their old shafts being full of water, I was unable to^ 
 dp more than to examine the work they had raised to the surface, which 
 was sufficient to indicate the propriety of abandoning all attempts at. 
 mining here. 
 
 The Medora Company purchased of the Albion Company a part of their 
 location, and attempted mining, but failed to discover any vein of value. 
 I examined the places where they had worked on the cliff, A vein of 
 calcareous spar, quite free from copper or any ore, was a foot and a halfwide^. 
 and contained leonhardite, in beautiful flesh-colored crystals. 
 
 August 3.— At the Medora mine, at 6 p. m., B. 28.67; T. 23° C.; t. 70°" 
 F. Crossing over the summit of the cliff, and descending a few rods on 
 the slope, we came to a little vein which was supposed to be antinionikl 
 copper ore, but which by blow-pipe analysis gave only arsenic and cop- 
 per. The vein is only I 4 inch wide, and contains merely a few small 
 specks of the ore, so that I could not obtain a sufficiency of it for quanti- 
 tative analysis. This little vein runs N. 31° W. The cliff, according 
 to the measurements of Mr. J. T. ‘Hodge, who originally surveyed this^ 
 location for the company, is 840 feet above Lake Superior. After com- 
 pleting my examination of these locations I returned to the Lake Supe- 
 rior Company’s office at 10 p. m., where the barometer stood B. 29.110;; 
 T. 24 ° C. 
 
 August 4. — Revisited Copper Falls mines for the purpose of making 
 some further researches and experiments in the mines. I was desirous^ 
 of repeating my experiments on the temperature df the mine, and on trial 
 found that the temperature of the water at the bottom of the shaft, 130' 
 feet from the surface, was 44° F. 
 
 Temperature of the air in the mine, 48° F. 
 
 Temperature, of the external air, 64° F. Mean temperature of the places 
 = 42°. 12 . 
 
 During this examination of the mine I ascertained more particularljr 
 the fact that the thick sheets of copper occur mostly on the east wall of 
 the vein, and that the silver is not limited to either wall, but occurs most 
 abundantly near the junction of the sandstone and amygdaloidal trap^ 
 and generally in the green veinstone, which follows the junction of the. 
 two rocks. In the middle of the shaft, the dip of the vein was ascertaiiied 
 to be SW. 51°. Mr. Childs, the agent, informed me that he came to 
 the sandstone rock in sloping 100 feet north, and that the vein occurs iff 
 the sandstone, but contains very little copper. I obtained from Mr. 
 Childs some crystals of apophyllite, which were found in the mine; and? 
 'also some large foliated masses of the same mineral from the Prince? 
 mine, oA the north shore of Lake Superior, with several good specimens 
 of amethystine qug.rtz and brown blende. 
 
 August 5. — Sunday morning leit for Eagle river, and in the afternoam 
 went to Mr. Pray’s, and in the evening returned to Eagle river. 
 
448 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 August 6. — Wind high, so that we cannot go to the Portage, as we pro- 
 posed, this day. Remained at Eagle river and took some ob^servations. 
 
 August 7. — Still detained by high winds and a heavy sea; employed 
 my time in observations, apd in collecting minerals from the rubbish 
 thrown out from the exploration shafts which have been made on this 
 river. 
 
 August 8. — Examined the vein called Sheffield and Nott’s vein, it 
 having been dicovered by those miners. It is in trap rock, and is from 6 
 to 11 inches wide, and contains both copper and silver, it is situated 50 
 rods west of the office of the Lake Superior Company, and runs S. 20^ E., 
 and dips eastward 70^. It is supposed to be a continuation of the vein 
 found by Mr. Childs at the three falls of Eagle river. Mr. Hill surveyed 
 its course with the solar compass, and it was found that the line came 
 out 300 feet north of that spot. We found Indian hammers in the soil 
 around this opening; hence it was worked by the aboriginal tribes. I 
 took one of the hammers found and collected a set of specimens of native 
 copper — one of which contains silver. Took a meridional altitude of the 
 sun, and on calculation of the observation, Mr. Thayer informed me that 
 the result agreed within half a second of the result I had obtained in a 
 previous observation. At noon, B. 29.04; T. 26° C.; t. 79° P. In the 
 afternoon I examined a cliff two miles south of this place, where Mr. 
 Douglass, while in the employ of the Lake Superior Company, had car- 
 ried forward some exploration drifts. The veins are all barren. One of 
 them runs N. 12° W., and dips ESE. 78°, and is 4 inches wide. The 
 cliff* is about 50 feet higher than the hill at the Northwestern Company’s 
 location, as observed by a level made by a plumb-line and rule; but not 
 having brought the barometer, we could not measure its exact height 
 above the lake. We examined the rubbish thrown out from numerous 
 openings i?hade under Mr. Douglass’s direction, but found no' copper. 
 Returned to Eagle river, passing along a deep ravine, where numerous 
 excavations had been made for copper, but without success. 
 
 August 9. — The wind having subsided, we set out for an examination 
 of the northwest side of Keweenaw point to the Portage, following closely 
 the shores, and examining every rock on our way. On going from our 
 office to the shore, the barometer levelling was verified by new observa- 
 tions. At 6 a. in., at office, B. 29.19, T. 17° C., t. 65° P.; one foot above 
 the level of the lake, 9 a. m., B. 29.470, T. 21^° C., t. 65° P. 
 
 The height of the office above the lake is 246^^^ feet, diifering less than 
 a foot from the measurements by a spirit-level. We set out at 9 a. m. for 
 the Portage, landing at every spot where any change was observed in the 
 appearance of the rocks. About a quarter of a mile south of Eagle river 
 the conglomerate rock is seen on the coast. The shore is sandy a mile 
 north of Hitz’s point, and trap rock comes in about one-eighth of a mile 
 north of that point. Passing along a sandy shore south of that place, we 
 observe next a rocky point composed of trap rocks, broken and disjointed. 
 This bed is two hundred yards wide, and is regarded as a continuation 
 of the trappean band which borders the lake, near Eagle river. Mr. Hill 
 landed here, and walked along the shore to look out the township and sec- 
 tion lines, to guide me in marking the geological boundaries on the map. 
 Passing this sandy cove, we came again to a belt of trap, from four hun- 
 dred to five hundred yards long. Landed at the Lake Shore Company’s 
 
449 [ 1 ] 
 
 ocation, where Mr. S. Ketchiim^ of Michigan; had caused some explbra- 
 '4ions to be made, but found no copper-bearing vein. There are two beds 
 of trap rockS; highly amygdaloidal; and of a red- brown color; containing 
 nests of calcareous spar and red leonhardite. The shaft which has been 
 sunk here is full of water, but the rocks thrown out show that it was 
 isunk into a vein of calcareous spar, free from copper. This shaft is made 
 in the rocks, fifteen feet above the |.evel of the lake. / 
 
 We came next to a stream, formerly named by the "voyage urs Eagle 
 river; but this' name having been transferred to another stream, a new 
 name should be given to it. This stream is barred at its mouth by a bed 
 o f coarse sand and gravel, and the water finds its way through it by filtra- 
 tion. The stream is narrow, and, like most of ther tributaries of the lake, 
 contains an abundance of brook trout. At the point beyond thi^ stream 
 the red sandstone strata appear, and dip to the southwest 20^. Directly in 
 the rear of this rocky shore is a long line of swampy land. 
 
 , We next came, to a small stream which has no name, but which we 
 called Porcupine river. Fine stratified red sandstone is here seen along the 
 coast. The strata run south 15° west, and dip southwest 22°. At 
 p. m. we reached the Portage, and camped there for the night. This port- 
 Age is the carrying place, over which the Indians and voyageurs transport 
 their canoes to and from Portage lake, and^thus save the trouble and time 
 required for doubling Keweenaw point. The land is low and swampy 
 -for a considerable ]||irt of the way. The whole distance from the lake 
 4shore to the waters of Portage lake is a mile and a half. 
 
 August 10.— Messrs. Foster and Hill travelled aloii^g the shore a few 
 miles south of this place, and found the strata of sandstone were nearly 
 horizontal, and that no trap rocks occur near the shore. 
 
 11.— Messrs. Foster and Hill, accompanied by my boatmen, 
 went to the Quincy Mining Company’s location, travelling part of the 
 way on a road, and then crossing a cedar swamp, the distance being 
 eight miles. They obtained some good specimens of native copper, and 
 returned the next day. This mine I intend to visit when I enter Portage 
 lake, on my excursion to L’Anse. 
 
 August 12.— This day I remained in camp on Porcupine river, awaiting 
 the return of my assistant and surveyor. 
 
 August 13. — Returned to Eagle river, packed our specimens, and left 
 them "to be sent to the SaulfSte. Marie by the propeller. 
 
 August 16. — We left Eagle river for Copper Harbor^ stopping at Eagle 
 Harbor to dine, and then rowed to Copper Harbor, where we arrived in 
 the evening. 
 
 August 17. — I put a new tube into one of the barometers, which Mr. 
 Barnes had injured on his journey to Torch lake; this work occupying 
 mo two days. 
 
 August 18. — Took observations for longitude, and for rating the chro- 
 nometer at Copper Harbor, and compared all our instruments preparatory 
 to another excursion. . The draughtsman, Mr. Schlatter, and Messrs. 
 Poster and Hill, were engaged in drawing the sections we haye measured, 
 and in coloring the map, so as to give the boundaries of the rocks we have 
 examined. 
 
 ■ ^ent Mr. Barnes to explore the country inland, and to fix 
 
 certain points of contact of the rocks, for the geological map, and to mea- 
 sute some hills which I had not visited. 
 
 Part ii— 29 
 
August 20,— Examined minerals I had collected, and ascertained the^ 
 nature of those which were doubtful . Day rainy. Took no observations » 
 Mr. Barnes returned, and had injured the barometer again. I repaired it 
 immediately. , 
 
 August 22. — We are still occupied with the map, which I am hastening 
 to get ready to send to Washington. 
 
 August 23.— Took observations, and furnished data for the calculation of 
 heights of places which are to be marked on the geological map. Mr. 
 Thayer has been constantly ^nployed in calculating my observations. 
 
 August 24. — This day I explored the whole circuit of Copper Harbor 
 again, for the purpose of giving the boundaries of the rocks exactly on the 
 map. 
 
 August 25. — Mr. Whitney and Dr. Gibbs returned from the Ontonagon 
 river. 
 
 August 26. — Repaired Dr. Gibbs’s barometer, which employed me this 
 day and the next. 
 
 August 28. — The geological map is now ready to send to Washington ^ 
 and was packed up carefully, and sent to the post office by Mr. Foster. 
 
 August 29. — Mr. Turi>el, a friend of Mr. Foster’s, took the map to put it 
 into the mail at Mackinaw, the mail bag at Copper Harbor post office not 
 being large enough to receive it. 
 
 August 30. — 1 sent Messrs. Foster and Hill, with a party of boatmen,, 
 to explore the country from Keweenaw bay along thej^enomonee river to 
 Green bay, giving them minute instructions as to the observations they 
 were to make, and especially concerning the determination of the positions 
 of the sandstone rocks, and the extent of the iron ores which occur on 
 that section, specimens of which I had obtained, through Mr, Barbeau,. 
 from the Indians in 1844, and which had been explored by Mr. Lyman 
 Prey in 1845. They were instructed to make a sectional view of the 
 rocks; determine their geological position and age, as accurately as 
 practicable. (See copy of the instructions, annexed to Mr. Foster’s 
 report.) 
 
 Mr. Whitney’s party, in company with Mr. Dickenson, who had just 
 returned from Isle Royale, was sent to Iron river, and Mr. Whitney ac- 
 companied us to Keweenaw bay, from whence he was sent to examine a 
 bed of limestone I had recently heard of as discovered by the linear sur- 
 veyor, Charles F. Merian, who was at work for Mr. Higgins. 
 
 August 31. — Strong head winds delay us to-day. 
 
 September 1. — Wind still too strong for us to go round the point. Took 
 observations this day preparatory to our voyage. 
 
 September 2. — Left Copper Harbor with two boats — one under the di- 
 rection of Mr. Foster, and the other under my own. I am now about 
 to complete the examination of the rocks at the head of Keweenaw bay;,, 
 and to. examine the mines on Portage and Torch lakes, and from thence 
 to measure a section to Eagle river, exploring all the mines in the trap* 
 range running through the middle of Keweenaw point— thi^ work 
 completing the entire geology and mineralogy of the peninsula. We ran- 
 to the end of Keweenaw point, where we were overtaken by a thunder 
 storm, and camped there for the night. 
 
 September 3, Sunday ^ 5 a, m. — We set out on our voyage, but were 
 soon compelled to take shelter in the Boston and Lake Superior Com- 
 pany’s cabins, on account of a violent rain storm. While we were de- 
 
tained there^ I made an examination of all the heaps of rubbish thrown 
 out of the mines^ and obtained a few specimens of veinstone containing" 
 a little copper. Near this place we examined a small dike of trap^ whicte 
 is largely impregnated with chlorite^ and cuts through a brown trap rock,.. 
 It was found to contain a little copper. 
 
 September 4. — ^Examined the position of this location^ which is near 
 •the corner of the township lines^ T. 58^ R. 27^ Si 31, as ascertained from, 
 the marks left by the linear surveyors. During our detention at this 
 places by strong head winds ^ I ascertained its latitude to be north 
 47^ 23' 02'^ ■ • * 
 
 September 5. — Rowed against a strong head wind to Jasper point^^. 
 where we were forced to land on account of the violence of the wind and 
 swell of I the lake. Observed at this place (near Jasper point) a dike ofl 
 brown trap rock, cutting through the porphyritic variety, and thus prov- 
 ing the more recent origin of the brown trap, as I had previously ascei:: 
 tained at other places. 
 
 The wind abating, we set out again in the afternoon and ran round 
 the curve of the bay- to near the entrance of Lac la Belle, and them 
 stood for Keweenaw bay, leaving the other boat to visit LaO la Belle^' 
 where Mr. Hill wished to go to obtain Mr. Schlatter’s views on the 
 Menomonee, which he had left at that place. In following the course of 
 the lake near Lac la Belle, I examined the rocks very particularly at 
 their points of jun^ion. The gray sandstone is observed in large blocks 
 suitable for building, though not very compact or strong. The strata im 
 place dip southeast 20^. At jhe junction of this rock with the trap, and 
 for half a mile north, the rock is -brecciated , and a large castle- like out- 
 line projects into the lake, so that we could run behind it in our boat. 
 The belt of trap in the rear of this breccia is only 40 feet wide. The 
 reccia is seen near the landing of the Clinton Company. During a 
 short stop at the Clinton Company’s wharf, I took an observation for 
 time, and then set out on our voyage again. A band of trap a quarter of 
 a mile wide was seen between the breccia and gray sandstone. A curioui^ 
 crescentic band of white sandstone was seen in this bay, beneath the^ 
 water,, and about half a mile from the shore. Aftep passing a band of 
 trap we came again to red sandstone strata, dipping to the south 30^. 
 Point Isabelle is a variegated sandstone clitF, consisting of alternate layers^ 
 of red, gray, and mottled sandstone in nearly horizontal strata. Orbicular ' 
 white spots, with nuclei of black, occur abundantly in the red sandstone,, 
 and appear to be concretions. Nodules and beds of red chalk are abun- 
 dant in the gray sandstone, or between their strata. This cliff is very 
 beautiful, the top being gray sandstone, the middle red, and the base 
 striped alternately with gray and red. The cliff is perpendicular, afford- 
 ing no landing place: its height is 40 feet. The whole of this sandstone 
 coast is abruptly precipitous, and it is dangerous for boats to be caught, 
 by high winds on such a lee-shore. , The wind was in such a direction 
 that I was enabled to sail quite near the rocks on the wind, so as to ob- 
 serve them leisurely as we ran along the coast. ♦ 
 
 September 1 . — We reached Portage river, the ^outlet of Portage lake,., 
 took an observation for time, and then ran to Meneclier’s, at L’Ance^ 
 where we chanced to meet Mr. Charles F. Merian, the linea,r surveyor,, 
 who discovered tKe limestone b6d I was so desirous of examining. He 
 kindly described the location of it, and offered to guide us to the spoL 
 
This limestone is on township 51 , range 35; at the corner of sections 13; 
 14; 23; and 24, near a branch of Sturgeon river. He says the limestone 
 forms cliffs 300 feet high; exposing regular sheets 30 feet square. Mr. 
 Whitney earnestly requested me to allow him to examine it; and he was 
 permitted to do so, Mr. Barnes going with him to measure the height of 
 the spot by barometric observation. Mr. Merian; the linear surveyor; 
 guided them to the place. It was natural that some eagerness should be 
 felt by my^ssistant to examine a spot which promised to settle the vexed 
 question of the geological posiiion and age of the sandstone of Keweenaw 
 point. I gave this privilege^to Mr. Whitney in preference to Mr. Foster 
 because he had been disappointed in his hopes of going on the Menomo- 
 nee section; which I had decided to give to Messrs. Foster and Hill. It 
 has always been my custom to give to each assistant a particular section; 
 and to allow him to report it himself; so as to test his ability; and to give 
 him an opportunity of appearing in the report with work wholly his own. 
 Therefore; I never feel disposed to interfere with any work which I have 
 so consigned ; and although I felt much curiosity to see this limestone 
 ledge myself; 1 refrained from visiting it; and went to the head of the bay 
 to examine other less interesting localities. Mr. Whitney sent back by 
 Mr. Barnes some specimens of the limestone; which proved to contain a 
 part of di pentamerus ohlongus, I therefore sent Mr. McIntyre to request 
 him to re-examine the rock for fossilS; and to examine carefully its rela- 
 4;ions to the sandstone; for it was obviouS; from what I had already seen, 
 that the sandstbhe was horizontal ; and if the limesllne strata had a con- 
 siderable dip; the sandstone would rest unconformably upon it; and thus be 
 proved to be more recent than the limestone; which; from the fossils I had 
 seen, was evidently an upper member of the silurian group; and probably 
 the cliif limestone. This would prove that the sandstone of Keweenaw 
 point was not the Potsdam or CaradoC;but either the old or the new red; 
 and this locality gives evidence in favor of that opinion. That the sand- 
 stone is not the old red; would appear from the entire absence of fossil 
 shells so common in that group. NoW; the limestone before alluded to 
 haS; according to Mr. Whitney; strata marks dipping 30^; while the sand- 
 stone in the vicinity is in horizontal strata ; and it is therefore evident; 
 thoiigh BO visible contact proves it; that the sandstone overlies the lime- 
 stone; and is therefore more recent. It may be that this limestone urider- 
 lies a large portion of Keweenaw point; and that the obscure fossil; re- 
 sembling an orthocera; found in the breccia amygdaloid at Copper Falls 
 mine; was torn from a bed of subjacent limestone; and brought up by the 
 trap when it burst through the strata. It may be also that the abundance 
 of calcareous spar in the amygdaloid; and the spar veins in the accompa- 
 nying conglomerate rockS; can be accounted for by subjacent limestone. 
 I regret that circumstances beyond my control prevented my assistant 
 from completing his explorations; and that fearing he would fail to meet 
 his party/which had been sent round the point; he hastily left the spot; 
 SO that some important data remaih still to be obtained by a re-examina- 
 tion of the spot. .^The limestone is of a drab color, and is compact; an 
 obscure or broken peatamerus is seen in one of the specimens. Its spe- 
 cific gravity is, by analysis, made in my laboratory by Mr. R.xCropley. 
 It is composed of — 
 
453 
 
 [T] 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 4449 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 44.65 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1.98 
 
 Silica - ' - 
 
 
 (M 
 
 - 8.91 
 
 100.03 
 
 During the absence of Mr. Barnes, I examined Mr. Meneclier’s looa-^ 
 tion, which is not mineral land, but is situated on sandstone strata^./ I 
 gave him a certificate to that effect; he was wishing to purchase the place 
 of government. 
 
 Sej)temb€r 11. — I crossed over the bay to the Methodist mission, where. 
 Messrs. Foster and Hill had been stopping, and found that they had gone 
 up the bay. Took a time observation.- at the new Methodist meeting-^i 
 house. We were kindly entertained l^y Mr. Johnson, the missionary), 
 and by Mr. Rathburn, the government blacksmith, resident at this place. 
 They accojnpanied me in my explorations in the vicinity. The red sand> 
 stone strata on the east side of the bay dip to the northwest. A bed of 
 hone -slate occurs a little farther up the bay, and consists of bluish drab^ 
 colored strata from half an inch to eight inches in thickness, which dip ^ 
 to the south- southwest 45^. The hone-slate divides into rhombic prisms, i 
 and it is easy to detach pieces suitable for whetstones. It is extensively 
 employed for hones by the people on the lake, though it is rather too 
 soft to sell advantageously in our market. A singular green trappean 
 rock, tinged with chlorite, traverses this bed of hone-slate; quartz veins 
 cut through it, near the dike, and some of them are three br four feet in 
 width, and are pure milk-white quartz. In the hone-slate, iron pyrites 
 occurs, and by its decomposition forms a sort of stalactitical hsgmatite. 
 
 On the west of Keweenaw bay there is a deep, well-sheltered harbo>, 
 where a vessel may ride secure from every wind. Three miles north ofthi^, ^ 
 on the east side, there is a good harbor, quite deep,, with a bold snore, 
 where vessels are secure from east, north, and west winds. 
 
 September 12. — An eclipse of the moon took place this night; begin-* 
 ning at lOh. 30' p. m., and was total at llh. 27' p. m. The moon had a 
 copper-red color during the eclipse. I lost the opportunity of luaking ob^ 
 servations on it. 
 
 September 13. — Ran along the east shore of Keweenaw bay, and then 
 made a traverse across the bay to Portage river, the 'distance across being 
 14 miles. The wind was very strong and nearly ahead, btit by running 
 down the coast we made out to lay our course across the bay, and just 
 reached Portage river when the wind and sea were so violent that a boat 
 could not have lived another hour outside. This storm, from barometric 
 observations, we had foreseen, and were anxious to get into Portage lake 
 before it came on ; and we were most fortunate in effecting it. The rocks all 
 along the coast to Portage river are m^al precipices of red sandstone ; no 
 landing place existing for a great distance. In Portage lake we were 
 safe, and could work when it was too strong to be on the Great lake. \ At 
 Sheldon’s, on Portage river, 3 p. m., B. 29.5, T. 16° O., t. 56° P. 
 Stprm rising fast; the lake is in a perfect fury, and breakers roll over- 
 the bar at Portage river, which is white with foam. 
 
 5f p. m., B. 29.420, T. 14° C., t. 56° F. 
 
 September 14. — 8 a. m.,B. 29.065, T. 11° C.,t. 51° F. Heavy wind^. 
 
with rain; and wild driving clouds; wind; northeast. The barometer 
 has fallen of an inch since the 12th. 
 
 September 14. — 11 a. m.; B. 29 095; T. IP C.; t. 5P F. 
 
 12\ p. m.; B. 29.110; T. lOf^ C.; t. 51*^ F. 
 
 3 p. m.; B. 29.200; T. 11^ C.; t. 5P F. 
 
 4 p. m.; B. 29.210; T. 11|^ C.; t. 52® P. 
 
 6 p. mi; B. 29.240; T. 10-|® C.; t, 51® F. 
 
 This evening the sky gives evidence of clearing; the sun appearing as 
 it sets. The gale is still severe. During the violence of this storm the 
 
 • ducks were driven from the Great lake; and were very numerous in Port- 
 age lake. They came so near our cabin that we shot them from the door. 
 
 September 15.— 7 a. m.; B. 29.41 ; T. 7^® C. ; t._ 401® p. The wind is 
 now to the south, and the weather good. At 8 a. m. I took a time ob- 
 servation; and then set out on our voyage around Portage lake. Portage 
 river is about 100 yards wide, and is bordered with tall rushes ^ and spruce 
 and fir trees. The lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 miles in length 
 and 5 miles in breadth, and communicates with Torch lake, which is a 
 branch of it, by a narrow channel. We coasted along the shores of Port- 
 age lake, viewing the beautiful autumnal scenery, and examining every- 
 rock that was visible. The hills are covered with primeval forests of 
 maple, ash, birch, pine, spruce, and fir trees. Pine trees are quite abund- 
 ant; many of them are suitable for timber. The soil is generally good, 
 especially on the trap rocks. The first mines which we came to were^ 
 4hose formerly opened by the Pittsburg Company. We^ examined the lo- 
 ■cation, and found all these cabins deserted, and some abandoned pits 
 where search had been made for copper, but none was fouiid. The rocks 
 and soil are trappean, but the trap rocks are compact, and not metallifer- 
 ous. About two acres of land have been cleared, and the soil now bears a 
 fine crop of potatoes, which were planted by Mr. Sheldon, of Portage 
 xiver. Three houses were built here by the compa;ny for the habitations 
 of. their explorers. At 2 p. m. we left this location, and ran to the west- 
 ward. Passing along the coast, we came to the landing-place of the 
 Quincy Mining Company. This is the only location on Portage lake 
 now occupied, and but little has been done there in the way of regular 
 mining, only two young men being employed thore. The house belong- 
 ing to this company is on a hill about half a mile from the landing- pl^-ce. 
 We were most hospitably received by Mr. R. C. Stiles and Mr. Lewis 
 Isaac, the young men in charge of the location. At 3 p. m. I took a time 
 observation . near the house, and barometrical observations for the meas- 
 urement of the height of the hill. 
 
 3|- p. m.; B. 28.995; T. 19® C.; t. 61® F. 
 
 4^ p. m., B. 28.950; T. 16® C.; t. 60® F. 
 
 6A. 20m. p. m.; B. 28.900; T. 11® C.; t. 52® F. 
 
 The height of this spot is 386 feet above Portage lake. Exantined the 
 
 mines and the geology of the location. 
 
 September 16. — 8^ a. m., B."28.6(^T. IS® C.; t. 55® F. Began to rain 
 to-day. We leai-ned from Mr. Stiles that this location was taken out in 
 1845,/ and a lease was obtained from the government in 1846. S6ven 
 men have bepn employed in sinking a shaft, and in clearing the land and 
 exploring the location. The shaft was sunk by the Tabor of Stiles and 
 
 • Isaac, It is 67 feet deep and 4 feet square, and follows the slope of the 
 i veim. They found the vein to contain native copper 'and silver, samples 
 
-of which were given me. The vein runs N. 30® E.; and dips to,4he N. 
 -60® W. from 50® to 55!?. It is 1 foot wide^ and is quite rich in metallic 
 copper. The rock in which this vein exists is amygdaloidal trap^ con- 
 taining a veinstone of leonharditC; chlorite, and a green earthy mineral 
 dike that of the Copper Falls silver vein. " The copper at the surface was 
 oxidated, and thickly encrusted with green carbonate and red oxide of 
 copper; but at a depth the metal was found to be bright metallic copper, 
 with occasional patches of silver in it. A small cross course comes into 
 this vein, and at the line of junction the vein expands and is much richer. 
 The green veinstone, like that of Copper Falls, is found to be the princi- 
 pal gangue of the silver. The amygdaloid resembles that of Eagle river. 
 It will be observed that the course of this vein is N. 30® E., while that at 
 Eagle river is N. 30® W. It has rained so hard to-day that we cannot 
 accomplish much work. At noon, at cabins, B, 28.57; T. 19® C.; t. 
 55® F. . • 
 
 September IT.- — Examined the vein that has been opened near the 
 liouse. It runs N. 65® E., and dips NE. 55®. This vein is, from 1 to 2 
 inches wide, and contains sheets of copper, one of which weighed 40 lbs. 
 .About a hundred weight of copper is now in a tub in this trench, and no 
 shaft has yet been sunk on the vein. 
 
 September 18. — Prepared to go up the lake this morning to make obser- 
 vations, but rain prevents. Measured a section from the mine to the lake. 
 Mr. Barnes measured the distances, vrhile I took the barometrical obser- 
 vations. — i^See section, plate 5.) 
 
 September 19. — 9|- a. m., B. 28.82; T. 18® C.; t. 49® F. Cloud}^, so 
 that I cannot make the observations I wish. We occupied ourselves at 
 the mines. 
 
 September 20.— T-| a. m., B. 28.885; T. 16® C.; t. 47® F. This day 
 we explored the lake quite to the portage. The line of junction of the 
 sandstone and trap rocks was observed, and the dip of the strata taken. 
 'The dip is N. 65® W. 25®. This was observed on the west arm of Port- 
 age lake. On the north arm of the lake the dip is NNW. 20® to 30®. 
 We ran to Torch lake, and ffom thence measured a section to Eagle river, 
 passing over the whole trappean range between Portage lake and that 
 place, and visiting all the mines on our way. 
 
 September 21. — At Torch lake, 5 feet above the level of the lake, 7| a. 
 m., B. 29.615; T. 90° C.; t. 4P F. 
 
 Torch lake, 9;^ a. m., B. 29.662; T. 9° C.; t. 47° F. 
 
 Douglass Houghton Falls, lOh. 25m. a m., B. 29.411; T. 9° O.; t. 
 
 OF. , 
 
 Top of the falls. Hi a. m., B. 29.282; T. 8|® 0.; t. 45® F. 
 
 Height of the falls 115 feet. 
 
 Examined the Douglass Houghton Company’s mines near the falls. 
 A drift 40 feet in length has been excavated near the foot of the falls. A 
 small irregular vein, from 1 to 3 inches wide, containing minute scales of 
 copper, was found, but it is of no value. The veinstone is silicate of 
 lime. Another drift has been maJI in the rocks lower down the stream, 
 and penetrates into the ledge 33 feet, but does not expose any metallif- 
 ^erous vein. Thirty or forty feet farther down the stream we noticed a 
 rotten slaty rock with decomposed trap rock, glazed with chlorite. In 
 this is a veinhf leonhardite and laurnonite, 8 or 9 inches wide, which 
 -dips to the NW. It does not Contain copper. Having collected sped- 
 
456 
 
 tl] 
 
 mens the veinstone contaiiiing a little copper from the upper drifty and 
 of the different rocks and minerals of this place^ and measured the 'height 
 and slope of the falls^ we set out for the Michigan Company’s location. 
 At 12h. 20m. we crossed a stream 1 rod wide; at 12h. 40m. we crossed 
 another stream 1 yard wide; at Ih. 10m. p. m. we crossed a third stream 4 
 feet wide; and Ih. 15m. p. m. we came to the base of the hill on which the 
 Michigan Company’s houses are built, and where their abandoned mines 
 exist. At 5 feet above the level of the stream, B. 29.58; T. 10^ C.; t. 
 46° P. 
 
 Michigan Company’s cabins, Ih. 50m. p. m., B. 29.175; T. 10:|® C.^. 
 t. 46|^ F. 
 
 Examined the mines, which are excavated in trap rocks. Drift pene-* 
 trates the rock in a direction S. 25° W. 30 feet. A few spots of green 
 carbonate of copper on the ledge seems to have induced the miners to 
 make this excavation. The discovery of a few irregular veins of leonhar- 
 dite, containing a little native copper, were the only results of this explo- 
 ration. Near this mine the conglomerate rock was seen dipping to the 
 northwestward ; sandstone strata, colored blue by a film of iron ore, were 
 also observed. The trap rock where the drift enters it is decomposed,, 
 and is colored by the formation of green carbonate of copper. A stream 
 runs directly by the mouth of the drift, crossing the rocks in an east and 
 west direction, and thus exposing them in its bed to a considerable ex- 
 tent. No vein of any value exists at this place. At the cabins at 3h. 
 10m. p. m., B. 29.16; T. 8°.C.; t. 46® F. 
 
 Travelling towards the Trap Rock Company’s cabins, we took an ob- 
 servation on the first hill, one mile from Michigan Company’s cabins,, 
 where the barometer stood, at 3h. 40m. p. m., B. 29.04, T. 9® C., t. 44®' 
 P. At Trap Rock Company’s location, at 4h. 12m. p. m., B. 29.048, T. 
 9^® C., t. 44® P. Examined the mines belonging to this company: they 
 have excavated a drift and sunk a shaft on a narrow vein of prehnite, 
 included in compact trap rock, but were unsuccessful in their operations,, 
 and have abandoned the location. The shaft was full of water, so that 
 the nature of the matters in the mine could only be judged by the exami- 
 nation of the rubbish around it. The soil on this location is excellent,, 
 and the timber is large and sound — the growth being a mixture of the 
 tisual hard- wood trees with scattered pines. The company had erected 
 a very good and substantial house of square timber, and had cleared a 
 considerable tract of land, and cultivated it to some extent. A stream of" 
 good water runs near the house, and falls about five feet near the mines. 
 This location, although not valuable for mining, will afford a very good 
 farm to some future settler. After a rapid examination of this location,, 
 we continued our march to the Forsyth Company’s location. Descend- 
 ing first a steep hill to Trap Rock river, we made barometrical observa- 
 tion one mile NE. from the Trap Rock Company »s cabins; and four feet 
 above the level of the stream, 4b. 45m. p. m., B. 29.501, T. 9® C., t. 
 43® P. We observed the forest trees to be unusually large, and the> 
 growth open, on this location; and Ang the trap ridge we have beeri: 
 walking over, large pine trees occur scattered among maple, birch, black 
 oak, and ash trees — the hard wood generally predominating. This indi- 
 cates a good soil; and the few garden patches which have been cultivated^ 
 near the miners’ cabins sustain this opinion. (See analysis of this soil.)? 
 Crossing over a gentle rise of land, we descended rapidly to the Forsyth 
 Company’s cabins, where we stopped to make observations, and to* 
 
457 [ 1 } 
 
 \ 
 
 examine the mines^ which are at present abandoned for want of pecu- 
 niary means, the company having done but little towards opening the* 
 vein, which has given proofs of ricliness. At Forsyth Company’s cabins^ 
 5f p. m., B. 29.298, T. 8|^ C., t. 39^ F. We stopped at this place for 
 the night, and then spent some time the next day in exploring the mines^ 
 and measured a section. 
 
 September 22. — At cabins, 7h. 20m. a. m., B. 29.331, T. 3|° 0., t.* 
 39^ F. 
 
 Upper shaft of the mine, Sh. 15m. a. m., B. 29.250, T. 8|° C., L 
 48^ F. 0 
 
 Second shaft, B. 29.301, T. 10^ C., t. 48^° F. 
 
 Third shaft, B. 29.340, T. 11^ C., t. 49^ F. 
 
 Swamp lowest drainage, B. 29.398, T. 11:|^ C., 1. 49° F. 
 
 While I was making the measurement of heights of these points, Mr* 
 Barnes, assisted by Mr. Stiles, measured the distances, which furnished 
 the ground plan for the accompanying section. (See plate 6.) The fol- 
 lowing minerals were found by me during this examination of the For- 
 syth mines": epidote, calc spar, laumonite, leonhardite, and native copper 
 and silver. These minerals in the aggregate form the lode of the vein; 
 and the width of the whole varies from one to two feet. Large pieces of 
 copper, with silver adhering, were abundant in the vein; and numerous 
 pieces of those metals have been taken from the ore-heap by visiters. 
 From the richness of this vein at the surface, its width and convenient 
 situation for mining, I should recommend a thorough exploration of it by 
 systematic mining, by one or two deep shafts and levels, properly ar- 
 ranged forstopeing out the metal. It is obvious that the shallow pits 
 now sunk on the vein show only its surface, and that they can only be 
 regarded, like most of those we have seen at other locations, as mere 
 superficial explorations, or ^^prospecting diggings as they are calldd in 
 the west. 
 
 Thus far on our march from Torch lake, we have ndt seen any other 
 human being than our own party, all the locations on this route havings 
 been abandoned. Some one has visited several of the best cleared tracts 
 of land and planted potatoes, which are now ripe, and are uncommonly 
 good — no potatoe disease having yet reached this district. The crop will 
 probably be consumed by the miners on Eagle river, for whom it was> 
 probably raised. 
 
 September 23. — Two miles south of the Albion Company’s mines, at 
 the brook, B. 29.27, T.l3° C., t. 53° F.. 
 
 ,At Medora furnace, lOJ p. m., B. 29.30, T. 14° C., t. 51° F. 
 
 We stopped to examine the furnace, which proved to be worthless,, 
 and is now in ruins. 
 
 At the house in the North ximerican Company’s location, 12h. 25m*. 
 p. m., B. 29.287, T. 15^° C., t. 56° F. 
 
 At the office, Ih. 7m. p. m., B. 29.250, T. 13° C., t. 56° F. 
 
 At top of shaft, Ih. 30m. p. m., B. 29.200, T. 14° C., t. 59° F. 
 
 Having dined at this place, we wire politely accompanied by Messrs. 
 Coxe and Borden, the mining captains who have charge of the work, in 
 our examination of the mines; and every opportunity was afforded me for 
 a thorough exploration of the vein wherever it had been exposed by 
 mining. This mine has been on a trial for some time without adequate 
 pecuniary means for regular mining to a suitable depth; but, through the 
 
458 
 
 tl] 
 
 persevering efforts of John Bacon esq.^ the superintendent^ the mine 
 was proved to be worthy of a greater outlay in working, and it is now in 
 n prosperous condition. It is favorably situated in all respects, and is 
 very similar to the Boston and Pittsburg Company’s Cliff mine, which 
 has already been so well proved; hut the vein was not exposed in the 
 face of the cliff, like theirs, so that it could only he discovered by mining. 
 ‘This has been effectually done, and all the works are substantially built, 
 so that few changes will be required in future operations. An excellent 
 Korse-whim, well constructed, stands near the shaft, and is adequate to 
 raise all the water and metals from the mine. The main shaft penetrates ' 
 155 feet; on and by the side of the vein, and from it, several properly 
 constructed levels ar^^ sent off. The vein was found to become more 
 vertical as it extended downwards; and now, at the bottom ivinze^ it has a 
 dip of 79^, while, in the upper part of the vein it dipped only 60*^. The 
 mining operations are more easy as the vein approaches a vertical posi- 
 tion; for the shafts must be made perpendicularly through the rock for 
 convenient working of a mine. From the main shaft, at the depth of 
 ninety feet, the miners have sent off a level in a SE. by S. direction, and 
 have exposed a considerable portion of the vein. It was found in some 
 places to narrow to eight inches, and in others to expand to fifteen inches 
 in width; but its general average is about one foot. In the lowest part of 
 the mine, in the winze^ which has been sunk from one of the cross-cuts, 
 the vein was found to be very rich in copper — solid masses of it being 
 extracted from the vein. After traversing every level and cross-cut, and 
 descending the inclined plane to the bottom of the winze ^ noting the 
 appearance of the vein in every place where it was exposed, and collect- 
 ing specimens, 1 took the temperature of the water in different parts of 
 the mine. 
 
 At 123 feet from the surface, the water had a temperature of 45^ F. 
 
 At 95 feet from the surface, a spring was found having a temperature of 
 43^ F. 
 
 » 
 
 At 155 feet from the surface, the water of the mine was 44^ F. 
 
 The temperature of the external air was 59^ F. 
 
 From these observations and those I had made at different seasons of 
 the year, it will appear that the mines, which have penetrated to the depth 
 of one hundred feet, have a uniform temperature of 44^ F., and that the 
 temperature is not affected by the heat of summer, though it is probable 
 that in winter the cold air may penetrate into the mines and affect the 
 temperature of the air. The mean annual temperature of the climate is 
 42 F., according to observations at Fort Wilkins. From the best ob- 
 
 servations that could be made in the North American Company’s mine, 
 the vein has a course, of N. 50^ W., S. 50*^ E., and a dip increasing from 
 59^ to 79^ to the northeastward. Fourteen miners and eleven laborers are 
 employed at this mine at present. The miners’ pay is from twenty-five to 
 twenty-eight dollars per month, and that of the laborers is sixteen dollars 
 per month. It will be necessary to increase the number ofi miners, in 
 order to prosecute mining steadily^ A stamping mill, with suitable 
 washing apparatus, is also to be erected for freeing the poor ore from rock. 
 Prom a trial made of this stamp ore at the Boston and Pittsburg works^ 
 it gives from five to six per cent, of metals — the metals being large grains 
 «#f copper mixed with smaller grains of silver. 
 
4B9 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ( 
 
 On leaving the mine, I observed the barometer which I had left hang- 
 ing at the mouth of the rxiain shaft, and found, at 3h. 55m., it stood 
 B. 29.20, T. 18^ C., t. 55° F. After collecting specimens of all the mine- 
 rals found at this mine, and receiving a handsome sheet of copper as a 
 present from Mr. Coxe, the grand mining captain, we went to the Boston 
 •and Pittsburg Company’s mines, which are quite near to this place, and 
 found the barometer, at 5h. 35m., stood B. 29.150, T. 12° C., t. 46° F. 
 
 We then examined the stamping mill and working apparatus, and saw 
 the washers clean the metal from the rock. The earthy matter is nearly 
 all separated by the strake and jigging ^ and the metals contain but ten 
 
 per cent, of earthy matter when packed in casks for transportation to mar- 
 ket. The clerk informed me that he had sent this year 806 tons of cop- 
 per to market, and had 60 tons now ready to forward by the next vessel. 
 ’They expect to send from 900 to 1,000 tons of copper to market per an- 
 num. They estimate the metal sent as containing 65 per cent, of pure 
 copper; but it is probably much richer, since most of it is in solid blocks of 
 copper, with but little rock adhering to its surface. The largest mass of 
 copper thus far separated from the vein weighed 80 tons!' This was cut 
 up into pieces, weighing from one to two tons. In company with Captain 
 Edward Jennings, who has charge of all the mihing 'operations, I de- 
 scended into the mine, and took notes of every fact of interest. I also 
 measured the temperature of the water in all parts of the mine, and ob- 
 tained the following results: 
 
 At 60 feet depth from the surface, the temperature of the water was 44° F. 
 
 At 120 feet depth from the surface, the temperature of the water was 44° F. 
 
 At 180 feet depth from the surface, the temperature of the water was 43° F. 
 
 At 236 feet depth from the surface, the temperature of the water was 45° F. 
 
 From these observations it will appear that this mine has already 
 reached a sufficient depth to be affected by the heat of the earth’s interior. 
 If we regard 43° as the mean temperature of the climate, we shall have 
 a rise of temperature of one degree Fahrenheit for 88 feet in depth. 
 When the mines have attained a greater depth, we may have an oppoftu- 
 mity of testing this question more satisfactorily. It is obvious that these 
 mines are the best places for investigating this subject; for there being no 
 pyrites or sulphurets, or any mineral decomposing capable of producing 
 heat thereby, we are frep from the objection made to some of the Euro- 
 pean experiments on the increase of temperature in mines. The depth of 
 this mine from the surface of the ground at the shaft is 236 feet, but the 
 cliff above it is between ^00 and 300 feet high; and by running a level 
 from the bottom of the shaft and under the cliff to a considerable distance, 
 'it is probable that a more sensible increase of heat will be found at the 
 bottom. The temperature 43° F. was obtained in the farther end of the 
 level, which goes off from the shaft at 180 feet from the top of it towards 
 the south, (the distance being 20 fathoms,) and by slope of the land the 
 level must be much nearer the surface than at ,the shaft; hence a fall of 
 temperature. The point where that observation was taken is 20 feet 
 north of the office, where the perpendicular depth cannot be more than 
 100 feet to the 'end of the level. The highest temperature was obtained in 
 4he sump of the engine shaft. The observations which gave 44° F. were 
 taken 23 feet below shaft 3, and in the adit level 60 feet from the surface. 
 It is highly probable that, when the deepest level shall penetrate beneath 
 4he cliff; the temperature of the water will' be at least as high as 47° F^ 
 
460 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 At present the deep level has not been extended in that direction far- 
 enough to test this question. The plane of invariable temperature appears 
 to be lower than is usually supposed. The lowest level runs 30 fathom^ 
 south and 30 fathoms north from shaft No. 1. All the vein for two feet in 
 width contains copper, and will furnish what Mr. Jennings calls barrel 
 and stamp work.'^^ The barrel ore contains from 30 to ^0 per cent, of 
 copper, and the stamp work varies from 5 to 10 per cent, of a mixture of 
 copper and silver. The 300 feet level does not yield so rich ore. At 
 present the miners are stopeing out the backs of levels, and strong scaf- 
 foldings of heavy timber are placed across the opening to receive the rock 
 and metal. These the miners call stalls. The miners were at work cut- 
 ting up a large mass of copper which had been blown down from the 
 walls of the vein by heavy blasts of gunpowder. This mass weighs ten 
 tons, and is the remainder of the great mass which was estimated to 
 weigh 83 tons. Eight men are now employed in cutting it up with 
 chisels. They informed me that they cut up a mass last winter Weighing 
 50 tons. It was of an irregular form, and was 36 feet long, 12 broad, and 
 about 18 inches thick in the middle. No one who has not seen these 
 mines can have any idea of the ready manner in which these great masses 
 of copper are cut up and removed by the miners. So soon as the copper 
 is cut up into masses that can be removed by iron bars, it is slid down 
 into the level, and there, by means of stout iron chains and pulleys, aided 
 by an occasional lift with iron bars when it becomes entangled, it is rapidly 
 moved along the level to the shaft, where the horse>whim, which has drawn 
 it along the gallery, raises it to the surface, and it is sent down on a chariot 
 which runs upon a tram-road to the platform, where it can readily be put 
 into the wagon which is driven to receive it therefrom. By rneans of a 
 windlass and crane, each piece is elevated and weighed, and its weight is 
 stamped upon it before it is sent to the shore for shipment. The present 
 price of cutting up the copper is $7 per square foot of cut surface, one side 
 being measured. ' The work is let out on contract to the miners. One 
 man holds the chisel while the other strikes with the sledge, as described 
 in my report for last year. One hundred and fifty men are employed at 
 this mine, seventy-five of whom are practical miners, and mostly from 
 mines in Cornwall. A few specimens were added to our collection from 
 this mine during this visit, which was to be the last for the season. I re- 
 quested the clerk and agent to send me a statistical report of the working 
 of the mine, which they promised to have prepared for me, but it has not 
 yet been received. 
 
 Leaving this mine, we went to the mouth of Eagle river, where the» 
 barometer at 15 feet above the lake stood, at 4h. 26m. p. m,, B. 29.417^ 
 T. 13"^ C., t. 51^^ P. This completed our examination of the^whole trap 
 range and the various mines along its course and on its borders. The ex-^ 
 cursion was quite interesting although fatiguing, since it was necessary 
 to work very hard in order to complete it iri season, and while our pro- 
 visions lasted. 
 
 The boat was sent from Portage lake to Copper Harbor under the charge 
 of Mr. Thayer, who carried with him my sextant and chronometer, and 
 such things ^s we could not transport on our journey through the woods. 
 
 September 25. — Remained at Eagle river. Settled with Stiles and 
 Isaac for their assistance, and sent for our boat to meet us at Eagle Harbor.. 
 
461 [ 1 ] 
 
 September 26, — We made a visit to Copper Falls mines, on our way to 
 Slagle Harbor. Measured again the height of that place: 
 
 Five feet above the level of Lake Superior^ at Sand Bay^ B. 29.61; T. 
 10^ G.; t. 48^ F. 
 
 At the office of the Copper Falls Company^ B, 29,31; T. 12^ C.; t. 50^ P. 
 
 During this visit I reviewed all the workS; and was assisted most kindly 
 by Mr. Childs, the superintendent. At the place where Mr. Seymour had 
 proposed to drive an adit into the mine, the rocks are fine red sandstone, 
 which dip to the NW. by W. 27"^. The adit proposed was 7 feet high, 
 5 feet wide, and has been excavated 60 feet in length. Its course was 
 to be S. 25'’ E. It was supposed by him that it would be on the vein, 
 but Mr. Childs soon proved that such was not the case. It would drain 
 the mine to nearly the depth of 200 feet, and was estimated to cost 0,000. 
 It was decided by the company not to make this ^^dit until the mine had 
 been more full}^ proved. I collected during this visit all the species of 
 minerals found ^t this mine, examining all the heaps of ore and rubbish 
 from the mines. The following are the species and varieties found: 
 
 Red and white analcime; laumonite; leonhardife, red and green; red 
 felspar, a peculiar variety; a curious prismatic analcime, since proved to 
 be a mixed mineral; apophyllite, fine crystals; mesotype; datholite; crys- 
 tals of calc spar; crystals of copper and native silver. Mr. Childs also pre- 
 sented me with a few rare crystals for examination , and some better speci- 
 mens of copper than we could find in the ore heaps. He most cheerfully 
 furnished me with all the statistics of the mine I desired, and proposed to 
 send me a plan he had drawn of the whole underground work. This^he 
 bas since done, and a copy of his plan by Mr. R. Cropley is given in plate 14. 
 
 The following measurements were furnished by Mr. Childs: 
 
 Depth of shafts, — A, 47 feet; B, 130 feet; C, 43 feet'; D, (winze be- 
 low adit level,) 66^ feet. 
 
 Length of levels , — Main adit, 482 feet, including cross-cut to lode: P 
 W, 28 feet from A to B; F G, 71 feet from junction (T) of sandstone 
 and trap to shaft B; H F, 131^ feet* from B to C; L H, 130 feet from 
 G to E; H T, 89-ff feet; sandstone Y. contains copper for 6 or 8 feet. 
 
 Lower level in shaft B, 120 feet. 
 
 27 feet north, 2d level south, in shaft B, 55 feet — adit running 57 feet 
 south. 
 
 Level below winze D and*, shaft E, 64 feet. 
 
 Thirty three men are employed at these mines, twenty of whomf are 
 aregnlar miners and thirteen laborers. The amount of ore raised and ship- 
 ped is 94,994 pounds, which averaged 70 per cent, of metal. One mass 
 of pure copper raised from this mine weighed 14,000 pounds. It was cut 
 pUp by means of a cross-cut saw worked by two men, and cost $7 per 
 square foot of cut surface to divide it into masses that could be transported 
 lo Eagle Harbor in the wagon. Three other masses have been got out 
 which weighed from 7,000 to 8,000 pounds each. In a shaft 6 feet by 8 
 feet four miners will excavate 16 feet per month in depth, t^^o shifts of 
 men being employed. In working the mine at the lower siiaft, 12 hours 
 out of the 24 are employed in raising water from the mine. The first 
 mass of copper which was obtained at this mine was then the largest that 
 had been seen in the world. It was extracted from the vein about 50 feet 
 from the surface. This mass weighed 8 tons. 
 
[ 1 ] 462 
 
 Between C and B a mass of copper was obtained which weighed 7;018 Ibs^ 
 Between A and B do do 7,484 
 
 Between C and E do ^ do 7,678 
 
 The 8 tons mass, 'when cleaned, weighed - > 14,000 
 
 These four large masses of copper were all sent to Boston and sold to the 
 manufacturers. Besides the masses a large amount of barrel and stamp 
 ore is raised, the per centage of which has not yet been determined by 
 the proper operations. The course of the vein is S. 25^ E. Its dip is to 
 the SW. 85^^, as observed in 2d level from shaft B going south. I ob- 
 served a feeder on the SW. side of the lode. In the winze 55 feet below 
 the level I found the dip of the vein to be SW. 73®. Its course was N. 
 25® W., as above given. The vein here is 3 feet wide, and is full of cop- 
 per. The general slope of the winze is 70®. I measured the tempera- 
 ture of the air and water in this mine, and found — 
 
 At 20 feet from the surface the temperature of the water of the mine 
 was 44^® P. 
 
 At 120 feet from the surface the temperature of the water of the mine 
 was 44|® F . ^ 
 
 The temperature of the air of the mine was 49® F. 
 
 The temperature of the air above ground was 42® F. 
 
 These observations, compared with those I had previously taken, show 
 a uniform temperature, not far from the mean temperature of the climate 
 and that of the great lake, exists in this mine. 
 
 By measurement of the outcrop of the sandstone which underlies the 
 perpendicular shafts made in this mine, the thickness of the sandstone 
 beneath was estimated at 75 feet. By actual perforation of it under the 
 direction of Mr. Childs, the thickness was proved to be 72 feet. The 
 accompanying diagram will explain the position of the trap and sandstone at 
 this mine. 
 
 Before leaving for Eagle Harbor, the barometer was observed at Copper 
 flails 
 
 At Copper Falls, at noon, B. 29.145; T. 6° C. 
 
 24 p. m., B. 29.182; T. 5^° C. 
 
 4 p. m., B. 29.162; T. 5° C. 
 
 We then walked to Eagle Harbor, where — 
 
 At 5 p. m., B. 29.410; T. A° C., t. 36° F. 
 
 ^ p. m., B. 29.380; Td. 1^9 C., t. .33| F. 
 
 We saw Mr. Nichol Stautenburg, agent of the Northwest Company’s 
 mine, who promised to send me a statistical account of the mines under 
 his management, in the course of the winter, but I have not received his 
 report. 
 
 Dr. Gibbs arrived at Eagle Harbor, and we took passage in his boat to* 
 Copper Harbor, meeting my boat at Agate Harbor, where she had been, 
 detained by head-winds. 
 
 September 28. — We removed our articles from Fort Wilkins to Mr. 
 Brockway’s house, and left the articles we should require next season, at 
 his store. Our boat was put into the store at the fort, and we are now 
 prepared to iteturn home, having accomplished all the work we can do this 
 season. 
 
 September 29.— We await the arrival of the propeller, which is to make 
 her last voyage to the Sauit Ste. Marie for this season. - 
 
 September 30. — We left Copper Harbor, in the propeller, for the Sauit 
 Ste. Marie. On our way across the lake, I took the temperature of the 
 
water ol the lake in latitude 47® 20' 30" norths longitude 86® west. The 
 temperature of the air at 8 a. m. being 44° Fahrenheit^ that of the water 
 was 43° P. Comparing this with previous observations, it will be found 
 that the lake has a nearly invariable temperature, which is thaf of the* 
 mean temperature of the climate of that place. 
 
 October 1..— We have been beating against a head'^wind since we set 
 out on our voyage. When in the middle of Lake Superior, I took fpur 
 bottles of water of the lake for analysis, the results of which are giveh im 
 this report. ' 
 
 October 2. — This day we reached the Sault Ste. Marie, and remained 
 there until the 6th, when we left for Mackinaw in the steamer ^^Detroit.’’' 
 At Mackinaw we met with Messrs. Foster and Hill, who had just ar- 
 rived from Green Bay, and were on their way home. When the steamboat 
 ^^Superior’’ arrived we took passage from Mackinaw to Detroit, and 
 reached that place on the 9th. Called on the surveyor general to request 
 township plats of Isle Roy ale, and such other township plats as had not^ 
 been sent to me. Left for Buffalo, where Ave arrived on the 10th, and at 
 Boston on the 13th. 
 
 ‘ My assistants went home by various routes — some by Canada; others 
 through Ohio, &c.; so that it was some time before they all arrived and 
 were ready to prepare their synopses, to accompany mine. I requested^ 
 them to send in, as soon as possible, their reports. Mr. Poster sent me a. 
 letter, as requested, from Green Bay, and Mr. Whitney sent in his synop-^ 
 sis, both of’* which were communicated by me, with a short account of the 
 survey for the season, as required by my instructions. Thus ended the 
 survey for the season. All was 'Accomplished that was required, except- 
 ing the further exploration of the iron ore district, between the Lakes^ 
 Michigan and Superior, and an examination of the mines on the Ontona- 
 gon river, which 1 proposed to visit myself the next season, in order to^ 
 include an account of them in my report on the copper mines. I proposed 
 to send to the iron ore district a scientific and 'practical furnace-mastery, 
 who was prepared to give a judicious opinion as to the practicability and 
 economy .of manufacturing iron in that region, and t?) visit myself every* 
 locality of economical importance before closing the survey. 
 
 I requested the honorable Secretary of the Treasury to ask for a small- 
 additional appropriation, which, added to the balance unexpended, would' 
 have enabled me to complete the work in a manner satisfactory to the? 
 public and to myself. I had 'asked for an appropriation of $6,000, and 
 Congress liberally granted $8,000; so that we should have had more than 
 enough to have carried my survey to completion. 
 
 It is well known that my plans were frustrated, in a manner little ex- 
 Ipected by me, and my work is left incomplete from no fault of mine. I 
 have done all I could with the few materials left in my hands, and here- 
 with present my own personal observations; and the reports sent in by my' 
 late assistants, J. W. Foster and J. D. Whitney, jr., are appended, with- 
 out any alterations or corrections. Their relations to me v/ill sepe to^ 
 explain some of .their representations^ on Avhich I shall forbear to com-^ 
 mem. 
 
 Remarks on mines of native copper. 
 
 Mines of native copper are quite rare. The only ones of any extent,, 
 excepting those on Lake Superior, are in the Ural mountains, in R-ussia^^,. 
 and there the masses are of nxoderate size. 
 
464 
 
 c ^ ] 
 
 Small pieces^ resulting generally from the decomposition of sulphurets, 
 are found in the mines of Cornwall^ and near the surface in the copper 
 mines of Cuba. 
 
 In the trap rocks of America^ we find native copper in Nova Scotia^ 
 Connecticut; and New Jersey; and within the arctic regions of this con- 
 tinent; large masses are found on the Coppermine river. Sir John Rich- 
 ardson says that large masses of native copper were carried from Copper- 
 mine river to England thirty years agO; and that masses of the pure metal 
 are frequently met with in that extensive trap range. 
 
 No place in the world has thus far produced such astonishingly large 
 masses as the country on the south side of Lake Superior; where the 
 metal exists in regular veinS; from which large elipsoidal masses of' pure 
 €oppeT; weighing more than eighty tonS; have been excavated. It was 
 generally supposed that these veins would run out; as they were wrought 
 to a considerable depth; but thus far no signs of their exhaustion have 
 been seen : on the contrary; the quantity of metal in the lodes steadily 
 augments; and the thickness of the masses increases. 
 
 I shall now describe the method of extracting the copper by mining 
 operations. When by shafts and levels the mine is properly opened; the 
 operation of stopein^, or working by grades; commences in the lower 
 levels; and a wall of copper is laid bare on one side by blasting away the 
 veinstone and rock. After a mass is thus uncovered; it is followed to 
 some place where its continuity is broken; and there an excavation is made 
 behind it; and the mass is cleared as much as possible all arouitd its edges. 
 Then a heavy blast of gunpowder; frequently amounting to a hundred 
 pounds y is placed behind; and tamped %ith sand; and fired by a long 
 fuse; the miners all ascending from the mine at the time. The blast being 
 fired; the copper is torn from the walls and thrown down upon the stalls 
 or scaffolding; and is there cut up into pieces that can be readily moved 
 by the chains from the horse- whim. Then the masses are raised from 
 the mine; and removed on a tram-road to the depot. The smaller masses; 
 j which are most frequently raised — not requiring to be cut up — along with 
 the rock and veinstbne filled with copper; are sent up in ^^kihhlesy^'' or 
 tubS; raised by the horse- whim. This is the common method pursued 
 in the native copper mines. From the Cliff mine on Eagle river; about 
 860 or 900 tons of copper; averaging 65 per cent, of pure metal; is raised 
 per annum; and much of it is quite pure copper; requiring only fusion 
 to cast it into the forms required for the manufacturer. 
 
 Method of mining for native copper. 
 
 The usual processes of mining are generally pursued in opening the 
 veins of native copper; but the peculiar character of the lodes causes 
 some variation in the miner’s operations. Many of the ideas brought 
 from the mines of Cornwall are found to be inapplicable to this novel kind 
 of mining; and those guides which are considered reliable in Europe 
 are here found unavailing. Instead of great masses of ^^gossan’^ and 
 ^^finckan^'^ the miner here finds at the surface a clean; well-defined vein 
 of prehnitC; containing fine scales and small particles of pative coppe-r. 
 MindiC; or iron pyrites, does not mingle with the contents of the vein; and 
 the minerals accompanying the copper are entirely different from those of 
 European mines. Instead of oxide of tin, mixed with a lode of copper 
 
465 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 pyrites, the miner finds here pure silver, imbedded in solid copper, or 
 mixed with the veinstone. Minerals which he does not know the name 
 of are continually meeting his eye, and he feels that he is in a new 
 country whem the rocks are not killas and granite, with porphyry- 
 el vans, but trap rocks and sandstone, exhibiting all their various admix- 
 tures and alterations, effected by fire. Beginning with a series of new 
 minerals, he learns from mineralogists who visit the mines their names 
 £^nd characters , and as it were begins the study of mineralogy while ex- 
 ploring for mines. The superintendents, properly instructed as to the 
 nature of the minerals, call them by their scientific, names, and the anti- 
 quated jargon of the Cornish miners gives way to the language of science. 
 This will be remarked by every mineralogist and geologist who visfts the 
 mines of Lake Superior; and 1 will venture to affirm that nowhere will 
 he find the miners better acquainted with the, true names of the minerals 
 of the country. 
 
 Mode oj opening a mine. 
 
 After making superficial explorations determining the course and dip 
 of the vein and the contour of the ground, the miner makes the arrange- 
 ments for extracting the ore or metal. If his ground permits his first 
 working to be in the side of a hill or cliff, he opens a drift or level into 
 the hill side and penetrates the vein along its course, excavating a gal- 
 lery 4 or 5 feet wide and 6 feet in height. Near the opening or mouth 
 cff his gallery the materials are generally loose, and require supports of 
 timber; but, on penetrating into the solid rocks, he finds them sufficiently 
 firm to sustain themselves, soThat no timbering is required. The frame- 
 work supporting the loose materials at the opening of the drift is made 
 of strong timber, as represented in the annexed drawing; which requires 
 no furdier description. When a gallery is of considerable extent it is 
 proper to lay a train or narrow railway for the transportation of the ore 
 and rocks, by means of a chariot; but in temporary works a plank laid 
 in the bottom of the gallery makes a sufficiently good road for the wheel- 
 barrow, which is generally used in such excavations. 
 
 A similar method is pursued in the construction of an adit level, for 
 draining the water from a mine. It is necessary that this gallery should 
 have a gentle slope, just sufficient to enable the water to run from it; and 
 it is customary in wet mines to sink a shallow channel in the bottom of 
 the gallery for draining off the water, and to cover this channel by a 
 plank. In excavating the gallery, as in other mining in h^rd rocks, 
 gunpowder is used for shattering the rocks, and much skill and experi- 
 ence is required to produce the most efficient blasts. The holes for 
 blasting are all made by means of steel drills, held by the hand, and driven, 
 with a hammer and Medge, churn drills, such a» are used by quarrymen, 
 being never employed by miners, they being only suitable for drilling 
 perpendicular holes on the surface, while the minar has to drill in every 
 direction, and generally at an angle considerably inclined from verticality. 
 When the rock has been shattered by the blast, it is broken up by means of 
 the sledge, and is transported in wheelbarrows or in chariots from the gal- 
 lery, and the ore or metal is picked out from the rubbish and placed in a 
 separate heap. The first drifts made on the vein are to be regarded 'as 
 preliminary researches in most cases, for it seldom is advisable to open a 
 Part ii— 30 
 
466 
 
 LI] 
 
 work of stopeing or by grades near the surface^ but to reserve those 
 operations for the deep levels , which are sent off from the lower part of 
 the perpendicular shafts ; and no stopeing should be nearer the surface 
 than 60 feef^ until it is decided to work out and abandon the mine. 
 
 Shafts. 
 
 In all regular mining; two shafts are required; and they are general^r 
 sunk perpendicularly either on the vein or in such a manner as to cut 
 the vein at a certain distance from the surface. If the vein is but* 
 slightly inclined from the perpendicular line; and is not decomposed or 
 leaky; "the shafts are sunk directly on the vein; but if the inclination de- 
 part considerably from the perpendicular; it is best to sink them so as to 
 cut the vein about 60 feet from the surface; where the first level will be 
 sent off along the line of the vein. If two shafts are sunk at the same 
 time; levels may be sent off in two directions from each of them; and at 
 the same time the party of miners in the shaft continue to sink it deeper: 
 thus more ground is opened at oncC; and more men can be employed in 
 mining. When the two shafts are connected by a level; ventilation is 
 readily secured by causing an ascensional current of air to pass up one 
 of the shafts, while the suiTOunding air penetrates by the other; and by 
 the adit level when that is constructed. 
 
 A plan of the usual form of a mining shaft is represented in De Beau- 
 mont’s Coup d’oeil sur les Mines, plate 1, figure 3, 
 
 The shafts sunk in mining on Lake Superior are generally about 6 
 feet by 8 feet at the commencement of the operations; and are subse- 
 quently squared down and enlarged, when they are converted into engine 
 shafts. At first the miners descend by the rope running over a wind- 
 lass, placing one foot in a loop made by turning the rope under a hook 
 used in raising the tub; but when the shaft is further advanced, regular 
 ladders and landings are placed at intervals of about thirty feet on one 
 side of the shaft; and in one comer the pump is placed, while the tub 
 or kibble descends in the central division of the shaft, or on one side of 
 it. A frame-work of solid timber is constructed around the orifice of the 
 shaft; and a pulley over its centre is fixed for a rope or chain connected 
 with a horse-whim or perpendicular drum, moved by horse power. By 
 this machine the ore is raised from the mine, one or two horses being at- 
 tached to a large horizontal lever, moving the drum on which the rope or 
 chain winds. As yet no steam- whim has been erected at any of the 
 mines for raising the ore, the only steam-engine now put up being a 
 small onb; driving the stamping mill at the Boston and Pittsburg Com- 
 pany’s mine, at the Cliff on Eagle river. It will soon be necessary to 
 erect a good and substantial steam-engine, for raising the ore and metal 
 •and for pumping water from the mine. Horse pumps are now employed, 
 the mine not having much wat^r in it. The firmest machiner^/^ that has 
 been put up is at the North American Company’s mines on Eagle river, 
 where the frame -Avork is made stronger than at the Cliff mine, and is 
 very Avell arranged after that model, and someAvhat improved beyond it. 
 
 .After sinking the shaft to the depth of 60 feet, as before observed, the 
 first level is sent off in the vein; and when the shaft reaches 60 feet 
 deeper, another level is sent off in the same manner; and from this the 
 regular operations of stopeing or stepping out the ore or metal are begun, 
 by Avorking out the backs of levels,” as the miners call them. Thus 
 
467 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tile work is begun by cutting out the vein so as ta make a series of in- 
 verted steps, and the ore or metal is thrown down with the veinstone 
 upon a scaffolding of heavy timber, called by the Cornish miners 
 Stolls f (stools,) and by the French achafands,” (scaffolds.) These 
 Stolls are made by fixing large but short pieces of timber into the sides 
 of the vein walls, and are very firm, so that they will bear a great 
 weight. They are allowed to remain with the heaps of rubbish on them 
 as the work proceeds, and thus the excavation made below is gradually 
 filled up with rock too poor in metals to be worth raising from the mine. 
 
 A mine does not generally begin to produce profitably until a consider- 
 able extent of stopeing ground is opened, and room is thus proviiied for 
 miners to excavate the vein rapidly. 
 
 Unfortunately, people interested as stockholders in mines know but 
 little of the business, and too frequently abandon these mines befojehhey 
 are in a state to give any economical results ; and this is the cause of so 
 many good mines having been abandoned , when,' by perseverance aSdra 
 liberal outlay of meneir, they might have been rendered profitable. 
 
 Adit levels. 
 
 In all cases where the ground will permit an adit level to be rhade along 
 the line of the vein, and to a sufficient depth — say at least to the depth of 
 sixty feet — it is advisable to begin by making such an adit while sinking 
 the first shaft, so as to drain off the water readily, and to secure ventila- 
 tion, If, however, the adit should be of too great a length and too ex- 
 pensive, the method above described of working by two shafts at first 
 should be preferred, ai|d the water can be raised by pumps or by the tub 
 by horse-power. If an adit would run through rocks not containing ore 
 or metal, the distance it must run and its effect must be calculated, so as 
 to ascertain whether it would prove a profitable operation. Generally, 
 such an adit should not be made lintii the vein has been sufficiently 
 proved to justify the outlay. Many a mining company in this country 
 has been ruined by the expense of making long adits, without counting 
 the cost, and before proving the value of their mine. All these matters 
 can be best decided upon by a good mining engineer familiar with the 
 mine in* question. 
 
 Ventilation- of mines. 
 
 Various methods are had recourse to for ventilating mines. , In winter, 
 the cold air of the surface readily penetrates into ail parts of de mine, and 
 ‘displaces the warmer air; but in the summer, when the air ai the surface 
 is warmer than that in the mine, the air of the mine is not displaced, and 
 soon becomes irrespirable, and incapable of supporting the flame of a 
 candle. This corruption of the air is effected by the burning of Candles, 
 firing of powder in blastiag, and by the respiration of the miners ; more 
 rarely, carbonic acid gas arises from mineral springs in the rocks. 
 
 It becomes necessary, therefore, to secure good and sufficient vehtila- 
 tion in a mine, and various machines are employed to effect this. The 
 fan-bellows is commonly employed at first, to blow down fresh air; but 
 this is a very inefficient method in deep mines. In England, Taylor’s 
 plunging 'Cylinder, resembling a gasometer, is employed to draw the air 
 out of the mine, and is regarded as the most efficient machine. In coal 
 mines, a powerful draught is effected hy means of a fire built iii a furnace 
 
[ 1 ] 468 
 
 connected with the shaft: an ascensional current of air being produced^f 
 ftesh air pours into tlle'mine. 
 
 The best machine that I have seen for ventilating mines was construct- 
 ed by Mr. Hezekiah Bradford^ of New York^ and is now in action at the 
 Bristol copper mine in Connecticut. The machine is nothing more than 
 a large air-pump fixed over one of the shafts, and consists of a square 
 plank box, with a series of lids or valves forming its bottom, and all open- 
 ing upwards. In this box is placed a piston, moving easily in the box^ 
 and having greased leather bearings against the sides of the box. This 
 piston is made of a frame with light bboard valves covering its entire sur- 
 face, and all opening upwards. An iron rod passes from a wheel having 
 a quemrant movement, directly over the box, and is connected with the 
 movable piston. The wheel, moved by a small r©d extending to the 
 lever of the steam-engine, works this pump with ease and efficiency, and 
 draws out the air from the mine with great rapidity, the box being fixed 
 aii;^tight over the ventilation shaft. This is the simplest, cheapest, and 
 most efficient ventilating machine 1 have seen, and I would recommend 
 its introduction generally. It is certainly preferable to Taylor’s plunging 
 cylinder, which requires more power to move it, and an extension of the 
 draught- tubes into the mine. It is of great advantage to get rid of these 
 tubes, which are exposed to injury from blasting and to many accidents^ 
 
 Preparation of ores and cleansing metals from rock, 
 
 "After raising such ores to the surface as are regarded to be sufficiently 
 rich for working, the richest pieces are picked out and thrown into a 
 heap, and if of sufficiently high per centage to be profitably transported 
 to market, are barrelled up and forwarded. There still remains by far the* 
 largest portion of the ore too poor to bear the expenses of transportation,, 
 and this has to undergo certain operations to render it merchantable. I 
 shall describe the methods employed in cleansing the metals from vein- 
 stone and rock. The pieces which are raised to 30 per cent, of metal 
 by beating off the rock are packed up in barrels, and this metal is called 
 
 barrel-ioork,^^ There remains a large portion of rock filled with small 
 particles of metal called stamp-work which is to be cleansed by the 
 action of the stamping mill, and by certain operations with water. The 
 ore or rock containing the metals is first broken into pieces about twice 
 the size of man’s fist, and then is thrown into a hopper or box having an 
 inclined spout leading beneath the stamp heads'. A current of water 
 passing d^pwn this spout, and the jar produced by the action of the ma- 
 chinery, gradually carry the rock under the stamps. The rock is tliere 
 beaten fine by reiterated blows of the stamps, which weigh about 300 lbs.,, 
 and drop about 15 inches at each blow, driving down a portion of the 
 rock to form its bed, which is confined by cast-iron plates and gratings. 
 The rock is pulverized in water, so that it is converted into mud or slime,, 
 and is carried off by the current. The particles of copper and silver 
 which are capable of passing the grating are also swept from underneath 
 the stamps, and pass over a plank apron to the vat, where the metals and 
 heavy particles of rock subside, arid the running water carries off the 
 slime as mud. When this vat becomes filled with the metals and rock, 
 the water is run off, and the contents are removed to or Avash- 
 
 ing troughs, where by stirring with a shovel, while a rapid current of 
 
469 
 
 [11 
 
 water is passing through the mixture, the rock is mostly washed out, and 
 the heavier metals remain at the head of the strake, and are thrown out 
 to be farther cleansed by the jig-men^ who shovel the metals and rock 
 into sieves made of perforated sheet copper or iron, and then sink them 
 into a vat of water, and by a peculiar and gentle motion of raising and 
 ^lowering the sieve, and by a partial circular motion, the copper and silver 
 are made to subside to the bottom of the sieve, and near its middle. The 
 rock is then scraped off from the surface until the metal is exposed. 
 The sieve is again filled with the ore, and the operation is repeated until 
 a sufficient quantity of clean metals has been obtained, which are then 
 removed into barrels placed ready at hand to receive them. The Gdrnish 
 washers of copper ores are very skilful at this business, and raise the 
 stamp ore to 80 or 90 per cent, of metal very easily. The fine particles 
 which pass through the sieves are next submitted to the operation of the 
 sleeping4ahle or of kieves. ^ The sleeping* tables are plank platforms, 
 slightly inclined, with a gentle current of water brought into the ll|ad; 
 ^nd there the fine ore is placed, and the gentlest possible current of water 
 is allowed to pass over it, while it is stirred by means of a peculiar nar- 
 row bent spade, or by a rake and feoe — the former tool being used by the 
 <3ornish ore washers. The current of water gradually removes the, 
 lighter earthy particles, and the heavier metals remain at the head of the 
 table, and are gathered intu a heap and packed in casks for shipment. 
 
 Another method is also used to separate the fine particles of copper. 
 The mixture is thrown into a large tub of water, which is rapidly stirred 
 by means of a spade, a spiral motion being given to the water. The cop- 
 per and silver having a higher specific gravity than the rock, settle to the 
 bottom first, and the water being run off, the rock is skimmed from the 
 surface, and the metals are found at the bottom sufficiently clean for ship- 
 ment. 
 
 JBradford'^s sifting and winnowing machine for the separation of copper ore. 
 
 I lately had the pleasure of examining a newly invented machine for 
 -cleansing copper and other valuable ores at the Bristol copper mines in 
 Connecticut, and would call the attention of miners to these valuable 
 improvements. 
 
 The ore is first crushed by powerful, hard, fluted iron rollers. It is then 
 V screened, and the fine ore is allowed to pass. The coarse ore is taken up 
 by lifts, inside of a revolving wooden wheel, and brought up to a trough a 
 little at a time, and. thus fed into another set of rollers by a §pout. It is 
 thus reduced still finer, and is now allowed to pass through a drying 
 cylinder, which is placed in an inclined position, and has a revolving 
 motion; while it is kept hot by a current of waste steam, aided by a fire 
 ;at the head of the cylinders. The ore passes dowm this revolving cylin- 
 der and reaches the other end quite dry. By lifts similar to those of 
 flouring mills, the ore is next taken up and carried to the sieves or 
 : screens, which are so constructed as to act exactly opposite to the usual 
 method of sifting, viz: by discharging the coarse ore first, and thus pre- 
 venting the wearing of the sieves by the passage of the coarse ore through. 
 them. These screens revolve and sift out the coarsest particles first, 
 then to the next, and so 'on to 30 different sizes, throwing out the finest 
 - dust at the termination of the" sieves. 
 
470 
 
 lU 
 
 There axe ,as many compartments to receive the sifted ore as there are 
 sieves^, and thus the ore is sorted and is now ready for the next operation^ 
 which is a new method of separating ores by means of a current of air 
 properly regulated. The sifted ore being placed in an inclined trough^ 
 is gradually delivered; by the rotation of a cylinder with a series of lifts 
 of sheet tinned iron, into the winnowing chamber; where a regulated cur-, 
 rent of aix is made to pass by means of a large fan- wheel; driven by the 
 steam engine; and forcing a steady current of air along a chamber 90 feet 
 in length. The ore delivered by the machine is winnowed, and the 
 heavy ore is found in one compartment; quite clean; and the poorer a 
 little farther from the* blast; and so on until we find no trace of the ore, 
 but metely the rock blown out of it. Having seen this machine in opera- 
 tion, I am satisfied that it can be advantageously employed on Lake Su- , 
 perior for the separation of copper and silver from the pulverized rock; and 
 it will also serve to cleanse ores that are now regarded as too poor for 
 eith^ shipment or for v/ashing; an ore containing 2 per cent, of copper 
 being profitably cleansed by this machine. It could be very advantage- 
 ously employed at the Lac la Belle mines in cleansing the gray copper 
 ore of the poor veinstone — the product being about 6 per cent. The great 
 heaps of copper oiC at the abandoned Suffolk mines ; which contain 
 from 6 to 8 per cent, of metal; may also he cleansed by this machine - and 
 provided the machine was put up at some place where the ores from the 
 various mines could be concentrated; the work would doubtless prove 
 profitable. Mr. Bradford informs me that; by means of his new machine, 
 he can cleanse 40 tons of ore per day; and that it requires only four men 
 to work it. 
 
 It is obvious that machinery like this is admirably adapted to working 
 the gold earth of Yirginia; of the CarolinaS; and of California. 
 
 It being the first successful American improvement in machinery for 
 cleansing oreS; I hope it will have a fair trial wherever it is applicable. 
 
 At the Bristol copper mines I also saw a most ingeniously contrived 
 steam-v/him; which is also new, and is by far the best I have ever seen 
 or heard of. It has the power of instantaneous reversion without revers- 
 ing the engine; and thus avoids interference with the power of the fiy- 
 wheel; and saves a great deal of power; while it is under the most abso- 
 lute control of the man at the engine shaft. In discharging a kibble or 
 tub there are required six motions m opposite directions; and all these 
 ate effected by one mail; without any difficulty; by the mere movement 
 of a lever acting on the reversing power of the wheel over which the 
 chain revolves, and carries the two kibbles. This is all effected by one 
 of the most simple contrivances . There are two bands running in oppo- 
 site directions; and moving an axis with friction wheels in opposite di- 
 rections. By means of a lever these are alternately brought to bear upon 
 cog-wheels; which play into an endless screw Avhich is connected with 
 the chain-Wheel. This change of gear is effected by means of ropes 
 coming from two levers placed at the ends of the movable axis. It was 
 also observed that when a tub got caught; the machine would slip so as 
 to avoid breaking the chain; and thus also notify the man at the mouth 
 of the shaft that there was some obstruction; when by change of motioa 
 the kibble would be instantaneously liberated. It was found easy to re- 
 verse the motion, by the above arrangement, 10 times in a minute. I 
 
wojild commend it to miners as a most useful improvement^ and as well 
 adapted to the wants of the miners oh Lake Superior. 
 
 Since no steam-whims have as yet been erected at any of the Lake. Su- 
 perior mines, it will be advisable to examine the machineiy I have here 
 described before putting up the engines, vrhich will soon.be needed, espe- 
 cially at the Boston and Pittsburg Company’s mines, which have already 
 attained a considerable depth. 
 
 Extent of the copper and' silver -bearing rocks on the mineral lands of the 
 
 United States m Michigan ^ with some remarks on the theory of the ori- 
 gin of the metals. 
 
 Copper and silver occur on Lake Superior mineral lands in the trap 
 rocks only, and the valuable veins are limited to a narrow belt of the 
 amygdaloidai variety of that rock; for when a vein penetrates into the 
 compact trap, it soon pinches out or becomes a mere sheet of metal un- 
 worthy of the expenses of mining for its extraction. The sandstone and 
 conglomerate rocks which border the trap range, limit the extent of the 
 metalliferous veins by cutting off the lode, calcareous spar being found in 
 the sandstone as a continuation of the vein. Thus we are enabled to 
 determine the length of the workable veins by the width of the band of 
 amygdaloid, which lies between the compact trap and sandstone rocks, 
 and is the product of the interfusion of those two kinds of rock; The 
 course of the true veins is nearly transverse to the direction of the trap- 
 pean band, and the length of a workable vein has thus far never been 
 traced for more than 2,00Q feet in extent. Their depth is supposed to be 
 very great; probably the copper will be found to extend below the sedi- 
 mentary rocks. Since this metal appears to have originated from the in- 
 terior of the globe, we see no reason why the veins should cease to con- 
 tain metal and reach to greater depth. Indeed, we have reason to believe 
 that the proportion of the metal wilCincrease as we proceed towards it's 
 original depository. Experience thus far seems to sanction this belief. 
 
 Geological science has not yet been able to account for the facts, that 
 the nature of the rocks decides the character of the veins traversing them; 
 and that with a change in the rocks there is also a change in the nature 
 of a metalliferous lode of the same vein traversing different kinds of rock. 
 Mor have we yet been able to account for the peculiar character of the 
 veins accompanying each kind of rock, or why trap rocks cutting through 
 limestone should bear lead and zinc ores, while they are accompanied by 
 iron and copper pyrites in slate, and copper in sandstone. We can readily 
 conceive why metalliferous veins should accompany the outburst of an 
 igneous rock, but we do not understand why there should be, as it were, 
 this selection of metaJ,s by the overlaying strata.^ which one would think 
 could have no influence over matters originating below them. Apart 
 from all theory Yv’^e may state the facts-observed, and in the course of time 
 some clue will be found by which the mystery may be penetrated. 
 
 Copper and silver are both, in the present state of our knowledge, ele- 
 mentary bodies; perhaps they are amongst our best ascertained elements, 
 and hence it is not to be supposed that they were formed from any ingre- 
 dients of trap or sandstone rocks. We ai’e forced to regard these metals 
 as primary constituents of the planet; and from the occurrence with hy- 
 pogene rocks of igneous origin, we are disposed to believe that they some- 
 
how were produced by igneous agency; but whether the metal was sub- 
 limed^in the state of vapor or in some volatile combination — as, for instance, 
 the chloride — and was separated from the chlorine by galvanic or some 
 other agency, or was thrown up into the chasms in a molten state by ig- 
 neous agency, we cannot positively decide. From many observations 
 already stated in this report, it would appear that there is strong evidence 
 against the injection of the copper as a molten mass; but although we 
 may disprove that theory, we are by no means prepared to substitute 
 another which will be found free from defects. I would, however, call 
 attention to the fact first noticed by me on Lake Superior, that where 
 there are the greatest number of alternations of sandstone and trap, the 
 amygdaloid contains the richest veins of copper and silver; and I would 
 refer to the mines on Eagle river and at Copper Falls for proofs of this state- 
 ment. 
 
 It would appear that the series of alternate bands of trap and sandstone 
 may be regarded as the elements of a galvanic battery, provided the 
 conditions required for the development of electric currents could be 
 shown to exist in those rocks. May it not have been during the very 
 long period in which the trap rocks retained their heat — which must have 
 been for many years — that there was a thermo- electric current produced 
 among these rocky plates — the disjunctions in the chasms polarizing the 
 currents? I would not attach mnch importance to this hypothesis, but 
 throw it out as one of the possible solutions of the question I am consid- 
 ering — of the deposition of copper and silver in the veins which traverse 
 the amygdaloidal trap. In 1844-’45, I ascertained that at least six alter- 
 nations of the trap and sandstone rocks occur near the Copper Falls 
 copper and silver mine, and that numerous similar alternations of these 
 rocks exist near the mines of the Lake Superior Copper Company on 
 Eagle river. During this survey, my sub-agent, George O. Barnes, 
 ascertained by patient investigation that there were eleven narrow bands 
 of sandstone, conglomerate, and trap rocks between the mouth of Eagle 
 river and the mine. 
 
 At the Boston and Pittsburg Company’s and the North American 
 Company’s mines, on the southwest branch of Eagle river, the sandstone 
 is not exposed; but a vast bed of amygdaloid, resulting from the combina- 
 tion of the trap and sandstone, is the rock containing the copper and silver 
 of those mines; and it is highly probable that belts of sandstone will be 
 found near the base of the hill, or in the unexplored flat lands near the 
 stream. 
 
 At Eagle Harbor there are also intercalations of sandstone in the trap, 
 #nd amygdaloid is most abundantly produced. The same remark applies 
 to the Northwest and Northwestern Copper Companies’ locations, 
 and to nearly all the localities where rich veins of copper have been found 
 ©n Keweenaw point. It has been found impracticable to represent each 
 of these bands of sandstone on the geological map, for they are too nar- 
 now to introduce upon a map of such dimensions as should accompany 
 this report. I have therefore described them here, lest it might be sup- 
 posed that I had overlooked them, and did not appreciate their import- 
 ance. I would also remark that, while the northern side of the great trap 
 belt on Keweenaw point is made up mostly of hornblende and felspar, 
 mixed in proportions usual in brown trap rocks, and is highly amygda- 
 loidal along the line of junction with the sandstone and conglomerate, 
 
473 
 
 m 
 
 the southern side is of quite a different character, and resemblea 
 porphyry in having a compact felspar base, with crystals of felspar 
 embedded in it, and but very little hornblende. This southern margin is 
 also remarkable for containing the gray sulphuret of copper ^ instead of 
 native copper; and if the rock was not connected with the more horn- 
 blendic trap, and in the same line of direction, bursting through the 
 same kind of sandstone strata, 1 should feel disposeil to regard it as of 
 more ancient origin. Indeed, I am far from being satisfied that it is not 
 more ancient, for the limited exposure of the rocks does not allow any 
 geologist to be too confident in his opinion respecting its age. 
 
 At the Lac la Belle mines — as will be noticed in my description of that 
 docality — the rock is so highly crystalline as to resemble some varieties of 
 sienite, and it not unfrequently contains a large admixture of chlorite, 
 and has been mistaken for protogine rock. A similar rock occurs at the 
 Lake Superior Copper Company’s mines on Eagle river, and is cut 
 through by the copper vein, bearing much i dark brown trap rock with it, 
 and thus indicating that the vein is more recent than the chlorite and 
 ■felspar rock. 
 
 From the above considerations, we may regard the amygdaloid on the 
 Morthwest side of the trap belt as mineral land containing numerous veins 
 ^of copper, mixed with variable but comparatively small proportions of silver. 
 The central portion of the belt contains comparatively but few valuable 
 veins, and only where the trap is amygdaloidal. The southeastern margiif 
 of the belt contains but little native copper; but, instead of it, gray sul- 
 phuret of copper occurs both in stock-werkes or cotemporaneous veins 
 and beds, and in well-defined veins, which are occasionally sufficiently 
 rich for mining, but are more frequently poor. 
 
 The extent of the copper-bearing trap rocks is about 120 miles, or from 
 the extremity of Keweenaw point to the Ontonagon river; and its average 
 width is less than five miles. All the good locations for mining have already 
 been selected by those enterprising men who first penetrated these forests 
 and opened mines. A few have been successful in these operations; but 
 many have spent, both time and money freely, and have met with no 
 reward. I have designated the whole of the trap range as mineral land, 
 Lut there are only few places left fon mining enterprises, for the country 
 :jhas been pretty thoroughly explored, and the best locations have been 
 ^selected. With the progressive settlement of the country, I have no 
 ■»doubt, new veins will be discovered along the trap belt which T have 
 'described; and it will be of advantage to the country to offer all proper 
 4nducem.ents to settlers, and not to restrict their selection of land by any 
 reservation of certain tracts as mineral land. Let all who choose to settle 
 there purchase at the price of agricultural land, and enjoy the benefit of 
 any mines they may chance to open upon their estates. It may be useful 
 to the public to cause geological and mineralogical surveys to be made for 
 their information; hut I am satisfied that the reservation of miryeral lands 
 is a great evil to the country, and that the government never can derive 
 revenue fro 7 n such sources , while the restriction most seriously embarrasses 
 the settlement of newly acquired territory. The above remarks are appli- 
 cable to the whole copper region^ and I would not advise the reservation 
 of any part of it as mineral land. 
 
Isle Royale 
 
 This island has the same geological character as Keweenaw pointy and^ ' 
 is of the same geological age. The veins of copper occur mostly near 
 the junction of the trap and conglomerate and sandstone rocks^ or in the 
 amygdaloidal trap. More frequently the veins are imbedded veins of 
 epidote running parallel with the trende of the trap rocks.' Small v^ins 
 traverse the line of direction^ and intersect the small beds^ showing 
 thereby a more recent origin. Only one mine — that at Todd’s Harbor— 
 has^ at yet^ produced any considerable amount of copper^ and but few of 
 the veins have been opened to a sufficient depth to prove their value. 
 The island is unfrequented^ and is a most unpromising place for settlers ^ 
 at present; there being no communication with the other and more settled, 
 portions of the country and this island during the long winters of that 
 country. If adventurous persons chose to purchase lands and settle 
 there; I should most strenuously advise the government to offer no obstruc- 
 tions by mineral reservations. A settler is justly entitled to all he finds if 
 he is willing to live there. 
 
 The soil of the island is good; and the timber is sufficiently abundant 
 and sound. The harbors are beautiful and secure; and the fisheries are 
 the best on the lake. 
 
 When the island is 'settled; and the soil cultivated; it will be a very 
 habitable spot; but at present the difficulties I have alluded to prevent 
 permanent settlement. 
 
 Thq trap belt on Isle Royale is, on an average; five miles in v/idth and 
 nearly fifty in length; and is bordered on the southwestern side; near the' 
 western extremity; by sandstone rocks. Conglomerate occurs along the* 
 line of junction of the sandstone and trap, and upon the coast along most 
 of its southern side; but on the northern side, cliffs of trap, somewhat 
 amygdaloidal at their base, exclusively prevail. Numerous small streams 
 and pretty lakes exist in the island; and ridges of trap rocks extend in a 
 linear direction from one end of the island to the other. On the imme- 
 diate coast; the forest trees are stinted by the cold air of the lake; but 
 the growth is open, mixed; and heavy, inland, indicating a fertile soil. 
 
 Transportation of the copper from Lake Superior eastward. 
 
 The copper obtained from the mines on Lake Superior is shipped in 
 vessels to the Sault Ste. Marie, and is there landed and transported across 
 the portage (one mile) in wagons. Thence it is shipped, and is trans- 
 ported through the lower lakes to the Brie canal, and brought to the sea- 
 . coast; or it is taken by vessels to the caiial in Ohio, and is sent thence to 
 Pittsburg by canals and the river. 
 
 The cost of delivering the copper to the cities on the Atlantic coast, I 
 was informed by the mining and forwarding agents, is about $15 per 
 ton. 
 
 Chemical researches on the native copper of the nnines on Keweenaw point . 
 
 In the first place I wished to determine the specific gravity or density 
 of this native copper, and I procured a slice from the great mass at the 
 Copper Falls mine, the piece being sawed and never hamznered, or in any 
 
476 [ 1 ] 
 
 “way artificially compiessed. I sawed out a cube of this copper and took, 
 its specific gravity: 
 
 It weighed in air - 4.778 grammes, 
 in water 4. ^3 
 
 Difference . 535 
 
 As .535 : 1 :: 4.778 : 8.9308 ;= specific gravity of the Copper Falls^ 
 mass. 
 
 This piece of copper was then analyzed . No trace of gold was left m 
 the nitric acid solution^ and no silver was found by testing with 
 
 chlorohydric acid, or iron by testing with ammonia. ^ It was pure copper. 
 Its density is greater than that of hammered copper, which has a spe- 
 cific gravity of 8.890, while native copper in European books is stated afr 
 8.584. This copper from Lake Superior is therefore more dense and 
 is very tough. The mass from which this specimen was cut weighed 
 8 tons, and it w^as equally pure throughout. Its density must be owing: 
 to the perfect metallic contact of its particles, and the absence of either sub- 
 oxide of copper or sulphur, which frequently exist in copper of commerce.. 
 
 c» 
 
 Specijic gravity and chemical analysis of the native copper from the Bos- 
 ton and Pittsburg Company'^ s mine. 
 
 For this examination I employed strips cut from one of the largest-: 
 masses at the bottom of the Cliff mine. Eagle river. This mass weighed 
 80 tpns. The strips are removed by mortising channels through the cop- . 
 per, and was supposed to be condensed by the blown's of the hammer, the^ 
 chisel corrugating the strip as it is raised from the mass. A cube of this 
 copper sawed out from the middle of the strip — 
 
 Weighed in air - - 156.5 grains, 
 
 in water at 60^ F. 138.9 
 
 Difference 17.6 
 
 A^ 17.6 : 1 :: 156.5 : 8.890. The specific gravity of these strips is,. 
 
 therefore, 8.890. 
 
 This piece of copper was dissolved in pure nitric acid, and left no trace 
 of gold, and but a minute portion of silex. The solution gave no sih^r 
 when tested by chlorohydric acid, nor iron when tested by ammonia. It 
 was pure copper with a little silex included in it. The density is equal 
 to that of hammered copper of commerce. The copper from this mine is 
 well known to be much tougher than that which has been obtained by 
 artificial smelting. I could not at that time obtain any specimen of the 
 copper that .had never been hammered, but 1 have since sawed from one of 
 my crystallized specimens a piece which had a specific gravity of 8.9300, 
 or nearly like that from Copper Falls. 
 
 Pure copper when cast into an ingot has a s 
 to 8.830. 
 
 pacific gravity of from 8.788 
 
 Pure copper when drawn into wire has a specific gravity of from 8.876^ 
 to 8.960, according to Berthier. 
 
c 1 ] 476 
 
 ‘^pedjic gravity and analysis of the native silver of the Boston ^ Pitts- 
 
 burg Compam/s Cliff mine ^ at Eagle river. 
 
 None of these specimens had been hammered. 
 
 First specimen — weight in air - 3. 7 grammes. 
 
 in water 3. 34 S 
 
 Difference . 362 
 
 As .362 : 1 :: 3,710 : 10.248. The specific gravity of first specimen 
 iS) therefore^ 10.248. 
 
 Specific gravity of a section of a crystal of native copper from the Cliff 
 
 mine. 
 
 This piece was sawed out of a large crystal^ and gave as follows: 
 
 Weight in air - 2. 8085 grammes, 
 in water 2.4940 
 
 Difference . 3145 
 
 As .3145 : 1 :: 2.8085 : 8.9300, the specific gravity. 
 
 This specimen, on being dissolved in pure nitric acid and distilled water, 
 .03 gramme of silex. Hence the corrected specific gravity will be 
 10.496. No trace of gold was left by the nitric acid. The solution being 
 tested for copper and other metals, gave no trace of their presence; hence 
 the silver was pure, containing only a little quartz mechanically mixed. 
 
 . The specific gravity of pure silver when cast into an ingot is 10.4743; 
 and the specific gravity of pure silver when hammered is 10.5420, accord- 
 ing to Berthier. 
 
 Specimen No. 2 weighed in air - 2.588 grammes. 
 
 in water 2. 335 
 
 iC 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 Difference .253 
 
 As .253 : 1 :: 2.588 : 10.288, specific gravity of specimen N®. 2. 
 Specimen No. 3 weighed in air - 2. 700 grammes. 
 
 in water 2. 435 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 Difference .265 
 
 As .265 : 1 :: 2.700 : 10.188, specific gravity of specimen No. 3. 
 Specimen No. 4 weighed in air - 4. 515 grammes. 
 
 in water 4. 070 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 Difference . 445 
 
 As .445 : 4 :: 4.515 : 10.146, specific gravity of specimen No. 4. 
 
 These two last specimens were found to contain small particles of cop- 
 |)er scattered through them, but the copper was not alloyed with the silver. 
 These specimens 6f silver were found mixed with the veinstone, as- 
 csociated with native copper. They were in grains from the size of a mus- 
 
417 
 
 d3 
 
 tard seed to pieces of more than an ounce in weight; most of the piecei^ 
 picked out of the st^mp work were of the size of a hazelnut. The singu- 
 lar fact of the occurrence of silver implanted in masses of solid copper^ or 
 dotting its surface like buttons dropped upon the copper *and united by a 
 rnetallic soldering or perfect metallic adhesion at the points of contact^ is 
 observed in this mine, as also at the Copper Falls, Lake Superior, North. 
 American and Northwest Companies’ mines. I have analyzed hundreds 
 of specimens without ever finding any true alloy of the copper and silver. 
 In cases where it Avas first supposed to have been an alloy, it was subse- 
 quently found to be merely a rnechanical mixture of the two metals. Had 
 they no affinity for each other, the particles could not have been more 
 separate; but since w6 know that molten copper and silver readily and 
 most quickly unite, forming an alloy when they are brought in contact^ 
 and know also that the copper requires a much higher temperature for its 
 fusion, it is difficult to conceive that the metallic lode of the mine was 
 deposited in a molten condition. As I have observed elsewhere, theory 
 does not reach the solution of the question of the mode of origin afid 
 deposition of this mixture of pure copper Avith pure silver. One of the 
 specimens which I obtained in 1844, through the kindness of Mr. Bernard^ 
 is composed of a niixture as here represented. ^ 
 
 Discovery and analysis of the iron ore of the Menomonee river. 
 
 During my first visit to Lake Superior, in the summer of 1844, 1 obtained 
 from Mr. Barbeau, a trader at the Sault Ste. Marie, a fine specimen of 
 specular iron ore, which he had received from the Indian chief on the 
 north side of the Sault Ste. Marie. I learned also that this chief knew of 
 a mountain mass of this ore, somewhere between the head of Keweenaw 
 bay and the Menomonee river. In the summer of 1845 I advised Mr. 
 Lyman Pray, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, to look up that mountain^ 
 and told him all I had heard from Mr. Barbeau. He immediately em- 
 ployed the son of the Ojibway chief as his guide, an4 went Avith him to 
 the Anse; and from thence, guided by the Indian, he traversed the forest, 
 and found the iron mountain. I requested him to look for the rocks con^ 
 taining the iron ore, and to obtain for me some geological data, and t6 
 bring me some specimens. He informed me, on his return, that he had 
 searched four miles around the mountain, and found only this same kind 
 of iron ore, and no rocks. To Mr. Pray Ave are, then, indebted for our first 
 knowledge of the extent of this vast amount of iron ore. No linear sur- 
 veys had then been made, and it is probable that no Avhite man had eyer 
 before explored that locality. This bed of iron ore has since been visited 
 by my assistant, Mr. Foster, and Mr. Hill, my surveyor, Avho have given 
 a description of it 4n their report, and have furnished specimens of the 
 ore. 
 
 Chemical analysis of iron orefrcm the Mtn mviee river. 
 
 I have analyzed the specimen of iron ore Avhicb Mr*. Barbeau gi V3 n 
 and find it to yield in 100 parts^ by weight — 
 
478 
 
 Cl] 
 
 Peroxide of iron S9.T0 
 Silicious matter 12.20 
 
 101.90 
 
 Gain of oxygen 1.90 
 
 100.00 
 
 The ore is slightly magnetic, and gains weight by being converted into 
 the peroxide of iron. This ore contains 64.48 per cent, of pure iron, and 
 will yield about 60 per cent, of cast-iron when Smelted in the usual man- 
 ner in the blast furnace. 
 
 The specific gravity of this ore was found to be 4.903, and the weight 
 of a cubic foot of it is 306^% lbs. 
 
 In the course of time, this great mass of iron ore will be worked. At 
 present the want oY a road to the location , and the wilderness state of the 
 country, are the obstacles to be overcome. The ore will make excellent 
 bar iron by directly smelling it in a Catelan forge, and may be worked in 
 a small way for the supply of the miners and inhabitants on the borders of 
 the lake. The only fuel that can be obtained for the smelting of the ore 
 is charcoal, and the forests will furnish a most abundant supply — hard- 
 wood trees predominating in that forest. When the country has more 
 |)opulatioB, and roads are made from Green Bay to this iron ore, blast fur- 
 naces may be erected, and an extensive business will be created in that 
 'Count^ 5 ^ The ore is as rich as is desirable, and will make the best kinds 
 of cast and wrought iron. Limestone occurs in the vicinity, and will 
 serve for a flux in smelting the ore. 
 
 In 1845 Mr. Joseph Stacy, of Maine, explored the iron ore in that por- 
 tion of the country between the mouth of Dead river and Lake Michigan, 
 and established the fact that there was an inexhaustible amount of com- 
 pact and micaceous s]:>ecular iron ore in that district. I have not the 
 description of the localities he visited, but I saw, when at Copper Harbor, 
 the specimens he brought from that place. Since then, I obtained from 
 Mr, McNair a good specimen of the ore from near the forge called the 
 Jackson Furnace. This ore was analyzed by my assistant, Mr, Geo. J, 
 Dickenson, of Boston, who found it to consist of — 
 
 Silica - - - . 3.88 
 Lime - - - - 0.17" 
 
 Peroxide of iron 96.11 
 
 100.16 
 
 A small portion of this ore is in the state of magnetic oxide. This ore 
 contains 66.636 per cent, of metallic iron, and will yield 60 per cent, in 
 the blast furnace, the ore being estimated somewhat lower when worked 
 in mass. It is converted directly into bar iron in the Gateian forge, and 
 makes the best quality of iron. The locality, being the nearest point to 
 Lake Superior, where 'the iron ore exists in large quantities, will be re- 
 garded as one of the most available. 
 
 This locality was more thoroughly examined by Dr. John Ldcke, assist- 
 ant geologist, and Dr. W. F. Chanoing, sub-agent, in 1847, and will be 
 
479 [ 1 ] 
 
 I 
 
 ‘described in Dr. Locke’s report, which he has been requested to forward 
 ^to Washington in season to be printed with this report. 
 
 Irmt ore from Carp river. 
 
 This ore was brought to my laboratory during my absence on the sur- 
 vey, in the summer of 1848, by the late Edward Clark, esq., of W^oreester, 
 for analysis. It was analyzed by my assistant, Mr. R. Crople]/', and found 
 io contain — 
 
 Peroxide of iron, 100.14 
 Trace of silica - 
 
 This ore contains magnetic oxide to a small extent, the remainder being 
 •specular oxide. It contains 71 per cent, of pure iron, and will 5 rield in the 
 blast furnace about 65 per cent. 
 
 Assatf and analysis of the washed metals from the jigs at the Boston and 
 
 Pittsburg Company'^ s mine^ on Eagle river. 
 
 Through the kindness of Dr. Clarke, I was furnished with an average 
 sample of the washed metals from the Cliif mine stamping works, which was 
 .assayed under my direction by Mr. Geo. J. Dickenson, assistant sub-agent. 
 By the usual method of sampling, by quartering, I drew a fair sample of 
 metals from the lof, and this sample, weighing 1,520 grains, was put into 
 Mr. Dickenson’s hands for assay and analysis. On fusion into an ingot, 
 the metal obtained weighed 1,290 grains; hence there was 230 grains of 
 ‘earthy piatter or rock mixed with metals before fusing. 39.73 grains of 
 , this metal sawed from the ingot, submitted to analysis, yielded 0.026 of 
 ‘Chloride of silver, or 0.049 per cent, of metallic silver. The analysis 
 repeated on 81.70 grains, yielded 0,053 grain chloride of silver, or 0.048 
 per cent, of metallic silver. This propo^ion of silver tends to improve 
 ‘essentially the quality of the copper, preventing its rapid corrosion by sea- 
 water, and it is also less susceptible of oxidation from the action of air. 
 It is doubtful whether it can be economically separated by eliquation by 
 means of lead, but it is easy by hand to pick out all the la:^e particles of 
 silver; and I have learned that this work now furnishes employment for 
 •children in Pittsburg, where the copper is now carried to be fused and 
 manufactured. 
 
 I 
 
 The presence of silver gives the copper more strength and renders it 
 more valuable for making bronze cannon; and it has been well proved 
 both in France and this country, that cannon made with this metal are 
 unusually tough and strong. It is particularly adapted for casting light 
 field-pieces and howitzers, which may be niade much lighter than usual, 
 and still be safe. This metal and that from Cop^^er Falls has been used 
 in Boston for making church bells, and has proved to be of excellent qual- 
 ity. When a much larger proportion of silver exists in combination with 
 the copper, it makes it too hard. In «oaie of the samples I obtained in 
 the fqrnace by smelting the rock of the Lake Superior Company’s mine 
 -at Eagle river, I obtained buttons of metal which contained 20 per cent 
 •of silver, a quantity worth separating by acids, and which I found I could 
 separate still cheaper by making the alloy into a liquation cake with lead, 
 and then eliquating the silver and lead from the copper, and cupelling the 
 lead for silver, while I refined the copper, and thus obtained both silver 
 a»d copper. I proposed the method in iny report to ihe lake Superior 
 
[ 1 ] 480 
 
 Company in 1845, and fully proved its economical application. Th^ eli- 
 quation process is founded on the fact that copper and lead do no^ unite 
 or alloy, while silver unites with lead very readily; and if the eliqiiatioa 
 cake be heated so as to melt the alloy of silver and lead, and not the cop- 
 per, the fused alloy runs out and leaves the copper. 
 
 Chemical analysis of the green mineral which is the gangue of the native 
 
 silver at the Copper Falls mine, 
 
 \ 
 
 It is remarkable that the silver in most of the copper veins on Lake 
 Superior is associated with a peculiar green mineral, which for some time 
 we have called green earth, or rock colored by chlorite, &c., but which 
 I had long supposed to be a new species. I obtained a number of speci- 
 mens of it at the Copper Falls mine expressly for analysis, and, after pick- 
 ing it clear from copper and silver, levigating and washing it, and then 
 cleansing it from any trace of copper by means of dilute nitric acid, I sub- 
 mitted it to my sub-agent, Mr. Geo. J. Dickenson, for analysis. It was 
 found to consist of — 
 
 Silica - • 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 57.95 
 
 Alumina 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 19.00 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 13.06 
 
 Lime 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - ■ - .05 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1.32 
 
 Water 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - . . 7.81 
 
 Loss 
 
 
 
 .81 
 
 100.00 
 
 It is very difficult to obtain this mineral clean from an admixture of 
 metals without the action of iMtric acid, and it is possible that a portion of 
 the lime was removed from it by that acid. It is so much mixed with 
 carbonate of lime, that it was thought safest to take the mineral cleansed 
 by acids for analysis; for it is not soluble in nitric acid, and perhaps is not 
 decomposed in its essential ingredients. 
 
 Chemical analysis of a specimen of rock obtained by my assistant ^ TFl, 
 
 Foster, and marked by him ‘ ‘ Basalt from below Chippewa island , Me-- 
 nomonee river 
 
 The analysis was made at Mr. Foster’s request by Mr. G. J. Dickenson^. 
 It yielded by his analysis — 
 
 Silica 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 67.53 
 
 Alumina 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 11.86 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 - 
 
 
 m 
 
 - 10.39 
 
 Lime 
 
 > 
 
 - 
 
 ■» 
 
 - 3.22 
 
 Potash 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 2.72 
 
 Soda 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 2.8S 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 .31 
 
 Water 
 
 Manganese, a trace. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 - 1.35 
 
 100.20 
 
481 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 A speximen of sienite from the Meaomonee river was also analyzed, at 
 the request of Mr. Foster, by Mr. Dickenson, who obtained the following 
 results,: 
 
 Silica 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 65.61 
 
 Alumina 
 
 tm 
 
 
 - 19.91 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 
 • 
 
 - 11.08 
 
 Lime 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 1.15 
 
 Alkalies and loss 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2.25 
 
 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 These last two analyses took up much time, were tedious, and not very 
 ‘instructive. It is of little use to analyze an aggregated congeries of crys- 
 ^tals which make up such rocks, for their ingredients vary in proportions in 
 'different specimens so as to give little value to the analysis. 
 
 Chemical analysis of a specimen of limestone from township 44, range 31, 
 
 sections 27 and 28. 
 
 This limestone was analyzed by Mr. Dickenson, and yielded — 
 
 Silica 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 - 2.72 
 
 Carbonate of lime - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 53.63 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 42.87 
 
 Oxide of iron. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 .74 
 
 99.96 
 
 Qhemical analysis of a specimen of limestone brought from the Menomo- 
 nee section by Mr. Foster. 
 
 It is a compact limestone, slightly buff>colofed, and mixed with grains 
 ^of quartz, and is supposed to be a metamorphic rock. By Mr. Dicken- 
 son’s analysis of this limestone, it was found to consist of — 
 
 Silica 2.35 
 
 Oxide of iron - - - - - .15 
 
 Alumina - - - - - - 1.39 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - - - 67.42 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia (by difference) - - 28.69 
 
 100.00 
 
 In this analysis the presence of magnesia was proved, but it was not 
 wholly separated; hence it is expressed by difference. 
 
 This limestone would - make a good marble were it not for the occur- 
 rence of nodules of quartz included in it, which prevent its being sasved 
 and polished evenly. It will be observed that it is not so magnesian as 
 the fossiliferous limestones higher up in the geological series, as seen in 
 4he analysis preceding this. 
 
 Partii — 31 
 
Analysis of Mackinaw limestone. 
 
 This limestone is subgranular and fossiliferous. It exhales a strong; 
 odor of petroleum during its solution in chlorohydric acid. It was an- 
 alyzed by Mr. R. Cropley, my assistant; and found to consist of— 
 Insoluble silioious matter - - - - .39 
 
 Phospliate of lirnC; iroii; and trace of manganese - 1.00 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - - , - 60.58 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia (by difference) - - 38.03 
 
 100.00 
 
 Analysis of limestone containing pentamems ohlongusy collected by Dp. 
 
 Chamiing on St. Joseplds island. 
 
 This Avas analyzed by Mr. R. Ciopley; and found to consist of — 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter - - - - .80 
 
 Peroxide of iron - - - - - .20 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - - - 55.35 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia (by difference) - - 43.65 
 
 100.00 
 
 Analysis of limestone from T. 51 R. 35; corner of sections Vi ^ 14; 23; and 
 
 24; collected by Mr. Whitney. 
 
 One of the specimens contains an obscure fossil of the pentamerus ob- 
 longus. The analysis was made by Mr. R. Cropley; who found it com- 
 posed of — 
 
 ^ ft .K' y-V .A 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter" - 
 
 “ 
 
 - 8.91 
 
 Peroxide of iron and manganese 
 
 - 
 
 - 1.98 
 
 Carbonate of lime - 
 
 - 
 
 - 44.49 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 - 44.65 
 
 
 
 lOOiOS 
 
 This limestone; like that of MackinaW; exhales a strong odor, of petro- 
 leum during its solution in chlorohydric acid. 
 
 Assay and eliquation of a sample of the ore sent to the Roxbwy laboratory 
 nn 1846; by the Boston and Pittsburg Mining Company. 
 
 This sample was given to me by Dr. Ball; with the request that 1 
 would separate the copper and silver by the process of eliquation. The; 
 ore was not regarded as an average sample of the contents of the vein; but 
 was sent to Boston for experimental resea.]?ches. In preparing this ore | 
 took care not to lose any of the metal; and therefore did not wash it up; to , 
 so high a per centage as could have been effected. 
 
 2;000 grains of the pulverized ore on being washed was reduced to J ;241>| 
 grains; tho fine rock alone being separated. This washed, ore Avas then 
 
483 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 dissolved in pure nitric acid, and the silver and copper were separated^ and 
 amounted to 80.8 grains of copper and 2.05 grains of silver. Another 
 sample weighing 14,586 grains was reduced by washing to 1,380 grains, 
 and was then melted with a proper flux, and yielded 340 grains of an alloy 
 of copper and silver. This was melted with 700 grains of metallic lead, 
 submitted to eliquation. The alloy of lead and silver was cupelled, and 
 gave 3.85 grains of silver, or 1.33 per cent. The copper was melted and 
 refined from the lead, and contained a little silver which had remained in 
 the adherent lead. This process b therefore applicable to even the poorer 
 kinds of argentiferous copper, and will serve to separate most of the silver. 
 The eliquation process will succeed better on a large than on a small scale, 
 and a better result may therefore be^ expected when proper furnaces are 
 constructed for the working of these metals in the large way. 
 
 Chemical analysis of the green hydrous silicate of copper or chrysocolla from 
 
 Copper Harbor. 
 
 This sample was picked as clean as possible, and yielded, on analysis of 
 lOU grains — 
 
 Silicic acid - 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 . 3T.85 
 
 Alumina 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 
 4.83 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 8.90 
 
 Oxide of copper 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 27.97 
 
 Water 
 
 
 
 
 - 20.00 
 99.55 
 
 It contains 22.33 per cent, of metallic copper. Another sample yielded 
 27.2 per cent, of silicic acid and 23 per cent, of oxide of copper. A third, 
 still poorer, yielded 16.8 per cent, of copper. A fourth sample was taken 
 as an average of the ore raised in mining, ^tfter being properly dressed for 
 the furnace, and by assay in the crucible it yielded, on 500 grains of the 
 ore, 50.4 grains copper, or 10 per cent., which is the amount of copper that 
 may be obtained by smelting the picked copper ore. 
 
 Assay of black oxide of copper from Copper Harbor. 
 
 \ 
 
 A specimen of this ore yielded on 100 grains^ — 
 
 Silica - * 11.2 
 
 Oxide of iron - 2.0 
 
 Oxide of copper 80.0, which contains 63.86 metallic copper. 
 
 93.2 
 
 The loss in this assay is supposed to have been from water in the hy- 
 drops silicate of copper mixed with the black oxide. 
 
 Determination of the water m prehnite from the surface of a mass of native 
 
 copper. 
 
 The native copper of the Cliff mine was observed to bear very distinct 
 impressions of crystals of prehnite, and it becomes a matter of interest to 
 
484 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 know whether the crust of prehnite adherent to its surface was anhydrous or 
 not, for if molten copper had been brought in contact with it we should 
 expect that the fusible and hydrous zeolite, if not fused, would at least be 
 deprived of its water of composition. I therefore detached a crust of crystal- 
 lized prehnite, which had impressed the surface of the copper, from a mass 
 of the copper, and having dried it at 212°, weighed it, and then exposed it 
 to a temperature of dull redness in a covered platinum crucible. It lost 
 by heat 4.4 per cent, of water, and is therefore as hydrous as that mineral 
 generally is; for, by comparing the water found, in this species by other 
 chemists, we found it to be, in 4 analyses: 1st, 4.18; 2d, 4.45; 3d, 4.50; 4th, 
 4.41 . The mean of these 4 analyses is 4.33. It is obvious, therefore, that the 
 prehnite from the Clift' mine has not been exposed to a high temperature 
 since it was deposited in the vein, and hence the metallic copper impressed 
 by its crystals could not have been in a molten state when it took the im- 
 pressions of those crystals. I arrived at the opinion also, by observing the 
 impressions of prehnite on the copper of the Lake Superior Company’s 
 mine, that the copper could not have been deposited upon it in a molten 
 state. This opinion has been sustained by other observations. 
 
 Chemical analysis of apophyllite from the masses of native copper extracted 
 
 from the vein at the Cliffy on Eagle river. 
 
 The determination of this mineral species was also regarded as highly 
 important to the theory of the origin of native copper veins, for this very 
 hydrous mineral was found imbedded in a mass of native copper a foot in 
 thickness, and was closely adherent to the metal. Perfect crystals of this 
 mineral were carefully picked from the surface of the copper, and were 
 submitted to analysis. Their specific gravity was found to be 2.305. 
 The crystals are in the form of right square prisms, with their edges and 
 solid angles replaced by planes. Analysis of 2 grammes of this mineral 
 
 gave — 
 
 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 1st analysis. 
 
 - 52.700 
 
 2d analysis. 
 
 51 .000 
 
 Lime - - 
 
 - 23.350 
 
 24.944 
 
 Fluoride of calcium 
 
 - 1.850 
 
 1.940 
 
 Potash - - .. - * 
 
 - 4.950 
 
 5.187 
 
 Water - - - . 
 
 - 16.000 
 
 16.000 
 
 
 98.850 
 
 99.071 
 
 This mineral is therefore apophyllite, and 
 of water. 
 
 contains the 
 
 usual proportion 
 
 Chemical analysis of black calc &par. 
 
 A curious variety of calcareous spar occurs at the openings made by 
 the New York Copper Company at Agate Harbor. It is perfect, crystal- 
 lized in regular six-sided prisms, with three and six-sided summits, and 
 is of a uniform jet black color throughout. In order to determine the 
 nature of this coloring matter, I dissolved the carbonate of lime in dilute 
 ^hlorohydric acid, which left the black matter insoluble. On testing 
 this it was found to be black sulphuret of copper, and amounted to 
 
28^^ per eeut. of tlie weight of the calcareous spar. Another crystal 
 analyzed yielded 17y%- per cent, of oxide of copper, or 13.38 metallic cop- 
 per. The copper, was in the state of black sulphuret in the crystals, and 
 was uniformly mixed with the carbonate of lime. 
 
 Sulphate of baryta also occurs in great abundance at this mine, and is 
 colored jet black by admixture of black sulphuret of copper. ,A speci- 
 men analyzed yielded 5.19 per cent, of metallic copper. 
 
 y 
 
 Black sulphuret of copper from Eagle Harbor mines, 
 
 Sulphuret of copper occurs also at the Eagle Harbor mines, and forms 
 a crust on some of the veinstone containing native copper. This min- 
 eral having been mistaken by others for pulverulent black oxide of copper 
 or copper -smut I analyzed it, and found it to be a pure black sulphuret 
 of copper. 
 
 Chemical analysis of red analcime from the Copper Falls mine. 
 
 This mineral is found associated with calcareous spar and leonhardite 
 in the copper vein, and is a curious variety, remarkable for its departure 
 from the regular form of analcime. It was at first supposed to be a 
 pseudomorphous mineral; but my analysis seems to indicate that it is a 
 mixture of analcime with leonhardite, and it probably derives its crys- 
 talline form from the latter mineral. It occurs in rhombic prisms an 
 inch in length, terminated by the usual planes of trapezohedral analcime. 
 It has a fine flesh or salmon-red color, and is sometimes of a much 
 deeper color at the terminus of the crystals. Its specific gravity is from 
 2.250 to 2.258. Its hardness is a little beloyr that of crystallized and 
 transparent analcime. Before the blowpipe it whitens, exfoliates a little, 
 and then melts into a clear, colorless glass, with some bubbles. It colors 
 the flame of the blowpipe lamp-yellow, indicating the presence of soda. 
 
 . By chemical analysis, I found it to consist of — 
 
 Silicic acid - 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime 
 
 Soda 
 
 Water 
 
 53.40 
 
 22.40 
 3.00 
 8.52 
 
 10.31 
 
 97.63 
 
 Chemical a'tmlysis of the xoater from the middle of hake Superior, 
 
 One imperial English pint of the water of Lake Superior gave, b 3 r 
 evaporation, 0.008 grain of solid matter, of which 0.003 was vegetable 
 matter and 0.005 mineral matter. The mineral matters were carbonate 
 of lime, carbonate of magnesia, peroxide ©f iron, oxide of maganese, 
 and sulphate of lime. The gaseous matter dissolved in this water v^aa 
 ascertained to be 3.23 per cent, of its bulk. The gases are atmospheric 
 air and carbonic acid gas. From this analysis it is evident that the 
 water of the great lake is remarkably pure. It derives the small propor- 
 tion of organic matter in it from the tributary streams which run through 
 
486 
 
 m 
 
 bogs and swamps^ and empty into the lake at various points. Living 
 aquatic p&nts on the borders of the lake^ in sheltered harbors^, were ob- 
 served to give off oxygen gas abundantly^ so as to mtiirate the water 
 with it and to rise in bubbles to the surface. This can be observed when- 
 ever the sun shines on the subaqueous plants. Fishes^ it is well known^, 
 require oxygen dissolved in water to support their respiration;, and they 
 produce by their respiration carbonic acid gaS; which is consumed by 
 plants. It is probable^ therblbrC; that the water near growing aquatic 
 plants will contain a larger proportion of dissolved oxygen. By agitation 
 of the surface of the lake by winds; air is also enveloped and dissolved 
 in the water. 
 
 Assay of a rich sample of silver and copper ore from Copper Falls mine. 
 
 This sample was taken from near the junction of the' trap rocks and 
 sandstone^ and consists of a mixture of metallic silver and copper in a 
 green mineral; which usually accompanies the silver of these veins. On 
 working this sample; I took 46;530 grains of the pulverized; and washed 
 the earthy matter out; leaving 7;440 grains of silver and copper. The 
 fine ore washed gave 3;670 grains of a mixture of fine metallic particles 
 and rock. The whole of the washed metals and ore weighed 8;350 
 grains; and on fusion gave 4;770 grains of metal; which yielded 51.38 
 per cent, of pure silver and 48.62 per cent, of copper. The whole 
 amount of silver obtained from this ingot was 2;450 grains. The copper 
 picked out in large pieces; added to that obtained by analysis; was 4;920 
 grains. The per centage yield of this ore was 10|^ per cent, of copper 
 and 5y*/-0- per cent, of silver. This sample is far above the general aver- 
 age of silver ore. Some; that more nearly represents that portion of the 
 vein; yielded from 1 to per cent, of silver. 
 
 Experiments on the separation of silver from the sulphuret of zinc of the 
 Prince vein on the north shore of Lake Superior, 
 
 I wished to ascertain how perfectly the process of amalgation would 
 separate the fine native silver from the blendC; and on tliree separate trials 
 on the same sample; obtained from 200 grains of the washed ore; 1st; 14 
 grains ; 2d; 16 grains; and 3d; 16 grains. I then took 400 grains of the 
 same ore; roasted it to convert the sulphuret of zinc into oxide of zinc, 
 and then; by adding a reducing fluX; I converted the oxide of zinc into 
 metallic zinC; which volatilized; and the silver was obtained in a button. 
 It weighed 24 grains; or 6 per cent.; or 12 grains on 200. Another ex- 
 periment gave; by the same method as last mentioned; 13^%\ silver on 
 200 grains of ore. It is evident; therefore; that we need not have recourse 
 to amalgamation in separating silver from blende, for it is easy to drive 
 off the zinc by this process, and obtain the silver by the furnace opera- 
 tions alone. This will be a great saving of expense in working that ore. 
 A larger sample, weighing 1,260 grains, was treated by the same furnace 
 operations, and the zinc being sublimed, there remained after refining, 118 
 grains of metallic silver. 
 
487 
 
 Experiments on the washed Qre obtained from the mills of the Lake Supe- 
 rior Company^ Eagle river. 
 
 This ore was stamped and washed from the last ore raised from the 
 mine before closing operations. I was not able to learn the amount of 
 rock that had been stamped^ or the per centage yield of this work; the 
 agent having left the mines. The richness of this poorly- washed ore su^:- 
 prised mO; for I found that 5;000 grains of it washed to 2;400 grainS; and 
 fused with soda; boraX; and limC; yielded an alloy of copper and silver 
 weighing 1;210 grains; and on analyzing 365 grains of the ingot; it yielded 
 5. 273 grains of silver; or nearly 29 lbs. per ton. 10;000 grains of the ore^ 
 not rewashed; were mixed with an appropriate flux and melted. The 
 button obtained weighed 3;045 grains; 21 9^^^ grains of this button ana- 
 lyzed gave 3.84 grains of silver; or 53.30 on the whole; or 34^ lbs. per 
 ton of the metal. So large a portion of silver as is contained in the mptals 
 of this mine ought not to be allowed to pass with the copper, but should 
 ^be separated from it by eliquation or by sulphuric acid, in case the sliU 
 ,phate of copper produced can be sold advantageously. 
 
 Analysis of topper pyrites from the Bruce minCj St. Mary^s river. 
 
 1 
 
 100 grains of the ore yielded — 
 
 Copper - - - - 23.000 
 
 Iron - - - - 25.376 
 
 Sulphur - 24.024 
 
 Quartz . . - - 27.600 
 
 100.000 
 
 The regulus obtained from the roasting heap yielded 34^^^ per cent^ of 
 ('Copper, and is pure copper pyrites free from rock. 
 
 Assays of samples of gray copper ore from the stock-werke lode of the Suf~ 
 
 folk Company's mines. 
 
 Sample No. 1 was from a vein of clean gray ore. It yielded 59 per 
 •cent, of copper. 
 
 Sample No. 2. Trap rock encrusted with carbonate of copper, and con- 
 taining gray ore. This yields 8.6 per cent, of copper. 
 
 Sample No. 3. Similar to No. 2; yielded 6.6 of copper. 
 
 Sample No. 4. Grqy ore mixed with the rock. This ore yielded 8.5 
 per cent, of copper. These were average samples of the ore first raised. 
 
 The ore is somewhat richer lower down, but still too poor to be worked 
 advantageously on Lake Superior, in the present state of the country ; for 
 . although there is a large bed of the ore- bearing rock, no regular vein exists 
 there, and it is not worth the expense to erect stamping and washing ma- 
 ^ chinery when the vein is not certain. 
 
 Chemical analysis of copper and silver ore of the Lake Superior Companyfs 
 
 mines, Eagle river. 
 
 Fifteen hundred grains of the rock broken and pounded in a mortar,^ 
 .and sifted; the large pieces of metal weighed 198 grains. The sifted fine 
 
488 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 \ 
 
 €ie weighed 1;270 grains. This was washed^ and 680 grains of washed 
 iiietals was obtained. Dissolved these metals in pure nitric acid, and 
 then preftpitated the silver by chlorohydric acid, and reduced the result- 
 ing chloride to metallic silver by fusion with carbonate of potash. The 
 silver weighed 117.75 grains. This ore is principally valuable for the 
 silver it contains. 
 
 Chemical analysis of washed metals from the mills of the Ijike Superior 
 
 Company j Eagle river, 
 
 1,000 grains of these metals yielded — 
 
 Copper - 918.5 
 
 Silver - - - - 40.0 
 
 Rock - - - - 41.5 
 
 1,000.0 
 
 Another sample yielded in 1,000 grains of the ore — 
 
 Copper - 550.22 
 
 Silver - - - - 67.78 
 
 Rock - - - - 382.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 One pound of the fine-sifted metals yielded 269|- grains of silver. 
 
 Assay of 20,000 grains of the fine-washed metals from the ^djigy Lake 
 
 Superior Copper Company^ Eagle river. 
 
 This metal yielded 470 grains of silver, or 2.35 per cent. 
 
 Another sample yielded in 1,000 grains of the washed metals — 
 
 Copper - - - - 927 
 
 Silver - - - - 23 
 
 Rock .... 50 
 
 1,000 
 
 Another ftom the same locality yielded — 
 
 Copper - - - - 904 
 
 Silver - - - - 28 
 
 Rock - - - - 68 
 
 1,000 
 
 Another sample of the coarse metals from the jigs yielded in 1,000 grs, — ^ 
 Copper ... - 922.04 
 
 Silver .... 37.96 
 
 Rock ..... 40.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
489 
 
 cn 
 
 The first metals separated by the kieve yielded in 1^000 grains— 
 
 Copper 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 - 
 
 957.8 
 
 Silver 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6.7 
 
 Rock 
 
 
 
 
 35.5 
 
 1,000.0 
 
 Working of a sample of the veinstone blasted from the Cliff fnine^ on 
 Eagle river y at commencement of mining operations. 
 
 This sample was obtained from a heap of two or three tons of the ore^ 
 and represents the proportions of metal in the vein at the surface. 
 
 The sample weighed 77^437 grains^ or eleven pounds one ounce. This 
 was washed to smaller bulk, and 
 
 The coarse washings weighed 3,158 grains, or 0 pounds ounces. 
 
 The fine 2,075 0 4f 
 
 The fine waste 7,000 1 0 
 
 The coarse 21,437 3 1 
 
 From these materials I obtained from coarse-washed metals 1,284 grains. 
 
 fine '' 1,200 
 
 fine waste 313 
 
 coarse worked over, 1,278 
 
 4,075 
 
 T?lie fine- washed ore gave - - - silver, 2,005 
 
 The coarse workings gave - • - - - 1,650 
 
 Amount of silver in ll^V pounds of the ore - - 3,655 
 
 The copper amounts to 105|^ pounds per Ion of rock, or 5.26 jx)unds per 
 cent. 
 
 The silver amounts to 663.64 grains per ton of rock, or 33.18 grains 
 per cent. 
 
 Experiments on the economical separation of silver from copper by means 
 
 of acids and by lead. 
 
 Having some samples of the washed metals from the Lake Superior 
 Company’s mine, on Eagle river, I made some experiments on the sepa- 
 ration of the silver from the copper by the process of eliquation and cupel- 
 lation. Two hundred grains of the washed metals, consisting of fine par- 
 ticles of silver mixed with copper and some trap rock, were melted with 
 100 grains of lead; and the whole being fused and cast into a cake, was 
 submitted to eliquation, the cake being placed in a crucible with a hole 
 perforated in the bottom, and this crucible being set into the mouth of 
 another, and heat applied to the upper crucible until it was heated to dull 
 redness. By this means the lead and silver, which alloy together, melt 
 and run out from the copper, and this alloy is caught in the lower crucible^ 
 while the copper remains as a spongy mass in the upper crucible. On 
 cupellation of the alloy of lead and silver, 58 grains of pure silver was 
 obtained^ and nearly all the copper was obtained by refining the spongy 
 
490 
 
 m 
 
 mass that remained. I tried the experiment of determining how much 
 nitric acid was required for separation of the metals by acids. One pound 
 of the fine- washed metals required 2 pounds 5 ounces of strong nitric acid 
 for solution of the metals. The silver being separated by cliloroiiydric 
 -acid as a chloride^ and then reduced by fusion with carbonate of potash, 
 amounted to 140 grains. The copper in solution was 6^340 grains, and 
 the rock and oxide of iron amounted to 520 grains. It is evident, there- 
 fore, that the silver cannot be economically separated from the copper by 
 nitric and chlorohydric acids. 
 
 Reparation of copper and silver by means of sulphuric acid. 
 
 This experiment was made for economical purposes — to determine the 
 expense of separation of the metals by conversion of the copper into a 
 sulphate, to be sold as such, and to separate the silver in a metallic state. 
 One pound of the fine-washed metals of Elagle river was roasted in a 
 muffle until a scale of black oxide of copper was formed , and then the 
 oxide was dissolved off by means of hot dilute sulphuric acid; the metal 
 was then returned to the muffle, and the process repeated until all the 
 copper was oxidated and dissolved and the silver was left undissolved. 
 This silver, being removed and dissolved in nitric acid, precipitated by 
 chlorohydric acid and reduced by fusion with carbonate of potash, 
 amounted to 98 grains. The sulphate of copper crystallized weighed 3| 
 pounds. On weighing the acid employed in the operation, it was found 
 that two pounds of concentrated sulphuric acid had been consi^ied. 
 This method can be practised economically, provided the sulphate of cop- 
 per produced can be sold. There was a loss ©f silver in these operations, 
 but that loss in works where large quantities of the metal would be roasted 
 in ovens made for the purpose. The conclusion to which I have arrived, 
 after' a long series of experiments, is, that for tlie poorer argentiferous 
 copper we must use lead and'^the eliquation process; but if the metals are 
 rich in silver, sulphuric acid maybe employed. I have worked upon this 
 matter for three years, and have tried every method known for separation 
 of the copper and silver, and have decided that it will be most economical 
 to make use of lead, and, if possible, of argentiferous lead, so as to obtain 
 the silver from both copper and lead by one set of operations. The lead 
 may be melted with one lot of copper, then be run off by liquation and be 
 remelted with another lot of copper; and so, b}^ numerous repetitions of 
 this process, the lead ma^T- be charged with a large amount of silver, so as 
 to prove more valuable on cupellation. There is but 6 per cent, of loss of 
 lead when this operation is carried on in the large way; for the litharge, 
 being blown over, is mostly saved, and may be reduced to lead and used 
 over again. In Germany litharge is used by fusion of it with roasted sui- 
 phuret of copper and silver, and a liquation cake is obtained and submitted 
 to eliquation in proper furnaces, and the lead is separated from the silver 
 by cupellation as above mentioned. The scoriaceous sulphuret of copper 
 remaining is then refined and the copper is obtained. No works have yet 
 been erected in the United ^States for effecting these operations, which 
 might be profitably carried on if the washed metals of the copper mines 
 on Lake Superior could be obtained. 
 
491 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Analyses of minerals supposed^to be new species and varieties. 
 
 While making my first examinations of the copper vein at the Cliff mine 
 on the SW, branch of Eagle river, in 1845, I discovered a mineral which 
 was at first supposed to be a variety of nephrite, and with it an anhydrous 
 variety of prehnite. I gave specimens of the minerals to Mr. J. D. Whit- 
 ney, jr., who has analyzed them and published his results*in the Journal 
 of the Boston Society of Natural History, volume 5, page 488 et seq. 
 The following is his description of the compact wmllastonite, or table 
 spar^the mineral so much resembling nephrite, that it was a matter of 
 surprise to both of us that it should prove to be of the same chemical com- 
 position as wollastonite. This mineral Mr. Whitney analyzed in Berlin. 
 
 ^^The wollastonite which is found on Lake Superior differs considera- 
 bly in external characters from any known variety of that mineral. In- 
 deed, its true character could only be recognised by chemical examination. 
 It is remarkable for its excessive toughness, which quality it seems to 
 possess in a higher degree than any known mineral. It is compact, with 
 an uneven fracture. Its color is light flesh red; hardness, 6; lustre, vitre- 
 ous to pearly. It is readily decomposed by acids, the silica separating in 
 the form of a flocky precipitate. The analysis of two specimens gave the 
 following results: 
 
 
 
 First. 
 
 Second- 
 
 Silica - 
 
 - 
 
 - 49.09 
 
 49.08 
 
 Lime - 
 
 - 
 
 - 46.38 
 
 44.87 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 
 
 - 
 
 .48 
 
 .93 
 
 Alumina 
 
 <m 
 
 .23 
 
 1.28 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 - 
 
 .14 
 
 
 Carbonic acid and loss 
 
 - 
 
 .72 
 
 .90 
 
 Water - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2.96 
 
 2.96 
 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 •^The mineral is, therefore, essentially a silicate of lime in which the 
 
 oxygen of the silicic acid is double that of the lime; the formula is, 
 
 • • • • 
 
 therefore, Ga^, or that of common table spar. The amount of water 
 in this mineral, dried to 100^ C., was found by two determinations to be 
 2.92 and 2.96 per cent.; still the quantity seems too small to allow it to 
 .be considered as forming an essential part of the mineral, especially as it 
 retains all its properties unchanged after ignition.” 
 
 ' While on the geological survey of Isle Koyale, I discovered another lo- 
 cality of this beautiful mineral at a place called ScovilPs Point, where it 
 occurs in large masses in the trap rocks on the coast, and is associated 
 with the anhydrous prehnite. I gave Mr. Whitney specimens of the 
 anhydrous prehnite from this locality, and he analyzed it in my labora- 
 tory, and has published his results in the Journal of the Boston Society 
 of Natural History.- — (See volume 5, page 487.) 
 
 Mr. Whitney names this mineral Jacksonite,” in token of respect foi* 
 my mineralogical services on Lake Superior ; but I must decline the honor, 
 being opposed to naming minerals after persons, and agreeing with the 
 views published by the America!n Association of Geologists and Naturalists, 
 that the names of persons should not be given to objects of n'^tural history. 
 
[ 1 ] 492 
 
 I shall, therefore, name it anhydrous prehnite,” as a name which its 
 composition justifies. This mineral occurs in finely radiated and 
 lamellar radiated masses of a wliife color, slightly tinged with green. 
 Its hardness is 65 specific gravity, 2.881- lustre vitreous, translucent. 
 The finely pulverized mineral is perfectly, though slowly, dissolved by 
 chlorohydric acid, the silica separating in tfie form of a flocky powder. Be- 
 fore the blowpipe in the platina forceps, it fuses very readily with strong 
 intumescence, and emits a brilliant yellow light. A large quantity of 
 soda dissolves it readily; if more of the assay be added, it swells up into 
 an infusible slag. It gives with borax a colorless, transparent glassy 
 with salt of phosphorus, a glass enclosing a silicious skeleton, and faintly 
 tinged by iron.” 
 
 The analysis of the mineral gave — 
 
 Silica 
 
 . 46.12 
 
 Oxyfi^en. 
 
 23.96 
 
 Ratio. 
 
 3 
 
 Calculated. 
 
 46.17 
 
 • • • 
 
 Alumina and a little Fe 
 
 Lime 
 
 Soda 
 
 - 25.91 
 2T.03 
 .85 
 
 12.09 
 
 7.90 
 
 1 
 
 25.68 
 
 28.14 
 
 
 99.91 
 
 
 
 
 The oxygen of the silica, alumina, and lime being as 3 : : 1, or 
 
 6:3: 2, the formula will be Si + Al Si. This, it will be perceived,.. 
 is the formula given by Walmstedt for prehnite, except that it contains no 
 water. This mineral, dried at 100^ C., was found to contain less than 
 . 5 ?^ per cent, of water.” 
 
 Chlorastrolile . 
 
 This mineral was found on the shores of one of the islands in Rock 
 Harbor, by John H. Blake, esq., while in the employ of the Ohio and 
 Isle Royale Mining Company. Mr. Blake informed us of the locality, 
 and I sent a party of my sub-agents to collect specimens of it; and, after 
 making an examination with the blowpipe, I discovered it to be a new 
 species, and gave it the above name, in allusion to its green color and 
 the stellated grouping of its fibres. On my return to Boston, I em- 
 ployed my assistant, Mr. J. D. Whitney, to make a proportional analysis 
 of it, which he effected, and has published the analysis in the Journal 
 of the Boston Society of Natural History, volume 5, pages 488-9: 
 
 The chlorastrolite occurs in finely radiated, stellated masses, with a 
 pearly lustre, and slightly chatoyant on the rounded sides. Hardness, 
 5.5 to 6 ; specific gravity, 3.180; color, light blueish green. In the open 
 tube it gives off water and becomes white. Before the blowpipe, it fuses 
 with great facility to a greenish blebby glass. It intumesces and swells- 
 up like a zeolite. Soda dissolves it in small quantity, and gives a bead,, 
 colored by a trace of manganese; if m(?re of the assay be added, it 
 swells up into an infusible slag. It is dissolved by borax readily, and in 
 considerable quantity to a transparent glass, colored by iron. Salt of phos- 
 phorus dissolves it in small quantity, and gives the reaction of iron* 
 With nitrate of cobalt, it gives a beautiful blue. It is readily dissolved 
 
493 
 
 [ n 
 
 by chlorohydrie acid, and the silica being entirely separated in 
 of a flocky precipitate. The analysis gave— 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 • 
 
 Peroxide of iron and a little Fe 
 Lime 
 
 Soda - - 
 
 Potash 
 
 Water 
 
 36.99 
 25.49 ^ 
 
 Oxysen. 
 
 19.22 
 
 13.90 
 
 6.48) 
 
 19.90) 
 
 
 3.ro V 
 
 6.50 
 
 .40) 
 
 
 7.22 
 
 6.40 
 
 the form 
 
 Ratio. 
 
 3.00 
 2.10 
 
 1.01 
 1.00 
 
 100.18 
 
 The ratio of the oxygen H R R and Si being 1:1:2; 3, the formula 
 will be— 
 
 Ca3/sj_j_2 Ai?Si+ 3 H. 
 
 j Fe 3 
 
 This formula would be that of meionitCj, with the addition of three 
 
 atoms of water. A small portion of iron exists in the mineral as protoxide, 
 
 **• 
 
 so that the analysis gives a slight excess of the bases R. 
 
 This mineral was named by Dr. Jackson in allusion to its peculiar 
 stellated structure and greenish color. It receives a fine polisti, and 
 would form beautiful ornaments for setting in jewelry, could it be found 
 in quantity sufficient for that purpose.’^ 
 
 I do not think it can be employed as an ornamental stone, for it is not 
 hard enough to receive a fine polish, and its color is too undecided to 
 render it attractive. This mineral was analyzed in my laboratory. 
 
 Description and analysis of black oxide of copper from the vein near Fort 
 
 , Wilkins y Copper Harbor. 
 
 During the winter of 1848, I employed Mr. J. D. Whitney, my assist- 
 ant, in the analysis of a pure sub-crystalline specimen of the black oxide 
 of copper, which I obtained from the mine in 1845. He found it to con- 
 tain but 1.2 per cent, of siiicious matter, with traces of lime and oxide of 
 iron. This specimen yielded 98.8 per cent, of pure black oxide of 
 copper, which contains 78.868 of copper and 19.931 of oxygen. Mr. 
 Whitney’s analysis gave— 
 
 Copper - - - - 79.86 
 
 Oxygen - - - - 20.13 
 
 Dr. A. A. Hayes and Mr. J. E. Teschemapher found some crystals of 
 -the black oxide in the masses of ore brought from this mine to the Rox- 
 bury chemical works, which Mr. W. has thus described, (Proceedings 
 Boston Society of Natural History, p. 103:) 
 
 Substance tesseral, crystallized in cubes, with their solid angles 
 ^replaced. Hardness 3; specific gravity 6.25; color steel gray to black; 
 
[ 1 ] 494 
 
 lustre metallic. The earthy varieties acquire a metallic lustre on being' 
 scratched or cut with a knife.” 
 
 The massive ore is frequently mixed with particles of green hydrous 
 silicate of copper scattered through the black oxide. Purer specimens 
 are lamellar oxide of (:opper^ with the crystalline folia interlacing or ag- 
 gregated irregulcrly. 
 
 The Copper Harbor vein is the only one of solid black oxide of copper 
 known. Pul^rulent black oxide is copper smut/’ and is of frequent 
 occurrence in other mines ; and crystals of oxide of copper;, resembling in 
 appearance specular iron ore^ are found in Mount Vesuvius^ filling cavities 
 in lava; and encrusting the old lavas of Mount Somma. 
 
 Analysis of a black mineral found by Mr, Barnes in township 58; range 
 
 28; sections 12 and 13. 
 
 This mineral; along with felspar, in large aggregated crystals; was found 
 to compose the north side of a hill in the above locality. The rock con- 
 tains, ill addition to the above ingredients, magnetic iron and titanic acid. 
 The best crystals were carefully picked out; and the magnetic portion,, 
 after beixig coarsely powdered, was separated. The mineral thus freed 
 from impurities was analyzed by Mr. R. Cropley, and consisted, in 100 
 grains, of — 
 
 Silicic acid - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 51 .28 
 
 Alumina - - . - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 17.12 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 3.90- 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 .99 
 
 Lime 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 19.55 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 •* 
 
 
 - T.33 
 
 100.17 
 
 From the above composition, it is evident that this mineral is pyroxene. 
 Its specific gravity was found to be 3.478; hardness 5.5; lustre splendent;; 
 color brownish black; streak gray. Before the blowpipe alone, fuses to* 
 a black glass. With soda, it gives the reaction for manganese. 
 
495 
 
 tVl 
 
 Specific gravity of trap rocks from Keweenaw point , 
 
 
 Specific grav- 
 ity*' 
 
 Weight of one 
 cubic foot in 
 pounds. 
 
 Crystalline black trap from Copped Harbor 
 Eed amygdaloid ah trap from near Porter’s island, 
 
 2.745 
 
 J- < J-TW 
 
 i 
 
 Copper Harbor 
 
 Gray amygdaloidal trap from the extremity of 
 
 2.743 
 
 
 Keweenaw point - - - - , 
 
 2.702 
 
 
 Gray amygdaloidal trap from Eagle Harbor - | 
 
 Porphyritic trap, with crystals of red felspar, 
 from Copper Rock Company’s location on the 
 south side of the trappean belt of Keweenaw 
 
 2.743 
 
 1 
 
 171 ^ 
 
 point - - - - “ 
 
 Red porphyry of the Lac la Belle mines, Bohe- 
 mian mountain, Keweenaw point, sub-crys- 
 
 2.751 
 
 1 
 
 172 
 
 talline - - - 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap, containing about 8 per cent, 
 of metallic copper, from Lake Superior Co.’s 
 
 2.631 
 
 164,V 
 
 mine - - - 
 
 3.0925 
 
 193J 
 
 Another sample gave . - - - 
 
 Compact red jaspery rock, supposed to be a 
 metamorphic sandstone, from near Lac la 
 
 3.1120 
 
 193tV 
 
 Belle, Mount Houghton 
 Granular epidote, containing fine spiculae of cop- 
 per mixed with it, from Isle Royale, contains 
 
 2.572 ' 
 
 ' 160t:V 
 
 cent, of metallic copper 
 
 4.854 
 
 303A 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 Character and chemical composition of the soils on Keweenaw point. 
 
 It was obvious, from the nature of the forests on Keweenaw point, that 
 the soils on the trap rocks ditfered essentially from those on the sandstone, 
 especially where the soils were unmixed by drift agencies. Hard wood 
 forest trees ^ with large scattering pines, and a comparatively open growth,,; 
 characterize the trappean soils 3 while spruce, arbor-vitm, tamarack, and fir 
 trees abound more on the sandstone soils, and are more dwarfish and 
 tangled. A difference of level, in a great measure, determines the char- 
 acter of those soils in part. The sandstone, being generally lower, is 
 more swampy. But, even where the two rocks are on the same level, the: 
 predominance of hard wood trees characterizes sufficiently the trap ranges, 
 and leads the surveyors to designate their position with a considerable de- 
 gree of accuracy; while their more exact lines of contact are still better 
 indicated by the magnetic needle, the trap rocks being more highly magr 
 netic, and even polarized, at their lines of contact with the sandstone".. 
 Magnetism alone would not be a sufficient guide, for the trap is also polar- 
 
498 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ized at its disjunctions, whore seams of veins divide its masses. Hence 
 we have also to regard the native forests as additional evidence. In a 
 country where the snow falls as soon as the deciduous trees begin to shed 
 their foliage, there is less decomposition of the dead leaves than in warmer 
 climates, and a heavy mantle of foliage accumulates in the forests. This 
 also seems to modify the soil, by preventing the ready access of air to the 
 organic matters. Therefore, the unveltilated soils are different from those 
 which have beed cultivated, and the acid matters produced by decay of a 
 superabundant covering of dead leaves render new soils less fertile than 
 they would become after a few years tillage. Hence the first attempts at 
 cultivation of the soils of Keweenaw point did not give very favorable 
 results; but further experience has proved that the soils, especially those 
 of trappean origin, are w%rm, sweet, and fertile, producing all the usual 
 culinary vegetables of northern climates luxuriantly. 
 
 The ashes produced by burning the forest trees neutralizes the acidity 
 of the soil; a|id where this fertilizing agent is spread on the soil, it inva- 
 riably renders it e?s:tremely good, so that large and thrifty plants spring up 
 upon it, and wheat, barley, oats, and English grapes, and especially 
 herd’s- grass, grow admirably. Potatoes are the most valuable produce of 
 new lands in that country, and this crop prepares the land for other crops 
 which could not be advantageously grown upon it at first. Oats, for in- 
 stance, grow too rank, and do not fill well, on the new soil, but thrive 
 well after a few crops of potatoes have been raised. The same will be 
 found to be the case with wheat and barley, which have not yet been 
 raised there, excepting by the accidental scatterings of some of the grains. 
 Winter wheat will, I doubt not, be ultimately raised in this soil; and 
 spring wheat, I know, will do well on cultivated land. Root crops inva- 
 riably succeed in all parts of that district. 
 
 Although I attach but little importance to chemical analyses of soils 
 taken in the forest, knowing how much they will change in character by 
 cultivation, I thought it might prove interesting to analyze a well-charac- 
 terized specimen of soil from the two great rock formations on the point; 
 and I therefore selected those which were perfectly characteristic, and 
 which had been tilled and rendered somewhat uniform by admixture of 
 their particles. One of the samples selected for analysis was taken from 
 a pure sandstone soil at Mr. Meneclier’s garden at L’Aiise, near the head 
 of Keweenaw bay. This soil has been cultivated for some time, and is 
 tolerably fertile, producing the usual culinary vegetables. The analysis 
 was made by Mr. R. Cropley. 
 
 5,056 grains of this soil, sifted in the usual manner for determining the 
 degrees of fineness of the ingredients, gave, by this mechanical separa- 
 tion— 
 
 Fine gravel - - . . 196 grains. 
 
 Fine loam 4,860 
 
 5,056 
 
497 [ 1 ] 
 
 Chemical analysis of 100 grains of the fine loam gave — 
 
 Water ...... .73 
 
 Organic matter - - - - - 2.92 
 
 Insoluble silicates and silex - - - 94.24 
 
 Peroxide of iron and manganese - - - .92 
 
 Alumina ------ .47 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - - - .32 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia - - - - .07 
 
 Sulphates of alkalies - .06 
 
 99.73 
 
 I selected a good and well -characterized specimen of trap soil from the 
 Forsyth location, township 57^, range 32, section 33, in the middle of Ke- 
 weenaw point — the soil having been cultivated for three seasons, but not 
 manured. 
 
 This soil was analyzed by Mr. R. Gropley in my laboratory, and yielded, 
 by mechanical separation — 
 
 Coarse gravel, sticks, and stones - r 782 grains. 
 
 Finer gravel - - . - . - 570 
 
 Fine loam ----- 2,196 
 
 3,548 
 
 Chemical analysis of 100 grains of 'the fine loam gave — 
 
 Water - - - - - 2.79 
 
 Organic matter - - - - - 8.93 
 
 Insoluble silicates and silex - - - 81.10 
 
 Peroxide of iron and manganese - - - 3.91 
 
 Alumina - - - * - - - 2.61 
 
 Carbonate of lime ----- .46 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia - .25 
 
 Sulphates of alkalies - - - - .22 
 
 100.27 
 
 In tlie mechanical separation of the materials of the soil, it was first 
 separated by a sieve of |^-inch meshes, and what remained on the sieve 
 was coarse gravel. It was then sifted in a sieve with ^^^^-inch meshes, 
 and what remained on this was the fine gravel and sand. The fine loam 
 passed through the second sieve, and was taken for analysis. The 
 chemical analyses were performed in the usual manner. It will be re 
 marked that the alkalies are in a great measure removed from the trap 
 rocks by decomposition and the action of vegetation. These soils are 
 characteristic on the rocks, occurring on the rocks which I personally 
 surveyed, viz : Keweenaw point and Isle Royale. I was not furnished with 
 samples of the soil surveyed by my assistants, and hence cannot represent 
 their nature. Isle Royale possesses precisely the same kinds of soil that 
 exist on Keweenaw point,- an I the forest trees are as marked on the two 
 Part ii— '32 
 
[ 1 ] 498 
 
 different rocks as they are on Keweenaw pointy the trap soil being tiie 
 most retentive and fertile. 
 
 It so happens that the trap rocks are the mineral-bearing portion of the 
 country ; and that they are also on the best agricultural land; hence reser- 
 vation of the trappean lands would exclude the best agricultural lands 
 from sale; and would oblige agriculturists who could not afford to pay the 
 price of mineral lands to purchase on the poor sandstone districts; or to 
 refrain from settling in that country. 
 
 The mining population will be the ready purchasers of agricultural 
 produce; and it is desirable that farmers should settle near to their mines. 
 The hope of finding a copper mine on their land would induce many 
 settlers to purchase land on the trap ranges; when they would not choose 
 to do so if they had no such expectations; for the climate is not so inviting 
 as that of more southern States. 
 
 Temperature of Lakes Huron and Superior, 
 
 In the summer of 1844 I made a few observations on the temperature 
 of these great lakes while passing over them; and while employed in the 
 geological survey I have continued those researches. The following are 
 the results obtained: 
 
 July 27; 1844. — Off Thunder bay; Lake Huron; the temperature of the 
 air was 20^ C.; or 68^^ F. The temperature of the lake was 19® C.; or 
 6^® F. 
 
 August 2; 1844. — Temperature of St. Mary’s river was 19|^ 0.; while 
 the temperature of the air was 18^ C. 
 
 August 8; 1844. — At noou; in latitude 47® 11' N., the temperature of 
 Lake Superior was 9® C., or 48.2® F.; the temperature of the air being 
 12® C.; or 53/^® F. A combing sea was the cause of this elevation of 
 temperature in the water. 
 
 June 22; 1847. — At 3 p. m.; the .temperature of Lake Huron was 9® C., 
 ‘Or 48.2® F.; while the temperature of the air was 15® C.; or 59® F. The 
 ^surface of the lake was tranquil. In the middle of Lake Huron the tem- 
 perature of the water was 6® C.; or 42.8® F.; that of the air being 9® C.; 
 or 48.2® F. Weather fine; moderate wind and but little sea. 
 
 June 25; 1847. — Lake Superior; off Grand island; had a temperature of 
 2^® C.; or 36.5® F.; while that of the ait was 9® C.; or 48,2° P. Lake 
 tranquil. 
 
 Jidy 22; 1847. — Lake Superior; (north side;) off Pigeon river: Tem- 
 perature of the water of the lake was 3|-® C.; or 38.3° F.; while that of 
 the air was 8® C.; or 46.4® F. Nearer Pigeon river; the temperature of 
 the lake was 5® G.; or 41® F.; while that of the air was 9® C.; oc 
 48.2® F. 
 
 June 28; 1848. — Lake Huron; off Saginaw bay; at 8 a. m.: Tempera- 
 ture of lake; 55® F.; that of the air being 59® F. At 10 a. m.: tempera- 
 ture of lake; 56® F.; that of the air feeing 56® F. 
 
 July 7; 1848.— At 9 a. m.— Anchorage of St. Mary’s river: Tempera- 
 ture of water; 55° F.; while that of the air was 66® F. Lake Superior; 
 near Whitefish point: temperature of the lake; 55® P. 
 
 July 8; 1848. — Far out in Lake Superior; Keweenaw point being just 
 seen in mirage: Temperature of the lake; 38® F.; that of the air bekig 
 
499 
 
 m 
 
 47® F.; weather fine, lake tranquil. At 9 a. m.: temperature of lake, 
 39^ F.; that of the air being 45^^ F.; weather still fine. 
 
 September 30, 1848. — Lake Superior, in latitude 47® 20^' N., longi- 
 tude 86 W., at 8 a. m.: temperature of the water of the lake, 43® F.; 
 that of the air being 44® F. The weather had been stormy; sea. heavy, 
 ^strong wind. 
 
 ■ It is evident from these observations that Lake Superior has a very 
 ‘Uniform temperature in its deepest parts, and that the temperature is near- 
 ly that of the maximum density of water. It must, therefore, have the 
 same temperature at the bottom as at the surface. Although so near the 
 freezing point in summer, the lake does congeal in winter, excepting near 
 the shore where the water is shallow. 
 
 In making my first observations on the temperature of these lakes, I 
 chose the most stormy days, when the wind made a combing sea, under 
 the impression that the water would, by this agitation, give the lowest 
 temperature of the lake; but, quite to my surprise, I found the water 
 always warmer after a storm. This is owing to the contact of warmer 
 air which is enveloped in every curl of the waves, and transmits to the 
 water its heat. I found the water most uniformly cold in calm weather. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Observations fcrr the determination of the latitudes of certain places on 
 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 June 30, 1847. — ^Eagle river, Lake Superior Company’s office, lat. 47® 
 23' 28". 8 — (Whitney’s observation.) 
 
 July 10, 1847. — Lac la Belle mines, Bohemian mountain, Keweenaw 
 point: 
 
 Merid. alt. of sun’s upper limb, 130® 20' 45", t. 26® 0., B. 29,20. 
 
 lower limb, 129® 18' 15". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 47® 21' 55". 6. 
 
 July 19, 1847.— Base of Porcupine mountains, R. 43 W., T. 51 N.^ 
 .section 10* 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 127® 37' 50", t. 16® C., B. 29.49. 
 
 Latitude calculated, 46® 49' 2". 
 
 July 20, 1847. — La Pointe American Fur Company’s store, west end 
 of Lake Superior: 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 127® 21' 15", t. 26® C., B. 29.22. 
 
 Latitude calculated, 46® 46' 25". 
 
 August 1, 1847. — ^^Little Finger of Isle Royale,” east end of the island: 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 119® 16' 45". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48® 10' 25". 
 
 August 5, 1847. — Gull rocks,” Isle Royale, in a small cove on Isle 
 Royale: 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 117® 29' 45"; index error =: t— 15''. 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48® 1' 22 J". 
 
 AugU'St 6, 1847.—^^ Haganon’s Cove,” Isle Royale: 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 117° 10'; index error — 15'^. 
 
 Latitude calculated, 47® 54' 53|". 
 
 August !, 1847. — Phelps’s island, Washington Harbor, Isle Royale: 
 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 116® 45' 45". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 47® 50' 35 
 
/ 
 
 August 8^1847. — Card’s point; Washington Harbor, Isle Royale: 
 Merid. ait. sun’s L. L., 116^ 10' 5", t. 22^ C., B. 29.6. 
 Latitude calculated, 47° 51' 29"* 
 
 August 10, 1847. — Rainbow cove, southwest end of Isle Royale: 
 Merid. alt. sun’s L. L., 115° 3' 50", t. 19° C., B. 29.57. 
 Latitude calculated, 47° 57' 9|^". 
 
 August 17, 1847. — Rock Harbor, camp opposite the entrance of the 
 harbor * 
 
 Meridional altitude sun’s L. L., 110° 18' 45". 
 Latitude calculated, 48° 04' 40". 8. 
 
 August 18, 1847. — Meridional altitude sun’s L. L., 109° 38' 45". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48° 04' 41". 1. 
 
 August 20, 1847. — Meridional altitude sun’s U. L., 109° 24' 00". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48^ 04' 35". 6. 
 
 August 21, 1847. — Meridional altitude sun’s U. L., lOS'' 44' 15". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48° 04' 36". 9. 
 
 August 22, 1847. — Meridional altitude sun’s U. L., 107° 00' 45". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48° 04' 38". 5. 
 
 August 23,1847. — Meridional altitude sun’s L. L., 106® 19' 50". 
 
 Latitude calculated, 48° 04' 51". 7. 
 
 List of township sections which contain veins of copper and copper ores. 
 
 The geological map of Keweena# point which accompanies this report 
 lepresents the positions of all the mines which have been opened on Ke- 
 weenaw point, and the limits of the metalliferous trap rocks. It is there- 
 fore unnecessary to detail in words what is better represented on the map,, 
 and I shall therefore only define the positions of the known copper veins, 
 and designate the sections on which there is a probability of finding others,, 
 not warranting the certainty of finding valuable mines on them, but only 
 pointing out the positions where they are most likely to be found, and on 
 land sufiiciently elevated for mining purposes. 
 
 I shall first designate sections known to contain veins of copper or cop- 
 per ores. 
 
501 
 
 n j 
 
 Township. 
 
 \ 
 
 Range. 
 
 Section. 
 
 Description of ore. 
 
 68 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 • Gray sulphuret of copper. 
 
 68 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 Do 
 
 67 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 Native copper and silver. 
 
 67 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 Gray sulphuret of copper. 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 Native copper and gray sulphuret. 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 Do do 
 
 . 58 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 Native copper and silver. 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 Do 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 Native copper. 
 
 ■ 68 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 Native copper and silver. 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 Do . 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 Do 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Do 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 Do 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 Do 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 Native copper.' 
 
 Toionship sections which probably contain veins of copper and copper ore^ 
 on the north side of the trap belt of Keweenaw point , 
 
 Township. 
 
 Range. 
 
 Section. 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9. 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 1, 2, 3j 11, and 12. 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 18. 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, and 22. 
 
 On this side of the trap range^ native copper is generally found in regu- 
 lar veinS; with prehnite. Sulphurets are very rare. The metalliferous 
 rock is amygdaloidal trap. 
 
 On the south side of the trap belt. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Range. 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 
 55 
 
 33 
 
 On this side of the trap 
 
 SectioH. 
 
 20; 29; and 30. 
 
 22 and 23. 
 
 32; 33; 34; 35; and 36. 
 
 5 and 6. 
 
 1; 2; 3; aud 9. 
 
 4; 8; IT; 19; aud 36. 
 
 1; 11; 15; 21; 23; 25; 29; aUd 30. 
 range; gray sulphuret of copper most frequently 
 
occurs in porphyritic trap^ either in a disseminated state in beds or in 
 veins of calcareous spar. Native copper more rarely is found in narrow 
 veins. 
 
 Township sections on Isle Roy ale in which veins of native copper have 
 
 been found* 
 
 The metal occurs in trap rocks in true and imbedded veins^ the former 
 being generally narrow^ and traversing the trap range at a considerable 
 angle with its course; and having a high inclination; while the imbedded 
 veins follow the course of the trap; and have a very moderate dip; com- 
 pared with that of the Sandstone rocks. None of the mines thus far 
 opened have been sufficiently proved as to be regarded valuable for 
 working; though some of them have yielded a considerable quantity of 
 copper — enough to encourage deeper explorations. 
 
 Township. 
 
 P^ange. 
 
 Section. 
 
 67 
 
 oo 
 
 35. 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 3 and 4. 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 13. 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 22, 23, 26, and 33. 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 10. 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 33, and 34. 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 12, 17, 28, and 29. 
 
 65 
 
 3T 
 
 23 and 24. 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 11 and 19. 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 10. 
 
 It is probable that veins of copper will be found along the line ofe 
 junction of the trap and sandstone in ranges 35; 36; 37; and 38; and 
 townships 63; 64; and 65. (See geological map of Isle Royale which 
 accompanies this report.) 
 
 Respectfully submitted bv your obedient servant; 
 
 CHARLES T. JACKSON; 
 
 United States Geologist, 
 
 Instructions to George J* Dickenson, 2d Sub-agent, 
 
 Propeller Independence; 
 
 July 8; 1848. 
 
 Sir: You are hereby authorized to visit and explore Isle Royale for the 
 purpose of ascertaining the nature of the rocks and minerals on each of 
 the townships; and will request Mr. IveS; the linear surveyor; to furnish 
 you with copies of the plats of townships he has suveyed; or you will 
 ask the privilege of making copies of them yourself. Then; you will 
 designate on those plats the places where you obseive any rock; marking 
 the spot by some sign on your plat; and referring to it in your notes. 
 
 You will; whenever you discover any copper vein; mark the trees 
 around it and make notes of the spot in your memorandum book; and on 
 the township plats. You will ascertain the line of junction of the sand- 
 
503 
 
 [II 
 
 stone and trap rocks^ which is somewhere between Washington Harbor 
 and Datholite CovO;, fixing the direction of the line by marking on the 
 township plats where the junction is^ in the interior^ along its whole 
 ceurse. You will make profiles of the sections of the island from coast te 
 coast; representing the position of the rocks ; marking the dip of sand- 
 stone and conglomerate; and noting every included bed of conglomerate, 
 or sandstone in the trap. You will also notice every depression corre- 
 sponding with the usual course of the veins of copper on the island. 
 
 Since you have not instruments for measuring heights, you may make- 
 estimated sketches of the hills and valleys, noting the places of streams, 
 ponds, swamps, &c., and put on the profile notes of the exact nature of 
 the rocks, specimens of which you will obtain, mark, and preserve for 
 my examination. The width of every vein must be noted at the time of* 
 measurement, and the course and dip, with remarks on the nature of the 
 lode. 
 
 You will note every house or improvement, and ascertain who built 
 the houses or made the improvements. You need not spend much time 
 on the coast, as I have explored the whole circuit of the island. You 
 need not spend much time in the examination of swamps, but limit your- 
 self to the exploration of such ground as is suitable for mining operations; 
 and you will mark the number and course of all the ridges of rocks, and 
 mark their places on the plats of townships. Mr. Ives will doubtless 
 give you copies of his plats; but if he should fail to do so, you may make 
 out as good a plan as you can yourself, and find your positions by his 
 marked trees. 
 
 After you have completed the explorations you are able to make, you 
 will take passage to Copper Harbor in the first vessel going thither, and 
 report yourself to me. 
 
 You will write to me concerning your progress as frequently as possi- 
 ble. In this survey you will be assisted by Mr. James Mclntire, who 
 will be associated with vou. 
 
 •r 
 
 Respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 C. T. JACKSON, 
 
 United States Geologist. 
 
 Mr, Dickenson^ s report, 
 
 Boston, November 10, 1848. 
 
 Dear Sir: Complying with your instructions, I, in company with Mr. 
 James McIntyre, after our arrival at Rock Harbor, Isle Royale, ^proceeded 
 to visit different sections of the island. On July 11 left for Washington 
 Harbor, where we found Mr. Ives and party, and obtained of him his 
 plats of his work for this season, and took copies of them. Mr. Ives finds 
 the west end of the island little better than the ground he ran over last 
 year. He says the ridges are not quite so high and less abrupt in their 
 formation, and the main ridge gradually disappears as he passed towards 
 the west end of the island. The swamps are wider on this part of the 
 island. The variation of the needle greatest west on trap, 18^, and from 
 20^ to 30^ east; the variation on the sandstone is from 2^ to 20^, and in- 
 creases as we approach the trap. 
 
 We ran in on section 1 till we came to line, and between section 1, T. 
 63 N., R. 39 W., and section 6, T. 63 N., R. 38 W., north of the quarter- 
 
post/we found trap in place. From thence we went south to quarter- 
 post between sections 7 and 12. Here; in the bottom of a brook; we 
 found trap in place. A short distance south of this is found sandstone 
 soil; filled with trap and granite boulders. The junction of trap and 
 sandstone must be near this point ; but; on account of the swampy nature 
 of the ground; extending from the head of this bay to the head of Siska- 
 wit bay; all along on the line of junction; there are no indications by 
 which the line of junction can be determined with accuracy. 
 
 We visited section 11; T. 63 N.; R. 39 W. Tiiis is a sandstone forma- 
 tion. From this place we went to the ridge that forms the point that runs 
 up into the centre of the harbor. This is a trap ridgC; on the north side 
 of which; on the shore of the bay , the trap is seen overlaying the conglom- 
 erate. After leaving the shore but little rock is exposed. This is on sec- 
 tion 1; T. 63 N.; R. 39 W. From this place we returned to our boat; 
 and went to the northwest point of the island. Ran in on secs. 26; 25; 
 and 24 of T. 64 N.; R. 39 W., and saw but very little rock exposed. 
 
 JuIt/ 19. — Left Washington Harbor for Siskawit bay; stopped on T, 63 
 N.; and R, 38 W.; and ran between sections 28 and 29; 20; 21; 16 and 
 IT; to a perpendicular bluff of conglomerate 130 feet high; facing the 
 north; at the foot of which is a small lake. I think this place presents 
 one of the best views on the island. 
 
 At Siskawit bay we passed a small distance with our boat up a creek 
 on section 24; T. 64 N.; R. 3T W.; where we found sandstone in place in 
 the bottom of the stream. In passing up 30 yards further we found trap; 
 over v/hich the stream fails some 15 or 20 feet. Above these falls on the 
 left; as we pass up the stream in section 23; is a conglomerate ridge. 
 This place is the only one where the junction of sandstone and trap can 
 be ascertained with certainty at the head of this hay. From this place 
 we returned to Rock Harbor. We ran on a section line from the head of 
 the harbor over McCargoe’s inlet; and on this line we passed five small 
 lakes. On the first portion of this line the ground is burnt over; and; as 
 is generally the case on the burnt land of this island; the rock is left ex- 
 posed; the timber falls and decayS; making a soil for a new growth. 
 There seems to be soil and moss enough on the whole surface of the 
 island to cover up the rock, but the moss is mostly consumed when the 
 soil is burnt over; leaving the rock bare. The rest of the soil on this line 
 is covered with a thick growth. A description of each one of these lines 
 seems to be useless; as the country for one mile is so like another; that to 
 say it is partly covered with cedar swamp; or with spruce; fir; hackma- 
 tack; and thick undergrowth or windfalls; and plenty of trap rock; I think 
 would answer for the whole island. It is my intention to make a copy 
 of the plats ; and mark the sections we have run over; and mark out the 
 line of junction as near as possible of the sandstone and trap. 
 
 On our return from McCargoe’s inlet we started again for Siskawit bay. 
 Stopped at Lea’s covC; and ran an east and west line to the head of Rock 
 Harbor; passing on the line between sections 33, 34; and 35, T. 66 N., 
 R, 34 W.; and sections 2, 3, and 4, T. 65 N., R, 34 W. From Lea’s 
 cove we went to T. 64 N., R. 36 W., and taking the line between sec- 
 tions 9 and 10, passed to the north side of the island, between sections 3 
 and 4, T. 64 N., R. 36 W., and sections 33 and 34, 2T and 28, 21 and 
 22; 15 and 16, 9 and 10, 1\ 65 N., R. 36 W., then two miles east 
 through sections 10 and 11 to McCulloch’s location, in Todd Harbor. 
 
