MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 95-8241 3- 12 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials including foreign works under certain conditions. In addition, the United States extends protection to foreign works by means of various international conventions, bilateral agreements, and proclamations. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. The Columbia University Libraries reserve the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. Author: Gomes, Jose Coelho Title: Empire of Brazil Place: Washington, D.C Date: 1885 MASTER NEGATIVE # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DIVISION BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET ORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED - EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD ——I •USINE8I 998.1 ;G58 I Gomes, Jose Coelho. Empire of Brazil. Commercial and emigrational guide to Brazil. Compiled and translated from official publications, by Jose Coelho Gomes, acting secretary of the Brazilian legation, Washington, U. S. A. Washington, J. P. Wright, printer, 1885. 60 p. 24«. 1. Brazil — Emig. & Immig. 2. Brazil — Econ. condit. Library of Congress Copyright 1885: 25469 O F2513.G63 [a29cli 2-16545 RESTRICTIONS ON USE: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: 3Syv\w\ REDUCTION RATIO: \'^-X IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA (jIa) IB IIB DATE RLMED: 3-\l> -*^S INITIALS: ?B TRACKING # : A^SH OS^ a 2- FILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES. BETHLEHEM. PA. A; f ^, •^A a? '^^.^ ^' CJI 3 3 a IS lc/> ^ M CO 00 >< nO.^ ^ ^ % V v en 3 3 > o m (DO ^ o O CO X < N •v^ A^' 'V? xPO § 3 1 > .a- f > A^ 'V^ ^^^ ^^r^ ^^^ Vv^ a? 8 3 3 NO o bo O^ 00 s I ro 1.0 mm 1.5 mm 2.0 mm ABCO£FGHIJKLMNOP0'»STUVWXYZ •bcdetghiiklmnopqrstuvwiiyz I234S67B90 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzl234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 2.5 mm ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 ^^ k^ ^«v ^ 1^ It ^^ ^ ^c. fp % A ■*A. ^^>^. ^ ■^ <^ k>f ip ^p m o ■o m -o > C CA I Tl ^ 0 ^ ♦^ L** « fc^ ^«- 3 3 li I ^-< i> <^ ^ <^ •^ * o 3 3 1° — o 3 — S V /^^^/^ ^ '•» -•4.^ D99S.I THE LIBRARIES School of Business i !■] ••hool of BusiBfloa TJhffnrj OolumblA UnlTwfl^ EMPIRE OF BRAZIL. COMMERCIAL AND EMIGRATIOITAL XJUD TO Compiled and Translated from Official Publications BY J0S6 COELHO GOMES, ACTING SECRETARY OP THE HRil2ILmN LE&ATIQN ■WTJLSHZiTa-TOIT, TJ. S. • ' . • I . • - • • • • - - ' > »i I . t > « • - - - • » • » « f WASHIMOTON, D. C. J. P. WRIGHT, PRINTBR. 1885. PREFACE. This work is compiled from Brazilian Official Publications, with a chapter on « Ocean Transportation " added, to show the Agricultural, Mineral and other resources of the Empire, with a view of promoting Commerce, Emigration and Internal Improvement. Special attention is called to the chapters on Coffee Produc- tion, xMineral Resources, River Navigation, and to the other official statements showing the extent and resources of the Empire, the prosperous condition of the colonies, and the op- portunities for the advantageous investment of capital. It is the settled policy of the Imperial Government to grant liberal concessions for railroads, steamboat lines, central sugar mills ; for working gold, diamond and other mines, and for many other purposes. A large amount of English, French and German capital has been invested in many of these enter- prises. The absence of North American enterprise in Brazil is caused mainly by a want of correct information upon the sub- ject in the United States-a want which this publication will It 18 thought, fully supply. ' J. C. GOMES. 7^17^ -tpf^' a CL. CM SUMMARY OF THE ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT TO FREE IMMIGRATION. Ist Reception on arrival at the Port of Rio de Janeiro. 2d. Board and Lodging at the "Ilha das Flores Hotel, from the date of arrival to the departure of the immigrants for their destination. , , ^ v x^ ^.v^ 3d Free transportation by railroad or steamer lines to tne nearest point of the locality selected by the immigrants. 4th The grant of a suitable tract of land lor cultivation, duly surveyed and measured. The area of each tract to be 75 acres. The maximum price is 495$000 Reis, equal to about two hun- dred and sixty dollars, in American money, and the mini- mum 123$000 Reis, equal to sixty-four dollars and seventy-five cents— according to the quality of the soil. t ^x. ^ a 5th. It is optional with the immigrant to pay for the l^nd either in cash or in five years by installments ; in the latter case the price will be increased 20 per cent. 6th The immigrant is at liberty to begin the payment by in- stallments from the third year of his occupation of the land Six per cent, will be deducted from the amount of the payment made by him prior to that time. ^ ^ . .,• 7th Occupation of the land assigned to the immigrant is obli- gatory on his part. The inducements do not, however, stop here The Government intends not only to facilitate the trans- Dortation of the immigrants from their native country to Brazil, but also, to award prizes in money for the best products pre- sented to the Colonial exhibitions to be held annually in the centres of foreign origin, and is now organizing commissions for the purpose of developing on the greatest possible scale its area of uncultivated lands, and dividing it into lots of 75 acres each f »r the settlement of immigrants. The lands on the lines of railroads, or bordering the highways or on the shores ot navi- gable rivers, are of course preferable. GENERAL INSPECTION OF LANDS AND OF COLONIZATION. ilssistancB givanta Immigrants. The management of immigration is regularly organized in Brazil. A department entitled " General Inspection of lands and of Colonization," with an adequate force of employees in the various branches of the service, superintends everything relating to the reception, accommodation, destination and settlement of immigrants. It keeps a record of every colonist and takes notes of the locality selected by them. It is, therefore, very easy to furnish on demand every information concerning any immigrant. The survey of the limits of public lands and their division in lots for the settlement of immigrants is connected with the same department. That branch is under the supervision of agents who enjoy the full confidence of the Government. The lots for the settlement of colonists are surveyed, in preference, in the vicinity of suburbs and centres of colonial origin already estab- lished. As much as possible, the shores of navigable rivers and the proximity of highways are selected without, however, losing eight of the quality of the soil and of the required conditions for proper cultivation. The immigrant becomes owner of the land from the date of his occupation of it; to that effect, a provisory deed is delivered to him, which will be exchanged for a full title as soon as the last payment for said land shall have been made. The payment is optional with the immigrant, who can make it either in cash or on time. In the former case the full title is de- livered to him. In the latter, that is to say, should the immi- grant prefer to pay for his lot by installments, the disbursements will be made during the five years following the second year of his occupation, with an increase of 20 per cent, upon the original price of his lot. Thus, the immigrant has seven years before him to free himself from debt. There is also another advantage worthy of his consideration, and that is, he can, within the two first years, cultivate his land, unincumbered, since the obligation to pay the small yearly installments begins only from the third year. The good quality of the land granted to him, the resources he finds in the sale of his products, either on the highways near his lot, or in the neighborhood of localities crossed by the roads