c^ Columtiia ^mbergiti^ in tlie Cit|> of i^eto l^orfe CoUegc of ^tjpsiiciaitfi! anb ^urgeong 3^ef erente l^ibrarp f^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/historyofmedicinOOgood A History of Medicine In Missouri. BY E. J. GOODWIN, M. D. Assistant Secretary Missouri State Medical Association. ST. LOUIS: PUBLISHED BY W. L. SA\ITH, 1905. PREFACE. In this book I have tried to give an account of the growth of medicine in Missouri. The names of the physicians in Missouri who have labored for the advancement of their calHng should live in the annals of the state and to that end I have worked. For the preparation of much of the material I am in- debted to members of the profession, particularly to Dr. E. W. Schauffler, Dr. Daniel Morton, Dr. P. I. Leonard, Dr. L. I. Matthews, Dr. P. E. Austin, Dr. Joseph Grindon, Dr. F. J. Lutz, Dr. A. N. Ravold, Dr. J. N. Jackson, Dr. A. W. McAlester. E. J. G. CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction 9 Chapter I. In St. Ivouis 15 Chapter II. William Beaumont 56 Chapter III. Sewer and Water Systems 66 Chapter IV. Epidemic of Cholera in St. Louis in 1849 71 Chapter V. In the Counties 93 Chapter VI. Bacteriology — State Board of Health — St. Louis Medical Library Association Ill Chapter VII. Medical Societies 117 8 CONTKNTS. Chapter VIII. Medical Colleges 129 Chapter IX. Medical Journals 146 Chapter X. Hospitals 153 Chapter XI. Biographical Sketches 179 INTRODUCTORY. Since the origin of man disease and death have been his portion. The struggle to destroy the one and repel the other began with the origin and development of mankind. For ages the battle was fought in the dark. Empiricism held full sway and science was in its swaddling clothes. With Hippocrates came light, but development was slow and only in the last fifty years has the science of medicine assumed that position which is its proper sphere. Empiricism has been dethroned and science now lights the path of the phy- sician in his work of curing, controlling and preventing dis- ease. Great victories have been won in the past; new and greater victories lie before it. With the history of the development of the science of medicine in general this book has no part. It concerns only the story of those men who have struggled to uphold the cause of medicine in the State of Missouri and raise the standard of practice to the highest pinnacle attainable in the light that was theirs. A review of the development of medicine in Missouri shows a constant growth in the knowledge of the cause and treatment of disease. The earliest physicians often fought blindly, but worked indefatigably toward the solution of 10 INTRODUCTORY. problems which remained mysteries long after they had gone to their reward. Empirical medicine gave way slowly before the development of scientific medicine, but the phy- sicians of Missouri were not slow in adopting everything which promised an improvement over prevailing methods in their combat with sickness. In the long line of noble men who have filled the ranks of medicine in this state there are many who stand out prominently for their learn- ing, for their devotion to the profession, for their efforts toward alleviating the sufferings of their fellow-men, fight- ing against difficulties which the broad light of advanced science has cleared from the path of the present day phy- sician. Among the men who have practiced medicine in this state there are many whose names will live in the hearts of the people in this part of the country. That history does not record a greater number whose achievements can be regarded as marking a distinct advance in the practice of medicine is largely due to the inland position of the state. For many years after Laclede and his band of followers laid out the site of St. Louis, the state remained on the border of western civilization and commercial and material interests occupied the attention and the time of the entire population. Conditions were not favorable to the develop- ment of art or science, which can flourish only in an at- mosphere cleared of the spirit of gain and the acquisition of the necessities and comforts of life. The name of Beau- mont is mentioned in every text book on physiology in connection with his observations of the functions of the stomach; Hodgen is more universally recognized now than formerly in text books on surgery in describing the treat- ment of fractures of the femur by the use of the swinging splint invented by him ; besides this splint Hodgen invented INTRODUCTORY. 11 a number of other instruments used in surgical practice; the late J. W. Jackson, of Kansas City, has not been gen- erally recognized as the founder of the vast system of rail- way hospital service, now almost an universal practice with railroads of this country and Europe, yet it was through his wisdom and foresight that the first railway hospital was established in the little town of Washington, Missouri, where he then resided, in the year 1879. In medical literature the physicians of Missouri have not been as prolific as their learning and achievements would justify. Among those who have written text books and chapters on special subjects in American text books may be mentioned the following: M. L. Linton wrote "Outlines of Pathology;" Adolf Alt, a text on "Ophthalmology for the General Practitioner;" James Moores Ball, a text book on "Ophthalmology;" J. K. Bauduy on "Diseases of the Nerv- ous System;" Louis Bauer on "Orthopedic Surgery;" Chas. Curtman, a text book on "Chemistry;" Joseph Grindon, a text book on "Diseases of the Skin" and several chapters in "American Text Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Syphilology and Dermatology;" Frank H. Henderson, "Lessons on the Eye," a text book for under graduates; H. H. Mudd, chapters on "Fractures and Dislocations and Hernia;" W. A. Hardaway, a text book on "Dermatology;" J. F. Binnie, "A Manual of Operative Surgery;" Edward W. Schauffler was one of the translators of Ziemssen's Encyclopedia of Medicine and also contributed a number of articles to Wood's Reference Hand Book of the Medical Sciences. Many valuable monographs on various subjects have been published in periodical medical literature by these men and many other physicians of Missouri. The first medical college in Missouri was opened in 1840. It was founded by Joseph Nash McDowell as the Medical 12 INTRODUCTORY. Department of Kemper College but was more popularly known as "McDowell's College." Dr. Chas. A. Pope was one of the early practitioners who achieved distinction as a surgeon and was one of the earl- iest presidents of the American Medical Association. Dr. John T. Hodgen was also elected to this office and Dr. E. H. Gregory filled the presidential chair of that association. Missouri has also furnished a number of the vice-presidents of the American Medical Association. In the following pages I have endeavored to give an adequate account of the history of the development of medicine in our state. I have gathered the best information obtainable from the principal sections of fhe state, though unable to secure data from all sections. The history of one section is practically the history of the whole state and I desired to put on record something of the work done by the leading men in each section. Nothing has been said of homeopathic medicine or of eclectic medicine. These systems were introduced by their respective followers, but no attempt has been made to give a detailed account of them. With the profession now so well organized and the admission to one combined whole of all physicians of legitimate standing, the practice of sectarian medicine will soon disappear. In medical education the state has made great strides in the past five years. In St. Louis the two oldest colleges were merged into one in 1899 and the combined school be- came the Medical Department of Washington University. In 1901 the Marion-Sims and the Beaumont Medical Col- leges were united and in 1903 affiliated with the St. Louis University, becoming the Medical Department of that in- stitution. In Kansas City the Kansas City Medical College and the Medico-Chirurgical College have agreed to sus- INTRODUCTORY. 13 pend independent existence and the consolidated schools will form the Medical Department of the University of Kansas. St. Joseph has a well endowed medical college in the Ens- worth Medical College, though the institution has no uni- versity connection. The Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Missouri at Columbia enjoys all the privileges of university connection and is well supported by the state. The standard of requirements for admission has been raised in all of these schools and all of them rest on a plane which places them on equal terms with the most advanced institutions for the training of medical students. Opportun- ity for research work and original investigations was very meagre until the time when these schools were placed on a true university basis. With the increased facilities now offered for study and investigation, we may confidently look forward to a more rapid and higher development of medicine in the state than has ever been possible heretofore. In the making of her medical laws Missouri has been unfortunate, though perhaps not more so than the majority of the states. The profession was never well organized and legislation for the proper control of practice in this state has been impossible of consummation. With the reorganization of the profession and the consolidation of mutual interests, better things can be hoped for and more will be accomplished within the next few years than has ever been attained heretofore. One thing was accomplished in the last legislature, however, due to the united efforts of the profession. This is the act establishing a state sana- torium for the treatment of cases of incipient tuberculosis. The bill creates a commission to select a site on which to erect suitable buildings for the care of such cases at the expense of the state. An appropriation of $50,000 was made to carry out the provisions of the act. A HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN MISSOURI. CHAPTER I. In St. Louis. The earliest white inhabitants of this State being hunters, trappers and missionaries, there is practically nothing of record pertaining to the manner in which they combated disease or treated injuries. Even when settlements began to spring up few men with any knowledge of medicine ac- companied the pioneers. Brackenridge* says there was no physician in St. Genevieve during his first sojourn in that town (about 1793). Disease was permitted to run its course after the list of family remedies had been exhausted. What this list comprised does not appear. The French and Spanish military posts had their army surgeons, but no m'ention is made that they were ever called upon to attend the inhabitants of the village. The exact year of the settling of St. Genevieve is not known. Tradition ascribes its origin to the proximate date of 1735 and there is legal evidence of its existence in 1754, but in 1763 when Laclede made an effort to secure room for storing his supplies the town did not possess sufficient storeroom, nor could it accommodate the men accompany- ing the expedition. He was, therefore, compelled to go farther up the river to Fort Chartres, situated on the east * Recollections of the West. 16 HISTORY OF MEDICINK side of the river about twenty miles above St. Genevieve. Laclede then crossed to the west side and selected the site for his trading post, marking it by blazing the trees, after which he returned to Fort Ciiartres to spend the winter. In the spring of 1764, on the 15th of February, the party crossed to the west side and established the future City of St. Louis. Events seemed to favor the little post, for soon after its establishment France ceded all its posessions on the east side of the Mississippi to Great Britain. This caused a gen- eral exodus from Fort Chartres, and many of the inhabi- tants moved to St. Louis. Among others who came over was the post surgeon, Dr. Andre Auguste Conde. The date given is October 20, 1765. Dr. Conde, therefore, was probably the first physician to enter the practice of medi- cine, outside of military posts, not only in St. Louis, but in the State. Dr. Conde was a native of Aunis in France, and brought his wife and infant daughter with him when be entered the French service, and practiced for about eleven years after taking up his residence in St. Louis. He received a grant of land, the fifth concession recorded, consisting of two lots fronting two hundred and forty feet on Second street by one hundred and fifty feet in depth. On this lot he built a house of upright posts for his residence, a barn and other conveniences, and here he resided until his death, Novem- ber 28, 1776. Dr. Conde was an educated gentleman and a prominent man in the little village. For a time he was the only phy- sician. His work was not confined to the west side of the river as he was often called to the Illinois side. He kept a record of his visits and the name of almost every person on both sides of the river was included, from Rouquier, the fiddler, to St. Ange, the Governor. After his death an in- ventory of his estate showed there was due him for pro- fessional services the sum of five thousand one hundred and fifty-six livres ($1,031). Whether the fiddler paid does not appear, but St. Ange died in 1774 leaving a will in which he directed the payment of what he owed, and Dr. IN MISSOURI. 17 Conde's account was not included in the schedule. His widow married a second husband, Gasford Roubien. They subsequently moved to St. Charles where they both died. Dr. Jean Baptiste Valleau arrived in St. Louis late in 1767, as surgeon of the Company under the command of Capt. Rios sent up by Count Ulloa to take possession of the place for the Spanish government. Immediately after his arrival he made application for a lot upon which to build a house and was granted a concession from St. Ange con- sisting of one hundred and twenty feet on the west side of Second street by one hundred and fifty deep up the hill on Pine street. He hired Peter Tousignan to build him a house "of posts in the ground, eighteen feet long by fourteen feet wide on the outside, roofed with shingles, with a stone chimney and a partition in the center of small square posts, with one outside door and another in the partition, two windows with shutters, well floored and ceiled with hewed Cottonwood plank well jointed." It does not appear that he made any effort to practice and probably he did not try as the inhabitants were very bitterly opposed to living un- der Spanish rule. So strong was this feeling that Capt. Rios did not take command in St. Louis but built a fort near the mouth of the Missouri river. Dr. Valleau made trips between St. Louis and the new fort and it is sup- posed he was affected by exposure to the sun. He fell ill and died in November, 1768. Dr. Valleau's will was the first one on record. Dr. Antoine Reynal was the third doctor to come to St. Louis. He arrived about the year 1776 and practiced for twenty-three years, removing finally to St. Charles. There seems to be no record of his work, though he must have been the only doctor in the village for several years. In 1777 he purchased the west half of the block on the east side of Third street, from Market to Chestnut. Of the fourth physician who came to St. Louis but little is known. He was Dr, Bernard Gibkin (Gilkin) and prob- ably practiced during the years 1779 and 1780. There is no record of where he came from, or whether he died here or moved away, though he is put down as the owner of a 18 HISTORY OF MEDICINE house and lot. He must have had the confidence of the community, however, as he was directed by the Spanish Governor, De Leyba, to make a post mortem examination on the body of one Domingo de Bargas, a young Spanish merchant, who died suddenly on the night of July 18, 1779. This was the first inquest held in the City. Dr. Gibkins examined a number of witnesses and reported "that de Bargas had died from apoplexy superinduced by the exces- sive heat." Whether this was the first case of sunstroke is not known, but the inhabitants suffered with the heat of summer even then. Dr. Claudio Mercier came to St. Louis from New Orleans early in 1786. He was a native of France and was sixty years of age when he arrived in St. Louis. He probably did not practice. He died about a year after he came here, January 20, 1787, and left a will emancipating his negro slave, Francoise, and leaving one hundred dollars to the poor of St. Louis. Dr. Philip Joachim Gingembre (Ginger) came to St. Louis early in 1792 and purchased a small stone house on the northwest corner of the present site of Second and Olive streets where he lived for some years. He then went to France leaving his house unoccupied. Not returning after some years' absence the house was sold to satisfy his credit- ors. There is no record that he practiced his profession while he lived here. Up to this point accounts are very meagre concerning the work of physicians who first came to St. Louis. It is stated that there was very little sickness in those days, every one being strong and healthy, but the books of Dr. Conde indicate that he was kept pretty busy. About the time of his death Dr. Reynal came to St. Louis and practiced for twenty-three years, but there is no record to show whether he was as successful as his predecessor. Of the next doctor who came to the village, however, there is more to be found. In his presidential address before the American Surgical Association at the meeting in St. Louis, 1904, Dr. N. P. Dandridge gives an interesting account of Saugrain's life. I have made liberal use of this in the following account: IN MISSOURI. 19 Dr. Antoine Francoise Saugrain came to St. Louis in the year 1800 from Gallipolis, Ohio. He was bom in Paris, February 17, 1763, and was, therefore, thirty-seven years old when he came to St. Louis. He came from a long line of "librarians, booksellers and printers," who, as far back as Charles IX and Henry of Navarre had served the royal family of France. Little is known of his early life, but it is evident he was given a thorough, general scientific edu- cation and that he studied "chemistry, mineralogy and physic." His general scientific knowledge stood him in good stead and he was ever ready to put it to the most practical use in his daily wants. His knowledge of mineralogy made his advice often called for in the development of the mines in the Ohio Valley. He supplied himself with ink from a natural chalybeate water and an infusion of white oak bark, and when in need of a fire lighted it from a lens made by two watch crystals with clear water between. Wherever he found himself he established furnaces and chemical labo- ratories and had his electric batteries, and in time of leisure he made thermometers and barometers, which he readily sold. He probably never practiced in Paris, for about the time iiis studies were completed his family, who were royalists, were compelled to flee across the Rhine, and for a time he did not know their whereabouts. Learning of a party of French coming to America, he joined them, and seems to have entered the service of the King of Spain, for we soon find him engaged in mineralogic investigations in Mexico. Saugrain returned to France, but in 1787 he again came to America with M. Piquet, a French philosopher. Piquet was a botanist, and Kentucky and the valley of the Ohio were their objective points for the purpose of studying the flora and probably also to ascertain the feasibility of estab- lishing a French colony. They reached Fort Pitt too late to go down the river, and "established themselves in an abandoned cabin a few miles away." They suffered greatly from the cold and lived principally on "venison and potatoes." In spite of their hardships they busied themselves with their scientific work. Saugrain examined mines in the neigh- 20 HISTORY OF MEDICINE borhood and found iron, lead, copper and silver. With his hydrostatic scales he determined the weight and density of the various kinds of wood and tested their capacity for the production of potash ; cornstalk he found the richest. March 19, 1788, the two set out down the Ohio. They were joined by a Frenchman named Raguet and an American named Pierce. Dr. Saugrain has left a record of the trip giving a graphic account of the journey. The party was attacked by Indians on March 24th, at a point almost opposite the Big Miami. Raguet was drowned and Pique was killed, while Pierce made his escape. Dr. Sau- grain was taken captive, but escaped after being wounded in the neck by a bullet from the Indians. He and Pierce then started down the river hoping to meet a boat. They were three days in the woods, without food almost all of the time, and with nothing to protect them from the cold. Dr. Saugrain's feet became frozen, one little finger had been broken from a ball and the wound in his neck caused him constant suffering. It stopped bleeding spontaneously but became swollen to an extraordinary degree so that he was unable to use his right hand. He chewed up a sort of agaric and put on his neck, but does not say whether it af- forded any relief. At last they saw a boat coming down the river and were taken on board, reaching the Falls on March 29th. The next day he crossed to the fort opposite Louis- ville where he received a cordial welcome and was placed in care of the post surgeon. While at the fort Saugrain made a furnace and furnished the doctors fixed alkalies and amused them with ,,electrical experiments. In May, 1788, he returned to Philadelphia and from thence he went to France. In 1790 he came back to the United States with a party of French settlers from Lyons and Paris who founded Gallipolis, Ohio. He remained there for six years and was married to Miss Genevieve Michaud, eldest daughter of John Michaud, one of the set- tlers of Gallipolis from Paris. In 1805 he was appointed by Jefferson surgeon of the army stationed at Fort Bellefontaine, on the Missouri river. In the Missouri Gazette, May 26, 1809, we find the fol- IN MISSOURI. 21 lowing notice : "Dr. Saiigrain gives notice of the first vac- cine matter brought to St. Louis. Indigent persons, pau- pers and Indians vaccinated gratuitously." He continued to practice in St. Louis till his death, in 1820, and must have been eminently successful, for he left a large landed estate for the support of his wife and six children. Al- though thus busily occupied, he found time for his elec- trical and chemical work, and in the latter he is said to have anticipated the European inventors in the use of phosphor- ous for friction matches. His earnestness and modesty are well illustrated by a remark which has come down to us, made one day to his daughter, who was his assistant in the laboratory: "We are working in the dark, my child ; I only know enough to know that I know nothing." Dr. Bernard G. Farrar was the next physician who came to St. Louis. He was the first American-born physician who took up a permanent residence here and has been named "The Father of the Profession in St. Louis." Of his life and his work no better description can be given than the following taken from the file of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal: SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF THE LATE BERNARD G. FARRAR, M. D. By Charles A. Pope, M. D. (Prepared at the request of, and read before the St. Louis Medical Society). Gentlemen : — Your partiality has assigned me the task of giving to the society a sketch of the life and character of the late Bernard G. Farrar, M. D., the venerated first presi- dent of this body. I am sensible that the choice re- sulted rather from my connection with the deceased than from any peculiar fitness or ability on my part. You will, therefore, readily excuse the regret that I express at the selection not having fallen on some older member, who, to superior qualifications, could have boasted the additional 22 HISTORY OF MEDICINE large or long friendship and professional intercourse with the subject of our notice. I shall, nevertheless, with your indulgence for the difficul- ties under which I have labored, attempt, as far as possible, to do even slight justice to the memory of our departed friend and brother, and to present before you a portrait wliich I hope will not be altogether unrecognizable by many here present. For the materials which have aided me in this sketch I am indebted to my own recollections, as well as to the immediate family and friends of the deceased, and to his few remaining professional friends, who, like him, were among the medical pioneers of the West. Be- fore, however, entering on my subject, I may be allowed briefly to allude to the intention of the present memoir. It is both right and proper, and due alike to the dead and our- selves, that we should thus regard the worth and virtues of our departed brethren. The dead are honored thereby and the living may be profited. Besides, the life of him of whom we now consider forms an important link in the medical history of this region, and as such deserves more than a passing notice. If in aught that shall be said any interesting facts be preserved, if any younger aspirant for professional honor and success amongst us may be stimu- lated to emulate the example here held forth, and by patient and persevering effort, directed by honest purpose of iiead and heart, overcome the many obstacles that may beset his early path and clog his future progress, my object will have been attained. I will not confine myself to the merely pro- fessional career of the deceased, for, having lived nearly half a century in St. Louis, 'he was thus connected with its early village existence; and it will, therefore, be excusable to speak of him as the citizen and as exercising that influ- ence on the community which at so early a period an en- lightened physician was likely to exert. Dr. Bernard G. Farrar was born in Goochland, Va., on the fourth day of July, 1785. His father, Joseph Royal Farrar, extensively known and beloved for his social and hospitable character, removed to Kentucky in the fall of the same year, the doctor being then only a few week old. IN MISSOURI. 