505 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Mr. McCulloch has nine men employed, and has at present the best pros- 
 pects of any one on the island. He is working three different veins, two 
 of which are but a very short distance from the vein he was working 
 when you visited his mines last season. After drifting on that vein some 
 30 feet, all signs of copper disappeared. He then sunk a shaft a short 
 distance north of this drift; and in sinking 5 or 6 feet, stmck a blue earth 
 filled with copper in the form of shot. This bed was 5 or 6 feet thick, 
 and below this there was a red colored rock filled with spar, but it con- 
 tained no copper. He left this, and is now drifting in on a vein on a 
 level with the surface of the lake, so that a strong north wind carries the 
 water into the drift. He has run about 60 feet in the whole, 30 feet of 
 which is under ground; the veinstone is 2^ feet v/ide; the walls are well 
 defined, and the vein dips 70*^ west. There is one sheet of copper ex- 
 posed 8 feet long, 4 feet in height. How much further it extends down 
 is not known. It is from 1 to 2 inches in thickness. They^also were 
 uncovering another sheet. West of this vein he is sinking a shaft, on a 
 small spar vein, containing some copper. He has still another vein east 
 of his house, which runs north and south. He sank a shaft on this vein 
 so near the lake shore, as to oblige them to abandon it on account of the 
 water, and sank a shaft further inland, and in sinking this he struck a 
 small spar vein running east and west. 
 
 We left this place and passed back to the south side of the island, on 
 line between sections 1 1 and !2, 13 and 14, 23 and 24, 25 and 26, 35 and 
 36, T. 65 N., R. 36 W. The junction of trap and sandstone is about a 
 quarter of a mile from the lake shore, between sections 35 and 36. 
 
 We next went to the head of Siskavat bay, and taking an Indian trail, 
 ran up to the maple ridge, passing through sections 28, 29, and 20. This 
 maple groAvth is about 4 miles long and 30 chains wide. We went to the 
 corners of sections 18 and 20, T. 64 N., R. 37 W. From here ran west 
 two miles between sections 18 and 19, and sections 13 and 24, T. 64 N., 
 R. 38 W. ; then ran south two miles, between sections 23 and 24, 25 and 
 26; then four miles east between sections 25 and 36; then in T. 64 N., 
 R. 37 W., between sections 30 and 31, 29 and 32, 28 and 33, to our boat. 
 
 August 11. — Left for Rock Harbor, there to wait for the propeller Inde- 
 pendence. While waiting for her we visited Castle rock, and stopped at 
 ScovilPs point. There is one man left in charge of this place, and but 
 little has been done since you visited it. 
 
 At Shaw’s location there are three men employed in sinking on a shaft, 
 which now reaches to the depth of 90 feet; and the indications are no better 
 than when they first commenced. I think this is the same shaft you saw. 
 
 Mr. Whittlesey had six or seven men when we first arrived here, but 
 .since then all but two have left. He has sunk a shaft 40 feet, and drifted 
 about 90 feet. He thinks he has 40 tons of 25 per cent, ore on hand. 
 
 The Isle Royale and Ohio Mining Company had a few men employed 
 in sinking a shaft at Datholite, when we first came; the next boat brought 
 a Mr. Mathews, a Cornish man, with a few hands, and he took charge of 
 the works. This is the only place they are working at present. Mr. 
 Mathews showed us some very good specimens of native copper, t^ken 
 from the bottom of this shaft. 
 
 Mr. Douglas arrived here in the boat in which we left the island, with 
 workmen to finish the construction of the copper furnace 
 
506 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Mr. McCulloch’s is the only location inhabited on the north side of the 
 island. 
 
 The fishermen have left Siskawit bay^ so that Datholite is the most 
 western occupied place on the south side of the island; the most eastern 
 inhabitants are at Scovill’s point. 
 
 GEO. J. mCKENSON. 
 
 To Dr. C. T. Jackson, U, S. G. 
 
 M?\ McIntyre^ s report* 
 
 Sir: In accordance with your request, I hereby give you a synopsis of 
 my notes while engaged on the examination of Isle Royale, in Lake Su- 
 perior. 
 
 On my arrival, with Mr. Dickenson, on the island, we immediately 
 commenced a search for Mr. Ives, of the linear survey, who was then 
 engaged on a survey of the island; and, as his plats would be beneficial 
 to us, we wished to obtain them before commencing our researches. 
 
 We accordingly left Rock Harbor on the 11th of July, and coasted to 
 the west end of the island, being informed that Mr. Ives was at or near 
 Washington Harbor. The coast you have already examined ; so a 
 description of that would be unnecessary. On the second day after leav- 
 ing Rock Harbor, we arrived at Washington Harbor — or, as the Indians 
 call it, Sagauda, (deep hole) — and found a recent encampment of the sur- 
 veyors. Here we concluded to remain until they sent out for provisions, 
 which they probably would do in a few days. VYe were not disappointed j 
 for on the next day Mr. Ives and his party arrived. They had a very 
 fcard time, and complained bitterly of the difficulties which they have had 
 to encounter in getting through the woods. Mr. Ives very kindly fur- 
 nished us with plats of the island, and gave us a good deal of general in- 
 formation in regard to the character of the country, which was very useful. 
 After getting the plats, our first efforts were to ascertain the junction of 
 the trap and sandstone. We accordingly entered the woods at the foot of 
 tlie bay, and went in an east direction, following a creek for some dis- 
 tance up; but, finding it a continuous swamp, we were unable to find any 
 place where the sandstone and trap actually met; but, from careful obser- 
 vation, we concluded it must be between section 12, township 63 north, 
 range 39 west, and section 7, township 63 north, range 38 west, as we 
 found trap on the north side of the line and sandstone on the south, Avithia 
 a short distance of each other. We also went into sections 11, 1, 12, 7, 
 and 1 0, and our observations on these sections confirmed our views that 
 the junction is as you will find it drawn on the map of the island. 
 
 After coasting east around the Avest end of the island, we entered the 
 Avoods on a north and south line between sections 28 and 29, township 
 63 north, range 38 Avest, and Avent as far as section 16, to a bluff of con- 
 glomerate about 130 feet high, where we had the finest vieAv that I have 
 seen on the island. On the east of the bluff there is a beautiful lake, 
 about two miles long, separated from the great lake by a narroAV strip of 
 low land. On the north is seen Washington Harbor, with its islands, and 
 the high bluffs of the Canada shore in the distance. YVe could find no 
 trap rock south of the bluff. 
 
507 
 
 m 
 
 We then coasted as far as the foot of Siskowit bay^ and encamped in a 
 small bay near to it. The sandstone on the coast dips about eight degrees- 
 to the souths and is not so fine-grained as that of the pictured rocks on 
 the south shore. Keweenaw point was visible several times during the 
 day. In fact; it can be seen from the hills of this island on any clear 
 day. About a mile from the lake we found the junction of trap and sand- 
 stone; in a creek. I went west from the creek about a mile; along an ab- 
 rupt ridge of trap; and then went south a milC; through a cedar swamp, 
 and came to sandstone on the south of the swamp: so the junction 
 must be in this swamp. The trees;*except those on the ridgC; are mostly 
 small spruce and cedar. There are some sugar maple and pine; with a 
 few birch trees. 
 
 We then coasted east as far as Chippewa Harbor; which runs into the 
 island about two miles, and is a very good harbor. On the southwest of 
 the entrance, there is a precipice WO feet high, which protects the harbor 
 from any heavy wind. 
 
 Sunday, July 23, we coasted as far as Rock Harbor, and on the follow- 
 ing day entered the woods from the foot of the harbor, which is about 
 three miles from the entrance. We entered the woods on a north and 
 south line; and, on going about a mile, we came to a ridge of trap about 
 100 feet high; and beyond it came to a small lake about a mile and a half 
 long. These lakes are so surrounded with swamps, that it is almost im- 
 possible to get round them. We were therefore pnder the necessity of 
 constructing a raft, which we did by lashing some logs together. We 
 then paddled it across; and, after traversing the lake, we came to a high 
 ridge of trap; and, after going about a mile further, we came to section- 
 corner, range 34 west, township 66 north, section 29. Here we left the 
 line and went east about a mile, to get round a small lake. We then took 
 the next north and south line, and continued on it till we came to the 
 ndrth shore of the island, where we encamped. The character of the 
 country we have passed through to-day is a fair sample of the island — it 
 being swampy in the hollows, with trap ridges running nearly east and 
 west, and interspersed with numerous small lakes. We passed no less 
 than six lakes during the day. 
 
 Wednesday, we started oa our return across the island, after finding, 
 the line that we had to follow near the lake which we had to cross yester- 
 day. We then followed it as far as the lake. Here we left it, and went 
 west for two miles, until we came to the township line, which we kept on 
 till we struck a trail, about five miles from Rock Harbor, and arrived there- 
 at nine in the evening. The growth of wood on this section is mostly 
 small cedar and spruce, with a few birches. The following are the ranges,, 
 townships, and sections, which we have been on during the day: Range 
 84 west, township 65 north, sections 5, 6; range 34 west, township 66^ 
 north, sections 35, 32, 28, 33; range 35 west, township 65 north, sec- 
 tions 1, 7. 
 
 August 4. — For the last few days, the wind has been so strong that it 
 was impossible for us to coast until yesterday, when we got as far as Sis- 
 kowit bay, and to-day went into the woods. We travelled on a north 
 and south line, and, after going half a mile, came to section- corner, range 
 36 west, township 64 north, sections 3, 9. The country has been boggy,, 
 and rises gradually from the lake. Five minutes after leaving the corner^, 
 came to a ridge of sandstone, and immediately after saw a ridge of trap, 
 
with a gradual slope towards the north. This is the point where the 
 junction of the sandstone and trap occurs, in a swamp between the two 
 riliges. The ridge of trap continued to slope until we came to the quar- 
 ter-post. After leaving the quarter-post, we struck Siskowit lake, which 
 we went round, and regained our line on the other side. After leaving 
 Siskowit lake, the land is swampy, with a gradual rise towards the north. 
 The growth has been mostly tamarack and small spruce, with a few cedars. 
 The next section-corner from the lake is range 36 west, township 64 
 north, section 3, and range 36 west, township 65 north, section 34. After 
 leaving the corner, we passed two small trap ridges; the land between 
 being swampy, and covered with small cedar and spruce trees. We then 
 €ame to the quarter- post; after leaving which, we came to a ridge of trap, 
 which continued to rise till we came near the section-corner, when it be- 
 gan to slope again, and continued tdl we came to the corner, which is in 
 a swamp, pnge 38 west, township 65 north, sections 33, 27. After leav- 
 ing the corner, the ground began to ascend, the growth being mostly 
 poplar, spruce, and pine. Shortly after passing the quarter- post, we 
 crossed a creek running northeast. The growth after passing the creek 
 was spruce and cedar, with some large birches. The ground continued 
 to be swampy and rising gradually until we came to section-corner, range 
 36 west, township 65 north, sections 22, 28. Near this there is a good 
 deal of spotted maple and small cedars — which, together with large ground 
 hemlock, which reached nearly to our heads, makes it almost impossible 
 to get along. In about ten minutes after leaving tlie corner, we came to 
 the main ridge of the island, which I should think was about 400 feet 
 high, and very much broken and precipitous on the north side. After de- 
 scending the precipice, the descent was gradual till we came to the quar- 
 ter-post, which is in a cedar swamp. Immediately after leaving the sweimp, 
 we came to a tamarack bog, and, after crossing it, we ascended a ridge of 
 trap about 300 feet high. After descending the ridge, there is a cedar 
 swamp, which continued until we came to the next corner, sections 5 and 
 21. After leaving the corner, we passed four small trap ridges, and then 
 crossed a tamarack bog, with a creek on the north side of it. Running 
 east, the next quarter-post is near the creek. After passing two small 
 ridges of trap, we came to a cedar swamp, where the section-corner is — 
 sections, 9, 15. After leaving the corner, we ascended for some distance, 
 and then came to a steep descent of about 200 feet; after which, the de- 
 cline was slight until we came to the quarter-post, which is in a tamarack 
 bog. The growth for the last mile has been mostly tamarack, cedar, and 
 apruce, with a few birches. Immediately after leaving th« post, we came 
 to a tamarack bog, with a creek running northeast. We then crossed 
 three small trap ridges, th^ last one with a descent of about 100 feet. We 
 then went on a level till we came near the lake shore, where there is a 
 rugged descent of about sixty feet — ^range 36 west, township 65 north, 
 section 10. 
 
 I have given you these details to show that the sections drawn on the 
 map must be nearly correct, and could give details like these of all the 
 ground which I have gone over; but, as the sectional drawings exhibit 
 the formation at a glance, I concluded that it wmuld be unnecessary to give 
 the minutias. 
 
 After making this section across the island, we visited Mr. McCulloch 
 location, it being the only one in operation on the north shore of the 
 island. There are two veins opened. The one at the lake shore is the 
 
i09 
 
 ni 
 
 most promising. He has drifted in from the lake shore about sixty feet;,, 
 and has got out some mefahic copper. The character of the vein very" 
 much resembles those on the Ontonagon district; the copper being in thin 
 sheets, and some distance apart. The vein runs NNE. and SSW., dip- 
 ping 70^ to the west. They are now sinking a shaft from the top of the^ 
 hill, and it will strike near the end of the drift. After returning, we 
 coasted to the foot of Siskowit bay^ for the purpose of ascertaining the^ 
 junction of sandstone and trap at that point. We entered the woods on 
 an Indian trail running NNW.; and for the first mile we travelled over 
 sandstone rocks. Gradually ascending from the lake, in a little more than 
 a mile from it we came to a swamp, v/ith a creek on the north side of it, 
 running west. We afterwards ascertained that this stream is the same* 
 that empties into Washington harbor, and is called Mullet’s creek. 'On the 
 north of this creek the trap formation commences, so that the junction 
 must be very near it. The forest consisted of large cedar and spruce,, 
 with some birch and sugar;-maple trees. After going about a mile further,, 
 we came to the high ridge, where the growth is sugar-maple. The other 
 trees are cut down, so that the maple will have the benefit of the sun. 
 There is a good deal of maple, and sugar is made in this grove. The- 
 ridge is about ^0 feet high, and is the highest point on the island. The? 
 lake can be seen on every side. 
 
 Yours, respectfully, 
 
 JAMES McIntyre. 
 
 Dr. C. T. Jackson, 
 
 United States Geolo^^ist, 
 
 Report of George Orville Barnes, assistant sub- agent United Stated 
 
 geological survey. 
 
 On our way to Lac la Belle we were detained at Horse-shoe Harbor 
 by head winds, and I was detached to explore and examine the hill^ 
 back of the harbor. I followed a section line one-fourth mile west of tho 
 harbor, and pursued it south. The quarter -post is near the lake; and at 
 this point I saw trap rock, it being an extension of the belt at Copper 
 Harbor. Proceeded south to some high hills of conglomerate on R. 28,. 
 T. 59, S. 35; near the town line, at which place I made a barometrical 
 observation. This hill is one of the first objects seen on approaohing 
 Keweenaw point on the lake, it being part of a long range of high hills, 
 extending from the easterly end of Lake Fanny Hooe nearly to the end 
 of the point. The place measured by me, I think, is the highest of the- 
 whole range. This same range of conglomerate hills extends to Agate 
 Harbor, with the exception of the break at Copper Harbor and Fanny 
 Hooe lake. On returning to the boat, I measured ^11 the important 
 points on the section— the figures I shall give in the appendix. At Lac 
 la Belle I took the elevation ol the hill, and went with Messrs. Foster 
 and Hill to the north side of the bluff, where some explorations had 
 been made for a vein which was suppos^ to traverse the hills. The ex- 
 plorers had uncovered but little of the rock, and no satisfactory conclu- 
 sions could be arrived at by a hasty view. They had run the course of 
 the vein in the adit through the hill; and at different points on the bluff 
 
510 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 they have prospected for the vein. The rock at the summit, and on the 
 north side of the hill, is hai’d compact black trap. A chlorite rock seems 
 to dip under the hill. Further down, near Lac la Belle, the conglom- 
 erate and sandstone appear. We examined the workings, and took spe- 
 cimens of ore and wall rock. 
 
 I proceeded to Copper Harbor (in the boat) on the 16th of July. 
 
 Julp 19. — Crossed Lake Fanny Hooe in boat, and took trail for Boston 
 and Pittsburg Company’s workings. Examined hill on which they 
 have mined a little, by driving two drifts into the hill on a number of 
 small veins of quartz and prehnite, with a little copper. The veins are 
 disconnected, and branch out like a tree. The rock near the base of the 
 bluff is similar to that in same position at Lac la Belle, and changes its 
 character three times before on the route to the summit, where it is all 
 compact crystalline trap. I made observation with barometer at base of 
 the hill, and at the summit, to determine its elevation. Returning over 
 the north side of the hill, I found near the base, at a small brook, a ledge 
 of pyroxine rock, which seemed to form the base of the whole range of 
 hills. As far as I examined it, this rock gradually ran into black com- 
 pact trap. I made a number of observations on my way back. The 
 next day I visited the same location, and examined the bluff south of the 
 cabins, where I found the same rock as described yesterday, at the base 
 of a hill. The hill itself is composed of the same hard compact trap, 
 -and is part of the same range as the one where they have been mining. 
 I saw trap mile south from Copper Harbor, in place. The land in 
 this vicinity is very uneven. I ascended a high hill and descended to a 
 cedar swamp below. The timbei is mostly hemlock and cedar. 
 
 July 25. — I left Eagle river in company with Messrs. Foster and Hill 
 to measure a section across to Torch lake. We examined all the mines 
 in our route, and I measured the most important points as far as the 
 Forsyth Company’s mine, when my barometer gave out, and I was 
 obliged to leave the section unfinished: the observations will be found 
 with others in the appendix. At Eagle river I followed the bed of the 
 river from the Lake Superior Company’s mine to the lake, and saw 
 oleven alternating belts of trap and sandstone. The sandstone takes a 
 course nearly southwest, and dips from 27^ to 30^ northwest. The 
 belts of sandstone vary in width from 1.0 to 150 feet. The first sand- 
 stone, after leaving the breccia at the mine, is seen about 500 feet down 
 the river from the third falls, and is 60 feet in width, and dips 32^. Pro- 
 ceeding down stream, I passed over amygdaloidal trap for 200 feet, 
 when I saw a belt of sandstone 10 feet in width, with the same dip and 
 direction as the last; then 75 feet on another belt of sandstpne 60 feet 
 wide; then compact trap 120 feet; and another belt of sandstone 40 feet 
 wide, dipping 30^; and so I proceeded to the mouth of Eagle river, after 
 passing over 10 or 11 of these alternations. At the saw -mill I came to 
 conglomerate, which continues to the lake shore. 
 
 August 7. — I left Eagle Harbor with Mr. Hill, to measure section to 
 Ijake Gratiot, and preceded by way of the Copper Falls, Northwestern, 
 Buffalo and Michigan Companies’ mines, at all which places I took the 
 elevations by the barometer, and examined the workings of the mines, 
 and noticed at Copper Falls several alternations of trap and sandstone, 
 similar to those in the bed of Eagle river. Returning north, 1 travelled 
 along by the section line to Grand Marrais harbor. At the falls of 
 
Tobacco river^ on section 12^ range 31^ township 57; I saw numerous 
 alternations of trap and sandstone^ the sandstone had a dip of 25^. Norths 
 west of these falls I saw a sandstone belt of twenty or thirty feet wide, 
 then a breccia and trap. The falls precipitate themselves over breccia; which 
 continues for thirty rods beloW; where I saw variegated sandstone; which 
 dips northwest 20°. The junction of sandstone and trap at this point can 
 be laid down as being on northeast quarter of section 13; range 31; town- 
 ship 57. The junction of these rocks comes on north quarter of sections 
 15 and 16; one- third mile south of section line between 9 and 16. Ex- 
 amined the old workings of Copper Rock Company, which are on this 
 section. The company worked a vein of calc spar in amygdaloid, with 
 but little success. Returned to Eagle river by Suffolk Company’s road. 
 Left Copper Harbor and went south from Fanny Hooe lake, 1^ mile, 
 where I saw the trap rock; then took a southeast course to Massachusetts 
 Company’s cabins, where I saw some rock as before described at the Pitts- 
 burg and Boston Company’s mines, (as pyroxine.) This bluff is one of the 
 same range of hills as that where the mine is opened, the rock occupying 
 the same position as at that place. This company has worked a vein of 
 prehnite in hard, compact trap. The veinstone contains small particles of 
 native copper disseminated through it, but not sufficiently rich to warrant 
 further expenditures; its width is from two to six inches, and its course 
 north 10^ east on the surface. Made observations with the barometer at this 
 mine, and proceeded in a southeasterly direction to the cabins of the Bos- 
 ton Company, on south side of the point. I passed to-day through four 
 meadows, one of which was nearly half a mile long, and was covered 
 with a good crop of grass. At the point where these cabins are situated, I 
 ^observed that the rock near the lake shore is very much disturbed, and re- 
 ^sembles jasper or altered sandstone. It does not take the course of the trap 
 iirock; but seems’ to follow the coast along in a southwesterly direction. 
 .After leaving the cabins I went along the shore to examine the rocks. 
 Two-thirds of a mile from the cabin I saw altered sandstone again, which 
 extended one-th^rd of a mile west, when we came to trap on southeast 
 comer of township 14. Three-fourths of a mile further along the coast 
 I saw breccia. Near the cabins of the Massachusetts Company I saw a 
 belt of altered sandstone which was fifteen feet wide, which is near to the 
 old workings of the Massachusetts Company. Where trap occurs on sec- 
 tion 35 I saw variegated sandstone. On the lake shore, jasper appears on 
 sections 26 and 27, near the fish-house at the point. On section 35 
 porphyry was seen for nearly one-fourth of a mile, and it continues nearly 
 to Montreal river, where we saw trap again. The variegated sandstone 
 is seen near a small brook on section 27. I saw trap rocks extending from 
 Montreal river to this brook, with the exception of a few masses of breccia. 
 The trap has a red color, and is very amygdaloidal. Jasper comes in on 
 .section 25. I passed over jasper for nearly half a mile, when breccia ap- 
 peared. From the cabins of the Clinton Company I returned to Copper 
 Harbor, proceeding north on the section line, and taking observations at 
 ‘all the important points. I left Copper Harbor September 2, in a boat, 
 with Dr. Jackson and Mr. Thayer, and three men, and arrived at L’Anse. 
 
 Friday^ September 8.— I went with Mr. Whitney to examine the lime- 
 ;stone in township 51, range 35, sections 13 and 14; took observations with 
 barometer; retarned to L’Anse, and gave the specimens of limestone to 
 Dr. Jackson. 
 
512 
 
 m 
 
 September 12. — I went down to the end of the bay with Dr. Jackson- 
 and Mr. Thayer^ and examined slate rock on sections 35 and 36, township 
 51; range 33. We took specimens; some of which are suitable for whet- 
 stones. We returned to the Methodist mission at 2 p. m. 
 
 September 13. — Left L’Anse at a. m. for Portage river, and arrived 
 at Sheldon’s at 9^ a. m.; and remained till afternoon. 
 
 September 14. — Encamped at the mouth of Portage river. 
 
 September 15. — Left mouth of Portage river for the Quincy Company’s 
 mine. Stopped at the Pennsylvania Company’s cabins to dinner; and 
 examined the hills; but saw no copper. The company worked a vein of 
 agate on this location. Proceeded on to Quincy Company’s mine; and 
 encamped. This company has sunk a shaft 67 feet deep on a vein of 
 native copper; accompanied by calc spar; laumonite and quartz. Made 
 barometrical observations at the summit of the hill, at shaft; and at Portage 
 lake. 
 
 Wednesday^ 20^/^. — I left the Quincy mine in a boat with Dr. Jackson, 
 on our way to Torch lake. Arrived at Douglass Houghton Company’s 
 cabin ; at the head of Torch lake, at 10 p. m.; and. camped. 
 
 Thursday ^ 215^. — Left Torch lake with Dr. Jackson — went to falls of 
 Torch river — measured the height of the falls with barometer. Dr. Jack- 
 son examined the workings of the minO; and measured and took the 
 course of the drifts, &c. Proceeded to Michigan Company’s mine; Dr. 
 Jackson made observations here, and then proceeded on to the Trap Rock 
 Company’s cabins; from thence to the Forsyth Company’s, where we en- 
 camped. 
 
 Friday ^22d .- — We examined the Forsyth Company’s mine; and measured 
 the heights of the hill; and took specimens. Then we went to the Medora 
 works and examined the old furnace; which is fifteen inches square inside 
 and seventeen feet outside. Proceeded by the Albion to the North Amer- 
 ican Company’s mineS; and examined all the drifts, measured course and 
 the width of the vein, passing through every part of the mine. 
 
 Saturday^ 23d— We visited the Cliff mine, went through all the^ 
 levels, and collected specimens, and made observations ; also at the 
 summit of the cliff, with barometer, and at the base, and remained there 
 for the night. The next day we proceeded to the Eagle river mine, and 
 took specimens of the ore. 
 
 September 26. — Left Eagle river and went to Copper Falls mine, and 
 examined the ore heaps, and took specimens. Remained at Ihe mines 
 over night. 
 
 Wednesday^ 21th . — We left Copper Falls at 5 p. m. for Eagle Harbor,,, 
 where we remained for the night. 
 
 September 28. — Left Eagle Harbor for Copper Harbor, and arrived at 
 11 a. m. 
 
 Observ€Uiotis with barometer. 
 
 At base of Torch River falls, on September 21, lOh. 30m. a. m. — B„. 
 29.40; T. 8^ C.; t. 44^ F. 
 
 At summit of falls. Torch river., September 21, lOh. 45m. a. m. — B. 
 29.282; T. 8^.5 C.; t. 45^ F. 
 
 At highest point of bluff near the falls, September 21, 11 a. m. — B.- 
 29.264} T. 10^ C.} h 48^ F. 
 
513 [ 1 1 
 
 : At base of the falls of Torch river^ September 21^ Hi a. m.— B* 
 29.40; T. 8^ C.; t. 460.50 P. . 
 
 " At Eagle river, near (Jliff mine, September 23. — B. 29.025 ; T. 13^.6 C. ; 
 t. 52^ F. 
 
 At the main shaft of the Cliif mine, September 23. — B. 28.99; T. 12<^.8 
 c.; t. 52^ P. ^ ^ , 
 
 At the top of the Cliff, on the vein, 10 ffeet below the highest point of 
 the vein, September 23. — B. 28.79; T. 13° C.; t. 53°.5 P. 
 
 At the highest point of the Cliff, 20 rods NE. of the vein, September 
 23.— B. 28.69; T. 12° C.; t. 51o F. 
 
 At the top of the Cliff, on the vein, (returning,) September 23. — B. 
 28.792; T. 13° C.; t. 52°.5 P. 
 
 At the main shaft of the Cliff mine, (returning,) September 23. — B. 
 28.18; T. 12° C.; t. 61°P. 
 
 At Eagle river, (on return,) September 23. — B. 29.623; T. 12° G.; 
 t. 55° F. 
 
 Analysis of leonhardite by G, O. Barnes. 
 
 A weighed portion of mineral, dried at 100° C., W£is heated to 
 redness in a platina crucible, to determine loss of water, which was 
 11.93 per cent. Another portion of the same mineral) dried at 100° C- 
 to expel hygrometric moisture, was treated with chlorohydric acid and 
 water until decomposed; then evaporated to dryness, and redissolved the 
 soluble matter, in chlorohydric acid and water, and filtered. The silica 
 remained insoluble. To the filtered solution added ammonia, which pre- 
 cipitated the alumina and peroxide of iron; collected it on a filter, buSrnt, 
 and weighed it. To the remaining solution added oxalic acid in excess, 
 which precipitated oxalate of lime; collected it on a filter, washed, burnt, 
 ^nd weighed it as carbonate of lime. This analysis gave the follow- 
 ing results : 
 
 A. 
 
 11.93 water. 
 
 55.04 silicic acid. 
 
 22.34 alumina and peroxide of iron. 
 
 10.64 lime. 
 
 99.95 
 
 Which gives the formula 3 ca S« A# S t-[“ ft; which is that of 
 leonhardite. 
 
 Analysis of sulphuret of copper ore from MendenhaWs mine^ Lake Su- 
 perior. 
 
 A weighed portion of the ore, dried at 100° C., was digested in aqua 
 regia until nothing but the insoluble portion remained, which was filtered 
 off, after first evaporating to dryness and redissolving in chlorohydric 
 acid and water on a weighed filter. Weighed and burnt off the sulphur, 
 which was determined by the loss of weight. To the filtered solution 
 
 Part ii— 33 
 
514 
 
 added a solution of cliloride baryum; wbich precipitates tlie sulplmrie 
 acid as sulphurate baryta; collected on a filter; dried; burnt; and weigh- 
 ed; and then from tlie amount calculated the sulphur. To the solution 
 added sulphuric acid to remove the excess of baryta; filtered; and 
 through the filtered solution passed sulphuric gas to saturation; and col- 
 lected the sulphiiret of copper on a filter; washed and digested the filter 
 with the precipitate in aqua regia; filtered otF and separated the sulphur; 
 and precipitated the oxide of copper from the solution by a hot solution 
 of caustic potash collected on a filter; washed; burnt; and weighed it as 
 oxide of copper; heated the remaining solution to expel the sulphydric 
 acid gaS; and added ammonia; which precipitated peroxide of iron and 
 alumina; collected and weighed. Then to the solution added oxalic acid; 
 which precipitated oxalate of lime; filtered; washed; burnt, and weighed 
 the carbonate of lime. This analysis gave the following results: 
 
 64.10 sulphate of baryta and silica. 
 
 6.19' sulphur. 
 
 .64 peroxide of iron. 
 
 9.0T lime. 
 
 14.03 copper. 
 
 6.97 water. 
 
 101.00 
 
 A/na.hjs-is of black sidphoM baryta. 
 
 A weighed portion was digested in clilorohydric acid; the sulphate 
 baryta remained nndissolved; which was collected on a filter and weighed. 
 Added to solution chloride baryuni; and collected the precipitate of sul- 
 phate baryta; from which I calculated the amount of sulphur; precipitated 
 the copper by sulphydric acid gas in a state of sulphuret; which I collect- 
 ed on a filter and dissolved it in aqua regia; and filtered olf from the sul- 
 phur. Then added a beiling solution of caustic potash; which precija- 
 tated oxide of copper ; collected on a filter; burnt and weighed the oxide 
 of copper; from which I calculated the amount of copper. The following 
 xesults were obtained: 
 
 90.64 sulphate of baryta. 
 
 1.76 sulphur.: 
 
 5.19 copper. 
 
 2.34 loss — probably sulphur. 
 
Barometrical observations at various places ^ by C, T. Jackson, 
 
 Date. 
 
 1847. 
 
 June SJ3 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 28 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 
 Juiy 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Y 
 
 Hour. 
 
 
 Noon... . 
 3 p. m , . 
 
 3 • * do* • • 
 
 3. . do. . . 
 
 1 * * d O. . • 
 
 1. . do. , . 
 
 9| a. m.. 
 lO^.do. . 
 10|.do. . 
 124 p. m 
 
 4 ^ .* . do . . 
 
 84 a. m. 
 5 p. m.. 
 
 2 . . do . * a 
 
 34 * do * . . 
 ,9|.do. . . 
 9|.do, . . 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 3 p. m.. 
 
 2 p. m. , . 
 114 a. m. 
 
 Si P- m 
 
 114 a. in 
 Sp. If),.,.. 
 
 Place of observation. 
 
 Below St. Mary’s falls, at the Sault, 14 inches above river. . . 
 
 Above do. .do. , . . ,1 foot above the lake .... 
 
 Grand island, 8 feet above Lake Superior 
 
 Copper Harbor, 1 foot above Lake Superior. 
 
 Fort Wilkins, 28 feet above Lake Superior. Barom. No. 1 . . 
 i***.*do**. ......... do . a . do ............. No. 2.. 
 
 do.. do .....do ...No. 1 .. 
 
 . . ft . . - . do a. . .. . ». ....do* .. ...... . . ado. * . .. .... . ... o . 2 * • 
 
 Mouth of Eagle river, 5| ft. above Lake Superior. . . B. No. 1 . . 
 Office of Lake Superior Copper Company . ...... .do. No. 1 . . 
 
 . .. ••:.dO. . .'*. . * . ... ado* ft ft ft. * ..... ..do. ... . . ft. . . . . a* . . ft. . * . 
 
 Boston and Pittsburg CorUpany’s office, at the Cliff mine south- 
 west from Eagle river 
 
 Boston and Pittsburg Company’s office, at the Cliff mine. . . . . 
 
 Sand bay, near mouth of stream. 
 
 Copper Falls mine, at office of J, Childe 
 
 Port Wilkins, 28 feet above Lake Superior 
 
 .do. ......... . .do ft. . ado. 
 
 End of Keweenaw point, 8 feet above lake level 
 
 do .do. .do 
 
 Lac La Belle, 4 feet above water 
 
 Lac La Belle Company’s office, Sibley’s 
 
 do. as do ado 
 
 do. do do 
 
 Top of Bohemian mountain 
 
 Upper mine 
 
 First shaft, Bohemian Company’s mine 
 
 Lac La Belle Company’s office, Sibley’s 
 
 do .do do. 
 
 Level of Lac La Belle 
 
 Level of Lake Superior • . , 
 
 Cabin of Alliance Company, Sharwood 
 
 * * . *'• . > do »• . 4 . • » ,. ..*».* do . .*•..**.«* do . . . . a . . « ... . . » , • . ^4 
 
 Top of Mount Houghton,. 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Bar. 
 
 T. 
 
 t. 
 
 
 29. 66 
 
 70 
 
 op. 
 
 
 29.62 
 
 82 
 
 op. 
 
 
 29.502 
 
 78 F, 
 
 
 
 29.310 
 
 78° 
 
 
 
 29.42 
 
 21°C 
 
 
 Travelling banometer. 
 
 29.45 
 
 21° C. 
 
 
 Stationary barometer. 
 
 29. 52 
 
 17i C. 
 
 
 Travelling barometer. 
 
 29.55 
 
 17| 
 
 
 Stationary barometer. 
 
 29 . 45 
 
 17 C. 
 
 16 C. 
 
 
 29.210 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 
 29.207 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 
 29.130 ’ 
 
 24 
 
 244 
 
 r 
 
 29.100 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 29. 530 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 
 29.30 
 
 24| 
 
 '25 . 
 
 
 29.54 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 Dew-pokit, 13| C. 
 
 29.55 
 
 84 P. 
 
 
 
 29.50 
 
 23 C. 
 
 23 C. 
 
 
 29.490 
 
 23 C. 
 
 23 
 
 
 29.450 
 
 20 C. 
 
 
 
 29.180 
 
 19^ 
 
 
 
 29; 250 
 
 214 
 
 
 
 29.240 
 
 25 
 
 254 
 
 
 ^.625 
 
 264 
 
 26 
 
 Dew-point, 17| C. 
 
 28.70 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 
 28. 865 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 29.20 
 
 26| 
 
 263 
 
 Dew-point, 144 C. 
 
 29.17 
 
 274 
 
 27 
 
 
 29.45 
 
 294 
 
 294 
 
 
 29.365 
 
 291 
 
 234 
 
 i 
 
 29. 115 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 i Dew-point. 184® Gp 
 
 29.15Q 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 ?§.68 
 
 S6i 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 919 
 
Date. 
 
 1847. 
 July 12 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 20 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 August 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Baffynietticdl observation^ at various places 
 
 ^ - - 
 
 Hour. Place' of observation. 
 
 . costs. *l'Ojp of IVlount Hougbton ••..•ooooosoo.oo.o 
 
 do do 
 
 8 p. m. u o. Cabin of AOiance Company, Sharwood 
 
 2. .do ... t ....... . Copper Harbor, Port Wilkins, B. 28 feet above lake . . 
 
 Noon Fort Wilkins 
 
 II a. m do... 
 
 do 
 
 Noon La Pointe Fur Company’s warehouse. 
 
 9 a. m Isle Royale, Rock Harbor, 8 feet above Lake Superior 
 
 8^ p. m Scovill’s point 
 
 III a. m. do 
 
 3 p. m.o do 
 
 9 a. m do 
 
 1| p. m. do .'. 
 
 9| a. do 
 
 8. .do do.' level of Lake Superior 
 
 7|p. m Miller’s location, Isle Royale, lake level 
 
 6 a. m. .do 
 
 5 p. m .......... . Todd’s Harbor, Isle Royale, . , 
 
 6a. m Card’s point 
 
 a. m do 
 
 10 a. m do 
 
 Ip. m 
 
 l|.do..., 
 
 lOa. m Card’s point 
 
 6 a. m do 
 
 9 a. m Rainbow cove. 
 
 8 p. m Wright’s island, Isle Royale .. 
 
 6 a. m 
 
 Datholite mines 
 
 3 p. m Chippeway harbor, Isle Royale 
 
 Rock Harbor «... 
 
 ................. do 
 
 Continued. 
 
20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Evening 
 
 
 ID 
 
 ,,,,,,, ....a*. 
 
 Hn • • •• • • •• • II f 
 
 
 7 p.' m. 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 ‘ ’ * * * * * 
 
 7 p. m. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 9h. 45m, a. m, . , . 
 
 10 35.. do 
 
 XX* « • • • *(3o« • • •« « • 
 
 Ransom’s store, 8 feet above lake 
 
 1st hill on section across isle Rovale. 
 
 2d hill ^ 
 
 Hi do 
 
 3d hill 
 
 Ilf do 
 
 Brook 
 
 I2L 10m. p. m. . . 
 12 30... do 
 
 4th hill 
 
 5th hill 
 
 12 45... do 
 
 6th hill 
 
 12 50. ..do 
 
 7th hill 
 
 2 15... do 
 
 Returning at brook 
 
 3 50... do 
 
 
 4 45.. .do 
 
 Ransom’s store. ........ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 29.350 
 
 160 
 
 
 29.400 
 
 18 
 
 
 29.580 
 
 20 
 
 
 29.540 
 
 17 
 
 
 29.630 
 
 171 
 
 
 29.650 
 
 19 
 
 
 29.680 
 
 19 
 
 
 29.562 
 
 20 
 
 194 
 
 29.455 
 
 21 
 
 2i| 
 
 29.410 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 29.320 
 
 22 1 
 
 20 
 
 29.442 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 29.240 
 
 23 
 
 
 29.030 
 
 22| 
 
 21 
 
 29.020 
 
 m 
 
 21 
 
 29.050 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 29.380 
 
 23 1 
 
 21 
 
 29.325 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 29.410 
 
 22 
 
 18| 
 
 Observations for section 
 across Isle Royale* 
 
 NoTE.—Hourly descent of barometer has been 0.022; hence the measurement will be repeated, with stationary observations at the same time. The 
 observations are taken on the section.— -(See Mr. J. Peabody’s observations.) ^ 
 
 517 
 
W- m sBction across 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Place of observation. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Aug. 27 7h. 50m. 
 
 a. m., 
 
 8 
 
 45 .. 
 
 » ft ft • 
 
 9 
 
 10 .. 
 
 « .do • ft 
 
 9 
 
 30 . * 
 
 ft ft do ft ft 
 
 10 
 
 05 .. 
 
 ft ft do ft ft 
 
 10 
 
 35 a . 
 
 • • do ft ft 
 
 10 
 
 05 a a 
 
 ft 4 d 0 • « 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 » A d 0 ft 4 
 
 11 
 
 45 .a 
 
 ft ftdOft . 
 
 12 
 
 35 . . 
 
 ft . do ft ft 
 
 12 
 
 55 . a 
 
 ft ft d 0 ft ft 
 
 1 
 
 20m. 
 
 p. m*. 
 
 •3 
 
 15 . a 
 
 ft ft do ft ft 
 
 4 
 
 16 .a 
 
 ft -do. ft 
 
 Commencement of section by Mr. Peabody at Ransoni’s, Rock j 
 
 Harbor • • i 
 
 First ridge 
 
 Stream called by Mr. Peabody Cold run 
 
 First prairie. ......a........ 
 
 Summit | 
 
 Second prairie. | 
 
 Low ground ........ | 
 
 Ridge • I 
 
 Next valley * i 
 
 Top of look-out. * . j 
 
 Valley beyond I 
 
 North shore of the island opposite Fish island j 
 
 Summit, on return 
 
 Ransom’s, on return | 
 
 [This section extends from Rock Harbor to the north shore 
 of Isle Royale to Fish island, and was measured along the 
 trail surveyed by L. Ransom, esq., in t. 66, r. .34, sections 22 . 
 
 to 8. It was then extended to Conglomerate bay, section 27.] 
 
 
 30 !N"oon 
 
 Se|jt. 1 N^oon, ......a....! 
 
 20 
 
 21 8 a. m. 
 
 9f do 
 
 , lOh. 35m= a. m.. . . 
 
 I 1 1 34 . » . . do .... 
 21 I 1 07m. p. m.. . . 
 
 3 ■ 04 ... .do g . . a 
 3 30 * a . ado. a a a 
 
 Rock Harbor, 8 feet above lake level. 
 
 do .do. 
 
 Eagle Harbor 
 
 do 
 
 One mile from Copper Falls, E. H. road 
 
 Office, Copper Falls 
 
 On road, near large pine tree 
 
 Northwestern Company’s office, (Mr. Slawson’s) . • * 
 
 I. s. *. dO.*«bo e. a. 
 
 llll] 
 
 Joy’s Hotel, Eagle Harbor 
 
 
 
 
 
 620.96P.| 
 62.96 
 64.6 
 64.6 
 62.96 I 
 
 64.6 I 
 68 
 
 68.9 i 
 
 70.7 ! 
 67.1 
 68.9 I 
 68.94 : 
 62.96 I 
 
 0.01 
 
 263.7 
 
 120.4 
 
 265.2 
 
 506. 1 njffgj 
 
 371.8 
 
 111.6 
 
 288.3 
 66.3 
 
 236.5 
 101.7 
 
 See profile pi. 
 
 Difference o 
 level, in feet. 
 
 12^ c. 
 
 16 C. 
 17|Oc. : 
 160 c. 
 190 c. 
 I9|c. 
 210 c. 
 210 c. 
 
 20 1 c. I 
 19.4 c. I 
 170 c. ! 
 
 vWH'ir 
 
Section to JVbrthwest Company's mines from P.agle Harbor. 
 
 
 ISh, 48m. p. m. 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 24 lOh. a. m. , 
 iX. * .do. .. * •. . 
 X p« m« 
 
 25 9 a. rn, 
 
 25 Evening ...... 
 
 20 a. m. ....e.e.e 
 
 2T a. nfi® ......c.® 
 
 Eagle Harbor, level of Lake Superior 
 
 Conglomerate hilL one mile from Eagle Harbor ........ 
 
 Trap hill.... .\ 
 
 Height of land - 
 
 Summit of the hill • . 
 
 Oifice of Northwest Company, (Stonetenberg’s) 
 
 .do do 
 
 Returning to Eagle Harbor. 
 
 Office of Northwest Company, (Stonterberg’s). 
 
 Conglomerate hill 
 
 Eagle Harbor, 6 feet above lake ....................... 
 
 Eagle Harbor, Joy’s Hotel 
 
 do ........ 3. do. ....... 
 
 ...... d O ^1 O.c. a. 
 
 do. a ...... . ado. ..... 0 . 
 
 
 5 10 a, mo . . • . 
 
 8 0 « * • (io 
 
 fi f\n 
 
 13 
 
 
 Sauit Ste. MariCc 
 
 « • « 9 9 9 iJI O **»^.9ftSl»<9f*««*9»«9»«i:99*9»»t'*4»'******®*^********* 
 Copper Harbor, Brockway ’s Hotel 
 
 Port Wilkins 
 
 Manganese lake 
 
 
 • eCK«*6»C 
 
 I^OOn 
 
 9 a, m. • . 9 • • .t 9 
 
 l^OOIlf. ttOIKCtGtC 
 
 INT OOfi 
 
 JNoon . 9 9 , 9 , . * 9 . 
 
 3 ^ jp • kYl Cft9»«O90 
 
 5 1 
 
 ^ • 9 99 9 «e*99# 
 
 *7» 9 9^0, i . 
 
 8= . .do 
 
 i » . . do ......... 
 
 8^ • .do ......... 
 
 9. .. do. 
 
 XO, .do. 
 
 10^ d(?s 
 
 iPort ilkins. **o*».. **•*•* 
 
 Horse-shoe Harbor * 
 
 Top of hill back of Horse-shoe Harbor, (Barnes’s obs.) .. . . . 
 
 Lake shore opposite Mt. Houghton 
 
 Lac la Belle 
 
 Base of Bohemian mountain, 3 feet above Lac la Belle. ...... 
 
 Lac la. Belle Company’s office., 
 
 do. .do 
 
 do do 
 
 . e... .do. ...... a. »a..»dO«»«. 
 
 ...... do. .............do.,.* 
 
 On section from Lac la Belle to Copper Harbor^ — first observa- 
 tion at brcok . . 
 
 Little Montt • • » • 
 
 9 
 
 29.412 i 
 
 21° c. 
 
 i 21° e. 
 
 
 
 29.260 1 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 28.970 
 
 214 c. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 28.9X0 
 
 21^ c. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 28. 830 , 
 
 21° c. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 28.845 ' 
 
 22°^:. 
 
 
 
 
 2§.870 
 
 lOOc. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 28.750 1 
 
 noc. 
 
 
 
 
 29.080 
 
 15^ c. 
 
 16° c. 
 
 
 
 29. 350 1 
 
 17 c. 
 
 13° c. 
 
 
 
 29. X80 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 Rainy weather. 
 
 
 29. 090 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 
 29. 200 
 
 17° e. 
 
 
 Foggy. 
 
 
 29.070 
 
 15f c. 
 
 1 
 
 Rains. 
 
 
 29.40 
 
 18 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 29.20 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 29.27 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 29.54 
 
 18 c. 
 
 
 
 
 29.50 
 
 15° c. 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 29.49 
 
 18 c. 
 
 1 64 P. 
 
 M> Lake, 1144 ft, above 
 
 
 29; 36 
 
 21 Ca 
 
 1 67 F. 
 
 Lake Superior, 
 
 
 29.48 ' 
 
 23 c. 
 
 70 P. 
 
 
 
 29.55 
 
 18 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 29.85 
 
 67 P. 
 
 68 P. 
 
 Height of hill 641 feet. 
 
 
 29. X7 
 
 63 
 
 : 62 F. 
 
 
 29.56 i 
 
 20 c.- 
 
 ! 64 F. 
 
 
 
 29.54 1 
 
 19i 
 
 ^ 78 
 
 
 
 29,57 
 
 22| 
 
 i 67 P. 
 
 
 
 29.265 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 29.285 
 
 21 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 29. X6 
 
 
 
 
 
 29.08 
 
 180 c. 
 
 
 
 
 29.10 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 28.88 ^ 
 
 22 
 
 i 
 
 1 69 
 
 
 
 29. X2 
 
 22| c. 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 % 
 
Observations — Gontinue 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Place of observation. 
 
 Hi p. m. River, base of ledge 
 
 Under ledge 
 
 Ih. 10m Bridge, 8 miles from Bohemian mountain. 
 
 2 p. m Copper Harbor 
 
 3. .do Eagle river, Lake Superior Company’s office 
 
 4|.do Hill, one mile north of Mr. Pray’s house, Suffolk co. 
 
 5.. do. Pray’s house 
 
 6 a. m Mr. Pray’s house, Suffolk county 
 
 3 p. m do do 
 
 Mine of Suffolk county 
 
 1 p. m . At the other mine south of this 
 
 2 p. m Mr. Pray’s house 
 
 7 a. m do. 
 
 11 do do 
 
 Noon. Hill near Suffolk location 
 
 Ih. 10m. p. m Buffalo location, Durand’s office 
 
 3^ p. m Northwestern Company’s location, Slawson’s. ...... 
 
 5h. 20m. p. m 
 
 9 a. m Suffolk location, Pray’s 
 
 10 do. .do 
 
 Noon Lake Superior Company’s office, Eagle river 
 
 3p. m Eagle River office 
 
 Noon 
 
 9 a. m Lake Superior Company’s office. 
 
 10 do do do 
 
 10 do do do. . , .246 feet above lake. 
 
 12 m Boston and Pittsburg Company’s office 
 
 1 p. m do do 
 
 2| do do .do. ... 
 
 2i do North American Company’s office. Judge Bacon’s. . 
 
 5 do Albion Company's office, W. Stevens’s house 
 
 61 do Top of hill at the “ mine.” 
 
 10 do Lake Superior Company’s office 
 
 Noon do. do 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 0Z9 C I I 
 
Sept. 
 
 9 
 
 9 9 a. 
 
 9 10 do. 
 
 do .do 
 
 Shore at mouth of Eagle river, 1 foot above lake 
 
 9 Noon 
 
 Lake shore , , . 
 
 9 1 p. m 
 
 15 feet above lake level, Lake Shore Co 
 
 9 do ; 
 
 Portage on lake shore, 20 feet above lake , ^ , , , 
 
 Evening 
 
 Portaffe 
 
 10 Noon 
 
 Lake shore 
 
 Sun set 
 
 
 19 Noon 
 
 Fort Wilkins t t t . r 
 
 4 8 a.m.. 
 
 Boston Company’s cabins 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 3 p. m 
 
 
 5^ do 
 
 
 5 54 a. m 
 
 
 6 5.. do 
 
 
 7 2 p. m. 
 
 Portage river ^ 
 
 p. • t 
 
 ...... do - 
 
 8 8| a. m 
 
 
 . . . .do 
 
 Meneclier’s, L’Anse 
 
 8 Noon ’ 
 
 
 13 3 p. m 
 
 Sheldon’s, Portage river. 
 
 13 5|'do 
 
 
 14 8 a. • 
 
 
 14 11 do 
 
 
 14 Noon 
 
 
 14 3 p. m 
 
 
 14 4. .do.. 
 
 
 14 6.. do 
 
 
 15 7 a. m 
 
 
 15 8.. do 
 
 
 15 3| p. m ......... . 
 
 duincy mine, Portage lake 
 
 15 4^ . .do. 
 
 
 15 6h. 20m. p. m 
 
 15 Noon 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 16 81 a. m 
 
 
 Ill do 
 
 
 Noon .* 
 
 
 1| p. m 
 
 
 17 8| a. m 1 
 
 
 ^oon, ^ 
 
 
 29.19 1 
 
 17 
 
 [ 68 
 
 29.465 
 
 m 
 
 , 65 
 
 29.470 
 
 21 i 
 
 ! 65 
 
 29. 39 
 
 26| 
 
 75 
 
 29.37 
 
 33 
 
 84 
 
 29.27 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 29.26 
 
 23 
 
 72 
 
 29.48 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 29.47 
 
 15 
 
 59 
 
 29. 44 
 
 19 
 
 
 29.11 
 
 20'=’ c. 
 
 
 29.13 
 
 21| 
 
 65 
 
 29.22 
 
 20 
 
 67 
 
 29. 265 
 
 17 
 
 62 
 
 29.440 
 
 10 
 
 49 
 
 29.67 
 
 6® c. 
 
 
 29.50 
 
 224 c. i 
 
 69 
 
 29.742 
 
 21 
 
 55 
 
 29.61 
 
 15 
 
 48 
 
 29.58 
 
 10 ! 
 
 48 
 
 29.61 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 29.60 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 29.415 
 
 14 
 
 56 
 
 29.065 
 
 11 
 
 51 
 
 29 095 
 
 11 
 
 51 
 
 29. 110 
 
 10| 
 
 51 
 
 29 200 
 
 11 
 
 
 29.210 
 
 IH 
 
 52 
 
 29.240 
 
 104 
 
 51 
 
 29.410 
 
 ‘7| 
 
 40| 
 
 29.420 
 
 9 c. 
 
 48 
 
 28.995 
 
 19" c. 
 
 61 
 
 28.950 
 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 28 900 
 
 11 
 
 52 
 
 28.889 
 
 11 
 
 53 
 
 28.60 
 
 18 
 
 55 
 
 28.58 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 28 57 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 28.56 
 
 17i 
 
 54 
 
 28.865 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 28.710 
 
 9^ c. 
 
 54 
 
 Storm and gale of wind. 
 
 Storm over. 
 
 386 feet above portage 
 lake. 
 
 Rainy weather. 
 
 521 
 
Ohservatiom — Continued . 
 
 Date. Hour. ' Place of observation. 
 
 1 
 
 1848. 
 
 Sept. 18 9 a.m... a ; Q,ulncy mine, Portage lake. 
 
 19 9| do I do 
 
 19 4| p. m I do 
 
 20 7|- a. m do 
 
 21 7 ... do I Torch lake, 5| feet above lake level 
 
 9^ .do { 
 
 lOh. 5 m. a. ra.. . . .! Section line east and west river — rock sandstone. 
 
 lOh. lOrn. do... . . . i Douglass Houghton’s mine — falls — below falls. 
 
 Ill a. m ' Top of falls at Douglass Houghton’s mine 
 
 113 . ,(io Highest rock over ialis 
 
 11^ . .do Base of falls 
 
 ih. 15m. p. m Stream near Michigan Company’s location 
 
 Ih. 50m.. .do Michigan Company’s mine at cabins. 
 
 3 h. 50m. . .do | At the stream 
 
 4f p. m I Trap Rock river 
 
 5 | . .do I Forsyth Company’s mine (cabins) 
 
 22 7 h. 21 m. a. m ' .do do.. 
 
 7 h. 40m. .do j Above upper shaft at mines 
 
 8 h. 15ni. .do At upper shaft 
 
 2 d shaft 
 
 3d shaft 
 
 Level with the swamp 
 
 23 * Two miles south of Albion Company’s mine, (brook) 
 
 10| a. m Medora Abandoned Furnace 
 
 llh. 5 m, a. m North American Company’s mines 
 
 12 h. 25m. .do | House on North American Company 
 
 23 Ih. 7^m. . .do Over the shaft North American Company’s mine 
 
 3 h. 55 ni. . .do .do. .do 
 
 5 h. 35 m. . .do - Boston and Pittsburg Company’s mine, at the cliff over shaft 1 
 
 24 4h. 5ra. p.' m Mouth of Eagle river. Lake Superior, 15 feet above lake 
 
 24 4 h. 26m .do do do do 
 
 25 .do. do. do. 
 
 Mouth of Eagle river, 15 feet above lake 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Bar. 
 
 T. 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 28.870 
 
 18 
 
 54| 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 28.820 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 
 28.840 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 
 28.885- : 
 
 16 
 
 47 
 
 
 29.615 i 
 
 9 
 
 - 41 
 
 
 29.662 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 
 29.411 
 
 9 
 
 440 
 
 
 29.282 
 
 
 45® F, 
 
 
 29.264 
 
 10 -^ c. 
 
 48® • 
 
 
 29 . 400 
 
 8 <^c. 
 
 46 
 
 
 29.580 : 
 
 10 
 
 46 
 
 I 
 
 29.175 ! 
 
 10 | 
 
 464 
 
 
 29.040 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 . Observations for a pro- 
 
 29.501 , 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 file of the mines, 
 
 1 
 
 29.298 1 
 
 84 c. i 
 
 39 
 
 
 29.331 
 
 3l 
 
 39 
 
 
 29.237 , 
 
 64 
 
 46 
 
 
 29.250 
 
 8 | 
 
 480 
 
 j 
 
 29.301 i 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 00 
 
 j 
 
 29.340 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29 . 398 
 
 Hi 
 
 49 
 
 i 
 
 29.270 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 ! 
 
 29.300 ! 
 
 14 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 29.295 
 29.287 ! 
 
 13<^ 
 
 56 
 
 i 
 
 29.200 
 
 14 
 
 59 
 
 
 29.200 , 
 
 18 
 
 52 
 
 
 29 150 
 
 12 ^ 
 
 46® 
 
 
 29.400 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 29.417 
 
 13 
 
 51 
 
 
 29.648 . 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 
 29.360 i 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 J 
 
 
 
# 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 llh. 21m. a. m 
 
 ^ j3. m .»•*. •«*••• 
 
 5. .do. 
 
 Sand bay. 
 
 Five feet above level of Lake Superior.. 
 
 Office Copper Falls Company . 
 
 Copper Falls 
 
 
 ..... .do, ... .at office. .......... ... 
 
 Noon. 
 
 
 2| p. m 
 
 
 4 . . .do 
 
 
 5. . .do. . . 
 
 Eagle Harbor 
 
 74. .do 
 
 .... . do , 
 
 
 Fort Wilkms, Copper Harbor, bar No. 1 
 
 Barometer No. 2 compared with No. 1— No. 2 
 
 29. 660 
 
 15 
 
 29.610 
 
 10 
 
 29. 310 
 
 12 
 
 29*180 
 
 10 
 
 29.00 
 
 50 
 
 29.145 
 
 6 
 
 29.182 
 
 5i 
 
 29. 162 
 
 5°c. 
 
 29.410 
 
 40 c. 
 
 29.380 
 
 C. 
 
 29.230 
 
 IH G. 
 
 29.240 
 
 550 F. 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 48i 
 
 36 P. 
 3S\ 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Storm. 
 
 Barometers remain near- 
 ly a;s they were origi- 
 nally ; difference 0*03 
 originally; nowO, 01 + 
 travelling barometer; 
 
Jackson Court-house^ 
 
 Jackson County, y Ohioy May 23^ 1848, 
 
 My Dear Sir: I received yours of the 15th instant yesterday, when om 
 mj way to Lawrence county to make a geological survey of a furnace 
 tract, but returned to send you the not^s of last year’s observations with 
 your barometer, lest, if 1 delayed till after the survey, it might be too late 
 to be useful to you. Some of them are the original papers as registered on 
 by the side of the instrument at the times specified; others are copies,- 
 strictly accurate, I believe — as much so as carefully copying and comparing 
 can make them. Not hearing from you until now, I had supposed that 
 the observations were of but little interest to you, and I sent a copy of 
 them to Professor Silliman for publication, giving you credit for the instru- 
 ment you were so kind as to furnish me. I never expected any pay for 
 the labor, but did it as a free-will offering, hoping that some benefit to 
 science might result from it; and, had I expected compensation, I should 
 not have sent it for publication unless through you. If you can con- 
 sistently make any compensation, under the circumstances, it will be an 
 unexpected favor, and gratefully received. If my services are desirable 
 on the survey, and you can give me a suitable position in it and pay, I 
 will go up and aid in its execution. 
 
 I remain your friend and servant, 
 
 W. M. MATHER. 
 
 To Dr. C. T. Jackson. 
 
 Comparison of barometers at Copper Harbor ^ June 27, 1847. 
 
 The barometer used by Mr. Mather stood 0.03 inch (three hundredths- 
 of an inch) higher than the standard barometer. 
 
Barometrical register kept hy Professor W, M, Mather ^ at Port er\sisl^^ Superior ^ Jkihjy 1847 : latitude 47 ^ 28 ^ ; 
 
 longitude about 88 ^ west of Greenwich. 
 
 Day. 
 
 6 A. M. 
 
 Barometer. Ther. 
 
 Winds. 
 
 Barometer. Ther. 
 
 9 A. M, 
 
 Winds. 
 
 Barometer. Ther. 
 
 12 M. 
 
 Winds. 
 
 8 
 
 99.478 
 
 9 
 
 29 . 505 
 
 . 10 
 
 29:. 470. 
 
 Sunday, 17 
 
 29:. 470 
 
 12 
 
 29.320 
 
 13 
 
 29.654 
 
 14 
 
 29.549 
 
 15 
 
 29.:288 
 
 16 
 
 29.220 
 
 17 
 
 29.320 
 
 Sunday, 18 
 
 29. 500 
 
 19 
 
 29.460 
 
 20 
 
 29, 230 
 
 21 
 
 29.100 
 
 22 
 
 29.470 
 
 23 
 
 29.550 
 
 24 
 
 29 486 
 
 Sunday, 25 
 
 29.250 
 
 [26 
 
 29.670 
 
 27 
 
 29. 596 
 
 28 
 
 29. 280 
 
 29 
 
 28.069 
 
 30 
 
 29. 031 
 
 31 
 
 29.094 
 
 SSE. ; fresh 
 
 0 ; calm ; little breeze on 
 the lake. 
 
 0 . 
 
 0 ...... 
 
 O ; breath S 
 
 O..... 
 
 SW. 4 
 
 0 
 
 SW. 2. 
 
 SW. 2 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 S. by W. 3 
 
 S. by E. 1. 
 
 W. 1 
 
 W. 4 
 
 SW. 3.... 
 
 SE.i, 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 Clear 
 
 SW. 1 
 
 SSW. 4 ; cloudy 
 
 W. 4 ; cloudy in parts ... . 
 
 W. 5. 
 
 Storm 
 
 W. 2. 
 
 Storming 
 
 29.507 
 
 29.509 
 
 29.491 
 29 . 444 
 29. 358 
 29.684 
 29.516 
 *29.220 
 29.160 
 29.394 
 29.540 
 29 450 
 29i320 
 29.101 
 29.530 
 29. 556 
 29.465 
 29. 320 
 
 29.700 
 
 29. 630 
 29.264 
 29.000 
 29.040 
 
 29 . 170 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 7'T 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 68 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 64 
 70 
 73 
 62 
 
 51D 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 64 
 64 
 
 50 D 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 SSE’. ; light 
 
 O; clear; little breeze on 
 the lake. 
 
 O.. 
 
 O. 
 
 W. by N. 4 ; fog.. 
 
 0 . 
 
 O. 
 
 SE. 3 
 
 SE. 5 
 
 W. 3 
 
 W. 1 
 
 S. by W. 3 
 
 W. 2 
 
 W. 6 
 
 W. 4 
 
 W 3 
 
 s. by E.“i*. *.!!!! !*.!!!!!! 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 Heavy swell — rain 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 S 2 
 
 S. 5 ; cloudy 
 
 W. 5; cloudy, but moon sh. 
 
 W. 5 
 
 Storm 
 
 W. 3 
 
 Cloudy 
 
 
 o 
 
 29.519 
 
 79 
 
 29.540 
 
 76 
 
 2d.47» 
 
 71 
 
 29";442 
 
 76 
 
 29.412^ 
 
 74 
 
 2«^i698 
 
 69 
 
 29^ 481 
 
 74 
 
 29.214 
 
 74 
 
 29.151 
 
 74 
 
 29 . 460 
 
 64 
 
 29.550 
 
 65 
 
 29.438 
 
 70 
 
 29 . 300 
 
 76 
 
 29. 174 
 
 75 
 
 29.550 
 
 68 
 
 29.558 
 
 73 
 
 29. 450 
 
 76 
 
 29.416 
 
 6^ 
 
 49 
 
 29.710 
 
 66 
 
 29.600 
 
 67 
 
 29.260 
 
 68 
 
 29. 032 . 
 
 67 
 
 29.050 
 
 70 
 
 Propeller. 
 
 50 
 
 29.250 
 
 70 
 
 O ; calm. 
 
 0 ; calm. 
 
 Of 
 
 W i 
 
 W‘. byN. 4. 
 
 O. 
 
 W. by N. 2. 
 
 NW. 2. 
 
 SW. 1. 
 
 W. 2 ; foggy. 
 
 NW. 1. 
 
 N.-byW. 1. 
 
 SE. 3. 
 
 W. 6. 
 
 W. 4. 
 
 W. 3. 
 
 SW. 1. 
 
 NW. 3. 
 
 Heavy swell — rain. 
 W. 1. 
 
 SSE. 3. 
 
 S. 2; cloudy. 
 
 W. 6 ; fleecy clouds. 
 W. 5. 
 
 Storm. 
 
 W. 3 ; cloudy. 
 
 ^Barometric wave raised water in the harbor, at 9 a. m., a foot in a few minutes, and fell some in a few minutes, f Frost on the morning of July 26, 
 
Barometer. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Stiiiday, 11 
 
 15 i 
 
 16 I 
 
 17 i 
 
 Sunday, 18 t 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 ^2 i 
 
 S3 
 
 24 
 
 Sunday, 25 
 
 26 tl 
 27 : 
 
 29.466 
 
 29.479 
 29. 460 
 29. 408 
 
 29.460 
 
 29.654 
 
 29.448 
 
 29.170 
 29. 159 
 
 29.480 
 29.540 
 29.368 
 29.232 
 29.220 
 29.550 
 29.548 
 29.371 
 29.500 
 
 29.690 
 
 29.500 
 
 28 i 29.224 
 
 29 I 29.050 
 
 30 i 29.069 
 
 Ther. 
 
 Winds. 
 
 1 Barometer. 
 
 1 
 
 Ther. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 75 
 
 0 *, calm 
 
 .... 29.450 
 
 71 
 
 70 1 
 
 0; slight breath N.... 
 
 .... 29.468 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 0 
 
 29.429 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 VV. ; waves break; water 29.350 
 
 1^ ,V- 
 
 /O 
 
 
 very smooth. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 76 
 
 W 3 
 
 If* tJ * #•*•••«•*»•«« 
 
 .... 29.508 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 0 
 
 .... 29. 605 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 0 
 
 .... 29.353 
 
 73 
 
 68 
 
 S. by W. 6 
 
 29.150 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 S. by W. 1 
 
 .,..1 29.130 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 W. by N. 1 
 
 ....i 29.530 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 NW, 1 
 
 29.510 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 W. 1 
 
 29.348 
 
 
 82 . 
 
 SE. 2 
 
 .... 29. 168 
 
 '80 
 
 74 
 
 W. 5 
 
 29.240 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 SSE. 1 
 
 i 29.520 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 W. 2 
 
 1 29 508 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 
 S. by W. i 
 
 29.328 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 NW. 5. 
 
 ..... 29.541 
 
 62 
 
 48 
 
 
 . . . . : Clear .... 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 W. 1 
 
 29.680 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 SE. 4 ; cloudy. ...... 
 
 1 29.440 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 ‘66 
 
 0 ; cloudy 
 
 29. 169 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 W 3; cloudy 
 
 29.076 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 W. 1 ; cloudy 
 
 29 080 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 W. 3; clear. 
 
 29. 290 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 Winds. 
 
 ! Barometer . Ther. 
 
 Winds. 
 
 
 99 . 465 : 
 
 68 
 
 1 SE, fresh 
 
 SE. 2.... 
 
 ! 29.450 1 
 
 68 
 
 SE. 4. 
 
 SSE. 3 
 
 j 29.401 ! 
 
 74 
 
 0. 
 
 
 j 29. 419 
 
 67 
 
 0. 
 
 SSE. 3 
 
 1 29. 351 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 SS7¥. 5. 
 
 W. by N. 3 
 
 i 29.548 
 
 67 
 
 0. 
 
 0 
 
 ! 29.605 
 
 70 
 
 1 0. 
 
 SSE. 1 
 
 1 29.360 
 
 80 
 
 SSE. L 
 
 
 i 
 
 70# 
 
 1 detached. 
 
 0 
 
 1 29.308 
 
 70 
 
 i SSW. 1. 
 
 W. 1... 
 
 29.150 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 j SSW. 2, 
 
 NW. 1. 
 
 29.510 ' 
 
 66 
 
 1 0. 
 
 S. 4 
 
 29.34 1 
 
 65 
 
 j SW. 1. 
 
 SE. 4 
 
 29.170 i 
 
 78 
 
 8W. S. 
 
 W. 4 
 
 29.296 
 
 67 
 
 W. 4. 
 
 NW. 4 
 
 29.526 
 
 68 
 
 1 SSW. 3. 
 
 SSW. 3 
 
 29. 430 : 
 
 70 
 
 SSW, L 
 
 
 29. 281 ; 
 
 63 
 
 0 . 
 
 NW. 4 
 
 29. 587 
 
 62 
 
 0. 
 
 Heavy sea 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 W. 1 
 
 29.670 : 
 
 70 
 
 0. 
 
 SE. 4 
 
 29.440 
 
 64 
 
 SW, 1. 
 
 Storm coming 
 
 rainat7p.rn . 
 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 0 ; clear ; cloudy in N W. 
 
 29 . 139 
 
 65 
 
 S. 3 ; lies 
 
 and NE. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 and Yv^ 
 
 W. 7 ; storming 
 
 29.099 i 
 
 69 
 
 W, 7. 
 
 W. 1 ; storming 
 
 29. 091 ! 
 
 68 
 
 W. 2. 
 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 Storm, 
 
 
 29.sk i 
 
 68 
 
 0 ; clear. 
 
 
 i 
 
 54 
 
 1 
 
 clouds to No 
 
 *A lire in the roon) made the attached thermometer show 10^ more than that in the open air, 
 
Barometrical register at jForter^s island j Bake ^upei ior ^ for August^ \S4cl~latitude 47^ 28', longitude 
 
 >> 
 
 Barometer— '6 
 A. M. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, &c. 
 
 Barometei — 9 
 A. M. 
 
 ^im. 1 
 
 29.381 
 
 60 
 
 56 » 
 
 0., fleecy clouds 
 
 29.444 
 
 2 
 
 29.540 
 
 60 
 
 « • * • 
 
 0., clear 
 
 29.568 
 
 3 
 
 29.560 
 
 61 
 
 
 0,, clear 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Storm in night ; stormy, . , . 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Foggy and drizzling. 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Foggy 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 W., clear 
 
 
 Su*i. 8 
 
 
 
 
 W. 1, clear. 
 
 
 9 
 
 29.589 
 
 64 
 
 • • • • 
 
 S. 2, flocculi 
 
 29.610 
 
 10 
 
 29.524 
 
 58 
 
 • • • • 
 
 S. by W. 3, clear 
 
 29.604 
 
 U 
 
 29. 508 
 
 67 
 
 t • • * 
 
 0., cirri 
 
 29. 5i0 
 
 12 
 
 29.562 
 
 65 
 
 t • • * 
 
 0., clear 
 
 29. 568 
 
 13 
 
 29.294 
 
 66 
 
 • • • • 
 
 S. by E. 3, cirri 
 
 29.270 
 
 14 
 
 29.318 
 
 64 
 
 • • • « 
 
 S. by W. 5, clear 
 
 29.309 
 
 Sun. 15 
 
 29.341 
 
 70 
 
 * • • » 
 
 SW. 1, rain 
 
 29. 350 
 
 16 
 
 29.330 
 
 65 
 
 • • • • 
 
 0., cloudy 
 
 29.326 
 
 17 
 
 29.320 
 
 60 
 
 * • • « 
 
 W. 5, cloudy 
 
 29.350 
 
 18 
 
 29.561 
 
 58 
 
 • « • ♦ 
 
 NW. 5> clear 
 
 29.615 
 
 19 
 
 29.501 
 
 58 
 
 • • • • 
 
 W. 4, clear, a few cirri 
 
 29.480 
 
 20 
 
 29.410 
 
 65 
 
 • • • • 
 
 W. 2, clear 
 
 29.414 
 
 21 
 
 29.371 
 
 62 
 
 • • • « 
 
 W. 2, clear 
 
 29.380 
 
 Sun. 22 
 
 29.550 
 
 65 
 
 • • • • 
 
 0., clear 
 
 29. 560 
 
 23 
 
 29.640 
 
 65 
 
 « f • ♦ 
 
 S. 1, clear. 
 
 29.650 
 
 24 
 
 29. 701 
 
 66 
 
 • • • • 
 
 0 ., clear 
 
 29.712 
 
 .25 
 
 29. 632 
 
 70 
 
 • • t • 
 
 S. 3, clear. ^ . 
 
 29. 610 
 
 <» 
 
 i| 
 
 II 
 
 <o tS 
 
 _£5 03 
 
 H 
 
 67 
 
 57 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 67 .... 
 
 65 .... 
 
 68 .... 
 
 67 .... 
 
 66 .... 
 69 ... . 
 
 68 .... 
 74 .... 
 
 Winds, &c. 
 
 Barometer — 
 12 M. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, 
 
 W. 1, fl. d 
 
 29-. 458 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 W. 2, fleecy clouds, some 
 
 
 
 
 
 cumuli in W., -SW., and 
 
 
 
 
 
 W., WNW., N., and 
 
 
 
 
 
 NE. 
 
 S. 1, fog bank 
 
 29.590 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 SSE. 1, clear. 
 
 
 
 
 
 E. i. clear. 
 
 Stormy 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 Stormy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ifog, and drizzling 
 
 
 
 
 Cloud V. 
 
 Foggy.. * 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Clear. 
 
 0., clear 
 
 
 
 
 0.. clear. 
 
 E. 2, clear 
 
 29.6io 
 
 
 
 E. 5, clear. 
 
 S. 3, clear 
 
 29.504 
 
 74 
 
 
 S. by E. 3, clear. 
 
 S. 1, clear 
 
 29.541 
 
 75 
 
 
 0., calm, cumuli in W. 
 
 0., dense fog 
 
 29.564 
 
 69 
 
 
 0 ., cirri, sun shone a little. 
 
 N. 1, very foggy 
 
 
 
 t - - 
 
 NE. 3, very foggy. 
 
 S. by E , cloudy 
 
 29.250 
 
 '70 
 
 
 0., cloudy, thunder in W. 
 
 Calm 
 
 29.330 
 
 76 
 
 
 5, clear. 
 
 W. 2, clear. 
 
 29.351 
 
 73 
 
 9 • • « 
 
 WN W. 3, clear, few cirri. 
 
 0., cloudy, thunder. ....... 
 
 29.314 
 
 64 
 
 
 E. 1, thunder shower and 
 
 «- 
 
 
 
 
 lightning in W. at 10 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 a. rn., heavy at 12 30 . 
 
 W. 4, cloudy, occasional 
 
 29. 400 
 
 62 
 
 • • » • 
 
 W. 4, cloudy. 
 
 sunshine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 NW. 5, clear,... 
 
 29.600 
 
 67 
 
 • 4 • • 
 
 WNW. 5, clear. 
 
 W. 5, clear, ' few cirri 
 
 29.474 
 
 67 
 
 • • • • 
 
 W. 5, clear. 
 
 W. 2, clear 
 
 29. 400 
 
 69 
 
 • • • • 
 
 W. 3, cirri. 
 
 W. 5, clear. 
 
 29.391 
 
 69 
 
 • • • * 
 
 W. 3, clear. 
 
 E. 3, clear 
 
 29. 581 
 
 67 
 
 
 ENE. 3, clear. 
 
 S. 1, clear 
 
 29.660 
 
 74 
 
 
 E. 3, clear. 
 
 0*^ clc&ir «..« 4 « « • f « «.* •••«««§« 
 
 29.704 
 
 70 
 
 • • t c 
 
 E. 3, clear. 
 
 SS W, clear 
 
 29.540 
 
 77 
 
 * t t t 
 
 SSE, 5, cirri. 
 
Barometrical register — Continued. 
 
 s 
 
 CS 
 
 Q 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 as 
 
 OQ 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 1 
 
 Winds, &c. i 
 
 Barometer — 9 
 
 A. M. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Theimometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 i 
 
 Winds, &c. 
 
 Barometer — 
 12 M. 
 
 Theimometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, &G. 
 
 1 
 
 26 i 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Sun. 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Sept’r 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 29. 300 
 
 1 
 
 29.S50 
 29.516 
 29. 490 
 
 29.420 
 
 29.600 
 
 29.250 
 
 29.392 
 
 29.50U 
 
 29.533 
 
 29.320 
 
 71 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 I 65 
 1 63 
 
 57 
 i 57 
 52 
 52 
 
 » • • • ' 
 
 •• • • » 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 
 '58 
 
 60 
 
 • • r • 
 
 • w « » 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 i 
 
 SW. 6, cloudy, rains a little . 
 
 SW 5, clear 
 
 W. 1, clear 
 
 S. by W. 3, cloudy 
 
 JNTW. 4, cloudy 
 
 S. 3, cloudy 
 
 W. 3, clear 
 
 S. 5, cloudy, clear at 5 a. m. 
 
 N. 3, c'ear 
 
 S. 1, cloudy 
 
 SE. 1 , cloudy. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29.344 
 
 29.300 
 29 558 
 29.500 
 
 29.4,50 
 
 29.580 
 
 29.350 
 
 29.360 
 
 29.528 
 
 29.528 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 60 
 61 
 
 • • » • 
 
 ' • 0 • • 
 
 52 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 68 
 58 
 
 ! 
 
 • 0 0 0 
 a « • • 
 
 52 
 
 W. 5, rain 
 
 W. 7, clear 
 
 W. 1 
 
 S. by E. 5, cloudy 
 
 ’ NW. 5, clear 
 
 S. 4, clear 
 
 W. 4, cloudy 
 
 S. 4, raining 
 
 N. 3, clear 
 
 E. 2, cloudy 
 
 29.410 
 
 29.280 
 29.564 
 29.478 j 
 
 j 
 
 29.560 
 
 29.550 
 
 29.380 
 
 29.270 
 
 29.626 
 
 29.485 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 74 
 63 
 53 
 
 • • • • 
 0 • a • 
 
 55 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 « • a • 
 
 ' b 0 0 0 
 
 55 
 
 • a • • 
 
 • • • a 
 
 W. 4, cloudy, but some blue 
 sky. 
 
 W. 7, clear. 
 
 NNW. 2, clear. 
 
 S. by E. 3, rain severe 10 
 
 a. m. 
 
 NW. 5, clear. 
 
 SW. 5, clear in spots. 
 
 0., some clouds. 
 
 E 5, raining, thunder in S. 
 N. 3, clear. 
 
 E. 4, cloudy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 [ 1 ] 528 
 
Barometrical Continued . 
 
 rrs 
 
 p 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 aJ ^ 
 
 2 
 
 c ^ 
 cS 
 
 PQ 
 
 r« 
 
 <D 
 
 1*^ 
 
 S 
 
 §1 
 >« o3 
 
 ^ ♦— 
 Xi ^ 
 
 H 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, (fee. 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 la; 
 
 o:$ 
 
 p 
 
 ! Thermometer, 
 [ atf ached. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, &c. 
 
 Barometer — 9 
 P. M. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 attached. 
 
 Thrermomeier, 
 
 detached. 
 
 Winds, &c. 
 
 p 
 
 ’^Sun. 1 
 
 29.468 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 W ^ 
 
 V V « o j #«a»*>3aaaaaa« ^ 
 
 29.470 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 0,, clear 
 
 29.500 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 Clear. 
 
 i:;: 2 
 
 29.570 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 ENE. .3, clear 
 
 29. 560 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 S. 2. dear 
 
 29.550 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 
 
 E. 1, dear, civmali in W... . 
 
 
 
 
 S. 2, clear, cumuli in TV 
 
 Kvl » v/lOvli 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scorrny 
 
 
 
 
 Storm V 
 
 
 
 • • • • 
 
 j v>TC"cri • 
 
 Stny^rv^ \t 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 
 « • • • 
 
 « a e « 
 
 Clear 
 
 
 
 A « (. A 
 
 Clear 
 
 
 
 • • % • 
 
 i-ui 111 y • 
 
 Clear. 
 
 p'pnr 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 
 
 C|<a,q , Ill 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 V » « • 
 
 .... 
 
 S J, dear, few cumuli in W. 
 
 
 
 
 E. 1, cumuli in TV. 
 
 
 • • • # 
 
 • • • » 
 
 v>» itJUl • 
 
 E I cloudv in W and S 
 
 Sun. 8 
 
 29.604 
 
 70 
 
 • • « » 
 
 E. 4, dear, . 
 
 29.588 
 
 66 
 
 « • • • 
 
 E. 3, clear 
 
 29.610 
 
 
 
 E. 1, clear 
 
 9 
 
 29.539 
 
 -74 
 
 « • 9 • 
 
 S. by E. 4 . 
 
 29,. 580 
 
 70 
 
 • • « • 
 
 E. by S. 3. 
 
 29.560 
 
 66 
 
 • • » # 
 
 S. by E. 4, clear. 
 
 10 
 
 29.548 
 
 76 
 
 9 9 ' • « 
 
 W. 3, squally in W,, threat- 
 
 29.573 
 
 70 
 
 * e « « 
 
 W. 3, cloudy, threatening 
 
 29.516 
 
 68 
 
 
 W. 2, cloudy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 enin;^ rai.n. 
 
 
 
 
 rain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 29.510 
 
 60 
 
 
 0. , clear 
 
 29.526 
 
 68 
 
 
 0., dear 
 
 29 522 
 
 64 
 
 
 O plpav 
 
 12 
 
 29.500 
 
 60 
 
 « a V 0 
 
 N E. Sj very 
 
 29.470 
 
 60 
 
 • * • r 
 
 N. 1, dear, few cirri. 
 
 29.460 
 
 U T 
 60 
 
 ■ 
 
 v«/ » ^ w 1 ^CLl • 
 
 S. 3, some clouds. 
 
 13 
 
 29.240 
 
 70 
 
 a 0 r 
 
 W. 1, Fsin and 2 to 3. . . 
 
 29d.-94 
 
 63 
 
 4 • » , 
 
 W. 1, fog and rain 
 
 29.338 
 
 64 
 
 
 0., foggy. 
 
 14 
 
 29.340 
 
 76 
 
 * c 4 « 
 
 W’o 4, eiear 
 
 39.330 
 
 75 
 
 a « tf » 
 
 NE. 3, clear 
 
 29.300 
 
 70 
 
 
 SE. 1, clear. 
 
 Sur. 15 
 
 29.350 
 
 72 
 
 • A • * 
 
 Cairn, wind ENE. at 4 p in. 
 
 29.344 
 
 68 
 
 
 S. by TV. 1, clear 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 29.230 
 
 63 
 
 
 Squalls and ealrn, NW. 6.. . 
 
 29.300 
 
 60 
 
 
 N. 4" ; ........ 
 
 29 .3.30 
 
 65 
 
 
 WNW 1 doudv 
 
 17 
 
 29 .450 
 
 62 
 
 • • a « 
 
 W. 4, cloudy, bl. squall cl. 
 
 29.470 
 
 61 
 
 * S ? 
 
 W. 4, cloudy 
 
 29.500 
 
 60 
 
 
 W. 5, cloudy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 in W. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 18 
 
 29.585 
 
 64 
 
 * • • 
 
 WN W. 5, dear. ........... 
 
 29.560 
 
 60 
 
 • « « « 
 
 WNW. 4, clear. 
 
 29.564 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 29.410 
 
 71 
 
 
 TV. 5, ( lear. 
 
 29. 4 16 
 
 67 
 
 
 ^V. 3 aome cirri .......... 
 
 2Q 410 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 29.396 
 
 69 
 
 • • a • 
 
 W. 3, cirri , .............. 
 
 29.400 
 
 67 
 
 » « * • 
 
 ESE. 1, dear.. 
 
 29.401 
 
 uO 
 
 66 
 
 w • • • 
 
 * V • Ltiiiimu oira,ti» 
 
 0., clear. 
 
 21 
 
 29.450 
 
 72 
 
 
 W. 1, clear. 
 
 29.450 
 
 66 
 
 
 0.. eJear 
 
 29 450 
 
 66 
 
 
 O f'lPfir 
 
 Sun. 22 
 
 29.580 
 
 67 
 
 • • • « 
 
 ENS. 3, clear 
 
 29.560 
 
 65 
 
 • « • « 
 
 E. 2, clear 
 
 29.564 
 
 uu 
 
 62 
 
 « • * « 
 
 V./ • j wIC’Cll • 
 
 0., clear. 
 
 23 
 
 29.628 
 
 64 
 
 • • a 
 
 E. 4, clear. 
 
 29 . 650 
 
 64 
 
 • • • • 
 
 S. by E. 3, clear 
 
 29.650 
 
 65 
 
 
 S. by E. 2, clear. 
 
 24 
 
 29.672 
 
 67 
 
 a • • ■ 
 
 E. 4, clear 
 
 2.9.674 
 
 66 
 
 » • • * 
 
 E. 2, e'ear 
 
 29 . 680 
 
 64 
 
 
 S. bv E. 1, clear. 
 
 25 
 
 29.486 
 
 eo 
 
 
 ES E. 5, cirri. 
 
 29.400 
 
 rfr* 
 
 L n 
 
 
 SSE. 6 cloud y 
 
 29 364 
 
 7ft 
 
 
 SSW 5 clfiudv 
 
 26 
 
 29.450 
 
 68 
 
 
 W. 4, clear. 
 
 29.474 
 
 68 
 
 
 TV. 3, clear 
 
 29 466 
 
 69 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Tv v»wvlC4.y# 
 
 "W" 2 cIpaT* 
 
 27 
 
 29.280 
 
 77 
 
 a • 9 9 
 
 W. 7 ; cumuli W. ; shiOed 
 
 29.. 350 
 
 70 
 
 52 
 
 iNl. 8, squall clouds in NW. 
 
 29.491 
 
 48 
 
 • * • • 
 
 TV* V^iwCli • 
 
 N. 5, cloudy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 to IN Vv. at 4 p. m. — therm’r 
 
 
 
 
 and S., fine for comfort. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fell 10® in a moment. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 

Register of ohservatioiis made on the storm of July lo, at Copper Harbor ^ Lake Superior , latitude 47*^ 28'^ longitude 88^ 
 
 and for some days after , 
 
 Dates. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 • 
 
 Thermo- 
 
 meter. 
 
 Winds. 
 
 Barometric tides. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 July 15 
 
 6 a. m. .... . 
 
 9a.m...... 
 
 29.288 
 
 29.220 
 
 720 - 
 
 77 
 
 0. 
 
 Water raised in harbor one foot in two min- 
 utes, and in a few moments half a foot more; 
 and fell in a few minutes more one foot low-= 
 er than usual. 
 
 
 
 1.0 8yt m* » » * * • 
 
 life. 15m. . . . 
 
 29.200 
 
 29.480 
 
 80 
 
 BE. 5 
 
 BE. 4. •*<>•. 
 
 Water higher than usual, though the v/ind is 
 off shore. 
 
 Water suddenly fell about one foot. Strong 
 current along shore to east, on outside island. 
 Water running into bay with great velocity.. . 
 
 Wind blowing towards west. Heavy thunder 
 storm in west and northwest. 
 
 
 llh. 20m. . . . 
 
 lift. 25m. . . . 
 Xl^'. 40wi » . . . 
 
 29.264 
 
 29.260 
 
 29.356 
 
 78 
 
 NW. 9.. . . . 
 
 IMW. 9. 
 NW. 8. 
 
 Constant roar of thunder, and very sharp light- 
 ning. Wind came in an instant from north- 
 west, a powerful blast, uprooting trees, blow- 
 ing down tents, and making the lake a sheet 
 of foam. Heavy rain. 
 
 
 life. 50m. , . . 
 life. 55m. . . . 
 12fe. 5fn .... 
 
 29,316 
 
 29.328 
 
 29.300 
 
 
 Lull of wind 
 Calm. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 Another gust just coming on. 
 
 
 ISfe. 8m .... 
 
 29.260 
 
 
 Calm 
 
 Water one foot lower in bay than usual, and 
 flowing in from lake v/ith a strong current. 
 
 Clearing in northv/est, and sun soon came out. 
 
 
 12fe. 15m .... 
 
 29.256 
 
 
 « • • o • * • 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 12fe. 20m. . . . 
 12fe. 30m. • . . 
 
 29.250 
 
 29.251 
 
 74 
 
 <« » o * K 
 
 Calmo,.*,*. 
 
 Water high on lake shore, and flowing rapid- 
 ly into the harbor. 
 
 Clear in north and northwest. Heavy thunder 
 to east, and northeast, and southeast. 
 
 
 12fe. 40m. . . . 
 1 p. m 
 
 29.236 
 
 29.22 
 
 73 
 
 Calm. . . c • . . 
 SSE. 1 
 
 
 Clear in north and northwest. 
 Clear in north and northwest. 
 
 
 Ife. 40m. . . . 
 
 2fe 
 
 2fe. 15m . . . ^ 
 2fe. 20m. . . • 
 
 29.206 
 
 29 . 200 
 29.200 
 29.200 
 
 i 
 
 70 
 
 69 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 BSE. 2 
 
 S. by W. 4. 
 B. by W. 4. 
 B. by W. 4. 
 
 Water high in bay, 
 
 Water fell 9 inches in 5 minutes in harbor, and 
 9 inches still lower on outside of island. 
 
 Another shower apparently coming fron^south- 
 southwest and southwest. 
 
7ft. SOm, •• 
 8ft 
 
 8ft. 35m , . . 
 lOft. 10m. . . 
 9ft. 40?n. . , 
 10ft. 30m . . » 
 1ft. 40m . . . 
 
 2ft 
 
 4ft. 30m , . . 
 
 10ft. 40m . . . 
 12ft. 30?n. . . 
 3ft. 30 in . . . 
 
 5 p. m 
 
 5ft. 45m , . . 
 10ft. 40m... 
 
 2ft SOin , » . 
 
 4ft 
 
 5ft 
 
 1ft 30m. p.m 
 9ft. 40m. . . . 
 8ft. 30m. a.m 
 11 a, m. ... - 
 7ft. 40m. p.m 
 11 a. m. ... . 
 6ft, 40 m. p.m. 
 
 29.15 
 
 29.15 
 
 29.15 
 29.17 
 29.42 
 29.45 
 29.48 
 
 29.48 
 
 29.49 
 
 29.548 
 
 29.54 
 29.53 
 29.52 
 Si). 51 
 29.44 
 
 29.412 
 
 29.36 
 
 29.348 
 
 29.265 
 
 29.17 
 
 29.10 
 
 29.16 
 29.264 
 29.556 
 
 29.55 
 
 ' I r e if 
 
 W. 1. 
 
 W. 1 
 
 NW. by 
 
 W. 1. 
 
 W. 1...... 
 
 N W. 1,. . . 
 
 NW. L. 
 
 NW. 1. 
 
 0'>e*e**»e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NW 1 
 
 NW 
 
 S. 4 
 
 a. .....a 
 
 SE. 5. 
 
 SW. 4. , . . . 
 
 WNW. 5. 
 
 W^NW. 5. 
 
 W. 5 Sudden fall of water in bay of eight inches. 
 
 . laaaa. .s.*.a..a»...«.a.a«a«a>»*»ec..a«»« 
 
 1ft. 30m. p.m. 29 . 425 72 Calm. ..a o»»o«.a.aat.a»*....ai.»*«»s»e»»«»«.*»- 
 
 2ft 30m, p.m. 29.36 72 S. byY^, 3. 
 
 8ft. 30m. a.m. 29.266 63 NW. 1. . . . . Water in bay was one foot above usual level 
 
 at this time, and soon fell. 
 
 11 a. m. a a a . , a a . Watcr one foot above usual level, and fell in 
 
 a few minutes. 
 
 4ft,30m.a.m. 28,971 62 SW. 4,.... 
 
 10 p.m. 
 
 29.090 
 
 Paining gently. Clear in west and northwest. 
 Wind southwest by south 3. Thin clouds in 
 west and north, and rainbow visible. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 Fog coming on. 
 
 Raining a little. 
 
 Raining a little. 
 
 S. B. Julia Palmer anived at 7 a. m. 
 
 S. B. Julia Palmer left at 11 a, m. 
 Temperature of lake water on shore, 62® P. 
 
 Temperature of lake on shore, 65^ F. Algon 
 qum arrived^ 
 
 Wind in a few moments shifted to southeast. 
 Temperature of v/ater on shore, 64®. 
 
 Halo around the moon. 
 
 Squally to north. Thunder clouds to north, 
 northeast, , and northv/est. Temperature of 
 water, after two days of westerly winds, 60^ 
 Fahrenheit, 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Raining aJittle. 
 
 Lake rough, from Vvdnd at a distance. 
 
 Rained hard last night. Heavy, angry-looking 
 clouds in east. Storm began m morning at 9 
 but did not rain till 1 p. m. Pine misty rain, 
 and continued blowing hard and raining at 10 
 
 p, m. 
 
 Or 
 
 QO 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations made at Port Wilkins ^twenty -six feet above the level of Lake Superior ^ 
 
 by Joseph S. Kendall. 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter — Fahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 Friday, July 14, 1848 
 
 11 a. m. 
 
 753,00 
 
 17.5 
 
 29. 60 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 753.00 
 
 17.5 
 
 29.62 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 753.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.62 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 753.00 
 
 
 29.62 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 753.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.58 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 753.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.58 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 753.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 752.10 
 
 21 
 
 29.564 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 Saturday, July 15, 1848... , . . 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 748.5 
 
 18 
 
 29.45 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 748.5 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 748.5 
 
 16 
 
 29.47 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 748.5 
 
 18 
 
 29.48 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 748.5 
 
 16 
 
 29-51 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 748.5 
 
 16 
 
 29.522 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 749.75 
 
 .16 
 
 29.522 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 , 750.15 
 
 18 
 
 29.52 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 750.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.56 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 749.75 
 
 20 
 
 29.553 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 29.556 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 749.75 
 
 .16 
 
 29.556 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 Sunday, July 16, 1848 
 
 8 a. ra. 
 
 750.5 
 
 15 
 
 29. 562 
 
 60 
 
 
 Fair 5 wind west, high. 
 
 
 9 
 
 751.00 
 
 16 
 
 29.568 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 751.00 • 
 
 17 
 
 29.58 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 751.15 
 
 17 
 
 29.556 
 
 64 
 
 
 Fair ; west wind. 
 
 
 12 
 
 751.15 
 
 17 
 
 29.556 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 751.00 
 
 17.5 
 
 29.55 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 749. 75 
 
 18 
 
 29.50 
 
 65 
 
 
 High west wind. 
 
 
 4 
 
 749.50 
 
 19 
 
 29.474 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 749. 00 
 
 19 
 
 29.45 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 748.25 
 
 19 
 
 29.444 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 748 00 
 
 20 
 
 29.424 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 747.6 
 
 20 
 
 29.41 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 Monday, July 17, 1848. . • . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745.6 
 
 18 
 
 29.36 
 
 64 
 
 j, 
 
 
 fm 1 1 1 
 
Tuesday, July 18, 1848. 
 
 Wednesday, July 19, 1848. . . 
 
 Thursday, July 20, 1848 
 
 9 
 
 745.8 
 
 18 
 
 29.386 
 
 64 
 
 
 10 
 
 745.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.376 
 
 64 
 
 
 11 
 
 745.75 
 
 17 
 
 29 39 
 
 62 
 
 
 12 
 
 745.75 
 
 18 
 
 29.39 
 
 62 
 
 
 2 p. m. 
 
 745.75 
 
 18 
 
 29.39 
 
 63 
 
 
 3 
 
 746.25 
 
 
 29.38 
 
 64 
 
 
 4 
 
 746 25 
 
 
 29. 38 
 
 64 
 
 
 5 
 
 746 25 
 
 
 29 38 
 
 64 
 
 
 6 
 
 746 25 - 
 
 
 29.38 
 
 64 
 
 
 7 
 
 746.25 
 
 19 
 
 29.36 
 
 66 
 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745. 75 
 
 20 
 
 29.35 
 
 68 
 
 
 9 
 
 745, 75 
 
 21 
 
 29.37 
 
 70 
 
 
 10 
 
 746.45 
 
 20 
 
 29.38 
 
 68 
 
 
 11 
 
 746 45 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 746.50 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 2 p, m. 
 
 745 60 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 3 ' 
 
 745.75 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 745 75 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 745. 50 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 745 50 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 745 00 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 744 00 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 744.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.30 
 
 70 , 
 
 
 10 
 
 744.25 
 
 22 
 
 29.28 
 
 72 
 
 
 11 
 
 744.00 
 
 24 
 
 29.28 
 
 74 
 
 
 12 
 
 744.00 
 
 25 
 
 29.28 
 
 76 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 744.00 
 
 27 
 
 29.28 
 
 80 
 
 
 2 
 
 744.00 
 
 28 
 
 29.28 
 
 82 
 
 
 3 
 
 744.00 
 
 24 
 
 29.28 
 
 76 
 
 
 4 
 
 744.00 
 
 25 
 
 29. 30 
 
 76 
 
 
 5 
 
 744.00 
 
 27 
 
 29.28 
 
 78 
 
 
 6 
 
 743.25 
 
 27 
 
 29.25 
 
 80 
 
 
 7 
 
 742.50 
 
 
 29.22 
 
 80 
 
 
 9 
 
 741.50 
 
 ks 
 
 29.18 
 
 74 
 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 740. 25 
 
 21 
 
 29.140 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 9 
 
 740.60 
 
 20 
 
 29.164 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 740.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.180 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 11 
 
 741.50- 
 
 20 
 
 29.212 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 12 - 
 
 742.35 
 
 22 
 
 29.252 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 742.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.270 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 743.00 
 
 22 
 
 29.300 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 S 
 
 743. so 
 
 19 
 
 29.303 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 Cloudy ; fresh breeze north wes . 
 
 Fair ; west wind. 
 
 Cloudy ; west wind. 
 
 Cold and raw ; dew-point 59| 
 Strong west wind. 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Northwest wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Dos 
 
Continued. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 North weigt wind. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Wind north. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Fire in office 5 strong north wind ; cold. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Clouds thinner. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Sun shines. 
 
 Do, 
 
 North vcind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 West wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Thin clouds; sun shines^. 
 
 North west V7ind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Strong west wind. 
 
 West-northwest wind 
 Fair; south wind. 
 
 Dr. J. leaves. 
 

 
 10 
 
 749.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.49 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 749. 50 
 
 19 
 
 29 49 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 Wind south-i 
 
 southwest. 
 
 
 12 
 
 749.25 
 
 20 
 
 29.48 
 
 6S 
 
 69 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 I p. m. 
 
 749 00 
 
 20 
 
 29.47 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 748.75 
 
 21 
 
 29.46 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 D ) 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 748 . 75 
 
 21 
 
 29 46 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 748. 50 
 
 20 
 
 29.45. 
 
 68 
 
 75 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 748.00 
 
 21 
 
 29:43 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 748.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.43 
 
 70 
 
 69 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 747.50 
 
 19 
 
 29.42 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 747.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.42 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 747.00 
 
 16 
 
 29.38 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Monday, July 24, 1848 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 742.75 
 
 1.7 
 
 29. 23 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 Raining; south wind. 
 
 ' 9 
 
 742.50 
 
 17 
 
 29.22 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 ooutii wind. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 742.35 
 
 17 
 
 29.212 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 Rain ceased. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 742.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.212 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 V/ater at end of pier 56^. 
 
 
 1-2 
 
 742.00 
 
 17| 
 
 29.212 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 Misty. 
 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 742.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.212 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 Clouds thinner. 
 
 
 * 2^ 
 
 742.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.212 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 Southw^est wind. 
 
 
 3 
 
 742.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.212 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 Sun shines. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 742.00 
 
 22 
 
 29.2J2 
 
 68 
 
 1 76 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 742. 00 
 
 21 
 
 29.212 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 743.25 
 
 21 
 
 29.262 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 West wind ; 
 
 cloudy. 
 
 
 7 
 
 743.50 
 
 19 
 
 29.284 
 
 68 
 
 1 63 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 743.50 
 
 18- 
 
 29 . 302 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 Strong west ' 
 
 wind. 
 
 
 9 
 
 744. 00 
 
 19 
 
 29.3.30 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 Tuesday, July 25, 1848 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 749.00 
 
 13 
 
 29.542 
 
 56 
 
 51 
 
 Fair ; west wind. 
 
 
 9 
 
 749 . 00 
 
 13 
 
 29.542 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 751.75 
 
 14 
 
 29.562 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 West-northwest wind. 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 751.50 
 
 14 
 
 29. 562 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 751.25 
 
 14 
 
 29.572 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 1 p.m. 
 
 751.00 
 
 14 
 
 29.57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 751. 00 
 
 14 
 
 29.56 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 751.00 
 
 15 
 
 29.66 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 751.00 
 
 15 
 
 29.56 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 751.00 
 
 15 
 
 29 56 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 750. 50 
 
 15 
 
 29.534 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 South wind. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 750.50 
 
 15 
 
 29.542 
 
 60 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 750.00 
 
 15 
 
 29.520 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 749.'75 
 
 14 
 
 29. 522 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 South-southeast wind. 
 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued 
 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Wednesday, July 26, 1848. . . 
 
 Thursday, July 27, 1848 . . . . 
 
 Friday, July 28, 1848 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter attach- 
 ed — /Fahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 748.00 
 
 15 
 
 29-45 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 South wind ; fresh ; cloudy. 
 
 9 
 
 745.75 
 
 15 
 
 29.412 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 Do do. 
 
 10 
 
 745.75 
 
 15 
 
 29.412 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 Do do. 
 
 11 
 
 745. 75 
 
 15 
 
 ! 29.406 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 Calm. 
 
 12 
 
 745.75 
 
 15 
 
 29-406 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 745.75 
 
 16 
 
 29.376 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 Northwest wind. 
 
 2 
 
 745.75 
 
 15 
 
 29. 376 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 
 3 
 
 745.50 
 
 16 
 
 29.362 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 
 4 
 
 745.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.344 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 North-northwest wind. 
 
 5 
 
 744. 50 
 
 16 
 
 29.314 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 Sun shines. 
 
 6 
 
 744.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.300 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 North wind. 
 
 7 
 
 744.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.292 
 
 • 64 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 8 
 
 743-75 
 
 16 
 
 29. 282 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 742.00 ! 
 
 15 
 
 29.212 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 West wind , fair. 
 
 9 
 
 742.00 
 
 16 
 
 29.212 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 
 10 
 
 742.00 
 
 16 
 
 29.254 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 
 11 
 
 742.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.264 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 West-southwest wind. 
 
 12 
 
 742.50 
 
 16 
 
 29.274 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Stiff breeze. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 743.40 
 
 16 
 
 29.304 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 Do. 
 
 2 
 
 743.50 
 
 17 
 
 29.316 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 3 
 
 745.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.3.30 
 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 745.25 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 340 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 Do. 
 
 5 
 
 745.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.354 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 Fresh breeze. 
 
 6 
 
 745. 50 
 
 19 
 
 29.354 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 Calm. 
 
 7 
 
 745. 25 
 
 .19 
 
 29. 362 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 8 
 
 745.25 
 
 18 
 
 29. 362 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 9 
 
 745.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.374 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 747.85 
 
 16 
 
 29.484 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 West wind; fair. 
 
 9 
 
 748.75 
 
 17 
 
 29.514 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 
 10 
 
 749.75 
 
 17 
 
 29.520 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 
 11 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.550 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 North-northwest wind 
 
 12 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.552 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 Do dp. 
 
 00 
 
Saturday, July 29, 1848 . . . . 
 
 Sunday ,|July 30, 1848 
 
 Monday, July 31, 1848 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 750.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.552 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.552 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29-^52 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 750.00 - 
 
 20 
 
 29.552 
 
 68 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 750.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.552 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 
 '750.25 
 
 20 
 
 29.564 
 
 66 
 
 74 
 
 1 
 
 750.00 
 
 20 
 
 29. 564 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.564 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 9 
 
 751.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.564 
 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 751.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.572 
 
 64 
 
 56 
 
 9 
 
 751.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.572 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 751.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.564 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 751.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.564 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 12 
 
 751.25 
 
 18 
 
 29.564 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 751.25 
 
 18 
 
 29.564 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 751.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.556 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 750.75 
 
 18 
 
 29.540 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 750.25 
 
 19 
 
 29.514 
 
 66 
 
 7J 
 
 5 
 
 750. 00 
 
 19 
 
 29 . 506 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 6 
 
 750.00 
 
 19 
 
 29 . 506 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 7 
 
 749. 75 
 
 19 
 
 29. 500 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 749. 00 
 
 17 
 
 29.474 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 9 
 
 748.75 
 
 17 
 
 29. 464 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 742.75 
 
 17 
 
 29.236 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 9 
 
 742.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.208 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 10 
 
 741.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.184 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 740.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.124 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 739.50 
 
 17 
 
 29.104 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 739.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.100 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 739.00 
 
 17 
 
 29 . 090 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 739.00 
 
 171 
 
 29.090 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 739.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.090 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 5 
 
 739 . 25 
 
 18 
 
 29.090 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 6 
 
 738.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.090 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 738.60 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 092 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 738.55 
 
 19 
 
 29.100 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 9 
 
 738.55 
 
 18 
 
 29.092 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 735.70 
 
 16 
 
 28 968 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 735. 70 
 
 16 
 
 28.968 
 
 61 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 735.50 
 
 16 
 
 28.992 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 735.70 
 
 16 
 
 28.996 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 735. 75 
 
 16 
 
 29.016 ■ 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 / 
 
 t>o 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Northwest wind* 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Northwest wind. 
 West wiihl* 
 
 West-northwest wind ; 
 
 cloudy. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 W^est-northwest wind. 
 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 South-southeast wind; 
 
 cloudy. 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Stormy. 
 
 Rain ceased. 
 
 Southwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 West wind. 
 
 Sun shines. 
 
 Fair. 
 
 West wind ; cloudy 
 Rain. ^ 
 
 Raining fast. 
 Do. 
 
 539 [ 1 ] 
 
Day and date. 
 
 Monday, July 31, 1848 
 
 Tuesday, August 1, 1848 
 
 Wednesday, August 2, 1848.. 
 
 Barometrical and thermometrical observatiom~CoiixXi\mQdi. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — .Fahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 [ 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 736.50 
 
 fe 
 
 29.028 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 
 2 
 
 736.60 
 
 16 
 
 29.040 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 
 3 
 
 737. SO 
 
 16 
 
 29,054 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 
 4 
 
 737.50 
 
 15| 
 
 29.076 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 
 5 
 
 737. 50 
 
 16 
 
 29.076 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Rain ceased. 
 
 6 
 
 738.25 
 
 16 
 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Do. 
 
 7. 
 
 739.75 
 
 16 I 
 
 29.111 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 
 8 
 
 739.75 
 
 15 1 
 
 29.124 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 
 9 
 
 739.75 
 
 15 
 
 29.164 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 742. CO 
 
 ]5 
 
 29 . 264 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 W est wind ; fair. 
 
 9 
 
 743.25 
 
 15 
 
 29.276 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 
 10 
 
 744. 50 
 
 36 
 
 29.312 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 ' 
 
 11 
 
 744.50 
 
 16 
 
 29.312 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 
 12 
 
 744.50 
 
 16 
 
 29.312 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 
 1 p. m- 
 
 744.50 
 
 16 
 
 29.312 
 
 61 
 
 68 
 
 
 2 
 
 744.50 
 
 17 
 
 29.312 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 
 3 
 
 744.50 
 
 18 
 
 29.312 
 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 
 4 
 
 744-50 
 
 18 
 
 29.312 
 
 64 
 
 77 
 
 
 5 
 
 744.50 
 
 19 
 
 29.312 
 
 66 
 
 77 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 744.50 
 
 19 1 
 
 29.312 
 
 68 
 
 •75 
 
 
 7 
 
 744, 50 
 
 20 
 
 29.312 
 
 68 
 
 75 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 
 8 
 
 744.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.312 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 Do. 
 
 9 
 
 744.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.312 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 746.00 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 388 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair. 
 
 9 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.404 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 
 10 
 
 746.30 
 
 20 
 
 29.408 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 
 11 
 
 746.60 
 
 21 
 
 29.410 
 
 68 
 
 76 
 
 
 12 
 
 746.75 
 
 22 
 
 29.416 
 
 71 
 
 80 
 
 South wdnd. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 747.00 
 
 23 
 
 29.442 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 
 2 
 
 747.00 
 
 24 
 
 29.442 
 
 74 
 
 83 
 
 
 3 i 
 
 i 747.00 
 
 23 
 
 
 74 
 
 86 
 
 Southeast wind. 
 
 4 
 
 747.00 
 
 24 
 
 
 74 4 
 
 1 83 
 
 
 540 
 
Thursday, August 3, 1848. . . 
 
 Friday, August 4, 1848 
 
 Saturday, August 5, 1848. . . . 
 
 5 
 
 747.00 
 
 24 
 
 29.428 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 747.00 
 
 23 -i 
 
 29.418 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 746.60 
 
 23^ 
 
 29.348 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 8 
 
 746.50 
 
 22 
 
 29.348 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 746.50 
 
 22 
 
 29.348 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 8 a, m. 
 
 746.55 
 
 20 
 
 29.408 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 9 
 
 746.50 
 
 20 
 
 29.408 
 
 68 
 
 66 , 
 
 10 
 
 746. 40 
 
 20 
 
 29.410 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 11 
 
 746. 50 
 
 22 
 
 29.418 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 12 
 
 746 65 
 
 22 
 
 29.414 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 746 90 
 
 23 
 
 29.412 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 746. 65 
 
 23 
 
 29.412 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 746.75 
 
 m 
 
 29.400 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 4 
 
 746. 90 
 
 23 
 
 29.410 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 5 
 
 747.00 
 
 23 
 
 29.410 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 6 
 
 746.90 
 
 23 
 
 29.410 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 746.50 
 
 22 
 
 29.388 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 8 
 
 746.00 
 
 21 
 
 29.390 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 746.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.390 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.340 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 9 
 
 745.00 
 
 19| 
 
 29.340 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 745.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.350 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 745.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.364 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 745 00 
 
 17 
 
 29.380 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 745.21 
 
 18 
 
 29.400 
 
 64 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 746.80 
 
 17 
 
 29.410 
 
 64 
 
 57 
 
 3 
 
 747 00 
 
 17 
 
 29 428 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 747.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.444 
 
 64 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 747 15 
 
 17 
 
 29. 442 
 
 64 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 747.25 
 
 17 
 
 29. 450 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 747 85 
 
 18 
 
 29.456 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 8 
 
 748.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.474 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 7;8.30 
 
 17 
 
 29.490 
 
 62 
 
 54 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 751.40 
 
 15 
 
 29.590 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 9 
 
 751.50 
 
 15 
 
 29.602 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 752.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.616 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 752.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.616 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 752.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.616 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.00 
 
 16 
 
 29 606 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 751.90 
 
 m 
 
 29.600 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 S 
 
 751.40 
 
 17 
 
 29.576 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 751.15 
 
 Hi 
 
 29. 566 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Fresh breeze from south. 
 High wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Cloudy; south wind. 
 
 Fair, 
 
 South-southwest wind. 
 West wind. 
 
 Southeast wind. 
 
 North-northwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; dense fog. 
 12| ; rain. 
 
 North wind. 
 
 Northwest wind. 
 
 Strong north wind. 
 Fair. 
 
 North wind ; fair. 
 
 Northwest wijid. 
 
 541 [ 1 ] 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 j 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter attach- 
 ed — Fa hr. 
 
 1 
 
 Temp. 
 
 1 outside. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 MU. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1— ’ ■■ — — --- — - . 
 
 i 
 
 S tu rday, August 5, 1848. . . . 
 
 5 p. m. 
 
 751.15 
 
 18 
 
 29.566 
 
 64 
 
 ! 70 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 6 
 
 751.10 
 
 18 
 
 .29.556 
 
 64 ' 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 7 ^ 
 
 750. 75 
 
 19 
 
 29. 550 
 
 ! 66 
 
 66 
 
 South-southeast wind. 
 
 
 8 
 
 750. 70 
 
 18| 
 
 29.550 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 750.50 
 
 HI 
 
 29.550 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 
 Sunday, August 6, 1848. ..... 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 749.40 
 
 18 
 
 29.606 
 
 ! 64 
 
 68 
 
 South wind ; fair. 
 
 
 9 
 
 749.45 
 
 20 
 
 ' 29.510 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 749.40 
 
 20 
 
 29.510 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 749.50 
 
 21 
 
 29.516 
 
 [ 70 
 
 71 
 
 West wind. 
 
 
 12 
 
 749. 30 
 
 22 
 
 29.508 
 
 71 
 
 79 
 
 Southwest wind ; fresh. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 749.30 
 
 oo 
 
 29.492 
 
 72 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 748.80 
 
 92 
 
 29.476 
 
 72 
 
 83 
 
 South high wind. 
 
 
 3 
 
 748.65 
 
 23 
 
 29.458 
 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 South-southwest wind. 
 
 
 4 
 
 748.35 
 
 25 
 
 29.448 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 Very high wind. 
 
 
 ,5 
 
 748.00 
 
 26 
 
 29.426 
 
 i 78 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 747.55 
 
 26 
 
 29.416 
 
 78 
 
 ■ 80 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 747.15 
 
 25 
 
 29.406 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 746.80 
 
 25 
 
 29.392 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 746.60 
 
 25 
 
 29.380 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 
 Monday, August 7, 1848 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745.50 
 
 22 
 
 29.350 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 South-southwest wind ; fair. 
 
 
 9 
 
 745 50 
 
 23 
 
 29.852 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 Fresh breeze. 
 
 
 10 
 
 745.00 
 
 24 ! 
 
 29.328 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 745 00 
 
 26 
 
 29.328 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 745.00 
 
 27 
 
 29.330 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 1 p. m.| 
 
 745.00 
 
 283I 
 
 29.346 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 South wind. 
 
 
 2 
 
 745.00 
 
 28 
 
 29.346 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 West wind. 
 
 
 3 
 
 745.00 
 
 28 
 
 29.. 328 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 South-southwest wind ; fresh breeze. 
 
 
 4 
 
 744.50 
 
 26 
 
 29.316 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 West wind. 
 
 
 5 
 
 744.50 
 
 29 
 
 29.316 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 
 South high wind. 
 
 
 6 
 
 744 50 
 
 291 
 
 29.316 
 
 83 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 744. 50 
 
 29 
 
 29.316 
 
 82 
 
 85 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 
 
 8 
 
 744.25 
 
 28 
 
 29.316 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 Southwest high wind. 
 
 
 9 
 
 744.25 
 
 27 
 
 29,. 316 
 
 80 1 
 
 80 
 
 South-southwest wind. 
 
 |»ai 
 
 Zf9 
 
Tuesday, August 8, 1848 
 
 8 a.m. 743.75 
 
 9 743.55 
 
 10 743.30 
 
 11 743.15 
 
 12 743.55 
 
 1 p. m. 743. 25 
 
 2 743.25 
 
 3 743.25 
 
 4 743.00 
 
 5 743.15 
 
 6 743. 15 
 
 7 744.20 
 
 8 744. 25 
 
 9 746. 00 
 
 ednesday, August 9, 1848.. 8 a. m. 748.00 
 
 9 748.25 
 
 10 748. 40 
 
 11 748.30 
 
 12 748. 00 
 
 1p.m. 747.20 
 
 2 746.60 
 
 3 746. 00 
 
 4 745. 60 
 
 5 744.75 
 
 6 744.25 
 
 7 743.80 
 
 8 743.55 
 
 9 743.00 
 
 Thursday, August 10, 1848 . . 8 a. m. 746.60 
 
 ■ 9; 748.00 
 
 10 748.00 
 
 11 748.00 
 
 12 748. 00 
 
 1p.m. 748.00 
 
 2 748. 00 
 
 3 748.30 
 
 4 748.30 
 
 5 748. 30 
 
 6 748.15 
 
 7 748.25 
 
 8 748.25 
 
 9 748. 25 
 
 23 29.268 72 
 
 23 29.264 72 
 
 24 29.264 74 
 
 25 29.262 76 
 
 25 29 . 262 76 
 
 27 29. 264 80 
 
 27 29.260 80 
 
 27 29.260 79 
 
 28 29.260 81 
 
 27 , 29.294 80 
 
 27 29 300 80 
 
 27 29.312 80 
 
 26 29.328 78 
 
 25 29.376 76 
 
 21 29.444 70 
 
 21 29.454 70 
 
 23 29.466 72 
 
 24 29.464 74 
 
 24 29.-450 74 
 
 24 29.414 76 
 
 24 29.382 74 
 
 24 29. 374 74 
 
 24| 29.3.50 75 
 
 24- 29.316 74 
 
 24 29.300 74 
 
 24 29.286 76 
 
 23 29.286 73 
 
 23 29.246 73 
 
 19 29.396 67 
 
 19 29.446 66 
 
 18| 29.446 66 
 
 18 29.446 65 
 
 18 29.446 64 
 
 18 29.446 65 
 
 18 29. 446 65 
 
 18 29.464 64 
 
 18 29.468 64 
 
 18 29.468 64 
 
 18 29.468 64 
 
 19| 29.468 66 
 
 18 29. 468 65 
 
 17 29.472 62 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 79 
 85 
 84 
 83 
 87 
 77 
 81 
 
 79 
 77 
 
 76 
 62 
 65 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 76 
 75 
 75 
 70 
 69 
 74 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 61 
 61 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 63 
 
 60 
 . 60 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair. 
 High wind. 
 
 South wind. 
 
 Still. 
 
 South wind. 
 
 West wind. 
 West-northwest wind. 
 
 West wind ; strong breeze. 
 
 West wind 5 fair. 
 
 West wind. 
 
 South wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Southeast wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 South wind. 
 
 South fresh breeze. 
 
 South high wind. 
 
 Southeast wind. 
 
 South-southeast wind. 
 
 South wind. 
 
 South wind ; cloudy. 
 
 ISTorth-northwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 West wind ; little rain. 
 
 West wind. 
 
 Southwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Cloudy, 
 
 West wind; cloudy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do fair. 
 
 Do. ^ 
 
 Do. (Very little wind all day.) uw 
 
 
Barometrical and ihermomeirical ohservation$--Qoxi\AXiwe&^ 
 
 jTRw4 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 / 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 re nae ter. 
 
 Friday, August 11, 1848 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 MU. 
 
 749.45 
 
 
 9 
 
 749 50 
 
 
 10 
 
 749 65 
 
 
 11 
 
 749 85 
 
 
 12 
 
 750.00 
 
 i 
 
 1 p.m. 
 
 750 00 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 750 00 
 
 
 3 
 
 750 00 
 
 
 4 
 
 750 00 
 
 
 5 
 
 750 00 
 
 
 6 
 
 749.85 
 
 
 n 
 
 749 65 
 
 
 8 
 
 749.25 
 
 Saturday, August 12, 1848. . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 749.10 
 
 
 9 
 
 749.10 
 
 
 10 
 
 749.25 
 
 
 11 
 
 749.35 . 
 
 j 
 
 12 
 
 749.35 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 749 35 
 
 
 2 
 
 749 35 
 
 
 3 
 
 749.15 
 
 
 4 
 
 748.88 
 
 
 5 
 
 748. 60 
 
 
 6 
 
 748.40 
 
 
 7 
 
 748.40 
 
 
 8 
 
 748 SO 
 
 
 9 
 
 748.10 
 
 Sunday, August 13, 1848.. . . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 747.80 
 
 
 9 
 
 747 75 
 
 
 10 
 
 747.65 
 
 
 11 
 
 747.. 50 
 
 
 12 i 
 
 747.35 
 
 Thermom' 
 eter a 'ach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter, 
 
 i 
 
 Thermom- 
 pter attach 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 15 
 
 29.500 
 
 60 
 
 52 
 
 16 
 
 29.516 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 17 
 
 29.526 
 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 17 
 
 29 . 526 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 17 
 
 29 . 526 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 18 
 
 29 538 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 540 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 1^1 
 
 29. 540 
 
 64 ' 
 
 68 
 
 18 
 
 29.526 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 18i 
 
 29.524 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 19 
 
 29 516 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 19 
 
 29.506 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 17 
 
 29 500 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 16 i 
 
 29.488 
 
 60 
 
 59 
 
 17 
 
 29.490 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 18 
 
 29.500 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 18 
 
 29 510 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 19 
 
 29.510 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 191 
 
 29.510 
 
 66 
 
 75 
 
 21 
 
 29.510 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 2|i 
 
 29. 494 
 
 70 j 
 
 73 
 
 22p 
 
 29. 478 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 21 
 
 29.468 
 
 69 
 
 71 
 
 21 
 
 29.464 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 20 
 
 29.464 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 19 
 
 29.464 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 17 
 
 29.464 
 
 63 
 
 
 18 
 
 29 444 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 18 
 
 29.444 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 18 
 
 29.442 
 
 65 i 
 
 64 
 
 19 
 
 29.428 i 
 
 64 ' 
 
 65 
 
 19 
 
 29.416 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 West wind ; fair. 
 North wind. 
 
 North-northeast wind. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South wind; fair. 
 Cloudy, 
 
 Southeast wind ; fair. 
 
 Fresh breeze. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 Southeast wind. 
 
 Northwest wind ; dense fog. 
 Rain. 
 
 South wind; raining fast. 
 Raining fast. 
 
 fn 
 
S Monday, August 14, 1848. 
 * 
 
 CO 
 
 » • 
 
 Tuesday, August 15, 1848.. . . 
 
 Wednesday^ August 16, 1848. 
 
 1 p. m.| 
 
 : 747,20 
 
 19i 
 
 29.414 
 
 i 66 
 
 , 66 
 
 2 
 
 747.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.408 
 
 64 
 
 ! 61 
 
 3 
 
 746.75 
 
 18 
 
 29.396 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 4 
 
 746,50 
 
 17| 
 
 29.394 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 746.40 
 
 17 
 
 29.380 
 
 64 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 746.30 
 
 16| 
 
 29.376 
 
 63 
 
 1 58 
 
 7 
 
 746.50 
 
 16 
 
 , 29.386 
 
 62 
 
 1 58 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 29 424 
 
 62 
 
 1 55 
 
 8 
 
 750.80 
 
 
 29.538 
 
 56 
 
 1 48 
 
 9 
 
 750.90 
 
 1 13 
 
 29.558 
 
 55 
 
 49. 
 
 10 
 
 751.75 
 
 15 
 
 29.586 
 
 62 
 
 49 
 
 11 
 
 752.10 
 
 19i 
 
 29.610 
 
 72 
 
 51 
 
 12 
 
 752.65 
 
 
 29.620 
 
 68 
 
 49 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.75 
 
 ' 17 
 
 29.642 
 
 68 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 1 753.00 
 
 !■ 
 
 29.650 
 
 66 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 754.00 
 
 i 19 
 
 29.680 
 
 68 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 754.00 
 
 18| 
 
 29.680 
 
 67 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 754.00 
 
 17 
 
 29.688 
 
 64 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 754.25 
 
 19 
 
 29.694 
 
 68 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 
 754.35 
 
 17i 
 
 29.698 
 
 66 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 754.35 
 
 i 16l 
 
 29.698 
 
 66 
 
 51 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 755.45 
 
 i 13 
 
 29.744 i 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 755.70 
 
 13 
 
 29.746 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 756.40 
 
 16 
 
 29.788 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 11 
 
 i 756.30 
 
 1 15 
 
 29.778 
 
 62 
 
 53 
 
 12 
 
 756.15 
 
 14 
 
 29.774 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 I p. m. 
 
 756.00 
 
 161 
 
 29.764 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 756.00 
 
 16i 
 
 29.764 
 
 63 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 755.80 
 
 16 
 
 29 . 752 
 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 755.45 
 
 I6| 
 
 29.746 
 
 63 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 755.15 i 
 
 20 
 
 29.734 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 755.00 
 
 16 
 
 29.714 
 
 63 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 754,30 
 
 14 
 
 29.694 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 754.30 
 
 14 
 
 29.688 
 
 59 
 
 50 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 752.90 
 
 12 
 
 29.644 
 
 56 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 752.95 
 
 14 
 
 29.644 
 
 57 
 
 51 
 
 10 ' 
 
 753.00 
 
 15 
 
 29‘.644 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 752.85 
 
 15| 
 
 29 . 654 
 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 753.00 
 
 15 
 
 29.662 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.90 
 
 15 
 
 29.654 
 
 58 
 
 ^ 60 
 
 2 
 
 752.90 
 
 15| 
 
 29.654 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 3 
 
 '752.90 
 
 16 
 
 29.654 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; raining fast 
 Raining fast. 
 
 East wind ; raining fast. 
 East-northeast wind; raining fast. 
 Raining fast. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; raining fast. 
 North wind ; cloudy. 
 
 North wind ; rain. 
 
 North wind ; windy. 
 
 North wind ; rain ceased. 
 
 North wind. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 North wdnd ; sun shining. 
 
 North wind; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northeast wind ; 
 
 cloudy. 
 
 Northeast wind. 
 
 
 Northeast wind ; 
 
 sun shinei 
 
 Northeast wind ; 
 
 clouds. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Northeast wind ; 
 
 fair. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Northwest wind 
 
 ; fair. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 dp. 
 
 545 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 ?4ewman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside, 
 
 1 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 Wednesday, August lb', l848. 
 
 4 p. m. 
 
 752.80 
 
 16 
 
 29.634 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair. 
 
 
 r> 
 
 7"2.65 
 
 161 
 
 29.620 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 752.50 
 
 16| 
 
 29.016 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 752.40 
 
 17 
 
 29.600 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 752.25 
 
 16 
 
 29.600 
 
 60 
 
 ! 57 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Thursday, August 17, 1848.. . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 752.35 
 
 164 
 
 29.608 j 
 
 63 
 
 51 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair. 
 
 
 9 
 
 752.35 
 
 16 
 
 29.606 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 Oo. cloudy. 
 
 
 10 
 
 752.20 
 
 16 
 
 29.604 
 
 61 
 
 58 1 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 752.20 
 
 17 
 
 29.604 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 12 
 
 752. 25 
 
 18 
 
 29.606 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 Do. fair. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.40 
 
 18 
 
 29.604 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 752.40 
 
 18 
 
 29.604 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 7,52 00 
 
 18 
 
 29. 604 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 752. 00 
 
 184 
 
 29.596 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 Do. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 751.80 
 
 19 
 
 29.586 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 751.75 
 
 19 
 
 29.588 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 : 751.65 
 
 18| 
 
 29.570 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 751.50 
 
 
 29.570 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 Do. 
 
 Frfeay, August 18, 1848.. . . . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 751.80 
 
 17| 
 
 29.590 
 
 65 
 
 52 
 
 East wind ; fair. 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 752.10 
 
 18 
 
 29.602 
 
 65 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 752.10 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 602 
 
 66 
 
 57 
 
 North wind. 
 
 
 11 
 
 752.75 
 
 18 
 
 29.602 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 7.52 . 45 
 
 18 
 
 29 . 602 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.25 
 
 18 
 
 29.590 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 752.00 
 
 18| 
 
 29.568 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 751.55 
 
 19 
 
 29. 550 
 
 i 66 
 
 65 1 
 
 East wind. 
 
 
 4 
 
 751.25 
 
 19 
 
 29.538 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 751.25 
 
 m 
 
 29.538 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 750.85 
 
 18 
 
 29.526 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 South wind. 
 
 Saturday, August 19, 1848.. . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 748.80 
 
 18 
 
 29.450 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 South wind ; fair. 
 
 
 9 
 
 748. 80 
 
 19 
 
 29.450 
 
 i 65 
 
 61 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 748. 55 
 
 19J 
 
 29. 450 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 [ I J 
 
11 748.40 
 
 32 748.40 
 
 1p.m. 748.00 
 
 2 747.10 
 
 3 746.90 
 
 4 746.10 
 
 5 746.00 
 
 6 745.90 
 
 7 745.90 
 
 8 745.90 
 
 Sunday, August SO, 1848 8 a.m. 744.95 
 
 9 745.00 
 
 10 745.25 
 
 11 745.75 
 
 12 746-25 
 
 1p.m. 746.55 
 
 2 746.45 
 
 3 746.50 
 
 4 746. 55 
 
 5 746.60 
 
 6 746. 55 
 
 • 7 746. 50 
 
 8 746.45 
 
 Monday, August 21 , 1848.-. . . 8 a. m. 745 . 75 
 
 9 746.00 
 
 10 746.25 
 
 11 746.30 
 
 12 746.25 
 
 1p.m. 746.25 
 
 ’ 2| 746.25 
 
 3 746.25 
 
 4 746.30 
 
 5 746. 25 
 
 6 746.30 
 
 7 746.50 
 
 8 746.50 
 
 *J'uesday, August.22, lS4i . • • 8 a. m. 746.80 
 
 9 747.00 
 
 ....... jQ . 747.00 
 
 11 747.00 
 
 12 746. 90 
 
 1p.m. 746.50 
 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 21 
 
 21 | 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 221 
 
 22 
 
 21^ 
 
 21 i 
 19 
 19 
 
 19 
 23 
 27 
 
 22 
 241 
 21 
 221 
 22 
 
 20 
 20 
 181 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 20 | 
 20 
 201 
 201 
 20 | 
 201 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 204 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 181 
 19 
 21 
 
 29.450 
 
 29.450 
 
 29.428 
 
 99.400 
 29.398 
 29.366 
 29.358 
 29.354 
 29.352 
 29.346 
 29.344 
 29.348 
 29.348 
 29. 370 
 29.398 
 29.394 
 29.388 
 29. 388 
 29.392 
 29.394 
 29.394 
 29. 394 
 29.382 
 29.374 
 29.386 
 29.388 
 29.394 
 29. 390 
 29.378 
 29.374 
 29.376 
 29.. 368 
 29.364 
 29.364 
 29.370 
 29. 384 
 
 29. 400 
 29. 400 
 29. 396 
 29.394 
 29.392 
 29.376 
 
 68 
 
 Southeast wind ; fair. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do cloudy. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do thin do 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do rain. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do rain cea 
 
 Do do , 
 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; rain. 
 Southeast wind ; rain ceajs 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; rain. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; fair. 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; rain. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 East wind^ rain. 
 
 547 [ 1 ] 
 
Baronietrical and thcrmometrical ohservatiorts --Ooniixiu^^ 
 
 loaaA 
 
 Bay and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed -—F'ahr. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 s.»., .1 nic-mi ..-I.. 1 ^ NI.I ^ 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 Tuesday, August ^2, 1848.,. 
 
 2 p. m. 
 
 746.35 
 
 19 
 
 29. 376 
 
 69 
 
 59 
 
 East wind ; heavy rain. 
 
 
 3 
 
 746.25 
 
 2U 
 
 29.. 364 
 
 72 
 
 59 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 746.. 30 
 
 22 
 
 29.362 
 
 75 
 
 59 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 746.10 
 
 23 
 
 29.350 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 745.80 
 
 00 I 
 
 29.348 
 
 74 
 
 59 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 745.50 
 
 21 
 
 29. 339 
 
 73 
 
 59 
 
 : .Southeast wind ; heavy rain. 
 
 , 
 
 8 
 
 745.50 
 
 22 
 
 29.330 
 
 72 X 
 
 58 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Wediicisday, August 23, 1848, 
 
 ! 8 a. m. 
 
 745. 75 
 
 
 29.364 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 
 
 9 
 
 745.90 
 
 18 
 
 29. 364 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 Do V do. 
 
 
 JO 
 
 745.90 
 
 18 
 
 29.366 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.378 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 m 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.378 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 1 p. in. 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.376 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 746,15 
 
 19 
 
 29., 376 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 746.15 
 
 20 ! 
 
 29.376 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 Southeast wind ; slight shower. 
 
 
 4 
 
 746., 50 
 
 20 
 
 29.376 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 
 
 5 
 
 746.50 
 
 19| 
 
 29.376 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 South wind ; cloudy. 
 
 
 6 
 
 ‘ 746.55 
 
 21“ 
 
 29.. 376 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 South wind ; fair. 
 
 
 7 
 
 746.60 
 
 21 
 
 29.376 
 
 70 
 
 .65 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 746.60 
 
 20 
 
 29.376 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Thursday, August 24, 1848 . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 746.85 
 
 18 
 
 29.416 
 
 65 
 
 62 1 
 
 South wind ; cloudy. 
 
 
 9 
 
 746.75 
 
 18.5 
 
 29.426 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 South wind ; calm. 
 
 
 10 
 
 748.30 
 
 19 
 
 29.442 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 748.35 
 
 20 
 
 29.442 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 South wind ; shower. 
 
 
 12 
 
 748,40 
 
 20 
 
 29.444 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 South wind ; cloudy. 
 
 
 1 p.m. 
 
 748.40 
 
 20 
 
 29.444 
 
 68 
 
 , 72 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 2 ' 
 
 748. 40 
 
 21 
 
 29.450 
 
 69 
 
 77 
 
 Southeast wind ; fair. 
 
 
 3 
 
 748.30 
 
 21.5 
 
 29.443 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 748.25 
 
 22 
 
 29.436 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 748.05 
 
 22 
 
 29. 430 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 748.10 
 
 21 
 
 29.416 
 
 71 
 
 65 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 748,10 
 
 21 
 
 29.424 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 Do ,do. 
 
 Cji 
 
Friday, August 25, 1848 
 
 Saturday, August 26, 1848. . . 
 
 Sunday, August 27, 1848. . . . 
 
 Monday, August 28, 1848.. ^ . 
 
 8 
 
 1 748. 10 
 
 20 ' 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 , 748.40 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 748.50 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 748. 60 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 748. 75 
 
 21.5 
 
 12 
 
 748.75 
 
 22 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 749.50 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 749.55 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 749.55 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 749.25 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 749.40 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 749.15 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 748.75 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 748.80 
 
 23 
 
 8 a. hi. 
 
 749.35 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 750. 15 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 750.75 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 750 . 70 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 750.80 
 
 22 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 750. GO ^ 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 750.65 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 750.50 
 
 22i 
 
 4 
 
 750.35 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 750.25 
 
 23^ 
 
 6 
 
 750.25 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 749.90 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 749.60 
 
 20 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 747.10 
 
 2ir 
 
 .10 
 
 ' 747.20 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 747.00 
 
 24 1 
 
 12 
 
 746.60 
 
 23 
 
 1 p. m; 
 
 746.30 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 746.00 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 745.90 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 745.80 
 
 23i 
 
 5 
 
 745.00 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 745.00 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 744.95 
 
 194 
 
 8 
 
 744.95 ' 
 
 19 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745.15 
 
 184 
 
 9 
 
 745.35 
 
 18| 
 
 29. 424 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 29.460 
 
 66 : 
 
 62 
 
 29.476 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 29.480 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 29. 488 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 29.500 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 29. 492 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 29.492 
 
 73 
 
 i 79 
 
 29.478 
 
 75 
 
 ! 79 
 
 29.486 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 29.488 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 29.474 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 29.474 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 
 29.462 
 
 73 
 
 69 
 
 29.516 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 29.552 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 29.584 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 29.586 
 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 29. 592 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 29.576 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 29.576 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 29.556 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 29 . 552 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 29.550 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 29 . 550 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 29. 548 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 29.520 
 
 69 
 
 64 
 
 29.462 
 
 73 
 
 62 
 
 29.476 
 
 82 
 
 63 
 
 '29.458 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 29.432 
 
 76 
 
 69 
 
 29. 422 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 29.420 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 29.400 
 
 74 
 
 ; 68 
 
 29. 396 
 
 73 
 
 65 
 
 29.394 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 29.394 
 
 70 
 
 62 
 
 29.394 
 
 68 
 
 61 
 
 29.394 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 29.444 , 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 29.432 
 
 66 
 
 1 60 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; fair. 
 
 Do do. ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South wind ; calm. 
 
 Do dp. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; fi-esK breeze. 
 South wind ; fair. 
 
 South wind ; calm. 
 
 Southv.'est wind ; calm. 
 
 West wind ; calm. 
 
 Northwest wind ; calm. 
 
 North wind; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind , cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South-southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 North-northeast wind ; rain. 
 East wind ; rain. 
 
 East wind ; cloudy. 
 South-southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 South-southeast wind ; fair. 
 East wind ; fair. 
 
 Fair. j 
 
 East-northeast wind ; fair 
 East-northeast wind ; cloudy. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 West wind ; fair. 
 
 West wind ; calm. 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical o65er2;a^io^5^Continued. 
 
 Day and date, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Hour. 
 
 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Tliermoni" 
 eter attach- 
 ed— Cent. 
 
 1 
 
 Newman’s iron 
 cistern barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter attach- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 i 
 
 Temp. 
 
 outside. 
 
 Itemarks, 
 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Monday, August 28, 1848 
 
 10 a. m. 
 
 745.75 
 
 .181 
 
 29.436 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 1 West wind ; calm. 
 
 
 
 745. 70 
 
 18 
 
 29.450 
 
 65 
 
 59 
 
 West wind; fog. 
 
 
 ^ 12 
 
 . 745.85 
 
 ]8 
 
 29.450 
 
 64 
 
 i 63 
 
 West wind ; fair. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.450 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29. 450 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 745. 85 
 
 19 
 
 29 450 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 West-northwest wind ; fair. 
 
 
 4 
 
 745. 85 
 
 20 
 
 29.444 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 745.65 
 
 20 
 
 29.444 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 West v/ind ; fair. 
 
 
 6 
 
 745. 75 
 
 20 
 
 29.442 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 745,75 
 
 21 
 
 29.440 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 745.75 
 
 
 29. 440 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 Tuesday, August 29, 1848.. . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 746.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.442 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 Fair. 
 
 
 9 
 
 746.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.442 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 Southwest wind ; calm. 
 
 
 10 
 
 746.00 
 
 21 ; 
 
 29.438 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 746.00 
 
 21 
 
 29.428 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 12 
 
 746.00 
 
 
 29.428 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 1 p.m. 
 
 746.00 
 
 22| 
 
 29.424 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 745.85 
 
 23 
 
 29.424 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 745.75 
 
 23 1 
 
 29.410 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 North wind ; calm. 
 
 
 4 
 
 745.80 ! 
 
 24 
 
 '29.396 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 . Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 745.00 
 
 24 
 
 29.386 
 
 74 
 
 t 77 
 
 1 Do. * 
 
 
 6 
 
 745.00 
 
 23| 
 
 29. 386 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 744.75 
 
 23 
 
 29.368 
 
 74 1 
 
 74 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 744.85 
 
 23 
 
 29.370 1 
 
 73 1 
 
 72 
 
 Do. 
 
 Wednesday, August SO, 1848. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 743.80 
 
 21 
 
 29.316 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 South wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 
 9 
 
 743.80 
 
 23 
 
 29.314 
 
 70 
 
 70 ' 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 743.70 
 
 23| 
 
 99.306 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 South wind ; fresh. 
 
 
 J1 
 
 743.35 
 
 23| 
 
 29.300 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 Southeast wind ; fresh. 
 
 
 12 ^ 
 
 743.30 
 
 25 
 
 29.300 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 743. 10 
 
 26 
 
 29.300 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 742.50 
 
 25 
 
 29.288 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 742. 20 
 
 26 
 
 29.256 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 Do do» 
 
 [ 1 ] 550 
 
Thursday, August 31, 1848. . 
 
 Friday, September 1, 1848. . . 
 
 Saturday, September 2, 1848. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 740.50 
 
 740.25 
 
 740.00 
 
 738.40 
 
 25| 
 
 24i 
 
 24"^ 
 
 23 
 
 29.200 
 29.178 
 29. 172 
 29.126 
 
 I ^ ' 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 728.50 
 
 20 
 
 28.764 
 
 68 
 
 59 
 
 9 
 
 728.30 
 
 19 
 
 28.754 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 727 : 75 
 
 20 
 
 28.748 
 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 727.85 
 
 20 
 
 29.762 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 728.20 
 
 20 
 
 28.764 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 728.15 
 
 19 
 
 28.756 
 
 67 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 727.90 
 
 19 
 
 28.744 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 3 i 
 
 728.00 
 
 18| 
 
 28.738 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 728.00 
 
 18| 
 
 28.738 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 ' 727.90 
 
 18 
 
 28.736 
 
 65 
 
 59 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 727.90 
 
 ' 18 
 
 28.740 
 
 65 
 
 57 
 
 7 
 
 729.00 
 
 17 
 
 28.786 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 8 
 
 730.25 
 
 18 
 
 28.846 
 
 66 1 
 
 54 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 740.70 
 
 1^ 
 
 29.218 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 742.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.282 
 
 69 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 743.80 
 
 20 
 
 '29.328 
 
 71 
 
 56 
 
 11 
 
 743.70 
 
 20 
 
 29.356 
 
 70 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 743.80 
 
 19 
 
 29.356 
 
 68 
 
 59 
 
 1pm. 
 
 743.90 
 
 19 
 
 29.364 
 
 67 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 . 744.35 
 
 19 
 
 29.386 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 745.20 
 
 19 
 
 29.404 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 745. .35 
 
 I9i 
 
 29.414 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 5 
 
 745.50 
 
 19| 
 
 29.434 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 a 
 
 746.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.448 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 7 
 
 746.25 
 
 18 
 
 29.450 
 
 65 
 
 59 
 
 8 
 
 746.50 
 
 17 
 
 25,). 474 
 
 6r 
 
 57 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 747.85. 
 
 15^ 
 
 29.514 
 
 *62 
 
 57 
 
 9 
 
 747.90 
 
 16| 
 
 29.500 
 
 63 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 748. 00 
 
 Hi 
 
 29.500 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 11 
 
 747. 75 
 
 19 
 
 29- 488 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 747. 50 
 
 19 
 
 29 . 468 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 747.00 
 
 19 
 
 29.466 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 747.00 
 
 20 
 
 29 460 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 747. 00 
 
 20 
 
 29 . 456 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 746. 50 
 
 20 
 
 29.438 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 ' 746. 30 
 
 ‘ *^0 
 
 29.418 
 
 68 
 
 68 ‘ 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind, high. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Wind shifted to west m night; heavy rai 
 and high wind. 
 
 Southwest windX cloudy. 
 
 Southwest v/ind. 
 
 Southwest wind ; rain. * 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South west’wind ; cloudy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do ilo. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southwest wind ; rain. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; rain. 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 West wind 
 
 Northwest 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Northwest 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 ; cloudy. 
 
 wind ; fog. 
 do. 
 do.. 
 
 1 o. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 wind; fair, 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 South wind; fair, high wind. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South wind ; cloudy, calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeast wind ; do. 
 
 J)o do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South wind; thunder cloud wes|. 
 Do do. 
 
 Oi 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued, 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. Standard^ ba- Thermom- Newman’s iron Thermom- Temp. 
 
 rometer. eter, attach- cistern barom- eter, attach- outside, 
 ed — Cent. eter. ed — Fahr. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Saturday, September 2, 1848. 
 Sunday, September 3, 1848.. . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 7. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Mil. 
 
 746. 30 
 
 746.25 
 746.55 
 746.55 
 
 746. 55 
 
 745. 55 
 744.00 
 
 744.25 
 744. 25 
 744. 00 
 744.00 
 
 744.00 
 
 743. 00 
 743.00 
 742. 50 
 
 In^^hes. 
 
 29 . 438 
 
 29.428 
 
 29.448 
 
 29.438 
 
 29.438 
 
 29.392 
 
 29.328 
 
 29.358 
 
 29.378 
 
 29.350 
 
 29.338 
 
 29.328 
 
 29 . 300 
 
 29.300 
 
 29.268 
 
 South wind ; thunder storm. 
 South wind ; clear. 
 
 Southeast wind ; cloudy. 
 Southeast wind ; rain. 
 Southeast wind ; high. 
 South-southeast wind ; high. 
 Rain ceased. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 South-southwest wind ; calm. 
 South wind ; rain. 
 
 South wind ; high. 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 South wind ; cairn. 
 
 South wind ; fair. 
 
 South wind; fair, high. 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 I 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 1 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 / 
 
 Newman’s ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 Thermom. 
 detached — 
 Fahr. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Monday, September 4, 1848. . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 MxL 
 738. 00 
 
 o 
 
 21 
 
 Inches. 
 
 29.11G 
 
 o 
 
 68 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 69 
 
 Southwest wind ; cloudy, calm. 
 Cloudy, fresh wind. 
 
 9 
 
 738. 25 
 
 21 
 
 29.150 
 
 69 
 
 ^ 68 
 
 
 10 
 
 738. 20 
 
 21 
 
 29.150 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 L)o do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 738. 20 
 
 21 
 
 29. 150 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 12 
 
 738. 50 
 
 22 
 
 29.168 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 West-southwest wind ; cloudy, high wind. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 739.35 
 
 21 1 
 
 29.186 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 West wind; cloudy, high wind. 
 
 
 2 
 
 740. 00 
 
 21 
 
 29.214 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 740. 80 
 
 21 
 
 29.196 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 Southwest wind; cloudy, high wind^ 
 
 
 4 
 
 741.35 
 
 21 
 
 29.206 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 Cloudy, high wind. 
 
 
 5 
 
 742. 10 
 
 21| 
 
 29.294 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 742. 50 
 
 21 
 
 29.314 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 743.25 
 
 20 
 
 29.340 
 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 744.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.364 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Tuesday, September 5, 1848.. 
 
 8 a. ra. 
 
 748. 25 
 
 16 
 
 29.526 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair. 
 
 9 
 
 748. 50 
 
 16.^ 
 
 29.536 
 
 ' 62 
 
 54 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 
 10 
 
 749.15 
 
 17 
 
 29.564 
 
 62 
 
 55 
 
 Do do. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 749.35 
 
 16 
 
 29.570 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 Fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 
 12 
 
 750. 00 
 
 16| 
 
 29.578 
 
 60 
 
 59 
 
 Fair, high wind. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 750. 00 
 
 16| 
 
 29.586 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 West wind ; fair, high wind. 
 
 
 2 
 
 750. 00 
 
 16 
 
 29 . 580 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Fair, high wind. 
 
 
 3 
 
 750. 20 
 
 17 
 
 29.588 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4| 
 
 750. 25 
 
 18 
 
 29.594 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 West southwest wind ; fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 
 5 
 
 750. 90 ! 
 
 18 
 
 29 600 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 Fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 
 6 
 
 750. 90 1 
 
 18 
 
 29.606 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 750. 90 1 
 
 HI 
 
 29.608 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 * Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 7,50. 95 1 
 
 17 
 
 29.616 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 6, 1848.. . . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 754.00 
 
 15 
 
 29.714 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair, calm. 
 
 9 
 
 754. 15 
 
 16 
 
 29. 724 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 754.25 
 
 17 
 
 29.726 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 South wind ; fair, calm. 
 
 
 11 
 
 754.00 
 
 18 
 
 29.718 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
 12 
 
 753.80 
 
 18 
 
 29.714 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 South wind ; fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 
 1p.m. 
 
 753. 55 
 
 m 
 
 29.700 
 
 66 
 
 / 
 
 1 68 
 
 Do do. 
 
Day and date. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 6, 1848,... 
 
 Thursday, September 7, 1848. 
 
 Friday, September 8,’ 1848... . 
 
 Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Contirmed. 
 
 Hour, 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent, 
 
 Newman’s ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed-— Fahr. 
 
 • 
 
 Thermom. 
 detached — 
 Fahr. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 2 p. m.j 
 
 Mil 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 South wind ; fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southeapit wind ; fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 751.55 
 
 19 
 
 29 . 622 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 Do do. 
 
 6 
 
 751.00 
 
 18 
 
 29 606 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 Do do. 
 
 7 
 
 750. 75 
 
 18 
 
 29.594 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 Do do. 
 
 8 
 
 750.65 
 
 17 
 
 29.586 
 
 .62 
 
 60 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 748.25 
 
 16^ 
 
 29.478 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 South wind ; fair, calm. 
 
 9 
 
 748.15 
 
 17 
 
 29.474 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 Do do. 
 
 10 
 
 748 . 00 
 
 17| 
 
 i 29.476 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 West wind*, fair, fresh breeze. 
 
 11 
 
 748.00 
 
 18 
 
 29. 476 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 Do do. 
 
 12 
 
 748.00 
 
 19 
 
 i 29.476 
 
 65 
 
 69 
 
 Do do. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 748. (lO 
 
 19 1 
 
 29.476 ! 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 Do do. 
 
 2 
 
 748.00 
 
 19i 
 
 29.476 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 Do do. 
 
 3 
 
 748. 00 
 
 20 
 
 29.484 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 Do do. 
 
 4 
 
 748.00 
 
 201 
 
 29.484 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 Do do. 
 
 5 
 
 748.00 
 
 201 
 
 29.500 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Do do. 
 
 6 
 
 748.00 
 
 m 
 
 29 500 
 
 69 
 
 68 
 
 West wind ; fair, calm. 
 
 7 
 
 748.00 
 
 20 
 
 29.514 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 Do do. 
 
 8 
 
 748. 30 
 
 19 
 
 29.524 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 Do do. 
 
 8 
 
 753.70 
 
 16| 
 
 29. 738 
 
 63 
 
 49 
 
 North wind; cloudy, hiffh wind. 
 
 9 
 
 754.30 
 
 16 
 
 29 . 750 
 
 62 
 
 49 
 
 Do do. 
 
 10 
 
 754.75 ’ 
 
 j i ! 
 
 29.766 
 
 66 
 
 51 
 
 Do do; temp, water on lake 
 
 11 
 
 755.00 
 
 IV, i 
 
 29.764 
 
 65 
 
 51 
 
 shore 58°. 
 
 12 
 
 755, 00 
 
 17 
 
 29.762 
 
 63 
 
 53 
 
 Do do ; heavy swell on lake. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 754.55 
 
 J6i 
 
 29 750 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 Do fair, do. 
 
 2 
 
 754.50 
 
 17 
 
 29.750 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair, do. 
 
 3 
 
 754.00 
 
 15i 
 
 29.731 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 Do do. 
 
 4 
 
 754. 00 
 
 15 
 
 29.738 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 Do 1 0 . 
 
 5 
 
 754 00 
 
 16 
 
 29.716 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 Do do. 
 
 6 
 
 . 753.60 
 
 161 
 
 29.694 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 Do fair, calm. 
 
 7 
 
 753.45 
 
 m 
 
 29.694 
 
 62 
 
 50 
 
 West wind ; fair, calm. 
 
 554 
 
Saturday, September 9, 1848. . 
 
 8 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Sunday, September 10, 1848.. 8 a. m. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 ^ 7 
 
 Monday, September 1], 1848. 8 a.m. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 2 
 
 3 . 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 753.25 16 | 29.694 
 
 750.50 12 29.576 
 
 750.25 12 29.560 
 
 750.00 12^ 29.550 
 
 749.50 12| 29.538 
 
 749.50 13| 29.538 
 
 749.00 13 i 29.506 
 
 748.50 13 29.500 
 
 748.20 13 29.478 
 
 747. 75 13 29. 464 
 
 747.60 12h 29.450 
 
 747.00 12| 29.444 
 
 746.65 12 29.414 
 
 746.30 12 29.400 
 
 742.85 111 29.282 
 
 743.00 12 29.298 
 
 743.15 12 29.316 
 
 743.30 121 .29.316 
 
 743.35 12| 29.316 
 
 743. 15 13 29. 324 
 
 743.20 13 29.340 
 
 743.25 13 29.340 
 
 743.45 13| 29.342 
 
 743.50 13/1 29.350 
 
 743.80 13i 29.364 
 
 744.00 13| 29.368 
 
 748.25 11“ 29.532 
 
 748.85 11 29.550 
 
 749.25 11 29.566 
 
 749.50 11 29.584 
 
 749.75 11 29.586 
 
 749.75 11 29.588 
 
 749.85 111 29.584 
 
 749.85 111 29.592 
 
 749.80 12 29.592 
 
 750.00 12| 29.588 
 
 749 75 m 29.580 
 
 750.45 12| 29.588 
 
 750.30 12| 29.590 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 57 
 57 
 56 
 56 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 Do 1 
 
 do. 
 
 
 46 
 
 Southwest wind , 
 
 cloudy, calm. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 53 
 
 West wind ; cloudy, calm. 
 
 
 53 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 53 
 
 West-southwest 
 
 wind ; rain, calm. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 49 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 48 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 48 
 
 West-southwest wind ; rain, calm. (Rain most 
 
 
 
 of the night.) 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 North wind ; cloudy : calm. 
 
 
 46 
 
 Do fan 
 
 r ; do. 
 
 
 49 
 
 Northwest wind 
 
 ; temperature of water on 
 
 
 
 shore, 51^. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Northwest wind. 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Ot 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 cloudy ; calm. 
 
 Oy 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 fair ; do. 
 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 56 
 
 Do 
 
 cloudy ; do. 
 
 
 55 
 
 West wind ; 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 53 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 46 
 
 Northwest wind 
 
 ; do do. 
 
 
 46 
 
 Do 
 
 fair ; do. 
 
 
 48 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 56 
 
 North-northwest wind ; fair; calm. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 57 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 cloudy; calm. 
 
 — 
 
 54 
 
 West wind ; 
 
 do do. 
 
 m 
 
 52 
 
 Do 
 
 do do. 
 
 
 
Barometrical and thermometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 
 Thermom- 
 
 Newman’s ba- 
 
 Thermom- 
 
 / 
 
 Thermom- 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 rometer. 
 
 eter attach- 
 
 rometer. 
 
 eter attach- 
 
 eter detach- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ed~Cent. 
 
 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 •V 
 
 
 
 Tuesday, September 12, 1848. 
 
 
 Mil. 
 
 o 
 
 ) 
 
 Inches f 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 754.70 
 
 111 
 
 29.750 
 
 53 
 
 44 
 
 Northwest wind ; 
 
 fair; 
 
 calm. 
 
 
 9 
 
 754.8a 
 
 Hi 
 
 29 . 778 i 
 
 53 
 
 45 
 
 North wind ; 
 
 do 
 
 do*. 
 
 
 10 
 
 755. 50 
 
 12 
 
 29.794 
 
 54 
 
 47 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 756.00 
 
 1 12 
 
 29.800 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 12 
 
 756.20 
 
 12 
 
 29.800 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 756.15 
 
 12| 
 
 29. 800 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 Northwest wind ; 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 756700 
 
 124 
 
 29.800 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 755.75 
 
 12i 
 
 29.796 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 755. 50 
 
 13 
 
 29.116 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 755.30 
 
 13 
 
 29.764 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 755.15 
 
 13 
 
 29. 750 ! 
 
 56 
 
 51 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 754 . 60 
 
 13 
 
 29.742 
 
 55 
 
 48 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 13, 1848.. . 
 
 8 
 
 754.60 
 
 m 
 
 29 . 742 
 
 52 
 
 47 
 
 Do 
 
 at night. 
 
 do 
 
 do. ; heavy frost 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 754.00 
 
 10 
 
 29.728 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 Southeast wind j 
 
 fair; calm. 
 
 
 9 
 
 753.80 
 
 11 
 
 29. 714 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 753.20 
 
 Hi 
 
 29.688 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 i 
 
 753. 00 
 
 12 
 
 29.678 
 
 53 
 
 52 1 
 
 Do 
 
 do. fresh breeze. 
 
 
 12 ! 
 
 752.50 
 
 13 
 
 29.656 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. - 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 752.20 
 
 13 
 
 29. 650 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 751.50 
 
 13| 
 
 29. 626 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 750.75 
 
 14 
 
 29.600 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 Do 
 
 cloudy ; 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 750.20 
 
 14 
 
 29.574 
 
 57 
 
 ■57 
 
 East-southeast wind ; cloudy : fresh breeze. 
 
 
 5 
 
 749.70 
 
 14 
 
 29.550 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 749.50 
 
 14 
 
 29.544 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 7 
 
 740. 70 
 
 131 
 
 29. 500 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 Thursday, September 14, 1848 
 
 8 : 
 
 1 
 
 748.05 
 
 m 
 
 29.464 j 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 Do 
 
 rain at night. 
 
 do 
 
 high wind 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 740.25 
 
 13 
 
 29.182 i 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 East wind ; rain. 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 740. 20 
 
 13 
 
 29.178 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 Do.. 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 740.25 
 
 13 
 
 29.178 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 11 
 
 740. 20 
 
 13 
 
 29.176 
 
 56 
 
 49 , 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
Friday, September 15^ 1848.. 
 
 Saturday, September lb’, 1848. 
 
 12 
 
 740.25 
 
 13 
 
 29.176 
 
 56 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 740.25 
 
 13 
 
 29 . 376 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 740.25 
 
 13 
 
 29.176 - 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 740.50 
 
 13 
 
 29.200 j 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 740.50 
 
 13 
 
 29.218 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 740.75 
 
 13 
 
 29.238 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 741.00 
 
 13 
 
 29 . 256 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 741.40 
 
 13 
 
 29.274 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 741.55 
 
 13 
 
 29.288 
 
 55 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 745 90 
 
 11 
 
 29.436 
 
 53 
 
 9 
 
 746. 25 
 
 12 
 
 29.444 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 746. 35 
 
 12 
 
 29.444 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 746.35 
 
 12 
 
 29.446 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 746. 40 
 
 124 
 
 29.446 
 
 54 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 746.25 
 
 13“ 
 
 29,450 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 746.15 
 
 13i 
 
 29.442 
 
 58 
 
 3 
 
 746. 00 
 
 13 
 
 29. 418 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 745.70 
 
 13 
 
 29.396 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 745. 30 
 
 14 
 
 29.388 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 745. 00 
 
 14 
 
 29.366 
 
 57 
 
 7 
 
 744.75 
 
 14 
 
 29.350 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 744.20 
 
 14 
 
 29.328 
 
 57 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 737.60 
 
 13 
 
 29.138 
 
 5ff 
 
 9 
 
 737.10 
 
 13 
 
 29.087 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 736.45 
 
 m 
 
 29.050 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 736. 20 
 
 13l 
 
 29.028 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 736.00 
 
 14“ 
 
 29.018 
 
 56 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 735.45 
 
 14 
 
 29.000 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 735.35 
 
 14 
 
 29.000 
 
 57 
 
 3 
 
 735.00 
 
 14 
 
 28.988 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 735.00 
 
 14 
 
 28.978 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 734.75 
 
 14 
 
 28. 984 
 
 58 
 
 6 
 
 734.75 
 
 14 
 
 28.988 
 
 57 
 
 7 
 
 735.00 
 
 14 
 
 29.000 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 735.00 
 
 14 
 
 29.000 
 
 58 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 737.00 
 
 13 
 
 29.084 
 
 56 
 
 9 
 
 737.00 
 
 13 
 
 29 . 084 1 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 737.20 
 
 13 
 
 29.100 
 
 56 
 
 11 
 
 737.65 
 
 13 
 
 29 . 124 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 738 . 15 
 
 14 
 
 29.136 
 
 56 
 
 Ip. m. 
 
 738.30 
 
 14 
 
 29.150 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 738.50 
 
 14,^ 
 
 29.150 
 
 57 
 
 Sunday, September 17, 1848.. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Eaet-northeast wind ; rain. 
 Northeast wind 5 rain. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 North wind rain. 
 
 West wind ; fair-. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind; fair; fresh wind. 
 Do do do. 
 
 ^Do do do. 
 
 Cloudy ; calm. 
 
 Fair ; calm. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 South wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 South wind , fair. 
 
 South wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southwest wind ; rain ; calm. 
 Southwest wind ; cloudy ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 West wind ; cloudy ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 West wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 D@ do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; calm; cloudy. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fresh wind ; fair. 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 
Day and date. 
 
 Sunday, September 17, 1848.. 
 
 Monday, September 18, 1848. 
 
 Tuesday, September 19, 1848. 
 
 Barometrical and thermometrical observations — -Continued. 
 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed— Fahr. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, detach- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 Remarks,. 
 
 3 p. m. 
 
 Mil 
 
 738.75 
 
 1 
 
 ' o 
 15 
 
 Inches. 
 
 29.156 
 
 o 
 
 58 
 
 o 
 
 .59 
 
 Northwest wind ; fresh ; fair. 
 
 4 
 
 730.00 
 
 "*14| 
 
 29.1,56 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 Northwest wind ; fresh ; cloudy. Water on 
 
 5 
 
 739.25 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 29.176 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 shore 54^ F. 
 Northwest wind ; fair. 
 
 ;6 
 
 739.75 
 
 14| 
 
 29.198 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 West-northwest wind ; fair; calm. 
 
 7 
 
 740 : 00 
 
 14^ 
 
 i 29.200 
 
 59 
 
 53 
 
 West wind; fair; calm. 
 
 8 
 
 740.45 
 
 m 
 
 29.228 
 
 58 
 
 52 
 
 Do do. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 741.65 
 
 13 
 
 29.278 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy; calm. 
 
 9 
 
 741.85 
 
 13 
 
 29 . 278 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 10 
 
 741.90 
 
 13| 
 
 29.278 
 
 56 
 
 ' 54 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 11 
 
 741,90 
 
 13| 
 
 29.268 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 Northwest wind; rain; calm. 
 
 12 
 
 742. 00 
 
 14 
 
 29.274 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 Do do. 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 741.75 
 
 13| 
 
 29.270' 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 West wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 2 
 
 741.75 
 
 
 29.260 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 Do do. 
 
 3 
 
 741.70 
 
 13| 
 
 29.260 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 Do do. 
 
 4 
 
 741.75 
 
 13| 
 
 29.254 • , 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 Do do. 
 
 5 
 
 741.75 
 
 I3i 
 
 29.254 
 
 56 
 
 51 
 
 Do do. 
 
 6 
 
 741.75 
 
 13| 
 
 29.256 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 Southwest wind ; cloudy ; calm. 
 
 7 
 
 741.75 
 
 13| 
 
 29.2.58 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 8 
 
 741.75 
 
 13i 
 
 29.260 : 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 741.25 
 
 12| 
 
 29.214 : 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy; calm. 
 
 9 
 
 741.25 
 
 12| 
 
 29.214 
 
 54 
 
 49 i 
 
 Northwest wind; cloudy; calm; water on 
 
 10 
 
 741.25 
 
 12| 
 
 29.218 
 
 54 
 
 48 
 
 shore 52°. 
 
 West wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 11 
 
 741.25 
 
 laf 
 
 29.218 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 Northwest wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 12 
 
 741.10 ' 
 
 12| 
 
 29.218 
 
 55 
 
 48 
 
 North wind ; cloudy ; calm. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 741.00 1 
 
 12| 
 
 29.218 
 
 55 
 
 49 
 
 North wind; rain; calm. 
 
 2 
 
 741.00 1 
 
 12| 
 
 29.218 
 
 55 
 
 48 
 
 Northeast wind ; rain ; calm. 
 
 3 
 
 741. Ot) 
 
 12| 
 
 29.218 
 
 55 
 
 47 
 
 Northeast wind ; cloudy ; high wind ; water 
 
 4 
 
 741.00 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 29.218 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 on shore 52°. 
 
 / 
 
 North w^ftd ; rain ; high wind. 
 
 5 
 
 741.00 
 
 12 
 
 29.220 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 -d 
 
 fc 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 558 
 
Wedn .sday, Sept. 20, 1848. . . 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 21, 1848 . . . . 
 
 Friday, September 22, 1848.. 
 
 6 
 
 741.00 
 
 12 
 
 29.228 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 7 
 
 741.00 
 
 12 
 
 29.238 
 
 53 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 741.10 
 
 111 
 
 29.250 
 
 62 
 
 45 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 741.50 
 
 9 
 
 29.264 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 741.75 
 
 9 
 
 29.280 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 741.90 
 
 9 
 
 29.284 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 742.45 
 
 9 
 
 29.300 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 742.75 
 
 9 
 
 29.314 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 . 1 p. m. 
 
 742.75 
 
 9 
 
 29.318 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 742.85 
 
 9 
 
 29.318 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 3 
 
 743.00 
 
 9 
 
 29.328 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 743.00 
 
 9 
 
 29.328 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 743.30 
 
 9 
 
 29.342 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 743. 60 
 
 9 
 
 29.350 
 
 48 
 
 43 
 
 7 
 
 744.25 
 
 9 
 
 29.366 
 
 48 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 744.55 
 
 9 
 
 29.380 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 750.10 
 
 8 
 
 29. 588 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 
 751.00 
 
 8| 
 
 29.616 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 751.90 
 
 9 
 
 29.638 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 11 
 
 752.10 
 
 9i 
 
 29.654 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 752.35 
 
 9“ 
 
 29.672 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 1 p.m. 
 
 752. 50 
 
 10 
 
 29.680 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 752.50 
 
 10 
 
 29.670 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 752.50 
 
 10 
 
 29.670 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 752.35 
 
 9| 
 
 29.656 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 752. 35 
 
 11 
 
 29.650 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 6 
 
 752.35 
 
 11 
 
 29.652 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 752.35 
 
 10 
 
 29.654 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 752.10 
 
 10 
 
 29.6.50 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 753.75 
 
 9 
 
 29.718 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 753.80 
 
 10 
 
 29.728 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 754.00 
 
 10 
 
 29.728 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 754.00 
 
 10 
 
 29 . 728 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 754.00 
 
 11 
 
 29.716 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 753.80 
 
 11 
 
 29.706* 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 753, 45 
 
 11 
 
 29.700 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 753.00 
 
 11 
 
 29.680 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 752.80 
 
 12 
 
 29.670 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 752.35 
 
 12 
 
 29.660 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 
 752.25 
 
 12| 
 
 29. 654 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 7 
 
 752.25 
 
 12 
 
 29.650 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 North wind ; cloudy ; high wind. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy ; windy. 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; windy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; windy ; water on lake 
 shore 53^. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; windy. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; windy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northwest wind ; cloudy; water on shore 52^^. 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; windy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do . do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 West-northwest wind ; fair; calm. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 West wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 Southwest wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 Do 
 
 do. 
 
 West-northwest wind ; fair; calm. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 West-rxorth west wind ; fair; windy. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Northeast wind ; fair; calm. 
 East-northeast wind ; cloudy; calm. 
 East-northeast wind; fair; calm. 
 Northwest wind ; fair ; calm. 
 
 
 r-Ti 
 
 ^Mdi 
 
 t- 1 
 
Contiimed. 
 
 Day and date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 Standard ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 
 
 MIL 
 
 Friday, Scpteiiiber 1848 . . 
 
 00 
 
 • 
 
 751.73 
 
 Saturday, Scplembet’ 1848 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 ► 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 t 
 
 iS ! 
 
 1 p. in. 
 9 
 
 t 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Cent. 
 
 Newman’s ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 rhermom- 
 eter, attach- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 ' 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter,detaca- 
 ed — Fahr. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 ' 
 
 o 
 
 Inches. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 19 
 
 29. 638 
 
 62 
 
 48 
 
 Southeast wind; fair; calm. 
 
 J1 
 
 
 62 
 
 45 
 
 Southwest wind. 
 
 li 
 
 
 52 
 
 RS) 
 
 Do. 
 
 11 
 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 West wind. 
 
 12 
 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 12^ 
 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 Do, 
 
 m 
 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 14 
 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 13 
 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 13 
 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 13 
 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 12| 
 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 Do. 
 
 12 
 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 North v/ind. 
 
 12 
 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 ✓ 
 
 [ 1 ] 560 
 
[This tabular statelMent of the tettiperatllre at Copper Harbor, on Heweenatsr point, Labe Superior, wasjkindiy furnished 
 at my request, through the Hon. Secretary of the Treasury, by the Surgeon General, The mean annual temperature at 
 Copper Harbor, deduced from this register, is 42®.X45 Fahrenheit] 
 
 * * - pm 
 
 * A » 
 
 MdeoTological register- 
 
 Monthly results, 
 
 
 »-< 
 
 " ■ 
 
 1 
 
 §? Year and month. 
 
 . .j, -■ «• ■ . - 
 
 Thermometer detached* 
 
 * 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 r. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 .3 p. m. 
 
 9 pm. 
 
 Daily 
 
 mean, 
 
 1844. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 June**.* • • * • 
 
 50.80 
 
 58. 04 
 
 65.92 
 
 52.35 
 
 58.53 
 
 July. 
 
 66. 77 
 
 64.38 
 
 72.03 
 
 60.01 
 
 64.96 
 
 August 
 
 57. 70 
 
 64.19 
 
 69.80 
 
 60.70 
 
 63. 90 
 
 Sepiember.. ... .... 
 
 .50.43 
 
 .58.30 
 
 62.40 
 
 52.16 
 
 56. 50 
 
 October. 
 
 37.16 
 
 44. 48 
 
 46.51 
 
 38.41 
 
 42.22 
 
 November 
 
 28.20 
 
 30.73 
 
 31.30 
 
 27.93 
 
 30.40 
 
 December.. 
 