which bring it into communication with the great centres of con- sumption, or with sea or river ports, the facilities he meets with in his transactions by the aid of his countrymen already settled in prosperous centres, as is, at present, almost every former col- ony, everything tends to help the immigrant to reduce his debt gradually, and to obtain the desired title, which makes him the absolute owner of his lot, and leaves him free to dispose of it as he pleases. It is needless to add, that the immigrant, who has the means, can, if he likes, clear himself from debt at any time without the necessity of waiting for the period fixed for that purpo^ ; and, on the other hand, he benefits by the reduction of 6 per cent, corresponding to the amount of the disbursements made in ad- vance On their landing at Rio de Janeiro, the immigrants will find everything they need, until their arrival at their destination. Every steamer from European and American ports is visited by an Agent of the Administration of Lands and Colonization, who, speaking French, Italian, German or English, offers the im- migrants on board, in the name of the Government, accommoda- tions at the special establishment on the " Ilha das Flores," a picturesque Island in the magnificent bay of Rio de Janeiro, about three-quarters of an hour distant from the city, and favored with a delightful climate constantly cooled by the breeze from the sea, which contributes to make it healthful and agreeable. The excellent location of that Island is fully justified by the remarkable sanitary condition of over 12,000 immigrants, who have been accommodated therefor 15 months, and though, during that same period, disease common in the hot season, prevailed in the City, no syniptons of any indispositions whatever were found on the Island. However, to be prepared for unexpected cases, a doctor is connected with the hotel where there is a pharmacy well stocked with the most necessary medicines. The patients are cared for in an infirmary complete in every way, forming a part of the establishment. In grave cases, they are sent to the General Hospital. Special boats fitted for that purpose, carry safely and with the greatest possible comfort, the immigrants who accept the offer made to them by the Agent of the Administration. Upon their arrival at the " Ilha das Flores," they are accom- panied by an Agent of the hotel, and are immediately accommo- dated, while another employee goes through the required formal- ities at the Custom House to secure the baggage, which is safely stored. 6 After having been comfortably lodged, the immigrants present themselves, one by one, with their respective families at the office of the Director, for the purpose of declaring their intentions as to the location selected, by them, their nationality, age, profession and the country they come from. These declarations are very useful for their relatives, in Europe or America, who desire to obtain information concerning them ; a matter of frequent occur- rence. The immigrants go wherever they please ; no locality is forced upon tftem , they are perfectly free to select their own destina- tion. After declaring their choice of location where they desire to settle, and staying at the hotel during the necessary time to rest from the fatigues of the voyage, etc., the immigrants are gradually forwarded to the places they have selected. Those who prefer to go to the Provinces of S. Paulo and of Minas, or to the inter- mediate places of the Province of Rio de Janeiro, leave by the D. Pedro II Railroad; on the other hand, those who wish to re- main in the Provinces near the coast, take the steamers which ply between them and other localities. In every case, they are accompanied by an agent of the Ad- ministration, who speaks several languages, and upon whom rests the responsibility for the proper installation of the colo- nists, and the transportation of their baggage, etc. In the Province of S. Paulo, there is an administration sim- ilar to that at the Capital, and which acts for the Provincial Government. Thus, on their arrival, the colonists meet with the same reception, the same hospitality, and receive every- thing to proceed on their journey. On leaving Rio de Janeiro by the morning train, the immi- grants arrive at S. Paulo, in the same evening. An agent waits for them at the station, to take them to the Provincial Hotel. In the Provinces of Espirito Santo, Parana, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul, the immigrants arrive in great number, owing to the numerous colonial population already there. Government Agents receive them on board, see to their landing facilities, as may be required, and the means of trans- portation to the Colonial Centres they may have selected for residence. The Government beare the expenses of transporta- tion either by land or by water ; also for board and lodging until their departure for their final destination. The Government intends to establish, in the Provinces men- tioned, a regular Agency of Immigration like the one now at Rio de Janeiro and S. Paulo, and to which the General Gov- ernment will give every assistance in its power. Hotel of Ilha das Flores. This Hotel for the accommodation of immigrants, situated on the Island das Flores, is a large structure arranged for the reception of 1000 immigrants, at the minimum, and capable, in case of necessity, of receiving 1500, easily. The principal or main building is divided into four large halls, well ventilated, and includes dormitories and special accommo- dations for families. Moreover, the same building contains three rooms set apart for the infirmary, a physician's room for consultations, two offices for the clerks, store rooms, and lodgings for minor em- ployees. A fine and large balcony surrounds the whole struc- ture. The kitchen, pantry and the necessary material required for as many immigrants as can be admitted, are in a separate building. The dining-room is provided with convenient mar- ble-top tables and commodious benches and everything neces- sary to seat and feed comfortably 400 persons. The food for the immigrants is wholesome, plentiful and well prepared. Great care is taken to give them, as far as pos- sible, the fare to which they are accustomed accordmg to the usages of each nationality. They have three meals a day. At 8 o'clock, breakfast of coffee, bread and butter. At 1 o'clock, dinner is served, composed of rice, or macaroni soup, beans, potatoes and other vegetables, with meat and bread ; for dessert, oranges, bananas, — everthing in abundance. At 6 o'clock, supper of coftee, bread and butter. The departures always taking place in the morning, the im- migrants have an early breakfast, and are moreover provided wim rations for luncheon during the journey. The hotel for the immigrants is provided with the floating material necessary for the shipping and landing of the colonists. In extraordinary cases, requisition is made upon the naval and military arsenals, which, conformably to the ordere from the Government, lend their assistance to facilitate the regular- ity of the transportation. Access to the Island is rendered easy by a bridge, upon which are erected the necessary tackle and gear for putting 8 the bagffage on shore, and which is stored in a large and safe depot, close by the bridge, and connected with small cars, on rails, which carry it promptly to the proper place. The Government intends to increase the accommodations so as to receive a greater number of immigrants. It would then profit by the exceptional conditions of the Ilha das Flores, which, owing to its mild climate, picturesque appearance, variety of vegetation and delightful situation in the bay, a short dis- tance from the village of Baretto, offers every possible comfort to those who have just arrived from a long voyage. The vil- lage of Baretto is a lovely suburb of the