23 He settled within a few miles of Lexington, where most of the Doctor's youthful days were passed. His father was four times married, as was iiis mother also. As all of these unions were fruitful, there were seven different sets of children united in the same family. This host of off- spring caused the patrimony of each child to be small. The Doctor entered life with limited means. His early educa- tion was entrusted to the supervision of one Parson Stubbs, a well qualified and worthy man. At this period, as I am informed by one who knew him well, the doctor was more distinguished for his love of boyish and playful mischief than devotion to his studies. His teacher was a very pious man, and in allusion to Barney's (as he was familiarly designated) mischievous, but always laughable tricks, often expressed his deep commiseration for his poor mother. He was sadly afraid, he said, that Barney would one day or another be certainly hung. This was a subject of much amusement in the school, at the good old teacher's expense, it being obvious that he did not properly discriminate be- tween real wickedness of heart and the mere love of fun. The death of his father took place in 1796. From this period until maturity he was sustained and guided by the unremitting vigilance and counsel of his affectionate mother, whose memory he cherished most devoutly through life. He was now entered as a regular student in the lit- erary department of Transylvania University, where he re- mained for three years. In the spring of 1800 he com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Selmon, of Cincin- nati, O., with whom he continued a twelve month. He was then placed under the tuition of Prof. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Ky., at that period the most eminent in the pro- fession in the West. He remained with him for three years, during which time he was an assiduous student. In 1804 he repaired to Philadelphia and attended a course of med- ical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania. By his pre- vious study and application he was well fitted to listen with profit to the teachings of Rush and Physick, those fathers of American medicine and surgery. After the close of the season he returned to Lexington, and at the following 24 HISTORY OF MEDICINE commencement received a degree of Doctor of Medicine, from the Medical Department of Transylvania University. Immediately on his graduation Dr. Farrar removed to Frankfort, Ky., but a few miles from Lexington, where he formed a co-partnership in practice with Dr. Scott, a gen- tleman who stood at the head of the profession in that place. Dr. Farrar did not long remain in Frankfort, chiefly for the reason that it was so near his home, for the Doctor was one of those who thought that a prophet was without honor in his own country, and that a physician, especially, was less likely to succeed among his own family friends than amidst strangers. He used often to say that the com- munity should not know how a doctor was made. His views on this point are further illustrated by an anecdote he was in the habit of relating. Whilst still at Frankfort an old schoolmate met him accidentally on the street, and, being delighted to see him, gently touched him on the shoulder and accosted him most familiarly with "How do you do, Barney?" This was but little in accordance with the Doctor's ideas of professional respect and dignity, and so, seizing the gentleman by the collar, and assuming a rather belligerent attitude, he said : "Sir, no Barney any longer. I am Dr. Farrar, if you please, and never shall you or any one else call me otherwise." Notwithstanding the influence of Dr. Scott in his behalf, his success did not equal his expectations, for, like most young men, he was ambitious, and deemed his thorough course of study and preparation deserving of a more rapid and greater success. The place, he said, was too near home, and all had known iiim as Barney Farrar, and had he even lived there until his death he would probably have been known as Barney still. He therefore turned iiis thoughts to a distant home in the then far West for a better theater in which to try his fortune. Fortunately about this time he had heard much of the prosperity of St. Louis and its peculiar advantages for a physician. On the earnest advice of Judge Colburn, one of the territorial judges for Missouri, 9, brother-in-law of the Doctor, he accordingly, in the fall of the year 1806, em- IN MISSOURI. 25 barked at Louisville on a keel boat, the only mode of water conveyance at that early period. The boat was propelled by the tardy process of the time, called cordelling, and after a tedious voyage of many weeks, rendered exciting by the variety of accidents, owing to tiie then great difficulties of navigation, he reached St. Louis, Pleased with the ap- pearance of the place and its peculiar fitness for one of his profession, he at once determined to settle. Although preceded by one or two of the profession, Dr. Farrar was the first American physician who permanently established himself west of the Mississippi. From these cir- cumstances, in conjunction with the high character he after- wards sustained, he is justly entitled to the appellation of "Father of the Profession in St. Louis." This region of the country was then called Upper Louisiana, and had but a short time before been purchased from Napoleon by Mr. Jefferson. The Doctor soon received such flattering marks of encouragement from the French inhabitants of the vil- lage as to render certain his success, and indeed, to betoken the higiiest degree of future prosperity and professional reputation. He found on his arrival here no other established physi- cian than Dr. Antoine Saugrain, who had, some years be- fore the change of government, emigrated from Europe to Gallipolis, O., then the Northwestern Territory, from thence to St. Louis. Dr. Saugrain was educated in Paris for the vocation of chemist, but subsequently turned his attention to the heal- ing art generally. He left behind him the reputation of a good physician and gentleman. His practice was principally on the vegetable system, as he abhorred calomel and relied much on ptisanes. At all events his treatment of the dis- ease of the country differed materially from that of Dr. Farrar. For such was the marked success of the latter that it struck the attention of even the non-professional, and rapidly acquired for him an extensive practice and the repu- tation for eminence in his profession. His name soon reached beyond the narrow limits of the village, and he was often sent for from hundreds of miles around. As a 26 HISTORY OF MEDICINE skillful physician iiis fame continued to increase, not only from the force of his genius and talents, but also from his kindness of manner and devoted attention to his patients. Such, indeed, was the humanity of his heart that it was with difficulty he could witness the sufferings of his fellow creatures in mind or body, and yet in the hour of danger, when necessity called fortii his best energies in behalf of tis patients, a firmer spirit never existed. He excelled particularly in tact, and in his progress he is said seldom to have failed. For boldness and decision of character and promptitude in action when occasion required it he was rarely equaled. The doctor was once summoned to see a female who for some time had been sick of a fever, and was regarded as dead both by her physician and friends. Indeed, her stiroud was being made, and the corpse had been laid out when the doctor entered. The mirror and usual tests of vitality were applied, but with only negative results. The idea now struck the doctor to apply a red hot smoothing iron to the soles of her feet. This was soon done, whereupon the woman stood erect and cried aloud. The story is lit- erally true. A gentleman who saw the patient laid out, as he thought, a corpse, left a few minutes afterwards for Pittsburg, and without any knowledge of the resurrection, met her on his return in perfect health. He stated that the occurrence gave him greater terror and astonishment than did the terrible convulsions of nature which he experienced near New Madrid in 1811 while in a keel boat on the Mis- sissippi, whose tide was rolled tumultuously in a reverted direction for many miles and the earth was rent in many places. From the circumstances above related, as well as his general reputation for professional skill, he was sup- posed by people capable of raising the dead. In the obstetric art he enjoyed a large practice and shone pre-eminent. From contemporary testimony it is doubted whether any man ever practiced more dexterously and skill- fully the various operations of turning and the application of instruments. I have said that Dr. Farrar was eminently successful in IN MISSOURI. 27 his general practice, but as a surgeon he also claimed an enviable distinction. From his own account he was always loath to use the knife except when the life of the patient demanded it at his hands. His reluctance to operate sprung, I am sure, from his unwillingness to witness or inflict pain on his fellow men. As an operator he was skill- ful and rapid, but when, as in the ablation of different tumors, the dissection required care, he was extremely cau- tious, using, as he was wont to tell me, more the handle than the point of his scalpel. One of his first operations was the amputation of a thigh, performed on a man by the name of Shannon, who, when a youth, accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific ocean. In 1807 he undertook a second expedition under the auspices of the general government to ascertain the sources of the Missouri River. At a point 1,800 miles up that river he was attacked by the Blackfeet Indians and wounded by a ball in the knee. He was brought down to St. Louis and successfully op- erated on by Dr. Farrar. In those times the case was con- sidered as an evidence of great skill, in view of the distance the patient had traveled and the low state to which his con- stitution had been reduced by the accident. This same gen- tleman afterwards received an education in Kentucky and became one of her best jurists. He was subsequently ele- vated to the bench. Judge Shannon often said, and even declared on his death bed that he owed both his life and his honors to the skill of Dr. Farrar. There was one operation to which I must make special reference — a patient, a young man, affected with stone in the bladder, where the calculus had become fixed in its fundus, and could be easily felt in the rectum. The doctor conceived and executed the recto-vesical section. This was done several years previous to the same operation by San- som, but the latter, however, by publishing, has the uni- versal acknowledgment of priority. It is unfortunate on all accounts that any neglect should have occurred in this particularity, notwithstanding the recto-vesical operation is now too very exceptionally resorted to. During the war with Great Britain in 1812-14, Dr. 38 HISTORY OF MEDICINE Farrar served both as surgeon and soldier in defending Missouri from the Indian depredations. His reputation had now increased to the extent of being known and ac- knowledged abroad. In proof of this he was offered a chair in his Alma Mater, the medical department of Tran- sylvania University, then the first and only school of med- icine west of the Alleghanies. Nothing could have been more gratifying to his feelings, more calculated, to excite in his mind emotions of heartfelt pride and satisfaction, than the proposed honor. He, however, declined the situ- ation, preferring the more substantial benefits of a lucrative, though laborious practice, to the uncertain renown of pro- fessorship. From his own acknowledgment, I am assured that his declination arose more from real modesty and his long supposed incompetenc)'' than from any other cause. As a man and a citizen Dr. Farrar occupied in this com- munity a high position. Such was the popularity and con- fidence reposed in him that he was elected a member of the first Legislature that was assembled under the territorial form of government. He, however, continued as a repre- sentative during a single session only. His re-election was much desired and could easily have been effected, but he perceived that it would withdraw him too much from his profession, a theater he thought of more useful action on his part towards the country. He ever afterwards refused to engage in politics, assigning very properly as a reason that few men arrive at eminence or great usefulness, except in a single pursuit, and of all others the medical profession was jealous of exclusiveness and required a strict adher- ence to this maxim. In connection with his politics, it may, perhaps, without offense be stated that he was an unswerv- ing Whig through life. His political, as well as religious tenets, never contravened his personal friendships — he was alike the physician of all parties and denominations. His love of country, its constitution and the memory of its early patriots was ardent and enthusiastic. In the discharge of his professional duties Dr. Farrar was both physician and friend. No company or amuse- ment could make him neglect his professional engagements, IN MISSOURI. 29 and he was ever ready at the call of the poor. Indeed, with respect to remuneration for his services, it was in most cases optional whether payment was made at all. The convenience of all was the rule that governed him. In- stances frequently occurred where he had attended families for years whose views led them to remove to a distance, when some friend would suggest, with propriety, the send- ing of his bill. His answer was: Let them go; if they could do without him, he could do without them. In other cases men would call to pay bills, when he would inquire what length of time he had attended them or their fam- ilies (for he never made regular charges in books), and generally ended by saying that they must make the fee such as they were able to bear or might think proper. He was always generous and disinterested, nor can history produce an instance in which a life of such intense devotion in re- lieving the diseases incident to his fellow men has been less rewarded by pecuniary emolument. This utter want of self- ishness and extreme pecuniary carelessness formed, per- haps, one of the most distinctive traits of his character. But Providence seems to have been mindful of the doctor's care for suffering men. Some real estate in St. Louis and its vicinity was secured to his family, which, by its increased value, enabled him to spend his latter days with all the comforts around him whict a generous soul enjoys and dispenses to others and the means of gratifying every ra- tional desire of life. Many anecdotes illustrative of the peculiarities of the doctor are told by his old acquaintances, one or two of which I will relate. Having occasion to visit Louisville, he went on horseback, and liberally supplied himself with funds, all in the shape of silver half-dollars. This arrangement he supposed would prove convenient for change at the houses where he might stop. The whole amount was pretty well distributed and thrown carelessly loose in his great coat pockets. Off he started in his usual trot upon his journey, and after traveling some thirty to forty miles he halted to rest for the night, when, lo! on looking for his treasure he found to his surprise that it had all disappeared. The holes 30 HISTORY OF MEDICINE in his pockets explained the mystery of its escape, thus besprinkling the road from one end to the other, much to the satisfaction of some Vide Poche teamsters, who hap- pened to follow him. The doctor informed the landlord of his misfortune, told him who he was and requested enter- tainment for the night on credit. The worthy farmer dis- believed the whole story and called him an impostor and refused to afford him lodging, saying, that although he had never seen, he had heard of old Dr. Farrar as long as he had lived there, and that the person before him was entirely too young to be the same. Now it happened from the early and great baldness of the doctor that he was thought much older than he really was, and on this account he was generally called old Dr. Farrar. The doctor at once pulled off his hat, made the necessary explanations, and was not only admitted to a quiet night's repose, but treated with the best hospitalities of the landlord. There once lived hard by the doctor's home a man with no very honest views on the rights of property, who when- ever there happened a deficiency (which was no infrequent case) in his own supply of wood, was accustomed to re- plenish his stock by an occasional stick, taken under cover of night, from an ample store that lay piled up in the doc- tor's yard. These petty depredations had been carried on for a considerable time, and not without the doctor's knowl- edge. But, although he knew full well the thief, he had never caught him in the very act. To effect a certain de- tection he caused a fine fat-looking and tempting back log to be heavily charged with powder. It accomplished his purpose, for that very night, on going out quite late, he found it to have disappeared. It was only then that the possibly fearful consequences of what he had done came upon him with full force and brought him seriously to reflect, that although the thief might meet his just reward, the wife and many little children would also pay the pen- alty of his guilt. So, rushing hurriedly to the house, he saw the very self-same back log upon the fire with the in- mates gathered in a family group around it. There was yet time — the fire had not reached the powder. Telling all IN MISSOURI. 31 to save themselves he seized the burning stick and carried it safely from the house before it had exploded. From an early period of his youth Dr. Farrar was es- teemed by his companions for his love oi truth, honor and justice, and he fearlessly maintained among men those principles through life without meriting reproach. In his friendships he was warm, constant and true, ever slow to give creclence to the reputed errors of those he esteemed. Kind and amiable, as well as open, frank, brave and unde- signing in his feelings and principles, it was painful to him to witness any deviation from propriety in others. Least of all would he forgive any dereliction in a physician. He, of all otiiers, should be above suspicion and reproach. What in another man he might overlook, in a physician he would never forgive. As a Christian he was mild and tolerant, believing that all intemperate discussions of its benevolent principles were uncalled for. He was twice married. As a husband and father he was uniformly affectionate, kind and indulgent. In domestic life were centered his chief and highest enjoyments, and no man felt or accorded to female worth a higher estimate. The experience of a long life of observation as a professional man of the sex called forth on all occasions his best feelings and sympathies in their behalf. There are two circumstances in the life of Dr. Farrar as involving professional considerations to which I will allude. In a duel in which he figured, the doctor's ball struck his antagonist. The wound was attempted to be closed, and from such injudicious practice the symptoms became much aggravated. The patient was then advised to send for Dr. Farrar. This he did, and the doctor visited his enemy as he would have done any one else. He im- mediately laid open the tract of the wound, according to the practice of the time. The pain ceased at once, and the gentleman rapidly recovered. The doctor and his patient were ever after true and fast friends. The other circumstance to which allusion has been made was a difficulty which arose between the doctor and one of his own profession. The physician was in the habit on all 32 HISTORY OF MKDICINE occasions of speaking of Dr. Farrar in the most disrespect- ful manner, and resorted to every low expedient to preju- dice and injure the doctor among his patients and friends. By abusing Dr. Farrar he vainly hoped to advance himself, but as is invariably the case, he only succeeded in injuring himself. For this reason the doctor never once reviled, but bore his abuse v^ith becoming silence. His accuser wrongly interpreted the doctor's forbearance, and in consequence grew more bold in his denunciation. At last suspicions were raised concerning the doctor's honor and courage. He could bear it no longer. On meet- ing his traducer he fell upon him with a stick and inflicted upon him the most summary chastisement. Unluckily, the man died in a month or two afterwards, and his former friends attributed his death to the blows inflicted by Dr. Farrar. There was not the least show of reason to sus- tain the charge, for he had entirely recovered from the effects of his injuries, and died in consequence of pleurisy. As a class, Dr. Farrar felt the liveliest interest in the medical faculty. Their honor and the advancement of the science in knowledge and usefulness was to him a theme both of hope and joy. In the history of our race he be- lieved there were fewer aberrations from moral rectitude among medical men than any other class of the community. Society, he said, had a just right to expect this distinction, as the very nature of their profession made physicians the confidential friend of every family. Among his professional brethren Dr. Farrar was uni- versally beloved and esteemed. He was a gentleman in the highest sense of the term, and well deserved their respect and consideration. His acknowledged professional skill, his goodness of heart, his polished urbanity, his high sense of honor and noble generosity of nature endeared him to all. In his intercourse with other professional gentlemen his conduct was marked by the most scrupulous regard of the rights and feelings of others. His estimate of the char- acter of the profession was indeed exalted. It constituted the very essence of honor, dignity, benevolence and useful- ness, and in his own dealings he exalted a living exemplifi- IN MISSOURI. 