 20.93 
 
 22.45 
 
 25.09 
 
 22.22 
 
 23.06 
 
 1845. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 January 
 
 19.96 
 
 21 70 
 
 23 . 61 
 
 20.32 
 
 21.77 
 
 February 
 
 20. 96 
 
 23 03 
 
 28.00 
 
 22. 82 
 
 24.10 
 
 March 
 
 22.45 
 
 26 87 
 
 30; 4i 
 
 24. 25 
 
 25.83 
 
 April 
 
 31.90 
 
 36.30 
 
 43.46 
 
 35.86 
 
 37.66 
 
 May. 
 
 43.67 
 
 60.22 
 
 59. (.0 
 
 46.32 
 
 51.32 
 
 June ; 
 
 ;60.76 
 
 56.76 
 
 62.37 
 
 53.63 
 
 56.56 
 
 July. ............. 
 
 58.00 
 
 64.87 
 
 71.00 
 
 61.32 
 
 64 48 
 
 August 
 
 68.48 
 
 62.85 
 
 67.41 
 
 57.48 
 
 66.33 
 
 September . . 
 
 51.72 
 
 56.23 
 
 62 .46 
 
 52.50 
 
 57.16 
 
 October 
 
 41 25 
 
 44.41 
 
 48.67 
 
 42.38 
 
 45. 72 
 
 November*. 
 
 29.33 ! 
 
 31.13 
 
 33.46 
 
 29.33 
 
 31.40 
 
 December 
 
 16.38 
 
 19.06 
 
 20. 12 
 
 18.16 
 
 18.27 
 
 1846. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 January ♦ ♦ . 
 
 23. 29 
 
 85.03 1 
 
 28.74 1 
 
 24.54 
 
 25.38 
 
 
 W et bulb. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 48.78 
 
 54. 39 
 
 Observations by Assistant Surgeon C 
 
 . E. Isaacs. 
 
 55.22 
 
 60.77 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 . 56.67 . 
 
 61.48 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 49.56 
 
 56.56 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 36.77 
 
 42.64 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 27.40 
 
 28.46 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 19.33 
 
 23.54 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 19148 
 
 22.80 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 20,28 
 
 26.53 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 21.67 
 
 28.19 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 30.50 
 
 39.23 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 40.22 
 
 49.22 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 48 . 46- 
 
 54.40 
 
 Observations by Assistant Surgeon C. C. Keeney. 
 
 55.90 
 
 60.80 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 54.93 1 
 
 58.70 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 50.80 
 
 60. 73 ' 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 40.02 
 
 47.06 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 28.66 
 
 32.13 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 16.06 
 
 19.41 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 83.78 ' 
 
 S7, 61 
 
 1 
 
 Do 
 
 do 
 
 do* 
 
 m 
 
 "}bb4 
 
 ti - j 
 
Meteorological register — Continued. 
 
 Year and month* 
 
 Tltfermometer detached. 
 
 Wet bulb. 
 
 1 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 3 p. m. 
 
 j. 
 
 9 p. m. 
 
 Daily 
 
 mean. 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 3 p. m. 
 
 1846. 
 
 February.. 
 
 MajN:h.... 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 o 
 
 16.35 
 
 27.64 
 
 34.26 
 
 45.87 
 
 Q 
 
 18.53 
 32. 34 I 
 40. 06 
 53. 29 
 
 o 
 
 23.32 
 
 36.38 
 
 45.96 
 
 60.19 
 
 o 
 
 18.17 
 
 30.29 
 
 36. 76 
 
 48.77 
 
 o 
 
 19.83 
 
 32. 04 
 
 40.04 
 53.35 
 
 o 
 
 16.28 
 27.22 
 33.80 
 45. 32 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 22.67 
 
 34.54 
 
 44.70 
 
 58.83 
 
 Observations by Assistant Surgeon C. C. Keeny. 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 The above are the means of the monthly thermometrical observations taken at Fort Wilkins while occupied by troops. They are taken from the month- 
 ly meteorological registers received at this office. 
 
 Surgeon General’s Office^ 1 , 1848 . 
 
 ALEX. S. WOTHERSPOON, Assistant Surgeon U, S, A, 
 
 Oit 
 
S6B [ 1 J 
 
 Catalogue of specimens forwarded to Dr. Jackson by John Locke^ De- 
 
 cemher^ 1847. 
 
 Those specimens marked ^^Locke” are retained by him. • In general^ 
 those from one locality have been numbered together consecutively; but 
 as they were not ail unpacked at the time^ there is more or less of a sprink- 
 ling of scattered specimens through the whole series^ especially of the spe- 
 cimens from Presq’isle. 
 
 I. — Presq^isle. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1. Not magnetic. 
 
 2. Do. 
 
 3. Do. 
 
 4. See 54. 
 
 5. Do. 
 
 6. See 35. 
 
 7. Scarcely magnetic. 
 
 8. See 38. 
 
 9. See 54. 
 
 10. See 35. 
 
 11. See 54. 
 
 12. Do. 
 
 13. See 35. 
 
 14. Do. 
 
 15. Do. 
 
 16. See 54. 
 
 17. Do. 
 
 18. Do. 
 
 19. See 35. 
 
 20. See 54. 
 
 21. See 35. 
 
 22. See 54. 
 
 23. Not magnetic. 
 
 24. See 54; fine specimen, 
 
 25. See 54. 
 
 26. Do. 
 
 27. See 35. 
 
 28. Do. 
 
 29. See 54. 
 
 30. See 35. 
 
 31. See 54. 
 
 32. See 35. 
 
 33. See 54; 
 
 34. A pebble; veined in the Presq’- 
 isle. manner. 
 
 35. Magnetic^ — feebler than 54. 
 
 36. Lead not magnetic. ‘ 
 
 37. See 54. 
 
 38. See 35. 
 
 39. Do. 
 
 40. See 54. 
 
 Number. 
 
 41. See 26. 
 
 42. Ferruginous, but not mag’tic. 
 
 43. See 76. 
 
 44. See 35. 
 
 45. See 7. 
 
 46. See 54 — feebler, however. 
 
 47. See 54. 
 
 48. See 38. 
 
 49 Do. 
 
 50. See 54; but feebler. 
 51.See35. 
 
 52. Pyrites, lead, and part mag-^ 
 netic; (Locke.) 
 
 53. Do. (Locke.) 
 
 54. Strong polarity. 
 
 55. Do. 
 
 56. Pyrites, magnetism feeble^ 
 
 57. See 35. 
 
 58. Do. 
 
 59. See 54. 
 
 62. See 54. 
 
 63. Do. 
 
 64. Do. 
 
 65. Do. 
 
 66. Feeble. 
 
 67. Has polarity. 
 
 68. Do. 
 
 69. See 52. 
 
 70. Lead and spar, magnetic. 
 
 71. Not magnetic, (Locke.) 
 
 72. Do. 
 
 73. See 76. 
 
 74. Polarity. 
 
 75. 12-hedral; cryst. lead. 
 
 76. Pyrites and lead, not mag- 
 netic. 
 
 77. See 82. 
 
 78. Lead; hot magnetic. 
 
 79. Yeined trap, not magnette* 
 
Number. 
 
 80. See 82. 
 
 81. Calc, pyrit. galena^ mag- 
 netic. 
 
 •82. Galena, not magnetic. 
 
 83. See 35. 
 
 84. 8-hed. cryst. galena, not mag- 
 netic. 
 
 Number. 
 
 124. See 112. 
 
 125. Veined trap, not magnetic. 
 
 126. Do. 
 
 127. Black augitic trap, magnetic. 
 
 128. Do. do. 
 
 129. Not magnetic. 
 
 130. Do. 
 
 85. 
 
 Cryst. of galena. 
 
 131. 
 
 See 1 
 
 86. 
 
 See 101. 
 
 132. 
 
 Do 
 
 87. 
 
 See 54. 
 
 133. 
 
 Do 
 
 88. 
 
 See 35, (Locke.) 
 
 134. 
 
 Do 
 
 89. 
 
 See 54. 
 
 135. 
 
 Do 
 
 90. 
 
 See 101. 
 
 136. 
 
 Do 
 
 91. 
 
 See 54. 
 
 137. 
 
 Do 
 
 92. 
 
 Do. 
 
 138. 
 
 Do 
 
 93. 
 
 Do. 
 
 139. 
 
 Do 
 
 94. 
 
 See 35. 
 
 140. 
 
 Do 
 
 95. Do. 
 
 96. ' See 54. 
 
 97. Not magnetic. 
 
 98. See 84. 
 
 99. Nodule, in midst of veined 
 trap, not magnetic. 
 
 100. See 162. 
 
 101. Small, but with decided po- 
 larity. 
 
 102. See 123. 
 
 103. 
 
 104. Not magnetic. 
 
 105. See 36. 
 
 106. Do. 
 
 107. Iron ore, magnetic. 
 
 108. Do. not magnetic. 
 
 109. See 123. 
 
 110. See 112. 
 
 111. See 123. 
 
 112. See 108. 
 
 113. See 123. 
 
 114. Pyrites, not magnetic. 
 
 115. 12 hed. cryst. galena, not 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 116. 8-hed. cryst., not magnetic. 
 
 117. Not magnetic. 
 
 118. Do. 
 
 119. See 108. 
 
 120. Glossy iron ore, feebly mag- 
 netic. 
 
 121. See 108. 
 
 122. Jusper, not magnetic. 
 
 123. Ferruginous, not magnetic. 
 
 
 141. ' 
 
 142. See 127. 
 
 143. See 129. 
 
 144. 
 
 145. See 129. 
 
 146. 
 
 147. 
 
 148. ’ See 129. 
 
 149. (Locke) trap. 
 
 150. Sandstone, (Locke.) 
 
 151. Trap, (Locke.) 
 
 152. Do. do. 
 
 153. Do. do. 
 
 154. Veined trap, (Locke.) 
 
 155. 
 
 156. 
 
 157. 
 
 158. 
 
 159. 
 
 160. J 
 
 161. Sandstone, including red 
 chalk. 
 
 162. Iron ore. 
 
 163. Do. 
 
 164. Do. 
 
 165. North side Pre^q’isle, carb. 
 cop. 
 
 166. Very heavy ox. iron. 
 
 167. Ferruginous cellular quartz. 
 
 168. ' Garb, lime and iron, (Middle 
 island.) 
 
 169. Black magnetic trap. 
 
 Duplicates of above. 
 
 I 
 
565 1 1 ] 
 
 II . — Aftsey 
 
 Number. Number. 
 
 170. Lustrous slate. 173. Slate. 
 
 171. Sandstone, resembling ortite. 174. Do. 
 
 172. Ferruginous quartz, cryst. 175. Do. 
 
 III . — Iron mountain — i^ange 27, township 47, section 
 
 176. Riband iron ore! 
 
 177. Presq’isle iron ore. 
 
 178. Gray oxide iron. 
 
 179. Do. do. 
 
 180. Iron, gray and red oxide. 
 
 181. Metallic slate. 
 
 182. Magnetic riband iron ore. 
 
 183. Magnetic riband iron ore. 
 
 184. Laminae curved. 
 
 185. Slate from Cross island. 
 
 186. Slate containing pyrites. 
 
 187. See 183. 
 
 188. Riband iron ore, inclining 
 jasper. 
 
 Range 25, township 48, section 11 — Read River falls. 
 
 189. Metamorphic slate with white veins. 
 
 190. Do. 
 
 191. Do. 
 
 192. Do. 
 
 193. Do. 
 
 194. Do. 
 
 195. Imperfect quartz. 
 
 196. Porphyritic sienite. Dead river. 
 
 197. Porphyry, Middle island. Owl island a wrong name — should 
 
 be Middle island.^ ^ 
 
 198. 
 
 199. 
 
 200 . 
 
 201 . See labels. 
 
 202. Heavy and black. Look for tin. 
 
 203. 204, ^5. See labels. 
 
 206. A vein through it. 
 
 The Arise again. 
 
 207. Slate. 
 
 208. 209, ,210. Slate from Anse. 
 
 Granite point — range 25 y township 49, section 34. 
 
 These specimens are labelled erroneously from Middle island. 
 
 211. Carb. lime and iron. 
 
 212. Augite or hornblende, a boulder. 
 
 213. A vein in sienite (Middle island.) 
 
 214 and 215; a boulder, at^ Granite point. 
 
 216. Sienite, (Cross island.) 
 
 217. Sienite, Savine island, range 29, township 49, section, 32. 
 
1 ] 566 
 
 No. 218. SienitO; range 25, township A9, section 29 
 
 219. Granite point again. 
 
 220. Granite point, near the trap. 
 
 221. A boulder, Savine island. 
 
 222. Presqhsle, trap. 
 
 223. Carp River P. O. 
 
 224. Quartz, Carp River P. 0. 
 
 225. Range 25, township 48, section 2, 
 
 226. Cross island. 
 
 227. See label. 
 
 228. Altered sandstone, Nebish rapids. 
 
 229. Do. 
 
 230. Cross island quartz. 
 
 231. Metamorphic slate with pyrites. 
 
 232. Boulder, range 25, township 49, section 29. 
 
 234. In place. 
 
 range 25, 
 
 township 49, 
 
 section 29. 
 
 
 235. Metallic slate, range 
 
 5 25, township 48, 
 
 section 24. 
 
 236. “ 
 
 cc 
 
 25, 
 
 U 
 
 49, 
 
 cc 
 
 29. 
 
 23T, 
 
 u 
 
 25, 
 
 cc 
 
 48, 
 
 cc 
 
 11. 
 
 238. 
 
 u 
 
 25, 
 
 u 
 
 49, 
 
 cc 
 
 29. 
 
 239. 
 
 u 
 
 25, 
 
 u 
 
 48, 
 
 cc 
 
 11. 
 
 240. 
 
 u 
 
 25, 
 
 cc 
 
 41, 
 
 cc 
 
 14. 
 
 241. 
 
 u 
 
 25, 
 
 cc 
 
 49, 
 
 cc 
 
 29. 
 
 242. Granite point sandstone. 
 
 243 and 244. See labels. 
 
 245. Sienite and epidote near Mount Burt, range 25, township 49, 
 
 section 29. 
 
 246. See 241. 
 
 247. Mount Burt. 
 
 248. Mount Burt. 
 
 249. Granite point. 
 
 250. 251, 252, 253. Presq’isle. 
 
 254. Middle island. 
 
 255. Cross island. 
 
 256. Middle island. 
 
 257. Granite point. 
 
 258. Reddle, Granite point. 
 
 259. Boulder, Granite point. 
 
 260. Do. 
 
 261. Middle island. 
 
 262. Palls of Dead river. 
 
 263. Granite point, carb. lime and iron. 
 
 (Does it contain carb. copper?) 
 
 264. Epidote, shore near Mount Burt. 
 
 265. Falls of Dead river. 
 
 266. Iron mountain. 
 
 267 and 268. Cleveland location. 
 
 (These two last, although fine grained, have a less specific 
 gravity than the gray ore of the Jackson company.) 
 
 269. Carp River P. O. 
 
 270. From slate quarry near Teel lake. 
 
 271. As above, (Locke.) 
 
m 
 
 See 270, 
 
 See 270. 
 
 Metallic sandstone; Nebish rapids. 
 
 As above. 
 
 As above, beautifully ripple marked. 
 
 Nebish. 
 
 Nebish; ripple marked. 
 
 See 274. 
 
 Boulder near Mount Burt. (Locke.) 
 
 Trap dike. See label. 
 
 As above. 
 
 Pebble; mouth of Dead river 
 Nebish. 
 
 Nebish, (Locke.) 
 
 Nebish; rippled. 
 
 Ra^ds of the Sault. 
 
 287 to 299. Sandstone near the head of the rapids. 
 
 300 to 310. Echo lake copper; Echo lake limestone. 
 
 311. 
 
 312. With tooth-like projections. 
 
 313. 
 
 314. Slate with conglomerate pebbles, or crystals of porphyritia 
 
 sienite. 
 
 315 and 316. Locke. 
 
 317 to 320. Limestone. 
 
 321. Trap? 
 
 322. 
 
 324.* See 314: 
 
 325 to 327. See 312. 
 
 328; 329, Metallic slate in the limestone, with diluvial scratches, 
 found dose to the lake shore. 
 
 330. As above. 
 
 331. 
 
 332. Showing seams of altered and contorted glate in the lime-^ 
 
 stone, the vestiges of original stratification. 
 
 Camp, August, 
 
 333 and 334. Depletes of sandstone from a boulder. 
 
 335. Probably from Pictured rocks. 
 
 Bruce mine, 
 
 , B, and C, indicate different portions of the mine,, A being the lowermost or southwardly.! 
 
 335— B. 
 
 No. 342— C; 
 
 336— B. 
 
 343— @. 
 
 337 — B. Gangue. 
 
 344— B. 
 
 338. (Locke.) 
 
 345— C. 
 
 339— B. 
 
 246— A. 
 
 340— C. 
 
 347— A. 
 
 341 ^B. 
 
 348. 
 
 No. 272. 
 273. 
 274i 
 275- 
 
 276. 
 
 277. 
 
 278. 
 
 279. 
 
 280. 
 281. 
 282. 
 
 283. 
 
 284. 
 
 285. 
 
 286. 
 
568 
 
 m 
 
 No. 349— A. 
 
 350— B. 
 
 351— C. 
 
 352— p. 
 
 353— C. 
 
 354— A. 
 
 ^55. 
 
 356— B. 
 
 357. Locke. 
 
 358— A. 
 
 359. Carb. copper. This was 
 the first discovery ol 
 the mine. 
 
 360— B. 
 
 361. 
 
 362— a; 
 
 363— B. 
 
 364— A. 
 
 365— A. 
 
 366— B. 
 
 367— C. 
 
 368— B. 
 
 369— A. 
 
 370. 
 
 371— A. 
 
 372— 0. 
 
 373— 0. 
 
 374.— A. 
 
 375— 0. 
 
 376— A. 
 
 377— 0. 
 
 378^B. 
 
 379—0. 
 
 380. 
 
 381— 0. 
 
 382— B. 
 
 383. 
 
 384— 0. 
 
 385— 0. 
 
 386— B. 
 
 387— B. 
 
 No. 388— A. 
 
 389— B. 
 
 390— 0. 
 
 391— B. 
 
 392— B. 
 
 393— 0. 
 
 394. ^A. 
 
 395. 
 
 396., 
 
 397— A. 
 
 39B — Oi Oarb. co|^r 
 
 399. Echo lake. 
 
 400. Echo lake. 
 
 401— B. 
 
 402. 
 
 403— B. 
 
 404 — O. 
 
 405— A. 
 
 406— B. 
 
 407— B. 
 
 408— A. 
 
 409— 0. 
 
 410— A. 
 
 411. 
 
 412— 0. 
 
 413— 0. 
 
 414. 
 
 415—0. Trap rock of the 
 mine* 
 
 416 to 420. See 415. 
 
 421. Trap; augi tic? and rath- 
 er basaltic; about 20 
 rods from the mine; 
 strongly magnetic. 
 422 and 423. See above. 
 424— Trap.— C. 
 
 425. Next to the vein — the 
 "w^all ^ ^ 
 
 426 — 0. Wall and vein. 
 
 427— C. 
 
 Two miles west of Bruee mine.. 
 
 428. Jasper; conglomerate. 
 
 429; 430; 431. See above. 
 
 432. (Locke.) 
 
 433. Jasper; in place. 
 
 434. See 428. 
 
 435. Bruce mine. See 421. 
 
 436. Like specimen 314. 
 
 437. Associated with limestone. 
 
569 
 
 No. 438. Trap. 
 
 439. Limestone similar to that at Echo lake > 
 
 440. Metallic slate? 
 
 441 and 442. Metallic limestone. 
 
 Pictured rocks. 
 
 443 to 448. Grand island. 
 
 449 to 452. Grand Portal. 
 
 453. Grand island. 
 
 454. Portal rock, 
 
 455. Sparsy from Portal cave. 
 
 Pucoids from Grand Portal cave 
 
 456to4Tl. 
 
 Retained to make drawings from; 472 to 476. 
 
 Probably from Presq^isle^ 
 
 477. 
 
 478. 
 
 479. 
 
 480. 
 
 j. tiG nrnsti 
 
 481 to 491. No. 489 very heavy. 
 
 PresqHsle again. 
 
 492 to 509. 
 
 497. Magnetic. 
 
 499. Heavy; but scarcely magnetic. 
 
 507; 508; 509. Magnetic. 
 
 Carp^ river and vicinity, 
 
 510. Cleveland location iron. 
 
 511 to 515. Jackson Company iron. 
 
 516. Not soapstone; but a soft trap. 
 
 517. 
 
 518. Contains pyrites. 
 
 519. Dead river porphyritic sienite. 
 
 520 to 522. Copper ore. 
 
 523 and 524. See labels. 
 
 525. Pyrites. 
 
 526. Prismatic slate. The structure resembles that of the hone^: 
 
 slate below. 
 
 527 and 528. Hone slate or novaculitO; range 26; township 48;. 
 
 section 30. 
 
 529. See 515. 
 
[ 1 ] 570 
 
 No. 530. Near Tobacco river. 
 
 531. Near do 
 
 532. Near Tobacco river (Locke.) 
 
 533. See5U. 
 
 534. Presq’isle. 
 
 535. Loadstone^ range 26; township 4S; one* eighth mile north of 
 
 section 18. 
 
 536 to 538. See 535. (535 Locke.) 
 
 540. Augitic trap? 
 
 541. See label. 
 
 542. Sienite (porphyry) of Esconawby. 
 
 543. 
 
 544. See 542. 
 
 545. Beautiful sienite (porphyry) of Esconawby Falls. 
 
 Sandstones^ not of Train Point^^'^ but of a point loest of it. 
 
 546 to 552. 
 
 549 to 551. Sulphate of baryta. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 553. Carp river. 
 
 554. Anse; ferruginous. 
 
 555. Slickensides” slatC; Anse. 
 
 556. As above. 
 
 Nodules from Grand Portal, 
 
 55T to 582. 
 
 Supposed fossils^ ^ of Chand Portal — mero probably crystals of spathic 
 
 iron^ or, iron and carbonate of lime. 
 
 583 to 592. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 593. Copper vein. See label. 
 
 594. Bruce mine. 
 
 595. Iron Jackson mine. 
 
 596 to 604. Parcel from Presq’isle mine. 
 
 605. Locality unknown. 
 
 606. See label. 
 
 60T and 608.. Carp river. 
 
 609. Metallic sandstone; Carp River P. O. 
 
 610. Metallic sandstone; Carp River P. 0. 
 
 611. Gros cape; vesicular trap. 
 
 612. South end Middle island. 
 
 613. Spathic iron; Granite point; (Locke.) 
 614 to 617. Presqhsle. 
 
No. 618. Carp river. 
 
 619. Pictured rocks^ (Locke.) 
 
 620. Portal rdck^ showing white stains. 
 
 621. Pictured rocks, (Locke.) 
 
 622. Near Miner’s river. 
 
 623. Hair salt” efflorescence. 
 
 624. Do 
 
 625. Do (Locke.) 
 
 626. See 622. 
 
 627 to 630. Sulph. baryta, Grand Portal, (630 Locke. 
 
 631 to 633. Presq’isle. 
 
 634 to 636. Gros cape. 
 
 636 and 637. (Locke.) 
 
 638. Trace green carb. cop., Grps cape. 
 
 639. Epidote, Gros cape. 
 
 640. Amygdaloid, Gros cape. 
 
 641. Laumonite, Gros cape. 
 
 642 to 645. Gros cape. 
 
 646. Sandstone, with greerr stain, (Pictured rocks.) 
 
 647. Presq’isle, sulphate of iron. 
 
 648. Do do 
 
 Fhssiliferms, 
 
 649. Great prthocera from St. Joseph’s island; 5 feet long, 8 inches 
 
 in diameter; joints about 3 to the inch, and making in all 
 about 180 chambers; se^ihuncle large, well marked, and 
 filled with crystals. (See drawing.) Posterior end con- 
 tracts abruptly within 2 or 3 inches of the termination. 
 
 650. A piece (A) which fits 649, at the point A. 
 
 651. A piece (B) which also fits 649, at the point B. These two 
 
 pieces should be glued on to their places. 
 
 Pentamerus oblongus, — ^ ^ Range ^ east ^ toionship 42, section 17; (?.” — 
 Collected by Dr, Channing^ promontory S, 8^ E, from the old. fort 
 on St, Jos^lh^s,^^ 
 
 No. 652 to 841. 
 
 842. Orthocera, fragment, St. Joseph’s. 
 
 843. Pentamerui^ oblongus, var. foliatus, retained. 
 
 844. Calamipora and cyathophyllum. 
 
 445. Do. 
 
 846. Pentamerus and cyathophyllum. 
 
 847. Calamipora. 
 
 848. Chert and calamipora. 
 
 849. Is it cyathophyllum? 
 
 850. Calamipora. 
 
 851. Do. 
 
 852. Cyathojftiyllum, calamipora, and univalOr. 
 
 853. Calamipora. 
 
 854. Uni valor. 
 
 855. Calamipora. 
 
[ 1 ] 572 
 
 No. 856. Calamipora and pentamerus. 
 
 857. Calamipora. 
 
 858. Pentamerus and cyathophyllum. 
 
 859. Calamipora. 
 
 860. Do. 
 
 861. Pentamerus oblongus. 
 
 862. Calamipora. 
 
 Cross island and Savine island are small rocks within hail of Middle 
 island. They ^re not well put down on the maps. One has a cross of 
 trap dikes; and the other, the more remote one, produces the true 
 jamiperus sabina. 
 
 Several specimens have been labelled Middle island” which should 
 have been Granite point. The brown spar, consisting of carbonate of 
 lime and iron, was from Granite point. 
 
 Cincinnati, January 23, 1848. 
 
 Dear Sir: I enclose to you a catalogue of the specimens which I 
 have forwarded, which professes to be little more than a kind of duplicate 
 record of locality. In several cases I have made notes on the magnetism 
 of the specimens. Those from Presqu’isle are remarkable in that par- 
 ticular, especially such as contain carbonate of lime, sulphuret of lead, 
 sulphuret of iron, and sulphuret of copper. I presume their magnetism 
 is due to protosulphuret of iron. I should think it would be interesting 
 to analyze some that are most highly magnetic — as No. 54, for example,, 
 which is not only magnetic, but possesses decided polarity. I am now 
 engaged in the actual labor of the report, and shall be happy to receive 
 any suggestions from you. How soon will it be wanted? I ask this 
 question because of some of the maps and illustrations which I am pro- 
 curing, and which will require a little time. 
 
 Yours, 
 
 J. LOCKE. 
 
 Dr. Jackson. 
 
 United States geological survey of public lands in Michigan, — Field-notes.- 
 
 July 8, 1847. — Camping ground near Horseshoe Harbor. Rocks con- 
 glomerate — mixed with sandstone, which occurs in thin slaty strata, the 
 surfaces of the strata being gray, and having a shaly appearance. The 
 pebbles of the conglomerate are, among others, compact and vesicular 
 trap, chlorite, porphyry, and carbonate of lime. Color of the sandstone 
 red, grains coarse. Isolated rock on the beach in place. Course, VY. 
 
 S., E. 5^>N.; dip, 40^N. 
 
 July 9. — Barometer at the house taken as the lower station, and at the 
 summit of the mountain above Lake la Belle: 
 
 At the house, llh.- — B. 29.269; T. 29.6; — B. 29.282; T. 29.3* 
 
 At the summit, 4h. 40' — B. 28.644; T. 24.5. 
 
 At the house, 51i. 40'— B. 29.216; T. 24. 
 
 At the lake, 6h. — B. 29. .502; T. 23. 
 
 At the house, 6h. 35' — B. 29.212; T, 23.5* 
 
ST3 [ 1 3 
 
 J5j’ 
 
 July 10.— Mount Houghton. Barometer broken. The summit of the 
 mountain and irregular ridge running E. to Lake Superior 5^ miles^ 
 ^coming out on the shore just beyond the little Montreal river j consists of 
 a red striated rock; hard like jasper; cleaveable in laminae/ It suggests 
 the idea of a sand rock indurated by heat. It can be separated in very 
 distinct strata bearing W, 5^ N., dip 60^. 
 
 July 11. — Ascended Mount Houghton again^ and attempted to find the 
 junction of the jasper and trap, but it was. covered, by the soil, and must 
 be examined on the lake shore. The trap at the foot of Mount Hough- 
 ton on the south shore is black with a fine grain, occasionally amygdaloi- 
 dal. On approaching the jasper the trap becomes coarser in grain and 
 reddish. The nearest part of the jasper to the trap is amorphous and 
 massive in structiire, with a coarse grain. Higher up it becomes -Strati- 
 fied or laminated, so as to cleave into even and thin plates. The jasper 
 scratches steel, and strikes fire freely. Specimens of the various roeks 
 taken. 
 
 July 12.— At the north point of Keweenaw the tmp is amygdaloidal, 
 with nodules of chlorite, and what proved to be mesole and hehlaudite; 
 also, abundant nodules of agate and masses of laumonite. Specimens 
 taken for Dj. Jackson. 
 
 Jul'y 17.— Point half a mile no^rth of Tobacco river, palisades of hori- 
 zontal sandstone 20 feet high. The red and white sandstone alternate^as 
 usual in this formation; but the red sandstone is slaty in structure, al- 
 most approaching shale. The most remarkable circumstance is the o<^- 
 currence, at intervals of about 8 feet, of strata of a very coarse, almost 
 ^gravelly sandstone, cemented partially by a white pulyerulent substance, 
 probably carbonate of lime, to be examined in the specimens. These 
 strata are about two feet thick, and look like decayed limestone at a little 
 distance.^ 
 
 July 20.— li’Anse,^ eastern side, south of Methodist mission half a 
 mile. Sandstone in thick strata, alternating with strata of slaty struc- 
 ture. . Apparent course, E,. and W. ; clip, 30^ N. For the slaty strata, a 
 false cleavage of IB*^ inclination to the NNW. Pebbles, occur occasion- 
 ally in the sandstone, showing a tendency to conglomerate. Color of 
 the thick strata lighter than the slaty, which are red. 
 
 One-half mile further south the strata are mucH contorted, and the 
 4 shaly structure increases; slate then occurs, sometimes striated and nearly 
 approaching hornstone. In the midst of this occurs a compact white 
 slate, used for whetstones, of fine grain,. and separating into suitable 
 slabs. Specimens taker*. Several arches occur in the stratification of 
 the slate, where the strata have been pushed up from below, and masses 
 of a trappean rock at length appears under the slate. North of these the 
 dip is: generally north; south of them the dip is generally south. The 
 trappean rock , contains fragments of slate distributed through it5 and con- 
 verted into hornstone when in small pieces, like the efupfed granite of 
 Pigwacke.t mountam Hampshire. Large veins of quartz occur in 
 the slate, ferruginoiis and containing cavities with crystals. A black 
 mmeral, of \yhicti specimens were taken for examinatidri, occurs in small 
 quantities with thetquartz, and afoo a white pulverulenkstibstarice, proba- 
 ]61y kaolin. With the slate occurs talc and asbestos. ’ The whole region 
 ^bove described is very interesting, and will reward more minute obser- 
 vation. 
 
574 
 
 r *] 
 
 , July 21. — Presqu’isle^New York, and Lake Superior Mining Company. 
 The vein is in a light green trap, reticulated with white veins near the 
 junction of the sandstone with which the trap is apparently interfused. 
 The vein crosses a large gulJey on the shore, appearing on both sides. 
 Course, W. 40^ N.; dip, 2^ (N. 40^ E.) The walls of the vein are lined 
 with fibrous asbestos, galena, and sulphuret of iron; also, arsenical sul- 
 phuret of iron observed in the vein. Thread veins occur in the neigh- 
 borhood. Width of the principal vein on the face of the rock, from a 
 mere thread to 6 inches, distributed much in pockets. A shaft sunk and 
 drifts carried in NW. and SE.; these are now full of water. Another 
 vein on the point further to the east has also been opened. Carbonate of 
 lime occurs crystallized in several forms. Oclohedral galena also occurs 
 in fine specimens. Specimens of tiie ore containing copper pyrites raised 
 from the shaft, and other minerals taken. 
 
 The junction of the trap and sandstone on the east of the point is very 
 interesting. The trap is veined, sometimes with carbonate of lime, and 
 sometimes apparently with silicate of lime, and also with quartz. It pre- 
 sents a rich marbled appearance. The sandstone also seems to have been 
 fused or mingled with the trap. On the east side the trap frequently pre- 
 sents caverns at the water’s edge, from the decay of the rock. There is 
 one deep cavern, probably over 100 feet high and deep, varying from three 
 to eight feet in width, formed by the decay of a more recent dike of black 
 trap, seen above. A recent dike of very hard and black trap occurs on 
 <he face of the rock on the east side. 
 
 July 24. — From the warehouse near the mouth of Carp river, nine miles^ 
 to the dam building on the river, range 26 west, township 48, section 28, 
 southeast quarter section, vein of quartz containing copper pyrites, course 
 west- northwest, in metamorphic slate. Gtuartz-vein varying in width,, 
 containing from mere threads to one or two feet. The ore is in threads^ 
 and bunches in the quartz. Specimens taken. The slate deeply fur- 
 rowed with ^^drift scratches” on the surface. Course east and west. A 
 permit located on this vein. Traces of green carbonate of copper are also 
 found in the quartz. Cubical pyrites, apparently brown pyrites,” occurs 
 in the slate adjoining the vein. 
 
 In range 26, township 48, section 26, occurs a vein of quartz, contain- 
 ing threads and small bunches of copper pyrites, and traces of green car- 
 bonate. Course of vein about east and west. The rock in place at the* 
 vein is metamorphic slate. 
 
 Mr. McNair informs us that in the adjoining hills in township 48, range 
 26, there are several veins of quartz containing traces of copper of a similar 
 character. 
 
 The route from the warehouse near the mouth of Carp river, in town- 
 ship 48, ^nge 25, and township 48, range 26, is through metatnorphic 
 slate. This almost passes into trap near the lake, but becomes distinctly' 
 stratified and passes into clay and talcose slate higher up. 
 
 The metamorphic slates already spoken of contain frequent thread veins^ 
 of carbonate of lime, and also quartz. Occasionally, where the rock ap- 
 pears most changed, it contains quartz, and apparently felspar, in separate 
 particles, diffused through the mass. ^ 
 
 Jul?y 26‘. — Opposite the house of Mr. McNair on section 311, township 
 48, occurs a ridge of talcose slate, on the top of which are ^^drift” scratches.. 
 Course west 16^ north, sharp and accurately measured. Above and be- 
 
hind this occurs a perpendicular barrier of quartz^ whose course is east 
 and west — width not determined, but estimated at forty rods. It extends 
 west from Carp river to the whetstone quarry in section 30, and beyond. 
 This quartz is ferruginous, and contains micaceous iron ore, as it appears 
 to be, so as to resemble in some specimens mica slate. Specimens from 
 this locality are marked ^^Carp River P. O.” (post oifice.) ^ 
 
 ■ The whetstone quarry occurs in section 30, township 48, range 26, ad- 
 joining the quartz. The course of the rock is generally north of east, and' 
 sbiUh of west. Specimens of this taken. It is of excellent quality, and 
 preferred by mechanics who have used it, to any other. It has a cross frac- 
 ture and a tendency to break in a third direction, if not more, so that whet- 
 stones cannot \vell be broken out, but must be sawed. This will be a 
 valuable quarry. It is on the northeast quarter-section. 
 
 The Jackson iron mine, range 27, township 47. It will be in section I, 
 when surveyed. The direction of the range and of the ridges in the iron 
 rock,, about east and west. Length of workable ore less than one-fourth 
 mile. The breadth has been estimated at 1,000 feet, but without precision. 
 Height, by the barometer, taken by Dr. Locke. It extends to the ravine 
 at the foot of the hill, improving in quality as it descends, and reaches 
 nearly to the summit. The surface presents an immense quantity of 
 loose masses, which are supposed to be sufficient for a furnace for many 
 years without mining. The best ore is of a loose crystalline structure, 
 easily broken by the sledge. The faces of some of the crystals ar4 observ- 
 able by the microscope, but not sufficient to determine their form. A part 
 of the ore (about one half on the surface of the ground) consists of ^^rib- 
 bon” ore, striated with red veins, which deserve examination to ascertain 
 their nature an|i influence on the ore in the furnace. A third variety con- 
 sists of the slaty ore> a compact, pure ore, equal in quality nearly, if not 
 quite, to the crystalline. 
 
 Following the western line, south of range 26, township 47, sections 6 
 and Z^. Iron boulders and angular masses @f ribbon ore. Ferruginous 
 quartz on pinnacle of hill, just past the corner of section 6. Slaty iron 
 just past quarter-section mark of section 7. 
 
 6h., metamorphic sandstone. 6h. 10m., iron ore, fine grain. Sec- 
 tion 7, just before corner of section 18, talcose metamorphic slate of a 
 bluish color, somewhat crystalline. 
 
 July 27. — At camping- ground, iron highly magnetic. Position about 
 oue-eighth mile south of the north line of section 18, following, as above, 
 the west line of township 47, range ®6, in a south course. One north 
 and one south magnetic pole, round which the needles were reve^rsed 
 within a foot. The compass wild. Distance between the poles, 17 feet 
 8 inches, in axlirection east and west. Soil full of angular fragments of 
 loadstone. Ledge of compact stratified iron ore, whose apparent course 
 is W. 20® S., dip 39® WSW. — highly magnetic, with strong poles. Part 
 compact |)lack ore; part resembling the ribbon ore of Jackson location. 
 
 Going south from the above y, sienite; 7', magnetic iron in place; IS'^ 
 magnetic iron ore, associated with metamorphic slate; 48^, silicious meta- 
 morphic iron rock, on a high cliff. Course of valley and bluff, S. 10® W. 
 
 Standard augitic rock’’ No. 1, township 47, range 26, section 18^ ne^ 
 sbuthwest corner-post. 
 
 Corner-post, 12h. 36m., section 19, near northwest corner. Iron ore,, 
 slightly magnetic; compact,;but not of the highest specific gravity. 
 
576 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 2h. 20m. j quarter- section post. 2h. 27m., stream running east. 2Iv 
 ^35m.^ iron ore, compact, light. 2h. 42m., iron ore, compact, heavy; 
 top of ridge. 2h. 44m., corner-post, section 30. 2h. 50m., ascended 
 
 pinnacle of an iron mount, 60 rods to the east of the line of sec- 
 tion 30. Iron ore, slaty or earthy, impure. Barometer observed by 
 Dr. Locke. Time of starting on trail again, at place near where we 
 left it at 2h. 50m., as above, was 3h. 12m. 4h., left Lilly pond. 4h. 
 t5m., iron ore. 4h. 8m., top of ridge, E. and W. 4h. 10m., sienite, 
 with red felspar. 4h. 19m., ridge, summit; course W. by S.; sienite, 
 obscurely marked with veins of iron. 4h. 28m., rock of quartz and light 
 xed felspar. 4h. 32m., ^^augitic rock’’ No. 1. 5h. 50m., quartz and feb 
 spar rock, in fine grains; also, coarse, v/ith large masses of felspar; also, 
 granite, or gneiss, much interrupted by quartz veins. 6h. 55m., ridge 
 W. 10® S. 7b. 2m., ridge, W, 10® S.; ridge noith of the east branch of 
 the Esconawby, on township line, course W. 20® S.; red felspar sienite. 
 The rocks for two miles back, mostly ^^augitic rock” No. 1 and sienite. 
 The red sienite above, in range 26, township 46, section 6, is taken as 
 ■Standard No. 2, (See page 586.) 
 
 July 28. — lOh. 34m., section-corner, section 7, township 46, range 26. 
 llh. 30m., crystallized felspar and quartz. Rocks of late, sienite No. 2. 
 llh. 45m., swamp, rocks sienite, with white felspar. 12h. 25m., section- 
 '^corner, section 18. Ih. 20m., sienite, gray and well defined; a rounded 
 xidge of 30 or 40 feet, course SSE. and NN W., just before quarter-section 
 post. 2h. lOrn., section-corner, north line of section 19. 2h. 40m., 
 
 stream, north side; rock of quartz and hornblende, hornblende slate; on 
 south side, red sienite, (No. 2.) 4h. 40m., dark brown sienite. 4h. 58m., 
 section-corner, north line of section 30. 
 
 Rapids on the Esconawby, following left or east bank of the river 
 southward, one-fourth mile below its intersection with the township line. 
 Rock highly crystalline red sienite. 
 
 Rapids of the Esconawby, in the bend of the river, and in fqwnship 
 '46, range 27, section 25, one-eighth mile from the preceding. On the 
 left side, gray sienite, crystalline and exceedingly hard, with surface pol- 
 ished. On the right bank, the same sienite occurs, but the felspar In- 
 dian-red, and highly crystalline. 
 
 Little Falls, one-third mile below, in township 46, range 26, section 
 30, gray sienite. r 
 
 Rapids, 9h., porphyritic sienite, gray. 9h. 15m., porphyritic sien- 
 ite, gray. 9h. 45m., Great Palls, sienite, with red felspar, in large crys- 
 talline masses, color very deep; just below, ^^augitic rock” No. 1; and 
 .about 20 rods southeast, on the hill-side, range or bluff of sienite, course 
 M. and S. llh. 10m., ^^augitic rock” No. 1. llh. 23m., sienite, gray 
 .and ' porphyritic. 
 
 12h. 30m., south line of township 46, range 26, where it touches the 
 xiver. Ih.' 20m., white sienite, with hardly any hornblende. Ih. 25m., 
 fails, red sienite, containing mica. 
 
 3h. 20m., Indian trail, N. 20® E. 3h. 30m., course N. 3h. 35m., 
 crossed stream and prairie, stream running S. E. 3h. 56m., coarse 
 light-red sienite; trail N.,55® E. 4h. 30m., crossed E. and W. sur- 
 Teyors’ line, close to a large stream; course of trail N. 6h. 35m., arrived 
 at camp on stream running N W. ; trail also NW. 
 
 July 30.-— Started at 8h. 45m. 9h., light reddish sienite on summit; 
 
577 
 
 [IJ 
 
 t^rail-course NE. 9h. 2m.^ N. and jS. surveyors’ line. 9h. 10m., ridge 
 NSV. and SE. 9h. 14m., stream running SW. 9h. 45m., light-colored 
 sienite. 9h. 50m., red sienite, with fine grains, on a ridge; the ridge to 
 the south, as well as the present one, runs NW. and SE.; course of trail 
 NE. 9h; 56m., gray granite, probably in place. 9h. 58m., before cross- 
 ing east branch of Escbnawby, red sienite. IQh. 2m., east branch, run- 
 ning E3E. lOh. 20m., hornblende slate, dip NE. lOh. 25m., small 
 branch of river, course SE.; trail-course N. E.; north side of stream, red 
 sienite, intermingled with gray gneiss. IQh. 35m., hornblende slate. lOh^ 
 40rri., red sienite. llh., red sienite. llh. 5m., ridge E. and W.; trail 
 N. by E. llh. 15m;, coarse and fine red sienite, with veins of quartz 
 several inches broad, well defined. An E. and W. surveyors’ line comes 
 in here, and piiie plains commence immediately after, llh. 40m., ridge- 
 course E. 1® N. llh. 48m., fine sienite. llh. 55m., N. and S. survey- 
 ors’ line; trail N. 30® E. The general course of the trail has been for 
 two or three miles N. 20® E. 
 
 12h. 10m., valley on the right, N. and S. 
 
 Ih. 20m., lake; 3h. 45m., stream running E. by S.; 4h. 25m., abrupt 
 iedge of quartz; course NE.; opposite to it on the trail, clay, slate some- 
 what changed; quartz continues for one-quarter mile. Section corner on 
 township line at about 5h. 30m.; Lake Superior at about 6h. 
 
 July 3L- — ^About 1 mile north of Carp river along the coast,, clay slate 
 occurs, dip nearly vertical; course nearly E. and W. A little distance 
 beyond to the north the slate is found highly metamorphic, and a trap- 
 pean rock occurs, apparently blending with the slate; a specimen of this 
 taken. The trap rocks seem thus to be frequently interfused with the 
 metamorphic rocks in this region, and sometimes to receive even a strati- 
 fied structure, when slightly changed from their original type. 
 
 Specimens of iron ore from the Cleveland location, kindly furnished by 
 Mr. McNair. They consist of a very compact ore, with fine grain — a var 
 riety occurring in small veins, and" probably not existing in large quan- 
 tity. The Cleveland location is in the southern part of T. 47, R. 27. 
 
 With regard to the metalliferous character of the region to which these 
 notes, from July 24 to July 31 inclusive, refer, there can be no doubt in 
 placing the coarsely crystalline sienite of the Esconawby and southeni 
 part of the primitive district apart from the trap and copper-bearing rocks 
 of Lake Superior. The fine-grained sienite near the junction with the 
 metamorphic rocks may be nearer to the copper-bearing rocks ; but a search 
 for copper in them would probably be unprofitable, and a liberal policy 
 would separate them from the mineral district. With regard to the metar 
 inprphic rocks there is more doubt, and a general opinion cannot, perhaps 
 be properly given. The veins of quartz-bearing copper in R. 26, T. 48* 
 and those at the Anse, deserve close examination for gold, silver, and 
 other rare metals. Veins of this description, if they prove important, caii 
 undoubtedly be found in the metamorphic rocks. . 
 
 2.— -Rock at the mouth of Dead river, resembling sienite, but 
 ^parently consisting of quartz, white and black, felspar, and epidote, 
 with occasional cubes of iron pyrites. It is intersected with vejns of epi- 
 4pt0 and quartz; specimens taken. Some of the seams of the rock, wheii 
 broken open, are found lined with chlorite, 
 
 Dead River falls, one mile above mouth; bed, between ridges of quartz 
 and felspar, rock, consisting of altered talcose slate; course W. IQ® S* 
 Part ii— 37 
 
578 
 
 11 ] 
 
 duartz and felspar are seen in particles in the slate^ and seams of chlo- 
 rite in the quartz and felspar rock. A light pink-colored mineral found 
 in the bed of the stream^ interstratified with the talcose slate. This ex~ 
 amined for lithia by blowpipe^ but considered a silicate of lime^ though 
 requiring further examinatidn. 
 
 August 3. — Owl island; bearing due west from the west point of Presq’- 
 isle. Fine red sienitC; containing seams of changed chlorite slate^ which 
 contain particles of quartz in some places, where in contact with the gran- 
 ite. Course of veins of slate generally SE. and NW. Surface of rocks 
 near the shore smooth, and marked with drift scratches” SSE.’, follow^ 
 ing the course of the lake shore. Estimated height of the island 120 feet. 
 Deep fissures occur where the slate has decayed out. On the side E. 
 by S., a trap dike occurs feet wide, course WSW. It is of the horn- 
 blendic variety. Near the dike the sienite is redder than elsewhere. 
 Further to the south is a vein of changed chlorite slate, having the same 
 course, and appearing to pass into trap. The pink-colored mineral found 
 at Dead River falls also occurs here. On the west side a trap dike occurs, 
 probably the same noticed on the east, and to the SW. a dike of gray 
 compact trap, containing apparently arsenical pyrites, but deserving fur- 
 ther examination. Near this dike occurs an intervenation of sienite and 
 trap, which are also evidently interfused with each other for an area of 
 several yards. Hornblende slate and chlorite slate also occur, mingled 
 with the others; a narrow vein of carbonate of lirqe also occurs. 
 
 Large island, off the first point west of Presq’isle. On the east side 
 a junction of trap and sandstone occurs; a narrow vein of conglomerate is 
 found between the two, as on Presq’isle. Further south, going to- 
 wards the beach, true conglomerate comes in, and large and numerous 
 boulders and fragments of hornblende rock cover a portion of it. The 
 conglomerate extends j^erhaps one-eighth mile. A vein of sienite appears 
 at one place on the shore, passing under the sandstone, which seems to 
 have been upheaved by it. The end of the point appears at a little dis- 
 tance to be sienite traversed by dikes of trap. "^Phe south side of the 
 island rock, consisting of quartz, epidote, hornblende, and garnet. Foot 
 of Mount Burt, on the lake shore, a trap dike 20 feet wide. The edges of 
 this. dike are compact greenstone; the interior, after two or three feet^ 
 hornblendic trap, showing a different character, resulting simply from 
 crystallization and the process of cooling rocks in place; red sienite, with 
 frequent veins of epidote. The sienite is much cut up, and veined by 
 offsets from the trap dike. The sienite must have been colder than the 
 trap, to chill it at the sides; yet in a soft condition, to allow the veining of 
 the trap. Some of the offsets of the trap resemble what I have called, in 
 speaking of Owl island, changed chlorite slate. This is the best descrip- 
 tion of its appearance^ but its position would make it seem tp belong to 
 the trap. 
 
 A trap dike occurs about 150 yards west from the above, 27 feet wide^ 
 and showing the same difference of structure within and at the sides. 
 It is marked also by drift” scratches NW. by N. 
 
 Mount -^Red and gray sienite, traversed by trap. Ascent easy, 
 though rapid, three-eighths of a mile, at an angle of 18^ to the summit; 
 the cliff bald towards the lake, giving a magnificent prospect. 
 
 Point No. 2, west of Presq’isle. A junction of red sandstone, with 
 sienite, occurs near tlie point. A mass of sienite makes its appearance 
 
579 [ 1 ] 
 
 at the junction^ under the sandstone^ which seems to he hut' slightly m- 
 flftenced by it. The sienite consists of quartz^ hornblende^ and epidote 
 .principally. The pointy seen at a little distance^ seems to consist of 
 sienite^ intersected with dikes of trap. 
 
 The blutF of sandstone haS; at intervals, narow strata of conglomerate, 
 resembling all the sandstone bluffs we have visited. In some of the 
 strata, however, of this locality, the pebbles are cemented with carbonate 
 of lime, which has not been observed before. 
 
 Point No. 1, west of Presqhsle. As seen at a little distance, red sienite. 
 Near the beach, upon the ridge, a ledge of white quartz occurs. 
 
 PresqHslCy August 3. — I obtained more specimens of galena, crystallizefd 
 in several forms. I noticed the octahedron, the octahedron compressed 
 by calc spar (the terminated six-sided prism,) and dodecahedron. These 
 crystals occur either in calc spar, or an earthy mineral, which decays and 
 allows them to be detached. They thus present a perfect crystalliiie 
 figure on all the faces, the prisms being. terminated at both extremities. 
 (These prisms deserve further examination by Dr. Locke, before a report, 
 to ascertain that they are distinct from elongated rhombic dodecahedra.) 
 
 August 6. — Train point, west end, a flat table of sandstone 1 to 2 feet 
 above the water; stratification horizontal; also, a remarkable slaty cleavage 
 or false stratification, dip 26° N. by B. This cleavage is so regular as to 
 throw a momentary doubt upon the true stratification, which is massive; 
 the cleavage being in their strata of an inch or an inch and a half. The 
 sandstone coarse, and at the bottom of the lake horizontal and tabular in 
 stratification. 
 
 East point of Train point, one mile from the preceding, cliff of sand- 
 stone, 35 feet, with alternate red and white strata; grain fine. Sandstone 
 along this point, and to the south of it, occasionally excavated into arches 
 several feet high from the water. The partitions between two of these 
 arches are often perforated, so as to leave a pillar supporting two arches. 
 The effect of this is very picturesque. The arches in the Pictured rocks 
 are a well known example on a large scale. Specimens of the white 
 sahdrock taken. 
 
 A remarkable isolated arched rock occurs at the extremity of Eaho 
 pint; height 9 feet. The sandstone here is stratified horizontally, but 
 confused with a fissile structure, dipping N. by E. 15° to 20°. This 
 might be considered a stratification, and the horizontal cleavage a tabula- 
 tion; but the other is undoubtedly the correct view. The rock coarse, 
 friable sandstone, gray at this point, but alternating with red farther to 
 the east. Rocks 'frequently arched. These arches and colonnades are 
 evidently produced by the abrasion of the rock by the water at the lake 
 surface, and the subsequent crumbling in of the rock from above. The 
 double direction of natural fracture in cleavage and stratification must aid 
 this. 
 
 At Echo point a thin vein of sulphate baryta found in the sandstone, 
 partly compact, partly crystalline; color light pink. 
 
 ^ Grand island, west side. High bluffs of sandrock observed two mfies 
 distant, about 200 feet from the water to the highest expsed surface. 
 The. face of the cliff divided occasionally by trees coming down to the 
 water’s edge. Stratification horizontal, and marked by gradations of 
 color. 
 
 August 8. — ^Grand island, southwest side. An arched excavatiOE in the 
 
c 1 1 580 
 
 cliffy 80 feet high; the roof projecting 25 or 30 feet over the water. Sand- 
 stone red and white; coarse, variegated; the lines of cleavage befng 
 shown by the colors; and much contorted. Stratification nearly hori- 
 zontal, dip 4^; (noith 40^ east.) Pebbles in the little cove, clear quartz, 
 approaching agate. These undoubtedly come from the sandstone, in 
 which they are also found imbedded. A succession of elifis of red and 
 white sandstones, interstratified and variegated. The highest point of 
 these about 200 feet high. Jutting perpendicular promontories frequently 
 make out into the lake. Elsewhere the cliifs incline to the water, at an 
 angle from 45^ to 70^. Bushes and trees occasionally find root-hold 
 upon the side or in ravines. The surface is marked by the different 
 colors of the rock, by vertical weather or water stains of black and white, 
 and also by lichens and vegetation and by the lines of fissure. At one 
 point; on the west-southwest side, several arches occur, observed by 
 Dr. Locke, whose bases are about 12 feet above the present level, in- 
 dicating a higher level at a former period. 
 
 The sandstone of Grand island, under the microscope, appears to have 
 a white cement; which, however, does not effervesce with acids. It is 
 probably silicate of lime. 
 
 August 9. — Left Grand island at 6h. 35m. Cliffs in the Grand Island 
 channel, on the east side, frequently eaten away at the water’s edge into 
 : arches and honey-comb. At 8h . 30m. passed a colonnade at a small point, 
 consisting of six or eight pillars at the entrance, and extending the depth 
 of two or three arches under the rock. Height about six feet. Effect a 
 good deal like the Gothic-groined arches of Fontane Abbey. Near this 
 a tower of rock standing alone a short distance from the water, and 40 or 
 60 feet high. 8h. 50m. — The rocks generally here rise at an angle of 45® 
 to 70®, with occasional perpendicular cliffs. From a level of about 12 feet 
 :and downwards, rocks discolored, apparently from the difference of the 
 former level of the water. A depression in the surface of the rocks at 
 about 40 feet height; possibly also from a former level of the lake at that 
 height. Surface of the rocks always moist; occasional small streams 
 trickling and falling over them. Discolored under some strata by oxide 
 of iron, and also by a white slimy substance running down from the 
 crevices. 
 
 Profile of cliff at 9h. 20m: — «, strata of com- 
 pact rock, decayed in cavities, and resembling 
 limestone. (This found in fragments on tho 
 shore at 8h. 50m. ; rough and abounding in con- 
 cretions hard and fine-grained, with the appear- 
 ance of limestone, but not effervescing with 
 acids. Specimens taken.) At former sup- 
 posed water level of 40 feet. At c, ferruginous 
 strata 12 feet above the water. Diseoloration of 
 rocks below, either from the iron or former sub- 
 mergence in water. 
 
 9h., east point of Grand Island channel, con- 
 sisting of a colonnade of large arches and halls 
 at the level of the water — 9h. 30m. to lOh., Mi- 
 ner’s river; Pictured rocks — lOh. 20m., undula- 
 ting coast. Rounded battlements projecting, with curved indentations 
 between. 
 
m [1] 
 
 lOh. 35m.;, profile of point:— treesj b, gray earthy 
 stratum; c, greenish strata; d, striated strata; pic- 
 tured with streaks of black, white, yellow, brown, blu- 
 ish-green, and ail intermediate sh^es. Height of cliff 
 about 150 feet. At the water-line a stratum of con- 
 glomerate (/) 1 foot thick; pebbles very abundant. 
 At the foot of the cliff, large saiMike masses of rock. 
 West of this point the rock is excavated for its 
 whole height, overhanging the shore 30 or 40 feet. 
 The white substance exuding from the crevices is 
 tinged with light blue, resembling a white precipitated 
 salt, containing copper as an impurity. Specimens of 
 this taken in paper and dried. 
 
 llh. 35m., arches occur in the cliff, whose base is 31- 
 feet above the present level of the water. The precise 
 position ‘of the arches seems to be determined usually 
 by the existence of a fissure, where the rock decays 
 readily . llh. 40m . , overhanging arch 75 feet high, ex- 
 tending to the summit of the cliff. Deep green stains 
 below one of the seams. Rock strongly marked with 
 black, white, and brown, in vertical streaks resem- 
 bling a painter’s board. 
 
 llh. 45m., passed the Sail-rocks” at the foot of thjs 
 cliff. 12h., passed a prominent point of the rocks 170 
 feet high. Many small arches and some large excavations occur. 
 
 12h. 15m., arrived at the Grand Portal” on the same promontory. 
 
 The Grand Poital” is a lofty and deep arch in the rock at the ex- 
 tremity of the promontory; the dimensions tal^en by Dr. Locke. The 
 boat moored within, at the rocky beach at the farther end. The strata 
 are here finely displayed sandstone — grayish, slightly variegated, and 
 showing lines of cleavage in various directions. The stratification is al- 
 most horizontal, one of the strata near the top black; some of the strata 
 ferruginous, and long black stains streaming down from them. The , 
 stains also sometimes consist of the white slime of which specimens 
 were taken yesterday. The dip of strata about 3^ S. 
 
 About twelve feet above the water occur several strata of conglorUerate, 
 consisting mostly of quartz and jasper pebbles, the quartz with a peculiar 
 glittering crystalline appearance at the surface, and resembling in every ^ 
 respect those found on the beaches of the sandstone. Below this are 
 occasionally narrow vertical veins of conglonierate, consisting, probably, 
 of seams in the lower strata, filled subsequently with pebbles. The under 
 s\irface of the strata, at about fifty feet high, finely ripple- marked. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 582 
 
 Roof. 
 
 Ferruginous. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 [The diagram represents a section 
 of the various strata, taken just with- 
 in the arch of the “ Grand Portal,” 
 on its western abutment.] 
 
 Ferruginous. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Ferruginous. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Fissure marks. 
 
 Light yellow, stained surface. 
 
 
 Ferruginous. 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Conglomerate strata. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 . — — — ■ — Water. 
 
 The rock neaf the water’s edge around the Portal, and in some places 
 within, is worn into arches and colonnades. Specimens of the various 
 sandstones taken. On the face of the promontory, on the eastern "abut- 
 ment of the Portal, is a fine group of arches with low and massive pillars^ 
 resembling Egyptian architecture. The interior of the Grand Portal bears 
 a striking resemblance to some of the halls of the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 
 tucky, particularly to that called ^^the great city.” 
 
 Half a mile east of the Grand Portal, at the point of the beach^ is another 
 cave^ of 40 or 50 feet high, in which the water is deep, over a sandy bot- 
 tom; gray sandstone, mingled with light red, slaty. Some of the strata 
 finely ripple-marked. The sand on the beach just beyond the above, to 
 the eastward, coarse, consisting of transparent and rounded grains of silica, 
 with occasionally a colored particle, (as seen through the microscope.) 
 Specimen taken . 
 
 ^^The Chapel,” at the end of the beach. A vaulted room, supported on 
 massive columns; the floor about 25 feet abov^e the water. It stands out 
 from the other rocks and from the woods. Dimensions inside about 25 
 feet square by 15 feet high. Two or three truncated columns of sandstone 
 
683 
 
 [1C 
 
 and mirror arches- occur inside. The summit, on which some bushes 
 and trees are growing, about 60 feet above the lake, commands a very 
 fine prospect. The effect of the Chapel is also highly picturesque fromt 
 the water. Kock coarse, gray sandstone, with rounded particles. 
 
 August 10. — Returned to Grand Portal and got out fossils found by^Dr. 
 Locke on masses of rock detached from above, at a height probably betweea 
 fiO and 130 feet above the water In the ferruginous stratum, about 40^ 
 feet high, found some specimens of the same fossil in place in the cliffy 
 but poorly developed. A vein occurs withia*the Portal containing a min- 
 eral with brilliant faces, lesembling brown spar. No effervescence with 
 acids, except in the cavities, where a little carbonate of lime is found. A 
 peculiar form of this mineral — a striated, truncated «one, either the form of 
 a fossil or of crystallization. Specimens taken to examine for fossils, and 
 also fragments for chemical examination. 
 
 August 11. — Returned to Grand Portal. Took specimens of the dark 
 green stain on the rock for examination. Passed eastward by the Chapel 
 and the high bluffs, to their termination, at lOh. 33m. At lOh. 20m. 
 passed the cascade, falling over a cliff of 100 feet into the water. All of 
 the bluffs much marked with black stains, sometimes covering most of 
 their surface. 
 
 In the afternoon passed the land cliffs of Grand Sable, and encamped 
 in the Grand Marais, a protected bay, in which great numbers of shellfish 
 were observed. 
 
 August 12, 13, and 14. — The shore sandy. No rocks observable. 
 
 August 15. — Gros Cap, on the Canada shore. Trap rock here appears^ 
 vagain in heavy dikes, apparently through sienite. The rocks on tha 
 Canada shore of the St. Mary’s continue to be trap, and apparently sie- 
 liite, for two or three miles below Gros Cap. 
 
 August 19.— Descending St. Mary’s river 7 miles to Palmer’s location^ 
 no rocks observed. 
 
 Augmt 20. — North of little Lake George, on the Canada side, high 
 ranges of hills, apparently trap, one to two miles back from the shore.- 
 Mr. Palmer states that they contain copper ore. Hills low and wooded 
 on Sugar island. North of Lake George there is another range, exhibit- 
 ing precipitous cliffs towards the lake, with the appearance of trap. 
 
 Echo lake, Qanada; entrance through a narrow channel or river, four 
 miles, course NE., from the northern part of Lake George; the lake dis- 
 covered and named only last year; length two or three miles; surrounded 
 fey mountains, mostly of metamorphic and also trappean rocks; on the- 
 NW. side, a mountain of limestone, which rock appears also on both 
 shores of the lake; the limestone blue and much veined, the veins curi- 
 ously contorted, and apparently silicious. On the N. by W. shore is the 
 house belonging to the northern Echo lake location. To the east of this 
 a trap dike makes its appearance, with a northeasterly course. The 
 mountains north and northeast of the lake contain veins of quartz appa- 
 rently rich in sulphurets of iron and copper, running through metamor- 
 phic sandstone and slate. Yisited the vein opened yesterday by Mr. 
 Hempstead and others. It may be estimated at 300 feet above the lake,^ 
 on a steep ascent. The rock near the lake consists of imperfectly-formed 
 quartz, with a semi- vitreous fracture, but bearing marks of the original 
 stratification of the sandstone from which it was derived. Higher up tho.* 
 ;silicious rock is granular, showing the rounded particles and original struc- 
 
ture of the sandstone. Above this the metamoi*phic chlorite slate appears 
 mixed with particles of quartz more or less lai’gely. so as to form a pecu- 
 liar breccia. Through this the vein of quartz runs^ course probably NN W., 
 breadth about 2 feet 3 inches. It contains large threads and bunches of 
 sulphuret of copper and iron^ easily cut with the knife; also^ sulphuretof 
 iron, and gray or black sulphuret of copper, distinct. The rock is easily 
 broken, and the ore appears rich: specimens taken. The richness of these 
 quartz veins in the metamorphic rocks may cause greater importance to 
 be attached to the similar ores which occur in the Carp river region. 
 
 August 21. — Head of the Upper Neebish rapids, at the outlet of Lake 
 George, Canada side; metamorphic sandstone; a quartz rock regularly 
 stratified, dip 23° SWs; many of the strata deeply ripple-marked; one 
 observed with very fine ripple- marks, parallel, and less than an inch apart. 
 The structure of the rock is granular, with rounded transparent grains, 
 the interstices filled with a white amorphous quartz — the whole, under 
 the microscope, resembling the appearance of sandstone so much as to leave 
 no doubt of its origin, independent of other indications. Specimens 
 taken. 
 
 Eight miles below the above, trap observed, which then occurs contin- 
 uously to within two miles of Bruce’s mine, fifteen miles below the rap- 
 ids, where w^e camped. The trap islands, when small, are occasionally 
 worn very smooth, and finely marked with drift scratches. ” Direction, 
 as taken from the boat, MW. and SE. 
 
 Augtcsl 22. — Bruce’s mine; veins of quartz in hornblendic trap; many 
 thread veins of quartz, and two or three more large veins; the vein opened 
 for- the greatest length, varying from two to three feet in breadth; very rich 
 in yellow sulphuret of copper gnd iron, which is distributed in large 
 bunches and threads, and also in the purple sulphuret, of which very 
 fine specimens can be obtained. Specimens of these taken. Course of 
 this vein nearly NW. and SE., but tortuous. Mine distant, by estimate, 
 ^50 or 300 yards from the shore, where another quartz vein is seen; the 
 jocks at the mine scratched in a direction nearly N. and S.; and on the 
 shore, and at an island connected with the shore by a bridge, the direc- 
 tion of the scratches was accurately taken, N. 10° E. At the mine, and 
 ^Iso on the shore, large and abundant boulders occur of metamorphic 
 sandstone quartz, with occasional boulders of metamorphic conglomerate y. 
 in which the original grains of the sandstone can be traced, as in the 
 sandstone quartz described at the Upper Neebish rapids. The pebbles 
 are converted into jasper or hornstone, or, where originally silicious, are 
 yet distinguishable by their appearance from the quartz surrounding them. 
 
 The abundance of these boulders shows their origin not to have been 
 fer distant, and doubtless in the direction of the drift scratches,” nearly 
 north, in the metamorphic sandstone region of the Upper Neebish rapids.. 
 This is the final and complete identification of the stratified and granular 
 quartz with the sandstone formation above — having its graqulation, its 
 xipple-marks, and its occasional strata of conglomerate. It should have 
 been stated that a large boulder at the mine was found, consisting of sand- 
 stone quartz, with two thin strata of pebbles running through it, closely 
 resembling the sandstone of Grand Portal,” 
 
 In connexion with the ^^drift scratches” on the trap rocks, the boulders 
 t)n the shore are much scratched, frequently in a single direction, showing 
 
S85 [1] 
 
 them to have been jfixed when the marking took place; but occasionally; 
 alsoy with two or three systems of scratches^ thus^ 
 
 in stated directions. 
 
 The fragments of trap about the mine occasionally present a very regu- 
 lar columnar structure. Similar ones .are also seen upon the shore. 
 
 August 23. — A mile and a half or two miles up the river from the Bruce^ 
 mine; limestone comes in on the east shore. It is much ruffled and con- 
 torted ; general course N. 35^ E.; dip 37^^ (E. 35° S.?) Color of lime- 
 stone white, with blue or gray veins, which are much harder than the*^ 
 pure limestone, and effervesce less, or not at all. These project ffomtlie 
 surface, forming curious ruffles' or fringes. 
 
 On a point one mile above, Mr. Keating states that the metamorphic 
 conglomerate is found in place. 
 
 On a point of a mile below the one first described, a trap dike, 12^ 
 feet wide, cuts through the limestone; course E. 10° N. The limestone 
 has a course here east and west, ridged and striated. Dip nearly vertical. 
 
 ^ On the next point below, the same trap dike cuts across, with a vein of 
 chlorite slate interposed between it and the limestone. 
 
 This slate is very soft, and is used by the Indians for pipes. Width of 
 vein one or two feet. The limestone at this point light gray, very si- 
 licious in appearance, and does not effervesce with acids. It is said to 
 make ^*^good lime, but little of it.’’ 
 
 St. Joseph’s island, a little north of the Bruce mine on the opposite 
 shore; limestone, bearing E. 40° S.; dip 2° (S. 40° W.;) fi'jssils abundant. 
 Bearing, taken in another position, E. 25° S. A large number of speci- 
 mens taken by Dr. Locke. 
 
 August 24. — Same locality. In the morning a large number of fossils, 
 including several varieties of trilobites, collected. The shore covered with 
 thin slabs of limestone, somewhat water-worn. Boulders of trap and of 
 metamorphic conglomerate also occur. The limestone continues to appear 
 for about two miles -southward, after which nothing buj boulders are visible 
 on the shore of St. Joseph’s, to its southern termination. 
 
 Touched at Drummond’s island, U. S., and coasted half a mile on its 
 WNW. shore, going south. Limestone glittering, and crystalline of a 
 yellowish gray color, containing numerous cavities. Fossils abundant, 
 and observed by Dr. Locke. 
 
 August 25. — Coasting along Drummond’s island towards the Detour, 
 limestone. In the bay containing the old British fort, a;t the SW. side of 
 the island, opposite the Detour, the parade of the fort consists of a terrace of 
 limestone, inclining, at a very small angle, to the water. It aflbrds a good 
 opportunity to get the bearing and dip of the strata on a large scale. The 
 bearing is W. 35® to 40? S. The dip 1® or 2^ (S. 35^ to 40^ E.) 
 
586 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 August 26. — Island about half way between the Detour and Mackinack^ 
 No rocks observed in place, but limestone boulders and angular slabs 
 abundant. Fossils few, observed by Dr. Locke. Islands and shore^r 
 from the Detour westward, sandy, with points to the south rocky and 
 shoal. 
 
 August 28. — Mackinack arched rock, fossiliferous limestone. The lime- 
 stone abounds in cavities and clefts ; some of them large enough to be con- 
 sidered caves. To this structure the arched rock, and passage beneath it,, 
 are, undoubtedly, due. The rock is a breccia, composed of a bluish gray 
 or gray limestone, including angular fragments, often parallelograms, of a 
 whiter variety. At the time this breccia was formed, various fissures and 
 cavities seem to have had their origin, and these are lined with crystals of 
 carbonate of lime, of which specimens were taken. Small seams of white 
 crystalline carbonate of lime also occasionally run through the rock. 
 Occasional nodules of chalcedony also occur — in some, if not in all cases, 
 consisting of fossils. The cavities in the rock are due at least to four 
 sources: 1st, cavities of original structure, and crystallization; 2d, to ero- 
 sion by weather, which, from the abundant fissures, has free access to 
 the interior of the rock; 3d, to decay of the white included fragments of the 
 breccia, which seem easily decomposable and* leave moulds of their shape in 
 Che original rock; 4th, to the cavities of fossils. The whole structure of these 
 rocks is very loose, portions crumbling every year, under the influence of 
 frost and other causes, so that the continuance of ^Hhe arched jock’^ for 
 any great length of time is improbable or uncertain. The arched rock is 
 a slender span of rock, connecting two portions of the cliff at a height of 
 about 100 (?) feet above the water, and is justly considered one of the 
 natural curiosities of the island. 
 
 August 30. — Ledge a little to the NE. of the line connecting the old and 
 new forts. Limestone of the brecciated character of this island, containing 
 a few shells. Ijoose fragments occur at its base, containing veins or mass- 
 es of chalcedony, rich in fossils. Specimens of these taken. A similar 
 large fragment found on the crest of the hill on which the old fort stands. 
 
 Sugar-loaf rock, a conical rock of limestone, very much fissured and 
 full of cavities, two or three of which approach', to caves- in size, forming 
 an aperture through it, from side to side, and also communicating with the 
 light above. Its steepness makes it very diflicult of ascent. Its height, 
 considerably above the trees, estimated atfiO to 70 feet. Fossils found in 
 the loose fragments at its base. 
 
 ^ ^ Standard Rocks. ’ ’ 
 
 No. 1. — ^^Augitic rock,” range 26, township 47, section 18. 
 
 No. 2.— Red sienite, range 26, township 46, section 6. 
 
 A. 
 
 Copy of instructions to Dr, John Locke y assistant geologist. 
 
 Sir: In virtue of authority vested in me by instructions from the honor- 
 able Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, given April 16,1847, 
 I hereby appoint you to be a first assistant geologist for the geological 
 survey of the mineral lands of the United States in the northern penin- 
 sula of Michigan. Yoiir duties will commence on the first day of June, 
 
587 [ 1 1 
 
 and you will be allowed; according to my instructions^ five dollars per 
 day — ^you paying your proportion of the expenses of travelling and sub- 
 sisting, on said survey, excepting the amounts paid in necessary trar- 
 elling expenses from your home to I^ake Superior, and for your return 
 home, which, according to my instructions, will be allowed you by the 
 : government. You will take charge of the magnetic observations required^ 
 according to my instructions, in addition to your usual duties, as an as- 
 sistant geologist on the sections assigned to you. 
 
 It is my wish that you should commence your surveys on the eastern 
 part of the mineral lands, near the Chocolate river, and that you should 
 explore the country between the outlet of that river into Lake Superior > 
 and the little Bay du Noquet; and that you should examine the ranges of 
 townships from that range westward and ascertain the geological charac- 
 ter of the country, denoting the limits of the rock formations and the 
 various fossils and minerals tliat occur, and particularly describing any 
 veins or beds of metals, or metalliferous ores, that may exist in your dis- 
 trict, remarking on their nature, situation, and the economical value of 
 the localities of veins or beds suitable for mining purposes. In connexion 
 with the latter requirements, you will please to describe the course, dip, 
 and width of every vein or bed you may discover, and ascertain the con- 
 ditions for drainage of a mine on said workable veins or beds. You will 
 also please to collect fair average specimens of the ores, metals, or rocks, 
 and ascertain their specific gravity, in order to determine the weight of a 
 cubic foot of the ores or metalliferous lode. You will also please to notice 
 the character of the country, and remark on the feasibility of working, the 
 mines you may propose should be wrought, and on the facilifies of trans- 
 porting the ores or metals to some convenient harbor on the naviga- 
 ble waters of Lake Superior or Michigan, stating what conveniences 
 there may be for the construction of roads, and the probable length of 
 road that may be required. Please also to notice the nature of the wood 
 suitable for making charcoal, or for furnishing timber, boards, and plank 
 for the buildings for mining establishments. Please also notice any good 
 localities for quarrying suitable stone for furnaces, and any good deposites 
 of brick or fire-clay j also, any good limestone suitable for fluxes for ores 
 of copper and iron, or for making cements. 
 
 In any district you may deem valuable as agricultural land, please col- 
 lect fair samples of the soils for chemical analysis. 
 
 In calling your attention to the above mentioned particulars, I would 
 observe th:rt I do not wish in any way to restrict your observations, and 
 I shall be happy to receive communicationis of any other useful and in- 
 teresting facts you may notice during your survey. Your extensive ob- 
 ^.servations and long experience as a scientific geologist and naturalist will 
 suggest to you many other interesting observations during your journeys 
 An the almost unexplored wilderness which we are called upon to ex- 
 ?amine. 
 
 With high considerations, I have the honor to be your obedient servant^ ' 
 
 CHARLES T. JACKSON, 
 
 Geological Surveyor of the U. S. Mineral Lands of Michigan • 
 
 Professor John Locke. 
 
Report on Magnetic Observations ^ by Dr. John Locke ^ assistant geologist. 
 
 FORT WILKINS. 
 
 July 5, 1847. — Latitude 47° 28', longitude ^8° 45". 
 
 O » n 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 — f 
 
 
 
 
 78 03 00 
 
 
 8 51 16 a. 
 
 1319.9 
 
 71.5 
 
 1318.9 
 
 17394972100 
 
 712.14 
 
 3439.3 
 
 1149.6 
 
 Geology, — Metamorphic conglomerate near to the trap. 
 
 HORSHOE HARBOR. 
 
 July 8, 1847. — Latitude 47° 28' N., longitude 87° 57' W. 
 
 O f ft 
 
 78 15 05 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 9 20 04 a. 
 9 50 01.2 
 
 1690.4 
 
 1686.0 
 
 / 
 
 81.5 
 
 88.5 
 
 1688 
 
 1682 
 
 284934400 
 
 282912400 
 
 640.07 
 
 637.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 633,92 
 
 1339.7 
 
 1046. 9 
 
 
 Geology. — Conglomerate. 
 
 EAGLE RIVER MINE. 
 
 June 30, 1847. — Latitude 47° 24' N., longitude 88° 25' W. Range 31, township 57, section 30 ; United States survey. 
 
 O f If 
 
 
 hi min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 24 00 
 
 4 
 
 3 03 00 p. 
 
 1465. 93 
 
 86.0 
 
 1463.45 
 
 21416859025 
 
 569.06 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 00 00 
 
 1791.22 
 
 87.5 
 
 1787.84 
 
 31963718656 
 
 570.83 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 40 00 
 
 1774 43 
 
 86.0 
 
 1770.37 
 
 31342099369 
 
 575.19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 571.69 
 
 3108.8 
 
 Locality. — In the ravine of the river, and at an angle opposite to an adit? 
 Geology. — ^Trappean rocks. Weather clear. 
 
EAGLE RIl^ER. 
 
 A few rods eastward of the last, and on the high bank over the adit, being near the burying-ground. 
 
 o f r 
 
 
 L min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 39 00 
 
 4 
 
 5 35 00 
 
 — 
 
 1359.12 
 
 62 
 
 1358. 95 
 
 18467451025 
 
 670. 77 
 
 3136.1 
 
 1048.1 
 
 EAGLE RIVER MINE. 
 
 July 1, 1847.— On a hill about three-quarters of a mile west of the works, as by the previous latitude and longitude. 
 
 / 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 04 
 
 4 
 
 7 49 00 
 
 1370.72 
 
 71.5 
 
 1669.7 
 
 18760780900 
 
 660.29 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 20 03.6 
 
 1668.80 
 
 74 
 
 1667.16 
 
 27794224656 
 
 656.50 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 44 03.6 
 
 1662.40 
 
 74 
 
 1660.74 
 
 27580633476 
 
 653.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 656.82 
 
 3141. 9 
 
 1050.1 
 
 Geology. — Feldspathic greenstone. 
 
 CLIFF MINE. 
 
 July 1, 1847.— Latitude 47° 34' N., longitude 88° 26' W. Range 32, township 58, section 36; United States surveys. 
 
 O, f tf 
 
 77 46 20 
 
 h. min, see, 
 4 80 00 
 
 1380.33 
 
 53 
 
 1381 
 
 19067610000 
 
 649.67 
 
 3068.1 
 
 1025.4 
 
 Locality. — Inside of the mine. 
 
 Geology. — ^The instruments were placed on the immense mass of native copper which laid exposed in the gallery. 
 
 . • t I I 
 
 77 37 37 
 
 4 
 
 5 56 00 p. 
 
 1363.6 
 
 70 
 
 1362. 72 
 
 1857776900 
 
 666.8 
 
 3111.4 
 
 1039.8 
 
 
 2d locality, outside of the mine and over the vein on the highest point of the ridge.— Geology trappean. 
 
COPPER PALLS. 
 
 July 2, 1847. — Latitude 47® 27' N., longitude 88^ 12' 30" W. Range 31 W., township 58 N., section 11. 
 
 O .* tt 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 78 20 CO 
 
 4 
 
 3 3a 01.2 
 
 1538.36 
 
 69 
 
 1537. 44 
 
 19146256900 
 
 647.0 
 
 3125.5 
 
 1044.6 
 
 
 
 
 Gee 
 
 ilogy. — Over tl 
 
 le vein of metall; 
 
 ic copper. 
 
 
 
 
 78 16 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 j 
 
 3 01 04 
 
 1372. 8 
 
 76 
 
 1371.31 
 
 18804636700 ^ 
 
 j 
 
 658.75 
 
 3241.6 
 
 1083.2 
 
 2d locality, in a wood one-fifth of a mile below the falls. 
 
 BAITE DU GRIS — (Encampment,) 
 
 July 9, 1847. — Latitude 47° 24' N., longitude 88° 06' W. Range 29, township 58, section 34 ; United States surveys. 
 
 
 
 
 '| 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O f 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 06 30 
 
 5 
 
 8 19 25 a. 
 
 1620. 39 
 
 t 
 
 69 
 
 1619.37 
 
 26223591969 
 
 695.00 
 
 3115.1 
 
 1041 . 1 
 
 Geology. — Sandstone, very near to the trap. 
 
 SIBLEY’S MINE.— (Lac La Belle.) 
 
 July 8, 1847 — Latitude 47® 24' N., longitude 88® 08' W. Range 29, township 58, section 32 ; United States surveys. 
 
 O r n 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 76 13 26 
 
 5 
 
 12 46 04 
 
 1557.36 
 
 77 
 
 1555. 51 
 
 24195802500 
 
 754.1 
 
 3167.1 
 
 1058. 5 
 
 Geology, — Siehitc, with sulphuret of coppej:. 
 
BOHEMIAN MOUNTAIN. 
 
 July 9, 1847. — Latitude 47^ 25' N., longitude — . Range 29, township 58, section 29 ; United States surveys. 
 
 e r ft 
 
 78 30 38 
 
 5 
 
 ft. min. sec. 
 
 5 29 01 p. 
 
 1445.52 
 
 80 
 
 1443.52 
 
 20837499904 
 
 875. 63 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 5 54 06 
 
 1440.34 
 
 77 
 
 1438.19 
 
 20683904761 
 
 871.59 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 873.61 
 
 4281.9 
 
 1464.6 
 
 Geology. — Sienite. 
 
 EAST AND WEST VEIN MENDELBAUM’S MINE. 
 
 July 10, 1847. — About half of a mile south of the Bohemian mitotain. 
 
 890 02 ' 
 
 Dipping needle vibrated 30 in one minute. This extraordinary result was obtained on a precipice looking southward, with a thin vein of blue 
 sulphuret of copper traversing from east to West. 
 
 From the above, and from the vibrations of the same needle at Cedar swamp on the lake margin, we deduce the total intensity (see below) 
 1182. 4. 
 
 CEDAR SWAMP. 
 
 At the landing of Sibley’s mine, margin of Lac La Belle, 
 July 10, 1847.— Range 29, township 58, section 32. South part. 
 
 0 t ft 
 
 
 k, min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 52 41 
 
 5 
 
 11 14 12 
 
 1617.38 
 
 82. 5 
 
 1614.76 
 
 26074498576 
 
 699.8 
 
 3081.8 
 
 1030.00 
 
 The same needle which vibrated 30 in a minute at the above station, performed 28 vibrations in the same time. Of course, these are but approximations. 
 They ii^dioa^e a high intensity at the east and west vein. 
 
 geology. — Sandstope very near to the sjenit^, which rises very precipitously to thf north, 
 
 
MOUNT HOUGHTON. 
 
 July 10, 1847. — Latitude 47® 25 N., longitude 88® 04' W. Range 29, township 58, section 32; United j^tates sUrveyg. 
 
 O * tf 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 28 00 
 
 5 
 
 5 31 01 p. 
 
 1636.39 
 
 80 
 
 1634. 10 
 
 26702828100 
 
 683.4 
 
 3149.2 
 
 10S9. 5 
 
 Geology. — A broad vein of red jasper. 
 
 BAITE DU GRIS — {Western point.') 
 
 July 12, 1847. — Latitude 47® 22^ N., longitude 88^ 05' W. Range 29, township 57, section 14. 
 
 O / 
 
 
 h. min, sec. 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 25 26 
 
 5 
 
 7 45 63 
 
 1640. 39 
 
 75 
 
 1638. 67 
 
 26852333689 
 
 679.48 
 
 3120.9 
 
 1043. 1 
 
 CD 
 
 K) 
 
 Geology. — Sandstone, nearly horizontal. 
 
 SOUTH PART OF POINT KEWENON. 
 
 July 12, 1847. — Latitude 47^ 26' N., longitude 87° 51' W. Range 27, township 58, section 27. 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 30 39 
 
 5 
 
 1 45 01 p. 
 
 1689.6 
 
 87 
 
 1686. 4 
 
 28439449600 
 
 641.57 
 
 3222.7 
 
 1077.1 
 
 Geology. — Sandstone, near tlie junction of trap. 
 
 Cl ) 
 
fOINT KfiWENOJ^, 
 
 KE. angle, about 2 miles N. of the preceding.—^July 13, 184?. 
 
 
 
 O t n ' 
 
 
 h, min. see. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3099. 
 
 
 ■78 11 SO 
 
 5 
 
 5 24 05 a. m. 
 
 1696.4 
 
 ( 
 
 60 
 
 1696.4 
 
 287777296 
 
 634.03 
 
 1035. 7 
 
 Geology, — Vesicular and amygdaloid trap, containing agates. 
 
 oo 
 
 CD 
 
 TRAVERSE, PRESa’lSLE. 
 
 July 18, 1847 — Latitude 47^ IF N. ; longitude 88° 23' W. Range 31, tov/nship 55, section 16; United States surveys. 
 
 O 1 n 
 
 - 
 
 h. min. sec. ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 GO 
 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 5 25 02 a. m. 
 
 1631.4 
 
 64 
 
 1630.83 
 
 26596064889 
 
 686.04 
 
 3082. 7 
 
 1030.3 
 
 Geology. — Horizontally stratified sandstone. 
 
 09 
 
 MOUTH OP PORTAGE RIVER, OR “ ENTRANCE.’’ 
 
 July 18, 1847. — ‘Latitude 47° OP N. ; longitude 88° 30' W. Range' 33, township 53, section 13. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O / It 
 
 
 h. min. see. 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 3098.7 
 
 
 77 00 30 
 
 5 
 
 2 58 04 p. 
 
 1620.8 
 
 74 
 
 1619.2 
 
 1 
 
 26217086400 
 
 695. 95 
 
 - — - II r- r 1 - -T * ■ ■■ 
 
 1035. 6 
 
 
 Geology. — Horizontally stratified sandstone- 
 
ANSE. 
 
 July 19, 1847.—- Latitude 46^ 49' N. 5 longitude 88 ^ 34' W. Range 33, township 51, section 95; United States surveys. 
 
 y 
 
 0 / // 
 
 
 k. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 51 34 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 03 p. 
 
 1329.68 
 
 76. 
 
 1328,39 
 
 17646199921 
 
 702.00 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 02 
 
 04 
 
 1613.52 
 
 74. 
 
 1611.94 
 
 25983505636 
 
 702.21 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 1607,58 
 
 72.5 
 
 1605. 82 
 
 25786578724 
 
 698.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 700.85 
 
 3082.6 
 
 1036.7 
 
 Geology. — Horizontally stratified sandstone. 
 
 MOUTH OF HURON RIVER. 
 
 July 91, 1847. — -Latitude 46° 56' N. ; longitude 88 ° 09' W. Range 29, township 52, section 18 (?) 
 
 0 r f' 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 10 48 
 
 5 
 
 8 04 02 aJt 
 
 1630.4 
 
 73 
 
 1629.0 
 
 26536410000 
 
 687.58 
 
 3099.5 
 
 1036.9 
 
 Geology — Sand, probably superimposed on horizontally stratified sandstone. 
 
 MOUTH OF DEAD RIVER. 
 
 July 23, 1847. — Latitude 46° 34' 17" N. ; longitude 87° 33' W. Range 25 N. 4th correction line, township 48, seotion 12. 
 
 0 1 tr 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 16 36 
 
 4 
 
 9 50 00 
 
 1.355.72 
 
 80. 
 
 1353.96 
 
 18332076816 
 
 670.27 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 21 02.8 
 
 1646.40 
 
 79 5 
 
 1644. 1 
 
 27030648100 
 
 671.31 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 47 01 
 
 ' 1642.00 
 
 80. 
 
 1641.1 
 
 269320921000 
 
 669. 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 670. 32 
 
 3043.1 
 
 G^olo^y.— Sand^ superimposed on sienite. 
 
 [ 1 ] 594 
 
JACKSON MINING CO.’S OFFICE. 
 
 July 26, 1847. — Latitude 46^ 30' N. ; longitude 87® 43' W. Range 26, township 48, section 28, SW. part. 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 15 05.6 a. 
 
 1624 
 
 61 
 
 ' 1624.3 
 
 26283504900 
 
 691.56 
 
 3080.0 
 
 Geology. — Metamorphic sandstone. 
 
 1029.4 
 
 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN. 
 
 July 26, 1847. — Latitude 46® 27' N. ; longitude 87® 49' W. Range 27, township 47, section 1. 
 
 1 
 
 f ff 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 68 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 3 05 03 p. 
 
 i 
 
 1698.4 
 
 60 
 
 1698.4 
 
 28885125600 
 
 632.78 
 
 3035.2 
 
 1 
 
 1014.4 
 
 Geology.— Anhydrous peroxide of iron. 
 
 LOADSTONE ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 July 27, 1847. — Latitude — ; longitude 87° 44'. Range 26, township 47, section 18. 
 
 O f n 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 53 00 
 
 5 
 
 10 16 00 
 
 822.00 
 
 60 
 
 822.00 
 
 65963284 
 
 2766.0 
 
 1261.6 
 
 Geology. — A loadstone in place, broken mostly into sharp angular fragments, 
 pther the south pole of a magnetic needle. — (See notes.) 
 
 Here were two poles, 17.67 feet apart— one attracting the north, and the 
 
 
 §65 
 
EAST BRANCH OF THE ESCONAWEY. 
 
 July 28, 184t .—Latitude 46® 24' north ; longitude 87^ 47' west. Range 26, township 46, section 6. 
 
 O f ff 
 
 
 1 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 14 21 
 
 4 
 
 9 41 01 a. 
 
 1304.3 
 
 62 
 
 1304. 13 
 
 17007550569 
 
 728.36 
 
 3062.6 
 
 1093.6 
 
 Geology. — Probably sienite. 
 
 PALLS OP EAST BRANCH OP ESCONAWBY. 
 July 29, 1847. — Range 26, township 46, section 30. 
 
 o f If 1 
 
 76 39 00 
 
 5 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 7 58 08 a. 
 
 1601.4 
 
 60 
 
 1601.4 
 
 95644819600 
 
 715. 39 
 
 3098.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - . . ■ : 
 
 
 1 
 
 Geology. — Porphyritic sienite. 
 
 TRAIN RIVER. 
 
 August 7, 1847. — Latitude 46° 30' north ; longitude 87° 01' west. Range 20, township 47, section 32. 
 
 
 o t fi 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 41 37 
 
 5 
 
 6 52 32 a. 
 
 1593.63 
 
 55 
 
 1594.18 
 
 1 
 
 95414098794 
 
 717.95 
 
 3118.7 
 
 1049.4 
 
 GRAND ISLAND. 
 
 August 8, 1847.— Latitude 46® 27' north ; longitude 86® 45' west. Range 19, township 47, section 22, at the point west of Williams’s. 
 
 e»' u 
 
 o f n' 
 
 1 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 37 52 
 
 5 
 
 7 01 03 
 
 1589.2 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 1583.76 
 
 95941383376 
 
 722.86 
 
 3191.8 
 
 1045. 1 
 
 596 
 
CHAPPEL RIVER. 
 
 / 
 
 August 11, 1847. — Latitude 46® 43' north ; longitude 86° 40' west. Range 18, township 48, section 35. 
 
 m 
 
 o r If 
 
 77 11 30 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 5 37 02 
 
 1618.3 
 
 - — ^ > - 
 
 62 
 
 V 
 
 1618.08 
 
 26181828864 
 
 696.93 
 
 3143.7 
 
 1050.7 
 
 August 11, 1847. — AT THE CAVE OF PORTAL ROCK, (about 1 of a mile to the northwest of the preceding.) 
 
 m 
 
 O f tf 
 
 77 12 48 
 
 ■ 
 
 5 
 
 • 
 
 h. min. sec. * 
 9 48 02.4 
 
 1621.61 i 
 
 ! 
 
 64 
 
 1621.16 
 
 26281597456 
 
 694.27 
 
 3139.8 
 
 / 
 
 1049.4 
 
 Geology. — Horizontal sandstone. 
 
 GRAND MARAIS, EAST POINT. 
 
 August 12, 1847. — Latitude 46® 42^ north ; longitude 86° 09' west. Range 13, township 49, section 4. 
 
 O r /r 
 
 
 h. min. see. 
 
 . 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 18 03 
 
 5 
 
 8 57 04 a. 
 
 1631 
 
 64.5 
 
 1630.5 
 
 26574216256 
 
 686.61 
 
 3123.2 
 
 1043.6 
 
 NEAR DOUBLE HEART RIVER. 
 
 August X3, 1847. — Latitude 46® 43' north j longitude 85° 38' west. Range 10, township 49, section 1. 
 
 O f ff 
 
 77 31 07 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 5 21 00 a. 
 
 5 50 08 
 
 1636.0 
 
 1632.2 
 
 64.5 
 
 66.5 
 
 1635.5 
 
 1631.34 
 
 26748602500 
 
 26616702056 
 
 682.13 
 
 677.41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 679.72 
 
 3116.5 
 
 1041. 5 
 
 597 [ 1 1 
 
two MILES WEST OF WHITEPI8H POINT. 
 
 'August 13, 1847, — Latitude 46® 46^ N.; longitude 13' W. Range 6, township 51, section ^1. 
 
 O ' ( It 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 32 00 
 
 5 
 
 8 50 00.8 
 
 1639.6 
 
 65 
 
 1639 
 
 2686320000 
 
 679.22 
 
 3146.4 
 
 LITTLE TAaUAMANON RIVER, 
 
 / 
 
 August 14, 1847. — Latitude 46° 41' ; longitude 85° 13' W. Range 6, township 49, section^.3. 
 
 O 1 n 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 19 30 
 
 5 
 
 4 46 00 
 
 1634.4 
 
 78 
 
 1632.47 
 
 26549583009 
 
 1 
 
 687.24 
 
 3132. 1 
 
 1046.8 
 
 ST. MARY’^ RIVER— ((^]3osiie Palmer^s.) 
 
 .August 20, 1847. — Latitude 46° 32' N.j longitude 84° 24' W. Range 2, township 48, section 29. 
 
 O t It 
 
 77 23 15 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 33 15 
 
 1637.1 
 
 69.5 
 
 1637.01 
 
 26800964100 
 
 680. 81 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 02 03 
 
 1631.2 
 
 66.5 
 
 1630.46 
 
 26583998116 
 
 678. 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 679.00 
 
 3109.6 
 
 1039. 3 
 
 I 1 ] 598 
 
DRUMMOND’S ISLAND. 
 
 August 25, 1847. — Latitude 46° 00' N.; longitude 84° 03'. Range — , township 42, section 31. 
 
 
 O f tf 
 
 77 06 34 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 03 
 
 1623.6 
 
 79.5 
 
 1621. 44 
 
 262.00376736 
 
 694.02 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 1617.6 
 
 79.0 
 
 1614.90 
 
 26079037636 
 
 691.27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 692. 64 
 
 104.5 
 
 1037.6 
 
 BRUCE’S MINE — the landing.) ** 
 
 August 22, 1847. — Latitude 46® 19' N.; longitude 83® 58' W. 
 
 O / /f 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 77 02 32.5 
 
 5 
 
 6 28 62 
 
 1624. 6 
 
 63 
 
 1624.26 
 
 26382205476 
 
 691.60 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 47 03.8 
 
 1614.6 
 
 60 
 
 1614. 60 
 
 26069331600 
 
 691.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 691.58 
 
 3084.1 
 
 1030. 7 
 
 Geology. — Over a trappean dike, and near the lake. 
 BRUCE’S MINE. 
 
 August 23, 1847t — ^Near the principal vein of ore* 
 
 O f It 
 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 77 16 00 
 
 6 
 
 6 16 02 a. 
 
 1649. 6 
 
 56 
 
 1650. 18 
 
 27230940324 
 
 662. 04 
 
 3003.6 
 
 1004. 9 
 
 6Q9 
 
BRUCE’S MINE* 
 
 At the basaltic bluffs, 40 rods N. of the mine. 
 
 ! 
 
 O t tr 
 
 — 
 
 h. mhu sec. 
 
 — - 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 74 24 22 
 
 !5 
 
 9 51 01 a. 
 
 1485. 6 
 
 68 
 
 1484. 56 
 
 22000371600 
 
 819.43 
 
 3049.5 
 
 i 
 
 1019.2 
 
 j ■ 
 
 Geology. — Pieces of basaltic rock decidedly magnetic. 
 
 ISLAND FIVE OR SIX MILES NORTH GP MACKW AW. ^(St. Martinis island?) 
 August 28, 1847. — Latitude 45® 59' N., longitude 84^ 47' W. Range 2 W., township 4IN., section 9. 
 
 
 O / (f 
 
 
 h, min. sec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?6 43 30 
 
 4 
 
 3 18 02,4 
 
 1.318.88 
 
 66 
 
 1318.34 
 
 17380203556 
 
 712.74 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 42 24 p. 
 
 1599. 61 
 
 66 
 
 1598.94 
 
 25566091236 
 
 713.68 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 05 OS p. 
 
 1500.82 
 
 64 
 
 1590. 25 
 
 25289268676 
 
 713.26 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 71«.22 
 
 3106.0 
 
 1038. X 
 
 Geology. — Cliff limestone, horizontally stratified. 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE MILES WEST OF MACKINAW. 
 
 — _*e, latitude 46*^ 03'; longitude 85^ 21'. Range 7 W., township 42 N., section 12 ; United States surveys. 
 
 O r n 
 
 76 55 31 
 
 5 
 
 h. min. sec. 
 
 1 40 04 
 
 2 02 01.6 
 
 1809.6 
 
 1602.6 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 1608. 81 
 1601.75 
 
 25882374400 
 
 25656030625 
 
 704.96 
 702. 67 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 703. 82 
 
 3111.1 
 
 1039. 8 
 
 ■jS', 
 
 Geology.— Sand, superimposed on cliff limestqnf . 
 
 600 
 
\ 
 
 MOUTH OP SBUL. CHOIX RIVER. 
 
 September 6, 1847. — Latitude 45° 59' N. ; longitude 86® 8' W. Range 13, township 40, section 11. 
 
 p / // 
 
 76 35 15 
 
 
 
 h. niiv» sec 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1041. 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 38 04 a. 
 
 1589.62 
 
 67 
 
 1588. 74 
 
 25240947876 
 
 722. 87 
 
 Geology. — Cliff limestone. 
 
 SEVEN MILES WEST OP SEUL CHOIX .POINT. 
 
 September 8, 1847. — Latitude 45® 58' N. ; longitude 86® 15' W. Range^ 14, township 41, section IQ? 
 
 O / // 
 
 76 25 37 
 
 [ 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 h. min, sec. 
 12 42 44 
 * 12 57 59.2 
 
 3690.62 
 
 1581.62 
 
 t 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 1590.^ 
 
 1581.62 
 
 25300719844 
 25005096900 ' 
 
 721. 17 
 720.82 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 720.99 
 
 3071.8 
 
 1026.6 
 
 Geology, — Sand, superimposed on cliff limestone. 
 
 El] 109 
 
MINISTiaUE RIVER. 
 
 September 9, 1847' — Latitude 45° 58' N. ; longitude 86° 29' W. Range 26 W., township 41, section 18. 
 
 O f " 
 
 76 24 69 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 hi mhi. sec, 
 
 6 16 04 p. 
 5 49 05 
 5 31 00 
 
 1303.7 
 
 1581.62 
 
 1574.62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 1303.7 
 
 3581,62 
 
 1574.50 
 
 16997336900 
 
 2.5015218244 
 
 2479050.2500 
 
 728.79 
 
 729.40 
 
 727.21 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 728. 47 
 
 3098. 0 
 
 1035,4 
 
 Geology. — Saind, superimposed on cliff limestone. 
 
 MOON ISLAND. 
 
 September II, 1847.— Latitude 45° 36' N. ; longitude 87° 17' W. 
 
 © / // 
 
 76 18 40 
 
 5 
 
 h. min, sec, 
 11 31 08 a. 
 11 59 01.6 
 
 1580.62 
 
 1574. 62 
 
 64 
 
 65.5 
 
 1580.22 
 
 1574.02 
 
 24964000000 
 
 24774760000 
 
 730.7 
 727 6 
 
 .■ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 729.15 
 
 3080.5 
 
 1029 6 
 
 / 
 
 Geology,— Sand, superimposed on cliff limestone. 
 
 Cl] 602 
 
603 
 
 Vla^sijicatwn and comparison of the preceding results 
 
 KEWENON PENINSULA, 
 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Total intensity. 
 
 Port Wilkins 
 
 0 1 n 
 
 \ 47 38 
 
 O / It 
 
 88 00 45 
 
 1149.6 
 
 Horse-shoe Harbor 
 
 47 28 
 
 87 57 
 
 1046.9 
 
 Eagle River Mine 
 
 47 24 
 
 88 25 
 
 1038. 7 
 
 Do 
 
 47 24 
 
 88 24 45 
 
 im.i 
 
 Do 
 
 47 24 ’ 
 
 88 26 
 
 1050.1 
 
 Cliff Mine 
 
 47 24 
 
 88 28 
 
 1025.4 
 
 Do 
 
 47 24 
 
 88 28 
 
 1039.8 
 
 Copper Falls 
 
 47 27 
 
 88 12 
 
 1044.6 
 
 Do 
 
 47 26 50 
 
 88 12 
 
 1083.2 
 
 Baite du Gris 
 
 47 24 
 
 88 06 
 
 1041.1 
 
 8ibley^s Mine 
 
 47 24 
 
 ^ 88 08 
 
 1068. 5 
 
 Bohemian Mountain 
 
 47 25 
 
 88 08 
 
 1464.6 
 
 Mendelbaum’s 
 
 . 47 24 
 
 88 08 
 
 1182.4 
 
 Landing near Sibley’s. 
 
 47 23 40 
 
 88 08 
 
 1030 
 
 Mount Houghton 
 
 47 25 
 
 88 04 
 
 1052 5 
 
 Western point of Baite du Gris. ............ 
 
 47 22 
 
 87 51 
 
 1048. 1 
 
 Point Kewenon 
 
 47 26 
 
 87 50 
 
 1077.1 
 
 Do 
 
 47 28 
 
 87 50 
 
 1035.7 ' 
 
 Hawk’s Bill 
 
 47 11 
 
 87 30 
 
 1030.8 
 
 Mouth of Portage liver 
 
 47 01 
 
 87 30 
 
 1035.6 
 
 Anse 
 
 1 46 49 
 
 87 34 
 
 1036.7 
 
 Mean 
 
 47 22 36 
 
 88 12 24 
 
 1077.1 
 
 Total intensity reduced to arbitrary scale 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1.9334 
 
 Remarks. — In April, 1844, 1 announced to the American Philosophical Society, that at Point 
 Kewenon I had probably reached the place or region of maximum intensity ; at the same 
 time qualifying that announcement on account of the want of more extended and multiplied 
 reseaieh. 
 
[ 1 ] 604 
 
 Since Captain Lefroy has examined the region between Lake Superior 
 and Hudson bay, Colonel Sabine has calculated the maximum to be- 
 1.878, and located in latitude 52^ 19' and longitude 91^ 59'.' 
 
 The high intensity of Point Kewenon — determined by numerous ob- 
 servations made over a region of thirty miles in extent— must, then, be con- 
 sidered a case of extraordinary and extensive local attraction, the mean 
 being higher than Colonel Sabine’s maximum. Indeed, the abrupt changes * 
 and. extraordipary results along the trappean dikes and near the metallic 
 veins are sufficient evidence of unusual magnetic forces, although they 
 operate on a scale co-extensive with the peculiar geological formations of ’ 
 trap and metalliferous conglomerate, occupying so large a portion of that 
 peninsula. 
 
 If, however, we select such observations as were made on the hori- 
 zontally stratified sandstone of the peninsula, we find them not only con- 
 sistent among themselves, but conforming to the results which Captain. 
 Lefroy obtained between Lake Superior and Hudson’s bay. . They are 
 as follows: 
 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Tetal 
 
 Baite du Gris 
 
 . 47° 24' 
 
 . 88° OS', 
 
 1041.5 
 
 ^ ^ Do western part 
 
 - 47° 22' 
 
 88° 05' 
 
 1048.1 
 
 Hawk’s Bill 
 
 - 47° 11' 
 
 88° 30' 
 
 103«.3 
 
 Portage river 
 
 - 47° 01' 
 
 88° 30' 
 
 1035.6 
 
 Aiise - 
 
 - 46° 49' 
 
 88° 34' 
 
 1036.7 
 
 
 47"^. 09' 06" 
 
 88° 21' 06" 
 
 1038.3: 
 
 Total intensity, reduced to arbitrary scale 
 
 - 
 
 - 1.8637 
 
 The observations at La Pointe and at Ontonagon river were 
 
 t made on 
 
 the same sandstone. The results are as follows 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Total int’y- 
 
 JLa Pointe 
 
 - 46° 47' 
 
 90° 58' 
 
 1044.5 
 
 Ontonagon river 
 
 - 46° 52' 
 
 89° 31' 
 
 1039 
 
 
 46° 49' 30" 
 
 90° 44' 
 
 1041.7 
 
 t 
 
 Reduced to arbitrary scale, total intensity 
 
 • 
 
 GO 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 South shore of Lake Superior 
 
 yfrom Chocolate 
 
 river ^o Taquamanon, 
 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Total int’y* 
 
 Train river 
 
 - 46° 30' 
 
 87° 01’ , 
 
 1042 
 
 Grand island 
 
 - 46° 27' 
 
 86° 45' 
 
 1045 
 
 Chappel river - ^ - 
 
 - 46° 43' 
 
 86° 40' 
 
 1049 
 
 Portal Rock 
 
 - '46° 43' 
 
 86» 39' 45" 
 
 1049 
 
 Grand Marais 
 
 - 46° 42' 
 
 86° 09' 
 
 1043 
 
 Two-heart river 
 
 - 46° 43' 
 
 85° 38' 
 
 1041 
 
 Near White Pish point - 
 
 - 46° 46' 
 
 85° 13' 
 
 10 
 
 Little Taquamanon river 
 
 - 46° 41' 
 
 85° 13' 
 
 1046 
 
 
 46° 39' 22" 
 
 86^ 09' 50" 
 
 1045.875 
 
 By arbitrary seale - 
 
 •• 
 
 - 
 
 1.877 
 
 Maximum of Colonel Sabine 
 
 
 
 1 S78> 
 
Thfese" observations;, which are remarkably consistent and made along 
 a sandstone coast entirely unexceptionable as regards the geological 
 forlnatiohs^ exhibit a mean within a unit of being equal to the rnaxi- 
 mum of Colonel Sabine. Why it should be higher than a mean of the 
 most unexceptionable observations on Kewenon peninsula^ it is difficult 
 to decide^ unless the cold water of the lake^ extending along so nearly a 
 m^netic parallel^ has some modifying influence. 
 
 ft appears that the intensities^ as indicated by No. 5, are higher than 
 the mean where the three needles have been used. In order to be able 
 to apply an equation wh^re No. 5 alone was used, I have made corftpari- 
 :sons of nine cases in which two or three needles were used. I find by 
 the mean of this comparison that the ratio of the indications of No. 5 to 
 those of the means of the several needles, is as 1 to, 0.99852. The mean 
 of total intensity at eight stations along the south shore of Lake Superior, 
 from Train river to Little Taqiiamanon, by No. 5, is equal to 1046, er by 
 arbitrary scale 1877,6, which being reduced by the above co-efficient, is 
 1874.8. 
 
 Synopsis of the explm'aiions of the geological corps in the Lake Superior 
 land district in the northern peninsula of Michigan^ under the direction 
 of J, W, Foster and J, D. Whitney^ United States Geologists. 
 
 Boston, November 5, 1849. 
 
 Sir: In accordance with our instructions, we hasten to communicate to 
 you a synopsis of the results of the explorations nf the geological corps 
 tinder our superintendence in the Lake Superior land district during the 
 past season . 
 
 On receiving our instructions from the department, we proceeded forth- 
 with to make the necessary preparations for taking the field. We were 
 particularly required to designate, as soon as possible, by quarter sections, 
 such tracts as, in our opinion, ought to be reserved as mineral lands, 
 in order to enable the department to carry out the provisions of the act of 
 March 1, 1847, entitled An act to establish a new land district, and to 
 provide for the sale of mineral lands in the State of Michigan.’’ 
 
 Mr. S. W. Hill, of Eagle River, Michigan, whom we had appointed 
 assistant geologist, was instructed to procure the necessary assistance,, 
 and proceed at once to explore the trap range of Keweenaw point with 
 suflicient minuteness to enable him ' to designate the character of each 
 quarter section. He entered upon the work early in June, immediately 
 after the disappearance of the snow, and carried it on with zeal and vigor 
 until the requisite information had been obtained. 
 
 Anxious to avail ourselves of the services of one who had extensively 
 traversed this region, and possessed a large fund of local information, we 
 tendered to Mr. John Burt, United States deputy surveyor, of Mount Ver- 
 non, Michigan, the post of assistant geologist; but unfortunately Mr. Bhrt 
 had entered into a contract for linear surveys, which he was under obli- 
 gations to fulfil. This post was subsequently filled by Mr. E. Desoo, a 
 gentleman well known to the scientific world. He had thoroughly in- 
 v^estigated the superficial deposites of northern Europe, which present 
 many points of resemblance to those of our own country - and we deemed 
 
[ 1 ] 6p6 
 
 ourselves fortunate in having secured his services in this department of 
 geology. 
 
 Messrs. William Schlatter and W. D. Whitney were appointed suh- 
 assistants; the former was employed as draughtsman, the latter as orni- 
 thologist and botanist. It gives us pleasure to add that all of the mem- 
 bers of the corps have devoted themselves actively to the interests of the 
 survey, and discharged their respective duties with zeal and fidelity. 
 
 On arriving at Copper Harbor, we found that Mr. Hill had nearly com- 
 pleted the work assigned him. The whole corps was then transferred to 
 the region west of Portage lake, to complete the examination of that dis- 
 trict, which had been before explored by Mr. Whitney. Three parties 
 were organized: one party explored the sources of the Elm and Misery 
 rivers, and thence east to Portage lake; another party extended these ex- 
 plorations v/estwardly to the Ontonagon river; while the third traversed 
 the mineral region west of that river. The heights of the principal points 
 were measured with the barometer, and numerous specimens illustrative 
 of the geology of the region collected. 
 
 On returning to Copper Harbor, while waiting for a vessel to convey 
 us to Isle Royale, the maps of Keweenaw point and of the district be- 
 tween Portage lake, on which the character of each quarter section was 
 indicated, were completed. Lists of the mineral lands were also made 
 out, all of which were forwarded to the department at Washington. We 
 availed ourselves of this interval to re-examine the principal mines of Ke- 
 weenaw point, and collect samples of their products. 
 
 We next proceeded to Isle Royale, and commenced the examination of 
 that island. We explored along its shores and in the interior. The heights 
 of the principal ranges were determined, and several sections made across 
 it. Owing to the great dilRculty of effecting an exploration of the inte- 
 rior, little has as yet been done towards the development of its mineral 
 resources except along its shores, and we found it impossible, in the limit- 
 ed time allotted us, to carry out a detailed investigation. We have, how- 
 ever, we believe, accomplished all that the interests of the government 
 required. To Messrs. Douglass, Whittlesey, and Shaw, (the latter of 
 whom accompanied us in part of our explorations,) we are indebted for 
 much valuable local information. 
 
 Having accomplished this work, we were conveyed, on board of the 
 propeller Napoleon, without delay, to Carp river. Our object was to ex- 
 amine that portion of the southern coast known as the ^Oron region.’’ 
 Four parties were organized, to each of which a particular district was 
 assigned, with instructions to examine with care all of the localities of 
 iron designated in the notes of the linear surveyors. The region was ex- 
 amined with sufficient minuteness, it is believed, to enable us to trace the 
 boundaries of the several formations, and indicate the really valuable de- 
 posites of iron. Our operations here, however, were retarded by the sick- 
 ness of several members of the corps. 
 
 On the completion of this work, a party under the direction of Mr. Hill 
 was directed to coast along the shore to KeweenaW point, examining the 
 Huron mountains on the route; and after arriving at L’Anse, to proceed 
 inland to Sturgeon river, with a view of determining the age, position>^ 
 and extent of the limestone v/hich there occurs in connexion with the 
 sandstone. After having arrived at Keweenaw point, he was further in- 
 structed to visit the Ontonagon river, and re-examine some of the mines 
 
in that vicinity^ which were but imperfectly developed v/hen we were^ 
 there in the early part of the season. The notes of this party have not 
 yet been received. 
 
 Another party under Mr. Whitney coasted to Sault Ste. Marie, makings 
 excursions inland with a view of determining the boundaries of the detri- 
 tal rocks, and taking sketches and measurements of the Pictured rocks; 
 and other objects of interest. 
 
 While at Sault Ste. -Marie, in accordance with the instructions of the? 
 department, we furnished the receiver of the land office at that place with 
 lists and diagrams of the tracts supposed to contain copper. 
 
 Such is a brief abstract of our explorations during the past season. The^ 
 results of those explorations will be found in the four geological maps for- 
 warded to the department: 
 
 1. A map of the region between Portage lake and the Montreal river. 
 
 2m A map of Keweenaw point. 
 
 3. A map of Isle Roy ale. 
 
 4. A map of the region between Keweenaw bay and Chocolate river. 
 
 These maps form a connected series, and embrace all of the mineral 
 
 lands contained in the several townships subdivided up to the close of 
 the year 1S48. The southern extension of the metamorphic rocks, em- 
 hracing the region about the outlet of the Machigamig and the upper 
 portion of the Menomonee rivers, contains iron^ but its range and extent 
 has not been determined. This region was traversed by Messrs. Poster 
 and Hill in the fall of 1848. It was being subdivided during the past 
 season, and we deemed it advisable to defer its examination until we 
 could avail ourselves of the township plats. 
 
 To Mr. Lyon, surveyor general at Detroit, we desire to express our 
 thanks for his promptitude in furnishing us copies of plats, held- notes,., 
 &c., and other facilities he has afforded us in the prosecution of this 
 work. 
 
 In the selection of the mineral lands, we have been governed by the- 
 following principles : 
 
 1. Tracts supposed to contain copper — in some cases associated with 
 silver. 
 
 a. Experience in mining, and the examination of a great number of 
 localities, have demonstrated that the veins of copper, audits ores, in the; 
 sandstone and conglomerate, are not to be relied on, and thaf whem 
 worked, even to an inconsiderable depth, they give out. Numerous 
 trials have been made in these rocks, in the Lake Superior district, and 
 the result in every instancb has been unsuccessful. Although copper is; 
 found at short intervals, from the Pictured rocks to the Montreal ' river, in 
 this rock, yet we have designated no tract in it as mineral land. As all 
 of the productive lodes are confined to the ranges of trap, all of the min- 
 eral tracts designated lie within those ranges. What is generally known 
 as thp trajp range, consists of a belt of igneous rocks, composed for the 
 most part of hornblende and felspar, wffiich in places have broken 
 through the sandstones, tilting them up at high angles; but oftener are. 
 found in alternating beds, having the same dip as the detrital rockSo. 
 The associated sandstone and conglomerate belong to the silurian system^ 
 and rest at the base of all the fossiliferous rocks. The trap-range /ex- 
 tends from the Montreal river — the western boundary of the district — and 
 disappears in the lake at the extremity of Keweenaw point. Its general 
 
^course is a little north of eastj, preserving a pretty uniform parallelism 
 •with the southern coast of Lake Superior. Its width varies from two 
 miles to twelve. Throughout this range — nearly one hundred and fifty 
 miles in extent — copper^ mostly native^ is disseminated^ but more pro- 
 iusely in some places than others. In fact, there may be said to exist two 
 centres of metallic riches, around each of which copper has been accumula- 
 ’ted in considerable quantity, but under circumstances somewhat different. 
 The one may be designated as the Keweenaw point centre, which has a 
 system of veins cutting across the trap range. Within this system are 
 included the Cliff, North American, Northwest, Northwestern, and Cop- 
 per Falls mines. 
 
 The other may be designated as the Ontonagon centre, and here the 
 Teins preserve a certain parallelism with the ranges, or run with the 
 formation. In this system are included the Minnesota, the Ontonagon,, 
 and the Ohio trap-rock mines. 
 
 Some of these accumulations of copper are mere beds, the result of 
 segregation, while others are contained in fissures, formed subsequent 
 to the containing rock, and "associated with a veinstone entirely dissim- 
 ilar. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the copper-bearing rocks form two independent 
 groups, which are characterized by peculiarities distinctly marked. 
 
 b. Having restricted the mineral lands to the trappean rocks, and hav- 
 ing traced on the riiaps the respective limits of the igneous and aqueous 
 formations, it remained to be determined what portion of this belt should 
 he reserved as mineral, and what excluded. The rocks over a large 
 portion of this area are concealed by accumulations of transported mat- 
 ter — such as sand and clay, which sustains a dense growth of trees. 
 The humidity of the climate is favorable to . the production of mosses, 
 which cover the ground like a carpet; hence, to trace the boundaries of 
 the rocks, even, is a task of great difficulty. The veinstone of the 
 copper lodes, disintegrating more readily than the enclosing walls, be- 
 comes concealed by rubbish, even where the rock is exposed; hence 
 course is to be traced by observing the depressions in the soil. Most of 
 tke^veins thus far tested have been found in precipitous cliffs, or in the 
 beds of streams, where the water has swept away the superficial cover- 
 
 ing. When we consider the limited space occupied by these lodes — the 
 most productive ones rarely exceeding two feet in width — and the diffi- 
 culties attending their exploration, it must be acknowledged that a long 
 interval of time will elapse before even a tithe of the mineral wealth of 
 this region is reveciled. Every road that is made, every well that is sunk, 
 every pit that is excavated, every field that is cleared, will tend in some 
 degree to develop its geology. If the country were opened, and the 
 principal veins laid bare, it would be a task of some delicacy to determine 
 which would prove productive and which not. The testing of veins in 
 all mining countries is among the heaviest items off expenditure. Within 
 the space of twenty years the consolidated mines in Cornwall have ex- 
 pended not less than i?300,000 for the sole purpose of discovery, and 
 theii^ underground operations in sinking and driving amounted to about 
 63 miles. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that it would have been impossible for us to 
 deygnate such tracts, and such only, as contained productive veins. 
 We have, therefore, designated as mineral those tracts lying in the cop- 
 
609 
 
 111 
 
 per-bearing range, where rocks are exposed, and which, by their prox- 
 imity to mines of known value, or by general comparisons of the indi- 
 cations of mineral wealth throughout the district, seem to offer a rea- 
 sonable prospect of successful mining, and where minhte explorations 
 might reveal the existence of valuable lodes. In those portions of the 
 district where the rocks are but imperfectly exposed and traversed by few 
 veins, affording little encouragement for the, prosecution of mining opera- 
 tions, we have reported no mineral tracts. Such is the character of the 
 trap range to the west of Portage lake, as far as township 52, range 37 
 west, and of the region known as the Porcupine Mountains. 
 
 In designating the mineral lands on Isle Royale, we encountered still 
 greater difficulties. It would be almost impossible to exaggerate the 
 physical obstructions to a thorough exploration of that island. It may 
 be characterized as a succession of ridges and swamps, densely covered 
 
 with trees and slirubs. 
 
 Fires have extended over a large portion of the 
 
 island, and the fallen trunks form an almost impenetrable net* work of in- 
 
 terwoven branches. We crossed the Island in many places* but in these 
 
 exploratioiis vm saw few evidences of veins. 
 
 We have little confidence in the metalliferous character of the veins on 
 
 Isle Royale. That portion of the island embraced in the igneous forma- 
 tion is m.ade up of alternating beds of hard crystalline greenstone pass- 
 ing into porphyry and amygdaloidal trap; the former are thick, the latter 
 thin. Wliere the veins pass from the soft into the hard rock, they are 
 observed to change in their productiveness and become narrow and 
 pinched, and in some cases present a mere fissure. The best mining 
 ground is on the southern portion of the island, near the junction of the 
 trap and conglomerate. The rock is rind,” and can probably be pene- 
 trated to the depth of two or three hundred feet before striking a green- 
 stone vein. Two systems of veins occur here — one longitudinal, the 
 other transverse. 
 
 The same banded appearance, and the same phenomena with regard to 
 the productiveness of veins in their transition from a hard to a soft rock, 
 have been observed on Keweenaw point. The metalliferous belts there 
 are, however, wider, and the mining ground more extensive. The best 
 mines will probably be limited in their downward range. We selected as 
 mineral lands such portions as afforded good exposures of the rock, be- 
 lieving that such portions as are purchased will be so, exclusively in 
 reference to their mineral wealth. 
 
 2. In designating the lands containing iron we have encountered 
 less difficulty. The beds are found on a scale of such magnitude, and 
 the ore is of such purity, that it requires little search to discover them,, 
 and little caution in pronouncing on their value. This iron region is,^ 
 perhaps, the most valuable and extensive in the world for the manuff^c- 
 ture of the finer varieties of wrought iron and stbel. When we consider 
 tlie immense extent of the district, the mountain masses of ore, its purity 
 and adaptation to the manufacture of the most valuable kinds of if on, 
 and the immense forests which cover the surface suitable for charcoal, 
 this district may be pronounced unrivalled. 
 
 On referring to the map which accompanies this synopsis, it will be 
 seen that the iron occurs in a rnetamorphic formation bounded by two 
 granite belts — one on the north, and the other on the south — and tliat it 
 is prolonged westerly beyond the Machigamig river. This formation 
 Part ii— 39 
 
consists of hornblende; talcose; and chlorite slates^ with associated beds 
 of hornblende and felspar rocks evidently trappean in their origin . In 
 that portion of .the region drained by Carp and Dead rivers ; and even on 
 the head- waters of the Escanaba, the trappean rocks rise in megular 
 knobs and ridges from one hundred to two hundred feet above tire gene- 
 ral level of the country, and from eight hundred to ten hundred feet 
 above the lake level. To the west and south of Meichi-gummi, (or Big ’ 
 Lake,) the ridges are less abrupt, and there are some townships where 
 there is scarcely a single exposure of the rock in place. 
 
 The ore consists mainly of the specular, or peroxide of iron, with an 
 admixture of the fine-grained magnetic. In some instances the whole 
 ridge (or knob) appears to consist of one mass of pure ore— so pure that 
 no selection is required; but an unlimited quantity might be quarried, or 
 picked up in loose blocks around the slopes; in others, the ore is mixed 
 with seams of quartz or jasper, which renders it less valuable and re- 
 quires some care in the selection. The iron in such cases presents a 
 banded ajid contorted structure, or alternating seams of steel-gray and 
 brilliant red. The appearance of a mountain-clitr thus made up is extra- 
 ordinary. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be said that this region possesses an inexhausti- 
 ble supply of iron ore of the best quality — removed from twelve to tliirty 
 miles from the lake shore, with a soil by no means sterile, and covered 
 with a heavy growth of maple, yellow birch, pine, and oak — and that it 
 is to this source that the great West will ultimately look for its supplies of 
 the finer varieties of bar-iron and steel. The Iron mountain ” of Mis- 
 souri becomes insignificant compared with these immense deposites. 
 This region also contains extensive beds of marble, which will prove of 
 much economical value for fluxing the ores and in yielding lime, while, 
 with care, blocks for architectural and ornamental purposes can be ob- 
 tained. Flesh- red is the prevailing tint with veins of a deeper hue. 
 The novaculite slates are valuable, affording hones equal to the Turkey 
 or Scotch stones. 
 
 Appended to this syiiopsis will be found complete lists of the mineral 
 lands of the Lake Superior district. 
 
 During the past season the results of the mining operations in this re- 
 gion have been highly successful. Several companies are actively em- 
 ployed in prosecuting their works. The shipments of copper during the 
 past year amount to about 1,200 tons, mostly in masses nearly pure. The 
 Cliff mine, belonging to the Boston and Pittsburg Company, shows no 
 signs of exhaustion; and its shipments during the present season amount 
 to nearly 1,000 tons of copper, yielding about 90 per cent. It divided 
 last year a dividend of upwards of 50 per cent, on the shares, and as 
 large a dividend is expected on this year’s product. The North Ameri- 
 can and the Northwestern Companies have now thoroughly opened their 
 respective mines, and will probably, in the course of the next season, 
 ship a considerable amount of copper. 
 
 The Minnesota mine, on the Ontonagon river, when we visited it in 
 the spring, displayed a lode of unparalleled richness, and bids fair to 
 rival the Cliff mine in productiveness. The shipments for 1850 will 
 probably exceed 2,000 tons. 
 
 The mining operations in \ this region, prosecuted under many disad- 
 vantages, have shown that the vekis of native copper are really valuable^ 
 
and as certain in their yield as those of the ores of copper^ and that ulti- 
 mately they will go far towards supplying the national consumption. 
 
 In the iron region the Jackson Company was the first to commence the 
 manufacture of blooms and bar- iron. They have now two forges in suc- 
 cessful operation; producing 2;400 pounds of blooms per day, at an ex- 
 pense of little over $21 per ton. Their forges are located on Carp river,, 
 about ten miles from the lake shore. 
 
 The Worcester Company, organized dining the past year, ha^e select- 
 ed a site by the lake shore, about a mile above the mouth of the Carp 
 river, and are erecting ten forges, which will be ready for operation by 
 next year. 
 
 There is one obstacle which seriously retards the development of this 
 region: we allude to the rapids of the St. Mary’s river. These rapids 
 are less than a mile in extent, and the fall varies between eighteen arid 
 twenty-one feet, dependent on the stage of water in Lake Superior, The 
 banks, which novdrere attain an elevation of more than twenty-five feet 
 above the bed of the stream, are composed of fissile sandstone. At 
 present, every barrel of flour consumed in the mining region is carried 
 over this portage, as well as every mass of copper or bloom of iron 
 brought down. With this obstruction removed by the construction of a 
 canal around the rapids, there would be an uninterrupted navigation from 
 Bufialo and Chicago to Fond du Lac. The mining interest requires it. 
 The fisheries, the immense tracts of pine and cedar, the various materials 
 for construction, (such as granites, slates, and marbles,) would then all 
 be made available, and it is believed that the govern^nent would be at 
 once remunerated for the expense incurred by the enhanced value com- 
 municated to the public domain. ' 
 
 We purpose, during the ensuing winter, preparing a report on the eco- 
 nomical geology of the region examined, giving a full description of the 
 copper and iron-bearing districts, with delineations of the principal mines 
 and all the data which we have been able to collect as to their produc- 
 tiveness, accompanied with plans of the workings, drawings of machine- 
 ry, furnaces, and such other information as may be valuable to the 
 mining population of that district. 
 
 What remains to be done is the examination of the southern extension 
 of the iron region, which occupies but a limited area in the vicinity of 
 the outlet of the Machigamig river and the upper part of the Menomonee^ 
 and the tracing out the boundaries of the limestones which form the 
 northern shore of Lake Michigan. To accomplish this, we need about 
 |3,000 in addition to the unexpended balance of the appropriation of 
 1847-’48. This work can be easily accomplished during the next sea- 
 son, when we shall be prepared to present a detailed and scientific report 
 upon the whole region, with the necessary maps, on which will be indi- 
 cated the boundaries of the various systems of rocks, and accompanied 
 by analyses of all the useful minerals, soils, &c. 
 
 We have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servants, 
 
 J. W. FOSTER, 
 
 J. D. WHITNEY, 
 
 United States Geologists, 
 
 Hon. Justin Butterfield, 
 
 Coi 7 imissio?ier of the Gefierul Land Office^ Washington • 
 
[ 1 ] 612 
 
 List of the mineral lands in the region between Portage lake and the 
 
 Montreal river ^ Lake Superior land district* 
 
 Section 
 
 Township 
 
 north. 
 
 Ban^ 
 
 west. 
 
 52 
 
 37 
 
 i 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 38 
 
 51 
 
 38 
 
 51 i 
 
 38' 
 
 51 1 
 
 38 
 
 50 j 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
613 
 
 ^st of the mineral lands of Keweenaw Pointy Lake Superior district. 
 
 Section. 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 :S0 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 'SO 
 S I 
 
 ss 
 
 '24 
 
 :27 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 :20 
 21 
 ■22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 ;25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Part. 
 
 Township 
 
 north. 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 SW. i 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 W. i' 
 
 58 
 
 2t 
 
 Atl. f 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 N. 1 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 s. 1 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 s. 1 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 S. i 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 
 68 
 
 28 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 N. k and SE. 1. 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 ne! 1 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 s. ‘ 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 s i 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 se"* 1. 
 
 58 
 
 28, 
 
 ne. ^ * 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 N i and SE. \ 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 w. \ 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 N. i ‘ 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 NW. " 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 N. ^ 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 S. i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 S. k • . • 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 s. 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 N. i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 N. 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 TST. l 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 N i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 N. i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 S 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 s i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 s i 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 IV i . . 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 1V 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 IV 1 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 
 58 
 
 m 
 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 TV 1 k . . - 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 TV 1 . . 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 TVW 1 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 V. 1 and i . . . 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 
 58 
 
 39 
 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 ■fyj 1 . . . 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 N.i. 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
614 
 
 List of the mimral lands of Keweenaw Point — Continued. 
 
 Section. 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 € 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 21 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 29 
 M 
 
 Part. 
 
 Township 
 
 north. 
 
 All 
 
 
 
 
 All : 
 
 58 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 N. » 
 
 58 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 58 
 
 All.. ,r 
 
 58 
 
 S. 1 
 
 58 
 
 s.i 
 
 58 
 
 S. i 
 
 58 
 
 SE. 1 
 
 58 
 
 Ail..' 
 
 58 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 All 
 
 58 
 
 N. i 
 
 58 
 
 N. i 
 
 58 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 57 
 
 N. h and SW. 1 
 
 57 
 
 All 
 
 57 
 
 SE. ‘ 
 
 58 
 
 s. i r 
 
 
 All .' 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 S. i 
 
 
 S. 4 and N. E. 1.... 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 NW. i 
 
 
 W. 4 and NE. i 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 
 S. 4 . 
 
 58 
 
 N.l and SW. i 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 E. i and S W. 7 ..... 
 
 S. 4 
 
 57 
 
 s. 1 
 
 57 
 
 NE i 
 
 57 
 
 N. 4 .'. 
 
 57 
 
 N. 1 
 
 57 
 
 NW. 1 
 
 57 
 
 S. 4 and NE* 4 
 
 58 
 
 S. 4 and NE. 4 
 
 58 
 
 All.. 
 
 
 5T 
 
 All 
 
 ^ 57 
 
 S. 4 and NE. 4 
 
 9 i, 
 
 57 
 
 All 
 
 57 
 
 W. 4...* 
 
 57 
 
 W. 4 
 
 57 
 
 SE. i 
 
 57 
 
 
 57 
 
 S. 4 
 
 57 
 
 W.'’4 
 
 57 
 
 AIl..^ 
 
 57 
 
 N. 4 and SW. 4 
 
 57 
 
 
 57 
 
 E- 4 and S W. | 
 
 57 
 
 
 ^7 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
615 
 
 [ 1 } 
 
 List of the mineral lands of Keweenaw Paint — Cantinued . 
 
 Section. Part. Township Range 
 
 north. west. 
 
 33 E. iandSW. I 57 32 
 
 34 W. iandBE. 4 57 32 
 
 35 S 4 andNE. | 57 33 
 
 36 SW. I 57 33 
 
 4 W. i 56 32 
 
 5 S. iandNW. I 56 32 
 
 6 E. I 56 32 
 
 7 W. I and SE. i 56 32 
 
 8 N. i and SW. i... 56 32 
 
 17 W. 1 56 32 
 
 38 E. ^ 56 32 
 
 19 All 56 32 
 
 20 W. I 56 32 
 
 30 W. 4 56 32 
 
 2 W. 1 56 33 
 
 3 SE i 56 33 
 
 10 S W. and NE. quarters. 56 33 
 
 31 N. I 56 33 
 
 25 SE.“| 56 33 
 
 35 SE. I 56 33 
 
 36 All 56 33 
 
 1 NW. i 55 33 
 
 2 S. g and NE. | 55 33 
 
 3 SE. i 55 33 
 
 11 NW. i 55 33 
 
 10 S. 4 and NE. \ 55 33 
 
 15 I NW. |.. 55 33 
 
 16 ^ All 55 33 
 
 20 S. I andNE. i 55. 33 
 
 29 NW. \ 55 33 
 
 30 N. 4 55 33 
 
 23 SE. I 55 34 
 
 24 N,landSW.l 65 34 
 
 25 N. iandSW.i 55 34 
 
 26 All 65 34 
 
 27 SE. i 55 34 
 
 35 SE. I 55 34 
 
 36 S. I 55 34 
 
618 
 
 LAst of the mineral lands of Isle Roy ale, Luke Superior land distticL 
 
 Section. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Township 
 
 north. 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 2 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 N. I 
 
 E.| 
 
 SE. i 
 
 SW. i 
 
 S. 1 . 
 
 N. Aand SV/. | 
 
 All.! 
 
 Ali 
 
 All 
 
 Ail 
 
 All 
 
 Ail 
 
 N.| 
 
 1 
 
 N. I !!!!!*! !!**!!! !!!..! ill !!!..!!!.!! 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 N. i 
 
 NW. i 
 
 8 . 4 |. ................. 
 
 E h and S W. | 
 
 SW. i 
 
 SE. 5 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 S I 
 
 NW. i 
 
 NE. and SW. quarters 
 
 All..... 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 SS. I 
 
 N. I and SW. i 
 
 Alt 
 
 NW. and SE. quarters 
 
 S. I and NE. | .....♦, 
 
 N. 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 SE. |... 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 W. ^ and NE. A 
 
 NW. i 
 
 Ail 
 
 S. I 
 
 All 
 
 N. k and SE. i 
 
 S. ^and NE. | 
 
 NE. and SW. i 
 
 E ' . . 
 
 N. h and* SE. | 
 
 All.“. 
 
 W. land NE. |, ...... f..... 
 
 All 
 
 SE. I 
 
 NW. i 
 
 -A II.. 
 
 ^ and S'^^7 . ...i......... .......... ........ 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 1 33 
 
 67 
 
 33' 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 ; 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 68 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 66 i 
 
 33 
 
 66 ' 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 67 i 
 
 34 
 
 67 
 
 34 
 
 67 
 
 34 
 
 67 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 ^ 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
617 
 
 lAst of the mineral lands of Isle Roy ale — Continued 
 
 Section. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Township 
 1 north. 
 
 i 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 16 
 
 NW. i 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 Aii...r 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 All 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 N. i andSW. | 
 
 65 
 
 ; 34 
 
 20 
 
 NW. i 
 
 65 
 
 1 34 
 
 13 
 
 S. 4 and NE. 1.. 
 
 66 
 
 i 35 
 
 22 
 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 All! 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 24 
 
 N 1 and SW. | 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 NW. i and SE. A 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 
 NW. 1 !... 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 Aii...r. 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 Ail 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 SE ^ 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 E. A and SW. | 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 N. A 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 34 
 
 E. 4 andSW. | 
 
 ! 66 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 SE. 
 
 ' 66 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 E. 1 and S W. ^ 
 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 All 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 All 
 
 65 
 
 ! 35 
 
 3 
 
 All 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 4 : 
 
 E. 4 and SW. | 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 N 4 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 «6 
 
 E. 4 and SW. | 
 
 ! 65 
 
 1 35 
 
 7 
 
 S. 4 and NW. | 
 
 1 65 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 All 
 
 ‘ 65 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 All............ 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 to 
 
 S. 4 and NW. | 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 S. 4 and NW. | 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 N.‘4 and SE. ^ 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 14 
 
 N. 4 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 NW. A 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 All 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 17 
 
 NE. land SW. |... 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 All. 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 NE. 1 
 
 65 ! 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 NW.'a 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 24 
 
 SE A 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 N. 4 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 
 S. 4 and NE. A | 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 28 ! 
 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 S. 4 andNE. A 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 All 
 
 65 1 
 
 35 
 
 ^3 
 
 N. 1 and SW. i 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 s. 4 
 
 . 65 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 s. A 
 
 65 1 
 
 38 
 
 iO 
 
 
 65 i 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 12 
 
 N. 4 and SE. A ’ 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 14 
 
 NW. land SE. | 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 NE a - . 
 
 65 ; 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 N. 4 and’SW. |..... 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 '20 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
618 
 
 List of the mineral lands of Isle Continued . 
 
 Section. 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 1 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16* 
 17 
 19 
 
 29 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Part. 
 
 N. k 
 
 NW. i 
 SE. 1 
 
 NW. 4 
 
 NE. i and SW. i 
 
 SE. I 
 
 N. h and SW. 
 NW. 
 
 S. h 
 AIL. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 NW. I 
 
 N. i and SW. i. . , 
 
 S. i 
 
 SE. I 
 
 S. i and NE. |... 
 
 NW. I 
 
 N. i 
 
 SE 
 
 NE.VandSW.l 
 
 N. i 
 
 S. ^ and NW. i . 
 NE. i and SW. | 
 
 SE. i 
 
 SE. I 
 
 NE. i and SW. | 
 S. iand NW. 1.. 
 N. iand SW. 
 
 SE. A 
 
 I 
 
 5* 
 
 1 
 
 2* 
 
 SW. i 
 
 s. 
 
 N.' 
 
 NW. A. 
 
 SE. A 
 
 S. k and NE. a . 
 
 N. A 
 
 N. * and SW. a, 
 
 S. I and NE. | 
 
 N. I and SE. 1.. . 
 
 W 1 
 
 All.. 
 
 SE A 
 
 S. g and NE. . 
 
 N. ^ 
 
 NW. A 
 
 NE. A and SW. a 
 N. i and SE. • 
 
 S. I 
 
 S. I and NE. |.. . 
 
 Ail . : 
 
 NW. A and SE. a 
 SE. A and NW. | 
 
 S. I 
 
 S. I and NE. a... 
 S. A and NE. ^.. . 
 N. A 
 
 S. I and NE. a.. 
 S. iand*NW. a. 
 SE. A 
 
 N. i and SW. | 
 
 NE. I 
 
 NW. A 
 
 
 Township 
 north. . 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 €5 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 65, 
 
 36 
 
 65 \ 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37. 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 37 ; 
 
 64 
 
 37; 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 37 ; 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64' 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 87 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 3® - 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 3g 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 3§ 
 
 64 
 
 se 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 I 
 
619 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 List of the mineral lands of Isle Royale — ^Continued. 
 
 Section. 
 
 Part. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Township 
 north. 1 
 
 'Range 
 
 west. 
 
 f, 
 
 NW. 1.. 
 
 ! 
 
 63 
 
 38 
 
 \j 
 
 24 
 
 SE. i 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 S. 1 and NE. 1... 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 SE. i., 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 E. 4 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 All." 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 N. 4 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 N £ 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 SW. i 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 All. . / 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 ' 11 
 
 SW. i 
 
 63 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
620 
 
 M the tracts containing iron in the region between Chocolate river 
 and Keweenaw hay y in the Lake Superior land district. 
 
Geological 7nap of Keweenaw Pointy and list of the mineral lands» 
 
 Copper Harbor^ July 23'^ 1849* 
 
 Sir: We herewith transmit to you a geological map of Keweenaw^ 
 Pointy included within the Lake Superior land district^ on which the 
 character of each quarter section within the metalliferous range is ib-- 
 dicated. Those tracts which are colored dark green^ may he regarded 
 as mineral lands — the remainder as agricultural. 
 
 In selecting those portions of the district which ought, in our opinion^ 
 to be regarded as mineral lands/’ we have been governed by the fol- 
 lowing principles: 
 
 1st. We have excluded from the list all lands which are not upon the 
 trap range, since the results of actual experience have clearly shown that 
 it is only in this formation that the veins have proved productive. 
 
 2d. We have selected, within the trap range, those tracts upon whicli 
 the rocks are exposed in such a manner as to render exploration for their 
 mineral contents practicable; as where the subjacent rock is not covered 
 with accumulations of drift, or the ground is not low and swampy, and 
 on which either valuable veins have been already found, or which, by 
 their proximity to veins already proved, or by the general character of the 
 rock exposed, offer reasonable prospect of future profitable discoveries.. 
 
 We have the honor to be your obedient servants, 
 
 J. W. FOSTER, 
 
 J. D. V/HITNEY, 
 
 United States Geologists.^ 
 
 Hon. Thomas Ewing, 
 
 Secretary of the Department of the Interior y 
 
 Washingtony D, 
 
622 
 
 lAst of the mineral lands of Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 
 List of mineral lands of Keweenaw Continued. 
 
 Fractiofia. 
 
 NW. I 
 
 N. k., 
 
 N i 
 
 XI • 2 * * 
 
 S A 
 
 K? 3 * * * 
 
 S A 
 
 K/« 2 * * * 
 
 S. i... 
 SE. A. 
 
 E. A-andSW. 
 
 N. I 
 
 N A 
 
 N. A 
 
 NW. A 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 S. I 
 
 S. A 
 
 S. land NE. 
 
 W. I and NE. a 
 
 SE. A 
 
 NW. A 
 
 NW. A 
 
 
 
 S. AandNE. A., 
 
 S. I and NE. . 
 
 N. I and SW. a 
 
 NW. A 
 
 N. A and S W. | , 
 E. I and SW. x. 
 
 S. I 
 
 S. A 
 
 NW. A 
 
 N. A 
 
 N.|... 
 
 NE. A 
 
 N. A 
 
 S. landNE. 
 
 W. I 
 
 W. 
 
 SE. i 
 
 S. A 
 
 E, i.. 
 
 N. 1 and NW. \ 
 
 r 
 
 Section. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 16 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 5^ 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 1 58 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 ! 58 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 1 58 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 ! 58 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 1 58 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 i 58 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 1 58 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 1 58 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 ; 58 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 ‘ 58 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 58 i 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 58 ' 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 3X 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 21 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 57 
 
 38 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 624 
 
 List of mineral lands of Keweenaw Point — Continued. 
 
 Fractions. 
 
 Section. Township. Range 
 
 west. 
 
 Jbj. 2 an^ .....o.eee.e. 
 
 N i 
 
 E. I and SW. |., 
 W. I and NE. 
 W. 4 
 
 S. I andNE. ^ 
 SW. I 
 
 E. o. <*.e. 
 
 JST . I and SE. \ , 
 N. \ and SW. j 
 
 I r -i 
 
 
 W. i. 
 
 w. i 
 
 SW. 4 and NE. | 
 
 SE i, 
 SE. i, 
 
 
 NW. i 
 
 S. I and NE. | 
 
 SE. I .....•*• . 
 
 NW. I 
 
 S. ~ and NE. 
 
 
 NW. i 
 
 
 S. k and NE. i 
 
 NW. |....... 
 
 N. h 
 
 N I and SW. i 
 SE. 
 
 N. I and SW. i 
 
 SE. 
 
 SE 
 
 5 . . 
 
 W. I 
 
 SE. |.. 
 NW. i 
 
 W. i and SE. i 
 
 W. i 
 
 E.k 
 
 NW. i 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 27 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 36 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 66 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 oo 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 33 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33. 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 
62$ 
 
 [ 1 ], 
 
 ^jeological map of the country between Portage lake and Montreal river^ 
 
 BrunfielD; Mass._, November 12^ 1849. 
 
 Sir : We herewith transmit a geological map of the iron region in the 
 Lake Superior land district. The mineral tracts are indicated by a sym- 
 bol, thus ( (? ). Our synopsis was sent last week : please acknowledge the 
 receipt of both. 
 
 With great respect^ your obedient servants^ 
 
 J. W. FOSTER and 
 J. D. WHITNEY, 
 
 Geologists. 
 
 Bv J. W. F. 
 
 w 
 
 Hon. Justin Butterfield, 
 
 Commit' of the Gen, Land Office, Washington, 
 
 Copper Harbor, July 25, 1849. 
 
 Sir : We herewith transmit to you a geological map of the country 
 lying between Portage lake and the Montreal river, on which all of the 
 tracts which are regarded by us as mineral” are indicated by quarter 
 sections. The same principles have governed us in the selection of these 
 tracts as governed us in the selection of those of Keweenaw point. These 
 two maps embrace all of the mineral lands on the southern shore of Lake 
 Superior, within our district. In the course of a month, or six weeks, we 
 will transmit a geological map of Isle Royale, constructed on similar prin- 
 ciples, which will complete the geology of ail the copper region.” 
 
 In our report of next winter, we will endeavor to afford all the in- 
 formation respecting these lands required by the act of March 1, 184T, 
 authorizing the survey. 
 
 With great respect, your obedient servants, 
 
 J. W. FOSTER and 
 J. D. WHITNEY, # 
 U, S, Geologists for the Lake Superior district. 
 
 Hon. Thomas Ewing, 
 
 SecPy of the DepartmH of the Interim', Washington, D, 
 
 Part ii~-40 
 
626 
 
 List of mineral lands between Portage lake and the Montreal river ^ Lake 
 
 Superior land district, 
 
 [The mineral lands in township 54 N. have been repoited.] 
 
 Section. Township. 
 
 Range 
 
 west. 
 
 SE. I 
 
 E. 5 and SW. 
 
 ]STW. I 
 
 2 and SW. 
 
 S. 5 and NE. | . 
 I and SW. 
 
 3S1W. i 
 
 SW. 
 
 S. I . . . 
 
 3N1W. 1 
 
 HW. and SE. quarters. 
 
 3Sf. I and SW. h. 
 
 IS, h and SW. I 
 
 B.h 
 
 S. h .... 
 
 ISW. i 
 
 JS. I and SW. f. 
 
 isrw. i 
 
 ]NE. I 
 
 . 4 . • • • • < 
 
 3NTW. i 
 
 N.h 
 
 S. J 
 
 S. 
 
 S. i. 
 
 S 2 and N®. 
 
 se:^. 
 
 m i. 
 
Field-notes made hy George O. Barnes ^ dssistaiit sub-agent — notes made 
 while associated with J. D. Whitney on the Ontonagon district, 
 
 Tuesday^ July 6 ^ 1847. — I left Copper Harbor at 3 p. m.;, in our boat, 
 for the Ontonagon river, in company with Messrs. Whitney, Bernard, 
 Smith, and two Indians. We had a fine easterly wind for most of the 
 way to Eagle Harbor, at which place we arrived at 8 p. m., and remained 
 there all night. 
 
 Wednesday y July 7. — We left Eagle Harbor at 8 p. m., rowing to Eagle 
 river, where we stopped for a short time, and then proceeded to a spot 
 we named Cedar Grove , 4 miles west of the Portage, and camped. 
 
 Thursday y ,Tuly 8 . — Left Cedar Grove at 7 a. m., and coasted to Elrn 
 river, where we dined. We camped to-day on a sand-beach 5 miles ea:st 
 of the Ontonagon river. We passed a long extent of high bluffs of sand- 
 stone, varying from 10 to 100 feet in height. There are numerous caverns- 
 in these bluffs, which were excavated hy the lake waters. 
 
 Friday^ July 9 . — We arrived at the mouth of Ontonagon river at p. 
 m. It is six rods wide at the mouth, with about 7 feet of water on a bar, 
 which shifts its position with every storm. There are about 20 buildings 
 near the mouth of this river, used as dwellings and storehouses for the*, 
 different copper companies on the river. We left at 2 p. m. for the ra- 
 pids, which are 12 miles distant by the river, which bends and wihdsi 
 about to such a degree that there . are not two miles in a direct line for the* 
 whole twelve miles. The soil on the banks of the river is clay and loam,, 
 very suitable for agricultural purposes. The timber is maple, elm, linden, 
 and pine, which are of luxuriant growth, and indicate favorably for the 
 quality of the soil. The river, which, for 8 miles up, has but a gentle* 
 current, is wide and sufficiently deep for small vessels to navigate till we- 
 come to the first rapids, when the water is shallow and flows at the rate- 
 of four miles an hour, making it difficult fof even small boats to ascend., 
 
 * Two miles above the rapids are the warehouses of the Ontonagon Cop- 
 per Company,' at which place we arrived at 7 p. m., and camped. 
 
 Sunday^ July 11, — Left camp at rapids in company with Messrs. Whit- 
 ney and Bernard to visit the Ontonagon Company’s works. No. 602,.. 
 which are six miles southwest from the rapids 3 their agent, Mr. Gush- 
 man, showed us the drifts, of which they have two — one at the base of' 
 the hill, the other near the top, which is 30 feet long; that ^t the base, 60^ 
 feet. They have no well defined vein, but a mass of epidote containing 
 native copper, in thin sheets arid fine particles, scattered through the fock. ‘ 
 The richest of this mass is 12 feet wide, and has a course S. 76^ W. 
 through the hill . Returned at rapids . . 
 
 Mmdaijj July 12.— Remained in camp at rapids. Two of JudgeBurt’s^ 
 packmen arrived to-day for provisions to take to the parties sout^, in the' 
 woods, who a,re expected in to this point soon, when one of us will rec- 
 tum with them . ' 
 
 Tuesday y July 13. — Mr. Burt’s packers had our boat and meri to go to- 
 the mouth of the river for provisions, and take them to the Baltimore 
 Company’s location, which is 12 miles above our camp, , on the west 
 branch of the river, where they expect to meet their party. 
 
 Wednesday^ July 14. — Remained in camp with Messrs. Whitney smdi 
 Smith. Boat and men are at the mouth of the river. Mr. Bemaasd went‘ 
 south of the correction line one mile on a line to meet Mr. Bturt.- 
 
Thursday^ Wth . — Went with Messrs. Whitney and Smith to Cushman’s, 
 Ontonagon Company’s location, No. 602, at which place we arrived at 10 
 a. m. We took the course of the vein, and examined the bluffs near the 
 river. Had dinner, and started for the place where the copper rock was 
 found, but were obliged to return by the sudden approach of a thunder 
 storm. We arrived at the cabin completely drenched with rain. It rained 
 all the afternoon and evening, detaining us at Cushman’s for the night. 
 
 Friday j July 16. — Rainy all the morning, but about 2 p. m. clearing 
 up. We left at 3 for United States Company’s location, No. 54, at which 
 place we arrived by 4 o’clock. Examined their drifts, which they have 
 driven 15 feet on an east and west vein of epidote and quartz, carrying 
 iSnely divided particles of native copper. They have worked but little on 
 their location, and the vein has been but partially explored, and no opinion 
 can be formed of its value. The course of the vein is nearly east and west, 
 dipping into the bluffs at an angle of 43*^ to the 'northward 5 the agent of 
 this company is expecting miners from below, and hopes soon to be able 
 to explore and prove the veins more satisfactorily. We stopped at this 
 company’s cabin to dinner, and then proceeded on to the American Explor- 
 ing Company’s cabins, which are two miles west of the Ohio Trap Rock 
 Company, on the same range of cliffs. The veins belonging to thus com- 
 pany resemble the Ohio Company’s in composition. They have not, as 
 yet, done any mining, and have left but two men to keep the location. 
 The copper in the vein is very much oxidized on the surface, and has 
 been mistaken for a vein of red oxide of copper. VYe left this location, and 
 arrived at our camp at 7|- p. m. 
 
 Simdayy ISth . — Remained in cam.p at the rapids. 
 
 Monday y July 19. — Went with Mr. Smith to a small lake we had had 
 described to us as being three quarters of a mile down the river, a few 
 rods west of the banks. The men returned with boat to-day, bringing 
 letters from on board the Julia Palmer, which arrived at the nlouth of the 
 Untonagon river yesterday. 
 
 Mr. Whitney received one from Dr. Jackson, who is on board the steam- 
 boat on his way to Isle Roy ale. 
 
 Tuesday^ July 20. — Remained in camp at the rapids, waiting for Judge 
 Burt to arrive. Two of his men and horses arrived herp this afternoon 
 by way of Cushman’s road. ' 
 
 Wednesday^ 21 ^^— Remained in company yesterday. Judge Burt ar- 
 dved here at 9 a. m., and went to the mouth of river with our boat and 
 Indians. Mr. Bernard accompanied him. They returned at 8 in the 
 evening. 
 
 Thursday^ July 22 .— In camp at Grand rapids. Mr. Austin Burt and 
 company arrived here, and proceeded directly to Cushman’s. John Burt 
 and company arrived in the afternoon, and camped near us for the night. 
 
 Friday y July 23. — Went with Messrs. Burt to Cushman’s location, 
 where we dined. At 2 p. m. we started for United States Company. I 
 left the party on the road and proceeded to the United States Company’s, 
 And there met Judge Burt, and went with him to American Exploring 
 "©otcnany’s cabins, where we remained during the night. Mr. Burt’s 
 menWcam|)ed near thel ine. They are to go south, nearly three-quarters 
 
 of a mile east from cabin. i j • 1 t i 
 
 Saturday, July 24. — Had breakfast at Davis s, and started with Judge 
 
 Burt for the eamp of his men, at which point we arrived at 6 a.m. I 
 ^ted mth a with the whole of Messrs. Burt’s parties on the range 
 
lines between T. 40 and 41. We forded the west branch of the Ontona- 
 gon riveij after travelling one mile south The land near the river is 
 low and swampy ^ for three miles back it is rolling ground^ with maple^ 
 hemlock, pine, and oak timber, and is good farming land; soil red, clayey 
 loam. Four and one- third miles south from point of starting, we stopped 
 for dinner. It commenced raining, and we could not proceed farther, and 
 were obliged to camp. 
 
 Sundayy July 25. — In camp on line 12 miles south of correction. 
 Rainy all day. 
 
 Monday y July 26. — Started south from camp on line at 6 p. m., near 
 the southeast corner of range 41, township 47. Forded small stream with 
 banks of red clay and loam; timber, maple, hemlock, cedar, and spruce;, 
 camped at evening, making 12 miles travel to-day. Went through three 
 cedar swamps. The greater part of this day’s travelling was over low and 
 nearly level ground. At 10 miles from camp I came on to rolling land 
 with good growth of maple. This growth continues to swamp, 24 miles 
 south of the correction line. 
 
 Tuesday y July 27. — Started south at 6 a. m. on line; went over good 
 agricultural land for three miles, with occasional cedar swamps, section 
 24. township 46, range 40. Saw a small ledge of chlorite slate, with a 
 vein, 6 inches wide, of red felspar, (specimens Nos. 1 and 2.) Yfe had 
 our dinner at the corner near lake, township 46, range 40. Up to this 
 time the three parties engaged on this contract vsrorked together, while I 
 have been vdth them; they were backing down to commence workup 
 agaiia. At this corner Mr. Austin Burt left, to run west 18 miles, and pro- 
 ceeded south, crossing the lake on a raft. 
 
 Wednesday y 2Sth. — Yient south to town corner, where Wells Burt is to 
 run west, and camped on account of rain. I went with two of the men to 
 a small lake, about one-fourth of a mile south of our camp, and caught 
 several black bass. 
 
 Thursday y — In camp at corner, near a small lake, 36 miles south 
 
 of correction line. Went to the lake and fished, the day being cloudy, 
 so that we could not run the line with the solar compass. 
 
 Friday y ?Mh . — Cloudy until 10 a. m., when Wells Burt started with 
 the line. I remained in the old camp with Mr. John Burt and company,, 
 until 1 p. m., when we proceeded west ©n Wells’s line, overtaking him 
 3 miles from the corner. Went on half a mile west to the lake, which we 
 walked around. Intersected the lake, and crossed the outlet on our way 
 around. Crossed near a sheet of water, which I called Gooseberry lake. 
 There is excellent farming land on the west side of this lake, and near 
 where we camped there is a ridge covered with sugar maples, formerly 
 an Indian sugar grove. 
 
 Saturday y 315^. — In camp at Gooseberry lake. Mr. Burt sent two men. 
 across the township north to meet Austin Burt’s party for provisions, ours 
 being nearly exhausted . 
 
 Sunday y August 1. — Iii camp at Gooseberry lake. Left at 5 a. m. for 
 Wells Burt’s camp, one mile west of the lake, where we had dinner. 
 Wells Burt started south for the boundary line, and we went on four miles 
 west of the corner, and camped. Crossed two small lakes on the line. 
 Saw no rock, hut swampy land prevails all the way. 
 
 Monday y August 2. — Left camp at 5^ a. m., and went west to the 
 corner of section 45, range 42, and dined there. Ran north with the line 
 
[ 1 ] 630 
 
 atlp. m.; went three miles north from township-corner; and camped. 
 No rocks seen in place. 
 
 Tuesday^ August 3. — Left camp at 6 a. m.; to rmi north with the line. 
 Crossed; after one and a half mile’s travel; a river running northwest; and 
 went on to the corner; and camped one-half mile from north corner; and 
 found rocks (see specimens Nos. 4 and 5) which are similar to those at 
 section 24; townsliip 46; range 40. Austin Burt; rvhom we met at the 
 corner; gave me some specimens of mica slate and hornblende slate; 
 which he found in section 35; township 46; part, range 41 west. 
 
 Wednesday j August 4. — In camp all day at township-corner. Could 
 not ran for want of sunshine. Austin Burt and party are camped near 
 this place. 
 
 Thursday^ August 5. — I left camp with John Burt to go north. At 8 
 a. m.; one mile north of corner. I saw a ledge of red granite; its course 
 was northeast; and I traced it twenty rods. Travelled four miles to-day^ 
 and camped at the section-corner. 
 
 Friday j August 6. — Left camp at section- corner at 8 a. m.; to go north 
 on the line. One mile south of township-corner; saw ridges of green- 
 stone and granite. Remained at corner and dined, waiting for John Burt 
 to come through west with his line. Started west at 1 p. m.; with Mr. 
 John Burt’s compass maU; while he went south to correct the line we had 
 just ran. A quarter of a mile west from the corner; v/e found specimens 
 of sienitic granite; the direction of the bed being northeast. A few rods 
 further OU; saw a ledge of greenstone. A mile and a half north of the 
 corner; saw ridges of coarse granite from 30 to 40 feet high. A short 
 distance from these ridgeS; saw greenstone and granite ridges 30 feet high. 
 Two miles west of the corner; camped. The line to-day has been over 
 numerous knobs or ridges of granite and greenstone; rising abruptly from 
 the low ground on one sidC; and descending rapidly on the other. 
 
 Saturday j August 7. — Left camp at 7 a. m.; to go west with the line 
 Three miles w^est of towmship-comer; saw a ridge of granite about 30 feet 
 high; running northeast. Dined at section-corner three miles w^^est. A 
 quartermf a mile west of section-corner; I saw granite. Half a mile from 
 section corner; wm crossed a river; and camped near a good meadows 
 
 Sunday^ August 8. — Left camp at the meadow/ at 8 a. m.; to go west. 
 A quarter of a mile west of our camp; I saw^ a ledge of granite 150 feet 
 high; and saw also several ledges of granite like those observed yesterday. 
 They are small knobS; rather than ranges of continuous rocks. At town- 
 ship-corner; I saw?" greenstone rocks. Camped at this corner; to wait here 
 for Austin Burt to come north. 
 
 August 9. — Austin Burt came to our camp at 12 m.; took dinner; and 
 went north with the line. Half a mile north of township-corner; saw 
 ledges of greenstone. Two miles from towmship-cofner; saw a ledge of 
 greenstone. Two miles from this confer; the variation ranged from 3|-^ 
 to7A^ in less than one- eighth milO; w^hich Mr. Burt thinks indicates trap 
 rocks: saw none in place; however. Two and a half miles north from 
 corner, saw greenstone. Camped this night three and a quarter miles 
 north of the corner, at the margin of a swamp. 
 
 Tuesday y August 10.— Left camp at 6 a. m. to go north. Four miles north 
 of Corner, saw a range of porphyritic trap. Half a mile further, crossed a 
 river running northwest: it is four rods wide. Went on to township- 
 corner and camped; waiting for John Burt’s party to come in west of us. 
 
Friday^ August 11. — Went east;, on line with John Burt’s men^ at 6 
 a. m. Went through to east corner^ and started north with their men, 
 who are to measure the line that John ran yesterday. Went one mile 
 and a half north; had dinner^ and went on one mile and intersected Lake 
 Agogehic. Made a raft and went across the lake. When we had pro- 
 ceeded about a mile^ a violent thunder storm obliged us to go on shore^ 
 Camped on shore of the lake, and there saw large blocks of coarse gray 
 sandstone on the westerly shore of the lake. 
 
 Sunday^ August 12. — Left camp at shore of lake on a raft to go across 
 it at 7 a. m., and arrived on the north shore at 10, and there met John. 
 Burt. Travelled north to the corner, which is near the Charter Oak 
 Company’s cabins, and dined. The corner is on trap rock two-thirds of 
 a mile north of the lake. There is but one man residing here, who is left 
 to keep the location. At this place the trap rock is highly epidotic, and 
 contains a small quantity of native copper. The company have explored 
 and blasted in several places, but have not as yet found a regular vein, 
 I took specimens of the epidote, which contains a small quantity of na- 
 tive copper. The cabin is half a mile north of Lake Agogebic. Camped 
 at the corner, and remained in camp for Judge Burt to come through 
 west and close to our course. Then I went west on the line. We trav- 
 elled over high ridges of trap, the course of which seemed to be about 
 northeast and southwest. Two miles and a half west of the corner, I 
 saw a ledge of porphyritic trap, (specimen No. 7.) Travelled three miles 
 and three-quarters to-day and camped. The timber seen is mostly mapla 
 and hemlock, growing on a good soil. 
 
 Sunday, August 15. — Left camp to run west with line. At 7| a. m.,. 
 went over good maple- timbered land to corner; at Avhich we arrived by 
 4 p. m., and found Mr. Austin Burt encamped. I remained in his camp. 
 The men came west with the line, and returned east to the corner. Mr. 
 Austin Burt furnished me with specimens of trap which he sarv in place 
 on section 12, of township 48, range 44: the course of the ledge was' 
 northeast. Yfe travelled two and a half miles this day. 
 
 Monday, August 16. — In camp Avith Austin Burt; rainy, which de- 
 tained us here two days, l6th and 17th. 
 
 Wednesday , Vd>th , — Left camp at the corner at 6 a. m., in company^ 
 Avith Mr. Austin Burt and party, to run north six mihes to corner, and 
 Avent on three miles over rolling land, Avith maple and birch timber, and 
 stopped for dinner at this place. Our Indian voyageur cut his foot, and 
 I Avas obliged to leave him in charge of one of Mr. Burt’s men, Avhom Mr. 
 Burt kindly allOAved to remain. I built him a bark Avigwam, and then 
 camped Avith him till the next day. I saAV no rock in place this day,, 
 but should think there must be trap rocks. 
 
 Thursday, \ Wi. — I left the Indian’s camp Avith Burt’s men, to go to 
 the corner of tov/nship, on my Avay to Iron riAmr. Arrived at the corner 
 9 a. m., Avhere Ave remained to meet Mr. John Burt’s compass-man, who 
 Avas to run through Avest and intersect our line, and establish a township- 
 corner. Mr. Burt’s man did not arrive till 5 p. m., which made it too 
 late to return to-night. We were, therefore, obliged to encamp here. 
 The three miles travel to-day has been over good rolling land, with a. 
 heavy growth of maple, birch, and hemlock. I saw no rocks in. 
 place. 
 
 Friday, — Left camp at corner at 6 a. m., to go east on the line AvithMr^ 
 
John Burt’s compass-man. We went through several swamps and a tan^ 
 gled growth of poplar. The whole six miles is through very hilly and 
 swampy country^ but no rocks were seen. Arrived at the corner at 11 a. 
 m.; and took our dinner. I went a short distance south; and intersected 
 the trail from Agogebic lake^ to the mouth of Iron river^ and foUov/ed it 
 to the end; and arrived at Iron river at 6 p. m.; where I saw Messrs. Whit- 
 ney; Bernard; and the Indian. Camped with them at this place; havings 
 travelled twenty- two miles to-day. 
 
 Saturday , — In camp at mouth of Iron river. Mr. Bernard and our 
 other Indian started this morning to take provisions to the wounded In- 
 dian I had left in the Avoods. Judge Burt’s man arrived here to-day; and 
 •encamped near by us. 
 
 Sunday , — In camp at Iron river; where there are three or four houses^ 
 huilt of logs. Only one white American family resides here at present. 
 A large number of Indians live in AvigwamS; and are now on their return 
 home froni the payment. There a^C; perhaps, two hundred souls; meU;, 
 women; and children. It has been urged by some of the agents for cop- 
 per companies in the vicinity; that tliis town shmdd be named J^ewadie — 
 the Indian name for iron; and it is generally adopted here. Mr. Bernard 
 returned to-day with the Frenchman I had left with the wounded Indian;^ 
 leaving our other Indian to take care of him. 
 
 Monday . — Left Pewabic at 10 a. m.; in company with Messrs. Whitney 
 and Bernard, to visit Union River Company’s works; we each of us took a 
 pack of provisions; and walked along the coast to the trail up to the mineS; 
 wliere we arrived at a. m ; and camped near the shafts of the mine. 
 In the afternoon Mr. Whitney went to examine the bed of Union river. I 
 remained in camp. Mr. Smith, our packman, whom we sent to Copper 
 Harbor for provisions; arrived to-day; having been detained by head 
 winds for two weeks. 
 
 Tuesday^ August 24. — I left camp at Union river with Messrs. Whit- 
 ney and Bernard to examine a location known by the title of Tom Pal- 
 mer’s; leaving our camp in charge of Mr. Smith. We set out at 7 a. m.;. 
 and arrived at the mine at 10. The men on this location have sunk a 
 shaft in the very hardest kind of sandstone; to the depth of 20 feet; and 
 have found only a seam of clay about two inches wide, wdthout an atom of 
 copper; so far as I could see. The shaft is a nice onC; being about 10 feet 
 square. This mine is near the correction line; which we intersected and 
 followed to the township corner; and is in trap rock. W^ent north on township 
 line two miles, then three miles east by the section line to camp, where 
 we arrived at 6 p. m.. and remained for the night. 
 
 Wednesday , — Left Union river at 7-^ a. m. with Mr. Bernard, and 1 went 
 on section line to Carp river, examining the bed of this stream for two or 
 three miles. Saw the junction of trap and sandstone with breccia near- 
 where the section line crosses the river; proceeded south one mile from the 
 river, then east to Tom Palmer’s, thence to camp; at which place we 
 arrived at 6 p. m. Determined the junction of the sandstone in iiimierous 
 places, of which Mr. Bernard took the notes and made a sketch of the 
 river. On Iron river I saw nothing but sandstone and conglomerate 
 jocks. 
 
 Wednesday , — Iron river camp at IsleRoyale Company’s landing. De- 
 tained by strong head Avinds in the morning. Went to the mine, distant 
 about three miles from the landing. They have a vein of native copper 
 
63S [ 1 ] 
 
 dipping into the hills at an angle of 45^ N. The copper here is coated 
 more or less with red oxide on the surface. They haye sunk two shafts 
 on the vein, with but little success. We followed the face of the cliif for 
 half a mile east, then went north to strike the trail to the lake. At 3 p. 
 m. left camp and rowed to Carp river, at which place we arrived at 1 p. 
 m., and camped. 
 
 Thursday . — Left camp at Carp river in a boat for Presqhsle river, at 
 which place we arrived at 8 a. m., and camped on account of the rain. 
 There are two log cabins at this place, with two men to retain the location 
 at the mouth of the river, where there is a fine fall of water of sufficient 
 power for three saw- mills. 
 
 tr%day^ September . — Left mouth of Presq’isle river to visit location, No. 
 149, with all our party. The distance is about 7 miles up the river by 
 the trail. They have not commenced mining here, and have but one 
 man on the location. We saw several small veins of calc spar and 
 prehnite in the amygdaloid rock, but no good vein of copper. 
 
 Saturday y September went up the river two miles to explore, and 
 saw veins of calc spar, with but little copper; and porphyritic trap occurs 
 about a mile above the cabins, in the river. Keturned to camp at 1 p. m. 
 Messrs. Whitney and Bernard explored down the stream and determined 
 the junction of the trap and sandstone. 
 
 Sunday . — Bemined in camp at location 149. 
 