City of Nictheroy, the county town of the Province of Rio de Janeiro, and about 50 minutes trip from the Capital of the Empire. The Hotel is under the management of an official appointed by the Government. His title is " Director of the Ilha das Flores." The persons employed are under his control, and are suffi- cient in number and divided in categories according to the na- ture of the duties assigned them. The Director and employees furnish the immigrants with every kind of information needed for their installation. Leave to go to the city either on business or pleasure, is granted by the Director to every immigrant who makes an application for it ; he can, should he desire it, be accompanied by an employee of the Hotel, if he wishes to exchange money or purchase the necessary implements for his work, etc. IMMIGRANTS WHO DECLINE THE HOSPITALITY OF THE GOVERNMENT AT THE ILHA DAS FLORES. The immigrants, who do not wish to be entertained on the Ilha das Flores, previous to leaving for their destination, are entitled, during the three months following their arrival, to their transportation to the point in the Empire where they desire to go, upon application to the Department of General Inspection of Lands and Colonization, Travessa do Pa90 3. The transportation is free of charge, and furnished on the simple presentation of their passport. An employee of the Administration daily superintends the departure of the immigrants, either by the D. Pedro 11 Rail- road or by steamers. IRFORNATlOIi RELATING TO CERTAIN COLONIAL CENTRES. Until 1878, the Imperial Government has expended con 9 siderable sums of money for the developement of colonization in the country. If, owing to circumstances which we are not called upon to discuss here, the advantages derived do not compensate for the numerous sacrifices made by the ^""^ate to attain that object, yet, the existing colonial establishmei are there to prove, by the present prosperity of most of them he assistance given by tlie Government to immigration, also the profits and results offered to industrious labor by the woi derful soil of Brazil. Foreign colonization has, in preference, been directed toward the Provinces where the soil and climate are best adapted to it. Therefore, it is in the Provinces of Espirito Santo, Parana, Santa Cathaniia and Rio Grande do Sul, where there have been founded the Colonial centres which, to-day are in a great part, transformed into flourishing and prosperous villages. The Provinces of Rio de Janeiro and S. Paulo, have also received a large number of immigrants; but in these three Provinces they have either been engaged by planters (fazendeiros) or established themselves as small property holders on avmlable lands. German colonization has been successfully tried in the pro- vinces of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina. The beautiful city of Petropolis, the summer residence of the Imperial Court, Nova Friburgo in the province of Rio de Janeiro, 8. Leopoldo, in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, Joinville, Blumenau, etc., in the province of Santa Catharina, show the results of the experiment. In the colony of Porto Real, now emancipated, there is in full operation, a central factory, managed by the Agricultural Union Company, and which is of great advantage to its inhabi- tants. That colony offers also, a proof of the good result obtained from foreign colonization in the province of Rio de Janeiro. Frenchmen, Italians and natives of different coun- tries live there in perfect harmony, and are all engaged in agricultural pursuits from which they derive satisfactory profits. The province of S. Paulo has a few colonial centres in the vicinity of the county town. The mildness of its climate and the fertility of the soil, cause it to be preferred by the inhabi- tants of Northern Italy, who, with the assistance of the perfectly organized Provincial Agency of Immigration, find it easy to settle there. :it 10 In every other province of the Empire, the immigrant meeta with every condition needed for his establishment. The northern provinces, although much warmer, are favored with an agreeable temperature owing to their being cooled by sea breeze ; the interior offers, on a very wide zone, the charms of an almost eternal spring ; cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and cacao, which are the principal products of the region extending from Bahia to the Manranhao; coffee, the production of which is already developed upon the chain of Baturite, in the province of Ceara and in many other localities; cereals and edible roots of different kinds, without referring to fine plains well adapted for raising cattle, are among the advantages offered by the northern provinces to laborious immigrants intending to cultivate those products. On the other hand, should they prefer to carry their energy to the regions watered by the Amazon and its numerous tributaries, on whose shores nature furnishes immense resources to every condition and age ; the gathering of India-rubber which is found in abundance is alone suflScient to make the fortunes of an immense number of energetic immi- grants. The great river Amazon, with its tributaries, offers on Bra- zilian territory a length of more than 27,000 miles navigable for large steamboats, and serves by its connections aa a channel of cheap and convenient communications with all the markets of the world, and with the Tocantins a direct communication with five of the principal provinces of the Empire and with the Republics of Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Ecuador and BoUvia. The completion of the Maderia railroad, one hundred miles around the Maderia falls, will extend the steam communication of this great tributary of the Amazon nearly to the Pacific coast. At or near all of the established colonies, the government keeps commissions of engineers whose duties are to survey and measure lots for the settlement of immigrants who desire to take immediate possession, and take charge of the installation of colonists according to their selection. A ^eat number of less important colonial centres, the old colonies, emancipated at different times, and whose names follow, are very prosperous; some of them have been raised to the rank of villages and parishes. PROVINCE OP B8PIRIT0 SANTO. The colony of Rio Novo, now parish of San Antonio de Rio Novo, 18 composed of five territories included in the important * 11 municipalities of Itapemirim and of Benevente, watered by the two rivers of the same name, and which offer good navi- gable facilities. This colonial centre, crossed^by fine roads, is prosperous owing to the trade in coffee, the exportation of which, in 1884, reached about 3,684,200 pounds. That impor- tant product to which must be added the flour of Manioc, Indian corn, beans and other cereals, has been shipped not only from the ports of Benevente and of Itapemirim, visited by many sailing vessels and steamers belonging to a coasting company, which makes two trips per month to Kio de Janeiro and vice versa, but also from the port of the county town with which the fifth territory is connected by means of excellent roads. The population is about 5,000, of whom more than 2,500 are Italians, 300 Germans and Swiss, 200 Austrians, 300 Portu- guese and 200 Frenchmen, Belgians and Dutchmen. The remainder is composed of Brazilians and the children of colo- nists. This village has a fine Catholic church and schools for both sexes. The colony of Castello is situated in the municipality of Benevente, on the shore of the river of that name and of its tributaries. Emancipated in 1881, under the village name of Alfredo Chaves and founded in 1880, it grew rapidly. Its population is over 1,350, of whom 1158 are Italians and the remainder Brazilians, Germans, French and Portuguese. Its inhabitants devote themselves in preference to raising