33 cation of his views. He was in truth a very model of professional etiquette, not in its letter only, but in its purest spirit. He went further than the mere requirements of the ethical code. He was always anxious, not merely to act honorably to a professional brother, but also to serve him if he could by advancing his interests and increasing his claims to public estimation and confidence. In the language of the lamented Lane, he was so constituted that it was im- possible for him to be guilty of dishonorable rivalry towards his fellow-practitioners. He scorned the tricks of the pro- fession and those who practiced them. To the junior mem- bers of the faculty he was particularly kind and generous. They were at once made to feel that he was one in whom they could wholly confide, and in consequence of his win- ning kindness of heart and manner and the real interest he always manifested in their success, he was almost regarded by them as a father. It is in this light that I love to contemplate the mem- ory of the departed. Search the wide world over, and in all that was generous and noble in his conduct towards his brother-practitioners we shall not, perhaps, fmd a higher, more perfect model. It was my fortune to become ac- quainted with Dr. Farrar only after he had long retired from the practice of the profession., To those who had known in him in his early, palmy days, he appeared, as I am told, but the wreck of his former self. Still there remained about him that which stamped him as a man of extraor- dinary character. Many a pleasant hour have I spent in instructive conversation with him, and heard him relate his early adventures and trials. In his retirement he was often visited by his old French patients and their families, and he would frequently say that he felt towards them as his own children. He loved to expatiate on the growth and prosperity of St. Louis. On his arrival he found it a village containing but a few hundred inhabitants. Since then churches, colleges, halls of science, marts of business, splendid mansions have arisen almost by the power of magic, while one hundred thousand human beings are en- 34 HISTORY OF MEDICINE abled to dwell in comfort and enjoy the blessings of civil, religious and political liberty. Dr. Farrar fell a victim of the dreadful scourge that spared neither the good nor the great, the bad nor the lowly, and which carried woe and desolation to so many hearts during the awful visitation of our city in the summer of 1849. He was attacked by cholera, but survived its onset, and for ten days we supposed him rapidly convalescing. He walked about his chamber and conversed with his friends with more than his usual gaiety on the very after- noon preceding his death. About 10 o'clock p. m. he com- plained of feeling cold and called his wife's attention to the circumstance. She became alarmed and summoned assistance. The fatal collapse had only been extraordi- narily deferred. In less than two hours Dr. Farrar was no more. He died on the 1st day of July and witiiin three days of being 64 years of age. Had his death occurred at any other time than during an unusually fatal epidemic, when such extraordinary demands were made upon the living, his demise would have called forth high funeral honors. But what recked he of the pomp and pageantry of sorrov*^! He sleeps quietly now in his grave, and may flowers bloom about it until the awakening angel's trumpet shall on the resurrection morn call him to his reward in Heaven. But little remains to be added to the foregoing sketch. We note that in January, 1812, Dr. Farrar was associated in the drug and medicine business with Joseph Charless, Sr., of the Missouri Gazette. This partnership was dis- solved May 10, in the same year. In August (1812) he formed an association in business and practice with Dr. Davis B. Walker, who had just come to St. Louis. Drs. Farrar and Walker subsequently became brothers-in-law, their wives being daughters of Major Christy. The co- partnership continued until dissolved by the death of Dr. Walker, which occurred after a period of twelve years. The anecdote of Dr. Farrar's loss of his Spanish coin while enroute to Louisville is told to this day by the older physicians of the State with great unction, the "pith" or IN MISSOURI. 35 cream of it laying in the fact that the doctor was on his way to be married in Louisville to his second wife, who was Ann Clark Thurston. In August, 1808, an advertisement appeared in the Mis- souri Gazette announcing that Aaron Elliot & Son had received from New York a large supply of drugs and med- icines, which they offered to the inhabitants of St. Gen- evieve on as good terms as could be obtained anywhere in the country. The first drug store in St. Louis was installed about 1810 by Dr. Robt. Simpson and Dr. Quarles. Dr. Simpson came to St. Louis in 1809 as assistant surgeon in the army and proceeded to Fort Madison, where he remained for two years, when he returned to St. Louis, where he con- tinued to reside until his death, May 2, 1873. He was prominent in many ways and devoted most of his time to business. He was elected Comptroller in 1839 and re-elected successively until 1846. He was postmaster from 1815 to 1818 and served as cashier of the Boatmen's Saving Institution. Dr. William Carr Lane was elected first Mayor of St. Louis in 1824, and held this office continuously to 1828, and again from 1838 to 1840. Dr. Lane was one of the most interesting characters of early St. Louis. He was a man of commanding presence, energetic and popular and a good physician. He studied medicine with Dr. Collins of Louisville for two years, but the latter moved away at the end of that time and Dr. Lane entered a volunteer corps to fight the Indians in the Northwest. On this expedition he had an opportunity of utilizing his knowledge of medicine, as many of the troops fell ill with malaria, and he was ap- pointed surgeon's mate. In 1815 he attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1816 he was appoint- ed post surgeon, serving at different posts on the upper Mississippi and at Fort Harrison. After three years' ser- vice he resigned and moved to St. Louis, where he re- mained until his death, January 6, 1863. Soon after com- ing to St. Louis he formed a co-partnership with Dr. Sam- uel Merry, which continued for five years. In 1841 he ac- 36 HISTORY OF MEDICINE cepted the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in the medical department of Kemper College, which he filled for three years. He was elected a member of the Legislature soon after the State was admitted to the Union, and in 1852 was appointed Governor of New Mex- ico by President Fillmore. The patent medicine man did not fail to note the grow- ing city and about this time there began to pour into the town all sorts of nostrums, "cures" and fakes with which we are so familiar to-day. Church's Cough Drops, Tur- lington's Balsam of Life, Bateman's Drops, British Oil, Steer's Opodeldoc, Hill's Balsam of Honey, Lee's New London Bilious Pills, Hooper's Female Pills, and other in- fallible remedies were advertised. The custom prevailed of placing cards in the one news- paper of the town and almost every physician caused an announcement to appear. A few are selected as examples : Dr. William Reynolds has removed from Kaskasia to Caholda, and has commenced the practice of medicine in conjunction with Dr. Truman Tuttle. April 26, 1810. Dr. Wilkinson has just opened a handsome assortment of medi- cine at the house of Mr. Manuel Lisa, lately occupied hy Fergus Moorhead, Esq. March 14, 1811. Dr. J. M. Read, from Baltimore, offers his professional services to the citizens of this place and its vicinity. January 4, 1812. Dr. Arthur Nelson tenders his professional services to the citi- zens of St. Louis and its vicinity. April 24, 1818. Dr. William Carr Lane's office on Third street, late Reed's. January 15, 1819. Dr. Mason, of Philadelphia, offers his service to the inhabitants of St. Louis and its vicinity. February 2, 1820. Dr. Harding, late of Kentucky, tenders his professional services to the citizens of this city and County of St. Louis. Aug. 12, 1828. Dr. Clayton Tiffin was one of the early physicians who became prominent in St. Louis. He was an assistant sur- geon and surgeon in the war of 1812 and served until its close. He then came to St. Louis and rapidly advanced to the front as a successful practitioner. He was a skillful surgeon and it is said he made the first Caesarian section ever performed in the Mississippi Valley. He died in New Orleans in 1856. Dr. Herman Laidly Hoffman came to St. Louis in the IN MISSOURI. 37 fall of 1819. He was a native of Winchester County, N. Y., and studied in the East. Soon after entering practice here he opened a drug store on the west side of Main street, north of Market street. He was injured in an accident, which necessitated the amputation of his right hand, and did not continue in practice very long afterwards. He had a fine literary and medical education. He died November 5, 1878. Dr. Hardage Lane, a cousin of Dr. William Carr Lane, was regarded as one of the most accomplished members of the profession in the State. He died in 1849, a victim to the cholera then prevailing. He was devoted to his pro- fession and worked untiringly, caring for the afflicted. Dr. Stephen W. Adreon came to St. Louis about 1832. He was identified with the city's progress in many ways and served as a member of the Council and the Board of Health, of which he was president for a number of years. Dr. Meredith Martin began studying medicine in the office of Dr. B. G. Farrar in 1828, he being the first to commence his medical studies in the State. In 1832 he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and at once began to prac- tice. He was sent out to vaccinate the Indians and upon his return entered into general practice. He was president of the St. Louis Medical Society three times — 1840, 1842, 184.5. He retired from active practice some time before his death. Dr. E. H. McCabe graduated from the University of Maryland in 1822, and in 1823 entered practice at Fred- ericktown, but afterwards moved to Kaskasia. 111. He re- mained there until 1833, when he came to St. Louis and became associated with Dr. Lewis F. Lane and later with Dr. Hardage Lane. He continued in active practice until 1849, when ill health compelled him to withdraw. He died June 4, 1855. Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell was probably one of the best known physicians who ever practiced in Missouri. He was born in 1805 and came to St. Louis in 1840 from Cincin- nati where he had been associated with Drs. Drake, Gross, Rives and other em.inent men in the Cincinnati Medical 38 HISTORY OF MEDICINE College. Soon after his arrival he organized the first Med- ical College in Missouri and this was made the Medical Department of Kemper College, a literary institution estab- lished under the auspices of the Episcopal Church, Dr. McDowell was a man of many eccentricities, but possessed great ability. He was a skillful surgeon, a pol- ished orator, a brilliant teacher. When the Civil War broke out he took a very prominent stand in favor of the South and gave to the cause a large store of firearms which he had collected. He abandoned his work in St. Louis and served as surgeon in the Confederate army. The college building was seized by the United States authorities and used as a military prison. After the war Dr. McDowell returned to St. Louis, reorganized the college and continued to prac- tice until his death in 18G8. Dr. Ciias. A. Pope was born in Huntsville, Ala., March 15, 1818. He received his early education in his native town and then entered the University of Alabama. After graduating from that institution he began the study of medicine, taking his first course of lectures in the Cincinnati Medical College. From there he went to Philadelphia and entered the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1839. He then went to Paris and for two years devoted his time to the special study of surgery. After leaving Paris he visited the great sciiools in Great Britain and Ireland. In 1842 he came to St. Louis and commenced practice, de- voting himself particularly to surgery. In 1843 he was ap- pointed professor of anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College, then the Medical Department of St. Louis University, and in 1847 took the chair of surgery in the same institution. In 1854 he was elected president of the American Medical Association and presided at the meeting held in Philadelphia in 1855. This gave him a national reputation which he well sustained by his achievements in surgery. He con- tinued in active practice until 1865 when he resigned his position in the college and gave up his practice with the view of spending several years in Europe. He returned to St. Louis on a visit in 1870 and was cordially received by IN MISSOURI. 39 the whole city. Soon after this he again went to Europe, but died in that country unexpectedly on July 5, 1870. Dr. John Barnes graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, He was pro- fessor of Obstetrics in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1826. He moved to Jackson, Miss., a few years later where he practiced for some time and then re- moved to Mount Albin, Miss. ; thence to Port Gibson, Miss. ; thence to New Orleans, La. ; thence to Cincinnati, O. In 1841 he came to St. Louis where he continued practicing his profession until his death in 1870. He was professor pi Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Medical Botany in the Medical Department of the University of Missouri, formerly known as the McDowell Medical College; was a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, and surgeon to a society known as the ''Old Guard" of St. Louis, which was formed for the purpose of protecting St, Louis from invasion during the Civil War. Of his ten sons, two are still living — Algernon S. Barnes, M. D., and T. Howard Barnes. Dr. Chas. W. Stevens was a native of New York and was civil engineer and surveyor, but commenced the study of medicine soon after coming West. He graduated from the Medical Department of Kemper College in 1842 and began practice in St. Louis. He was made Demonstrator of Anatomy in his alma mater in 1844, which position he filled for five years, when he accepted the same position in the St. Louis Medical College. He filled the chair of general, special and surgical anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College from 1855 to 1867 when he resigned this position to accept the superintendency of the St. Louis County Insane Asylum where he con- tinued until 1872. He then returned to St. Louis and again took up his practice. Dr. Simon Pollak was born in the City of Prague, the Capital of Bohemia, April 14, 1814. After being fitted for college he entered upon a classical course of study at the University of Vienna, the second oldest institution of learning in the world. He received his doctor's degree at 40 HISTORY OI^ MEDICINE the same institution. Immediately after he had thirteen months' experience in practice at the Maternal Hospital in Vienna. After leaving this institution he spent eighteen months in travel throughout Europe, visiting in the course of his travels, all the principal hospitals and medical insti- tutions on the continent. In the year of 1832 cholera vv^as epidemic in Europe, and the Austrian government sent a special commission, composed of physicians, to Russia to investigate and make a report on the origin and progress of the disease. Dr. Pollak, then a student at Vienna, ac- companied this commission, and his experiences in that con- nection were of a memorable character. In 1837 he de- termined to come to America, and on the 4th of July of that year landed in New York City. He had in his possession when he arrived in New York a draft for $383.00 on a mercantile house of that city, which failed three days later, before paying the draft, leaving him absolutely penniless, a stranger in a strange city. Thus situated he found it ex- ceedingly difficult to establish himself in the practice of his profession and all his efforts to gain a foothold as a prac- ticing physician in New York were in vain. At this time an epidemic of yellow fever was raging in New Orleans, and he conceived the idea of going to that city and tender- ing his services to the stricken inhabitants, but lacked the means of getting there. One day he chanced to meet a New York lawyer who kindly agreed to advance the money to pay his expenses to New Orleans. Accepting this offer, and leaving his library as security for the loan he sailed for the "Crescent City" on the ship "Levant." Upon his arrival he met Thomas Shearon, who was the owner of a large plantation on the Cumberland river, below Nash- ville, Tenn., who arranged with him to enter his service as physician to his family. In pursuance with this arrange- ment he at once went to Tennessee, where he soon thereafter established himself in a lucrative practice. In 1842 he re- moved to Nashville, Tenn., and for two years thereafter practiced in that city. He then removed to Point Coupee, La. At the suggestion of Gen. Taylor and in addition to practicing his profession at that place he purchased a cotton IN MISSOURI. 41 plantation which he cuUivated until it was practically de- stroyed by the i^Jississippi river. He then went to New Orleans, but in 1845 came to St. Louis. Up to the time of his arrival in St. Louis the denion of ill-luck seemed to have pursued him remorselessly, and one hundred dollars rep- resented the total sum of his possessions when he estab- lished his home and began the practice of his profession in St. Louis. For some time he had but little practice other than that which brought him no return financially. His heart was in his work, however, and without regard to fees he rendered professional services freely to all who called upon him, and with Dr. Pope, Dr. J. B. Johnson, Dr. S. G. Moses, Dr. McPheeters and Dr.' Joseph Clark, conducted the first private dispensary established in the city. After a tim.e he became well established in practice and for sixteen years made his home at the old Planters House, having his office in the immediate vicinity. In 1850, in company with James E. Yeatman, Hudson E. Bridge, Joseph Charless, Robert Holmes and the Rev. Dr. Potts, he established the Missouri School for the Blind, which has since become a State institution. He was not only one of the founders, but was also one of the chief promoters of this splendid humanitarian enterprise, and for thirty-four years he was connected with the institution as a trustee and attending physician. In 1859 he went abroad and spent twenty-two months in Europe, qualifying himself to prac- tice as an oculist and aurist, and afterwards gave his atten- tion to this specialty, achieving much more than local re- nown by reason of his knowledge and skill. During the Civil War he was conspicuously identified with the United States and Western Sanitary Commission, acting for a long time as hospital inspector, patriotically returning the salary allowed him to the treasury and rendering his serv- ices free of charge to the Government. He established, in 1861, also, the first eye and ear clinic in St. Louis, that in- stitution being the first of its kind which came into exist- ence west of the Mississippi river. This institution be- came a department of Mullanphy Hospital and has ever since been maintained gratuitously. 42 HISTORY OF MEDICINE John Thompson Hodgen, one of tiie greatest of Western physicians and surgeons, was born at Hodgenville, Larne County, Ky., not far from the birthplace of Abraham Lin- coln, Januai"}'- 19, 1826, and died in St. Louis, Mo., April 28, 1882. He obtained his rudimentary education in the common schools of Pittsiield, Pike County Illinois, where his parents were living at the time, and took a collegiate course later at Bethany College, Bethany, W. Va. He then entered the Medical Department of the University of Mis- souri and was graduated from that institution in 1848. He at once began the practice of his profession in St. Louis and from April, 1848, to June, 1849, he was assistant resi- dent physician of the St. Louis City Hospital. From 1849 to 1853 he was Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Missouri Medical College, and from 1854 to 1858 he was Professor of Anatomy in that institution, and from 1858 to 1864 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. During the Civil War when the building of the Missouri Medical College — better known as the McDowell Medical College — was seized by the Federal authorities and converted into a military prison, he made a heroic, but unsuccessful effort to preserve the organization of the institution. Failing in this, he transferred his allegiance to the St. Louis Medical College, in which he filled the chairs of physiology and anatomy, re- spectively, until 1875. He was then made professor of surgical anatomy, fractures and dislocations, and became dean of the faculty of the college, a position which he con- tinued to hold until his death. During a period of eighteen years, from 1864 to 1882, he taught clinical surg- ery at the City Hospital. His great surgical skill was utilized by the Government during the war, first, in the capacity of surgeon-general of the Western Sanitary Commission, later as surgeon of a regiment of the United States Volunteers, and as surgeon-general of the State of Missouri. For twenty years- — from 1862 to 1882 — he was consulting surgeon of the City Hospital, and during the years of 1867-8 he was president of the St. Louis Board of Health, and a member of that body until 1871. While serving in that capacity he laid IN MISSOURI. 43 the foundation for the Charity Hospital and dispensary system of the City, and inaugurated sanitar\- measures which have been of lasting benefit to St. Louis. He v.-as president of the St. Louis ^Medical Society in IS 72. chair- man of the Surgical Section of the American ]\Iedical Asso- ciation in 1S73. president of the State ^Medical Society in 1876, and president of the American ]\Iedical Association in 1880. Renowned for his surgical skill and his superior attainments as a physician, he was hardly less famous in local medical circles for his mechanical and inventive gen- ius. Some of iiis inventions have since attained world-wide celebrity, among which may be mentioned the wire splint, for fracture of the thigh with suspension cord and pulleys, pennitting flexion, extension and rotation in fracture of the leg ; forceps-dilator, for removal of foreign bodies from the air passages without having recourse to tracheotomy; cradle splint, for fracture of the thigh ; wire sus- pension splint, for injury of the arm ; double-action svringe and stomach pum.p. and hairpin dilator, for sepa- rating lips of the opening in the trachea, and designed to serve as a guide to tiie trachea tube. Remarkable for erudition and knowledge of the art he professed, untiring in study, an extensive and thorough reader, clearly adjusting and appropriating ideas, he w^as noted for his soliditv' and sobriety- of understanding, the legitimate fruit of industry and application. He loved his profession and knelt at its shrine with the devotion of a priest. He was quick to cheer and help the meritorious and struggling voung student and practitioner, and of a free and open nature. He was easy and familiar with the younger m.embers of the profession, rejoiced in their emolu- ments, success and honors: gave them their full meed of praise when merited, and never sought to monopolize the honors of his calling. Broad and liberal in his views, and original and independent in thought and action, he was the standard-bearer of progress in the medical profession. Possessed of a bold heart and a clear head, he yet had the keenest sympathy for suffering humanity. The poor, the 44 HISTORY OF MEDICINE halt, the lame and the bhnd received his ministrations with- out price, and he made no distinction in his treatment be- tween the rich and the poor. In his professional counsel and friendly intercourse he was the comfort and help of the young practitioner. No time was too inconvenient, no call too sudden, no patient too humble to claim immediate at- tention. Like the soldier on the eve of battle, he was ever ready to respond to the bugle call, no matter when or where it sounded. In every sense of the term a manly man, a learned doctor, and a skillful surgeon, it is no disparage- ment to other eminent physicians who have practiced their profession in this city to say that hardly any other has left so pronounced an impress upon the history of medicine in St. Louis. Among our readers are many who while still in the noon- day of their activity, can look back to a time when the medi- cal firmament of St. Louis presented a galaxy of stars of the first magnitude, of which barely one or two still linger in the western horizon. The rest have passed to a well- earned repose, but not into oblivion, for those who en- joyed the privilege of their acquaintance eagerly testify to the powerful influence these giants of an earlier day ex- ercised on the molding of their characters and the shaping of their destinies. In the front rank of these leaders of the last generation stood Dr. Louis Cli. Boisliniere. Born a French subject, and preserving to the last the mental alertness, the clear logical faculty and the unfailing courtesy characterizing the sons of sunny France, he at the same time became a complete American, thoroughly imbued with the noblest traditions of his adopted country, and venerating its insti- tutions with a fervid patriotism. His was a rare nature, at the same time wide and deep, for while no branch of human learning found him listless or uninterested, in many directions he had delved to the very foundation of knowl- edge. While an ardent lover of books, as his large library stored with the classics, belles-lettres, and historical as well as scientific works could testify, yet he was never a bookish IN MISSOURI. 