 'Thursday . — Day rainy. Went in the afternoon to Union Company’s 
 mine; they are working a seam of red clay which contains native copper 
 in small quantities, and is near the junction of sandstone and trap. At 
 the underside of this seam of clay come in strata of chlorite or talc, with 
 copper. The dip is about 40^ to northward. They have sunk two shafts 
 on the vein with but little success, obtaining, however, from one of the 
 shafts (the most westerly one,) some fine specimens of crystallized copper. 
 Took specimens of ore and then proceeded on to Iron river with Mr. Ber- 
 nard. At Iron river we took a pack of provisions and started for our 
 wounded Indian and travelled to the correction line, and then camped 
 in open air for the night. 
 
 Friday y August . — Proceeded on to the wounded Indian, arriving at his 
 camp at 6 p, m. and stopped for the night. 
 
 Saturday camp at 6 a. m., taking with us the Indian 
 left in charge, to carry more provisions back for him. Arrived at Pewabic 
 at 6 p. m., making 22 miles travel to-day. 
 
 Sunday . — Remained in camp at Iron river; sent Indian back with pro- 
 visions. 
 
 Monday y August — In camp at Pewabic all day, sfiong NW. wind. 
 
 Tue^ay . — Left camp at Pewabic in boat with Messrs. Whitney, Ber- 
 nard and Smith for Presq’isle river. Put in to the landing place of the Isle 
 Royale Company, a distance of about 8 miles from Iron river, and camped. 
 Could not proceed on account of the strong NW. wind, which is ahead for 
 us on this shore. 
 
 Monday y September . — Left our camp for the mouth of Presq’isle river,, 
 where we arrived at 10 a. m., and remained for the day, as it rained, and 
 the wind blew so fresh we could not proceed; we therefore camped in the 
 warehouse. 
 
 Monday y September . — Remained at Presq’isle river all day; wind strong 
 from NW. 
 
634 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Tuesday j September. — Left the mouth of Presq’isle river at 10 a. m. 
 for a location about 9 miles SE. from mouth of river, and owned by the 
 Charter Oak Company. At this place we arrived at 5 p. rn., and remained 
 for the night. \ 
 
 Wednesday . — Examined workings for copper on this location. They 
 have a small vein of prehnite, with small particles of native copper inter- 
 spersed, but not a flattering prospect for mining operations. 
 
 Thursday ^ September . — Left Charter Oak Company’s cabin by trail to 
 Agogebic lake 5 saw but little trap rock in places camped about 6 miles west 
 from Agogebic lake. 
 
 Friday. — ¥/ent cm by trail to Charter Oak Compan37-’s cabins> near 
 Agogebic lake, and camped at p. m.; examined the bluff for copper 
 veins, but saw none. 
 
 Saturday. — At Charter Oak Company’s cabin all Messrs. Whit- 
 
 ney and Bernard went east on a range of trap to explore. 
 
 Sunday^ September 12. — I left Charter Oak Company’s cabin at 7 a. 
 m., and took the trail to mouth of Iron river, in search of letters at the 
 office; arrived at Iron river at 2 p. m., making 20 miles travel to-day; 
 found our laine Indian and his nurse encamped at the lake. 
 
 Monday^ September 13. — In camp at Pewabic waiting for some convey- 
 ance up the lake to Presq’isle river, where I expect to meet Mr. Whitney, 
 who returned through the woods and remained here all day. 
 
 Tuesday j September 14. — I left withiour two Indians in a boat for 
 presq’isle river at 8 a. m., arriving there at 3 p. m., where I met the re- 
 mainder of the party, as expected; camped at the old camp ground at the 
 mouth of river, and left the lame Indian there. 
 
 Wednesday j September 15. — VYe left Piesq’isle river in our boat for 
 Montreal river, and went on to a place called Dead-man’s river, when the 
 wind obliged us to land and camp for the night. 
 
 Thursday.^ September 16, 1847. — Left Dead- man’s cove at 8 a. m., and 
 rowed to Montreal river, where we encamped at 12 m.; went in the after- 
 noon to examine the falls, which are truly beautiful. The water falls 
 some 80 or 90 feet in two cascades over conglomerate rocks, and can be 
 seen a long distance from the lake. 
 
 Friday.^ September 17. — Left the mouth of Montreal river with Messrs. 
 Whitne}^, Bernard, Smith, and one Indian, taking the trail of the river to 
 location No. 19, where we arrived at 10 J a. m., and occupied the cabins 
 built by the company, which are now abandoned. This company’s mine 
 is at the second falls, about three miles in a direct line from Lake Superior. 
 The falls here are as beautiful as those before mentioned, being of about the 
 same height, and falling over sandstone rocks. 
 
 Saturday y ISth. — Went with Messrs. Whitney and Bernard to the bed 
 of the river, to measure the width of sandstone belts, of which there are 
 six in the space of half a mile. Beginning at the trap, we went down the 
 river about miles from the cabins, and saw the junction of trap, con- 
 glomerate, and sandstone. It is about 3 miles S. from the lake that trap 
 occurs, the shores being composed of conglomerate and sandstone rocks. 
 
 Sunday y September l^. — Remained in cabin on location No. 19. Mr. 
 Wflitnej^ made sketch of falls. 
 
 Monday y Septemben^ 20. — Went with Mr. Bernard to examine a mine, and 
 saw several veins of quartz, on which the company" have drifted, and 
 found but little copper. Proceeded down the river to the junction of the 
 
685 [ 1 ] 
 
 trap and sandstone. The banks of the river here are nearly 200 feet high; 
 clambered up the bank^ and then went back to the cabin. 
 
 Tuesday j 2\st. — Left location No. 19 at 8 a. m. for Lake Superior, 
 where we arrived at 10 a. m. Took our boat and sailed with a fair wind 
 to Black river, where we arrived at 5 p. m., and camped at mouth of the 
 river. 
 
 Wednesday. — Left camp at the mouth of the river to visit location No. 
 26, at 8 a. m., and arrived at 11, and camped near the cabin. But one 
 man, his wife and daughter, remain on the location, and to them we are 
 indebted for much hospitality. In the afternoon w~e went to a high hill, 
 called Mount Morell, the summit of which is jasper and the base trap. 
 The company have drifted on a vein of prehnite at this place, and have found 
 but little copper. Keturned to our camp. 
 
 Thursday. — Left location 26; went W. two miles; intersected the range 
 line, and followed it 8| miles south, and camped. Low and swampy land 
 occurs most of this distance. 
 
 Friday. — Remained in camp at the swamp 2|- miles south of T. corner. 
 
 Saturday. — Remained in same camp all day. 
 
 Sunday^ 26^A. — Left camp at 8 a. m, to go east on line, and went six 
 miles and camped, We have seen to-day numerous knobs of granite 
 rising abruptly from sv/amp below. In the aftefhoon, Mr. Whitne^^ ex- 
 amined north of the camp. Mr. Bernard and myself went south two 
 miles, and saw nothing but knobs of granite. Returned to camp at 5 
 p. m. 
 
 Monday y September 27. — Left camp to go north to Presq’isle river, and 
 went 11 miles and camped. 
 
 Tuesday.^ September 28. — Left corner at 8 a. m. with Mr. Bernard to 
 go west to No. 26, where we arrived at 11 a. m. The distance is five 
 miles: In the afternoon v/ent with Mr. Alexander, the agent in charge, 
 to examine their veins, which are in the river’s bed, but saw nothing 
 promising to be a profitable mine. Remained at this place for the night. 
 Mr. Whitney returned directly north to Lake Superior, to the mouth of 
 Presq’isle river. 
 
 Wednesday . — Left Alexander’s at 8 a. m., for Black river, where we 
 took our boat and rowed to Presq’isle, and found Mr. Whitney waiting 
 for us. Remained till 3 p. m., when we put off for the Ontorragon river, 
 taking with us our lame Indian. A 5 p. m. we arrived at Carp river, and 
 camped for the night. 
 
 Thursday. — Left our camp at Carp river, for the Atlas Company’s loca- 
 tion, Mr. Jones agent. Arrived there at 12, took dinner, and went in 
 the afternoon to examine the mine. The company is working a spar and 
 prehnite vein, but little copper is found in it. Went down the river to 
 the sandstone, and followed the township line to camp. 
 
 Friday y October 1. — Left Carp river at 8 a. m., in a boat, for Iron 
 river; which place we left at 4 p. m., for the Ontonagon, and went five 
 miles, and camped on a sand beach. 
 
 Saturday y October 2. — Left our camp, on the beach, for t#ie Ontona- 
 gon river, and proceeded to the Grand rapids, and camped at Musquito 
 Hall. 
 
 Sunday . — Left Grand rapids at 8 a. m. for Cushman’s location. No. 
 602; went to look at the mine. The company has done but little mining 
 since we left, but have built a furnace and a saw-mill. 
 
Monday, — ^Left camp and went to Copper Rock Company’s location^ 
 and saw the place where copper was found. On our way hack visited 
 Cushman’s saw-mill and furnace^ which are not in operation. 
 
 Tuesday. — Left crnnp at Cushman’s^ on the Ontonagon ; for the mouth 
 of the river; and arrived at 10 at Musquito Hall; where we had left our boat. 
 From thence we Avent down the river to the lake shore; and camped for 
 the night. 
 
 Wednesday . — We remained all day at the mouth of Ontonagon river. 
 
 Thursday. — Left the Ontonagon at 8 a. m. for Copper Harboi; and 
 went three miles east of Elm river; and camped. 
 
 Friday. — Left camp at lake shore, and v/ent to Salmon Trout river^ 
 where we were obliged to put iU; owing to head winds. 
 
 Saturday^ October 19. — Left camp at 7 a. m ; rowed; against a strong 
 sea; for a sand beach one ntile east of the Portage; and ^amped. Re- 
 mained till Thursday; when we went to a spot eight miles west of Eagle 
 river; and camped. 
 
 Friday. — Left for Eagle Harbor at a. m.; and remained there for the 
 night. 
 
 Saturday. — Arrived at Copper Harbor at noon. 
 
 GEORGE ORYILLE BARNES. 
 
 Analysis of black oxide of copper from Copper Harbor. ^ 
 
 A very pure specimen was dissolved in chlorohydric acid . The small 
 quantity of silica which was intermixed with it, as silicate of copper, was 
 separated; and -was found to be equal to 1.2 percent. The remainder was 
 pure black oxide of copper, with a hardly weigliable trace of iron. 
 
 Another specimen gave 1.7 per cent, of silica. 
 
 A portion of the purest specimen which could be obtained w^as ignited 
 gently, to drive off water, and reduced by hydrogen in a bulb-tub. The 
 loss of weight (oxygen) was =: 19.91 per cent., which corresponSs to 
 98.6 per cent, of oxide of copper. 
 
 This may, then, be regarded as almost chemically pure black oxide of 
 copper. The composition would therefore be — 
 
 Copper 79.86 
 Oxygen 20.13 
 
 For analyses oi jacksointey chlorastrolite ^ imllastonite^pectolitej coracite^ 
 see Boston Journal of Natural History. 
 
 Datholite from Isle Roy ale. 
 
 Determination of water on small fragments: 2.287 grammes lost on ig- 
 nition .091 =4.00 per cent. 
 
 1.4148 grammes, attacked by hydrochloric acid, almost entirely dis- 
 solved without gelatinizing. On being evaporated it gelatinized, however,, 
 and was separated by evaporation in the usual way. 
 
 ^ Silica - - - 0.5325 = 37.64 per cent. 
 
 Lime - - - 33.30 
 
 Boracic acid (by loss.) 
 
 The mineral; wRich was a massive granular substance of a greasy touch, 
 being evidently datholite, the analysis was not finished, the methods of 
 
637 [ 1 ] 
 
 etermination of the boracic acid being too incomplete to make it worth 
 ^hile to determine it in the case directly. 
 
 Examination of green radiated soft mineral in the rock ^ ( supposea lo oe 
 
 identical loith chlora^rolite, hut softer,) 
 
 Determination of water: .6785 grammes lost .0355 by ignition = 
 .23 per cent. 
 
 The mineral could not be entirely freed from the epidote; so the 
 nalysis is only an approximation. 
 
 Silica 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 42.6 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 Al and Fe 
 
 - 
 
 m 
 
 - 31.2 
 
 Qa 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 20.6 
 
 +t 
 
 
 
 - 5.23 
 
 99.63 
 
 Analysis of red felspar from the Copper Falls mine. 
 
 This singular variety of felspar, which occurs at several places on 
 jake Superior, has been mistaken for stilbite, on account of its close 
 esemblance to that mineral in its general habits. Of course, it would 
 asily be seen from its lustre and hardness, on a closer inspection, that it 
 ould not be that mineral; it was then presumed to be new. It forms 
 mperfectly radiated, fasciculated masses, indistinctly crystallized, of a 
 lesh-red color, forming delicate crystallizations on the trap, 
 
 0.987 gramme fused with carbonate of soda, gave — 
 
 0.647 = 65.88 per cent. 
 
 AZ and Fe .176 = 17.92 
 « * • 
 
 containing Fe .57 
 
 • *« 
 
 leaving 17.35 per cent. Al, 
 
 Results: 
 
 Silica - , - - 65.88 
 
 Alumina . - - 17.35 
 
 Oxide of iron - - .57 
 
 (Potash and soda by loss.) 
 
 Tho mineral is evidently felspar. 
 
 Analysis of kmihardite by Mr, Barnes ^ made under my direction. 
 
 Silica - 
 Alumina 
 Lime - 
 Water - 
 
 + 
 
 n 
 
 55.% 
 
 55.04 
 
 21.04 
 
 22.34 
 
 10.49 
 
 10.64 
 
 11.98 
 
 11.93 
 
 99.43 
 
 99.96 
 
The formula of leonhardite — 3 Ga Si A Al Si^ 4' tt" — I'eqtiires: 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime 
 
 Water 
 
 56. 5T 
 21.99 
 9.40 
 
 12. 02 
 
639 [ 1 ] 
 
 BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS AND TABLE OP HEIGHTS. 
 
 AT MOUTH OF FIRE-STEEL RIVER. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter — Cent. 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 ture--Fahr, 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1848. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 13 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 751 0 
 
 10.5 
 
 56 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 10 
 
 750.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 60 
 
 Cloudy ; wind northeast. 
 
 
 11 
 
 750 5 
 
 14 
 
 62 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 750 0 
 
 15 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 748.7 
 
 15.5 
 
 64.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 748.2 
 
 15.5 
 
 64.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 747.5 
 
 15.5 
 
 64.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 747.0 
 
 14.8 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 745.9 
 
 14.1 
 
 62 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 745.3 
 
 13.5 
 
 61 
 
 Do. 
 
 14 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 736.8 
 
 12 
 
 57 
 
 Rain storm. 
 
 
 8 i 
 
 736.5 
 
 12 
 
 57.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 738.8 
 
 12 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 j 
 
 737.3 
 
 11.5 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 737.6 
 
 11.5 
 
 57.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 ^738.3 
 
 11.5 
 
 57,5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. ifn. 
 
 738.8 
 
 11.5 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 739.3 1 
 
 11.5 
 
 57 • 
 
 Do. , 
 
 
 3 
 
 740.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 57.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4' 
 
 740.8 
 
 11.5 
 
 ' 57.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 5 
 
 741.5 
 
 11.5 
 
 57.5 
 
 Northesst wind ; sunshincr 
 
 
 6 
 
 741.9 
 
 11.5 
 
 57 
 
 Clearing up. 
 
 15 
 
 6 a. m. 
 
 745.2 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 7 
 
 745.6 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 8 
 
 745.9 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 
 9 
 
 746.1 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 746.1 
 
 11.5 
 
 58.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 746.2 
 
 13 
 
 62 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 12 no. 
 
 746.1 
 
 15.5 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 746.1 
 
 16.5 
 
 65.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 745.9 
 
 16.5 
 
 65.5 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 3 
 
 745.2 
 
 16 
 
 64.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 744.5 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 744.1 
 
 14.5 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 t 6 
 
 743.7 
 
 12 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 16 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 736.9 
 
 12.5 
 
 59 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 8 
 
 735.8 
 
 13 
 
 59.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 735.4 
 
 12.5 i 
 
 59.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 735 . 2 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 736.0 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 734 6 
 
 13 
 
 59.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 734 5 
 
 13 
 
 59 
 
 Do, 
 
 
 
 734.5 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 734.5 
 
 13 1 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 , 4 
 
 734. 45 
 
 13 
 
 60.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 734.7 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 734.85 
 
 13 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 17 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 736.7 
 
 11 
 
 58 
 
 Do. 
 
 ! 
 
 8 
 
 737.15 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 737.6 
 
 11.2 
 
 57 
 
 Clearing up. 
 
 
 10 
 
 737.85 
 
 11.8 
 
 57.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 738.2 
 
 11.8 
 
 57 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 738.8 
 
 11.8 
 
 58 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 789. 0 
 
 J2.5 
 
 59.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 2 , 
 
 739.06 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 . 
 
 730.15 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Dc. 
 
 
 4 
 
 739 55 
 
 13 
 
 50.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 739.9 
 
 12.5 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 Barometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter — Cent 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture— Pahr. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 1848. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3ept. 17 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 740 05 
 
 12.5 
 
 58.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 18 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 740.85 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 740.90 
 
 
 56 5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 740.95 
 
 11.5 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 741.00 
 
 11.5 
 
 58 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 740 95 
 
 12 
 
 57.5 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 740.9 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p, m. 
 
 740.85 
 
 ]2 
 
 58.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 2 
 
 740.85 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 740.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 .58.5 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 4 
 
 740.6 
 
 12.5 
 
 59 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 K’ 
 
 D 
 
 740.6 
 
 12 5 
 
 58.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 6 
 
 740.8 
 
 12 
 
 57 . 5 
 
 Do. 
 
 19 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 739 85 
 
 9.5 
 
 53 5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 740. 05 
 
 9.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 9 
 
 740.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 740.0 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 740.0 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 740.0 
 
 •10 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 740.0 
 
 iO 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 740 1 
 
 9.5 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 740.0 
 
 9. 5 
 
 53. 5 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 4 
 
 740.1 
 
 9 
 
 52.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 20 
 
 6 a. m. 
 
 741.7 
 
 6 
 
 47.5 
 
 Clearing up. 
 
 
 7 
 
 741.75 
 
 
 49 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 741.75 
 
 
 49 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 9 
 
 742.1 
 
 
 50.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 742.3 
 
 
 52.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 742 6 
 
 
 52 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 742.7 
 
 9 
 
 6^2.5 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 742 85 
 
 9.5 
 
 52.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 742.85 
 
 9.5 
 
 53 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 743. 1 
 
 9 
 
 51.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 743.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 51.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 5 
 
 743.5 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 Do. 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 750.45 
 
 
 43 
 
 Clearing. 
 
 
 8 
 
 750.6 
 
 
 47.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 751.6 
 
 7 
 
 49 5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 752.2 
 
 8 
 
 51.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 752.25 
 
 8.5 
 
 63.5 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 
 752.35 
 
 9.5 
 
 54.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1| p. m. 
 
 752.75 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 
 2 
 
 752 6 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 3 
 
 752 55 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 752.4 
 
 8.5 
 
 » 51.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 752.35 
 
 7.5 
 
 49.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 22 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 752.6 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 752.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 44.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 753.15 
 
 5.5 
 
 49 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 753 45 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 ijN). 
 
 
 11 
 
 758.45 
 
 
 56.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 , 12 m. 
 
 753.45 
 
 12.5 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 753 4 
 
 ... 13. 5 
 
 62 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 753.0 
 
 14 
 
 61.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
Barometrical observations — Continued. 
 
 AT LAKE SHOREo 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter — Cent. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture— Fahr. 
 
 i 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1848. 
 5ept. 22 
 
 3 a. m. 
 
 752:2 
 
 14.5 
 
 [ 
 
 62 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 4 
 
 751.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 
 
 751.45 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 5| 
 
 751.4 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 Do. 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 748.2 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 7 
 
 748 1 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 8 
 
 748.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 56 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 
 
 748.0 
 
 14 
 
 6JL 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10 
 
 748 0 
 
 17.5 
 
 66 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 747.4 
 
 16 
 
 63 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 747.0 
 
 16.5 
 
 64 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 746 35 
 
 14 5 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 746.3 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 3| 
 
 746 0 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 746.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 59 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 
 5 
 
 746.3 
 
 11 
 
 59 
 
 Do. 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 749.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 32 
 
 Clear. 
 
 7 
 
 749.3 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 8 
 
 749.85 
 
 "10 
 
 45.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 750.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 48 
 
 Cloudy, 
 
 
 10 
 
 750 0 
 
 10 
 
 49 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 749.8 
 
 10 
 
 49 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 12 m. 
 
 749.6 
 
 10.5 
 
 50 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 749.0 ' 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 
 
 748 6 
 
 10 
 
 49 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 748 3 
 
 9.5 
 
 50 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 4 
 
 748.1 
 
 9 
 
 48.5 
 
 Do. 
 
 Part ii — 41 
 
jBarometrical observations ^ 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Place of observation. 
 
 a. m. Mouth of Montreal riVer. 
 p* ni do do.. . 
 
 ..... ........ do do. . . 
 
 • • • • do < o . . . 
 
 ....# ...... ..do. ...... .do... 
 
 a. m .do. do.. . 
 
 12 /i. 20 m do do.. 
 
 12/i. 35?n. . Summit of terrace, above lake. . . 
 
 1 p. m . Station No. 2 
 
 2 A. 30m.. Location of Montreal Miriing Co. 
 
 3^. 30m do .do 
 
 Ah, 30?n -do...i ....do 
 
 5 ....... . 5 feet above river, below falls'. . . . 
 
 5 feet above river, above falls .... 
 
 6 /i. 20 m. . I<ocation 
 
 Qh, 45m. . Summit of Conglomerate hill. ... 
 8/i. 30?n. . At mouth of Montreal river ..... 
 
 9/i. 15m 
 
 . . . . . do . . . 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 n n 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 p. m. . . . 
 
 • • * • • do • » • 
 
 • • • a *dO*» 
 
 At foot of falls of Montreal river 
 
 Above falls, 1 foot 9 inches above level of water 
 
 - At foot of falls 
 
 \h, 15m . . Level of Lake Superior. * 
 
 2/i. 15m. . Carp lake, 3 feet 7 inches above lake level. 
 
 2/i» 30??i .. ........ do ...a...* do ........ do 
 
 3/i. 10m. . Summit of diff at Isle Royale Co.’s mine 
 
 4». •...». JL^evel of X4ake Superior 9 . 
 
 
August 6 I S| a 
 
 August 7 
 
 August 10 
 August 11 
 
 3^ a> Ula ••«•••» ado » a • a a a a adO> •••aa»tte6tatakaaaaa^aaaoeco6e'ssaaaaaaaaa 
 
 9| . a a a , Lsvel of Curp lakca ...at.. 
 
 lOi Level of Lake Superior 
 
 10^. ...«*• ........ Clo ........ dO'. .. .a °akaaa. ....... ...a. a... ....... ....... 
 
 2 p. m do ..idov 
 
 4 
 
 At Carp lake, west end, 5 feet above lake level. . . 
 
 
 4/i. 50m. . 
 
 Location of Delaware Co 
 
 
 5h. lO^n.. 
 
 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 6/i. 15m. . 
 
 
 . . . .do. ,, 
 
 
 6 15 a. m. 
 
 
 . . . .do.. .........a........... 
 
 
 6^. 45m. . 
 
 
 . . . .do 
 
 
 fh. 45m. . 
 
 (No. 1) Croton Co.’s location 
 
 
 8^. 15m.. Jasper hill, near correction line 
 
 9h. 15m. . Little Carp river, township 50, range 44, sections 2 and 3, 
 
 10 Township 50, range 44, 
 
 11 a Township 50, range 44, section 11. 
 
 2 p. m. (No. 2) 
 
 2i a a (No. 1) Croton Co.’s location 
 
 3. Delaware Co.’s office..... 
 
 4/i. 45m. . Carp lake 
 
 5h. 15m.. Shore of Lake Superior.. 
 
 6i .do do 
 
 1 . a a Lake shore 
 
 4h. 25m, a Summit of hill, township 51, range 42, section 16 
 
 5/^. 30m.. Lake shore 
 
 7 50 a- m. ... .do 
 
 9 Union river works 
 
 11 Township 51, range 42, section 29, summit of Conglomerate hill. . . . 
 
 3 30 „p. m. Union river works 
 
 4h. 30m. . Lake shore 
 
barometrical observations made in July^ 1848 , hy J, D 
 
 Place. 
 
 July. 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 C) m 
 
 ? n. m 
 
 Rapids of Ontonagon at Cushman’s 
 warehouse 
 
 7 a. m ....... . 
 
 ....do. ................. ..do...... 
 
 8 fl. 
 
 .... do do. • • • . • 
 
 10 a. 
 
 ....do do ...... 
 
 2 n. TY1 
 
 . . . .do . . . f do. 
 
 6 n. m 
 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 R n - m 
 
 . . . .do .do 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 10 a . m 
 
 
 
 
 2 n. m 
 
 
 4 n. m . - ... 
 
 
 6 p. m t , , , ti t , , 
 
 
 8 r>. m 
 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 10 a. m. 
 
 12 m 
 
 2 p. m 
 
 4 p. m. 
 
 f) r». m . 
 
 • a • • do to*«aa«*«*»«ft****«** • a a a ® a 
 
 a a a a dO aaaaaaaaa»o«***®** *• dO a a a a a a 
 a a a a dO aaaaaaaaa**«s»«*****^^*®**®' 
 a a a adO» •aaaaaaaai«aa«®»3*< dO a a ® • 
 
 aaaadO*aaaaaaa»**«****a®**dOa_aaa* 
 
 aaaadOoaaaa*®***#**®*®**'"*^^***®** 
 
 8 p. m. ...... . 
 
 6 a. 
 
 
 8a.TYi 
 
 
 10 a. m. 
 
 11 a. TYi, 
 
 At location of the Ontonagon Mining 
 On cliff above mine 
 
 1 2 lY* 
 
 A f Irtpatirkn 
 
 7 a. 
 
 
 XO 8.V m 
 
 
 29.540 
 29 . 505 
 29. 450 
 29 - 458 
 29.450 
 29.400 
 Mill. 
 
 746.3 
 
 745.4 
 744.6 
 
 743.5 
 
 741.2 
 
 741.6 
 
 727.2 
 723.5 
 
 726.4 
 725 a 
 
 68h 
 
 60 
 64 
 69 1 
 80 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 77 
 70 ^ 
 67^ 
 74 
 
 80 J 
 90 
 
 » • • • 
 
 72 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 78 
 77 
 
 70 
 67^ 
 75 
 
 80| 
 
 13h 
 
 72 
 
 ’Whitriey, 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Clear. 
 
 , .do. 
 
 Sky overcast* 
 
 . . . « do. 
 
 .... do . 
 
 Slight shower. 
 Clear, 
 
 . .do. 
 
 . • do . 
 
 Sky overcast. 
 Clear. 
 
 Barometer given in millimetres. 
 
 Thunder and lightning during the night. 
 
 Heavy thunder shower. 
 
 Rain during afternoon and all night 
 Showers. 
 
 644 
 
78 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 67| 
 
 66 
 
 58| 
 
 74 
 
 76i 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 71 
 64| 
 77 
 83 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 59| 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Cloodiy* 
 
 Rain during the night. 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Clear; 
 
 Cleat. 
 
 84 
 
 824 
 
 8l| 
 
 69 
 
 68J 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 Heavy thunder storm during the night. 
 Clear. 
 
 
 Rain from noon of 24th to evening of 25th. 
 
 56 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 60| 
 
 55 
 
 m 
 
 Clear. 
 
 j 
 
 Five feet above river:. 
 
Barometriccd observcUi^oris—GontixmBA . . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Place. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 July... 27 
 
 2 p. m. ....... 
 
 riflTYirk nf Ohio T*™ n 'Rn/'.lr Cnmnn- 
 
 Bar* 
 
 T. 
 
 ! 
 
 t. 
 
 1 
 
 
 nv’s location ......... 
 
 
 
 730.6 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 6U 
 
 
 
 3 p. m. ...... . 
 
 . . , .do 
 
 . . .do 
 
 730:45 
 
 61J 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 
 
 729.35 1 
 
 ^ *-2 
 62 
 60 
 
 
 
 5 pi m. . . . T ^ . . 
 
 Ontonagon river 
 
 735.8 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 5| p. 
 
 Camp 
 
 729.2 i 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 646 
 
647 [ 1 J 
 
 Barometrical observations in 1848 , by W» Gibbs ^ M. D, 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Place. 
 
 1848. 
 Sept. 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 a8 
 
 4 p. m. . . 
 
 5-* 
 
 Algonquin location. 
 
 fi 
 
 
 7 a. m. . . 
 
 8 
 
 Algonquin location — rain 
 
 9...:.... 
 
 .do do 
 
 10... 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 3 n. m . . 
 
 
 4... 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 7 a. m. . . 
 
 do 
 
 Sh, 45m. . 
 11 
 
 South corner of township 52, range 37, sec- 
 tions 33 and 34 
 
 Location house of D. Houghton Company . . . 
 
 12 m 
 
 1 p. m. . . 
 
 Ih. 25m.. 
 9 30 a. m. 
 
 12^. 20m.. 
 
 Summit ridge, west of D. H. Co.’s location. . . 
 Summit of 2d ridge, w. of D. H. Co.’s location 
 Summit of 1st Trap ridge, east of D. H. Co.’s 
 
 cabins 
 
 Summit of Conglomerate ridge, east of D. H. 
 
 Co.’s location 
 
 8 a. m . .. Cabin, Doug^lass Houghton Co 
 
 9A. 55m. . Summit 1st Trap ridge, | mile southwest of 
 D. H. Co.’s location. 
 
 m 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 2 p. m. . . 
 
 4 45 p. m. 
 
 Sh, 30m . . 
 
 12 m. . . . 
 2 p. m. . . 
 7 a. m. . . 
 
 8/t. 10m. 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 Summit of Trap ridge, a little north of 
 
 Summit of Trap ridge, 2 miles west of south- 
 west corner of tp. 37, a little south of line. . . 
 Summit of ridge, 1 mile south of northeast 
 
 corner of (98) township 
 
 Cabin of Ontonagon Co 
 
 Summit of Middle Brother 
 
 Cabin of Ontonagon Co 
 
 do do 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 Thermometer, 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 / 
 
 730.5 
 
 15.0 
 
 58.5 
 
 730.3 
 
 18.5 
 
 56.0 
 
 729.8 
 
 22.5 
 
 57.0 
 
 720.4 
 
 21.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 721.0 
 
 20.5 
 
 53.0 
 
 721.0 
 
 20.5 
 
 51.5 
 
 722.0 
 
 21.5 
 
 52.0 
 
 722.8 
 
 23.5 
 
 52.0 
 
 723.3 
 
 21.5 
 
 51.0 
 
 724.8 
 
 •22.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 725.0 
 
 21.0 
 
 52.5 
 
 726.9 
 
 23.5 
 
 51.0 
 
 731.5 
 
 20.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 726.2 
 
 ]2.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 733.3 
 
 15.5 
 
 60.0 
 
 733.3 
 
 17.0 
 
 63.5 
 
 728.6 
 
 16.2 
 
 67.0 
 
 726.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 71.0 
 
 723.6 
 
 11.0 
 
 58.5 
 
 728.7 
 
 14.0 
 
 58.5 
 
 728.6 
 
 6.5 
 
 51.0 
 
 724.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 52.0 
 
 725.6 
 
 8.0 
 
 52.5 
 
 731.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 732.7 
 
 15.0 
 
 70.0 
 
 732.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 67.0 
 
 726.4 
 
 14.5 
 
 56.0 
 
 734.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 35.0 
 
 734.55 
 
 4.5 
 
 38.5 
 
 To the last 4 observations no correction is to be applied for the ^ point of the detached ther- 
 • mometer; to all the others, however, a correction of — 1.5 must be applied. 
 
f 1 ] 648 
 
 Table of heights on the district between Portage lake and the Montreal 
 
 river. 
 
 Township 52^ range 37; section 35; Algonquin location; mean 
 of eight observations - 
 
 Township 52; range 37; southwest corner 34; highest point 
 of elevated trap ridge „ _ > . - 
 
 Township 51; range 37; southwest corner 15; cabin of Doug- 
 lass Houghton Company - - - - - 
 
 Township 51; range 37; southwest corner 15; trap ridge east 
 of Douglass Houghton Company - - - - 
 
 Township 51; range 37; southwest corner 15; conglomerate 
 ridge half a mile east of Douglass Houghton Company 
 Township 51; range 37; southwest corner 21; trap ridge one- 
 eighth of a mile southwest of Douglass Houghton Company 
 Township 51; range 37; southwest c^Drner 30; trap knob near 
 southeast corner 
 
 Township 50; range 38; section 6; trap ridge in northwest 
 corner of section ------ 
 
 Township 50; range 39; section 1; 12; trap ridge one mile 
 south of northeast corner of township 
 Township 50; range 39; section 16; cabin of Ontonagon Com- 
 pany ------- 
 
 Township 50; range 39; summit of Middle Brother - 
 Township 50; range 40; section 36; Ontonagon Company's 
 clearing; mean ------ 
 
 Bluff mine of American Ex. Company; above Ontonagon 
 Clearing of O. T. R. Company; above Ontonagon - 
 Hill of Red porphyry - - - - - 
 
 Red bluff of porphyry above its base - - - - 
 
 Above lake ------- 
 
 Base of red bluff - - - - 
 
 Porphyry hill ------- 
 
 Carp lake 
 
 Cliff at Isle Royale Company’s mine - ^ - 
 
 Cliff above Carp lake ------ 
 
 Location of Delaware Company above Carp lake 
 Location of Delaware Company above Lake Superior 
 Union River works ------ 
 
 Township 51; range 42; section 30; conglomerate 
 Township 51; range 42; section 16; hill of altered sandstone 
 Croton Company’s location - 
 Township 51; range 43; section 32; quartzose bluff - 
 Highest point measured 
 
 Feef. 
 
 621.7 
 759. 5" 
 477.9 
 655. 4 
 
 462.9 
 659 . 8 
 633.4 
 
 778.1 
 
 736. 
 
 528 
 
 757.7 
 
 499 
 416| 
 250 
 1251 
 439. 8- 
 1089 
 662. 6'^ 
 913 
 483 
 975 
 485 
 106 
 587. S 
 309 
 931 
 
 690 
 
 1191 
 
 138f^ 
 
649 [ 1 ] 
 
 Notes on the topography^ soil, geology, ^c.y of the district hetiueen Port^ 
 
 age lake and the Ontonagon. 
 
 The district which I have had the task of exploring, is that portion of 
 the northern peninsula of Michigan which extends along the southern 
 shore of Lake Superior, from the Portage to the mouth of Montreal- river, 
 extending southward as far as the boundary line between Michigan and 
 Wisconsin. Its general shape is that of a nearly isosceles triangle, of 
 which the base would extend from near the northern extremity of Portage 
 lake south to the Brule river. This line is about 84 miles in. length. The 
 two sides may be represented by straight lines — the northern drawn from 
 the Portage to the mouth of the Montreal river, the southern by one drawn 
 from where the range-line between 33 and 34 meets the Brule river, to 
 meet the other. These two sides would each have a length of about 96 
 miles, and the three would very nearly enclose the entire district. East 
 of the line considered as the base of the triangle, the character of the geo- 
 logical features of the country begins to undergo a marked change, and 
 the limit taken as the boundary of this district to the east may therefore be 
 considered to be a natural one, although there is nothing in the character 
 of the general topography of the country which would indicate that this; 
 line should be chosen in preference to any other. 
 
 This district embraces an area of about 4,000 square miles. 
 
 That part of the district which lies north of the fifth correction line, or 
 a line which passes near the Anse and extends to the mouth of Carp river,, 
 was subdivided in 1846 by Messrs. Higgins and Hubbard, with the ex- 
 ception of 5 townships lying near the Anse; these, with the exception of 
 one, have been subdivided during the summer of 1848 by Mr. Higgins. 
 South of the correction lines, the township lines were run during the sum- 
 mer of 1847 by Messrs. W. A. and Austin Burt, and four townships lying 
 on the trap range, and near the Ontonagon, were subdivided by Mr. Hig- 
 gins during that season. During the past summer a large number of town- 
 ships in this district have been subdivided by the Messrs. Burt and Mr. 
 Ives. The continuing the subdivisions over the whole district south of 
 the trap range, would add to our knowledge of the geography of the dis- 
 trict; but there is no reason to suppose that any land will be sold here for 
 many years to come— that is, in the region south of the trap range. The 
 number of townships and fractions of townships in the whole district iS; 
 about 130. 
 
 The topographical features of this region are not particularly striking. 
 Its southern boundary, elevated probably about 700 feet above Lake Su- 
 perior, is occupied by a great number of small lakes, of which Lac Yieux 
 desert is the largest, and but a few of which have received a name. These 
 lakes are the springs which feed the rivers fiowingTrom this, the water- 
 shed line; on the south, the Wisconsin and Chippeway rivers, with their 
 numerous branches, which flow into the Mississippi, and through it into 
 the Gulf of Mexico; and on the north, a number of comparatively small 
 rivers, all which empty into Lake Superior. Thus it is evident that the 
 general descent of the whole region is from the south towards the north p 
 and in general it may be said that this descent is quite gradual, being, 
 broken only by the ranges of trappean rocks which run through its entire^ 
 extent in an easterly and westerly direction. The number of rivers is very 
 large, and of course they are comparatively small. By far the most con- 
 
siderable is the Octonagon; which, with its numerous branches, drains 
 tween thirty and forty townships. It is made up of four principal branches, 
 the most westerly of which takes its rise in i^gogebic lake, the most con- 
 .siderable body of w^ater in the district. This branch flows easterly along 
 the base of the trap range, and over the junction of this rock with the sand- 
 stone, receiving in T. 49, R. 40, the waters of another large branch flow- 
 ing from the south. In T. 50, R. 39, it joins the main branch of the river, 
 which heads near Lac Vieiix desert, and which has already, in the same 
 township, received another large tributary from the southwest. The two 
 branches united form the main stream of the Ontonagon, which is rapid, 
 and with difficulty navigable for small boats, which are forced up against 
 the current by setting-poles, till about a mile north of the correction line, 
 from which point to the lake its channel is sufflciently deep, and the cur- 
 rent slow enough to allow boats drawing two or three feet of water to as- 
 cend. This is the only stream whicli can be considered in any degree 
 navigable upon the southern shore of Lake Superior. Between the On- 
 tonagon and Portage lake the trap range divides the waters which flow 
 from each side of its elevations. Those to the north flow directly into the 
 lake, and are all short and insignificant; those to the south, on the con- 
 trary, unite into one large stream, (Sturgeon river,) which empties into 
 Portage lake, and through it into Keweenaw bay, on the south side of Ke- 
 weenaw point. The streams on the north side have, many of them, re- 
 ceived names from the voyageiirs. Those which have been named are 
 as follows, going westwardly: Salmon Trout, Grayercet, Elm, Miser]^, 
 Fire-steel, and Flint-steel. These ail head in the trap range, and run 
 nearly NW. from 15 to 20 miles before reaching the lake. Their mouths, 
 as well as those of most of the smaller streams on the lake, are often en- 
 tirely shut with sand after a heavy northerly gale. There is not a single 
 harbor for any other than the smallest class of schooners between the Port- 
 age and Montreal river. The smaller vessels navigating the lake generally 
 enter the mouth of the Ontonagon, though, after a long-continued north- 
 erly storm, the channel is much blocked up by sand; while, on the other 
 hand, the spring freshets deepen the channel sufliciently to allow the largest 
 class of vessels on the lake to enter. Most of the small streams afford good 
 boat harbors, and are on this account valuable to the voyageur. 
 
 Beyond the Ontonagon, the principal streams head near the boimdary 
 line, and pursue their courses across the ranges of igneous rocks, in a north- 
 horth westerly direction to the lake. The principal streams are Iron, 
 Presqhsle, Black, and Montreal rivers. These streams all have falls 
 near their entrance into the lake, and are rapid and rocky, especially when 
 passing the trap ranges, where the rock is too hard and durable to be easily 
 acted on and worn away by miming water. Mill-sites are, of course, 
 numerous, especially on the smaller streams, in and on the trap ranges. 
 The water-power near the mouth of Montreal river, and about three miles 
 up the stream, and also at the mouth of Presq’isle river, and several 
 points along its course, may be noticed. The waters of these streams are 
 highly tinged with organic matter; so much, that its effect on the color of 
 the pure waters of Lake Superior may be noticed at a considerable distance 
 from its entrance into it. 
 
 The number of lakes is very considerable; they are, however, most 
 numerous near the southern boundary of the district — so much so, that 
 Judge Burt crossed about fifty of them in running the boundary line be- 
 
651 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tween Michigan and Wisconsin. The largest lake is Agogebic^ or Goge- 
 bic^ (said to be from the Chippeway word ogibijj a little jish.) This lake 
 lies principally in townships 47 and 48, range 42, and is about 12 miles 
 long. It forms the source of the west branch of the Ontonagon. Carp 
 lake, in the valley of the Porcupine mountains, is a beautiful sheet of 
 W’’ater. There are numerous lakes of small size in townships 52 and 53, 
 ranges 35 and 36, none of which, however, h^ve received names. Many 
 of these lakes abound in fish, principally bass, carp, and other small fish, 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 From what has been already said of the rivers, a general idea will have 
 been formed of the principal features of the country. In general it may be 
 said to be a rolling surface, gradually rising towards tl^e south, and broken 
 by ranges of precipitous heigl^ts, which traverse it in a general easterly 
 and westerly direction. Prom the Portage to the Ontonagon river, the 
 belt of trappean rocks which characterizes Keweenaw point continues in 
 a northeasterly and southwesterly directioi), sweeping gradually round 
 from the extremity of the point, and dividing the country intoiwo distinct 
 portions — that to the north of the range being drained by rivers flowing at 
 right- angles to it^ that to the south by streams flowing parallel with it. 
 The trap range crosses Portage lake in township 55, ranges 33 and-34, 
 and has here a width of about three miles, and is distant about six miles 
 from the shore of Lake Superior, on the north. It continues its course 
 southwesterly in a course nearly parallel with the shore of the lake, but 
 gradually increasing its distance from it, till, at Agogebic lake its northern 
 edge is about twelve miles distant from the shore of Lake Superior. Its 
 least width is about one mile, while at Agogebic lake it is nearly six 
 miles across from the northern to the southern limit. From Agogebic 
 lake, proceeding westward it assumes a more nearly east and west direc- 
 tion, and gradually approaches the lake shore, which trends to the south, 
 at the same time gradually increasing its width, till at Montreal river it is 
 distant only miles from the lake, and has a breadth of fully ten miles. 
 
 From the lake shore to the trap range the country ascends gradually 
 and regularly till we reach the limit of the sandstone, when it rises more 
 rapidly, but still without any abrupt elevation, till vre find ourselves on 
 the edge of a precipitous escarpment, the trappean rocks being almost 
 without exception gradually inclined upon their northern flank, while to 
 the south they are precipitous and abrupt. Crossing the trap ridges, we 
 find to the south and east of Agogebic lake a rolling plain, unbroken by 
 any considerable elevation, underlaid by the sandstone rocks, which are 
 occasionally seen cropping out in the beds of streams. In passing over 
 the trap range at right-angles to it, from the mouth of Misery river to the 
 Anse, we find the sandstone occupying a breadth of about six miles to the 
 north and eighteen miles to the south of the trap. This width gradually 
 decreases, and to the west of Agogebic lake the sandstone is no longer seen 
 in place, except to the north of the trappean rocks, on the shore of the lake. 
 If we stand on an elevated point of the trap range, along the west branch 
 of the Ontonagon, and look to the south, we perceive, as far as the eye 
 can reach, a country entirely unbroken by any considerable elevations, and 
 stretching off apparently in ari almost perfectly level plain. On traveirsing 
 this region it is found to be generally low and swampy, with occasional 
 
652 
 
 EiJ 
 
 dight elevations covered with maple^ though the rock is rarely exposed , 
 This extends to the south boundary of township 47, where there is a low 
 dike or ridge of trap rock — not, however, more than a mile in width. Beyond 
 this we reach the region of greenstone and hornblende rocks, where the 
 rocks occur in low ridges or knobs, mostly having an easterly and westerly 
 direction, few of them rising more than a hundred feet above the general 
 level, the intervals between them being filled with small lakes and 
 swamps. 
 
 From the point where the trap range crosses Portage lake to near Ago- 
 gebic lake, we have a regular band of trappean rocks pursuing a course 
 nearly parallel with the lake shore, gradually narrowing one mile in width 
 in township 52, range 36, and then expanding again, till at Agogebic lake 
 it is about six miles in width. This, with the exception of this narrow 
 belt of trap on the southern boundary of township 47, is the only range 
 of trappean rocks between the lake shore afud the south boundary of the 
 sandstone, which is found both to the north and to the south of it. North 
 and west of Agogebic lake, however, instead of the gradually descending 
 plain of sandstone stretching uninterruptedly to the shore, we find a series 
 of elevations rising suddenly from near the lake to the height of nearly 
 1,000 feet, while five or six miles from the lake they attain the height of 
 about 1,400 feet — the highest elevation of any point on the northern 
 peninsula of Michigan. These elevations constitute the system of the 
 Porcupine mountains — a series of three tolerably distinct and nearly paral- 
 lel ridges which extend from range 42 to range 44 obliquely through 
 townships 50 and 51. Between this system of elevations and the Kewee- 
 naw point or Ontonagon range there is a valley of sandstone, almost 
 level and marshy, of about seven miles irt breadth. Directly south of the 
 Porcupine mountains, and a little east of the Agogebic lake, the Ontona- 
 gon range begins to divide into two distinct systems of ridges which ex- 
 tend along to the west, gradually diverging from each other to beyond 
 Black river, when they lose their distinct character as ridges, and the 
 country becomes rolling, with here and there a low ridge or knob. The 
 distance from one ridge to the other is, on the range-line between town- 
 ships 45 and 46, about three miles, and the interval between these ridges 
 is almost entirely filled by tangled swamps. Near the southwest extremi- 
 ty of Agogebic lake, in township 47, range 43, commences another belt of 
 trappean rocks, which extends along nearly east and west, rising from one 
 hundred to two hundred feet above the general level, and crossing Mon- 
 treal river near the line between townships 47 and 48. Another belt of 
 trap appears beyond Black river, near the lake shore, and extends along, 
 forming a ridge of about two hundred feet in height, and crossing the 
 Montreal river about three miles from its mouth. 
 
 The sandstone is continuous along the lake shore from Portage lake to 
 the Montreal river, although its width varies considerably; to the south of 
 the trap range of the Ontonagon, it is not seen in place to the west of 
 Agogebic lake. 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 The soil of this extensive district is quite various in its character, as 
 would naturally be expected from its various geological character. The- 
 decomposition of the sandstone which underlies so large a portion of this 
 
653 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 district would, alone, form a sandy, infertile soil. The trap rocks, on the 
 contrary, containing, as they do, a considerable quantity of lime and the 
 alkalies, these elements are found in more considerable quantity in the soil 
 which covers them. The subject of the decomposition of the trap rocks 
 has been studied with care by Ebelmen. From his researches it is evi- 
 dent that, in the progress of the decomposition of the trap and basaltic 
 rocks, the lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and especially the alkalies, are 
 ■ gradually removed, together with a portion of the silica; while there re- 
 mains behind a hydrated silicate of alumina, or clay, after the decomposi- 
 tion has reached its utmost limit. The enormous deposites of clay upon 
 the Ontonagon and its tributaries and south of the trap range were, per- 
 haps, formed in ^is way; and it will be noticed that in the vicinity of the 
 trap range the soil is a clayey loam when the process of decomposition is 
 still in full progress. Fun her south the soil gradually becomes more 
 sandy, till we reach the limestone region, where the soil again undergoes 
 a great change in its character; In general the best soil in this district is 
 on the trap range and in the valleys of some of the principal streams. On 
 the trap range the sub-soil is thick, and made up of angular and rounded 
 fragments of sandstone^ conglomerate, and trappean rocks, and occasion- 
 ally a boulder of limestone, with many of granite, porphyry, and horn- 
 blende rock. On this is a thin layer of decomposed vegetable matter, in- 
 termixed with fragments of rocks, leaves, and twigs. The soil is not deep, 
 but, being new, it is strong; that is to say, it contains a large proportion 
 of substance in a suitable state for the nourishment of the growing plant, 
 though a few years’ cultivation wottld soon exhaust it. 
 
 The annexed analysis of a soil from the location of the Black River ^ 
 Mining Company, on Black river, will give a correct idea of the compo- 
 sition of the best trap soil of this district, as far as inorganic constituents 
 are concerned. 
 
 This soil has produced an extraordinary crop of potatoes. It will be 
 seen that the proportion of alkalies is large — much more considerable than 
 has been found in the soils of Nev.^ England. The quantity of lime, on 
 the other hand, is quite small. The large quantity of iron shows that 
 the soil is the product ot decomposition of a rock containing a large quan- 
 tity of that metal, as do the trap rocks of that region invariably. 
 
 The soil was thoroughly dried at 250 ^ F., and sifted through a sieve 
 sufficiently fine to remove all the undecayed vegetable matter. 
 
 Ex;perience has shown that the soil will produce large crops of such 
 plants as will bear the severity of the climate. Potatoes have hitherto 
 been the staple article of produce; and a number of clearings have been 
 made along the banks of the Ontonagon, and planted with that vegetable. 
 The garden of the Mendenhall Company had, in 1847, a luxuriant growth 
 of beans, peas, onions, and other kitchen-garden vegetables, although 
 very late. Barley, oats, and buckwheat might be raised to advantage, 
 ;and would be the natural crops for the climate. Wheat can hardly be 
 considered a suitable crop, since the quantity of lime in the soil is too' 
 jsmall to render it likely that the crop would not exhaust the soil: besides, 
 the heavy body of snow which lies upon the ground nearly six months in 
 the year would be likely to winter-kill ” it. The season is too short to, 
 ^ailow of Indian corn being raised. Should the mines prove valuable, the 
 surrounding country will be settled, and vegetables and fodder will be 
 
654 
 
 [I] 
 
 laised in sufficient quantity for home consumption: otherwise, it is not to 
 he presumed that much land will be taken up for agricultural purposes. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The register kept by the surgeon at Port Wilkins will show the mean 
 temperature of that part of the Lake Superior district; and the difference 
 between that point and this would be very trifling. The climate is too 
 cold and forbidding, and the winter too long, to attract emigrants, who 
 prefer to settle and cultivate the soil. During the month of July, the 
 days are very warm: the nights are, however, almost always cool and 
 refreshing. The alterations of temperature are very sudden, and it is not 
 a very uncommon thing for the thermometer to fall 40° in the course of 
 24 hours. The snow falls constantly during the winter, and accumulates 
 on the surface to the depth of five or six feet. This great body of snow 
 does not generally disappear entirely till some time between the middle of 
 May and the first of June. Both in 1847 and 1848, the first frost occurred 
 on the same day — the 9th of September. It was in both cases sufficiently 
 severe to completely kill all vegetation. Snow fell in 1847 on Presq’- 
 isle, at an elevation of 150 or 200 feet above the lake, on the 13th of Sep- 
 tember. By the 10th of October, winter has fairly set in, though por- 
 tions of the month of November are often cheered by a mild and pleasant 
 Indian summer. The whole of the month of October, 1847, was on 
 Keweenaw point a succession of gales of wind and rain and snow storms. 
 Such being the severity of the winter and the shortness of the summer, 
 all access to the country being impossible during one- half the year, it is 
 evidently useless to expect that the tide of emigration will ever flow to 
 the southern shore of Lake Superior. In fact, it will not be settled for 
 agricultural purposes as long as an abundance of land remains unoccu- 
 pied in a more southern and genial clime. The climate has, however, 
 one great advantage; it is undoubtedly one of the healthiest in the world, 
 ill spite of the sudden changes of temperature in the summer. 
 
 SCENERY. 
 
 The whole of this district is covered with dense woods, with the ex- 
 ception of small meadows, which were undoubtedly formerly the beds of 
 small lalies. Hence it is difficult to form any idea of the appearance of 
 the country; for it is only on the southern edge of the trap cliffs, and then 
 only by climbing a tall tree, that a complete view can be obtained of the 
 surrounding country. One of the most interesting points whence a satis- 
 factory view of the trap range may be obtained is on the location of the 
 Minnesota Company, where a ladder placed against a tall hemlock allows 
 the spectator to elevate himself more than a hundred feet above the sum- 
 mit of the cliff, and furnishes the only entirely uninterrupted view in all 
 directions which I have seen in this district. From this point nothing 
 but unbroken woods can be seen in every direction, as far as the eye can- 
 reach. The view to the north is terminated by the lake, and the country 
 is seen gradually descending in that direction, without any considerable' 
 break. To the south, the sandstone plains extend as far as the eye can 
 reach,- while a few low ridges may be seen in the farthest distance. The 
 course of the streams may be traced by the change in the appearance of 
 
655 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 the foliage. East and west^ the trap range is seen, stretching along in a 
 succession of knobs and hills rising a few hundred feet above the general 
 levels and pleasing the eye with their graceful outline. This view is 
 nearly the same in general character with that seen at various points of 
 the trap range. Red cliffy in township 49; range 42; sections 11 and 12; 
 affords a grand view of the surrounding country; with Lake Agogebic in 
 the distance; and is itself an imposing object. It is a dark red porphyritic 
 trap, and its peculiar color and precipitous sides make it a very con- 
 spicuous object of this whole region; and we have given it the name 
 as characteristic of its appearance. The valley of Carp lake affords a- 
 pleasing succession of viewS; precipitous cliffs rising from the north side 
 of the lake to the height of four hundred feet. 
 
 There are many water- falls in this district. Those on the Montreal river 
 are very picturesque. This river falls at its mouth about 60 feet in one nearly 
 perpendicular fall; and below the fall, it has cut its way through a gorge in 
 #ie sandstone fully a hundred feet in depth. The fall is visible from the lake. 
 The upper falls; about three miles higher up the stream; are much more pic- 
 turesque. Here the stream crosses a number of alternations of trap and 
 sandstone; and after two separate cascades — which; however; are near 
 each other; and may both be seen from the same point — it cuts its way 
 through a deep gorge Avith overhanging Avails ; Avhich furnish a variety of 
 romantic points of vieAv. The falls themselves are almost unrivalled in 
 picturesque beauty. The upper fall is about forty feet; and the whole 
 volume of the stream is precipitated over a shelving ledge of rockS; when; 
 bending suddenly around a beautifully shaped pyramid of trap rocks 
 croAvned by tapering firs, it is again precipitated; in three separate cas- 
 cades; over forty feet. Were this scene easy of access, it would soon 
 become a place of common resort. 
 
 The scenery at the mouth of Presq’isle river is very romantic— the 
 liver having Avorn a deep gorge in the slaty sandstone; in which channel 
 it; liOAvever, no longer runS; having taken another course to the lake. In 
 general; however; it must be confessed that the scenery upon this part of 
 the Lake Superior district is neither striking nor peculiar; and that the 
 constant succession of Avoods and sAvampS; Avhich are neither cheered by 
 the song of birds nor enlivened by flowerS; is monotonous in the extreme. 
 
 GENERAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 The rocks AAdiich occur upon this district are in many respects similar 
 to those of Keweenaw point; and whatsis said of that portion of the dis- 
 trict; will apply equally in most respects to this. We have — 
 
 1st. The red sandstone of Lake Superior — of Avhich the age cannot be 
 determined by any evidence Avhich I have been able to collect; as it is 
 entirely destitute of fossilS; and lies directly upon the granitic rocks. 
 
 2d. A bed oi fossiliferous limestone of the loAver silurian S3?"stem; Avhicli 
 occurs in an isolated position; and has but a very limited extent, the 
 exact nature of Avhich; and its relation to the sandstone; cannot be deter- 
 mined Avith certainty without a further and more extended examination; 
 and perhaps not at all. 
 
 3d. The trappeon rocks ^ which are generally designated in this district; 
 by those who traverse it for the purpose of exploration; as the trap range, 
 
 4th. Granitic and sieniiic rocks ^ with hornblende and greenstone; 
 which seem in this district to be invariably associated Avith them. 
 
t« ] 
 
 656 
 
 1. Sandstone. 
 
 The sandstone is exposed along the coast at intervals, and sometimes 
 for miles continuously from the Portage to the mouth of Montreal river. 
 It forms on the lake shore generally perpendicular cliffs, rarely exceed- 
 ing fifty feet in height. 
 
 In general, it may be said that the fiirthur removed it is from the trap- 
 pean rocks, so much the nearer do its strata approach to being horizontal, 
 and so much the lighter colored and more fragile does it become. Be- 
 tween Salmon Trout and Graveralt rivers, the strata of sandstone are finely 
 exposed, rising from 50 to 75 feet in vertical walls. They are nearly 
 horizontal, but have a slight dip of from 3^ to 5^ to the northwest. The 
 rock is in alternate bands of a grayish or buff color, and a brick-red p or 
 at other places, the red is scattered in circular and oval patches through 
 the lighter-colored strata. The white portions are apparently more argil 
 laceous than the darker ones, and evidently contain less oxide of iron. 
 The vertical walls of the sandstone are hollowed out at their base, by the 
 action of the v^aves and the frost, into caves and arched passages: of 
 small dimensions, however, when compared with those exhibited on so 
 grand a scale at the Pictured rocks. None of them have the base of the 
 opening at any considerable height above the water, nor do they indi- 
 cate a higher level of the lake at any previous period. Some of them, 
 however, have a very considerable height, and the top of the arch is con- 
 siderably above any point which the waves could reach even in the 
 highest gales; but it is easy to see that an opening having been once 
 effected, fragments would be continually loosened and detached by the 
 alternate action of frosts and thaws, the rock being in many places filled 
 with cracks and crevices, and falling into fragments at a blow. These 
 fragments in many cases assume a distinct rhombohedral form, and in 
 some instances the rocks may be seen to be traversed by distinct sets of 
 fissures or cleavage -planes crossing each other at angles of 60^ and 120^. 
 Electric currents have usually been assigned as the cause of these lines 
 of fissure, and they are probably in many respects analogous to planes of 
 crystallization in their formation. I have obtained fragments of sand- 
 stone from Isle Roy ale, in which this tendency to a rhombohedral cleav- 
 age was so perfectly manifested that some fragments might have been 
 ■ mistaken for crystals of brown spar, so perfect v/erethe edges and angles. 
 
 Along the shore, between Salmon ITout and Elm and Misery rivers, 
 the sandstone has only a very slight dip; and it will he seen that south of 
 this portion of the lake shore the trap range is veiy irregular, and consists 
 of only a few conical knobs and elevations of very trifling and inconsider- 
 able height, ’'nre distance from the lake shore to the northern edge of 
 dhe trap is here about six miles. As the trap range rises more promi- 
 nently and regularly, the sandstone begins to have a more considerable 
 dip, which gradually increases, till, at the base of the Porcupine mount- 
 ains, where the trap is only about a mile distant from the edge of the 
 lake, and where it rises in a lofty ridge of a thousand feet in height, the 
 sandstone is inclined at an angle of 30°, This angle it maintains pretty 
 uniformly along the base of the Porcupine mountains, and wherever it is 
 seen intercalated in the trap in the interior. Thus the bed of sandstone 
 • of only two or three hundred feet in thickness, which extends along the 
 
657 [ 1 ] 
 
 ridge to the north of Carp lake and river^ has a dip *of from 27^ to 30^ at 
 various points alon§ its course. 
 
 As we recede from the Porcupine mountains westwardly^ the dip de- 
 creases again. At the mouth of Iron river^ and along its bed for severe 
 miles inland; the strata of dark-colored slaty sandstone may be observed 
 dipping from 14P to 17^; iri various directions; from N. S0^ E. around to 
 S. 65^ E. Here its dip, and at the mouth of Presq’isle river the sand- 
 stone dips to S. 05^; W. 10°; about one-half mile from its junction with 
 the trap it dips to N. 8°; W. 30°. 
 
 The dip of the sandstone gradually increases till we arrive at Montreal 
 river; where, at the lake shore, it is nearly vertical, and it is here about 
 two miles from its junction with the trap, and it has then the same angle* 
 of dip as at the lake shore. All these dips are taken north of the trap^ 
 range, where the rock is best exposed on the lake shore. South of the 
 trap range the sandstone is almost invariably horizontally stratified, or so 
 nearly so that little or no variation from a perfect horizontality cam be de- 
 tected. Close to the trap it dips to the south, however, at ahigh angle^, 
 but in a very short distance it becomes horizontal . According to Judge 
 Burt, it dips to the north at the southern edge of the Porcupine mount- 
 ains . Asa natural consequence of the dip of the sandstone, it will be seen 
 that from the highest point of the trap range the ground falls off gradually 
 to the shore of the lake; while to the south, the country is level or rolling. 
 
 The lithological character of the sandstone varies considerably at dif- 
 ferent pnints. In general it is made up of the same reddish and bulf- 
 colored agglutination, of rounded grains of quartz, which composes the 
 sandstone of Keweenaw point; but at some points it assumes a slaty struc- 
 ture, and a dark, almost black color, so that it strongly resembles argil- 
 laceous slate. The same is the case with the sandstone of the Con- 
 necticut river valley. At the mouth of Iron river, the sandstone is dark- 
 colored, but does not split into thin laminae. A mile up the river it occurs 
 in thin strata, which may be obtained from one- eighth to one-quarter 
 inch in thickness. Again, at Presq’isle river, near the mouth, and for 
 one-half mile up its bed, the sandstone is thinly stratified, has a dark 
 color, and is decidedly argillaceous. It has been used by the Indians 
 for carving pipes, although too hard for that purpose . At the mouth of 
 Black river the same form of sandstone appears again, but it is here still 
 more finely stratified and traversed by two sets of cleavage planes. The 
 extent of surface covered by these dark-colored varieties of sandstone is 
 but trifling compared with the whole surface underlaid by that rock. 
 South of the trap I have never seen this variety of rock; it is only an ac- 
 cidental variety of the sandstone, and gradually passes into it. 
 
 The sandstone is, as far as our distric lextends, we have reason to be- 
 lieve, wholly destitute of fossils, or organic remains of any kind whatever. 
 Ripple-marks are exceedingly common and beautiful, and impressions or 
 casts of sun cracks, which are quite common, are sometimes mistaken. 
 Tor the remains of vegetables, or indistinct traces of organic plants. On 
 its southern edge the sandstone rests upon granitic rocks, while Jhe- 
 northern limit is the lake shore, so that we are left entirely without any 
 means of determining the age of this deposite, unless some light may be 
 shed upon it when the relative positions of the sandstone and limestone- 
 near the Anse shall have been studied with more care. 
 
 The sandstone on this district is, in general, much more destitute ot 
 .Part ii — 42 
 
foreign minerals or ‘veins than that of Ke^^eenaW ^int, Teins of ealc 
 of any considerable width, like those near Copper Harbor, are 
 entirely unknown. A few thin Veins and strings may be seen on the 
 Love rock, and here and there a narrow seam of carbonate of lime, or 
 sulphate of baryta, may be seen upon the lake shored In the sandstone 
 of Presq’isle river, there are a few thin strings of spar, but nothing of 
 interest, although the rock is exposed for several miles . 
 
 Mining operations have, on our district, rarely been attempted on the 
 sandstone or conglomerate. I am not aware that any native copper or 
 black oxide has been found in either of these rocks, as on Keweenaw point, 
 but the only ore of copper which has been found occurring here is the sub 
 pfauret, the gray variety. This. has been found in considerable quantity 
 at MehdenhalFs location, and has been sufficiently worked to prove its 
 valueless ness . It was contained in a gangue of carbonate of lime and sul- 
 phate of baryta, both of which minerals were found here beautifully crys- 
 tallized. The same ore was found near Presqhsle river, on a location 
 called Reese’s, but in too small quantity to afford any reasonable pros- 
 pect of being worked to advantage. Ail mining explorations seem to 
 show that the veins of a mineral-bearing character in the sandstone, or 
 conglomerate, decrease in the amount of ore they carry as we descend 
 upon them, and it is hardly probable that any further explorations in the 
 rock will take place, since ail which have been begun have so signally 
 felled. 
 
 At the junction of the sandstone with the trap, explorations have been 
 carried on in several places, and the results have been by no means des- 
 titute of scientific interest, although they have settled the question as to 
 the occurrence of valuable deposites of copper in any such locality. In 
 the Porcupine mountains, where a thin stratum of bedded trap has been 
 elevated to the crest of a range of cliffs, a good opportunity has been 
 aflbrded to explore at its junction with the sandstone at its lower line of 
 contact. The line of contact is generally marked by the occurrence of a 
 seam of clayey or decomposed chloritic matter, which occasionally con- 
 tains rounded masses of sparry sandstone. In the clayey matter, native 
 copper has been found at several points, and occasionally in masses of 
 considerable size. On descending upon such a locality, the amount of 
 metallic copper seems to decrease rapidly; and I infer, from all I can learn, 
 that it in fact disappears altogether. In one case , at the Union River works , 
 there is an extensive bed of amygdaloidal chlorite rock intercalated be- 
 tween the trap and sandstone, with a similar streak of clayey matter on 
 its lower side. In the chloritic mass, copper was disseminated irregularly 
 through the mass in fine scabs, and especially in connexion with the 
 amygdales of carbonate of lime, of which this metal often formed the 
 exterior coating. In the clayey stratum, which was only a few inches 
 thick, native copper was found in masses of considerable size, up to 
 many pounds in weight. From ail I could learn at the mine, I inferred 
 -that no such masses were found after sinking upon the bed a few feet. 
 
 I am unable to account for the occurrence of these masses of copper in 
 'SO singular a position. They are evidently not true veins. 
 
 C OK GLOMERATE, 
 
 The conglomerate is,’ as on Keweenaw point, the frequent accompand- 
 fh^nt of the finely -grained and uniformly -textured sandstone. It occurs 
 
659 
 
 LU 
 
 inixed and intercalated in it in such a manner as to leave no doubt of 
 their common origin and identity of age and position. We may con- 
 ceive the conglomerate to have been the result of more violent and less 
 protracted action of water^ which has not, broken down and triturated 
 the particles of rock to such an extent. Large patches of conglomerate 
 occur occasionally^ enclosed entirely in the sandstone, in such a manner 
 that their method of formation cannot be mistaken for a moment. In 
 ^general, it will be noticed with regard to the conglomerate, that at a dis- 
 ^tance from the trap, and where the sandstone is nearly horizontal, the 
 materials of which it is made up are finely comminuted, and no con- 
 glomerate or coarse pebbles will be found near it; but as we approach the 
 trap, and as the angle of dip increases, the coarser will the materials be 
 found, out of which the sandstone has been formed, and . the more fre- 
 '^quent the occurrence of beds of conglomerate. Thus at the Portage the 
 sandstone is fine-grained, while at the base of the Porcupine mountains 
 it more nearly resembles conglomerate , being in many places in fact a 
 mere agglutination of large pebbles and boulders.' The same fact will 
 .always be noted where the junction of the sandstone and trap is observed 
 inland. The sandstone does not repose directly on the trap, but a belt 
 of greater or less width of coarse pebbly rock will almost invariably be 
 found interposed between them. This will be ac^irably observed in the 
 natural section furnished by the Montreal river. Here the trap is observed 
 alternating with the sandstone or shale several times, while next above 
 the last belt of trap we find a mass of conglomerate .nearly 2,000 feet 
 thick. This is cut through to the depth of 150 feet, and exhibits a 
 ^striking view illustrative of the powers of those currents of water which 
 heaped together such a mass of materials. The boulders of which the 
 conglomerate has been formed are often more than 18 inches in diameter, 
 and are mostly hornblende rock, porphyry, and quartz rock. They are 
 held together by a very small quantity of a finely comminuted mixture of 
 ?qiiartzose material and calcareous matter. 
 
 On the southern side of the trap range 1 have never seen any con- 
 glomerate. Whether this is owing to the tact that the sandstone is so little 
 ^exposed on the southern side of the trap, or that diferent causes have 
 operated on the two sides of the trap, I cannot say with positive certainty, 
 but I am led by a variety of reasons to incline to the latter opinion. 
 
 TRAPPEAN ROCKS, 
 
 By far the most interesting portion of this district is that underlaid by 
 rocks of a trappean character, and generally known as the trap range,’ ^ 
 which is a convenient name by which to distinguish the belt of rocks 
 which forms so marked a feature, in the region extending from the ex- 
 ^tremity of Keweenaw point to the Montreal river. 
 
 The general outline of the trap range has been already indicated. It 
 remains to give some account of its lithological character; of the different 
 Tarieties of trap, and of the method of occurrence of copper and silver, 
 and their ores, in this rock. 
 
 To the west of the Ontonagon river the trap rocks are not characterized 
 by any great diversity of mineralogical character, but may be generally 
 classed under the head of compact trap. It is a homogeneous, compact, 
 finely-crystalline mass, coihposed probably of hornblende arid albite^ 
 
660 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ■with magnetic oxide of iron scattered through the mass. It is in general 
 extremely little acted on by meteorological influences ; the' exterior be- 
 comes whitened to the depth of a few lines^ and the crystalline strupturo 
 of the rock is made more distinctly visible. The rock is rarely^ if ever^ 
 regularly prismatic in its structure; like basalt. On passing the Onton- 
 agon river the rocks of a trappean origin become much more varied' in 
 their lithological character. The following are the principal varieties: 
 
 1 . Compact trap^ similar to that described above ; varying; however; con- 
 siderably in color and texture; and occasionally taking a large proportion 
 of chlorite and a greenish magnesian mineral into its composition. Some 
 varieties are exceedingly fine-grained and close in their texture; so that 
 they break with an almost conchoidal fracture. Some varieties contain a 
 very large per centage of magnetic oxide of iron; and if a fragment have^ 
 a tolerably regular prismatic form; and has lain for some time on the sur- 
 face; it acquires magnetic polarity. This presence of so large a propor- 
 tion of iron is undoubtedly the reason of the irregular variation of the 
 magnetic needle; so well known to the linear surveyor in the district 
 underlaid by trappean rocks. The fluctuations of the needle often indicate 
 the presence of the trappean rockS; even when concealed by a thick 
 covering of detritus and soil. 
 
 2. Amygdaloidal trap. 
 
 This variety of the trap is found here and there irregularly through the* 
 trap; though it is not by any means so general in its occurrence between 
 the Portage and the Ontonagon as to the west of that stream. The base 
 of the amygdaloidal trap is generally a fine-grained; homogeneous; dark- 
 colored mixture of hornblende and albilC; filled with amygdales of every 
 variety of size and shape up to an inch in diameter. These cavities are 
 filled with different mineral substances. Between the Algonquin location 
 and Agogebic lake; epidote is a frequent accompaniment of the amygda- 
 ioidal trap; west of that lake; it begins again to resemble more nearly that 
 of Keweenaw point, and large quantities of the zeolitic minerals enter intO' 
 its composition. If epidote fills the cavities of the trap; it is often of a 
 radiated crystalline structure; sometimes forming very handsome and sin- 
 gular specimens: generally the centre of each amygdale of epidote is occu- 
 pied by quartZ; often crystallized. Sometimes the crystals are colored: 
 beautilully by a mixture of epidote. Such varieties; when the cavities^ 
 are large and frequent; form very beautiful and singular specimens. The^ 
 zeolitic minerals frequently form so large a portion of the rock; that it 
 disintegrates and crumbles to pieces after a very short exposure. At the^ 
 location of the Atlas Mining Company the zeolitic minerals are very 
 abundant; and not only fill regular amygdaloidal cavities in the rock; but 
 are distributed through it in large flat sheetS; or vein- like masses; lying: 
 irregularly through the rock. 
 
 3. Poiphyriiic trap. 
 
 This rock has as its base a fine-grained trap; in whicli are dissemi- 
 nated long and distinct crystals of felspar, which; being white; stand out^ 
 very distinctly against the dark-colored base in which they are imbedded. 
 The ciystals of felspar are generally half an inch in length. This’ 
 
661 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 variety of trap is found occasionally in loose blocks south of the trap 
 irange; but I have not seen it in place in our district, or any very marked 
 variety of porphyry with greenstone base. 
 
 t 
 
 4. 7Yap breccia, 
 
 I know no other name by which to characterize a singular mixture of 
 amygdaloidal trap and a quartzose rock, like an altered sandstone, which 
 occurs at Cushman’s, township 50, range 40, section 36. It seems to be 
 a product of the interfusion of trap and sandstone. A rock similar in 
 -character may be found at Various other points in this region. At the 
 United States Company’s location, same township, section 34, the trap 
 -occurs mingled with quartz, calc spar, and epidote, apparently the prod- 
 suct of the interfusion of the epidotic trap with these minerals. 
 
 5. Epidoti§ trap. 
 
 This variety of trap occurs at many points of the trap range, and espe-^ 
 'cialiy near the Ontoiiagon river, both east and west of the main branch, 
 and over a space of several miles in extent. The compact trap often 
 passes gradually into epidotic trap, the epidote gradually replacing the 
 hornblende^ till the rock becomes a compact epidote rock. The seams 
 of quartz and calc spar, carrying copper ore, almost always accompanied 
 by epidote, the trap on each side of the seam being composed in large 
 part of epidote, and gradually passing into a compact trap as the distance 
 fedm the seam of quartz increases. 
 
 aUARTZOSE ROCKS. 
 
 1. Compact quartz rock ^ or jasper , 
 
 The rock occurs abundantly in mountain masses, the highest points 
 of the Porcupine mountains being made up entirely of massive quartz 
 ^rock, or jasper. Its structure and texture vary considerably at different 
 points. The greater portion of it, however, is a homogeneous compact jas- 
 per of a deep brick-red color, sometimes traversed by thin seams and 
 broken by planes of fracture lined with crystals of quartz. The whole 
 appearance of the rock is that of an erupted mass. The jaspery mass is 
 occasionally varied by numerous delicate, light- colored streaks or bands, 
 contorted so as to form an imperfect ribbon jasper. At other points par- 
 ticles of white quartz are mingled with the red jaspery mass. The 
 compact variety of quartz rock sometimes shows a gradual passage into 
 quartzose porphyry, the jaspery mass shov/ing here and there a crystal 
 of felspar imbedded in it. 
 
 2. Quartzose porphyry. 
 
 This variety of quartz rock occurs in very large masses, since the highest 
 points of the trap range, in townships 49 and 50, range 42, are made up of 
 4his rock. It is made up of a brick-red quartzose base, in which are imbeds 
 <ded small crystals of white felspar, riot generally exceeding an eighth of 
 ;an inch in length. Almost inwriably, small rounded particles of vitreous 
 
662 
 
 [IJ 
 
 quartz are disseminated with the felspar crystals through the jaspery base: 
 This porphyry has generally a 4;rappean structure, breaking, by natural 
 joints, in more or less prismatic blocks. A nondescript rock occurs in a 
 low ledge which crops out in towuvship 49, range 43, section 33. It lias 
 a feld spathic base of a light reddish color, through which irregular crystals 
 of red felspar and small rounded fragments of quartz are disseminated and 
 intermixed with a greenish mineral, which appears to be epidote. It dif- 
 fers entirely, in external appearance, from any rock found at any other 
 locality in this district. 
 
 EPIDOTE ROCK. 
 
 The varieties of epidote rock are as numerous as those of the proper 
 trappean rocks, in which hornblende and albite make the principal ingre- 
 dients. They occur together, in fact, over a considerable portion of the dis- 
 trict; and though, on the whole, the proper trap is by far Jhe predominating 
 rock, yet there are sections where the epidote occurs in almost mountain 
 masses. The trap often passes, by nearly imperceptible gradations, into an 
 almost pure massive epidote. The epidote is, however, often associated 
 with quartz, which often forms nodules of considerable size in it. The 
 epidote which occurs in seams and veins is, generally, quite pure, and 
 often has a radiated crystalline structure, though distinct crystals of this 
 mineral have not, thus far, been found. The epidote rock, like the pro- 
 per greenstone trap, often becomes amygdaloidal in its structure, and has 
 its cavities filled with quartz and calc spar, like the amygdaloidal trap. On 
 the location of the United States Mining Company, township 50, range 
 40, section 35, the amygdaloidal trap and epidote rocks occur in alternating 
 bands or layers, the cavities of the trap being filled with epidote and quartz, 
 and those of the epidote with quartz principally. The epidote is the 
 almost constant accompaniment of the metallic copper in the district, and' 
 is, on that account, of great interest. 
 
 The occurrence of native copper, sometimes associated with silver, 
 through the whole extent of the trappean rocks, is the matter of most par- 
 ticular interest connected with them. That the metal should he found 
 at so many points, over so large an extent of country, and occasionally in 
 masses of such unprecedented size, is a fact which has not its parallel* 
 elsewhere. Copper occurs at so many points, that it would he impossible 
 to specify them all. In general, it may he said that from Portage lake to 
 the Montreal river we have rarely searched with care at any point where 
 the trap has been exposed over any considerable extent of surface, without 
 finding a few specks or stains of that inetal. In general all the copper of 
 this region occurs in the metallic form. The few exceptions seem to have 
 resulted from atmospheric agencies, the copper being near the surface of 
 the ground, having become encrusted with or converted into red oxide or 
 green carbonate. A few thin sh'ings of yellow and gray sulphuret may 
 occasionally be met with even in the trap rocks, but never in any consid- 
 erably quantity. In the sandstone, the gray sulphuret is the only form 
 of the metal which has been obtained in any quantity. 
 
 The mode of occurrence of this metal is in many respects similar to the 
 deposites of the same on Keweenaw point; but the most promising and 
 important localities in this district are in some respects quite unlike those 
 oii the point, which have been mined with the greatest prospect of success » 
 
There are fo*ar ways in Which the copper occurs^ and which deserve 
 'particul a? notice in order to form a correct estimate of the probable snccess^ 
 
 the mining operations undertaken in our district: 
 
 1 . Native copper accompanies the zeolitic minerals which so frequently 
 occur in the amygdaloidai trap^ sometimes filling the amygdaloidal cavities 
 of the rock^ and sometimes scattered through it in strings or bunches^ 
 which, however, do not form true continuous veins. The trap near Black 
 and Presqhsle rivers contains large quantities of laumonite scattered 
 through the rock, and accompanied by metallic copper. The quantity 
 mf this metal is, in all the localities which we have seen of this kind, very 
 minute; and, as there are no regular veins, no chance of profitable mining 
 can be 'expected at any such locality. I have nowhere in our district 
 seen any appearance of a true vein of copper having as its gangue the ze- 
 olitic minerals — that is to say, like those which have proved the most pro- 
 ductive of Keweenaw point. 
 
 2. The occurrence of masses of native copper occasionally of consider- 
 able size between the sandstone and the trap, has been almady noticed. - 
 Several such deposites have already been sufficiently tested and deserv- 
 edly abandoned. It seems evident that such deposites do not enrich on > 
 descending, but, on the contrary, that they decidedly grow poorer a short 
 distance below the surface. 
 
 3. Throughout the whole extent of this district, hut especially: in the ^ 
 region of Agogebic lake, copper occurs, d,isseminated in fine particles 
 through the massive epidote or epidote rock, which is found in very nu- 
 merous localities. The epidote sometimes appears to traverse the trap in 
 masses of considerable length and thickness, which assume somewhat 
 the form of regular veins. Such, however, they are not, since they have ' 
 no definite dip or direction, nor are they separated from the trap by any 
 fixed walls or selvages, but, on the contrary, they pass into it by a grad- 
 ual change in the nature of the rock. So extensive are these masses of 
 epidote in the Porcupine mountains, and in some portions of the Ontona- 
 gon trap range, that it must be considered as a proper rock, which might 
 be quarried in unlimited quantity. It is a very interesting, fact, that these 
 masses of epidote are so generally accompanied by native copper, that 
 wherever the epidote occurs, diligent search will almost invariably detect 
 the presence of at least a few particles or scales of that metal, which, in- 
 deed, sometimes occur in very considerable quantity. It is generally 
 scattered through the epidote in fine particles — often, though, in thin sheets- 
 or strings. Sometimes the whole mass of rock contains the copper equably 
 scattered through it in very fine particles of uniform size, and in sufficient 
 quantity to make up 10 to 20 per cent, of the whole mass. Very large 
 
 masses occur also in the epidote, one weighing about tons having 
 
 been found at the location of the Minnesota Company,, in the bottom of 
 an open cut of unknown antiquity, where it had been loosened and de- 
 tached from the rock. The famous Ontonagon copper rock, as it has 
 long been called, was also undoubtedly detached from an epidote bedj, 
 since portions of this mineral are still adhering to it. The general simi- 
 larity between the nature of the deposites of copper upon Jsle Royale and 
 those of the Ontonagon, will he noticed by all who have visited both of 
 these regions. I do not consider that there is^mueh prospect of profitable 
 mining operations being carried on on localities of this nature, the width 
 of the deposite of epidote being uncertain,,, as well las the quantity of cop-, 
 
per which it carries. Nothing but actual experience in working a mine* 
 of this description^ will justify an opinion being formed of its valie. 
 
 4. The principal deposites of copper in this district are in what are 
 usually called, by those working them, east and west veins. These merit 
 especial attention, since the quantity of metal which they have furnished 
 is much more considerable than that obtained from any other kind of de- 
 posites of this metal in the trap between Portage lake and the Montreal. 
 The true nature of these deposites I do not yet consider as satisfactorily 
 settled, the explorations being thus far quite limited. They are, however, 
 not injected veins, and I cannot consider them as identical with the pro- 
 ductive veins on Keweenaw point. The following are the principal ap- 
 pearances at localities of this description: The trap here, as elsewhere, is 
 divided into beds or parallel plates, generally of from four to six feet m 
 thickness. These divisions or joints may sometimes be traced along for 
 a considerable distance, following the course of the range, and dipping: 
 generally to the north at a high angle, generally from 30^ to 45^^. Some- 
 times, when the rock is exposed, a number of such joints may be seen in 
 succession, one above another. The surfaces of the two masses of rock 
 are sometimes in contact with each other, without any other appearance 
 than a mere seam or crack in the rock; the surfaces, however, being some- 
 times coated with argillaceous matter, hardened and grooved, or highly 
 polished. Often, howe%^er, a band of quartz and calcareous spar, associ- 
 ated with massive and radiated epidote, will be found extending along- 
 for a considerable distance at the joint, now diminishing to a mere thread, 
 and then widening out to a foot or more. The epidote will often be found 
 sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other of the joint, tolerably 
 pure near it, and gradually passing into trap at a little distance from it. 
 Connected with the quartz and epidote occurs the metallic copper, in fine 
 grains, plates, and masses of ail sizes, up to several tons in weight. 
 Mining operations have been commenced at several points on localities of 
 this nature, and a considerable quantity of metal has been raised. Seve- 
 ral companies had discontinued their operations before we had an oppor- 
 tunity of visiting their works, and their shafts having become filled with 
 water, we had no other means of forrning an opinion of their real value 
 than from the rock and metal thrown out and left exposed upon the sur- 
 face. Two or three companies have been engaged in mining during the 
 winter, and a much better opinion may be formed of the value of sucli 
 deposites after the results of the winter’s work shall be known. Should 
 they be found to have enriched in descending, they may prove profitable, 
 otherwise they will probably bo- abandoned. The quantity of copper in 
 this district must be large, although much scattered ; and from the occur- 
 rence of masses of so large a size as have been found loose upon the sur- 
 face and in the rock, it’seems not unreasonable to suppose that some de- 
 posites of value may be found. 
 
 In considering what portion of the trap range ought to be sold as min - 
 eral lands, I have endeavored, as far as possible, from the observations 
 already collected, to determine where there is the greatest prospect of 
 mining with success. The mere occurrence of copper ought not to be 
 considered as a sufficient reason for designating the section as mineral 
 land, since we have shown' that copper occurs in innumerable localities 
 where there is no prospect of mining with success. 
 
 The foilowing sections include, in my opinion, all those portions of 
 
665 [ 1 ] 
 
 the trap range where there is the least reason to suppose that copper oc- 
 curs in any considerable quantity, but I by no means intend to say that 
 every section contains a workable deposite of copper; on the contrary, it 
 seems not yet certain that there exists a single one which will prove a 
 source of remuneration to the proprietors, nor can it be decided without 
 considerable expenditure ^of money. 
 
 Sections designated as mineral lands. 
 
 Township 52, range 37, sections 36, 35, and 34 (south half.) . 
 
 Township 51, range 37, sections 1, (northwest quarter,) 2, 3, 4, (west 
 half,) 11, (except southeast quarter,) 10, 9, (east half,) 15, (except south- 
 east quarter,) 16, 22, (northwest quarter,) 21,20, (except northwest quar- 
 ter,) 28, (west half,) 29, 30, 32, and 31 . 
 
 Tawnship 51, range 38, sections 36 and 35. 
 
 Township 50, range 38, section 6. 
 
 Township 50, range 39, sections 1, 2, (except northwest quarter,) 12, 
 11, 10, 9, (except northwest quarter,) 14, (except Southeast quarter,) 15, 
 16, 17, 18, 22. (except southeast [uarter,) 21, 20, 19, 28, (north half,) 
 29, 30, 31, (ex ept southeast quarter.) 
 
 Township 50 range 40, sections 25, (south half,) 26, (south half,) 36, 
 35, 34, 33, 32, ^d 31. 
 
 Township 49, range 40, sections 1, (north half,) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
 and 8 (north half.) 
 
 Township 49, range 41, sections 1, 2, 3, (southeast quarter,) 12, 11, 
 10, 9, and 8 (east half.) 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 In accordance with your instructions, I have made observations at seve- 
 ral points for the purpose of ascertaining the rates of the chronometers 
 which were under your charge, and also for determining the latitude and 
 longitude of some of the most important points within my district. 
 /These observations, with the calculated results, are herewith annexed. 
 
 Every one who has visited Lake Superior will have noticed the singu- 
 lar phenomena of mirage which are exhibited so commonly during the 
 summer, and which distort and convert into so many fantastic shapes the 
 coasts and adjacent country. The hills sometimes appear lifted up to two 
 ox three times their original height, vessels appear to be sailing in the air, 
 points of land are bent upwards at right-angles, and the sun at setting is 
 often distorted into the most singular shapes. These appearances are 
 undoubtedly caused by the alternations of temperature, so easily caused 
 by a change in^ the currents of air blowing across the lake; by which 
 bodies of air which are saturated by the evaporation over the surface of 
 the lake are mingled and interstratified with colder and dryer strata 
 coming from the land. 
 
 The effect of these phenomena on observations of angular altitude 
 itaken by instruments will be evident, and it need hardly be said that on 
 many days the observations are found to be utterly valueless. On a clear, 
 cool day, with a brisk wind blowing steadily from one point, the obser- 
 vations have been found to agree well with each other; while on other 
 
6S6 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 warni; sultry days^ with light and changeable currents of air^ the results 
 of observations have shown a very variable refraction. 
 
 All observations during the night seem to be worthy of little confi- 
 dence^ and we have confined our observations entirely to altitudes ©f the 
 sun. Observations for time were taken about 8 a. m.^ since it was fotiiid 
 that refraction was most steady at that time. On a warm sunshiny day the 
 amount of refraction increases rapidly, and to such" a degree that our after- 
 nooh observation S; which never agreed with each other, always gave the 
 chronometer as from five to ten seconds slower in the afternoon than on 
 the morning of the same day, the sun being at about the same altitude. 
 
 In the time observations, sets of three or six were generally taken, and 
 two or four sets, which were separately calculated and coippared with 
 each other, if the weather was favorable. In the morning the different 
 sets were found to agree within O'M, and all were rejected in which the 
 difference was greater than 0".4. In the afternoon the difference was. as 
 great as two or three seconds; and sets of observations, taken consecutive- 
 ly for an hour or more, when calculated showed a constantly-increasing 
 angle of refraction. 
 
 The chronometers have not proved themselves to be worthy of confi- 
 dence, as they have by no means kept a constant rate during the sum- 
 mer. It was not to be supposed that they should not change their rate 
 at all; but as they were carried with the greatest care, i seems unac- 
 countable that they should have changed their rate so mamrially. 
 
 The following were the rates given with the chronometers in Boston: 
 
 June 19, 1848. — No. 1122, 46". 2 fast of Boston time, gaining 1".3 per 
 day. No. 1141, 25". 7 fast of Boston time, gaining 2". 2 per day. 
 
667 
 
 [13 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 min. sec. 
 
 J iQri6 ^7 ««««•<»«• 
 
 0 38.5 
 
 28........ 
 
 0 41.5 
 
 29 
 
 0 45 
 
 30 
 
 0 48 
 
 
 0 50.5 
 
 2 
 
 0 54 
 
 3 
 
 0 57.5 
 
 4*..,.... 
 
 0 58.5 
 
 5 
 
 1 3.5 
 
 6... 
 
 1 6.5 
 
 7........ 
 
 1 11 
 
 8 : 
 
 1 16.5 
 
 9 
 
 1 14.5 
 
 10 
 
 1 17.5 
 
 11 i 
 
 1 10.5 
 
 *••••««• 
 
 1 11.5 
 
 33 
 
 1 14 
 
 14 
 
 1 18 
 
 15 
 
 1 19.5 
 
 16 
 
 1 23.5 
 
 17 
 
 1 25 
 
 18 
 
 1 28.5 
 
 19........ 
 
 1 33.5 
 
 A'ug. 28. 
 
 
 29 
 
 0 mi 
 
 31 
 
 0 28 
 
 Sept, 25 
 
 1 38^ 
 
 26 
 
 1 40.5 
 
 28 
 
 1 44 
 
 29 
 
 1 46 
 
 30 
 
 1 47.5 
 
 No. 1122 faBt of No. 1141. 
 
 No. 1141 fast of No. 1122. 
 
[ 1 ] 668 
 
 By observations at Sault Ste. Marie, from July 1 to July 6, the rates of the chronometers 
 were— 
 
 1122 gaining 3". 88 per day. 
 
 1141 gaining 0" . 18 per day. 
 
 By observations at Copper Harbor, from July 12 to July 16 — 
 
 1122 gaining 3". 62 per day. 
 
 1141 gaining 0".62 per day. 
 
 By observations at Copper Harbor, July 16 and August 29 — 
 
 1122 gaining 0".74 per day. 
 
 By observations at Ontonagon, from July 25 to August 19 — 
 
 1122 gaining 0".70 per day. 
 
 By the rates determined at Sault Ste. Marie, the difference of longitude between Boston and 
 Sault Ste. Marie is — 
 
 By 1122, in time, 52' 58". 49. 
 
 Arc, 13<" 14' 37". 5. 
 
 By 1141, in time, 53' 6". 89. 
 
 Arc, 13® 16' 43". 5. 
 
 Mean arc, 13^^ 15' 40". 5, 
 
 Longitude of Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Copper Harhor« 
 
 Difference of longitude between Boston and Sault Ste. Marie, by rates determined at Sault 
 Ste. Marie — 
 
 By 1122, in time, Ih. 6' 46". 41. 
 
 Arc, 16^ 41' 30". 
 
 By 1141, in time, Ih, 7' 9", 
 
 Arc, 16° 47' 15". 
 
 Difference of longitude between Copper Harbor and Ontonagon river, by observations July 
 19 and 25- 
 
 Time, 5' 40". 71. 
 
 In are, 1° 25' 10". 5. 
 
 By observations August 18 and 29- 
 
 In time, 5' 44". 27. 
 
 Arc, 1® 26' 3". 
 
 Copper Harbor and Black river — by observations July 19 and 28 — 
 
 8' 33' . 
 
 Arc, 20 8 15". 
 
[ 1 ]. 
 
 SAULT STE. MARIE, JUNE 22, 1847. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 p 83 
 
 47 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 20 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 \ 
 
 85 
 
 is 
 
 2C^ 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 38 
 
 85 
 
 51 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 Barometer 29. 47 ; thermometer 64°. Index error 20'^+. Dr. Jackson’s watch too fast 14' 30". 
 
 SAULT STE. MARIE, JUNE 22. 
 
 o 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 32 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 35 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 38 
 
 61 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 
 ol 
 
 lo 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 60 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 46 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 SAULT STE MARIE, JUNE 24, 
 
 1847. 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. , 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 o" 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 26 
 
 55 
 
 
 o" 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 i 55 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 
 5 “ 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 40 , 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 o" 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 58 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 
 o' 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 - • • 
 
 68 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 
 Barometer 29 . 58 ; thermometer 66°. 57' 36". 
 
SAULT STE, MAEIE, JUISTE M, 
 
 A* 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 — 11 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 126 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 — 11 
 
 58 
 
 16 
 
 127 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 — 11 
 
 51 
 
 26 
 
 127 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 — 12 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 132 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 ■”f“ 12 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 — 133 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ~ 133 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 Y 4- 133 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 + 12 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 
 W ~ 133 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 Dr. '-f" 133 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 55 
 
 W — 133 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 4- 133 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 54 
 
 18 
 
 ~ 133 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 56* 
 
 15 
 
 “|- i33 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 — 133 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 133 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 + 133 
 
 26 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 35 
 
 — 133 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 + 133 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 + 133 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 — 133 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 + 133 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 — 133 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 + 133 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 — 133 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 4- 133 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 — 133 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 — 133 
 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 4- 133 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 — 133 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 4- 133 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 — 133 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 4- 133 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 io 
 
 3B 
 
 — 133 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 ; — 133 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 i -}~ 133 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ~ 133 
 
 0 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 53 
 
 — 132 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 4- 132 
 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 - ■— 132 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 O JUNE 24. 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1. 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 
 133 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 2. 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 55 
 
 133 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 3. 
 
 12 
 
 54 
 
 18 
 
 133 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 4. 
 
 12 
 
 56 
 
 15 
 
 133 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 5, 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 00 ; 
 
 133 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 6. 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 35 ! 
 
 133 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 7. 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 43 
 
 133 
 
 . 21 
 
 20 
 
 8. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 133 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 9. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 133 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 IB4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 133 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 11. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 133 
 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 12. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 133 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 13. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 133 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 14. 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 133 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 15. 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 ' 133 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 16. 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 1 133 
 
 0 
 
 25 
 
 17. 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 53 
 
 i 132 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 16. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 132 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 Barometer 27,54 j thermometer m 
 
671 [ 1 ] 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, SATITR0AY, JUNE 26. 
 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec, 
 
 Def. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 23 
 
 79 
 
 0 
 
 50 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 77 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 o* 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 75 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 37 
 
 74 
 
 29 
 
 55 
 
 Barometer 29.22 ; thermometer 73^ F. Index error 0. 
 COPPER HARBOR, SUNDAY, JUNE 27. 
 
 TIME OBSERTATIONS. 
 
 O 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 77 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 g_ 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 ,14 
 
 76 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 77 
 
 59 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 77 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 78 
 
 39 
 
 55 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 
 80 
 
 43 
 
 58 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 9- 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 8i 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 o'" 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 82 
 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 c_ 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.34; thermometer 68^. 
 
 Index error of Diis. 
 
 sextant 2' 
 
 5^'. 
 
 
 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JUNE 27. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIME OBSERTATIONS, BY DR. JACKSON 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 ■ / 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec 
 
 <-0_ 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 31 
 
 62 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 00 , 
 
 60 
 
 33 ■ 
 
 15 
 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 45 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 672 
 
 GOPPER HARBOR. JUNE 2a 
 
 MERIDIAN ALTITUDES OP O FOR LATITUDE, 
 
 
 
 Jhc 
 
 min. 
 
 sec, ; 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 o_ 
 
 1. 
 
 12 
 
 57 
 
 51 
 
 130^ 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 c 
 
 2. 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 14 
 
 131 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 3. 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 21 
 
 130 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 o 
 
 4. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 131 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 q_ 
 
 5, 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 19 
 
 130 
 
 56 
 
 25 
 
 o 
 
 6. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 132' 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 o 
 
 7. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 131 
 
 0 
 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 8. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 132 
 
 5 
 
 5* 
 
 c 
 
 9. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 131 
 
 4 
 
 20^ 
 
 5" 
 
 10. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 132 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 c 
 
 11. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 131 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 o 
 
 12. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 13. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 131 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 14'. 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 132 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 o 
 
 15. 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 131 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 16. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 132 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 o 
 
 17. 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 131 
 
 8 
 
 55 
 
 o 
 
 18. 
 
 i 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 19. 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 131 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 o" 
 
 20. 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 131 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 o_ 
 
 21. 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 : 131 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 22. 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 46 
 
 13i 
 
 36 
 
 0 
 
 
 23. 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 132 
 
 1 
 
 Id 
 
673 t I I 
 
 COPPER Hi^RBOR, JUNE 27. 
 
 o 
 
 hn, 
 
 min. 
 
 see. . 
 
 ( 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 130 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 2. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 SI 
 
 13i 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 3o 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 25i, ! 
 
 131 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 4. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 S5I 1 
 
 131 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 5, 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 47 1 
 
 131 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 €. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 m 
 
 J31 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 7, 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 131 
 
 10 
 
 SO 
 
 8. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 S9 
 
 131 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 9o 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 131 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 10» 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 59 
 
 131 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 lU 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 43 i 
 
 131 
 
 H- 
 
 35 
 
 12. 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 131 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 13. 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 37 
 
 131 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 14, 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 44 1 
 
 131 
 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 15. 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 23 1 
 
 131 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 16o 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 SOI i 
 
 131 
 
 35 
 
 1© 
 
 17, 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 3^1 i 
 
 1.31 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 18, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 14 .j 
 
 331 
 
 12 
 
 2© 
 
 19. 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 131 
 
 12 
 
 § 
 
 20, 
 
 i 
 
 2i 
 
 38 1 
 
 131 
 
 11 
 
 © 
 
 21, 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 32 1 
 
 131 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 22, 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 ! 
 
 131 
 
 € 
 
 55 
 
 23, 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 43 ! 
 
 131 
 
 
 0 
 
 24, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 m i 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 25, 
 
 J 
 
 26 
 
 12 ! 
 
 131 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 20, 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 53 ' 
 
 131 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 27. 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 47 
 
 131 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 Barometer^ 29.37; theniiomcter, l^P ; lijde^? error — 5''. 
 
 \ 
 
 k 
 
 min. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 f)^g. 
 
 m.in. V 
 
 me. 
 
 15 O 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 56 1 
 
 ? 
 
 131 
 
 5 
 
 © 
 
 16 o 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 ! 
 
 57 j 
 
 132 
 
 t 
 
 S 
 
 n o 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 45 
 
 131 
 
 S5 
 
 /‘W 
 
 50 
 
 18 o 
 
 i 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 19 O 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 130 
 
 59 
 
 15 
 
 soo 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 131 
 
 58 
 
 so 
 
 21 O 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 1 130 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 22 o 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 131 
 
 52 
 
 3© 
 
 23 O 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 ISO 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 24 o 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 131 
 
 47 
 
 15'^ 
 
 Part ii — 43 
 
[ 1 J 674 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 EAGLE RIVER P. 0., JUNE 30. 
 
 
 
 P,M 
 
 h. 
 
 min« 
 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 
 , 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 51 
 
 
 76 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 
 
 76 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 
 76 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 
 75 
 
 38 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 E 
 
 75 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.2 j thermometer 80®. 
 
 Index .error 25"'', 
 
 
 
 
 EAGLE RIVER P. 
 
 0.5 JULY 1, A. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 LOWER 
 
 LIME. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 57,5 
 
 
 77 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 44 1 
 
 
 77 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 30 1 
 
 
 77 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 
 78 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 42 f 
 
 
 « c 
 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 24 I 
 
 
 78 
 
 . 29 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 f»/Q 
 
 40 
 
 57 
 
 iO 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JUNE ^—(Commence at 1 p. m.) 
 
 MERIDIAN ALTITUDES OP 0. 
 
 10 f - T,— 
 
 A, 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 I Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec„ 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 15| 
 
 1 130 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 2 0 " 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 i 131 
 
 i 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 130 
 
 52 
 
 35 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 
 59 
 
 IS 
 
 5 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 130 
 
 59 
 
 5 
 
 6 0 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 132 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 7 0 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 131 
 
 in 
 
 aT> 
 
 5 
 
 8 0 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 132 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 9 0 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 lo 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 isa 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 I 131 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 19 0 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 1 132 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 13 0 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 53 
 
 ‘ 131 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 14 0 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 X32 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 15 0 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 130 
 
 56 
 
 45 
 
 16 0 * 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 m 
 
 5T 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.43 5 
 
 ihermomeiec 66^. 
 
 
 
675 
 
 EAGLE RIVER P. 0., JUNE 30. 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 MEEIDiAtf ALTITUDE OP 0. 
 
 1 O 
 
 h. 
 
 12 
 
 fnm. 
 
 54 
 
 $ec* 
 
 3 
 
 130 
 
 mtn. 
 
 36 
 
 see. 
 
 55 
 
 lo 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 13| 
 
 1 131 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 3 O 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 22 
 
 130 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 4 o 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 131 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 S O 
 
 1 
 
 » 3 
 
 24 
 
 130 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 - ® ^ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 331 
 
 55 
 
 85 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 130 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 8 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 58 ^ 
 
 131 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 9 
 
 41 ! 
 
 331 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 Q 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 6 ! 
 
 132 
 
 ‘6 
 
 40 
 
 11 o 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 35 i 
 
 131 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 12 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 39 
 
 132 
 
 % 
 
 45 
 
 13 O 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 131 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 14 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 132 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 S4 O 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 130 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 lo 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 57 1 
 
 131 
 
 56 
 
 20 
 
 26 O 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 
 130 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 »o 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 so 
 
 23 
 
 131 
 
 48 
 
 55 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, TONE 28, P. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERTATIONS. — (dR. JACKSON’s WATCH.) 
 
 
 
 win. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 69 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 o“ 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 35| 
 
 70 . 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 54 
 
 68 
 
 46 
 
 55 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 14J 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 07 
 
 57 
 
 
 o 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 o’ 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 67 
 
 49 
 
 IIISII 
 
 BdTometer 29.50 j thermometer 68^. Index, -f - S5» 
 
[ 1 ] 676 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JUNE 29, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS.— (dE, JACKSON’s WATCH.) 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 1 
 
 Dfg-. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 
 71 
 
 9 
 
 2 © 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 59 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 71 
 
 57 
 
 3^ 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 - 10 
 
 58h 
 
 73 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 IS 
 
 10| 
 
 72 
 
 38 
 
 ss 
 
 0“ 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 
 74 
 
 s> 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.47 ; 
 
 themiometer 65^, 
 
 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JULY 4, 1847, A, 
 
 0 
 
 h, 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 min. 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 ’ 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 see., 
 
 28 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 33 
 
 18 
 
 7S 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 rn^n, 
 
 59 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 see. 
 
 W tto 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Raromeier 29 . 5 j thei mometer 75"'^, Index c 
 COPPER HARBOR, JULY 4. 
 
 MEF.IDIIN ALTITUDES OF 9. 
 
 iri'or 5''^ 
 
 
 c 
 
 he 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 ! 
 
 I Deg". 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 1„ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 130' 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 2. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 1 130 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 3. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6. 5 
 
 i 130 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 4o 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 9. 75 
 
 130 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 5. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 130 
 
 i-7 
 
 35 
 
 §. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15,5 
 
 130 
 
 J8 
 
 10 
 
 7. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 130 
 
 18 
 
 50- 
 
 8 a 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 23. 75 i 
 
 130 
 
 1& 
 
 35 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 10. 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 29 83 
 
 130 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 11. 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 28.50 
 
 130 
 
 2^ 
 
 25 
 
 12. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 25,75 
 
 130 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 130 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 24a 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 23,75 
 
 130 
 
 21^^ 
 
 45 
 
 15. 
 
 i 
 
 23 
 
 53 50 
 
 130 
 
 U 
 
 3^ 
 
 W. 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 54.5 
 
 130 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 17. 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 40.75 
 
 130 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 130 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 19. 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 36. 50 1 
 
 130 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 m. 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 45 1 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 ‘21. 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 34.25 
 
 130 
 
 ' 1 
 
 25 
 
 22 » 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 16.25 
 
 129 
 
 59 
 
 30 
 
 23. 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 6.50 
 
 129 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 
677 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JOLT 4, 1847. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 k. 
 
 min. 
 
 1 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 5 
 
 66 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 68 
 
 56.5 
 
 68 
 
 25 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 58 75 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 € 
 
 0 
 
 44.25 
 
 57 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 45 25 
 
 57 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 34.5 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 46.5 
 
 56 
 
 . 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JULY 5, A. M. 
 
 LOWER LIMB. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 Deg. 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 see. 
 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 
 84 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 
 85 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 59 
 
 
 85 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 41 
 
 
 85 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 
 Barometer 29,50 ; thermometer 75'^. 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JULY 5. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see* 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 ! 
 
 129 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 
 129 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 I 
 
 130 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 :7 
 
 27 
 
 
 130 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 
 130 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 22 ! 
 
 
 13Q 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 54 
 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 38 
 
 
 130 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 15^ 
 
 54 
 
 
 130 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 19 i 
 
 
 J30 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 130 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 34 
 
 
 130 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 49 
 
 
 130 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 
 129 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 
 129 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 53 
 
 
 129 
 
 56 
 
 35 
 
 Barometer 29. 45 ; thermometer 80®. 
 
m 
 
 678 
 
 -PORT, SAULT STE. MARIE, JUNE 29, 1848. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Z>e^. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 59 
 
 11 
 
 so 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 46 5 
 
 58 
 
 50 
 
 05 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 44.5 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 39 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 43 
 
 51 
 
 57 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 Barometer 29.250; thermometer 77^. Index error -4- 10^'. 
 
 FORT, JUNE 30, 1848. (C. 1122.) 
 
 LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 L 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 1.5 
 
 132 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 132 
 
 39 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 19 
 
 132 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 25 
 
 132 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 132 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 56 
 
 .14 
 
 132 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 57 
 
 25.3 
 
 132 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 132 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 132 
 
 48 
 
 20 (?) 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 132 
 
 47 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 132 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 ; 132 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 132 
 
 42 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 24.5 
 
 132 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 37.5 1 
 
 132 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 132 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 Barometer 29 ; thermometer 70®. 
 
 SAULT STE. MARIE, BARRACKS, July 1. 1122.) 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 see. 
 
 1 
 
 D^. 
 
 min. 
 
 \ 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 24 1 
 
 78 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 48 j 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 79 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 [ 79 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 J6 
 
 56 
 
 1 79 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 44 
 
 80 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 80 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 46 
 
 80 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 feO 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 54 
 
 80 
 
 54 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 81 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 59 
 
 81 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 Barometer 29.3; thermometer 60®. Index error — 15''. 
 
SAULT, JULY 1. (C. 1122.) 
 
 h. 
 
 nun* 
 
 \ 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min* 
 
 sec. 
 
 5 
 
 22 ' 
 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 64 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 SAULT STE. MARIE, BARRACKS, JULY 3, 1848. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 mi/iu 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 42.5 
 
 77 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 9 ' 
 
 12 
 
 37 
 
 78 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 26 I 
 
 78 
 
 41 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 11 ! 
 
 78 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 15.5 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 5.5 
 
 79 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 51 
 
 79 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 80 
 
 18 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 49 
 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 SO 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 17.5 
 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 46,5 
 
 87 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 21.5 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 23 
 
 88 
 
 54 
 
 
 Barometer 29 ; thermometer 60^. 
 
 BARRACKS, SAULT, JULY 3, 1848, P. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. — (CHRONOMETER 1122 and WHITNEY’S SEXTANT.) 
 
 fu 
 
 min. 
 
 # 
 
 see. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 69 
 
 35 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 69 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 43.5 
 
 ^3 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 68 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 68 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 68 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 66 
 
 21 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 26.5 
 
 65 
 
 58 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 65 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 57.5 
 
 , 65 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 36.5 
 
 64 
 
 53 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 36.5 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 2.5 
 
 63 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 63 
 
 34 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 63 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 45.5 
 
 63 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 47 
 
 30 
 
BARRilCKS, SAULT, JULY 5, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERTATIONS. 
 
 fb* 
 
 min. 
 
 see* 
 
 i 
 
 JDeg-. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 
 46,5 
 
 84 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 84 
 
 41 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 57 
 
 85 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 31.5 
 
 85 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 85 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 36.5 
 
 85 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 85 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 54 
 
 86 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 04 
 
 86 
 
 23 
 
 . 15 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 52 5 
 
 86 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 19 5 
 
 86 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 48.5 
 
 86 
 
 52 
 
 10 
 
 BARRACKS, SAULT, JULY 4, 1848. (C. 1122.) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 It* 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 
 
 84 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 
 85 
 
 11 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 51.5 
 
 i 
 
 85 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 
 85 
 
 37 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 
 85 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 86 
 
 12 
 
 05 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 43 
 
 
 86 
 
 22 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 26 
 
 
 86 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 86 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 
 87 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 Barometer 29.25 ; thermometer 60^. Index error — 20"% 
 
 JULY 4, 1848, P. M. (C. 1122.) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 59 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 51,5 
 
 59 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 35.5 
 
 59 
 
 02 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 .55 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 27 
 
 58 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 35.5 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 43 
 
 58.5 
 
 67 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 43 
 
 53.5 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 05 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 09 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 39 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 05 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 21 
 
 56 
 
 44 
 
 35 
 
 
 Barometer ^ . 3 ; thermometer 75®. Index error — 15"’'. 
 
to CO to <o tfi> cc ^ «o w o Cn«nc;ttne;rtt;iC;iCncrtC;iQ?itrt 
 
 6@] 
 
 BARRAGK9, SAULT, JULY 5, P. M. 
 
 TIMBl OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. ?nin. 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 n 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 sec* 
 
 
 Beg* 
 
 min* 
 
 sec* 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 70 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 49 
 
 
 69 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 
 69 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 
 69 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 42.5 
 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 17.5 
 
 ' 
 
 68 
 
 42 
 
 55 
 
 57 5 
 
 
 68 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 35.5 
 
 
 S8 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 67 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 5.1.5 
 
 
 67 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 22.5 
 
 
 67 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 Index error — 30". 
 
 SAULT, JULY 6. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 min* 
 
 sec* 
 
 1 Beg, 
 
 mm* 
 
 me* 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 84 
 
 48 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 2.5 
 
 85. 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 39 
 
 1 85 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 
 36 
 
 26.5 
 
 85 
 
 31 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 59 
 
 85 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 31.5 
 
 85 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 86 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 47.5 
 
 86 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 23.5 
 
 ! 86 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 55 
 
 86 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 33.5 
 
 86 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 13 
 
 87 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 88 
 
 30 
 
 55 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 88 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 44 
 
 16 5 
 
 89 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 58.5 
 
 89 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 Barometer 29. 100 ; thermometer 70^ ; index error — 30", 
 
FORT WILKINS, COPPER HARBOR, JULY 11, 184$. (G. 1122) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 
 min* 
 
 S€€* 
 
 Deg* 
 
 miru 
 
 SCtf. 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 58.5 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 60.5 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 28 5 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 49 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 3.5 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 bl.5 
 
 48 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 € 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 € 
 
 25 
 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 j 
 
 47 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 
 JBarometer 29 
 
 . 5 ; thermometer 7(P ; index error - 
 
 - 27.5'"'. 
 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 12, 1848, A. M. (C. 1122.) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h* 
 
 fUm. 
 
 sec* 
 
 Deg* 
 
 mifu 
 
 see* 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 82 
 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 51.5 
 
 82 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 
 48 
 
 27.5 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 
 48 
 
 54.5 
 
 83 
 
 14 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 27.5 
 
 i 83 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 83 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 32.5 1 
 
 83 
 
 46 
 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 4 1 
 
 83 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 
 51 
 
 39 i 
 
 84 
 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 11 1 
 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 36.5 
 
 1 84 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 17.5 
 
 84 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 
 Barometer 29,5 ; thermometer 35® ; index error - 
 
 -20^ 
 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 13. (C. 1122.) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 k« 
 
 min. 
 
 see* 
 
 
 Deg* 
 
 min* 
 
 sec* 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 37.2 1 
 
 o 
 
 75 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 m 
 
 37.5 I 
 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 8.5 1 
 
 
 76 
 
 25 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 
 76 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 49.5 
 
 76 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 
 77 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 48.5 
 
 o 
 
 78 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 30.5 
 
 
 79 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 79 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 31.5 
 
 
 79 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 3S6 
 
 19 
 
 
 79 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 56.5 
 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Barometer 29. 5 j thermometer 65"^. 
 
683 
 
 COBPER HARBOR, JULY 13. 
 
 MEKIDIAN ALTITUDES. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 sec. 
 
 n 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 127 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 n 
 
 57 
 
 26.5 
 
 127 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 n 
 
 58 
 
 12.5 s 
 
 127 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 9 1 
 
 127 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 53.2 1 
 
 127 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 39 i 
 
 127 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 34.5 
 
 127 
 
 60 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 127 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 38.5 
 
 127 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 127 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 127 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 59.5 
 
 128 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 i 128 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 29.5 
 
 12B 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 18.5 
 
 128 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 37.5 
 
 128 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 18.5 
 
 128 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 26 5 
 
 128 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 23.5 
 
 127 
 
 39 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 127 
 
 37 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 19.5 
 
 127 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 9.5 
 
 127 
 
 i 
 
 33 
 
 45 
 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, JULY 14, 184a (C. 
 
 1122.) 
 
 
 
 mtn. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 31.5 
 
 79 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 30,5 
 
 79 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 9 
 
 78 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 41.5 
 
 78 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 35 
 
 [ 78 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 4.5 
 
 78 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 31.5 
 
 77 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 16.5 
 
 77 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 9 
 
 77 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 9 
 
 77 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 56.5 
 
 76 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 Barometer 29.5 ; thermometer 67®. 
 
 * 
 
 JULY 14, 1848, P. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS — (dR. JACKSON'S SEXTANT.) 
 
 k. 
 
 wim. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 38.5 
 
 74 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 • 7 
 
 53 5 
 
 73 
 
 23 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 4.5 
 
 72 
 
 59 
 
 00 
 
 Index error 1' 35"^ 
 
684 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 14, 1848,. A. M. (C. 1122.) 
 
 TIME OBSERYATIONS. 
 
 h* 
 
 -ml's,. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 46 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 20.5 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 48 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 2.3 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 41.5 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 44.5 
 
 9- 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 2 5 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 38.5 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 81 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 82 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 82 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 82 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 83 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 83 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 83 
 
 37 
 
 
 83 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 00 
 
 84 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 Barometer 29.5; thermometer 65®. Index error — 
 
 JULY 14. 
 
 MERIDIAN ALTITUDES. 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17.5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 40.5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 58.5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 17 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 69.5 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 57.5 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 57.5 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 22.5 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 127 
 
 33 
 
 55 
 
 127 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 127 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 127 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 127 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 127 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 127 
 
 46 
 
 30 
 
 127 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 127 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 127 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 127 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 127 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 127 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 127 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 127 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
685 [ 1 ] 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 13, 1848, P. M, 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 * 
 
 h 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 9mn. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1. 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 59 
 
 81 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 9, 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 33.5 
 
 81 
 
 00 
 
 15 
 
 3. 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 13.5 
 
 80 
 
 26 
 
 45 
 
 4 o 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 17.5 1 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 ,5, 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 38.5 
 
 79 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 6. 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 59 
 
 79 
 
 U 
 
 30 
 
 7o 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 15.5 i 
 
 78 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 8. 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 78 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 9, 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 33.5 
 
 78 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 10. 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 45.5 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 n. 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 30.5 
 
 77 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 32. 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 10.5 1 
 
 77 
 
 ii 
 
 10' 
 
 13. 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 41 
 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 34, 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 14.5 
 
 76 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 15, 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 50,5 
 
 76 
 
 39 
 
 15 
 
 16. 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 25 
 
 76 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 17. 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 1.5 
 
 76 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 18. 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 20 
 
 Barometer 29.4; thermometer 70°. Index error — 2' SO". 
 
 
 FORT HILL, JULY 15, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSEHVATICNS. 
 
 (C. 1122.) 
 
 
 k 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 43 
 
 82 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 16.3 
 
 82 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 44.5 
 
 82 
 
 59 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 5i 
 
 41.5 
 
 1 83 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 83 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 ' 56.5 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 39 
 
 84 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 13 
 
 84 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 46.5 
 
 84 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 38.2 
 
 84 
 
 49 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 52.2 
 
 I 84 
 
 I 
 
 59 
 
 50 
 
 
 Barometer 29.40; thermometer 60°. Isidex error -f 10'' 
 
FORT WILKINS, JULY 15. (C. 1122.) 
 
 MERIDIAN? ALTITUDES. 
 
 L 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 1 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 §6Co 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 59 i 
 
 127 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11.5 I 
 
 ! .127 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 
 5 1 
 
 1 127 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 j 127 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 40,5 
 
 1 ' 127 
 
 26* 
 
 25' 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 38. 5 
 
 1 327 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 2.5 
 
 i 127 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 3.5 
 
 1 127 
 
 27 
 
 iO 
 
 1 
 
 }8 
 
 59 
 
 i 327 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 127 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 30.5 1 
 
 127 
 
 23 
 
 4Q 
 
 I 
 
 29 
 
 27 ^ 
 
 J27 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 11 ! 
 
 127 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 127 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 14.5 
 
 327 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 57 ' 
 
 127 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 FORT WILKINS 
 
 1, JULY 15, P. M. 
 
 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
 see. 1 
 
 1 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sm. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 j 
 
 36 
 
 73 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 28.5 
 
 73 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10.5 
 
 73 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 48 i 
 
 72 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 43 1 
 
 79 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 43 
 
 71 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 1 71 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 39.5 
 
 71 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 55.5 
 
 70 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 38.5 
 
 70 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 16.5 
 
 ! 70 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 19.5 
 
 1 70 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 9.5 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 69 
 
 28 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 69 
 
 11 
 
 90 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 6.2 
 
 m 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 47.5 ! 
 
 m 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 Barometer 29,50; thermometer 70^. In^ex error + 15’' 
 
687 [ 1 ] 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 16, 1848, A. M. (C. 11^.) 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 min* 
 
 %ec* 
 
 
 min. 
 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 83 
 
 46 
 
 . 30 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 7.5 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 38.5 
 
 84 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 16.5 
 
 84 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 39 
 
 84 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 5S 
 
 33.5 
 
 85 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 58 
 
 47.5 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 59 
 
 26.5 
 
 85 
 
 32 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 1.5 
 
 85 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 47.5 
 
 85 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 4d 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 86 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 Index error 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 18, P, M. (C. im) 
 
 TIME OBSERYATIONS. 
 
 k. 
 
 min. 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 
 "o 
 
 36 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 83 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 32 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 36 5 
 
 82 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 18.5 
 
 82 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 82 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 47.5 
 
 82 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 34 
 
 81 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 25 
 
 81 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 59.5 
 
 1 SI 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 57 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 28.5 
 
 79 
 
 26 
 
 •45 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 51.5 
 
 78 
 
 39 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 51 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 ^54 
 
 44 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 19 
 
 77 
 
 nnmiiiiiii 
 
 30 
 
 Index error by Dr. Jaekson’s sextatit ^ 12. 5""- 
 
688 
 
 FORT WILKINS, JULY 19, A. M. (C. 1122.) 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 ses., ; 
 
 Ikg, 
 
 min. 
 
 w 
 
 sec. 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 
 38 ; 
 
 8Q 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 i§ 
 
 6 
 
 42 § 
 
 bl 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1$ 
 
 8 
 
 32.5 
 
 87 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 51.5 
 
 87 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 3-6.5 
 
 87 
 
 57 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 34 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 88 
 
 27 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 51,5 
 
 88 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 88 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 57,5 
 
 89 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 89 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 1(1 
 
 34 
 
 3.5 
 
 89 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 89 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 89 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 90 
 
 1 - 
 
 50 
 
 
 Barometer 
 
 29.3*, thermometer 12P% index 
 
 error 5'''. 
 
 * 
 
 PORTAGE, JULY 22, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TJW2E OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h, 
 
 mm. 
 
 see. 
 
 
 1 
 
 J)eg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see^ 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 i 
 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 32.5 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 tJe^ 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 49 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 6.2 
 
 j 
 
 
 81 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 5o) 
 
 11,2 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 35 
 
 .9 
 
 56 
 
 54 5 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 5? 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 58 
 
 35.5 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 58 
 
 .56 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 48 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 59 
 
 39 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 83 j 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 
 Barometer 29 . 53 ; thermometer 55^ j 
 
 index error . 
 
 7. 5''. 
 
 k 
 
 
m 
 
 689 
 
 ONTONAGON RIVER, JULY 25, 1848, A, M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 k. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Dfig*. 
 
 min. 
 
 pec. 
 
 
 8 
 
 57 
 
 13.5 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 14.5 
 
 60 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 
 8 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 
 8 
 
 59 
 
 53.5 
 
 61 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 39 
 
 61 
 
 35 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 34.5 
 
 61 , 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 22.5 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 62 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 46.5 
 
 62 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 35 5 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 36.2 
 
 63 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 36.5 
 
 63 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 13.5 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 57 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 35.4 
 
 64 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 64 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 46 
 
 30 
 
 
 • 
 
 Barometer 29 . 635 ; thermometer 59^. Index error — 5''. 
 
 
 
 
 
 PORTAGE, JULY 22, A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 IG 
 
 11 
 
 58.5 
 
 87 . 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 52.5 
 
 87 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 30.5 
 
 87 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 87 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 
 iO ' 
 
 14 
 
 41.5 
 
 87 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 88 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 ONTONAGON RIVER, JULY 24, 1848, 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 ht 
 
 mhu 
 
 sec. 
 
 . . 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 47 
 
 92 
 
 48 
 
 10 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 31.5 
 
 92 
 
 33 
 
 55 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 17.5 
 
 92 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 59.5 
 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 46 
 
 91 
 
 53 
 
 45 
 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 48.5 
 
 90 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 29.5 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 89 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 33.5 
 
 88 
 
 27 
 
 35 
 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 43.5 
 
 88 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 48.5 
 
 87 
 
 43 
 
 55 
 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 87 
 
 29 
 
 55 
 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 8f 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 
 Part M — 44 
 
 Index error 5" 
 
m 
 
 690 
 
 PRESa’ISLE RIVER, JULY 2?, 1848. 
 
 L4.TITUDE OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 A. 
 
 mm. 
 
 SBC. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 32.5 
 
 123 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 38.. 5 
 
 123 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 123 
 
 cc 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 123 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 25.5 
 
 124 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 
 
 124 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 26.5 
 
 124 
 
 
 2» 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 124 
 
 S 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 37 
 
 124 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 124 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 124 
 
 12 
 
 3-5 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 124 
 
 13 
 
 50 , 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 54 
 
 124 
 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 35 
 
 124 
 
 15 
 
 GO 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 10.5 
 
 124 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 124 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 124 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 47 
 
 124 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 124 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 124 
 
 f 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 Barometer 29 . 35 ; thermometer 75^, index error + 5^', 
 
 MOUTH OP CARP RIVER, JULY 26, 1848, P, M, 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 A. 
 
 mm. 
 
 SBC. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 §€€. 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 56 
 
 86 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 3.5 
 
 i 86 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 86 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 85 
 
 52 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 6 i 
 
 85 
 
 36 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 85 
 
 24 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 84 
 
 48 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 56.5 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 48,5 
 
 84 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 84 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 13.5 
 
 83 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 83 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 13 
 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 
 83 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 S3 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 82 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 00.5 
 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 Index error lO'’, 
 
ONTONA.GON RIVER, AUGUST 18. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 win. 
 
 sec. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 Ill 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 35.5 
 
 111 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 48.5 
 
 111 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 111 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 16.5 
 
 111 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 10. 2 
 
 111 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 111 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 52.5 
 
 111 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 ill 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 111 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 111 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 111 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 111 
 
 36 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 49 
 
 111 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 41.2 
 
 111 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 42.5 
 
 111 
 
 36 
 
 3.5 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 46 
 
 III 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 ill 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 111 
 
 31 
 
 08 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 3.2 
 
 111 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 36 
 
 111 
 
 29 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 56.5 
 
 111 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 40.5 
 
 111 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 37 
 
 111 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29 . 500 ; 
 
 thermometer 62^. 
 
 
 
 ONTONAGON RIVER, AUGUST 18. 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 110 
 
 44 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 3Q 
 
 57.5 
 
 110 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 22.5 
 
 110 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 58.5 
 
 110 
 
 41 
 
 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 28.5 
 
 110 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 
 Barometer S9. 45 ; thermometer 75®. Index error 
 
ONTONAGON RIVER, AUGUST 19. 
 
 MEBIDIAK ALTITUDES. 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 i 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 43 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 109 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 43 
 
 56.5 
 
 
 109 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 109 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 © 
 
 56.5 
 
 •^l 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 "a 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 83 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15.5 
 
 j 
 
 110 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 
 110 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 
 110 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 110 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 44.5 
 
 
 liO 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 
 110 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 1 110 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 
 110 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 110 
 
 47 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 23.5 
 
 
 110 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 110 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 1: 
 
 H 
 
 43 
 
 
 110 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 29.5 
 
 
 110 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 110 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 110 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 a 
 
 19 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 110 
 
 55 
 
 OO 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 . 110 
 
 54 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 
 110 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 19.5 
 
 
 no 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 110 
 
 51 
 
 OO 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 
 11© 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 25 ' 
 
 59.5 
 
 
 no 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 
 no 
 
 48 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 27.5 
 
 
 no 
 
 47 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 
 no 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 46.5 
 
 
 no 
 
 46 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 23 5 
 
 
 no 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 woxagen^ 
 
 ONTONAGON RIVER, AUGUST 19, 184S, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 k. 
 
 min. 
 
 S£€, 
 
 $ 
 
 12 
 
 48.2 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 42.3 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 12.5 
 
 B 
 
 35 
 
 47,5 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 26.5 
 
 B 
 
 17 
 
 13.5 
 
 B 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 58 5 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 33.5 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 32 6 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 Deg^ 
 
 min. 
 
 sec, 
 
 56 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 58 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 59 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 59 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 59 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 Barometer 29.45 j thermometer Index error + 5'^ 
 
693 
 
 Ca^TOKAQON RIVER, AUGUST 18, 1848. 
 
 C^I 
 
 TIME OBSERTATIOMS. 
 
 k. 
 
 miiu 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 28,2 
 
 63 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 25.2 
 
 1 64 
 
 3$ 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 ^.5 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 64 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 30.5 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 15.2 
 
 65 
 
 48 
 
 vV 
 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 57:6 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 so 
 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 66 
 
 20 
 
 39 
 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 28 
 
 66 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 50.5 
 
 72 
 
 44 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 38.5 
 
 72 
 
 59 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 12.7 
 
 ' 73 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 73 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 73 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 73 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 59,2 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 74 
 
 23 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 55,5 
 
 74 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 59.5 
 
 [ 74 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 ^ 75 
 
 13 
 
 m 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 17.3 
 
 ; 75 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29. 55 ; 
 
 thermometer 64®. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IRON RIVER, 
 
 , AUGUST 12. 
 
 
 
 
 it* 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 1.5 
 
 78 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 19.5 
 
 79 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 fm 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 36.5 
 
 79 
 
 38 
 
 m 
 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 16.6 
 
 79 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 13.5 
 
 80 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.5 ; thermometer 70®. Index error 
 
 — 10'". 
 
 
 
 
 
 IRON RIVERj 
 
 , AUGUST 12. 
 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 
 9 
 
 §9 
 
 45 
 
 74 
 
 34 
 
 m 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 75 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 75 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 75 
 
 56 
 
 30 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 50.5 
 
 76 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 18.5 
 
 76 
 
 22 
 
 If 
 
 
 Barometer S9.55; thermometer 61®. 
 
CARP RIVER, AUGUST 5, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 min» 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 31.5 
 
 m 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 25.5 ; 
 
 60 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 17.5 1 
 
 60 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 59.2 I 
 
 61 
 
 QO 
 
 00 
 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 25 1 
 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 46.2 1 
 
 68 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 33.5 1 
 
 68 
 
 35 . 
 
 00 
 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 60 
 
 6S 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 69 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 32.5 
 
 69 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 
 {GUmdy.) 
 
 Barometer, 29.6 ; thermometer, 57^. Index error + 5'^ 
 IRON RIVER, AUGUST 12, 1848. 
 
 LATITUDE ©BSERTATIONS. 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 46.5 
 
 115 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 115 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 15.5 
 
 115 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 1 115 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 48 
 
 1 115 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 18 
 
 27.2 
 
 115 
 
 25 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 29.7 
 
 115 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 115 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 115 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 115 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 11.5 
 
 115 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 50.2 
 
 115 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 2S 
 
 39 
 
 115 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 23.5 
 
 i 
 
 115 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
695 [ 1 ■} 
 
 CARP RIVER, AUGUST 4, 1848, P. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ft. 
 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 ' 4 
 
 50 
 
 0.5 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 75 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 ' 75 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 75 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 13.5 
 
 75 
 
 17 
 
 oe 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 49 5 
 
 74 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 22.5 
 
 74 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 50.6 
 
 74 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 22.8 
 
 74 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 28.5 
 
 73 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 14.5 
 
 73 
 
 03 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 24,5 
 
 67 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 53 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 25.5 i 
 
 66 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 1.6 ! 
 
 66 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 46.5 1 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 49 
 
 66 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 33.2 I 
 
 65 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 7 ! 
 
 65 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 34.5 i 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 ^2 
 
 9 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 36.5 i 
 
 65 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 Index error — 5''. 
 
 MOUTH PRESa’ISLE RIVER, JULY 27, 1848, P. M. 
 
 TIME observations. 
 
 ft. 
 
 min* 
 
 
 Deg, 
 
 mm* 
 
 MC« 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 12.5 
 
 ! 85 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 5.5 
 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 49.2 
 
 85 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 : 18 
 
 84 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 41.5 
 
 84 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 n 
 
 ' 84 
 
 22 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 39.5 
 
 84 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 20.5 
 
 84 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 83 
 
 53 ‘ 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 83 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 39.5 
 
 83 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 83 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 53. 2 
 
 83 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 Natijral h 
 
 orizon. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 21 
 
 41 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 3.5 
 
 41 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
696 
 
 BLACK RIVER, JULY 28, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERYATIONS. 
 
 
 h. 
 
 wm. 
 
 stc. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 S€^ 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 81 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 81 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 33.5 
 
 81 
 
 50 
 
 3S 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 14.5 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 40.5 
 
 82 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10.5 
 
 82 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 9. 615 ; 
 
 thermometer 63^. 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 • 
 
 BLACK RIVER, JULY 28. 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 82 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 82 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 41.5 
 
 82 
 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 5.5 
 
 82 
 
 59 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 42.8 
 
 83 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 9.5 
 
 83 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, 
 
 JULY 29, 1848, P. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIME OBSERYATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 nmi. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 45.5 
 
 88 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 38,5 
 
 88 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 20.2 
 
 87 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 57 
 
 87 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 21.5 
 
 86 
 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 38.5 
 
 83 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 8.5 
 
 83 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 8.2 
 
 83 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 42. r2 
 
 82 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 82 
 
 S3 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 22.5 
 
 82 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 9.5 
 
 82 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 81 
 
 53 
 
 30 
 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 22 
 
 81 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 5.2 
 
 81 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 30.5 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 54.5 
 
 81 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 32.5 
 
 68 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 45 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 48.5 
 
 68 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 53.5 
 
 67 
 
 49 
 
 29 
 
 Barometer, 29.5; thermometer, 77® 
 
MONTREAL RIVER, JULY 30, 1848, P. M. 
 
 TIMB OSSERTATION9. 
 
 L 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Dtg. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 43.5 
 
 88 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 88 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Barometer, 29.100 , 
 
 thermometer, 80<^. 
 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, 
 
 JULY 31, 1848, A. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 
 TIMS OBSERVATIOlfS, 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4a 
 
 80 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 42.5 
 
 80 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 44 
 
 25 
 
 JULY 31, P. M„ 
 
 h. 
 
 Ttm. 
 
 see. 
 
 [ 
 
 
 sec. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 1 81 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 18.5 
 
 80 
 
 47 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 11.2 
 
 80 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 25.5 
 
 79 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 17.2 
 
 79 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 59.5 
 
 79 
 
 26 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 5.5 
 
 ' 79 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 32 5 
 
 78 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 4.5 
 
 78 
 
 43 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 58.5 
 
 ' 78 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 47.5 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 44.5 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 21.5 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
[ 1 3 698 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, AUGUST 1, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 se^. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 rmn. 
 
 see. 
 
 9 
 
 
 36.5 
 
 67 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 8.5 
 
 68 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 49.5 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 68 
 
 37 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 55 
 
 68 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 69 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 69 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 52.2 
 
 69 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 30.8 
 
 69 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 69 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 47.5 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 5.5 
 
 70 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 19.5 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 56 i 
 
 71 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 22.5 
 
 71 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 45 1 
 
 71 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 27.5 
 
 71 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 55.5 
 
 71 
 
 51 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 
 72 
 
 2 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 72 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, JULY 31, 1848. 
 
 
 
 
 
 LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 
 
 fe. 
 
 min. 
 
 sac. 
 
 Zkg. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 5 
 
 m 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3.5 
 
 131 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 122 
 
 e 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 12.5 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 43.5 
 
 122 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 40.8 
 
 122 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 122 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 . 9 
 
 54.5 
 
 122 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 122 
 
 20 
 
 56 
 
 a 
 
 la 
 
 37.5 
 
 122 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 122 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 122 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 
 23.5 
 
 122 
 
 34 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 10.5 
 
 122 
 
 39 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 9.3 
 
 122 
 
 41 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 53.5 
 
 1 122 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 i 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 122 
 
 39 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 122 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 I 
 
 27 
 
 33.5 
 
 122 
 
 37 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 36 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 122 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 122 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 59.5 
 
 122 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 49 
 
 122 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 58.5 
 
 122 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 '35 
 
 36.8 
 
 122 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 1.2 
 
 i22 
 
 27 
 
 
 29.3 j theiBaometer 76^. 
 
699 
 
 MOUTH OF MONTREAL RIYER, AUGUST 1, 1848. 
 
 LAT!tui)E OBSERTATJONS. 
 
 .fe. 
 
 rmn. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 3 
 
 IG 
 
 50.5 
 
 121 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 52.5 
 
 121 
 
 52 
 
 Id 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 28 
 
 121 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 121 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 34 
 
 121 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 121 
 
 59 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 14 ’ 
 
 122 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 5.5 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 44.5 
 
 122 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 90 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 59.5 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 39.5 
 
 122 
 
 D 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 30.5 
 
 129 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 32.# 
 
 122 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 122 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 122 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 35.5 1 
 
 122 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 32.5 1 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 ' 3 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 46 
 
 122 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 40.5 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 
 i 
 
 33 
 
 21.5 
 
 122 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 0.5 
 
 122 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 37.5 
 
 121 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 4.5 
 
 121 
 
 59 
 
 0 
 
 
 i 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 121 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 2.5 
 
 191 
 
 57 
 
 25 
 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 121 
 
 56 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 6.5 ' 
 
 121 
 
 55 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29.3 ; thermometer 77° 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, AUGUST 2, 
 \ 
 
 1848. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 lu 
 
 mn. 
 
 sec. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 Ovv* 
 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 22.2 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 06 
 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 58. 5 
 
 65 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 39 
 
 1 66 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 19.5 
 
 66 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 66 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 4.3 
 
 66 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 46 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 1^.5 
 
 67 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 3Q 
 
 13.5 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 50.5 
 
 67 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 23 5 
 
 67 
 
 57 
 
 00 
 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 2.5 
 
 ' 68 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 56 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 68 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 38.5 
 
 68 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 69 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 
 
700 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, AUGUST 3, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TtME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 /(. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 20.5 
 
 74 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 19.5 
 
 74 
 
 37 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 74 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 40.8 
 
 75 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 21.5 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 33.5 
 
 76 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 46 
 
 77 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 77 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 52.5 
 
 77 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 34.5 
 
 77 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 59 1 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 28.5 i 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 78 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 79 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 79 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 79 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 79 
 
 51 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 00.5 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 18.5 
 
 1 80 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 55 
 
 i 80 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 SI 
 
 80 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 33.8 
 
 81 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 11.5 
 
 81 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 53.2 
 
 81 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 24,5 
 
 i 82 
 
 8 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 ! 82 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 42 
 
 82 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 18.5 
 
 82 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 25.5 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Barometer 29.350 ; tdiermometer 75’^ ; index error + 5'''. 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, AUGUST 28, 1848, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 43 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 37.2 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 4.2 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 
 65 
 
 19 
 
 BS 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 
 34 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 9.2 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 37.5 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 
 56 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 32.5 
 
 56 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 Barometer 29 . 432 ; thermometer 6CP. 
 
COPPER HARBOR, PORT WILKINS, AUGUST 29, A. M. 
 
 TIME OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h. 
 
 mm. 
 
 sec. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 wwn. 
 
 sec. 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 19.6 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 35.5 
 
 62 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 62 
 
 41 
 
 40' 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 26.5 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 9.7 
 
 63 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 36.5 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 39.8 
 
 63 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 24.5 
 
 i 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Barometer 29 . 442 : 
 
 ; thermometer 68®. 
 
 
 
 
 
 PORT WILKINS, 
 
 AUGUST 29, 
 
 1848. 
 
 
 
 
 MERIDIAN 
 
 ALTITUDES. 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 min. 
 
 see. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 min. 
 
 sec. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 39.5 
 
 102 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 18.2 
 
 102 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 27.2 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 59.5 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 102 
 
 5i 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 39.2 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 50.5 
 
 102 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 38 
 
 102 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 58.2 
 
 102 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 34.7 
 
 102 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 102 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 102 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 .5 
 
 102 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 . 1 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 102 
 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 102 
 
 ♦ 00 
 
 18 
 
 Barometer 29.24; thermometer 79^* 
 
FIELD-NOTES OF DR, W, GIBBS; SUB-AGENT, IN 1848, 
 
 Douglass Houghton location. 
 
 Township 37 y section comer cabins near the section corner. Sep- 
 tember 15; despatched Dickenson to explore the line south of the corner; 
 followed the west line of McIntyre; on leaving the corner; passed; first; 
 over a low ridge of trap; (barometer;) then a swamp about 100 yards in 
 width; then a higher ridge of trap with a steep ascent; and covered with a 
 thick growth of young maple ; (barometer.) From the top of this ndge the 
 ground descends gently for about three-quarters of the remaining dis- 
 tance to the first section corner west of the cabinS; viz: iljtf ? h*ap found 
 in place one-eighth of a mile east of this corner; timber maple; with 
 some hemlock; ground between the first corner west and the river very 
 uneven; knobby ridges, in which no rock could be found in place, but 
 which appeared to be trap, (doubtful;) bed of stream mostly trap frag- 
 ments, some sandstone; crossed the river one-half mile beyond ijjif I 
 country even, rather wet; chiefly hemlock, some maple; banks of the 
 river a red mixture of clay and sand; crossed another branch of the 
 river (Fire Steel) three times, about half way between il|U and ifjfl; 
 banks of the river the saxne; character of country much the same, tol- 
 erably eveii;^ timber hemlock, maple, fir, &c.; much ground hemlock; 
 at section corner ill xf ground even; timber the same; same character 
 of ground and timber continues west a.nd south of this corner; trail runs 
 northeast and southwest. Returning, crossed northeast to corner xV!t¥^ 
 then east to corner xVixf ; then south to the cabins; no rock whatever in 
 place; the pebbles and pieces of stone found in the roots of trees, &c., 
 ■were sandstone; maple predominates, then hemlock; ground even. 
 
 September 18.— Sent McIntyre back on the west line to explore again 
 the first corner west of the cabins, near which I place the limits of the 
 trap; started on the east line with Dickenson; line very difficult to trace; 
 about one-fourth mile from cabins, crossed a high trap range running 
 nearly north and south; highest point a few hundred yards south of the 
 line; (barometer;) sandstone pebbles frequent in the soil of the ridge; 
 point measured believed to be the southeast extremity of the ridge; fine 
 view to the east. Soon after leaving the trap range, passed a brook, and: 
 then ascended a ridg^ of conglomerate; conglomerate observed in place; 
 {barorheter ;) then crossed the river; then another ridge of conglomerate; 
 jio traces of trap found mile east of cabins; soil and timber indicated 
 sandstone or conglomerate. Co'nclusions: that the limit of the trap to 
 the west of section corner i f [if lies between 1 and mile from the 
 same; that the hne of junction of the trap and conglomerate, mentioned 
 above, is accurately laid down on the section maps; but the limits of 
 the trap and sandstone on Hubbard’s map are inaccurate. — (Refer to 
 
 notes of McIntyre and Dickenson.) 
 
 September 20.— Left for the southwest corner of the township (37) one- 
 sixteenth mile from the cabins, (southwest;) crossed a ridge or knoll of 
 trap not laid down on the township plats; (barometer;) country bet%veen 
 this and the first corner southwest, or filli, undulating, well watered, 
 and covered with a fine maple growth ; a few hemlocks ; same character 
 continues to the next corner, though on the whole there is a gentle de- 
 scent towards this lost, where the ground rises into steep knolis 
 
703 
 
 m 
 
 of trap, one of which, lying a little to the north of the section corner, 
 and laid down on the township plats, was measured. After passing this' 
 corner to the southwest, the country is nearly level, and the maple much 
 mixed with hemlock, ironwood, fir, &c. At the southwest corner of the 
 township, the land is low and swampy. 
 
 September 21 — (Camp southwest corner of 37.)^ — Sent Dickenson east, 
 McIntyre south, and followed the north line myself. Land for the first 
 half mile north level or gently undulating near the quarter-post; a 
 small clearing here, hut no mine; fine maple growth. Immediately after 
 passing the quarter- post the land begins to rise. Quarter of a mile be- 
 yond the quarter-post passed a high ridge of trap, from the top of which 
 there is a fine view to the south. Frorq this to the first corner north 
 If |l^.' 11^6 l^nd is high, undulating. A stream runs west to east just before 
 reaching the corner. Shortly after passing the first corner north, a high 
 ridge of trap east and west is crossed; then the ground descends till near 
 the quarter-post, where a stream passes. A small clearing is passed, with 
 a small hut and potato patch; a well-blazed east and west trail leads to 
 the same. Another ridge of trap follows, somewhat lower than the pre- 
 ceding; aft^r which the land descends at an angle of 30^ to the quarter- 
 post, Leaving this we have first high undulating ground, then a stream 
 running southwest to northeast; sandy bottom; sandstone pebbles pre- 
 dominating. After this the land is low, undulating. Between this stream 
 and the second section, corner north of camp, counted six low ridges 
 nearly east and west; timber, maple and hemlock- Near the second cor- 
 ner, on II, the ground becomes more level, and soft woods predominate. 
 At the quarter-post between first and second corner north of camp is a 
 location post, marked northwest corner of P. Thomas’s location.” Re- 
 turned to camp. I place the limit of the trap on this line at one mile and 
 three-quarters north of the southwest corner of the township. McIntyre 
 and Dickenson could obtain no certain information as to the limits on the 
 south and east lines. 
 
 September 21, jt?. m . — Took the west line from camp; land for the first 
 half mile level, then gently rising, and timber improving; fine maple 
 land continues all the way to the third corner, or || of township 38; trap 
 rock frequently exposed in place. 
 
 September 22. — Camp near f | . Sent Dickenson west, and took the 
 north line with McIntyre. 1, an open hemlock wood; then a stream, 
 with large angular fragments of trap; further on, soft woods increasing; 
 passed the same brook again; sandstone pebbles and gravel in bed. 
 About yV of ^ from the first corner to southeast found trap in 
 place; the whole ridge is trap. Followed the east and west line from 
 corner ||||| to the quarter-post; tound trap in place quarter of a. mile 
 east of the corner; after that, ground to the quarter-post low and wet; 
 hemlock, cedar, &c. Returned to corner ff||f ; went north three-quar- 
 ter^ of a mile; trap continues distinctly in place half a mile; the ground 
 descending from the corner to the stream a little beyond the quarter-post; 
 stream; then level ground covered with hemlock and softwood; some 
 maple; returning, ground descends quite regularly all the way from 
 if H Vl V j place everywhere. I place the limit of the trap on 
 
 this line at the stream one mile and a half north of Dickenson 
 
 made the limit on the west line a little more than a mile from Vl V I Hub- 
 bard’s map is nearly correct. 
 
22; m.— Started from the northeast corner of range 50^ 
 
 township 39 j followed the north S. line south three miles; land at first 
 descending, then undulating; after about three-quarters of a mile be- 
 ginning to ascend rapidly, and the first section corner south is very near 
 the summit of a high ridge of trap; (barometer;) trap soil and fine maple 
 timber everywhere. After passing first mile corner, first a steep descent^, 
 then several low ridges with no rock in place; then another high ridge 
 one mile and a half south of the northeast corner; from this ridge to sec- 
 ond section corner, or bl; very uneven; ridges or knobs with no 
 rock in place ; much hemlock and soft wood ; first half of third mile 
 level, with soft wood; afterwards very uneven; poplar, birch, and cedar; 
 camped at |f . I place the limit of the trap and sandstone one quarter of a 
 mile north of df? Minnesota Company’s location, three miles; 
 
 passed first a wide ridge covered with a tangled cedar thicket; second 
 half mile more hard wood and more level ; soil uniformly a red clay; next 
 half mile country ragged and uneven; red clay soil; soft wood; same to 
 the second section corner. After passing second corner, the ground at 
 first, for ahoui one- sixteenth of a mile, is rugged; then follows a level 
 plateau, gently rising to two and a half, level of |f; trees hemlock, fir,, 
 spruce, and maple. After passing the quarter-post the ground rises to the 
 third mile comer, or ; trap everywhere in place; maple and hem- 
 
 lock. I place the limit of the trap on this line about one- sixteenth of a 
 mile west of iKIf . 
 
 September 23, p. m . — Sent Dickenson north from the cabin of the 
 Minnesota Company on 98, and McIntyre northwest on the road to the 
 Ontonagon river, and took the south line myself. After leaving the high 
 trap ridge, along the top of which runs the east and west line halving the 
 township, the ground descends gently ; a vein-like mass of epidote, con- 
 taining seams of quartz or spar, with particles of metallic copper. The 
 fragments of epidote are often covered with a thin coating of carbonate of 
 copper, which sometimes also, with decomposed epidote and earthy mat- 
 ter, forms thin seams of a greenish color in the rock; these are looked 
 upon by the miners as a very rich ore. There are several good cabins on 
 this location, and others are being erected. Twelve miners — all, 1 be- 
 lieve, Cornish men — were at work, and all, as usual, very sanguine. The 
 location is not well situated, the roads being, from the nature of the soil, 
 very bad, and transportation difficult. The company proposed to erect 
 stamping-mills at once. On the whole, appearances at this location are. 
 encouraging enough to justify the prosecution of mining, though the ab- 
 sence of true veins renders the ultimate success of the mine a matter of 
 some uncertainty. In the shafts above mentioned the epidote appeared 
 to grow richer in copper in proportion to the depth of the shaft; the 
 
 vein ” at sixty feet was about eighteen inches in width. 
 
 Aspimoairs location. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile west of the cabins, on the 0. T. N. Com- 
 pany’s location, range 41, township 49, section 11. General character 
 precisely similar to those above mentioned. The epidote is less rich ia 
 copper than on the neighboring location. Two vein -like masses of epi- 
 dote, mixed witli quartz and spar, meet at right-angles, north and south 
 and east and west. Two shafts have been sunk in the course of the 
 vein, or dipping about 48^ towards the north, the first being 39, the 
 
705 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 second 60 feet in depth. The epidote is supposed to become richer with 
 the depth of the shaft, as on the other locations ; appearances are perhaps 
 not quite so favorable as on section 12. Traces of ancient mining opera-^ 
 tions, similar to those on location 98, have been observed at several points' 
 on this range. Then comes a knob of trap called the South Brother;’’' 
 after which, the ground is either level or very gently descending to second 
 mile corner, or For the first half mile south, of the location the- 
 
 timber is hemlock, gradually becoming mixed with white and yellow^ 
 birch and maple as we go south. After passing the stream near the second 
 , mile corner, a thick undergrowth of cedars, (fee., is met, and the general 
 appearance of the country indicates sandstone. I place the limit of the 
 trap, at the stream, a little to the north of corner |f ||-|, which must be 
 very near the truth; measured the high ridge south of the Ontonagom 
 Company’s cabin, at its highest point; weather unfavorable. 24th, return^ 
 to the lake; found the limit of thp trap about 2| north and one mile west 
 of the Minnesota cabins. The trail is not laid down on the map, but I 
 believe this is correct. 
 
 Boyd^s location, 
 
 Thursday^ August 10. — Left the mouth of Iron river about 8 o’clock, 
 and reached Boyd’s location at p. m. From the rflouth of Iron river 
 to the second crossing of the same the rock appears nowhere in pla<ie, 
 but everything indicates sandstone or conglomerate; trail to Boyd’s loca- 
 tion turns’ off about 2h miles from the second crossing of Iron river. 
 After crossing a swamp about a few hundred yards in width, a well blazed 
 trail leads to the location, a distance of about six miles. On the location 
 is a small clearing and two log huts; trap well in place everywhere. Near 
 the bed of the stream, close to the farther cabin, occurs a mass of epidote- 
 rock passing into the trap, and containing specks of metallic copper. ^A 
 few hundred weight of trap has been here thrown out; show of ore very 
 poor indeed. At the southeast corner of location, near the top of a trap 
 cliff 200 feet high, occurs another mass of epidote rock, which has been 
 exposed in searching for copper. The mass is about six feet in breadth 
 by 10 in length. It presents, superficially, the characters of a vein, but 
 passes into the trap on each side and above, so as to be no longer distin- 
 guishable at the distance of a few inches. A few particles of copper are 
 found in the epidote, but the appearance of the whole is most unpromis- 
 ing. From the top of the cliff a fine view was obtained to the east and 
 south, extending over low, well -wooded ridges to a range of hills 30 or 
 40 miles distant. Bed oxide vein about a quarter of a mile west of the 
 cabins, near the trail. At this place a small clearing has been made, 
 in one corner of which a few tons of trap have been throwp out in 
 search of ore. The trap is very hard and compact, containing epidote, 
 
 and often covered with a greenish stain, Cu C. The seams are filled 
 with thin plates of a red crumbling mineral, doubtless laumonite. The 
 epidote has, as usual, some resemblance to a vein, but there is no refil 
 Vein, and no specimens of copper or oxide of copper could be found* 
 The red oxide said to have been found here was doubtless derived from 
 small pieces of metallic copper which had gradually become oxidized, A 
 little further on the trail another similar opening is found, but no copper. 
 
 Part ii — 45 
 
706 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 On the wliole^ I see no reason to report favorably of this location. Nothing 
 now to be seen would justify a continuance of mining operations at this 
 place. 
 
 Btovons's location^ range AX, township 49; section 12; northwest corner of 
 
 section, 
 
 Ohio Trap Rock Company; general character a compact trap rock; 
 containing much epidotC; mixed with quartz and calcareous spar. The 
 epidote generally assumes the form of veinS; intersecting the trap in 
 different directions; but perhaps chiefly east and west or north and south. 
 In one of these veins running through the hill nearly east and west; 
 ■dipping about 35® north; two shafts of 60 and 40 feet have been sunk, 
 from which large quantities of epidote rock, mixed with spar; have been 
 taken. The epidote rock is frequently, very rich in copper; though as yet 
 no large masses have been found. The copper is also disseminated; 
 though sparing!}^; through the quartz, so as to present specimens resem- 
 bling those from the cliff mine The epidote is often crystalline, ^t the 
 bottom of the hill a drift is in" progress to meet the two shafts. The 
 hill is about 130 feet in height; and the distance to be driven 300 feet, 
 following the apparent course of the vein. Other openings have been 
 made on this locdtioii; and even in the same hill; but they all present the 
 .isame general character. 
 
 Wednesday , September 13. — Algonquin location. Cabin. June A, p. 
 m.; barometer 730.5. 
 
 June 20; 1848. — Being detained until this time; owing to the negli- 
 gence of government in providing the necessary funds ; it was not till to- 
 day that we were enabled to start for the lake. Left Boston this morning 
 in company with the other persons attached to the survey; stopped at 
 Northampton to procure certain things requisite for the summer campaign. 
 
 June 21. — Left Northampton and reached Albany this evening. Left 
 Albany at 7 p. m. 
 
 June 22. — Arrived at Buffalo at 9 p. m. 
 
 June 23. — Left Buffalo this evening; and reached Detroit at 7 a. m.; 
 June 25. 
 
 June 26. — At Detroit; repaired sextant; &c. 
 
 June 27. — Left Detroit at 10 a. m.; on steamer Detroit; for Sault Ste. 
 Marip. 
 
 June 29. — Reached Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 June 30 to July 6. — Remained at the Sault; took numerous observa- 
 ^tions to rate chronometers; which have changed their rates materially 
 .since leaving Boston. 
 
 July 7. — Left Sault by propeller; and arrived at Copper Harbor July 8; 
 at 3 p. rn. 
 
 July 9; Sunday. — Remained at Brockway’s, the day being rainy. 
 
 July 10. — Removed 01 ' r quarters to the fort; cloudy; no * observations. 
 
 July 11 to 18. — Remained with Mr. Joy; at Copper Harbor; while afl 
 the other gentlemen went over to Lac la Belle; it being necessary that 
 some one should rate the chronometers; which have materially changed 
 i their rates. 
 
 July 19. — Left for the Ontonagon region, camped near Agate Harbor, 
 overtaken by a violent gale of wind and rain. 
 
707 [ 1 3 
 
 July 20. — Strong head wind; got no further than Eagle river to-day. 
 
 July 21, — Heavy gale this morning; being unable to ieave^ we visited 
 ‘4he Cliff mine; after dinner^ the 'wind having somewhat subsided^ we 
 started a]|d reached the Portage at dark, where we camped. 
 
 July 2‘i. — Took time observations this morning, and rowed against a 
 strong head wind to Salmon Trout river, where we camped. 
 
 July 23. — ^Sailed to the Ontonagon river. 
 
 July 24.— Wind blowing down the lake to-day, almost a gale, and could 
 .not proceed. Took observations. 
 
 July 25. — Rowed to Iron river; wind strong down the lake - could pro- 
 ceed no further. Saw Messrs. Burt’s packmen, and learned that they ar,e 
 subdividing in the region of Agogebic lake this summer. Took observa- 
 itions. 
 
 July 26. — Cloudy, cold, and rainy. Rowed against head wind to 
 Tresq’isle river. 
 
 July 27. — High wdnd from northwest. Remained at Presq’islje river. 
 Examined the rocks, and made sketches. Made observations. 
 
 July 28. — Rowed to Montreal river, and camped. Saw Mr. Ives, linear 
 .surveyor. 
 
 July 29. — Ram all day. Remained in camp. 
 
 Sunday, July 30. — Violent rain-storm all day. Remained in camp. 
 
 July 31. — Dr. Gibbs left for falls, to make barometrical section across 
 the country. I remained with Mr. Joy, and took astronomical observa- 
 f lions. 
 
 August 1, a, m. — Took time and latitude observations for the determi- 
 nation of the position of this point. P. m., measured section barometrically 
 .across to the Upper Falls, and made drawings of the scenery; examined 
 the geologicah structure of the region. Measured the height of the falls 
 '^barometrically. 
 
 August 2. — Returned to mouth of river, measuring section across Con- 
 4 glomerate hill. Took observations for time and latitude. Messrs. Keller 
 -and Marcon passed this day. 
 
 August 3 . — Rowed to Black river, and cafnped. Took time and latitude 
 observations. 
 
 August 4. — Northeast storm. Rowed to Carp river, and camped at 
 Carp river. P. m. cleared up, and we took time observations. 
 
 August 5. — Took time observations, and rowed to Mendenhall’s ware- 
 house., Camped, and measured barometrical section to Carp lake, and 
 ^back. 
 
 Sunday, August 6. — Measured another barometrical section across the 
 bridge to Carp lake, and returned, as we wished to fix the height of the 
 4ake as accurately as possible. The observations of to-day and yesterday 
 ‘ .agree to ten inches. P. rn., started with Dr. Gibbs to measure the heights 
 • of principal points of Porcupine mountains. Measured to Carp lake again, 
 ^and thence to location of Delavan Company, where we took possession of 
 •one of the deserted houses. 
 
 August 7. — Measured barometrically a section across'the ridges of Por- 
 -iupine mountains, and back to shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 August 8. — Rowed to warehouse of Union River Mining Company, 
 smd camped. Dr. Gibbs proceeded on to Iron river to examine Boyd’s 
 iocation. I spent the rest of the day in examining the geology*of the east- 
 
[ 1 ] 708 
 
 ern flank of the Porcupine mountains^ laying down the details on the town- 
 ship plats. 
 
 August 9.— Exploring the geology of the adjacent sections; details re^ 
 corded on township plats. Measured heights of principal points. 
 
 August 10. — Rain. P. m. examined the western portion of township^, 
 recording observations on township plats, and making barometrical mea- 
 surements. 
 
 August 11. — Proceeded to abandoned mine of Union River Company,, 
 and thence to Carp river to determine limit of conglomerate and amygda- 
 loidal trap, and measure heights of principal points. 
 
 August 12., — Rowed to Iron river; time and latitude observations. Dr. 
 Gibbs returned from Boyd’s location to Iron river. Rowed on towards; 
 the Ontonagon, and camped on sandy beach, about four miles east of Iron! 
 river, the wind being ahead . 
 
 August 13. — Northeast storm. Rowed about a mile, and the wind and 
 waves being too high, we were obliged to camp again. 
 
 August 14. — Northeast gale. Could not move from this spot. 
 
 August 15. — Rowed, with great difficulty and some danger, againsti 
 heavy head sea, to Ontonagon river, and immediately proceeded to location 
 98, distant about twelve miles. 
 
 August 16. — Examined location 98 and its neighborhood, and measured^ 
 barometrically principal heights. 
 
 August 17. — Returned to mouth of Ontonagon river. 
 
 August 18.— Remained at the mouth of the river to make necessary ob- 
 servations for determining the position of this place. Dr. Gibbs left to^ 
 examine the locations of Ohio Trap Rock and others. 
 
 Augustin. — At Ontonagon; time and latitude observations and calcu- 
 lations. Dr. Gibbs returned to camp. 
 
 August 20. — Rain. Rowed to mouth of Fire-steel river, and camped. 
 
 , August 21. — Heavy rain all day. Went to location of Algonquin Com- 
 pany distant two miles by river to warehouse, and thence nine miles by 
 road. The country is gently rising, and no rocks to be seen in place till 
 we strike the trap range, about two miles from the cabins. Location de- 
 serted . 
 
 August 22. — Examined the abandoned workings of the company, andi 
 returned to lake shore in rain storm. 
 
 August 23. — Rowed to Salmon Trout river, and camped. 
 
 August 24. — Rowed to Eagle river. 
 
 August 25. — Rowed to Copper Harbor, having been ordered by Dr.. 
 Jackson to return aMr having made the necessary barometrical and astro- 
 nomical observations for the completion of the geological map of the district 
 between the Ontonagon and Montreal rivers. Dr. Jackson has promised 
 us that we shall explore a section through from L’Anse to the Menomonee,, 
 and for this purpose we have been ordered to return to Copper Harbor. 
 On returning we found Dr. Jackson and his party here, where they have 
 been most of the season.^ Mr. Poster and^ Mr. Hill have nearly completed 
 a fine map of Keweenaw point. f 
 
 August 26 to ^September 2. — Remained at Copper Harbor, awaiting ©r. 
 
 * Exploring the geology and mineralogy and mines of Keweenaw point. — C. T. J. 
 t Map drawn by William Schlatter, the draughtsman, and it was colored from the geological 
 surveys of myself and party. C. T. J. 
 
•709 [ 1 J 
 
 .Jackson’s movements. Took numerous observations for determining rate 
 of chronometers; but the weather being very unfavorable; the results are 
 not of much value. 
 
 September 2. — Our plans having been arranged; I left this morning; in 
 company with Dr. Jackson and his party; for L’Anse. The arrangements 
 for the remaining portion of the season have been materially changed , and 
 the parties are now to be ordered as follows: Dr. Jackson and party will 
 ^continue upon Keweenaw point. Mr. Foster and Mr. Hill will proceed 
 to execute the laborious task of exploring a section through the iron region 
 to the Menomonee. Dr. Gibbs and Mr. Joy; with Messrs. McIntyre and 
 Dickenson, will leave Copper Harbor as soon as possible for the mouth of 
 Fire-steel river; where I shall meet them in a few days. ‘ I shall proceed 
 to the Anse and there examine the remarkable deposite of limestone dis- 
 covered by Higgins’s party of linear surveyors; and cross over to the mouth 
 of Fire-steel river to meet my own party; whom I ha^e directed to com- 
 mence their explorations at the Algonquin Company’s location as soon as 
 they arrive, in case T do not reach that point before they do. 
 
 Camped to-day at the extremity of Keweenaw point; a sudden thunder 
 storm coming on. • 
 
 September 3 . — Heavy rain . Made but very 1 ittle headway . S topped at lo - 
 cation of Boston and Lake Superior Mining Company. 
 
 September 4. — Too much wind ; could not proceed. Made sundry ex- 
 .aniinations in this neighborhood with Mr. Foster. ^ 
 
 September 5.— Strong head wind; rowed, with difficulty; to point near 
 t deserted fish-house of the American Fur Company; and, being too strong, 
 were obliged to camp here. i 
 
 September 6 . — Rowed, with a heavy cross sea, to point opposite Traverse 
 dsland; and camped. ' 
 
 September 7. — Sailed, with a fine wind, to Portage lake; stopped for 
 ^dinner; sailed thence., with a fair wind, to Meniclier’s, near L’Anse. 
 
 September 8. — Started with Mr. Barnes this morning to explore the de- 
 fMDsite of limestone near this place. The day being disagreeable, missed 
 itbe trail at crossing of Sturgeon river, and were detained, so that we did not 
 reach the locality of limestone that evening. Camped near town line be- 
 tween ranges 34 and 3.5, township 51. The whole surface of township 
 -51, range 34; is utterly worthless, being low and wet. Sturgeon river 
 truns through the centre of the township. Rock nowhere seen in place, 
 
 • except once. Horizontal strata of red sandstone. The timber is mostly 
 hemlock, fir, balsam, cedar and spruce, and occasionally a large white 
 ipne. 
 
 September 9. — Left for limestone locality early this morning. It is at 
 ih township 51, range 35. The day was rainy, and we had, un- 
 fortunately, but a small supply of provisions, so that our observations were 
 limited to ascertaining the fact of the existence of a large deposite of lime- 
 :sfdne; and to the fact of its containing fossils. P. m , it rained heavily, 
 September W , — This morning I was anxious to remain and continue 
 the exploration of this interesting locality, but provisions being entirely 
 exhausted, and a portion of my party having orders to join me to-day on a 
 certain part of the trail, and they being without a tent to shelter them, I 
 ifelt it to be my duty to go on to the Algonquin location, not doubting that 
 Dr. Jackson would be anxious personally to examine this interesting de- 
 fposite, which was distant only one and a half mile from a good trail to the 
 
710 
 
 [i] 
 
 Anse.^ I therefe're sent Mr. Barnes back to the Anse with the specimens^, 
 and continued on to the Algonquin location, a good day’s work, about 16 
 miles through the woods. "The country is rolling and cut up by ravines, 
 but the soil is generally good and covered with a dense growth of timber. 
 Found, on arriving at the Algonquin location, that Messrs. Gibbs and Joy 
 and party had not yet arrived. 
 
 Septefnber 11. — Remained at Algonquin Company’s location, and made- 
 examinations of location and abandoned diggings j made explorations for 
 determining limits of trap. 
 
 September 12.— Made farther explorations towards the west. Exam- 
 ined mine. Hill of trap mixed with epidote rock, Avhich runs NE. and 
 SW., elevated about 100 feet above the general level. Number of open 
 cuts along side-hill j one is 30 feet in length, and about 10 feet in depth; 
 the rock thrown out is mostly a mixture of epidote, with trap rock — 
 runs N. 60° E.; richest, ore is an intimate mixture of copper and epi- 
 dote, and yields a very varying per centage. It is impossible to say what 
 would be the value of this locality, though the quantity of copper found 
 here is very considerable, and it would seem decidedly worth while to 
 make tartlier explorations here. 
 
 Went to saw-mill of this company, distant about 2\ miles, over fine 
 rolling sugar land, underlaid by trap. The mill is hardly completed, and 
 is most miserably built; it is on a branch of Fire-steel river. The loca- 
 tion appears now to be entirely abandoned. 
 
 September 13.— Started to explore locations of Douglass Houghton 
 Mining Company. Examined the deserted workings of the company and 
 their location. Returned to Algonquin Company’s location, and founds 
 that Dr. Gibbs and party had arrived from the mouth of the river. Mr. 
 
 McIntyre came yesterday from , bringing a written order to me- 
 
 to return to the limestone region, and make a more thorough examina- 
 tion of it, he himself not wishing to see it, and Mr. Barnes having re- 
 fused to return to it, although it was an easy half day’s walk to it from the 
 Anse, it being about 9 miles on a good trail, and 1 J mile from the trail. 
 
 September 14. — To-day it stormed violently, and we were unable to 
 leave the location. 
 
 September 15. — Dr. Gibbs and party started west this morning to ex- 
 plore the trap range between this point and the Ontonagon river. I went^ 
 with our two best men to the mouth of the river to procure the necessary 
 provisions to return and examine the limestone locality ; the distance be-= 
 ing from the mouth of the river about 30 miles. 
 
 September 16. — Severe rain storm; could not leave camp. 
 
 September 17. — Heavy rain; but as we have no time to lose, we re- 
 turned to location of Algonquin Company, and stopped for the night; the - 
 road was nearly impassable from the long continued rains, the mud much 
 of the way being knee- deep. ^ 
 
 September 18. — Still raining; went to Imestone locality, about 16 * 
 miles, and camped on the hill. 
 
 September 19 and 20. — Explored tlie deposite of limestone as thorough- 
 ly as possible, and collected about twelve different species of fossils. 
 The deposite rises to t^ie height of about 300 feet above the general level 
 
 * Mr. Whitney, at his earnest request, was sent to examine this limestone bed, and was ordered 
 to collect the fossils and determine the position of the limestone. 
 
711 [ 1 ] 
 
 • I 
 
 of the surrounding low and swampy country. It lies on the corner of 
 sections 13, 14, 23, and 24, of township 51, range 35. We struck the first 
 limestone near the quarter-post, two and a half miles south of township 
 line. This is a low blulF, with perpendicular walls about 20 feet in height, 
 which extends along a few rods nearly north and south, and at its north- 
 ern extremity bends to the west, and may be traced as it crops out in a 
 small ravine till it finally disappears. Passing further to the south, we next 
 came upon the limestone to ^he west of the line which gradually rises, 
 and the section- corner three ihiles .south 6f the township line is directly 
 upon the summit of the hill, which appears to be made up of limestone. 
 On exploring in each direction we found that the west line from, this cor- 
 ner led us to a precipitous bluff at least 50 feet in perpendicular height 
 and about 150 feet above the valley below. The limestone is indistinct- 
 ly stratified, and dips from 0^ to 30*^ at various points as measured by me. 
 It is a light buff color, so quartzose in some places as to strike fire. It 
 contains numerous fossils at certain points, but the greater part of the 
 rock seems to be entirely destitute of them. We obtained stems of 
 encrinites in great abundance, othocenatites, and numerous other fossils,^ 
 quite difficult to name from their imperfect condition and from the fact of 
 their being only casts. The country around is low and swampy, and is 
 only at rare intervals that rock can be found in place 5 still the indications 
 around are nothing but sandstone, and horizontally stratified. Now the 
 limestone is apparently inclined at an angle of 30^ • and if this be the 
 case, it seems evident that the limestone is the oldest rock;' though, again, 
 it cannot be denied that the stratification of the limestone is very obscure, 
 and in some places it appears to lie nearly horizontally. If no other data 
 can be collected than those which I have already, I should hardly feel 
 willing to pronounce which is the oldest formation. Perhaps the explora- 
 tions of another season will enable us to decide with certainty. The 
 weather was rainy during the whole of the three days which I spent here; 
 and it was impossible to remain longer, on account of the lateness of ‘the 
 season and the necessity of attending to the party exploring between^Fife- 
 ‘ steel river and^the Ontonagon. 
 