cattle, and provide the neighborhood with excellent cheese, sausages and other similar products. They also cultivate cereals for their own use and coffee for home consumption and export. The colony has excellent roads, school buildings and other necessary public improvements. COLONY OF SANTA ISABEL. This colony was founded in 1847. emancipated in 1866 and made a parish in the following year. Its population is over 3,000 of various nationalities ; The German element predomi- nates. They grow every kind of cereals for their own con- sumption, cultivate with success coffee and export it through the city of Victoria, with which it is in communication by means of good roada. The coffee product of this colony was above 1,818,000 pounds in 1884. The inhabitants appear to enjoy a certain comfort ; there are some among them, who are 12 known to have made handsome fortunes. They have Catholic and Protestant churches and good school buildings. A railroad granted by the Provincial Government, and now under con- sideration will pass through the villages of Castello and of Rio JN ovo, and connect with the port of the county town. THE COLONY OF SANTA LEOPOLDINA. This colony is situated in the municipalities of Victoria (county town of the province) and of Santa Cruz : It was founded m 1857 and emancipated in 1882. It is composed of three groups, the most important of which is Cachociro, situated near the port of that name, upon the Santa Maria river, which IS crossed by steamers communicating with the county town It contains a population of over 8,000 of different nationalities,* (Germans and Italians however, predominate. They cultivate cereals in sufficient quantity for their own use, and coffee for export. More than 3,090,000 lbs. of that valuable product was exported by the colony last year. Church and school accoma- dations are ample. The survey for the railway from Victoria to JHatividade, m the province of Minas Geraes, is completed. Ihe government has entered into a contract with an Endish company for building the line, and guaranteed an interest of 6 per cent, upon the capital. It passes through the old colony and a great tract of uncultivated lands in the vicinitv In the village of Cachociro there is a profitable and central mill in full operation, provided with improved machinery for the prepa- ration of coffee. ^ The colonial villages of Espirito Santo, pay to the Provin- cial treasury, a sum exceeding 70,000$000 Ks. produced by the tax ot 17 Reis per two and one-tenth lbs. of exported coffee. PROVINCE OF PARANA. The province of Parana, has on account of its geographical position the mean temperature of the northern portion of Eu- rope and the United States. It is divided by a range of moun- tains where there is a delightful climate, presenting to the immigrants the most desirable facilities for securing homes On one side, they find a large area of excellent lands where every kind of products indiginous to cold latitudes, can be cultivated with profit ; on the other, immense plains, suitable to those of temperate zones. As soon as the additional means of communication, now under consideration are open, the object of which is to bring 13 nearer the great centres of consumption and the extensive area of uncultivated lands in the interior, including the plains of Palmas and Guarapuava, well known as much for their excel- lent conditions for raising cattle, as for their wonderful fertility; the province of Parana will be one of the points most sought by the immigrants from the north of Europe and the United States, who will meet there with a great number of fellow countrymen already settled advantageously in the following colonial villages : AssuNGUY COLONY. — Founded in 1860, and situated 62 miles east of Curityba, county town of the province, and at 37 miles from the city of Castro, it is situated at 1312 feet above the level of the sea. Emancipated in 1882. Its population is about 3,000, of whom two thirds are Brazilians, while the remainder are 290 Germans, 200 Frenchmen, and 250 English- men ; the Swiss, Italians and Spaniards are in the minority. They cultivate dift'erent kinds of cereals as well as sugar cane- some colonists owning sugar mills and distilleries for the manu- facture of brandy. The value of the annual exportation is above 125,000$000, and the importation amounts to about 70,000$000. The colony is well provided with buildings both public and private. The Argblina Colony. — This colony was founded in 1859 and is situated 1 mile from the county town on the important road of Graciosa. Its inhabitants, French, Germans, Swiss, English and Swedes, not numbering above 140. They cultivate cereals and potatoes, and are also engaged in horticulture. The Thomas Coelho Colony. — Founded in 1876, 10 miles from the county town. Population of 1,550. Its inhabitants cultivate cereals, tobacco, etc., which they sell in the town of Curityba. The D. Augusto Colony.— Founded in 1877, 8 miles from the county town, exclusively inhabited by Poles numbering about 300, who devote themselves to the same kind of labor as the settlers of the Thomas Coelho Colony. The Rivierre Colony. — Founded in 1877, on the Matto Grosso road, 10 miles from the city of Curityba. Population of 370, the majority of whom are Polish, Prussian and Sile- sian. Potatoes, rye and other cereals are cultivated. The Orleans Colony. — Founded in 1877, 6 miles from the 14 county town. It contains 400 inhabilants, almost all Poles, Frenchmen and Italians, who devote themselves to the cultiva^ tion of wheat, rye, Indian corn, beans, potatoes, etc., etc. The Santo Iqnacio Colony.— Founded in 1876, 2 miles from the county town, on the shore of the Bariguv river, on a level ground covered with magnificent forests; it contains a popula- tion of 700, most of whom are Silesiaus. These colonists do but httle farmmg, preferring to be wood cutters. The wood is sold m the county town. The Lamenha Colony.— Founded in 1876, 5 miles from the county town. Its inhabitants devote themselves with great energy, to its grape growing and general agricultural pureuits, producmg excellent wine, rye, wheat, potatoes, etc. The popu lation ift over 900, almost all of them I'oles. The Santa Candida Colony.— Founded in 1874, 5 miles from the county town, on the road of Graciosa. Its population IS 370, Poles and Swiss, who devote themselves to agriculture. The Abranches and Pilarzinho Colonies.— Founded in 1870 on the communal land of the countv town, from which tney are distant about 4 miles. The population is about 600, for the most part Poles and Irish, who cultivate cereals, etc. The Muricy Colony.— Founded in 1878, 3 miles from the city of S. Jose dos Pinhaes. It covers an area of 1,250 000 square yards, divided in 79 lots and inhabited by 350 indivi- duals who grow grapes, make wine and cultivate rye, Indian corn and many otlier cereals. The Antonio Reboucas Colony.— Founded in 1878 in the municipality of Campo Largo, 11 miles from the County Town It contains a population of 162 Italians who cultivate rye, In- dian corn, potatoes, etc. The Novo Tyrol Colony.— Founded in 1878, 16 miles from the City of S. Jose dos Pinhaes; it contains a tine population of over 300, neariy all of them Tyrolese, who devote them- selves to various branches of agriculture, but specially to that of wheat, rye, potatoes and several other kinds of cereals, and to manufacturing wine from numerous kinds of grapes grown with great success. The Alfredo Chaves Colony.— Founded in 1878,12 miles from Curityba (County Town of the Province) with a population of 160 of Italian nationality, all farmers. 