46 man, but on the contrary, took the keenest and often an active interest in the hving human interests of the hour. From his youth to the grave a deeply rehgious man, he was ever considerate of honest conviction differing from his own. He made his creed a hvng force which permeated his whole being, and shone forth in a genuine love of his fellow man, which none could fail to appreciate. This, even more than his intellect or his attainments, was the dominant note of his character, which found ex- pression in as many ways as his busy life multiplied his contacts. His patients, rich and poor, learned that his visits often brought them more than the alleviation of their corporal woes. The form.er looked to him for sympathy, moral support and guidance; the latter, besides these spir- itual ministrations, frequently received more material as- sistance. No one knows how many young practitioners re- ceived their first help toward a competency through a well- to-do patient sent by Dr. Boisliniere. Probably no man in St. Louis ever did as much in this and other ways to help his struggling confreres. Those who were so fortunate as to be admitted to the inner court of his familiar inter- course found him a rare companion, his conversation a lib- eral education, his judgments only faulty through over charitableness ; in all things a loyal friend, a true lover and a gentleman of the old school. Born September 2, 1816, in the French Island of Guade- loupe, West Indies, where his father was a large sugar- planter, he was taken at tiie age of nine to France, where, on the completion of his academic and classical courses, he entered upon the study of the law, and received from the University of France the degree of licentiate in law. In 1839 he returned to Guadeloupe, thinking to practice his profession, but soon found that his tastes led away from the bench and bar, and accordingly we find him a few months later embarked on a voyage through the then almost unexplored regions of Central South America, fol- lowing in a general way in the track of Humboldt and veri- fying many of his observations. On his return to his island home he realized that the 46 HISTORY OF MEDICINE world-wide march of liberty would soon bring emancipa- tion to the West Indian blacks, and with it the ruin, for at least a generation or two, of the local sugar industry; an opinion since amply verified. Fleeing before the coming storm, he looked toward the shores of the great American republic as offering the most promising haven. According- ly in 1842, he landed at New Orleans, and soon started up the Mississippi, going to Lexington, Ky., with letters to the family of Henry Clay. Here he was cordially received and remained some time, familiarizing himself with the language of the country. Soon after removing to Louis- ville he devoted a part of his time to giving instruction in languages, but having made the acquaintance of the elder Gross, then established in that city, his attention was di- rected to the study of medicine. Here it was then that he first discovered his true mission. Here too he met Miss Mary Ann Hite, daughter of Stephen L. Hite and Martha A. Pendleton, to whom he was married May 3, 1847 and who survived him seven years. Having completed his first year of medical study in Louisville, he removed to St. Louis, bringing with him let- ters from Dr. Gross to Dr. Charles A. Pope. Entering tiie St. Louis Medical College he received his degree in 1848. The great cholera epidemic of the next two ensuing years furnished the young doctor large opportunities not only for the exercise of his art, but also to show forth the qual- ities of mercy and devotion to humanity which distin- guished him throughout his career. Five years after his graduation he assisted the Sisters of Charity in founding St. Ann's Asylum, said to be the first lying-in and foundling institution opened in America, with which he continued actively connected for many years. In 1858 he was elected Coroner of St. Louis County, which at that time included the City of St. Louis. The office, up to that time had always been held by a briefless lav/yer or lay politician, although then the best paying pub- IN MISSOURI. 47 lie position in the state. It had been sadly abused and was altogether in a chaotic condition. Principally, owing to the agitation of Dr. Wm. M. Mc- Pheeters, who was, as he continued until his death, in March of the present year, (1905,) active in everything that advances the welfare of the profession and of the city, a public demand was created for an able and honest medical man to fill this office. At his suggestion, Dr. Boisliniere was nominated for the position, to which he was subsequently twice elected. He immediately re-organ- ized the office, and drew up laws, in which task he was greatly aided by the legal training he had received at the University of France. The constitutionality of these laws, by special permission, was immediately passed upon by the State Supreme Court, and today largely govern the conduct of the Coroner's office and of the Health Department, es- pecially in the matter of the recording of vital statistics. In 1875 he was elected a member of the Anthropolo- gical Society of Paris, and in 1870 was made professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the St. Louis Medical College, with which institution he remained connected until his death. At about the same time he was placed in charge of the clinic for diseases of women at the St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital. In 1878 Dr. Boisliniere received the highest honor in the gift of the profession of this city by his election as President of the St. Louis Medical Society. Soon after he received the degree of LL. D. from the St. Louis Uni- versity. He also served as President of the St. Louis Ob- stetrical Society. He was a pioneer in the use of the obstetrical forceps, being the first man in the West, and one of the first in America, to apply this life-saving instrument at the super- ior strait. He welcomed the advent of the forceps be- cause it served powerfully to check the slaughter of the in- nocents, then far too common, and ever continued an en- thusiastic advocate of its proper and intelligent use. He never wearied in his lectures, addresses and through his writings of stoutly defending the right of the unborn child 48 HISTORY OF MEDICINE to life, and it is due largely to his influence that correct views on tiiis all important moral and sociological question prevail in our medical community. A widely known article entitled "Craniotomy or Cae- sarian Section," well embodies his views of this subject. During the last years of his life, Dr. Boisliniere devoted himself to the writing of a work, summing up the cream of his experience and investigation in his special field. It is pathetic to record that the first copy of his 'Obstetric Accidents, Emergencies and Operations" appeared a few days after his death on the 13tii of January, 1896. While it is said that no man's death inflicts an irrepara- ble loss, meaning thereby that some man or men can be found to carry on his work, yet those who knew the sub- ject of this sketch in life will agree that the particular pedestal on which he stood in our medical temple still re- mains , untenanted. Dr. Ellsworth F. Smith was a native of St. Louis, born April 29, 1825. He died August 19, 1896, at Fort Mis- soula, Mont., while visiting his daughter. His life was filled with good deeds, heroism and devotion to his pro- fession. He was educated at St. Charles College and St. Louis University and received the degree of A. B. from the latter institution in 1845. In 1848 he graduated from the St. Louis Medical College and served as interne at the City Hospital where he was associated with Dr. John T. Hodgen. These two physicians were the first to serve as internes at the City Hospital and there was formed a friendship which continued through life. Dr. Smith was appointed demon- strator of anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College in 1849 and continued in this position until 1851. The next year he went to Europe and for two years continued his studies in the hospitals of Paris. In 1864 he went to Paris again for another course of study. He served as assistant surgeon to the Military Smallpox Hospital and here passed througii the most severe epidemic of smallpox that ever visited that City. He also served as surgeon to the Eliot Hospital and after the war was surgeon to the United States Marine Hospital in St. Louis, which IN MISSOURI. 49 position he held for three years. He was the first health officer of the city, serving from 1857 to 1863, and a mem- ber of the Board of Health when tbat body was first organ- ized, and was its third president He was professor of physiology and medical jurisprudence in the St. Louis Medical College from 1868 to 1870 when he filled the chair of professor of clinical medicine and pathological anatomy. He continued in this position until he resigned in 1885, at which time he was made emeritus professor, which honor he continued to hold until his death. Dr. H. H. Mudd was one of the most able medical men Missouri has produced. He crowded into his comparatively brief life more work than the average man could do in four-score years. He was widely known both as a surgeon and teacher and enjoyed the fullest confidence of the entire community and the profession generally. The following account by Dr. Elsworth Smith, Jr., gives a good descrip- tion of Dr. Mudd's character and work : In Memoriam : Dr. Henry Hodgen Mudd. "Act well your part, there all the honor lies." The thought conveyed in this true and beautiful line from Pope, sounds the keynote of the character of the late Dr. Henry Hodgen Mudd, through whose untimely death, on November 20, 1899, at the age of fifty-five years, our city, our state and the country tributary thereto have lost a most able surgeon and a most honest man ; one whose life, from the cradle to the grave, was ever in unison with pure, unselfish devotion to duty. This noted member of the medical profession was born at Pittsfield, Illinois, April 27, 1844, son of Henry T. and Elizabeth (Hodgen) Mudd. His academic education was obtained in the public schools of this city and at Wash- ington University. He began the study of medicine at the St. Louis Medical College under his illustrious uncle, Dr. Jno. T. Hodgen, graduating from that institution in 1866. After his graduation several months were spent in practical clinical work at the St. Louis City Hospital. The following year found him serving in Montana, as acting assistant surgeon in General Sherman's old regiment, the Thirteenth U. S. Infantry. Later, upon being relieved from military duty, 50 HISTORY OF MKDICINB creditably performed, we find him, January 21, 1869, asso- ciating himself with his uncle, Dr. Jno. T. Hodgen, in the general practice of medicine and surgery, which was, in fact, the beginning of his brilliant career. Early did he become interested as a teacher in his alma mater. From 1872 to 1874 he was prosector to the chair of anatomy, demonstra- tor of anatomy from 1873 to 1880, professor of anatomy from 1880 to 1883, professor of anatomy and clinical surg- ery from 1883 to 1886, professor of surgical anatomy and clinical surgery from 1886 to 1890. From 1890 to 1898 he was professor of clinical surgery, special fractures and dislocations, and dean of the college, and, in 1899 he be- came dean of the Medical Department of Washington University, with the chair of clinical surgery. While filling faithfully all the above positions of trust as a teacher of medicine, he was also giving much of value to the profession at large through valuable contributions to the medical periodicals ; through pithy discourses at the meet- ings of the various medical societies of the City, State and Nation, and through articles in the works on surgery, nota- bly a Treatise on Hernia in "Woods Reference Handbook of Medical Sciences" and the chapter on the Surgery of the Mouth and Tongue in "Dennis' System of Surgery," also a contribution to "Park's Surgery by American Authors" on Special Fractures and Dislocations. On the death of Dr. John T. Hodgen, Dr. Mudd suc- ceeded his uncle as surgeon-in-chief of St. Luke's Hospital, and also became his successor in the large surgical practice in the building up of which he had been of so much assist- ance to his senior partner ; and ever since then his brother. Dr. Harvey G. Mudd, had been associated with him in the work. September 20, 1869, Dr. Mudd was married to Miss Elizabeth Hassel Albright, daughter of Thomas J. Albright, of St. Louis. The four surviving members of his family are two sons, John Hodgen and Robt. Henry Mudd, and two daughters, Mrs. Isaac Cook and Mrs. Sidney Walker. Any consideration of the above splendid career must at once give the impression of the absolute fitness of the man, both IN MISSOURI. 51 natural and acquired, for his chosen Hfe work. He was, it might almost be said, born a surgeon, for the same blood coursed through his and the great John T. Hodgen's veins. But, after attributing this much to nature, the rest must be accredited to the inherent worth of the man himself. True, he was most fortunate in an association of so many years with his famous uncle, Dr. Hodgen, from whom he undoubtedly must have imbibed much that contributed to his ultimate success in after life. But, then, Dr. Mudd was that manner of man who not only was most capable of profiting by so fortuitous an alliance but who would have discovered the path to renown unassisted and in spite of any and all obstacles. At every turn in iiis ever busy and useful life it is appar- ent how firm and deep-rooted was his conviction that he must "act well his part" and that to do so he must ever be thoroughly equipped so to act. He realized so well that a surgeon could never be made by the mere empty title; he knew, moreover, that to be a great surgeon it was absolutely necessary to first be a fine anatomist, and he, therefore, de- voted no less than eighteen years of hard, unrelenting toil in demonstrating and teaching anatomy, for wiiich he reaped his reward in that comfort and self-reliance that flows from a thorough knowledge of every tissue and structure his knife divided, and an ability thereby to invade safely every intricate and dangerous region of the body whenever the necessity arose. Other requisites of a great surgeon apparent to the then youthful physician, at the beginning of iiis career, were clinical experience and an apprenticeship with an elder of acknowledged ability. Therefore we find him living a year at the City Hospital, one of the greatest of schools, studying every variety and phase of disease and injury at the very bedside of the patient, and for years thereafter working as the junior partner of his uncle, Dr. Hodgen, assisting him in all his operations and thereby gradually fitting himself for shouldering that great load of responsibility the much sought for surgeon must be ever ready to carry. There was, then, nothing of the mushroom growth in his 62 HISTORY OF MEDICINE development; he came to the front slowly but surely. He placed himself thus in an environment congenial to the awakening of his naturally alert mind with its especially acute powers of observation, and as a result he became in due time a surgeon in every sense of the word, not merely a skillful operator nor even only an accurate diagnostician, both of which he was, however, to a rare degree, but more than all this he grew to be a man of broad judgment; he added to his knowledge wisdom, which accumulated with his years of extensive work and experience until his patients and professional brethren all came to feel that to Dr. Henry H. Mudd could be entrusted the lives of those near and dear to them with every assurance that no matter iiow serious the condition, whatever his judgment dictated would always be for the best. Always conservative, well within the bounds of safety, yet ever clothed with the courage for any undertaking, no matter how difficult or dangerous, that promised relief to his suffering fellow man, his belief was that : "True fortitude is seen in great exploits that jus- tice warrants and wisdom guides; all else is towering frenzy and destruction." Another natural sequence of gradual development on a broad basis was the versatility of this gifted man. Believ- ing not only that the surgeon should know anatomy and have extensive opportunities for clinical study but also that be should be a physician in the widest acceptation of the term before attempting any of the specialties, of which surgery may be classified as one, Dr. Mudd acquired that familiarity with the subject of internal medicine that made of him at once a great physician as well as a noted surgeon. He was, moreover, a most accomplished obstetric surgeon, coming frequently and most efficiently to the rescue in the most difficult case of obstetrical surgery, and, as for the domain of general surger}^, he was familiar and dextrous in every department to a most extraordinary degree. And finally, as a result of the same broad development, he was most fertile in resource. Though always in the habit of exhausting every means of arriving at an accurate diagno- sis before operating, still when the unexpected appeared, as IN MISSOURI. 53 it must, of course, at times, to every finite being, and no matter how sudden and alarming the situation became, he was ever found equal to the occasion, meeting the indica- tions as they arose, and always with tiiat calm deliberation and courage born of knowledge and wisdom. Any sugges- tion of fear or panic never came into his work no matter how perplexing or dangerous his position. If he excelled in any one branch of general surgery more than another it was, perhaps, in that of fractures and dislocations, in which he was always greatly interested and which he con- tributed in no small way to advance both by his lectures and writings. As a teacker he was terse, practical, impres- sive. The lessons imparted to his students were ever safe, sound and useful. The subject of higher medical educa- tion was perhaps his one only hobby and to it he largely dedicated his life. During his term as dean of the St. Louis Medical College he contributed both time, labor, and money to the uphold- ing of the ideals espoused by the College in the cause of higher medical education in which even the thoughts of the last few months of his life were centered. While confined to his bed and with his utter abhorrence of idle- ness, he began turning over in his never dormant brain the subject of the union of the two greatest schools of medicine in the West and largely througii the impetus thus given were finally the St. Louis and Missouri Medical Colleges united as the Medical Department of Washington Uni- versity. But how pathetic, that, while permitted to see this, prob- ably the crowning work of his life consummated, he should not have been spared to have appeared before the combined classes of the College as their dean. But our lamented friend not only held the above enum- erated qualities necessary to the making of a great surgeon, but it was ever his firm conviction that to be a great surgeon it was absolutely necessary to be first a man in every sense of the word. "An honest man is the noblest work of God" was not only his belief, but was apparent in all his dealings and re- 54 HISTORY OF MEDICINE lations of a widely extended career, and any act that savored in the least of dishonesty, never entered the thought of this pure-minded man. Ambitious in his v/ork that he might do to the greatest number of sufferers the greatest good, he never concerned himself with the remuneration thereof. The pauper patient appealed to him as much as the million- aire, and even when honors came to him, and reputation and fame, he remained ever the same modest, unpretentious gentleman whose desire was : "To do good by stealth and blush to find it fame;" for Dr. Mudd's life work was animated solely by his sense of duty, and when fame would result as his reward it would verily make him blush, so unsolicited would it be. Though naturally of a retiring, reserved nature and dis- posed to make but few friends, he was all the more loyal to those favored with his friendship, and his heart was tender and sympathetic and ever responsive to the wail of human suffering when and wherever falling on his attentive ear, for he was ever ready to answer the call of the suf- ferer. His energy was simply marvelous, taking into con- sideration how heavily laden he was with responsibility and that he was never of a robust constitution. His faculty of systematizing and control of details was ever a source of wonder to all those near him. Though one of the busiest of men, he could always be had when wanted in consulta- tion. Ever ready was he to admit his faults, but never will- ing to swerve from a conviction he took to be right. Socially he was affable and congenial. At his home, in which his affections were all centered, he was most loving and de- voted to all those near and dear to him. Thus did this model man go through a busy, useful life; but all this dis- play of energy and self-sacrifice could only be had, unfor- tunately, through the exhaustion of the source from which they emanated, and when only at the age of fifty-five years, just when his ripened experience and wisdom made him most useful to his fellowman, did the end come and Dr. Henry Hodgen Mudd lay down his life, a martyr to the work to which that life had been consecrated. As a result of several attacks of blood poisoning, incident to his work, IN MISSOURI. 66 and leading, several years ago, to a double pneumonia to which iie nearly succumbed, and ending finally in a septic rheumatism, which about twelve years ago, incapacitated him for months, there developed finally a general vascular disease and aortic regurgitation. But even with this latter condition in the circulatory apparatus he must have spent many of the busiest years of his life, and only a year before his death did the break in compensation come that, increas- ing, eventually determined the end. Though warned of his danger and urged to seek much needed rest, his reply was, "My work's my life : I would rather live a shorter time and die in the harness than a longer while as an invalid." And so he did, and when this great man came to die he faced the "Strange Mystery" as a soldier. He wanted to live to remain with those dear to him if he could still be of use to others, but preferred the coming of the end if he were to be a cripple and a care, for he had ever been, all through life, the strong arm on which others leaned. So when once apprised of the hopelessness of his condition this active, energetic man of so many aspirations showed most beautifully in his last hours that almost complete con- trol of self he had manifested all through life. Loving and grateful to all about him, most patient and resigned, without a murmur, without a regret did this beautiful personality wing its flight to the hereafter, to seek that rest ever denied below, "like one who draws the drapery of his couch about him and lies down to pleasant dreams." "Is it not better to die willingly than linger till the glass be all out- run?" But, though gone, the memory of a life so pure, so ideal v^^ill ever remain amongst us, shedding its beneficent influ- ence on all engaged in the work he loved so well. 56 HISTORY OF MEDICINB CHAPTER II. WiLUAM Beaumont. Dr. William Beaumont practiced in St. Louis from 1835 until his death on April 25, 1853. Of his career as a prac- titioner while a resident of St. Louis, no better description can be found than is given in the paper by Dr. F. J. Lutz, which is here presented in full: BEAUMONT— PRACTITIONER.* By Frank J. Lutz, A. M., M. D., Saint Louis, Missouri. When Beaumont was ordered in 1834 by Surgeon-Gen- eral Lovell to report at Jefferson Barracks, then as now a military post situated about fourteen miles south of Saint Louis, his "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion" had been published in Plattsburg, N. Y., in the previous year — 1833. In 1835 he was transferred to the Saint Louis Arsenal, of which he was the medical officer, and there was also entrusted to him the medical purveyorship of the western military dis- trict. His appointment permitted him to engage in prac- tice in civil life. He very soon occupied a conspicuous place in the ranks of the local profession, for, as his biog- rapher and friend, Dr. Thomas Reyburn, says, "His ma- ture age and ripe experience, the reputation he had ac- quired in the army, and by the publication of his work on the gastric juice, together with the fact that society was in a large part composed of military and their families, tended, no doubt, to give him that pre-eminence in the profession * Read at a conjoint meeting of the Michigan State Medical So- ciety and the Upper Peninsula (Michigan) Medical Society, held at Mackinac Island, Michigan, July 10, 1900. IN MISSOURI. 