 September 2\. — Returned to the Algonquin Company’s location. 
 
 * September 22. — Returned to the mouth of the river, and there camped, 
 waiting for Dr. Gibbs and party to come down from the Ontonagon and 
 join us, to return to Copper Harbor — this being the time when we were 
 directed to return to headquarters. 
 
 September 23. — Remained in camp, waiting for the arrival of the other 
 party. - 
 
 Sunday^ September 24. — Dr. Gibbs and party came in to-day. 
 
 September 25.— Gale of wind: could not leave. 
 
 September 26.— Left at 2 a.m., and, being favored by the wind , reached 
 Eagle river at 5 p. m. 
 
 September 27. — Walked to Copper Harbor; which place we left on the 
 30th for Sault Ste. Marie; which place we reached on the 3d of October. 
 
 Remained at the Sault till the 6th, but were unable to take any* astro- 
 nomical observations, as the weather was cloudy, and has been ever since 
 we arrived at Copper Hafbor. 
 
 We separated at Mackinaw; and I reached Boston on the 19th of Oc- 
 tober. 
 
Cojpy of instructions to Mr, J, D, Whitney^ jr,, assistant geologist. 
 
 Sir: In virtue of authority vested in me by instructions received from 
 Ihe Secretary of the Treasury, I hereby appoint you to be di first assistant 
 geologist on the geological survey of the mineral lands of the United 
 States in Michigan. 
 
 Your services will commence on this first day of June, 1847, and your 
 pay will be, according to instructions given me by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, five dollars per day — you paying your proportion of the ex- 
 penses of travel, and for supplies of provisions, tents, boats, &c., as pro- 
 vided in my instructions,- your travelling expenses from your home to 
 Lake Superior arid back again to your home being allowed you by the 
 .government. 
 
 It is my wish' that you should take charge of the western part of the 
 mineral-land district, beginning at the Montreal river, on the boundary of 
 Wisconsin, and examining the country eastward — ^Iceeping, as far as prac- 
 ticable, in company with the corps of linear surveyors now at work in 
 that district. The linear surveyors will be instructed by the surveyor 
 general to give you all the assistance in their powers and you will doubt- 
 less encamp with them, and pay your proportion of expenses of living, as 
 advised probdbly by the surveyor general, according to my instructions, 
 received fropi the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 In your survey, you will please make careful search for ores and metals, 
 and examine the different rocks and minerals, obtaining two specimens of 
 •each rock, mineral ore, metal, or fossil — one specimen of each of which 
 should be a fair-sized cabinet specimen, for the use of the government, 
 while the other should be of sufficient size for accurate description or 
 analysis. 
 
 You will be expected to make very exact observations on any vein or 
 bed of metalliferous ore or metal you may discover, and to give all the 
 details required for the determination of the economical value of the lo- 
 calities for mining purposes. The courses, dip, and width of veins, and 
 their extent, so far as they can be discovered, should be ascertained and* 
 noted on the spot; and feir average samples of the ore should be taken 
 for chemical analysis and assay. 
 
 You will also please to notice the character of the soil, and the nature 
 of the forest trees; and where you deem the land to be of agricultural 
 value, you will ct)llect samples of the soil for analysis. In addition to 
 the usual duties of a geological explorer, you will also keep an accurate 
 account of the topographical features of your district, and make sketches 
 of remarkable or interesting scenery. Barometrical observations will be re- 
 quired at 2 p. m., mean time; and also on all the hills you may ascend — the 
 time of observation being noted. Observations of the temperature of the air 
 and of the dew-point are also required, when practicable to make the ex- 
 periments. Observations for latitude will also prove useful, and will add 
 to our geographical information, and prepare the way for a series of more 
 rminute observations of latitude and longitude, <vhich we hope to make 
 'When furnished with good chronometers. 
 
 In describing the country, please notice the width and general charao- 
 
iter of the rivers, the capacity and goodness of harbors for boats and ves- 
 sels, and give as complete an account of your observations as possible. 
 
 I have called your attention to a few points, some of which must be 
 -obviously requisite, in giving an account of the country you are called to 
 examine; but I wish- you also to use your own judgment in recording any 
 ‘Other observations that may be regarded as useful to the public or interest- 
 ing to men of science. 
 
 Respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 CHARLES T. JACKSON, 
 
 Geological Surveyor of U. S. mmeral lands of Michigan, 
 Mr. JosiAH D. Whitney, jr. 
 
 Field-notes for 1847. 
 
 Thursday y June 3, 1847.— Left Boston at 8 a. m. in company with 
 Messrs. Barnes (who acts as sub-agent on the survey) and McIntyre ahd 
 Dickenson who are employed as packmen. We reached Albany at 6-| p. 
 m., where we remained till the next morning. Called at the State geo- 
 logical rooms and examined the collections of the State survey. 
 
 June 4. — ^By railroad to Syracuse, where we remained over night. 
 
 June 5. — To Buffalo. 
 
 Sunday y June 6 . — We remained at Buffalo. 
 
 June 7. — Left Buffalo by steamboat. 
 
 June 8. — Reached Cleveland at 11 a. m., and Detroit at 11 p. m. 
 
 June 9. — Purchased provisions and supplies for the use of the survey. 
 
 June 10. — Finished purchases; adjusted sextant. Saw Bela Hub- 
 bard, esq., and Hon. Lycius Lyon. 
 
 June 11. — Waiting for the arrival of Dr. Jackson and party, who came 
 at p. m., accompanied by Messrs. Peabody, Dunlap, Channing, and 
 other gentlemen attached to the survey. 
 
 June 12. — Spent the forenoon in Mr. Lyon’s office looking over maps 
 ahd plans and conversing about the survey. In the afternoon I arranged 
 and distribjuted the township plats, and prepared other things for the survey. 
 
 Sunday, June 13.— Left Detroit at 11 a. m. in company with Messrs. 
 Barnes, Dickenson, Dunlap, and McIntyre, for Sault Ste. Marie, by 
 steamer Champion. Weather clear and fine. Soon after leaving the 
 mouth of the river the weather became threatening. 
 
 June 14. — On getting up in the morning we found that wc had made 
 but little headway, and we were soon Obliged, by the increasing gale, to 
 put back and return to shelter near White rock, where we remained till 5 
 p. m., when, the wind .having moderated, we started again, and ran on 
 against a heavy head wind, making but little headway against it. 
 
 June 15. — This morning a strong head wind, and we make but slow 
 progress. At 11 a. m. passed Thunder Bay Island lighthouse; made 
 False Presq’isle at 2 p. m. Wooded at Presq’isle at 4 p. m. Arrived 
 at Mackinaw at 12, midnight. 
 
 16. — Left Mackinaw at 1 a. m. and sailed up the river with a 
 light head wind to the Sault, where we arrived at p. m. Stopped at 
 the Ste. Marie House. Saw Messrs. Livingston, Gratiot, Libby, Bar- 
 beau, Hempstead, <fcc., &c. 
 
 Saw specimens of copper pyrites, in quartz, from Drummond’s island; 
 
vein said to be 18 feet thick. Saw also beautiful specimens of blende, 
 with native silver in their filaments, on calc spar, from Prince’s location 
 oil Canada shore. On the wharf lie 45 tons of nearly solid copper from 
 Pittsburg and Isle Royale Company’s Cliff mine, in massive plates and 
 pieces. One piece weighed about 2,700 pounds. The masses when cut 
 open with the chisel, are seen to be nearly solid, and pure copper. The« 
 prospects of this mine are spoken of in the highest terms. There is said 
 to be more copper in sight than one hundred men could take out in two* 
 years. 
 
 June 17. — To-day shipped freight on board schooner Napoleon, con- 
 signed to C. R. Brush. She left this morning with Messrs. Mather and 
 Foster, who have* an establishment for analyzing ores at Copper Harbor.. 
 Engaged voyageurs for the summer, and made purchases of numerous^ 
 articles which we had omitted at Detroit. 
 
 The Julia Palmer arrived to-day; we shall probabl 3 ^ leave oh her as: 
 soon as the next boat arrives from below. 
 
 June 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. — Remained at the Sault waiting for the arrival 
 of a boat from below; made astronomical observations for latitude. 
 
 June 23. — The steamboat Ward arrived at 8| p. m., bringing Dr. Jack- 
 son and his suite. 
 
 June 24. — Left Sault Ste. Marie by the steamer Julia Palmer at 7 p. m. 
 with our whole party on board. 
 
 June 25. — Passed the Pictured rocks at 10-11 a. m.; landed at Grand 
 island; took latitude observations. 
 
 June 26. — Arrived at Copper Harbor at 12-| a. m. 
 
 Sunday y June 27. — Moved to Fort "^ilkins this day, and took posses- 
 sion; arranged instruments and stores. 
 
 June 28. — Took time and latitude observations. 
 
 June 29. — Left Copper Harbor with all our party, to visit the principal 
 mines. 
 
 June 30. — Yisited the abandoned mines of the Lake Superior Com- 
 pany; examined the heaps of rubbish lying at the surface. Dr. Jackson 
 and others descended into the mine. 1 remained above and took time 
 and latitude observations. 
 
 July 1 , — Took time observations, and then with the whole party visited 
 the Cliff mine. Measured the height of the cliff barometrically; obser- 
 vations given to Dr. Jackson at the time. Examined the mine in com- 
 pany with Dr. Jackson, by whom the observations were recorded. 
 
 July 2.— Returned to Sand bay, and thence to the location of the Cop- 
 per Falls Company; returning to Eagle Harbor at 6 p, m. .Descended 
 into the mine with all the party. Observations recorded by Dr. Jackson.' 
 Saw at the house large and fine crystals of analcime; also red analcime,, 
 or sarcolite, in beautiful groups and geodes in vesicular trap; carbonate of 
 lime, rhombohedral crystals, one inch in diameter, with delicate crystal- 
 lizations of a mineral supposed to be new; also large dendritic crystalli- 
 zation of native copper; large scalenohedra of carbonate of lime, highly 
 modified, and filled with minute scales of native copper, so as to give the 
 whole specimens a reddish tinge; native silver; native copper, large crys- 
 talline masses, one of which weighed two pounds, and covered with im- 
 perfect crystals, some almost perfect dodecahedra; one branch of beauti- 
 fully dendritic crystallizations projecting from a mass of native copper 
 also mesotype in fine acicular crystallizations, chabasie:,; and stilbite. 
 
715 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 These mines not being in my district^ and I not being expected to re- 
 port on them, I did not record my observations, but handed them to Dr. 
 Jackson on the spot.^ 
 
 July 3/ — Returned to Copper Harbor. 
 
 July 4. — Took latitude and time observations. 
 
 July 5. — ^Latitude and time observations. Calculated observations, and 
 made preparations to leave for the Ontonagon. 
 
 July 6. — At 4 p. m. left Copper Harbor in company with Messrs. Ber- 
 nard and Barnes, assistant sub-agents, and Mr. G. E. Smith, instru- 
 mental packman, with two excellent Indian voyageurs, Macadebines and 
 Kebikijiko. Went as far as Eagle Harbor that night. 
 
 July 7. — At 6 a. m., weather suffocatingly hot, rowed to Eagle river; 
 stopped to make a few purchases; left again; noticed almost every con- 
 ceivable variety of boulders and pebbles on the beach; flint, agate, sand- 
 stone, conglomerate, trap, porphyry, (red base, with green crystals of 
 felspar,) limestone full of fossils, corals, cyathophylla, masses of favorite 
 madreporite, generally small and much worn. . Q^uery: What is the 
 ofigin of these loose masses of limestone ? The rocks exposed along the 
 shore, beyond Eagle river, are sandstone, fine grained, red and gray, in 
 alternate bands from a few inches to a foot in thickness, or else the gray 
 porlions, which seem to be more argillaceous than the red, and to contain 
 less oxide of iron, lie in patches in the red variety. The strata dip to- 
 wards the lake at an angle of from 2^ to 5^. In general the strata become 
 more nearly horizontal as we approch the Ontonagon. Beyond the Port- 
 age the sandstone rocks are from 30 to 60 feet in height, perpendicular, and 
 worn into numerous caves and arclies at their base. The rock shows no 
 marks of the action of water above 10 to 15 feet, and there is no reason to 
 infer from the appearance of the cliffs at this point that the lake ever stood 
 at a higher level than at present' since all the arches might evidently have 
 been formed by the action of the water, at its present height, during 
 violent gales of wind. The rock is very friable, and breaks into an in- 
 finite number of small fragments when struck with the hammer; no 
 signs of organic life in any of the specimens which we examined, although 
 we discovered numerous impressions and marks which might readily be 
 mistaken for the traces of organic remains. Beyond Eagle river the 
 rocks hardly rise above the level of tke lake, and are covered by sand. 
 The appearance of the country inland is flat and scrubby. 
 
 July 8. — Left our camping ground at 6 a. m.; arrived at Elm river to 
 dinner. Saw Mr. Higgins, the younger, who informed me that his father 
 ■ was subdividing on and near the fifth correction line, and that we should 
 probably meet him at the mouth of the Ontonagon river. Sailed from Elm 
 river with a find wind, and camped at dusk on the sand about four miles 
 from Ontonagon. Rocks brownish-red sandstone, perfectly flat, and break- 
 ing into large and perfect rhombohedra. 
 
 July 9. — Reached the mouth of the Ontonagon at &| a. m., weather 
 exceedingly hot, and mosquitos very annoying. Wrote to Dr. Jackson 
 informing him of our arrival. Judge Burt had not yet been at the mouth 
 of the river. Mr. Higgins had left the day before, taking all his provisions 
 
 -- ■ ■ — ■ , I I I. .. I. I. !■ - — I ■ II. I. II, . . ... I I I- II , . — ■ ..Il - I -II I ■■ " » I , - | .1^ 
 
 ^Tfeis is not true; Mr. Whitney never handed me any of his observations concerning any 
 place or mineral on Keweena\v point. I took him with me to show him the mines, so as to pre- 
 pare him for observations elsewhere. 
 
 C. T. J. 
 
716 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 with him. After dinner we embarked with all our baggage^ and rowed 
 up the river, finding some difficulty in forcing our boat over the rapids, 
 which we came upon about a mile and a half before reaching the \vare- 
 house of the Ontonagon Mining Company. On arriving we were informed 
 that Mr. Higgins was encamped on the other side. I immediately waded 
 across the river, amid crowds of mosquitos. Mr. Higgins informed me 
 that he was still making geological observations under an old contract, as 
 before, according to Houghton’s plan. He, of course, had no instructions 
 to receive us into his party. He had expected to meet Judge Burt at this 
 point, but he has not yet arrived. Judge Burt has three parties at work, 
 and brings up three lines of townships at once, and was daily expected to 
 arrive with one of the lines at a point from one and a half to two miles 
 east of the place where the fifth correction line crosses the river. Mr. 
 Higgins advised us to wait here till Judge Burt arrives, and leave letters 
 for him at the post nearest to the point on the correction line to which he 
 is expected to close up. He describes the country between the Portage 
 and this point as very uninteresting. The trap range does not appear on 
 the surface except in. a very few places; only a few indications of copper. 
 He also informs me that no limestone occurred in place north of Lac Vieux 
 desert. The country up the Ontonagon, from its mouth, is the finest 
 1 have seen in this region. No rocks are seen in place; the banks are 
 from seven to ten feet above the river, and covered with a fine growth of 
 elm, lynn, sugar maple, black and white birch, spruce, white pine, bal- 
 sam fir, cedar, hornbeam; also an abundance of wild roses, gooseberries, 
 raspberries. Several persons have made clearings on the river banks, and 
 built small shanties, nearly all of which were deserted at the time we 
 passed. Potatoes were thriving. Saw at the mouth of the river masses of 
 native copper, with red oxide, from Boyd’s location. 
 
 July 10. — This morning started with Mr. Higgins, and went two miles 
 east on the fifth correction line, leaving three letters for Judge Burt oh as 
 many quarter-posts. No rocks seen in place anywhere on the line. The 
 whole country is broken by frequent ravines, or hog-backs, as they are 
 called, caused by the action of currents of water on the clay which covers 
 the rocks to a great depth. The timber is most hemlock and sugar maple. 
 
 July 11. — Left this morning for the location of the Ontonagon Mining 
 Company. Yein, or vein-like mass, of epidote; runs in drift north 80^ 
 east, south 80° west; on top of hill bears south 9° east. Extremity of trap 
 bluff seen from hill; bears north 25° west; width uncertain. Massive epi- 
 dote with quartz, calc spar, chlorite, epidote rock, amygdaloidal cavities 
 filled with calc spar. A drift is run in 30 feet, with a side cut to meet the 
 vein. Epidote irregularly distributed through the rock; no sighs of a regu- 
 lar wall-rock remarked. Epidote crystalline, and slightly decomposed. 
 Copper scattered through very much, as in Isle Royale specimens. Also 
 in sheets, looking like old boiler-copper, thin and rusty. Per centage of 
 copper in whole mass of epidote-rock lying at the mouth of the drill, not 
 more than one to three per cent. Company employ about thirty hands ; now 
 building a small saw-mill and a furnace; wheel-pit just walled up. Fur- 
 nace partly erected of trap-rock, very insufficiently clamped together, and' 
 will evidently be of no value whatever. Above, near summit of ^hill, epi- 
 dote rock very much decomposed, and carrying very little copper. Vein 
 of epidote very wide; Cushman says thirty feet. 
 
 To, the side of the mass of rock containing epidote may be seen, and 
 
that, too, at some dist^ce from the main body of the epidote, 
 patches of trap apparently gradually passing into^ epidote* rock, without 
 any marked line of junction being seen. 
 
 In the drift nearest to the top of the hill, which is driven only a few feet, 
 the rock becomes entirely decomposed after a short exposure to the air; 
 here little or no copper is seen. In digging for the wheel-pit, at the bot- 
 tom of the ravine, a mass of pure copper, weighing 50 pounds, was thrown 
 out. Opposite, a few feet higher up, the epidote is seen again, but no 
 copper; but quarjtz, which ^contains a few specks of native copper. In 
 6rder to test the value of the deposite, Mr. Cushman must’ sink upon it at 
 the lowest drift, and see whether the quantity of copper increases. Un- 
 less the quantity of copper increases, the mine must be abandoned'. « 
 
 The rocks on the road from our camp to Cushman’s are conglomerate 
 on side hill 2^ miles from the river, and there trap. The timber is mostly 
 maple. A few black *oaks arie seen upon the hills near Cushman’s. 
 
 July 12. — To-day started for Cushman ^s, intending to make an exam- 
 ination of the trap range on and near the west branch of the Ontonagon, 
 including Mendenhall’s location, the United States Mining Company’s, 
 &c., &c., to endeavor to trace the origin of the famous copper rock. 
 About a quarter of a mile from our camp met two of Burt ’s^ packers, who 
 were in search of provisions for the two parties of John and Austin Burt. 
 Judge Burt himself is on the boundary line between Wisconsin and 
 Michigan. He will, however, soon be here, as he has no provisions left. 
 I sent our men and boat to the mouth of the river to transport provisions 
 for Messrs. Burt, inasmuch as I expected to be attached to their party 
 and considered it my duty to further their interests as* fan as possible. Mr. 
 Bernard left with one of the packers to find one of the Messrs. Burt, and 
 inform him of our arrival. I remained in camp, copyingja map of this 
 region for our use. Our boat returned in the evening with provisions for 
 Judge Burt. 
 
 July Vi . — Our boat and men started up the river with provisions for 
 Judge Burt. I remained in camp waiting for the arrival of: some of the 
 parties. Examined the clay hills in the vicinity of the Ontonagon, and 
 measured their height. Our boat returned this evening, having with 
 difficulty ascended as far as Baltimore creek, with barrel of flour and 
 half a barrel of pork. 
 
 July 14. — To-day Mr, Bernard returned, having: seen Mr. Austin Burt, 
 and examined the diggings of the Yulcan Company. They are mining 
 in the clay for trap rock, without aim or object. The Messrs. Burt will 
 be at the correction line on Saturday. 
 
 July 15. — Left camp this morning to explore in the neighborhood of 
 Cushman’s. A blast put in this morning brought out a few pieces of de- 
 oomposed epidote, containing a little native copper,. and surrounded fey 
 red oxide and green carbonate of copper. Width of rock filled with 
 epidote, calc spar, and quartz, about 16 feet at surface of clitf. In 
 blasting for the wheel -pit they have taken out some native copper from 
 the compact trap, where it occurs in small quarter) to half-inch veins of 
 laumonite and quartz, on the. banks of the stream. Determined the 
 course of the vein-like mass at Cushman’s to be north east, south 
 76° west; measured barometrically the cliff in which the mine is situated. 
 After dinner we started for the copper-rock road, but a tremendous thun- 
 der shower burst over our heads, and we were soon^drenched and^bemirodr 
 
We went about 1 J mile to the locality where Cushman is mining in a 
 drift. A vein-like mass of epidole^ with (?[uartz, is found here running 
 nearly east and Avest; but little copper occurs in it. Returned to house 
 completely soaked^ and remained that nighty the rain continuing heavily 
 all the day and evening. 
 
 July 16. — This morning heavy rain prevented our leaving Cushman’s. 
 Remained till after dinner. Mr. Bernard returned from the mouth of the 
 dvei’; where he had been for another load of provisions for Judge Burt. 
 After dinner, the rain having ceased for awhile^ we went to the United 
 ^States Company’s location^ Avhich is kept by one man. Nothing is doin^ 
 on this location at present. The company have this (No. 54) and sev- 
 eral others adjoining. Diggings near the house examined; amass of rub- 
 bish has been thrown out, mostly trap, with epidote intermixed, and a 
 very little copper. The excavation is at the base of a trap cliff about lOO 
 feet in height. No regular A^ein could be perceived. Excavation filled up 
 with AA^aten. The company have explored several epidote masses, but 
 have met with but little success. Remained here during the rest of the 
 afternoon during a tremendous thunder storm, which effectually pre- 
 vented further exploration. 
 
 July IT. — Left the United States location early in the morning, and 
 proceeded nearly west to No. 295, AA^here the Ohio Trap Rock Company 
 has a cabin, and has been exploring. There are three meu now on the 
 location. Here, as well as at the United States location, they have a 
 clearing planted with potatoes. Peas were nearly fit to eat, and beets, 
 carrots, and lettuce were looking up. From the cabin we Avent about 
 two miles south to -the cabin occupied by the American Exploring Com- 
 pany. This company has no permit or lease. The house is near a 
 high trap cliff, which rises at an angle of 46° to the height of 300 feet 
 above the cabin, or 400 feet above the river at its base. We climbed up 
 the face of the cliff over angular fragments of trap rock of all forms, and 
 soon reached the summit, where they have opened a vein of quartz and 
 epidote containing nath^e copper. The bluff here runs nearly north and 
 south, and the course of the vein is also nearly east and west. It dips from 
 47° to 49° to the north. The vein has been traced for a considerable 
 distance along the broAV of the cliff. It varies much in width and char- 
 acter. In one place it measured 12 inches in width, and consisted of 
 partially decomposed epidote and chlorite; wall-rock Avell defined, gen- 
 erally separated by selvages of chlorite or argillaceous slaty substance. 
 JIn a few feet distance the vein narrows to three inches, and consists of 
 quartz, Avith radiated epidote and native copper, and red oxide, Avith a 
 ^curious Vermillion hue, and much stained with carbonate of copper. 
 Further on, the vein is alniost entirely quartz. Here they have taken 
 ‘Out a mass of copper Aveighiiig 110 pounds. The copper is so irregularly 
 disseminated through the vein, that it would be impossible to estimate 
 with anything like*accuracy the per centage of the ore. The occurrence 
 <of beautifully radiated epidote in the quartz, seems to be characteristic of 
 ithis vein. The white pine timber at the base of this cliff is excellent; 
 above, Norway pine grows. The vein from the summit of the cliff is 
 extensive. JLooking to the south, the ground seems comparatively level; 
 1K) the right, the ranges of trap Avere seen rising precipitously towards 
 Agogebic lake. The day was, however, so cloudy that our view was 
 quite limited. We next visited the vein about one-fourth mile distant, 
 
"but in the same cliff; where the Ohio Trap Rock Company has made 
 slight explorations. ’Yein epidote and quartz in trap, runs nearly east 
 :and west; dips to north 45^. This is more properly a vein-like mass 
 than a vein, and its true nature and value cannot be determined without 
 further explorations. The epidote has thin films of copper between the 
 natural joints, and contains this metal disseminated through it in fine 
 particles, like specimens from Isle Royale. 
 
 The company has done no regular mining as yet, but expect to com- 
 mence soon with a gang of miners. After examining another cut which 
 they had made in another vein-like mass, similar in character to the’ 
 others we had seen, we returned to the cabins, where, in the absence of 
 the proprietors, we ate up everything that we could lay hands on. Mr. 
 Craig, the agent, said that they had wasted much money on the ex- 
 ploration of their location, in order to discover the real nathre of the 
 veins. He says — what we ourselves have also discovered — that on the 
 tops of the clife or ridges epidote is everywhere found, without being 
 in 'regular or workable veins; also that there are many north and south 
 •cuts or depressions, in which loose masses of epidote have been found 
 containing copper. These have been frequently mistaken for veins, and 
 have been reported as such. After dinner we returned to the United 
 States location, and fron\ thence home to our camp at Cashman’s ware- 
 house. 
 
 Sunday j July 18. — Remained in camp. 
 
 July 19. — Remained in camp waiting for Jud^ge Burt, whom we expect 
 overy moment. Copied map of district between Montreal and Ontonagon. 
 Messrs. Randolph and other gentlemen passed up the river. In the eve- 
 ning our boat returned from the mouth of the river, bringing a letter from 
 Dr. Jackson, who is making a picturesque tour round the lake on board 
 the Julia Palmer.'^ 
 
 July 20. — Crossed river and measured the plastic clay bluffs rising from 
 the edge of the river the other side of the Grand rapids. Pound in the 
 clay pebbles of all sorts — among others limestone and corals; clay, dark 
 Ted, tough; and good growth of timber, mostly hemlock. 
 
 Two of Burt’s packmen came in and gave us the* welcome intelligence 
 that their parties would meet here to-day or to-morrow. Weather rainy 
 \and suffocatingly hot. . 
 
 July 21. — Judge Burt came in this morning, and taking our boat and 
 men, and accompanied by Mr. Bernard, descended the river for provisions; 
 he returned the same evening. . . 
 
 Juhj2>2 — Austin Burt came in this morning, and John Burt, with their 
 parties, in the afternoon; so that we were in the midst of a pretty large 
 assemblage, including some of Mr. Higgins’s packmen. Judge Burt 
 gave us much information with regard to the country he had traversed 
 this season and the last. Below the trap range, which extends along 
 north of the Ontonagon, the rocks are rarely to be seen cropping out. All the 
 jsirties described the features of their last lines as the same, namely: low 
 trap knobs rising at considerable distances from each other, and destitute 
 •of mineral contents. On the boundary line between the forks of the 
 
 — ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 *This 1:3 a gross misrepresenfation. 1 was on nciy voyage to Isle Royale, and in this trip to 
 
 La Pointe and Isle Royale was constantly occupied with gedogicai and astronomical obser- 
 vations. , 
 
 O. T. J. 
 
[ 1 ] 720 
 
 Montreal and Lac Yieux desert^ Judge Burt found the rock in place onjljr 
 twice; it was sienite. The Judge found the most interesting country^ l$^t 
 year; marked on the map as trap and hornblende slates. He described the 
 iron region as one of great interest. It wmuld be impossible to do anything: 
 in this part of the country without a solar compasS; as the needle is fre- 
 quently reversed. Judge Burt is making a geological survey; in connex- 
 ion with his linear Work; as was done last year; as his contract is the 
 same as then; and; moreover; he has received no instructions to receive 
 us into his parties;^ or notification of our being in this part of the country.. 
 He waS; however; willing to do all that he could for us; but as he h^ 
 not calculated on any addition to his party; he concluded that he coul’S 
 only receive one of our party; with one packman to aid him; he being 
 short of meU; I despached Mr. BarneS; with MacadebineS; to accompany 
 him. They are to go in .on Judge Burt’s line , and return on the middle- 
 line of the three; and by going out on the E. and W. lines, he will ac- 
 quire a knowledgeof a strip of country 18 miles wide, especially as Judge 
 Burt is willing to collect specimens from the other lines and bring them in. 
 I intend in the mean time; with Mr. Bernard, to visit the trap range along 
 the west branch of the Ontonagon, as far as Agogebic lake; and when the* 
 examination is completed, we shall return to the Grand rapids and re- 
 move our boat and provisions to Iron river, and from that point ex- 
 plore the Porcupine mountains, going out on the fifth correction line and 
 exploring on each side. I shall return to Iron river to meet Judge Burt’s^ 
 party in about 22 days. 
 
 July 23. — This morning early, Barnes left with Macadebines to accom- 
 pany Judge Burt upon his lines. We struck our tent, and packed provi- 
 sions for several days, and the necessary instniuients, and proceeded to* 
 Cushman’s, where wm found all Burt’s parties united. Here we got din- 
 ner, and proceeded on to the location of the United States Company;:; 
 examined several openings in the trap bluff, which runs near the house;, 
 there are no regular veins, but patches of epidote, with spar and quartz^ 
 mixed togethiT, which may be found at almost any point, especially on 
 the summit of the bluffs. The bluff, here, has a course nearly N. 70^ E. 
 and S. 70° W. The epidote here contains but little copper. From the 
 bluff, looking south*., Ave saw a country little broken by any ridges- or 
 elevations; in the distance, say 15 or 20 miles south, several low knobs. 
 Bearing of southernmost knob S. 46° E. The bluff descends quite pre- 
 cipitously on the south side, say 200 feet, to the Ontonagon river, about 
 a mile distant. Our course to location 295 lay along the edge of the* 
 trap bluffs for a coupfe of miles; thence we diverge a little to the west,, 
 and leave the edge of the ridge^s. Distance to Ohio Trap Rock Company’s 
 location miles from United States location; camped here. 
 
 July 24. — Started at 8 a. m. for the location which was worked by Mr.. 
 Mendenhall, and purchased of him by the Isle Royale Company, and* 
 since called the Mendenhall Company. Leaving the camp, we ascended 
 the steep bluff, holding nearly a northerly course towards Mendenhall’s.. 
 Ascended 100 to 150 feet, and then gradually descended, passing over low 
 ridges all the way to Mineral creek, /which we followed down half a 
 mile. On our way noticed many boulders of granite and one of mica 
 
 ^Mr. Whitney had a letter from me to Judge Burt, containing the orders of the Secretary oii 
 the Treasury. 
 
 C. T. J.. 
 
^slate^ but no rock in place till about one mile north of the township line, 
 on a hill descending from the eastward; on one side of which the rock 
 was uncovered to a considerable extent— a sort of porphyry; base, reddish 
 ^quartzose; substance, fine, compact, with crystals of flesh-colored and 
 glassy felspar. On weathered surfaces, the crystals of felspar are white, 
 being partially decomposed. Proceeded on to MendenhalPs, on Mineral 
 |3reek; about one-half mile from’ houses, found two men at work in a 
 side- cut into hill from stream, in gravel, trying to trace the vein into the 
 trap. The gravel was made up of huge boulders of every variety of prim- 
 itive rock. There are now only two men employed on the location. A 
 large number of miners were employed for a year, and several shafts 
 sunk. The deepest shaft is about one hundred feet; but as it was nearly 
 full of water, we concluded not to go down it. About |10,000i have 
 been expended hei;e in mining, clearing and making roads. The soil is 
 ‘excellent. Potatoes grow admirably, and every variety of kitchen-gajde:n 
 .■stufi; is in a thriving condition. The direction of the vein, ac^cording to 
 Mr. Mendenhall’s measurements, is N. 17^ W., S. 17^ E. Tbe vein is 
 in the conglomerate and sandstone, and consists mostly of spar, (carbou- 
 iate of lime, which occurs here in fine crystals, six-sided prisms, dog- 
 tooth variety, and some rare hemihedral forms,) together with heavy 
 :spar, (which is also handsomely crystallized, and in crystalline masses of 
 the cock’s;.comb variety.) The ore is the gray sulphuret of copper. Yein 
 varies in width exceedingly — sometimes split up into fine threads, and 
 entirely disappearing for a considerable distance, the veinstone seeniing 
 to form a cement between the pebbles of the conglonTerate. The richest 
 ^pieces which had been taken out lay in the office; width of solid ore, 
 from four to five inches. Only a few barrels of rich ore had been ob- 
 tained. Mostly a poor ore, consisting of spar mixed with the conglomerate, 
 and some sulphuret of copper, yield say one to five per cent. The 
 main shaft was carried down to a considerable distance below where ore 
 was found, till thei sandstone was struck, or till they had sandstone 
 mnder the vein, the vein pitching to the west at a gradually increasing 
 .angle. Proceeding to the south, the vein evidently became poorer; and 
 when they had sunk on the vein a few rods south of the main shaft, and 
 .a few feet in the rock, there was no copper, but a curious mass of veins 
 ^of agate, with calc spar, in a kind of altered sandstone. The vein is here 
 evidently near the junction of the conglomerate and the trap; and#the 
 rock offers every variety of form, resulting from the proximity of the , latter 
 a:ock. In the bed of the stream we saw the conglomerate, and traced 
 the vein along into an altered sandstone, resembling trap, for some dis- 
 tance. Below, on the banks of the stream, a few rods distant, we found 
 a highly argillaceous, slaty sandstone, dark- colored, splitting with the 
 greatest facility into rhombohedral fragments— dipping 20° to NE. The 
 soil here is excellent. In sinking their shaft, they had to cut through 
 nearly thirty feet of clay. They are trying now to trace the vein, in the 
 4rap, and are near a very hard metamorphic sandstone, evidently in the 
 ^proximity of the trap. It is not at all probable that they will find any 
 ^ore if they ever succeed in tracing the vein into the trap. Heavy rain all 
 the afternoon, and clouds of mosquitoes drove us away as soon as we 
 could manage to leave. 
 
 W) Sundaij , — Rain all day. The thermometer at 4 p. m. 46°. 
 Remained in camp. 
 
 Part ii— 46 
 
July 26. — This morning sent Mr. Smith and Kebikijiko back to the 
 Grand Rapids for a further supply of provisions^ and started with Mr. Ber- 
 nard on the trail leading to the vein on the bluff where the Ohio Trap 
 Rock Company is about to commence working a vein of epidote and 
 quartz. Our course was nearly SW.; distance to bluff; two miles. 
 Crossed one ridge^ and down again over small stream running into the^ 
 west branch of the Ontonagon; and ascending and descending till we^ 
 reached the bluff at the mine, which is one of the highest points of the 
 range. (Barometer.) Proceeded along the edge of the bluff where the 
 vein has been traced for some distance; carrying; however; but little cop- 
 per on the average; although some spots furnish quite handsome specimens. 
 Mr. Craig has found both gray and yellow sulphuret of copper in smalh 
 quantities in the vein. The company are now making preparations to 
 work it; but it seems hardly probable that the operation should prove- 
 successful; unless further discoveries should be made. After following out 
 the vein; we proceeded along the edge of the bluffs westerly to the termi- 
 nation of the same; and climbed several high trees, to describe the situa- 
 tion of the country. We could see from Lake Superior all around the 
 whole circle to the point where the view was intercepted by the range of 
 the bluffs. Rock compact trap, wherever seen in place. Descended the 
 bluff to cabins of American Exploring Company; then decended to river 
 and took barometrical observations. Ascended over huge angular frag- 
 ments of trap, and repeated barometrical observations. Returned to- 
 camp. Kebikijiko returned from the Grand Rapids with provisions.. 
 Messrs. Aspinwalf and Cleemes passed our camp to-day. 
 
 July 27. — This morning; in company with Mr. Bernard, ascended the» 
 hill north of our camp; passed, on the edge of the same, an opening in 
 the rock, where a curious epidote and trap breccia runs irregularly through 
 the hill; with minute specks of copper; passed town line and went, 
 on about one mile to where the reddish porphyritic trap is seen ; as- 
 cended the hill; which we found composed of the same rock, and that it 
 was an isolated hill, one of the highest points — if not the very highest — 
 which we had been on, on. this range. We named it Porphyry hill. It is 
 covered with sugar-maple and hemlock. Took barometrical observations,,, 
 and climbed a tall hemlock, from which we had an extensive view of the- 
 whole country lying to the NW., and round to the SE. To NW. Lake 
 Superior and the valley of Iron river, a country gradually descending from 
 the trap range without break or variety of surface; the Porcupine mount- 
 ains in the distance, to the N. of W., rising without any high land be- 
 tween us and them, till we came to the high bluff and ranges of the On- 
 tonagon trap range. To the S. of W., distant 6 or 8 miles, a num- 
 ber of precipitous bluffs are seen, near which is Agogebic lake. Beyond,, 
 and to the south of the trap range, there seems to be a continuation of the- 
 Porcupine mountain range, and a chain of elevated land, with broken and 
 trap-like aspect, is seen to extend apparently in the same direction as the- 
 ranges of the Porcupine mountains, till it breaks off suddenly at a point S. 
 22^ W.; as seen from the bluffs of the American Exploring Company.. 
 Beyond this abrupt termination there is a flat and perfectly monotonous 
 eountry to the south, with a horizon scarcely broken by any elevation,, 
 however trifling. ‘The several heights and ranges of hills which constitute 
 what is usually called the ^Hrap range’’ are seen to great advantage from 
 this spot. They seem to run nearly at right- angles with the general course^ 
 
723 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 of the range. Along the whole course of the range there seiems to be a 
 presssion in the centre^ both ends of any separate line of hills being higher 
 than the centre. Along the range, looking westwardly from this pointy,, 
 we see bold and precipitous bluffs rising on the southern edge; in the centre- 
 a swampy hollow with comparatively low undulations; then rising agaiir^ 
 on the northern edge, though not as abruptly as to the south. Barometri- 
 cal observations. After taking barometrical observations, descended in 
 SE. direction into a swamp; ascended the range of hills, just under the' 
 brow of which we were encamped, and, after going about two miles,*, 
 struck the broad trail from U. S. location to Ohio Trap Rock Company ’a 
 location. P. m, descended to the river; took barometrical observations 
 The river is here about fifty feet in width, and from one to three feet in 
 depth. Returned in bed of Cascade river; no rock in place; boulders^ 
 of sandstone, hornblende rock, and porphyry; junction of trap and sand-- 
 stone at or near river, but concealed by overlaying soil and detritus. 
 
 Heavy rain this afternoon and night, and cold chilly weather. Ther- 
 mometer sank 40^ yesterday. ^ 
 
 July 28. — As the rain still continued, we remained in camp this morn- 
 ing. About noon struck tent, and commenced our westward march 
 halted at American Exploring Company’s, and then proceeded on about: 
 four miles in a WSW. direction through a level country, abounding im 
 fine maple and hemlock, with a few noble white pines, to the western lo- 
 cation of the same company. Here are two small cabins on two locations^ 
 but no one residing here, no mining operations going on. During the* 
 night, heavy thunder showers and clouds of mosquitoes made our habita- 
 tion, leaky as it was, far from comfortable. 
 
 July 29. — This morning heavy showers of rain admonished us of the 
 fickleness of the weather, but we nevertheless proceeded to make exami- 
 nations around the location. To the SW. of the cabins ascended a high 
 bluff, looking W., from which we had a good view of the bare, precipitous 
 bluff, bearing W. 2|^ N. and W. 5^ S., at the foot of which, we werer 
 told, lay Agogebic lake; between us and the bluffs lay a swampy hollow- 
 distance to highest bluff estimated at four miles; descended bed of small 
 course nearly NE. ; going about a quarter of a mile, found a vein-like mass 
 of epidote in bed of the b^rook, with quartz, copper- stained spar, and preh- 
 nite, with native copper interspersed in small quantity through the mass; 
 epidote in the centre, but no copper with the epidote. On one side amyg- 
 daloidal trap, with prehnite and quartz exactly resembling in appearance> 
 specimens found on the Little Montreal river; then ageiin the same appear- 
 ance on the other side of the vein-like mass of epidote. No appearance 
 of a regular vein — could only be traced a short distance; when leaving the 
 brook it disappeared under the soil. Great numbers of pieces of black argil- 
 laceous sandstone were seen in the bed of this brook, but not found in place*. 
 We followed the stream one or* two miles, till it lost itself in swampy 
 ground. Returned to houses and started west for Agogebic lake. We 
 were not able to obtain any definite information with regard to the country 
 beyond this point, and we moved on, trusting to compass, and endeavor- 
 ing to follow the principal range of trappean rocks, in order to explore its 
 contents. We had heard the distance of Agogebic lake from these cabins 
 variously estimated at from four to twejve miles. There is a trail from 
 this lake to the mouth of Iron river, but none in this direction, as far 
 we could judge. After starting, we were soon entangled in a thick cedan 
 
724 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 swamp, in which we continued for about one mile and a half; we then 
 began to rise gradually into a fine maple country, and, at a distance of 
 about three miles and a half, we came to the first bluffs ; we then continued 
 along the sides of the talus till we. passed, the mural face of the bluff; we 
 then ascended the side of the cliffs, but could not ascertain the position of 
 the lake. We therefore followed along the trail made by Judge Burt’s 
 horses, bearing abotit SW. The rocks are a compact ' porphyritic trap, 
 rising in precipitous bluffs from 300 to 400 feet. Barometrical observa- 
 tions were taken at the most important points. The rock is entirely des- 
 titute of mineral contents. After proceeding in a westerly direction till 
 ^ffark without reaching the lake, we camped on the summit of a high hill 
 of red quartzose and porphyritic trap— wet through and worn out by the 
 ^pelting of a driving rain storm. 
 
 July 30.— Pouring rain all day; remained in camp and made ourselves 
 comfortable. 
 
 July 31. — Rain pouring all day. Mr. Bernard went westwardly, ex- 
 ploring the nature of the country, while I examined to the north. Found 
 the country destitute of interest in view of mineral wealth, all the rocks 
 in this neighborhood being a hard quartzose trap, porphyritic. The base 
 is a reddish compact quartzose material, with crystals of felspar sparingly 
 distributed through it. Ascended high hill to SW., evidently one of the 
 highest points of the trap range; had a fine view of the surrounding coun- 
 try. Mr. Bernard returned this evening, having been west to the Iron 
 river trail to A gogebic lake, and two miles beyond. The country is both 
 rocky and swampy, and difficult to traverse. The quartzose rocks seem 
 entirely destitute of mineral contents. We are now encamped near Boyd’s 
 location, but not knowing its situation we are unable to find it^ 
 
 August 1.— This morning, the weather being propitious, we struck our 
 tent early in the morning, and moved westward to the Iron river trail to 
 Agogebic lake. Our course, nearly W., took us over a very high portion 
 of ground, probably the highest portion of the trap range west of the On- 
 tonagon. From the summit of a high hill Ave saw portions of the surround- 
 ing country, but could not find a point from which a good look-oqt could 
 be obtained. Barometrical observations. Rock porphyry, similar to that seen 
 •on Porphyry hill, near location of Mendenhall Company. On descending the 
 hill we encountered the worst swamp Avhich it was ever my fortune to be 
 entangled in. Rocks, roots, snags, and Avater seemed combined together to 
 form an almost impassable barricade. Forcing our way through Avith the 
 greatest difficulty by passing the instruments from hand to hand, we 
 struck a rocky tongue of land, and passing over about three miles of good 
 maple land, Ave struck the Iron river trail, which we fblloAved to the lake, 
 distant from the point where we struck the trail to the lake four miles. 
 Soon after striking the trail we left the red quartzose trap, and came upon 
 the dark compact variety of greenstone trap. Near the lake, taking a trail 
 t6 the right, we rose abruptly on to a high bluff which faces the lake, and 
 discovered a small kennel- like habitation, but unoccupied. This is the 
 location of the Charter Oak Company.” There is also another house 
 near, and preparations had been commenced to erect more substantial 
 buildings, and a large clearing had been made and planted Avith potatoes. 
 Climbing the high bluffs near the house and up a tall hemlock, we had 
 an uninterrupted view of the country for many miles in every direction. 
 
725 
 
 [11 
 
 Oh the southeastern side pf the lake the country is flat and swampy ; oh 
 the western side a range of trap hills comes down in a NW. and SE. di^: 
 rection apparently, and seems to terminate abruptly. Examined the bluffs 
 around tlie cabins, where explorations have been made; saw large quanti- 
 ties of massive epidote rock mixed in with the trap, and passing gradually 
 into it. No regular veins or appearance of veins could be detected. No* 
 copper beyond mere specks and minute traces could be found in the heaps; 
 of rock thrown out, and there is evidently no prospect of profitable min- 
 ing. After examining around the cabins, we returned on the trail to a 
 point where a blazed tree seemed to indicate a trail to Boyd’s location, 
 but it being late, and our provisions being nearly exhausted, we were 
 obliged to leave it unvisited for the present. We camped at a point on 
 the trail about three miles north of Agogebic lake. 
 
 August 2. — This morning, the weather continuing fine, returned along 
 the trap range, examining the rocks. Cari^ped at the base of a high pre*- 
 cipitous bluff, which we named Red cliff. Took barometrical observa- 
 tions, and ascended to the edge of the cliff. The hill is about 400 feet 
 above its base, and rises almost perpendicularly. The rock is a reddish 
 quartzose material, porphyritic, with small and sparse crystals of felspar 
 scattered through it. From the summit of this hill we had the most ex- 
 tensive view of the whole region which we had traversed. In front, 
 looking south, we saw a swampy valley, through which runs the outlet of 
 Agogebic lake. Another range of bluffs rises beyond the low valley, the 
 northern range being the red porphyritic trap, the southern of the com- 
 pact greenstone trap, both apparently quite destitute of mineral contents. 
 The soil is excellent when not swampy, and covered with a dense growth, 
 of hemlock , birch, lynn, and sugar maple. The porphyritic trap has a more^ 
 or less distinct prismatic cleavage. The rock is full of fractures, and im- 
 mense masses are constantly being thrown off from the face of the cliff 
 by the action of frost and other atmospheric agencies. Camped at the 
 base of this cliff. 
 
 August 3. — Heavy rain; waded through swamps, and returned along 
 the trap range to the location of the United States Company, where, the 
 weather being very rainy, we stopped for the night. 
 
 August 4.- — Weather still rainy and disagreeable. Started for Ran- 
 dolph’s location, passing Cushman’s. Passed over the copper-rock road>, 
 on which the famous mass of native copper found in the bed of thfe On- 
 tonagon was transported to the main branch of this river. Banks of the 
 river bordered with high clay hills, which are worn by the action of water 
 into innumerable ravines with sharp crests, which are exceedingly fa- 
 tiguing to travel over. Reached Mr. Randolph’s almost exhausted .from 
 wet and fatigue, the weather for several days past having been very wet. 
 Saw fine masses of coralline limestone picked up in the bed of the river 
 near here. Opposite, on the other bank of the river, rise several knobs 
 of trap, knov/n as the Middle and South Brother. 
 
 August ^, — This morning rain still continued. Started early and ex- 
 amined the diggings in the bed of the small stream near the house. It 
 is a most curious intermixture of epidote and calcareous spar in amygda- 
 loidal trap. The workmen say that they have discovered a wall-rock on 
 one side, and that the width of the vein is more than eight feet. The- 
 course is NE. and SW. There is evidently no vein, but simply a change 
 of the nature of the rock on one side of a divisional plane in the trap. 
 
The quantity of copper is small; although some specimens have been ob- 
 tained containing; perhapS; 20 per cent, of copper. They had run in a 
 drift about 30 feet; when they found the nature of the rock entirely 
 changed; or; as they expressed it; the vein cut off entirely by another di- 
 visional plane in the trap. They had tried to find a continuation of the 
 same mixture of epidote and quartz on one side and the other; but had 
 not succeeded. On the top of the hill copper is found disseminated in 
 the rock; but no vein. Mr. Randolph intended to sink upon the hill in 
 the hopes of finding a vein. The trap is amygdaloidal; and each cavity 
 contains on its walls epidotC; while crystallized quartZ; colored by epi- 
 dote; fills the interior of the amygdale. The crystals are small; but the 
 whole rock presents a very singular appearance from the lively contrast of 
 colors. The quantity of copper obtained here; to judge by the stuff 
 thrown out at the drift; is by far too small to allow of any hope of mining 
 being successfully prosecuted here. 
 
 iieft the mine and took the trail; descending the river to the small ware- 
 house; about a mile from the location; and thence struck off into the 
 woods in a NW. direction to meet the road from the location of the On- 
 tonagon Company to the Grand Rapids. The surface being covered by 
 deep clay banks ; which has been worn into an infinity of ravines by the 
 action of water; is exceedingly tedious to traverse. Reached the ware- 
 house at the Grand Rapids barefooted; and with clothes nearly torn to 
 ragS; and descended the river with our boat to the mouth and camped; 
 intending to leave for the Porcupine mountains as soon as practicable. 
 
 August 6. — Rain all day. Remained in camp. Mr. J. Bernard and 
 party came in from the Porcupine mountains; where they had been ex- 
 ploring; last night; and gave me much information with regard to that 
 region and the Montreal river district. Wrote to Dr. Jackson; giving an 
 account of our explorations up to this date. 
 
 Allgust 7. — Violent storm still continues; and we are unable to leave. 
 Wrote up journal; and made sundry reparations required before leaving 
 for the Porcupine mountains. Saw Messrs. EatoU; Randolph; and others'; 
 and obtained all the information possible with regard to this country. 
 
 August 8. — To-day; the weather being fine; we started for Iron river 
 with a Mr. Smith; whom I had hired to return to Copper Harbor with 
 our boat to bring provisions for our party; (as we knew that v/e should 
 soon be out;) our arrangements for joining Judge Burl’s parties; as direct- 
 ed by Dr. Jackson, having been entirely defeated. Had we brought only 
 a few days’ provision with uS; as originally suggested by him;^' we 
 should have all been obliged to return to Copper Harbor; by the present 
 arrangement we shall lose no time; but shall be able to keep on our work 
 in the Porcupine mountains. Reached Iron river at p. m.; and 
 camped at the mouth. Saw Mr. E. Tyler; agent of the Charter Oak 
 Company; who had a map of the Porcupine mountains and Agogebic 
 lake. In walking along the shore; found a great number of limestone 
 pebbles containing fossils — more than at any other point of the shore 
 which we have examined. They are evidently of the comiferous lime- 
 stone. This spot has long been inhabited by a band of Indians at some 
 
 never made any such suggestion. I directed him to join Judge Burt’s party according t© 
 say instructions. The surveyor general was to order Judge Burt to receive him. 
 
 ©V T J. 
 
727 [ 1 3 
 
 I 
 
 ■ seasons of the year, and they have a good trail from here to Agogebic 
 lake, which is distant about twenty miles. 
 
 August 9. — Sent off our boat to Copper Harbor, under charge of G. E. 
 ■Sniith, and started with Mr. Tyler in his boat for Union river, distant 
 about two and a half miles. Pound a tolerable road leading from the 
 mouth of the river, which is nothing more than a small brook, to the 
 mine, distant two miles. Camped near the houses, and proceeded to 
 examine the mine. 
 
 This mine is on a small stream, called Union river, which furnishes at, 
 the mine sufficient water-power to be used in hauling put the ore and 
 draining the mine. Two inclined drifts have been driven in upon the 
 mass of copper hearing rock — one on each side of the stream. They are 
 inclined about 27 ^ ; and they are now putting up a vertical water-wheel 
 and suitable machinery for hauling out the ore by water-power. The 
 exact depth of the working we could not ascertain, owing to the absence 
 of the agent. Two shafts have been sunk — one to each inclined drift — 
 ■and drifts have been run to each side from each of these shafts. The 
 bed which they are working consists mostly of chlorite, and lies between 
 the sandstone and the trap. It is four to five feet in thickness, and contains 
 copper irregularly scattered about through the mass, though, as would; 
 seem from an examination of the stuff thrown out, the quantity must be 
 very small indeed. The copper is often in folia, between the scales of 
 the chlorite, as thin as gold-leaf almost. Generally the chlorite has an 
 ■amygdaloidal structure, and is frlled with amygdales of calc spar. These 
 ^amygdales contain copper on their walls, and the interior is frlled with 
 the spar. All along on the under- side of the bed, next to the sandstone, 
 which is very hard and slaty, there is a band of clay or decomposed chlo- 
 rite, A good deal of copper was found here soon after opening the mine, 
 and near the surface, in masses of considerable size and of peculiar ap- . 
 |>earance. They are imperfectly crystallized, and the masses terminate 
 with frnger-like projections, which have at their extremities crystalline 
 faces, though rather rudely developed. Some specimens approach nearly 
 to the dodecahedral form, but they are rarely perfect. As we shall revisit 
 ^this locality again, we did not complete our examinations at this time. 
 
 August 10 — Crossed a section line to clearing of Delavan Company, 
 ^distant six miles west, and which is situated in the midst of the Porcupine 
 mountains. Noted the geological character of the route on our section 
 q>lats,'^and measured the principal points over which we passed. Crossed 
 high ridge of conglomerate, and being overloaded with a heavy pack, arid 
 several instruments, fell, and broke my barometer. Camped at the Dela- 
 van Company’s, having had a fatiguing time, as we were obliged to pack 
 all our instruments, tent, and provisions for a week or ten days, on our 
 -own backs. 
 
 August 11. — Pine weather, though warm. Left our camp with Mr. 
 Bernard, and took the trail of the Delavan Company to Carp lake, where a 
 bridge is built across the lake. Here we discovered a dug-out, in which we 
 .embarked. On the south side of the lake, about a quarter of a mile from the 
 western extremhy, discovered diggings on the shore. Found a shaft sunk 
 u few feet in a perfectly amygdaloidal trap rock, cavities of the rock frlled 
 with calc spar and zeolitic minerals. A few stains of copper on the rock 
 probably led to excavating here. Luckily, the work was soon abandoned. 
 On the southern side of the lake, the ascent is quite gentle. The height 
 
of the hill; which stretches along, the shore; may be estimated at two to* 
 three hundred feet above the lake. It is covered with fine maples. Oii 
 the north side, bold precipitous cliffs line the shore; and rise with a steep- 
 talus of angular fragments from the edge of the water. Climbed about 
 200 feet; on small fragments of hard red sandstone; to the base of the per- 
 pendicular face of rock; up which we climbed nearly to the summit. We 
 found it to be sandstone; much altered and hardened by the trap; and in 
 many places so shivered by the action of upheaval as to break into smalh 
 prismatic fragments; though it still retains its slaty structure. The high- 
 est points of the , bluff are 250 to 400 feet. Ascended the stream about 
 half a mile from its outlet into the lake. Along the banks of the river grow 
 fine pines and hackmatack; with abundance of wild roses. Landed at the- 
 houses; which are at the base of a bluff nearly 400 feet above the lake. 
 Ascended the cliff by a zigzag road. Right on the edge of the cliff; a few- 
 feet below its highest point; is the mine; which we shall examine again^ 
 and report on fully. Made drawings; &c.; to illustrate the condition .of 
 the mine, and noted geology on township plats. Returned to camp at 
 Delavan Company’s. 
 
 August 12.— Started this morning in company with Mr. GreaveS; agent 
 of the Delavan Company; to examine the ranges of the Porcupine mount- 
 ains south of our camp. Took trail to workings of Croton Company diag- 
 onally across section; and found there in a small stream that a shaft had 
 been sunk a few feet into the trap rock; near the surface considerable epi- 
 dote> mixed with calc spar; across the width of the shaft; but on descending' 
 the epidote disappeared; and a large quantity of a sort of trap and sand- 
 stone breccia; the sandstone; being converted into a hard; jaspery mass^ 
 appeared. In this breccia masses ol impure epidote are occasionally found. 
 This is evidently no vein; and a few thin threads of gray sulphuret of 
 copper which occur in the sandstone breccia; are the dnly inducements to 
 mining here. Proceeded south on section line; and ascended what ap- 
 peared to be the highest point of the second indistinct line or range of 
 heights. Found a low bluff on the southern side made up of a compact 
 red jaspery masS; which may; perhapS; be nothing more than sandstone^ 
 altered by the proximity of the trap. It is exactly similar to that found on 
 Mount Houghton. In some places; even; it still seems to retain distinct 
 marks of stratification; in others it seems to be entirely converted into jas- 
 per. We left this hill and struck south for the fifth correction line. We- 
 then struck south for what appeared to be the highest point of the range 
 beyond; or the third range. About one- fourth of a mile south of correction^ 
 line tound a Considerable lake. Passing to the west of it; we found its out- 
 let running west. W^'e then ascended again another steep ridge; which 
 we found to be entirely composed of the same jaspery rock. Ascended ta 
 highest point of the Porcupine mountains; which we estimate at 1;200 or 
 1;300 feet above Lake Superior. Returned to camp; much vexed that our 
 barometer had been broken at so unfortunate a time. 
 
 August 13. — Left camp this morning with Mr. GreaveS; and; proceeding 
 along the trail to the bridge leading over Carp lake; took trail to left;,, 
 leading to several locations along the base of the cliffs. About one mile 
 and a half from the bridge ascended the bluffs to the base of the perpendi- 
 cular trap rock; and examined several slight openings on the face of the- 
 rock where explorations haA^e been made. In some places the trap breaksv 
 into small fragments; and between the joints stains of copper are seteU; buff 
 
729 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 nothing of much interest. Between the trap and sandstone, at the junc- 
 tion of the two rocks, there is a vein of clay and decomposed chlorite, but 
 little or no copper in it. As it began to rain heavily^ we returned to our 
 camp. In the afternoon we continued our explorations up the bed of the* 
 small stream which runs across the location, to examine several openings^ 
 where they have been searching for copper on* the location of the Delavan^ 
 Company. The stream falls rapidly between high rocks on both sides,, 
 and affords a good view of their nature along its channel. The rock is 
 principally amygdaloidal trap, the cavities being often filled with yellow,’ 
 decomposed epidote, which forms a singular rock. Massive epidote occurs^ 
 all along the stream, and is evidently as much a rock as the trap itself. It 
 is not confined by regular walls, but runs into the trap, and is mixed witb 
 it irregularly. In some places a reddish jaspery rock occurs mixed with 
 spar and epidote. Ascended the hill a quarter of a mile, where they have 
 sunk thirty feet on a mixture of epidote and calc spar; no evidence of cop- 
 per. 
 
 August 14. — Went along the base of the cliffs overhanging Carp river 
 to location of Isle Royale Company, managed by Mr. Teague. Founds 
 them mining in a mixture of epidote and trap. The quantity of copper in. 
 the rock is considerably greater than we have seen elsewhere on the Por- 
 cupine mountains, but slill not nearly enough to warrant much expendi- 
 ture. The epidote is very irregularly distributed through the rock, and' 
 the copper in the epidote the same. Below they are drifting into the sand- 
 stone, to strike the trap lower down, in the expectation of finding the cop- 
 per more abundant. Why, I know not. There is a well defined wall 
 on one side, which is one of the great lines of fracture of the trap, and 
 along which the rock has been smoothed and grooved, evidently while* 
 the rock was being elevated into its present position. On the vein which 
 they have attempted to work, a short distance east of the present diggings,, 
 the epidote was mostly found near the /wall or line of fracture on the west 
 side. Proceeded to location of Hope Company. Ascended to the summit 
 of the bluffs, and had a fine view of the valley of Carp lake and river, 
 with the blujfe west, and the high ranges on Presq’isle and Black rivers. 
 A charming view both ways from the edge of the bluff through the valley,, 
 with Lake Superior on both sides. This is the gap seen from the Onton- 
 agon, and all along the shore. In front are high ranges, wooded to the 
 summits with maple, hemlock, and red oak, and running nearly in the 
 same direction as the one we are now on. Descended to the edge of the 
 sandstone, which is here about 75 feet below the edge of the cliff, and 
 found diggings along the line of junction of the two rocks in the same 
 vein of decomposed clayey rock as at MendenhalPs eastern location in the*' 
 Porcupine mountains. No traces, however, of copper. 
 
 August 15, Swiday , — No work done. 
 
 August 16.— ^To-day our stock of provisions being nearly exhausted,, 
 and hoping that our boat might be at Iron river, we started along the 
 shore towards the east. Examined the bluffs along their whole extent, 
 and crossing over to the lake shore from the eastern location of the Isle* 
 Royale Company, determined the junction of the sandstone and trap. 
 We were detained a short time by the rain, but proceeded on, as we* 
 were anxious to reach Iron river. Rocks on the shore of Lake Superior 
 entirely sandstone. Measured dip near Union Company’s warehouse^, 
 dips ] 8^ to north, 20^ east. At Mendenhall’s warehouse, dips to northwest 
 
30^. We did not £nd the sandstone in place between the summit of the 
 Porcupihe mountains and the lake shore^ but judged^ from the appearance 
 of the numerous angular fragments heaped upon the soil , that the bed of 
 trap; which forms the edge of the cliffs which overhang Carp lake^ is not 
 more than 500 or 600 feet. Found on arriving at Iron river that our boat 
 had arrived/ but that Judge Burt and his parties were expected on the 
 mext day. 
 
 Augmif 17. — To-day cbpied maps and dried our baggage^ which was 
 wet through and injured by mildew. Examined bed of Iron river, and 
 measured dip of slaty, dark-colored sandstone in its bed. Labelled and 
 packed specimens. 
 
 Dip of argillaceous slaty sandstone in bed of Iron river: 
 
 I mile, dip north 80^, east 14^; ^ mile, north 50^^ east 17^; 1 miloy 
 south 40^^ east 16^,- 2 miles, south 80^ east; 3 miles, south 70^ east; 31- 
 miles, south 65° east. 
 
 August 18. — This morning Mr. Barnard started for the mouth of the 
 Dntonagon for letters.’ I examined the bed of Iron river as far as the fifth 
 correction line. The dark slaty sandstone passes gradually into a brown 
 ■coarse-grained sandstone. Its dip is very irregular, and a few veins, say 
 |-inch in width, of Qalc spar, were the only appearances to break the 
 monotony of the rocks. No copper is found in them. 
 
 August 19. — Expected Judge Burt to-day, arid did not leax^e, as we 
 had no provisions left, and could not move till our boat arrived from Cop- 
 per Harbor. We found many specimens of fossils around the mouth of 
 Iron river. Colonel Jewett and I identified most of the species as identi-. 
 cal with those of the corniferous limestone. 
 
 August 20. — This morning we started on the trail to Agogebic lake to 
 find Judge Burt. After proceeding about four miles, we met several par- 
 ties coming in from their work, and returned with them. Judge Burt 
 .gave me much information with regard to the lines which they had re- 
 cently passed over. Mr. Barnes came in about 3 p. m., and informed 
 me that Macadebines had severely wounded himself by a blow with an 
 axe, and that they had been obliged to leave him in the woods, about 20 
 miles from Lake Superior. 
 
 August Saturday. — This morning Mr. Bernard started with our In- 
 
 dian to go to Macadebines, and take him a supply of provisions, and see 
 which route would be the most favorable for bringing him out on Judge 
 Burt’s pony, that being then deemed the most feasible method of getting 
 him out of the scrape; Mr. Barnes and myself intending to start on Mon- 
 day morning with the pony, and go in to meet them as fast as possible. 
 During the day I conversed with Judge Burt respecting the country 
 through which his last tier of township had passed, and examined the 
 specimens which Mr. Barnes had brought up with him. There seems to 
 be a region of primitive rocks of considerable extent south and west of 
 Agogebic lake. The specimens brought by Mr. B, wd^e- fine-grained 
 mica slate, containing garnets, hornblende rock, sienite, granite, &c. 
 The rocks do not rise into high mountains, or crop out on high roiling 
 land, but seem to form low ridges in a swampy country, which rise only 
 a few feet above the general level of the same. The lowness of the 
 country deprives it of any great interest, since it will evidently be hardly 
 possible to exactly define the limits of the rocks, or trace theirdines of 
 
jurictiion, Mr. Owen will; perhaps, see more of this primitive region on 
 his side of the boundary line. 
 
 August 22; Sunday . — This afternoon Mr. Bernard returned, having seen 
 our wounded man. He reports that the wound was doing well, and that^ 
 all things taken into consideration, it would hardly be expedient or ad- 
 visable to attempt to move him, and that it would be quite impossible to 
 get to him with the pony, the ground being so wet and swampy. So 
 there remains nothing to be done but to let Kebikijiko remain with Ma- 
 oadebines, and in the mean time we must be our own packers and cooks 
 till we can find some one to help us. Judge Burt and all his men started 
 out to-day to finish their summer’s work, as the next time they come up 
 will be the last. The Judge hopes, if the weather permits, to be through 
 on the 17th or 18th of September. 
 
 Augud 23, Monday . — This morning we made up our packs and started 
 for the Union River mine, intending to finish our examinations in this 
 township while waiting for our boat to arrive, and till we hear again from 
 Gur Indians. Arrived at Union river, and camped on our old ground. 
 After dinner I started out to explore Union river above our camp. At our 
 camp, 40 or 50 rods above the mine, the rocks crop out on the west/Side 
 of the stream. Hard red sandstone, not distinctly stratified, dipping to 
 north, as near as I could judge. I followed the stream on; a few rods 
 above, it forks. I took the larger branch, which runs in a southwest di- 
 rection, and followed it up a mile or two, but did not find a rock in place 
 during that distance. The banks rise on either side alternately to 5ft 
 feet, and are clay and sand, worn in some places into hog-backs,” or 
 more like our Indian ridges,” being only two or three feet wide on the 
 top, and extending along the river for a considerable distance. On re- 
 turning to the camp, I found Mr. Smith had arrived. 
 
 August 24, Tuesday . — This morning we all started out to examine the 
 southern portion of this township. We took the road to location No. 44, 
 commonly called Uncle Tom Palmer’s. Proceeded miles without 
 finding a rock in place, and came upon the clearing. Proceeded to the 
 mine, where a shaft has been sunk a few feet in the red jasper rock. 
 The individual keeping the location said they required 16 drills to pene- 
 trate six inches. The only inducement for attempting to mine in this 
 hardest of all rocks seems to have been a seam, a couple of inches wide^ 
 filled with clay and smaller fragments of the same rock, which have^ 
 perhaps, washed in from above. In short, this is a good specimen of 
 what the range for mining on locations, put on at hap-hazard in the min- 
 eral region, has led men to. Following down the bed of a small brook 
 to the correction line, distant from the mine only a few rods, we found 
 the same rock all the way. We found along the correction line low bluffs 
 facing south, or nearly so, of jasper rock. We ascended a high mount- 
 ain of the same, running a little north of east and south of west, as laid 
 down on Higgins’s map, and all beyond the range line half a mile, at 
 which point we turned back, as we concluded that we had sufficient evi- 
 dence of the existence of the same red rock continuously along the correc- 
 tion line. We then turned north, on the range line, and found the same 
 rock, as we descended, mile from corner. At the section corner, 
 miles north of correction line, we turned our steps east, and going 
 about a quarter of a mile, found Carp river, which is laid down on Hig- 
 gins’s map as west of the range line. In the bed of the river we found 
 
732 
 
 [-] 
 
 amygdaloidal trap; also about fifty rods further east; at a point a little 
 north of section line.' Near the quarter-post, half a mile east of rang^e 
 line y found conglomerate; or rather breccia of sandstone; and trap; and 
 for considerable distance further on, the same. 
 
 August 25; Wednesday , — This morning I found myself quite unwell, 
 and unable to go out; headache and rheumatic pains. Messrs. Bernard and 
 Barnes went back three miles on the section line on which we came in 
 the day before; to explore the bed of Carp river. They returned in the 
 evening; having traced the limits of the conglomerate and amygdaloidal 
 trap, and also the jasper rock. Mr. Bernard furnished a map. of the four 
 sections; on which the limits of the rocks are laid down. We find the 
 geology totally at variance with that laid down on the map furnished to 
 government by Messrs. Higgins and Hubbard. Mr. Higgins the younger, 
 who executed the sectional work in their townships; told us at Iron 
 river that he himself knew nothing of the rocks; but that he collected 
 specimens where he found, or thought he found, rock in place, which 
 specimens were carried to Detroit, and there named by Mr. Hubbard, 
 who made the map in his office from information thus obtained. 
 
 August 26, Thursday. — To-day I was much better; but still I thought 
 it best not to do much work. The night had been very rainy, and we 
 had had heavy thunder. This morning the weather still looks threat- 
 ening. Messrs. Bernard and Barnes examined the bed of Union river, 
 and the* neighborhood of the Boston works. After dinner, the weather 
 having partially cleared up, they started to go to our Indians to take 
 them in provisions, and make such arrangements as they might deem 
 necessary for leaving them, while we go on west and continue our work. 
 Mr. Smith went to Iron river at the same time to bring up a further sup- 
 ply of provisions, as we intend to remain here till Saturday afternoon. 
 He returned the same evening. Bernard and Barnes left Iron river that 
 afternoon for our Indians, and went on as far as the first crossing. 
 
 August 27; Friday . — This morning, the weather being fine, I left the 
 camp and went west three miles, following the section line part of the 
 way and the line of locations Nos. 254 and 255, on which, at the corner 
 of the two locations, we found a bluff of conglomerate some 46 feet in 
 height. N. B. — The mosquitoes never tormented us more than they 
 did here. W"e then returned to the section line and went on to Carp’ 
 river. Proceeding up its bed, which is decidedly romantic, with its falls 
 and clear pools of deep water, we found amygdaloidal trap perfectly well 
 characterized for about half a mile in a straight line up the stream, 
 which runs nearly south. Here the hard jasper rock takes its place, and 
 continues as far as the stream has laid bare the rocks. In the amygda- 
 loidal trap I could find no trace of copper. Returning and following the 
 stream down from the point where we first struck it, the amygdaloidal trap* 
 continues to be seen in places for about half a mile, when the con- 
 glomerate steps in and continues as far as I followed the stream. In the- 
 bed of the stream much of the trap has its cavities filled with epidote, 
 and there is a gradual passing of the rock in many places into compact 
 epidote rock. In other places, though less frequently, the epidote is re- 
 placed by chlorite in the cavities; and then, again, the whole mass be- 
 comes chloride, or is converted into chlorite rock. I did not discover 
 any copper in either of these minerals. Other persons, who appear to 
 have explored here considerably, have probably had the same luck. The 
 
733 
 
 m 
 
 conglomerate cuts off the amygdaloidal trap completely, a little beyond 
 the river, (8,) as seen on our map, and we have not seen it in place be- 
 yond. We turned our steps towards our camp' about 3 o’clock, and ar- 
 rived just in time to escape drenching from a tremendous thunder storm, 
 which settled down into a rain which lasted all night. 
 
 August 28, Saturday. — Last night it had rained heavily, with heavy 
 thunder. This morning, the weather being tolerably fine, I examined the 
 bed of Union river, and the brook on which the Boston Company have 
 sunk a shaft, which they have since abandoned. Near our camp the 
 sandstone crops out in the bed of the stream, not very distinctly stratified, 
 but dipping to the north. If this is not the rock which Higgins and Hub- 
 bard have denominated red slaty trap, then I can find it nowhere. Pro- 
 ceeding down the bed of the stream, we find trap a few rods above the 
 mine. Examined its junction with the sandstone, but could find npthing 
 peculiar. In the trap, a short distance above the present mine, there is a 
 large bunch of what appears to be mostly quartz, with some spar, colored 
 red, in places, (query, by oxide of copper?) and what I suppose is green 
 silicate of copper. It seemed to be a sort of pocket in a narrow vein, or 
 a mere bunch, as I could trace it but a short distance. They had sunk 
 a shaft on the side of the bank. After dinner packed up and returned to 
 Iron river, where we had hardly had time to pitch our tent, when Messrs. 
 Bernard and Barnes returned, and Kebikijiko with them, for a further 
 supply of provisions, as Macadebines is still quite unable to move! 
 
 August 29, Sunday. — This day it rained without intermission. I lay 
 upon my back in the tent all day, quite unwell. The rest of our party 
 did pretty much the same, as they were all nearly tired out. A barrel of 
 whiskey had been tapped, and our Indians, with all the others, left here, 
 and some of Mr. Hale’s men had kept up a drunken frolic all night — 
 general kakenjammer, therefore, all day. 
 
 August 30, Monday ,. — To-day the wind blew strongly from the NW., 
 so that our boat could not go out; Aveather cold and disagreeable. Our 
 Indian having recovered from his drunken frolic, started to return this 
 morning; leaving us, howeA^er, totally without help, so that Ave must now 
 be our own boatmen and packers. 
 
 August 31 , Tuesday. — Cloudy, but light Avind from NW. ; started our 
 boat, and rowed against the wind as far as Mendenhall’s warehouse, 
 where Ave camped and dined, and remained on the lake shore Waiting for 
 a calm. Sandstone all day, Avith patches of conglomerate dipping to NW. 
 30®. Shores of the lake Ioav and swampy; abundance of fine cedar; rises 
 rapidly along the back of the Porcupine mountains. 
 
 September 1, Wednesday . — This morning the Avind being ahead, and 
 too strong for us to row against, we started on an excursion to the top of 
 the hill, hoping that Ave should be able to find the rocks exposed some- 
 where, so that we might be able to estimate the thickness of the trap 
 which caps the sandstone along the broAv of the cliff, bordering on Carp 
 lake and river. Ascended the hill to Mendenhall’s clearing, and up the 
 bluff to his mine. Found things pretty much as before. In the red oxide 
 vein shaft the veins of spar.;seem to lose what little copper th^y first car- 
 ried, and there is evidently nothing here Avorthy of being worked. The 
 trap in the workings above between the two seams (see diagram) is curi- 
 ously shattered. The clay seam is evidently richer in copper near the 
 surface, where it is several inches thick, and contains little bits of metallic 
 
734 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 copper nearly oxidized through, and encrusted with carbonate and sub- 
 oxide. From the mine we proceeded eastward on the brow of the cliff 
 to the point where it begins to fall off. Here we had a fine view of the 
 mountain valley through which Carp river runs^ and of the Conglomerate 
 hill which cuts off the amygdaloidal trap. As the range or cliff on which 
 we were gradually sinks, the trap falls with it, and at length disappears^ 
 till it seems to re-appear at Union river, which we suppose to be the same 
 belt of trap as that on the brow of the cliff above Carp lake. We returned 
 along the back of the hill, hoping that we might see the rocks in place 
 somewhere on the way. We did not, however, see anything other than 
 blocks and boulders of sandstone, which are piled up all over the surface 
 of the mountain. We conclude, however, that the trap is not probably 
 more than one- quarter of a mile in width, and perhaps considerably less. 
 Keturned to our camp; and the wind having subsided, we rowed to the 
 mouth of Carp river, distant by estimation 10 miles, and camped. The 
 shore all day is sandstone, generally low, and wooded with cedar, birch, 
 and poplar. Passed the ^^one rock” in Rocky islet, an isolated mass of 
 sandstone a few rods across, and rising some 15 or 20 feet above the sur- 
 face of the water. Near Carp river the mountain seems to fall off, and 
 near the mouth of the river the country seems to be comparatively level. 
 One company has a bark shanty here, intended for a warehouse — the^ 
 
 Atlas Mining Company.” We shall examine their location on our re- 
 turn. * Carp river, after leaving the valley of the Porcupines, must descend^ 
 rapidly, as we estimate the height of the lake at 200 feet above Lake Su- 
 perior. 
 
 September 2, Thursday. — To-day the clouds were heavy and lowering, 
 but as we had ^concluded to go on to Presq’isle river, we embarked and 
 reached our place of destination in about three hours’ rowing. Rain soon 
 commenced, and the rest of the day was too stormy to allow of anything 
 being done. In the night it blew a gale of Wind, and rained violently. 
 
 September 3, Friday . — Strong wind from the north, and cloudyo 
 Started after breakfast for the clearing of the New York and Lake Supe- 
 rior Mining Company, on location 129, distant six miles; road cut ouL 
 four miles of the way over good, level county, covered with hemlock and 
 sugar maple. No rocks seen in place along the whole route, till we strike 
 the river again. Red sandstone is seen about a mile from the cabin, and 
 proceeding on we meet the conglomerate about one-quarter of a mile be- 
 fore reaching the clearing. At the same the rock is hard, compact trap. 
 Thickness of the conglomerate is here little less than one-fourth of a mile. 
 The sandstone was nearly E. and W., and dips N. 8^ W. at an angle of 
 30^. In bed of river we found boulders of prehnite and quartz, contain- 
 ing a little copper. Camped near this clearing on location 149, close by 
 the river. No mining has been done on this location, which has been? 
 kept for the last year by two men, probably in consequence of the highly 
 favorable reports of the geologist emplo^md to examine and report on it— I 
 suppose in the intention of striking this vein; but from the rubbish thrown 
 out, as well as from the fact that they had soon discontinued digging, I 
 presume without success. The mass of quartz contains a small sprink- 
 link of native copper, and might be a foot in width. Trap continues 
 down to the mine. The specimens which they are now throwing out 
 differ somewhat in appearance from those I had before remarked. They 
 were like thin layers of sandstone, with thin sheets of copper compressed 
 
735 [ 1 1 
 
 between them. It is therefore not impossible that the whole bed of chlo- 
 rite may disappear as they sink. May not the copper still continue to be- 
 found between the trap and the sandstone ? It is evident that unless the- 
 quantity of copper found is much, more considerable than at present^ the- 
 mine is of no value. They have now carried down one of their inclined, 
 shafts 120 feet, and I believe that they intend expending all their force in 
 sinking one above, instead of two — convinced, I presume, that unless 
 they find better ore, their prospects are = 0. At the mine the sandstone 
 appears in the bed of the stream, dipping nearly at about 25^, and con- 
 tinues down to the lake. Crossing over to the small brook on which the- 
 Boston Company have been Vorking, which is about one-fourth of a mile- 
 east of the Union Company, we find the same succession of rocks. The 
 belt of trap is less than one-fourth of a ihile in width, and has sandstone- 
 on each side of it, as in Union river. In the trap is a vein of quartz^ 
 calc spar, and silicate of lime, which , contains a little metallic copper. 
 Its width is from eight to ten inches^ dip, 30° to 40° north. There is 
 also epidote here in the amygdaloidal trap. The vein contains too little 
 copper to encourage working. The trap at this place presents a curious^ 
 appearance at its joints, which are filled in with red argillaceous coating: 
 which has a high polish, s® as to look almost like red oxide of titanium. 
 At the junction of the trap with the sandstone, I could not perceive any 
 signs of the bed of chlorite. 
 
 September 4, Saturday, — The day was rainy and uncomfortable, bub 
 we started out to examine up and down the river. Went down^ meas- 
 ured dip and direction of sandstone^ returned and crossed the river, which 
 is here about three rods wide, and rapid, and ascended a steep clay hilB 
 on the other side. Course of river here nearly E. and W It falls over- 
 amygdaloidal trap ten or fifteen feet, about two-thirds of a mile above the 
 cabin. The cavities of the trap are filled by spar and laumonite. Numer- 
 ous small veins of the same minerals were found, but nothing of any in- 
 terest or value. The trap is covered hy high banks of clay and sand. 
 In the afternoon we started out south, but found not much rock exposed... 
 The country is covered with birch, hemlock, and maple, and the soil is- 
 deep — i, e, sand, gravel, and clay; and we were told that^ there is no rock 
 to be seen anywhere between here and Black river. The ranges of hills* 
 are nothigh, and I found itinipossible to ascertain their general direction,, 
 from the want of any commanding point from which we could overlook' 
 them. 
 
 September Sunday. — Heavy rain all day; no observations ; remained 
 
 in camp at Presq’isle river, at location. 
 
 September 6 . — Returned to the mouth of Presq’isle river; rain all day? 
 and high wind, so that we could not move; weather cold and uncom-*, 
 fortable. 
 
 September 7. — Gale of wind and rain; unable to move from this places 
 to-day. 
 
 September 8. — Took trail on east side of the river, and ascended to* 
 location of Charter Oak Company, distant nine miles. Noted rocks om> 
 the way on township plats. Country mostly uninteresting, and no rocks 
 seen in place, except in beds of streams. Timber mostly hemlock and> 
 maple, with cedar, ironwood, lynn, poplar, and occasional white pines^ 
 Determined junction of sandstone and trap. 
 
 September 9. — Left location of Charter Oak Company for Agogebie^ 
 
T36 
 
 cn 
 
 lake along the trap range; distance about 15 miles. An indistinctly 
 blazed line leads from one location to the other of the Charter Oak Com- 
 pany ^ and we found considerabJe difficulty in preserving it. The range 
 of trap runs in a nearly east and west direction^ and rises to two or three 
 hundred feet above the general level. There are several successions of 
 ledgeS; one beyond another, and they extend along to about the centre 
 of the township. Here the ranges break off suddenly, and there is a 
 wide and extensive swamp directly across the line of the trap rocks. 
 Out of this swamp runs a stream of considerable size, Avhich forms one 
 of the feeders of Agogebic lake. On the trail, about six miles west of 
 the lake, we passed a deserted cabin: this was also built by the Charter 
 Oak Company. The trap of this portion of the range is much traversed 
 by vein -like masses of epidote, which occasionally, but rarely, contain a 
 little metallic copper. Camped six miles west of Agogebic lake. 
 
 September 10. — Ice yesterday and to-day one-fourth inch thick; ther- 
 mometer at sunrise 32^^. Proceeded along on the trap range to Agogebic 
 lake, and camped at location of Charter Oak Company; examined the 
 bluffs on the location of this company; found nothing of interest. The 
 masses of epidote are of great size; and this mineral fairly becomes a 
 rock, and might be quarried to any extent. It is occasionally accompa- 
 nied by metallic copper; but the quantity of this metal is, upon tlie 
 whole, exceedingly small. There can be no encouragement for mining 
 here) and the location is already abandoned. The views from the bluffs 
 overlooking the lake are very fine, the whole of the lake being visible. 
 
 September 11. — Rain this morning. In the afternoon examined the 
 trap ranges to the eastward; they are similar to those which were de- 
 scribed yesterday. The general height of these cliffs is from two to 
 three hundred feet above the lake. No marks of valuable veins of cop- 
 per could be discovered. 
 
 September 12. — Left shanty near corner of township, went one-eighth 
 mile to line, and theiice one-half mile to township corner. Ascend high 
 trap ridge, descend again, and cross numerous low ridges. At three 
 miles from corner found a ledge of a remarkable porphyry — a nondescript 
 rock composed of reddish quartz, felspar, and a greenish mineral, prob- 
 ably epidote. ‘This was a low ledge, rising from a rather low and 
 swampy ground. This ledge runs northeast and southwest. About one 
 mile east of west corner entered a swamp, which continued to corner of 
 township, and one mile north of corner. The ground then ascended, 
 and we rose on to rolling maple land, with no rock in place, but evidently 
 underlaid by trap. Camped at the cabin which was built for our wounded 
 Indian; found that he was gone, probably to Iron river, where Mr. Barnes 
 will probably meet him. 
 
 September 1 3. — This morning a flurry of snow, which lasted half an 
 hour, admonishing us that winter was approaching. Left camp, and pro- 
 ceeded west 12® south, across the township, over several ranges of trap. 
 Crossed a small lake half a mile long. At 2J miles crossed stream on 
 Beaver dam, then ascended on to high table land underlaid by trap, tim- 
 bered by hemlock, spruce, sugar-maple, and occasionally a fine pine. 
 Stopped at location of Charter Oak Company, on Presq’isle river. Ex- 
 amined bed of small stream emptying inter Presq’isle river, where the 
 rocks are finely exposed. Rock trap, amygdaloidal, and filled with laumo- 
 nite in immense quantity, mixed with spar and quartz in irregular masses 
 
and plates between joints of trap. No regular veins. Farther down tjrap 
 is very much broken up by innumerable veins of quartz and spar. A 
 wide seam of rock consists of a kind breccia; of prehnite and trap; and 
 sulphuret of copper; latter in almost microscopic quantity. There is no 
 reason for making further explorations here; as there, is no promise of val- 
 uable veins. The country here; which is underlaid by trap, is generally 
 gently rolling; and not very wet; and there is much good farming land im 
 this township. 
 
 September 14. — Left the location and returned to the mouth of Presq^- 
 isle river^ — distant nine miles by trail — over a tolerably good country^^ 
 gently rolling; and occasionally somewhat wet, but generally a good 
 farming land. Soil, a clayey loam. Found Mr. Barnes at the mouth of 
 the river; with our wounded Indian, who had, with extraordinary powers^ 
 of endurance, hobbled out of the woods on his hands and knees. He is 
 still unable to move, except on crutches. Being out of provisions, w'e 
 waited here this day for Judge Burt to come in, in order to purchase of 
 him. Saw specimens of sulphuret of copper from the sandstone ovk 
 Reese’s location: the sandstone is of a dark slaty kind found at Irqn^ 
 river. Examined the rocks in the bed of the stream, and made sketches* 
 
 September 15.— Judge Burt came in this morning, and we purchased 
 of him the necessary provisions and started immediately for Montreal river*. 
 Heavy head wind and rain, so that we made but little progress. Cantped 
 on shore at Deadman’s cove, distant about fifteen miles from Presq’isle 
 river. Sandstone here dips to NW. 65^ to 70^; dip gradually increases as 
 we approach Montreal river, indicating the proximity of the trap. The 
 sandstone on the lake-shore is generally covered by fifteen to twenty' feet-' 
 thickness of sand and clay. * 
 
 September 16. — Continued our voyage along the coast, with head wind 
 and heavy rain. Camped at the mouth of the Montreal river, as we dared 
 not leave our things, there being a number of Indians there. Sand- 
 stone here stands almost vertical; course N. 35^ E. The river falls hera^ 
 fifty to sixty feet almost perpendicularly; the fall is distinctly visible 
 from the lake. The rocks rise around the fall to the hejght of one hua* 
 dred feet, and present a very picturesque appearance. Rain continued all 
 day. Examined rocks on the lake-shore; sandstone is in alternate bands^ 
 of hard material, and then soft and shaly: strata occasionally somewhat* 
 contorted. > , 
 
 September 17. — Packed up what things we could carry, and left mouth 
 of the river for the cabins'of the Montreal River Mining Company, distant 
 about three miles. The trail is the great one by which the Indians of 
 Lae Yieux desert and some from the head-waters of C hippo wa river go to 
 the payment at La Pointe. The road passes over a high hill of conglom- 
 erate, covered with large white birch and cedar. Rain continued all day^ 
 and prevented all further explorations. Remained in the deserted cabiB 
 of the company. ‘ 
 
 September 18.- — Spent the whole day with Mr. Bernard in exploring the 
 bed of Montreal river, and measuring the width of the alternate beds of 
 trap and sandstone, and drew plan oi these interesting alternations of 
 rock. 
 
 September 19, first fine weather of the season. : §p6nt the day 
 in sketching the falls from various points, and measurings the sectioBt 
 
 Part ii— 47 
 
s^cross t|ie alternating bands of trap and sandstone. Mr. Norwood, of tiio 
 Wisconsin survey, passed. 
 
 {September 20.— Continued explorations of river below tke falls. On 
 descending the river, we cross the same beds of trap intercalated in the 
 .sandstone, which come into view repeatedly as the river bends. The beds 
 of trap appear to widen as they descend. The trap, is both compact and 
 amygdaloidal. The cavities in the trap are filled with a greenish mineral, 
 the nature of which is doubtful — chlorite, calc spar, laumonite, &c. Small 
 bunches of quartz and spar, with prehnite, are found occasionally in the 
 trap, in which are occasionally a few specs of copper. Descending the 
 stream, we come to conglomerate, which is finely exposed in a natural 
 section, the river having cut through in a gorge 120 to 150 feet in height. 
 Pebbles in conglomerate, mostly porphyry and hornblende rock, some 
 three feet in diameter. Yein of quartz and carbonate of lime two to three 
 inches in width through the trap, irregularly defined. In the belt of 
 amygdaloidal trap are several parallel belts of a hard quartzose material, 
 which I do not consider as being true veins. They are occasionally 
 stained with copper, and also contain minute specs of native copper. A 
 drift has been run in the side of the cliff a few feet and abandoned. 
 
 September 21. — Returned to the mouth of the river. Found a party be- 
 longing to the Wisconsin geological survey; the principals were absent. 
 Sailed with a fair wind to Black river'. Camped at the mouth of the river. 
 Examined rocks at the entrance of the river. Black argillaceous slaty 
 sandstone, crossed by well-defined lines of fracture from one to two feet 
 apart) running north and south; rock dips little north of west; it extends 
 only a short distance up the river. It is more argillaceous and finely 
 stratified than that at the mouth of Iron and Presq’isle rivers. 
 
 {September 22. — Left Black river and followed the cut out road of the 
 Black River Mining Company six miles to their cabins. Surface of the 
 township rolling, and in some places cut up by ravines. Soil sandy 
 loam, with clay sub soil. Timber, hemlock principally. On location 
 numerous ineffectual attempts at mining. There are no regular veins. 
 Much of the trap is mixed with epidote, and amygdaloidal in its structure. 
 To the west of the location rises a high bluff 300 feet above the river. 
 It is composed of amygdaloidal trap capped with jasper, like the Porcu- 
 pine mountain range. From the summit a grand view of the surround- 
 ing country, which to the south appears much broken; a second range 
 appears a few miles to the southward. The general direction of the 
 range seems to be nearly SS W. 
 
 ^ptember 23. — Went out NW. corner of township 48, range 46, one 
 mile and a quarter. South of this corner crossed trap hill 150 to 200 
 feet above the general level; sudden descent, and then swampy land. 
 Swamp nearly all the way fo southern edge of township. Half a mile 
 south of N W. corner of township 47, range 46, crossed second range of 
 trappean rocks and continued on trap rocks, covered mostly by fine maples 
 for two' miles; then descended again into swamp; Noticed many boulders 
 of granite and sienite. Camped in swamp two and one- third miles 
 south of town corner. Trap very cfompact, and mixed with quartzose, 
 jaspery material . ' ^ 
 
 Sqxtember 24.— Rainy day. P. m^, broke up camp and marched to 
 southern corner between township 47, ranges 46 and 47. Saw no rock 
 In place. Boulders in swamp, of trap, sandstone, and sienitic granite. 
 
noticed of beautifally porphyritic trap. One mile from town Cdril^^ 
 south, began to rise on fine maple country^ One mile east of NW. c6r- 
 n6t of ’tovt^nship 46, range 46, found granite in place, reddish colored, 
 large- grained; mica in small quantity, black; felspar and quartz quite 
 predominant. A knob rising gradually on all sides, and lio rock seen 
 except near the summit. 
 
 September 25. — Remained in camp on account of injury sustained by 
 one of our party. Examined the country around. Found greenstone, or 
 rather almost pure hornblende rock, alternating with the granite. The 
 
 • granite contains strings of magnetic oxide of iron. The hornblende rock 
 contains an abundance of iron pyrites scattered through it._ 
 
 September 26. — Proceeded east from camp on town line. At one mile and 
 'a half from corner, crossed Ipdge of granite and trap. Trap at summit ap- 
 pears to run east and west; height one hundred feet. At two miles, 
 granite in place, rising in low knobs; swampy and low ground between 
 knobs. Two unites and a half another knob of granite, then swampy 
 ground. Three miles, high knob, 75 feet, granite; steep on all sides. 
 Saw noble pines and spruce ; one pine 16 feet in circumference. Passed 
 and saw several of these isolated knobs of granite and greenstone rising 
 precipitously from the low swampy land which makes up the greater ^art 
 of the township. It seemed impossible to define the limits of these two 
 rocks, as they are constantly occurring together. Located all the rdOks 
 
 • on township plats. Discovered no signs of mineral value whatever. 
 -Camped at NW. corner of township 46, range 45. Afternoon explored 
 
 • east of camp, and despatched Mr. Bernard south on line. Found same 
 constant succession of granite knobs and swamps. The granite is the 
 prevailing rock, and generally coarse-grained and contains but little mica, 
 and that black. The color of the felspar, which is the predominating 
 ■mineral, is reddish. The whole character of this is that of almost utter 
 worthlessness. Some tracts are well^ wooded and dry, but the larger 
 portion of the surface is low and swampy, and covered with a dense atxd 
 tangled undergrowth. The difficulty of exploring such a region as this 
 ■can hardly be exaggerated. 
 
 September 27 , — Proceeded north from town corner eleven miles, and 
 camped . Saw same recurrence of granite and hornblende rocks, A^hich are 
 noted on township plats. Where the land is not low and swampy it is 
 trolling and heavily timbered, by maple principally. Crossed trap region, 
 which is about two miles wide, and is mostly a fine rolling country, without 
 any regular outcrop of high bluffs, but here and there low ledges from 
 fifty to. one hundred feet in height, extending for a short distance. 
 
 September 2 %, — Ijeft our camping ground and went one mile north of town 
 corner. Messrs. Bernard and Barnes went west from this point to Black 
 river for our boat. 1 went north six miles, and thence east one mile and 
 a half, and struck trail from the mouth of Presq’isle river to location of 
 New York and Lake Superior Mining Company; thence to the mouth of 
 the river, distant about three miles. Saw, during the whole day, not a 
 rock in place^ and nothing whatever of interest. Swamps alternate, with 
 Tow hemlock ridges. 
 
 Septe^er andZ ^. — Rainy and squally. Boated to Carp river and 
 cainpcd) waiting for fine weather to visit location of Atlas Mining Com- 
 pany. This location is on Little Carp river, distant about four miles from 
 its mouth, near the junction of the sandstone with the trap, which we de- 
 
740 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 termined and marked on township plat. Rock ainygdaloidal trap^ and con- 
 tains a great quantity of zeolitic minerals in bunches and flat plates, and 
 mixed with epidote, crysfallized quartz, and carbonate of lime and preh- 
 nite. There are no regular veins. The bunches often lie nearly horizontally: 
 in the rock*. The quantity of copper is very small indeed, and there is no^ 
 reason to suppose that profitable mining can be carried on here. Returned 
 to camp at mouth of Carp river. 
 
 October 1. — Started to return to Copper Harbor, the weather being still' 
 fine, but the admonitions of Judge Burt, and others well experienced in the 
 climate, having rendered us unwilling to remain longer than the 10th of 
 October in this region, rowed to four miles east of Iron river and camped. 
 
 October 2. — Rowed to the Ontonagon river, and then ^ascended to the 
 Grand rapids, as we wish to avail ourselves of the few remaining days of 
 fine weather to see what progress has been made in the mining operations- 
 of that region. Camped at the warehouse of the Ontonagon Mining Co. 
 
 October 3. — Went to Cushman’s, location of Ontonagon Mining Com- 
 pany, and found Mr. Cushman absent, and that but little had been done 
 towards estimating the real value of the region. Appearances are, how- 
 ever, not at all flattering. Furnace is nearly completed, but the whole 
 arrangement is very defective, and there will be no copper produced here. 
 Made examinations between this location and that of the United States^ 
 Company. 
 
 October 4. — Made excursion to the Ontonagon to examine the neigh- 
 borhood of the place from which the famous Ontonagon copper rock was 
 taken. Sundry attempts have been made to dig for copper in the deep- 
 clay which borders this stream. There can be no doubt that the wave 
 of copper found here had its origin in the rock near here; but the mere 
 fact of its having been found in the bed of the stream, can be no induce- 
 ment for researches in the thick clay and sand deposites close to it. 
 
 October 5. — Returned to-day to Mosquito hall, and thence to the mouth 
 of the river. 
 
 October 6 . — Prepared for departing; but wind being ahead, did not leave. 
 
 October 7. — Left Ontonagon, and arrived at Copper Harbor on the 11th, 
 having been detained five days near the Portage by violent gales and 
 snow-storms. We were obliged to wait at Copper Harbor till the 31st, 
 no boat leaving on account of the tempestuous weather. We arrived at 
 the Sault on the 2d of November, and were again detained till the 9th. 
 We reached Boston on the 19th of November, after a difficult and pro- 
 tracted journey, owing to the constant storms and v/intry weather. 
 
 The following is a summary of what has been done towards developing' 
 the mineral resources of the district between Portage lake and MontreM 
 river, whether by surface explorations, or more regular and systematic 
 3 nining. The various localities are, in general, designated in their order 
 of position, beginning at the eastern extremity of the district and proceed- 
 ing westv/ardly. 
 
 T. 52, R, 34, sections 17 and 18. — Mining Company, 
 
 Of the extent of this company’s operations I cannot speak from per- 
 sonal knowledge, as I have not visited the location. But little has been* 
 done, however, and the company has abandoned the location, as 1 have 
 been informed . 
 
741 [ 1 J 
 
 y. 52, R, 35, section 5,-^ Old Settlers'* Mining Company. 
 
 Nothing of consequence has been accomplished here, and the prospect 
 of successful mining at this point is so small that I did not consider it 
 "worth while to visit this location. 
 
 T. 52, R. 3T, sections 35 and 36 . — Algonquin Mining Company, 
 
 This is the first point in the trap range, proceeding westwardly from 
 Portage lake, where copper has been found in any considerable quantity; 
 and it is here that the trap ranges begin to be characterized by that regu- 
 larity of uplift and direction which they assume on Keweenaw point, and 
 near the Ontonagon river. This company lias built a commodious house, 
 liarn, and storehouse on section 35, near the south line of the township, 
 on a small branch of Fire-steel river. From this point there is a road cut 
 out along the town Mne westwardly, as far as section 31, where it strikes 
 otf northwardly to a warehouse on Fire- steel river, about two miles from 
 its mouth, by the course of the stream. To this point boats of consider- 
 able size can ascend,*^ although the stream is somewhat obstructed by 
 fellen logs. There is a trail from this location along the town line east- 
 wardly, for about 10 miles, when it leaves the line, and, bending to the 
 south, it crosses Sturgeon river and reaches the Anse in about 15 miles. 
 
 The height of the houses of this company above the level of Lake 
 Superior, is 621.7 feet. The mining operations of this company have 
 been confined to section 36; and they have made surface explorations at 
 several points along a bluff, which is about 75 feet in height, and which 
 runs nearly in a NE. and SW. direction through the sectior^ — the steep 
 side of the ridge facing to the NW., which is an exception to the general 
 rule with regard to the trap cliffs of this region. The trap is tolerably 
 compact, and much mixed with epidote. 
 
 At the first open cut, about half a mile NE. of the house, copper has 
 been found sparingly intermixed with quartz and epidote. One -fourth of 
 a mile farther on, an open cut has been excavated about 35 feet in length 
 and 10 feet deep; its direction is nearly N. 60° E. From this excavation 
 a considerable quantity of metallic copper has been taken, mostly ihter- 
 mixed with quartz and epidote. Nothing has been done on this Ibcafion 
 rduring the past year, and we were only enabled to judge of the probable 
 value of the mine from the appearance of the ore thrown out and now 
 lying on the spot. There were some large masses of nearly pure copper, 
 ►and the general average of metal in the i*ock was much higher than in 
 most of the localities of this description. It would be impossible to esti- 
 mate the average per centage of metal on the whole rock removed; but 
 the richer portions of the rock which had been placed together would 
 probably have yielded from 20 to 25 per cent, of pure copper. No silver 
 was discovered in any of the fragments at the mine. The excavation 
 being partially filled with water, it was difficultdo decide whether appear- 
 ances were more favorable at the slight depth to which they had pene- 
 trated than on the surface. The epidote soon decomposes when exposed 
 to the action of the air and moisture, and the rock seems to be filled with 
 seams of a greenish pulverulent mass, in which the copper is irregularly 
 dispersed. The width of the copper-bearing portion of the rock is ex- 
 ceedinglyuncquaL 
 
742 
 
 , To judge from the amount of copper thrown out at this mine^ it woulS^^ 
 seem advisable to explore this deposite of copper more thoroughly by sink- 
 ing upon it to a depth of at least fifty feet. What the intentions of the^ 
 company were^ we were unable to learn. 
 
 This company has a rude saw-mill upon Fire steel river, about two and 
 a half miles south of the houses; it has never been completed. The 
 road from the location to the warehouse is, or would be were it much 
 travelled, almost impassable from the depth of mud, the soil being wet 
 and clayey. The country rises gradually in going westward from the 
 houses to the point where the road branches to the location of the Doug- 
 lass Houghton Company, which is the highest point of the roiling country^ 
 underlaid by trap along the road. It is 759 feet above Lake Superior. 
 Thence the country descends gradually to the lake, without any marked 
 features, the soil and detritus concealing the underlying rocks entirely. 
 
 T. 51, R, 37, Sectiofi 9 . — Douglass Houghton Mh^ng Company, 
 
 This company has four locations in this township, corresponding to sec- 
 tions 9, 15, 17, and 22. Section 9 lies on the northern slope. of the trap^ 
 range, the southeastern portion of the section being underlaid by compact 
 trap; the northwestern half of the section is conglomerate, and sandstone. 
 The surface of this section is gently undulating and covered by a good 
 trap soil, the principal timber being sugar-maple and lynn. There is a 
 low ridge of trap cropping out at various points on this section, in which 
 the explorers employed by the company have found particles of metallic 
 copper accompanied by rose quartz, or, more properly, quartz colored by 
 sub-oxide of copper. Loose pieces of the same veinstone, with metallic 
 copper, were found in the bed of a tributary of Fire-steel river, .which 
 crosses this section. Nothing, however, of much importance has been 
 discovered, and no further explorations have been made upon this section. 
 
 Section 17. 
 
 This section touches the last-mentioned one on its southwestern corner, 
 and is similar to it in its general characters. It is, however, almost entire- 
 ly underlaid by sandstone and conglomerate, the trap being confined to a 
 very small area of the southeastern corner of the section. The same ap- 
 pearances of native copper and quartz havq been found in the trap of this 
 section as on section 9. Nothing of sufficient importance to justify mining 
 operations has been found. 
 
 Sections 1 5 and 22, 
 
 The cabin built by the company, which was, however, deserted at the 
 time of onr visit to this location, is on the southwestern corner of section 
 15. The company have also a storehouse on the northwestern corner of 
 section 22. There is a good road cut out from the centre ot* the northern 
 line of this township to the cabin along the section line. The blearing is 
 enrolling ground, and elevated 478 feet above the lake. The mining 
 operations of the company have been mostly confined to this section and 
 to the northwestern corner of it, the middle and southeastern portions be- 
 ing nearly level and underlaid with conglornsrate and sandstone. The^' 
 
74B 
 
 cn 
 
 northwestern portion is broken by lew ridges of trap which run a little 
 the east of north and present a steep face on the southeastern side; 
 one of these a drift has been run in for about 25 to 30 feet, and a consid- 
 erable quantity of copper has been obtained. The following appearances ; 
 are seen by following along the exposed face of the bluff, which is aboiit 
 50 feet above the general level of the surface around. The trap, which is 
 a dark compact variety, occasionally somewhat amygdaloidal in its struc- 
 ture, is divided at intervals of 3 or 4 feet, though irregularly, by seams,, 
 which are filled principally with quartz and calcareous spar in very vary- 
 ing thicknesses. A reference to fig. 1, plate I, wilh facilitate the compre- 
 hension of the mode in which the copper occurs at this locality and at 
 many others resembling it. Fig. 1 is a diagram of the surface appearance 
 of the rock; fig. 2 is a section of the same at right- angles to the general 
 line of direction of the ridges of trap. It will be seen that the trap, wheur; 
 exposed on its mural face, appears to be divided by a number of seams 
 which follow the general direction of the ridge, and, of course, have 
 mostly a rather east and v/esterly direction. These seams are rarely con- 
 tinuous for any great length, yet they may in some instances be traced for 
 a considerable distance. It is impossible, however, to decide oh the iden- 
 tity of any two portions of one of these seams, unless the rock is exposed 
 continuously along the whole course of them. It will be seen that the- 
 dip of these seams is invariably with that of the rock itself — generally 'at- 
 an angle of about 45^. At many points of their course they are accom- 
 panied by native copper, which sometimes occurs in very large masses. 
 Such is the case at this location. 
 
 GT. 51, R, 37, section 21 . — New York qm,d Michigan Mining Company o ^ 
 
 Idttle has been done upon this location more than a mere surface explo- 
 ration. A house has been built on the northwestern corner of it; There 
 are two well-defined steep ridges of trap crossing the line betw^een sections 
 16 and 21, in wtiich several veins of metallic copper and blue carbonate of 
 copper are said to have been discovered by those who explomd the loca- 
 tion for the company. We found the same appearances here as- at numer- 
 ous other points on this part of the trap range, namely, epidote occurring, 
 massive and intermixed with the trap r©ck, with its usual accompani- 
 ment of a small amount of copper. Nothing, however, was found worthy 
 of particular notice. The ridges of trap are generally elevated about 100 
 feet above the general level, and the ground between the ridges is some- 
 times low and swampy. A barometrical observation gave for the height 
 of the most western ridge on this section above the lake — feet. Prom 
 this the ground descends gradually in knobby ridges to Fire-steel river, 
 which crosses the line between sections 17 and 20 about equally distant 
 from the corners. About one-sixteenth of a mile SW. of the cabin there 
 is a knob of trap, which is elevated 660 feet above Lake Superior. The 
 section is, in general, undulating, well watered, and covered by a fine 
 growth of maple and a few Jbemlocks. The same character of surface 
 continues, the country descending gradually to the corner of sections 29,. 
 30, 31, and 32, where the ground rises in steep knobs of trap, one of 
 which, on the line between sections 29 and 30, abouLo'ne^eighth of a 
 mile from the corner, was- found to be 633 feet above Iheilake. Theftop- 
 
is iiere amygdaloidal in its character; bi\t no promising appearances of cop- 
 fper were found. 
 
 Toionship 50; range 39. 
 
 As this is an interesting township in regard to its topographical features, 
 -and one in which, perhaps, more mining and exploring has been done 
 than in any other of this district, I will give a general description of the 
 outlines of its geology and topography, before entering on a particular 
 description of the several explorations and attempts at mining which have 
 %een made on it. 
 
 The Ontonagon river runs diagonally across this township, in a winding 
 oourse, separating into two unequal portions. The three main branches of 
 this stream, called respectively the east, west, and middle branches, unite 
 in sections 27 and 28, and forma wide stream, which is much broken by 
 rapids, and can only be ascended by boats forced up against the current by 
 setting-]X)les. The banks of the river are generally of red clay, some- 
 times rising one hundred feet above the stream, and worn into precipitous 
 ravines, commonly known as hog-backs,” which succeed each other 
 many times in the course of a mile, and render travelling among them 
 mostdaborions and vexatious. There are several warehouses on the river, 
 which have been used as depots for provisions by companies engaged in 
 mining on this township and the one next south of it: most of these have 
 been abandoned. 
 
 The trap range enters the township at the northeastern corner, and fol- 
 lows a nearly NE. and SW. direction diagonally through it. On the east 
 and west line on section 12, there are two distinct ridges: the northern, the 
 higher of the two, is 736 feet above the lake, at the point where the line 
 crosses it on section 12. These ridges continue tolerably distinct and 
 nearly parallel to near the Ontonagon, where they gradually break off; and 
 at the point where the river crosses the trap range, no rock is seen, but the 
 liver has on each side high clay banks. The terminating knobs of these 
 ridges are conspicuous oQects from a distance, and are knotvn as The 
 Three Brothers.” The northern and middle Brothers are the proper 
 terminations of the two parallel ridges; the southern is a spur of the south- 
 ern ridge. The height of the middle Brother above the lake is 758 feet; 
 the other knobs and ridges on the township rise from 6-50 to 700 feet above 
 the lake. From the summit of the northern ridge the ground falls oif very 
 gradually to the lake, there being no other breaks than the ravines worn 
 by running water. South of the trap range there is a beautiful level 
 plateau, finely timbered with maple and hemlock; then succeeds a broken 
 and uneven country, much worn into gullies and lavines. In the beds 
 of the streams, sandstone may be seen in place occasionally; though the 
 bottoms are generally of red clay, and the current sluggish. West of the 
 Ontonagon, the southern boundary of the trap seems to be near the west 
 branch of the Ontonagon, in the bed of which sandstone may sometimes 
 be seen, and trap is found everywhere to the north of it, and at no great 
 distance. . It was on section 31 of this township that the famous copper 
 rock,” now at Washington, was found, in the bed of the Ontonagon. To 
 facilitate its removal, a good road was run across to the main branch of the 
 river on section- 20, which is known as the copper rock road.” A house 
 was built here, which is fast going to decay. 
 
 " ' Sections 15, 16, 21, and 22 have been the principal field of mining op- 
 
745 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 eratioiis in ’this township. The Ontonagon Mining Company first made 
 a clearing and built cabins on location 9S; (section 16,) and explored and 
 isunk shafts on this and the adjoining section. Since this a portion of the 
 location has been transferred to another company, called the Minnesota 
 Company; and at the time of. our visit, preparations were making to re- 
 commence mining on a more extended scale. It was the intention of this 
 company to prove thoroughly the value of their deposites of copper during 
 the coming winter. We understand that a large amount of provisions and 
 ^the like, destined for this company, was lost on the propeller Goliath; and 
 we fear that this loss may have retarded the progress of the work. *A 
 .shaft was sunk by the Ontonagon Company on section 22, but was aban- 
 doned and partly filled with water when we visited it. It was said to be 
 ;-about forty feet deep. On examination of the rock thrown out, we found 
 no appearance of a regular veinstone; but, as at many othes localities, a 
 mingled mass of epidote and trap rock, with veins of quartz and calcareous 
 spar, and a little native copper. Judging from the material thrown out, 
 "the appearances were not promising; and probably the mine was very 
 properly abandoned. This is called the Gray Sulphuret Mine;” why, 
 we were unable to determine, as we ^coiild not detect any of that ore at 
 the shaft. 
 
 The same company commenced a shaft near the northwestern corner 
 of section 11; but it was soon abandoned. The principal shaft sunk by 
 the company was on section 16, near its east line. This shaft is sixty feet 
 deep, and is mostly in the trap, without promise of a vein or valuable 
 metal. 
 
 During the winter of 1847-’48, it was discovered that mining operations 
 had been carried on at this location many hundred years previously; hf 
 what people or nation, it seems quite impossible to decide. A series of 
 open cuts^had been made along the brow of the hill, principally on sec- 
 tion 15, from which had been taken large quantities of rock, and probably 
 of copper. These excavations had become filled up with loose dirt and 
 vege.table matter; and trees of large dimensions, and evidently of very con- 
 siderable age, were found growing directly over them. Large quantities 
 of stone hammers, or boulders of an ovoidal shape, with a groove cut 
 around them near the middle, probably for the pur|30se of attaching a 
 handle with a wdthe, were found buried in the rubbish Avhich filled these 
 aueierit mines. In the principal excavation a large mass of copper, about 
 ten feet in length by 3^ feet in breadth, and averaging twenty inches in 
 thickness, estimated to weigh seven tons, was met with, as represented in 
 the sketch, (fig. 4.) This mass of copper had evidently been loosened 
 from the rock in which it occurred, probably by the action of fire and 
 suddeii cooling, and with the aid of copper wedges and the stone ham- 
 mers; and had been raised several feet above its native bed on blocks of 
 wood, which were found still remaining under it quite decayed, yet pre- 
 serving their original form. The whole surface of the mass of copper was 
 hammered smooth by repeated blows. It would appear that, after in- 
 credible labor, they had abandoned the original intention of raising it to 
 the surface, after having removed all the loose pieces which could, be sep- 
 arated from it with help of their rude tools. Other excavations of a similar 
 nature have been traced along the edge of the hill. The appearance of 
 the rock in one of these, with a column left to support the upper wall, will 
 be seen ip fig. 5. The whole aspect of the excavations argues in those 
 
who made them a higher degree of perseverance and intelligence than 
 exhibited by the Indians of that region at the present day. Who; were 
 the real workers of these ancient mines is a question for the antiquary to 
 study. 
 
 From the bottom of the excavation represented in figure 4y which was 
 covered with water at the time of our visit, so that we could not examine 
 it, many rich and interesting specimens of native copper and silver have 
 been taken, which we saw in the possession of the agent of the company, 
 Mr. Knapp, at Eagle river. The specimens of silver were much larger 
 than any which have been found before upon this district. The nature 
 of the locality will be best seen by reference to the figure. The opening 
 follows the general dip of the seams of trap, dipping about 52^ to 55® to 
 the north. It is seven feet ten inches across from wall to wall. On the 
 upper wall there are three seams of laumonite, and then a space of about 
 ^ne foot in width of epidote and metallic copper, mixed with spar, quartz, 
 and trap rock. On the lower wall there are again three veins of laumo- 
 nite, occupying a few inches in width. Between the two is a rotten frac- 
 tured trap rock, with polished surfaces, (slicken-sides,) with oxide of 
 iron and much chlorite intermixed. The whole appearance, as will be 
 seen, is more like that of a true vein^than anything we have found else- 
 •\phere. Similar appearances may be observed on other portions of the 
 hill ; the epidote and quartz being generally found along the seams of the 
 trap, dipping with it, and having the same direction as in the Douglass 
 Houghton location, above described. It was the intention of the com- 
 pany to sink a shaft on the locality where the large mass of copper was 
 found. We should advise the running of an adit level, at a suitable 
 distance below, into the side of the hill, for the purpose of proving the 
 whole series of veins, as represented in figure 6. If the appearances at 
 the shaft should prove sufficiently flattering to encourage working, an 
 adit level will be necessary, and the expense of thoroughly proving the 
 whole locality by an adit level, which need not be more than a few hun- 
 dred feet long, would not be very great. Tt would be rash to pronounce 
 an opinion upon a deposite of this kind until it has been proved. The- 
 amount of copper and silver near the surface is undoubtedly very con- 
 siderable. Near the southern boundary of section 16 is another excava- 
 tion, evidently the work of former generations. It is in the compact 
 trap. A seam of rock, made up of red felspar and decomposed chlorite 
 or epidote, is here exposed, and in it are strings, and bunches of copper of 
 considerable weight. The same variety of red felspar is found spattered 
 about through the rock. The evidence of a valuable deposite of copper 
 is not sufficient to justify any large expenditure. , 
 
 Near the cabins of the Ontonagon Company, in the bed of a small brook,, 
 occur large masses of epidote mixed with the trap, and calcareous spar 
 and chlorite are also abundant, filling cavities in the amygdaloidal trap,, 
 and in veins and strings. A good deal of laumonite also accompanies 
 these minerals, and generally a tew particles of copper. 
 
 From the mine of the Minnesota Company a good ros^d has been cut 
 to the river, about two miles, and it is the intention of the company to 
 send their copper by this way to the river, and thence to its mouth in 
 flat-bottomed boats. A trail leads to the mouth of the Ontonagon over a 
 country gently descending and generally not very wet or swampy. 
 
 On tills section also the Rosendale Company have a cabin, and have 
 
im [ 1 ] 
 
 explored deposites of 'epidote with copper^ speeimeiis of which contain a 
 considerable per centage of that metal. 
 
 On the west side of the Ontonagon; the principal explorations have 
 been made in the northeastern corner of section 19; by Mr. Randolph. 
 The location is now abandoned. They had drifted in about thirty feet 
 in a northeast and southwest direction; when they found the vein; as the 
 workmen said; cut off by a wall of hard compact trap. This locality is 
 one of an interesting clasS; in which a seam in the trap completely 
 changes the character of the rock; which then gradually shades off again 
 as we remove from the seam; till the rock gradually recovers its former 
 structure. This is what is commonly called a vein with one wall.’’ 
 Near the seam and against it the rock is highly amygdaloidal in its struc- 
 ture; the cavities of the trap .being filled with epidote; and delicate crys- 
 tallizations; or small geodes of quartz and calcareous spar. The rock 
 graduates off into hard; compact trap in the space of six or eight feet; and 
 all appearance of a vein is completely lost. The quantity of copper found 
 in this locality was very small, though some specimens ^contained as 
 much as 15 or 20 per cent.; finely interspersed in the rock. Copper is 
 found disseminated in the rock at various points; but there is no appear- 
 ance of a regular vein. 
 
 An attempt at mining on section 31; by the Ontonagon Compaiiy; will 
 be alluded to in speaking of the operations of this company in the adjoin- 
 ing section of the next township. 
 
 JBesides these explorations in the trap there have been several shafts 
 sunk in the clay banks of the Ontonagon , in search of supposed mineral 
 treasures, by sanguine explorers. Near the spot whence the copper rock 
 was taken ineffectual attempts have been made to mine in the sand and 
 clay. A shaft has also been sunk in the conglomerate, near the edge of 
 the trap, in section 31; and another in the banks of a small stream 
 
 called creek; in red clay, on section 34. These idle attempts 
 
 to find copper in loose masses in the superficial deposites, however, have 
 all been long since abandoned. 
 
 T. 50, i?. 40; section 36. — Ontonagon Mining Company, 
 
 This company has a warehouse on the Ontonagon at the Grand Rapids, 
 near the fifth correction line, and thence a tolerable road leads to their 
 location on the northern half of section 36. Here several houses have 
 been constructed, and a furnace erected in a rude and unsubstantial man- 
 ner. There is also a small saw-mill on a stream about half a mile south 
 of the principal clearing. A large number of men have been employed 
 here at different times, and explorations have been made at various points, 
 mostly in a vein-like mass of epidote, which may be traced from the bot- 
 tom of the hill up and along the summit for a considerable distance. 
 Its course is north 76^ east, south 76° Avest, as nearly as it could be 
 ascertained. This mass is nearly vertical, and is one of the largest and 
 most regular we saw. It has, however, no, perceptible walls, and on 
 either side of the principal mass patches of the same rock nray be seen 
 gradually converted into trap. It does not continue with regularity, hut 
 loses itself in the trap entirely, and then a feiv feet farther on it may be 
 seen again gradually detaching itself, and becoming tolerably pure epb 
 dote. A shaft haii been sunk about half way down the kiU, and a drift 
 
74S 
 
 iTim in to meet it from below; small openings are made at different points 
 in the hill farther up the side^ on the mass of epidote. The results; at 
 ithe time wedast visited the mine, were not encouraging, as the per centage 
 of copper on the whole -mass of rock removed was very small. Some 
 masses of considerable size had been found; one lower down the hill, at 
 ■the furnace, weighed 50 pounds. The copper is diffused through the 
 rock irregularly, generally between its joints, in a thin delicate coating, 
 tarnished with iridescent tints. Some pieces are in thin plates, and coated 
 with decomposed epidote, much resembling in appearance old boiler 
 copper. 
 
 This company has also commenced explorations on section 31, T. 50, 
 R. 39, by drifting in upon a vein-like mass of epidote with much quartz. 
 'The direction of the mass seemed to be nearly E. and W. But little was 
 here found to encourage further proceedings. 
 
 Sections 34 and ^6,— United States Mining Company, 
 
 This company has a clearing and two or three cabins near the centre of 
 section 34. There is a road cut out in a northerly direction from this 
 ^clearing to the Ontonagon, near the north line of the township. It is very'' 
 wet and swampy, however, and could be used only in wiriter. There 
 4s also a road to Cushman’s, the Ontonagon Company’s location, on sec- 
 tion 36. The soil of the country to the north of these locations is excel- 
 dent, and few portions of the mineral region are better adapted for farming 
 purposes than this. A few black oaks maybe found growing on the 
 Ixigli ridges which extend through the adjoining sections. 
 
 TOth regard todhe mining operations of the company, little caq be said. 
 'They have made an excavation of a few feet in the base of the trap cliff, 
 which is here perhaps a hundred feet high, and have removed a singular 
 brecciated mass of trap, mingled with epidote and quartz, the trap itself 
 being epidotic. No copper could be found at this place. Masses of epi- 
 dote may be met with, however, in the ridge at various points, and gene- 
 <rally having ah approximately E. and \¥. direction, anhin these masses 
 a few particles of native copper can be detected by close examination. 
 There seems, however, to be no particular spot which could safely be re- 
 commended as holding forth sufficient encouragemenf to justify mining. 
 
 On section 35 is a high cliff of trappean rock, made up, at least when 
 exposed with nearly vertical walls of irregul-aiiy alternating bands or lay- 
 ers of amygdaloidal trap and amygdaloidal epidote rock. No mining has 
 been done here, but surface explorations have detected particles of native 
 copper at various points on the ridge. Nothing especially encouraging 
 having been found here, the ioeation has been long since abandoned. 
 
 Section 18 . — Mendenhall Company. 
 
 Several cabins have been built on this location around a large clearing, 
 which was planted with various kitchen vegetables, all of which thrived 
 and produced abundantly. There is a road leading from the location to 
 the bank of the Ontonagon, at a point about seven miles from its mouth. 
 At the time of our visit the location had been abandoned, although during 
 the year 1846 mining operations kad been carried on there on a large scale. 
 It is understood that about ^10,004 were expended in proving the loca- 
 
tion. Several shafts had been sunk, and drifts ran from one to the other, 
 as we were informed; we were unable to ins_pect them ourselves, the 
 whole works being filled with water. The deepest shaft is said to be 
 about 100 feet in depth. The vein is in the conglomerate and altered 
 sandstone, and its direction is about N. 17° W., S. 17° E. It may be 
 observed cropping out in the bed of the small stream (Mineral creek) 
 which runs through the location near the cabins. The gangue.is calca- 
 reous spar and sulphate of baryta, in which the ore occurs mixed in very 
 variable quantity. The ore is a gray sulphuret of copper, much mixed 
 with silica. The vein varies exceedingly in width; sometimes it is split 
 into fine threads and entirely disappears, the veinstone seeming to form a 
 cement between the pebbles of the conglomerate. Some of, the pieces of 
 solid ore which lay in the office of the company, and which were evidently 
 preserved as specimens of the best which had been raised, were from four 
 to five inches in width. We were informed that but a few barrels of such 
 ,ore had been obtained. The ore thrown out was mostly very lean, being^ 
 mainly spar mixed with the conglomerate, and containing a small per 
 centage of the sulphuret of copper. We were told that the shaft had been 
 carried dov/n to a considerable depth below where ore was found in the- 
 vein;’ here the vein, which pitched to the west at a gradually increasing; 
 angle, w^s underlaid by sandstone. Proceeding southwardly, the vein 
 evidently becomes poorer; and when, a few rods south of the main shaft, 
 another had been sunk in it, on penetrating the rock to a short, distance ‘ 
 the ore disappeared, and the veins appeared to be made up of a curious 
 mixture of veins of imperfect agate and calcareous spar in an altered. sand- 
 stone. The vein occurs near the junction of the conglomerate and trap' 
 rock, and the former offers every variety of appearance, owing to the prox- 
 imity and action of the igneous rock. Efforts were made to trace the veim 
 into the trap, but, we believe, without success. 
 
 Both carbonate of lime and sulphate of baryta were found atdhis vein in 
 finely crystallized specimens. The carbonate of lime is in hemitropic 
 crystals, of considerable interest to the crystallographer, the crystals being' 
 a combination of the scalend triangular dodecahedron, of a form hitherto 
 found only at a locality in Siberia. It also occurs in six-sided prisms. 
 Some of the varieties of imperfect agate are of great beauty. Many, fine* 
 specimens are said to have been obtained here, and it is to be regretted 
 that some of the best could not have been savQd for the goverhmbnt col- 
 lection. 
 
 This locality is, on the whole, of considerable interest, as. the intended' 
 mining operations, both here and at Copper Harbor, have thrown consid- 
 erable light on the occurrence of tfie copper ores in the sandstone and 
 conglomerate, and seem to have settled the question that veins in these^ 
 rocks are not sufficiently to be depended on to make the working of thenu 
 profitable, and tfiat they decrease in richness in descending upon them.. 
 
 f 
 
 49, R. 41, section 12 . — Ohio I' rap Rock Company » 
 
 ✓ 
 
 The cabins of this company were at first situated in - the southwest' 
 corner of section 5, of township 49, range 40; but the explorations of the^- 
 company having embraced several locations in the vicinity, and the place 
 of actual mining being on section 12, of township 49, range 4J, cabins 
 were afterwards built at the latter place. From the clayey, nature ef 
 
[ 1 ] 750 
 
 soil, the roads afe necessarily bad; and the transportation difficult. The 
 trap range runs iii isolated knobs and broken ridges along the northern 
 bank of the Ontonagon, which makes pretty nearly the dividing line be- 
 tween the trap and the sandstone. The trap cliffs are here of considerable 
 elevation, and face the south with a bold mural front. The mining opera- 
 tions are mainly confined to the upper higher portions of these bluffs, so 
 that draining can be effected by adit levels with ease, in case mining 
 should be systematically pursued. The heights of the most elevated points 
 of the ridge above the Ontonagon at their base, is from 300 to 400 feet. 
 At the time of our visit to this region in 1847, nothing had \een done 
 towards proving the nature and value of the deposite of copper on these 
 locations, although preparations were making to that effect; and in the 
 winter of 1847- ’8 considerable progress had been made towards ascertaining 
 the probable success of miningin this region; yet, as we conceive, not suffi- 
 cient to warrant a decided opinion as to the real value of this singular 
 deposite of metal. Dr. Gibbs visited the locality in 1848, and from his 
 notes is extracted the following: 
 
 ^ The general character of the rock is a compact trap, containing much 
 epidote mixed with quartz and calcareous spar, the epidote generally 
 assutiiing the form of veins intersecting the trap in different directions, per- 
 haps chiefly north and south, or east and west. The copper is found 
 principally in those veins which have an easterly and westerly direction. 
 In one of these veins, which dips about 35° to the north, two shafts have 
 been sunk, one of which was sixty and the other forty feet in depth at the 
 time of our visit, and large quantities of epidote mixed with quartz and 
 spar had been raised. The epidote is frequently rich in metallic copper, 
 though, as yet, it has not been found in large masses. The copper is also 
 disseminated, though sparingly, through the quartz, and affords specimens 
 resembling those from the Cliff mine. The epidote is often beautifully 
 radiated, and, when mixed with the white quartz and brilliant metallic 
 copper, affords singular and beautiful specimens. At the bottom of the 
 hill a drift is in progress to meet the two shafts. The hill is about 130 
 feet in height, and the distance to be driven is about 300 feet, following 
 the apparent course of the vein. Other openings have been made on this 
 location and in this hill; they all present the same general characters, 
 namely, a vein-like mass of epidote, containing seams of quartz and calcare- 
 ous spar, with particles of metallic copper. The fragments of epidote are oft- 
 en covered with a thin coating of carbonate of copper, evidently derived by 
 decomposition from the metallic copper. Sometimes the decomposed epidote 
 and earthy matter form seams in the rock, which are regarded by the miners 
 as a rich ore. The company had twelve miners at work in August, 1848, 
 and proposed to erect stamping mills at once for separating the copper from 
 the rock. On the whole, the quantity of copper obtained at this locality 
 is sufficient to justify further expenditure in proving the real nature of the 
 deposites of this kind; though the nature of the occurrence of the metal, 
 diferingrfroril true’ veins, will render the ultimate success of the operation, 
 a matter of some uncertainty. The appearance of the vein seemed, how- 
 ever, more prorhising as they descended upon it. 
 
7ol [ 1 ] 
 
 ‘Section 11. — Boston and Lake Superior Mining Company. 
 
 The general character of the deposites of copper at this location is prfe- 
 ’cisely similar to that last described, which is only about the fourth of a 
 mile distant, although the epidote appears not to be so rich in copper a& at 
 the location of the Ohio Trap Rock Company. 
 
 Two vein like masses of epidote, mixed with quartz and spar meet at 
 right-angles — the one running nearly north and south, the other east and 
 west. Two inclineji shafts have been sunk on the vein, which dips to the 
 north about 48^^. The first was about thirty, the second about sixty feet in 
 depth. The epidote was supposed to become richer in copper in descending 
 in these shafts. 
 
 Traces of ancient mining operations have been discovered at various 
 points along this portion of the trap range, similar to those described as 
 found at the Minnesota Company’s location. 
 
 The American Exploring Company have built cabins on s^tions 11 and 
 12 of this township, and also on section 9; the claims to these locations 
 being disputed by them. They have not carried on mining operations, 
 however, at either of these localities. 
 
 On section 9 a few particles of metallic copper occur, disseminated 
 through prehnite and quartz in amygdaloidal trap, but we found nothing 
 particularly worthy of notice or encouraging to the miner. 
 
 The portions of the trap range embraced in sections 6 and 7, of town- 
 ship 49, range 40, and sections 1, 12, 2, and 11 of the adjoining town- 
 ship to the west, seem to be richer in copper than any other portion of 
 the trap range of the district; and it is to be hoped that energetic mining 
 will soon develop the real value of these deposites, which differ so much 
 from any hitherto described It is evident that the value of these veins 
 ean be best tested by drifting into the face of the bluff from the south, 
 thus cutting successively the various deposites, which have, in general, 
 an east and west direction, and dip invariably to the north with the mass 
 of the trap rock itself. Side drifts can then be cut, as the adit level cuts 
 the various masses of copper-bearing rock, and each can thus be much 
 more conveniently and satisfactorily tested* than by sinking a shaft from 
 the summit of the hill, besides the advantage of being clear of the water. 
 
 The operations of the present winter will, it is hoped, decide the ques- 
 tion whether these remarkabib deposites of copper can be worked with 
 profit — a question which can only be settled by the results of actual ex- 
 perience, since the nature and mode of occurrence of the copper differ so 
 entirely from anything which has been seen in any other part of the 
 world. 
 
 T. 51, R. 42, section 21.— Union River Company. 
 
 This company has made quite extensive explorations — ^more so than 
 any other On the district; they are now, however, entirely abandoned, 
 the operations of the company having fully determined the fact that the 
 locality is worthless. 
 
 This location is about two miles from the mouth of Union river, where 
 a warehouse has been built on' the lake shore, on- section 15. A good 
 road leads from the warehouse to the mine, gradually rising from the lake 
 to the cabins, which are 309 feet above the lake. The rock, which may 
 
[ 1 3 7&2 
 
 be seen in piace at nmnerous points along the course of the stream^ 
 sandstone^ running nearly east and west; and dipping 30® to the north. 
 On the NW. corner of section 27, however; a dike or bed of trap; in- 
 cluded between the sandstone; makes its appearance; and may be seen; 
 again in the bed of the stream at the location of the Boston Company^ 
 about one-fourth of a mile further east. This bed of trap appears to be' 
 about §00 or 600 feet in thickness; dipping N. 25®; W. 24® — 27®. 
 
 pig^ire — will give an idea of the nature of the bed which has been 
 worked here. It is a bed of amygdaloidal chlorite rock; lying between 
 the sandstone and trap at their junction. Its thickness is about five feet; 
 it dips about 27® with the sandstone. On this bed two inclined shafts 
 had been sunk; at the time we saw them; one was 128 feet — the other 
 100 feet on the course of the bed. They were connected by a drift under 
 the bed of the stream. Two vertical shafts were sunk to meet the in- 
 clined shafts at a short distance from the opening of the latter. The in- 
 tention of the company waS; to nfake use of the stream for hauling up^ 
 the ore. On returning to the mine; during the last season; we found that 
 a deep shaft had been sunk several rods to the north of the former oneS; 
 intended to prove the bed at a considerable depth below them. As the 
 location had been abandoned; we had no means of ascertaining the pre- 
 cise depth of the works at the time they were stopped; but we were in- 
 formed that the shaft was sunk about 120 feet through the sandstone and- 
 then through the bed of chlorite; the veinstone thrown out indicated 4)ut 
 a faint appearance of copper. At the under- wall of chlorite; there is w 
 thin seam of clayey matter and decomposed chlorite. Near the surface- 
 copper was found in or near the seam in masses of very considerable^ 
 weight — pieces weighing fifty pounds or more were taken out; we could 
 not ascertain that any of these large masses had^been met with in descend- 
 ing. The copper occurs at this mine in a singular manner. The chlo- 
 rite is amygdaloidal in its structure; the ainygdales being filled with cal- 
 careous spar;' and when the copper occurs, it is generally as a thin, delicate 
 envelope around the exterior of the amygdales of spar, and sometimes 
 interspersed through the chlorite. Even in the masses which look 
 richest the per centage of copper is very small, since the copper is in 
 lamina ?. 5 or films, so thin that the appearance of it is very deceptive. 
 Much the greater part of the chlorite rock, however, contains no trace of 
 copper at all, and, taken together, the whole bed would certainly average 
 less than one per cent, of that metal. Some of the copper at the surface 
 occurred crystallized in elongated, distorted crystals, as this metal some- 
 times occurs elsewhere. 
 
 In the bed of the stream, a few rods above the mine, is a large mass of 
 (ju’artzose and sparry matter in the trap, which has been explored to some 
 extent. It is mostly quartz, colored red by sub-oxide of copper, with 
 some chloritic substance intermixed. It contains a small sprinkling of 
 metallic coffper — nothing, however, of value. 
 
 T. 51; i?. 42; sections 22 and 27 . — Boston Mining Company, 
 
 But little beyond mere surface exploration has been done here. It is 
 the same bed of trap whicji appears here as in Union river. In this trap, 
 there is a vein of quartz, calcareous spar, and silicate of lime, whichi 
 contains a very little metallic copper sprinkled through it. Its width is 
 
from 8 to 10 inches, and it dips from 30® to 1:0® north. There is also a 
 little epidote in the amygdaloidal trap. There is far too little copper to 
 encourage working, and the place is abandoned. The trap at this place 
 is very much fractured, and has its seams filled with a highly-polished 
 elayey matter (slicken- sides.) At the junction of the trapyrith the sand- 
 stone no signs of the bed of chlorite which has been worked at Union 
 jriver can be perceived. 
 
 Section 32. 
 
 Near the correOtion-line a shaft has been sunk in the hard jasper 16 or 
 20 feet deep, where it remains a monument both of persevering industry 
 and of misdirected effort, since the difficulty of drilling and blastiiig the 
 closest-grained and toughest of silicious rocks could only be equalled by 
 the absurdity of attempting to mine a seam of an inch or two in thick- 
 ness in a perfectly barren rock, into which a little clay and dirt had wash- 
 ed from the surface. 
 
 Township 51 , range 43. 
 
 As this township has been the scene of a good deal of mining explora- 
 tion, I will briefly describe its geological and topographical .features, 
 before proceeding to allude to the diflerent mining companies in particular. 
 The township is much broken by the ranges of the Porcupine mount- 
 ains, which occupy nearly the whole of it. An almost unbroken pre- 
 cipitous cliff extends along from the centre of section 13 to section 30 
 diagonally across the' township. It is elevated at its highest point about 
 976 feet above the lake, and rises in some places almost vertically, with a 
 steep talus of angular fragments of sandstone and trap at its base, nearly 
 500 feet above the level of Carp lake and river, which flows at its foot. 
 This ridge is trap protruded through between the sandstone, which is 
 found both above and below it'. The bed of trap is probably not more 
 than a few hundred feet in thickness. Parallel with this range of bluffs 
 extends the valley of Carp lake and river. The former is elevated 483 
 feet above the level of Lake Superior. South of this valley, which is 
 very narrow, rises immediately a series of rounded heights of amygdaloi- 
 dal trap, which form a second range much less regular in its outline than 
 the first. Beyond this, to the south, occurs the highest range of quartzose 
 rock, or red jasper, in which nothing of mineral value has been discovered. 
 Almost all the explorations on the township have been made in the first 
 ridge nearest to the lake, and at the junction of the trap and the sand- 
 stone. 
 
 Section 14.— isfe Roy ale Company, 
 
 This locality is situated nearly at the top of the high trap bluff which 
 overlooks the valley of Carp lake, and the mine is about 900 feet above 
 the lake. 
 
 A reference to figure 7 will show the situation of the deposite of cop- 
 per which was sought to be worked, and which is in some respects simi- 
 lar to that of the Union River Company, and peculiar to this regiqii. It 
 is like that between the sandstone and the trap rock at their junction- 
 Part ii — 48 
 
754 
 
 in 
 
 The sandstone dips 30*^ to N.^ and at and below the line of junction it^ 
 is much broken and hardened; apparently by the igneous action of the 
 trap. Between the sandstone and the trap is a seam about one foot in 
 width; of blue plastic clay and decomposed chlorite; with rounded boulders 
 of sandstone; much altered and sparry; of from one to three or four inches 
 in diameter. In this" seam; and directly in contact with the trap rock;, 
 masses of copper were found near the surface ; one of which weighed 55 
 pounds. As was the case with the Union river depo sites ; it was metv/ith 
 in much smaller quantities farther down on the bed. An inclined drift 
 on the bed was carried down about 20 feet; but we could see no signs of cop- 
 per at that depth. At the upper side of the drift was a thin seam of calcareous 
 spaT; varying from one to four inches; and sometimes spreading out to a 
 foot in width; it was much mixed with trap; so as to form a sort of breccia. 
 Several feet below the juncture of the trap and sandstone was a narrow 
 seam of rock in the sandstone; containing a small quantity of metallic 
 copper; much oxidized to red oxide and green carbonate. This had beeii 
 explored somewhat; but the quantity of copper found was very small. 
 
 The same company have explored at a locality about a quarter of a mile 
 west of this; also in the face of the steep cliff, where there occurs metallic 
 copper; associated with epidote; in one of dhose vein-like masses of the" 
 xock which occur so frequently in this district; and which seem here to 
 have rather a N. and S. direction; whereaS; on the Ontonagon they fre- 
 quently run with the formation; that is; nearly NE. and SW. The 
 quantity of copper associated with the epidote at this place is quite smalL 
 
 T. 51; R. 43; sections 27 amd 28 . — Delavan Mining Company, 
 
 This company has a warehouse at the lake shore on section 10; and a 
 trail leads from thence over the trap bluff to the clearing and cabins on 
 sections 27 and 28. There are no regular veinS; or appearances of any;^ 
 on either of these two localities; and it would be difficult to say what had 
 induced any one to commence mining operations here. In the bed of th^r 
 small stream which runs through the clearing; the rock mostly exposed 
 is epidote; passing into amygdaloidal trap; the two are so intermixed that 
 it is impossible to draw a line of separation between them. The cavities 
 of the amygdaloidal trap are often filled with epidote; both pulverulent 
 and crystalline; whose bright green color contrasts singularly with the; 
 dark brown of the trap itself. Sometimes the cavities are filled with crys- 
 talline quartZ; and the exterior of the amygdales coated with epidote* 
 A shaft was sunk at this locality a few feet from the trap; where it has a 
 singularly brecciated character. It is filled with small veins of calcareoiis 
 spar and zeolitic minerals; and it would be difficult to say whether it 
 should be classed with the trap or the sandstone. A few thin streaks of 
 gray sulphuret of copper are the only indications of metallic contents. 
 
 This location has also been abandoned. The same company have 
 anade explorations on section 21; in the trap bluff; where traces of gray 
 sulphuret of copper have been detected. 
 
 Action 20 . — Hope Mining Cmipany. 
 
 Mo mining exploration of any consequence has been made on this loca^ 
 tion nor are there signs of anything valuable. There is epidote in the*^ 
 
735 
 
 m 
 
 cliff; with a few particles of native copper. The company has a ware- 
 house at the lake shore; and a clearing with a cabin on the location. 
 
 Section 32. — Croton Mining Company, 
 
 This company has built a cabin and sunk a shaft to the depth of 60 
 feet; in the amygdaloidal trap rock; as we were informed. The appearances 
 are much the same as at the adjoining location of the Delavan Company.. 
 There is no vein; nor any appearance of one; at the place; and we coiild 
 detect no copper in the rubbish thrown, out. 
 
 Section 30. — Isle Roy ale Mining Company, 
 
 This company has mined pretty extensively at this locsttioU; which is 
 on the trap cliff so often mentioned; and near its western termination. 
 Several houses were built on Carp river; communicating by a road with 
 a warehouse on the lake shore. The character of the rock is similat to 
 that at the other location of this company on the other extremity of the 
 trap bluff. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate this. Figure 10 shows the ap- 
 pearance of an almost vertical mass of epidote running into the trap 
 gradually at both endS; and connected with it on the sides by numerous 
 branches. The company; satisfied that there was not a sufficieut per 
 centage of copper in the place where they were drifting; (at A;) cdrh- 
 menced a drift about 100 feet beloW; in the sandstone; which they had 
 extended about 180 feet at the time of our visit. What the precise object 
 of the drift was it is difficult to see; and whether it was ever completed 
 we have not learned; it being soon after abandoned. The sandstone here 
 dips 25*^ to N. A large quanMy of ^idote had been quarried out; con- 
 taining a little metallic copper with quartz; only a very small per centage, 
 however; of the whole mass. 
 
 In regard to all the.locations on the Forcupine mountains; there cati M 
 no hesitation in saying that there is no promise of a sufficient yield of 
 copper in any one of them. 
 
 T, 49; R, 42; section — .* Boyd^s location. 
 
 On this location are two small cabinS; and a clearing. It is approached 
 from the Iron river trail to Agogebic lake; and is distant about six miles 
 from that trail; a blazed line leading to it from a point about two arid a Hdlf 
 miles south of that where the trail crosses Iron river for the second time. 
 The location .lies upon the trap range; on the southern branch of it; and 
 about ten miles south of the fifth correction line. The trap is of the com- 
 pact greenstone variety on this portion of the range; while the riofthern 
 portion; which is separated from it by an interval of about two riailes hf 
 low swampy country; is of the porphyritic quartzose variety. Near the 
 bed of the stream; close to the eastern cabin, occurs a mass of epidotie 
 rock; passing into trap, and containing specks of metallic copper. A 
 small quantity of rock has been thrown out here, but the per centage of 
 copper which is contained in it is very small indeed. At the sotitheastem 
 corner of the location, near tke summit of a trap cliff 200 feet in height^ 
 occurs another mass of epidotie rock which has been exposed 4n search of 
 copper/ This mass is about six feet in breadth by ten feet in length; ij 
 
in 
 
 756 
 
 j^esents superficially some of the characters of a vein; but passes grad- 
 ually into the trap on both sides and above; so as to be no longer distin- 
 guishable at the distance of a few miles. A few particles of copper are 
 found in the epidote; but appearances; on the whole; are unpromising. • 
 
 , About a quarter of a mile west of the cabins^ near the trail; is the 
 locality known as the ^^red oxide vein. At this place a small clearing 
 has been made; and a few tons of trap rock have been thrown out in 
 search of copper. The trap is very hard and compact; and contains epi- 
 dote , and is sometimes stained ^ by carbonate of copper. The seams of 
 the trap are filled with thin plates of a red; crumbly substance; probably 
 decomposed laumonite. The epidote haS; as usual;, some resemblance to 
 a veiii; but there is no regular veiii; and no specimens of copper or oxide 
 of copper could be found at the locality. Considerable masses have> 
 however; been obtained from this place; being mostly native copper; en- 
 crusted with the red oxide ; and rock stained and impregnated with the 
 carbonate. The red oxide is probably an after product; from the oxida- 
 tion of the native copper. Near the place is another opening of the same 
 'kind; but no copper or signs of a vein could be discovered. On the 
 whole there is no reason to suppose that mining operations at this point 
 would be attended with favorable results; there being no promise of ap- 
 pearance of a regular veiri; and the copper accompanying the epidote 
 
 being in too small quantity to justify further search fer that metal. 
 
 ! 
 
 T. 48; R. 42^ section 6. — Cimrter Oak Mining Compa7ty'^s location. 
 
 This location is upon the northern shore of Agogebic lake; on the south- 
 ern edge of the trap range, where it rises m a bold cliff from one hundred 
 to two hundred feet above the lalft below. Two small cabins had been 
 built; and a considerable tract of country cleared; and preparation had 
 been made to erect a commodious house, but the locality was deserted 
 before the completion of it. Indeed, there is nothing upon the locality 
 which would justify any expenditure upon it. The appearances here are 
 the same as at many other points on the trap range in the vicinity. The 
 trap is frequently replaced by epidote rock, which forms large masses in 
 it; without any very definite direction or line of separation from the trap, 
 and; as is so generally the case, Ihe epidote is often accompanied with 
 specks of metallic copper; but here, as elsewhere, not in sufficient quan- 
 tity to warrant any expenditure in working. Nothing beyond mere sur- 
 face exploration has been done on this location. 
 
 This company has also explored, at various points along the trap cliffs, 
 in township 48, range 43, where epidote occurs in large quantity, but the 
 amount of copper found is very small ; in fact, to the west of Agogebic 
 lake and south of the Porcupine mountains, this metal has nowhere been 
 met with but in minute particles. No large masses resembling those of 
 the Ontonagon region occur here, neither is there any appearance of veins, 
 regular or irregular. 
 
 T* 50 ; £. 44 ; section 17 (9 ), — Atlas Mining Company, 
 
 This company has a small warehouse at the mouth of Carp river, 
 whence a trail leads to the location, distant about four miles. The loca- 
 tion is upon Little Carp river, and is in the amygdaloidal trap, which. 
 
757 
 
 [»I 
 
 forms the continuation of the Porcupine mountain ranges^ the surface«being^ 
 rolling; and not broken by precipitous cliffs. The rocks are principally, 
 exposed in the bed of the stream; and at the time of our visit no mining 
 operations of consequence had been accomplished; although preparations 
 were making to spend the coming winter in sinking upon what was con- 
 sidered the most favorable of the places indicated as^ containing copper. 
 There were no signs of a regular vein at the location; but great quantities 
 of zeolitic minerals were scattered through the trap; both in the amygda- 
 loidal cavities and also in large flat plates or sheets at irregular intervals ii^ 
 the rock. The occurrence of these layers of minerals was mistaken by 
 those who had directed operations here as indications of the presence of 
 a regular vein ; which was not the case; since these masses were entirely 
 independent of each other; and scattered irregularly through the trap. The^ 
 quantity of copper contained in the zeolitic minerals accompanying the 
 trap at this point was exceedingly small; and the location has probably 
 long since been abandoned. The principal minerals which occur here 
 are crystallized quartz ; prehnitC; datholite; and laumonite in large quan- 
 tities; together with calcareous spar; which formed the larger part of the 
 masses of foreign minerals scattered through the trap. 
 
 T, 49; jR, 44, section — ; CJm'ter Oak Mining Company. 
 
 There is a house and clearing here on a branch of a small tributary of 
 Presq’isle river; distant by trail nine miles from the lake shore. The trap 
 region here is rolling and elevated; without isolated ridges. The soil is 
 excellent. No mining has been done; and the location has been aban- 
 doned. The rocks are principally a very amygdaloidal variety of trap^ 
 filled with an abundance of laumonite and other zeolitic minerals; also’ 
 seams of quartz and calcareous spar; running in every direction through the 
 trap; which is finely exposed in a section 100 feet in height; by the, pas- 
 sage of a small stream . The trap is much fractured; and the seams are 
 filled with a clayey oxide of iron. Farther down the strain the trap is 
 broken'up by innumerable veins of calcareous spar; seeming to form a 
 sort of breccia of these materials. A few minute particles of sulphuret of 
 copper were all that wm could discover by diligent search. 
 
 T. 49; R. 45; section — ; New York and Lake Superior Mining Com^ 
 
 pany. ( Location No. 149.) 
 
 The trail to this location leads from the mouth of Presq’isle river; on 
 the left bank; to the cabins ; distant about six miles. A part of the way 
 there is a well cut out road. The trap range is here rolling and uneven; 
 but the rock is not exposed in high cliffs. The river gives ; however; a good 
 section of the junction of the trap and sandstone. The trap at the junc- 
 tion is hard and compact; further up the stream it is highly amygdaloidal; 
 accompanied, as usual, by zeolitic minerals. We found boulders of preh- 
 - nite and quartz, containing a few specks of native copper, in the bed of 
 the rivdr. In the course of the two years during which two persons 
 have been employed in exploring in this vicinity, nothing of value has 
 been discovered, and no mining operations have been commenced, the^ 
 efforts of the company having been confined to the cutting of roads and 
 the building of cabins. 
 
758 
 
 fl] 
 
 The rock is rarelf exposed in this region^ except when cut by consid- 
 erable streams of water. The surlace is covered with a deep accumula- 
 tion of clay and sand. 
 
 T. 48, i?5 46, section 5. — Black River Mining Company^, 
 
 A warehouse has been built by this company at the mouth of Black 
 river; and a well cut out road leads to the clearing and houses; distant 
 about five miles from the lake shore. The soil is good; and the aspect 
 of the country agreeable. Explorations have been made at several 
 points in the vicinity; and shafts have been commenced in sundry 
 places; but entirely without success; and the location has been deserv- 
 edly abandoned. 
 
 T, 48; J?. 49; sections 23; 24; 25; and 26. — Montreal River Mining 
 
 Company, 
 
 This company had lea>ses of several locations of three miles square 
 along the course of this river; but their explorations have been confined 
 to lease No. 19; at a point about four mileS; by the trail; from the mouth 
 of the river. 
 
 In general the rocks are very little exposed in this region; except upon 
 the lake shore and in the bed of the Montreal river; which; where the 
 trap crosses it; has cut a deep gorge through the almost vertical strata of 
 sandstone' alternating with trap; and through the thick belt of conglom- 
 erate which flanks the trap on the northern side; exposing a fine section 
 of the rocks. The operations of this company have been very limited; and 
 after building a house and making a clearing; the location seems to have 
 been abandoned; an excavation of a few feet in depth only having been 
 dug into the river b^nk. The trap is both compact and amygdaloidal — 
 generally the latter. That belt which lies nearest to the conglomerate is 
 most decidedly amygdaloidal; and contains large quantities of the usual 
 iseolitic minerals which occur irregularly scattered through the rocks ; 
 and contain occasionally a minute trace of copper. There are numerous 
 irregular veins of a hard quartzose material; occasionally stained with 
 copper, occurring in this belt of the trap. Their course is nearly north 
 55^ west; and they dip from 45^ to They are very limited; and I 
 
 do not consider them as affording any probable indication of valuable 
 copper deposites. The quantity of copper they contain is exceedingly 
 small; and it is not probable that their continuance could be depended 
 Bpou 
 
STATISTICS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE MJiIES OF KEWEENAW POINT, 
 
 Compiled by Messrs. Foster and HiM. 
 
760 
 
 Stutislies of the mines of Keweenaw Pointy 
 
 I^ame of company, 
 and situation. 
 
 JBoston and Pittsburg, 
 ( Cliff mine.) — Sec. 
 36, township 58, 
 ran^e 32 west. 
 
 Nature of the rocks. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 393 Greenstone forming^ 
 the top of the cliff, 
 amygdaloid and rot- 
 ten chlorite below. 
 
 Nature of the vein. 
 
 The lode bears north 
 27° east ; underlie 
 10° to the east ; av- 
 erage width 18 in., 
 and is nearly at 
 right angles to the 
 prolongation of the 
 hills. 
 
 
 Mrik American . — 
 Section 2, town- 
 ship 57, range 32 
 west. 
 
 Myrikwest . — Section 
 15, township 58, 
 range 30. 
 
 1 
 
 Am 
 
 666 
 
 In the same range with 
 the Cli-ff mine; rocks 
 similar. 
 
 The super-position of 
 the rocks is this: por- 
 phyry passing into 
 greenstone; on the 
 summit of the hill 
 cotJglomerate 12 ft., 
 dipping to the north- 
 west; amygdaloid 
 where the shafts 
 have been sunk ; 
 dark compact trap 
 at the mouth of the ^ 
 adit. Conglomerate i 
 probably limits the 
 veins on the north. 
 
 There are three veins. 
 The width of the 
 working vein is 3 
 feet, bearing north 
 38° west ; underlie 
 12° to the east. 
 
 Three working veins 
 within 200 yards of 
 one another. 1st 
 Stoughtenburg vein 
 bears north 16® 35 
 east; 2d. Hogan, 
 north 19° west ; 3d. 
 Kelley, north 17° 
 12' east. The course 
 of the Hogan vein 
 intersects both of 
 the other veins, but 
 the work has not 
 been prosecuted far 
 enough to determine 
 whether it becomes 
 merged or cuts 
 through. Width of 
 1st vein 14 inches; 
 2d, 20 ineKes; 3d, 15. 
 inches. Underlie of 
 the lat 8°* to the east; 
 2d, west 8®; 3d , west 
 10 °. 
 
 Nature of the ore. 
 
 Copper, native, in large 
 I sheets or masses, 
 one of which was 
 exposed supposed 
 to weigh 50 tons. 
 These sheets/ fre- 
 quently attain a 
 thickness of 2§ fc., 
 with little rock in- 
 termixed ; also dis- 
 seminated through 
 the veinstone. Sur- 
 faces often convert- 
 ed into red oxide 
 and green carbon- 
 ate, but more fre- 
 quently bright cop- 
 per-red. Silver, na- 
 tive, more or less 
 associated with the 
 copper, but most 
 abundant near the 
 cross-course. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 sheets and dissemi- 
 nated. Silver, na- 
 tive, associated with 
 the copper. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 sheets and dissemi- 
 nated. One of the 
 masses from the 
 Stoughtenburg vein 
 weighed 2,700 lbs. 
 Red oxide and green 
 carbonate of copper 
 occasionally found. 
 Silver, native, asso- 
 ciated with the cop- 
 per. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
761 
 
 [1 
 
 compUed hy Messrs, Foster and HUl, 
 
 Nature of the vein- Depth of. shafts. Length of gah 
 stone. leries. 
 
 The veinstone is 18^ 
 composed of sev- 
 eral gangues ; 
 drusy quartz, 
 calc spar, chlo- 
 rite, and preh- 
 nite predomi- : 
 Bale. 
 
 FeeU 
 
 1st, 275; 2d, 
 1,278; 3d, 
 
 408; 4ih, 340. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 & 
 
 <o 
 O o 
 
 <SL 
 ■ V ^ 
 
 X) 
 
 6,000 75 |32 
 
 under 
 ground. 
 
 ^ 65 - 25 
 surface. 
 
 Calc spar, quariie, .. 155 1st, 80; 2d, 164; Effected by 6,060 12 30 0^ 
 
 epidote, chlorite, 3d, 248. whim work- miners, 
 
 and laumonite. ed by horse ; 8 24 
 
 three hours’ surface. 
 
 In the Kelley vein 
 ^rehnite predom- 
 inates, associated 
 with chlorite and 
 calc spar. In the 
 other veins calc 
 spar predomi- 
 nates, associated 
 also with chlo- 
 rite and quartz. 
 
 Kelley vein — 
 1st, 40; 2d, 
 50. 
 
 Stoughtenburg 
 vein-lst, 27 ; 
 2d, 30. 
 
 Hogan vein — 
 1st, 50; 2d, 
 40; 
 
 Stoughtenburg 
 220; Kelley, 
 268; Hogan, 
 86 . 
 
 pumping per 
 
 day required. 
 
 [ 2, 500 
 (1,000 
 unas- 
 sess- 
 able.) 
 
 Tempo rarilj 
 suspen ded.* 
 
m 
 
 762 
 
 STATEMENT— 
 
 
 Name of company, 
 and situation. 
 
 d 
 
 O) . 
 
 JO ‘Z 
 
 d oj 
 
 d 
 
 > 
 
 
 I'fature of the rocks. 
 
 Nature of the vein. 
 
 Nature of the ore. 
 
 Copper Falls. — Sec. 
 11, township 58, 
 range 31. 
 
 J^'orthwestern . — Sec. 
 24, township 58, 
 range 31. 
 
 i^.e Superior^(Eagle 
 Rwer ) — Sections 
 19 and 30, town- 
 ship 58, range 31 
 west. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 203 
 
 The mining ground 
 here is amygdaloidal 
 trap, and is probably 
 limitsd to a space of 
 36 ft. on the surface, 
 being bounded on 
 the north by a strat- 
 um of conglomerate, 
 and on the south by 
 a belt of sandstone; 
 after penetrating the 
 sandstone, calc spar 
 was observed for a 
 distance, and then 
 all traces of mineral 
 disappears. 
 
 Average width of the 
 lode 10 inches, bear- 
 ing north 23° east. 
 
 593! 
 
 The mining ground is 
 similar to that of the 
 Northwest, the por- 
 phyry, conglomer- 
 ate, and amygdaloid 
 occupying the same 
 relative positions. 
 
 The lode is, on the av- 
 erage, 18 inches, but 
 in places it expands 
 to 4 feet, bearing 
 north 22^ 51' west; 
 underlie slightly to 
 the west. 
 
 237 
 
 Greenstone at the sur- 
 face ; a felspar and 
 hornblende rock be- 
 neath ; amygdaloid 
 still below. Seen 
 best at the upper 
 shaft. A thin strat- 
 um of conglomerate, 
 dipping tothenorth- 
 we)»t, a few rods be- 
 low the lower shaft, 
 with trap breccia 
 imposed. Werk- 
 ings not sufficiently 
 extensive to deter- 
 mine whether the 
 
 conglomerate limits 
 the vein in that di- 
 rection. 
 
 The lode is from 1 to 
 3 feet wide, bearing 
 north 70° west; un- 
 derlie slightly to the 
 west. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 masses ; one of 
 which, nearly pure, 
 weighed upwards 
 of 12 tons ; also 
 disseminated in the 
 veinstone. Red ox- 
 ide and green car- 
 bonate occasionally 
 found. Silver, na- 
 tive, associated with 
 the copper ; most 
 abundant near the 
 junction of the con- 
 glomerate and trap 
 on the north, also 
 along the west wall 
 of the vein. 
 
 Copper, native, in thin 
 sheets and spangles ; 
 also disseminated ; 
 also green carbonate 
 and red oxide in- 
 crusting tlie sur- 
 faces. Silver, na- 
 tive, occasionally 
 found, mostly on 
 the west side of 
 the vein. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 spangles and shot- 
 like masses in the 
 cells of. the amyg- 
 daloid. Silvey, na- 
 tive, assoeiatea with 
 the copper; also in 
 a peculiar red soft 
 trap on the west 
 wall of the vein. 
 
 
Continued 
 
 'Nature of the vein- 
 stone. 
 
 • 
 
 4-1 
 
 C 
 
 <u 
 
 CJ 
 
 u 
 
 <0 
 
 Depth of shafts. 
 
 Len^h of gal- 
 leries. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Number of men em- 
 ployed. * 
 
 Average monthly pay. 
 
 - 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Chlorite, prehnite, 
 
 • • 
 
 Main, 130; 2d, 
 
 1st, 496 ; 2d, 
 
 Drainage effect- 
 
 3,000 
 
 20 
 
 #32 GO 
 
 calc spar, and 
 
 
 78l;- 3d, 46 ; 
 
 177; 3d, 60; 
 
 ed by whim, 
 
 
 miners. 
 
 
 quartz; leonhar- 
 
 
 4th, 11 1. 
 
 4 th, 120. 
 
 worked by 
 
 
 12 
 
 ' 25 00 
 
 dite and laumo- 
 
 
 
 
 horse power; 
 
 
 surface. 
 
 
 nite; felspar and 
 
 
 
 
 ©ne hpr?e 
 
 
 
 
 analcime. Much 
 
 
 
 
 works the 
 
 
 
 
 of the veinstone 
 
 
 
 
 pumps 6 hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 is amys:daloidal. 
 
 
 
 
 in 24 to free 
 
 
 
 
 the cells of the 
 
 
 
 
 the mine fr’m 
 
 
 
 
 rock being often 
 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 
 
 
 ■filled with native 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 copper. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorite, calc spar, 
 
 • • 
 
 38 
 
 362 ; when ex- 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 Tempo 
 
 
 laumonite. A 
 
 
 24 
 
 tended 950 ft. 
 
 
 
 suspen 
 
 ded. 
 
 soft brown trap 
 
 
 
 to the upper 
 
 
 
 
 
 is also associated 
 
 
 
 shaft, it will 
 
 
 
 
 
 with the copper, 
 
 
 
 strike it at 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 forming the ma- 
 
 
 
 feet below the 
 
 
 
 
 
 trix. 
 
 
 
 surface. 
 
 
 
 
 
 At the upper shaft 
 
 • • 
 
 1st, 15 ; 2d, 60; 
 
 
 A horse work- 
 
 1,200 
 
 Tempo 
 
 rarity 
 
 chlorite, calc 
 
 
 3d, 144.75. 
 
 
 ing a whim 
 
 (400 
 
 suspen 
 
 ded. 
 
 spar, and quartz. 
 
 
 
 
 for 6 hours in 
 
 unas- 
 
 
 
 In the feed of the 
 
 
 
 
 "24 was re- 
 
 sess- 
 
 
 
 stream the pre- 
 
 
 
 
 quired to 
 
 able.) 
 
 
 
 vailing mineral 
 
 
 
 
 drain the 
 
 
 
 
 is prehnite. At 
 
 
 
 
 mine. 
 
 
 
 
 the lower work- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ings the shaft was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 sunk on the west 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wall rock of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vein ; the rock 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 was amygdaloid- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 cal, and charged 
 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 
 
 
 with copper. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ciautnonite^leon- 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 daardite, anal- 
 
 
 
 '! 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^eiiMie, and felspar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «fouod. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
m 
 
 764 
 
 STATEMENT- 
 
 Name of company, 
 and situation. 
 
 o o 
 
 OS (U 
 
 c ^ 
 o s 
 
 •i3 0Q 
 cS 
 > 
 
 <o 
 
 Nature of the rocks. Nature ©f the vein. Nature of the ore. 
 
 jBflC h Belle. — Sec. 
 32, township 58, 
 range 29 west. 
 
 Feet 
 
 309 Greenstone capping The main vein appears Copper, gray sulphu- 
 the Bohemian moun- to be confined to the ret, or vitreous cop- 
 
 tain, graduating into greenstone and pro- per; copper pyrites; 
 
 protogin e, or a rock togine. It can be also green carbonate 
 
 composed of felspar traced from the top of copper in the 
 
 and chlorite; chlo- to the base of the form of a pulveru- 
 
 ritic slate at the base mountain, cutting it lent earth. Silver 
 
 of the mountain, for 850 it. in depth. associated, but not 
 
 flanked hyconglom- The bearing is north perceptible to the 
 
 erate, with sand- 26^53' west, and the eye. 
 
 stone resting con- underlie 12^ to the 
 
 formably on it. east, but variable ; 
 
 average width 18 in. 
 
 Another vein 6 in. 
 wide, bearing south 
 89° west, with an 
 underlie of 55° to 
 the north. 
 
 622 Same as preceding . , . Same as preceding . . . Same as preceding . . 
 
 Bohemim . — Section 
 29, township 58, 
 range 29 west, 
 Qjtincy, ( Portage 
 Lake.) — See. 26, 
 town. 65, range 
 34 west. 
 
 Copper, gray sulphu- 
 ret, or vitreous cop- 
 per ; copper py rites ; 
 also green carbonate 
 of copper in the 
 form of a pulveru- 
 lent earth. Silver 
 associated, but not 
 perceptible to the 
 eye. 
 
 400 Upper wall dark 
 esti- brown trap ; lower 
 ma- walhamygdaloid. 
 ted. 
 
 mylh.-^-SecVn 33, 
 town. 57, range 
 3^ west. 
 
 Albion . — Section 11, 
 town. 57, range 
 32 west. 
 
 Medora. — Sect’n 11, 
 town. 5.7, range 
 32 west. 
 
 554 Greenstone, hard and 
 compact, on top of 
 hill, amygdaloid at 
 base. This is near 
 the lower portion of 
 the trap — ^the chlo- 
 rite slate being seen 
 in the shaft. 
 
 572 Greenstone on top of 
 cliff, amygdaloid be- 
 low. 
 
 719 Sienite on one side, 
 greenstone on other. 
 Amygdaloid at base 
 of hill, 250 feet be- 
 low brow. 
 
 The lode bears north 
 43° east, and under- 
 lies 58° to the north- 
 west; average width 
 8 inches. In places 
 it contracts to 3 in., 
 and in others ex- 
 pands to 16. 
 
 Lode well defined on 
 surface, bearing N. 
 9° 45' west ; under- 
 lie 13° to the east. 
 
 Vein 18 inches wide, 
 bearing north 40^ 
 west ; slight under- 
 lie to the east. 
 
 Lode bears north 38° 
 east; underlie 11° 
 to the east ; average 
 width 20 in.; well 
 defined. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 sheets and small 
 spots. Silver, na- 
 tive, associated with 
 copper. 
 
 Copper, in sheets 
 weighing a hundred 
 pounds ; also dis- 
 seminated. Silver, 
 native, is found like 
 nails driven through 
 the masses. 
 
 Copper, native, in 
 small particles. Sil- 
 ver traces. 
 
 occa- 
 
Continued. 
 
 Calc spar, chlo- 
 ric, and quartz. 
 
 Calc spar, chlo- 
 rite, and amyg- 
 daloid. 
 
 Chlorite and epi- 
 dote, with calc 
 spar. 
 
 Chlorite, quartz, 
 and calc spar. 
 
 •Calc spar, quartz, 
 Jaumonite, and 
 leonhardite on 
 brow of the hill. 
 At the base spar 
 and chlorite, the 
 latter predomi- 
 nating. 
 
 765 
 
 Depth of shafts. 
 
 Length of gal- 
 leries. 
 
 1 
 
 /■ 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1st, 40; 2d, 28; 
 3d, 36. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1st. 450 ; 2d, 
 396. 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 1st, 106; 2d, 60 
 
 1st, 86 ; 2d, 50 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 r 
 
 , 
 
 100 
 
 62 
 
 40 - 
 
 380 
 
 m 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 <t> 
 
 'S’ 
 
 ^ S 
 
 OJ ^ 
 
 2 adits — 1st, 
 27 feet above 
 iakej 2d, 309. 
 
 4 |30 01 
 
 miners. 
 
 7 24 00 
 
 surface. 
 
 3, 000 Tempo rarily 
 suspen ded. 
 
 Whim worked 3, 000 Tempo rarily 
 
 by hatid. 
 
 ded. 
 
 3, 500! Tempo rarily 
 
 suspen ded. 
 
 4, 500 Tempo rarily 
 
 suspen ded. 
 
. Carp River, August 25, 1849. 
 
 Sir: As you have made a formal demand for all of the geological notes^,, 
 &c., taken by me while employed on the survey^ I herewith furnish you 
 with a transcript^ almost verbatim^ of such as remain in my possession. 
 
 Copper Haihor . — The junction of the trap and conglomerate occurs on 
 Astor point. The line of bearing nearly due east and west^ dip north 35^. 
 At the point of contact the trap is vesicular^ but a fevr feet distant amyg- 
 daloidal; the conglomerate niade up of rounded pebbles of greenstone, 
 porphyry^ and rarely granite; pebbles varying from pr eighth of an inch 
 to eighteen inches; cemented by a dark iron sand; with carbonate of lime 
 among the interstices; lines of stratification by no means distinct; the^ 
 work traversed by numerous veins of calc spar; whose general course is 
 at right-angles with the bearing. At Fort WilkinS; the green and blue 
 silicate and black oxide of copper were found in the matrix. 
 
 The amygdules of the trap here are filled with quartZ; chalcedony; and 
 carneliaii; forming agates ; with chloritC; laumonitC; the latter forming alsa 
 strings or threads bearing west of north. The trap is brown and granu- 
 lar; and its surface occasionally exhibits a wrinkled appearance; as though 
 it had suddenly cooled while in a liquid state. It has a pseudo-stratifi- 
 cation; arising from the several lines of cleavage. It is doubtful whether 
 the vein on Hays’s point; and which is a continuation of that at Fort 
 Wilkins ; traverses the bed of trap. This vein is nearly four feet wide;, 
 and bears N. 19^ E. The matrix is calc spar; colored in places by the- 
 green and blue silicate of copper; and is the green rock” of the early 
 voyageurs. A shaft was sunk on this vein to a considerable depth; but 
 the vein showed no signs of increased productiveness; and the '\york was 
 abandoned. 
 