15 The Inspector Carvalho Colony. — Founded in 1878, 18 miles from the county town, in the municipality of S. Jose dos Pinhaes, and situated upon the lands adjoining the Muricy Colony. It has 130 inhabitants of Polish and Italian nation- ality, who are engaged in agriculture. The Senador Dantas Colony. — Founded upon the com- munal lands of the county town, whereon more than 170 Ital- ians have settled ; they are successfully engaged in agriculture. The D. Pedro and S. Venancio Colony. — Founded in the vicinity of the county town and of Zacarias, in the municipal- ity of S, Jose dos Pinhaes. Its population exceeds 400, engag- ed in agriculture. Besides these colonies, there are, in the interior, several colo- nial centres inhabited by about 1,000 persons, mostly Russians. These centres are : In the municipality of Palmeira, the ham- lets of Marcondes, N. S. do Lago, Santa Quiteria, Alegrete, Hartman and Papagayos Novos. In the municipality of Lapa, the hamlets of Johannisdorf, and Maricultal. In the munici- pality of Ponta Grossa, is the Octavio Colony. In the municipality of iMorretes, the old and important Col- ony of Nova Italia, is composed of 12 villages, including a population of about 1500 of different nationalities, but where the Italians are in majority. All these nucleus communicate with each other, by good roads, connected with the main road of Graciosa, which leads to the cities of Morretes, Antonina, &c.; centres which consume their products, consisting in cereals, potatoes and coffee. Province of Santa Catharina. The Bluraenau Colony, to-day, the city of the same name, including two parishes, is situated in the valley formed by the Itajahy river from whose port a large quantity of the products of that important centre of population is exported. It was founded in 1852, by Dr. Hermann Blumenau. Hav- ing, soon after, been acquired by the State, it made rapid de- velopment, and was emancipated in 1880. Its population is over 17,000; German colonists are in majority. There are also a great many Italians, Portuguese, etc. Agriculture is the principal pursuit of the inhabitants of that ancient colony ; they use 150 ploughs, and cultivate sugar cane in preference, producing over 880,000 pounds of sugar and 77,000 gallons of brandy annually. i 16 In addition to that precious conHugent, thev export Indian corn beans, nee and flour of manioc, potatoes Xd Jie^ dried meat, tobacco, cigars, timber, etc., ete ' ^ ' ^fK **"i^ contains several knitting mills, for woreted and other stutts, nme cigar factories, nine^ breweries, one distileTv one soap factory, two typographical cstablishnmnte foondri^' copper-sm.ths, tanneries, shie factories andTveral tailor rj ^rpenter shops, etc. There are also forty saw miHs worked bv ric?' ^^'.7^ "T^' **^"'"' ^"^ 27 girist mills fo7eornaS ?27o,51^0?r^olt:ril*t:r^^-'« over 400,0001000 or The city of S. Paulo de Blnmenau is connected with the nort of Itejahy by the river of that name, of easy navSon ^ the CHv Harl?' r^T' ^"J''^'"g^' '^^ Cath!«« oh^rches, ary insfruS iTJ "f-^*^ ' ?"^ ""? ,««t«''li«h'nentfor second! Th?!^o f \ }^ •'"""*^ '* healthful and temperate. Ine area of that ancient cobnv is fthnnt 9 471 nnA„ .u cultivated portion is above SfiJoJ^^ Inlfl^l^li^: are laj^e tracts of uncultivated land suitable, by TteSellent quality, to every kind of cultivation. ^ excellent in TssV'lf™.^^-^^"*^?' '" ^^^^' ""'I emancipated ans and 1 Sn^P" *'°" V^^^ ^'^"^' <=omposed of 2,500 ItaU TL^^ r^, Germans ; the remainder belongs to other na- tionalties (including the children of foreigners.) The inhabitants derive profits not only from the cnltivaHnn ot sugar cane and cereaU, but are also eng^ed i^ various h. tSf/^.r •P'^'^"°*« '^^"•''•^ those of ICenau Tnd co": t?e c tv The T"T "^ !*" ^^Portation through the jJrTof tde city^ The ex-colony also contains saw mills ffrist mill? and different factories, one of them for weaving si'ir ' m;ii° *'^*^°«'T« «?* of carriage roads upon a surface of 261 miles and good mule trails, on an area of 95 miles K^thin ^b other. The ancient county town is to-dav the nari«V. «f 8. Luiz Gonza^, 23 miles from the port of iShy wiA^Lh The former colonial limits included several different dis- tnc s, among which is, to^ay, Nova Trento, whercoSerf" ble improvements have been made. The climate like S^^^^ 17 Blumenau, is healthful and agreeable. There is still a great amount of uncultivated land of well known fertility. The D. Francisca Colony. — The development of this colony has been very rapid; the beautiful city of Join ville forms its centre. It is situated on the banks of the Cachoeira river, at a short distance from the important port of S. Francisco do Sul, which will probably be the starting point of the projected D. Pedro I railroad. The Imperial Government has made contracts with an English company now engaged in studying the route, and to which it guarantees an interest of six per cent, upon the capital used in the enterprise. Its population is about 23,800, divided between the city of Joinville and the village of 8. Bento; which includes the territory of the D. Francisca Colony. The majority of the inhabitants is German. A road of 251 miles is kept in good condition and crosses the principal parts of the colony. The transportation is made by 502 drays, each capable of carrying 6,600 lbs. There are also more than 4,000 beasts of burden, numerous boats of different tonnage, and two steamers, one of which was built at Joinville. The inhabitants are engaged in various industries, but especially in agriculture ; sugar cane is their principal product. Two hundred mills, some worked by water power, others by steam, and a few by horse power, manufacture sugar and brandy, in addition to a central mill capable of crushing one thousand tons of sugar cane per day. The other industries followed there, are of the most improved systems. Seven factories, three of which worked by steam, are used for the preparation of "wa^e." More- over, the colony has four mills for the preparation of rice, 36 joiner or carpenter shops, 3 mills for the manufacture of arrow root (araruta) and starch, 18 blacksmith and locksmith shops, 8 tinsmith's and 12 brick yards. The importation and exportation last year amounted to 2,000:0001000 (about $1,052,631.60 in American money. ) Throughout the colony the taste and comfort of the in- habitants may be seen. It contains several buildings. Catho- lic and Protestant churches, cemetaries, public gardens, schools and telegraph offices. The Colonizing Society of Hamburg, subsidized by the State, has particularly contributed its support for such notable improvements. This society took charge of popu- lating the fertile lands given as a dowry to their Highnesses / 18 the Princes of Joinville, who, on their part, neglected no means to increase the advantages of this favored region gifted by nature with such a mild and healthful climate ' The AzAMBUJA Colony.— Founded in 1877, and emanci- pated in 1881. It is situated in the municipality of N. 8. da Piedade do Tubarao, in proximity to the D. Thereza Christma Raih-oad, distant from it about 6 miles, upon the banks of the river of Pedras Grandes, confluent of the Tubarao and the Urussanga, and which runs into the Ocean. Its population is over 2,000, mostly Italians. Crossed by excellent roads, the ancient colony of Azam- buja can dispose of its products in the city of Tubarao, 24 miles distant. Its products chiefly consist of flour of manioc and in cereals, which are exported in large quanti- ties. Wheat, grapes, and sugar cane, the cultivation of which being extensively developed, succeed equally well. Four stills manufacture brandy. There are yet in the vicinity tracts of uncultivated lands, where a large number of im- migrants can be advantageously settled. The Angelina Colony.— Founded in 1860 and emanci- pated m December, 1881. Its population is composed of 1700 inhabitants, almost all Brazilians. There are among them, however, families of other nationalities, engaged in the cultivation of cereals, sugar cane and cotton, of which they obtain abundant crops, and send to the nearest muni- cipality of the county town. The Colony of Grao Para.