57 which few could contest with him on the score of superior- ity in skill, age or experience." About 1840 he resigned his commission in the army be- cause, despite his remonstrance with the department, in which he pleaded advanced age and length of service, and urged that it was contrary to the usual regulations, the order of Surgeon-General Lawson transferring him to New Or- leans was insisted upon. From 1841 to 1849 he resided a short distance from the city on a forty-acre tract. This tract is now occupied in part by the "Mary Institute,"* a department of Washington University for the education of girls, and is located in a most densely populated district of our metropolis. Its west- ern boundary, Beaumont street, was named after the great experimenter. As was to be expected of one so devoted to the science of medicine, and to the medical profession, he took an active interest in the proceedings of the Missouri Medical Society, the predecessor of the Saint Louis Medical Society. In 1838 he was chosen its vice-president and in 1841 its pre- siding officer. Nor were his confreres and the board of trustees of the first medical department which was organized west of tiie Mississippi in 1837, the medical department of the Saint Louis University, oblivious to his talents and his ability as a teacher, but gave expression to their confidence in him by offering him the chair of surgery. He declined the proffered chair, however, urging as his reasons his official connection with the army, the uncertainty of his residence in Saint Louis and the doubt of, as well as the necessity for obtaining the sanction of the war department, whose sub- ject he was. The persuasion of friends, civil and military, together with the urgent request of the board of trustees, induced him to accept reluctantly on condition of being per- mitted to resign at any time should the heads of the depart- ment at Washington disapprove of the step. His lines seem to have fallen in pleasant places in Saint * The Mary Institute has since moved to new buildings at Lakq and McPherson avenues. 58 HISTORY OF MEDICINE Louis, for as early as 1837 he wrote to a friend at Washing- ton : "I have no wish or intention of resigning my ap- pointment in the army at present, though the professional encouragement I meet with here might seem sufficient in- ducement to do so, were avarice or professional fame the motives of my ambition. I have a very handsome, lucra- tive and respectable private practice, reputation far above my merits, and professional popularity more than commen- surate with my best practical skill or abilities." Notwithstanding the high esteem in which Beaumont was held by the community as well as by his professional brethren, or perhaps, I should say, because of the eminent position which he occupied, he was not spared the annoy- ance, chagrin and unenviable notoriety which follow in the wake of a malpractice suit. The case in whicii Beaumont was involved became a "cause celebre" in local history, com- monly known as the "Mary Dugan" case. It appears from the record that Alary Dugan, a poor, un- fortunate woman, fifty-five years of age, was afflicted with an enlargement in the right inguinal region, with tension and distension of the abdomen — the swelling fluctuated; a puncture was made by Doctor Adreon, the codefendant of Beaumont, a quantity of "well digested pus was discharg- ed" and "some fetid gas emitted." In the evening some fecal matter passed through the openings in the groin, to- getiier with thin sanies and fetid gas. In a few days "the abscess degenerated into a foul, ill-conditioned ulcer" and "sloughing of soft parts from the groin took place." Doc- tor Beaumont was called in consultation and with scissors cut off the mortified portions of skin and cellular tissue. The patient so far recovered that her physician. Doctor Adreon, advised a trip into the country, where she remained for four years, the fistulous opening sometimes closed, then again discharging. After the lapse of four years she returned to Saint Louis and brought an action against Doctors S. W. Adreon and William Beaumont to recover damages in the sum of ten thousand dollars for an injury which she alleged she had sustained, occasioned by a surgical operation performed by IN MISSOURI. 59 defendants in April, 1840. The declaration averred that the plaintiff was afflicted with a hernia and that the de- fendants cut into the abdomen and also cut one of the in- testines. The witnesses for the defendants testified that there was no hernia, but that the disease was typhlo-en- teritis. The trial of the cause occupied the court nearly a week, a score of physicians, preachers and women being examined in behalf of both plaintiff and defendants, and the jury returned a verdict for the defendants. The finding of the jury did not, however, close the case. The physician into whose hands the patient had fallen, the principals of the suit, as well as many of the medical wit- nesses, editors and attorneys became involved in a war of pamphlets which extended over many months; and whilst the reader who pursues these literary productions after the lapse of half a hundred years is unable to decide whether Mary had a hernia or suffered from typhlo-enteritis, he can- not but be profoundly impressed with the vigorous style of the pamphleteers, and the persistency with which the par- ticipants defended their views. Then, as now, the breth- ren did not always "dwell in unity together." In 1849 Beaumont removed to the city, where he con- tinued to practice his profession until March, 1853, when he fell in descending the steps from visiting a patient. A few weeks afterwards a carbuncle developed on the back of the neck. He penetrated the mystery which lurks behind the veil of this life the 25th of April, 1853. His earthly remains rest in beautiful Bellefontaine. Concerning his character as a man and a physican let me again quote from Reyburn's memoir: "To you, who from personal intercourse could so fully estimate his worth, nothing that we could say can add to the veneration accorded to his memory. The amenities of character which attract us to the man, were in him united to that vigor of mind and firmness of purpose which made him the trusted and admired professional brother." The following remarks from two who knew him long and intimately, give so correct and concise an idea of his character that it can scarcely be deemed a violation of pro- 60 HISTORY OF MEDICINE priety to quote them : "Dr. Beaumont possessed great firm- ness and determination of purpose ; difficulties which would have discouraged most men he never allowed to turn him from his course. These he did not attempt to evade, but to meet and overcome. He possessed, more than any man I ever knew, a knowledge (almost intuitive) of human char- acter. You might have introduced him to twenty different persons in a day, all strangers to him, and he would have given you an accurate estimate of the character of each, his peculiar traits, dispositon, et cetera, and not a few would receive some appropriate sobriquet from him." "He was gifted with strong natural powers, which work- ing upon an extensive experience in life, resulted in a species of natural sagacity, which, as I suppose, was something peculiar in him, and not to be attained by any course of study. His temperament was ardent, but never got the better of his instructed and disciplined judgment, and when- ever or however employed, he ever adopted the most ju- dicious means for attaining ends that were always hon- orable. In the sick room he was a model of patience and kindness, his intuitive perceptions, guiding a pure benevo- lence, never failed to inspire confidence, and thus he be- longed to that class of physicians whose very presence af- fords nature a sensible relief." There are but three survivors of Beaumont's professional associates in Saint Louis : Doctor John B. Johnson, Doctor S. Pollak and Doctor William M. McPheeters.* The lat- ter has indited the following letter filled witii highly inter- esting personal recollections : "When I came to Saint Louis in 1841, a recent graduate in medicine, I found Doctor Beaumont in full and suc- cessful practice — the leading physician and surgeon of the town, popular alike with the public and with tlie profession. The reputation that he had gained during his long service as surgeon in the United States Army — which position he had but recently resigned — as well as the widespread fame he had acquired from the unique and important experiments * Dr. Johnson, Dr. Pollak and Dr. McPheeters have passed away since this article was written. — Ed. IN MISSOURI. 61 on the physiology of digestion, which he was so fortunate as to have the opportunity of making, at once gave him prominence and secured for him a large and lucrative prac- tice, to which he assiduously devoted himself. "It was not long before I made his acquaintance and was privileged to enjoy the hospitality of his home, as he was ever the friend and patron of the younger members of the profession, aiding and assisting them whenever it was in his power. His kindness and generosity in this regard was shown in the instance of a young man of gentle birth, but without means, who had served as his hospital steward whilst he was in tiie army. Appreciating his merit, he as- sisted him in acquiring a medical education, and after his graduation in the University of Pennsylvania made him his junior partner, in which capacity he in turn was able to re- lieve Doctor Beaumont of much of the drudgery of his ex- tensive practice. "Doctor Beaumont was a modest, retiring man, by no means self-asserting and rather reticent, but he took a deep interest in whatever pertained to his profession. He was one of the early presidents of the Saint Louis Medical So- ciety and when I became a member of that body, he bore a prominent part in its deliberations and discussions. He was possessed of strong common sense, which, added to his long experience and sound judgment, made him a good physician as well as a skillful and successful surgeon en- joying the unbounded confidence as well as the affection of his patients. As might be expected from his previous his- tory, his surgical skill was frequently called into requisition, and it was never found wanting. True, the surgery of that day was very far from what it now is, but from my knowl- edge of the boldness and aggressiveness of Doctor Beau- mont I am sure that had his life been prolonged to the pres- ent time, he would not be a laggard in the profession." It is true Beaumont had given to the scientific world the results of his experiments and observations before he be- came a resident of Saint Louis, but he did not by any means consider them complete or concluded; on the contrary, he was of the opinion that more important service might yet 62 HISTORY OF ME)DICINB be rendered to science by the case. He intended to pursue his experiments still further, but like in his cherished wish of presenting his patient to the observation and experiments of European physiologists, he was doomed to disappoint- ment — Alexis Saint Martin was never induced to place him- self at the disposal of his old benefactor and friend after the latter resided in Saint Louis, although Beaumont made every effort to secure him, and the government aid wiiich he had sought as early as 1833 by personal application was never extended. The value of Beaumont's work to science and to human- ity is so well understood that itwouldbe superfluous to dwell upon it. The knowledge which he obtained is now com- mon property. As accurate an observer as John Hunter or Astley Cooper, he narrated what he observed, in plain lan- guage without speculation. He added to medical science fundamental facts concerning the structure, movements and secretions of the stomach, and brushed aside at once and forever the theories that had dominated the professional mind in regard to this important organ and its function. If many of his methods seem crude, recall the surroundings in which he made the observations ; notice the simplicity of the m.eans for observing and recording, and do not forget that he was truly a pioneer in a field upon which others might have ventured, for the opportunity was not lacking, but which no one had trodden before him. And when we add to these considerations the undeniable fact that neither by education nor by experience had he been prepared for the work which he undertook, we cannot but marvel at the genius which embraced the opportunity, observed so ac- curately and noted so faithfully that it required half a century to add anything new to what he recorded. In 1885 there was added to the many institutions of learn- ing in the city of his adoption, a school of medicine and it was singularly appropriate that it should be made commem- orative of him whose reputation throughout the scientific world had shed lustre upon Saint Louis. The hopes for its future success and usefulness in wiiich its founders in- dulged have been realized to a gratifying degree, but no IN MISSOURI. 63 mean factor in bringing this about has been the example in thorough scientific work in which the Beaumont Hospital Medical Cohege* has endeavored to follow him as its pro- totype. As the representative of the board of governors and of the faculty of the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, it gives me great pleasure to convey to you their sincere con- gratulations upon the happy inspiration which suggested the erection of this memorial. The medical men of this country have but recently awakened to the realization of the fact that in medicine, as in other avocations, he who at- tains eminence in his profession and is an adornment of his calling, is also an honor to his country. In raising this monument upon the very spot where the opportunity occurred and was embraced for discovering great facts in the physiology of the human body, and where thousands upon thousands annually congregate in search of rest, and health and pleasure, unaware of the event which resulted in such immeasurable benefits to mankind, the medical profession of Michigan, which already occupies a forem.ost position for having inaugurated methods for dif- fusing among the people a useful knowledge of matters san- itary and hygienic as well as in exacting a high standard of proficiency in those to whom is intrusted the safe-keeping of their lives, health and happiness, has again assumed leadership in proclaiming to the world that the heroes in .medicine shall stand on pinnacles as lofty and conspicuous as those occupied by warriors and statesm.en. In honoring Beaumont you do great honor to yourselves and to your State. The experiments made by Beaumont and the knowledge gained through them are a part of every text-book on phys- iology, so no extended account of this work will be at- tempted here. The following account of the accident v/hich has made the name of Saint Martin famous, the readiness with which Beaumont grasped the opportunity, the tenacity with which he clung to his patient, realizing the importance * Now Marion-Sims-Beaumont Medical College (Medical De- partment St. Louis University). 64 HISTORY OF MEDICINE of the discoveries to be made, are briefly described in the following extract from an address by Dr. John Read Bailey of Mackinac Island : Beaumont wrote : Saint Martin was accidentally wound- ed by the discharge of a musket (shot-gun) on the 6th day of June, 1822. The charge, consisting of powder and buck- shot, was received in the left side of the youth, he being at a distance of not more than one yard from the muzzle of the gun. The contents entered posteriorly, in an oblique direction, forward and inward, literally blowing off integu- ment and muscles the size of a man's hand, fracturing and carrying away the anterior half of the sixth rib, fracturing the fifth, lacerating the lower portion of the left lobe of the lung, the diaphragm, and perforating the stomach. The whole mass of materials forced from the musket, together with the fragments of clothing and pieces of fractured ribs, were driven into the muscles and cavity of the chest. I saw him twenty-five or thirty minutes after the accident oc- curred, and, on examination, found a portion of the lung as large as a turkey's tgg, lacerated and burnt, protruding through the external wound and immediately below this, another protrusion, which, on further examination, proved to be a portion of the stomach, lacerated through all its coats, and pouring out the food he had taken for his break- fast through an orifice large enough to admit the forefinger. The projecting portions of the stomach were nearly as large as that of the lung. It passed through the lacerated dia- phragm and external wound, mingling the food with the external mucus blown from the lungs. The wound was cleared of the charge and extraneous matter, and the stomach and lung replaced and held intact by a compress and bandages. It is not necessary here to state the outlines of treatment. One year after the accident the injured parts were all sound and firmly cicatrized, with the exception of the aperture in the stomach and side, and a valvular formation had adapted itself to the orifice. Beaumont's experiments were made at intervals, from 1825 to 1833, the first series at Fort Mackinac, Michigan Territory, in May, 1825, continuing through June and Au- gust at Fort Niagara, New York, where the doctor had been IN MISSOURI. 65 ordered. About this time he took the man to Biirhngton, Vermont, and from thence to Plattsburg, New York, where Saint Martin took French leave of him and went to his na- tive place in Canada, where for about four years he was engaged as a voyageur by the Hudson Bay Fur Company. He was afterwards traced, through agents of the American Fur Company, who annually visited Canada for men, and they engaged him for Beaumont. They transported him, with his wife and two children, from Lower Canada to Doc- tor Beaumont at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi, nearly two thousand miles, where he arrived in August, 1829. He was in good health, and the aperture in the stomach and side the same as when he left in 1825. Then the second series of experiments began, and were continued uninterruptedly until March, 1831. During all this time he performed all the duties of a common servant, chopped wood and carried burdens with little or no incon- venience from his wound, and became the father of more children. In the spring of 1831 he left Fort Crawford with his family for Lower Canada, but promised to return when re- quired. His voyage was in an open canoe down the Mis- sissippi, past Saint Louis to the mouth of the Ohio, up that river to its head, and across the State to the Lakes, down Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River to Montreal, where he arrived, after six or eight weeks, in June. In November, 1832, he again joined Beaumont at Platts- burg, New York, and traveled with him to Washington, District of Columbia. There experiments were continued until March, 1833. There were about two hundred and forty experiments in the four series, besides the observations and microscopic ex- aminations. Beaumont constructed a diet table that is quoted as authority to this day, and drew a number of ob- servations as the result of his work. The whole was pub- lished in a book entitled "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion, by William Beaumont, M. D., Surgeon in the United States Army, Plattsburg. Printed by F. P. Allen, 1833." 66 HISTORY OF MKDICINB CHAPTER III. Sewerage and Water Systems. The first general effort to improve hygienic conditions by drainage seems to have been made in 1778. On Sunday, March 15th of that year, after mass, a committee of five was appointed to provide for the drainage of back lots along the back street where the rain water settled. The plan was to dig a ditch down the street or road betwen the lots of Bissoult and Conrad (now Chestnut street) to the river. The construction of a general sewerage system was not considered until 1849 — prior to this time the city depended mainly upon surface drainage, although a number of small drains had been built across the wharf to drain property between Main and Front streets and some private drains had been constructed. On March 12, 1849, the General Assembly of the State passed "An Act to provide a general system of sew- erage in the City of St. Louis." Section 1 provides for the laying of sewers in districts to be numbered and recorded. Section 2 provides for the construction on petition and empowers City Council to levy and collect special tax not to exceed one-half of one per cent per annum on property in district to be drained. "Kayser's Lake." — An ordinance passed August, 1849, to build sewers from Ninth and Biddle to drain Kayser Lake, authorizing $50,000.00 bonds to pay cost. Up to this time there had been no outlet from this lake into which the sewerage of a large area emptied and became the source of considerable sickness — in fact this lake and its condition was an important factor in the epidemic of Asiatic cholera in 1849. In March, 1850, this work was put under con- tract and completed at a cost to the City of $112,843.12. IN MISSOURI. 67 In July and August, 1850, three ordinances were passed to carry into effect the provisions of the act of March 12, 1849, and in addition to the foregoing provide for the build- ing of a large sewer on Poplar street to receive the drainage from Chouteau pond to the river, and three other tributary sewers — one on Seventh street running north into Biddle street sewer and two on Ninth street; one running into Biddle street sewer, and one into the Poplar street sewer. The five main sewers were denominated "Public Sewers" and were to be paid for by the City at large. The territory bounded north by Biddle street, south by Poplar street, east by the river and west by Ninth street was then subdivided into districts numbered from one to thirty-three, each of which was to be drained by a common or district sewer ; an ordinance was passed to levy taxes and provide for the construction and maintenance of said sys- tem. On March 14, 1859, an ordinance was passed allow- ing the property holder to pay his assessment in a lump sum to cover his pro rata cost to contractor, which exempted him from future levies. The Sewer Department for the City of St. Louis was created by an ordinance in 1859. In 1877 the present ar- rangement came into effect vesting the management of sewers in Sewer Commmission and Board of Public Im- provement in place of Sewer Committee. St. Louis is admirably situated for effective sewerage, having natural drainage sheds that make the task easier than in most large cities; consequently, St. Louis can conscientiously boast of a healthy condition in this important adjunct to municipal cleanliness. For some years after the settlement of St. Louis no wells were sunk owing to the difficulties presented by the lime- stone underlying the city. There were few springs and spring branches and almost the sole source of water supply was the river. The water was carried in primitive fashion — in buckets attached to a yoke thrown across the shoulders, and in barrels drawn up on a "drag." Later when the facil- ities increased for digging wells their number increased, although the river was depended upon for the main sup- 68 HISTORY OF MEDICINE ply. Today there are over 5,000 wells in St. Louis and the health department is endeavoring to eradicate them. The first effort to construct a system of water supply was made in 1829 when a contract was made with J. C. Wilson & Co. to supply the city with "clarified water." This work was completed in 1832. The first reservoir was floored with heavy boards and on this was laid a brick pavement. The following extract from a paper written by Dr. C. A. Snodgras, City Bacteriologist, gives a description of the method of clarifying the water supply now. "From the installation of the first water works system in 1832 until March 22, 1904, the public water supply for the City of St. Louis was unsatisfactory. Following the custom of most cities in their early history, St. Louis selected as a source of water supply that which was most easily secured and of the least cost, which in this case was the Mississippi river. This supply from a physical standpoint has remained constant and uniform. From that of public health it has varied of late ; this city's water supply has been of great in- terest to men who were entitled to an opinion upon the rela- tive and absolute value of water supplies. Many of the ablest men in this country have been connected in a greater or less degree with its investigation. In recent years it has been generally claimed that the water of the Missouri river was less contaminated and from the suspended and color- ing matter which it contains, would be a more suitable water than that of the Mississippi for treatment. Ninety miles southwest from the City of St. Louis is a large spring called the Meramec; this in conjunction with three small streams of the upper Meramec watershed has for a num- ber of years been considered a satisfactory source for the City's water supply. In order to determine the desirability of selecting one of the three above-named sources of water supply, the Municipal Assembly of the City of St. Louis, on June 28, 1901, approved an ordinance which authorized the Mayor to employ a commission of expert hydraulic en- gineers to investigate and make recommendations on the same. There were appointed upon this commission, Messrs. Benezette Williams. George G. Wisner and Allen Hazen. IN MISSOURI. 