 The line of junction between the upper portion of this trap bed and the 
 conglomerate; traced on the map; from Hays’s point to where it cuts the 
 lake. Such notes as relate simply to the boundaries of the rockS; I will 
 not transcribe. 
 
 Point below Porter"* s island. At the junction of the two rockS; the con- 
 glomerate for the distance of 20 feet is very much metamorphosed. It is 
 diflicuM to trace the exact line of junction; the amygdaloid and conglom- 
 erate are so intermingled. The trap here contains amygdules of chlorite; 
 agate; laumonite; leonharditC; pectolitC; and occasionally smoky and ame- 
 thystine quartz. 
 
 The second belt of conglomerate does not differ essentially from the 
 first. It ranges south of L. Fanny HoO; and rises into hills from 300 to 
 400 feet both east and west frohi this point. About four rods from the 
 outlet of Manganese lake; there is a vein of calc spar intermixed with 
 black oxide of manganese. The vein is three feet wide; about fifteen in- 
 ches of which; where exposed; is occupied by ore. It is highly silicious;, 
 which impairs its value. The inclination of the conglomerate is 25° to 
 the NW. The vein appears to have been subjected to a slight dislocation. 
 
 Horse-shoe harbor , — Conglomerate bears E. and W.; dip 41° N. This 
 belt extends from Hays’s point to head of K. P. Trap on shore; bearing 
 to last appearance of the conglomerate 239° and 80° to head of Manitoii 
 island. On the Boston and L. S. location; altered sandstone seen by lake 
 shore; less than 100 feet thick; bearing N. 10° E.; dipping Z50° northerly. 
 At the second buildings; a belt of conglomerate; less than 12 feet wide; m 
 
767 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 1 
 
 seen by tbe lake shore^ bearing 265^^. Numerous strings of spar seen ia 
 the trap, some of which contain traces of copper. A red jasper forms the 
 point east of the old fish-house. One-fourth of a mile north of ^^bara 
 rock/’ sandstone observed in alternating bands of red and white. The 
 white appears to be destitute of iron and lime, and will make an admira- 
 ble fire-stone. 
 
 Bare rock , — Jasper above, trap at the water’s edge. 
 
 Conglomerate, resembling that oh the northern slope, 30 feet wide: dip- 
 ping NB.z40^. 
 
 Two miles above Sibley’s landing, sandstone composed of white and 
 red bands is observed, dipping easterly z85^. In the bottom of the bay it 
 is exposed admirably, and can be examined to advantage when the water 
 is calm. It exhibits a series of curves, conforming apparently to the Bo- 
 hemian range. I was exceedingly anxious to trace out the bearings of 
 these curves, but the party would not submit to the detention. ' 
 
 Bohemiartmountam.— You have in your possession the section between 
 this point and Copper Harbor. This mountain oh the summit consists of 
 crystalline greenstone, while the base is composed of felspar and , chlorite^ 
 
 highly crystalline. At the base 
 there is a rock about 150 feet 
 thick, of a shaly structure, con- 
 sisting principally of chlorite. 
 The accompanying sketch will 
 illustrate the order and position of 
 the rocks at this point. 1. Green- 
 stone. 2. Felspar and chlorite 
 rock. 3. Slaty chlorite. 4. Con- 
 glomerate. 6. Sandstone. I ob- 
 served no distinct line betweeiij 
 the two igneous varieties ofrock.i" 
 
 Alliance Company , — Vein of prehnite, bearing N. 30^ W., inches 
 
half mile above the river^ and continues beyond Silver creek^ bearing N. 
 5CF E., dip 30^. On the Hitz location, some of the calc spar veins coo- 
 tain sulphuret of copper. At Lake-shore location, the sandstone comes 
 in one-fourth of a mile north of the post between sections 11 and 14, 
 hearing N. 30^ E., dip westerly Z32^. Near the south line of township 57, 
 irange 33, the bearing is S. 15^ W., dip northerly. The sand- 
 stone makes its appearance a little more than a mile west of the Portage, 
 bearing N. 15° E., dip 10° northwesterly. The clitf consists of red and 
 wariegated shale, with beds of compact and' slaty sandstone. Beautiful 
 flagging stones can be procured. I measured one by the shore which was 
 fe^t^ perfectly fiat. The stone is reddish gray, of uniform tex- 
 ture, stands the weather, and is sufiiciently firm to resist the wear of feet, 
 vlt readily breaks into blocks varying from 4 inches to 2 feet. 
 
 Portage . — The timber near the lake shore is red oak, but a few rods 
 back the growth is open, consisting of Norway pine. Four miles east of 
 Portage, we went in. The country rises gradually from the lake, and 
 the growth consists of maple and cedar. About miles from the lake, 
 the Medora Company sank a shaft through the soil, when the underlying 
 rock was found to be sandstone. This was the only exposurd of rock 
 until we arrived at the El Dorado location, although there are evidences 
 of trap half a mile north. At this location, which is now abandoned, the 
 agent sank two shafts at random. (Tide map as to the position.) At the 
 upper shaft the trap was amygdaloidal, containing numerous agates, and 
 some specimens of copper were obtained j but neither shaft crossed any 
 vein. 
 
 ‘Quincy mine . — (See table.) 
 
 Sandstone and trap unite, about half a mile up a small stream, at Ran- 
 kin’s warehouse, bearing N. 22|° E. Between Portage lake and Eagle 
 jiver, on section 36, township 46, range 33 W., the junction of trap and 
 conglomerate occurs, and is well exposed on the west branch of Torch 
 river. The stream is precipitated say 80 feet over a trap ledge into a deep 
 gorge, and thence finds its way to the main river. 
 
 The conglomerate, or rather sandstone containing quartz pebbles, forms 
 the gorge of the stream below the falls, and differs essentially from that 
 on the northern slope of Keweenaw point. Between the sandstone and 
 the more compact trap is a bed of red slaty trap, associated with amygda- 
 loid about 300 feet in tliickness. This rock is fissured, and the seams 
 are filled with quartz and calc spar. The Douglass Houghton Mining 
 Company drove an adit along the course of one of these seams to the dis- 
 tance of 40 feet, but met with no encouragement to prosecute the work 
 ^further. The dip of these strings is about 50^ to the N\¥. 
 
 The junction ot the sandstone and trap was also observed on the 
 .myuthern portion of section 19; the trap occupying also the extreme NW. 
 corner of section 20. On the SW. quarter of section 8, township 32, 
 rTange 56 west, the Trap Rock Company sank a shaft to the depth of 70 
 #5et, by a small stream crossed by the trail, then drifted 66 feet from the 
 ¥ein, thence sank 29 feet further, when the veinstone ^ consisted of 
 •small strings of quarz and calc spar, and its average width was about 10 
 .Chlorite was also intermixed. From it good specimens of copper were 
 procured. 
 
 On a branch of Torch river, eight and three-quarter chains south, and 
 ftom six to seven chains east of the west quarter-post, the New York 
 md Michigan, Compny commenced mining operations. The June- 
 
769 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tion of the trap and conglomerate is seen a few rods below their workings. 
 The greatest thickness of trap above does not exceed 40. feet. I saw no- 
 indications of a vein^ aside from a few calc spar seams. The rocks pre- 
 sented a similar appearance to those* at the Douglass Houghton Mining 
 Company^ on the branch pf Torch river, before alluded to. 
 
 Sandstone observed in place on the section- line between five and eight, 
 township 56, range 32. The route from the North American mine to 
 Portage lake is through a rolling country; the rocks rarely emerging to the 
 surface. The soil, resulting partially from the decomposition of the trap, 
 is warm and rich, supporting a dense gro\\^th of timber, consisting of large 
 white pines, suitable for lumber, bird’s-eye maple, yellow birch, and 
 occasionally elm. Spruce and cedar line the water- courses. In the 
 vicinity of Portage lake the land is level, and, when cleared, will be suf- 
 ficiently dry for arable purposes. 
 
 Sandstone is also seen on the northern side of Portage l^ke, on a point 
 three-quarters of a mile above Quincy mine ; bearing, same as that last 
 described. No rock visible elsewhere above this point. 
 
 Lak(xshore , — Large angular masses of trap, with large water- worn masses 
 of granite, were observed resting on the sandstone, two feiiles above our 
 camp at Porcupine river, 15 feet above lake level. Dimensions of one of 
 the granite masses, 8 X X This occurs on section 5, township 
 
 55, range 33. Sandstone at the mouth of stream on the west side of sec- 
 tion 5, bearing N. E.; dip NW. A 26^, 
 
 On section 33, township 57, range 33, a singular sandstone is seen, SO 
 rods in extent, which is composed of roun.ded grains of quartz and fel- 
 spar, differing from any sedimentary rock observed by me on the lake; 
 the bearing and dip conformable to the sandstone proper. 
 
 Sand dunes occur at short intervals between Eagle river and the coast. 
 There are numerous evidences that the drift- once extended over most of 
 Keweenaw point, but it has been abraded Patches of clay, so extensively 
 developed in th(i Ontonagon region, are observed about Portage lake. 
 
 On the township plats will be found numerous notes on the junction of 
 ’ the rocks, made by me, which were incorporated in the map, but which 
 would be of no service to you in writing your report. The table of mines 
 furnished you last year, comprises all of the information I had at that 
 time witli regard to them. These notes comprise all the memoranda in 
 my possession, acquired while connected with the survey under your 
 charge. A large portion of the time was devoted to office work, such as 
 making plans of mines, sections, maps, &c. The notes made after the 
 1st of September have been already communicated. 
 
 Notes on Isle Royale^ 
 
 The rhomb is varioloid trap of a grayish brown color, and pseudo- 
 stratified. A belt of conglomerate, about 12 feet in thickness, is seen on 
 Caribon and other islands, whose general ' course corresponds to that of 
 the reef, and whose dip is SW. / 12"^. This conglomerate, in lithological 
 characters, resembles that of Keweenaw point. A thin band of calc spar 
 is also observed in several of these islands, rarely exceeding 8 inches'^in 
 thickness. On the main land, by Ransom,' the trap is of a dark gray 
 color, slightly amygdaloidal and very tough. The Union and Isle Royale 
 Companies’ works are i» this rock. The vein bears nearly east and west, 
 Part ii — 49 
 
with a dip of about 45^ to the NW., the matrix quartz, chlorite, and 
 calc spar, with native copper in spangles and thin sheets. Shaw’s vein 
 and Seovill’s vein, near the termination of the point or Forefinger, appear 
 to be a continuation of this vein, the course, matrix, underlie, &c., corre- 
 sponding very nearly. The columnar trap is seen on tlie point north of 
 Scovill’s house, at the water’s edge, and appears in a cliff on the north 
 side of the point, 30 or 40 feet in height. The prismatic structure ex* 
 tends from the water’s edge to the brow of the cliff. In it I saw no indi- 
 cations of veins. It contains concretions of spheroidal masses of table 
 spar and jacksonite. On the southern side of Blake’s point it also ex- 
 hibits the columnar structure. The mass of this point, however, con- 
 sists of varioloid trap, and attains an elevation of 500 feet above the lakCi 
 The Cloven Tower is of this variety. It is not unusual to meet with 
 bands of porphyry running through this mass, like a stratified rock. 
 These bands are composed of green felspar and hornblende, the ciys- 
 tals of whkth are large and well-defined. On these points the rocks were 
 observed to be polished and grooved in a wonderful manner, and this pro- 
 cess apparently extended from the water’s edge to the highest points. 
 On the north side of Blake’s point the varioloid trap is seen forming cliffs 
 70 or 80 feet high ; but at the base, a belt of amygdaloid is observed, 
 which appears to form the numerous points and islands lying northwest 
 from this point, Locke’s point. Amygdaloid island, <fec. A ridge of fine 
 crystalline greenstone approaches the shore near Miller’s works, and ex- 
 tends thence to the head of the island. In places, however, beds of 
 amygdaloid are seen : for example, at the outer point of Todos harbor 
 Mr. McCulloch sunk on a spar vein ^n this aniygdaloid, but with 
 slight success. He also drove an adit a few feet in a vein on the 
 main shore, which is in the greenstone, but his explorations have not 
 been prosecuted sufficiently far to test its productiveness. The cliffs on 
 the NW. side of the island rise up to the height of 30 or 40 I’eet, and ex- 
 hibit numerous alternations of greenstone and poi-phyry, resembling in 
 many respects a stratified rock. They are occasionally traversed by veins 
 of calc spar, but exhibit few traces of copper. These were particularly 
 noticed towards the head of the island and near Miller’s. 
 
 Washington Harbor , — The rock here assumes a different appearance, 
 being composed of hornblende, felspar, and chlorite. It is less firm, and 
 has more the appearance of a metalliferous rock. Phelps’s island con* 
 tains several veins, one of which is of considerable promise. Its course 
 is north and south, with a dip of 78*'^ to the north. The width of the 
 vein is 30 inches wide, and the gangue consists of prehnite, laumonite, 
 and calc spar, with spangles of native copper. The main shore exhibits 
 no traces of rock. The conglomerate is first observed in place on the 
 southern *point of Washington Harbor, bearing NE., and dipping SE. 
 This rock is exposed at intervals along the coast as far as the most 
 easterly islands of Siskawit bay. We did not determine the exact point 
 of junction on the main shore. Between these islands and Rock Harbor 
 the coast is lined with trap rocks, which are cut by powerful fissures, 
 rarely metalliferous. At Epidote they have mined a bed of that material 
 containing copper. This bed, in position and bearing, corresponds to 
 the conglomerate bands of Keweenaw point. Seams of datholite are ob- 
 served to traverse the rocks containing copper, but they want the conti- 
 miity of a vein. At Conglomerate bay a band of conglomerate is seen oa 
 
the nortii side, 15 feet in thickness, ranging with the course of the island 
 dtid dipping about 6^ to the SE. There are evidences t»f other belts, 
 but they were not traced out. The section of the rocks made by 
 across the island has been furnished you. As the island was not sur- 
 veyed at the time, it was found impossible to locate the rocks as observed 
 along the shore. 
 
 Th conclusion, I have only to remark, that, after the termination of the 
 field labors for that season, I informed you that I would, if you desired, 
 write out my notes on Isle Royale, and pass them over to you. You re- 
 plied, It is of no consequence — I have seen everything yon have.’^ 
 My connexion terminated that season after my return to New England, 
 and was resumed the following June. More than eighteen nionths 
 elapsed before our connexion terminated; and yet, during that period f 
 never heard you speak of my furnishing you notes on Isle Royale. It 
 was altogether an afterthought; and I now furnish them not from any 
 ^hse of obligation, but for the purpose of depriving you of all pfotoxts 
 foir making further communications to the Secretary of the Interior with 
 regard to me. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 J. W. FOSTER. 
 
 Dr. C. T. Jackson, 
 
 United States Geologist y Boston, 
 
 P. S. — ^As I remarked to you in a former communication, I do not 
 wish you td publish the notes which I have communicated. You are at 
 , t|)erfect liberty to avail yourself of the infiDrmation. 
 
 Instructions to J. W, Foster y Esq.y Assistant Ged^gist, 
 
 Gopper Harbor, August 30, 1848. 
 
 Prom Keweenaw bay you wdll trace the sandstone rocks and ascertain 
 their position and geological age. Your journey will be in a southeast- 
 erly direction to the Peshakeme river, and along the course of that stream. 
 You will explore the geology of the townships along its course, and, as 
 far as practicable, will extend your geology into the interior, and will 
 particularly explore and examine the veins and beds of iron orCy and 
 search .for veins of copper, lead, silver, or other metalliferous ores. . You 
 will search for the anticlinal axis, which probably exists somewhere 
 within the district assigned you. You will, if such antlclinakaxjs is 
 found, note very particularly the line of bearing of the range dn which it 
 exists, and will note the dips and direction of the stratified rocks, and 
 mark the same on ground plans and sections. You will observe the order 
 and succession of the rocks,' and compare them with those on the oppo- 
 site side of that anticlinal axis, noting on the spot the order of the strata, 
 dip, and direction, and the thickness of the strata and beds. You will, 
 on reaching the iron ore districts, note the width of the beds or veins of 
 iron ore, and the course they pursue, and their length, so far as can be 
 ascertained. 
 
 You will take your canoes to the Menomonee river at the most conve- 
 nient portage, and will follow that river to Green Bay, exploring the town- 
 
.^hips on the east side of the river as ’ far ks practicable^ and ascertain thf^ 
 jiatnre and position of the rocks, the veins and beds of any metalliferous 
 ores that may occur. You will note the character of the soil, and 
 the kinds of forest trees you may observe, and will collect specimens 
 of the soils from over each rock formation on such places as offer re- 
 markable peculiarities. On reaching Green Bay, you will explore the 
 country between the Menomonee and the Esconawba rivers, and note 
 the kind of rocks on your way, and make all the mineralogical explora- 
 tions that may be deemed useful to the survey. You will ascertain the 
 ^geological age of the limestone rocks near the Esconawba, and collect 
 specimens of all the fossils you may find. You will particularly examine' 
 the relative positions of the sandstone and conglomerate rocks with re- 
 gard to the limestone, and thus endeavor to fix the geological age of the 
 sandstone and conglomerate. You will collect at least two good speci- 
 mens of each rock and mineral found in the district assigned you, and 
 will mark on the labels the township, range, and section in which they, 
 occur, describing the places as minutely as possible, so as to aid others in 
 finding them. 
 
 It is desirable that the height of the land where the waters divide and; 
 run on the one side into Lake Superior, and on the other into Lake Mich- 
 igan, should be measured; and that a section should be drawn represent- 
 ing the heights of the places you travel over, and the nature, order, and' 
 position of the rocks. 
 
 You will take one of my barometers, and make the required observations 
 for this section. 
 
 “ Great confidence is felt in your faithful execution of this difficult but 
 interesting survey, and you are authorized to judge for yourself, in a 
 great measure, how far it may be necessary to vary from these instruc- 
 tions. You will be assisted in this duty by S. W. Hill, esq., the sur- 
 veyor, who will render efficient service in the explorations with which 
 you are charged. You will take with you two of the voyageurs now in. 
 our employ, and may hire as many others as maybe required for the 
 transportation of your various articles of luggage, and the specimens you 
 may collect. 
 
 On the completion of this survey, you will write to me immediately,, 
 giving an outline of the work, that 1 may report the same to the honora- 
 ble Secretary of the Treasury. You will probably arrive at Green Bay* 
 somewhere about the last of the month, and you will probably desire to- 
 work until the 10th October. 
 
 Your return to Boston should not be delayed beyond the 20th or 25tk 
 of Ock)ber, for a hasty sketch of your labors will be required in the 
 synopsis 1 shall have to report to government by the 1st of November.. 
 You will be expected to draw up a report of the district assigned you,^ 
 addressing your report to me. 
 
 Wishing you a prosperous journey and many fine discoveries, 1 have, 
 honor to be your friend and servant, 
 
 CHARLES T. JACKSON, ST. S,. G. 
 
JMotes on the Geology and Topography of portions of the comZry adjacent 
 to Lakes Superior and Michigan, in the Chippewa land district: by J, 
 iV. Foster, late Assistant United States Geologist, 
 
 Boston^ May 36, 1849. 
 
 Sm: In compliance with the ihstmctions of the Secretary of the InlieT > 
 ^or, dat(^ May 18, 1849, I embrace the earliest opportunity to communi- 
 cate to you, in detail, such notes' and observations touching the geology: 
 of the Chippewa land district, bordering on Lake Superior, as were made 
 by me during my connexion with the survey while under your charge. 
 
 'That connexion first commenced on the 18th of July, 1847, and the 
 field operations terminated on the 14th of September following. The 
 interval between those periods was employed in circumnavigating Isle 
 Royale> and in making a section from Rock Harbor to Fish Island. 
 
 Aside from the section, most of this work was done in your company, 
 and such observations as were made by me were communicated to you 
 verbally at the time. You have also in your possession ^11 of the sections^ 
 sketches of scenery, &c., executed by me during this period, v 
 
 I resumed my connexion with the survey in June, 1848. Mr. S. lY* 
 Jlill and myself executed a geological map of Keweenaw point, giving^ 
 4he limits of the stratified and unstratified rocks, the bearing, incliriatipn, 
 &G., of the sedimentary deposites^ and the position of all the working and 
 abandoned mines. We also made accurate plans of the mines, principally 
 pH^pared from surveys executed by him while disconnected with the 
 corps. :We also made several geological sections across Keweenaw point, 
 all of which materials have been passed over to you. You have also a 
 table of mines,” compiled by us, showing the situation and elevatiom. 
 of every working mine, the nature of the wall-rock, character of the vein- 
 stone, the underlie and bearing of the veins, kind of ore, per centage, . 
 depth of shafts, length of adits, method of drainage, amount of ore 
 raised, number of shares of * stock, and the number of men employed. 
 
 I do not know that upon these points I have any additional informa- 
 tion to communicate. 
 
 On the 3d of September I left, in company with Mr. Hill, to explore 
 the country lying between Lake Superior and Green Bay. I present you 
 copious notes of our observations. 
 
 , The section is withheld for the reason that I purpose, during the preseiit 
 season, to revise it, and am ajixious that it should be as accurate a» 
 possible. 
 
 J. W. FOSTER, 
 
 LcUc Assistant United States Geologist. 
 
 To Dr. C. T. Jackson. 
 
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS. 
 
 • I 
 
 This class of focks is largely developed in this region. Near the head 
 of Keweenaw bay (section 35, township 51, range 38) we first meet with 
 the slates. The following section, taken at L’Anse, will illustrate the re- 
 lation between the sandstones and metamorphic rocks : 
 
 1. Fissile sandstone, containing mica, coarse-grained and red, six feet. 
 
■ 77.4 
 
 m 
 
 2, Conglomerate;, containing pebbles of white quai with occasional? 
 
 pebbles of hornblende and greenstone^ seven feet. These teds ■ dip' 
 slightly to the northwest. . ' 
 
 3. Chlorite slate, novaculite, or silicious slate, much contorted, and 
 lying uncovformably beneath.the sandstones, twenty feet. 
 
 A short distance above, towards the head of the bay, the trap^rocks are^ 
 seen projecting above the water, with the slates folded over them. Thesc'^ 
 slates exhibit, in a marked degree, what have been termed planes of divi- 
 sion, or lamination, so that it requires much care to distinguish them from 
 the lines of stratification. 
 
 The slates near the place where the section was taken are of various 
 colors, so that the contortions are prominently exhibited. The trap rocks 
 are traversed by veins of pure white quartz, which occasionally extend 
 into the slates. 
 
 At the saw mill, near the mouth of Pall river, the slates were observed 
 presenting the same wave-like structure. At this point they were 
 chloritic, but a mile up the stream they became argillaceous, and probably 
 will be found suitable for roofing. 
 
 In township 50, range 32, the rocks exposed were rarely in place; but,, 
 from the loose fragments scattered over the surface, it was evident that we 
 were passing over slates similar to those before described. 
 
 In the bed of Fall riv^er, about one-half of a mile north of the south 
 line of township 50, we found rocks in place, consisting of chlorite slate,, 
 the lines of stratification nearly obliterated, and compact hornblende* 
 These rocks were traversed by veins of quartz, containing iron and cop- 
 per pyrites. As we approach the granite range the rocks exhibit, in a., 
 more marked degree, the effects of metamorphism, becoming less stratified 
 and more crystalline . 
 
 A mile and a half south of the town line before referred to, we saw 
 well- characterized gneiss, which we inferred rested irnmediately om the 
 granite. The order of succession there observed on the northern slope 
 of the first axis, was as follows:* 
 
 1. Gneiss. 2. Hornblende, compact. 3. Chlorite and argillaceous- 
 ^slates. 
 
 The junction of the metamorphic and granitic rocks on the southern 
 :^lope, which occurs on the northern side of the chain of lakes in town- 
 ship 48, range 31, section 21, exhibited the following a^rangen^nt: 
 
 1. Granite, made up of the ternary compound of quartz, felspar, and 
 mica. 
 
 2. Quartz and felspar, passing into compact quartz, the granular struc- 
 ture and lines of stratification nearly obliterated . 
 
 3. Hornblende, compact, and breaking with a conchoidal fracture, with 
 
 lines of stratification. 
 
 % 
 
 4. Magnetic iron ore (fer. pxydule,) associated with hornblende and ar- 
 gillaceous slates, and containing seams or laminas of saccharoidal quartz*. 
 
 The iron ore' was observed on the northwest quarter of section 20, dip- 
 ping south 78"^. It is highly magnetic, forming extensive beds, in suf- 
 frcient purity in places to be wrought. 
 
 Portions of this ore are so highly magnetic as to reverse the needle, 
 mmoved several rods from the mass. 
 
 In passing through a narrow gorge which forms the bed of the stream 
 eonnccting the second and third lakes, (S. 21, T. 48, R. 31,) we observed 
 that the needle was deflected towards the south; when opposite a partica- 
 
775 [ 1 1 
 
 lar point, the poles were reversed, the north pointing south; as we rece(iM 
 the needle gradually resumed its former position. The iron was 
 <jiated with hornblende, similar to that btfore described.' 
 
 In passing over portage No. 1, numerous blocks of slate apd specular 
 iron were observed loose on the surface, but the soil effiecthally'bondealed, 
 the subjacent rock. ' 
 
 Indications of iron were abundant on the north shore of Mach|rgumm 
 and on portions of the sou th shore. The ore contained considerable silex, 
 so much so as to render most of it comparatively worthless^. ; Tbe range 
 bounding the lake oh the north bears nearly east and west, and is com- 
 posed of hornblende and argillaceous slates. The latter often, present 
 wrinkled surfaces. Associated with the hornblende are beds of quartz, 
 in which we failed to detect any metallic substances. The numerbus 
 conical islands in the Machi-gummi are composed of hornhlcnde in which 
 the divisional planes are quite as conspicuous as the lines of stratification. 
 
 After leaving the lake, we saw no exposure of the rocks until we ar- 
 rived at the north part of township 46, ranges 29 and 30. The river here 
 forms a lake -like expansion, and is bounded on the northeast by a range 
 of hills which rises abruptly to the height of nearly two hundred feet 
 ^ove the water. ^ , 
 
 We explored this ridge on section 1, township 46, range 30, and found 
 that it was composed, for the most part, of nearly pure specular oxide of 
 iron, (fer. oiigiste.) It shoots up in a perpendicular cliff, one hundred 
 and thirteen feet in height, so pure that it is difficult to determine its 
 mineral associations. 
 
 We passed along the base of this cliff for more than a quarter of a mile, 
 seeking for some gap through which we might pass and gain the summit. 
 At length, after much toil, and by clambering from one point to anbther, 
 we succeeded. Passing along the brow of the cliff, forty feet, the mass 
 was comparatively pure; then succeeded a bed of quartiz composed pf 
 rounded grains, with small specks of iron disseminated, and large rounded 
 masses of the same material enclosed, constituting a conglomerate. This 
 feed was fifteen feet in thickness, and was succeeded again spocular 
 iron, exposed in places to the width of one hundred feet, but the soil and 
 trees prevented our determining its entire width. This one cliff contains 
 iron sufficient to supply the world for ages, yet we saw neither its length 
 not its width, but only an outline of the mass. Its bearing could not be 
 accurately determined , but was inferred to be north of west arid south of 
 east, with a northerly dip of 85^. When we examined it, the rain de- 
 scended in torrents, and so , dense were the clouds that the position of the 
 sun in the heavens was a matter of conjecture. A compass Was of little 
 avail ih ascertaining the meridian. Seams of qmdrtz were observed, asso- 
 ciated with this bed, containing lamillar oxide of iron, nearly pure. This 
 iron is composed of minute shining scales of a steel-gray color, and is 
 feebly magnetic. Portions of it contain silex, while other portions are 
 pure. It is deposited in layers like argillaceous slate, and the lines of 
 stratification are distinct. A continuation of this iron was observed at 
 portage No. 4, but the stage of the water was such that we Were unable 
 to examine it minutely. There can be no doubt that this iron ore, is but 
 a continuation of that of Carp river. Its mineralogical characters and 
 geological associations are the same. Its western limits have not been 
 determined; but its range east and west, so far as observed, is riot far from 
 
forty miles. Its^ extent north and south, along the line of this section, is 
 more than fifty miles. Portions of this area are occupied by granitic 
 rocks, while others are covered over with drift; but enough iron ore has 
 already been discovered to warrant the assertion, that the supply is in- 
 exhaustible. In the subdivision of some of these townships, during the 
 past summer, under the direction of Mr. John Burt, deputy surveyor, I 
 was informed by him that several other valuable beds were discovered. 
 Among others he mentioned a bed of considerable thickness as occurring 
 on the north boundary line of township 43, range 31. This was the 
 fewest point where he observed it. There is an extensive. bed near the 
 Twin falls on the Menomonee, which will be described in a subsequent 
 part of this report. 
 
 These beds, so far as I have observed, present a marked similarity in 
 mineralogical characters, and derive their origin from common causes, 
 and those Avere aquoous. The jointed structure and waved stratifica- 
 tion of some of the beds prove that igneous causes have operated, since 
 their deposite, to modify and change their character. 
 
 The veins of magnetic and specular oxide in the granite Avhich have 
 fellen under my observation ate narrow and of little value, although the 
 metal is found in great purity. But let us resume the general geology of 
 the region. 
 
 On section 31, township 46, range 29, Ave observed a compact horn- 
 blende rock of a dark broAvn color, and highly crystalline in its structure. 
 The lines of stratification Avere nearly obliterated, indicating that Ave Avere 
 in the vicinity of the igneous formations. On the adjoining section (iS"o. 
 5, T. 46, R. 21) Ave found another range of granite, through Avbich the 
 river has excavated a channel at portage No. 5. 
 
 Passing over this granite belt, the hornblende rocks again make their 
 appearance in the north part of toAvnship 44, range 30. 
 
 A short distance below the mouth of Fence river, (T. 44, R. 31, S. 27 
 and 28,) we found an extensive bed of saccharoidal limestone or marble, 
 of a flesh red color, inclining to bluish or ash-gray, and susceptible of a 
 high polish. It appears in the form of a cliff thirty feet high, bearing 
 northeast and southAvest, and dipping southeasterly at an angle of 36"^. 
 
 It contains in places seams and bunches of quartz. It iiOAvhere ex- 
 hihits any traces of organic remains, and its geological age places it be- 
 low the palseozoic rocks. Three-fourths of a mile heloAv, on the left 
 bank of the river, it is again Exposed, bearing north 48^ east, and dip- 
 ping nearly vertically, with a bed of argillaceous slate resting oonform- 
 ably on it. 
 
 This bed is nearly a mile in width, and will prove valuable as a flux 
 in smelting the ores, aside from its uses as an ornamental stone. 
 
 The argillaceous slates are exposed for about half a mile below the 
 mouth of Night-watching river, so highly indurated that the lines of 
 stratification are nearly destroyed, whilst the divisional planes are very 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Mr. Burt informed us that on the north line of T. 43, R. 31, he found 
 a bed of iron of considerable thickness; but we were unable to ascertain 
 where it crossed the river, owing to the accumulation of drift. At pert- 
 age No. 7, a short distance below the township line, the slate forms a 
 ridge from 150 to 200 feet high, through Avhich the river has cut its way. 
 In external characters it differs but little from tjhat last described, having 
 
777 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 lost its fissile character by long continued exposure to heat. The 
 liearing of the rocks was found to be northeast and southwest, with a 
 high southerly dip. 
 
 Between the 7th and 8th portages the rocks consisted of alternating 
 bands of argillaceous and hornblende slates. At portage No. 8 the horn- 
 blende slates are finely exposed, bearing north 80® east, and -dipping 
 nearly vertically. They were finely crystalline in texture, very fissile, 
 and of a dark brown color. The hornblende rocks continue to portage 
 No. 9, in the south part of T. 42, R. 31. Here the granite has pro- 
 truded through the incumbent strata, forming an anticlinal axis, bearing 
 nearly east and west. Hornblende flanked the granite on eitl\er side, 
 and to this succeeded mica slate, followed by a repetition of hornblende 
 slate, the northern slope corresponding to the southern. This is ex- 
 hibited within a space of about two miles. The mica slate was observed 
 ^to be finely laminated and striated on the surfaces. 
 
 At portage No. 10, mile below, the mica slate again occurs dipping 
 60^ southerly, and bearing nearly east and west. 
 
 At ^ the falls of the Machi-gamig the rock is hornblende slate, forming 
 a high ridge, bearing N. 72® W., and dipping southeast at an angle of 69®. 
 
 At portage No. 1, on the Menomonee, about a mile below the junction 
 of the BruI6 and Machi-gamig, the rocks consist of alternating beds of 
 hornblende and argillaceous slates, nearly conforming in dip and bearing 
 to the slates at the falls. At portage No. 2, near the south line of town- 
 ship 41, range 30, occurs a high ridge of argillaceous slate, containing 
 amygdules of calc spar, and presenting a porphyritic appearance. The 
 bearing taken, N. 70® E., dip 75® S. 
 
 Between this point and the upper of the Twin falls the argillaceous 
 and chlorite slates largely predominate, and traverse the country in sharp, 
 broken ridges. 
 
 At the upper Mis they present a good section, bearing N. 80® E., and 
 dipping 80® southerly. Associated with them are beds and seams of 
 quartz, eontaining iron and copper pyrites; but the latter was not sufli- 
 ciently abundant to prove of any economical value. The slates here are 
 fine-grained and dark colored, and do not readily absorb moisture. A 
 good article for roofing purposes might be obtaiiied by quarrying beyond 
 the action of the atmosphere. At the lower falls, ^hich occur within a 
 mile, the slates form cliffs seventy feet in height, dipping nearly ver- 
 tically. 
 
 Here I found an angular block of quartz, bearing bn its surface a series 
 of ripple-marks, as regular and beautiful as the flutings of a Corinthian 
 column. — (See plate 1, fig. 2.) The interior appeared compact and 
 crystalline throughout. 
 
 It is questioned even at this day whether some of the rocks, such as 
 compact quartz and saccharoidal limestone, which occur in this series, 
 had a chemical or mechanical origin. Yet, here is a rock which, whilst 
 its interior has every appearance of having resulted from chemical changes, 
 bears on its surface indubitable marks of aqueous origin. In the quartz 
 rocks lying contiguous to the granite, and where the lines of stratifica- 
 tion were hardly discernible, I have readily detected the granular struc- 
 ture, clearly indicating its mechanical origin. 
 
 About two miles southeast of the lower falls, near S. 30, T. 40, R. 30, 
 there is a large bed of specular iron ore associated with the talcose and 
 
argillaceous slates. It makes its appearance on the north side of a lake^ 
 and can be traced a mile and a half in lengthy and in places is exposed 
 one hundred feet in width. It bears nearly east and west^ and in ex- 
 ternal characters resembles that of the Iron mountain before described. 
 This bed was first discovered by John Jacobs^ from whom I derived the in- 
 formation^ and may be regarded as the southern limit of the iron. The dis- 
 tance from this point to the most northerly point where iron was observed^ 
 is more than 50 miles in a direct line. Below the falls there are heavy 
 accumulations of drift; so that the subjacent rocks are rarely seen; and this 
 bed of iron ore/ if it cross the river^ is effectually concealed. 
 
 Near the mouth of Muskos river> in thC bed of the Menomonee, we ob- 
 served large angular blocks of compact limestone, 20 feet in length and 
 10 in thickness. It was of an ash gray color; inclining to green. Numerous 
 blocks were observed for half a mile below the point where first observed. 
 Their magnitude and angularity, and the fact, too, that no rock of a simi- 
 lar character had been observed above, either detached or in place, led 
 us to believe that they had slidden from the adjacent hills. We explored 
 the adjoining ridges with a view of finding the bed from which they were 
 derived, but without success. The only rock exposed was massive 
 hornblende. I have, however, so great confidence in the existence of a 
 bed of marble in this vicinity, that I have inserted it in the section. 
 
 The Great Bekuenesec falls occur in the northwest part of township 
 39, range 30. From this point, proceeding southerly, to the mouth of 
 Pike river, distant thirty miles, we find a series of igneous rocks, com- 
 posed of porphyries and close-grained basalts protruded among the slate 
 rocks, tilting them up vertically, and forcing portions of the beds far 
 asunder. The mineralogical characters of these rocks will be particu- 
 larly described in another chapter. At the foot of the falls a bed of tal- 
 cose slate, of a light drab color, is seen, about forty feet in thickness, 
 bearing north 70^ west, with a southerly dip of 84°. 
 
 At the foot of Little Bekuenesec falls another patch of drab colored 
 slate was observed, thirty feet in Avidth, succeeded by a fine-grained roof- 
 ing slate, bearing nearly east and Avest, v/ith a dip of 80° to the souths 
 Near the falls is a vein of quartz, red felspar and chlorite, bearing north- 
 west and about 18 inches wide. It contained magnetic oxide of iron in 
 octahedral crystals, copper pyrites^ in dodecahedrons and iron pyrites. 
 The copper was not in suflicient abundance to justify mining exploration. 
 The slates beloAV the falls line the bank of the river, forming hills two 
 hundred feet in height. 
 
 The next point where the slates Avere observed was at the foot of Stur- 
 geon falls, near the south boundary of township 39, range 29. They 
 Avere argillaceous, and Avedged out between the enclosing walls of sienite. 
 The mass was about 40 feet thick, and near the falls was traA^ersed by a 
 vein of quartz, magnesian limestone, and chlorite, containing traces of 
 gr&n carbonate of copper. 
 
 After passing a feAV miles beyond Sturgeon falls, the slates do not again 
 make their appearance until we arrive at Chippewa island, the interval 
 being occupied by igneous rocks. Here the sandstone, trap, and slates 
 are seen in proximity, and the section appended (see plate 1, figure 3) 
 will illustrate their relative positions. 
 
 a. Drift, resting on the sandstone, with angular fragments of rock and 
 ^gments of the blue limestone, containing organic remains. 
 
779 
 
 [13 
 
 /h. Sandstone, coarse grained, with little adhesion between the parti- 
 cles, composed of alternating layers of red and white, dipping less than 
 3^ to the southeast. 
 
 c. Dark colored basalt, occasionally porphyritic. 
 
 d. Argillaceous and talcose slates, nearly vertical and finely lamellar. 
 
 At' the immediate point of contact between the slates and the basalts 
 
 the lines of stratification were destroyed, and the slates were converted 
 into clinkstones. 
 
 It thus appears, that whilst the slates have been subject to violent dis- 
 tortions and alterations by the protrusion of the igneous rocks, tlie stod- 
 stone has been quietly deposited on their basset edges, and that fromAbe 
 time of its deposition to the present day there has been no exposure to 
 long continued heat, to change its. structure — no eruption of lava currents, 
 to fracture its strata; but that the elevatory movement by which it was 
 raised to its present position must have been a gradual one. 
 
 The slates are so contorted that all attempts to estimate their thickness 
 must prove merely approximative; and it may be that the same beds are 
 repeated many times. They are exposed along the line of the section for 
 more than a hundred miles, after deducting the spaces occupied by the 
 granite bosses, and the space occupied by the overlying sandstone, hav- 
 ing, for the most part, nearly a vertical inclination. Were we to measure 
 across their basset edges, as is customary, and assume that as their aggre- 
 gate thickness, the result would be incredible. • 
 
 The immense and almost unprecedented deposites of specular oxide of 
 iron, forming hills, constitute an important rock in this system. Some of 
 our ablest American geologists have been disposed to class them as veins 
 instead of beds.* 
 
 Here, they certainly bear upon their surfaces strong marks of their me- 
 chanical origin. They are regularly stratified, and often contain thin 
 se^ms of silex in minute grains, s» that a specimen, on its cross fracture, 
 resembles ribbon-jasper. The lines of stratification can rea.dily be distin- 
 guished from those of lamination. Like the slates, they are often found 
 contorted and wrinkled, and the same facts eould be adduced in both 
 cases to prove their common origin. 
 
 These beds, however, are traversed by veins of Quartz, at nearly right- 
 angles to their veering, containing lamellar oxide of iron, and having all of 
 the characters of a true vein. 
 
 Iron pyrites is commonly associated with this Ore in other portions of 
 the world, but here few traces of it were observed. 
 
 The geological position of the specular oxide of iron is the same as ^ 
 that of St. Lawrence and Jefferson counties, in New York: There they? 
 
 are included among the rocks lyihg between the granite and Potsdam 
 sandstone. Here, too, we find that the inferior sandstone — the equiva- 
 lent of the Potsdam — limits their upward range. 
 
 The celebrated mine on the island of Elba, which was. wrought more 
 than three thousand years ago by the Romans, is of this character. The 
 rock with which the ore is associated consists of a white, slaty talc, con- 
 taining silex, alumina, and magnesia. 
 
 The famous Iron mountain and Pilot knob in Missourif present many 
 
 * See Professor Emoions on tke iron ores of St. Lawrence and Jefferson counties, New 
 1fork Geological Pueports. 
 
 t The reader is referred to an article of much interest on the Missouri iron, in one of th® 
 Nos. of the American Journal of Science, hy Mr. J. T. Hodge. 
 
[ 1 ] 76a 
 
 .geblogical points of resemblance to this regi-dii. The ores are the i^me, 
 ^nd both bear about the same relation to the oldest rocks whi^h form the 
 crust of the earth. In range and extent^ however^ the Lake Superior iron 
 region surpasses that of Missouri or New York^ and its accessibility is by- 
 no means so difficult as is generally supposed. The outlet for these ores 
 should be through Bay de Noquet, on Lake Michigan. The construction 
 of a road is entirely practicable, whether it be a railway or macadamized 
 road. Abundant materials exist along the route, and by seeking a south- 
 errji ©utlet the navigation would be open two or three weeks earlier in the 
 spring, and the expense of transportation around the falls of St. Mary’s 
 river be avoided. 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 Passing over to the south shore, we find a granite range in the vicinity 
 of Riviere du Mort, or Dead river, and another forming the Huron mount- 
 €iins, which extend from thence, westerly, in nearly parallel ridges, and 
 lose themselves in Wisconsin. We first observed the granite, on the line of 
 the section, about two miles south of the north boundary of township 49, 
 range 33, exposed in a cliff thirty feet high, forming the summit of a ridge 
 1,064 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 It was of a light gray color, and composed of an infinite number of 
 small crystalline plates, confusedly aggregated, in which could be recog- 
 nised the three constituents, quartz, felspar, and mica. 
 
 In descending the ridge, the granite is se^n in low cliffs on the left of 
 the trail. Beyond the range line it again appears, forming mural escarp- 
 ments, fifteen or twenty feet in height, traversed by numerous divisional 
 planes. 
 
 At the outlet of a small lake, which is one of the reservoirs of Sturgeon 
 river, near the east part of township 49, rapge 33, the rock takes into its 
 composition a large amount of hornblende, which is arranged in crystal- 
 line plates and gives the mass a somewhat stratified appearance, like 
 gneiss. Granite was seen at short intejrvals as far as the centre of town- 
 ship 49. Here we ascended an abrupt ridge, three hundred feet above 
 the general level, which appeared to be composed of red felspar, contain- 
 ing veins of quartz and chlorite, without any traces of metallic ores. 
 
 Well-characterized sienite occurs where the north line of township 48, 
 range 32, crosses the trail. 
 
 The highest elevation attained by this granite axis, on the line of the 
 section, is 1,198 feet, and this is found in the north part of township 48, 
 range 
 
 Oil the north side ol Sagiagans, (township 48, range 21, section 17,) 
 granite cliffs are ex^sed in a ridge which rises two hundred feet above 
 the water level, at tne base of which are numerous large detached blocks. 
 This is the southern limit of this belt, and here the metamorphic rocks 
 are seen in proximity, dipping at a high angle from it. The entire width 
 of this range is not less than ten miles. 
 
 At the head of portage No. 5, in the northern part of township 45, 
 range 29, we struck the granite belt, which nowhere attains any consid- 
 erable elevation. The rock is made up of the binary compound of quartz 
 and felspar, in large crystals, and often passes into the variety called graphic 
 granite. The amount of drift spread over this region prevented our fix- 
 
781 
 
 £ 1 J 
 
 ng the southern limit of this range, but it wsus believed to oecur near the 
 northern boundary of townshij) 44^ range 29 . This would give it a width 
 of about six miles. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ < 
 
 At portage No . 9, indications of granite were observed, which induced 
 Mr. Hill to explore the ridge with much minuteness. He found granite 
 occupying the extreme sumrnit, hearing east and west, and about half a 
 mile in width. Over this mass the mica and hornblende slates were 
 folded, presenting on either side the same order of superpesition. A 
 granite range runs nearly parallel to the Menomonee river, in townships 
 39 arid 40, ranges 30 and 31, crossing the great Bekuenesec falls,, 
 and above the Muskos river. It is here associated with the old porphy- 
 ries, bearing northwest and southeast. On either side the range is 
 flanked by hornblende highly crystalline, which appears to belong to the 
 igneous rather than the metamorphic rocks. 
 
 SANDSTONES. 
 
 The sandstones of Lake Superior I am disposed to regard as resting at 
 the tese of ail the fossiiiferpus rocks, corresponding in this respect with 
 the observations of Messrs. Murchinson and Yerneuil in Russia and 
 Sweden. The imbedded traps of Keweenaw point and Isle Royale have 
 broken through these sandstones, forming continuous lines of elevation. 
 Little is seen of this sandstone on Isle Royale, except on the outermost 
 reefs of the south shore of the island. Between this station and Kewee^ 
 naw point it describes an immense curve, which forms the bed of tha 
 lake. • i 
 
 Passing over to Keweenaw point, the sandstone makes its appearance jabout 
 a mile above the Portage, in bold cliffs by the lake shore. Its bearing 4s N. 
 25^ E., with a northwesterly inclination of 10®. It is of areddish-gray color> 
 and sopiewhat fissile. Interstratified with it are beds of red and greeja 
 shale. Tortions of the cliffs crumble beneath the action of the surf more 
 readily than others, so that the beds possessing the greatest degree of in- 
 duration project - over like' cornices. Other portions resemble ranges of 
 brick- work, while the bases of the cliffs are excavated at short intervals 
 into arched caverns^ resembling gothic windows. Cliffs of this kindy 
 rising to the height of sixty or a hundred feet, are not unusual— some- 
 times presenting a walled face, again scooped out into deep recesses, with 
 numerous fountains falling from the top, which in the clear sunlight flash 
 like burnished silver. The rains descending from above have excavated 
 deep grooves in the face of the cliffs, so that they resemble castles and 
 domes. These cliffs may be regarded as a miniature representation of 
 the Pictured rocks. Approaching the head of Keweenaw point, the sand- 
 stone is occasionally seen in low reefs along the beach, as far as the Lake- 
 shore location, where it disappears in the lake. As we recede from the^ 
 trap, its inclination diminishes rapidly, £us will be seen by the following: 
 dips, talien at different points: 
 
 Section 11, townsliip 37, range 33, bearing N. E., dip 32® NNW,. 
 
 33, 57, 33, N. 15 E., 20 
 
 6, 56, 33, N. 16 E., 19 
 
 29, 56, 34', N. 25 E., 10 
 
 When examined five or six miles from its line of junation with the trap^ 
 it is found to be nearly horizontal. 
 
[ 1 ] 782 
 
 On section 33^ township BJ, range 33, by the lake shore, there is a sin- 
 gular bed of sandstone, eighty rods in width, composed of sub -crystalline 
 particles of quartz and felspar. It bears N. 22^° B., w'ith a NNW. in- 
 clination of 26^. The junction between the trap and sandstone on the 
 northern slope of Keweenaw point is extremely difficult to determine, in 
 consequence of the amount of loose materials scattered over the surface. 
 The country rises gradually, and is traversed by numerous ravines, but 
 the sandstone is rarely exposed. 
 
 The southern junction is more clearly defined; but the conglomerate, 
 which is found in such heavy masses on the northern slope, is almost 
 entirely wanting. 
 
 Section 36, township 56, range 33, belonging to the Douglass Hough- 
 ton Mining Company, affords a good exposure of the rocks. The west 
 fork of Torch river is here precipitated over a cliff of trap eighty feet in 
 height, near the junction, and thence winds along through a deep gorge 
 which it has excavated in the sandstone. The sandstone is of a light 
 yellow color, and contains numerous pebbles, consisting for the most part 
 of white quartz. It dips southerly, or away from the trap. On the north 
 side of the stream, it is seen resting on the trap in large blocks, seventy 
 feet above its bed. The sandstone is seen in the banks of this branch of 
 Torch river at shorty intervals, and contains greenish patches, giving it a 
 somewhat variegated appearance. 
 
 On the south side of Keweenaw point, (section 27, township 58, range 
 28, near the meander-post between sections 27 and 28,) above ^te du 
 Gris bay, sandstone is to be seen, bearing N. 22 E., and dipping South- 
 erly, or away from the trap, for a distance of nearly three-fourths of a mile. 
 It is white and granular, destitute of pebbles, and nearly so of iron. 
 
 On section 36, township 58, range 29, it is again seen on the shore of 
 the lake for the sixth of a mile, abutting against a bed of brick-red con- 
 glomerate. Course N. 45^ E., dip 76^ SB. This conglomerate band, 
 about twenty-five feet tliick, is identical in lithological characters with 
 those on the northern slope of the axis, and laps on the chlorite rock. 
 The same band is seen on the Lac la Belle location, but beyond that 
 point we have not been able to trace it. The sandstone here consists of 
 alternating bands of red and yellowish silex, with no trace of lime. 
 
 In the bottom of the bay, at this point, when the water is calm, the 
 buff and red bands can be seen, describing immense curves, parallel to 
 the direction of the Bohemian range of mountains, and affording conclu- 
 sive evidence that their bearing and upheaval are due to the protiTision of 
 the igneous rocks. This is a point of great geological interest, inasmuch 
 as it enables us to fix the relative age of the trap range and of the bedded 
 trap and conglomerate. 
 
 On the east side of section 14, township 59, range 29, the sandstone is 
 again seen, forming the southern shore of Bete du Gris bay. Although 
 removed but a few miles frorri the trap, it is nearly horizontal. The rock 
 is very fissile, some of the layers yellow or buff, while others are brick- 
 red. It contains numerous concretions of dove-colored clay and red 
 ochre, hydrous peroxide of iron. 
 
 There are also numerous concretions resembling the vertebrae or joints 
 of the crinoids, the mould being replaced by pure white silex, v/hile most 
 of them contain in the centre a dark speck corresponding to the internal 
 ^cavity or alimentary canal. 
 
Gutting thi^ugh one of these, concretions at right-angles io the lines of 
 stra^cation, it is found to be a sphere or baU enveloping the dark speck 
 ■which served as the original nucleiis. 
 
 Between this point and L’Anse the sandstone recurs at short intervals^ 
 forming headlands and cliffs along the lake shore for miles in extent, sO 
 CTecipitous and bold, that it is impossible to .effect a landing with a boat. 
 'The beds are nearly horizontal, or present a series of gentle undulations’. 
 
 At Tobacco river the sandstone is finely exposed in bold cliffs, and con^ 
 ^sists of alternating beds of buff and red color, resembling the curved 
 bands seen in the bottom of Bete du Gris bay. Some of these beds are 
 granular and closely cemented, while others are slaty. 
 
 The aboriginal name of this river is Wasa-Kodewabikag-Lepi, or Burnt 
 •rStone river, so called from the brick-red color of some of the sandstone 
 beds, while the English name is- derived from the dark color of its waters^ 
 supplied by numerous swamps skirting the base of the Bohemian mounts 
 ains. Here, too, we observed concretions similar to those before de^ 
 scribed. 
 
 As we approach L’Anse, the dips of the sandstone to the northwest 
 become perceptible, and a change is noticed in its external characters. 
 It is coarser grained, with a red tinge, and contains pebbles of white 
 quartz> and beeasionally of greenstone. 
 
 At Grebessas (section 25, township 51, range 33) its co\irse was found 
 to be NE. ^nd SW., its inclination 28^ to the NW. 
 
 In describing the slates we gave a section of the rocks, showing the 
 relation which they bore to the sandstone. By referring to that section it 
 will be seen that the sandstone rests unconformably on them, and that 
 the peculiarly folded stratification was communicated to them before its 
 deposition.- — (Plate I, figure 1.) 
 
 . This was the last appearance of sandstone in situ on the northern 
 slope of the granite axis between the waters of Superior and Michigan) 
 although we met with outliers of this rock six hundred feet above Ke- 
 weenaw bay. 
 
 We here pass over an interval of more than eighty miles, occupied by 
 the igneous and metamorphic formations previously described. In the 
 southern part of township 37, range 28, a short distance below Chippewa 
 island, on the Menomonee river, we struck a sandstone bearing the same 
 ^rela.tion to the slates as that of Keweenaw bay. 
 
 While the slates are seen standing vertically with the trap, intercalated 
 in the form of dikes, the latter is deposited nearly horizontally on the up- 
 turned edges. The greatest dip that could be obtained was 3^ southerlyi 
 This sandstone consists of alternating beds of red and pure white siii- 
 cious sand, and, for the most part, the adhesion between the grains is so 
 slight in fresh specimens that it can be crushed in the hand; but after 
 kaving parted with the water disseminated through its pores, it acquires a 
 considerable degree of adhesion, and is little acted on by atmospheric 
 agents. It corresponds in lithological characters to the sandstone de-«« 
 scribed by Drs. Owen and Locke as resting at the base of the silurian 
 limestones of Iowa and Wisconsin, and to that described by Mr. Feather- 
 stonhaugh as occurring in the vicinity of the falls of St. Anthony. This » 
 rock opposes little resistance to the erosive action of water, and conse-' 
 quently rarely appears above the surface. To trace its boundaries, there- 
 fore, is a work of much difficulty. 
 
 At the White Rapids it forms the bed of the river, with a slight incliaa- 
 
784 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tion to the south. It is made up of bands of pure white sandstone^ some 
 of which are four feet in thickness^ with thin bands of red. The sand- 
 stone appears for the last time in the banks of the stream at the first' 
 rapids above the Big Bend, in township 35, range 29; it therefore forms 
 a belt about fourteen miles in width . 
 
 This sandstone exhibits no traces of organic remains. I am disposed 
 to regard it as the equivalent of that lying on the northern sloye of the 
 peninsula, although it differs somewhat in external characters. These 
 differences can be Accounted for by the different degrees of pressure or 
 heat to which the beds were subjected at different points in the process 
 of consolidation. Besides, it is idle to expect that rocks will maintain a 
 uniformity of character over widely- extended areas. This sandstone, 
 supposing it to be identical, attains a greater thickness on the northern 
 slope than on the southern; and the absence of pebbles in the last- 
 described deposites indicates that the transporting power of the current 
 diminished as it advanced soil th ward. 
 
 Compact limestone , — ^At the head of the Grand Rapids occurs a light- 
 gray magnesia limestone, composed of an infinite number of small crys- 
 talline plates closely aggregated. It contains numerous geodes, lined 
 with drusy quartz and rhomb spar. 
 
 Further down the rapids, on the Wisconsin side, it appears, forming a 
 cliff fifteen feet in hei'ght. Here it is less crystalline, being composed of 
 minute grains. Imbedded with it is a stratum of fine-grained sandstone, 
 tinged red by the peroxide of iron, which effervesces freely with acids. 
 The rapids, more than a mile in extent, are over this rock, but it is diffi- 
 cult to obtain a good exposure. 
 
 The limestone again appears at Caulkins’s saw-mill, sixteen miles above 
 the mouth of the river. Portions of it are made up of rounded grains of 
 quartz cemented by calcareous matter, gMng it a volitic appearance. It 
 is also seen at the mills of Hall and Spaides, four miles from the mouth 
 of the Menomonee, in the bed of the river. It is somewhat crystalline,, 
 more fissile than at the other localities described, and of a dingy color. 
 Here we noticed, for the first time, ti’aces of fossils, consisting exclusive- 
 ly of the disjointed vertebrm of crinoids, not exceeding the sixteenth of 
 an inch in diameter. 
 
 Particular beds of this limestone might be called calciferou^ sandstone,. 
 but they nowhere expand to such a thickness as would justify tlieir be- 
 ing ranked as a distinct member of the silurian system. 
 
 The width of this subdivision is about twenty-four miles, the bearing 
 northeast and southwest. 
 
 Dr. Owen, in his report of last year; remarks that he has obtained 
 ample evidence that this limestone, liice the Cliff, is a lead-bearing rock. 
 
 While at Green Bay I saw specimens of lead, said to have been pro- 
 cured from this rock, a short distance up the Pesetego river. As this 
 rock must be developed somewhat extensively in the upper peninsula of 
 Michigan, it is not improbable that lead may sooner or later 1^ added to 
 the mineral products of this region. 
 
 Blue limestone and marls , — This subdivision of the silurian system, 
 according to Dr. Locke, is seen with its characteristic fossils on ‘the west 
 side of great Bay du Noquef . It also is seen four miles below Navarino, 
 the head of Green Bay. A line drawn between these two points would 
 be nearly parallel to the line of hearing, and bring the junction between 
 the compact and blue limestones in the bed of the bay. At the lato 
 
785 
 
 fK)int the rock is of a light blue color; of a granular texture^ and richlj 
 stored with the characteristic fossils. 
 
 Heights between Keweenaw Bay and Lake Michigan ^ as determined by 
 
 barometer. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Stream 3 miles from head of the bay - - - - 150 
 
 Summit of the ridgC; 6 miles ----- 448 
 
 Do miles - . - - - - 533 
 
 Do miles ----- 649 
 
 Kear south line of township 50; range 33 - - • 851 
 
 1 mile south of township 50 , range 33 - - - - *907 
 
 If mile south of township 50; range 33 - 1065 
 
 IN^ar range line; two miles south of north line of township 49; 
 
 range 33 ------- 964 
 
 Near range line; three miles south of north line of township 49; 
 
 range 33 - - - - - - - 947 
 
 2| miles southeast of range line; by small lake - 1031 
 
 Knob by meadoW; near where trail strikes stream - - 1 129 
 
 North line of township 48; range 32 - - - - 1113 
 
 1 mile from township line; (summit) - - - - 1199 
 
 Stream; Sturgeon river ------ 1073 
 
 .Sagiagans; head of Machi-gamig - - - - - 1049 
 
 Head of second portage' ------ n1015 
 
 Head of third portage ------ 976 
 
 Summit of Iron Knob; (section 1; township 46; range 30) , - 1110 
 
 PoDt of fourth portage ------ 924 
 
 Head of fifth portage ------ 836 
 
 Head of sixth portage - - - - - - 718 
 
 Part ii— 50 
 
787 
 
 Barmnetrical observations — Continued . 
 
 m 
 
 Date. I Time. 
 
 September 19. ...... . (1) 7 a.m.’ 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 (3) 10.45 
 
 (4) 11 
 
 (5) 1.50 
 
 (6) 6 p. m. 
 
 Sapt. SO — station same (7) 6.30a.m. 
 
 as 6. (-gj g 
 
 (9) 11.40 
 (10) 2.30 
 
 September 21. ....... (11) 6 a.m. 
 
 (m 
 
 (13) 3.40 
 
 (14) 4.40 
 
 (15) 6 
 
 September 22. ....... (16) 9.30 
 
 (17) 11.30 
 
 (18) 11.30 
 
 (19) 3.30 
 
 (20) 4.25 
 
 Sept. 23 — camp. ..... (21) 
 
 (22) 12 m. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1848 — morn- (23) .......... 
 
 (2.4) 
 
 (25) 2,30 
 
 (26) 4.15 
 
 Sept. 25— same station (27) 6 
 
 8. 15 
 
 (28) 
 
 September 25. ...... . (29) 6 a. m. 
 
 (30) Ip.ra. 
 Sept. 27 — same station 7 a^ m. 
 Sept. 29 — same station 8.20 a. m. 
 
 12 m. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 •Thermom- 
 eter, at- 
 tached. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, de- 
 tached. 
 
 28.450 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 28.492 
 
 9 
 
 8| 
 
 28.500 
 
 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 28.318 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 28.510 
 
 i6 
 
 10 
 
 28.586 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 28.600 
 
 5 
 
 4i 
 
 28. 650 
 
 ill el 
 
 1 ^2 
 
 28.700 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 28.736 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 28.984 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29.120 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 29.140 
 
 29.268 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 29.286 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 29.294 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 29.339 
 
 12 I 
 
 12 
 
 29.318 
 
 m 
 
 13 i 
 
 29.3'23 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 29.244 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 29.210 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 29. 325 
 
 1 10 
 
 i 10 
 
 29.448 
 
 9 
 
 i 9 
 
 29.448 
 
 13| 
 
 13| 
 
 29.481 
 
 13| 
 
 13i 
 
 29.300 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29.272 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 29.364 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 29.546 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 29.720 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 29.800 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 29.864 
 
 8J 
 
 
 29.416 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 29.159 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 * 
 
 Height. 
 
788 
 
 Barometrical calculations. 
 
 B. T. 
 
 (3.) 28.5 — .22 = 28.28 51.8 52.7 
 
 (4.) 28.318 — .22 = 28.098 50 60 
 
 B. 1.8 A. 102.7 
 
 Log. (4) 28.098 1.4486754 
 
 B. =10.8 0.0000782 
 
 Log. (3)28.28. 
 
 1 . 4487536 
 1.4514794 
 
 • •t>a*«»***>***«*>****»**>**>*****>»*' a'aaaa*********** 
 
 0.G027258 
 
 Log. R . . 
 A. 102.7 
 
 7 4354940 
 9.9998774 
 4.7989288 
 
 2.2343002 
 
 171.51 feet ascending. 
 
 (4.) 28.318 •— .22 28.098 50 50 
 
 (5.) 28 510 22 = 28. 29 50 50 
 
 B. r= 0 A. 100 
 
 Log. (4) 28.C98 1.4486754 
 
 B. = 0. Log. (5) 28.29 1.4516329 
 
 R 
 
 • • o 
 
 f 
 
 0.0029575 
 
 Log.R 7.4709248 
 
 LaL.... 9.9998775 
 
 A.= 100<=>.... 4.7976784 
 
 2.2684807 
 
 185.56 feet descending. 
 
 {5.) 28.51 — .22 = 28.29 50 50 
 
 (6.) 28.586 — .22 = 28.366 44.6 44.6 
 
 B. 50.4 A. 940.6 
 
 Log. (5) 28.29 
 B. = 5'^.4. . . . 
 
 Log. (6) 28. 366 
 
 It 
 
 Log. R. 
 
 Lat 
 
 94 »6 »•»•... 
 
 1.4516329 
 9 .9997565 
 
 1.4513894 
 
 1.4527981 
 
 0.0014087 
 
 7. 1488185 
 9.9998775 
 4.7951650 
 
 1.9438610 
 
 41 40.1 
 
 44.6 41.9 
 
 87.874 feet descending. 
 
 n.) 28.6 — .22 = 28.38 
 8.) 28.65 — .22 = 28.43 
 
 B. =3.6 
 
 A- 82.0 
 
789 
 
 [IJ 
 
 L')g. (7) 28.38 1.4530124 
 
 B 3.6 0.0001561 
 
 1.4531685 
 
 Log. (8) 28.43.... 1.4537769 
 
 R 0.0006084 
 
 Log. R 6 7841892 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 82 4. 7892451 
 
 1.5733118 
 
 37.437 feet descending. 
 
 (8.) 28.06 — .22 = 98.43 44.6 41.9 
 
 (9.) 28.7 —.22 = 28.48 46.4 46.4 
 
 B.1.8 A. 88. a 
 
 Loe. (8) 28.43 1.4531685 
 
 B. = 10.8... 0.0000782 
 
 1.4532467 
 
 Log. (9) 28.48 1.4545400 
 
 R 0.0012933 
 
 Log. R 7.1116993 
 
 Lat.. 9.9998775 
 
 A. 88.3 4.7922152 
 
 1.9037920 
 
 80.13 feet descending. 
 
 (9.) 28.7 — .22 28.48 46.4 46.4 
 
 (10.) 28.736 ~ .22 = 28.516 48.2 4,8.2 
 
 B. “1.8 A. = 94.6 
 
 Log. (9) 28.48 
 
 B..=r 10.8 
 
 
 1 . 4545400 
 0.0000782 
 
 Log, (10) 28.516 
 R 
 
 1. 4546182 
 1 . 4550886 
 
 0. 0004704 
 
 Log. R . 
 X^nt . « . . 
 A. 88. 3 
 
 6.6724673 
 9. 9998775 
 4.7922152 
 
 29.145 feet descending. 
 
 1.4645600 
 
 September 21. — Here I see no observation between 6 a. m. and 3. 40 p. m. : and these dillbr 
 but .136 ; which difference is scarcely greater than took place at Copper Harbor, with the sta- 
 tionary barometer. But as you at this date are beyond the height of land between the two 
 points of observation, I shall calculate the observations without correction. 
 
 33.8 33.8 
 
 48.2 48.2 
 
 (11.) 28.984 — .22 = 28.764 
 (13.) 29.12 — .22 =r 28.90. 
 
 B. 14.4 
 
 A. 82.0 
 
790 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 hog, (11) 28.764 1.4588493 
 
 B.:;= 14.4 0006248 
 
 1. 4594741 
 
 3Log. (13) 28.9 1.4608978 
 
 R 0.0014237 
 
 Loff. R.. 7.1534185 
 
 JLat. 9.9998775 
 
 A. 82 ... 4.7892451 
 
 1.9425411 
 
 87. 6 feet descendkig. 
 
 (13.) 29.12 — .22 = 28.90 48.2 48.2 
 
 (14.) 29.14 — .22 = 28.92 44.6 44.6 
 
 B. 3.6 A. 92.8 
 
 Log. (13) 28.9 1.4608978 
 
 B. = 3.6 0001561 
 
 1.4610539 
 
 Log. (14) 28,92 1.4611983 
 
 E 0.0001444 
 
 Log. R 6.1595672 
 
 Lat. 9.9998775 
 
 A. 92.8 4.7943240 
 
 0.9537687 
 
 8.99 feet descending. 
 
 No. 15 has no thermometrical observations ; nor does it differ, to any great extent, from the 
 ethers. I thought of omitting, but, on the whole, will calculate it, taking 7 as the Centigrade T. 
 
 (14.) 29.14 — .22 r= 28.92 44.6 44.6 
 
 (15.) 29.268 — .22 = 29.048 44.6 44.6 
 
 B. = 0 A. 89.2 
 
 Log. (14)28.92 1.4611983 
 
 B. = 0. Log. (15) 29.048 1.4631162 
 
 E 0.0019179 
 
 Log) R 7.2828260 
 
 Lat 9.9996775 
 
 A. 89.2 4.7926380 
 
 2.0753415 
 
 118.94 feet descending. 
 
 Was the morning (9 o’clock) observation of September 22 where the one of the evening be- 
 fore was taken Cannot connect them properly. 
 
 (16.) 29.286 — .22 = 29.066 44.6 44.6 
 
 (17.) 29.294 — .22 = 29.074........: 53.6 53.6 
 
 B. = 90 A. 98.2 
 
791 
 
 Liog. (16) 29.066 1.4G33853 
 
 B. =9 0.0003907 
 
 1.4637760 
 
 l,og. (17) 29.074 1.4635048 
 
 R 0.0002712 
 
 I.og. R 6.4332897 
 
 Ba( 9.9998775 
 
 A. 98.2 4.7968422 
 
 1.2300094 
 
 16.99 feet. Cannot tell whether ascending or descending, on account of the corrections for 
 
 thermometer. 
 
 (17.) 29.294 — .22 = 29.074 53.6 53.6 
 
 (18.) 29.339 — .22 = 29.119 53.6 53.6 
 
 B. — 0 A. 107.2 
 
 Log. ( 17) 29 . 074 1 . 4635048 
 
 B. = 0. Log. (18) 29.119 1.4641765 
 
 R 0.0006717 
 
 Log. R 6.8271753 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 107.2 4.8010062 
 
 1.6280590 
 
 42.52 feet descending. 
 
 (18.) 29.339 — .22 = 29.119 53.6 ,53.6 
 
 (19.) 29.318 — .22 = 29.098 56.3 56.3 
 
 B. 2.7 A. 109.9 
 
 Log. (19) 28.098 1.4638631 
 
 B. 2.7 9.9999058 
 
 Log. (18) 29.119 .' 1.4637689 
 
 1.4641765 
 
 R 
 
 0.0004076 
 
 •Log R. . 
 
 LiSt. ..... 
 
 A. 109.9 
 
 6.6102342 
 
 9.9998775 
 
 4.8021844 
 
 25.84 feet ascending. 
 
 19. ) 29.318 — .22 = 29.098 
 
 20. ) 29.323 — .22 = 29.103 
 
 (19) 
 'B. 4.5. .. . 
 
 1.4122961 
 
 56.3 56.a 
 
 51.8 50 
 
 B. 4.5 A. 106.3 
 
 1.46.38631 
 
 9.9998045 
 
 1.4636676 
 
 Log. (20) 29.103 1 • 4639378 
 
 R. 1l0002702 
 
 Log. R. , 
 A. 106.3 
 
 6.4316853 
 9. 9998775 
 4.8005913 
 
 17.067 feet d^cending. 
 
 1.2321541 
 
792 
 
 (21.) 29.244 -^.22 — 29.02 51.8 51. B 
 
 (22.) 29.21 —.22 =1:28.99........ 60.8 60.8 
 
 B. 9.0 A. 112.6 
 
 Log. (22) 28.99 1.4622482 
 
 B. = 9 9.9996090 
 
 1.4618572 
 
 Log. (21) 29.02 1.4626374 
 
 fe 0.0008402 
 
 Log. R * 6.924.9827 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 112.6 4.8034851 
 
 1.7277453 
 
 53.425 feet ascending. 
 
 How are the observations of September 23 to be connected v/ith those of the 24th Did you 
 encamp at noon of 23d.? The first two of the 24th alre apparently taken at different stations, and 
 accordingly I calculate them. 
 
 (23.) 29.325 — .22 =: 29.105 50 50 
 
 (24.) 29.448 — .22 — 29.228 48.2 48.2 
 
 B. 1.8 A. 98.2 
 
 Log. (23) 29,105 1 . 4639676 
 
 B. = 1.8 : 9.9999473 
 
 1.4639155 
 
 Log. ( 4)29.228 1.4657991 
 
 E 0.0018836 
 
 ■ ■■■■i.ii ■! II a j 
 
 Log. R 7.2749887 
 
 Lat 9.9938775 
 
 A, 98.2 4.7968422 
 
 ^..■l i — l .» ! I ■ I IlC 
 
 2.0717084 
 
 117. 95 feet descending. 
 
 (24.) 29.448 — .22 — 29.228 48.2 48.2 
 
 (25.> 29.448 — .22 = 29.228 56.3 56.3 
 
 Not difference enough to calculate. 
 
 (25) 29.448 — .22 = 29.228 56.3 56.3 
 
 (26.) 29.481 — .22 = 29.261 56.3 56.3 
 
 B. = 0 A. 112.6 
 
 Log. (25) 29. 228 * 1 . 4657991 
 
 B. = 0. Log. (26) 29. 261 1.4662892 
 
 R 0.0004901 
 
 Log. R 6.6902847 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 112.6 4.8034851 
 
 1.4936473 
 
 31,163 feet descending. 
 
 "Why, after (27,) are not the next two numbered? Are they at the same station? Here 
 ihey are : 
 
793 [ 1 ] 
 
 <27.) 99.3 —.29 = 29.08 33.8 33. 8^ 
 
 X— .) 29.272 — .22 =29.052 46.4 46.4 
 
 \ ' 
 
 B. 12.6 A. 80.^ 
 
 Lo^. (— .) 29 .052, 1.4631760' 
 
 B. 12.6 9.9994527 
 
 1 .4626287 
 
 Log. (27) 29.08 1.4635944 
 
 R 0.0009657 
 
 Log. R 6.9848422 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 80.2 4.7883923 
 
 1. 7731120 
 
 59.30 feet ascending. 
 
 (— .) 29.272 — .22 = 29.052 46.4 46.4 
 
 29.364 — .22 29.144 46.4 46.4 
 
 B. = 0 A. 92. 
 
 Log. 29.052 1.4631760 
 
 B. r=0. Log. 29.144 1.4645492 
 
 R 0.0013732 
 
 Log. R 7.1377338 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 92.8 4.7943240 
 
 1.9319353 
 
 85.49 feet descending, 
 
 29.364 — .22 = 29.144 46.4 46.4 
 
 (28.) 29.546 — .22 29.326 55.4 55.4 
 
 B. 9. A. lOLS; 
 
 Log 29.144. 1.4645492 
 
 B. = 9 0.0003907 
 
 1.4649399 
 
 Log. (28) 29 . 326 1 . 4672528 
 
 R 0.0U2.3129 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Log. R....... 7.3641569 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 101.8 4.7985125 
 
 2.1625469' 
 
 145. 4 feet descending. 
 
 I do not find data for any further calcu;ations. I beg you to look these over closely, as I can* 
 only testify tJo a careful use of the data given me, 
 
 A. W. THAYER. 
 
794 
 
 in 
 
 Centigrade Th. Farenheit, 
 
 a 121 X 9 = 1121 -4- 5 = 22.5 4- 32 54.5. 
 
 b 13§ X ^ ~ 121| 4- 5 ~ 24.3 + 32 = 56.3. 
 
 c 14| X 9 = 130.5 4- 5 = 26.1 + 32 = .58.1. 
 
 d 14 X 9 — 126. 4- 5 == 25.2 + 32 r= 57.2. 
 
 / Do. 
 
 g Do. 
 
 y 13i X 9 — 120 4- 5 = 24 +32—56 
 
 h 10 X 9 = 90 4- 5 — 18 4- 32 = 50 
 
 i 44 X 9 = 40.5 4- 5 = 8.1 + 32 = 40.1. 
 
 j 9“ X 9 = 81 4- 5 = 16.2 — 32 = 48.2. 
 
 k 10 X 9 = 90 4- 5 = 18 32 = 50 
 
 I 15 X 9 = 135 4- 5 = 27 4- 32 = 59 
 
 m 14| X 9 = 130.5 4- 5 = 26.1 + 32 = 58.1. 
 
 n Do, 
 
 o Do. 
 
 p Do. 
 
 g - 3i X 9 = 31.5 4- 5 = 6.3 + 32 = 38.3. 
 
 S8i X 9 = 74.5 4- 5 = 14.9 — 32 = 46.9. 
 
 ® )8 X 9 = '72 5 = 14.4 + 32 = 46.4. 
 
 t 11 X9.= 99 -f- 5 = 19.8 4- 32 =: 51.8. 
 
 M 10.5 X 9 = 94.5 -i- 5 = 18.9 + 32 = 50.9. 
 
 y, no X 9 — 90 -1- 5 = 18 4- 32 = 50 
 
 7 4 9 y 9 = 81 4- 5 = 16.2 4- 32 = 48.2. 
 
 (2) 8| X9 = 76.5 4- 5 = 16.3 + 32 = 47.3. 
 
 ■(3.) Hi X 9 = 103.5 4- 5 = 20.7 + 32 = 52.7. 
 
 (4.) Same as 1. 
 
 (5.) Do. 
 
 (6 ) 7 X 9 = 63 4- 5 == 12.6 + 32 = 44.6. 
 
 (5 X 9 = 45 4- 5 = 9 + 32 = 41 
 
 ^^•^^4.5 X 9 = 40.5 4- 5 = 8.1 + 32 = 40.1. 
 
 (8 ) 5.5 X 9 = 49.5 4- 5 = 9.9 + 32 = -41.9. 
 
 (9.) Same as 5, 2d. 
 
 (10 ) Same as 1, 2d. 
 
 <11.) 1 X9= 9 -r- 5 = 1.8 + 32 = 33.6. 
 
 (13.) Same as 1, 2d. 
 
 (14 ) Same as 6. 
 
 <16 ) Do. 
 
 <17.) 12 X 9 = 108 4- 5 = 21.6 + 32 = 53.6. 
 
 (18.) Do. 
 
 (19 ) Same as h. 
 
 (20 ) 11 = 51.8 & 10 = 50. 
 
 (21.) 11 = 51.8. 
 
 <22 ) 16 X 9 = 144 4- 5 = 28.8 + 32 = 60.8.» 
 
 (23 ) 10 = 50. 
 
 (24.) 9 = 48.2. 
 
 (2.5.) 13| = 56.3. 
 
 (26.) Do. 
 
 ,(27.) 1 = 33.8. 
 
 8 = 46.4. ^ 
 
 (28.) 13 X 9 = 117 4- 5 = 23.4 + 32 = 55.4. 
 
 (29 ) 1 = 33,8. 
 fSO.) 15 = 59. 
 
 (31.) 8| = 47.3. 
 
7Q5 t 1 1 
 
 X 29.83 — .2-2 = 29.61 59 60.8 
 
 1+ 29.744 — .22 = 29.524 60 62.6 
 
 B. = 1 A. 123.4 
 
 Log. +t 29.524 1.4701752 
 
 B. = 1 9.9999566 
 
 1.4701318 
 
 Log. X 29.61 1.4714384 
 
 & 
 
 R 0.0013066 
 
 Log. R.... 7.1181427 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 123.4 4.8084019 
 
 1.9244221 
 
 84 feet ascending. 
 
 L’Anse to Rathbun’s. 
 
 Rathbun’s, 29. 744 — .22 == 29.524. , 60 62.6 
 
 Bosarell’s Mill, 29.814 — .22 = 29.594.... 55 57.2 
 
 B.=5 A. 119.8 
 
 Log. 29.524 1.4701752 
 
 B. =5 9.9997828 
 
 1.4699.580 
 
 Log. 29.594 1.4712037 
 
 R 0.0012457 
 
 Log. R 7.0954135 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 119.8 4.8067690 
 
 1.9020600 
 
 79.8 feet descending. 
 
 B. Mill, 29.814 — .22 = 29.594 55 57,2 
 
 A. , 29.664 — .22 = 29.444 63 54.5 
 
 B. 2 A. 111.7 
 
 Log. A 1.4689968 
 
 B. 2. . . 0000869 
 
 1.4690837 
 
 B. Mill 1.4712037 
 
 R.. 0.0021200 
 
 Log. R 7.3263359 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 111.7 4.8030731 
 
 2. 1292865 
 
 134. 67 feet ascending. 
 
798 
 
 m 
 
 « 29.664 — .22 = 29.444 53 54.5 
 
 h 29.350 — .22 = 29.13 54 56.3 
 
 Log. 29.13-.. 1.4643405 
 
 B. 54 — 53 = 1 9.9993566 
 
 1.4642971 
 
 Log. 29.444 1.4689968 
 
 R 0.0046997 
 
 Log.R 7.6720701 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 54.5 4- 56.3 = 110.8 4.80266U8- 
 
 2.4746084 
 
 298.27 feet ascending. 
 
 I 29.350 — .22 = 29.13 54 56 3- 
 
 c 29.268 — .22 — 29.046 56 5S.1 
 
 Log. c. 29 046 1.4630863 
 
 B. 56 — 54 2 9.9999131 
 
 1.4629994 
 
 Log. 1. 4643405 
 
 R 0.0013411 
 
 Log. R 7. 1274612 
 
 Lac 9.9998775 
 
 A. 56.3 4- 58.1 = 114.4 4.8043089 
 
 1.9316476 
 
 85.437 feet ascending. 
 
 a 29.664 — .22 = 29.444 53 54.5 
 
 / 28.998 — .22 — 28.778 55 57.2 
 
 Log/ 28. 778 1.4580606 
 
 B 53 — 55 — 2 9.9999131 
 
 1. 4579737 
 
 Log. a 29 . 444 1. 4689968 
 
 R 0.0110231 
 
 Log. R 8.0423037 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 54.5 4- 57.2 111.7 4.8U30731 
 
 2. 8452543- 
 
 700.25 feet ascending. 
 
 Sum of these calculations (a and/) 701.21 ascending. 
 
 c 29.266 — .22 =: 29.046 56 58.1 
 
 d 29.142 — .22 — 28 922 55 57.2 
 
 Log. d 28.922 1.4612283 
 
 B. 56 — 55 1 0. 0000434 
 
 1.4612717 
 
 Log. c 29. 046 1.46.30863 
 
 R 0.6018146 
 
 Log. R 7.2587809 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 58.1 + 57.2 = 115.3 4.8047198 
 
 2.0633782 
 
 115.71 feet ascending. 
 
*4 29.142 
 ;/ 28.998 
 
 .22 28.922 
 
 .22 ^ 28.778 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 57 2 
 57.2 
 
 1 
 
 hog. / 28. 778 1 . 4580606 
 
 B. == 0. Log. d 28.922 1.4612283 
 
 R 0.0031677 
 
 Log. R 7.5007440 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 57.2 + 57.2 = 114.4 4.8043089 
 
 2.3049304 
 
 201.8 feet ascending. 
 
 / 28 998 — .22 = 28.778.... 55 57.2 
 
 g 28.874 — .22 = 28.654 55 57.2 
 
 Log. / 28. 778 1,4580606 
 
 B. = 0. Log. g 28.654 1.4571853 
 
 R 0.0008753 
 
 Log. R 6.9421569 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 57.2 4- 57.2 = 114.4 4.8043089 
 
 1. 7463433 
 
 55. 763 feet ascending. 
 
 g 28.874 — .22 = 28.654 55 57.2 
 
 y 28.708 — .22 = 28.488 54 56.0 
 
 Log. y 28. 488 1.4546620 
 
 B. '55 — 54 = 1 0.0000434 
 
 1.4547054 
 
 Log. g 28. 654 1.4.571853 
 
 R 0.0024799 
 
 Log. R 7.3944342 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 57.2 -f 56 = 113.2 4.8037602 
 
 2.1980719 
 
 157.89 feet ascending. 
 
 y 28. 708 —. 22 = 28. 488 54 56 
 
 ih 28.796 — .22 = 28.576 48 50 
 
 Xog. « 28. 488 1. 4546620 
 
 B. 54 — 48 = 6 9.9997393 
 
 1.4544013 
 
 Log. 6 28.576..... 1.4S6C014 
 
 o \ 
 
 E 0.0016001 
 
 X.og.R 7.2041471 
 
 Lat 9 999S775 
 
 A. 56 + 50 == 106... 4.8004533 
 
 101.03 feet descending. 
 
 2.0044773 
 
798 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 i 28.726 .22 = 28.506 
 
 j 28.766 — .22 = 28.546 
 
 Log. i 28.506 
 
 B. 46 — 38 = 8 
 
 Log. j 28.546.. 
 
 R... 
 
 Log. R. 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 A. Vo!i’+*48.2':^ 83.3 
 
 — 16.216 feet descending. 
 
 j 28.766 — .22 = 28 546 
 k 28.684 — .22 = 28.464 
 
 Log. k 28.464 
 
 B. 48 — 46 = 2 
 
 Log, j 28 540 
 
 Log. R. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 A. 50 + 48.2 = 98.2 
 
 -}- 83 . 662 feet ascending. 
 
 k 28.684 — .22 == 28.464 
 I 28.616 — .22 == 28.396 
 
 Log. Z 28. 396 
 
 B. 57 — 48 = 9 
 
 Log. k 28.464 
 
 R 
 
 \ * 
 
 Log. R 
 
 Lat 
 
 A. 59 + 50 = 109 
 
 90.564 feet ascending. 
 
 I 28.616 — .22= 28.396 
 m 28.^8 — .22 = 28.408. 
 
 Log. I 28.396 • . 
 
 B.57tt-ij;56 = l 
 
 Log. m 26.408 
 
 R 
 
 Log. R............... 
 
 Lat 
 
 A. 58.1 + 59 = 117.1 
 
 38 40. 1 
 
 46 48.2 
 
 o.... 1.4549363 
 
 0.0003473 
 
 1. 45528.36 
 1.4555453 
 
 0.0002617 
 
 6.4178037 
 
 9.399ST75 
 
 4.7922153 
 
 1.2098965 
 
 46 48.2 
 
 48 50 
 
 1.4542959 
 9.9999131 
 
 1.4542099 
 
 1.4555453 
 
 0.0013363 
 
 7.1259040 
 9 9998775 
 4.7967493 
 
 1.9225308 
 
 48 50 
 
 57 59 
 
 1.4532572 
 
 9.9996090 
 
 1 . 4528662 
 1.4542959 
 
 0.0014297 
 
 7.1552449 
 
 9.9998775 
 
 4.8018349 
 
 1.9569567^ 
 
 57 59 
 
 66 58.1 
 
 .. 1.45.32572 
 
 .0000434 
 
 1. 4533006 
 1.4534407 
 
 0.0001401 
 
 6. 1464381 
 9.9998775 
 4. 8055408 
 
 8.95 feet descending. 
 
 Q. 9518564 
 
799 [ 1 ] 
 
 M 28.698 — .22 = 98.408 ... 56 58.1 
 
 n 28.54 —.22 = 28.32 56 58.1 
 
 Log. n 28.32 1.4520932; 
 
 B. = 0; Log. m 28.408 1.4534407 
 
 R 0.0013475 
 
 Log. R 7.1295288 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 58.1 + 58.1 = 116.2 4.8051106 
 
 1.9345169 
 
 86 feet ascending. 
 
 .n 28.54 —.22 = 28.32 56 58.1 
 
 0 28.668 — .22 = 28.448 56 58.1 
 
 Log. « 28. 32 1.4520932: 
 
 B. = 0. Log. 0 28.448 1.4540517 
 
 R 0.0019585 
 
 Log. R 7.29)9236 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 58.1 + 58.1 = 116.2 4.8051106 
 
 2.0969 U7 
 
 125 feet descending. 
 
 g 28.634 — .22 = 28.414 38.3 38.3; 
 
 r 28.652 — .22 = 28.432 53.6 53.6; 
 
 Log. 9 28.414 1.4535324 
 
 B. 53.6 — 38.3 = 15.3 ,.0006639' 
 
 1.4541963. 
 
 Log. r 28. 432 1.4538074 
 
 R 0.0003889' 
 
 Log. R 6.5898379 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 53.6 + 38.3 = 91.9 4. 7939036; 
 
 1.3836190' 
 
 24. 19 feet descending. 
 
 s 28.45 — .22 = 28.23 46.9 46.4 
 
 I 28.5 —.22 =28.28 51.8 51.8= 
 
 Log. s 28.23 1.4507109 
 
 B.51.8 — 46.9 = 4.9 0.00021244 
 
 1.4509233 
 
 Log. t 28.28 1.4514794 
 
 R 0. 0005561 
 
 Log. R 6.7451529* 
 
 Lat. 9.9998775 
 
 A. 51.8 + 46.4 = 98.2 4.7968422- 
 
 34. 823 feet descending. 
 
 1.541872& 
 
800 
 
 m 
 
 i 58.5 — .55 = 58.58 51.8 51.8 
 
 u 58.53 — .55 = 28.31 51.8 50.9 
 
 Log. « 28.28 1.4514794 
 
 B. = 0. Log. 14 28.31, 1.4519399 
 
 R 0.0004605 
 
 Log. R 6 6632296 
 
 Lar 9.9998775 
 
 A. 51.8 + 50,9 = 102.7 4.7989288 
 
 1.4620359 
 
 28.97 feet descending. 
 
 How to connect this observation (u) with the next, (/,) I do not know, v, is taken during the 
 forenoon of the 18th. The question arises, did you encamp? I find, by Kendall’s tables, that 
 at Copper Harbor there was a fall of ihe mercury ; but doubt if a base is good for anything at 
 so great a distance. 1 will calculate u and t, and you must use your disci etion in throwing it 
 out. Its value is 0, I suppose. 
 
 28.53 — .22 = 28 31 56.8 50.9 
 
 (1)‘28.45 — .22 = 28.23 50.0 48.2 
 
 Los-. (1) 28.23........... 1.4507109 
 
 S. 51.8 — 50 = 1.8 0000818 
 
 1 . 4507927 
 
 Log. u 28.31 1.4519399 
 
 R 0.0011472 
 
 Log. R 7.0596391 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 50.9 4- 48.2= 99.1 4.7972605 
 
 1.8567771 
 
 71. 908 feet ascending. 
 
 (1.) 28.45 — .22 = 28.23 50.0 48.2 
 
 (2.) 28.492 — .22 = 28.272 48.2 47.3 
 
 95.5 
 
 Log, (1) 28.23 1.4507109 
 
 B. 50 — 48.2 = 1 8..... 0000782 
 
 1.4507891 
 
 Log (2) 28.272 1.4513565 
 
 R 0.0005674 
 
 Log. R 6.7538893 
 
 Lat 9.9998775 
 
 A. 48.2 + 47.3 = 95.5 4.7955852 
 
 1.5493520 
 
 -35.423 feet descending. 
 
 <2.) 28.492 — .22 = 28.272 48.2 47.3 
 
 p.) 28.5 — .22 =p: 28.28..... 51.8 52.7 
 
 B. 3.6 
 
 A. 100. § 
 
801 
 
 
 3Log. (2) 28.272. 
 B. ==3°.6 
 
 
 1.451356^ 
 
 0.0001561 
 
 Log. (3) 2S 28. . 
 
 
 1.451512G 
 
 1.4514794 
 
 B, 
 
 0. 0000332 
 
 LK>g. R 
 
 Lsit. ..•••*•.*•* 
 
 A. 100°.... ...i 
 
 9 
 
 9 « 
 
 
 
 • •«9aft4999a9»3a909f»a9d««9»> 
 
 e 
 
 5.5211381 
 
 9.9998775 
 
 4.7976784 
 
 2.08 feet descending, (?) 
 
 0.3186940 
 
 Tills is the second instance where the correction for thermometer is so ^reat as to more thaa 
 ’compensate for the barometrical difference. Now I find nothing which indicates either that yon 
 sremained stationary or had moved. However, the difference is so slight in the elevation, that it 
 would be undiscernible in a plan of the route- 
 
 Part ii— 51 
 
REPORTS 
 
 ©N 
 
 THE LINEAR SURVEYS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 REFERENCE TO xMINES AND MINERALS 
 
 THE NORTHERN PENINSULA QP MICHIGAN, 
 
 In the years 1845 and 1846. 
 
803 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Geological report of William A, Burt on survey of tomzskip lines in 1846 . 
 
 Page. 
 
 Topography 811 
 
 Soil and timber 811 
 
 Streams and harbors 812 
 
 Soil and timber in trap range of Keewenaw point 812 
 
 Lake coast and harbors 813 
 
 Rivers. ^ 8 I 3 
 
 \ 
 
 Porcupine mountains 814' 
 
 Gleology 814 
 
 Primary rock 815 
 
 Argillaceous slates 816 
 
 Red and variegated sandstone 816 
 
 Trap range, Keewenaw point 817 
 
 Qonglomerate rock, 817 
 
 Veins and veinstone 818 
 
 Trap and conglomerate rocks of the Porcupine mountains 819 
 
 Drift 829 
 
 Gleneral remarks. 820 
 
 Tabular statement of specimens collected on foregoing survey — 
 
 In township 48 north, range 25 west 821 
 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 26 west 821 
 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 27 west 
 
 On south boundary of township 40 north, range 25 west 821 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 26 west 824 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 26 west 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 27 west 821 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 26 west 821 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 27 west 822 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 27 west. 822 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north; range 28 west 822 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 28 west. • 822 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 29 west 822 
 
 On ,south boundary of township 51 north, range 30 west. 823 
 
 Oh east boundary of township 51 north, raJige 31 west 823 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 31 west 824 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range ^ west 824 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 norths range 32 west. 824 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 32 west • t * • • « « « c « « « » » 9 1 > » 1 * ^4 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 804 
 
 Page. 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 33 west 824 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 34 west 824 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 37 west 829 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 38 west 830 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 38 v/est 830 
 
 On south boundary of tov/nship 51 north, range 33 west 830 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 39 west 8^ 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 40 west 831 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 41 west 831 
 
 On east boundaiy of township 51 north, range 42 west 831 
 
 On south boundary of township 51 north, range 42 west 831 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 43 west 831 
 
 On south boundary of to wnship 51 north, range 43 west 831 
 
 On east boundary of township 51 north, range 44 west 832 
 
 On south boundary of to v/nship 52 north, range 28 west. 822 
 
 On east boundary of township 52 north, range 29 w^est . 823 
 
 On south boundary of township 52 north, range 29 west 823 
 
 On east boundary of township 52 north, range 30 west 823 
 
 On south boundary of township 52 north, range 30 west. 823 
 
 On east boundary of township 52 north, range 34 west 824 
 
 On south boundary of' township 52 north, range 35 west. 829 
 
 On east boundary of township 52 north, range 36 west.. , ^ . . . , , 829 
 
 On south boundary of township 52 north, range 37 west 829' 
 
 On east boundary of township 52 north, range 37 west 830 
 
 On south boundary of township 53 north, range 33 west 824 
 
 On south boundary of township 53 north, range 36 west 829 
 
 On east boundary of township 53 north, range 36 west, 829 
 
 On south boundaiy of township 53 north, lange 37 west 830 
 
 in township 53 north, range 38 west 830 
 
 ' f 
 
 On east boundary of township 54 north, range 32 west 825 
 
 On east boundary of township 54 north, range 34 w’est 82^ 
 
 On south boundary of township 54 north, range 36 v/est. 829 
 
 On south boundary of township 55 north, range 34 west 824 
 
 On south boundary of township 55 north, range 36 west 829 
 
 On east boundary of township 56 north, range 31 west. 827 
 
 On south boundary of township 56 north, range 31 west 825 
 
 On south boundary of township 56 north, range 33 west • • • • 825 
 
 On east boundary of township 56 north, range 33 West. 825 
 
 On east boundary of township 57 north, range 30 west 807 
 
 On south boundary of township 57 north, range 30 west, 827 
 
 On east boundary of township 57 north, range 31 west. • 828 
 
 Qn south boundary of township 57 north, range 38 west 826 
 
 On east boundary of township 57 north, range 33 west. 826 
 
 On south boundary of township 57 north, range 33 wrest. 626 
 
 On cast boundary of township 58 north, range 28 west 828 
 
 On east bouniiary of township 58 north, range 29 west. f t •»»••• # 827 
 
805 
 
 m 
 
 Page. 
 
 Oii south boundary of township 58 north, range ^0 west 628 
 
 On east boundary of township 58 north, range 30 west 838 
 
 On east boundary of township 58 nortli, range 31 west 837, 833 
 
 On south boundary of township 58 north, range 31 west 826, 8^ 
 
 On south boundary of township 58 north, range' 33 west 827 
 
 On east boundary of township 58 north, range 32 Vest §36, 
 
 In township 59 north, range 28 west 832 
 
 On east boundary of township 59 north, range 28 west 828 
 
 On east boundary of township 59 north, range 30 west 827 
 
 On east boundary of township 59 north, range 29 west, . . . 832> 
 
 Geohgical report of Bela Hvhhard on subdivisiowal surveys by Dr, Hcnigh- 
 
 ton, in 1845. 
 
 Granite rocks 833 
 
 Metamorphic group. 834 
 
 Clay slate 836^ 
 
 Red sand rock. 83& 
 
 Trap rock, Keewenaw point.. 83& 
 
 Conglomerate rock 838' 
 
 Mixed conglomerate and sand rock 838 
 
 Trap dikes 839 
 
 Mineral veins 840 
 
 General remarks. 848 
 
 Geological report of Wm, A, Burt, on surveys of township lines, in l84fi. 
 
 Topography 842 
 
 Streams and lakes 843 
 
 Soil and timber 844 
 
 Pescrlptive geology 844 
 
 Granites and sienites 846 
 
 Talcose and argillaceous slates * 846 
 
 Greenstone and hornblende slates 847 
 
 MiCa slates.. 847 
 
 Coarse sandstone .'^ 848 
 
 Calciferous sandstone 848 
 
 Kncrinal limestone. 848 
 
 Red sandstone and red clay. ; B49 
 
 Drift S49 
 
 Iron ore beds 840 
 
 General remarks, 852 
 
 Tabular statement of specimens collected on foregoing survey — 
 
 On south boundary of township 41 north, range 24 west. 853. 
 
 On east boundary of township 41 north, range 27 west 853 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 Page. 
 
 On i^buth boundary of tov«^nship 41 north, range 27 v,?est a o , 853 
 
 On east boundary of tov/nship 41 north, range 28 west . , . . 853 
 
 Ori east boundary of township 41 north, range 29 west 853 
 
 Oh south boundary of township 41 north, range 29 wesL 853 
 
 Oh east boundary of township 41 north, range 30 west 851 
 
 On east boundary of township 41 north, range 32 west 856 
 
 Oh south boundary of township 42 north, range 24 west 854 
 
 Oh east boundary of township 42 north, range 25 west 854 
 
 Oh’ south boundary of township 42 north, range 25 w’^est 854 
 
 bh east boundary of township 42 north, range 28 west 854 
 
 Oh' south boundary of township 42 north, range 28 v/est 855 
 
 On east boundary of township 42 noi’th, range 29 v/est 855 
 
 On south boundary of township 42 north, range 29 west. 855 
 
 On east boundary of township 42 north, range 30 west 855 
 
 On south boundary of township 42 noith, range 30 west 855 
 
 On south boundary of tov/nship 42 north, range 31 v/est 855 
 
 On east boundary of township 42 north, range 32 west 855 
 
 . I - 
 
 On south boundary of township 42 north, range 32 w^est 856 
 
 r 
 
 On east boundary of township 42 north, range 33 west 856 
 
 Or south boundary of township 43 north, range 28 west 856 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 29 west 856 
 
 On, east boundary of tov/nship 43 north, range 30 v/est 856 
 
 On..south boundary of township 43 north, range 30 west 857 
 
 On south boundary of township 43 north, range 31 west 857 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 31 west 857 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 32 west 857 
 
 On so^th boundaiy of township 43 north, range 32 v/est 857 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 33 west 857 
 
 On south boundary of township 43 north, range 33 west 857 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 34 west 857 
 
 Oh east boundary of township 43 north, range 36 west 858 
 
 On east boundary of township 44 north, range 30 west 858 
 
 Oh south boundary of township 44 north, range 31 west 858 
 
 Oh' south boundary of township 44 north, range 32 west. . . 858 
 
 Oh east boundary of township 44 north, range 32 west * 858 
 
 Oh -east boundary of township 44 north, range 33 west 858 
 
 Oii south boundary of township 44 north, range 33 west 858 
 
 Obicast boundary of township 44 north, range 34 west 859 
 
 On. east boundary of township 44 north, range 35 west 859 
 
 On south boundary of township 45 north, range 29 west. 859 
 
 On;>south boundary of township 45 north, range 31 west 859 
 
 Oh- east boundary of township 45 north, range 32 west ........... 859 
 
 On- east boundary of township 45 north, range 33 west 859 
 
 On South boundary of township 45 north, range 33 west 859 
 
 On south boundary of township 45 north, range 35 west 860 
 
 On 'east boundary of township 43 north, range 35 west 860 
 
807 
 
 On east boundary of township 45 north, range 36 west . . 
 "On east boundary of township 46 north, range 28 west , , 
 On east boundary of township 46 north, range 29 west , , 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 29 west. 
 On east boundary of township 46 north, range 30 west , , 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 30 west. 
 On east boundary of township 46 north, range 31 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 31 west 
 On east boundary of township 46 north, range 33 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 33 west. 
 On east boundary of township 46 north, range 35 west, , 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 35 west. 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 36 west. 
 On south boundary of township 47 north, range 27 west. 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 28 west. , 
 On south boundary of township 47 north,' range 28 west. 
 
 On south boundary of township’ 47 north, range 29 west. 
 
 / 
 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 29 west. . 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 30 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 47 north, range 30 west. 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 31 west. . 
 
 •s 
 
 On south boundary of township 47 north, range 31 west. 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 33 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 47 north, range 33 west. 
 Oh east boundary of township 47 north, range 34 west. . 
 On south' boundary of township 47 north, range 34 west 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 35 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 27 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 28 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 28 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 29 west, , 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 29 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 30 west. , 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 30 west. 
 On east boundary .of township 48 north, range 31 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 31 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 32 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 32 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 33 west. , 
 Oh south boundary of township 48 north, range 33 west. 
 On east boundary of township 48 north, range 34 west. . 
 On so^th boundary of township 48 north, range 34 west. 
 On east boundary of- township 48 north, range 35 west. . 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 27 west. 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 28 west. , 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 28 west. 
 
 [11 
 
 Page. 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 861 
 
 861 
 
 861 
 
 862 
 
 862 
 
 862 
 
 862 
 
 862 
 
 862 
 
 863 
 
 863 
 
 863 
 
 863 
 
 863 
 
 864 
 864 
 
 864 
 
 865 
 86S 
 86S 
 865 
 865 
 865 ^ 
 865 
 860 
 860 
 860 
 865 
 86T 
 86T 
 
 86a 
 
 86B 
 
 86a 
 
 86a 
 
 86a 
 
 m 
 
 86a 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
 860 
 
Page. 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 29 west 870 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 30 west. 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 29 west S7^ 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 30 west 871 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 31 west 873, 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 31 west 871 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 32 west m 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 32 west 872 
 
 On south boundary of township 49 north, range 33 west 872' 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 33 west. 872 
 
 On east boundary of township 49 north, range 36 west 872 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 27 west. 87S 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 28 west 87^ 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 28 west. 87S 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 29 west, 873 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 29 west. 873 
 
 On east boundary of township 56 north, range 30 west 874 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 30 west 874 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 31 west. „ 874 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 31 west. 875 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 32 west 87$ 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 32 west 875 
 
 On east boundary of township 50 north, range 33 west, S7S 
 
 On south boundary of township 50 north, range 33 west 875 
 
 Oil east boundary of township 50 north, range 34 west 875 
 
 Botanical report and catalogue of plants, by William A. Buit, in 1846 . 
 
 Exogenous... 87 g 
 
 Endogenous §81 
 
 Acrogenous qq 2 
 
 Geological report of Bela Hubbard on s^bdivisional surveys of S. 
 
 Higgins y in 1 846 . 
 
 Topography east of the Ontonagon 882 
 
 Soil and timber of the Ontonagon 882 
 
 Soil and timber of trap region 883 
 
 Toppgraphy of Porcupine mountains, 884 
 
 Tertiary clays 885 
 
 Eocks 885 
 
 Trap rocks * • 885 
 
 Eed, slaty, argillaceous, and silicious 887 
 
 Conglomerate 888 
 
 Black argillaceous slate 88^ 
 
 Bed and gray sand rock. 889 
 
 Jdkeral veins r • • 399^ 
 
809 
 
 Page. 
 
 Contemporaneous veins. 892' 
 
 £pidote veins 893 
 
 Tabular statement of specimens collected on foregoing survey — 
 
 In township 51 north, range 44 west 894 
 
 In township 51 north, range 43 west 894 
 
 In township 51 north, range 42 west 894 
 
 In township 51 north, range 38 west 89S 
 
 In township 52 north, range 38 west 895< 
 
 In township 53 north, range 38 west 895 
 
 In township 51 north, range 37 west 895^ 
 
 In township 53 noith, range 37 west ^ 896^ 
 
 In township 52 north, range 36 west. 
 
 In tovi^nship 54 north, range 36 west 897 
 
 In township 55 north, range 36 west 897 
 
 In township 52 north, range 35 west 897 
 
 In township 53 north, range 35 west 897 
 
 In township 54 north, range 35 west 898 
 
 In township 55 north, range 35 west • • 898' 
 
 In township 53 north, range 34 west 898^ 
 
 In township 54 north, range 34 west ' 898 
 
 Geological report of Bela Hubbard on subdivisionaf surveyB by William 
 * Ives, in 1846 . 
 
 Topography 
 
 Sienitic country 
 
 Sandrock country 
 
 Clay slate country 
 
 Water and streams 
 
 Granites and sienites. . . . 
 
 Trap rocks 
 
 Metamorphic rocks 
 
 Argillites 
 
 Sandrock. 
 
 Mineral veins 
 
 Magnetism of trap rocks 
 Ancient lake ridge 
 
 899 
 
 899 
 
 909 
 
 901 
 
 901 
 
 901 
 
 903 
 
 904 
 905 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 907 
 
 909 
 
 910 
 
 - Tabular statement of specimens collected on foregoing survey — 
 
 In township 49 north, range 25 west 912 
 
 In township 49 north, range 26 west 914 
 
 In township 50 north, range 25 west 917 
 
 In township 59 north, range 26 west 918 
 
 In township 51 north, range 26 west. 919 
 
 In township 51 north, range 27 west 920 
 
 In township 51 north, range 28 west, 922 
 
 In township 51 north, range 29 west. * 925 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 810 
 
 Page, 
 
 In townsfeip 51 north, range 30 west. 926 
 
 In township 51 north, range 31 west ♦ . 927 
 
 In township 52 north, range 27 west. 928 
 
 In township 52 north, range 28 w/est. 928 
 
 In township 52 north, range 29 west. 930 
 
 in township 52 north, range 30 west 931 
 
 In township 52 north, range 31 west 931 
 
 In township 53 north, range 29 west 932 
 
 In township 53 norths range 30 west. 932 
 
 in township 53 north, range 31 west 932 
 
 Qatalogue of specimens collected by WilUmn A . Burt during survey of 
 
 township lines ^ in 1844 . 
 
 In township 40 north, range 23 west 933 
 
 On south boundary of township 41 north, range 23 west. 933 
 
 On east boundary of township 41 north, range 24 west. 933 
 
 In township 42 north, range 24 west. 933 
 
 / 
 
 On south boundary of township 43 north, range 2G west 933 
 
 On east boundary of township 43 north, range 26 west 933 
 
 In township 43 north, range 25 west 933 
 
 On south boundary of township 46 north, range 25 west 933 
 
 On east boundary' of township 45 north, range 26 west 934 
 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 26 west 934 
 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 25 west 934 
 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 25 west 934 
 
 On ^ast boundary of tow’^nship 47 north, range 26 west * 934 
 
 On south boundary of township 48 north, range 26 wrest 934 
 
 On east boundary of township 47 north, range 27 west 934 
 
 On south boundary of tow’^nship 47 north, range 26 west 935 
 
 in township 44 north, range 25 west 935 
 
 In township 39 north, range 23 west 935 
 
 In township 40 north, range 22 west 935 
 
 On south boundary of township 41 north, range 23 v/est, 935 
 
 On south boundary of township 40 north, range 23 west 935 
 
811 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ^GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF SURYEY OF TOWNSHIP LINES, &c., BY WM. A. 
 
 BURT; D. S , IN 1845. 
 
 Topography and geology of the survey^ with ref erence to Quiiies 'and min- 
 erals y of a district of township lines south of Ljxke Superior » 
 
 This survey embraces Keweenaw point and a narrow tract of \and 
 bordering the south coast of Lake Superior, from the south bomldary of 
 township 48 north, ranges 25 and 26 west, near Chocolate river, to the 
 mouth of Carp river, on the northwest side of the Porcupine mountains, 
 in township 51 north, range 44 west. . 
 
 See the accompan 3 nng map, tOAvhich reference will be frequently made 
 in the course of these remarks. Upon this map are delineated the bound- 
 aries of the surve]^, together with the principal streams and small lakes. 
 The straight lines are the boundaries of townships, with their numbers 
 and ranges, and the irregular lines of ditferent colors represent the bound- 
 aries of the different rock formations, with their characteristic names on 
 the side which they occupy. 
 
 The' topography of this district may be divided into two parts— the 
 hilly or mountainous, and the undulating or rolling lands. 
 
 Qf the hilly or mountainous land, three tracts of considerable areas are 
 found, widely separated by undulating or rolling land. 
 
 That part of the district situated between Huron bay and the south 
 boundary- of townships 48 north, ranges 25 and 26 west, and denom- 
 inated primary range on the map, is made up principally of numerous 
 xocky knobs and irregular hills, with intervening valle^^s of arable lands. 
 Most of these valleys have small streams, meandering through them with 
 Tapid or quick currents of pure water. Between some of these knobs and 
 hills, however, cedar, tamerack, or spruce swamps are fbund, and less 
 frequently small lakes. 
 
 The highest elevations on this range probably attain an altitude of §00^ 
 or 900 feet above the water of Lake Superior, and present to the spectator 
 a very rugged and broken appearance, and frequently along the south- 
 easterly slope of these knobs and hills, which are generally the most pre- 
 cipitous, high cliffs or sloping ledges are seen; but along the south bound- 
 ary of the survey the hills are more regular in' outline, and have a west- 
 erly direction. 
 
 The land upon this part of the district not occupied by the primary 
 -range is undulating or rolling, except where furrowed with deep ravines, 
 o^rmtermptedb}^ the valleys of streams. 
 
 These lands lie between the primary range and the lake coast, and are 
 in many places considerably elevated, forming bluffs on the lake coast 
 from twenty to eighty feet in height. 
 
 lSS^^7 and timber. 
 
 The soil upon this part of the survey is generally a sandy loarn, but in 
 some places it is decidedly a sandy soil, and sustains a heavy growth of 
 timber, of sugar, hemlock, birch, pine, cedar, fir, lynn, elm, ash, spruce, 
 1;amerack, &c. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 S^treo/ms and harbors. 
 
 The largest streams (rivers they are called here) on this part of the dis- 
 trict are not above the size of ordinary mill streams; for which purpose 
 they would answer well; having generally falls or rapids within one or 
 two miles from the lake coast. Some of these streams; at their moiiths; 
 form convenient harbors for small boatS; and may be ascended with them 
 to the lirst lalls or rapids, for which purpose the Huron.; Spruce PinC; 
 Yellow Dog; and Nekomenon or Dead rivers are the best. 
 
 The only harbors for vessels are at Presq’islc; township 48 north; range 
 25 west; and to the south of a point of land on the .east side of Huron 
 bay, township 52 north, range 31 west.— (See map.) 
 
 Trap range of Keweenaw point , 
 
 This second hilly range commences at the northeast end of Keweenaw 
 point; and has a course a little to the south of west for about eighteen 
 mileS; where it gradually bends to the southward; until its general course 
 is southwest; to the south boundary of the survey. 
 
 This range is from two to six or seven miles wide, and about eighty 
 miles in length upon this district, and from the east end of Keweenaw 
 point to a little west of the east boundary of range 29, these hills occu- 
 py nearly its entire breadth. Here the southeast side of this range recedes 
 from the lake coast, and, stretching inland southwesterly, passes along the 
 northwest side of a small lake in townships 55 north, ranges 32 and 33^ 
 ' West; from thence generally in a southwest direction to the corner of sec- 
 tions 31 and 32 on south boundary of township 51 north, range 3T west. 
 
 The northwest boundary of this range leaves the lake coast in town- 
 ship 58 north; range 32 west, and, stretching a little inland, crosses 
 Portage lake in township 55 north, range 34 west; thence generally in a 
 .southwest direction, to near the corner of sections 33 and 34 on the south 
 boundary of township 51 north, range 38 west. The highest elevations 
 upon this hilly range are supposed to be from five to eight hundred feet 
 above Lake Superior; and, as in the hills of the primary range already 
 described; their southeasterly sides are generally the most precipitous, and 
 it should be further remarked that these hills are not destitute of interest 
 in an agricultural point of view. Considerable tracts of tillable land are 
 found upon them, with a good soil, and well timbered with sugar, birch, 
 lynn, iron wood, red oak, &c., and on KeweenaW; point better adapted to 
 cultivation than most of the land upon its coast. 
 
 To the east of this hilly range (south of Portage lake) to Huron bay,, 
 and west of it to the Porcupine mountains, with the exception of a few 
 moderately elevated hills, the country is undulating or rolling; there ^are, 
 however, many deep ravines and valleys of streams to be found on this 
 part; also tracts of level land. These lands are generally susceptible 
 of cultivation ; and so far as they have been proved at the rnissions, near 
 the head of Keweenaw bay, and at the Ontonagon and Iron rivers, have 
 been found to yield abundantly in produce suitable for cultivation in this 
 climate. , 
 
 The climate, modified by this inland sea, has been found to be more 
 mild than heretofore supposed, and no doubt now exists but the agricul- 
 turist may be rewai'ded on these lands for his labor. 
 
813 
 
 cn 
 
 Over this entire tracts except where occupied by swamps^ or in some 
 places on the lake coast west of Keweenaw pointy the soil is generally ^ 
 i^andy loam^ and the most loamy parts are in the valleys of the Sturgeon 
 and Ontonagon rivers^. 
 
 . These lands are extensive, and generally support a heavy growth of 
 timber^ of sugar, birch, hemlock, pine, fir, cedar, iynn, ash, elm, and 
 Spruce, &c. ' 
 
 And it may be worthy of remark, that scattering pines of an excellent 
 quality may be found southeast of the hilly range of Keweenaw point, 
 and northeast of Portage lake, 'to the south boundary, of township 57 N., 
 range 30 W, 
 
 Lake coast and hatbors. 
 
 The lake coast is generally bold and rocky, and though very irregular 
 in, its course, has few indications of a character to form good, harbors for 
 vessels. The best and most convenient are Copper, Agate, and Eagle 
 harbors, situated on the north side of Keweenaw point. — (See map.)* 
 Also, a iee can generally be made south of a point on the east side of 
 Keweenaw hay, in township 51 N., range 3? W.; and a vessel drawing 
 feet of water may enter the Ontonagon river, in township 52 N., range 
 40 W. 
 
 Riven'S. 
 
 Upon this part of the district there are three rivers navigable for small 
 crafts for a considerable distance into the country: they are the Portage, 
 Sturgeon, and Ontonagon rivers. 
 
 ‘Sturgeon river has its source to the south of ihe head of Keweenaw 
 bay, in the hilly country, and runs northerly nearly parallel to the west 
 coast of this bay, and enters Portage lake on section 33, township 54 N., 
 range, 33 W., and maybe ascended with small boats into township 52 N., 
 range 33 W., section 7 ; here its navigation is inteiTupted by drift wood, 
 which fills the channel for about 25 or 30 chains. This passed, which 
 may be done by a good portage, the river may be ascended into township 
 51 N., range 34 W". ; but on account of a strong current in this stream, 
 setting- poles or the best of oarsmen are necessary to effect an ascent to 
 this point. 
 
 Portage river is about four miles in length, and the outlet of Portage 
 lake. It is a stream of considerable depth and breadth, and, after passing 
 the bar at its mouth, may be ascended with vessels drawing' eight feet of 
 water, into Portage lake, and thence to the head\of this lake, near -the 
 south boundary of township 56 north, range 34 west, about twenty miles 
 from the entrance at the mouth of Portage river. 
 
 JPyom’ the head of Portage lake light-beats ascend a small stream about 
 one mile, and from thence, by a portage of another mile over nearly level 
 Jan^, enter Lake Superior. 
 
 ifeubtless at some future day these two miles will be canaled, for the 
 passage of larger crafts through this channel into Lake Superior. 
 
 The Ontonagon riVer is the largest stream on the south side of JLake 
 ^Superior. This stream is navigable for batteaux, in an ordinary stage of 
 
[ 1 ] 814 
 
 water, to the rapids near the south boundary of township 51 north, range 
 39 west. , 
 
 Near the mouth of this river, on the right bank, is an eligible site for a 
 town, and when this harbor is improved, as it deserves to be, will proba- 
 bly become a place of considerable importance. 
 
 There are other small streams on this part of the survey, the most im- 
 portant of which are Eagle, Elm, Misery, Sleeping, Fire-steel, and Iron 
 rivers. 
 
 These streams cannot he ascended far, even with canoes, on account of 
 rapids or drift wood; but most of them form convenient harbors for small 
 boats on the lake coast. 
 
 Porcupine mountains, 
 
 i 
 
 The third hilly range embraces the northerly portion of the Porcupine 
 mountains, the easterly boundary of which commences on the coast of 
 Lake Superior, three or four mfles west of the mouth of Iron river, in 
 township 51 north, range 42 west, thence nearly south to corner of sec- 
 tions 33 and 34, on south boundary of said township. West^yard these 
 dmobby mountains spread over the remaining part of the survey to the 
 coast of Lake Superior; the highest elevations of which have an altitude 
 probably of 950 feet, and the easterly hills have a more regular outline 
 than those of the westerly part, the latter, in some places, presenting 
 cliffs and sloping ledges of great height. 
 
 These mountains, and the valleys between them, except near the lake^ 
 coast, or where occupied by rocks, have a good soil of sandy loam, which 
 supports a heavy growth of timber, of sugar, birch, lynn, hemlgck, fir,, 
 elm, &c. 
 
 The lake coast bordering these mountains is generally rocky, and 
 affords no good harbors for small boats, except at Carp river. This stream, 
 runs WSW., nearly parallel to the coast of the lake, for about ten miles, 
 and at the distance of about two miles from the coast. It then bends to 
 the. northwest, and after passing falls and rapids near its mouth, enters 
 Lake Superior on section 33, township 51 north, raiage 44 west. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Within the boundaries of thi» survey there are five principal groups of 
 rocks, which occupy large areas. They are primary, trap, conglomerate, 
 sandstone, and slates. 
 
 That group of rocks which may be denominated primary, and including 
 the metamorphic rocks on the south, are found generally a little inland* 
 (except in the vicinity of Presq ’isle harbor) from the coast of Lake Supe- 
 rior; and from the south boundary of townships 48 north, ranges 25 and 26 
 west, into township 51 north, and range 32 west, about 3 miles SSW. 
 of the head of Huron bay. — (See map.) 
 
 These rocks make up a series of knobs and high conical hills, forming 
 a broken range, which has a course, as near as could be determined, west 
 southwest. These elevations are of various heights, probably from 75 to 
 900 feet above Lake Superior; and generally the elevating force appears 
 to have acted mostly upon their southeasterly side, as this side generally 
 
f V. ‘ 
 
 presents cliffs and bold ledges^ while their northwesterly sides slope away 
 more gradually. . 
 
 The metamorphie rocks alluded to flank the primary rocks on the souths 
 where the two become so much in terstratified and blended with each 
 other as to make it diflicult to define ^ line of junction between them. It 
 may, however, be approximately drawn, commencing at the lower falls of 
 the Nekomenon or Dead river, about one mile SSW. of Presq’isle harbor, 
 thence running WNW. to corners of sections 31 and 32, on south bound- 
 ary of township 49 N., range 25 W., and curving a little westerly, crossing 
 the east boundary of township 49 N., range 27 W., near the corner of sec- 
 tions 25 and 36, 
 
 The principal rocks which compose the metamorphie group are quartz, 
 compact and granular; imperfect talcose slates, which are in some in- 
 stances slightly ; argillaceous, and slaty hornblende. These rOcks are 
 more or less stratified and imperfectly jointed, and their cleavages dip 
 generally NNE. In two instances, however, they were seen to dip SSW. ^ 
 A few veins of quartz were seen traversing these rocks, but no oi|e was 
 observed to be metalliferous. I have,- however, seen specimens of specu- 
 lar iron ore, said to have been obtained in township 48 N., range 26' W. 
 
 Within the boundaries of the metamorphie rocks upon this survey, sev-" 
 era:l knobs of sienitic granite, and also dikes of greenstone, were seen. 
 
 Primary rocks. 
 
 I 
 
 That portion of this range which may be denominated primary rock, 
 and lying to the north of the metamorphie rocks already described, is gen- 
 erally composed of granular quartz, felspar, and hornblende, constituting 
 a compact sienite; in some places slight traces of mica are observable, 
 giyingjrise to a sienitic granite. ^ 
 
 . These minerals predominate in different proportions in different places, 
 and not unfrequentJy in different parts df the same ledge or hill. 
 
 In some places it is mostly a hornblende rock; and in others the 
 leading minerals are felspar and hornblende, giving rise to a sienitic • 
 greenstone, and less frequently a well formed granite is found'. In sev- 
 eral instances a compact greenstone was found intruded among these 
 rocks in various forms; and when in veins or dikes, these do not appear 
 to have any particular magnetic bearing. One of these veins may be 
 found of about one foot thickness, traversing a ledge of sienite west-sou thf' 
 west at 45.60 chains, in going west on south side df section 36, south < 
 boundaiyHof township 51 north, range 28 west. ? 
 
 Throughout this entire group of rocks, quartz and felspar veihs^ 
 often found, and in jnany instances both are seen traversing the sarhe 
 rock, and crossing eacJi other at various angles. These veins are from 
 a line to a foot or more in width, and were observed to be more frequent 
 an^ of a larger size in townships 51 and 52 north, ranges 28 and 29 west^ 
 than in any other part of the primary range; also a few veins containMg- 
 calcareous spar were seen near the junction of the primary^ and sedi- 
 mentary rocks. 
 
 Ill mgard to the metalliferous character of any of the veins traversiid^^ 
 the primary rocks on this portion pf the mineral regiPn, (so calfedjyit 
 may be sufficient to say, that no vein indicating a workable quahtitfy*’^ 
 
t 1 ] 816 
 
 metal of any kind was observed; but it should not be inlerred. irom ims 
 tliat they do not exist here. 
 
 My observations were mostly confined to township lines, which do not 
 always pass over the most favorable places tor examination, and afforded 
 no opportunity of tracing up veins ihat have some metalliferous indica- 
 tions until their characters were developed. — (See table of mineral speci- 
 mens and their localities, at the close of these remarks.) 
 
 Argillaceous slates. 
 
 Flanking the primary rocks already described oh the northwest, in 
 township 51 north, ranges 30, 31, and 32 west, argillaceous slates were 
 found. They seldom crop out, and, on account of these slates being 
 generally covered with a considerable depth of earth, their precise limits 
 could not be defined; they are, however, supposed to occupy a space 
 from one to two or more miles in breadth, before they are overlaid with the 
 ■sandstone. These rocks have generally, near their junction with the pri- 
 mary rock, a dip from 20^ to 30"" to the north or north-northwest, and 
 their line of cleavage dips to the south and south-southeast, making an 
 angle with the line of deposition of about 65'^. These slates are gener- 
 ally of a dark brown color; but a curious variety was found in both 
 branches of Huron river, on south boundary of township 52 north, range 
 30 west, section 36. Cleavages have been brought down these streams 
 in abundance, some of which are varied with numerous stripes of red, 
 light gray, light and dark brown, <5dc. 
 
 Red and variegated sandstone . 
 
 Flanking the slates already described, and resting upon them, red and 
 variegated sandstones were found. These rocks extend north and west 
 in nearly horizontal strata, passing Huron and Keweenaw bays, and flank 
 the base of the trap range of Keweenaw point on the southeast, through- 
 out this survey. This sandstone also flanks the primary rock before 
 described, on the north and northeast, to the coast of Lake Superior, 
 except in the vicinity of Presqhsle. These rocks occupy a larger area on 
 the survey than all other rocks. They are generally laminated, and not 
 uiifrequently jointed, and vary considerably in the fineness of the mate- 
 rials of which they are composed, in difterent strata, and the whole are 
 tolerably compact. 
 
 Though the strata of the sandrock may in general be considered hor- 
 izontal, it has evidently been somewhat disturbed and contorted, and was 
 observed in the vicinity of the northern slope of priipary and trap hills 
 to have a considerable dip from them. 
 
 This rock borders a large proportion of the lake coast throughout this 
 part of the survey, and may be seen forming ledges J&om a lew feet to 
 seventy or eighty feet in height; anditshould be mentioned that novaculite, 
 or at least a very fine grit for whetstones, may be found in a ledge on the 
 oast side of Keweenaw bay near its head, on section 35, township 61 
 north, range 33 west. 
 
 This ledge is laminated and jointed, and from it may be obtained 
 whetstones of almost any degree of fineness. Also to the south-south- 
 
817 
 
 C J ] 
 
 '^st of this ledge, on section 2, a good quality of reddish clay was seen, 
 and at several other points on the hay coast in this vicinity. 
 
 T'rap range of Keweenaw point. 
 
 This range commences at the northeast end of Keweenaw point, and 
 has a course generally to the southwest, in a series of trap knobs and ir- 
 regular hills froiyi three to seven or eight hundred feet in height above 
 •Lake Superior. 
 
 Their general topographical character and boundary have been already 
 described. — (See map;,) 
 
 Generally the middle and southeasterly side of this range is a compact 
 greenstone, which gradually obtains an amygdaloidal structure; near the 
 northwest slope of these hills, and along this slope in many places, a de- 
 cided amygdaloid is found, the cavities of which are frequently filled 
 with quartz, calcareous matter, and epidote. 
 
 These characters of the trap rock are well sustained throughout this 
 range on the survey. It has also been observed that generally the slope 
 of the trap rock has a much higher angle on the southeast than on the 
 northwest side of this range. 
 
 Conglomerate rock. 
 
 \ 
 
 This rock is of great thickness, and flanks the trap range on the north- 
 west side from the east end of Keweenaw point westward into township 
 57 N., range 33 W. 
 
 The conglomerate rock is made up of sand, pebbles, and small bould- 
 ers, principally derived from rocks of the trap family, and so firmly ce- 
 mented together that, when broken, these rounded masses firequently 
 divide through the middle. This rock does not appear to be very uni- 
 form in its dip; it may be estimated, however, to dip NNW. from 20® 
 to 50®. 
 
 Resting conformably upon the conglomerate rock are a series of alter- 
 nating strata of sandstone and conglomerate, embracing between their 
 strata several trap dikes of considerable extent, which dip with these 
 rocks to the NNW. at an angle of 30® or 40®. The injection of these 
 dikes has produced great changes in the rocks by which they are em- 
 braced; the sandstone near the dike is converted into an amygdaloid, 
 and the character of the conglomerate much changed by igneous action. 
 This is exemplified on the point of rocks west of the entrance of Eagles 
 Harbor, where they are severally seen. These trap dikes may be seen 
 at several other places from Copper Harbor to a little west of the east 
 boundary of township 67 N., range 33 W. 
 
 The conglomerate rocks above described were not seen flanking the 
 northwest side of the trap range of Keweenaw point, (southwest of town- 
 ship 57 N., range 33 W.,) or between this and the lake coast, until they 
 were found on the northwest side of the Porcupine mountains. They 
 are supposed to be wanting between these points, or they have diverged 
 from the trap range and occupy the bed of Lake Superior; which latter 
 condition is deemed the most probable, as this direction best conforms to 
 the strike of these rocks at both places. 
 
 Part ii — 52 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 818 
 
 Vehis and veinstone. 
 
 Between the northeast end of Keweenaw point and Portage lake the 
 trap and conglomerate rocks are traversed by many well-defined veins at 
 nearly right- angles with the general course of the trap range^ and at the 
 surface of the rocks these veins are from a mere line to several feet in 
 width. 
 
 The veins above alluded to are generally nearly vertical in the rocks 
 they traverse^ and in some instances they appear to have been fissures in’ 
 the lock^ and subsequently filled with veinstone^ differing much in their 
 character in different rocks. In the greenstone and amygdaloid^ these 
 veins are usually made up of trap, more or less associated with quartz, 
 and on their sides finely blended with, and consolidated to, the rock^ 
 which they traverse; but in the conglomerate rocks the veins are almost 
 uniformly of calcareous matter. Besides the well-defined veins above al- 
 luded to, there are others imperfectly formed, having a more diffusive 
 character. Also, at several places on the lake coast, along the line of con- 
 glomerate rocks, veins of calcareous matter were seen, apparently em- 
 braced between its strata. These veins have a course nearly at right- 
 angles to the veins before alluded to, and are supposed to be of no very 
 great extent. 
 
 Some of these veins, at least, are metalliferous through some portion of 
 their course in the rocks which they traverse, and contain native copper, 
 or some of the ores of copper. Green and blue carbonate and the black 
 oxide are thought to be the most abundant of the ores; and so far as I 
 have been able to observe these veins, their metalliferous character w^as 
 best developed along the line of junction of the trap and sedimentary 
 rocks on both sides of this trap range. 
 
 The metalliferous character of the veins above described have been 
 most explored on the northwest side of Keweenaw point, where some of 
 them are now being worked,^ and much interest is felt by the enterprising 
 proprietors of these works. Thus far several of these veins offer in- 
 creased inducements to prosecute the work, and a few years of labor will 
 develop, in some good degree, their true character. 
 
 That portion of the trap range of Keweenaw point extending south- 
 west of Portage lake to the south boundary of the survey, has gene- 
 rally less breadth than that which has already been described, and the 
 trap rocks do not so frequently crop out; consequently its junction with 
 the sedimentary rocks could not often be seen. But the aberrations of 
 the magnetic needle (determined by the solar compass) have alvrays been 
 found to be very great on and near the trap hills, by which means it is 
 believed that its boundary on the township lines, where no outcrop could 
 be seen, has been very nearly defined. — (See map.) 
 
 But few veins were seen traversing the rocks on this part of the trap 
 range, and no one observed to be metalliferous; creditable reports, how- 
 ever, say that copper veins have been found near the head- waters of Elm 
 river. 
 
 Argillaceous slates. 
 
 Argillaceous slates of a dark brown color and slaty sandstone are de- 
 veloped on a large scale in the bed and banks of Iron riter, through 
 
819 [ 1 3 
 
 t 
 
 township 51 N., range 42 W., three or four miles east of the Porcupine 
 mountains. These slates are very variable in the direction and amount 
 of their dip in different places; they V^ary from NE. to .SE,, and dip 
 from 15^ to 45® in that direction. 
 
 These slates were also seen fifty or sixty chains east of Iron river, near 
 the corner of sections 25 and 36, and dipping ENE. about 11®. ProrA 
 these facts it is reasonable to infer that the slates dip under the sandstone 
 to the east of them, and that they extend west to the base of the Porcu- 
 pine mountains; but these slhtes, except in the streams before mentioned, 
 are generally overlaid with a considerable depth of earth, and therefore 
 their boundary could not be correctly defined. 
 
 Argillaceous slaty sandstones, somewhat similar to those already de- 
 scribed, were found on the northwest side of the trap range of Kewee- 
 naw point, on the east and south boundaries of township 53 N., range 
 36 W., (sections 25 and 33.) These slaty sandstones seldom crop out, 
 consequently their limit was not ascertained. These rocks dip considera- 
 bly to the northwest. 
 
 Red sandstone. 
 
 • 
 
 Between the slates of Iron river and the trap range of Kewcepaw 
 point, "(except as above mentioned,) and south of the north half of township 
 67 north, range 33 west, and the lake coast to the south boundary of the 
 survey, so far as known, the country is underlaid with red sandsh>ne. 
 This rock frequently appears along the lake coast, and in the bjed and 
 banks of streams and ravines. The sandstone here is supposed to be- 
 long to the same formation of the red sandstone already described. 
 of the trap range of Keweenaw point its general character is the same, 
 except that in some places it contains more mica. I’his sandstone 
 observed to dip most near the trap range in a NNW. direction, which dip 
 diminishes to the coast of Lake Superior. A nicely-jointed and strath|ea 
 form of this rock may be seen on the lake coast at the sou^h boundaty of 
 township 55 north, range 36 west. 
 
 Trap and conglomerate rocks of the Porcupine mouniains. 
 
 The remaining part of the survey embraces the northerly portSoh of the 
 Porcupine mountains, the boundaries of which have alre^y beqn de- 
 scribed .-—(See map.) 
 
 These mountains are made up of a somewhat broken range of trap and 
 conglomerate hills, having an estimated height from three hundred to nine 
 hundred and fifty feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 South of Carp river (which runs nearly parallel to the lake coasj) and 
 the south boundary of the survey, also the west half of township 61 
 north, range 42 west, embraces the trap rock within this part of the sur- 
 vey, which occupies an area of less than one township. 
 
 A large proportion of this trap is very compact; but in some places, it is 
 an amygdaloid, the cells of which are generally filled with cafCareous 
 matter, or epidote. This trap also varies in color from a dark green or 
 gray to nearly a brick-red. 
 
 To the northwest of the trap-rock hills, and separated from theni by 
 the valley of Carp river, are two conglomerate hills, having a coures 
 
820 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 nearly parallel to the lake coast from six to eight miles^ the highest parts 
 of which are estimated at four hundred feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 These conglomerate rocks appear to belong to the same formation with 
 the upper conglomerate of Keweenaw point, having, like the latter, alter- ' 
 nating strata of sandstone and conglomerate rocks, which dip to the 
 NNW. at an angle of from 25^ to 45^. A few veins of calcareous spar 
 were seen in these rocks, at the lake coast, on east boundary of township 
 51 north, range 43 west; also near the Lone Rock, (so called) in town- 
 ship 51 north, range 44 west; but no one observed to be metalliferous. 
 Creditable reports, however, say that copper veins have been found on 
 this part of the survey. 
 
 Drift, 
 
 Numerous erratic boulders, and other finer materials, are found spread 
 over this region of country, apparently derived from the rocks which 
 abound here, and from the region north of Lake Superior; therefore, it is 
 not uncommon to find transported blocks along the coast, or in the val- 
 leys of streams, which contain copper or other interesting minerals. The 
 relative position of the land and water of Lake Superior at some remote 
 period of time appears to have been quite different from their present 
 state, as is evidenced by the effects of the lake on the rocks, and the form 
 of the lake bluffs in many places, some two hundred feet above its present 
 level. 
 
 Thus far, a brief view of the geological conditions of the various rock 
 formations has been taken, leaving to the reader the pleasure of deriving 
 his conclusions as to the causes which have produced these geological 
 effects, and also as to what may be deemed to be more or less valuable or 
 interesting in this region of country. In executing this part of the work 
 I have been much assisted by valuable instructions from our late and re- 
 spected State geologist. Dr. Douglass Houghton, who had this survey in 
 charge, and from whom a critical geological report was expected. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be proper to remark, that in consequence of 
 township lines being confined to distances of six miles apart, and to 
 north and south, and east and west courses, they frequently pass, for a long 
 distance, over ground not the most favorable for geological examinations# 
 Also, supplies have to be furnished with packmen, instead of pack- 
 horses, in this region of country, and each man of a party on township 
 lines is under the necessity of performing his duties with a pack upon 
 his back. 
 
 But notwithstanding these difficulties, it is believed that when expe- 
 rience shall have perfected this system of linear and geological surveys, 
 it will be found the cheapest and the best yet devised for the public 
 interest. 
 
 The following table will exhibit the different mineral specimens col- 
 lected on the survey, and their localities, together with the variations of 
 the needle at many places on the township lines. 
 
821 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Tabular statement of specimens collected in the survey of township lines ^ 
 during the year 1845 , by Wm, A, Burty deputy surveyor. 
 
 1 
 
 No. of : 
 specimen. ' 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 % 
 
 j 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 C/w. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 Township 48 northf range 25 west, 
 
 Sienite, lower fall of Dead river. 
 
 JTorth, on east boundary of township 48 norths range 26 wesL 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 83 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 15 min. ea.sL Talcose slate, left bank of a stream 
 20 links wide. 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 52 min. east. 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 52 min. north. Talcose slate, left bank of stream 
 on ridge. 
 
 Same rock. 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 00 1 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 € 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 60 
 
 Var 5 deg. 17 min. east. Sienite, (dark,) left bank of stream 
 12 Jinks wide, course east*southeast. 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 50 
 
 Sienite, associated with much quartz. 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 49 north, range 25 taesf. 
 
 \ 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite in knob, 1 chain north of line. 
 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. east, at 30 chains var. 7 deg. 25 min. east, at 40 
 chains var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 75 
 
 Sienite, with veins of serpentine. 
 
 JTorth, on e<tst boundary of township 49 north, range 26 west. 
 
 12 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 Sienite, top of conical hill, very high. 
 
 13 
 
 36 
 
 i 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, north of sec. cor.; var. 3 deg. 5 min. east. 
 East, on south boundary of township 50 north, range 26 west. 
 
 14 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende rock, 10 or 12 chains down stream, at foot of 
 falls ; also, many veins of quartz. i 
 
 15 j 
 
 32 
 
 65 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 00 1 
 
 Sienite, on top of the same fails. 
 
 JTorth, on east boundary of township 48 north, range 27 west. 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. Brown quartz and sienitic granite. 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 35 min. east. Talcose slate, with milky quartz. 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 35 min. east. Talcose slate, with masses of 
 quartz. 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 * 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 Slaty hornblende. 
 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. east. 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 Slaty serpentine, or chloritic slate, from ledge. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 49 north, range 26 west. 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 39 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 5 min. east. Trap, with veins of quartz. 
 JTorlh, on east boundary of township 49 north, range 27 west. 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone trap. 
 
 25 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. Greenstone trap. 
 
 26 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 Greensfone trap. 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende rock. 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 3Q niin. east, gi^-nhe ; alsOy greenstone trap. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 822 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 ^29 
 
 25 
 
 C/is. i/cs. 
 52 60 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, summit of hill 
 
 *30 
 
 25 
 
 60 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, east side of hill. 
 
 t3l 
 
 24 
 
 62 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east. 
 
 132 
 
 24 
 
 65 75 
 
 Fine-grained sienite, north side of hill. 
 
 133 
 
 12 
 
 48 50 
 
 Fine-grained sienite, top of knob. 
 
 o34 
 
 1 
 
 68 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, on east end of hill. 
 
 
 1 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 135 
 
 36 
 
 6 00 
 
 JTorthy on east houndary of township 50 north, range 27 west* 
 Sienite, (gneissoid,) on east point of hill. 
 
 136 
 
 25 
 
 30 00 , 
 
 Sienite, (fine-grained.) 
 
 'f27 
 
 25 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 50 min. east. Sienite, on north side of ledge. 
 
 c38 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 35 
 
 66 50 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 27 west. 
 Dark sienite, ledge 100 feet in height. 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 72 00 
 
 Sienitic granite (gneissoid) top of ledge. 
 
 o30 
 
 34 
 
 12 50 
 
 Sienitic greenstone 50 links north of line in ledge. 
 
 a31 
 
 34 
 
 19 00 
 
 Var 4 deg. 44 min. east; dark sienite in cliflf 90 feet high. 
 Sienitic granite, top of cliff 40 feet high. 
 
 ft32 
 
 34 
 
 45 18 
 
 a33 
 
 33 
 
 16 50 
 
 Sienitic granite top of knob. 
 
 t34 
 
 33 
 
 21 40 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east; sienite with veins of quartz. 
 
 a35 
 
 25 
 
 \ 
 
 34 00 
 
 fTorth, on east houndaiy of township 51 north, range 28 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 55 min.; fine-grained sienite top of knob. 
 
 a36 
 
 24 
 
 62 50 
 
 Sienitic greenstone south side of knob. 
 
 c37 
 
 24 
 
 77 25 
 
 Var. 5 deg 12 min. east; sienite traversed by many veins 
 
 38 
 
 12 
 
 8 40 
 
 of quartz and felspar. 
 
 ^ Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east; sienite traversed by many veins 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 35 
 
 23 75 
 
 of quartz and felspar. 
 
 j 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 52 north, range 28 west. 
 
 I Red sandstone or conglomerate near the junction of the 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 26 74 
 
 primary rocks. 
 
 Sienitic granite in ledge east side of knob. 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east. 
 
 41 
 
 33 
 
 19 00 
 
 Sienitic granite northwest side of lake. 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 19 00 
 
 Sienitic granite ledge west side of lake. 
 
 43 
 
 31 
 
 42 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 40 min. east ; sienite. 
 
 44 
 
 36 
 
 45 60 
 
 • 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 28 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east; sienite traversed by a vein of 
 
 a45 
 
 36 
 
 45 60 
 
 trap 1 foot wide. This ledge is about 45 feet in height. 
 Trap from the above vein. 
 
 46 
 
 13 
 
 2 50 
 
 .North on east boundary of township 51 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Felspar; ledge mostly same. 
 
 Var. 5 deg 35 min. east ; sienite in knob. 
 
 47 
 
 13 
 
 11 00 
 
 48 
 
 13 
 
 23 00 
 
 Ledge mostly quartz and felspar and veins of greenstone 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 16 50 
 
 trap. 
 
 Sienite in ledge. 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 22 70 
 
 Hornblende rock } 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 1 27 00 
 
 Some sienitic greenstone? 
 
T'abular statement — ‘Continiiied. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 €ks. 
 
 Ws. 
 
 •North, on east boundary of township 52 north, ran^e 29 west* 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg:. 18 min. east; granite with veins of serpentine 
 in high hill. • 
 
 53 
 
 ^5 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 18 min. east; granite with veins of serpentine 
 north side of hill. 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 46 
 
 75 
 
 Red sandstone ledge ; dip 25 deg. north-northeast. 
 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 52 norths range 29 west. 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 Sienitic granite with many veins of quartz in ledge 50 feet 
 in height. 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 mtn.east; sienitic granite with many veins 
 of quartz and felspar. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 .a57 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone tira^ and coarse-grained sienitic granite, on top 
 of hill ; many veins of quartz. 
 
 Var. 5 deg 40 min. east. 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 50 min. east; granite. 
 
 59 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, 
 
 Jforih, on east boundary of township 52 north, range 30 west. 
 
 60 
 
 ^5 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 5 min. east; sienitic granite. 
 
 61 
 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east; granite near junction, with sand*? 
 stone. 
 
 West, on south boundary <f township 52 north, range 36 west. 
 
 62 
 
 36 
 
 67 
 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 50 min. east ; argillaceous slates and imperfect 
 
 63 
 
 36 
 
 78 
 
 005 
 
 agate loose in bed of stream, (abundant.) 
 
 Jforth, on east bowndary of township 51 north, range 32 wesL 
 
 « 
 
 
 3$ 
 
 •j 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 12 min. east ; at 61 chains, ledge of greenstone 
 trap. 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 
 50) 
 
 Altered sandstone in bed of stream. 
 
 65 
 
 13 
 
 
 50 V 
 
 ♦North-northeast 8 chains down stream much disturbed. 
 
 66 
 
 13 
 
 
 50S 
 
 N. B — A boat may pass to this place. 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 
 EH 
 
 ♦From Huron bay^ ♦ var. 6 deg. east. 
 
 68 
 
 » 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east ; greenstone trap, southeast side of knob. 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 30 west. 
 
 69 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east ; sienitic greenstone, at fall 5 feet 
 below the line. 
 
 70 
 
 34 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 23 min. east ; sienitic greenstone, in knob 1 chain 
 south of line. 
 
 hTorth, on east boundary of township 51 north, range 31 west. 
 
 71 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg 35 min. east ; greenstone trap in ledge. 
 Argillaceous slate, (black,) in south bank of stream. 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 ^73 
 
 13 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min." east; argillaceous slate, (gray,) ip north 
 side of hill. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 824 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 JFestf on south boundary of township 51 norths range 31 west. 
 
 72 
 
 35 
 
 I 26 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg 55 min. east ; greenstone, (sienitic,) south side 
 of knob. 
 
 73 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 t)0 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east ; quartz rock, on point of ridge. 
 
 74 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 mm. east; quartz rock, in bed of stream. 
 Mrihf on east boundary of township 51 north, range 32 west. 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 61 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, (sienitic,) east point of ridge. 
 
 76 1 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east; gieenstone, on knob near the junction of 
 sandrock. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 32 west. 
 
 77 
 
 34 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 47 min. east; black argillaceous slate, 300 links 
 south of line in bed of stream ; clip 20 deg. north } 
 cleavage dip 45 deg. south. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 33 west. 
 
 c77 
 
 35 
 
 €1 
 
 65 ’ 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east; novaculite, in ledge about 60 chs. north- 
 northeast on the bay coast, and red clay 6 ehs. south- 
 southwest on the coast. 
 
 Jforth, on east houndmy of township 51 north, range 34 west. 
 
 78 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east; red sandstone in bed of stream. 
 J^orth, on east boundary of township 52 north, range 34 west. 
 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 40 min. east ; red sandstone. 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 53 north, range 33 west. 
 
 80 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 Red sandstone in bed of small stream. 
 
 i 
 
 J)Torth, on east boundary of township 54 north, range 34 west. 
 
 81 
 
 12 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 Red sandstone ; at 1 chain, var. 5 deg. 10 min. east ; at 4d' 
 chains, var. 0. 
 
 82 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 50 min. east ; altered sandstone in bed of small 
 stream. 
 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 Same. 
 
 84 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap ; cells filled with epidote. 
 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 55 north, range 34 west. 
 
 85 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 30 min. east ; trap at corner, to sections 35 and 
 36, var 8 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 86 
 
 36 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east; greenstone trap in knob, corner 
 to sections 33 and 34, var. 7 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 fTorlh, on east boundary of township 55 north, range 34 west. 
 
 87 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 Trap. 
 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east; at quarter-section corner, section 25, var. 
 8 deg. east. 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 10 min. east ; at 10 chains 50 links, var. 7 deg. 
 10 min. west ; at 40 chains, var. 2 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 30 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 9 deg. 5 min. 
 east; at 80> chains, var. 8 deg. 55 min. east. 
 
825 
 
 TahuLar statement — Continued. 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 a. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 a99 
 
 100 
 
 On section 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 12 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 35 
 
 35 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 36 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 80 00 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 68 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 69 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 56 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 20 min. east ; sandstone ; at corner of sections 
 33 and 34, var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 56 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east; coarse sandstone on lake coast 
 
 Micaceous sandstone. 
 
 South, on east boundary of township 54 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east ; red sandstone on lake coast. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 56 north, range 33 west. 
 
 Red sandstone; at 40 chs , var. 4 deg. 50 min. east, 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 55 min. east ; sandstone, some altered. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min.; sandstone, changed by igneous action. 
 
 Trappose rock. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east ; greenstone trap in ledge north- 
 west of cor. 
 
 Trap. 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 35 min. east ; at 60 chs. 50 Iks., var. 3 deg. 35 
 min. east ; at 63 chs. 25 Iks , var. 55 min. west ; at 68 
 chs. 50 Iks , var. 3 deg 35 min. east. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 30 min. west ; at 79 chs , var. 11 deg. 30 min. 
 east. 
 
 Var. 5 deg 50 min. cast ; at 12 chs 33 Iks., var. 1 deg. 20 
 min. east; at 19 chs., var. 25 min. west; at 28 chs. 25 
 Iks., var. 3 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 30 min. east; at 53 chs. 75 Iks., var. 5 deg. 55 
 east ; at 72 ehs., var. 2 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 Var. 50 min. east ; at 12 chs., var. 5 deg. east; at 19 chs. 
 50 Iks., var. 30 min. west ; at 33 chs. 75 Iks., var. 9 deg. 
 40 min. east. 
 
 Var 6 deg. 15 min. east; at 58 chs., var. 3 deg. 40 min. 
 east ; at 68 chs., var. 8 deg. east ; at 76 chs., var. 7 deg. 
 30 min. east. 
 
 Var. 10 deg. 30 min. east ; at 77 chs. 50 Iks., var. 7 deg. 20 
 min. east. 
 
 Trap? 
 
 J^orth, on east boundary of township 56 north, range 33 west. 
 
 5 chains up stream, at the falls, veinstone of quartz, con- 
 taining native copper; also, trap and zeolite. 
 
 Altered lock below the trap, with veins of green carbonate 
 of copper, &c. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 20 min. east ; at 17 chs., var. 45 min. east ; at 
 38 chs. 60 Iks., var. 40 deg. 20 min. east ; at 53 chs. 35 
 Iks., var. 1 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 5 deg, 50 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 1 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east ; at 36 chs., var. east; at 58 chs. 30 Iks., 
 var. 1 deg wesb 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east; at 66 chs., var. 10 deg. east; at 
 80 chs., var. 7 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 30 min. east ; at 64 chs., var. 11 deg. east ; at 
 80 chs., var. 3 deg, 5 min. east. 
 
 Trap? 
 
Tahular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Cfes. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 Js/'orthy on east boundary of township 57 norths range 33 west. 
 
 102 
 
 25 
 
 73 
 
 50 
 
 Altered sandstone in bed of stream. 
 
 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east; at 16 chs., var. 8 deg, 30 min. 
 east ; at 40 chs., var. 8 deg. east ; at 80 chs., var, 7 deg. 
 
 45 min. east. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 57 north, range 33 west. 
 
 103 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 75 
 
 Amygdaloid trap on ridge north of line. 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 20 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 8 deg. 45 min. east, 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 58 north, range 32 west. 
 
 104 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone trap foot of ledge. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 105 
 
 36 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone trap top of hill. 
 
 «105 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 40 min. east ; native copper from Eagle river 
 mines, east of cor. to sections 24 and 25, 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 10 min. east ; at 60 chs., var. 6 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 57 north, range 32 west.* 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 106 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 10 min. east ; amygdaloid trap ; cells filled 
 with quartz and epidote. 
 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 «1]0 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 30 min. east; at 55 chs., greenstone trap in 
 ledge. 
 
 110 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 1 
 
 Amygdaloid trap. 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var, 3 deg. 40 min. east ; at 40 chs., var. 1 deg. 30 min. 
 west ; at 80 chs., var, 3 deg. 5 min. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 58 noith, range 31 west. 
 
 107 
 
 31 
 
 j 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 Greenstone trap in bed of stream. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 57 north, range 32 west. 
 
 ill 
 
 33 1 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 Trap rock. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 35 min. east ; at 40 chs., var. 6 deg. 30 min. east. 
 .North, on east boundary of township 56 north, range S2 west.* 
 
 108 
 
 36 
 
 66 
 
 00 
 
 Red sandstone at 80 chs. ; var. 4 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 103 
 
 24 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 Red sandstone in small stream. 
 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg- 10 min. east. 
 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min- east ; at 80 chs., var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. 
 JNbrth, on east boundary of township 57 north, range 31 west. 
 
 103 
 
 13 
 
 79 
 
 75 
 
 Var. 5 deg- 50 min. east ; altered sandstone, with calcare- 
 ous spar veins. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 5 min. east ; at 66 chs , var. 7 deg. 10 min. east ; 
 at 75 chs., var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. 
 
 112 
 
 12 
 
 72 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone trap, north side of ridge. 
 
 213 
 
 13 
 
 79 
 
 50 
 
 Altered sandrork and calcareous spar. 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min. east ; at 61 chains, var. 6 deg. 10 min, 
 east, on ridge. 
 
Tabvtar statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 Southf on east boundary qf township 56 norths range 31 west. 
 
 114 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 40 min. east ; at 60 chains 97 links, sandstone 
 on lake shore, (red and gray.) 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 57 northy range 30 west , ' 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 30 deg. east; at 61 chains 3 links, red sand- 
 stone on lake shore. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 58 north, range 32 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 4 deg. 40 min. cast ; at 49 chains, var. 11 deg. 30 min. 
 east ; at 5Q chains, var. 2 deg 55 min. east ; at 80 chains, 
 var. 4 deg 45 min. east. 
 
 116 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Native copper in veinstone of trap and quartz from digging^ 
 at this place. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 4 deg. 45 min. east ; at 20 chains, var. 10 deg. east ; 
 at 25 chains^ var. 7 deg. west ; at 39 chains 50 links, 
 var. 7 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. ^ min. east ; at 5 chains 75 links, var. 10 deg. 
 30 min. east ; at 28 chains, var. 14 deg. 30 min. east ; 
 at 72 chains, var. 8 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 7 deg. 30 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 7 deg. 15 min. 
 east ; at SO chains, var. 7 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Abrth, on east boundary of township 58 north, range 31 west. 
 
 117 
 
 24 
 
 
 00 
 
 Atnygdaloidal trap cells, filled with calcareous matter and 
 quajnz. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 
 Yar. 4 deg. 30 min. east; at 20 chains 50 links, var. 7 deg. 
 20 min. east ; at 36 chains, var. 2 deg. 50 min. east ; at 
 40 chains, var. 10 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 
 Yar. 6 deg. 50 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 3 deg. 50 min. 
 east ; at 89 chains, var. 3 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 
 Yar. 6 d< g. 50 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 6 deg. 15 min. 
 east ; at 80 chains, var. 4 deg. east. 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 6 deg. 50 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 6 deg. 30 min. 
 east ; at 70 chains 75 links, var. 7 deg. 30 min. east, 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 South, on east boundary of township 57 north, range 30 west. 
 
 118 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 75 
 
 Red sandstone. 
 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 5 min. e^st. 
 
 j 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 30 min. east ; red sandstone on lake shore. 
 Jforth, on east boundary of township 59 north, range 30 west. 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 45 min. ; at 43 chains 50 links, var. 5 deg. 30 
 min. east; at 64 chains 86 links, var. 11 deg. 40 min. 
 cast. This line is over conglomerate rock. 
 
 South, on east boundary of township 58 north, range 29 west. 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 15 min. east ; at 80 chains, Var. 5 deg. 15 min. 
 east 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 Yar. 1 deg. 30 min. east; at 63 chains 50 links, var. 5 deg. 
 30 mih. east. 
 
 \ 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 75 
 
 Yar. 6 deg. 10 min. east ; at 49 chains, var. 4 deg. 10 min. 
 east ; at 61 chains 75 links, var. 7 deg. east. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 828 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 119 
 
 12 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 50 50 
 
 Greenstone trap in ledg^e. 
 
 
 12 
 
 69 00 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 10 min. west; at 71 chains, var. 1 deg. 40 min. 
 
 120 
 
 13 
 
 21 25 
 
 east. 
 
 Native copper and veinstone, loose in stream. 
 
 122 
 
 13 
 
 10 00 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap 
 
 121 
 
 13 
 
 23 25 
 
 Var. 15 min. west ; native copper and veinstone of trap, 
 
 
 13 
 
 28 00 
 
 and calcareous matter. 
 
 Var. 1 deg. west ; at 33 chains 75 links, var. 8 deg. 30 min. 
 east; at 43 chains 50 links, var. 1 deg. west; at 68 
 chains, var. 7 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 40 deg west ; at 80 chains, var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 74 55 
 
 
 24 
 
 21 75 
 
 Var. 1 deg 30 min. east ; at 24 chains 60 links, var. 1 deg. 
 
 123 
 
 25 
 
 i 
 
 47 50 
 
 west; at 40 chains, var. 4 deg. 15 min. east; at 53 
 chains 75 links, var. 2 deg. east. 
 
 Trap rock, high ledge. 
 
 124 
 
 33 
 
 35 50 
 42 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 15 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 4 deg. 30 min 
 east. 
 
 West^ on south boundary of township 58 north, range 31 west. 
 Trap rock, on point of ridge. 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 35 min. east ; at 40 chains, var. 6 deg. 30 min. 
 
 ' 125 
 
 36 
 
 44 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east ; greenstone trap, on a knob of rocks. 
 
 126 
 
 31 
 
 29 50 
 
 East, on south boundary of township 58 north, range 30 west. 
 Greenstone trap, in ledge. 
 
 
 31 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min east. 
 
 127 
 
 31 
 
 75 00 
 
 Greenstone trap, on point of ridge. 
 
 128 
 
 32 
 
 8 00 
 
 Greenstone trap, on east side of hill. 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 129 
 
 32 
 
 13 00 
 
 Greenstone trap, on east end of ridge. 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 130 
 
 33 
 
 69 10 
 
 Greenstone trap in stream at falls. 
 
 
 33 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 20 min. east; at 40 chains, var. 5 deg. 10 min. 
 
 131 
 
 36 
 
 68 00 
 
 east ; at 80 chains, var. 7 deg. east. 
 fTorth, on east boundary of township 58 north, range 30 west. 
 Trap } 
 
 
 36 
 
 27 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 132 
 
 13 
 
 63 00 
 
 Trap, with many small veins of quartz. 
 
 133 
 
 13 
 
 00 00 
 64 75 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 25 min. east. 
 Greenstone trap in ledge. 
 
 
 12 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east ; at 30 chains, var. 15 min. west ; at 40 
 
 134 
 
 1 
 
 13 75 
 
 chains, var. 3 deg. 45 min. east. 
 Ledge of trap rocks. 
 
 135 
 
 1 
 
 23 30 
 
 Conglomerate rock ; at 40 chains, var. 6 deg. east. 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 27 75 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 40 min. east; conglomerate rock. 
 
 137 
 
 36 
 
 36 00 
 
 J^oi'th, on east boundary of township 59 north, range 28 west. 
 Conglomerate ledge. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 18 00 
 
 South, on east boundary of township 53 north, range 28 wesL 
 Conglomerate rocks, (ledge.) 
 
829 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Chs. Iks, 
 40 00 
 
 Var» 4 deg. 40 min. east ; at 80 chains, Tar. 4 deg. 40 min. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Var» 12 deg. 15 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 5 deg. 20 min. 
 
 138 
 
 13 
 
 53 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Greenstone trap ledge 100 feet in height. 
 
 
 25 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east; at 49 chains 34 links, var. 3 deg. 
 
 < 
 
 139 
 
 36 
 
 72 00 
 
 35 min. east, at the Lake coast. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 52 north, range 35 west, 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east ; red sandstone in bed of stream. 
 
 
 33 
 
 GO 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 35 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 5 deg. 40 min. 
 
 140 
 
 1 
 
 32 25 
 
 east. 
 
 Abrtft, on east boundary of township 52 north, range 36 west. 
 Trap and altered 'sandstone, (near junction.) 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east ; at 77 chains, var. 7 deg. 45 min. 
 
 141, 142 
 
 1 
 
 46 00 
 
 east ; at 80 chains, var. 6 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap on ridge. 
 
 * 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 53 north, range 36 toesl. 
 Var. 1 deg. east ; at 80 chains, var. 6 deg. 25 min. east. 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 42 75 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 55 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 8 deg. 5 min. 
 
 1 
 
 143 
 
 33 
 
 50 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Slaty sandstone, (argillaceous.) 
 
 144 
 
 36 
 
 43 00 
 
 JTorth, on east boundary of township 53 north, range 36 west* 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east ; trap, with amygdaloidal structure. 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 45 min. east ; at 56 chains 50 links, var. 10 min. 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 00 00 
 
 east ; at 59 chains 50 links, var. 8 deg. 40 min. east. 
 Var. 7 deg. 15 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 7 deg. 5 min. 
 
 145 
 
 25 
 
 57 50 
 
 east. 
 
 Argillaceous; ferruginous slate, turned out by a tree. i 
 
 . 146 
 
 33 
 
 69 50 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 54 north, range 36 west. 
 Sandstone, (altered;) loose flags in stream. 
 
 33 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 10 min. east ; at ^ chains, var. 7 deg. 10 min. 
 
 * 
 
 147 
 
 35 
 
 72 30 
 
 east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 55 north, range 36 west* 
 Red sandstone, left bank of stream ; dip 8 deg. northwest. 
 
 35 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 50 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 6 deg. 55 min. 
 
 % 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 00 00 
 
 east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 37 west* 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 4 deg. 15 min. 
 
 148 
 
 31 
 
 8 00 
 
 1 east. 
 
 Trap rock,|(in ridge.) 
 
 149 
 
 36 
 
 57 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 52 north, range S7|We^« 
 
 » 
 
 Trap rock of an amygdaloidal structure in ridge. 
 
m 
 
 830 
 
 I 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 ■■ 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 C/w. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east; at 40 chains, var. 4 deg. east; 
 at 52 chains, var. 15 min. west ; at 80 chains, var. 1 
 deg. 10 min, east. 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east ; at 80 chains, var." 1 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg 5 min. east; at 53 chains 55 links, var. 8 deg, 
 15 min. east; at 80 chains, var. 8 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 Var. 7 deg l5 min. east, near junction of sandstone and 
 trap rocks. 
 
 JTorth, on east boundary of township 52 norths range 37 west. 
 
 150 
 
 36 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap rock. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east; at 80 chains, var. 5 deg. 35 min, 
 east. 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 30 min. east; at 40 chains, var. 8 deg. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 45 min. east ; at 80 chains, var. 7 deg. 15 min. 
 east. 
 
 West, on soxUh boundary of township 53 north, range 37 west. 
 
 151 
 
 35 
 
 5i 
 
 50 
 
 Red sandstone; some changed. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 10 min. east; at 40 chains, var. 7 deg. 5 min. 
 east; at 60 chains, var. 7 deg. 5 min. east. 
 
 Township 53 nm'th, range 38 west. 
 
 152 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 On lake shore, northwest side of a point, micaceous sand- 
 stone ; also red sandstone. 
 
 JsTorth, on east boundary of township 51 north, range 38 tcesi. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 5 min. cast ; at 80 chs., var. 5 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 Knob of trap rocks. 
 
 154 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 Knob of trap rocks on top of hill. 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. east ; at 80 chs , var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 Trap rock ; ledge on north side of hill. 
 
 153 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 20 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 7 deg. 30 min. 
 east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 38 west. 
 
 155 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap and altered sandstone. 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east; at 80 chs., var. 6 deg. 15 min, 
 east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 50 min. east ; at 25 chs. 25 Iks., var. 7 deg. 10 min. 
 east ; at 40 chs., var. 2 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 156 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 Trap rock ledge, (amygdaloidal.) 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 50 min. east; at 80 chs., var. 6 deg. 15 min. 
 east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 39 west. 
 
 157 
 
 33 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 Red clay in right bluff of the Ontonagon river. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. ^5 min. east; at 80 chs., var. 6 deg. 35 min. 
 east. 
 
 J^orth, on east boundary af township 51 north, range 39 west. 
 
 158 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 10 
 
 Red sandstone (some changed.) 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 45 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 6 deg. 50 rain, 
 east. 
 
88i 
 
 Tabutar 
 
 C»1 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 , 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 159 
 
 32 
 
 76 
 
 15 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 160 
 
 36 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 60 
 
 161 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 162 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 163 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 164 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 06 
 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 165 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 166 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 167 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 168 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 169 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 170 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 50 
 
 171 
 
 32 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 172 
 
 31 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 173 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 174 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 00 
 
 175 
 
 13 
 
 61 
 
 00 
 
 170 
 
 12 
 
 / 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 177 
 
 35 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 178 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 
 33 
 
 K] 
 
 75 
 
 179 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 ■iiM 
 
 180 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 lilW 
 
 
 32 
 
 57 
 
 il 
 
 Wsstf on south bouT^rf oj township 51 norths range 40 west 
 
 Micaceous red sandstone \ dip 10 deg. northerly in bank of 
 stream. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 55 min. ,east ^ at SO* chs., yar. 5 deg. 20 min. 
 east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 41 west. 
 
 Micaceous sandstone^ loose flags in stream. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 4 deg. 50 min. 
 east. 
 
 Var, 5 deg. 55 min. east; at 40 chs., var. 6 deg. 25 min. 
 east ; at 80 cbs., var. 7 deg. east. 
 
 fforth, on east boundary ofiowmhip 51 north, raskge 42 toest* 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 55 min. east ; 5 chs. west of line in stream, ar-^ 
 gillaceous slate ; dip 11 deg. east-northeast. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 12 min. east ; 8 chs. west ot Hne in Iron 
 river, argillaceous slate. 
 
 Agillacepus slate and slaty sandstone in Iron river. 
 
 Same west of line in river. 
 
 9 chains west to falls of iron river. 
 
 1 mile up Iron river, argillaceous slates and slaty sand- 
 stone. 
 
 West, on south boundary of toumship 51 north, range 42 west. 
 
 Slaty sandstone^argillaceous) in stream, 
 yar. 8 deg 35 min. east ; argillaceous slaty sandstone, (Iron 
 river.) 
 
 Trap.^ 
 
 Yar. 8 d^. 35 min. east ; at 80 chs., var. 8 deg. 40 min. east. 
 Trap rock of an amygdaloidal structure. 
 
 Amygdaloid trap in ledge. 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 15 min. east ; compact trap southeast side of hUl. 
 Brick-colored trap rock; bank of stream (compact.) 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 55 min. east j at 80 ^hs., var. 8 ueg. 10 min. 
 east. 
 
 / 
 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 51 north, range 43 west. 
 Compact trap rock. 
 
 Var. 8 deg. east ; at 80 chs., var. 8 deg. 35 min. east. 
 Altered sandstone. 
 
 Var. 8 deg. east. 
 
 Altered sandstone. 
 
 Calcareous spar, and veinstone from a vein. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 51 north, range 43 west. 
 
 Compact trap rock south side of hill. 
 
 Trap rock with an amygdaloidal structure. 
 
 Trap ledge 80 feet in height. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 20 min east ; light-colored compact trap rock. 
 Light-colored (nearly perpendicular) ledge 200 feet high. 
 Same on southwest point of hill. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 832 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 specimen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 €hs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 JsTorthj on tost boundary of toicnship 51 norths range 44 west* 
 
 181 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 45 min. east ; altered sandstone. 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 9 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 «181 
 
 25 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 Conglomerate rock top of hill ; dip 30 deg. northwest. 
 
 182 
 
 25 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 Characteristic trap of the Porcupine mountains, brick* 
 
 
 
 
 
 colored and compact, ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 JsTovth, on east boundary of township 58 nortky range 31 icest* 
 
 183 
 
 J3 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 Trap rock ; small ledge. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 50 min. east 
 
 184 I 
 
 13 
 
 62 
 
 50 
 
 Trap rock top of ledge. 
 
 j 
 
 13 > 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 50 min. east 
 
 185 ^ 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 67 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap south side of ledge. 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 1 deg. cast 
 
 187 
 
 12 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 Altered sandstone. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 60 min. east. 
 
 188 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 00 , 
 
 Amygdaloidal trap of ridge. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 30 min. east, on coast of Lake Superior* 
 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 Township 59 north, range 28 west* 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 
 From the mines at Copper Harbor. 
 Do do do. 
 
 190 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 59 north, range 29 west 
 
 191 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 Calcareous spar from a vein in the conglomerate rock on 
 
 
 
 
 
 the lake shore near this place. 
 
 
 25 
 
 mu 
 
 mil 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 A. BURT, Deputy Surveyor* 
 
833 [ 1 ] 
 
 GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF BELA HUBBARD, DEPUTY SURVEYOR. 
 
 * 
 
 ^General observations upon the geology and^ topography of the district 
 south of Lake Superior, subdivided in 1845 under direction of Douglass 
 Houghton, deputy surveyor. 
 
 'The subdivisic^s embrace the following townships, which are fully 
 ^completed, and the notes and maps whereof are herewith returned. 
 
 Township 46 
 
 north. 
 
 ranges 
 
 24, 25, and 26 W. 
 
 u 
 
 47 
 
 u 
 
 cc 
 
 24, 25, and 26 W. 
 
 u 
 
 48 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 25 and 26 W. 
 
 u 
 
 51 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 •32 and 33 W. 
 
 
 53 
 
 cc 
 
 CCk 
 
 32 and 33 W. 
 
 cc 
 
 ■ 54 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 32 and 33 W. 
 
 cc 
 
 55 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 31, 32, 33, and 34 W. 
 
 u 
 
 56 
 
 • cc 
 
 cc 
 
 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 W. 
 
 u 
 
 57 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 W. 
 
 cc 
 
 '58 
 
 % 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 26, 27, 28, 30, and 31 W. 
 
 cc 
 
 59 
 
 cc 
 
 • cc 
 
 27, 28, and 30 W. 
 
 The notes and maps of township 58 north, ranges 29 and 32 west, and 
 township 59 north, range 29 west, were in possession of Dr. Houghton, 
 and were lost with him. 
 
 For our present purpose the above named townships may be arranged 
 in two divisions, which, from their different geological features, will be 
 separately considered. •- 
 
 In the first will be included townships 46, 47, and 48, ranges 24, 25, and 
 "26. In the second division the townships upon the Keweenaw penin- 
 sula, township 48, in ranges 25 and 26, and all those of our second divis- 
 ion, are within the township line surveys of the past season, and the gen- 
 ‘Oral features of their topography and geoibgy are exhibited with great 
 perspicuity and accuracy in the report of Wm. A. Burt, esq., accompany- 
 ing the returns of his surveys. I shall therefore, as far as possible, avoid 
 -a repetition of facts which appear sufficiently detailed by him. 
 
 Primary and metarrwrphic region. 
 
 Granite rocks. — The portion of country included in our, first division 
 which is occupied by these rocks, embraces township 46 north, ranges 
 24, 25, and 26 w^st, together with most of the lower tier of sections in the 
 townships adjoining on the north. 
 