— It belongs to a private com- pany and was founded on the 2d of December, 1882 upon the patrimonial estates of their Highnesses the Count and Countess d'Eu, on the line of the D. Thereza Christina Kailroad, m the municipalities of Tubarao and of S. Jose de Lages. ftsarea is 217,800 acres, divided in three equal zones which are subdivided in colonial lots of 110 acres and of 60 acres. It has excellent means of communication and is watered by numerous water courses, some of which are navigable for small boats ; the colony is growing and con- tains every element of prosperity. 170 families, represent- mg over 1,000 persons, are already settled there and are engaged m cultivating cereals, potatoes, onions, grapes, etc. 1 be cultivation ol cotton, sugar cane and wheat, has been tried with encouraging success. Germans and Italians 19 from Northern Italy are in majority. Every colonial lot includes a temporary dwelling and a tract of cleared tim- ber land, on an area of 54,450 square yards ; thus, the ground is ready for the first plantings. All these advantages are offered for 75$000, (thirty-nine dollars and fifty cents ); the lot of 110 acres, cost 500$000, nearly two hundred and sixty-three dollars and fifteen cents; the lots of 60 acres are about the half of that amount. The payment must be made in five years, dating from the first year. Paid in cash, these prices are reduced by a dis- count of 20 per cent. In addition to these colonies, there are other scattered centres in various localities, which will become prosperous as soon as their inhabitants devote themselves with interest and energy to the cultivation of the fertile lands placed at their disposal and selected care- fully for their settlement. Generally, the Brazilian soil richly rewards those who cultivate it. Province of Rio Grande do Sul. The Silveira Martins Colony. — Founded in 1877, and emancipated in 1882. Its population is over 4,500, mostly Italians and Germans. It is situated 15 miles from the city of Santa Maria da Bocca do Monte, through which all its various products are exported. At the same distance is the station of Arroio de Sd, on the rail-road of Porto Algre to Uruguayana; and a good road connects the colony with the same station. This colony is 229 miles from the county town of the province, and from the city of Uru- guayana, the terminus of the railroad. Its fine climate causes the soil to be adapted to every kind of cultivation indigenous to temperate zones. Barley, wheat, rye and grapes, grow in abundance, as well as tobacco, Indian corn, rice, beans, etc. In addition to these staples, the exporta- tion of which is important, the inhabitants of the old colony of Silveira Martins are engaged in raising hogs, and selling lard and pork, properly cured. In the winter the ther- mometer often marks 9° Farenheit. The condition of this colony, to-day, a parish of the province, is very prosperous. There are still found in its vicinity, large tracts of uncultivated lands. It has schools for both sexes, and a church in course of construction, the expense of which is covered by a subscription made among the colo- nists. 20 The Cajcias CoLONY.-Thi8 colonial villaee which does prolret 'Vtl^'f *'*'*? eight v-ears, is reLrkabL fork Kif nrn?tl? "^"'^ ""1 l^' ■'^'""'^*'' '»"«l ^^e fertility of Its soil, profitably worked by its industrious inhabitants doubtless secure for it a brilliant future. FounH in 1876 12 000 ^f 1>045,350,000 square yards. The population is over 12,000 nearly composed of Italians, engaifed not onlv in agncultural pursuits, but also in commerce? the devefoo" ment of wh.ch ,8 proved by the existence of more than 50 commercial houses, some of them having a large capUal There are also over 30 grist, 7 saw mills,*? forces 8 Sar and cigarette factories, 5 hat factories,'/ SerL for presses tor making linseed oil, also soap factories, tailor and hXs :[c T« ^^*^^r '^r' T'"' '^"••kets, hotels, coft^e nouses, etc. fts agricultural products are Indian corn beans Generally the colonists cultivate hemp, which the women The inhabitants are in constant communication with the county town, where they bring not only their a O PC Pm ^▲M£8 Para '*^™ Belem to Braganva Rio Qrande do Norte Ceara Madeira an J Mamore. From Natal to Nova.Craz. Branch of CearA Miri'm Baturit^' CaraoBsim to 8obral. Parahy- b» Conde d'Bu. IPt'niaai- I buco Recife to 8 Francisco do to Cachangit do to Limoeiro Extension of the R R from cife to 8 Francisco Recife to Caruan'i do to Olinda Rf>- Paolo Affouso Central of Alagf^as- P^PCS 4"«»» m^ •a«|'«7 1 n s Q s 2- «-- PC hS hS iJfc?« o« OOxri s- r* 5a o35 PC'' P^ CAPITAL Te 81 astiao Rio Panlo 000 I 3 400:000*000 50 8 60 I 8,000:000*OWJ I 36l 2,000:000*000 27i 20' 3,800:000*000 40^ 1,735:250*000 16 45! 3,100:000*000 13 14 14 840:000*000 300:000*000 Rio de Janeiro, 8 Paulo, and I**' Minas , Oeraes Pedro Segundo. 455 4o: 15090,900:280*317 It nana 8antos to Jundiahy Paulista 8 Paolo to Tiet«> (8orocabr»na) , S Paolo and Rio de Janeiro Mogyan I 8 Jo to do Rio Claro to 8 Carlos do 8 Paulo Pinchal {Branch of Bananalense iBragantina Extension of Mogyana \m 87 152; 116j 145; 275| 6 50i 5.402:^95*906 23, 555: 850*000 20,000:000*000 15 90; 8,000:000*000 10,665 :000*00«» - j 8.350:000*000 36 85' 1,800:000*000 15 [ 300:000*000 36 1 2,320 :(KO*000 170 7,000:000$000 I i It- i 52 m o iQ 1-1 > o OS P4 Parana NAMBS fcfc Paranagua to Corytlba. Miuas Goraes o en's- 55 §~ I - Leopoldina Oeste Cordeiro o Rio Pomba Minas and Rio Uni i(» Mineira Juiz dp F<'ra ao Piau 8 Jo.io dEl Rt'i to Oliveira , Pitanpuy to Patos » , Lavras to Santa Rita de Jacutinga Bicas ao Ri«» Pardo Branch of Rio Kovo Pltanguy 26 1T5 «S 40 1(16 T3 88 Miuas e Espirito Santo Santa Catha- rina Santfe Catha- rina and Rio Grande do Sul Ponte Nova to Natividnde. Vittoriato Natividade D. Thereza Christina. D. Pedro I. 45 136 3 OS PS 04 _ CAPITAL 96 is 35 136 76 Santa Cathar- Ina and Parauii I 13 m o •d o -=5 C as o o 8. Francisco ao Rio Negro. Porto Allegre to Novo Hamburgo Porto Alopre to Cac guy PeU>tas to Porto Alegn- Santa Maria o; Uruguay 8 Leopoldo to Concei«;5io t»f Arrolo Rio Grande toBaiS) <)uaraliim to Itnqui , Cacoiiuy to Uruguyana Bag.- to Caceqny 8 Jeronymo 8 Joao of Monte uegro~ 28 116 66 13 69 85 40 15 176 116 166 130 11,492:042$707 14,000 1,200 .■000^000 :00U^000 15.4ii5 8.122 1,200 4,000 8,000 4,000 :838S903 .U00!*^flU> :(t()OsO(M) •00 125 2,306:8721135 KITER NAVIfiATION. Though the Imperial Government is actively engaged in promoting railway' enterprises, and extending its lines, Brazil is less dependent upon them for interior commercial facilities than any other country on the globe. Its great rivers and their tributaries oft'er abundant steamboat transportation to all parts of the Empire and adjoining countries ; and moreover, are open to commerce all the year — being never obstructed by ice, etc. Brazil has four great rivers — the Amazon, Toc&ntins, Parana and S. Francisco, besides numerous smaller ones that are also navigable for large steamboats. The Amazon, rising in Peru, offers a channel of steam com- munication across the widest part of the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to within a few hundred miles of the Pacific ; and with the Tocantins, serves as the means of communication between the Provinces of Para, Amazonas and Goyaz, part of the Provinces of Maranhao and Matto Grosso, and the Repub- lics of Venzuela,, Columbia, Equador, Peru and Bolivia. The Amazon and its tributaries offer, on Brazilian territory alone, a length of 27,000 miles navigable for large river steamboats ; and about 1,000 miles of the lower portion navigable for the largest ocean steamships in the world — having a depth of sixty feet in the channel. All the steamship lines between Brazil and the United States touch at Para, and one of them runs up the Amazon to the flourishing city of Manaos, the capital of the Province of Amazonas in Central Brazil, about 100 miles above the confluence of the Maderia and Amazon rivers. The Parana, formed by tlie confluence of the Rio Grande and the Paranahyba, crosses the Brazilian Provinces of S. Paulo, Matto Grosso and Parana, and the Argentine Pro- vinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Entre-Rios and Santa F^. Of its tributaries, the Paraguay is the most considerable, and itself has branches also navigable. The communication between Matto Grosso and the capital of the Empire is made bv steamboats, along the Paraguay, the Parana and the La Plata. 64 The 8. Francisco crosses the Province of Minas Geraes, m which it rises, and those of Bahia, Pernambuco, Alagoaa and Sergipe. Navigation is interrupted by the Falls of Paulo Alibnso, but a railroad has been built to connect the two navigable portions of the river, towards which the great railroad lines of Kio de Janeiro, Bahia and Pernambuco are directed. Besides the rivers above mentioned, belonging to four great basins, several others of considerable importance empty into the Atlantic ; among which may be mentioned the Gurupy, Tury Assu, Itapicuru, Parnahyba, Jaguaribe, Piranhas, Para- hyba, Vasa-Barris, Paraguassu, Rio de Contas, Jequitinhonha, Mucury, Rio Doce and Parahyba do Sul. The basin of the lakes dos Patos and Mirim, in the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, is traversed bv several great rivers which empty into these lakes, such as the Jacuhy, the Camaquan and the JaguarSo. Another great river, the Uniguay, which rises in the Province of Santa Catharina, serves as the boundary between the Province of Rio Grande do Sul and the Argentine Repub- lic, and forms, further on, with the Parana, the vast estuary of the La Plata. A large number of enterprising Steam Navigation Compa- nies and firms are engaged in the navigation of all the princi- pal rivers of the Empire. Among them may be named the " Companhia Fluvial Paraense," the " Companhia Fluvial do Alto Amazonas," the " Amazon Steam Navigation Com- pany, Limited ''; the "Companhia Navega^So a Vapor Ma- naos " and the " Companhia Navega^fto Para e Amazonas." Thirty-seven of the steel and iron steamers used by these com- / panics were built in the United States expressly for Brazilian i river and coastwise service. Along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, which has an extent of 6,000 miles, communication is made by numerous Brazilian and foreign steamship lines. All the provinces, except those of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Amazonas and Matto Grosso, touch the Atlantic and have harbors. The four interior provinces have communication with the sea through the great waterways al- ready named ; and that of Minas Geraes is already in connec- tion with the coast by railroads. The principal ports are those Belem do Para, S. Luiz do Maranhao, Parnahyba, Recife de Pernambuco, Maceio, Bahia, Victoria, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguk, .Santa Catharina I! 66 and Rio Grande do Sul. The harbor or port of Rio de Janeiro has a circuit of more than 123 miles. Commodore Thomas 0. Selfridge, U. 8. N., made a survey of the Amazon and Madeira rivers, on board of the United States Steamship Enterprise^ in 1878 ; and in his Official Re- port to the Secretary ot the Navy, which was transmitted to Congress by the President with his annual message, in De- cember, 1879, made the following important statements re- garding certain features of the Brazilian Empire, particularly its system of transportation by water: " I shall never forget the feelings that the mighty Ama- zon inspired as in the morning we rounded the point where we had anchored, and came out upon the open river rolling down in all its resistlefls majesty, and stretching out to the Westward until it was lost in the dim outline of the distant horizon. It seemed hardly possible that this was a river almost dividing a continent. ♦ * ♦ **Our ship was kept close to the Southern bank, and we thus had the full flow of the river to our right as we as- cended. In the distance to the North the blue Almerine hills made a pleasant back-ground to this picture of nature's grandeur. ♦ ♦ ♦ " This magnificent river is at least twice the size, in vol- ume, of any other in the world, not excepting the Mississippi. It is not only in its width, but in its astonishing depth and consequent volume that the Amazon exceeds all other riv- ers. Not less than 60 feet will be found in the channel the whole distance of the 874 miles from Para to the mouth of the Rio Negro. • * * "The Empire of Brazil includes about one-half of the whole continent of South America. The great water shed of the Andes passes through its territories, giving it the most perfect water system of any country in the world. Thus it would seem that nature has prepared a way for the opening up of this vast country by the most inexpensive of all systems of transportation. * • • " Steam was first introduced on the Amazon in 1853, an J at once a new life seemed to be given to the country. * ♦ * " No nation is more directly interested in the prosperity of Brazil than the United States. Our geographical situa- tion brings us nearer than Europe, and her coffee, sugar, rubber, and products of her forest we need in exchange for the products of manufacture we can furnish. * * * i 56 «* The Rio Negro from its junction with the Amazon, opens rapidly into a river of such proportions as might be considered a bay 4 miles wide and 12 long. On this bay is situated the city of Manaos, by far the largest on the upper Amazon and the largest in Central Brazil. It is very picturesquely placed, on a series of low hills skirting the bay. The houses are neatly constructed, with the sides either painted or covered with painted tiles. It is regularly laid out, and the principal streets are well paved and lighted. It is the capital of the Province of Amazonas, and is the port through which passes all the trade of the rivers Purus, Negro, Solimoens and their tributaries. It is also the principal terminus for the steamers of the Ama- zon Steam Navigation Company, and from whence they depart for all the numerous tributaries of the Amazon. Manaos is also the rendezvous for a small naval flotilla, and should be- come a city of importance. The Cathedral, occupying a com- manding situation in the centre of the town, is a fine edifice, said to have been fifteen years building, and to have cost half a million dollars ; the altar and frieze of the choir are very handsome structures of cut stone. • • • «^The river off Manaos is very deep; 500 yds. from the shore is found 45 fathoms, and the Enterprise anchored abreast the Cathedral, 300 yards from the shore, in 23 fathoms. * * * *'The Maderia River, the greatest tributary of the Amazon, rises in the Andes, and flowing generally Northeast about 2,000 miles, empties into the Amazon. In the character of its banks and its numerous islands the lower Maderia resembles the Mis- sissippi river. It is dift'erent however in having a large number of small lakes on both banks with outlets to the river itself, throughout its course. These lakes embrace a vast net work of internal water communication, whfch enables the rubber gatherers to reach with canoes or other small boats a large area of country that would otherwise be almost invaluable, as they would be compelled to travel long distances by land to reach the numerous rubber trees which are the great source of wealth to its inhabitants. ♦ • • "Though rubber is by far the most important article cf export of the Madeira, there are large quantities of oil of Copaiba, Castanha nuts, quarana and dried fish produced. The lands bordering on the river are fertile and produce cacao, mandioca, maize, tobacco, etc. ♦ ♦ ♦ "The experience of the Enterprise and what we have 57 gathered from other sources, lead one to believe that the valleys of the