 Throughout this region the granite rocks make their appearance in a 
 succession of rounded knobs, elevated from 20 to 100 feet above the sur- 
 rounding country, and from 300 to 800 feet above the level of Lake Supe- 
 rior, and having a general range a little south of west and north of east. 
 These rocks vary much in character and composition, being sometimes 
 hornblendic and approaching a perfect sienite, but more commonly 
 felspathic, or composed of quartz and felspar, in which the latter mineral 
 predominates. In the more southerly portion of the district, the fels^^r is 
 red and gives a predominant color to the rock; occasionally the granite is 
 traversed by quartz in irregular veins. Sonie portions are massively strati- 
 fied; the masses dipping to the north, or nearly vertical. The knobs are 
 
 Part ii — 53 
 
834 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 rounded in outline, and sometimes bare rock; but in general, they, in 
 common with the surrounding country, are well timbered with spruce, 
 hemlock, fir, birch, sugar-maple, white pine, and aspen. The soil is in 
 general sandy, and second or third rate. Plains of spruce-pine occupy 
 the more elevated portions of the district, embracing about one- half or 
 the central part of township 46 north, range 25, and, stretching northerly, 
 include the southwesterly one-fourth of township 47^ — 25. This tract 
 is destitute of streams, and the soil is very poor and sandy. The timber 
 is chiefly an inferior spruce pine. These plains divide the waters flowing 
 into Lake Superior on the north and east, and Lake Michigan on the 
 south. 
 
 This granite district is intercepted on the east by a belt of the red sand- 
 rock, hereafter alluded to, which occupies the tract between it and the 
 lake coast. 
 
 A little south of Pi*esqhsle, granite rocks make their appearance on the 
 coast of the lake, and westerly from Presqhsle contiime to occupy the 
 projecting points for several miles — the red sandrock occupying the in- 
 tervening bays. Knobs of this rock also occupy the portion of township 
 48, range 25, lying north of Rio des Morts. The granite of this portion 
 of the country is traversed by large and irregular dikes of greenstone trap; 
 and the granite itself puts on a trappean character — the two rocks being 
 sometimes with difficulty distinguished from each other. This is the 
 commencement of an apparently very large extent of granitic country, ex- 
 tending westerly into the region not yet surveyed by section lines. 
 
 These granites are important in an economical point of view, being so 
 situated as to be easily quarried, and affording a great variety of very 
 durable as well as ornamental building-stones. When we consider that 
 the whole vast valley of the Mississippi to the south is made up of 
 secondary rocks, it seems probable that these granites will furnish a 
 valuable article of commerce, so soon as a more convenient communica- 
 tion shall have been opened between Lake Superior and the lower lakes. 
 
 Metamorphic gi'oup. 
 
 The rocks thus designated occupy the country lying between the two 
 granite regions above mentioned. The several portions of this district 
 vary so much in the character of the prevailing rocks as to call for separ- 
 ate description. 
 
 The more southerly — which I shall here denominate the quartzite por- 
 tion — is composed of white and brown quartz rocks, talcose, augitic and 
 clay slates, slaty hornblende and specular and micaceous oxides of iron, 
 and embraces the tract between the granites on the south and a line bear- 
 ing north of west from the mouth of Carp river to the centre of the west 
 line of township 48, range 26. This tract is rolling, with frequent ridges 
 — having a direction nearly east and west, or bearing south of west, and 
 elevated above the surrounding country from 40 to 150 feet. The greatest 
 elevation above Lake Superior, as determined by the barometer, is 1,001 
 feet. The timber is chiefly sugar-maple, with some scattering pines and 
 other evergreens and birch. 
 
 The central portions of these ridges would seem to be trap, which is 
 here capped, as well as flanked^^by the metamorphosed rocks. Though 
 no well characterized trap makes an outcrop throughout this portion of 
 
835 
 
 cu 
 
 the metamoij)hic region > the dtered nature of the rocks plainly indi- 
 cates the near approach of an igneous rock to the surface; and the dip of 
 the rocks, though maiiily north, at a high angle exhibits a tendency in 
 all directions from a cenft’al axis. 
 
 These rocks are throughout pervaided by the argillaceous, red, and 
 caceous oxides of iroii— sonfetimes intimately disseminated, tad sottrO- 
 times in beds or veins. Th^e are frequently of so grtat e:^eht as taiWSt 
 to entiUe th^ to be considered as rocks. The largest extent of iron bth 
 noticed is in township 47, range 26, near the corner of sections 29^^ 30^ 
 31, and 32. There are here two large beds or hills of ore, made up almost 
 entirely of granulated, magnetic, or specular iron, with small quantities: 
 of spathose and micaceous iron. The more northerly of these hills ex- 
 tends in a direction nearly eeist and west for at least one-fourth of a mile,, 
 and has a breadth of little less thari 1,000 feet; the whole of which fornfe 
 a single mass of ore, with occasiCnsd thin strata of impea^fect and 
 jasper, and dipa N. ^10® E. about 30®. At its southerly outcrop, die 
 is exposed in a low cliff, above which the hill rises to the height of twtatjr 
 to thirty feet above the country oh the south. The ore here eXhibilS% 
 stratified or laminated stmcture, and breaks, readily into sub-rhOrhbOidafc 
 fragments in such inanfiCT as will greatly facilitate the operations of qu^t* 
 rying or mining the ore* 
 
 This bed of iron will compare favorably, both for extent and: qualiff^ 
 with any known in our country. The largest of the large iron ore beds 
 of the State of New York is estimated to be but 700 feet in breadth by 
 1^000 in length. A more extended and minute examination will proba- 
 bly determine this portion of the metamorphic group to Contain other 
 ores, less in amount, but which are generally esteemed more valuable; 
 
 The northerly portion of the metamorphic group of rockis, and which 
 may here be denomiriated t\i6 irappean ^xiioiiy embraces the whole re-^ 
 mainder of the group north of the portion last described, except a sinall 
 tract of country occupied exclusively by clay slat#rock, and whose extent 
 will be hereafter noticed. This division of the metamCrphic region is 
 characterized by the frequent occurrence of knobs or uplifts of greenstone 
 and augitic trap, making their appearance rather irregularly over 
 country, and surrounded by altered sandstones and slates. These uplifts 
 are doubtless disconnected from any common centre or focus of eriiphonj, 
 but it is evident that rocks of igneous origin form the base of all the ]j)Cky 
 elevations of the region, and the surrounding altered and slaty rocks flank 
 their sides and dip in all directions from them — the trap being protruded 
 into a series of low knobs. Around the bases of these are the metamor- 
 phic rocks, consisting mostly of talcose, chloritic and clay slates. Quartz, 
 forms comparatively a small proportion of these rocks. The prevaiiiing 
 dip is northerly about 80®. Several of these knobs in township ‘48y 
 range 26, attain an elevation of 1,058 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 A hill of tolerably well defined granite makes an outcrop hear the cen- 
 tre of this region, and in a low ridge bearing in an easterly and westerly 
 direction about two miles; but the granite is evidently of trappose charac- 
 ter. The hills of this region are generally timbered to their summits; and 
 in many of them the rock does not come to the surface. The country is 
 in general moderately rolling and beautiful. The timber is chiefly sugar- 
 maple, yellow.birch, fir, hemlock, and spuce; and the soil will withouk 
 doubt prove fertile. 
 
836 
 
 Clay slate. 
 
 The rocks of the metamorphic group frequently graduate into cl^y slate, 
 and it will be perceived, by reference to the map, that a well-defined clay 
 slate occupies a distinct tract in the region under consideration. This 
 Ixact is almost wholly in township 48, range 26, and occupies an area of 
 almost five sections. The slate appears generally in low knobs, dipping 
 northwesterly, and is highly argillaceous. The tract is timbered with a 
 large growth of sugar-maple and hemlock. 
 
 Red sandroek. 
 
 It will be perceived that this rock occupies a small portion of the coun- 
 try envbraced in our first division. It is found skirting the primary and 
 metamorphic rocks, on all sides, and almost excluding them from the 
 lake coast. 
 
 As this rock occupies a larger area in the district of country hereafter to 
 he considered, no description of it will here be given. It may, however, 
 simply be observed, that this rock is frequently found surrounding and 
 m contact with the uplifted masses of igneous rocks, and is then invaria- 
 bly much altered both in appearance and texture, and may, under such 
 circumstances, fairly be considered as metamorphic. 
 
 Keweenaw ‘point. 
 
 \ 
 
 The subdivisions of the past season upon this part of the surveys, in- 
 clude all that portion of Keweenaw point lying north and east of the 
 IPortage lake; and this portion of the work will be separately considered. 
 
 Keweenaw point may be said to be made up of three rock formations — 
 trap, trap conglomerate, and red sandroek: of these the first mainly 
 gives its peculiar char^ter to the country, giving to it its mountainous 
 aspect and general configuration, having been protruded by the operation 
 of igneous forces into its present position; while the other rocks are sedi- 
 mentary in their origin, and are found surrounding and resting against 
 the other. 
 
 The accompanying map will exhibit with much accuracy the positions 
 and extent of these rocks, in reference to each other, and to the township 
 and section lines. 
 
 Trap rocks. 
 
 It will be seen that throughout nearly the whole of the portion occu- 
 pied by these rocks may be traced two distinct ranges of hills, which, 
 commencing near the easterly extremity of the point, run nearly parallel 
 to the boundary lines of the trap. The summits of the more northerly 
 xange preserve an almost uniform distance from the northerly boundary 
 of trap, of almost one and a quarter mile, while those of the southerly 
 sange average little more than half a mile from the southerly extension of 
 the trap formation. These ranges, which are quite continuous from 
 township 57, range 28, westerly as far as township 57, range 32, begin 
 liere to fall away, becoming also more irregular and brojeen as they ap- 
 proach the basin of Portage lake. In fact, from the latter town, south- 
 
837 
 
 westerly^ their character as' distinct ranges is almost entirely lost, xm® 
 they reappear at about an equal distance from the Portage lake on 
 other side of the basin. The continuity of the trap rocks, however, is not:^ 
 destroyed, though its Ijounds are much narrowed. 
 
 The barometer work having been carried no further west from the ex- 
 tremity of the point than range 29, does not enable me to give the eleva-^ 
 tions of these ranges with completeness; but it may be stated that thet 
 highest point foun^ is in the southerly range, in township 58, range 29^ 
 where the trap rises into a knob, having an elevation above Lake Supe- 
 rior of 876 feet. To this knob has been given .the name of Mount 
 Houghton. The general elevation of the northerly remge of hills is, how^ 
 ever, somewhat the greatest, the knobs rising to from ^0 to GOO feet. 
 
 These ranges present their steepest escarpments op their southerly sidea^^ 
 where they rise frequently into cliffs of 100 feet, nearly perpendicular, 
 and in one instance, on the southerly range, to nearly 400 feet. In gei^ 
 eral they slope much more gently to the north, thus following the generals 
 inclination or dip which is common to all the rocks of the point, in 
 direction. 
 
 The portion of the trap district included between these two ranges^ as 
 far westerly as ^nge 30, has a gradual descent into the valley of tber 
 Little Montreal river. Beyond this, westerly, it is more rolling, 
 sometimes broken by knobs and ridges of trap; with some interveninjg. 
 swamps. The whole is, in general, covered by a sandy loam, and is« 
 clothed with an abundant growth of sugar-maple, birch, fir, oaks, an<ti 
 white pine; the maple greatly predominating wherever the soil is of suffi- 
 cient depth. Where the soil is barely sufficient to conceal the underlying: 
 rock, cedar is the prevailing timber. ^ 
 
 It will be observed that the Little Montreal river, above alluded to, has* 
 its course wholly between these two trap ranges, pursuing, its enurse 
 nearly across ranges 30, 29, and 28. This is the most considerable^ 
 stream in the district under consideration. Though somewhat sluggi^ 
 through the first half of its course, which may be said to occupy the^ 
 most elevated part, or plateau, of the trap region, it becomes more rapidl 
 through ranges 29 and 28, and its course to the lake shows a very con- 
 siderable descent, probably of about 300 feet, through the latter range- 
 
 The more northerly of these ranges of trap is very uniform in char*- 
 acter; and while the rock of both ranges may be denominated greenstone^ 
 that of the Idtter is much the most compact. The rocks of the former * 
 range have a very distinctly crystalline structure, passing from a very 
 granulated greenstone to a rock composed of crystals of augite, or horn- 
 blende and felspar, with considerable intermixture of quartz; sometimes 
 nearly forming an imperfect sienitic granite, and showing the identity of 
 origin of the trap and granite rocks. These portions of the trap are ex- 
 tremely hard, and break with difficulty under the hammer. 
 
 The central portion of the more elevated knobs of the southerly ranges^ 
 are frequently composed of a very hard and compact trap of reddish color,, 
 which sometimes takes on the character of a trap breccia, or aggregate of 
 small cemented angular pieces of rock, and may, perhaps, be denominated^^ 
 a trap porphyry. 
 
 Intermediate between these two ranges the trap is sometimes compact,^ 
 at others amygdaloidal, and occasionally granular; while on the outeK 
 slopes of both ranges it is almost uniformly amygdaloidal, and it is ^er 
 
83S 
 
 Cl] 
 
 quently what may be denominated a tnie amygdaloid, having its cells 
 filled with spar, quartz, epidote, and other minerals. 
 
 In an economical point of view the greenstone of the trap range is 
 worthy of consideration, being well fitted for use as a building material, 
 from its durability, and the ease with which, in consequence of its jointed 
 structure, it may be quarried. 
 
 Conglomerate rock. 
 
 Resting against the trap on its northerly slope, and extending from the 
 extremity of Keweenaw point westerly into township 57, range 33, will 
 be found a rock formation, which is evidently of sedimentary origin, be- 
 ing composed of water* worn masses, generally of the harder portions of 
 the trap rocks, held together by an exceedingly ha[rd, calcareous, and 
 argillaceous cement. It is evident that this rock was -deposited around 
 the base of the trap hills, beneath the waters, and has been subsequently 
 elevated, for the whole mass dips northerly, or from the trap hills, at an 
 angle of about 45^. 
 
 At or near its junction with the trap, this rock rises into a very distinct 
 :and generally continuous hilly range, which may, in fact, be considered 
 as the outcropping edge of the formation, rising on its southerly side in a 
 : steep escarpment, but sloping more gradually down towards the lake on 
 the north. This ridge varies greatly in elevation, the highest ascertained 
 point* being in township 58, range 27, and is 680 feet above Lake Supe- 
 rior. But this is much above the average elevation, which will not be 
 found probably to exceed 350 feet. 
 
 A marked difference is observable in the character of the country ocem- 
 pvied by the trap and conglomerate rocks, for while the former exhibits a 
 series of elevated knobs of a rugged and broken character, the latter pre- 
 se‘r^ts a more uniform and rounded outline, and cedar, fir, and other ever- 
 greens constitute a larger proportion of its timber. 
 
 Mixed conMomerate and sandrock. 
 
 O 
 
 At a short distance northerly from the range last mentk>ned may be ob- 
 served another, but less elevated and t^ontinuous ridge, which is the* 
 49outherly outcrop of the mixed conglomerate and sandstone formation. 
 This rock may, in fact, be considered as an upper member merely of the 
 t^onglomerate, and differs from it only in being composed of alternating 
 strata of coarse and fine materials, derived from the same origin. As the 
 finer strata of this rock have been mistaken by some for the red sandrock 
 hereafter described, it is important to observe that a very marked differ- 
 ence exists between the two rocks ; for while the latter is made up of 
 materials derived from the several rock formations of the country, and into 
 which quartzose grains enter most largely, the former is wholly derived 
 from the trap rocks. 
 
 This conglomerate and sandrock range probably nowhere exceeds 350 
 feet above the level of the lake; It occupies the northern coast of point 
 Keweenaw, with some exceptions occasioned by trap dikes, within the 
 limits alluded to as the extent easterly and westerly of the conglomerate 
 Jibofc formation. In the hollow between these two ridges of aonglomerate' 
 
zxid. congloij^erate and sandrock, lie several long and natrow lakes, arid 
 harrow lines of swampy ground are not an uncommon feature. 
 
 The barometer work having been carried over a comp^atively smalt 
 
 portion of the point, I have not been enabled to form any new estimate of 
 
 the thickness of the conglomerate and mixed rocks. Those contained in 
 
 the report of Dr. Houghton, of 1841, made to the legislature of Michigan, 
 
 may be considered as sufficiently precise, which fix the maximum of tite 
 
 latter at 4,200 feet; the former having probably^ a less thickness OU 
 
 point, though attaining near the Montreal river a thickness of 5,260 feet. 
 
 « 
 
 TVap dikes. 
 
 I have already alluded to the fact that the granites of the more north- 
 erly portion of the primary district are traversed by dikes of trap^ which 
 have produced great changes in the rocks of that district, as afeo to^the 
 feet that the conglomerate and sandrocks are found traversed by similar 
 dikes. On approaching Keweenaw point from the eastward, trap is seen 
 apparently interstratified with conglomerate and mixed rocks, which con- 
 stitute the coast, the whole dipping together to the north and northe^t- 
 erly, at an angle varying from 30° to 45°. 
 
 Jt trap dike of very unusual size makes its appearance on th^ pi^terh; 
 extremity of the point, in section 10, and may be traced westerly, -fotl^- 
 ing the general curvature of the coast, into township 31 west. It ^ 
 ^erage breadth of half a mile. In its westerly prolongation, thfe^^Ste 
 first approaches the coast at Copper Harbor. It has here been^'brbltife' 
 across by the waters of the lake, so that while the conglomerate* rocks^^^ 
 found composing the buter points, as well as the south side of the 
 the trap is seen at its two ends and ht the projecting points and islatids, 
 ^d it forms the bar across the entrance. ' 
 
 Continuing westerly, this dike cuts entirely across the conglomeiMes 
 and sandrocks at Xgate Harbor, and from thence the coast is con-siSthfed 
 of this rock westerly as far as section 3, township 58, range 31. Along 
 this portion of its course it is found gradually thinning out,, having at 
 Orand Marais and Eagle Harbors a width of a few rods only, and thinning 
 out entirely, or passing off into the deep water of the lake, at the point 
 dbove named. * . 
 
 The trap composing this dike is partly compact and partly of arUygefe- 
 k)idal structure. At Agate Harbor the trap is of this latter character, vaffid 
 the cells are filled with chalcedony, cornelian, jasper, quartz, &Ci, Ofieh 
 forming agates of great size and beauty. This part of the coast ia lihed 
 with islands at a few rods distance from the main shore, most of which 
 a^j^ar to be portions of the trap of a more hard and compact character, 
 and which have resisted the action of the waters that have washed iaway 
 the intermediate portions, thus forming a series of narrow and deep chan- 
 nels. This dike dips regularly with the conglomerate and sandrocks^ ia 
 which it is included, to the north and northwest, at an angle of about 
 
 Red s%ndrock. 
 
 This ibek, the equivalent of the Pbtsdam red sandrock of 4he New Ybfk 
 it will be seen by the n^ap, occupies the wlfote iemaliidep of 
 pbi^idn of Keweenaw point under conisideiatioH> skiiting a Ikrge -part bf 
 
840 
 
 m 
 
 the trap range on both sideS; but having by far its broadest extension on> 
 the south side. It here lies in nearly horizontal strata^ though at the coast; 
 a slight dip inland is observable, becoming more apparent as it approaches 
 the basin of Portage lake. In its approach to the trap, however, it is 
 found more or less tilted from its original horizontal position, and is also^ 
 very much altered by its contact with that igneous rock. The evidences: 
 both of the deposition of this extensive rock formation in calm and shal- 
 low waters, and of the subsequent change induced in it by the trap rocks 
 when in a fused or heated state, are very apparent. 
 
 Receding from the trap ranges southward, the surface of the country 
 underlaid by this rock is in general rolling, and timbered with sugar-ma- 
 ple' hemlock, birch, spruce, fir, and occasional large pines. The soil is 
 a sandy loam, and in general of good quality. Approaching the lake 
 coast the land falls gradually to a level, where the evergreens predominate' 
 over the maple, and the country is much cut up by marshes. 
 
 Mineral veins. 
 
 In regard to this subject I have deemed it unnecessary to enter into^- 
 details, for the reason that the returns of the purveys, so far as the geology 
 is concerned, relate rather to the general characteristics of the region ;^nd* 
 that the observations of the past season, so far as can now be determined,,, 
 tend to confirm the facts which have been stated with considerable mi- 
 nuteness of detail in the report made by Dr. Houghton in 1841 to the 
 legislature of the State of Michigan. ' 
 
 It may, however, be observed that the courses of many veins have beem 
 fixed .with accuracy, and the veins themselves traced in some instances 
 for several miles across the conglomerate and sandrocks, and into and^ 
 across some portions of the trap. The observations there made are con- 
 firmatory of the fact first noted by Dr. Houghton, that the true veins of 
 the district referred to pursue a course nearly at right- ailgles to the line of 
 bearing of the trap range. 
 
 General remarks. 
 
 In concluding these brief descriptions, it may be proper to state that 
 the personal observations of the writer have been confined almost en- 
 tirely to a somewhat cursory exploration, made several years ago while 
 acting as assistant to Dr. Houghton in his arduous labors in the geologicaP 
 commission of Michigan, and that he has been enabled to devote but 
 very limited time to the labor of an examination of the specimens col- 
 lected, and of the notes returned. It is very probable, therefore, that he^ 
 may have fallen into some errors, or at least have omitted many facts of 
 importance. It is only by special solicitation, and the apparent necessity 
 of the case, that he has undertaken to prepare such general observations* 
 as seemed called for under present circumstances. 
 
 In attempting this duty the undersigned cannot be unmindful of the ' 
 very meagre and imperfect sketch here presented, when compared with 
 whatever proceeded from that master-mind whose genius first developed^ 
 ’’and whose indomitable energy tracked through all its difficulties, a sys- 
 tem nol only intricate in itself^ but novel to science, and in a region at^; 
 that time destitute of all the ordinary facilities for scientific investigation... 
 
To the same active and philosophic mind we owe the system of the 
 union of geological with the lineaU surveys of lands of the United States^; 
 the first experimental results of which are now returned to this depart- 
 ment. 
 
 In presenting these ^ it may not be deemed inappropriate to allude to 
 the general advantages resulting from the new system^ as devised and 
 thus far successfully prosecuted by Dr. Houghton . ‘ 
 
 The advantages of thorough geological and topographical surveys are 
 now so well appreciated^ that they have been prosecuted to considerable 
 extent by foreign governments. Great Britain has already appropriated 
 immense sums towards the accomplishment of a complete survey of that 
 kingdom^ which has as yet advanced but a comparatively little way; 
 and the geological surveys made by the United States^ and by several of 
 the States^ have made very fully an& generally known the advantages of 
 these undertakings. Fortunately^ the system of rectangular survey- 
 ing adopted by the United States government affords the best possible 
 opportunity to accomplish with little additional expense^ what^ under 
 other circumstances^ could be effected only at a much more considerable 
 cost. The mapS; both geological and topographical^ herewith returned, 
 will afford some evidence of the extreme accuracy, as well as extent and 
 minuteness, of the results thus obtained. 
 
 In noticing some of the scientific results of the surveys of the past 
 season, the, duty would* be imperfectly performed were I to omit calling 
 attention to the unwonted accuracy with which the lines have been run. 
 This accuracy has been attained by the exclusive use, by all the parties, 
 of Burt’s Solar Compass,” an instrument too well known to need more 
 than a bare allusion, but the great value of which has been more than 
 fully confirmed during the surveys of the past season. This remark will 
 seem justified when it is considered that nearly the whole region of coun- 
 try traversed by these surveys abounds with mineral attractive to the 
 magnet; that the needle has been almost constantly operated upon by 
 causes which produced deviations from the true meridian of the earth’s 
 magnetism, and often so powerfully as to completely reverse the direction 
 of its poles. A variation fluctuating from 6*^ to 20^ on either side of the 
 true meridian was not uncommon, through the length of an entire town- 
 ship, and it seems difficult to imagine how the lines could have been run 
 with the ordinary surveyor’s compass. Other important advantages have 
 been arrived at^from the use of this compass, of both a scientific and prac- 
 tical character, one of which onljr will be here alluded to, viz: the means 
 , afforded by it of detecting the presence of certain rocks over large areas 
 where no rocks are visible at the surface. This was particularly observ- 
 able in the region of the great trap fanges, where it was almost uniformly 
 found that <he needle became deflected towards the mass of the trap hills,, 
 even though distant, and was more or less fluctuating when passing over 
 a country whose underlying rock was trap. The same ^phenomena were 
 exhibited among the iron ore rocks of the metamorphic region. 
 
 Allusion may here be made to the increased importance given to the 
 work of the past season by the introduction of the barometer upon the- 
 lines, by means of which the elevations of the country are exhibited with 
 a great degree of accuracy; a complete section being obtained on every 
 line, and thus furnishing all that was needed to make a true, complete, and 
 minute exhibit of the topograjphy of the country. In another and more- 
 
{ 1 ,] 842 
 
 scientific point of view, the tise of this instrument becomes highly import- 
 ant from the means it affords of ascertaining the true dip and thickness 
 of rocks — data, the importance of which is appreciated not merely by the 
 man of science, but, as is well known, in the practical operations, more 
 especially, of the miner and engineer. 
 
 It may be allowed me further to allude to the commendable zeal and 
 fidelity which has’ been exhibited by all those who have been associated 
 with Dr. Houghton as his aids, during the surveys, in furthering the 
 plans marked out by him, and by their numerous and close observations/ 
 assisting to perfect the knowledge of the geology of that interesting 
 region. 
 
 BELA HUBBARD. 
 
 REPORT OF WILLIAM A. BURT, DEPUTY SURVEYOR. 
 
 {geological report of the survey j vnth reference to mines and minerals 
 of a district of township lines in the State of Michigan, in the year 
 1846^ and tabular statement of specimens collected. 
 
 Boundaries, 
 
 This survey is bounded north by the fifth correction line, south by the 
 fourth correction line and the Brula liver, east by ranges 23 and 26, and 
 west by range 37 west. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 Inasmuch as the topographical character of this district is described in 
 the field-notes of the linear survey herewith returned, only a brief and 
 general view of it is thought necessary here. 
 
 On this survey, as in all other places where a considerable change in 
 the rock formations is found, a change of the topographical features of 
 the district is also seen. 
 
 On that portion of the district lying north of the south boundary of 
 townships 45 north and east, of range 32 west, having an area of about 
 30 townships of land over which granitic and metamorphic rocks mostly 
 abound, were found, in township 49 north, the most elevated lands seen 
 within the survey, some of which are probably 1,200 feet above the sur- 
 face of Lake Superior. 
 
 These lands have a very broken and' rugged appearance, made so by a 
 succession of irregular hills and knobs, and the frequency of sloping and 
 precipitous ledges. In descending from this elevated part towards Lake 
 Michigan or Superior, the above described broken ap^iearances are grad- 
 ually decreased to rolling or level land. 
 
 West of range 31 west, and north of the Brula river to the fifth correc- 
 tion line, is a tract of about 43 townships in which the rock is mostly 
 greenstone and hornblende slates. This part of the -isurveyed district is 
 less broken than that above described, and a large proportion of it may 
 be denomihated rolling lands. There are, however, many ridges and 
 conical hills of various heights upon this part of ^ the survey, and 
 
ilso deep valleys of streams , meiny of which have ledges on their sides. 
 These general characteristics are often changed for cedar, spruce, or 
 taierack swamps, which are most, numerous in townships 46, 47, and 
 48 north. 
 
 The remaining portion of the survey, #hich lies south of township 45^ 
 ncrrth 'and e^st of range 32 west, is somewhat diversified in character. 
 That part occupied by granitic rocks is rough and hrokenj the rest is 
 generally undulating and rolling. There are, however, some deep vah 
 leys and high ridges ; also tracts of level land; and the whole is inter- 
 spersed with many "cedar, spruce, and tamerack swamps. 
 
 Streams and lakes, 
 
 ‘ The Esconawba,; Peshakumme, Mesquacumecum, and Menomonee 
 rivers^ the waters of which fall into Lake Michigan, and the Sturgeon 
 river, 'falling into Lake Superior, are the principal streams of the district 
 above described. Their sources are generally either swamps or lakesy 
 and, as they wind their courses through the district with infervals of 
 gentle and rapid current, they frequently pass through other lakes and 
 down ledges of rocks by rapids or falls of various heights, which form, 
 good sites for hydraulic power. 
 
 The largest of the falls of the Peshakumme river is a few chains above 
 its junction with the Menomonee river, and is estimated at 24 feet. At 
 this place a depot of provisions was made, from which supplies were ob- 
 tained by the packmen for nearly the whole survey; and, to facilitate 
 their rhovements, two trails were marked from the depot— one northeast- 
 erly, about 18 miles to the east boundary of township^ 43 north, range 
 29 west; and the other northwesterly to the south boundary of township 
 42 north, range 31 west. 
 
 This river is frequently ascended by the Indians in bark canoes, ma- 
 king many portages into the west part of township 48 north, range 31 
 west, from which place a portage trail leads to Keweenaw bay of Lake 
 Superior^ 
 
 The Mesquacumecum river is also frequently ascended by the Indians 
 in birch bark canoes, into township 46 north, range 34 west, from which 
 place a trail leads to Keweenaw bay; and the Brula river is ascended in 
 like manner into Lake Brula, from which two trails lead to Keweenaw 
 bay— one direct; the other by way of Lac Yieux desert. 
 
 Fort and Cedar rivers in the southeast part of the district, and Dead 
 fiver in the northeast part, are streams of minor importance, with alter- 
 nating, gentle, and rapid currents, and with but few falls suitable for 
 hydraulic purposes. The best falls for such purposes that were observed 
 oh these streams may be found on the west branch of Cedar river, a few 
 chains north of the south boundary of township 42 north, range; 28 \^est, 
 on the southeast quarter of section 31. 
 
 As ^some of the soutces of all the above-mentioned streams -are in 
 swamps, they are more or less colored by vegetable tqatter; but the quality 
 of their water is proved to be good by the multitudes of speckted brook 
 troufcfhat are found in them, weighing from half a pound to -two pounds 
 each. . 
 
 Lakes Brula and Cligagon, and many others, have deep and clear 
 ;water. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 844 
 
 Soil and timber. 
 
 The soil of the uplands of this district is generally a sandy loam^ and 
 )n the most elevated places it is thin, in consequence of the near ap- 
 proach of the rocks to the surfade. In some places, the rocks are bare*| 
 n others, only covered with moss and vegetable matter. With this ex- 
 ception, the soil is for the most part sufficiently deep and rich to be pro- 
 iuctive, and in some of the valleys it is of very good quality. But the 
 >oil of the spruce-pine plains, delineated on the map, is light and sandy. 
 
 The upland is variously timbered with sugar tree, white and yellow 
 pirch, hemlock, fir, pine, spruce, cedar, ash, ironwood, &c.; and the 
 swamps are timbered with white cedar, spruce, tameraqk, and alder. 
 
 On nearly all the small streams, old beaver-dams are frequently founds 
 t portion of which have been removed by the floods, since their original 
 builders and supporters have been taken by the hunters. A few beaver, 
 however, have escaped their pursuers, and now peaceably maintain their 
 works. 
 
 Mafiy of the drained beaver- ponds have become meadows, from which 
 several tons of bluejoint or marsh grass may be annually cut. These 
 meadows are often bordered by alder thickets. 
 
 The best portions of this survey for agricultural purposes are the follow- 
 ing townships, viz: 
 
 Townships 42 north. 
 
 in ranges 32, 33, 34, 
 
 and 35 west. 
 
 u 
 
 43 
 
 CC 
 
 C( 
 
 32, 33, 34, 
 27 and 28 
 
 and 35 
 
 u 
 
 47 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 48 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 27 and 28 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 49 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 32, 33, 34, 
 
 and 35 ^ ^ 
 
 
 50 
 
 u 
 
 cc 
 
 29, 30, 31, 
 
 32, 33, 34, and 35 west. 
 
 Making twenty- three townships. 
 
 ‘ Descriptive geology. 
 
 Before entering upon the descriptive geology of the district surveyed, 
 t may be useful to take a brief view of the extent of the geological forma- 
 ions and system of uplifts of which this district forms a part, and its po- 
 dtion in relation to the same. 
 
 Extract from Professor Hitchcock’s Elementary Geology, 1845, pages 
 529, 330: 
 
 On the north shore of the St. Lawrence are two ranges of mountains, 
 ’Unning parallel to the river — one at the distance of 15 or 20 miles, and 
 he other 200 miles distant. On the west side of Lake Champlain is a 
 'emarkable development of these mountains, in Essex county, in New 
 STork, where they rise to the height of 5,400 feet. 
 
 ^^Froni Essex county, these mountains stretch to Kingston, in Upper 
 Canada, where they become blended with another low range, which has 
 been traced along the northern shore of Lakes Ontario and Huron, and 
 to the west of Lake Superior, and probably extend nearly or quite to 
 the Rocky mountains. 
 
 ^^The mountains in Essex county, on the west of Lake Champlain, 
 are composed chiefly of Labrador felspar and hypersthene rock, similar 
 to the rocks in the northern part of Lower Canada and the coast of Lab- 
 rador; and a similar rock is found north of the lakes in Upper Canada, 
 
845 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tod occupying a large space south of Lake Superior^ in the western (north- 
 ern) peninsula of Michigan; so that probably they may form a connected 
 range almost to the Mississippi. Nearly all the rocks in Upper Canada 
 appear to be primary.” 
 
 The district surveyed is situated on the southerly side of this widely- 
 extended range of primary rocks^ south of Lake Superior, between lati- 
 tudes 45^ 53' and 46^ 45' north, and upon the most elevated regiombe- 
 tween Lakes Michigan and Superior; and, with small exceptions, it varies 
 in height above the surface of these lakes from 400 to 1,200 feet, and 
 (from the lowest points in the basins of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Su- 
 perior from 2/200 to 3,000 feet. — (See Geological Report of Michigan, 
 1839, pages 51, 53, 54.) . ^ 
 
 These depressions, though filled with fresh water to the depth of 1,800 
 feet or more, are 1,200 feet below the surface of the Atlantic, and being 
 therefore the more wonderful and interesting, should be taken into con- 
 sideration in estimating the inequality ^f the land surface bf this region. 
 
 It may be worthy of note here, that these great lakes are situated along 
 'O;' in the vicinity of the southern limit of the great primary range of rocks 
 above referred to. 
 
 < Leaving these general remarks, the geological features of the district 
 surveyed will be considered. 
 
 This district, as before observed, is bounded north by tjie fifth correc- 
 tion line, south by the fourth correction line and the Brula river, east by 
 ranges 23 and 26, and west by range 37, embracing about one 'hundred 
 townships of land, mostly over primary rocks, which may be regarded as 
 a southerly portion of the great system df uplifts of primary rocks already 
 referred to. Specimens of the principal rocks and minerals found in 
 ^very part of this district have* been collected, and their names and locali- 
 ties are entered the tabular statement at the close of these remarks. 
 
 This will avoid much detail in regard to the character and boundary of 
 the various rock formations within the district. 
 
 Within the boundaries of this sUrvey are found, occupying areas of 
 various dimensions, granite and sienite, talcose and argillaceous slates, 
 ^reenst^e and hornblende slate, mica slate and gneiss, coarse sandstone, 
 calciferOTs sandstone, encrkial limestone, red sandstone and red clay, 
 drift, magnetic iron ore, <fcc., which will be briefly described in the order 
 here given. The boundaries and localities of the above named rocks are 
 drawn in colors and named on the map accompanying this report. 
 
 Granite and sienite. 
 
 ^ / 
 
 These rocks occupy an are^ of about twenty- two townships on the 
 northeast part of the survey, between the fifth correction line and the 
 ^uth boundary of townships 45 north, and east of range 32 west, in a 
 series of irregular uplifts, frequently forming high cliffs and sloping ledges 
 -on the most elevated portion of this district. They also occupy a small 
 «pace, mostly in townships 41 north, in ranges 28 and 29 west. — (See map.) 
 
 These rocks gradually pass into each other, and are quite variable in 
 the proportions of their mineral composition. The middle portion of the 
 granitic ipplifts is composed of quartz, felspar, mica, and hornblende, 
 more or less granular. In some places it is quartzose, in others fel- 
 spathic, of a gray or reddish color. The most prevailing exceptions to 
 
846 
 
 m 
 
 this is an increase of hornblende^ and a decrease of mica, forming a. 
 sienitic gmnite. A still further change is seen on the northerly portion^ 
 of the granitic range, where the rocks are composed of quartz, felsparr,. 
 and hornblende, forming a sienite. In some ledges the hornblende is^ 
 much increased, and the rock becomes a sienitic greenstone. This va- 
 riety sometimes passes into a hornblende rock. 
 
 In addition to the above varieties, there was found in a few places a 
 granulite composed of quartz and felspar, and less frequently massive 
 quartz and felspar. 
 
 A gneissoid structure of the above described rock was often visible;,, 
 also quartz veins were frequently seen from a line to two feet or more in 
 width, and not unfrequeritly veins and dikes of trap. In fact, the ob- 
 server will not fail no notice the trappose appearance of the rock in many 
 places. 
 
 Taicose and argillaceous slates. 
 
 These slates are best developed On the metamorphic district, within the^ 
 granitic range already described — townships 47 and 48 north, ranges 27, 
 28, and 29 west, (see map) — and argillaceous slates in parts of townships 
 42 and 43, ranges 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and also in the north part of town- 
 ship 50 north, ranges 32 and 33 west. The first of these is an extension- 
 of the metamorphic rocks, referred to in my geological report ofl845,on and 
 in the vicinity' of Dead river of Lake Superior. On this survey, these 
 rocks are bounded by the granitic on the north, west, and south, and,, 
 taken in connexion with those described in 1845, form a group nearly or 
 quite surrounded by them, into which they pass by an almost insensible: 
 gradation. They dip variously at a high angle, generally conforming to- 
 the surrounding granites, or flanking the numerous protrusions of green- 
 stone within their boundary. They appear like the remnants of overly- 
 ing rocks among the greenstone, which have escaped the denuding effects- 
 of causes that partiall}^ stripped this' region of similar rocks previous to 
 the completion of its present elevation. 
 
 The taicose slates are of many varieties, such as would remit from 
 their passing into argillitic and into hornblende slates. Steatit * associa- 
 ted with magnetic iron, was found on the south boundary of township 
 48 north, range 28 west, 17.50 west, on the south side of section 35. 
 For the localities of various rocks, (fee., see tabular statement. 
 
 On this part of the survey quartz veins were frequently seen traversing 
 the rocks, but no one was observed to be metalliferous. Magnetic iron ore 
 in beds, however, abounds here, and will be described further on. 
 
 The argillaceous slates alluded to in townships 42 and 43 north, are 
 generally overlaid by deep drift; their boundary, therefore, could not be 
 satisfactorily defined. West of the Peshakumme river these slates ap- 
 peared to have undergone considerable change by igneous action, and 
 were often associated with an oxide of iron; but east of the Peshakumme 
 no change by igneous action in the slates was observed, and on this part 
 they have generally a reddish color. 
 
 They dip variously at a high angle, and are supposed to conform to 
 the greenstone on the north and west, and to overlie or pas^ into the 
 mica slates on the south; and in their middle |>ortion they dip about 9(P, 
 with strike nearly east and west. 
 
The other locality of argillacotis slates, as before mentioned, is foimd 
 on the north part of township 60 north, ranges 32 and 33 west.~-(See map.) 
 
 These slates are also overlaid with deep drift; their boundary, there- 
 fore, may not be very accurately defined on the map. They are of a dark 
 brown color, and generally dip to the northwest. They appear to pass 
 ' into hornblende slate on the south, and into novaculite or whetstone 
 slate on the north; on the west they are probably in junction with the 
 red sandstone. 
 
 Greenstone mid hornblende slate, 
 
 ^ These rocks occupy: a larger area in the districts surveyed than any 
 other class of rocks. They extend from the granitic and other rocks east 
 of them, westward beyond the survey.— (See their outline on map.) 
 
 The greenstone and hornblende slates form a less broken surface than 
 the granitic range; and next to it is the *most elevated range on this dis- 
 trict, having an estimated al titude, in many places, of from 1,000 to 1,100 
 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 These rocks are frequently seen in the beds and banks of streams, and 
 in ridges and conical hills of various heights, often forming precipitous^ 
 ledges upon their sides. 
 
 The greenstone of this region is generally more or less granular^ and 
 sienitic, with a dark green color when moist; its composition is horn- 
 blende^ felspar, and quartz— the former mineral greatly predominating.. 
 In some places the felspar and quartz arp nearly or quite wanting, leav^ 
 ing a granulated hornblende rock. Another variety of this rock was fre- 
 quently seen, which is composed of the same ingredients, but very fine 
 graiujed and compact, and having frequently £( laminated or slaty struc- 
 ture, the cleavages of which generally dip from the granitic rocks at a 
 very high angle. ‘ , 
 
 Some of these hornblende slates have in their seams and cleavages a 
 silky lustre, Yrom the presence of mica or talc in very fine graips. 
 
 All of these rocks are traversed by many quartz veins, frpni a line to^ 
 four feet or more in width, and with still larger veins and dikes of more 
 recent trap rock. This range is supposed to become blended with tho' 
 trap range of Keweenaw point as it parses under the red sandstone lying 
 between them, and probably further West the two are united in one range.. 
 
 Mica slates. 
 
 These slates stretch along the southerly side of the argillaceous slates- 
 on the south part of the survey. They extend from the Brula river on a 
 course ENE. for about 22 miles, in townships 41 and 42 N., ranges 2% 
 30, 31, and 32 W., and have an average breadth of about four miles. 
 (See map.) 
 
 The mica slates are supposed to dip northerly under the argillaceous, 
 slates at a high angle, varying at the surface from 45^ to 80^. ^ 
 
 This rock is composed of mica, quartz, and felspar. Its laminae are- 
 undulating or waved; but its cleavages, on a large scale, are even and reg^ 
 ular. 
 
 These mica slates are best developed on the south boundary oC town- 
 ship 42 N., ranges 31 and 32 W., in the beds and banks of the Peshar- 
 
848 
 
 kumme and Mesqua-cnm-a-cum-sepe, and at the falls near the junction 
 of the latter stream with the Brula river. 
 
 These slates gradually pass into hornblende slate, or a rock resembling 
 greenstone on the south, and in their extension east of the Peshakumme 
 river they gradually change to the character of gneiss, until lost under 
 the sandstone east of it. 
 
 Coarse sandstone. 
 
 This sandstone commences on the west, at the easterly extension of 
 the mica slates, where it is much changed by igneous action; it flanks 
 the greenstone and granites on the northwest, and dips under or pass^ 
 into the calciferous sandrock on the southeast. This is a coarse quaifz- 
 ose, generally reddish, but in some places mottled, in others of a yel- 
 lowish white. It is generally overlaid by deep drift, and therefore not 
 seen under circumstances sufficiently favorable to determine its strike and 
 dip accurately; and for the same reason the boundaries of this rock, as 
 drawn on the«map, can only be considered as an approximation to accu- 
 Tacy. 
 
 Calciferous sandstone. 
 
 The northwesterly boundary of this rock flanks the above described 
 sandstone, and the greenstone and granites, on the southwest; it dips mode- 
 rately SSE., and gradually passes into or under the encrinal limestone on 
 the southeast, having a breadth of about 13 miles on the east boundary of 
 range 27 W. — (See map.) 
 
 This calciferous sandrock nearly runs out near the south boundary of 
 township 42 N., ranges 27 and 28 W., where it gradually loses its char- 
 acter, and is interrupted by a protrusion of granite, which extends south- 
 west over the 4th correction line. To the southeast of the granites the 
 calciferous sandrock maintains its character, but the narrow strip on the 
 northwest of the granite is nearly destitute of lime, and appears like a 
 'Coarse sandstone. No fossils were discovered in this rock. 
 
 Encrinal limestone, 
 
 I 
 
 This limestone flanks the above described calciferous sandstone, and 
 occupies the remainder of the district surveyed in a southeasterly direction, 
 and in that direction extends nearly or quite to Green Bay. This is a 
 valuable lime rock- — well stratified and jointed — and has a moderate dip, 
 SSE. Its fossils are encrinites, orthocra, fucoides, and other marine 
 shells. 
 
 It may be worthy of note her#, that it is supposed that the igneous 
 rocks approach near the surface of the lime rocks in several places, from 
 the faqt that the lime rock dips, in some places, with an unusual angle in 
 all directions, within the space of one iMle or less; and also from the 
 great aberrations of the needle on %nd about these places. On the south 
 boundary of township 41 N., range 27 W., section .^6, the magnetic 
 needle was turned, by local attraction, in every possible direction. 
 
 This probably indicates that the igneous or metamorphic rocks, with a 
 bed of magnetic iron ore, are near the surface. 
 
849 
 
 Red sandstone and red day. 
 
 The red sandstone of Lake Superior is supposed to. occupy a small space- 
 on the northwest corner of this district^ which lies too low beneath a deep 
 deposite of red clay and sand to be seen, except in a few places; it is, 
 therefore, difficult to define its junction with the greenstone and slates on 
 the soiUheast. — (See map.) 
 
 Red clay is often seen on this part of the survey in the banks of deep 
 ravines and valleys of streams, overlaid by a deposite of silicious sand, of 
 an estimated average depth of 70 or 80 feet. 
 
 That the sandstone above named rests upon the greenstone trap, is in- 
 ferred from the protrusion of this rock in several places through the above- 
 mentioned deposites; the most remarkable one of which is known by 
 the name of Silver mountain, situated on the east boundary of township^ 
 49 N., range 36 W., on the line between sections 1 and 6. This is ah 
 isolated knob or lull of 200 or 250 feet in height, having an area at its 
 base of about 200 acres ; the southeasterly side of which is mostly a. 
 mural precipice, from 25 to 120 feet in height, but its northwesterly side is 
 far less precipitous. 
 
 This mountain-like mass of greenstone trap is, to some extent, metal- 
 liferous; in nearly every part, traces of the gray sulphuret of copper were- 
 seen, but no well-defined and productive vein was found. On its south- 
 easterly side two or three imperfectly formed veins of quartz and calca- 
 reous spar were seen associated with the gray sulphuret of copper; and in 
 some places, with slight traces of green carbonate of steatite. 
 
 Sturgeon river also passes over trap rocks, by falls and rapids, about three 
 miles SSE. of Silver mountain, in township 49 N., range 35 W". 
 
 Drift, 
 
 The drift of this district is composed of sand, gravel, and boulders — 
 principally derived from the rocks which abound here, and to the north- 
 ward of this survey the latter is found of various sizes, from a few inches 
 to 20 feet or more in diameter. 
 
 The spruce-pine plains delineated on the map have a deep deposite of 
 silicious sand, which appears in a more stratified order than the ordinary 
 drift of this region of country. 
 
 Iron ore beds. 
 
 Fourteen beds of magnetic iron ore were found within this survey, lo- 
 cated as follows: 
 
 The first bed discovered of this ore was found while travelling from the 
 Peshakumme falls, near the Menomonee river, east to Fort river, before tt 
 was surveyed in May last, but was not discovered again during the sur- 
 vey. 
 
 It is believed, however, that this bed of iron ore is not far. distant froiii 
 the corner of townships 41 and 42 N., between ranges 29 and 30 W. , 
 
 It was found in a low ridge about three chains wide; course WNW. 
 This ridge appeared to be nearly one mass of iron ore, stratified apdlbilLt^ 
 consequently it may be quarried with ease. * 
 
 This ore has generally a granular or micaceous structure, buf s^cUlia 
 Part ii — 54 
 
850 
 
 varieties sometimes occur; color iron-black, passing into steel-gray; lustre, 
 when fresh broken, metallic, but soon oxidises when exposed to the atmo- 
 
 This is supposed to be an extensive and rich bed of iron ore. The 
 variation of the needle was taken on the east side of the ridge at the cross- 
 ing of a hunter’s trail, and its north end stood S. 82°^ E. Three or four 
 miles west of this, on , the north side of a ridge, near a cedar swamp, the 
 variation was N. 45^ 30' W.; probably in this vicinity may be found an- 
 other extensive bed of S'imilar iron ore. 
 
 The second b^d of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary 
 of township 46 N., range 30 W., sections 1 and 6, along the southwest 
 sbpre of a small lake on the Peshakumme river. 
 
 The extent of this iron ore bed is not known. It, however, borders 
 the southwest side of the lake, from tw^enty to fifty feet in heigiit. It is 
 generally stratified and jointed, and therefore it ma}^be quarried wfitli ease; 
 dip 80° SSE.; color iron-black, passing into steel-gray; lustre metallic, 
 fresh fractures often resembling vei’y fine-grained cast-iron. Specimens 
 of specular iron ore wmre found in the lower part of the bed, near the 
 lake. There is a good water-po\ver on the river at the northwest end of 
 the lake. 
 
 The third bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary of 
 township 47 N., range 29 \Y., 68 chains and 50 links north on the east 
 side of section 13, in a ledge or cliff facing the southwest, and in height 
 from twenty to fifty feet. This ledge of ore is stratified and jointed, and 
 dips NE. 45°; and in quality it is similar to that last above described. 
 
 The extent of this ore bed is unknown ; but it was seen along the ledge 
 for about twelve chains. At about thirteen chains tp the SSW. from the 
 section line at the ledge above named, and near the north side of a small 
 lake, there is a knob, about thirty feet in height, of micaceous oxide of 
 iron, and probably there is much more iron ore in this vicinity. 
 
 The fourth bed of magnetic iron ore was found near the south bound- 
 ary of township 48 N., range 28 W., on section 4, sixty- two chains west 
 on south side of section 33, and four or five chains south of line, in a 
 knob fifty feet in height. This knob of iron ore appeared to be strati- 
 fied and jointed, and much resembles a reddish brown hematite. It is, 
 however, in some places, micaceous or granular, and associated with 
 quartz, more or less. Lustre sub-metallic, and it slightly attracts the 
 magnet. 
 
 The fifth bed of iron ore (magnetic) was found on the south boundary 
 ^of township 48 N., range 29 W., fifty-one chains and fifty links west on 
 sotith side of section 32; at forty chains, variation 17^ W.; at forty-seyen 
 chains, variation 47° E. ; at fifty -one chains and fifty links, ascend ridge of 
 iron ore eight feet in height; course WNW. ; at seventy-five chains, leave 
 iron ore bed; course WNW". » 
 
 This iron ore bed is very extensive, and quite variable in richness in 
 different portions of its outcropping surface; structure granular; color 
 iron- gray, or blade; lustre in fresh fractures, metallic; highly magnetic, 
 and sometimes possessing polarity. 
 
 The sixth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the south boundary 
 of township 48 N., range 30 W., thirty-five chains west on south side of 
 section 35, and one chain south of line, in a knob twenty feet in height. 
 It appeared to be stratified and jointed, and dips ESE. 80° in the form 
 
851 [ 1 ] 
 
 of veins, or interstratified with granite rocks. It is highly magnetic, and 
 mucti associated with its containing rock. From the great aberrations of 
 the needle in this vicinity, it is believed that large bodies of iron ore will 
 be found not far distant. 
 
 The seventh bed. of magnetic iron ore was found on the south bound- 
 ary of township 48 N., range 30 W., fifty chains west bn south side of 
 section 34, in descending a hill; course SW. This ore has a granular 
 structure 5 color dark brown. It was not seen to a great extent; hut from 
 the aberrations of the needle, and other indications, it was believed that 
 largb quantities of ore were not far distant. 
 
 The eighth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the south boundary 
 of township 44 N., range 31 W,, eleven chains west on south side of 
 section 33, in a ridge fifty links south of line; at twenty-nine chains, on. 
 ridge of same ore eighty feet in height; course N. and S. 
 
 This is supposed to be a very extensive body of iron ore. It is much 
 associated with quartz, or interstratified witli it. Its structure is granular 
 and compact; color iron-gray; lustre metallic; and where most pure, it is 
 slightly magnetic. 
 
 The ninth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary of 
 township 47 N., range 31 west, fifteen chains north on east side of sec- 
 tion 25, in a hill forty feet in height; course, INB. N'his is a micaceous 
 oxide of iron, considerably magnetic. But little of this ore was seen on 
 ^the line; the magnetic observations, however, indicate a large amount of 
 .^ore not far distant. 
 
 The tenth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the same township 
 iboundary, fifty-four chains and seventy links north on east side of sec- 
 tion 24, in the bed and banks of a stream fifteen links wide; course NE. 
 "This stream has a fall of thirty feet over this ore. 
 
 The eleventh bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary 
 of township 48 N., range 31 west, forty-five chains north on the east 
 side of section 25, in the south side of a hill fifty feet in height. Dip 
 NNE. 85^. But little ore was seen here. 
 
 The twelfth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary 
 of township 48 N., range 31 W., twenty-six chains north on easkside of 
 ^section 24, in a low ridge; course NNE. This ore is stratified, and dips 
 NNE. 45*^. It has the appearance of being extensive. 
 
 The thirteepth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east bound- 
 ary of, township 45 north, range 32 west, sixty-four chains north on east 
 -side of section 1, in a low ledge five or six feet ^ in height; course E. 
 and NNW. Yariation 68® west. 
 
 This ore is stratified, and dips NNW. 85®. It has a dark reddish brown 
 color and a granular structure; lustre metallic. It is not known how 
 extensive this bed of ore isj in consequence of its being for the most part 
 overlaid with drift. 
 
 The foiKteenth bed of magnetic iron ore was found on the east boundary 
 of township 41 north, range 29 west, twenty-five chains north on east side 
 of section 12, in a low ridge. This ore is stratified, and dips 90®; 
 strike east and west. Its outcrop was seen only for a short distance, but 
 it is supposed to be an extensive bed in this ridge. 
 
 It will be useful here to state that if reference be made to the following 
 tabular statement of minerals, and of the variation of the needle, it will 
 be seen that at many localities where no iron ore was found, there were 
 similar aberrations of the needle, as at and about the above mentioned ore 
 
852 
 
 Cl] 
 
 beds; from which it may be reasonably infeired, that at these localities 
 the magnetic iron ore is not far distant; and probably, in many of these 
 ^places it is but a few feet below the surface of the ground. 
 
 Hence it is highly probable that the recording of the aberrations of the 
 needle at these places will result in as great a benefit to the public as the 
 actual discoveries of iron ore on this survey. 
 
 ' If this should prove to be the case, another great advantage, and one 
 not heretofore anticipated, will result from the use of the solar compass in 
 the surveys for mines and minerals. 
 
 General remarks. 
 
 The fourteen beds of iron ore above described are the most important 
 ores of iron, for quantity and quality, discovered within the boundaries of 
 this survey; but other localitiesof these ores, in apparently less quantities, 
 were often spen; also other varieties of iron ore, of less importance, were 
 collected during the survey, which will be noticed in the tabular state- 
 ment at the close of these remarks. 
 
 It may be reasonably inferred, that not more than one-seventh of the 
 number of iron ore beds were seen during the survey of township- 
 lines; and if this district of townships be subdivided with care, in refer- 
 ence to mines and minerals, six times as many more will probably be 
 found. 
 
 If this view of the iron region of the northern peninsula of Michigan 
 be correct, it far excels any other portion of the United States in the 
 abundance and good quality of its iron ores. 
 
 It is obvious, however, that, as a resource of wmalth and profit to the 
 United States, these iron ores and other minerals — also the many tracts of 
 pine lands, and agricultural districts, together with extensive water pow- 
 ers — must remain comparatively useless, and these public lands must re- 
 main unsold, unless some measures be taken by the general government ta 
 open one or moremommunications, by rail or macadamized roads, through 
 the iron region, from some harbor on Lake Michigan to Keweenaw bay 
 of Lake Superior. 
 
 If such a policy be adopted, it would open a new field for enterprise 
 and settlement, and would accomplish the further object of affording the 
 best facilities for communication with the copper region of Lake Supe- 
 rior. 
 
 It would also be found of great importance in a military point of view, 
 and as a mail route, in case of war with Great Britain. 
 
 Of the practicability of constructing such a road, it may be suiffcent to 
 state that more than one feasible locality may be had, v/ith a good harbor 
 at both ends, and for a macadamized road an abundance of the best mate- 
 rials for its construction will be fouiid along a large portion of the line of 
 its route, viz: greenstone and sienite, or granite. 
 
 The whole length of such a road would not probably exceed 110 miles, 
 and it would seem that such a work could be accomplished in a profitable 
 manner by some disposition of the public lands through which it ipay 
 pass. When done, it would give the further facilities of the whole range 
 of the great lakes, and Erie canal, &c., for obtaining the necessary sup- 
 plies for working these ores, as well as for the distribution of their products," 
 th IS exhibiting the admirable wisdom and goodness of the great Creator;,, 
 in the arrangement of all things for the best good of man. 
 
853 
 
 [1 J 
 
 tabular statement of the specimens collected on the foregoing survey , in 
 
 the year 1846. 
 
 No, of 
 specimen. 
 
 1 
 
 On section 
 
 EVistance. j 
 
 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 Iks, 
 
 Tt^estj on south boundary of township 41 notthy range 24 west 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 15 min. east. Granular lime in bed of Fort river. 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 20 min. west. Granular lime in bed of stream. 
 
 ^3 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 Var. south 15 deg. east. Granular lime in bed of small stream. 
 J^orthy on east boundary of township 41 northy range 27 west. 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 69 
 
 25 
 
 Granulated limestone in low ledge, course cast and west. 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 ‘ 80 
 
 00 
 
 From boulder of sulphuret of iron. 
 
 Wesly on south boundary of township 41 northy range 27 west 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 Granulated limestone ledge, 2 feet, course northeast and 
 southwest. 
 
 J^orthy on east boundary of township 41 northy ran^e QS^est 
 
 \ 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. Granulated limestone in north, 
 side of hill. 
 
 ,Myrthy on east hounda'^y of toicnship 41 northy range 29 west. 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 00, 
 
 Var. 5'deg. 10 min. east. Hornblende rock, southeast side 
 of knob, 80 feet high. 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. Sienitic granite, northeast side 
 of knob, 80 feet high. 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. Sienitic granite, top of knob, 100 
 feet high. 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. Sienitic granite, top of ridge,, 
 course east and west. 
 
 J2 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. Sienitiegranite, north side of ridge,. 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 54 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. Sienitic granite, north side of 
 knob, 50 feet high. 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
 57 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, south side of ridge, east and west, at 
 40 chains, var. 6 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 Hornblende slate, associated with iron, strike east and west, 
 dif) 90 deg.; at no chains, var. 13 deg. east. 
 
 15 
 
 12 . 
 
 25 
 
 op 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 Granulite, south side of foot of hill. 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende rock, ascend ledge 8 feet, northeast and south- 
 west. 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 Granite. 
 
 19 
 
 12 ^ 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, north side of hill. 
 
 - 20 
 
 12 
 
 76 
 
 00 
 
 Granite knob, 20 feet in height. 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var 10 deg. 30 min. east. Sienitic granite, ^aversed by 
 large veins of quartz. 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 Hornblende rock, in low ledge. 
 
 Sienitic granite ledge, course east and west. 
 
 Hornblende rock in undulating land a^nd ridges, courses east 
 and west; at 40 chains, var. 9 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 Gneissoid granite, south side of hill, course east and west. 
 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 -27 / 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 Gneissoid granite. 
 
 Westy on south boundary of township 41 nbrthy range 29 west,^ 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite right bank of stream, 8 links wide, cours® 
 southwest ; at no chains, var. -5 deg. east. 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 Granulite. 
 
 * Section 36, range 27 west. 
 
854 
 
 % 
 
 Tabular statemefU — Gontirmed, 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 68 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 37 
 
 32 
 
 60 
 
 no 
 
 38 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 
 31 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 31 
 
 •' 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 . 44 
 
 13 
 
 66 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 78 
 
 50 
 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 65 
 
 48 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 51 
 
 34 
 
 « 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 52 
 
 36 
 
 57 
 
 00 
 
 53 
 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 
 Var. 40 dej^. 20 min. east, Gneissoid granite (many low 
 knobs of.) 
 
 Granite ledge, north side of line, 12 feet high, east and west. 
 
 Var. 40 deg. 30 min. east. Sienitic granite, with sulphuret 
 of iron in ledge, 80 finks south of line, 65 feet in height 5 
 course east and west. 
 
 Same, in ledge 20 feet high, course west-northwest, 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, with sulphuret of iron in knob. 
 
 Sienitic granite in ledge, south of line 60 feet, course west- 
 southwest; at no chains, var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 Var, 4 deg. 10 min. east. Micaceous hornblende slate, in 
 knob. 
 
 Granite northwest side of hill ; course southwest. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 5 min. east. Fine-grained quartzite, 5 chains 
 northwest top of ledge about 100 feet in height ; course 
 southwest. 
 
 Gneissoid granite, dip 40 deg. northwest ; descend hill. 
 
 Brown quartzite or altered sandstone; ascend ledge of 18 
 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 Jforth, en east boundary aftomnship 41 north, range 30 wesL 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, outcrop of. At 40 chains, var. 5 deg. 
 25 min. east. 
 
 Granite, ascend ledge 8 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend, ledge 20 feet ; course east and 
 west ; at 40 chains, var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. 
 
 Granite and pyrites of irom, ascend ledge 50 feet; cohrse 
 east and west. 
 
 Micaceous hornblende slate, ascend ledge 15 feet; course 
 east and west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. Gray granite. Many similar ledg- 
 es on same section. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 42 north, range Qiioest, 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. Limestone fossil, anthocera, from right 
 bank of the Esconawba river. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east. Granulated limestone in bed of 
 stream, 60 links north of line, course southeast. 
 
 JV'ori/i, on east boundary of township 42 north, range 25 icesL 
 
 Granulated limestone in bed of stream, 10 links southeast. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east. Granulated limestone in bed of stream, 
 60 links east. 
 
 West, (m south bomidary of toionship 42 north, range 25 wesU 
 
 Granulated limestone. No otlier outcrop on this township 
 line. 
 
 Jforth, on east boundary of township 42 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Sienitic granite and greenstone, 50 links west of line, in 
 knob 14 feet in height. 
 
 Gneissoid granite, in knob 3 feet high. 
 
Thhnlar statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 ' ' ......If".—- — 
 
 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 
 • 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 42 north, range 28 west 
 
 54 
 
 35 
 
 10 50 
 
 Gneissoid granite and greenstone, in low knob. 
 
 
 35 
 
 15 09 
 
 Same, in knob 20 feet high, in swamp. 
 
 Gneissoid granite, in knob 18 feet, 100 links south of line.. 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 68 00 
 
 56 
 
 33 
 
 7 00 
 
 Granulite, in low ridge near surfar" 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 29 to 75 c. 
 
 Gneissoid granite, or granulite. 
 
 Jforlh, on east boundary oftoivnship 42 noHh, range ^ xoest. 
 
 58 
 
 36 
 
 20 00 
 
 1 
 
 Galciferous s‘andstone ; mottled, and some changed by ig- 
 neous action. 
 
 59 
 
 36 
 
 27 50 
 
 Same, near top of hill 200 feet high, course east and west. 
 
 
 25 
 
 29 00 
 
 Sienitic granite and greenstone, ascend ledge ; course' east 
 and west. 
 
 61 
 
 24 
 
 00 25 
 
 Sienitic greenstone and hornblende, ascend ledge' 1,2 feet;, 
 course east and west. 
 
 62 
 
 24 
 
 35 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, and some magnetic, sofeith side of knob. 
 
 63 
 
 24 
 
 42 00 
 
 Compact greenstone ledge, 30 feet north side of knob. 
 
 64- 
 
 13 
 
 32 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, with veins of quartz ; knob 60 feet ; at 
 40 chains, var. 6 deg. east. 
 
 65 
 
 13 
 
 80 00 
 
 4 
 
 Sienitic .greenstone and pyrites of il’on, 4 chains west of 
 line. 
 
 66 
 
 13 
 
 80 00 
 
 Trappose rock, and some magnetic, 4 chains west of line. 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 75 00 
 
 Greenstone ; some magnetic . 
 
 68 
 
 12 
 
 30 00 
 
 Talco-micaceous slate ; strike east and west, dip 90 deg., in 
 tops of ridge 30 feet high ; 40 chains, var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 69 
 
 12 
 
 62 50 
 
 Granulite, porphyritic. 
 
 
 12 
 
 69 50 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. Gneissoid granu|ite. 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 39 00 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 rnin. east. Feldspar. Descend ledge 15 feet ; 
 east and west. - * 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 42 north, range 29 west... 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 Many ledges of granite. 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 Many low ledges of granite. 
 
 JSTorlh, on east boundary of township 42 north, range 30 west. 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 
 35 00 
 
 Var. 18 deg. 30 min. cast. Magnetic iron ore in north side? 
 of hili. 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 75 to 80 s. 
 
 Argillaceous slate in spring and stream. 
 
 % 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 42 north, rar^e 30 wes4» 
 
 74 
 
 36 
 
 70 00 
 
 80 6o 
 
 Brown quartz top of hill ; course esist and west. 
 Variation 10 min. east. 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 42 20 
 
 Descend ledge or break in the hill 30 feet; a variety of 
 rocks are found here — red and brownish quartz, com- 
 pact white quartz, feldspar, micaceous hornblende slates, 
 granulite, &c. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 42 north, range 31 west. 
 
 7G 
 
 33 
 
 75 25 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 5 min. east ; mica slates in Peshakumrne^ river 
 below line; dip from 45 to 60 deg. north-northwest; 
 sections 31 and 32 underlaid with mica slates. 
 
 JhTorth, on east boundary of toionship 42 north, range Z^west.. 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 36 
 
 64 85 
 
 Mica slate, lo\ir outcrop of ; dip north-northeast 80 deg. 
 
{ 1 ] 
 
 856 
 
 Tahuhr statement— Coniirmodi, 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 Iks. 
 
 
 „ b 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 Mica slate, strike north-northwest; dip 80 deg, north- 
 northeast. 
 
 c 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone. 
 
 SmUhj (yn east boundary of tmenship 41 noith, range 32 loesL 
 
 fl67 
 
 13 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 Mica slate top of ledge 60 feet ; course northwest. 
 
 Mica slate west of line in the falls of the Mesquacumecum 
 river, near its junction with the Brula river.^ 
 
 JVesty on south boundary of township 42 north, range 32 west. 
 
 o68 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 «69 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 GO 
 
 Variation 7 deg. east ; mica slate in the bed of the Mes- 
 quacumecum river. 
 
 «70 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 @0 
 
 5 chains up the stream in ledge and rapids micaceous slate; 
 dip 75 deg nortk-northwest. 
 
 «71 
 
 35 
 
 54 
 
 00 
 
 Mica slate, ascend ledge zt) feet ; east and west, dip 90 deg. 
 
 al2 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 Mica slate, ascend ledge 20 feet ; west-southwest, dip 90 deg,; 
 at 40 chs., var. 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 
 4 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 35 min. east; 67 chs. 40 Iks., 2 deg. 30 min. west; 
 68 chs. 50 Iks., 5 deg. 20 min. -west ; 80 chs., 6 deg, 15 
 min. west. 
 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 3 deg:. 15 min. east ; 17 chs. 70 Iks., 7. deg. 40 min, 
 east; 38 chs 28 Iks., 14 deg. east; 40 chs., 11 deg. 30 
 min. east; 80 chs., 6 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 f 
 
 fi'mihy on east boundary of township 42 north, range 33 wist 
 
 al3 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 50. 
 
 Argillaceous slate, changed by igneous action, strike south- 
 east ; dip vertical. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 a74 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 00 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 «75 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 Same. 
 
 o76 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 9 deg. east; argillaceous slate associated with oxide 
 of iron, strike somheast and northwest; dip 90 deg. 
 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 75 
 
 Argillaceous slate, changed by igneous action, strike south- 
 east ; dip 90 deg. 
 
 78 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone. 
 
 West, on south boundary of tenenship AS nos'th, range 28 loest. 
 
 79 
 
 34 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 Calciferous sandstone. 
 
 80 
 
 34 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 North of corner, 30 feet below. 
 
 81 
 
 34 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 North of corner 3 chs , 60? feet below first specimen — 1, 
 sandrock mottled. 
 
 Jforthy on east boundary of township 43 north, range 29 loest. 
 
 82 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 50 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 83 
 
 12 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite 100 Iks. west of line. 
 
 84 
 
 12 
 
 67 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone 100 Iks. east of line. 
 
 Jfbrth, on east boundary oftoumship 43 north, range 30 west. 
 
 85 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 85 
 
 Argillaceous slate, bluish red, in bed of stream, 20 Iks. 
 wide, course east ; at 40 chs., var. 4 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 86 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 Altered sandstone, bed of stream, 10 Iks. wide; course 
 southeast ; also, granular quartz. 
 
857 
 
 Tabular siaiemeut — Continued. 
 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 1 
 
 Iks. 
 
 South boundary of township 43 norths range 30 
 
 1 
 
 No outcrop on this township line; deep drift; variation 
 fluctuating. 
 
 East boundary of township 43 northy range 31 west. 
 
 No outcrop of roclis ; high rolling land, with deep drift ; 
 var. from 3 deg. to 7 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Westj on south boundary of township 43 norths range 31 west. 
 
 •67. 
 
 32 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 Argillaceous slates, left bank of Peshakumme river; no 
 other outcrop. 
 
 J^Corthy on east boundary cf township 43 northy range 32 ivest. 
 
 88 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 00, 
 
 Compact greenstone ledge ;; course east and west. 
 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 35 min. west ; 72 chains 50 links, 2 deg. 55 
 min. west; 75 chains 50 links, 1 deg. 55 min. west; 80 
 chains, 2 deg. 20 min. west. 
 
 89 
 
 24 
 
 73 
 
 00 
 
 Compact greenstone and pyrites of iron. * 
 
 90 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 Same, except iron. 
 
 
 13^ 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 15 min. east, north side of knob. 
 
 91 
 
 13 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone; descend ledge, course east and west. 
 
 Westj on south boundary of township 43 northy range 32 west. 
 
 92 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende slate, strike north-north'^est, dip 90 deg, 2chs. 
 souith of line. 
 
 93 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 Sienitic greenstone in knob, flanked with argillaceous slates. 
 
 94 ' 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 Argillaceous slates north point ridge, south-southwest. 
 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 9 deg. 30 min. east. ^ 
 
 J^&rth, on east boundary of toionship 43 northy range 33 west. 
 
 95 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 Argillaceous slates changed by igneous action and asso- 
 ^ciated with oxide of iron ; strike southeast, dip 90 deg. 
 
 .96 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 Same, strike northwest, dip 90 deg. 
 
 
 25 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 Same. No specimen. 
 
 Westj on south boundary cf township 43 northy range 33 west. 
 
 97 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 Sienitic greenstone in ridge ; course southeast. 
 
 98 
 
 36 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 Argillite, much changed, irregularly stratified and jointed, 
 strike northwest, dip 90 deg.; at 40 chains, var. 7 deg. 5 
 min. east. 
 
 99 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 Outcrop of greenstone ; var. 6 deg. 30 min. east ; 40 chas., 
 var. same. 
 
 100 
 
 35 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 Argillite, much changed hf igneous action. 
 Argillite and pyrites of iron in drift. 
 
 401 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Deep drift. No more outcrop to township corner. 
 
 f^oHhy On east bowidary of toionship 43 northy range 34 west. 
 
 m 
 
 12 ' 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 Hornblende slate. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 858 
 
 Tabidar statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of On section Distance, 
 specimen. 
 
 Chs. Iks, 
 
 103 24 40 00 
 
 104 12 30 00 
 
 105 1 65 50 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 24 .35 00 
 
 24 40 00 
 
 12 28 00 
 
 12 36 00 
 
 25 11 50 
 
 36 00 00 
 
 25 ' 13 50 
 
 25 30 00 
 
 1 38 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 J^orih, on east boundary of township 43 norihy range 36 west* 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 45 min. east ; sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 
 4 feet, east and west. 
 
 ' Sienitic greenstone top of ledge ; southeast and northwest. 
 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 44 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Gneissoid granite; var. on this township line 10 deg. east 
 to 11 deg. west. No other outcrop of rocks. 
 
 West, on south boundai'y of township 44 north, r«tigc*31 west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east; granular magnetic iron ore, associated 
 with quartz, 50 links south of line, in ledge 30 feet^ 
 west-northwest 
 
 Same as last described ; ledge 80 feet : course west-northwest. 
 
 Compact greenstone , ascend hill and ledge 50 feet ; course 
 west-northwest. 
 
 Hornblendic slate, strike east and west ; dip 90 deg. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 44 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone. 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 5 min. east ; 32 chains, 30 min. east; 37 chs., 
 2 deg. 50 min. west; 48 chains, 1 deg. 30 min. west;; 
 53 chains, 4 deg. east. Many low greenstone knobs on 
 this township line. 
 
 ^orth, on east boundary of township 44 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Outcrop of greenstone. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 30 min. east. Sections l and 12 over sienitic 
 granite. 
 
 Jforih, on east boundary of township 44 north, range 33 west. 
 
 Low ledge of com. greenstone west of line ; course north and 
 south. 
 
 Var. 9 deg. east ; 13 chains 70 links, 16 deg. east ; 32 
 chains 30 links, 55 minutes east; 40 chains, 3 deg. 5 
 minutes west ; 44 chains 80 links, 5 deg. 15 minutes 
 w^est; 50 chains 80 links, 2 deg. 15 minutes east ; 56 chains 
 2 deg. 10 minutes west; 76 chains 85 links, 9 deg. 40 
 minutes west ; 89 chains, 6 deg. 40 minutes west. 
 
 Var. 40 rnin. west ; 17 chs., 50 Iks., 30 min. east; 31 chs. 
 90 Iks., 2 deg. east ; 40 chs., 2 deg. 15 min. east ; 80 chs., 
 2 deg. 40 mip. east. 
 
 Outcrop of greenstone. 
 
 Greenstone ledge west point of ridge. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 44 north, range 33 west. 
 
 Hornblende slate 4 chs. up the river, in left bank, strike 
 southeast. Dip 90 deg. 
 
 M13 
 
 32 
 
859 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Tabular statement — Contimied. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 i 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. Iks, 
 
 JTorihj on east houndafy of township 44 northj range 34 west. 
 
 «114 
 
 36 
 
 20 50 
 
 Hornblende slates ; ledge 12 feet west point of ridge ; course 
 southeast ; dip 90 deg. ; no other outcrop j deep drift. 
 
 J^orth, on east boundary of township 44 north, range 35 west. 
 
 IIS 
 
 25 
 
 43 50 
 
 Hornblendic slate in loy ridge in swagap. 
 
 lie 
 
 .13 
 
 39 00 
 
 Hornblendic slate, ascend ledge 8 feet east and west; dip 50 
 deg. north-northeast. 
 
 
 13 
 
 71 50 
 
 Ascend ledge 8 feet ; hornblende slates ; dip 50 deg. north. 
 West, on south boundary of township 45 north, range 29 west. 
 
 
 35 
 
 73 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 15 min. east; 80 chs., 11 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 11 00 
 
 Var.' 5 deg. 30 mm east. 
 
 < 
 
 31 
 
 17 50 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 10 min. east; 30 chs., 1 deg. west; 35 
 chs. 50 Iks., 3 deg. west ; 50 chs., 3 deg. 30 min. east; 
 no other outcrop on this township line. 
 
 West, bn south boundary of township 45 north, range 31 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east; 40 chs., var. 5 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 00 00 
 
 /Var. 2 deg. 45 min. east ; 35 chs., 1 deg. 30 min. west; 40 
 chs., 3 deg. 15 min. west ; 51 chs., 6 deg. west; 70 chs., 
 11 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 60 
 
 Var. 13 deg. 15 min. east; 40 chs., 10 deg. 43 min. east; 
 55 chs., b deg. east. 
 
 
 32 
 
 i 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. east; 40 chs., 8 deg. east. 
 
 JTorth, on east boundary of township 45 nerrih, rdnge 32 west. 
 
 117 
 
 25 
 
 56 «00 
 
 Sienitic granite east side of low knob. 
 
 118 
 
 1 
 
 • i 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
 64 00 
 » 
 
 Var. 68 deg. west ; ledge of magnetic iron ore 5 or 6 feet in 
 height; course east and west-northwest; dip 85 deg. 
 north. 
 
 3 chains west of line, same ; no ether outcrop. 
 
 JTerth, on east boundary of township 45 north, range 33 west, 
 
 \ 
 
 ! m 
 
 36 
 
 36 50 
 
 Greenstone trap, descend ledge 10 feet ; course southeast 
 and northwest. 
 
 • 
 
 
 40 00 
 
 , Var. 4 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 121 
 
 25 
 
 67 50 
 80 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone knob, 25 feet high. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 45 north, range 33 west. 
 
 1^ 
 
 36 
 
 25 00 
 
 Porphyritic greenstone, low ridge, south-southeast and 
 north-northwest. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 123 
 
 34 
 
 36 00 
 
 Po/phyritic greenstone m ledge south of line, 20 feet high' 
 east and west. 
 
 
 34 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 45 min. east. 
 
 124 
 
 34 
 
 77 00 
 
 Compact greenstone, ascend ledge 8 feet; course northwest 
 and southeast. 
 
 
 34 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 40 min. west; section 33, 10 chs.i 6 deg. 25 
 min. West; 40 chs., 6 deg. 50 min. west; 71 chs.,701ks», 
 10 deg. east ; 80 chs., *12 deg. 5 min. east. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 25 min. east ; 80 dis., 6 deg. 45 min. east 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 00 
 
860 
 
 CIJ 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Chs, Iks. 
 80 00 
 
 Westj on south boundm'y of township 45 northj range 35 west. 
 Hornblende slates, ledge 6 feet high. 
 
 125 
 
 34 
 
 19 00 
 
 Hornblende slates, descend ledge 16 feet ; north-northwest. 
 
 s 
 
 34 
 
 31 00 
 
 Dip 70 deg, north-northwest. 
 
 Hornblende slate in ridge, course west-southwest. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 J^Torthj on east boundary of township 45 north, range 35 west. 
 Var. 6 deg. 25 min. east ; 40 chains, 6 deg. 30 min; east 
 
 
 25 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 15 min. east ; 10 chains, 1 deg. east ; 15 chains, 
 25 min. east; 18 chains 50 links, 1 deg. 50 min. east; 
 24 chains 25 links, 9 deg. 30 min. east; 36 chains, 8 
 deg. 35 min. east; 59 chains 50 links, 11 deg. 10 min. 
 east ; 80 chains, 9 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 Korth, on east boundary rf township 45 north, range 36 west. 
 
 r 
 
 Hornblende slates ; cleavage vertical ; var. 7 deg. east. 
 
 126 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 00 
 
 127 
 
 24 
 
 29 50 
 
 Hornblende slates. 
 
 128 
 
 13 
 
 73 00 
 
 Hornblende slates ; dip 80 deg. south. 
 
 
 13 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 40 min. east 
 
 129 
 
 1 
 
 56 50 
 
 Hornblende slate ; dip 90 deg. 
 
 
 13 
 
 49 00 
 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 46 north, range 28 west. 
 
 s 
 
 Granite, south bank of lisconawba liveri 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 74 40 
 
 Outcrop of granite rock. 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 7 00 
 
 on east boundary of township 46 north, range 29 west. 
 Sienitic granite ledge ; course east-northeast. 
 
 131 
 
 24 
 
 38 60 
 
 Same, in ridge. 
 
 
 13 
 
 16* 00 
 
 Same, in ridge ; course east and west. 
 
 
 1 12 
 
 1 
 
 26 00 
 
 Ledge, 8 feet. 
 
 132 
 
 I 
 
 31 
 
 41 50 
 
 West, on south boundary oftoicnship 46 north, range 29 loest. 
 Sienitic granite, 4 or 5 ledges on line to township corner. 
 
 133 
 
 36 
 
 54 75 
 
 Jforih, on east boundary of township 46 north, range 30 west. 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 4 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 134 
 
 25 
 
 17 20 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 25 feet perpendicular; east; 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 00 00 
 
 at no chains, var. 3 deg. 45 min. east. 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 135 
 
 24 
 
 20 00 
 
 Sienkic granite- 
 
 136 
 
 24 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min. east ; granite, ascend ledge 25 feet; 
 
 137 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 77 50 
 
 north-northeast. 
 
 Prom greenstone dike in granite. 
 
 
 13 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 16 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 \ 
 
 12 
 
 9 50 
 
 Var. 17 deg. 30 min. east ; 24 chains 30 links, 22 deg. east; 
 
 138 
 
 12 
 
 40 00 
 
 24 chains 50 links, 23 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Var. 22 deg. 6 min. east ; sienitic greenstone from knob 30 
 
 139 
 
 12 
 
 59 00 
 
 feet in height, 100 links east of line. 
 
 Hornblende rock and sienitic granite; var. 6 deg. 30 min. 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 50 
 20 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Var. 36 deg. east. 
 
 140 
 
 1 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, east of line. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued, 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 specimen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 
 141, 142 
 143 
 
 1 
 
 20 00 
 
 1 
 
 40 00 
 
 144 
 
 1 
 
 49 00 
 
 145 
 
 1 
 
 63 00 
 
 146 
 
 1 
 
 70 00 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 34 
 
 50 no 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 32 
 
 50 60 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 GO 
 
 147 
 
 13 
 
 49 50 
 
 
 13 
 
 60 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 s 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 81 20 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 , 
 
 34 
 
 19 00 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 00 
 
 Magnetic iron ore east of line, on southwest side of smalls 
 lahe, in ridge 60 feet above lake. This iron is stratified. 
 Strike nearly east and west; dip south-southeast from’ 
 70 deg. to 90 deg. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, west of line, in right/ bank of Pesha- 
 kumrae river, near its entrance into the lake. This ott 
 is stratified and jointed, therefore easily quarried. 
 
 Var. 86 deg. west. 
 
 Reddish granite- 
 
 Sienitic granite and greenstone from knob 30 feet high. . 
 
 Granulite/descend ledge 30 feet in height ; course north- 
 northeast. ~ ' 
 
 Wcst^ on south boundary of iovmship 46 norths range 30 west, 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east; gradually decreases to qr. post on section 
 34, where it is nothing. 
 
 Var. 30 min. west 
 
 Var. 3 deg. west ; 22 chains, 5 deg. west ; 40 chains, 9 deg. 
 .west; 59 chains, 13 deg. 30 min. west'; 66 chains ^ 
 links, 17 deg. west. 
 
 Var. 23 deg. .30 min. west; 12 chains, 33 deg. wes^; IR 
 chains 25 links, 40 deg. 80 min. west; 26 chains 5^ 
 links, 50 deg. 30 min. west; 32 chains 17 links, 59 deg. 
 15 min. west; 44 chains 41 links, 51 deg. west; 49 
 chains 23 links, 0; north end of needle dips 4 inch, 
 probably, over iron ore bed, mostly north of line. . 
 
 Var. 9 deg. east ; 52 chains 40 links, 16 deg. eas( ; 54 chs. 
 .40 links, 40 deg. 30 min. east ; 63 chains 35 links^ 49 
 deg. 30 min. east, 
 
 Var. 36 deg. east ; 40 chains, 18 deg. east; 80 chains, 12“ 
 deg. east. 
 
 Jforihj on east boundary of township 46 north, range 31 west, 
 
 Sienitic greenstone ; west side of ledge, 30 feet high. 
 
 Var. 29 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Var. 42 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 32 deg. east?;' var. at township corner 12 deg., and in- 
 creases regularly to 60 on section 1. 
 
 SoxUh boundary of township 46 north, range 31 west, 
 
 Var. 12 deg. east; gradually decreases to corner of Sec- 
 tions 34 and 35, where it is 5 deg. 20 min. west. 
 
 Var. 15 deg. 30 min. ea.st ; 34 chains, 10 deg. 45 min. east 
 40 chains, 9 deg. 30 min. east ; 61 chains 50 links, 7 
 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 5 dfg. 30onin. east. 
 
 Var. 3 dpg. east ; 23 chains 50 links, 1 deg. east ; 31 chs. 
 20 links, 4 deg. 30 min. east; 40 chains, 5 deg. eastj. 
 74 chains 90 links, 6 deg. 28 min. east. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east ; 30 chains, 4 deg. 30 min. east 
 
 The difference between the least and greatest variation on 
 east boundary of township 46 north, range 32 west, 
 
 23 deg. 40 min. Many bouideis cn this line. 
 
[i] 
 
 862 
 
 Tatndar statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 1 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Ikd. 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 The ditference between the least and greatest variation on 
 south boundary of township 48 north, range 32 west, is 
 19 deg. Many boulders. 
 
 EaM homidary of tmcnship 46 north, range 33 west. 
 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 GO 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 50 min. east ; 40 chains, 1 deg. 25 min. east; 
 44 chains 50 links, 6 deg. 30 min. west; and at 71 
 chains 25 links, 10 deg. .50 min. east. 
 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 30 min. east ; 40 chains, 5 deg. 50 min. east; 
 north side of lake, many greenstone boulders. 
 
 South houndmy of iovyiiship 46 north, range 33 toest. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 10 min, east ; 40 chains, 3 deg. 5 min, east. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 20 rain, east; 40 chains, 1 deg. 10 min. west; 
 53 chains, 8 deg. 10 min. west. 
 
 
 34 * 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var, 15 min. west ; 40 chains, 25 min. west. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 20 min. east ; 40 chains, 3 deg. 5 min. east. 
 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. west; 12 chains 70 links, 11 deg. 
 
 west ; 40 chains, 3 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 33 min. west; 40 chains, 5 deg. 50 min. east, 
 
 East boundary of township 46 north, range 35 west. 
 
 
 ! 31 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 148 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone ledge, 1 chain west of line, 20 feet high. 
 
 24 
 
 j 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone ledge, in swamp, 2 chains east of line. 
 South boundary of township 46 north, range 35 west. 
 
 140 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende slate, ih ridge ; course east and west. 
 
 150 
 
 31 
 
 ( 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 Do. dip north-northwest, 45 deg. 
 
 South boundary of tovjnship 46 north, range 36 west. 
 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 151 
 
 33 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone ledge, 25 links south of line. 
 
 South bcnmdary of township 47 north, range 27 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east ; 20 chains 50 links, 11 deg. east ; 
 26 chains, T6 deg. 80 min. east. 
 
 152 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 Granulite, low knob. 
 
 153 
 
 ! 36 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 Slightly magnetic iron ore. 
 
 154 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 20 feet ; northwest and south- 
 east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min, east, 15. 
 
 155 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 I Sienitic granite ledge, 25 feet north side of knob, 
 i Granulite, descend ledge 30 feet ; north and south. 
 
 156 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 157 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 40 min. east ; sienitic granite, overlying 
 slightly magnetic iron ore. 
 
 00 
 
 kO 
 
 34 
 
 ^ 47 
 
 70 
 
 Granite, descend ledge 16 feet ; course south. 
 
 159 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 d 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 10 min. east ; 40 chains, 8 deg. east; 43 chains^ 
 11 deg. east. 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone ledge, 30 feet high ; course east and west. 
 
 160 
 
 32 
 
 1 8 
 
 44 
 
 Var. 7 deg. .30 min. west. 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone, in ledge 60 feet ; facing the south. 
 
 l€l 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east ; feldspar ledge north side of hill, 
 1 east and west. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 Tabular Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 f 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 <^eg. east. 
 
 162 
 
 31 
 
 8 00 
 
 Green quartz ledge. 
 
 163 
 
 36 
 
 75 00 
 
 J^orth, on east honndary of township 47 north, range 28 umt. 
 Sienite ledge southeast side of ridge, west^southwest. 
 
 
 36 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 45 min. east. ^ 
 
 164 
 
 24 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 45 min. east; numerous iron boulders east 
 
 165 
 
 24 
 
 58 00 
 
 and south of quarter sectipn corner. 
 
 Red oxide of Iron near top of hill, east and west. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 00* 
 
 Var. 5 deg, 45 min. east; at 40 chains, 1 deg. 15 min. east; 
 
 at 49 chains 50 links, 3 deg. west. Boulders of iron 
 . ore are found, here. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 
 13 
 
 52 40 
 
 166 
 
 13 
 
 60 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone in south side of hill. 
 
 167 
 
 131 
 
 63 00 
 
 Sienite top of hill ; course east and west. 
 
 168 
 
 34 
 
 59 80 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 47 north, range 28 west, 
 Gneissoid granite ledge north of line. 
 
 169 
 
 34 
 
 59 80 
 
 Black slate from boulder in Eseonawba river. 
 
 170 
 
 33 
 
 52 50 
 
 Greenstone, with red oxide of iron, in ledge. 
 
 Ascend ledge of greenstone ; course north and south. 
 
 - 
 
 32 
 
 18 14 
 
 
 31 
 
 34 00 
 
 Granite. 
 
 171 
 
 32 
 
 13 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 47 noi'Ui, range 29 west. 
 Greenstone in ledge 25 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 172 
 
 31 
 
 34 00 
 
 Gneissoid granite. 
 
 
 36 
 
 27 70 
 
 Ledge of granular quartz, east-northeast. 
 
 «167 
 
 36 
 
 44 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, with quartz veins ; a ledge 20 feet north of 
 
 •174 
 
 25 
 
 29 30 
 
 line. 
 
 Mrih, on east boundao'y of township 47 north, range 29 west, 
 Sienitic granite,ascend ledge. 
 
 175 
 
 25 
 
 67 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, outcrop of. 
 
 176 
 
 13 
 
 13 00 
 
 Boulders of iron ore. 
 
 177 
 
 13 
 
 68 50' 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, dips 45 deg. northeast ; ledge 50 feet 
 
 
 12 
 
 23 |00 
 
 high, north-northwest. 
 
 Talcose granite in point of ledge 20 feet high, west side of 
 
 178 
 
 1 
 
 29 20 
 
 line. 
 
 Imperfect talcose slate, ascend ledge west point of hill ; 
 
 179 
 
 13 
 
 50 00 
 
 course southeast. 
 
 Micaceous oxide of iron in knob 5 chains west of line, 
 
 
 25 
 
 00 00 
 
 north side of lake. 
 
 East boundary of township 47 north, range 30 %cest, 
 Var. 2 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 180 
 
 25 . 
 
 8 75 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge in knob 25 feet high. 
 
 181 
 
 25 
 
 4P 50 
 
 Var. 3 deg. 10 min. east; sienitic granite, ascend ledge in 
 
 182 
 
 25 
 
 53 25 
 
 knob 1*2 feet high. 
 
 Sienitic granite ; knob 12 feet high. 
 
 183 
 
 24 
 
 27 85 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend knob 30 feet ; 40 chains, 4 deg. 15 
 
 184' 
 
 24 
 
 60 00 
 
 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone ; top of knob 14 feet high. 
 
 
 13 - 
 
 00 00 ^ 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 185 
 
 ^3 
 
 18 00 
 
 Granulite ; 40 chains, 5 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 186 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 
 191 
 
 193 
 
 194 
 
 195 
 
 196 
 
 197 
 
 19B 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued, 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 76 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 “80 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 77 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 31 , 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 70 
 
 13 
 
 QO 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 r 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 00 ' 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 JUa. 
 
 Greenstone 75 links east of line in ledge ; 20 feet in knob. 
 
 Granulite in knob 30 feet high. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Granite in knob 20 feet high ; 80 chains, var. 4 deg. 3(^‘ 
 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge in knob 30 feet high, east 
 and west. 
 
 Yar. 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Granite, ascend ledge 20 feet ; course northeast. 
 
 Westj mi south boundary of to wnship 47 nortJif range 30 loest. 
 
 Yar. 8 deg. 30 min. west. 
 
 Reddish granite; top of ledge 60 feet high, northeast. 
 
 Granite, with quartz veins, descend ledge 8 feet; course 
 southwest. 
 
 Granite in ledge, 20 feet high, 150 links north of linef, 
 course north -north east. 
 
 Yar. 48 deg. west ; 80 chains, 6 deg. 30 min, east. 
 
 Var. 17 deg. 80 min. east. 
 
 Granite, with veins of iron ore; dip 80 deg. east-southeast. 
 
 Yar. 13 deg. 20 min. east ; 55 chains, 11 deg. 30 min.^east; 
 60 chains 50 links, 10 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Granite in ledge 30 feet high, 75 links south ot line, course-; 
 southwest. 
 
 Reddish granite, descend ledge 20 feet north and south. 
 
 Yar. 2 deg. 20 min. east; 23 chains 50 links, 30 min. east;. 
 40 chains, 1 deg. west; 69 chains, 5 deg. 30 min. west. 
 
 Yar. 9 deg. west ; 9 chains, 2 deg. west; 28 chains, 24 deg. 
 west; 40 chains, 38 deg. west; 61 chains 25 links, 58^ 
 deg. east. 
 
 f 
 
 J^orthj on east boundary of tfiionshlp 47 north, range 31 west, 
 
 \ 
 
 Micaceous oxide of iron in ledge top of hill, 40 feet, north- 
 east. 
 
 Yar. 16 deg. east; 40 chains, 13 deg. east; 80 chains, 10^ 
 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Micaceous oxide of iron in bed and banks of stream, 15> 
 links wide, falls 30 feet; course northeast; 57 chains 50* 
 links, var. 32 deg. 30 min. west. 
 
 Yar. 45 min. west; 20 chains, 2 deg. 30 min. east; 26^ 
 chains, 25 deg. west; 40 chains, I deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Var. 9 deg. 10 min. east^ 16 chains 50 links, 1 deg. east;, 
 .20 chains, 1 deg west;^ 40 chains, 2 deg. 15'min. west. 
 
 Yar. 3 deg. east; 40 chains, 30 deg. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 47 north, range 31 west* 
 
 Var. 32 deg. east ; 20 chair^s, 23 deg. east ; 40 chains, 24 
 deg. 50 min. east; 60 chains, 16 deg. 45 rnin. east. 
 
 Var. 13 deg. east; 40 chains, 7 deg. east. ^ 
 
 Var. 4 deg. cast ; 40 chains, 6 deg. 30 min. west. 
 
 Var. 23 deg. east ; 12 chains, 17 deg.; 21 chains, 10 deg. 
 east ; 30 chains, 5 deg. east ; 40 chains, 15 deg. east ; 5.2' 
 chains, 9 deg‘. 30 min. east ; 60 chains, 8 deg. east. 
 
 Yar. 10 deg. east; 13 chains, 9 deg. 30 min. east; 25 chaiifis, 
 8 deg. 30 min. east; 40 chains, 8 deg. easj^. 
 
Tabular Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs, Iks. 
 
 i 
 
 J^orth, on east boundary of township 47 norths range 33.10^. 
 
 199 
 
 '24 
 
 39 00 
 
 ’ Micaceous greenstone, descend ledge in knob. 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 35 min. ea?t ; 40 chains, 5 deg. 20 min. east. 
 Westj on south boundary of toivnskip 47 norths range 33 
 
 
 m 
 
 35 00 
 49 00 
 
 Hornblende slate, descend ledge 2 feet; southwest; strike 
 • east and west ; dip 90 deg. 
 
 Var. 4 deg 10 min. east; 80 chains, 4 deg. east. 
 
 Mrth, on east boundary of township 47 north, range 34 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 ^00 
 
 Vcr. 3 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 m 
 
 36 
 
 77 00 
 
 Hornblende slates in low ridge. 
 
 
 36 
 
 80 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 F 
 
 ' 
 
 25 
 
 34 00 
 
 Hornblende slates; strike east and west; dip 90 deg.; 40 
 chains, var. 6 deg. 35 mih. east. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 65 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 10 min. east ; greenstone north side of swamp* 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 74 75 
 
 Greenstone in low knob. 
 
 
 1 
 
 29 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 12 feet, course east and west. 
 West, on south boundary of township 47 north, range 34' west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east. 
 
 t-B 
 
 36 
 
 50 00 
 
 Hornblende slate in low ground. 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 40 min. east; 40 chains, 30 min. east. 
 
 
 34 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east ; 40 chains, 8 deg. east. 
 
 
 33 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 9 dog. 55 min. east; 40 chains, 11 deg. 25 min. efist. 
 
 
 31 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 J^orih, on east boundary of township 47 north, range 35 taesf. 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 00 
 
 Hornblende slate, with red oxide of iron, south side of knob* 
 
 202 
 
 25 
 
 56 75 
 
 Hornblende s^ate, top of low knob. 
 
 1203 
 
 33 
 
 38 25 
 
 Hornblende slate in stream, 5-lirtks wide, west. 
 
 12 
 
 33 75 
 
 Ascend ledge of hornblende slate 4 feet high. 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 50 
 
 Ledge of hornblende slate, 50 links weSt of line ; coursft 
 northwest. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 48 north, range 27 west. 
 
 ‘204 
 
 36 
 
 79 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east; greenstone in east end of ledge, 
 south of line, 60 feet high, which extends 4 chains west. 
 
 205 
 
 35 
 
 00 00 
 
 Much micaceous oxide of iron in drift. 
 
 ' 
 
 35 
 
 80 00 
 
 Greenstone. 
 
 Js'orth, on east boundauj of township 48 north, range 28 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 23 00 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 206 
 
 36 
 
 26 50 
 
 Sienitic gieenstone in low knob. 
 
 207 
 
 36 
 
 29 00 
 
 Hornblendic slate. Strike, east and west ; dip'90 deg. 
 
 
 36 
 
 32 70 
 
 Var. 7 deg. east ; 37 chains, 3 deg. west ; 39 chains 50 links, 
 25 deg. 30 min. east; 40 chains, 13 deg. east. 
 
 208 
 
 36 
 
 40 00 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, associated with talc in line, 15 feet; 
 east and west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 78 5Q 
 
 Greenstone in ledge south side of hill, 30 feet, northeast. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 24 deg. 10 min. east ; 40 chains 20 .links, 20 deg. east; 
 50 chains, 25 deg. 13 min.. east ; 70 chains 90 links, 20. 
 deg. east. 
 
 Ptirt ii—55 
 
II] 
 
 866 
 
 TahvJar statemerd — Continued . 
 
 No. of 
 
 On section 
 
 specimen. 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 210 
 
 25. 
 
 
 25 
 
 211 
 
 25 
 
 SIS 
 
 25 
 
 
 36 
 
 213 
 
 i 35 
 
 214 
 
 85 
 
 215 
 
 35 
 
 216 
 
 34 
 
 217 
 
 33 
 
 218 1 
 
 j 
 
 31 
 
 
 31 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 
 25 
 
 220 
 
 25 
 
 221 
 
 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 223 
 
 12 
 
 224 
 
 13 
 
 225 
 
 13 
 
 S36 
 
 32 
 
 
 25 
 
 ^7 i 
 
 25 
 
 
 24 
 
 228 
 
 24 
 
 
 i 24 
 
 
 1 13 
 
 Distance. 
 
 C/is. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 41 
 
 00 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 61 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 62 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 79 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 00 00 
 
 30 00 
 00 00 
 19 00 
 40 00 
 00 00 
 
 Compact greenstone, in ridge; course northeast; 40 chains^ 
 ^ var. 10 deg. east. , 
 
 Compact greenstone, 1 chain west of line, east side of hiO. 
 Var. 18 deg. east. 
 
 Granular quartz ; crop out. 
 
 Greenstone, with veins of quartz ; ledge 6 feet high. Course 
 east and west. Var. on the balance of this line, from 8 
 deg. 45 min. to 2 (^cg. 10 min. east. 
 
 West, on south bou ndary of township 48 north, range 28 west 
 
 GTeenstone, in ledge 4 chains north of line, 30 feet high ; 
 1 chain southeast of ledge, var. 2 deg., west; 75 links 
 southwest, 5 def. east. 
 
 Compact greenstone, ledge 30 feet high. Course west-* 
 southwest. 
 
 Steatite, or soapstone, associated with iron. 
 
 Steatite, or soapstone ; 3 chains north of line. 
 
 Talcose slate, with sulphuret of iron, 5 chains north of line, 
 in stieam ; dip north-norwest, 80 deg. : 4 ehains up stream 
 greenstone ledge, 20 feet high. 
 
 Brown hematite and magnetic iron ore, in knob 50 feet 
 high, 4 or 5 chains south of line. 
 
 Argillaceous slates, south of line, in ridge. Course east and 
 west. 
 
 Var. 2 deg. 30 min. east ; 40 chains, 1 deg. west 
 
 Var. 1 deg. 50 min. west; 40 chains, 3 deg. 20 min. west 
 
 Jforth, on east boundary of township 48 north, range 29 west 
 
 Talcose granite, interstratifed with talcose slate and quartz,, 
 ascend ledge 150 feet high. 
 
 Talcose slates, ascend ledge '18 feet. Course east and west. 
 Talcose and hornblendic slates, descend ledge 90 feet high. 
 Course east and west. 
 
 Talcose granite, interstratified with talcose slate. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge. East and west 
 duartzite and granite, in stream 3 links wide. Course 
 southwest. 
 
 duartzite, descend ledge. Course southwest. 
 
 West, on south boundary of tow‘nship 48 north, range 29 west 
 
 Granular magnetic iron ore (some specimens have two 
 poles) ascend ridge : course west-northwest. At 30 
 chains, var. 10 deg. west; SO chains 50 links, 12 deg. 
 40 min. east ; 40 chains, 17 deg. west; 47 chains, 47 deg. 
 east. 
 
 Jforth, on east boundary of township 48 noiih, range 30 w€si„ 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east ; 21 chains 15 links, 3 deg. 34 min. 
 
 east; 30 chains, 3 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, in ridge 50*feet. Course east-northeaet 
 Var. 2 deg. 45 min. east 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, with quartz veins in knob, 150 feet, 
 Var. 4 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 45 min, east 
 
Tabular statemenl — Continued. 
 
 No. of On section Distance, 
 specimen. 
 
 efts. Ift's. 
 
 1 50 
 12 00 
 12 75 
 
 40 00 
 56 00 
 64 00 
 
 00 00 
 20 00 
 
 24 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 38 00 
 
 40 00 
 48 00 
 
 00 00 
 10 60 
 14 00 
 
 40 00 
 
 41 00 
 53 36 
 64 50 
 
 59 75 
 74 DO 
 50 m 
 57 00 
 
 ' 13 
 13 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 . 
 
 40 00 
 45 / 00 
 
 26 00 
 
 29 50 
 34 00 
 50 00 
 37 00 
 
 76 00 
 
 00 00 
 2 00 
 8 00 
 
 40 00 
 44 00 
 
 76 00 
 80 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, with pyrites of iron in ledge. 
 
 Top of knob '25 feet high. Course noriheast. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge in knob 14 feet ; course 
 east and west. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 25 feet ; course east and wesL 
 Sienitic granite, with quartz veins 4 feet wide. Desoeni 
 ledge 25 feet in height. 
 
 Vf£r. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Greenstone, associated with iron, 50 links east of lino. 
 
 Course north and south. j : 
 
 Sienitic granite, in ledge 25 Iks. east of line, 75 feet high i 
 course north and south. 
 
 Sienitic granite, in ledge 20 Iks. east of line, 75 feet high; . 
 
 course north and south. ^ 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge, 8 feet high, southwest and 
 northeast. ^ 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 I From a dike in sienitic granite, with pyrites of iron, in 
 ^ cliff 50 feet high ; ccourse southwest and northeast. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Granite, descend ledge 10 feet ; course east and west. 
 Hornblende rock, with pyrites of iron, in cliff 35 feet high;; 
 
 course east and west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 55 mio. east. 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 50 feet, east and west. 
 Ctuartziie, ascenddedge 40 feet ; course east and west.- 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 40 feet, east and west. 
 
 Westf on south boundary of township 48 north, range 30 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of low ledge ; course northeast. 
 Greenstone, with pyrites of iron, top of ridge 50 feet high 
 Magnetic iron ore, descend hill 30 feet ; course southwest.- 
 Var. 16 deg. east j variation very fluctuating in this vi- 
 cinity. > 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 JTorth, 071 east boundary of township 48 north, rai^ge 31 wesi* 
 Var. 2 deg. east. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore ; dip north-northeast 85 deg. ; ascend hiS' 
 50 feet. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, stratified, in low ledge ; course north- 
 northeast. 
 
 Var. 79 deg. 30 min. east; north end of needle dips | 
 
 Var. 20 deg. east; 40 chs., var, south 72 deg. east. 
 
 Var. 12 deg. east ; 60 cbs., var. 8 deg. east. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge 70 feet ; course north aind’ 
 south. 
 
 Hornblende rock, top of hill and ledge 120 feet, east and 
 west. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge 15 feet ; course northeast> 
 Sienitib greenstone, top of ledge 10 feet ; course north and^ 
 south. ^ 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. ^ 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge 12 feet ; course north and 
 south. . V, 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge 25 feet, northeast. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 868 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 I9'o. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 254 
 
 1 1 
 
 21 58 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 15 feet ; course northeast. 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 255 
 
 j 
 
 45 65 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 25 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 256 
 
 1 1 
 
 78 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 30 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 
 1 
 
 80 00 , 
 
 Variation 5 deg. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 40 GO 
 
 Westf on south boundary of township 48 norths range 31 west. 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 257 
 
 36 
 
 73 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, from perpendicular ledge south of line; 
 
 
 35 
 
 00 00 
 
 course east and west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 258 
 
 35 
 
 42 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 8 feet, east and west. 
 
 t 
 
 262 
 
 24 
 
 18 00 
 
 Jfoi'th^ on east boundary of township 48 north, range 32 ivest. 
 Gluartz, associated with iron ore from boulder. 
 
 263 
 
 13 
 
 47 00 
 
 Micaceous hornblende slate, outcrop of. 
 
 
 12 
 
 29 00 
 
 Hornblende slate ; dip 99 deg. 
 
 264 
 
 12 
 
 59 50 
 
 Ascend hill of granite ; course east and west. 
 
 
 12 
 
 79 00 
 
 Top of hill. 
 
 265 
 
 33 
 
 69 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 48 noi ik, range .32 west. 
 Outcrop of micaceous hornblende slate. 
 
 266 
 
 32 
 
 3 00 
 
 Outcrop of micaceous ledge, 4 feet; course east and west; 
 
 
 f 
 
 24 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 00 CO 
 
 dip 85 deg. south. 
 
 I J*^''orth, on east boundary of township 48 north, range 33 west. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 10 min. east; 40 chains, 7 deg. 40 min. east. 
 Var 8 deg. 20 min. east; 21 ehains, 9 deg. 45 min. east; 
 
 i 
 
 13 . 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 00 00 
 
 40 chains, 7 deg. 15 min. east ; 48 chains 50 links, 9 deg. 
 40 min. east. 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 267 
 
 12 
 
 3 75 
 
 Hornblende slate in southwest side of hill. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 10 min. east; 80 chairs, 7 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 268 
 
 34 
 
 31 00 
 
 Jfest, on south bouniaiy of township 48 north, range 33 west. 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east ; greenstone in low ridge, 150 Iks. 
 
 o268 
 
 32 
 
 15 00 
 
 north of line ; course east and west. 
 Greenstone in low knob. 
 
 32 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 40 min. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 fTorth, on east boundary of township 48 north, range 34 west. 
 Var 5 deg. 40 min. east; 40 chains, 6 deg. 10 min. east; 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 00 
 
 80 chains, 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 Var. 6 cieg. 30 min. east. 
 
 0 
 
 24 
 
 59 00 
 
 Hornblende .slate. 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 37 65 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge ; course northwest. 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 40 00 
 
 West, on soiith boundary of township 48 north, range 34 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 min. east ; sienitic greenstone in ledge 10 feet. 
 
 K 
 
 34 1 
 
 9 00 
 
 50 links south of line ; couise east and west. 
 Greenstone top of ridge, in ledge 30 feet. 
 
Tahvlar statement— 
 
 No. of 
 speeimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 L 
 
 34 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 17 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone top of knob 20 feet. 
 
 M 
 
 34 
 
 24 50 
 
 g Do in knob 15 feet. 
 
 
 34 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg 45 min. east. 
 
 , N 
 
 33 
 
 15 50 
 
 Greenstone, ascend ledge 20 feet northwest. 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 45 min. east; 40 chains, 7 deg. 30 min. east^ 
 
 
 25 
 
 8 00 
 
 80 chains, 8 deg. east. 
 
 Jforth, on east boundary of township 48 norths range ^ wesU 
 Outcrop of hornblende slate. 
 
 269 
 
 13 
 
 9 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge 8 feet ; course west. 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 30 feet ; course west, ’ 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 50 
 
 270 
 
 13 
 
 41 80 
 
 From calcareous boulder in stream. 
 
 12 
 
 68 64 
 
 Red clay, right ^ank of stream 3 links wide ; course soutih- 
 
 271 
 
 1 
 
 23 40 
 
 east. 
 
 Greenstone in ledge Ip feet, 50 links west of line. 
 
 272 
 
 36 
 
 10 00 
 
 Westj on south boundary of township 49 north, range 27 %oesU 
 
 * V 
 
 Veinstone in ledge of greenstone in bank of ravine soutk 
 
 
 36 
 
 . 40 00 
 
 of line. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 273 
 
 36 
 
 45 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 12 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 
 35 
 
 30 00 
 
 Var. 18 deg. east. 
 
 274 
 
 35 
 
 32 00 
 
 Talcose slate or felsite, ascend ledge 20 feet ; course north- 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 00 
 
 east. 
 
 Var. 8 deg. 10 min. east. ^ 
 
 275 
 
 35 
 
 64 50 
 
 Talcose slate, dip south-southwest 75 deg. ; 80 chains, var. 
 
 276 
 
 34 
 
 55 00 
 
 5 deg. east. 
 
 Argillaceous slate, dip south-southwest 60 deg., in right 
 
 
 32 
 
 50 00 
 
 bank of stream. 
 
 Argillaceous slates and boulders in drift. 
 
 277 
 
 25 
 
 67 00 
 
 J^ortK, on east boundary of township 49 north, range 28. west* 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east; imperfect talcose slates or felsite. 
 
 278 
 
 24 
 
 5 00 
 
 with veins of quartz and red oxide of iron ; dip 80 deg. 
 south-southwest. 
 
 Imperfect talcose slates, descend hill west-northwest. 
 
 
 24 
 
 12 00 
 
 Low knob of compact greenstone. 
 
 279 
 
 24 
 
 23 75 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend hill east and west. 
 
 
 24 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 m 
 
 24 
 
 46 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone. 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 
 12 
 
 47 00 
 
 Talco-hornblendic slate, ascend hill 400 feet abov;e:. the val- 
 
 282 
 
 1 
 
 7 00 
 
 ley; ledge 40 feet; course southeryst; estimated height 
 1,200 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 Hornblendic slate ; dip 85 deg. north-northeast descend 
 
 9 
 
 285 
 
 33 
 
 14 00 
 
 ledge west- north west; in 20 chains from top of hill,^ 
 probable descent 400; feet. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 49 north, range, ^ west*. 
 Compact hornblende slates, outcrop of. 
 
 284 
 
 33 
 
 33 00 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 285 
 
 
 
 Compact hornblende iu ridg^ course east ana west. 
 
870 
 
 I 
 
 . \ 
 
 Tahvlar statement — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 ^ecimen. 
 
 286 
 
 287 
 
 288 
 
 28S 
 
 m 
 
 mi 
 
 292 
 
 293 
 
 294 
 
 295 
 
 296 
 
 297 
 
 298 
 
 299 
 
 300 
 
 301 
 
 302 
 
 303 
 
 304 
 
 305 
 
 306 
 
 307 
 
 308 
 
 309 
 
 310 
 
 311 
 
 312 
 
 313 
 
 314 
 
 315 
 
 317 
 
 318 
 
 319 
 
 320 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 323 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 Iks. 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 60 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 24 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 GO 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 69 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 { 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 75 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 72 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 io 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 JVcrtk, on oast boundary of township 49 norths range 29 west* 
 
 Sienitic granite, descenrl ledge 20 feet ; course east and west. 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 20 feet ; course east and west. 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge; course east and west. 
 Sienitic granite, foot of ledge 150 feet, east and West. 
 
 cn east boundary oftovmship 49 north j range 30 west» 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. Sienitic granite top of ledge, 80 
 feet east and west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 50 feet; course east and 
 w’e.st. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic gtanite, descend ledge 40 feet; course east and 
 west. 
 
 Var. 2 df g. east. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 35 feet ; course east and west. 
 Sienitic gianite, top of ledge 35 feet, east and west. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 rnin, east. 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 18 feet ; course east and west 
 Greenstone, ascend ledge 30 feet ; course east and west. 
 Var 2 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 35 feet ; course east and y/est 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge, 15 feet, east and west. 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 15 feet, east and west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, with pyrites of iron. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge 15 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge in knob, 14 feet. 
 
 From ledge with much quartz, top of knob 16 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite in knob and ledge, 18 feet. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 18 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 35 teet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, with much quartz, in ledge 30 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 40 feet. 
 
 IVest, on south boundary of township 49 norths range 29 loeH*- 
 
 Sienitic granite in ledge 1 ch. south of line east and west. 
 Gluartz and iron ore from large vein in sienitic granite. 
 Green quartz, ascend ledge ; course northwest. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend hill and ledge 40 feet; course south- 
 west. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, low ledge, 1 chain south of line. 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge 25 feet, north and south. 
 Sienite in ledge 25 feet high ; 40 chs., var. 6 deg. 15 min. 
 east. 
 
 Granulite ledge, 20 feet in height. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 25 feet ; course north and south. 
 Sienite in low ledge, 1 chain south of line. 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 25 feet ; course north and south. 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 25 feet ; course north and 
 south. 
 
 Sienitic granite in ledge north of line, 40 feet, east and west, 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge g5 feet, north and south. 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 Sienite in ledge 40 feet north of line. 
 
 Greenstone, with pyrites of iron. 
 
No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 324 
 
 325 
 
 326 
 
 327 
 
 328 
 323 
 
 330 
 
 331 
 
 332 
 
 333 
 
 334 
 
 335 
 
 336 
 
 337 
 
 338 
 
 339 
 
 340 
 
 341 
 
 342 
 
 343 
 
 344 
 
 345 
 
 346 
 
 347 
 
 348 
 -349 
 
 350 
 
 351 
 
 352 
 
 353 
 
 .^54 
 
 355 
 
 356 
 
 357 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 871 
 
 Tabular statement — Continued. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 36 
 
 09 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 36 
 
 68 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 81 
 
 of 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 69 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 80 
 
 32 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 46 
 
 GO 
 
 31 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 31 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 78 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 GO • 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 44 
 
 00 ; 
 
 13 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 -12 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 66 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 80^ 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 36 
 
 41 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 ffesf, on south boundary of township 49 nor(/», range 30 wesU 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 30 min. east ; 40 chs,, 4 deg. 50 min. east 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 30 feet; course north and 
 south. 
 
 Sienicic greenstone, descend ledge 40 feet ; course north 
 ^ and south. 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 80 feet, north and south* 
 Sienitic granite in ledge 25 feet, north and south. 
 
 Felspar in ledge 70 feet north of line, northeast. 
 
 Viar. 5 deg. 10 min, east ; sienitic granite, descend ledge 25 
 feet, north and south. 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 30 feet, north and south. 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 35 feet| course northeasts 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 40 feet, northeast. 
 Sienitic greenstone top of ledge 35 feet, northwest, 
 
 Sienite, ascend ledge 30 feet ; course northeast. 
 
 Hornblende, descend ledge 25 feet ; course southwest. 
 Sienite, ascend ledge 35 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 Sienite top of ledge 30 feet. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 30 feet ; course north and south. 
 Sienite, descend ledge 30 feet, north and south.j 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 Sienite, de cend ledge 25 feet ; course north and south. 
 Prom dike in greenstone ; ascend ledge, south. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 10 feet; course north and south. 
 Sienite^ ascend ledge 25 feet ; course north and south. 
 Sienite, descend ledge 14 feet ; course north and south. 
 Sienite, descend ledge 25 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 J^brthj on east boundary of township 49 northj range 31 locstf. 
 
 ' t 
 
 Sienite, ascend ledge in ridge 25 feet; course east and 
 west. 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 45 min. cast. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 10 feet, east and west ; 80 chains, var. 
 5 deg. east. 
 
 Sienite, as«?end ledge 10 feet; indications of iron ore in veins ; 
 
 var. 6 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Sienite, ledge 18 feet ; course east and west. , 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 Sienite in ledge 30 feet ; course northwest. 
 
 Sienite, top of ledge 25 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 40 feet; course east and west. 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 30 feet ; course east and west ; var« 
 5 deg. east. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 49 north, range 31 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 Talcose granite, top of ledge 18 feet; course northwest. 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 15 feet; course northeast. 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 20 feet ; course northeast. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. east ; sienitic granite, descend ledge 18 feet 
 course northeast. 
 
 J^furth, on east boundary of township 49 north, range 32 teesf. 
 
 Sienilie granite, outcrop of. 
 
 Knob of sienitic granite. 
 
872 
 
 Tabular statement — ^ConlinuM, 
 
 -No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 • 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 359 
 
 24 
 
 Chs, Iks. 
 37 OO 
 
 Sienitic granite from ledge in knob ; course east and wesL 
 
 360 
 
 13 
 
 15 00 
 
 Granite west of line, on point between lakes. 
 
 13 
 
 36 88 
 
 Many granite knobs north side of lake. 
 
 361 
 
 1 
 
 7 00 
 
 To 44 chains, sieniiic granite. 
 
 362 
 
 36 
 
 26 50 
 
 West, on south boundary of toimship 49 north, range 32 west. 
 Greenstone in ledire; course north and south. 
 
 363 
 
 34 
 
 15 00 
 
 Gneissoid granite iTi ledge 3 chains north of line, east an^ 
 
 364 
 
 34 
 
 43 00 
 
 west. 
 
 Gneissoid granite, ascend ledge 30 feet, west-southwest. 
 
 365 
 
 I 33 
 
 67 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge, course southeast and northwest. 
 Sienitic granite, descend 10 feet j course northwest. 
 
 366 
 
 33 
 
 77 00 
 
 367 
 
 32 
 
 23 00 
 
 Hornblende slate in knob 10 feet high. 
 
 368 
 
 31 
 
 1 00 
 
 Hornblende slate north side of hill. 
 
 369 
 
 31 
 
 12 55 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 49 north, range 33 west. 
 Hornblende slate in falls 18 feet in stream. 
 
 370 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 25 
 
 11 00 
 
 fTjrth, on east boundary of township 49 north, range 23 west, 
 Yar. 7 deg. 15 min, east; sienitic granite, with veins of 
 
 371 
 
 25 
 
 27 80 
 
 quartz. 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 15 feet; course southwest. 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 372 
 
 24 
 
 49 25 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge 15 feet. 
 
 373 
 
 24 
 
 59 92 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge 40 feet, east and west. 
 
 374 
 
 24 
 
 62 55 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 60 feet, northeast. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 7 deg. 20 min. east. 
 
 375 
 
 13 
 
 25 00 
 
 Sienitic granite in east end of hill. 
 
 376 
 
 13 
 
 79 50 
 
 Sienitic granite in knob 20 feet in height. 
 
 
 12 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 10 min. east. 
 
 377 
 
 12 
 
 23 70 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 16 feet; course east and west» 
 
 378 
 
 12 
 
 50 50 
 
 Sienitic greenstone in ledge, northwest side of hiil. 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 55 min. east. 
 
 379 
 
 1 
 
 47 00 
 
 Hornblendic rock, descend ledge 15 feet, east and west. 
 
 
 34 
 
 00 '00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 49 north, range 33 west , . 
 Var. 6 deg. 65 min. east. 
 
 380 
 
 34 
 
 16 00 
 
 Compact greenstone, descend ledge 14 feet, northeast,* 
 
 3^ 
 
 1 
 
 5 00 
 
 North, on east boundary oftoionship 49 north, range 36 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. 20 min. east ; greenstone, base of knob, 
 
 383 
 
 1 
 
 9 04 
 
 Iks. west of line. 
 
 Var. 6 deg. 30 rain, east; compact greenstone trap, cliff 90 
 
 384 
 
 1 
 
 12 00 
 
 feet.. 
 
 Greenstone trap, with gray sulphuret of copper, 4 chs« 
 
 34, 385 
 
 1 
 
 12 00 
 
 northwest in dig. 
 
 Calcareous spar, from vein near house on east side of kuob 
 
 386 
 
 1 
 
 12 00 
 
 (called Silver mountain.) 
 
 Tr^ and steatite, from vein north of house on east side of 
 
 387 
 
 ' 1 
 
 43 75 
 
 mountain. 
 
 Greenstone trap, north side of mountain. 
 
873 
 
 m 
 
 Tabular statement — Coijitinued. 
 
 No. of 
 8f>ecimen. 
 
 1 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 00 00 
 
 9 ■ ■■ - — - - — 1— rr- 
 
 Westj on south boundary of township 50 norths range 27 u^est, 
 Var. 5 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 388 
 
 35 
 
 4 55 
 
 Sienitic granite, with veins of greenstone, top of k*iob. 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var, 3 deg, 20 min. east ; at 45 chs., 8 deg. east. 
 Greenstone, foot of ledge 40 feet high, northeast. 
 
 389 
 
 35 
 
 46 00 
 
 399 
 
 35 
 
 52 00 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 35 feet, north and south. 
 
 391 
 
 33 
 
 39 75 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east ; compact greenstone, ledge 5 feet, 30 lks«. 
 
 302 
 
 33 
 
 57 (B 
 
 south of line, east and west. . 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, descend ledge 40 feet ; course northea^ 
 
 
 31 
 
 45 70 
 
 and southwest. 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge and hill. 
 
 
 36 
 
 75 00 
 
 J^orth, on east boundary of township 50 north, range 28 west* 
 Var. 12 deg. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 79 50 
 
 Greenstone, ascend ledge 15 feet ; course east and west ; at 
 
 ^4 
 
 25 
 
 2 00 
 
 80 chs., var. 8 deg. east. 
 
 Greenstone, in ledge 20 feet ; course east-northeast. 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 25 min. east. 
 
 395 
 
 24 
 
 1 50 
 
 Granulite and greenstone, ascend ledge ; coufse east and west*, 
 
 396 
 
 33 
 
 62 50 
 
 Sienitic granite, foot of ledge 150 feet high, east and v/est* 
 
 391 
 
 32 
 
 33 50 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of ledge 100 feet high, east-northeasts. 
 
 398 • 
 
 ' 
 
 J. ^ 
 
 28 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, bottom of ravine ; course east-nelKheast, 
 
 399 
 
 12 
 
 34 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, with quartz veins, top of ledge 80 feet^ 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 10 00 
 
 couise east and west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, east side of ridge, north and soath- 
 
 
 36 
 
 5 80 
 
 i 
 
 finest, on south boundary of township 50 north, range 28 wesL 
 Descend ledge 30 feet ; course west-northwest. 
 
 
 35 
 
 12 50 
 
 Ascend ledge 25 feet; course north and south. 
 
 
 ! 34 
 
 73 00 
 
 West side of hill and ledge. 
 
 
 32 
 
 59 00 
 
 1 Descend hill and ledge ; course north and south. 
 
 
 32 
 
 60 20 
 
 A stream ; course north. 
 
 
 31 
 
 5 00 
 
 Top of granite knob. 
 
 
 31 
 
 78 50 
 
 Descend ledge 50 feet ; course northwest ; rocks on thi®> 
 
 
 25 
 
 00 00 
 
 township line are mostly sienitic granite and greenstone*. 
 JTorth, on east howidary of township 50 north, range 29 west. 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 401 
 
 25 
 
 37 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, in ledge 1 ch. east of line; course north 
 
 
 25 
 
 41 50 
 
 and south. 
 
 Sienitic granite, 20 Iks. west of line, in ledge 20 feet, south-* 
 
 i 
 
 25 
 
 45 00 
 
 southwest. 
 
 Sienitic granite ridge ; course northwest. 
 
 i 
 
 25 
 
 67 82 
 
 Sienitic granite, in knob. 
 
 403 ' 
 
 25 
 
 70 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend ledge 60 feet; course northwest. 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 
 24 
 
 26 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge 40 feet, east and west. 
 
 m 
 
 24 
 
 33 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, with veins of quartz, descend ledge 60 feet^ 
 
 
 12 
 
 00 00 
 
 east and west. 
 
 Var. 4 deg. 50 min. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 00 00 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 50 north, range 29 wesL 
 Var. 5 deg. 35 min. east. 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge ; course north and south* 
 
 '' - 
 
 34 
 
 
 Mimy knobs, north and south of line, in swamp. 
 
874 
 
 Tabular statement — Coiiliniied 
 
 -rr- 
 
 Ko. of 
 iqpecimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Ghs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 Sienitic granite, foot of knob. 
 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var, 15 deg. 30 Inin, east; sienitic granite, low knob in 
 swamp. 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 70 
 
 Sienitic granite, descend ledge, north and south. 
 
 
 32 
 
 ' 2 
 
 50 
 
 Do. ascend ledge 25 ft.; course north and south.; 
 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 Do. ascend ledge 20 feet ; course southeast. 
 
 
 ^ 31 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ' 56 
 
 50 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ciiff 35 feet ; course north-north- 
 east. 
 
 Northy on east boundary of township 50 north, range 30 west. 
 
 404 
 
 i 36 
 
 27 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, top of ledge 70 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 15 min. east. 
 
 405 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, top of jedge 20 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 406 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 30 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 407 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 18 feet ; course east and west. 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 4 deg. east. 
 
 408 
 
 > 25 
 
 53 
 
 90 
 
 Sienite, ledge 20 feet high. 
 
 409 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg, 20 min. east ; Hornblende rock, in ledge 20 
 feet. 
 
 Jfesl, on south boundary of township 50 north, range 30 
 
 410 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 Sienite, top of ledge 30 feet; course southwest. 
 
 411 i 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 35 feet, 
 
 i 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 412 1 
 
 413 i 
 
 36 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, ascend ledge 35 feet : course southwevSt. 
 
 36 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 Do. descend ledge 40 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 414 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 Do. ascend ledge 15 feet; course southwest. 
 
 415 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 00 
 
 Do. top of ledge 50 feet ; course north and soutli. 
 
 416 
 
 35 ' 
 
 i 47 
 
 50 
 
 Do. top of ledge 35 feet; course north and south. 
 
 417 
 
 34 
 
 1 12 
 
 00 , 
 
 Do. lop of ledge 50 feet, south of line east and west. 
 
 418 
 
 34 
 
 1 15 
 
 80 
 
 Do. ascend cliff 20 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 419 
 
 34 
 
 i 21 
 
 50 ' 
 
 Do. top of hill and ledge 75 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 420 
 
 34 
 
 ' 29 
 
 00 
 
 Do. descend ledge 50 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 421 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 Reddish granulite, descend hill 40 feet, north and south. 
 
 422 ! 
 
 34 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 Do. top of ledge 75 feet, east and west. 
 
 Do. do. 60 feet, southwest. 
 
 423 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 424 
 
 33 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do, 60 feet, southwest. 
 
 425 
 
 32 
 
 ^ 55 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 40 feet, north and south. 
 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. .30 min. east. 
 
 426 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of ledge 48 feet high ; course 
 southwest. 
 
 fCorth, on east boundary of township 50 north, range 31 west.. ’ 
 
 
 36 
 
 06 
 
 00 
 
 / ' 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 427 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, ascend ledge 40 feet ; northwest course. 
 
 428 
 
 25 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 Do. top of ledge 40 feet ; east and west course. 
 
 429 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 Do. ascend ledge 45 feet ; east and west course. 
 Sienitic greenstone, ascend ledge 30 feet, southwest. 
 
 430 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 00 
 
 431 
 
 24 
 
 72 
 
 50 
 
 Do. top of ledge 30 feet, southwest. 
 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. east. 
 
 432 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 Sienite, ascend ledge 30 feet; course southwest 
 
 433 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 Do. top of ledge 20 feet ; course east and west. 
 
875 
 
 Tabular statement — Con tinned , 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs, 
 
 Iks. 
 
 West, on south boundary of township 50 north, range 31 ioesi. 
 
 434 
 
 35 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Granite, ascend ledge 18 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 435 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic granite, top of iedge 30 feet ; course southwest. 
 
 436 
 
 33 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 Do. ascend ledge ; course northwest. 
 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 Yar. 5 deg. 30 min east. 
 
 437 
 
 32 
 
 1 21 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, ascend ledge 15 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 438 
 
 32 
 
 I 28 
 
 00 
 
 Granite, top of iedge 20 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 439 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 30 feet ; course northeast. 
 
 449 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 Do. do. 16 feet ; oiirse north and south. 
 
 I Jfm'ih, on east boundary of township 50 north, range 32 west. 
 
 441 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende rock, descend ledge : course north Wst. 
 
 442 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 Sienitic granite, ascend ledge and hill. 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 Cluartzite, descend ledge and hill ; course east and west. 
 
 443 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 f 
 
 00 
 
 Granular quartz in ledge ; course north and south. 
 
 West, on south boundary of toionship 50 north, range 32 west. 
 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 Granite in low ledge. 
 
 444 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 Cluartzite, descend ledae 15 feet; course north and south. 
 
 445 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, descend ledge 5 feet ; course north and south. 
 
 446 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, top of knob. 
 
 447 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 Sienitic greenstone, with quartz veins. Ascend ledge 15 feet; 
 course north and south. 
 
 JsTorth, on east boundary of township 50 north, range 33 west 
 
 448 
 
 36 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, descend hill ; course east and west. 
 
 449 j 
 
 36 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende slate, in ravine ; course north. 
 
 450 
 
 ! 24 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, outcrop of, 80 links west of line. 
 
 West, on south boundm^ of township 50 north, range 33 west. 
 
 
 13 
 
 I 00 
 
 00 
 
 Var. 5 deg. 45 min. east. 
 
 mi 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 Outcrop of hornblende slate ; 40 chdins, var. 6 deg. 15 min. 
 
 452 
 
 ' 13 
 
 17 
 
 ! 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblende slates, ascend ledge 30 feet; course north and 
 south ; dip 45 deg. south-southwest. 
 
 Jforth, on ea^ boundary of toionship 50 north, range 34 west 
 
 
 24 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 On trail, hornblende slates. 
 
 453 
 
 13 
 
 if 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 In ravine, loose pieces 6f hornblende slates. 
 
 Argillaceous and harnblendic slates, south end of Kewe^ 
 naw bay, in stream near Childe’s and Brushe’s mills. 
 
 sD®proit, March 20, 1847. 
 
 WM. A. BURT, Deputy Surveyor, 
 
876 
 
 m 
 
 CkUcdogue of plants collected by William A, JSurty esq., on the primitive^ 
 region south of Lake Superior, in 1846; % Dennis Cooley, of Washing- 
 ton, Michigan. 
 
 The following catalogue of plants was collected during the progress of 
 the survey of township lines south of Lake Superior^ between latitudes 
 45^ 53' and 46^ 45' north. 
 
 It is not pretended that this catalogue is complete^ but that it embraces 
 such plants as may be found in many parts of the survey;, and in most of* 
 them in nearly every township. 
 
 These specimens of plants were referred to Dr. Dennis Cooley^ whose 
 long experience in the science of botany is a sufficient guarantee for their 
 correct classification; cfcc. 
 
 WILLIAM A. BURT; 
 
 Deputy Surveyor. 
 
 EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Man unculacecB . 
 
 Clematis Virginiana; L.; tov/nship 46 north, range 29 west. 
 Anemone Pennsylvanica; L.; township 41 north, range 26 west, 
 nemorosa, L.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 Yirginiana, L.; township 43 north, range 30 west. 
 Hepatica Americana, D. C.; township 41 north, range 26 west. 
 Ranunculus flammula, L. 
 
 Caltha palustris; W.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Coptis trifoiia, Sairs; towuiship 41 north, range 26 west. 
 Aquilegia Canadensis, L.; township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 Actea rubra, W. ; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 alba. Big.; township 48 north, range 35 west. 
 
 Cimicifuga racemosa, EIL; township 45 north, range 35 west. 
 Thalictrum cornuti, L.; township 43 north, range 33 west. 
 
 MerhevidacecE. 
 
 Leantice thalietroides, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Nymphoeacece. 
 
 Nuphar advena. Ait. 
 
 Nymphoca odorata, Ait. 
 
 SaraceniacEce. 
 
 Saracenia purpurea, L.; township 42 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Papaveracece. 
 
 Sanguinaria Canadensis, L.; township 42 north, range 24 westo. 
 
 Pumariacece. 
 
 Corydalis glauca, Ph.; township 50 north, range 36 west. 
 
 Cruciferce. 
 
 Cardamina hirsuta, L.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 
877 
 
 cn 
 
 Polygalacem, 
 
 Poly gala paucifolia^ Willd.j township 41 north; range 24 west. 
 
 Violacem, 
 
 Tiola hlanda; Willd.; township 42 north; range 24 west. 
 
 Muhlenbergii, Tor.; township 42 north, range 29 west. 
 Canadensis; L.; township 42 north; range 24 west. 
 
 • HypericacecB. 
 
 Hypericum corymbosum; W. 
 
 Bcdsaminacce. 
 
 \ 
 
 Impatiens fulva; Nutt. ; township 43 north; range 28 west. 
 
 OxalidacecB, 
 
 Oxalis stricta; L.; township 43 north; range 27 west. 
 
 AceracecB, 
 
 ' Acer rubrum; L. 
 
 saceharinum; L.; township 42 north; range 30 west, 
 nigrum, Mx. 
 
 striatum, Mx. ; township 49 north, range 32 west, 
 spicatum, Lam. 
 
 Celastracem. 
 
 Staphylea trifoliata, L.; township 43 north, range 28 west. 
 
 RhamnacecB. 
 
 Oeanothus Americanus, L.; township 50 north, I'ange 32 west. 
 
 RosacecB. 
 
 Prunns Americanus, Marshall; township 42 north, range 31 west. 
 •Cerasus Yirginiana, h. 
 
 serotina, D. C.; township 43 north, range 28 west, 
 depressa, Ph. 
 
 Pennsylvanica, A. 
 
 Spiroea salicifolia, L. ; township 50 north, range 36 west. 
 
 (^um rivale, L.; township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Waldsteina fragarioides, Mx.; township 43 north, range 29 west. 
 Potentilla simplex, Mx.; township 42 north, range 2 west. 
 
 Comarum palustre, L. ; townships 41 and 42 north, ranges 24 and 25 west. 
 Fragaria Virginica, L.; township 41 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Rubus odoratus, L.; township 43 north, range 28 west. 
 
 strigosus, Mx.; township 42 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Canadensis, L.; township 43 north, range 30 west, 
 trivialis, Mx.; township 43 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Rosa Carolina, L.; township 45 north, range 28 west, 
 parviflora, W.; township 43 north, range 28 west.. 
 
878 
 
 fl] 
 
 Cratsegus cocciiiea^ L.; township 45 norths range 35 wesL 
 Pyms Americana^ D. C.; township 43 north, range 30 west. ^ 
 
 coronaria, L.; townships 42 and 43 north, ranges 26 and 27 west* 
 arbutifolia, L. 
 
 var. melanocarpa; townships 42 and 43 north, ranges 26 and 27' 
 west. 
 
 ‘Amelaiichiler Canadensis, T. and G. 
 
 var. A/otryapiiim, and G .3 towmship 42 north, range 30 
 west. 
 
 Onog7'acem. 
 
 Epilobium spicatiini, L. R.- township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 
 G^rossidacem. 
 
 Ril>es iaonstris, Poir.; township 42 north, range 24 west, 
 floridurn, L’Her.; township 42 north, range 30 west, 
 mhmm, L.; township 43 north, range 33 west, 
 aibinervium, Mx.; township 43 north, range 33 w. 
 
 Saxif raaj acem . 
 
 Mitella nuda, township 43 north, range 31 'west. 
 
 Umbeliifercc, 
 
 Sanicula Marylandica, L,; township 42 north, range 31 we^t. 
 
 Ai'aliacecB. 
 
 Araiia niidicaulis, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 racemosa, L.; township 43 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Panax quinquefoliayL.; township 43 north, range 34 west. 
 
 Cornacece, 
 
 Cornus stolonifera, Mx.; towmship 42 north, range 30 west. 
 Canadensis, L.; towniship 41 north, range 26 west. 
 
 • florid a, L. 
 
 , CaprifoliacecB. 
 
 Lanicera parveflora, Lam.; township 41 north, range 26 west, 
 ciliata, Muhl.; township 45 north, range 28 west, 
 oblongifolia, Hook.; township 43 north, range 30 west. 
 Limana borealis, Gron. 
 
 Diervilla trifida, Moench; township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 Sambiicus pubens, Mx.; township 46 north, range 33 west. 
 Tiburnum lentago, L.; township 48 north, range 35 west. 
 
 opulus, L.; township 44 north, range 32 west, 
 acerifolium, L. ; township 43 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Rubiacece, 
 
 Galium aparine, L.; township 41 north, range 26 west. 
 
 asprellum, Mx.; township 42 north, ranges 26 west, 
 obtusum, B. W.; township 42 north, range 26 west 
 Mitahella repens, L. ; township 43 north, range 27 west. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 879 
 
 Yalerkmacem. 
 
 Valeriana sylvatica, Herb., Banks. 
 
 var. nliginosa^ T. and G. 
 
 Composite, 
 
 Aster punicens, L.; township 46 norths, range 29 west. 
 
 macrophylius, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Solidago latifoiia, L.; township 43 north, range 30 west. 
 
 neglecta, T. and G.; township 47 north, range 29 west. 
 Achillea miliefolia, L.; township 41 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Antennaria dioica, Goirtu; township 41 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Cirsimn muticurn, Mx.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Nabulus altus, Hook. ; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Campanular.ece . 
 
 Campanula rolundifolia, VV.; township 42 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Ericacce. 
 
 Andromea poiifolia, Mx. ; township 45 north, range 28 west, 
 
 calycnlata, W.; townships 42 and 43 north, ranges 26 and 2T 
 west. 
 
 Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, L.; township 50 north, range 36 west. 
 Gaultheria procumbens, L.; township 42 north, range 27 west. 
 
 . hispidula, M. ; township 41 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Kalmia ^lauca, A. ; township 41 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Epigea repens, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Ledum latifoliurn. A.; township 43 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Vaccinium resendrum, L.,* township 49 north, range 30 west. 
 
 corymbosum, L.^ township 42 north, range 32 west. 
 Pennsylvanicum, Mx. • township 49 north, range 35 west- 
 Oxycoccus macrocarpus, P.; township 41 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Pyrola secunda, L. ^ township 41 north, range 24 west. 
 
 chlai*antha, Swartz.; township 43 north, range 28 west, 
 uniflora, L.; township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata, W.; township iPnorth, range 26 west. 
 
 AquifoUaeecB, 
 
 Memopantlies Canadensis, L.; township 50 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Prinos vertieiilatus, L.; township 49 north, range 31 west. 
 
 PrimulaccB. 
 
 Trientalis Americana, Ph.; township 41 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Lentibulacea. 
 
 Utriculaiia cornuta, Mx. ; township 42 north, range 31 west. * 
 
 Scrophvlariacece. 
 
 Pedicularis Canadensis, L.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 
 LabiatcB, 
 
 Mentha borealis, Mx.; township 45 north, range 35 west. 
 
 Prunella xuigaris, L.; township 42 north, range 25 west. 
 
880 
 
 Conoolonlacem, 
 
 'Calystegia spithamseus; L.; township 45 north; range 28 west. 
 
 GentianmecB, 
 
 'Gentiana saponaria, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, L.j township 42 north, range 28 west, 
 
 Oleacece, 
 
 iFraxinus samhucifolia, Lam. 
 acuminata, Lam. 
 quadrangulata, W. 
 
 Aristochiacem. 
 
 Asamm Canadense, L.; township 43 north, range 33 west. 
 
 PhymelacecB. 
 
 Direa palustris, L.; tov/nship 43 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Ulmacem. 
 
 'Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 
 
 Capulifera. 
 
 ‘Quercus alba, L.; township 41 north, range 30 west. 
 
 bicolor, Willa .5 township 50 north, range 32 west, 
 coccinea, Wang.; township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 Fajus ferruginea, Ait. 
 
 Gorylus rostrata, Ait. 
 
 Carpinus Americana, W.; township 42 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Betidace(E, 
 
 Betula papyracea, Ait. 
 
 .populifolia, Ait. 
 excelsa, Ait. 
 glandulosa, Willa. 
 
 -Ainus serratula, Willa. 
 
 Myvimeem, 
 
 « ^ 
 
 ‘Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait.; township 41 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Salicacem. 
 
 'Salix Mulenhurgiana, Willa; township 45 north, range 28 west. 
 Populus tremuloides, Mx. 
 balsamifera, W. 
 
 UrticacecB. 
 
 Humulus Lupiilus, L.; township 42 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Conifer m, 
 
 .-v 
 
 tlPimis resinosa. Lamb; township 50 north, range 36 west 
 banksiana, Lamb; township 49 north, range 35 west, 
 strobus, L.; township 42 north, range 30 west. 
 
L.AjiSti 
 
 to? Mill J 
 
 RED 
 
 LAY. 
 
 1 i**" 
 
 
 .Stlvei' Moiuitaaii 
 
 
 ✓ ^ 
 / 
 
 G R E eJ N S T O 
 
 I ( 
 
 ,s ^ J^Z TZrL 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 
 c O T r e c 1 1. o TV 
 
 
 
 X L rvey 
 
 
 XV 
 
 rSi 
 
 TAb 
 
 AND’ 
 
 ACIWUfe /SLAT 
 
 
 W, 
 
 the Nortlicm Peninsula 
 
 OF MICHIGAN 
 
 SUnVEYED BY 
 
 'W^A.BP-MT ms. 
 
 THE TEAR 
 
 1846 
 
 Lith-.ljy ^I'^Wflbcr 4 C^, Bilto. 
 
 \ 
 
 h/o r n/b /l1 n q e 
 
 T E S 
 
 
 
 y~\ 
 
 XXXV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 #' 
 
 \ X. 
 
 
 ,c ' '^xl 
 
 
 
 
 XXXIV XXXIII 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 CALCTF/ERQ U S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L ' -S# 
 
 T ■/ h 
 
 S - — 
 
 XXXII XXXI \' 
 
 \K 
 
 ^iPe 
 
 .f*fT' of 11 , r 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 XXX 
 
 XXIX 
 
 XXVIII 
 
 ^' Q r r e, c^ i o n 
 
 ■^XXVii/ XXVI 
 
 % 
 
 \^: 
 
 lyijL e, 
 
 XXVv 
 
 XXIV 
 
 BAD WATER EVDIAIVS 
 
Pinus Americana; Mx. j townships 42 and 43 north; ranges 26 and 27 
 west. 
 
 CanadensiS; L.; township 42 north; range 25 west, 
 valsamea; L. 
 
 negra, Ait. ; township 43 north; range 27 west. 
 
 Thuja occidentalis; L.; township 43 north; range 27 west. 
 
 Taxus CanadensiS; W.j township 48 north; range 35 west. 
 
 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 AracecB. 
 
 Arum triphyllum; L.- township 42 north; range 30 west. 
 
 Calla palustris; W. ; township 43 north; range 30 west. 
 
 TyphacecB. 
 
 Typha latifolia; L. 
 
 Archidacecb. 
 
 CaJopogon pulchellum, Br.; township 45 north; range 28 west. 
 
 Goodyera pubescens; W. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglassoides; R. Brown ^ township 42 north; range 24 wes 
 Cypripediiini acaule; Ait.; township 42’ north, range 31 west. 
 
 parviflorum, Willa.; township 41 north, range 27 west, 
 spectabile, S. W.; township 41 north, range 27 west. 
 
 SmilacecB, 
 
 Smilax rotundifolia, h, 
 
 Ldliacece. 
 
 I 
 
 Erythronium Americanuin, Smith. 
 
 Allium triccjccum, A. 
 
 sessilifolia, L.; township 43 north, range 30 west, 
 perfoliata, L.; township 43 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Melanthacece, 
 
 Trillium erectum, L.; township 42 north, range 32 west. 
 
 Oyperacem, 
 
 Eriophorum Virginicum, L. 
 
 Carex .plantaginia, Lam. ; townships 42 and 43 north, ranges 24 and 25 
 
 folliculata, L.; township 42 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Graminem, 
 
 Piptatherara racemosum, S.; township 43 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Panicum pubescens, L. K. 
 
 Bromus pubescens, M. ; townsTiip 43 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Part- ii — 56 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 882 
 
 ACROGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 EquisetacecB. 
 
 Eqiiisetum hyemale^ L.; township 42 north, range 26 west. 
 
 syivaticum^ L.; township 41 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Lycopodiacem. 
 
 LyGopodium complanatum, L. 
 
 deudroedeum, L.; township 42 north, range 24 west,^ 
 annotinum, L.; township 42 north, range 31 west, 
 lucidulum, Mx. 
 
 Filices, 
 
 Polypodium calcareum, Sm. 
 
 Woodwardia Yirginica, S. W.; township 42 north, range 27 west. 
 Adianturn pedatum, L.; township 42 north, range 27 west. 
 Botrychium Virginicum, W. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF BELA HUBBARD. 
 
 Genefcti report up07i the geology and topography of the district on Lake 
 Supetibr subdivided by S. W. Higgins and Bela Hubbard^ deputy 
 surveyors yin 1846; loith tabular ^statement of specimens collected > 
 
 Topographical features. 
 
 The district embraced by the returns of subdivisions herewith made, 
 lies in two divisions, which have somewhat distinct geological as well 
 as topographical features, though belonging to the same general system. 
 The first includes townships 51, 52, and 53 north, ranges 37 and 38 
 west; townships 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 north, ranges 35 and 36 west; 
 and townships 53 and 54 north, range 34 west; or that portion of the 
 whole district which lies east from the Ontonagon river, and west of 
 Portage lake. The second includes township 51 north, ranges 41, 42, 
 43, and 44 west, being that portion of the surveyed district which lies 
 west from the Ontonagon, and embraces the northerly segment of the 
 Porcupine mountains. 
 
 TWe portion included in the first division presents, as its most striking 
 features, a broad range of elevated and knobby country, occupied or im- 
 mediately underlaid hy trap rocks. The part thus characterized, occupies 
 an average and very nearly uniform breadth of about four miles. A line 
 drawn diagonally from near the southwest corner of township 51 north, range 
 38 west, to the northeast corner of township 54 north, range 34 west, 
 would pass along nearly the central anti^^most elevated portion of the 
 range. These elevated ridges and knobs do not exhibit the same contin- 
 uity that distinguishes the trap ranges of Keweenaw point. In its general 
 features the trap region exhibits a high and rolling country, bccasionally rising 
 into knobs which attain an elevation, as estimated, of from 400 to 900 feet 
 above Lake Superior. It is much broken by the deep valleys of the larger 
 :StreamS; which in several instances cut entirely across the trap. This is 
 
883 
 
 [1 3 
 
 the case with Misery^ Sleeping, and Fire-steel rivers, which in some 
 places cross the hilly country through gorges a hundred feet intdepth. 
 Though irregular in size and frequency, the hills have a general course 
 northeasterly and southwesterly, and are crossed at nearly right- angles by 
 valleys and the ravines of streams. 
 
 The ascent to the hilly region from the lake coast is very gradual, the 
 whole intervening country being level, or but gently undulating. This 
 portion is watered by the larger streams, which, after leaving the hills^ 
 descend to the lake with a very equable, though rapid flow, and in a very 
 direct course, conformable with the dip of the rocks. Fire-steel river may 
 be ascended by canoes to its sources in the hills. Few of the other 
 streams can be considered as thus navigable, even for much shorter dis- 
 tances. The numerous branches of these streams, and smaller streams 
 which rise at points intermediate between the hills and the lake coast, 
 water the. whole region abundantly. Among the hills in township 53, 
 ranges 35 and 52 north, 34 west, are numerous lakes of very pure water, 
 occupying areas of a few acres to a half mile. 
 
 The trap portion of the country, which, in the vicinity of Portage lake, 
 is distinguishable only by low roiling hills, timbered chiefly with the sugar- 
 maple, rises gradually in proceedingsouthwest, and the protrusion of the rock 
 through the soil becomes more and more frequent, until the highest eleva- 
 tion is attained near the Ontonagon river. The hills have there resached 
 an elevation probably of little less than 1,000 feet, and present on the 
 south a bare and almost perpendicular cliff of rock. At the sources of 
 Fire-steel river some knobs were estimated to be 900 feet in height, while 
 eastward from this none were estimated to exceed TOO feet. The highest 
 of these knobs does not exceed 100 feet above the surrounding valleys, 
 and is usually much less. Their steepest escarpments are generally on the 
 south and east. 
 
 In general all the rocks are covered, more or less, with the mixed mate- 
 rials of the drift formation and the tertiary clays, though the character of 
 the soils partakes somewhat of, and is influenced by, the nature of the 
 underlying rock. The immediate soil is therefore, in great part, a sandy 
 loam, the materials of which are derived from the primary trap and sand- 
 stone rocks. In but few places dpes the clay constitute the upper soil, 
 though it is frequently found underlying at the depth of a few feet, and 
 occasionally the soil itself is a red clay loam. 
 
 The level or undulating country between the trap hills and the lake 
 may, in general, be denominated second-rate land, portions occasionally 
 deserving to be called first-rate, but more often descending to third-rate. 
 Hemlock is the prevailing timber, mix^ed with sugar, yellow birch, balsam, 
 cedar, and alder. Marshes and swamps, mostly covered with cedar, are of 
 occasional occurrence, and sometimes occupy areas of several miles. 
 
 The approach to that portion of the country which is underlaid by trap, 
 is, in general, marked by an almost immediate change in the character of 
 the vegetation; that of the latter being a luxuriant growth of sugar-maple, 
 lynn, birch, hemlock, and pine. The sugar tree is greatly predominant, 
 a large proportion of which is of the varieties known as the curled and 
 bird’s-eye. Some red oak is found on the ridges, and pines occur scattered 
 over the country. The trees are of large size, it being not uncommon to 
 find pines of five feet diameter, and sugar trees of two feet. The soil 
 varies from a coarse gravel to a fine dark loam, usually inclining to sandy, 
 but occasionally argillaceous. This soil is composed in part of drift, being: 
 
884 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 a mixture of pebbles^ from the size of a hen’s egg down^ of every variety 
 of rock known in the region; with quartzose sand; and in part of disin- 
 tegrated portions of the rock below. Together these constitute a soii 
 easily tilled; yet sufficiently tenacious; and which will; without doubt; 
 prove exceedingly fertile. Indeed; when it is considered that the sub- 
 stances which compose the trap rocks are eminently calculated to give 
 fertility; an observation which is confirmed by the fact that some of the 
 most fertile soils in Europe are from this rock; we may not hesitate to 
 pronounce the soil of the trap country of Lake Superior to be unexcelled; 
 for the varied qualities of a good soil; by any in the world. Nor should 
 we neglect to notice that among the pebbles of the drift portion of thiS; as 
 well as nearly all the soils examined; are many of limestone. They are 
 found from the lake shore to the summits of the highest trap rangeS; and 
 in sufficient abundance to affect; without doubt; the character of the soiL 
 We have but to add these facts to the advantages afforded by a finely- 
 varied surface, abundant water and water-power; a climate admitting the 
 production of all the staple articles of the northern States — in fact; much 
 more equable than that of New England — to be convinced that this region; 
 in an agricultural point of vieW; has been far underrated. 
 
 The huge uplifts which compose the Porcupine mountains approach 
 much nearer the coast of the lake than the trap rocks of the other di- 
 vision of the surveyed district; the ascent is more bold; and they some- 
 times form abrupt and lofty precipices. While the knobs of these ranges 
 have no continuous direction for any very considerable distances; they 
 preserve a general parallelism with those <^f the Keweenaw range: more 
 strictly; they will be found conformable to the general trend of the coast. 
 They compose a series of conical knobS;, with intervening elevated 
 ground; arranged in three somewhat distinct parallel ranges. The con- 
 tinuity iS; however; much broken up; and frequent outlying knobs give 
 a seeming confusion and want of any general bearing. In township 51 
 north; range 43 west; the outermost of these ranges rises into a very 
 conspicuous and continuous ridgC; having an elevation; as estimated; of 
 from 900 to 1;050 feet above Lake Superior, at a distance from it of one 
 and a half mile. This ridge, which continues unbroken for nearly six 
 miles, slopes gradually down to the coast on the north side, while on the 
 south the descent is precipitous over a cliff of trap rock, having an almost 
 perpendicular height of from 300 to 400 feet. The principal knobs of the 
 other ranges vary from 500 to 800 feet, in one instance rising to the esti- 
 mated height of 1,000 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 The most considerable streams of this district are Iron, Carp, and 
 Pewebek rivers; the former is by far the largest, having an average of 
 more than two chains width through the district. In general the streams 
 are small. 
 
 Except where rock shows itself in the steep escarpments of the hills; 
 and occasionally in the beds of the streams, this whole country is covered 
 with the drift formation, consisting of deposites of red clay and sand. 
 The union of this with the disintegrated rock of the country, has given 
 character to the soil and timber. Sugar-maple predominates throughout 
 the trap and elevated portions, while hemlock is the prevailing timber 
 upon the lower lands. 
 
 This effect of the underlying rock upon the character of the vegetation 
 is particularly observable when, from the summit of a high knob, the eye 
 
885 
 
 [U 
 
 wanders over the extended landscape. It sees cone after cone rising up 
 from amid open groves, to which the sugar-maple, lynn, and elm, mingled 
 with a few pines, birch, and evergreens, give an enlivening character, 
 elothing the hills to their summits, while over the plains below, based 
 upon the sandrock, is spread more sombre coloring, occasioned by the 
 prevalence of hemlock and cedar, the dark shades of which are some- 
 what relieved^ by the light foliage of the silver birch and, aspen, or the 
 scarlet berries* of the mountain ash. 
 
 Tertianj clays. 
 
 In proceeding westerly from the Portage, portions of the coast inter- 
 mediate between the cliffs of sandrock will be found to be frequently 
 composed of clay. Between Salmon Trout and Elm rivers., these rise 
 with very uniform elevation to from 50 to 80 feet. The clay is of a red- 
 dish color, but considerably lighter than that of the red sandrock. It 
 contains numerous pebbles, which are composed of sandrock, the sev- 
 eral varieties of trap, granite, and quartzose rocks; when found suffi- 
 ciently free from these, it is well adapted to practical uses. There is a 
 close analogy between the character of the argillaceous material which 
 composes this deposite, and that which makes up a large portion of the 
 conglomerate and slaty trap, hereafter described. 
 
 This deposite is found to cover the sandrock very universally from 
 •the coast far into the interior, and not unfrequently surrounds the bases 
 of the hills and fills the sides of the gorges, though almost every where it is 
 capped and generally concealed by the sand and gravel of the drift formation. 
 "The deposite ""thickens in proceeding westward, and is seen on the On- 
 itonagon, at about five miles from the mouth, in a cliff of a hundred feet in 
 height. Farther up the stream it increases in thickness, and at the forks 
 arises into steep hills of 200 to 300 feet, restii% tipon the trap. Westerly 
 from this basin it again gradually thins, and among the Porcupine hills 
 is rarely seen. In this clay have been found many large boulder massed 
 of copper among the branches of the Ontonagon. 
 
 Rocks. 
 
 X • i 
 
 In the portion of the surveyed district eastward from the Ontonagon 
 but three classes of rocks were met with, and these have an order of suc- 
 cession analogous to those of Point Keweenaw, viz: trap, conglomerate, 
 and sandrock; the characters of each of which will be separately described. 
 
 In the Porcupine mountains the several rocks may be said to form 
 series of concentric arcs, invariably dipping outwards. The character 
 and regularity of this change in the dip is very apparent on the coasts 
 which is composed of a trappose brown sandrock. The dip is seen to shift 
 g^radu ally from an easterly direction at Iron river, to a northwesterly one at 
 /Carp river, varying from 20° to 45° in amount. The rocks of the hills, 
 'vvith the intervening valleys, compose an alternating series of beds of 
 g;reenstone^ amygdaloid, and red slaty trap, trap conglomerate, and trap- 
 pose sandrock. These are flanked by a black argillaceous slate, which 
 is interspersed between the outer mass of mixed conglomerate and sand- 
 >rock, and. the red variegated sandrock, and makes an outcrop in one 
 
£ 1 ] 886 
 
 ■place only in the district; and that over a very limited area at the mouth^^^ 
 of Iron river. 
 
 Following the streams at the bases of the hills^ these several varieties 
 of trap; sandstone; and conglomerate rocks may be sometimes seen suc- 
 cessively dipping beneath each other several times in the space of a few 
 rodS; the beds varying from three or four to several hundred feet in thick- 
 ness. So much are the rocks concealed from observation^ as to render it 
 impracticable to determine the number or exact order of these.alternations, 
 or the proportions they bear to each other. The greenstone and amyg- 
 daloid rocks seem to predominate. The total thickness of these beds 
 must be very great; and though this portion of the district (embracing; as 
 it doeS; but a mere segment of the probable area of the trappose rocks) 
 does not furnish sufficient data for a full conclusion; some estimate may 
 be arrived at; assuming the average dip to be 20^; and the average dis- 
 tance from the coast to the correction line: allowing the line of dip to be 
 five mileS; the total thickness of all the rocks which compose that portion 
 of the Porcupine ranges ; which is within the present survey; is 9;240- 
 feet. This calculation; it should be observed; does not include any por- 
 tion of the red and gray sandrock formiation; the rock of the coast west 
 from Iron river being considered as a member of the conglomerate. In^ 
 fact; all the rocks within this area may be considered as of a trappose 
 origin. 
 
 T?^ap, 
 
 The great trap range already described; extending from the Portage- 
 lake to the Ontonagon river; as it is but a prolongation of that of Ke~ 
 v/eenaw point; bears also a close analogy to the greenstone and amyg- 
 daloid of the latter. The high knobs are composed mostly of greenstone^ 
 which is usually hard and compact. It sometimes approaches a crystal- 
 line structure; in wffiich the felspar and hornblende are aggregated in dis- 
 tinct grains; but generally the constituent parts of the mass are so blended 
 as not to be separately discernible to the eye. This character of rock iS; 
 however; far from composing the whole of the great mass designated as: 
 trap; nor does it seem possible to consider the latter as a single dike or 
 contemporaneous uplift; for though the compact variety usually com- 
 poses the greater part of the cliff; the entire mass will be found to consist 
 of vegulaHy disposed and alternating beds of greenstone and amygdaloid; 
 the latter sometimes giving place to epidote. The occurrence of thiS; as 
 well as of the other minerals of the trap, will be more particularly alluded 
 to when we come to describe the relations of the minerals and veins to^ 
 those rocks. These alternating beds vary in thickness from two to 
 twenty feet, commonly; though they sometimes much exceed this. They 
 give an appearance of stratification to the masS; and their dip is yery uni- 
 formly towards the lake; and at right-angles to the bearing of the hills. 
 
 These observations will apply also to that portion of the surveyed dis- 
 trict embracing the jPorcupine mountains. Associated; however; with the 
 greenstone and amygdaloid of that country; appears an argillaceous and' 
 silinous rock, which, though we have classed it among the trap rocks, is^ 
 very distinguishable from all the other varieties of trap, and is therefore- 
 entitled to a separate description. This rock occurs in belts, alternating: 
 
887 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ' with thosB which make up the mass of the Porcupine ranges, and possi- 
 bly may be regarded as a volcanic mud^ altered and hardened by its vicin- 
 ity to rocks of igneous origin. 
 
 The arrangement exhibited by these rocks has been alluded to as one of 
 apparent stratification. While we desire to avoid any theoretical conclu- 
 sions as to the mode of their formation; we cannot but observe that the 
 character of the entire trap fornLation is rather that of a succession of 
 overflows; than of simultaneous uplift in mass; in other wordS; it may be 
 considered as made up of beds of the dilferent kinds superimposed upon 
 each other. It has been already observed that in the Porcupine ranges;, 
 the trap; sandstone; and conglomerate beds compose part of these alter- 
 nations, in deposites of greatly varying thickness. It is difficult to re- 
 concile the frequency of these interpositions, the comparative thicknesses 
 of the beds, and the few signs of disturbance, vrith the supposition of a 
 protrusion of the trap, as an igneous mass from beneath, through the 
 strata of the overlying sedimentary rocks. We would not be understood 
 to assert that no uplift of the trap has taken place, but me|*ely to distin- 
 guish between the mode of formatiori of the several rdcks, and the subse- 
 quent and general uplift, by which the whole series has been thrown from 
 a horizontal; and inclined at the angle at which we now find them. 
 
 In common with all the rocks, the trap is traversed by frequent joints 
 or fissures. This is particularly apparent in the greenstone, which is cut 
 by three series of such fissures ; and it is observable that these have a cor- 
 respondence with the strike and dip of the mass, as well as with its me- 
 talliferous veins. Of these joints, one is conformable in its course to the 
 strike of the beds, and its underlie conforms in direction to their dip, va- 
 rying from 30^ to 80^ in amount. This is cut by another and vertical 
 joint; the course of which is at right-angles with the first mentionedj and 
 agreeing with the line of dip of the beds. It seldom varies more than 10^ 
 from this direction or from a vertical. A third but less conspicuous joint 
 sometimes cleaves both the others at nearly right angles, its underlie 
 being opposed to the first mentioned. Thus the greenstone is separated 
 into blocks of varying size, and approximating in form a cube or rectan- 
 gular prism. 
 
 Hed,^ slaty ^ argillaceous aiuLsilicious rock. 
 
 It has been already mentioned, that alternating with the several rocks 
 that compose the Porcupine mountains is a hard rock of red color, fine- 
 grained, and sub- slaty in structure. It is evidently trappose in character, 
 but is at the same time quite argillaceous, and sufficiently silicious to 
 strike fire under the hammer. Its color varies from a light.to a dark brick- 
 red., in character and composition it bears a strong resemblance to the 
 cementing portion of the conglomerate rock of the country. ^In some 
 places this rock is traversed irregularly by numerous small veins of calc 
 spar, and so filled is the rock with these eis to give it a spongy appearance. 
 Rock of this character constitutes a step or elevated ledge upon the ex- 
 treme northeasterly flank of the mountains, where it forms a cliff rising 
 10 or 15 feet above the superimposed amygdaloidal trap that composes the 
 hill side below. The more compact variety is met with in several of the 
 streams at the bases of the hills in T. 5J N., R. 42 west, and is in small 
 
888 
 
 m 
 
 bands frequently of but two or three feet thickness; interposed between* 
 greenstone and amygdaloid. Further south this rock is seen rising into 
 occasional knobs; and appears to constitute a large proportion of the great 
 body of trap rocks which unites the Porcupine with the Ontonagon ranges. 
 
 This rock; though sufficiently hard; will probably be found ill suited 
 to building purposes; in consequence of the numerous joints fey which it 
 is broken; frequently into fragments of less than an inch diametero No 
 ores w^ere discovered in connexion with this rock. 
 
 Conglomerate. 
 
 In the portion of the district eastwardiy from the Ontonag'oii; there will 
 be observed in a few placeS; resting upon the greenstone and amygdaloid 
 of the northerly escarpment of hills , and holding the same relative posi- 
 tion as upon the northerly flank of Point Keweenaw range; a large body 
 of conglomerate. But while this formation agrees in position and general 
 character with the latter; it differs from that in several of its features. It 
 is a less continuous depositC; existing in apparently isolated bodies; and 
 it is thus seen through townships 51 and 52; range 37; among the head- 
 waters of Fire-steel river; rising into conical knobs and rounded ridges 
 having an elevation above Lake Superior of about 600 feet. Easterly 
 from here until beyond the Portage lake, this formation; if it has not 
 thinned entirely away; is covered by the drift too deeply to be visible; 
 though a loW; broad ridgO; secondary to the trap ranges; may occasion- 
 ally be seen skirting their southerly escarpment; which may with much 
 probability be attributed to the presence of this formation. 
 
 This conglomerate differs also from that of the northerly side of Ke- 
 weenaw point; it being composed of pebbles which are in general less 
 water- worn; and often quite angular. These are also less strongly ce- 
 mented; the mass being often so friable as to render it difficult to obtain 
 a perfect hard specimen. In both these respects this conglomerate bears 
 a close resemblance to that of the southerly side of Point Keweenaw. 
 The cementing material is imperfectly silicious; and becomes readily 
 resolved at the surface into a fine reddish clay; which forms a fertile soil. 
 The analogous character of this clay to that of the great tertiary deposite 
 has been already adverted to. The pebbles are invariably of trap in its 
 several varieties; and they vary in size from a foot in diameter to the frac- 
 tion of an inch; the average being two or three inches. 
 
 The conglomerate of the Porcupine mountain district is of similar char- 
 acter. It is seen rising on their northerly flank to the height of 600 feet; 
 and composes the summit of one of the conical knobs a few miles west 
 from Iron river. This large deposite is overlaid by a mass of amygdaloid; 
 to which succeeds the brown trappose sandrock, or rather mixed sand- 
 rock and conglomerate; Avhich constitutes the coast. 
 
 Besides these comparatively extensive deposites; several level beds 
 occur intermediate between the trap rocks that compose the chief part of 
 the Porcupine ranges. The latter sometimes assumes a slaty character; 
 resembling the red slaty trap already described; in which the cementing 
 portion often constitutes more than half of the entire mass. From the 
 impossibility of obtaining accurate data in regard to the dip; we were not 
 able to determine the thickness of the larger deposites with any exact- 
 ness. That of any single mass will not probably exceed 2;000 feet; 
 
889 [ 1 ] 
 
 though the aggregate thickness of the several beds may possibly exceed 
 twice that amount. 
 
 Black argillaceous slate. 
 
 This rock has been already alluded to as occupying a position inter- 
 mediate between the outer or trap sandrock of the Porcupine mountains 
 and the red sandrock. It is seen in the bed and banks of Iron river, 
 for almost two miles from its mouth, where it consists, of layers warying 
 in thickness from a half inch to two feet. The thicker strata are of dark 
 gray color, but in the thin layers it approaches a black. The latter por- 
 tion is fine-grained and highly argillaceous. The thicker strata are more 
 coarsely grained, and approach the character of sandrock in the lower 
 portions. Numerous small specks of mica are visible throughout the 
 mass. In the texture of this rock there is so close an analogy to the red 
 sandrock which overlies, that it may perhaps safely be regarded as a mem- 
 ber of that formation. 
 
 Besides the well marked places of deposition, the rock is much traversed 
 by joints; the most numerous, regular, and persistent of which haVe a 
 course nearly north and south, or more commonly N. 10^ to 20*^ W. 
 These are crossed by another series, which have a course about N. 50^ 
 to 60^ E.; but the latter are less regular, are often curved, and frequently 
 are stopped by the joints first mentioned. Both are nearly vertical. The 
 fracture of the rock is conchoidal. 
 
 Though this rock makes but a very limited outcyop within the sur- 
 veyed district, it is supposed to skirt the Porcupine mountain formations 
 in a narrow band along the whole northerly flank, mostly beneath the 
 waters of the lake, as far west as Montreal river; while to the eastward of 
 these mountains it performs a more sudden curve, sweeping to the south, 
 until it meets the trappose rocks of the Ontonagon range at their union 
 with these of the Porcupine mountains. Its dip at the mouth of Iron 
 river is 25° E. of N.; at three-fourths of a mile up it dips to the east, and 
 at another half mile the dip is 20° S, of E., being from 18° to 20° in 
 amount. Before reaching the Ontonagon this formation either thins out 
 or becomes merged in the sandrock, for it was not met with east of that 
 river. 
 
 Some minerals were found in this rock; which will be referred X6 under 
 the head of veins. 
 
 Redy or red and gray sandrock. 
 