Amazon and Maderia may be considered healthful. Persons navigating these rivers would be no more subject to disease than if engaged in similar occupations on the Missis- sippi and other Western rivers in the United States. The En- terprise has been three months on constant service on the Amazon and Maderia rivers, and we have not had more than a half dozen cases of intermittent fever, and they were all of mild type. ♦ ♦ • **The rainfall is at no time excessive. It is not a soaking and drenching rain for days at a time, but rain interspersed with much pleasant weather. • * ♦ ** The term Tapuyo is applied to the domesticated Indians of the Amazon, and as a class they are industrious and intel- ligent. They form the crews of all the steamboats on the Amazon, in preference to whites or blacks. The girls make excellent servants, skilled with the needle and are sought after by Brazilians of the better classes, who bring them up from childhood in their families. In appearance they are far superior to our North American Indians, readily adopting the civilized habits of the whites, cleanly in their persons, faithful in their attachments, and possessing, among the fe- males, much real beautv. ♦ • * *' The survey of the Madeira being completed so far as it could be performed by the Enterprise, I awaited the first river steamboat to ascend the river and join the steam launch in the survey of the remaining portion to the Falls of San Antonio ; and, on the 4th of July went on board of the side-wheel steamboat Canuman, Alberto Moraes, captain, bound for San Antonio. The Canuman is an American l>uilt iron side-wheel boat, drawing about 7 feet loaded, and constructed after the pattern of our Western river boats, with separate engines. This American type, not found in any steamers of English build, is in great favor among the steamboat owners and pilots of the Amazon and its tributa- ries, and I doubt if any more steamers for river navigation are ordered in England, unless there is great difference in price in their favor. Life on board the river steamers of this country is decidedly cosmopolitan. No state-rooms or berths are needed, for no person in this countrj^ travels without his hammock, known as rede, which, upon coming H 'I I 58 on board, he hangs in such part of the upper deck as best suits him. It is a cleanly arrangement, giving much more room, and better suited to the cUniate. * * * ** I lind among the merchants of the Amazon and Ma- deira a most excellent feeling towards the American pro- ducts of manufacture ; the demand for tliem is constantly increasing. The trade of the country is mostly in the hands of old Portuguese firms. What America wants is a more extended demand for her productions, and this can, in most cases, be best realized through the agency of the old estab- lished native firms. * * ♦ ^*It is vitally necessary, however, if the United States will take its share of the foreign business of Brazil, to create avenues of trade by which it will fiow to our shores. There are, first of all, well established lines of steamships— fos- tered by the government in order to compete with the old estabhshed European lines, until the trade directed by them to our country will enable them to take care of them- selves. * * * ^ ^ '' There should also be direct telegraphic communication between the two countries. To the energy of our own coun- trymen we are indebted for the first successful Atlantic cable. Why cannot one be laid direct to Brazil ? *^ A bank, through w^hich exchanges could be favorably made, is also very necessary for the easy fiow of commerce. But especially it niust be remembered that freciuent, regu- lar and rapid steam communication is absolutely necessary, first of all, no matter how excellent our products of manu- facture may be." OCEAS TRANSPORTATIOJI. The following includes all the direct steamship lines between the United State? and Brazil — three in number — and running from the ports of New York, Baltimore and Newport News, to Para, Maranhao, Ceara, Manaos, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro ; and two of the regular lines of sailing vessels. Steam and sail vessels are despatched from all the other ports of the United States to Brazil, as the trade may require. The United States k Brazil Mail S. S. Co. The steamships of this line were built especially for the Brazil trade and run monthly — direct, going and returning — between the ports of Neio York and Newport News and Rio de Ja- neiro; touching at St. Thomas and Barbados, West Indies, and at the Brazilian ports of Para, Maranhao, Pernambuco and Bahia. Capt. T. M. Lachlan, Mills' Building, 23 Broad St., New York, is the Manager of the Company, which receives a subsidy from the Brazilian Government, and is bound by the terms of its contract, to carry bona fide Immigrants, having passports from the Brazilian Consul, at reduced rates. Its agents are: Paul F. Gerhard & Co., 84 Broad St., New York; G. W. Smith & Co., St. Thomas; Da Costa& Co., Barbados ; Sears & Co., i*ara ; Jose Faria Da Silva Jr. & Co., Ma- ranhao; Henry Foster & Co., Pernambuco; Vaughn, McNair & Co., Bahia; and Wilson, Sons k Co., (Linuted), Rio de Janeiro. THE BOOTH S. S. CO. (LIMITED), STEAMSHIP LINE TO BRAZIL Is under mail contract with the Brazilian Government. The nine steamships of the line are especially adapted to the Bra- zilian trade and are employed by the Company in a monthly service, direct, to and from Neio York and the principal ports of Northern Brazil. Every fourth month the steamer goes to Manaos, the capital of the Piovince of Amazonas, situated on the upper Amazon about 900 miles above its mouth, touching at ]*ara going and returning. The service during the interme- diate months is between New York and Maranhao direct, touching at Para and Ceara, For rates of freight and passage and all other information, application may be made to Booth & Co., 15 Frankfort St., New York ; Busk & Jevons, 301 Pro- 60 duce Exchange, New York ; Faria & Barbara, i*ara ; Ingle- hurst & Co., Ceara ; Henry AirUe, Maranhao ; and Teixeira Kuiz, Manaos. The Red Cross Line of Brazil Mail Steamers This line, having Brazilian Government privileges, makes monthly departures from New York and Baltimorey with cargo and United States Mail for Para, Maranhao, Ceara and Per- nambuco. The nine steamers comprising this line have been specially built and adapted for the United States and Brazil trade, affording every facility and accommodation to shippers, direct, to and from the ports above named. Further informa- tion may be obtained by applying to Mr. R. B. Borland, Agent, 112 Pearl street, New York. Steamships of this line are ap- pointed to sail from Baltimore on the last day of each month. W. H. Crossman & Bro., Nos. 77 and 79 Broad Street, New York, charter and load steam and sail vessels, at frequent intervals, as the interest of the Brazilian trade may require, for the ports of Para, Manaos, Maranhao, Ceara, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santos and other ports on the Amazon and along the Eastern coast of South America. Thomas Norton's Line to Brazil. This regular line of sailing Packets from New York to Per- nambuco, Rio de Janeiro and Santos, was established in 1865. It has covered loading berths; all necessary facilities for busi- ness are at Pier 17, East river. Further information may be obtained by applying to Thomas Norton, 104 Wall St., New York. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the rules of the Library or by special arrange- ment with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUB 1f)£M 1 JUL 11 19w a • • . • , f MA^ ' 2 ^^^^ 1 ! 1 caa(n4i)Mioo * 998.1 G58 Gomes Conmercial and emjgra- tional guide to Brazil. r DATE ISSUED TO ft:AY y. fi .t,,.,„ M AY 8 10r>fi n J)*»^S.» GiTS m$H NEH JAM 121995 •I COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 0044242506 '>ecj END OF TITLE