 This rock, the uppermost of the whole series in the portion of the 
 ^surveyed district between Portage lake and the Ontonagon, is found 
 flanking the other rocks on their northerly slope, and underlying the 
 broad tract of level or undulating country between the hilly ranges and 
 the lake coast. The latter consequently is composed of this rock, with 
 the exception of some clay cliffs and broad layers of sand and shingle, as 
 far west as Iron river. It is exposed in ledges of from 6 to 50 feet in 
 height, coniposed of nearly horizontal layers of sandrock and shales. The 
 latter are thin and fissile, breaking out in pieces seldom exceeding a half 
 inch in thickness. The harder strata, which embraces^nine-tenths of thp 
 whole mass, vary in thickness from an inch to several feet. In general 
 
890 
 
 m 
 
 the upper portions of the cliffs are of hard and uniform strata^ ancf very 
 frequently of a light gray color; while the portions beneath^ which are of. 
 a brick' red, are more soft and pliable, and portions consist of soft, thin 
 shales. This character occasions the rock, where exposed to the action 
 of fhe surf, to wear away irregularly. The cliffs in consequence often 
 present a picturesque scene of caves, separated by rounded pillars, and 
 roofed by the thicker overlying strata. 
 
 This rock is traversed by numerous and nearly vertical fissures or joints, 
 forming a double series, the directions' of which have a degree of uni- 
 formity, the result, undoubtedly, of some general law. 
 
 The most numerous of these have a genera] parallelism, and pursue 
 very uniform straight lines; their course varying at different places in the 
 district, from 10*^ to 30^ on either side of the meridian. 
 
 These are cut by a second series of joints at an angle with them of from 
 60^ to 80®. The latter are less persistent and uniform than the former. 
 This structure is sometimes rendered very conspicuous along the coast, 
 where the harder strata have been brought by the dip to the water’s edge. 
 Here the loastin^ of the cliff is sometimes checked by one of these princi- 
 pal fissures , and presents a smooth and vertical wall of rock for a distance 
 of several hundred feet, the uniform height and regularity of the layers 
 giving the appearance of a work of art. It will thus be seen that this 
 rock is cut by its jointed structure into rhomboidal-shaped masses, which 
 are easily removable in blocks of from one to several feet diameter. 
 Many of these would serve a good purpose for building. Westerly from 
 Sleeping river, rock of a deep brown or Indian-red color composes the 
 coast, the texture of which is somewhat more indurated than the other 
 sandrock; and this, as well as the brown sandrock of the coast in the por- 
 tion of the district west from the Ontonagon, is capable of furnishing much 
 very durable material for building purposes. 
 
 Mineral veins. 
 
 If we regard veins as merely fismres in the rocky strata, that have 
 afforded the most convenient receptacles for the deposite of mineral sub- 
 stances, we would naturally be led to look for mineral veins in most 
 if not all the rocks we have been describing, for we have seen the man- 
 ner in which these are all traversed by fissures or joints, which are often 
 of great length and depth; and, indeed, we find this to be the case, to 
 some extent, with each class of rocks, for each has its characteristic 
 minerals, and these are most commonly aggregated in the form of veins, 
 or filling the fissures in the rocky beds. Thus we find the fissures of the 
 sandrock and conglomerate frequently filled with calc spar, barytes, the 
 carbonates, oxides, and sulphurets of copper, &c.; but few, if any, large 
 or 'important veins have been discovered that are productive to any 
 valuable extent, unless in immediate association with trap rock. 
 
 The fissures alluded to as belonging to the jointed structure of the 
 different classes of rocks are doubtless the result of a cause, or more 
 properly a law, uniform and universal in its operations, and which has 
 occasioned equal uniformity throughout each particular rock, in the size 
 and directions of the fractures. In the true veins of the district, it is evi- 
 dent, we must look for some different or at least modifying cause, for, 
 though pursuing a direct course, when considered in their entire length 
 
the la*0ter are both irregular or zigzag in outline; and of greatly varying' 
 width . 
 
 The black slate of Iron river ailbrds good examples of the former kind 
 of veins; the largest of the joints being sometimes filled with the sulphu- 
 rets of lead; irdn and copper. The most considerable of these mineral- 
 bearing seams have a nearly north and south course; that being the direc- 
 tion of the most marked and persistent of the joints. They rarely exceed 
 the sixth of an inch in width; though sometimes increasing to the fourth 
 of an inch. ThuS; apart from any unfavorable considerations that might 
 be warranted by the character and position of this rock; the fissures would 
 appear hot to be sufficiently large and open to permit the deposite of much 
 mineral; and we may therefore regard these veins as of little'^practical value.. 
 
 The trap rocks are the only ones throughout this district which it is 
 probable will afford veins of any practical importance. These rocks con- 
 tain two classes of veins ; both of which afford ores. One of these answers 
 to the definition of true veins^ being fissures nearly vertical; and which 
 have been filled subsequently to the consolidation of the rock. The other 
 we shall denominate contemporaneous veins ^ as answering nearly to that 
 description; though; doubtless; also in part deriving their mineral contents^ 
 from subsequent deposition. 
 
 It has been observed that the veins of the mineral district in general 
 have a course at right- angles to the bearing of the rocks ; or nearly so. 
 This is true of the most important of the first clasS; or true veins; their 
 courses seldom varying more than 10^ from the line of dip of the rock; 
 and corresponding to tliat of one of the series of joints by which; as 
 already mentioned; the rock is traversed. These veins ; in like manner;, 
 are vertical in their general direction downwards, but in the detail pursue 
 the same zigzag course as is observed in their horizontal extension. These* 
 veins are connected frequently with smaller entering veinS; which come 
 in at various, angles; usually a high one; and sometimes the several veins^ 
 pursue a nearly parallel course for considerable distances before union. 
 
 When these veinS; as is often the case; occupy lines of displacement;, 
 or shift in the rock; their place is sometimes indicated by a flexure of the 
 cliff; and by valleys longitudinal to the vein; and; no doubt; were the* 
 underground country more fully explored; there would be found a systerp 
 of displacements; cross-courseS; and heaveS; perfectly analogous to similar 
 phenomena exhibited in most mining countries. For the reason alluded 
 tO; these were noticed in few instances only; though they are doubtless 
 of frequent occurrence: in fact it is, rare to find an instance of the meet- 
 ing of a cross-course and vein where a displacement of one or the other 
 has not taken place. Shifts or throws were noticed; in extent from a few 
 inches to several feet. 
 
 The direction of the cross-courses frequently corresponds to the line of 
 bedding of the rock; and they apparently conform to it; though usually 
 their course is zigzag; like that of the veinS; and they preserve only a 
 general horizontal direction. They are distinctly defined by walls; and 
 though; from their apparent conformability to the bedding of the rock; 
 the}?- may sometimes be mistaken for the contemporaneous veinS; they, will 
 be found to be of different character. Our observations lead to the con- 
 clusion that the cross-courses resemble the true veins in their mineral i 
 contents; but are inferior in size and pioductiveness. Both copper and. 
 silver were detected in them ; tb© formal in a native state; and aa m sulphu-^ 
 leto 
 
892 
 
 The minerals most frequently noticed in the veins were steatite^ calc 
 spar^ zeolite^ quartz, prehnite, barytes, and epidote: with these more rarely 
 thomsonite, analcime, and a few others. Native copper, and occasion- 
 ally, though rarely, native silver, accompany these minerals — somietimes 
 disseminated through the veinstone in small irregular masses— frequently 
 so minute as to be detected only by the aid of a powerful lens; at other 
 times filling the central portion of the lode with large masses of the metal 
 in a nearly pure state. Native copper is also found not only associated 
 immediately with tliese minerals, but disseminated in small particles 
 through the rocky portions of the lode, and even sometimes filling the 
 cells of the amygdaloid for several feet beyond the walls. 
 
 As the associated minerals are not unfrequentiy the only guide to tlie 
 explorer for metallic veins, it may be important to allude with more par- 
 ticularity to the extent to which these are found associated with tlie ores. 
 Among the most abundant and. characteristic minerals in the largest and 
 most productive veins is a very dark- colored steatite, or chloritic slate. It 
 is of a dark green dolor, and has a soapy feel. The same mineral is found 
 very frequently filling the amygdules in the trap. With the veins it 
 occurs generally in masses, often forming a coat to the veinstone, varying 
 in thickness from an inch to a foot. The presence of this mineral in 
 quantity, seems to be indicative of a ^^good ground” for metal. Some 
 form of zeolite, usually laumonite or stilbite, ranks also as one of the 
 most characteristic minerals. These have a crystalline form, and are 
 usually in intimate connexion with the copper in its native state. Epi- 
 dote occurs frequently, like the zeolites, in crystalline form, and like that, 
 too, associated with the particles of native metal ; but it often appears in large 
 amorphous masses, though in this form it more frequeiitl]^ belongs, within 
 the district under consideration, to what we designate as contemporaneous 
 veins. Prehnite is found accompanying the native copper in most oi the 
 veins, and, though in less quantit3/ than the minerals just mentioned, may 
 be considered highly characteristic. Calc spar and quartz, with rockjr 
 matter, generally make up the greater portion of the vein proper, and may be 
 said to be the almost universal matrix of the ore; but, though almost 
 always accompanying the ore in the veins, their presence was not regard- 
 ed as so reliable a test as the others. All the remaining minerals were 
 found only in comparatively small quantity, and always in a crystalline 
 form. 
 
 Native silver has been found in nearly all the veins that have been ex- 
 plored to much extent; yet we are not aware that anywhere in the mine- 
 ral country has it been found in such abundance as to justify any other 
 than the cautious conclusion of Dr. Houghton, that the occurrence of this 
 metal is rare. Probably in fev/ instances does it occur in sufficient quan- 
 tity to pay an additional profit after the cost of separatioin. 
 
 Contemporaneous veins. 
 
 Another association in which copper is found is of very frequent occur- 
 rence in the district under review, though we are not aware of its occur- 
 rence on Keweenaw point. We allude to what are denominated epidote 
 veins. These are found having a course nearly at right angles with the 
 veins previously described, and they differ also in the circumstance that 
 the most prevalent mineral is epidote, in an earthy or uncrystalline form. 
 
89B 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 ✓ 
 
 Withirthis is mixed more or less native copper^ generally in small particles^ 
 bnt often composing a large proportion of the whole mass. Repeated ob- 
 servations have led us to the conclusion that this form of occurrence of 
 these minerals cannot be said to constitute true veins^ in the technical 
 sense of the term. ^ / 
 
 It has been already noticed that epidote is one of the minerals generally 
 found associated with the contents of true veins. In the veins of Ke- 
 weenaw point, comparatively little of this mineral was observed. West 
 from the Portage, and particularly in the trap ranges at the^ Ontonagon,, 
 and among the Porcupine mountains, it assumes a greatly increased pro- 
 portion, and the amygdules of the trap are often filled with it where veins 
 are absent. These amygdules frequently coalesce into larger and irregu- 
 lar masses, beds, and veins. It then seldom puts on a crystalline form,, 
 but becomes an earthy mass, or compact epidote rock. These beds, as 
 they may be called, are frequently quite extensive. They generally foP 
 low the strike of the containing rock, appearing as an interstratified por-' 
 tion of it, and dip regularly with the surrounding masses or rocky strata. 
 These beds have seldom well-defined walls, though a very distinct line 
 of separation is often apparent where the bounding rock on the one side 
 is greenstone, and amygdaloid on the other; the epidote often occurring 
 at the junction of these two rocks, or supplying the place ol the latter. 
 In general, the epidote is so blended with the trap near the junctioif as to 
 leave no regular or distinct line of demarcation; and in fact the whole 
 mass often partakes so much of the character of the including rock, that 
 it is scarcely possible to regard the two as distinct formations. The thick- 
 ness of these beds varies from a few inches to ten feet, and they have 
 been traced for the distance of half a mile. Similar beds occur, though 
 rarely, in the conglomerate. 
 
 These beds are traversed by the true veins of the country, aiid the pro- 
 ductiveness of both in metal is usually increased at the junction. In a 
 few instances, seams of clay were noticed running longitudinally with 
 the beds. 
 
 Associated with this form of epidote are pccasional bunches and irregu- 
 lar veins of radiated quartz, calc spar, zeolite, steatite, and carbonate and 
 oxide of copper. The copper which accompanies the minerals of these 
 beds is most frequently in a native state, disseminated irregularly and in 
 small particles, but sometimes in such quantity as to produce a very rich 
 ore. Beds or veins of gray sulphuret of copper are sometimes inter^trat- 
 ified with the matter of the veinstone. It is very common, however, to 
 find large masses of the epidote in beds, and blending with the ^ther ma- 
 terials of the trap, but apparently destitute of metallic minerals. 
 
 The accompanying sections will serve to illustrate the general d'^scrip- 
 tions contained in this report. 
 
 BELA HUBBARD, 
 
 Deputy Surveyor. 
 
894 
 
 Wcitalogm and description of mineral specimens collected in the district 
 on Lake Superior subdivided by Messrs. Hubbard and Higgins. 
 
 N. B. — The place on the lines where the specimea was observed, is given in chains and 
 links — north from the south end of the line, or east from west end, unless otherwise noted, 
 trhe name of a color in italics indicates a high degree of such color. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Description and remarks. 
 
 
 f 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 44 west. 
 
 A 11 
 
 25 & 36 
 
 75 
 
 00 E. 
 
 Trap, semi-crystalline, dwk gray ; hilL 
 
 
 23 & 24 
 
 18 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock, conglomerate ; lake coast ; dip N W. 20 deg. 
 
 - 
 
 23 & 26 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 Do do do do. 
 
 .B 16 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 Black slate, somewhat argillaceous ; dike 50 feet wide; 
 course southeast. 
 
 17- 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 OG 
 
 Calc spar, with grains of quartz; vein 2 feet wide; 
 lake coast. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 43 west. 
 
 A 7 
 
 23 & 24 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, dark gray. 
 
 B lU 
 
 13 & 14 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, dark gray ; fine grained. 
 
 12 
 
 13 & 14 
 
 
 
 Amygdaloid; amygdaloidals, filled with zeolite, epi- 
 dote, spar, Slc. ; wall of rock 300 feet high, and 
 1,050 fbet above Lake Superior. " 
 
 
 11 12 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 Conglomerate sandrock ; lake coast ; dip 30 deg. north, 
 10 west. 
 
 A 16 
 
 15 & 22 
 
 i 34 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, amygdaloid, dark gray: summit of cliff 400 
 feet high. 
 
 18 
 
 9 & 10 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock ; lake coast ; dip north 45 deg., west 20 deg. 
 
 9 
 
 32 & 33 ' 
 
 i 5 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 Red trap, porous ; pores filled with quartz south side 
 of hill, at base ; 630 feet high. 
 
 Amygdaloid, dark gray, hard; variable dip. 
 
 B 14 
 
 28 & 33^^ 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 28 & 33 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 Red trap quartzose, hard : low ledge ; dip north 10 deff. 
 
 14 
 
 28 & 29 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 As above, B 14. 
 
 A 15 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, semi-crystaliine, dark reddish srrav ; summit of 
 cliff 375 feet high. 
 
 
 16 & 17 
 
 18 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock, red ; dip north 30 deg. 
 
 .A 14 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, semi-crystalline, dark gray : summit of cliff 
 900 feet. 
 
 13 
 
 20 & 29 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, semi-crystalline, dark gray; summit of cliff 
 900 feet. 
 
 
 18 & 19 
 
 73 
 
 00 w. 
 
 Sandrock, brown ; lake shore ; dip northwest 20 deg. 
 
 
 17 & 18 
 
 39 
 
 00 
 
 Conglomerate sandrock, brown ; lake shore; dip north 
 20, west 20 deg. 
 
 1 
 
 Township 51 north, range 42 west. 
 
 .A 4 '’ 
 
 25 & 36 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock, dark reddish brown ; ledge foot of hill ; dip 
 northeast 30 deg. 
 
 1 
 
 13 & 24 
 
 4 
 
 GO 
 
 Sandrock, argillaceous, dark gray; fine grained; bank 
 of stream 30 feet ; dip vert. ( ?j 
 
 2 
 
 13 & 24 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock, coarse brown ; bed of Iron river. 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 river 
 
 Black argillaceous slate, with sulphuret of lead and 
 iron ; bed and falls of Iron river. 
 
 Sandrock, hard, brown, with numerous irregular veins 
 of spar ; “ loose rock.” 
 
 Epidote and calc spar, with copper (native) veinstone 
 in trap. Union Company shaft. 
 
 5 
 
 27 & 28 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 22 & 27 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 3 
 
 22 & 27 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 Epidote and calc spar, with native copper veinstone in 
 trap. Union Company shaft. 
 
 4 
 
 22 & 27 
 
 .■ 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 Epidote, (eajthy,) with copper (native) veinstone in 
 trap. Union Company shaft. 
 
Catalogue of mineral specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Description and remarks. 
 
 1 
 
 22 & 27 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 29 00 
 
 Amygdaloid ; ' amygdaloidals, filled with spar and 
 
 5 
 
 15 & 16 
 
 33 00 
 
 steatite ; bank 15 feet. 
 Amygdaloid ; dip nor^h 10 deg. 
 
 6 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 36 00 
 
 Red trap (or altered sandrock? ;) silicious, with calc 
 spar ; summit of knob 520 feet ; var. 4 deg. east. 
 Conglomerate, of the brown sandrock ; lake coast 25 
 
 7 
 
 8 & 9 
 
 26 00 
 
 A 7 
 
 29 & 32 
 
 14 00 
 
 feet ; dip north 20 deg. 
 
 Trap, dark gray ; sparry ; stream. 
 
 6 
 
 29 & 32 
 
 42 00 
 
 Trap, reddish gray ; sparry ; high rolling land. 
 
 B 8 
 
 20 & 29 
 
 22 00 
 
 Cjonglomerate of trap, ledge; var. 4 deg. east; dip 
 
 9 
 
 19 & 30 
 
 57 10 
 
 southeast. 
 
 Amygdaloid; amygdaloidals, filled with epidote, quartz, 
 
 10 
 
 17 & 20 
 
 22 00 
 
 and calc spar ; bed of stream. ' 
 
 Amygdaloid, soft and sparry ; bed of stream. 
 
 
 17 & 18 
 
 47 00 
 
 Conglomerate ; boulder ^ 
 
 D 4 
 
 35 & 36 
 
 17 00 
 
 Township 51 norths range 38 west. 
 Trap, (brecciated,) knob 300 feet high. 
 
 3 
 
 35 & 36 
 
 46 37 
 
 Trap, crystalline, dark gray ; knob. 
 
 Amygdaloid ; amygdaloidals, filled with epidote and 
 
 5 
 
 34 & 35 
 
 3 00 
 
 6 
 
 19 & 20 
 
 37 50 
 
 quartz ; knob 550 feet ; foot of hill. 
 
 Red variegated sandrock ; bed of str am ; dip hor. 
 
 C 1 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 
 Township ‘52 north, range 38 west. 
 
 Sandrock, variegated, red and gray, micaceous ; bank 
 of river ; ledge 15 feet ; dip horizontal. 
 
 Sandrock, variegated ; bed of river ; dip horizontal. 
 
 
 22 & 27 
 
 17 85 
 
 
 21 & 28 
 
 ' 10 00 
 
 Do do do do. 
 
 D 1 
 
 24 & 25 
 
 34 50 * , 
 
 Township 53 north, range 38 west. 
 
 Sandrock, dark red, micaceous, striped ; falls of Sleep- 
 
 2 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 
 ing river ; 15 feet over this rock. 
 
 Sandrock, dark brown ; coast; dip northwest 25 deg. 
 Sandrock, red ; coast ; dip northwest 20 deg. 
 Sandrock, (as above, D 1 ;) coast ; dip northwest 25 
 
 
 16 db 17 
 
 9 50 
 
 1 
 
 30 & 31 
 
 61 00 W. 
 
 € 3 
 
 22 & 23 
 
 55 80 
 
 deg. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 37 west. 
 
 Trap, compact ; dark color ; in stream deep ravine. 
 
 
 22 & 23 
 
 50 00 
 
 White sandrock ; hill. 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 26 00 
 
 Trap ; knob 30 feet. 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 34 00 
 
 Trap ; knob 20 feet. 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 34 82 
 
 Conglomerate ; knob. 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 58 00 
 
 Trap; knob. 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 70 00 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 7 00 
 
 Trap ; ledge perpendicular } 30 feet. 
 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 11 50 
 
 Trap ; knob rising out of level ground 30 feet. 
 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 17 50 
 
 Trap ; knob; couise north and south 50 feet. 
 Conglomerate ; ledge 20 feet. 
 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 20 00 
 
 3 
 
 2 & 03 
 
 28 00 
 
 See above ; wall 15 feet perpendicular, northwest and 
 
 2 
 
 '2 & 03 
 
 57 00 
 
 southeast. 
 
 Trap, crystalline, gVay ; bare knob 20 feet. 
 
 
 33 & 34 
 
 40 00 
 
 White sandrock, (supposed ;) high poplar hill. 
 
 
 21 & 22 
 
 28 00 
 
 Trap ; knob 50 feet, north and south. 
 Trap ; ledge 12 feet, perpendicular. 
 
 
 21 & 22 
 
 32 00 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 896 
 
 Catalogue of mineral specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 ■ 
 
 Distance, 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 j 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 
 
 21 & 22 
 
 49 82 
 
 
 15 22 
 
 23 50 
 
 8 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 14 ' 74 
 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 60 00 
 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 65 00 
 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 72 00 
 
 C 7 ! 
 
 16 & 2i 
 
 15 60 
 
 j 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 21 00 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 53 00 
 
 f 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 60 00 
 
 1 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 70 00 
 
 4 1 
 
 16 & 17 
 
 14 DO 
 
 i 
 
 4 & 5 
 
 73 00 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 ] 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 75 00 
 
 
 29 & 32 
 
 W. corner. 
 
 ! 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 2 50 W. 
 
 j 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 4 00 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 6 00 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 16 50 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 21 31 
 
 5 1 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 31 55 
 
 i 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 5 00 
 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 10 00 
 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 14 00 
 
 6 
 
 30 & 31 
 
 5 50 W. 
 
 D 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 7&8 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 27 53 
 
 
 18 
 
 29 00 
 
 S 6 
 
 11 & 12 
 
 31 50 
 
 
 11 & 12 
 
 32 00 
 
 
 n & 12 
 
 53 50 
 
 7 
 
 11 & 12 
 
 55 80 
 
 5 
 
 11 & 14 
 
 30 00 
 
 2 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 34 50 
 
 1 • 
 
 2 & 11 
 
 62 00 
 
 3 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 9 00 
 
 4 
 
 16 & 21 
 
 9 00 
 
 i5 
 
 36 
 
 
 Dll 
 
 13 & H 
 
 
 Description and remarks. 
 
 Trap ; high knob, north -northeast. 
 
 Trap ; summit of ridge 700 feet, anu 
 ledge 20 feet, perpendicular. 
 
 Trap ; ascend C 2 ; slope east. 
 
 Trap ; ridge, northeast and southwest. 
 
 Trap ; summit of ridge, southwest. 
 
 Trap ; ascend C 8 ; ledge. 
 
 Trap, crystalline, reddish gray ; knob. 
 
 Trap ; summit, steep on southeast side. 
 
 Trap ; ledge 50 feet perpendicular, 900 feet above Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 Trap ; knob. 
 
 Trap, foot of hill, 400 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 Trap ; amygdaloid, with sad. quartz, red-green ; amyg^ 
 Ualoidals, filled with quartz ; in stream in ravine. 
 Conglomerate ; in stream. 
 
 Conglomerate ; high knob in interior of section. 
 
 Trap; knob 100 feet, northeast. 
 
 Trap ; knobs. 
 
 Trap ; ascend ledge 40 feet; 120 feet in steps. 
 
 Do do do do. 
 
 Do do do do. 
 
 Trap ; knob, 2 chains north of line. 
 
 Trap ; ascend knob 800 feet above Lake Superior. 
 Trap ; very granular greenstone, greenish gray ; soft; 
 foot of hill. 
 
 Trap ; summit of knob. 
 
 Trap ; summit of knob, east and west. 
 
 Trap ; knob. 
 
 Trap, amygdaloidal, dark gray ; knob, 40 feet. 
 Greenstone, daik leddish gray. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 Altered sandrock ? stream. 
 
 Township 53 north, range 37 west. 
 
 Calc spar and sulphuret of barytes ; coast meandering ; 
 vein. 
 
 Toivnships 52 and 53 7iorth, range 36 west. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark gray ; knob, southeast slope. 
 
 Trap. 
 
 Same as E 6 ; trap hills, course northeast and south- 
 west. 
 
 Trap, compact, dark gray ; trap hills, course north- 
 east and southwest. 
 
 Greenstone, reddish gray ; trap hills. 
 
 Greenstone, compact, gray ; trap hills, north slope. 
 
 Same as E 6 ; middle of range. 
 
 Epidote, close-grained, but crystalline, in compact 
 trap ; summit of hill, and south escarpment. 
 
 Txap, conglomerate ; in conjunction with trap. 
 
 Veinstone, quartz, and epidote, with native copper 
 from trap knob. 
 
 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained ; bed of Elm river. 
 
Surveyed by 
 
 A. BURT D.S. 
 In flieYeaiii,ia45 
 for U/Hou^toTV 
 
 uruler saUl HaugfUjon^ coniranC 
 for surveys wifft reffrence to Mnes &^Jfiiuraly 
 
 Ijakh. b7 jLWeb er Ic. C?, B alto 
 

 
 ^lew of the ^enite hills, as seen from Hne Eiver Eav 
 
 Ehke Sup'erior. 
 
Seetion from S' W n„ of T ,'tl J\lli jO W h> Ilitron hies Lnhe Superior ki 
 
 S'ectio/i , irom month oflfOrlic 
 
 rivci\ Lakf Siiperio/- to S houudnry 
 
 of T 
 
 r 
 
 iht mi ley 
 
 flor. sctde ‘d,'l> tmles to the mch.. Vert .scale iOOO t'eet to the inch 
 
Gyt'reetiori Gne Coi'revium hue 
 
 Poi*(MipiTie Mountains 
 
 a,s‘ s-esn irmn off Fire. Steel River 
 
 .Drii\ 
 
 t f) >, 
 
 
 
 \ -N 
 
 
 V- \ 
 
 
 Red Slaty If ap Ivnp and Treippose rocRs 
 
 ft t'o r 
 
 / o riy 
 
 
 
 : ee i c ' li a 1) d \ 
 
 L ake Sup er i o r 
 
 — — " ■ ■ —. TV ^ 
 
 forigl/nn k-Thap yand ••o%f ^ 
 
 Smtion from ,S\W.(‘or of 7\P J\[ Rangt Jt2W:to NE. Cor of same at LaEr 
 
 Hor s'calt 2 miles io nn uieh.. Vert: . iOOO feet to the (.ncli 
 
 {a f Red. slaty Trapjmrnyejdahid k Grem. stone. Trap, (v-j (mujlomje.rale (dj Tvap sarulrorh., (e) Course Gray sand roch , (fj Slate, (g) 
 
 sand rock 
 
 llpiit 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Trap and 
 
 Ih-itj 
 
 ' \ \ 
 
 \ \" 
 
 \ ' W \X'.^ 
 
 ^\Vv<0\^ 
 
 e a 
 
 
 
 ^ \'X. 
 
 Tra.p p o s e rn dhs 
 
 c (I 
 
 Lak(‘ Superior 
 
 fSccfio/h ivoTii S. fj . (iff- oi T dIN Ri^dW J\^W to L ah t Sitpfsj^toj* 
 
 Sceefie seirue as ciho ve . 
 
ConHCtUm. line 
 
 1 
 
 L o okh 1 f c) Wes t 
 
 SeeHon ivoin S . J-k (hr of' I. 5/JS.Ii 3J li to mouth of f(/T Sifc! 1\IV('!‘ 
 
 Hor. Seale uir/i to the uule . l'V/7 f OO ft to on nerh 
 
 !(f Amy (fdnloid /(•/ (hru^lorurreile /efj 7/iixed eouejlnru k: sum/ ror/\ e /jeowit solid lior/i 
 
! L i LTPt:ftion 
 
 Fig-. 16 
 
 
 P O R. P H V R.Y 
 
 OJ\TTONOGON Jt 
 
BIRDS RYE “VIEYI OE C' ORDER HARR ODPu 
 
 Actermans litK. Y.Tort . 
 
•Catalogue of mineral specimens — “Continued, 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Description and remarks. 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 Township 54 norths range 36 west. 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 
 00 
 
 Sandrock, red ; coast. 
 
 ■ 
 
 29 & 30 
 
 iio 
 
 75 
 
 Sandr«ck, red ; bed of stream. 
 
 TownshAp 55 norths range 36 west. 
 
 
 24 & 25 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 Red sandrock ; cliff 75 feet high, coast. 
 
 * ^ 
 
 Township 52 norih^ range 35 west. 
 
 
 35 & 36 
 
 c 
 
 72 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 Brown sandrock ; bank of stream j dip horizontal, 
 course northeast and southwest. 
 
 
 25 & 26 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 Red and gray sandrock ; bed of stream ; dip horizontal. 
 
 
 26 & 35 
 
 
 
 Red sandstone boulders ; line. 
 
 
 26 & 27 
 
 63 
 
 00 , 
 
 Red sandstone boulders ; stream. 
 
 C12 
 
 22 & 23 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 Sandrock, light red and gray, coarse ; stream. 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, (as supposed \) hill, course northeast and south- 
 west. 
 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders, quartz and amygdaloid ; stream. 
 
 
 17 & 20 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; sides of deep valley. 
 
 
 17 & 20 
 
 54 
 
 40 
 
 Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 17 & 18 
 8 & 17 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 » 
 
 Trap and sandrock boulders ; knob. 
 
 Trap boulders, altered ; stream. 
 
 Township 53 north, range 35 west. 
 
 
 25 & 26 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 Trap and primary boulders ; bed of stream. 
 
 
 22 & 24 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; bed of stream, dry. 
 
 
 13 & 24 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 1 Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 26 & 27 
 
 32 
 
 00 ' 
 
 Trap boulders ; hill, east side. 
 
 
 23 & 26 
 
 76 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; dry bed of stream. 
 
 
 33 & 34 
 
 44 
 
 75 
 
 Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 33 & 34 
 
 57 
 
 49 
 
 Trap boulders; stream. 
 
 
 27 & 34 
 
 63 
 
 GO 
 
 i Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 21 & 22 
 
 59 
 
 80 
 
 Trap boulders, with “native copper ; stream. 
 
 
 15 & 16 
 
 
 
 Trap boulders and sandstone ; entire line. 
 
 
 15 & 16 1 
 
 14 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, in place; hill, north side. 
 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 9 & 10 i 
 
 S. 1 of line 
 W. k of line 
 
 Trap boulders ; level land. 
 
 
 3 & 10 
 
 Trap boulders. 
 
 
 32 & 33 
 
 j 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; summit of range, 650 feet above Lake 
 i Superior. 
 
 
 28 & 33 
 
 W. 1 . 
 
 of line 
 
 Trap bouMers ; highest point df range, 700, feet above 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 
 28 & 29 
 
 
 
 Trap boulders ; entire line. 
 
 
 21 & 28 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; dry bed of stream. 
 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders ; stream. 
 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 67 
 
 42 
 
 Trap boulders. 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, (supposed in place ,) knobs. 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, (supposed in place ;) knobs. 
 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 
 
 Trap boulders ; sides of knobs. 
 
 
 29 & 32 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 Trap (supposed in place;) range of knobs east and 
 west. 
 
 
 29 & 32 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 Trap (supposed in place ;) range of knobs northeasts 
 and southwest. 
 
 
 20 & 29 
 
 i 38 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders; large, level. 
 
 
 20 & 29 
 
 I 70 
 
 00 
 
 Trap boulders; dry bed of stream. 
 
 
 19 & 30 
 
 €9 
 
 00 1 
 
 Trap boulders ; EIrn river. 
 
 
 n & 20 
 
 1 66 
 
 10 
 
 Trap boulders; stream. 
 
 Part ii — 67 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 898 
 
 Catalogue of mineral specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Description and remarks. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 & 3 
 
 Ci^is. Iks. 
 20 00 
 
 Township 54 north, range 35 west. 
 
 Hill in southeast corner of township, supposed to be of 
 trap ; no rock seen. 
 
 Township 55 north, range 35 west. 
 
 Sandrock, coast; ledge 1 foot under shijgle beach. 
 
 
 ' 3 & 10 
 
 .23 00 
 
 Sandrock, coast; ledge 1 foot. 
 
 
 15 & 16 
 
 10 00 
 
 Sandrock and shale, coast^; ledge 5 feet. 
 S^drock, coast; ledge l2 feet. 
 
 
 9 & 16 i 
 
 9 00 
 
 
 20 & 21 
 
 32 00 
 
 Sandrock ; stream over cliff of 50 feet. 
 
 
 90 & 21 
 
 64 00 
 
 Sandrock, coast ; ledge 20 feet. 
 
 
 19 & 20 i 
 
 47 00 
 
 Sandrock, coast ; ledge 75 feet. 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 & 23 
 
 
 Township 53 north, lavge 34 west. 
 Hills in Borthw’est corner, supposed to be trap. 
 Township 54 noith, range 34 west. 
 Sandstone, white; beds of streams. 
 
 
 10 & 15 
 
 34 00 
 
 Trap, small knob. 
 
 BELA HUBBARD, 
 
 Deputy Surveyor and Geologists 
 
GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF BELA HUBBARD. 
 
 « 
 
 Meport upon the geology and topography of the district on Lake Superior 
 subdivided in 1846 by William Ices, under the geological supervision of 
 Bela Hubbard, with tabular statement of specimens collected. ' 
 
 The district embraces the townships and fractional townships follow- 
 ing, to wit: 
 
 r 
 
 Fractional township 49 north, range 25 vmst. 
 
 Fractional township 49 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Island in township 50 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Fractional township 50 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Fractional township 51 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Fractional township 51 north, range 27 west. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Township 51 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Fractional township) 52 north, range 27 west. 
 
 Fractional township 52 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Fractional township 52 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Fractional township 52 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Fractional township 52 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Islands in township 53 north, range 29 west. 
 
 Fractional township 53 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Fractional township 53 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Topography and general features. 
 
 Sienitic country. — These townships embrace the northeasterly flank of 
 elevated and very broken country, known as the Huron mountains.’’ 
 
 The tract thus characterized extends from the extreme south boundary of 
 4lie survey, near the range line between townships 48 and 49, as far as 
 .Huron river, between ranges 29 and 30, averaging about the width of a 
 township. This formation of granitic or sienitic rocks is first seen on the 
 -coast for about two miles below Presq’isle, and, with the exception of 
 vthat point, it continues to form the coast as far up as Granite point, 
 at which place red sandrocK appears. From this point the primary 
 rocks recede from the coast, with the exception of some outlying ranges 
 and near Garlic river, but preserve a general parallelism to it for the re- 
 mainder of their extent northwesterly at a distance of from one to two 
 and a half miles. 
 
 As seen from the lake, this country presents a succession of elevated 
 and rounded hills of a rough and forbidding character. These vary much 
 in height; but though presenting many apparently very lofty cones, the 
 highest was not estimated to exceed 800 feet above Lake Superior, while 
 their height above the country immediately surrounding varies J&om about 
 50 to 650 feet. 
 
 It is not ea^y, out of the apparent confusion, to find any general order 
 of arrangement, which probably does not exist over a large portion of the . 
 ^district. There is, however, a double system discoverable in the direc- 
 
900 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 tions of the ranges over a considerable part of the district^ a correct idea 
 of which may be had by observing the courses of the, streams. The 
 first is the general northwesterly and southeasterly direction common: to^ 
 the hills as part of the general range^ across or at right-angles to which 
 the larger streams pursue their course to the lake. The other is shown< 
 in a series of shorter and broken ranges parallel to the courses of thes§‘ 
 streams; which traverse the larger valleys of the district between the lat- 
 ter ranges. Their direction is about NNE. and SSW.; and they are sel- 
 dom traceable more than two miles. These also broken across by 
 smaller streams and valleys which pass between a subordinate set of cross 
 ridges that have the general direction of the district; but seldom exceed a 
 mile in extent. 
 
 In general the summits of the hills present many bare surfaces of rock; 
 and these; as is common in granitic countries; are rounded; as though 
 water- worn. Their sides also; particularly on the south; and on the 
 easterly and westerly ends of the smaller ridgeS; exhibit broken ledges 
 and cliffs of rock; often perpendicular; usually from 5 to 20 feet in height. 
 The frequency of these; and the constantly broken character of the sur- 
 face; rendered the survey of this district a work of much difficulty and 
 labor. * 
 
 With these exceptions; the hills are covered with soil sufficiently deep 
 to conceal the rock to great extent; and to support a growth of forest vege- 
 tation. The summits and elevated sides of the larger hills have a small 
 and scattered growth of fir; spruce ; sugar; white and yellow pine; black 
 oak; &c.; while the less elevated parts of the country; and the valley por- 
 tions; are densely clothed with hemlock; sugar; birch; and fir; generally 
 of large size; sugar maple frequently predominates over the more trappose 
 portions of the district. The richer portions have also some lynn; and 
 large white pines; cedar; tamarack; spruce; alder; and black ash are found 
 along the streams and in wet ground. 
 
 The soil of the hilly region is composed chiefly of the disintegrated rocks 
 of the country; and in part of sand drift; and; like most granitic soils, is 
 often quartzose and poor; it may be denominated in general second 
 rate. It will be seeii; however; from the description which will follow of 
 the character and variety of the rockS; that the elements of a good soil 
 are far from being wanting; indeed; that from the very large proportion ^ 
 in many places; of trap and hornblende rocks ; we might expect to 
 find; over considerable portions of the district; a soil of much more than 
 the ordinary fertility of granitic countries. 
 
 Sandrock counti'y. 
 
 Descending from the hilly country towards the lake; over the portion 
 occupied by the red sandrock, we find a gently rolling surface; densely 
 timbered with hemlock; yellow birch; sugar; fir; cedar; and yellow pine. 
 The soil is sandy; being composed; in great part; of the underlying rock; 
 and is in every part much filled with its undecomposed fragments; it 
 may be denominated poor second-rate. Marshes of from a few acres to a 
 mile in extent are of occasional occurrence; and plains of equal extent 
 occur covered with spruce or Norway pines. 
 
£ 1 ] 
 
 901 
 
 Clay slate country. 
 
 'The remaining portion of the surveyed district^ occupied by township 
 ^51 N.; ranges 30 and 31^ and the west part of 29; which are niostly un- 
 derlaid by the clay slate formation, have a gently rolling surface, descend- 
 ing from an elevated plateau, or table land, in the latter township, which 
 is estimated to be the highest land in the district, and 850 feet above 
 Lake Superior. ^ 
 
 Throughout this region the depth of the soil is irregular, rock only oc- 
 casionally approaching the surface, or being discovered ohly in the prin- 
 cipal Streams. It is generally a sandy loam, sometimes inclining to clay, 
 and occasionally, though rarely, a stiff clay loam; it ihaybe denominated 
 throughout good second-rate. It is composed of mixed debris pf the 
 sand and slate rocks, with a small portion of trap — a combination well 
 calculated, in connexion with the surface characteristics, to produce a 
 good agricultural district. The growth of timber is thrifty, consisting of 
 sugar, ' yellow birch, hemlock, fir, iron wood, lynn, cedar, spruce, aspen, 
 maple, alder, and hazel; the first three predominating. On the clay por- 
 tions, good wild grass grows luxuriantly in the open and wet places. 
 
 Water and streams. 
 
 Throughout the entire district water is sufficiently abundant, but the 
 streams are in general, particularly in the sienitic region, small and rapid. 
 In ranges 28 and 29, townships 51 and 52, and occasionally elsewhere, are 
 very considerable lakes. The general abundance of water power, and 
 the several varieties of pine and other valuable timber in many parts of 
 the sienite and sandrock portions of the district, will afford good advan- 
 tages for lumbering. 
 
 Granites and sienites. 
 
 It will be observed that the metamorphic rocks described in the report 
 upon the geology of the. surveys of 1845, in their approach to the granu- 
 litic country lying northerly, assume more of a trappose and less of a 
 slaty character. Although this change is gradual, the rocks of the town- 
 ships bordering the present survey are very distinctly granitoidal, the 
 ' metamorphic rocks being much decreased in relative proportion. A 
 feature peculiar to all the rocks of the country alluded to as granitic, is 
 their occasional trappose character, and the rare occurrence of mica. The 
 constituents which make up the greater part are quartz, felspar, and 
 hornblende; the proportions of which vary extremely. Thus, while the 
 general character is that of sienite^ the absence of quartz in a distinct 
 form often produces a greenstone., while frequently the last mentioned 
 mineral predominates almost exclusively, constituting a true hornblende 
 rock, which is generally of a crystalline structure, and usually has a slaty 
 cleavage. Again, quartz becomes the predominant mineral, constituting 
 what may be denominated a quartzite. Very generally, indeed, these 
 :.sienites are either made up chiefly of quartz and felspar, with hornblende 
 in very small proportion, or else the latter assumes so large a proportion 
 as to give the character of hornblende rock. A true greenstone occurs 
 ^only in the townships bordering the surveys of 1845, or in the trap dikes,. 
 
which are numerous. In a few instances talc was found to take the 
 place of hornblende, constituting ^ jprotogine. 
 
 The prevailing character of the rock is that of a fine- grained sieftitey. 
 varying in color from a light to a dark reddish gray. The hornblende 
 grains are frequently arranged in planes, giving a gneissoidal structure to 
 the mass, and an appearance, of stratification. This appearance is very 
 general and uniform over large portions of the district, and the planes, 
 have a very persistent and uniform dip. These are sometimes, thougia 
 not always, identical with the planes oi’* cleavage. The general direction 
 of their dip varies from N. to NE., and from 30^ to 80^ in amount. This 
 gneissoidal character is more particularly observable in the sienites of 
 ranges 27, 28, and 29. 
 
 It will be seen by the maps that a range of hills commences near where 
 the south boundary of township 49 — 25 strikes^ the coast, and runs for 
 several miles in dose proximity to it — rising in one instance to the height 
 (as determined by triangulation) of 470 feet. In the same range may be 
 included Middle island and the several smaller neighboring isles, and 
 Granite point. After an intervening space of about five miles of levef 
 country occupied by the sandrock, the range is again seen pursuing the 
 same northwesterly direction along the coast as far as Garlic river, in 
 township 50 — 26. Following the same direction, a small protrusion of 
 granite rocks is seen in a projecting point in township 51 — 26; another 
 from beneath a high cliff of sandrock, where the northern boundary of 
 township 51 — 27 reaches the lake, beyond which this rock is no more 
 seen upon the coast, but appears to terminate in the Huron isles, about 
 three miles distant from it. Southwesterly several knobs of sienite pro- 
 trude through the sandrock in the vicinity of Huron bay, at several miles 
 distant from the main body. Eastwardly several miles beyond the ranges, 
 a single protrusion of sienite makes its appearance as an island in the 
 lake. The rock of much of this outer portion of the granitic district is of 
 a peculiar character, consisting of mixed sienite and hornblende rocks, 
 frequently approaching the character of hornblende schist, and often ex- 
 hibiting beautifully variegated and blended colors. The rock of the 
 Huron isles is in the main a fine-grained sienite of light gray color — 
 mica being rare, except in the numerous granitic veins by which the rock 
 is traversed irregularly. It rises in knobs to the height of from 100 ta 
 250 feet, and is cut by several very large dikes of trap. The rock is alsa 
 traversed by splits or joints, so numerous and regular as to separate the en- 
 tire mass into blocks or upright prisms, nearly rectangular, of from six 
 inches to two feet in thickness, and from two to fifty feet in vertical* 
 length, and varying in width from six inches to four feet. The direc- 
 tions of these uplifts vary many degrees; but, taking an average of the 
 observations, there would seem to be two principal sets, having direc- 
 tions N. 75° E. and N. 30° W., and being nearly vertical, though fre- 
 quently inclining from 1° to 10° from a perpendicular. The third set of 
 splits by which the rock becomes separated into prisms, is of much more 
 rare occurrence. They are nearly horizontal, having only a slight dip 
 easterly, not exceeding 10°, but sufficiently apparent to occasion a gen- 
 eral slope to the mass in that direction. The assistance afforded by these 
 joints will render very easy the labor of quarrying into blocks of almost 
 any required dimensions, and the material is hard and durable. 
 
 At the eastern end of these islands, the rock assumes the mixed char- 
 
903 
 
 acter first mentioned ; which character continues to possess most of the 
 rocks of the range alluded to as far as Middle island. The southerly 
 half of this island, as well as the neighboring coast, is composed of the 
 fine-grained gray sienite already described, while the northerly portion, 
 together with the rocks of Granite point, and the coast thence to Garlic 
 river, are of the first mentioned description. This character is given 
 in part by the separation and aggregation of the different mineral constit- 
 uents into distinct portions of the mass, variously arranged. These are 
 frequently made up of well-defined stripes or bands, traversing the rock 
 both in vertical and inclined planes, and comq)osed of the differently con- 
 stituted parts. Those composed of hornblende are mostly of black or 
 very dark color, the sienitic and quartzose being of various shades of red, 
 green, white, and yellow, while many of the green stripes are probably 
 due to pyroxene, augite, and actynolite, the latter sometimes exhibiting 
 the light green crystals of the glassy variety. These stripes vary in 
 width from a mere line to several feet. They sometimes possess much 
 regularity of direction, but are often waved. In many places the several 
 parts are segregated into irregular patches, which often graduate into 
 each other, giving the whole rock a mottled appearance. This variegated 
 character is increased by numerous veins, mostly of quartz and felspar, 
 % varying in width from a line to two feet, and which traverse the mass 
 without any regularity. 
 
 The schistose character of much of this rock will impair its usefulness 
 as a building-material, though a great part is quite compact. It is cut by 
 joints or splits, the most numerous of which have N. and S., and E. and 
 W. directions, and are generally vertical. Another set, nearly horizontal,, 
 divides the mass into blocks of nearly rectangular form, and of convenient 
 size for quarrying. Many portions of this rock, were it susceptible of 
 equal polish, would not yield in beauty to the finest variegated marbles. 
 It will not be thought that we overestimate the importance of this mate- 
 rial for purposes of construction, when it is considered that its superior 
 beauty and permanency give it a value that belongs to none of the rocks 
 which compose the great secondary region of the United States, and that 
 so soon as the obstruction of the St. Mary’s rapids is overcome, it will, 
 notwithstanding the distance, be accessible by water transportation to all 
 parts of the Mississippi valley. 
 
 Trap rocks. 
 
 We have already alluded to the trappean character of much of the 
 sienitic rocks, and to their frequent passage into pure hornblende. The 
 indications of the near approach of trap to the surface are very evident 
 throughout the whole district; and the almost entire absence of mica from 
 the primary formations, seems to indicate the existence of those conditions 
 which are required for that class of rocks into which hornblende enters^ 
 so largely. We accordingly find the sieiiites assuming a trappose char- 
 acter, and often undergoing so insensibly the change from a granitic to 
 trappean rock, that it is impossible to distinguish where one begins and 
 the other ends. In the operation of these changes, the excess of silica 
 may be called in to account for the metamorphic rocks of the couptry, 
 and particularly for the abundance of pure quartz in rocks and veins. 
 This gradual passage of one rock into the other is exemplified in that 
 
904 
 
 f 1 ] 
 
 portion of townships 49, 26, which is designated on the maps as con- 
 sisting of trappose* and hornblende rocks j a considerable portion of these 
 retaining somewhat of their sietiitic character. 
 
 Every part of the sienitic region is cut by dikes of compact and green- 
 stone trap-^these being sometimes met with as often as once in every 
 eight chains, and varying in width from 1 to 100 feet. The position of 
 these is nearly vertical, and they almost invariably preserve a zigzag 
 course, though having a uniform general direction. No uniform mag- 
 netic bearing was discoverable; but the greater proportion of the larger 
 dikes have a direction varying but a few degrees from north and south, 
 drossed by otliers at right-angles to that direction. The material of these 
 dikeS is usually of a compact homogeneous texture, sometimes approach- 
 ing greenstone or rock in which hornblende and felspar are aggregated 
 into somewhat distinct crystals. Sometimes the material of the dike 
 approaches the character of , slaty augite. In a single instance was ob- 
 served in the sienitic rocks near Garlic river a dike of porphyritic horn- 
 blende several feet in width. 
 
 The trap of all the dikes has a very distinctly jointed structure, being 
 cleaved into oblique angled prisms, from a few inches to several feet in 
 thickness, the longest sides being across the dike at right-angles to its ’ 
 length. 
 
 All these dikes appear to belong to an era prior to the deposition of the 
 sandrock, for in no instance was the latter observed to be traversed by 
 ? them. 
 
 ' Meiamorphic rocks. 
 
 It will be observed that the ordinary succession of the rocks of the 
 primary formations is nowhere fully carried out in this district. The 
 absence of mica, in any considerable proportion, occasipns the mica- 
 schists to be wholly wanting; nor is there any true gneiss, except in ex- 
 ceedingly limited areas. The argillites are, however, largely developed, 
 and there is a degree of metamorphism frequently observable, more par- 
 ticularlyin connexion with the sienites and hornblende rocks of the east- 
 erly extent of the primary district, and wherever the latter assume a 
 trappose character. 
 
 In township 49 north, ranges 25 and 26 west, are several occurrences, 
 over quite limited areas, of rocks partaking apparently of an altered nature; 
 consisting of metaaiorphic quartz, with talcose and chloride slaty rock. 
 These occupy basins surrounded by the trappose or sienitic rocks of the 
 country. 
 
 Considerable changes have also taken place at the immediate junction 
 of the slate and sandrocks with trap or trappean rock, which are matter, of 
 much scientific interest. The passage of a trap dike has almost invaria- 
 bly produced changes in the character and structure of the containing 
 rock, and similar changes are observable in the clay slates wherever a 
 knob of trappose rock has protruded. In these cases the containing rock 
 is usually much hardened, and its crystalline structure also undergoes 
 corresponding change. But not only have changes accompanied the con- 
 tact of trap with other rocks, such as have usually been referred to the heat 
 of the injected mass when in a state of fusion, but equally marked changes 
 have accompanied the conjunction of the sienites wi\h the sandrock under 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 V 
 
 circumstances where the same causes cannot be called in; for the latter 
 gives evidence of having been deposited subsequently to the formation^ 
 and uplift of the former, and the sienite^was as often observed to have 
 partaken of the change as the sedimentary rock. Without going further 
 into detail of facts of merely scientific nature, it may be sufficient to say 
 that it seems more reasonable to attribute the metamorphism which has 
 taken place in both rocks rather to galvanic and chemical action than to 
 igneous causes, which are so generally called in to account for all these 
 phenomena. 
 
 The rocks designated upon the maps as metamorphic, occupy, as it 
 were, beds amid the surrounding primary rocks; and while we would 
 ^void any theoretic conclusions as to their origin, it may be stated that, 
 throughout the whole primary region, the limits of each rock, except in 
 the case of dikes, are seldom distinctly defined, but one passes into the 
 other by gradual transition ; so that often rocks of distinct name and char- 
 acter can be considered only as members of the same formation, the con- 
 :stituents of which have become differently aggregated. 
 
 Argillites, 
 
 The small tract of argillitic or clay slate alluded to in the report of last ^ 
 year is include#, to a very small extent, within the limits of the present- 
 sqrvey, but a tract of much more considerable extent occupies a large por- 
 tion of the present district, west of the sienitic ranges, the extent of which 
 has been already described under the remarks upon the topography of the 
 district. This rock appears under several varieties, embracing consider- 
 able beds of novacnlite, or hone-slate. It is in general characterised as a 
 soft, finegrained argillaceous slate, varying in color from light gray to 
 black. It lies in strata of varying thickness, from a few inches to three 
 feet, the average being probably about ten inches. These have a very 
 apparent general dip south-southwesterly, varying in amount from 10^ to 
 45^. Both direction and amount of dip are irregular, being, no doubt, 
 influenced to great extent by the uplift of the trap rocks, which protrude 
 frequently. 
 
 All these slates, except where altered by the proximity of trap, havi^a 
 very distinct cleav|geinto thin lamina from one-sixteenth of an inch to 
 one inch in thickness . These very rarely conform in the direction of 
 their dip to that of the strata, and are generally more in amount. The 
 average may be considered as southerly or SSW., and the amount varids 
 from 4^^ to 70^. The strata are frequently marked by parallel stripes of 
 a lighter color, and, as these correspond to the lines of stratification, the 
 angles between the planes of stratification and cleavage maybe readily 
 observed in several of the hard specimens. 
 
 Besides these planes of stratification and cleavage, the mass is traversed 
 by joints or splits nearly vertical at the distance of from a few inches to 
 ‘two feet, and occasionally three or four feet apart. Their courses are in 
 general about N. 20^ E. and S. 20^ W., but varying, and may be con- 
 , sidered as having an average but little east of the meridian. The slates 
 are thus divided into oblique prisms, having two of the lateral planes rel- 
 atively large to the others, and may be quarried with much ease. Some 
 of them would answer a good purpose for roofing: as also for schoob 
 slates and pencils, portions being very fine, soft, and free from grit. Con- 
 
906 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 siderable portions of the rock approach ^novaculite, or hone-slate^ being 
 very fine-grained and of varying hardness. These are usually of a light 
 yellowish or brown color. Th^ sometimes assume a talcose or steatitic 
 appearance^ and portions of the true slate are traversed by veins or segre- 
 gated masses having the same character. 
 
 If we assume the dip of this rock as above mentioned to be uniform 
 throughout the district^ it would give a thickness to the slates of not less^ 
 than 15;80O feet; or about three miles. Where this rock makes its ap- 
 pearance on the coast of Keweenaw bay^ at L’Anse^ the sandrock is seen- 
 to rest unconformably upon it; dippiirg slightly northeasterly; while the 
 clay slate and novaculite dip seuthwesterly about 45^; conformably to the 
 general dip as seen throughout the district. It iS; however; to be ob- 
 served that the dip is in many places much contorted; and sometimes 
 thrown into an opposite direction by the protrusion or approach of the 
 underlying igneous rocks; so that it is probable this apparent thickness is 
 deceptive. 
 
 l^hroughout the slate district occasional knobs of well-defined green- 
 stone trap are met with; which are of small extent; and rise but a few 
 feet above the general surface. The occurrence of these seems to render 
 it evident that the slates are entirely underlaid at no great depth by the 
 trap and granite rocks ; and may be conceived to have originally occupied 
 a portion of the basin lying beyond the main primary rangiS; the present 
 inclination of the strata having been given by the uplift and protrusion of 
 the underlying igneous rocks previous to the deposition of the red sand- 
 rock. The source and connexion of these trap uplifts will be better un- 
 derstood when we observe the great extent of greenstone and hornblende 
 rocks lying immediately south; as defined by the town-line surveys of 
 the past season. This district ot trappose rocks bounds the slates along 
 nearly their whole southern margin; and embraces from 4 to 5 sections of 
 township 51 north; ranges 30"and 31; within the present survey. 
 
 Sandrock, 
 
 The description given of this formation in previous reports wfll apply 
 to the present district in general. The formation occupies all that part 
 of the district lying outwardly from the granitic country and the slates; 
 and constitutes the cliff portions of the coast; with the exception of the 
 portions formed by the outer granitic ranges. These cliffs vary much in 
 altitude; and rise in some instances to the estimated height of 70 feet. 
 They consist of strata varying in thickness from one to five feet; and 
 nearly horizontal. The upper strata; which are often of light gray color, 
 are the thickest; the lower strata, which have a light red or brownish red 
 color, with circular spots of gray, as well as the elementary layers or 
 laminae, seldom exceeding half an inch to one inch in thickness. The 
 latter, which may be considered as coincident with the planes of cleav- 
 age, are frequently inclined at various angles to the general plane of the 
 stratification, and are sometimes waving. Though apparently horizon- 
 tal, repeated observations show a slight dip to the sandrock strata out- 
 wardly in all directions from the granitic country which composes its 
 base. The sandrock, in fact, lies in a basin formed out of the rocks, and 
 appears to have partaken of no disturbance since its deposition — at least, 
 which has not been general to both rocks as a mass. The strata exhibit 
 
907 [IJ 
 
 I ' 4 
 
 , their junction with the sienites but little greater inclination than is 
 )mmon to them elsewhere— in no instance exceeding 15^^ which is not 
 le case at thdr junction with the trap— a circumstance which has some 
 earing^ upon our views of the metamorphism of the rocks at these points, 
 ^he sandrock is supposed not to attain* an elevation exceeding 200 feet 
 bove Lake Superior. 
 
 Besides the lines of lamination and stratification^ the sandrock is cut 
 ty numerous joints^ which pass across the strata at angles varying from 
 to 30^ from a perpendicular, and having a general north and south 
 lirectiony; these are crossed by others nearly perpendicular^ and which 
 nake Avith the fornier an angle of about 50^. As the rock cleaves most 
 eadily in the direction of these joints^ the cliffs present often smooth and 
 )erpendicular faces of many feet extent. Along^the cliffs these joints are 
 ;een to form large and quite uniform fissures. These sometimes contain 
 leveral minerals, and will be alluded to again in otir separate remarks 
 ipon the minerals of the district. 
 
 But little of this rock, it is probable, will prove sufficiently durable 
 for purposes of building. 
 
 Minerals and veins. 
 
 The minerals found most abundant in the sienitic region, are quartz,, 
 under the varieties called hyaline, greasy and milky; felspar, in several 
 varieties, generally inclining to red; hornblende, graduating into augite, 
 actynolite, tremolite, and asbestos; tourmaline; prehnite; iron, sulphurets 
 and oxides; copper, pyrites and gray sulphuret; and galena. 
 
 Besides these, were found associated with the meta^morphic rocks of 
 the district, steatite, novaculite, chlorite, talc, and calc spar. 
 
 In the slate rocks, quartz and iron pyrites are the most abundant min- 
 erals, and almost the only ones noticed, except in connexion with the 
 knobs of trap. 
 
 In the sandrock were found calc spar, carbonate and gray sulphuret of 
 copper, sulphuret of lead, and oxide of iron. 
 
 It has been already .observed that \"eins of granite and quartz are very 
 abundant in the sienite. These may all be considered as belonging to 
 the class of contempoinneous veins ^ and are irregular in size and direction, 
 apparently in this r^ect conforming to no general law, and varying in 
 width from a small fraction of an inch to several feet. In a single in- 
 stance a vein of quartz was noticed with a width of 10 feet, though ve^y 
 few exceed two or three feet. / „ 
 
 These veins are frequently composed of a true granite, the only mica 
 through large districts being that found associated with the quartz and 
 felspar in thq veins. The two latter minerals, however, always predomi- . 
 nate, the felspar being often in large and distinct crystals, of from one to 
 six inches in length. 
 
 • In general these veins are very distinctly marked, and do not graduate 
 unto the enclosing rock, though they often bifuscate and swejl out so fre- 
 quently, and to such extqnt, that it is difficult to distinguish their true 
 character. 
 
 It has been noticed that the entire mass of the sienitic rocks is traversed 
 by lines of fracture or joints y separating the rock into blocks. These 
 sometimes cut the A^eins alike Avith the ^containing rock, without shift or 
 
908 
 
 [I] 
 
 dislocation^ at other times the veins are stopped by the joints; at others^ 
 the joints by the veins. Sometimes for considerable distances the joints 
 conform in direction to the veins, and in a few instances each appears to 
 have shifted the other. Occasionally was observed an apparent dii:e of 
 true granite, and one of these of 28 inches width, accompanied by a nar- 
 row dike of slaty hornblende, was seen to have cut and shifted a vein of 
 reddish felspathic granite of eight inches width for the distance of two 
 feet. In townships 51, 27, somei veins were noticed having the character 
 of a dark compact greenstone trap. 
 
 In the class of sienitic hornblende rocks alluded to as constituting the 
 outer range which appears on the coast, the irregular segregated masses 
 of sienite and hornblende^re frequently separated by veins of true gran- 
 ite, like those above described, and sometimes by what may also be con- 
 sidered as veins of hornblende. In fact, the ’more distinctly sienitic por- 
 tions of the mass are traversed by veins of the latter character; while the 
 hornblendic portions are not only traversed by true granite veins, but cu- 
 riously and irregularly mottled with patches, variously colored, according 
 to the excess of one or other constituent, and giving the whole mass the 
 mottled appearance already alluded to in the description of the sienitic 
 rocks. 
 
 No portion of the sienitic country included within the present survey 
 can be said to be metalliferous. The prevailing mineral is undoubtedly 
 which is largely diffused in both a free and combined state through- 
 out all the rocks of the district. It was occasionally noticed as a coating 
 of dark yellow oxide associated with the quartz of the veins, and more fre- 
 quently as a yellow sulphuret or iron pyrites, more particularly in the 
 hornblendic portions of the rocks, and in most of the trap dikes. It gen- 
 erally occurs in minute particles and crystals. 
 
 The yellow sulphurets of copper and iron were discovered in a very 
 few instances associated with asbestiform and steatite rock, composing an 
 imperfect veinstone along the walls of trap dikes. These metals were 
 more immediately associated with irregular bunches of calc spar and 
 quartz, but also pervaded the talcose mineral. Some of the hard speci- 
 mens, it will be observed, have a considerable ^^show’^ of mineral, but 
 these veins were not regarded as of much, if any, practical importande. 
 In another and singld instance there was found asso(^ted with quartz of, 
 the veins in the sienite, an unusually compact gray sulphuret of copper. 
 
 Although so few minerals of known importance to the miner were dis- 
 covered, and these in small quantity, it must be borne in mind that both 
 the character of the country and the extent and nature of the survey 
 were such as to accomplish general purposes mainly; and while the ob- 
 servations made would lead us to the conclusion that the rocks of the 
 country may be considered as ^^dry” in regard to the more important of 
 the metals which are usually associated with granitic rocks, they can by 
 no means be considered as conclusive of the entire absence of such mine- 
 rals. Most of the ores which are found accompanying true granites are 
 more or less associated with the sienites, but in general the latter rock is 
 considered not to afford a good base for metals . 
 
 If has been stated that the sandrock, alike wdth the other rocks, is tra- 
 versed by joints and seams. Some of these are sufficiently open to admit 
 the finger, and may be seen to extend from top to bottom of the cliffs 
 which appear along the coast, aud are generally inclined from a vertical. 
 
16^ to 30®. These have the character of faults^ for some timeS; where two 
 approach each other within a few feet^ a throw has taken place^ by which 
 the ^rata of the included portion^ and in some instances the strata ad- 
 joining, for a few feet, have become inclined from the general direction, 
 at an angle of several degrees. Many of these seams are sufficiently open 
 to have admitted the collection of various earthy ».and mineral matters, 
 which have the character of a veinstone, and have been an inducement 
 to several, mining companies to commence the operation of drifting. The 
 largest of these .crevices was about three inches wide, and filled in part 
 with soft, partially decomposed sandstone, and in part with calc spar, 
 associated with the sulphurets of lead and copper. The latter minerals 
 compose but a small part of the contents of the fissure, and seldom exceed 
 half an inch in thickness. Though to some extent carrying ore, these 
 fissures have none of the characteristics of true veins, and a little observa- 
 tion might have convinced those engaged of the futility 'of expectations 
 that they would prove to be leaders to large veins ; for, aside from their 
 true character as above explained, it would have been seen that the ele- 
 ments themselves have been long and incessantly conducting the process 
 of mining by the rapid wasting away and retreat of the soft rock of the 
 cliff, and yet at no point have they exposed any portion containing ore 
 sufficiently abundant and rich to be worth the cost of obtaining. 
 
 No true metalliferous veins were observed in the slate rocks, though 
 many of the veins of quartz are occasionally colored by an oxide of iron, 
 and the rock contains abundance of iron pyrites. The latter mineral ex- 
 ists in cubic crystals pervading the mass. 
 
 Iron, though by far the mos,t abundant and generally diffused mineral 
 throughout all the rocks of the district, nowhere appears segregated into 
 beds of the extent and character of those found further south, and which 
 were described in the report upon the surveys of last season. 
 
 / 
 
 Magnetism of the trap rocks. 
 
 It was observed in the report accompanying the return of subdivisional 
 surveys of last year in the mineral region, that the needle was so fre- 
 quently influenced by causes which tended to interrupt and vary the or- 
 dinary tendency of the earth’s magnetism, as to render the use of Burt’s 
 solar compass absolutely indispensable. Similar causes have operated in 
 like manner throughout almost the entire portion of the district now under 
 review. 
 
 These local deviations, it is probable, are sometimes due to galvanic or 
 electrical currents, produced by the contact of rocks of different electrical 
 affinities, aided probably by secondary, and perhaps temporary causes^ 
 such as changes of temperature and moisture. 
 
 A still more important cause of these variations is the magnetic char- 
 acter of the trap rocks. This influence is frequently observable as an 
 effect of the rock in mass; but in some instances portions of the trap 
 dikes were found to possess a high degree of magnetic polarity, and to 
 cause powerful, though strictly local, effect upon the needle. This 
 phenomena is apparently of rare occurrence, and was observed only in 
 connexion with the dikes of the more southeasterly portion of the sienitic 
 district. It is to be observed, however, that in these instances the effect 
 produced upon the needle at the ordinary height above the dikes of the 
 
910 
 
 1 1 ] 
 
 mirveyor’s compass, was rarely greater than in those cases where the 
 magnetic influence was ditFused through the mass, or attributable to a 
 diflerent source, and in no instance is a greater variation than 40^ noted 
 in the linear surveys, and it rarely exceeds — varying generally from 
 4^ 40' to 5^ 40'. 
 
 A series of observations, however, proved that, with some of the dikes, 
 the eflect upon the needle was in the same ratio of its approach to the 
 rock, as in the case of an artificial magnet. In fact, portions of the dike 
 were found to be possessed of polarity; even small hand specimens in 
 some cases proving to be magnets of much power. The best loadstones 
 were obtained from a dike of granular greenstone on Middle island, of a 
 dark gray color, and exhibiting no difference discoverable to the eye 
 from those parts of the same dike which possessed no polarity. Occa- 
 sional particles of iron pyrites, common to nearly all the trap of the 
 dikes, and a little yellow sulphuret ,of copper, were the only metallic 
 minerals not directly in combination with the rocky matter. The course 
 of this dike is east and west. 
 
 , The experiments made, seem to warrant the conclusion that the mag- 
 netic portions of these dikes compose a series of magnets, acting inde- 
 pendently of each other, and irregularly disposed through a mass of 
 magnetic trap. The directions of the north poles of these separate mag- 
 nets vary as far as 90° to either side of a meridional, and perhaps the 
 average may be considered as meridional. The inclinations of the poles 
 to the horizon also drake various angles', 70° being the highest observed. 
 
 A limited number of observations were attempted in several parts of 
 the mineral region, as well as at points intermediate between that country 
 and Detroit, with a view to determine the dip and intensity of the magnetic 
 lieedle; but as it was found impossible to obtain any instruments more 
 accurate than horizontal and dipping needles of the most simple 
 construction, but little was accomplished. The results obtained, ’how- 
 ever, seem to establish a connexion between the immense formation of 
 trappose rocks upon Lake Superior, and the variations in the direction, 
 dip, and intensity of the magnetic needle, which is manifest probably 
 over an extent of country many miles beyond the limit ®f the actual pro- 
 trusion of trap. This subject may also assume an increased importance 
 from the intimate connexion of veins of copper and other ores with the 
 trap rocks, and, as is further probable, with some of the developments of 
 magnatic action. Much is to be hoped from the more extended observa- 
 tions of such men as Dr. Locke, in multiplying facts upon a subject now 
 so little understood, but pregnant with important results, and ipuch, 
 especially, from the numerous and systematic observations which are re- 
 quired under the present enlightened system of the United States surveys 
 4 )f the mineral region. 
 
 Ancient lake ridge. 
 
 In coasting along the sandrock portions «f the lake coast, very con- 
 •siderable and sudden variations are observable in the height of the cliffs; 
 the latter being frequently seen to rise, by a sudden though regular curve 
 of about 45®, from the height of 10 or 15 feet to that of from 40 to 80 
 feet. Passing inland, it is observable that these elevated clifls are part of 
 4he m(n*e upland portions of the sandrock country, the descent from 
 
911 [ 1 ] 
 
 which is almost invariably by a similar curve to a plane 10 to 30 feet be- 
 low. These ridges, without doubt, once constituted the shores of the 
 lake at an era when its waters were stationary for a very considerable 
 period, at an elevation of about 25 or 30 feet above their present level. 
 The form which this ancient coast possessed is represented upon the 
 geological map accompanying this report, and serves also the further 
 purpose of establishing an isometrical line throughout the surveyed dis- 
 trict, having the height above assumed for the ancient lake level. Its 
 greatest distance inland from the present coast is about 2J miles. 
 
 Similar evidences of the same phenomena are observable throughout 
 4he whole southern coast of the /lake westerly, while at the Pictured 
 rocks, a little interiorly from the coast, may be seen at the same height 
 isolated cliiFs, exhibiting deep cavernous fissures, worn by the waters in 
 a manner similar to those which are now exposed to the incessant action 
 nf the waves along that wonderfully singular and picturesque portion,of 
 .the lake coast. 
 
 Without entering into any merely speculative considerations, it will be 
 'Sufficient to add that these fa!cts are of interest, as evincing that the 
 cause which produced this variation of level was general and uniform 
 throughout the whole length of the lake toast, and that no great dis- 
 turbances by the upheaval of extensive isolated districts have taken 
 place since that period. They thus conduct us to an epoch ^ which, 
 though it be not a fixed and certain point of time, is yet of equal import- 
 ance with eras in history, in enabling the geologist to estimate the pro- 
 igress of changes, and arrive at a more accurate history of geological 
 events. 
 
 In addition to the geological map and catalogue of specimens, two 
 sections are herewith returned. 
 
 BELA HUBBARD, 
 Meputy Surveyor and Geologist. 
 
 Detroit, January 1, 1847. 
 
[ 1 ] 912 
 
 Catalogue of geological specvmens collected in Hubbard and Iveses district 
 
 of public surveys y 1846 . 
 
 No. of 
 
 Between sec- 
 
 specimen. 
 
 lions 
 
 1 
 
 31, 32 
 
 2 
 
 31, 32 
 
 3 
 
 31, 32 
 
 4 
 
 30, 31 
 
 5 
 
 30, 31 
 
 6 
 
 29, 30 
 
 7 
 
 29, 30 
 
 8 
 
 19, 30 
 
 9 
 
 19, 30 
 
 10 
 
 19, 30 
 
 1! 
 
 19, 30 
 
 12 
 
 19, 30 
 
 13 
 
 19, 30 
 
 14 
 
 19, 30 
 
 15 
 
 32, 33 
 
 16 
 
 32, 33 
 
 ^ 17 
 
 32, 33 
 
 18 
 
 32, 33 
 
 19 
 
 32, 33 
 
 20 
 
 29, 32 
 
 21 C 
 
 22 { 
 
 23 ( 
 
 19 l\ 
 
 Shore of lake ( ) 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 25 ( 
 
 Shore of small ) 
 
 26 1 
 
 lake. ^ 
 
 27 
 
 do ' 
 
 f 
 
 
 28 ^ 
 
 Middle island.. 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 do. .... . 
 
 . .... .do ..... . 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 do. . „ . . . 
 
 do 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 do. .... . 
 
 
 35 
 
 36 ) 
 
 do ...... i 
 
 
 37 ] 
 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 do ..... . 
 
 .do, 
 
 40 
 
 t* •« • 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 Township 49 north, range 25 west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, fine grained, grayish red. 
 
 Gieenstone trap, compact ; dark green ; fracture conchoidal ; dike. 
 Sienitic granite, fine„grained, grayish red, in one, three, and four 
 proportions of hornblende, small and of greenish color. 
 
 Sienitic granite, coarser grained, red. 
 
 Sienite, gray. 
 
 Sienite, fine grained. 
 
 Sienite, coarser„grained, protogine ^ A talcose mineral seems sub- 
 stitii^ed for hornblende. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark greenish, with iron pyrites. ) Supposed 
 Greenstone trap, dark greenish, with reddish spots. ) dike. 
 Greenstone trap, very compact, with specks of iron pyrites, frac- 
 ture conchoidal. Rock containing above dike. 
 
 Steatitic rock, with some mica ; fracture irregular. 
 
 Protogine. 
 
 Metamorphic, granitic gray. 
 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 Sienitic gneissoid. 
 
 Sienitic gneissoid. 
 
 Dike 40 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact, black. ! course 
 
 Greenstone trap, granular, yellow black, f 
 
 J 
 
 Sienitic granite, red, fine-grained ; rock including 
 var. 3 chs. south, 7 deg. 24 min. ; at 6 cbs. north, 
 
 10 min. 
 
 Sienitic granite, mixed red and gray, fine grained. 
 
 Trap, very compact, black. ) p.. „„ - , . 
 
 Greenstone trap, granular, dark.'t f’ 
 
 Greenstone trap, Sompactl dark. S 
 
 Sienite, led and gray ; proportions of hornblende larger than usual 
 rock containing dike, 21, 22, 23. 
 
 feet wide 
 northwest 
 var. at middle 18° 
 east. 
 
 above dike j 
 north 5 deg. 
 
 Sienite, red and gray ; proportion somewhat gneissoid. 
 
 Sienitic hornblende, greenish, and separate from the quartz and 
 felspar. 
 
 Red sandstone, very coarse grained. 
 
 Red sandstone, coarse 
 
 Hed sandstone, metamorphosed, grayish red. 
 
 Steatitic, (?) with grains of quartz, light green, soft. 
 
 Steatitic, grayish ; 31 and 32 lie belov/ 30 ; undoubtedly metamor- 
 phic. 
 
 Metamorphic, mostly silex, grayish white, with some greenish 
 shorlean mineral. 
 
 Steatitic, trappose, dark gray, soft ; metamorphic. (?) 
 
 Hyaline quartz. 
 
 Calcareous spar, with augitic rock ; from vein 15 inches wide ^ 
 course north, 43 deg. west ; dip southwest, 80 deg. 
 
 Hornblende, granular, greenish ; general specimen. 
 
 Felspar, in small crystals, resembling granite, red and grayish j 
 small veins in 38, numerous ; no regular direction ; 1 inch or 
 more. 
 
 duartzose rock, hard, dark reddish gray. 
 
 Serpentine, with, trappose rock. Vein in trap dike; the latter 1 
 foot wide. 
 
 Greenstone trap, eoippact, very dark ; dike, 5 feet ; course east 
 and west, zigzag. Dip vertical, cut by joints into rectangular 
 blocks. 
 
 
[I] 
 
 CcUcdogue of geological specimens — ©ontimied. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On sections 
 
 43 
 
 Middle island. 
 
 44 
 
 
 45 
 
 • • ••• *do*# 1 * •* 
 
 46 
 
 
 47 
 
 - . . . . .do. ..... 
 
 48 
 
 , do 
 
 49 
 
 do 
 
 50 
 
 9 • • « • • do 
 
 51 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 55 
 
 . .... .do 
 
 56 
 
 do 
 
 57 
 
 
 58 
 
 34 
 
 59 
 
 Lake meanders 
 
 
 33. 
 
 60 
 
 • • • « « ado «••••• 
 
 61 
 
 
 62 
 
 do...... 
 
 63 ■ 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 65 
 
 do. 
 
 66 
 
 ..... .do 
 
 67 
 
 
 68 
 
 ..... .do 
 
 69 
 
 • • « «* «do« »• B • • 
 
 70 
 
 B • • •• idO^B# • • # 
 
 71 
 
 
 72 
 
 -••••«do« •• • • • 
 
 73 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 75 
 
 B • • • • fedOa B • B ■ B 
 
 76 
 
 • • • • • *dO B B • B • • 
 
 77 
 
 • •t««BdOB»t«*» 
 
 78 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 81 
 
 32 
 
 82 
 
 32 
 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 84 
 
 29 
 
 85 
 
 29 
 
 
 Part ii — ^ 
 
 Talc, asbestiform. 
 
 'I 
 
 Steatitic, sub-talcose reck. ^ 
 
 Sfeatitic (?) talcose. f ^ 
 
 Tourmaline, with asbestos. J 
 Hornblendie trap, with iron pyrites. 
 
 Slaty talcose rock, black, fissite, vein course north, 60 west. 
 Greenstone trap, dike 3 feet ; course east and west. Dip, north 
 70 dei^. in 51. / 
 
 Q,uartzose rock ; hard trappose, (?) containing dike, 50. 
 duartz, with chlorite. ) Containing copper pyrites ; vein in 54 ; 
 Chlorific rock. ^ course east and west ; dip vertical. 
 
 Cbloritic, with copper (?) pyrites ; dike 6 feet j var. 40 to 50 deg. 
 west. 
 
 Trap, compact, hlack^ fracture irregular ; dike 1 foot ; cutting dike 
 of 4 feet at right-angles ; course of latter north and south ; dip 
 vertical and zigzag, with vein like 52 and 53, several inches 
 wide. 
 
 Greenstone, granular j dike 50 feet ; course south 80 deg. east ; dip 
 vertical. 
 
 Metamorphic rock, sandstone (?) dark grayish ; general specimen, 
 Trappose sienitic granite. 
 
 Green quartzite ; light green, v/ith copper pyrites, and car-") 
 bonate and silicate (?) of copper. ! -y • 
 
 Steatite, wiih bard quartzose (?) mineral. } 
 
 Hyaline quartz ; in 62, 2 feet ; course south 80 deg. east. J 
 Sienitic granite, dark gray, containing vein 59, 60, 61. 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact, fracture conchoidal, dik§ 7 feet ; course 
 north 45 deg. east ^ irregular. / 
 
 Sienitic granite, mixed, red and dark gray ; dike (?) 10 feet ; course 
 south 60 deg. east *, dip 75 deg. north, 30 deg. east. 
 
 Trap or metamorphic, dark gray ; fracture irregular ; conchoidal, 
 dike curved. 
 
 Calcareous spar, with iron pyrites in crystalline dike, 2 feet; 
 course north and south. 
 
 Trap, compact, dmk; dike 2 feet ; dip 30 degrees ; course irregular? 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 Hornblendie trap, dmk; dike 30 feet ; course west; dip vertical. 
 Steatite, dark green ; vein 8 inches in 71 ; course v/est, in gran- 
 ite Q) 
 
 Sienitic granite, reddish. 
 
 Greenstone trap ; dike 60 feet; course north 80 deg. west; dip 
 ^ vertical. 
 
 Gluartz, with steatite. ) Vein 1 foot on north side of dike 72; 
 Chloride slate. , $ course and dip same as dike. 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact, greenish black ; dike 2 feet wide ; dip 
 vertical ; cut at right-angles by large dike 72. 
 
 Sienite, with some serpentine, rock traversed by dikes 72 and 75. 
 Trap, compact black ; dike 6 feet ; course east and west ; dip ver- 
 tical ; resembles dike 42 on north end of Midtjle island. 
 Greenstone trap, semi-crystalline, dark ; dike 60 feet ; course nortk 
 80 deg. west ; dip vertical. 
 
 Trap, compact, dark; dike 28 feet ; course north 82 deg. west ; dip 
 vertical ; north side of ditto, variation 3 deg. 25 min. 
 
 Trap, compact, dark reddish gray ; dike 40 feet; course north and 
 south ; dip vertical. 
 
 Trap, with film of steatite ; dike 25 feet ; course south 5 deg. westj 
 dip vertical. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark green ; dike 18 feet ; course west ; dip ve?^ 
 tical. 
 
 Sienite, grayish ; general specimen. 
 
 Same as 80 ; dike 36 feet; course south 4 deg. east; dip vertical. 
 Same as 80 ; dike 75 feet ; course north 80 deg. west ; dip vertical. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 914 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued.^ 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between sec- i 
 tions ! 
 
 86 
 
 29 
 
 87 
 
 29 
 
 88 
 
 29 
 
 ^ 89 
 
 29 
 
 90 
 
 29 
 
 91 
 
 29 
 
 92 
 
 20 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 94 
 
 j 
 
 17 
 
 95 
 
 Granite point. . 
 
 96 
 
 • ••••• do «*•••« 
 
 97 
 
 
 98 
 
 do •#•••• 
 
 99 
 
 fteetedo****** 
 
 loa 
 
 ••♦•••do****** 
 
 101 
 
 
 102 
 
 do 
 
 103 
 
 **•••• do ••*••• 
 
 104 
 
 •••***do«»**«* 
 
 105 
 
 • ••••» do ••*••• 
 
 106 
 
 * • • • • »do 
 
 1 
 
 35, 36 
 
 2 
 
 25, 36 
 
 3 
 
 25, 36 
 
 4 
 
 25, 26 
 
 5 
 
 35, 36 
 
 6 
 
 34, 35 
 
 7 
 
 34, 35 
 
 8 
 
 26, 35 
 
 9 
 
 26, 35 
 
 10 
 
 26, 27 
 
 11 
 
 26, 27 
 
 12 
 
 26, 27 
 
 13 
 
 23, 26 
 
 14 
 
 23, 26 
 
 15 
 
 S 22, 23 
 
 16 
 
 j 22, 23 
 
 17 
 
 1 22, 23 
 
 18 
 
 [ 22, 23 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 i 33, 34 
 
 Saine as 82 ; dilie 15 feet ; course south 70 deg. west ; dip Tertic€d. 
 
 Trap, compact, reddish brown ; dike 10 feet; course south 70 deg. 
 west; dip south ^ deg., east 70 deg. 
 
 Sienitic granite, gray and white mixed ; soft near junction of pri- 
 mary and sandrock. 
 
 Same as 82 ; dike 25 feet ; course south 70 deg. w^est ; dip South- 
 east 70 deg. 
 
 Red shale in the red sandrcck, soft ; stratum 4 to 6 feet, in thin 
 laminae. 
 
 Ctuartz in grains, with white soft mineral talc or decomposed felspar, 
 metamorphic, and probably at junction of sandrock with gramite. 
 
 Red and gray sandrock, fine-grained, upper portion of the ledge. 
 
 Red and gray sandrock, coarse-grained; lower portions of do. 
 compact, with white spots. 
 
 Sienitic granite ; trappose (?) probably near junction with sand- 
 rock. 
 
 sS’teT'* 1 Vein 6 inches. 
 
 Steatite, dark gray ; fracture irreg«lar ; massive, in grains ; veki 3 
 feet; course north and south f adjoins 95 and 96. 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact, dark; fracture conchoidal; copfused 
 dikes or veins. 
 
 Sienitic granite. 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact, same as 82; dike. 
 
 Red sandstone, fine-grained ; general specimen. 
 
 Same as 91 ; metamorphic, associated with 101. 
 
 Granitic and metamorphic, light reddish : underlies 102. 
 
 Metamorphic, da»k gray ; dike 3 feet ; traverses the granite, but 
 not the sandstone. 
 
 Red sandrock upper portion of ledge ; bed from 4 to 6 feet thick ; 
 lamina parajlei to bed, | to 1 inch thick, friable. 
 
 Red sandrock, coarse-grained, lower portion of do. ; bed 5 or 6 
 feet, and strata 1 to 12 inches thick, of fine and coarse grit ; 
 largest pebbles 1 foot. 
 
 Township 49 north, range 26 west, 
 
 Sienitic granite, light, grayish red, moderately fine-grained. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Do do deeper color, do. 
 
 Do « do do. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
 Hornblende trap, compact, greenish; fracture conchoidal, with,, 
 specks of iron pyrites ; dike (?) ; course east and west (?) ; 60 
 feet (?). 
 
 Same as 1 ; ridge 500 feet. 
 
 Same as 1 ; hill 410 feet ; summit. 
 
 Same as 1 ; more reddish knol;) 60 feet above surrounding country. 
 
 Same as 1 ; very little hornblende. 
 
 Hornblende trap, dark green, sub-crystalline ; fracture irregular; 
 dike (?) 30 feet above surrounding country. 
 
 Same as 3 ; hill 450 feet ; summit. 
 
 Same as 6, but no pyrites ; clifif course south 60 deg. west ; dike (?) 
 jointed into pieces from 1 to 12 inches. 
 
 Granite, gneissoid, with minute scales of mica. 
 
 Resembles 11, but more crystalline and sub-slaty; dike, (?) 
 
 Do do very fine-grained ; dike. (?) 
 
 Same as 5 ; knob. 
 
 Sienitic granite ; protogine (?) ; whitish gray talcose min- ) 
 eral substituted for mica or hornblende; some of the > Levei. 
 felspar cochineal red, ) 
 
 Same as 13 ; 3 feet above sur^u^. 
 
915 
 
 Ckxicdogue of geological specimens — Continued.. 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 No, of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between sec- 
 tions 
 
 ^ * 
 
 
 33, 34 
 
 Hornblende trap, fine grained, dark gray ; fracture irregular, asso- 
 ciated with felspar and quartz, in small quantity. 
 
 m 
 
 33, 34 
 
 Sienite, gray ; the hornblende sub-separate ; hill 100 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray, fine grained ; constituents appear blended^ 
 
 
 27, 34 
 
 23 
 
 27, 28 
 
 (Lost. ) 
 
 24 
 
 27, 28 
 
 Same as 11 ; small knob. 
 
 25 
 
 27, 28 
 
 Same as 1 ; broad granite ridge. 
 
 26 
 
 2-2, 27 
 
 Sienitfe granite, fine grained ; light reddish gray,s^ub-gneissoid* 
 broad granite ridge, north slope. 
 
 27 
 
 22, 27 
 
 Sienitic granite j light reddish gray. 
 
 
 22, 27 
 
 Sienitic granite ; felspar being nearly white. 
 
 29 
 
 21, 22 
 
 Same 1 ; south side of ravine. 
 
 30 
 
 21, 22 
 
 Hornblende, fine grained, dark greenish gray; sub-crystalline, 
 fracture irregular, conchoidal ; hill summit. 
 
 31 
 
 21, 22 
 
 Same as 20 ; hill 550 feet, summit bare and smooth. 
 
 32 
 
 21, 22 
 
 Same as 30 ; block on hill side. 
 
 33 
 
 15, 22 
 
 Same as 1 ; clitF north side. 
 
 34 
 
 15, 22 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark granular. 
 
 35 
 
 15, 22 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark reddish brown ; felspar reddish ; cliff faces 
 east. 
 
 36 
 
 15, 22 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark gray ; granular (2 specimens ;) cliff ; dike ? 
 
 37 
 
 15, 16 
 
 Same as 1 ; cliff vertical 100 feet ; course south 70 west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, protogine; resembles 10, but coarser grained;; 
 reddish ; constituents quartz, felspar, talcose mineral. 
 
 38 
 
 15, 16 
 
 39 
 
 15, 16 
 
 Same as 36 ; dike, 60 feet high ; course east and west. " 
 
 40 
 
 ! 15, 16 
 
 Same as 1 ; hill 400 feet. 
 
 41 
 
 , 15, 16 
 
 Same as 1 (nearly ;) hill 300 feet. 
 
 42 
 
 15, 16 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 43 i 
 
 10, 15 
 
 Same as 11 ; dike? 
 
 44 
 
 10, 15 
 
 Sienitic granite, grayish white ; very little hornblende ; the felspar 
 partially decomposed ; granular. 
 
 45 
 
 9, 30 
 
 Guartzose rock, grayish red ; metamorphic? south side of stream. 
 
 46 
 
 9, 10 
 
 Metamorphic rock, yellowish brown; soft, sub-compact; wes£ 
 side of 45. 
 
 47 
 
 9, 10 
 
 Red sandrock, metamorphosed, fine grained; bank of 30 feet, upper 
 and fine portion. 
 
 48 
 
 9, 10 
 
 Red sandstone, metamorphosed, coarse grained ; bank of 30 feet^ 
 lower and coarse portion. 
 
 34 
 
 3, 10 
 
 Red sandstone, light reddish. 
 
 SO 
 
 3, 4 
 
 Trappose hornblende, dark green ; compact, with calc spar asso- 
 ciated, fracture irregular ; hill 330 feet. 
 
 51 
 
 3, 4 
 
 Sienitic granite, graykh red. 
 
 S2 
 
 3, 4 
 
 Trappose, dark gray ; sub-compact, veined. (Notes say th& 
 specimen is wanting.) 
 
 S3 
 
 32, 33 
 
 t 
 
 Same as 22, but darker^ with specks of iron pyrites ; slope 50 feet 
 above country below. 
 
 S4 
 
 32, 33 
 
 Same as 11. 
 
 55 
 
 32, 33 
 
 Hornblendic rock, dark gray; sub-crystalline, fracture irregular. 
 Same as 50, except no spar ; cliff 20 feet. 
 
 56 
 
 32, 33 
 
 57 
 
 28, 33 
 
 Same as 36 ; dike ? course east and west. 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 28, 33 
 
 Sienitic granite, felspathic, felspar bright red, and gives predomi- 
 nantcolor to the specimens; south side of 57, var. 1 deg. 41 
 ! min.; 2 chains, var. 2 deg. 15 min ; at 4| chains, var. 7 deg. 5 
 
 59 
 
 28, 33 
 
 Same as 36 ; dike same as 57 ? 
 
 €0 
 
 28, 29 
 
 i Same as 56, with specks of iron pyrites ; small knob, summit. 
 
 61 
 
 * 
 
 28, 29 
 
 Same as 56, with specks of iron pyrites ; cliff of broken rocks 3^ 
 feet ; course north and east 
 
 62 
 
 28, 29 
 
 Same as 45, but more gray, metamorphic ; stream falls 20 feet 
 over this rock. 
 
 m 
 
 28, 29 
 
 Slaty, sub-talcose rock, soft, greenish brown ; supposed vein 2 or 
 3 feet ; course east and west, in 62. 
 
 Hyaline quartz, with other mineral ; vein 2 or 3 inches m 63* 
 
 '64 
 
 28, 29 
 
1 1 ] 916 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Contirmed. 
 
 No. of 
 j^ecimen. 
 
 Between sec- 
 tions 
 
 65 
 
 28, 29 
 
 66 
 
 28, 29 
 
 €7 
 
 21, 28 
 
 68 
 
 21, 28 
 
 69 
 
 21, 28 
 
 70 
 
 20, 21 
 
 71 
 
 
 72 
 
 16, 21 
 
 73 
 
 16, 21 
 
 74 
 
 9, 16 
 
 75 
 
 9, 16 
 
 76 
 
 9, 16 
 
 77 
 
 9, 16 
 
 78 
 
 8, 9 
 
 79 
 
 8, 9 
 
 m 
 
 8, 9 
 
 81 
 
 4, 5 
 
 82 
 
 4, 5 
 
 83 
 
 4, 5 
 
 84 
 
 4, 5 
 
 85 
 
 4, 5 
 
 86 
 
 4, 5 
 
 87 
 
 31, 32 
 
 88 
 
 31, 32 
 
 89 
 
 29, 32 
 
 90 
 
 29, 32 
 
 91 
 
 29 , 82 
 
 92 
 
 30, 31 
 
 93 
 
 30, 31 
 
 M 
 
 . 29, 30 
 
 95 
 
 29, 30 
 
 96 
 
 20, 29 
 
 97 
 
 19, 30 
 
 98 
 
 19, 30 
 
 99 
 
 19, 20 
 
 m 
 
 19, 20 
 
 101 
 
 27, 20 
 
 102 
 
 17, 20 
 
 Same as 11; broken olifF of 70 feet. 
 
 Hornblende rock, dark green ; sub-crystalline, sub-stety ; frac^ 
 ture irregular, conchoida!; specks of iron pyrites; broken cliif 
 60 feet ; course north-northeast. 
 
 Same as 1 ; small uplift. 
 
 Same as 6 ; fracture irregular ; small uplift. 
 
 Kornblendic and talcose, dark gray ; sub compact; soft. 
 
 Same as 69, but more hard and hornblendic ; mottled, dark r^d-^ 
 dish ; eastern slope. 
 
 Same as 25 ; north side of hill 550 feet. Reck of this hill all tra^ 
 except a small part like specimen. 
 
 Same as 25, with a little iron pyrites ; ridge 500 feet. 
 
 Same as 72, with a dingy green mineral. 
 
 Same as 51 ; steep descent north. 
 
 Same as 51, but more whitish gray. 
 
 Hornblendic rock, dark green and crystalline, in small crys* 
 tals in a white amorphous quartz, giving the specimen a spotted 
 appearance ; tough ; east side of upUft ; course north and south® 
 Same as 22 and 45 ; metamorphic ; (?) from east side of 76. 
 
 Same as 31 and 20; bank 50 feet ; facing southeast. 
 
 Same as 36, but crystals of hornblende layer ; broken hill 100 feet 
 above surrounding country. 
 
 Same as 13 ; clifT 70 feet ; (hill is 275 feet.) 
 
 Hornblende slate, line grained, dark gray, with small veins of" 
 quartz. , 
 
 Hornblende slate, fine grained, dark brown. 
 
 Same as 39 and 36. 
 
 Sienitic granite, line grained, mixed white, red, bright green, and 
 darkgteen grains; 81,82, 83, and 84, bare, smooth ; wooded 
 hill 350 feet. These are from the summit ; characteristic speci-> 
 mens, rock is of part strata, dipping north 25 deg., west 50 deg. 5 
 waved. 
 
 Mostly quartz and felspar, with a little talc mineral, whke an# 
 opaque ; vein 2 feet run across 81 — 84. 
 
 Sienite, with large crystals of hornblende, the latter in largest. 
 
 proportion, dark green ; bill 30 feet summit. 
 
 Compact trap, greenish black ; fracture irregular; broken ledge 2®' 
 feet above surrounding surface. 
 
 Trappose rock, dark reddish gray, sab-granular ; broken ledge 
 feet above surface ; course east and west. 
 
 Same as 72, with iron pyrites ; north part of slope, 30 feetj;, 
 cleaves its slaty masses 2 or 3 inches thick. 
 
 Hyaline quartz, associated with greenish vein 6 to to 8 inches, in 
 89 ; course southwest; dip southeast. 
 
 Similar to 16 ; fibrous, sub-slaty ; broken cliff north 10 deg. 
 Similar to 16 ; less fibrous, sub-slaty, compact. 
 
 Similar to 16 ; less fibrous, sub-slaty, compact ; hill 800 feet above 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 Same as 20, but not associated with felspar and quartz ; some Irom 
 pyrites south side of hill 20 feet. 
 
 Same as 20 ; a little iron pyrites ; broken hill 50 feet summit. 
 
 Same as 91 ; a little iron pyrites ; broken hill 30 feet, east side. 
 Same as 94 ; ravine from stream running over this rock. 
 
 Sienitic hornblende rock, shield white and black ; hornblende ordy 
 in distinct grains. 
 
 Same as 92, (heavy ;) ravine. 
 
 Same as 89, (no pyrites.) Hill 650 feet above Lake Superk>%, 
 var. 4 deg. 30 min. east. 
 
 Trap, compact, dark gray. 
 
 Metamorphic light gray substance, somewhat friable, fracture 
 choidal. Land descending north, outcrop fiesh. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 917 
 
 (MAgue of geological Goatiaued. 
 
 No. of 
 8 |>edmeii. 
 
 ; r 
 
 Between sec- 
 tions 
 
 
 m 
 
 17, 20 
 
 Talcose rock, light gray, quite soft ; fracture earthy, soapy fed,. 
 Bed of stream. 
 
 104 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Same as 54, 55, with thin quartzose vein surface. 
 
 105 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Same as 92; cleaving joints on two sides, largely conchoidal, and 
 parallel. Stream over this rock. 
 
 106 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Cluartzose rock, whitish red, granitoidal. 
 
 107 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Hyaline quartz, associated with porous rocky matter; 106 and 107. 
 Vein in 105 seveial feet wide, north and south. 
 
 108 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Same as 100, with iron pyrites. Bed of stream. 
 
 :109 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Gtuartz, semi-amethystine; fracture large, conchoidal. Vein 12 
 feet, course east and west, or north of west. 
 
 liO 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Same as 92 and 93. Rock of south side of vfein 1C9. 
 
 m 
 
 18, 19 
 
 Sienitic granite, same as 5. Rock of north side of vein 109. 
 
 112 
 
 17, 18 
 
 Same as 15, fracture conchoidal, wi'th iron pyrites. Hill east 
 side. 
 
 ^113 
 
 17, 18 
 
 Same as 36 nearly, fracture irregular across cleavage lines, which 
 are large ; conchoidal ; sub-granite. 
 
 *114 
 
 17, 18 
 
 Same as 87. Uplift. 
 
 •315 
 
 7, 8 
 
 Same as 26. Cliff of 15 feet on north side stream. 
 
 116 
 
 7, 8 
 
 Same as 27. Outcrop. 
 
 117 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Same as 101. Fracture irregular. 
 
 ai8 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Sienitic granite, reddish, fine-grained. Rock over which stream 
 
 119 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Same as 87. ! falls 40 feet : character^ 
 
 120 
 
 5, 8 
 
 » 
 
 Gneissoid granite, fine-grained, light f istic specimens with 
 gray. J 122 
 
 321 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Granitic quartz in large grains, with greenish and brownish rock. 
 Vein in rock 118. 122. 
 
 122 1 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Same as 68 ; much pyrites, from rock of 118, 119, 120. 
 
 123 
 
 5, 8 
 
 Same as 91, with associated quartz in vein. 
 
 124 
 
 6 , 7 
 
 Same as 92, with associated quartz in vein, and much iron pyrites.- 
 Ravine, very hard rock. 
 
 125 
 
 6 , 7 
 
 Same as 62 Ravine, very hard rock. 
 
 126 
 
 6 , 7 
 
 Same as 91, associated with granitic quartz and some iron pyrites. 
 
 127 
 
 Coast meand. 
 
 Red sandrock. 
 
 128 
 
 • • • • • ado* • • • • • 
 
 Red sandrock ; light gray fracture, and coarse. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Red sandrock. 
 
 Small lake, No. 1, same as 53 ; no iron pyrites. 
 
 Small lake. No. 2, sienitic granite, fracture large, conchoidal*, irm 
 pyrites. 
 
 Township 50 norths runge 25 wesi* 
 
 Island in section 22. 
 
 I 
 
 Coast meand. 
 
 Sienitic felspar, red color. 
 
 
 « • • • • «do •••••• 
 
 Trap, compact. 
 
 3 
 
 • • • • • *do •••••« 
 
 Same as 1, but more felspar. 
 
 4 
 
 ^ • »clo •••••• 
 
 Trap- . . 
 
 5 
 
 « • • • • ado • a • a a • 
 
 Spar vein, in trappose siemte. 
 
 € 
 
 • • « • • •dio •»•••• 
 
 Calc spar. 
 
 7 
 
 « •••• «(io» • * • • * 
 
 Trap, very black, close^rained. 
 
 8 
 
 « a a a a ad.0 a a a • a • 
 
 Tiap, greenstone. 
 
 9 
 
 a a a a a adO a a a a a a 
 
 Pelspathic trappose rock. 
 
 10 
 
 « « « • • *do •••••« 
 
 Sparry trappose rock. 
 
 
 tdo •••••• 
 
 Same as No. 3. 
 
 .12 
 
 a a a a a adO a a a a a a 
 
 Compact trap. 
 
 13 
 
 *(1.0 •••••« 
 
 Compact trap, with iron pyrites in smaU spooks. 
 
 :U ^ 
 
 • «do •«•••! 
 
 Compact greenstone, with iron pyrites in imsdl 
 
 15 
 
 « • • • • <«do • • • • • 0 
 
 Same as 13. 
 
 <u 
 
 a a a a a adO«.o a a a a 
 
 1 Same as 3 ; augitic. 
 
918 
 
 No. of 
 specimeB. 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 € 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 Caiahgiie of geological specimens--Contirmed. . 
 
 Between sec- 
 tions 
 
 31, 32 
 31, 32 
 
 31, 32 
 19, 30 
 19, 30 
 
 32, 33 
 32, 33 
 
 29, 32 
 29, 32 
 20, 21 
 20 , 2 i 
 
 27, 28 
 
 27, 23 
 27, 28 
 27, 28 
 21 , 28 
 21 , 28 
 
 34, 35 
 27, 34 
 Lake meand. 
 
 • • • do • • • 
 
 • tcdo**! 
 
 .do, 
 
 ,do, 
 
 • • • do r > » 
 
 • • • do • • • 
 
 • • • do • t • 
 
 • • » do • • • 
 
 t • • do • » # 
 
 • * « do « • • 
 1 1 1 do • • • 
 
 • • • do • • • 
 
 • > • do • * • 
 
 • • *d9 • • • 
 
 • * i 
 » • 
 
 • • j 
 
 I 
 
 • * I 
 
 • » 
 
 • • 
 
 • • « 
 
 * « • 
 
 • • • 
 • • • 
 • • • 
 • « * 
 • • • 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 • • • do 
 
 • • «do 
 
 • » * 
 • • • 
 
 • • 
 • t 
 
 Township 50 norths range 26 west. 
 
 Sienitic granite, gneissoid, dark grayish green ; hornblende ixi 
 largest proportion. Small knob. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray ; less hornblende j rocky ridge, west 
 side. 
 
 Sienitic granite, same as 1, fine-grained ; rocky ridge, west side. 
 Sienitic granite, same as 1 , with veins of quartz. 
 
 Sienitic granite, fine-grained, gneissoidal. 
 
 Sienitic granite, reddish felspathic. 
 
 Hornblendic trap, fine-grained, hard, compact, dark green ; frao 
 ture irregular ; conchoidal, with small fractures. 
 
 [Garlic river falls 50 feet over these rocks, (specimens 6 and 7,) • 
 mixed white ; are imperfectly stratified, and dips east 20 deg. 5 
 and are very hard.] 
 
 Same as 1 ; rock of similar character. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray. 
 
 Hornblende trap, compact, dark gray, with quartzose vein, 
 duartzite rock, dark reddish-gray; fracture conchoidal ; 10 and 11 , 
 from rocks 50 feet above small lake, summit of west point. 
 Hornblende rock, fine-grained, associated with felspathic granite 5 
 the latter reddish. 
 
 Same as 7; 12 and 13 from hill summit ; No. 13 predominant rock* 
 Same as 7 ; hill 250 feet, summit. 
 
 Gtuartzite ; veins in 14. 
 
 Trappcse hornblende, sup. prat>., (?) dark gray, 
 duartzite, gub-crystaliine, reddish gray. 
 
 [Specimens 16 and 17 — hill 200 feet, summit; conical, bare 
 smooth, mixed rock ; 16 predominates.] 
 
 Same as 7. 
 
 Slaty trap, dark, sub-granular. 
 
 Soft shale, light red. 
 
 Sandrock, coaise white and gray, in veins. 
 
 Shale, light gray and red. 
 
 Sandrock, red, fine-grained, with small light gray spots. 
 
 Trappose rock, green, sub-granular, with small quartzose veins* 
 Steatite granite, greenish red. 
 
 duartzose rock, light green, probably metamorphie. 
 
 Trappose, dirty gray^ fine-grained, a little mica. 
 
 Calc spar, associated with trap. 
 
 Hornblende trap, compact, finegrained, dark ; resembles 13. 
 Sienitic granite, reddish gray, fine-grained. 
 
 Hyaline quartz. 
 
 Red sandrock, metamorphosed. (?) 
 
 Red sandrock, fine-graiaed. 
 
 Red sandrock, very coarse, metamorphosed, partly colored by = 
 copper ; cement in part composed of calc spar ; efifervesees 
 briskly in nitric acid. 
 
 Same as 13, 7. 
 
 Trap reddish-black, sub-granular, semi-stratified. 
 
 Metamorphie rock, whitish-gray and red, very friable ; does 
 eifervesce with acid. 
 
 Red sandrock. 
 
 Sienitic granite, very quartzose, dark gray, fine-grained. 
 Hornblende slate, vein in granite. 
 
 Trap, fine-grained, very compact; fracture sub-con choidal. 
 
 Trap, fine-grained, greenish hornblendic, darkj associated wi& 
 granular gray quartzite. 
 
 Same as trap portian of 42 ; fracture irregular, conchoidal. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray ; 2d specimen reddish-gray, yerf^i‘ 
 quartzite. 
 
Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued. 
 
 N©. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On sections 
 
 45 
 
 Lake meand. 
 
 46 
 
 do •••••» 
 
 47 
 
 ...... do ...... 
 
 48 
 
 •••••• do 
 
 
 Meanders sec. 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 6, 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 Granite, reddish-gray. 
 
 Metamorphic sandrock, coarse-grained, light reddish-gray, witk 
 white coating ; but does not effervesce. 
 
 Same as 43. 
 
 Sienitic granite, reddish-gray. 
 
 Township 51 nortkj range 26 west. 
 
 Sandrock, coarse red-gray ; coast ; height 20 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, metamorphic, brown ; junction with primary ; hor. 
 
 Sienite, with quartzose vein ; height 25 feet. 
 
 Sienite, reddish ; height 25 feet. 
 
 Sienite, grayish red, close-grained ; predominant rock ; apparently 
 stratified ; dip north 80 deg. 
 
 Sienite, grayish red ; quartzose, stratified ; dip north 80 deg. 
 
 Sienite, apparently hornblende slate, portions of stratified. 
 
 Sienite, chiefly quartz and felspar veins in 5 and 6; irregular in 
 size and direction. 
 
 Quartz, greasy, white; vein 2 feet thick; course south, 20 west ; 
 dip north 70 deg., west 70 deg. 
 
 Sienite and hornWende slate, mingled with quartz. 
 
 Sandrock, red, micaceous, fine ; cliff 8 feet; from upper stratum 
 of 4 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, white, coarse ; cliff 8 feet ; from lower stratum of 4 feet. 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
Catalogm of geological spedmms—Con^m^ 
 
 No. of 
 |>eeimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 < 
 
 \ 
 
 Cfts. Iks. 
 
 Township 51 nortk^ range 27 west* 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 River 
 
 Red sandrock. 
 
 2 
 
 34, 35 
 
 • • • • dio • • • • 
 
 Awgitic rock ; var. ; drillage. 
 
 3 
 
 34, 35 
 
 17 95 
 
 Felspar and quartz. 
 
 4 
 
 34, 35 
 
 44 00 
 
 Sienite, very light gray ; north slope of rocks. 
 
 5 
 
 34, 35 
 
 44 00 
 
 Sienite, sub-gneissoid ; north slope of rocks. 
 
 6 
 
 26, 35 
 
 56 00 
 
 Sienite, gray-red, predominant rock ; augitic tal 
 hornblende. 
 
 7 
 
 26, 35 
 
 56 00 
 
 Mostly hornblende, in sub-ascidular crystals ; spots and, 
 stripes in 6. 
 
 8 
 
 26, 35 
 
 
 No specimen. 
 
 9 
 
 11, 14 
 
 4 50 
 
 Sandiock, white-red, metamorphic ; former coast of lake; 
 cliff 25 feet. 
 
 10 
 
 33, 34 
 
 20 00 
 
 Sienite ; portions of the quartz red ; southeast side of rocky 
 hill. 
 
 11 
 
 33, 34 
 
 49 10 
 
 Sienite, gray, east side of summit of hill, 350 feet above 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 12 
 
 33, 84 
 
 69 50 
 
 Red sandrock, north side of hill ; apparently in place. 
 
 13 
 
 27, 34 
 
 45 00 
 
 Sienite, (augitic,) southeast side of hill. 
 
 14 
 
 27, 34 
 
 70 65 
 
 Sienite. 
 
 15 
 
 27, 28 
 
 3 00 
 
 Sienite, fine-grained, gray; summit of broken hill, 400 feet 
 above lake ; predominant specimen. 
 
 16 
 
 27, 28 
 
 ; 35 GO 
 
 Sienite; lamellar; drillage. 
 
 17 
 
 27, 28 
 
 35 00 
 
 Same as 6. 
 
 [Summit of rounded hills (specimens 16 and 17) 350 feet; 
 No. 17 is predominant rocks ; Ne. 16 only occasionally.] 
 
 18 
 
 27, 28 
 
 40 no 
 
 Sienite, as 6; sub-gneissoidal. 
 
 19 
 
 28, 33 
 
 29 '50 
 
 Sienite, as 6 ; sub-gneissoidal, with veins of quartz and 
 felspar. 
 
 20 
 
 28, 29 
 
 67 00 
 
 Sienite, as 6 ; ravine southeast side of hill. 
 
 21 
 
 20, 21 
 
 10 00 
 
 Red sandrock ; ravine 40 feet ; stream over this rock in 
 larainee 2 or 3 inches thick. 
 
 22 
 
 31, 32 
 
 2 25 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine-grained. 
 
 23 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 10 
 
 Sienite, reddish ; granite on north side of dike 24. 
 
 24 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 00 
 
 Greenstone ; dike on south side of hill in cliffs ; course eastr 
 southeast, nearly vertical, with smooth, fine, and plain 
 demarcation. 
 
 25 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 10 
 
 Calc spar, with schist in augitic rock. 
 Metamorphic. 
 
 26 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 10 
 
 27 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 10 
 
 Radiated quartz, in' crystals, with trap. 
 
 28 
 
 30, 31 
 
 42 10 
 
 Trap, compact ; 25, 26, 27, and 28, are from seam between 
 23 and 24, 3 or 4 feet thick ; spar veinstone, and 27 pre- 
 dominates. 
 
 29 
 
 30, 31 
 
 46 00 
 
 Sienite, red-gray ; summit of rounded hill 500 feet above 
 Lake Superior, and 200 feet on south side ; cliffs of 20 
 to 80 feet. 
 
 30 
 
 20, 29 
 
 15 00 
 
 Sandrock, red-mottled, with mica; bed of stream. 
 
 31 
 
 20, 29 
 20, 29 
 
 61 00 
 
 Sienite, gray-red ; descend ledge 30 feet. 
 
 32 
 
 61 00 
 
 Augitic sienite, gneissoidal ; irregular veins and segregated. 
 ID 31. 
 
 33 
 
 20, 29 
 
 66 00 
 
 Sienite, red-white. 
 
 34 
 
 19, 20 
 
 60 00 
 
 % 
 
 Slaty hornblende, or diologe; base of southwest side of 
 hill, rock trappose and apparently stratified ; dip nortli 
 60 deg. 
 
 35 
 
 19, 20 
 
 60 00 
 
 Ctuartzose vein ; small seams between the strata of 34. 
 
 36 
 
 19, 20 
 
 70 00 
 
 As 32 ; summit 560 feet above Lake Superior. 
 
 37 
 
 18, 19 
 
 70 00 
 
 As 33, south of summit of hill. 
 
 38 
 
 18, 19 
 
 14 77 
 
 Augitic sienite, foot of steep descent. 
 
 39 
 
 18, 19 
 
 i 
 
 7] 40 
 
 ■ Augitic sienite, gneissoidal, summit of hills 550 feet above 
 Lake Superior. 
 
Catalogue of geohgical spedrMns — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 pecim en. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 Cks. Iks, 
 
 40 
 
 18, 19 
 
 75 00 
 
 41 
 
 17, 18 
 
 19 50 
 
 42 
 
 7, 18 
 Meand.L.S 
 
 2 00 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 11 00 
 
 44 ' 
 
 9 
 
 6 40 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 
 .53 
 
 4 
 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 
 M 
 
 4 
 
 • ••• •• •••• 
 
 66 
 
 4 
 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 
 01 
 
 4 
 
 
 02 
 
 4 
 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 
 66 
 
 4 
 
 
 07 
 
 4 
 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 
 69 
 
 4 
 
 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 
 "71 
 
 4 
 
 
 72 
 
 4 
 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 
 '75 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 /• 
 
 Trap, compact ; fracture conchoidal ; veia a dike 8 inches, 
 nearly vertical ; course southwest; very compact and tough. 
 As 31 ; eastern escarpment of hill. 
 
 As 31 ; commence descending east. 
 
 Sand rock, red and gray ; coast of Lake Superior 4 feet. 
 Sandrock, brown ; coast of Lake Superior 4 feet. 
 
 Sandfock, as 43 ; hard ; coast of Lake Superior 8 feet. 
 Metamorphic; probably belongs to sienite beneath the 
 sandrock. 
 
 Sandrock, metamorphic, brown, overlying 45. 
 
 Sienite, metamorphic, adjoining 49, 50, 51, and 52. 
 
 ' ^ Dike in adjoining 46; 
 
 course south 75 
 deg.west, on north 
 side, vertical char- 
 acteristic speci- 
 men. This dike is 
 jointed in small 
 rhomboidal* blockh 
 and cleaves nearly 
 vertical, at right- 
 angles with the 
 dike. 
 
 Same as 59 ; north side of the dike. ' " _ 
 
 Sienite, red brown, vitreous las., north side of dike. 
 
 ^ From irreg- 
 
 Greenstone, metamorphic? ' | 
 
 Trap, compact. j 
 
 As 49. * 
 
 Greenstone, or metamorphic sienite. 
 
 Calc spar, v/ith trappose rock. 
 
 Radiated quartz, with calc spar. 
 
 Felspar, var. glassy^ transparent, red vitreous. 
 
 ular segre- 
 gated vein 
 on point of 
 the dike, | 
 to 2 inches 
 
 \ thick. 
 
 Greenstone ; trap vein 12 inches thick ; dip north 70 deg. 
 Sienite, greenish gray ; rock containing 58. 
 
 Augitic rock; vein 6 inches thick; course north 75 deg. 
 
 west ; dip north 70 deg. 
 
 Sienite, gray ; rock adjoining 60. 
 
 Gluartz ; greasy, greenish. ) Walls of dike ; course north 55 
 Augite. \ deg. west ; dip north 70 deg. 
 
 Sienite, as 59 ; rock containing dike. 
 
 Gtuartz, greasy*; vein 3. or 4 inches thick ; course north 80 
 deg. west ; dip north 70 deg ; irregular. 
 
 Sienite, greenish red ; seam 6 to 12 inches, south side of 
 gorge of conglomerate. 
 
 Calc spar, in veins through sienite, metamorphic; mass 
 6 inches thick between granite apd conglomerate. 
 Apparently metamorphic; sub-talcoae. ) ^ 
 
 As 61 ; predominant rock ; dip north 60 deg. 
 
 As 68 ; the felspar appears decomposed. Metamorphosed 
 at junction with sandrock. 
 
 As 54 ) 
 
 As 54,' but coarser, \ sandrock. 
 
 Conglomerate sandrock, metamorphic, overlying the gran- 
 ite, 71, 72, 73. 
 
 Brown sandrock, fine metamorphic. 
 
 NoTE.—In the sienitic rocks of this township, augite or 
 dialloge frequently takes the place of hornblende. The 
 proportion of either is, however, much more rare than of 
 felspar and quarts, of which the latter is most abundant. 
 Augite dr hornblende is sometimes foutid in distinct masses. 
 
m 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 m 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimem — Continued. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 59 
 
 00 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 00 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 61 
 
 00 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 46. 
 
 50 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 24 
 
 49 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 24 
 
 49 
 
 00 
 
 13, 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 GO 
 
 12, 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 12, 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 1, 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
 00 
 
 34, 
 
 35 
 
 67 
 
 00 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 26, 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 26, 
 
 27 
 
 73 
 
 00 
 
 23, 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 eo 
 
 23, 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 Toimuhip 51 north, range 28 wesU ^ 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray, quartz, felspar, hornblendCj witlr 
 iron pyrites, ascend hill. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray, semi-gneissoidal ; summit, 
 broken range of hills, 530 feet. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark gray, fine-grained; seen for one 
 chain ; breaks in rectangular prisms. 
 
 Greenstone trap, daik gray ; slaty, argillaceous. 
 
 Hornblende, with patches of granite, ascending rocky hills. 
 
 Trap pose sienite, dark gray, (iron pyrites ;) summit of as- 
 cent 600 feet ; whole point of hill 720 feet. 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine-grained ; gneissoidal ; descend hill. 
 
 Sienite, dark gray, fine-grained ; gneissoid, hornblende, 
 quartz, and felspar, summit of ridge; course east and 
 west 440 feet, and 200 above swamp. 
 
 Trappose hornblende, gray, with iron pyrites; sum- 
 mit of ridge 420 feet. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray, fine-grained ; summit of ridge elon- 
 gated 400 feet, east and west. ‘ 
 
 Sienite, gmy , fine-grained ; gneissoidal; ascend rocky hill. 
 
 Greenstone trap, crystalline, with iron pyrites ; ridge north- 
 northwest 550 feet, and 250 above surrounding country. 
 
 Trappose sienite, dark gray ; side of ravine filled with fall- 
 en blocks. 
 
 Trappose hornblende, fine-grained; iron pyrites; descend 
 slope of rocks 60 feet in one chain. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray, fine-grained ; ascend broken ledge 40* 
 feet high. 
 
 Slaty hornblende, crystalline, northwest , side of elongated 
 hill 500 feet General specimen. 
 
 Same as 15, sub-gneissoidal, interstratified with 16; dip 
 north-northeast 45 deg. 
 
 Trappose hornblende, compact, jointed ; ravine 25 feet deep. 
 
 Sienitic granite ; coarse-grained hornblende. 
 
 Sienite, light gray; fine-grained; massively stratified ; dip 
 north-northeast 45 deg. 
 
 Sienite, coarse and fine-grained; portions intermixed of 
 sienitic granite and true granite, and small veins or 
 masses in 20 ; .common. 
 
 Slaty hornblende in prismatic crystals, dark ; rocks dip 
 north-northeast 45 deg. to 60 deg. General specimen. 
 
 Chloritic slate, argillaceous ; slaty ; dip north 40 deg. Gen- 
 eral specimen. 
 
 Granite, mostly white and red quartz, With red oxide of 
 iron ? vein in 23, 4 inches. 
 
 Sienite, gray, fine-grained. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray ; grained trappose ; summit of 
 smooth, bare, rounded hill, 400 feet. 
 
 Hornblendic, trappose, dark, with quartz in small stripes and 
 veins, west side of hill ; dip northeast. General speci- 
 men. 
 
 Same as 25 ; east point of rocks 20 feet high — 250 feet. 
 
 Sienite, dark gray; mostly hornblende, veined with quartz. 
 
 Sienite, gray ; steep ascent of bare rocks 60 feet high. 
 
 Same as 29. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray, fine-grained, northwest side of 
 broken, rocky hill, 
 
 Sienite, light reddish gray, fine-grained ; rocky ravine. 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine grained. 
 
 Do do do. 
 
catalogue of geological -Contirmed. 
 
 No. of 
 epeciiuen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 ' ‘ - — ' ■ ■■ ■ 1 — MP. -I.. — — 1 , ^,, 1 , .1 >mm • • 
 
 1 
 
 
 ChSt i]c&^ 
 
 
 36 
 
 22, 23 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine grained ; bare rocks. 
 
 37 
 
 22, 23 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, lighVgray, fine grained ; summit smooth ; rounded 
 650 feet ; dip north 45 deg. 
 
 •r >0 
 
 14, 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, dark green ; compact, fine-grained, with iron pyrites j 
 dike ? 
 
 39 
 
 14, 15 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 Smoky quartz. 
 
 40 
 
 14, 15 
 
 22 
 
 00, 
 
 Chloride slate, dark green ; small seam or vein north side 
 of dike. 
 
 4i 
 
 14, 15 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray, fine grained rock, traversed by dike 
 and veins ; 38, 39, 40 ; general specimens. 
 
 
 14, 15 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 ! Sienite, light gray, fine grained ; steep rocky hill side ; dip 
 north 50 deg. ; general specimen. 
 
 43 
 
 14, 15 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, gray. 
 
 Trappose, hornblende, dark, with patch of felspar; dike 
 ascending broken cliff 20 feet high ; south side of dike 
 of 50 feet, course north of east ; dip vertical. 
 
 44 
 
 14, 15 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 45 
 
 14, 15 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray ; gneissoid ; south of dike 44. 
 
 46 
 
 14, 15 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 43 ; north of dike 44, massively stratified ; dip 
 north 45 deg. to 60 deg. ; edges from steps rounded. 
 
 47 
 
 11, 14 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 Red argillaceous shale, belongs to the sandrock ; fragments 
 filling the soil. 
 
 48 
 
 11, 14 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 43 and 46 ; steep and bare ascent. 
 
 49 
 
 11, 14 ! 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblendic trap, dark compact ; dike 6 feet, 40 Iks. north 
 of 48. 
 
 50 
 
 11, 14 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 Hornblendic, dark slaty ; same as 44 and 49, nearly. 
 
 51 
 
 11, 14 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 43, nearly ; rock traversed by dike 49 deg. to 50 
 deg. 
 
 52 
 
 : 10, 11 
 
 32 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 32, and gneissoidal ; descend broken ledge. 
 
 53 
 
 2, 11 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 43 arid 46 ; steep ascent. 
 
 54 
 
 ! 2, 11 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, dark gray. 
 
 55 
 
 \ 
 
 % 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ou 
 
 Sienite, red ; summit of ridge, east and west, 300 feet ; 100 
 feet high. 
 
 56 
 
 27, 28 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, light greenish white, fine grained ; summit of ridge 
 500 feet. 
 
 57 
 
 27, 28 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine grained. 
 
 58 
 
 22, 27 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 55 ; steep ascent of bare rocks. 
 
 59 
 
 22, 27 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, light gray. 
 
 SO 
 
 22, 27 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, light gray, gneissoidal ; dip vertical ; diff 60 feet 
 high, north-northwest. 
 
 61 
 
 22, 27 j 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, quartzose ; vein 1 foot north and south ; dip vertical 
 Sienite, fine grained ; rock containing vein 61. 
 
 62 
 
 22, 27 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 S3 
 
 22, 27 ! 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 Trappose hornblende, soft, dark green, interstratified with 
 the vein and rock. (?) 
 
 64 
 
 21, 22 
 
 57 
 
 .50 
 
 Same as 60 ; east point of ridge. 
 
 Sienite, light reddish gray, fine grained ; summit of hill 450 
 feet. 
 
 65 
 
 21, 22 
 
 73 
 
 00 
 
 66 
 
 15, 22 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 22 ; (hornblende slate,) massively stratified ; dip 
 ' north 45 deg. ; general specimen. 
 
 67 
 
 i 15, 22 
 
 63 
 
 00 
 
 Sienite, dark gray. 
 
 Hornblendic and micaceous schist, fine grained ; both horn* 
 blendic and micaceous, dark. 
 
 68 
 
 15, 16 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 m 
 
 15, 16 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 Same as 22 and 66; (hornblende, slate dark.) 
 
 TO 
 
 15, 16 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 Same as 68, but riie hornblende and mica more distinct- 
 ly separate, and the mica bright colored. 
 
 71 
 
 15, 16 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 Part reddish felspar sienite ; the other dark slaty hornblende, 
 with iron pyrites. 
 
 n 
 
 15, 16 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 Sienitic granite, coarse grained. [Characteristic specimens 
 of the rocks over which stream falls (in specimens 69, 70, 
 71 and 72) ravine 30 feet deep. The several varieties 
 are mixed and interlaminated ; 69 and 70 predominate j 
 dip north 45 deg.] 
 
924 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued. 
 
 Ho. of 
 ^^@c£men. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 73 
 
 10, 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 00 
 
 74 
 
 10, 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 73 
 
 10, 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 76 
 
 10, 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 77 
 
 28, 
 
 29 
 
 59 
 
 00 
 
 78 
 
 28, 
 
 29 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 79 
 
 21, 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 ©0 
 
 20, 
 
 21 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 81 
 
 20, 
 
 21 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 ■82 
 
 20, 
 
 21 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 ■83 
 
 16, 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 84 
 
 16, 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 85 
 
 16, 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 ■86 ' 
 
 16, 
 
 21 
 
 54 
 
 00 
 
 87 
 
 16, 
 
 17 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 m 
 
 16, 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 m 
 
 4, 
 
 5 
 
 S. 6 
 
 00 
 
 so 
 
 4, 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 Si 
 
 4, 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 92 
 
 20, 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 00 
 
 93 
 
 20, 
 
 29 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 94 
 
 19, 
 
 30 
 
 E.70 
 
 00 
 
 S5 
 
 19, 
 
 20 
 
 76 
 
 00 
 
 m 
 
 18, 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 m 
 
 18, 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 ■m 
 
 18, 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 m 
 
 18, 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 aeo 
 
 17, 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 00 
 
 Ml I 
 
 8, 
 
 17 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 ■102 1 
 
 8, 
 
 17 1 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 
 103 I 
 
 7, 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 104 
 
 7, 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 i05 
 
 7, 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 106 
 
 6, 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 107 
 
 5, 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 'i08 
 
 
 4 
 
 Lake , . . 
 
 169 
 
 
 4 
 
 • • do • 
 
 • • • « 
 
 110 
 
 
 4 
 
 » • do • 
 
 t • ft • 1 
 
 til 
 
 
 3 
 
 ..do, 
 
 ) 9 ft ft 1 
 
 
 Sienite,, mixed red and dark gray ; summit of ridge. 
 
 Same as 22 and 26, with small quartzose vein in red and 
 white bands, steep part of side hill ; the vein is of com- 
 mon occurrence ; general specimen. 
 
 Sienitic granite, mostly quartz, the felspar having apparent- 
 ly disintegrated, being open cells ; small veins or seams 
 in 74 ; dip northeast 50 deg. 
 
 Same as 49 and 50 ; bare rocks. 
 
 Sienite, gray, fine-grained ; summit of rocky hill 600 feet. 
 
 Sienite, reddish, fine grained, bed of stream. 
 
 Same as 77 ; massively stratified *, dip north 25 deg. 
 
 Same as 77 ; Jine-grained bare rock. 
 
 ct j 1 r These rocks graduate into eacli 
 
 Same as 77; dari com- 
 
 pac , ne-graine . separation ; 81 on southeast, 82 
 
 Same as (8. on northwest. 
 
 Same as 77 ; general specimen^ but interstratified or mixed 
 with 84 ; dip northerly. 
 
 Hornblende slate, dark, in fine crystals. 
 
 Sienite, coarse-grained, felspathic, veined with quartz; very 
 common in small masses in the other rocks. 
 
 Sienite, fine-grained, reddish ; small knob. 
 
 Same as 56 ; summit of rocky ridge 600 feet south-south- 
 east; general specimen. 
 
 Same as 84, interstratified with 87 ; all dip northeast or 
 north-northeast 45 to 60 deg. 
 
 Same as 44, (trappose hornblende ;) dike 6 feet ; east and 
 west ; dip vertical. 
 
 Same as 85 ; felspar predominates ; summit of ridge ; course 
 east and west ; descent east 500 feet. 
 
 Sienite, coarse-grained, reddish, descending broken cliflf; 
 dip north 25 deg. 
 
 Greenstone trap in distinct grains ; broken ledge on north 
 side of rounded bill. 
 
 Sienite, gray, descending ledge north-northeast. 
 
 Sienite, gray, jine-grained. 
 
 Hornblende slate, (as 66;) steep descent north. 
 
 Hornblendic sienite, slaty, trappose, resembling micaceous^ 
 schist; dip north 40 deg.; general specimen. 
 
 Same as 85 and 90, in small patches or irregular veins. 
 
 Hornblende, fine-grained, with veins of quartz ; rounded hiH 
 700 feet; dip north-northeast 40 deg.; general specimen. 
 
 Same as 85 and 90 ; felspar and quartz, masses and vein% 
 in 98. 
 
 Same as 71 ; sienitic hornblende, but no pyrites; ascend 
 small ledge ; dip north 40 deg. 
 
 Same as 85, 90, and 99 ; mostly felspar. ) North point of 
 
 Hornblende, dark green, fine crystals. J rocks. 
 
 Sienite, gray, fine-grained. 
 
 q r Descend broken cliff 25 feet high; 
 
 sf^itic .ranite Imhl J northeast, interstratified 
 
 ° b genial specimens. 
 
 Sienite, gneissoid, jJne-gmned; dark gray bare rock. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray ; steep descent. 
 
92d 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 pecimeo. 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 23, 24 
 
 13, 24 
 13, 24 
 13, 24 
 13, 14 
 
 12, 13 
 
 12, 13 
 11 , 12 
 11 , 12 
 11 , 12 
 
 • • 
 • • 
 • • 
 
 1 , 12 
 1 , 2 
 1 , 2 
 14, 23 
 14, 15 
 11, 14 
 
 11, 14 
 
 16, 11 
 
 2 , 11 
 2 , 11 
 2 , 11 
 
 3, 10 
 
 3, 10 
 3, 10 
 
 3, 10 
 3> 4 
 
 3, 
 8 , 
 8 , 
 
 4, 
 4, 
 4, 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Chs. Iks, 
 
 Xjoke • • • • 
 
 .do. .. 
 i . . do ... 
 
 . .do ... 
 
 [ . « do • . ■ 
 
 75. eo 
 
 14 OO 
 33 20 
 33 20 
 76 00 
 5 00 
 
 50 00 
 40 00 
 49 00 
 44 50 
 
 11, 12 44 50 
 
 10 00 
 40 00 
 40 00 
 8 10 
 80 00 
 29 50 
 
 50 00 
 
 57 50 
 
 24 50 
 40 24 
 40 24 
 
 20 00 
 
 62 50 
 62 50 
 
 75 00 
 14 00 
 
 3, 4 62 00 
 
 62 00 
 61 00 
 62 75 
 64 00 
 64 00 
 75 00 
 
 Township 51 norths range 29 west. 
 
 Light gray graaite, fine-grained, summit of west point 
 ridge of rocks. 
 
 Light red gray granite, very fine-grained ; bare, steep 
 hill. 
 
 Dark gray sienitic granite, fine-grained, gneissoidal, 
 eending broken ledge 
 Granite, coarse-greiined, with large laipina of brown mica 5 , 
 probably portion of a vein only occasionally seen. 
 Granite, fin^-gramed, light gray; small do, white; bo|!®^ 
 rocks. 
 
 Sienite, very fine-grained ; apparently hornblendic slate; 
 
 hill, descending west, massively stratified ; dip nostSif- 
 , northeast 45 deg. 
 
 Light gray sienitic granite summit of line north side of hill* 
 Felspar, flesh-color, south side of rocks. 
 
 Gtuartz, hyaline, south side of roc^s. 
 
 Gluartzose sienite, reddish gray ; summit of small r&ek|r 
 ridge. 
 
 Hornblende slates, with a little felspar; summit of 
 rocky ridge. 
 
 Guartz, sienitic, gray, fine grained ; base of rocks. 
 
 Same as 12, reddish gray ; general specimen. 
 
 Guartz and felspar, coarse grams; forms small portion of 13L 
 Sienite, gray, sub-gneissoidal ; rocky ravine. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray ; fine grained, 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray, coarser; steep descent west aboT®; 
 100 feet. 
 
 Greenstone, small broken ledge in side hill ; general sped^ 
 men. 
 
 Sienite, very fine grained, with gneissoidal or slaty stri30>»* 
 ture ; bi^re rocks ; dip north 45 deg. 
 
 Sienite, red gray ; coarser ; small ridge. ‘ 
 
 Greenstone. 1 Chance specimens interstrafifieii 
 
 Sienite, chiefly quartz > massively, and dip north 
 and felspar. ) deg. 
 
 Gr^nstone, north part of trap rocks; very compact 
 tough. V 
 
 Sienite, light gray, fine grained. In stream over this 
 Sienite, mingled red, gray, and white, in stripes ; small, 
 streaks o;: veins in 24. 
 
 Sienite, light gray ; mass stratified ; dip north 45 deg;. 
 Hornblende slate ; small ridge, extending from 
 west. ’ 
 
 Sienite ; the granite components much ^ Summit of !&i^ 
 segregated. > hill; chance 
 
 Greenstone. ^ 3 mens. 
 
 Bienite, flesh colored, felspathic 
 Gi'censtone; outcrop of trap ; small rise, 
 
 Sienite, gray, fine grained ; general specrmen. 
 
 Guartz, greasy ; small irregular vein.- 
 Compact greenstone trap, dark, probably dike; 
 course, west-southwest. 
 
Ckitalogue of geologicat specimens — Gontinned.. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 35 
 
 4, 9 
 
 Iks. 
 75 00 
 
 1 Sienite, chiefly quartz and felspar, reddish ; rock on south 
 
 36 
 
 4, 5 
 
 34 00 
 
 side. 
 
 Sienite, chiefly quartz and felspar, reddish gray ; ridge oval 
 
 37 
 
 4. 5 
 
 50 00 
 
 shape ; course west-northwest. 
 
 Same as 35 ; descend broken slope, southwest side of hili ; 
 
 38 
 
 
 37 80 
 
 course west-northwest. 
 
 Black argillaceous slate; contains some iron pyrites? crops 
 
 39 
 
 19, 30 
 
 44 20 
 
 out on west side of stream, hard and in thin layers 1-16 
 ! to 4 inch ; dip southwest 45 deg. 
 
 Same as 38, but with more iron in cubic crystals ; stream 
 over edges of this rock cleaves in thin layers as above ; 
 dip south 45 deg. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark gray ; north side of small rise of 
 
 ' 40 
 
 5, 8 
 
 8 00 
 
 41 
 
 6, 7 
 
 25 00 
 
 township. 
 
 Reddish argillaceous slate ; rock cleavable into layers te 
 
 42 
 
 5, 6 
 
 52 00 
 
 1 inch ; |lip south or south-southwest 40 deg. 
 
 Sienitic granite ; constituents sub-separate ; small rise. 
 Sienitic granite, fine grained, light colored ; shore of smell 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 Lake. 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 Lake. 
 
 lake ; low point. 
 
 Greenstone, apparently hornblende slate ; shore of small 
 
 1 
 
 23, 24 i 
 
 27 00 
 
 lake ; low point. 
 
 Township 51 nor thy range 30 west. 
 
 Clay slate, blue black, with cubes of iron pyrites ; stream 
 
 2 
 
 13, 24 
 
 14 50 
 
 bed ; strata 1 to 2 feet thick ; nearly horizontal ; eleav- 
 able into thin layers 1-16 to 1 inch ; dip south-southwest 
 45 deg. 
 
 Clay, dark gray ; stream as above ; fine grained and softo 
 
 3 
 
 12, 13 
 
 64 30 
 
 Clay, dark gray ; stream ; apparent strata 1 to 2 feet thick ; 
 dip south-southwest Id deg. 
 
 Clay, dark gray. ) Rapids 
 
 4 
 
 ' 11, 12 
 
 35 85 
 
 5 
 
 11, 12 
 
 35 85 
 
 Clay, in alternate layers of dark gray and white. ) over 
 
 6 
 
 11, 12 
 
 35 85 
 
 this rock; general specimens. 
 
 Guartz, vein in slate. ) Vertical cliff 20 
 
 7 
 
 11, 12 
 
 35 85 
 
 Silicious rock, with decomposed matter. 5 feet west of 
 
 8 
 
 i : 
 
 1, 12 
 
 32 80 
 
 stream; in strata, general dip south 20 deg, ; 
 
 veins in the rock. 
 
 Clay slate, black ; bed of stream ; rock cleavable into thin 
 
 9 
 
 22, 23 
 
 68 20 
 
 layers; dip southwest 40 deg. ; very fissile. 
 
 Clay slate, very dark gray. \ Bed of 
 
 10 
 
 22, 23 
 
 68 20 
 
 Clay slate, very dark, with veins of iron pyrites. J stream ; 
 general specimans. 
 
 Hard trappose rock, 1 chain southwest of above, at falls. 
 
 11 
 
 22, 23 
 
 63 20 
 
 12 
 
 22, 23 
 
 68 20 
 
 Clay slate, hard, 1 chain southwest of falls. 
 
 13 
 
 1 22, 23 
 
 68 20 
 
 Same as 8 ; soft slate between the harder rock ; cleavage 
 
 14 
 
 14, 15 
 
 9 00 
 
 dip south 30 deg. 
 
 Same as 8 ; stream bed, strata 24 feet ; dip southwest 10 deg. 
 
 15 
 
 14, 15 
 
 59 00 
 
 to 15 deg. ; cleavage dip south 45 deg. 
 
 Same as 5 ; gray, veining ; stream bed rapid ; strata 1 to 3 
 feet ; dip southwest 10 deg. 20 min.; striped and cieava- 
 ble into thin layers ; dip southwest 45 deg. 
 
 Slate clay, steatitic ; broken cliff 3 chs. southeast of above. 
 
 16 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 14, 15 
 
 59 50 
 
 17 
 
 14, 15 
 
 59 50 
 
 Same as 2 ; containing rock of 16. 
 
 Same as 2, nearly. > Stream rapid over this rock ; in strata 
 
 18 
 
 2, 11 
 
 26 oe 
 
 19 
 
 2, 11 
 
 26 00 
 
 Same as 2- ) 1 to 2 feet ; dip southwest 30 d^g. ; 
 
 joints at right-angles with dip, and dip irregular north- 
 east 45 deg. 
 
 Clay slate, yellow gray ; falls 16 fset. 
 
 20 
 
 2, 11 
 
 1 
 
 26 00 
 
Catalogw ef geohgical specimens— GouiimxjdA., 
 
 No. of 
 jecimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 |x- 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Uss. 
 
 1 ^ ' * — — 
 
 21 
 
 33, 34 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone trap. ) Chance specimens ; stream rapM 
 
 22 
 
 1 33, 34 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 Black hard cla,y slate. ^ over these rocks ; apparent dip 
 south 20 deg., west 35 deg. ; cleavage dip south ^ deg., 
 west 65 deg. to 70 deg. 
 
 23 
 
 3, 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Clay slate, light gray or brown ; rapids over this rock 
 part fine like 23, and part sandy. 
 
 24 
 
 3, 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Clay slate, light gray or brown ; strata 1 to 2 feet ; dip south 
 20 deg. ; cleavage dip south 45 deg. to 60 deg. 
 
 25 
 
 3, 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Clay slate, very hard trappose ; dike 18 inches ; course 
 north 70 deg. west ; dip north 20 deg., east 80 deg. 
 
 26 
 
 3, 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Clay slate, very hard ; small stream south side of 25. 
 Clay slate, greenish gray, containing rock of 26. 
 
 27 
 
 3, 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 32, 33 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Trap, small knob, very hard ; sounds under hammer like 
 iron. 
 
 29 
 
 16, 17 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 Slaty rock, hard, black ; bare rock ; cleavage uneven ; dip 
 south 45 deg. 
 
 30 
 
 4, 9 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 Clay slate, dark gray ; otitcrop near ; horizontal strata | to 
 1| foot; layers thin; dip south 45 deg. These stripes 
 are always parallel with strata. 
 
 31 
 
 31, 32 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 Clay slate, brownish gray ; layers 1-6 to 1 inch ; dip south- 
 southwest 45 deg. to 60 deg. ; hard but fissile. 
 
 32 
 
 19, 30 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Clay slate, black ; bed of stream, cleavage 1-16 to 1 inch ; 
 dip south-southwest 45 deg. to 60 deg. 
 
 33 
 
 19, 30 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 Clay slate, black, colored by iron ; bed of stream, hori 2 ion- 
 tal strata 1 to 2 feet ; layers thin ; dip south 45 deg. to 60 
 deg. 
 
 34 * 
 
 19, 20 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 Clay slate ; same as 32; bed of stream, cleavage dip south- 
 southeast 45 deg. 
 
 35 
 
 8, 17 
 
 45 
 
 50 ! 
 
 Trap, or altered slates, dark gray ; trappose apparently. 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 5, 6 
 
 j 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone, dark gray ; summit of west end of smaH 
 rounded knob 40 feet ; very hard. 
 
 Towiishij) 51 north, range 31 west 
 
 1 
 
 35, 36 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 Greenstone, dark gray, compact; small knob 15 feet (50 
 links west.) 
 
 2 
 
 24, 25 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 Black agillaceous slate, discolored by iron ; general speci- 
 men from small ravine in slate ; dip south 45 deg. to 60 
 deg. 
 
 3 
 
 24, 25 
 
 3 
 
 06 
 
 »Q.uartzite, probably veirf, 50 Iks. south of above. 
 
 4 
 
 24, 25 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 Cluartz, greasy white, with much iron pyrites, 150 Iks. soutia 
 of above ; vein 10 inches ; course east and west. 
 
 5 
 
 24, 25 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Trappose rock, black, fine-grained, containing rock of 4. 
 All these rocks — — ; cleavage uneven, dip south 45 deg. 
 to 50 deg. 
 
 6 
 
 24,, 25 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 Same as 2. Stream brisk over this rock ; cleavage thia, 
 dip south 50 deg. to 60 deg. 
 
 7 
 
 23, 24 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 Argillaceous slate, dark gray. Bed of stream. i 
 
 a 
 
 14, 15 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 Argillaceous slate, same as 7, with iron. Bed of stream, 
 apparent dip south-southwest 20 deg. to 60 deg. ; cleaves 
 into very thin layers. 
 
 9 
 
 33, 34 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 Argillaceous slate, same as 2. Bed of stream, cleavage ua- 
 even, dip southwest 30 deg. to 40 deg. ; fissile, joints 1 
 inch*. to 2 feet apart; course southeast, dip northeast 80 
 degrees. 
 
 10 
 
 27, 28 
 
 21 
 
 50 
 
 Greenstone, granular. Small outcrop, irregularly jointed, 
 in conchoidal pieces 1 to 2 inches thick ; very hard. 
 
 11 
 
 15, 22 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 Same as 7. Bed of stream, dip ef cleavage 76 deg] 
 south. 
 
[11 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Contkmed. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 12 
 
 15, 
 
 22 
 
 67 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 15, 
 
 16 
 
 51 
 
 90 
 
 14 
 
 15, 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 8, 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 00 
 
 16 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 17 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 92 
 
 18 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 93 
 
 19 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 93 
 
 21 
 
 29, 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 22 
 
 29, 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 23 
 
 19, 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 19, 
 
 SO 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 18, 
 
 19 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 26 
 
 7, 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 18, 
 
 00 
 
 River 
 
 28 
 
 18, 
 
 GO 
 
 
 29 
 
 18, 
 
 00 ’ 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 33, 
 
 00 
 
 L. Superior 
 
 2 
 
 32, 
 
 00 
 
 
 3 
 
 32, 
 
 00 
 
 • t • • do • • • • 
 
 4 
 
 30, 
 
 00 
 
 • • » « do • • * • 
 
 5 
 
 30, 
 
 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 34, 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 33, 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 33, 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 Ai^illaceous slate, brown color. Bed of stream rapid ; lay- 
 ers thin, one-sixteenth to one inch ; dip south-south we^ 
 40 deg, ; soft; general specimen. 
 
 Argillaceous slate, reddish color. Ravine, 40 feet. 
 
 Same as 1*2, but more compact ; 5 chains southeast of 13 
 strata dip north-northeast 20 deg. to 30 deg., cleavage 
 south-southwest 45 deg. 
 
 Argillaceous slate, light brown. Valley, 50 feet, outcrop 
 of soft slate ; general specimen. 
 
 Greenstone, sub-granular. Rise of 10 feet 3 chains north 5 
 a knob of same 30 feet, var. 5 deg. 40 min. 
 
 Argillaceous slate, black. ) Stream rapid 
 
 Argillaceous, very compact, metamorpbic ? ^ over rook ; 
 from 1 chain north cleavable into layers from thickness 
 of a line to 6 inches ; dip southwest ^ deg. 
 
 Same as 16. Northeast of, and dipping under 17 and 18. 
 
 Gtuartzite. Small seam between 19, and 17 and 18. 
 
 Slate, metamorphic, hard. Small rise. 
 
 Greenstone trap, same as 16. General characteristic of rocks 
 on the line. 
 
 Greenstone trap, compact. Small knob 4 chains south, 30 
 feet. 
 
 Greenstone trap, same as 16. Summit of knob 30 feef. 
 
 Black slate, compact, fine. Bare rock ; cleavage dip east- 
 southeast 60 deg, ; hard. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray. Bare rock, gneissoidal, with 
 vertical lines north and south. 
 
 Sandrsck metamorphic, hard, white ; rapids ; in thin layers^ 
 course south-southwest; dip vertical. 
 
 Resembles 14, but harder; 5 chains down. 
 
 Metamorphose slate, 5 chains down. 
 
 Totonship 52 north, range 27 west. 
 
 Sandrock, brownish red. Coast 45 feet, and 22 feet old lake 
 coast. 
 
 Sandrock, brown, red, and white. 
 
 Sandrock, brown and red, conglomerate. * 
 
 Sandrock, brown and red, conglomerate. 
 
 Sandrock, brown and red, conglomerate. 
 
 -4 
 
 Township 52 north, range 28 west. 
 
 Granite, greenstone. Knob bare, rounded. 
 
 Sienitic granite, light gray , fine-grained ; quartz, felspar, an# 
 green hornblende; descent broken, cliff 25 feet high. 
 
 Sienitic granite, reddish ; Jine-grained quartz, felspar, horn- 
 blende, gneissoidal. 
 
 Sienitic granite, grayish white, fine-grained, gneissoidaL 
 Ridge east and west 300 feet. 
 
 Sienitic granite, gieenish red, fine-grained, trappose. Ascen# 
 broken cliff. 
 
 Greenstone trap, dark gray, fine-grained, with iron pyrites®. 
 Dike south 40 deg. east, dip vertical. 
 
 Sienite, light grayish red, grained. Rock containing 6- 
 
 Trap, dark, compact, hard ; iron pyrites ; dike; breaks its 
 direction of cleavage joints. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 929 
 
 (Catalogue of geological ^ectmeTw-^Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 Distance. 
 
 9 
 
 32, 33 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 78 00 
 
 10 
 
 32, 33 
 
 58 50 
 
 11 
 
 32, 33 
 
 68 00 
 
 12 
 
 28, 29 
 
 15 00 
 
 13 
 
 31, 32 
 
 47 00 
 
 14 
 
 31, 32 
 
 47 00 
 
 15 
 
 29, 32 
 
 15 00 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 28 00 
 
 17 
 
 29, 32 
 
 60 00 
 
 18 
 
 29, 32 
 
 72 00 
 
 19 
 
 29, 32 
 
 72 00 
 
 20 
 
 29, 30 
 29, 30 
 
 57 50 
 
 21 
 
 64 00 
 
 22 
 
 20, 29 
 
 18 00 
 
 23 
 
 19, 30 
 
 % 
 
 E.25 00 
 
 24 
 
 19, 30 
 
 E.31 00 
 
 25 
 
 19, 30 
 
 E57 00' 
 
 26 
 
 19, 30 
 
 E.78 00 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 • •••••••a* 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 
 35 
 
 . 23 
 
 
 36 
 
 23 
 
 
 37 
 
 23 
 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 
 39 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 Lake .... 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 a a do a • a • a a 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 a a do •«•••« 
 
 43 
 
 33 
 
 • •••••aaaa 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 a a do • a • a a < 
 
 45 
 
 34 
 
 
 46 
 
 34 
 
 
 47 
 
 34 
 
 
 48 
 
 34 
 
 
 49 
 
 34 
 
 
 SO 
 
 34 
 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 River 
 
 52 
 
 31 
 
 • a • • 
 
 53 
 
 3d 
 
 aadO«a»**« 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 ' 9 a do a 9 • • * • 
 
 ^■55 
 
 30 
 
 a a do #••••# 
 
 56 
 
 30 
 
 a a do • • • • • • 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 • a do a • a • • a 
 
 58 ' 
 
 19 
 
 . .do 
 
 59 
 
 19 
 
 • • do #••••# 
 
 
 Part ii 
 
 —59 
 
 Sienite, light grayish green, Jine grained, on NE. side of 8. 
 Sienite, light grayish green, fine-grained, ascending broken 
 cliff 20 feet high. 
 
 Sienite, light gray, coarse-grained. 
 
 Sienite, gneissoid, grayish white, fine-grained, foot of steep 
 descent. 
 
 Slaty hornblende, dark greenish black. ) Interstratified ; dip 
 Sienite, dark gray, fine-grained. 5 NNE. 45 deg. 
 Same as 11, and sub-gneil^soid, narrow ravine. 
 
 Same as 11, and sub-gneissoid, fine-grained. 
 
 Sienite, red, fine-grained, gneissoid ; conical hill 650 feet. 
 Greenstone, or trappose sienite, darfc; general specimen. 
 Sienite, reddish quartzose ; small ^ins or seams in 18. 
 Sienite, gray, fine-grained ; broken cliff 20 feet high. 
 Sienite, light reddish gray; fine-grained gneissoidal east 
 point of saihe hill 20 feet high ; break inio rhomboidal 
 blocks. * 
 
 Sienite, light reddish gray, fine-grained, gneissoidal ; broken 
 ridge 170 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish brown, metamorphosed ; head of ravine 
 in thin laminae ; dip west 10 deg. to 20 deg. ; dip ot 
 strata northerly (?) 
 
 Sandrock, reddish brown, metamorphosed, from large block 
 l2 by 30 feet. 
 
 Sienite, purplish red, fine-grained. 
 
 Sienite, spotted with greenish gray and red, fine-grained. 
 Limestone boulder. 
 
 Sandrock, red. 
 
 Sandrock, gray. 
 
 Sandrock, red and gray. 
 
 Sandrock, brown and red. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray, with carbonate of lime; calc 
 spar. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray, with sulph. of copper. 
 
 Sandrock, gray. 
 
 Sulph. and carb. of copper. 
 
 Same as 34. 
 
 Same as 31. 
 
 Sandrock, gray, with carb. of copper. 
 
 Sandrock, red. 
 
 Sandrock, red. 
 
 Sandrock, brown. 
 
 Hornblende, sub-slaty. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray. 
 
 Guartz, with talcose rock. 
 
 Talcose or sleatitic rock. 
 
 Sienitic and steatitic rock. 
 
 Greenstone. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray. 
 
 Guartz, hyaline. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, red, mostly red felspar. 
 
 Gneissoidal granite, dark gray. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, light reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, striped hornblende, and quartz and. felspar. 
 Sandrock, brown, coarse. 
 
 Sandrock, brown. 
 
II] 
 
 S30 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued. 
 
 1^0. of Between 
 specimen, sectidtne 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 
 Chs. 
 
 I'ks. 
 
 1 
 
 35, 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 09 
 
 2 
 
 35, 
 
 38 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 7 
 
 13, 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 34, 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 00 
 
 ♦ 
 
 10 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 26, 
 
 35 
 
 69 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 26, 
 
 27 ! 
 
 69 
 
 95 
 
 14 
 
 23, 
 
 26 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 15 
 
 22, 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 16 
 
 99 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 17 
 
 33, 
 
 34 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 18 
 
 27. 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 19 
 
 27, 
 
 34 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 27, 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 27, 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 27, 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 27, 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 00 
 
 24 
 
 22, 
 
 27 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 22, 
 
 27 
 
 61 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 21, 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 SO 
 
 27 
 
 21, 
 
 22 
 
 71 
 
 80 
 
 28 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 Cot. 
 
 29 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 Cor. 
 
 30 
 
 32, 
 
 
 Co 
 
 •f* 
 
 1 • 
 
 31 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 28, 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 28, 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 28, 
 
 33 
 
 62 
 
 00 
 
 35 
 
 28, 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 28, 
 
 20 
 
 €8 
 
 00 
 
 37 
 
 28, 
 
 29 
 
 73 
 
 00 
 
 38 
 
 21, 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 39 
 
 21, 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 31, 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 41 
 
 29, 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 30, 
 
 3i 
 
 79 
 
 00 
 
 43 
 
 29, 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 29, 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 45 
 
 20, 
 
 29 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 46 
 
 19, 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 4? 
 
 19, 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 Township 52 norths range 29 west. 
 
 Sienite, light reddish gray j rocky side of hill j descent south 
 west. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray ; summit of hill, west side. 
 
 Sienite, dark gray, with considerable dark mica. 
 
 Hornblende, summit of hill, about 600 feet above Lake Su 
 perior. 
 
 Hornblende, slaty, apparently actynolite; steep descent ove 
 northwest point of hill ; apparent dip north-northeast, 61 
 to 80 deg. 
 
 Red sandr*ock ; ravine of this rock SO feet ; course nnrth 
 east ; in laminae 1 to 3 inches ; apparent dip north- north 
 west, 10 to 15 deg. 
 
 Red sandrock, coast of Lake Superior, vertical cliff 18 feet 
 
 Sienite, light gray ; small valley of stream. 
 
 Sienite, dark reddish gray ; sub-gneissoidal mass, stratified 
 dip north-noltheast 80 deg. 
 
 Greenstone, discolored by iron, descending broken ledge 21 
 feet; course north and souta. 
 
 Greenstone ; rocks very compact and tough. 
 
 Trappose sienite, reddish gray ; dip north 35 deg, 
 
 Sienite, greenish white, near summit of hill. 
 
 Same as 2. 
 
 Same as 1, descending steep slope 20 feet. 
 
 R,ed sandrock ; outcrop of north edge of this rock ; dip ap 
 parently horizontal. 
 
 Gneissoidal granite ; mic,a, dark green. 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 Same as 1 ; rocky, broken ravine ; course north. 
 
 Sienite, dark gray. 
 
 Mica, in irregular iamincC, seen in small quantity only. 
 
 Same as 1 ; bare rocks. 
 
 Same ss 2; near summit of bill. 650 feet above Lake Su 
 
 perior. 
 
 Same as 1, but more red, southeast side of steep ascent. 
 Same as 20 ; rounded point of rocky ridge. 
 
 Same as 1, but fine-grained ; steep descent north. 
 
 Brown sandrock ; itsis rock first appears. 
 
 Same as 13. ) 
 
 Same as 26. \ , 
 
 Same as 1 ; coarse-grained, chiedy felspar and quartz 
 small masses in 28 and 29. 
 
 Same as 2; sub-gneissoidal. 
 
 Same as 2 ; compact. ) 
 
 Same as 30. 5 fcSroKen lecige. 
 
 Same as 17 ; southern escarpment of hill ; rocks nearly bait 
 descending south at 60 deg.; «oss. strata ; dip nor^ 70 deg 
 Same as 20, with cube of iron pyrites, foot of ledge. 
 
 Same as 20. 
 
 Greenstone, with iron pyrites, dark greenish gray. 
 Same as 1 ; rocky ravine 20 feet 70 links wide. 
 Same as 20. 
 
 Same as 20 ; summit of small knob. 
 
 Sienite, gray. 
 
 Same as 20 ; southeast base of rocky hill. 
 
 Sa«»e as 37 ; summit on east side of hill. 
 
 Same as 20 ; .summit of small hill. 
 
 Same as 37, ascending broken le:lge. ^ 
 
 Same as 20 ; summit of south point of rocks. 
 Same as 20 ; east side of hi.li. 
 
931 
 
 [13 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimem — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 Between 
 
 sections 
 
 * 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 
 48 
 
 19, 20 
 
 77 00 
 
 49- . 
 
 17, 20 
 
 53 70 
 
 50 
 
 17, 20 
 
 55 00 
 
 51 
 
 18, 19 
 
 9 50 
 
 52 
 
 18, 19 
 
 33 00 
 
 53 
 
 36 
 
 Lake. 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 Lake. 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 Lake. 
 
 56 
 
 15 
 
 Lake. 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 Lake. 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 Lake. 
 
 1 
 
 25, 36 
 
 43 00 
 
 2 
 
 25, 36 
 
 43 00 . 
 
 3 
 
 25, 26 
 
 36 50 
 
 4 
 
 25, 26 
 
 36 50 
 
 5 
 
 24, 25 
 
 2 62 
 
 6 
 
 23, 24 
 
 40 00 
 
 7 
 
 13, 24 
 
 16 00 
 
 8 
 
 26, 35 
 
 70 50 
 
 9 
 
 26, 35 
 
 70 59 
 
 10 
 
 26, 35 
 
 70 50 
 
 11 
 
 26,. 35 
 
 70 50 
 
 12 
 
 26, 35 
 
 70 50 
 
 13 
 
 26, 35 
 
 W 50 
 
 14 
 
 22, 23 
 
 20 00 
 
 35 
 
 16, 21 
 
 53 00 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 LakeSup’r. 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 ... ^lo .... 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 .e9.d0.ec. 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 ..v.do.0.. 
 
 20 
 
 10 1 
 
 o*..do.... 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 ...*do..«. 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 Huron bay. 
 
 1 
 
 24 25 
 
 55 00 
 
 2 
 
 31, 32 
 
 26 00 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Huron bay. 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 LakeSiip’r. 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 ....dOtfo.. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 o . . . do . 0 . . 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 e . . . do .... 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 «*B*do..«. 
 
 Same as 17 ; outcrop. 
 
 Greenstone. 
 
 Same as 2 
 Same as 12. 
 
 Same as 49. To the west lie sienitic rocks. 
 
 Same as 1 ; east point of rocks at 100 feet above Lake. 
 Gray sandrock, with vein of sulphuret and carbonate, and 
 copper ore from joint mined by Franklin Company j ver- 
 tical ; course north 28 deg. east. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray, containing rock of 54. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray ; conglomerate ; coast. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray ; coarse ; coast, 8 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, as 56. 
 
 Township 52 north, range 30 west. 
 
 Bare rocks. 
 
 Sienlte, coarse-grained, reddish gray. 
 
 Sienite, fine-grained, dark gray. 
 
 Sienite, gneissoidal ; striped red and gray, gneissoidal j dip 
 north 45 deg. 
 
 Guartz, with felspar, chiefly hyaline ; small irregular segre- 
 gated veins in ledge. 
 
 Sienite, sub-gneissoidal, gray ; southeast side of small ridge. 
 
 Sienite, fine-grained, light red br§wn j small rise. 
 
 Sienite, fine-grained, light red gray ; f^est side small hill. 
 
 Jaspery hornstone, reddish brown. ^ Huron river passes 
 
 Sienite, metamorphic; chiefly quartz 
 and felspar ; red and green. 
 
 Same as 8, nearly. 
 
 Hard trappose rock, flinty ; dark 
 brown. 
 
 Sandrock, light gray ; hard. 
 
 Sienite, coarse, with hornstone. 
 
 
 river 
 
 rapidly over these 
 rocks ; the different 
 varieties much mix- 
 ed ; joints or cracks 
 numerous ; all the 
 principal of whicfe 
 are north and south, 
 and nearly vertical, 
 on Huron river 10 
 
 Sandrock, red and gray ; broken cliff 
 feet; dip west 10 deg. to 20 deg. 
 
 Sandrock, red ; bed of stream. 
 
 Sandrock, red, mottled with gray ; -coast, 8 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, light gray ; gray sulphuret of copper from a joint 
 in the cliff, mined by Franklin Company. 
 
 Sandrock, light gray, with vein ; containing rock of 17; dij^ 
 here 40 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, brown and gray. 
 
 Sandrock, red and gray, 
 
 Sandrock, red, coars®. 
 
 Same as 20. 
 
 Township 52 north, range 31 west. 
 
 Sienite, gray ; rise of 10 feet. 
 
 Red, mottled sandrock ; ravine, 10 feet. 
 
 Red, mottled sandrock ; coast broken ; cliffs, 8 to 25 feet ^ 
 dip northwest 5 deg. to -2® deg.; characteristic specimens* 
 Sandrock, light gray ; coarse and hard. ) Coast, horizon— 
 Sandrock, red, fine-grained; micaceous. 5 tal. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish gray ; coarse. 
 
m 
 
 932 
 
 Catalogue of geological specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 Distance. 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Chs. Iks. 
 LakeSup’r. 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 • t • • do • • • • 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 ....do.... 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 » • » • do • • • • 
 
 1 
 
 Meander. 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 .... nO . « * • 
 
 
 5 
 
 - . .Udo. . . . 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 53 50 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 Huron bay. 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 
 4 
 
 32 ^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 28 • 
 
 LakeSup’r. 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 ^•••dOtao* 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 « • • • do • • • ♦ 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 a • • • do • • • a 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 a*a*dOa«*« 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 ••••do««»* 
 
 Shale from the sandrock, light gray ; small seam in 7 and 8. 
 Sandrock, as 4 ; cliff, 10 feet to 20 feet from the coarse- 
 grained strata, 
 
 Sandrock as 5, but darker ; cliff, 10 to 20 feet from the fine- 
 grained strata. 
 
 Sandrock, as 5; cliff, 10 to 20 feet, finest-grained. 
 
 Township 53 norths range 29 west. — Huron isles. 
 
 Sienite, reddish gray. 
 
 Trap, compact; dike. 
 
 Greenstone trap ; dike. 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 Same as 1. 
 
 Township 53 norths range 30 west. 
 
 Conglomerate sandrock, reddish brown. 
 
 Sandrock, reddish brown. 
 
 Sandrock, coarse, light giay. 
 
 Same as 2, except finer. 
 
 Same as 2 ; east end of Point Abbaye ; bare rocks. 
 
 Same as 4, but mottled with gray. 
 
 Sandrock, red and gray, in layers ; micaceous ; bay. 
 Conglomerate sandrock, red and gray. 
 
 Township 53 norths range 31 west. 
 
 Sandrock, coarse, red and gray ; coast, 3 to 5 feet; laming 
 curved ; dip northwest 5 deg. to 30 deg.; general speci- 
 mens. 
 
 Sandrock, coarse, red and gray ; coast, 6 feet. 
 
 Sandrock, coarse, red and gray ; coast, 6 feet. 
 
 Broken slope 7 feet ; char- 
 acteristic specimens. 
 
 PELA HUBBARD, Geologist. 
 
93B 
 
 [IJ 
 
 Catalogue of specimens colhcted by Wm. A. Burt, deputy surveyor, while ' 
 surveying township lines under Dr. Houghton^s contract, dated Junp- 
 25, 1844, /or surveying with reference to mines and minerals. 
 
 [NoTE.~This catalogue should have been inserted on the first pages of the tables of sped*- 
 ,nens, as it is first in order of time \ but the notes could not be obtained in time for entry in 
 ;heir proper place.] 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 or 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 Township 40 norths range 23 west, 
 
 Esconawba river ; bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Do. 
 
 South boundary of township 41 north j range 23 west. 
 
 Esconawba river. 
 
 Esconawba river ; strophomena ; bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river ; stem of encrinite, with numerous radiations, in bird’s- 
 eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river. 
 
 Esconawba river ; stem of encrinite; bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river; cyathophyllum, (fee., in bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 'Esconawba river ; orthis, in bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river ; orthocera pyrifomis? bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 East boundary of township 41 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Esconawba river; coarse gray limestone, probably bird’s-eye. 
 Esconawba river ; orthocera; bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river ; bluish-gray sandy lime rock; bird’s-eye lime rock.- 
 Esconawba riveY ; stem of encrinite ; bird’s-eye lime rock* 
 
 Esconawba river ; strophomena ; bird’s-eVe lime rock. 
 
 Do /o . do- 
 
 Esconawba river ; orthis ; bird’s-eye lime rock ; stem of encrinite. 
 
 Township 42 north, range 24 west. 
 
 Esconawba river ; bluish-gray lime rock, with orthis belonging to bird’s* 
 eye lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river ; bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 Do do. No. 2, grayish-blue lime rock. 
 
 Esconawba river ; calciferous sandrock ; gray, sandy lime rock. 
 
 Do do. 
 
 South boundary of township 43 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Port river ; calciferous sandrock ; gray, sandy lime rock. 
 
 East boundary of township 43 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Calciferous sandrock ; gray, sandy lime rock. 
 
 Township 43 north, range 25 loest, 
 
 Esconawba river ; 5 specimens of calciferous sandrock ; gray lime rock* 
 
 South boundary of township 46 north, range 25 west. 
 
 No. 4, gneissoid granite; No. 1, compact gray granite, without mte; 
 
 and with a little hornblende, (No. 2 ) 
 
 Granite, with red felspar and hornblende ; no mica. 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 934 
 
 Catalogue of specimens — Oontuiued. 
 
 NO; of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 i 
 
 24 
 
 East boundary of township 45 norths rm^e 26 west. 
 Gray sandrock. 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 Compact gray granite, feldspar, quartz, and schorl. 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 Feidspathic granite, without mica ; feldspar, red. 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 Compact brown quartz rock. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 East boundary of townsh’^p 47 north, range 26 west. 
 
 34 • 
 
 36 
 
 Fine-grained white and green quartz. 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 1 Browri granular quartz rock. 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 Ea^t boundary of township 47 north, range 25 west. 
 Reddish brown quartz rock. 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 Semi-compact talcose slate. 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 Brown talcose quartz rock. 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 South boundary of township 48 north, range 25 ioest . , 
 Dark sub-slaty talcose rock ; steatite. 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 Talcose slate. 
 
 41 
 
 34 
 
 River Desmorts, coarse-grained, new red sandstone. 
 
 42 
 
 34 
 
 Coarse, new red sandstone ; almost conglomerate. 
 
 43 
 
 34 
 
 Xaconic clay slate. 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 Do b. taconic (compact) slate. 
 
 45 
 
 32 
 
 Do 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 Brown quartz rock. 
 
 47 
 
 31 
 
 Brown and milky quartz rock. 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 East boundary of township 47 north, range 26 west. 
 
 Compact altered slaty rock, resembling imperfect trap, with much iron. 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 Compact, fine-grained, white and brown quartz rock; 2, taconic clay 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 slate. 
 
 South boundary of township 48 north, range 26 west. 
 
 River Desmorts, taconic clay slate. No. 2, variegated quartz rock. 
 
 51 
 
 33 
 
 Augitic rock, crystalline. 
 
 52 
 
 31 
 
 Crystalline quartz, brown and smoky, with iron. 
 
 53 
 
 31 
 
 Crystalline quartz, brown, with iron. 
 
 54 
 
 31 
 
 No. 1, augitic rock, crystalline. 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 East boundary of township 47 north, range 27 west. 
 Compact quartz rock ; 2, quartz, with spathose iron. 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 No. 1, brown hematite, steel gray. No. 2, taconic clay slate. 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 Brown hematite, steel gray. 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 Gtuartz, with spathose iron. 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 Do do. 
 
 '60 
 
 13 
 
 No. 1, fine, large, granulated sub-crystalline spathose iron. No. 2| 
 
 €1 
 
 24 
 
 same, with quartz. No. 3, spathose, earthy, sub-laminated iron. 
 Nos. 1 and 2, spathose iron. No. 3, hydrated carbonate of iron, with 
 
 €2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 milky quartz and specks of mica. 
 
 Spathose iron, brown, amorphous, sub-laminated. 
 
 63 
 
 ‘25 
 
 Near a pond, 2 specimens spathose iron, granular; sub-crystaHine. 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 Near a pond, spathose iron, granular ; sub-crystalline ; 2 specimens. 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 Spathose, steel gray, iron ore. 
 
985 
 
 [ 1 ] 
 
 Catalogue of specimens — Continued. 
 
 No. of 
 specimen. 
 
 On section 
 
 
 65 
 
 32 
 
 South boundary of township 47 norths range 26 loest. 
 
 Branch on Esconawba, actynollte slate rock ; gneissoid, with dark mica. 
 
 67 
 
 21 
 
 Township 44 north, range 25 west. 
 Banks of Esconawba river, coarse red sandrock. 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 Township 39 north, range 23 west, 
 
 Esconawba river, near head of island, bird’s-eye lime rock, fucoides,., 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 encrinite, &c. 
 
 Township 40 north, range 22 west. 
 
 On bay du Nocquet, 50 chains south, fine I'eddish, nearly clay. 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 5a 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 South boundary of township 41 north, range 23 west. 
 Esconawba river, bird’s-eye lime rock. 
 
 4a 
 
 35 
 
 Do. 
 
 4a 
 
 35 
 
 Do. 
 
 4a 
 
 35 
 
 Do. 
 
 la 
 
 2 
 
 South boundary of township 40 north, range 23 west. 
 Esconawba wiids. 
 
 la 
 
 2 
 
 Do. 
 
 la 
 
 2 
 
 Do. 
 
 la 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 i