69 "Messrs. Williams and Wisner submitted a majority re- port recommending tiie Meramec or gravity supply. Mr. Hazen gave a minority report recommending the treatment of the Mississippi, using the plant then existing, which was to be improved and supplemented by adding mechanical fil- tration. The City authorities were satisfied with the minor- ity report and were considering the early construction of a mechanical filter plant using as a coagulant, sulphate of alumina. As soon as this disposition was made known there arose from the press, medical societies, and supposedly repu- table chemists the most violent protest. This wide-spread and unwarranted prejudice against the use of alum as a coagulant, forced the Board of Public Improvements to look for some other agent. Ferrous sulphate and lime have been used as coagulants in connection with mechanical fil- ters in the cities of Quincy, 111., and at Lorain, Ohio. The results shown there were very satisfactory and the City of St. Louis decided to use tiiese chemicals applied in a man- ner adapted to its then existing supply system. "The people of St. Louis are satisfied with the water which is being supplied. The purified water was thrust upon them before they were aware of the contemplated treatment. We have abundant evidence from manufact- urers and those having the care of boilers, which shows the treated water to be satisfactory to them in the extreme. "The majority report of the Commission of Hydraulic Engineers prophesied ^he most disastrous results from the incrusting constituents and corrosive effect of a water treated for mechanical filtration. With our present system, nothing of the kind has occurred. Tiiis same majority re- port, page 31, is as follows : 'First and most important is the fact that there is nothing to show what the results ob- tained by such filters are relative to disease germs.' " 'It is generally assumed that pathogenic bacteria will be removed in the same proportion that applies to ordinary water bacteria, but there is little or no evidence upon which to base this assumption.' "These experts would say the same of the system we are now using. It would be unreasonable to say that the space 70 HISTORY OF MEDICINE value of a pathogenic organism would differ from that of a non-pathogenic. This is a question of size, not patho- genesis. "Our data is too meager for the epidemiologist to work upon, however, there is a much lower death-rate from typhoid fever in St. Louis this year (1904) than there was last. "It would be unwise to claim that this new method of water purification would be suitable for the treatment of all water in the future,, but it is highly indicative of what is possible in handling waters of the Mississippi valley and those of similar character." IN MISSOURI. 71 CHAPTER IV. Epidemic of Cholera in St. Louis in 1849. BY DR. WM. M. McPHEBTERS. In this article I propose giving a report of the late fear- ful visitation of cholera in St. Louis, so far as it came un- der my own observation, as the published records of the City show, and as I have been able to gather from other authentic sources. Having no new views to present as to the nature, cause or treatment of cholera, I shall endeavor to confine myself as closely as possible to facts, together with a statement of such general conclusions as these facts seem to warrant. During the year I had charge of the St. Louis Hospital — under tiie care of the Sisters of Charity — which for a long time was the sole, and throughout the epi- demic, the principal depot for the reception of cholera pa- tients. My opportunities, therefore, for observing the dis- ease were not surpassed by any other individual. As early as the months of October, November and De- cember, 1848, it was obvious to all that there was an un- usual predisposition throughout our entire population to diarrhea and bowel affections of all kinds. In the hospital, so great was this tendency, that the administration of cathartic medicines had to be entirely suspended, for, when given in any disease, troublesome and even unmanageable diarrheas were the invariable restilts. The attention of the clinical class, who accompanied me in my visits during the fall and winter was frequently directed to this peculiarity, and it was stated that as coming events cast their shadows before them, it must be regarded as the inevitable precursor of cholera. Early in December, 1848, the disease made its appearance in New Orleans, where it soon became epidemic, and pre- 72 HISTORY OF MEDICINE vailed to an alarming extent. By means of the numerous steamboats plying between this port and New Orleans, and in the absence of all quarantine regulations, cases of cholera were frequently, towards the later part of December, brought to this City from New Orleans and admitted in- to the St. Louis Hospital. Some of these cases proved fatal, and in this way deaths from cholera appeared in the weekly reports at that period. On the fifth day of January, 1849, the first case of cholera originating in St. Louis occurred. The patient was a stout, healthy laboring man, who had four months previous to this time returned from New Mexico, and since which he had been employed in the upper part of the town, where he -had no connection whatever with any one afifected with cholera. On the day of his attack, January 5, at dinner, he ate heartily of sour kraut, while laboring under a slight diarrhea, and in a few days after was taken with vomiting, cramps and frequent discharges from the bowels. Four o'clock the same afternoon he was taken to the hospital and in a short time afterwards I saw him. Found him in the following condition : vomiting freely with frequent and copious discharges from the bowels ; at first of slight bilious character, but it soon became pure "rice water;" cramps in the stomach and lower extremities and tongue cold; skin of a blue color and very much qorrugated; urinary secretions suspended; eyes sunken and surrounded by a livid hue. As the public mind at this time was greatly ex- cited on the subject of cholera, I invited several professional brethren in whom I had confidence to see the patient with me, all of whom concurred in the opinion that it was a well-marked case of cholera. From beginning the treatment instituted was of the most vigorous character and was kept up with great assiduity, notwithstanding which the patient sank rapidly into a state of complete collapse and died the following morning about 2 o'clock, I have been thus minute in describing this case, as it goes to show that from the very commencement the disease showed a most malignant character and that at this early period the unknown morbid agent giving rise to cholera IN MISSOURI. 73 already existed in the atmosphere, and only required an exciting cause, such as saur kraut as in the instance afforded to develop it in all its violence, and this, too, at a time when the weather was cold and the streets and alleys completely frozen and when there was an absence of those local causes of disease which usually exist so abundantly in our midst. The next case of local origin occurred two days after, on the 7th of January; patient an Irish boatman, but out of employment at that season of the year. This man also had a slight diarrhea for several days prior to his attack and was guilty of imprudence in diet. On entering the hospital he presented all the characteristics of cholera, though not in so aggravated a form as in the last case. This patient recovered. No other cases are known to have originated here until the ITth, when a stout middle-aged laborer was brought into the hospital ; in a few hours after he was taken in a state of collapse and died the same night. From the first his symptoms were of the most violent kind. This case, unlike the last two, was not preceded by diarrhea, nor could it be traced to any imprudence in diet. The next case was on the 18th ; patient a laborer of good habits, but had suffered with diarrhea for a week. Entered the hospital in an advanced stage and died on the 20th. Previous to death his evacuation became decidedly fecal and bilious. The fifth case of local origin occurred on the 20th in the person of a female, who resided in the same house with the patient last named (on St. Charles street, between Third and Fourth), in which house several other cases subsequently occurred. She had diarrhea ten days previous to attack, for which she was treated and recov- ered; was seized with great violence, and in eight hours after the first attack she died. The sixth case originating here occurred on the 21st and the seventh on the 28th. The two last cases were of a milder character than the others and both recovered. Towards the latter part of January cases occasionally pre- sented themselves in various parts of the City, besides those enumerated as having been sent to the hospital, but they were not numerous. 74 HISTORY OF MEDICINE During the whole month of January thirty-three deaths are reported as having taken place from cholera in the city and five from cholera morbus. Two-thirds of these, at least, were imported from New Orleans, while only the remaining one-third were of local origin. The real num- ber of deaths from cholera in January, 1849, may, there- fore, be stated at tiiirty-eight. Of these, eight occurred at St. lyouis Hospital, two at the Hospital for Invalids and two at the City Hospital. The remainder were from the city at large and from the different steamboats. The whole number of deaths from all diseases in January was 276. During the first week in February four deaths are re- ported from cholera, all of whom died in the St. Louis Hospital, and were from different steamboats. The second week in February there were eleven deaths from cholera; three or four of these were of local origin and the re- mainder were brought up from New Orleans and died in different hospitals. During the third week there were only four deaths from cholera, all of which were imported, and from the 19th to the 26th not a single death occurred from cholera. Throughout the whole month of February there were only twenty deaths from cholera, being eighteen less than in January. The whole number of deaths from all diseases during the month was 241. The first week in March there were three deaths from cholera, the second week ten, the third week twenty-seven and the fourth week twenty-eight. The total number of deaths from cholera in March was sixty-eight, and from all diseases 294. This exhibits a decided increase from the months of January and February, and, although many cases were imported, the number originating here was vastly augmented. For the first week in April there were eighteen deaths of cholera; second week, seventeen; third week, twenty- five; fourth week, twenty-seven, and fifth week forty-four. Making in all for the month, 131 deaths from cholera and 456 from all diseases. From the beginning of April the number of imported cases began to decrease, of those of IN MISSOURI. 75 local origin to multiply. Towards the latter part of the month the disease broke out with great violence among the inhabitants of the Orphans' Home, situated on Fourth street, between Poplar and Cerre, and in a few days swept off the matron of the establishment and many of the un- fortunate inmates of the asylum. So fatal was the dis- ease among the children that it was thought best to re- move those remaining and temporarily to suspend the operation of the institution. At this period apprehension became very great. With the approach of warm weather the disease was seen greatly to increase, and all seemed now convinced that a summer of unparelleled mortality awaited our population. The first week in May showed a fearful increase in the progress of the disease, there being seventy-eight deaths from cholera, with a total from all diseases of 135. Still the mortality was principally confined to the lower classes and unacclimated emigrants coming among us in great numbers. This state of things, however, did not continue long, for the very next week revealed the astonishing re- sult of 193 deaths of cholera, and 273 from all other dis- eases. The panic at this time among all classes of our citizens was at its height; not even afterwards, when the daily mortality reached 145, was it ever greater. At this juncture (May ITth) the great fire occurred, and for two weeks immediately following it there was a perceptible decrease in the' number of deaths. From 193 for the week preceding the fire it was reduced to 138 the first and 118 the second week thereafter. This circumstance, which was probably only a coincidence or one of those variations which frequently occur during prevalence of epidemics, was attributed to the influence of the fire in purifying the atmosphere, and it was confidently believed by many that the disease would thenceforth decline. The sequel shows how little foundation there was for this opinion. By mak- ing a powerful impression on the minds of the people, and for a time diverting their attention from the all-absorbing subject of cholera, the great fire may have influenced the disease in temporarily suspending one of the chief exciting 76 HISTORY OF MEDICINE causes, to-wit : fear, but in no other way that I can per- ceive. The summing up of the month of May shows an aggregate of 786 deaths; of these 517 were from cholera, showing an increase of 386. The first week in June there were seventy-four deaths from cholera and in all 144. During the second week 139 of cholera and 283 in all. At this period the increase in mortality was so great that it now became necessary, in order to convey a just idea of the progress of the epidemic, to give the daily as well as the weekly mortality. From the details already given and particularly from those which are to follow, it will be seen that the number of deaths from other diseases besides cholera is unusually great. This greatly increased mortality attributed to other diseases is unquestionably owing to the all-pervading chol- era influence. During the months of June and July, and to some extent throughout the epidemic, such was tiie almost irresistible tendency to death that slight ailments, which under ordinary circumstances and during other sea- sons would have yielded readily to treatment, now became serious in their character and not infrequently ran on rapidly to a fatal termination. Besides, in the weekly re- ports of deaths during the year, 432 were returned as oc- curing from unknown diseases. Nine-tenths of these, it is fair to presume, died from cholera, and were buried with- out regular certificates from physicians, and consequently were reported by the sextons as unknown. It is manifest, therefore, that this enormous mortality (4,046) from dis- eases other than cholera is in a very great measure to be attributed to the baneful influence of the epidemic. The following tables exhibit the daily mortality from June 12 to July 30 inclusive: Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total, Tuesday, June 12, there were 47 12 59 Wednesday, " 13, 65 18 83 Thursday, " 14, 58 10 68 Friday, " 15, 62 12 74 Saturday, " 16, 61 13 74 Sunday, " 17, 69 16 85 Monday, " 18, 64 15 79 IN MISSOURI. 77 Making an aggregate for the week of 426 from cholera; 96 from other diseases. Total, 522. Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total Tuesday, June 19, there were 74 16 90 Wednesday, " 20, 67 35 102 Thursday, " 21, 85 10 95 Friday, " 22, 95 25 120 Saturday, " 23, 98 27 125 Sunday, " 24, 118 21 139 Monday, " 25, 99 28 127 Being for the week, 636 from cholera, 162 from other diseases; in all 798. We here see a rapid increase within the last two weeks, from 47 to 118 deaths a day from cholera. Deaths from Other CI lolera. Disease 3. Total Tuesday, June 26, there were 94 20 114 Wednesday " 27, 115 25 140 Thursday, " 28, 123 32 155 Friday, " 29, 119 43 162 Saturady, " 30, 83 39 122 Sunday, July 1, 100 25 125 Monday, " 2, 105 28 133 This week presents the largest aggregate mortality dur- ing the whole year, there being 739 deaths from cholera, and 212 from other diseases; in all 951, though the most fatal days yet remain to be mentioned. Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total. Tuesday, July 3, there were 103 28 131 Wednesday, " 4, 108 29 139 Thursday, " 5, 98 28 121 Friday, " 6, 81 27 108 Saturday, " 7, 89 34 123 Sunday, " 8, 80 27 107 Monday, " 9, 101 24 125 Making 654 deaths from cholera during this week, and 197 from other diseases; in all 851. Deaths from Other Tuesday, July 10, there were 145 39 5. iULc 184 Wednesday, " 11, 124 33 157 Thursday, " 12, 105 31 134 Friday, " 13, 87 13 100 Saturday, " 14, 89 42 131 Sunday, " 15, 58 34 92 Monday, " 16, 61 27 88 78 HISTORY OF medicine; Tuesday and Wednesday of this week were the most terrible days of the whole year. On the previous Satur- day and Sunday there were heavy rains; on Monday the sun came out with great power, and the number of inter- ments on Monday were the fearful consequences of the combined heat and moisture. Monday and Monday night, July 9, will be long remembered by the citizens of St. Louis. But having once reached its height, the disease began rap- idly to decline. The whole number of deaths from cholera during the week was 669 and from other diseases 219, in all 888. Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total. Tuesday, July 17, there were 61 23 84 Wednesday, " 18, 50 34 84 Thursday, " 19, 36 30 66 Friday, ^' 20, 37 29 66 Saturday, " 21, 33 20 53 Sunday, " 22, 21 13 34 Monday, " 23, 31 22 53 Total from cholera for the week was 269, and from other diesases lYl, in all 440. This exhibits a manifest improvement. Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total. Tuesday, July 24, there were 19 16 35 Wednesday, " 25, 22 26 48 Thursday, " 26, 14 15 29 Friday, " 27, 10 16 26 Saturday, " 28, 11 15 26 Sunday, " 29, 9 18 27 Monday, " 30, 15 25 40 Total from cholera for the week, 100; from other dis- eases, 131 ; in all, 231. On Tuesday, July 31, only three deaths occurred from cholera, and the Board of Health therefore pronounced that the disease was no longer an epidemic. For the remainder of the year I shall only give the weekly reports; which are as follows: Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total. For week ending Aug. 6 there were 43 109 152 " 13 " " 12 105 117 " 20 " " 4 90 94 " 27 " " 3 70 73 Sept. 3 " " 4 67 71 " 10 " " 2 64 66 For week ending IN MISSOURI. 79 Deaths from Other Cholera. Diseases. Total Sept. 17 there were 1 87 88 " 24 " " 6 74 80 Oct. 1 " " 3 74 77 " 8 " " 69 69 " 15 " " 2 61 63 " 22 « :- president of the St. Louis ^ledical Society, and member of the St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, and the American IMedical Association. I. H. CadwaIvI^adkr. O. B. CampbelIv. Victor CadweivTv. L. Caplan. BIOGRAPHICAL SKE^TCHES. 209 JACOB GEIGER. Dr. Jacob Geiger, of St. Joseph, came to xA^merica in 1856, with his family, who settledfirst in Ilhnois. He was born in Wirtemberg, Germany, on July 25, 1848, and obtained his education in the district schools and in Homer Semi- nary, at Homer, 111., graduating from that school in 1865. Soon after this he went to St. Joseph, where h^ began reading medicine while working as a clerk in a drug store. In 1870 he matriculated in the Medical Department of the University of Louisville, taking his degree in 1872. He at once returned to St. Joseph, established himself in practice, and has remained in that city. Dr. Geiger was one of the organizers of the St. Joseph Hospital Medical College and filled the chair of Anatomy. In 1883 he organized the St. Joseph College of Physicians and Surgeons and was elected dean and professor of surgery. In 1899 these two colleges combined to form the Ensworth Medical College, and Dr. Geiger still retains the chair of Surgery. He is also professor of Surgery in the Medical Department of St. Louis University, and chief consulting surgeon to Ensworth Deaconess Hospital in Sc. Joseph. For two years he was president of St. Joseph City Council. In 1897 the Park College of Parkville, Mo., conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. In the same year he was elected president of the Missouri State Medical Association, and is a member of Buchanan County Medical Society, North Missouri Medical Society, Grand River Medical So- ciety, Western Surgical and Gynecological and American Medical Associations. JAMES KYLE GRAHAM. Dr. J. K. Graham was born at Tazewell, Tenn., January 6, 1859. His early education was obtained in the public schools and in Tazewell College, after which he entered •Cumberland College at Rose Hill, Va., at the age of 18, and laid the foundation for his medical education. He attended the medical school of the University of Mary- land in 1879 and Johns Hopkins University in 1880. In 210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the latter year lie came to Missouri and began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, now the Ensworth Medical College, at St. Joseph. He was grad- uated from that institution in 1882 and at once began the practice of his profession at Easton. In October, 1883, he removed to Halleck, where he continued to practice, re- maining there until 1894, when he removed to St. Joseph. Dr. Graham holds membership in the Buchanan County Medical Society, the St. Joseph Medical and Sur- gical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and the American Medical Association. He was made assist- ant City Health Officer in 1897 and continued in that ca- pacity one year. In 1898 and 1899 he was City Health Officer, and County Health Officer from March, 1901 to March, 1905. SPENCER C. GRAVES. Dr. Spencer C. Graves, of St. Louis, is the grandson of a physician and his father, Dr. George O. Graves, prac- ticed medicine in Kentucky for many years. Dr. Graves was born in Montgomery County, Kentucky, on June 6, 1858 and received his early education in Cen- ter College, of Danville, Ky. He then went to Cornell University where he prepared for his medical edu- cation. Matriculating in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, he completed the course in that institution and graduated in 1884. In the same year he was appointed on the staff of the Charity Hospital in New York City and served for one year. He then came West, locating in St. Louis and has continued to practice in that city. Dr. Graves was formerly professor of Minor and Op- erative Surgery in the Beaumont Hospital Medical Col- lege. He is ex-vice-president of the St. Louis Medical So- ciety and member of the Missouri State Medical Associa- tion and the American Medical Association. H. N. Carver. E. S. Cave. Z. Case. G. O. Coffin. BIOGRAPHIC AIv SKETCHES. 211 JEFFERSON DAVIS GRIFFITH. Dr. J, D. Griffith has been in active practice in Kansas City for over thirty years. He was born in Jackson, Miss., on February 12, 1850, and educated in private schools at Jackson and the Summerville Institute, Summerville, Miss. After this prehminary training he went to New York to study medicine and was graduated from the Medical De- partment of the University of New York City in 1871. He served a term as interne at the Bellevue Hospital and one year as house surgeon. In 1873 Dr. Griffith moved to Kansas City and entered private practice. He soon became identified with medical college work and medical society interests. In 1874 he was appointed lecturer of physiology in the Kansas City Medical College and later was made demon- strator of Anatomy. At different times he filled the chairs of Physiology, Anatomy and Principles and Prac- tice of Surgery and was elected dean of the college. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine of Kansas City, the Missouri State Medical Association, the Association of Military Surgeons of U. S. A., the American Medical Association, American Orthopedic Association, and has served as presi- dent of the Missouri State IMedical Association and the As- sociation of Military Surgeons, U. S. A., and is Surgeon to St. Joseph's Hospital of Kansas City, Dr. Griffith has been active in military affairs and served as Major and Chief Surgeon Third Division First Army Corps, U. S. v., and was Surgeon-General of Missouri during the term of Gov. D, R. Francis. JOSEPH GRINDON. Dr. Joseph Grindon was born on August 20. 1858, in St. Louis, Mo., and obtained his education in the schools and colleges of his native city. After graduating from the pub- lic schools he took a post-graduate course in Philosophy in the St. Louis University, receiving the degree of Bache- lor of Philosophy. In 1879 he graduated from the St. 212 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Louis Medical College. Successfully passing the examina- tion for internes at the City Hospital, he served for one year in that institution, a year at the Female Hospital and nearly two years at the Smallpox Hospital. In 1883 he re- signed from hospital work and began private practice. Dr. Grindon is physician on the staff of the O' Fallon Free Dispensai-y, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis Mul- lanphy Hospital and the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium. He was formerly professor of Physiology and is now profes- sor of Clinical Dermatology and Syphilis in the Medical Department of AVashington University. He is ex-presi- dent of the St. Louis Medical Society, ex-president of the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni and a member of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Dermatological Association. Dr. Grindon is the author of a text book on Diseases of the Skin, published by Lea Brothers & Co. (1902) and of several chapters in the American Text Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Syphilology and Dermatology published by W. B. Saunders & Co. In the periodical medical press he has also published a number of papers on dermatologic sub- jects. DAVID COALTER GAMBLE. Dr. D. C. Gamble, of St. Louis, has been practicing medi- cine in that city for thirty-six years. He is a native of Mis- souri having been born in St. Louis on September 16, 1844. He was educated in private schools in St. Louis and in Lawrenceville, N. J., and Norristown, Pa., attending Jef- ferson College in 1863 and 1864. He pursued his medical studies in his native city and matriculated in St. Louis Medical College from which institution he received his medical degree in 1867. Immediately after graduating in medicine Dr. Gamble established himself in private practice in St. Louis and has continued active in the profession of that city. In 1873 he was elected treasurer of the St. Louis Medical Society which office he filled for one year. He is also a member Thos. Chowning. C. B. Clapp. W. A. Clark. W. G. Cowan. BIOGRArHICAIv SKETCHES. 213 of the Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association. He is visiting physician on the active staff of the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children. FRANK A. GLASGOW. Dr. Frank A. Glasgow, of St. Louis, is a grandson of Dr. William Carr Lane who settled in St. Louis in 1819, practiced medicine in that city for many years and was the first mayor of St. Louis. Dr. Glasgow was born in St. Louis on October 18, 1854. He received his classical education in the Washington Uni- versity and graduated from that institution with the degree of Master of Arts. He studied medicine in the St. Louis Medical College (Medical Department of Washington Uni- versity) taking his degree in 1878. He began practice in St. Louis and has continued active in the medical profession of his native city. At various times he has pursued his medical studies in Europe, particularly in the universities of Vienna and Strassburg. Dr. Glasgow is gynecologist to the St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital, physician to the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children, consulting physician to the St. Louis Female Hospital and to St. Vincent's Hospital for the Insane, and is professor of clinical gynecology in the Medical Depart- ment of Washington University. He is a member of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, the St. Louis Surgical Society, the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and of the St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. ' ELISHA HALL GREGORY. Dr. E. H. Gregory was born in Logan County, Kentucky, September 10, 1824, son of Chas. and Sophia Gregory both natives of Virginia. They emigrated to Kentucky in 1820 and to Missouri in 1833, locating at Boonville where Dr. Gregory grew up, gained his education and studied medi- cine in the office of Dr. F. W. C. Thomas. 214 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. Dr. Gregory moved to St. Louis in 1848 and graduated from the Medical Department of St. Louis University in 1849. He was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College and became assistant to Dr. Chas. A. Pope, later adjunct to the chair of Surgery and ultimately succeeded Dr. Pope as Professor of Surgery. He has held every office of honor within the gift of the pro- fession of the state having served as a member of the State Board of Health, the St. Louis Board of Health, twice elected president of the St. Louis Medical Society, elected president of the Missouri State Medical Association, and in 1886 he was elected president of the American Medical Association. For fifty years he filled the chair of Surgery in the St. Louis Medical College (now Medical Depart- ment of Washington University) and now (1905) occu- pies the honorable position of Emeritus Professor of Surg- ery in that institution. MAX A. GOLDSTEIN. Dr. Max A. Goldstein was born in St. Louis April 19, 1870. His early education was received at Wyman's In- stitute, the public schools of St. Louis and Washington University. In 1889 he was matriculated as a student of the Missouri Medical College, and received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1892. Entering by competitive ex- amination, he served a term of one year as house physician to the St. Louis City Hospital. In 1893 he continued his studies abroad, spending two years in the universities and clinics of Berlin, Strassburg, Vienna and London. Upon his return to St. Louis he began the active practice of his profession. In 1895 he was elected to the chair of Otology and Clinical Microscopy in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College. When the consolidation of the Beaumont Medical College and the Marion-Sims College was effected, he was elected to the chair of Otology and now continues as Pro- fessor of Otology in the Medical Department of the St. Louis University. In July, 1896, in conjunction with Dr. F. M. Rumbold, of St. Louis, he established "The Laryngo- G. C. Crandali.. Thos. H. Doyle. H. C. Dalton. N. A. Drake. BIOGRAPHICAI, SKl^TCHKS. 215 scope" a monthly medical journal devoted exclusively to diseases of the nose, throat and ear. In 1898 he became sole proprietor of this periodical. Dr. Goldstein was a charter member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology, founded in 1895, and was its president in 1900. In 1905 he was elected vice-president of the American Lai-yngological, Rhinological and Otological Society. He holds membership in the various local and state societies. He is aurist to the Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, consulting aurist and laryng- ologist to the Alexian Brothers Hospital and to the Mount St. Rose Hospital. Dr. Goldstein is a frequent contributor to oto-laryngologic literature. Among these contributions may be mentioned: Exfoliation of the Cochlea, Vestibule and Semi-circular Canals; The Possibility of Obtaining Marked Improvement in the Treatment of Deafness and Supposed Deaf Mutism; Comparative Value of the Sense ■of Sight to the Sense of Hearing; Advanced Method of Teaching the Deaf. *t> ROBERT D. HAIRE. Dr. Robert D. Haire, of Clinton, was born in Dade Coun- ty, Mo., on September 22, 1855. After attending the gram- mar schools he entered Lincoln University at Lincoln, 111., where he completed his literary education. Returning to Missouri to take up his medical studies he entered the Mis- souri Medical College, taking his medical degree in ISYS. After graduating in medicine he went to Shell City, Mo., where he practiced for twenty years. In 1883 after a course in post-praduate work he graduated from Bellevue Hos- pital College and in 1886 and again in 1898 he attended lectures in the Post-Graduate Hospital Medical College of New York. In 1890 he went to Europe and Sipent a year studying in the hospitals and clinics of Vienna. > In 1898 Dr. Haire left Shell City and moved to Clinton, Mo., and has practiced in that city to the present time. He is local surgeon of the M., K. & T. Ry, and member of the Judicial Council of the Missouri State Medical Associa- 216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. tion. He is also a member of Henry County Medical So- ciety and American Medical Association. C. LESTER HAIvL. Dr. C. Lester Hall, of Kansas City, is a son of the late Dr. Matthew W. Hall. Dr. Hall was born in Arrow Rock, Mo., on March 10, 1845. He was educated in the district schools of the county and then attended Kemper School at Boonville, Mo. When the Civil War commenced he enlisted in the ranks of the Confederate Army and was taken prisoner during the first year of the conflict. After resigning from military serv- ice he went to Philadelphia to study medicine and entered the Jefferson Medical College, graduating from that institu- tion in 1867. He returned to Missouri and practiced in Marshall and Saline County until 1890 when he moved to Kansas City where he has since remained. In 1886 he went to New York and took a general post-graduate course in the New York Polyclinic and a special course in gynecol- ogy- Dr. Hall is gynecologist to St. Joseph's Hospital and professor of Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery in the Medico-Chirurgical College. He is ex-president of the Kansas City Academy of Medicine, ex-president of the Mis- souri State Medical Association and one of the vice-presi- dents of the American Medical Association. He is also a member of Jackson County Medical Society, Mississip- pi Valley Medical Association, Medical Society of Missouri Valley and the Western Surgical and Gynecological Asso- ciation. GEORGE HALLEY. Dr. George Halley, of Kansas City, is a native of Can- ada, having been born in Aurora, Ontario, on the tenth of September, 1839. He received his education in the dis- trict and grammar schools of Elora, Canada. He also obtained his medical degree in his native country, hav- ing graduated from the University of Victoria College, J. H. Duncan. W. T. Elam. C. T. DUSKNBURV ROBT. M. FUNKHOUSER. BIOGRAPHICAI, SKETCHES. 217 of Toronto, in 1869. The next year he came to this coun- try and took up his residence in Kansas City. He has con- tinued in active practice in that city ever since and has been identified with every movement looking to the betterment of medical affairs in his adopted state. Dr. Halley is Medical Director of the National Guard of Missouri, and professor of Surgery and Clinical Sur- gery in the University Medical College. He is chief sur- geon to the Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City Railroad and consulting surgeon of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He is a member of the Jackson County Medi- cal Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, Amer- ican Medical Association, the Association of Military Sur- geons and of the International Association of Railway Surgeons. ALEXANDER S. HAWKINS. Dr. Alexander S. Hawkins, of Monett, was born in Rossville, Georgia, on May 18, 1851. Having obtained an excellent preparatory education in the common schools and academic branches in his native state, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore where he secured his medical education and was graduated in 1879. After receiving his degree he returned to iiis home in Ross- ville, Georgia, and at once began the practice of medicine. He remained in Rossville for three years and then came to Missouri, settling in Cassville in 1882. For thirteen years he practiced in Cassville when he decided to move to a more populous district and in 1893 he located in Monett where he is at present. Dr. Hawkins is Division Surgeon for the Frisco Rail- way and was president of the Board of Pension Examin- ers from 1885 to 1889. He is a member of the Monett Medical Society, Southwest Missouri Medical Society, In- ternational Association of Railway Surgeons and the Amer- ican Medical Association. 218 BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHKS. FRANK L. HENDERSON. Dr. Frank L. Henderson was born in St. Louis on March 18, 1865, and reared and educated in his native state. He obtained his coHege education in the University of Missouri after which he entered the Missouri Medical CoUege, gradu- ating from that institution in 1888. In that year he was appointed acting Assistant Surgeon in the U. S. Army and stationed at Fort Omaha. In 1889 he resigned from the army and went to Paris and pursued his studies in the hos- pitals and clinics of that city. In 1893 he took a course in special work in New York and London. Returning to America in 1894 he established himself in St. Louis and has remained in that city. In 1902 he went abroad once more, this time visiting the clinics of London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna where he continued his studies for some months. Dr. Henderson has written a number of papers for pub- lication in the medical press and is the author of "Lessons on Eye — a Text Book for Undergraduates," published by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. He is president of the St. Louis Medical Society (1905) and a member of the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryn- gology and the St. Louis Ophthalmic Society. He is Oph- thalmologist to the St. Mary's Infirmary, the Terminal Ry. Association, the Wabash Railway and consulting ophthalmologist of the City Hospital. EDWIN R. HICKERSON. Dr. E. R. Hickerson, a native Missourian, was born in Ralls County, January 27, 1862. He is the son of Dr. John C. Hickerson, a prom.inent physican of Fulton, Mo., and a brother. Dr. J. C. Hickerson, is also an active prac- titioner at Independence, Mo. The subject of this sketch received his early education in the Moberly High School and later graduated from the Westminster College. After his graduation from West- BIOGRAPHICAL SKE;TCH:eS. 219 minster he matriculated in the St. Louis Medical College, receiving his diploma in 1885. Immediately after gradu- ating he went to Moberly and entered practice where he has contined to reside. Dr. Hickerson served as a member of the School Board of Moberly for six years and for two years was president of the Board. He is a member of the National Associa- tion of Railway Surgeons, the American Medical Associ- ation, the Missouri State Medical Association and of the Randolph County and North Missouri Medical Societies. He is consulting surgeon of the Wabash Railway Hos- pital at Moberly and local surgeon of the M., K. & T. Rail- way. GEORGE R. HIGHSMITH. Dr. George R. Highsmith, of Carrollton, is a native of Georgia, born in Savannah, on December 4, 1848. He re- ceived his early education in the public schools of Missouri, completed by attendance in the North Missouri Normal School. He obtained his medical education also in Mis- souri, matriculating in the Missouri Medical College from which he was graduated in 1875. After receiving his med- ical degree he returned to Carroll county and began prac- tice in De Witt, where he remained for thirteen years. In 1882 he went to New York and in the New York Polyclinic he spent a year in studying special branches, particularly diseases of the nose and throat and diseases of women. In 1888 he left De Witt and moved to Carrollton and in that city he has continued to practice. Dr. Highsmith is a member of the Tri-State Medical Society, the Grand River District Medical Society, the American Medical Association and is ex-president of the Missouri State Medical Association, the North Missouri Medical Association and the Wabash Surgical Society. He is local surgeon for the Wabash Railway, the Burlington Railway System and the Santa Fe Railway. 220 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ROLAND HILL. Dr. Roland Hill of St. Louis, Mo., was born at Aylmer, Ontario, Canada, August 16, 1868. His preparatory edu- cation was received in the Aylmer public schools and the Collegiate Institute. He studied medicine at Trinity Med- ical College (Trinity University) and in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Canada, graduating from the latter institution in 1890. For one year after graduating he was house surgeon in the General Hospital, Toronto, Canada. In 1891 he came to Missouri, and lo- cated in St. Louis. For some time he was assistant dem- onstrator of anatomy in the Marion-Sims Medical Col- lege and later professor of Medical Physics in the Beau- mont Hospital Medical College and consulting surgeon to St. Louis City Hospital. Dr. Hill is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Association, American Medical As- sociation, and the Western Surgical and Gynecological As- sociation. JOHN PAUL HOEFFER. Dr. John P. Hoef^er is a native of Germany, born on the 7th day of August, 1867. At the age of thirteen he was admitted to the Gymnasium from which he graduated in 1888. His medical education was obtained in St. Louis where he graduated from the Medical Department of Washington University in 1892. He entered private prac- tice in St. Louis immediately after receiving his medical degree and has continued active in his profession in that city to the present time. He has a brother, Dr. A. H. Hoef- fer, who is also active in medical practice in Mexico. Dr. Hoeffer is a member of the St. Louis Medical Soci- ety and the Missouri State Medical Association. BENJAMIN MURRAY HYPES. Dr. B. M. Hypes, of St. Louis, was born in Lebanon, 111., July 31, 1846. When fourteen years of age he was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 221 admitted to McKendree College, where he received his classical education and graduated with the degree of Bach- elor of Arts in 1866. Several years later the same insti- tution conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. He began the study of medicine in Rush Medical College of Chicago and after one term in that institution came to Missouri and entered the St. Louis Medical College, from which he graduated in 1872. Entering the competitive examination for internes at the City Hospital, he was ap- pointed junior physician and in 1873 appointed senior physician. In 1874 he resigned from the hospital and be- gan private practice in St. Louis. Dr. Hypes was one of the founders of the Marion Sims Medical College and filled the chair of Obstetrics in the original faculty. He is now professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Department of St. Louis University and vice-dean of the faculty. He is a member of the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni, the Missouri State Medical Associa- tion, American Medical Association and ex-president of the St. Louis Medical Society and the St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. JOHN ISBELL. Dr. John Isbell, of Washington, Mo., was born in Osage County, Mo., on July 13, 1844. After obtaining a thorough preparatory and literary training in the St. Louis University he went to Virginia and entered the Medical Department of the University of Virginia, grad- uating from that institution in 1867. In 1869 he went to St. Louis and studied in the post-graduate work of the St. Louis Medical College. From 1869 to 1872 he prac- ticed in Linn, Mo., moving to Kansas City in the latter year. He remained in Kansas City until 1875 in which year he went to Washington and has continued to prac- tice in that city ever since. Dr. Isbell is president of Franklin County Society and a member of the Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association. He is local sur- geon at Washington for the Missouri Pacific Rail- way system. 222 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES . SAMUEL CATLETT JAMES Dr. S. C. James, of Kansas City, is the son of Dr. P. T. James, who practiced medicine in Missouri and Ilhnois for a number of years. He was born in FrankHn County, Vir- ginia, June 16, 1854, his parents moving to Versailles, Mo., when he was quite young. He was educated in the com- mon schools of Missouri and Illinois and began to study medicine in his father's office in Litchfield, 111. In 1878 he entered the Missouri Medical College of St. Louis, but was compelled to abandon his studies on account of illness after one year's attendance. Later he resumed his studies and entered Rush Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1882. He began practice in Versailles, Mo., where he remained until 1888 when he went to New York and did post-graduate work in the New York Polyclinic. In 1889 he settled in Kansas City where he has contined to practice his profession. Dr. James is a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, Missouri State Medical Association, ex-member of the Missouri State Board of Health, member of the Pro- vincial Board of Health of North America, Jackson Coun- ty Medical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medicine, nominator for the Provident Life Insurance Company, Dean of the University Medical College, Trustee and pro- fessor of Principles and Practice of Medicine in the same, consulting physician to the University Hospital and the Frisco Railway. He was recently chosen president of the American Association of Medical Colleges. JABEZ N. JACKSON. Dr. Jabez N. Jackson, of Kansas City, son of Dr. J. W. Jackson, was born in Labadie, Mo., on October 6, 1868. His early literary education was acquired in Franklin County, Mo. He afterward completed a high school course at Sedalia and subsequently attended Central College at Fayette, Mo., from which he was graduated in 1889 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1890 the same insti- tution conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 223 Immediately after his graduation from Central College he entered upon the study of medicine and matriculated in the University Medical College of Kansas City, taking his medical degree from that institution in 1891. In the same year he went to New York and further pursued his medical studies in the New York Polyclinic. Dr. Jackson is surgeon to the University Hospital, a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, American Medical Association and is now (1905) president of the Missouri State ^Medical Association. JOHN PHILLIP KANOKY (KNOCHE) Dr. J. Phillip Kanoky (former spelling Knoche), of Kansas City, was born in that cit}' on July 25. 1559. He was educated in the public schools of his native city and also took a course in Spaulding's Commercial College. He began the study of medicine in Bellevue Hospital ^Medical College in 1880 completing his medical studies in the Kan- sas City ]\Iedical College, graduating from the latter insti- tution in ISSl. He has been practicing his profession in Kansas City ever since his graduation. In 1883 he went to Vienna and took special courses in the celebrated univer- sities of that place and in 1886 again went abroad to study in the same institutions. Dr. Kanok}^ is professor of Dermatolog}- in the Kansas City ]\Iedical College, consulting dermatologist to the Women and Children's Hospital and of the ^^^lissouri Pa- cific Railway, Western Division. He is a member of the Jackson County ^Medical Society, tiie Academy of ^Nledi- cine, the ^lissouri State 3,Iedical Association and of the American ^vledical Association. JOHN BENJA^IIN KEBER. Dr. John B. Keber, of St. Louis, was born in St. Louis, Mo., on May 16, 1862. He was educated in the Christian Brothers College of St. Louis, and in St. Louis L'niversit}', graduating from the latter institution in 1880 with the de- gree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1890 he received the degree of 224 BIOGRAPHICAI, SKETCHES. Master of Arts from the same institution. He studied medicine in the St. Louis Medical College, graduating in 1883. For one year after receiving his medical degree Dr. Keber practiced in St. Louis and then departed for Europe and took special courses in dermatology and allied branches. After four years of study in the universities of Strassburg, Heidelberg, Prague, Berlin, Vienna and Paris, he returned to St. Louis and again took up his practice in that city. In 1890 Dr. Keber was appointed professor of Diseases of the Skin and Syphilis in Beaumont Hospital Medical College and occupied this chair for nine years. He is dermatologist on the staff of St. Mary's Infirmary and Deaconess Hospital, also to the Convent of the Good Shep- herd and the Missouri Pacific Railway System. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and the Missouri State Medical Association, and for six years was Lieuten- ant and Assistant Surgeon, N. G. M. ALONZO R. KIEFFER. Dr. A. R. Kieffer, of St. Louis, was born in Jefferson County, New York, on March 18, 1855. When he was eleven years of age the family moved to Missouri and Dr. Kieffer was educated in the common schools of this state; he also attended the Teachers' Institute. His medical edu- cation was obtained in the Missouri Medical College from which he was graduated in 1879 and won a gold medal for general excellence, being the second graduate upon whom this honor had been conferred in thirty-nine years. After his graduation he went to Cole County, Missouri and en- tered upon the practice of his profession. He remained in Cole County until 1892 when he went to St. Louis for a post-graduate course in the Missouri Medical College and took up his permanent residence in St. Louis where he has practiced ever since. For eleven years Dr. Kieffer was Demonstrator of Anat- omy in the Barnes Medical College and is now professor of Surgical Diseases of Women and Clinical Surgery in M A. Goldstein. Spencer C. Graves. WM ^M UkmmKM-' ^^t^^^^^^^^^^Tii^r^ HP^I 1 p 9 j^l J. K. Graham. C. Lester Hai.l. BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. 225 the same, and Surgeon to the Centenary Hospital. He was treasurer of the St. Louis Medical Library Association for one year, treasurer of the St. Louis Medical Society for eig'ht years, president of the same one year, ex-vice-presi- dent of the Missouri State Medical Association, member of the House of Delegates of the same and a delegate to the American Medical Association. Dr. Kieffer has written a number of important papers on medical subjects, among them one entitled "The Omentum is an Organ." MOSES BUCKNER KINCHELOE. Dr. M, B. Kincheloe, of Joplin, came to Missouri in 1880. He was born in Waterford, Kentucky (Spencer Co.) on the sixth of October, 1845. By far the greater part of his early education was obtained in the common schools of his native state, and when he determined to study medi- cine he entered the Medical Department of the University of Louisville, receiving his diploma in 1874. Thirteen years later he took a post-graduate course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, and in 1897 he again completed a course in post-graduate work, this time going to New York, where he studied in the Post-Graduate School and Hospital. Immediately after graduating from the University of Louisville, Dr. Kincheloe began his professional life in his native state, and opened his office in Bardstown Junction. He remained here for six years, and then, in 1880, moved to Appleton City, Mo. He left Appleton City in 1899 and went to Joplin where he has continued to practice ever since. He is a member of the Jasper County Medical So- ciety, the Missouri State Medical Association, and of the American Medical Association. From 1892 to 1896 he was surgeon on the Pension Board at Joplin and was again appointed in 1901, serving for four years. ROBERT M. KING. Dr. R. M. King, of St. Louis, was born in Madisonville, Ky., on the first day of June, 1843. He obtained his pre- 226 BIOGRAPHICAL, SKETCHES. paratory and collegiate education in Princeton College, Princeton, Ky., and Bethany College of Virginia, receiv- ing from the latter institution the degree of Master of Arts. Going to Philadelphia to take up his medical studies he entered the Jefferson Medical College, from which he grad- uated in 1867. In 1871 he took a special course in Miami Medical College of Cincinnati, receiving the ad eundem de- gree in 1871. Soon after graduating in medicine Dr. King returned to his native city and practiced in Madisonville for nine years. In 1876 he came to Missouri and took up his resi- dence in St. Louis. In 1882 and again in 1888 he was clinical teacher in the St, Louis Hospital. He was one of the organizers of the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, and also a member of the first faculty of the Beaumont Hospital Medical College in St. Louis, filling the chair of Materia Medica and Clinical Thera- peutics for two years. He was then elected professor of Obstetrics in the same institution retaining this position until 1893, when he resigned. Later he was called to the chair of Obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, which he occupied until 1904. He is a member of the Missouri State Medical Association and has been treas- urer of the St. Louis Medical Society since 1902. LEONIDAS H. LAIDLEY. Leonidas H. Laidley, M. D., of St. Louis, was born at Carmichaels, Penn., September 20, 1844. He is a son of Dr. Thomas H. Laidley, who was one of the best known physicians in Greene County, Penn. At ten years of age Leonidas was admitted to the Greene Academy, in his na- tive town, and there he received his education preparatory to the study of medicine. In 1866 he attended the Cleve- land Medical College, and the following year entered the Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, graduating from that institution in the spring of 1868. Shortly after leaving college he became associated with his father and brother, Dr. John B. Laidley, but later went to New York and en- tered the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, graduating ^^^^H^^^ ^■■l f4''fl iI^^HHb ''^^SI^I ''^^M^^^^^Bti^^^j ii^fw^l^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Kc ^ H|kp| "^^^^^^^^^^^^H " l^^H^^^^H A. S. Hawkins. B. R. HiCKERSON. F. Iv. Henderson. Roland Hii^i,. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 227 with honors from that institution in IS 72. In the spring of 1872 he located at St. Louis, and soon after coming to that city he, in company with others, organized the Young Men's Christian Association there. Doctor Laidley having charge of the sick poor who appealed to the association for aid. In a short time a free dispensarv^ was estabHshed and from this the Protestant Hospital Association had its beginning. For a time he occupied the chair of anatomy and chemistry in the A^'estern Dental College, and when the College of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis was organized he was called to the chair of gynecology. Five years later he resigned to accept a similar position in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College. This position he still holds and in addition thereto he is surgeon to the Protestant Hospital, and consulting surgeon to the St. Louis Female Hospital. Dr. Laidley has made a number of valuable contributions to the medical literature of the country, chiefly on surgical subjects. He is a member of the American ]\Xedical xVssociation, the American i\ssociation of Gynecol- ogists and Obstetricians, the Southern Surgical and Gyne- cological Association, the State Medical xA.ssociation of both Missouri and Pennsylvania, and has several times been elected to important offices in the St. Louis Medical So- ciety. At the beginning of the great international exposi- tion at St. Louis he was chosen one of the incorporators and subsequently was made its Medical Director. In 1883 Dr. Laidley was a delegate to the meeting of the British Medical Association, at Liverpool, and while abroad he visited the celebrated hospitals of London, Paris and Edin- burg. The French Government through the recommenda- tion of Commissioner LaGrave, appointed him an officer of the French Academy. JOSEPH ROBERT LEMEN. Dr. J. R. Lemen, of St. Louis, was bom in Madison County, 111., on June 5, 1853. He received his education in Smith Academy, in St. Louis, to which city the family had removed, and later took up the study of medicine ma- triculating in the Missouri Medical College (now ^Medical 228 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. Department of Washington University) , receiving his med- ical degree from that institution in 1875. After serving as interne at the City Hospital for one year he went to New York and pursued his medical studies in the hospitals and clinics of that city for a year and then returned to St, Louis to practice his profession. Dr. Lemen is professor of Diseases of the Chest in the Medical Department of St. Louis University, and for a number of years was a member of the Board of Health of St. Louis. He is physician to Deaconess Hospital and the Rebekah Hospital and a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the Missouri State Medical Association. HANAU W. LOEB. Dr. H. W. Loeb, of St. Louis, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., August 25, 1865. His parents moved to Missouri in 1867, locating in Columbia and Dr. Loeb received his edu- cation in the schools of that city, graduating from Mis- souri State University in 1883 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1886 the same institution conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. He obtained his medical education in the Medical Department of Columbia Uni- versity, New York, graduating from that college in 1888. Returning to Missouri he began practice in St. Joseph re- maining until 1890 when he moved to St. Louis, and has practiced in that city ever since. Dr. Loeb is secretary of the faculty of the Medical De- partment of St. Louis University and professor of Diseases of the Nose and Throat in the same. He is Laryngologist to the Rebekah Hospital, the Jewish Hospital and Jewish Dispensary, St. John's Hospital and St. John's Clinical Dis- pensary. He is president of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology, member of the St. Louis Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Association, American Medical Association, Association of American Anatomists and the American Laiyngological, Rhinologi- cal and Otological Society. For some years he was editor of the St. Louis Medical Review and is now editor of the Annals of Otology, Laryngology and Rhinology. B. M. Hyp^. Samuel C. James. John Isbei.i<. J. PHII.UP Kanoky. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 229 Dr. Loeb is the author of numerous papers, among which may be mentioned : Electro-Cautery in Nose and Throat Dis- eases, A Case of Nasal Atresia due to Smallpox, Fibropa- pilloma of the Larynx with Unusual Movement, Cancer of the Epipharynx, the Immediate Relief of Hysterical Manifestations of the Larynx. JAMES ELMORE LOGAN. Dr. James E. Logan, of Kansas City, is the son of Dr. W. G. Logan, who practiced medicine in Kentucky for many years before removing to Missouri. The subject of this sketch was born in Nicholasville, Ky., on October 16, 1861. He was educated in the Kentucky University at Lexington, Ky., and the Missouri University, Columbia, Mo., and graduated in medicine from the University Medi- cal College of Kansas City, Mo., in 1883. He then went to New York City and entered the Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College, taking his degree from that institution in 1884. In the same year he returned to Missouri and began prac- tice in Kansas City, where he has continued to reside. Dr. Logan is president of the Board of Trustees of the University Medical College and professor of Laryngology and Clinical Otology in the same institution, and Larnygolo- gist to the University Hospital and Scarritt Hospital. He is a member of the Kansas City Academy of Medicine, the Jackson County Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Association, i\.merican Medical Association, Congress of Physicians and Surgeons, American Laryngological, Amer- ican Otological and of the American Laryngological, Rhin- ological and Otological Associations. CHARLES V. F. LUDWIG. Dr. Chas. V. F. Ludwig, of St. Louis, was born in Lan- dau, Bavaria, on May 5, 1836. He is still active in his profession although seventy years of age. He was educated in Germany first in the High School in Landau and then attending the University of Speyer, this latter institution conferring upon him the degree of Master of Arts. His 230 BIOGRAPHIC AIv SKETCHES. father, Dr. John V. Ludwig, was a surgeon in the Bavarian army. An uncle and a cousin also practiced in Bavaria, and his nephew, Dr. John C. I^ebrecht, is now in active practice in St. Louis. Soon after coming to America, Dr. Ludwig entered the St. Louis Medical College (old "Pope's" College and now Medical Department of Washington University), and graduated in 1857. In 1858 he began active practice in St. Louis and has remained there ever since, except during the Civil War, when he was appointed surgeon with the rank of major in the U. S. army. He served through the entire period, being surgeon of Post Hospital at Pacific during 1862. From 1858 to 1861 he was curator of St. Louis Medical College and resident physician of O'Fallon Dispensary. He filled the chair of Obstetrics in the Wo- man's Medical College, St. Louis, and is Medical Director, Department of Mo., G. A. R., surgeon of F. P. Blair Post No. 1, Department of Mo., G. A. R., and Medical Examiner for Nederland Life Insurance Company. Dr. Ludwig has invented a filtering system for purifying river water for cities, delivering the purified water direct from the stream into reservoirs ready for use. One of the important features of this system is the method of cleaning the filter by means of rotary brushes which are rotated by the current of the river, thus maintaining constant motion, which serves to cleanse the filter plates of all impurities. Dr. Ludwig is a member of the St. Louis Medical So- ciety, the Missouri State Medical Association and Ameri- can Medical Association. NoTB. — Dr. Ludwig has passed away since the above was written. He died very suddenly on April 14, 1905. "* ROBERT LUEDEKING. Dr. Robert Luedeking, of St. Louis, was born in that city on November 6, 1853. He was educated in the public schools of St. Louis and graduated from the Central High School. At the age of nineteen he began to study medi- cine, and for two years attended lectures in the University of Heidelberg. In 1874 he entered the University of A. R. KlEFFER. R. M, King. M. B. KiNCHELOE. H. O. Leonard, BIOGRAPHICAI. SKETCHES. 231 Strassburg and took his medical degree from that institu- tion in 1876. He then took a post-graduate course in the University of Vienna, continuing his studies for a year. In April, 1877, he returned to St. Louis and has practiced his profession in that city ever since. Dr. Luedeking was editor of the St. Louis Weekly Medi- cal Review for some time and at different times was Dis- pensary Physician and Clerk of the Health Commissioner and the Board of Health, He was acting Superintendent of the City Hospital and the Female Hospital during the administration of Mayor Overstolz and of Mayor Ewing. He was Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College from 1882 to 1883, and professor of Path- ological Anatomy in the same college from 1883 to 1892. When the St. Louis Medical College was made the Medi- cal Department of Washington University in 1892 he was appointed professor of Diseases of Children, and occupies that chair at the present time. In 1902 he was elected dean of the faculty of the Medical Department of Washington University and still retains this position. Dr. Luedeking is physician to the O'Fallon Dispensary, the Jewish Hospital and St. Anthony's Hospital Training School for Nurses. He is a member of the St. Louis Med- ical Society, the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni, Verein Deutscher Aerzte and the Pediatric Society of St. Louis, and of the Missouri State Medical Association. LOUIS WILLARD LUSCHER. Dr. Louis W. Luscher, of Kansas City, was born in Macon County, Mo., on January 22, 1858. After attend- ing the public schools he took his collegiate course in Kan- sas State University, this institution conferring upon him, in the year 1882, the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He pur- sued his medical studies in the Kansas City Medical Col- lege and graduated from this institution in 1879. Immediately after graduating in medicine Dr. Luscher entered the army service and was appointed assistant sur- geon in the U. S. Army. He continued in the army service until 1881 when he resigned to take up private practice 232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and located in Kansas City. He remained in private prac- tice for two years, and then once more entered military life, this time in the service of a foreign country, serving in the Chinese Army until 1887. He returned to Kansas City in 1888 and resumed his practice. Dr. Luscher is professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery in the University Medical College of Kansas City and is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, of which he is ex-president, and has been treasurer of the same for the past five years. He is also a member of the Missouri State Medical Association and the American Med- ical Association. HOMER ODESSA LEONARD. Dr. H. O. Leonard, of Kansas City, was born in Bris- tol, Wis., on May 6, 1853. He received his literary edu- cation in the Kenosha High School; took his medical de- gree from the Medical Department of Northwestern Uni- versity of Chicago, graduating in 1875. He began prac- tice in Milburn, 111., going to that town immediately after his graduation. He practiced in Milburn for eight years but in 1883 he left there and came to Missouri and located in Kansas City where he has practiced his profession con- tinuously since that time. Dr. Leonard is obstetrician to the Door of Hope, an institution for the care of unfortunate young women in Kansas City. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medicine, the Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association. FRANK J. LUTZ. Dr. F. J. Lutz was born in St. Louis on May 24, 1855, and received his education in the public schools and the St, Louis University, the latter institution conferring upon him the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1873. Soon after completing his studies in the St. Louis University he en- tered the St. Louis Medical College and received his medi- Hanau W. IvOEb. F. J. LuTz. ChAS. V. F. IvUDWIG. GKO. F. lyYON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 233 cal degree from that institution in 1876. He was then ap- pointed assistant physician at Alexian Brothers Hospital and has been connected with the hospital ever since that time; he is surgeon-in-charge of the Josephine Hospital and chief surgeon of the St. Louis and San Francisco Rail- way. From 1893 to 1897 he was surgeon-general of the Missouri State Guard. He was dean of the Beaumont Hos- pital Medical College at the time of its consolidation with the Marion-Sims Medical College and now (1905) fills the chair of Surgery in the Medical Department of St. Louis University. In 1887 he was president of the Missouri State Medical Association; in 1889 he was president of the St. Louis Medical Society, president of the Southwestern Associa- tion of Railway Surgeons in 1893, president of the Inter- national Association of Railway Surgeons in 1896 and the next year was president of the U. S. Board of Pension Ex- aminers at St. Louis. He organized the St. Louis Surgical Society of which he has been secretary since its organiza- tion and was largely instrumental in launching the move- ment which resulted in founding the St. Louis Medical Library Association. GEORGE ELMER LYON. Dr. George E. Lyon, of St, Louis, was born in New York on the 13th day of April, 1862. His scholastic educa- tion was obtained in Albany Academy and after the prepar- atory training received at this institution he entered upon his medical studies. Matriculating in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York City, he completed his studies in that institution and was graduated in 1887. Later he took a course in special clinical work in the New York Polyclinic. He first entered upon private practice in New York City soon after graduating, and for six years continued to prac- tice in his native state. In 1893 he gave up his work in New York and came to Missouri, locating in St. Louis. In the war with Spain he was appointed surgeon with rank 234 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. of major, in the 3rd U. S. Volunteer Corps and served through the campaign. He is a member of the New York State Medical Association and Medical Examiner for the New York Life Insurance Company. V/ILLIAM M. McPHEETERS. Dr. William M. jMcPheeters was born in Raleigh, N. C, December 3, 1815, and died in St. Louis, March 15, 1905, He received his literary education in North Carolina and completed his medical education in the old Jefferson Medi- cal College and in the hospitals of Philadelphia. Sixty-two years ago he was made professor of clinical medicine and pathological anatomy, later taking the chair of materia medica in the Missouri Medical College, now medical department of Washington University. Fifty years ago he became associate editor with Dr. M. L. Linton, of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, still flourishing among the medical monthlies of this state. While an interne in the Philadelphia Hospital, in conjunction with Dr. Kane, afterward famous as the greatest Arctic explorer, he made many original researches to establish the value of kyestein in the urine as a diagnostic factor in early pregnancy. His record as a physician in the most critical time in the medical history of St. Louis, during the fearful cholera epidemic of 1849-50, was most faithful and creditable, as it was before, and had ever been in all of the great medi- cal crises of the cit)^ and as it was in the Confederate army when, true to convictions of political and professional duty, he went with the South, and was honored with the selection of chief of staff to Generals Price and Pemberton. Returning to St. Louis after the close of the war he re- sumed his professional and other duties, exhibiting always the possession of those sterling qualities which distin- guished him in every relation of life. Perhaps nothing which Dr. McPheeters accomplished as a member of the medical profession, not even his exem- plary life as a gentlemanly physician, public-spirited and courageous, has left such an impression upon the medical BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 236 profession of this state as the organization which he so enthusiastically initiated. Even after he had lived beyond the limit allotted by the Psalmist, he took an active interest in everything which concerned the medical profession. Honored and respected by the people of his city and of the state, he has left an ineffaceable imprint upon the his- tory of medicine in Missouri. A. W. McALESTER. Dr. A. W. McAlester has been in active practice in Columbia, Mo., for thirty-nine years. He was born in Rocheport, Mo., on January 1, 1841. He attended the common schools of the district until admitted to the Uni- versity of Missouri, from which he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts. In 1898 the same institution conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. After completing his literary education Dr. McAlester went to St. Louis and entered the St. Louis Medical Col- lege, taking his medical degree in 1866. He then began practice at Columbia, where he has continued to live. In 1868 he went to New York and took special courses in surgery and in 1873 and 1885 he made trips to London and studied surgery in the hospitals and clinics of that city. In 1873 he organized the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Missouri. He is dean of the faculty and professor of surgery in the college and superintend- ent and surgeon of Parker Memorial Hospital. He has been a member of the State Medical Associa- tion for over thirty years, and in 1888 he was elected president of the Association, and has been president of the Missouri State Board of Health for a number of years, still retaining that position (1905). He is also a member of the Boone County Medical Society and the Lin- ton District Medical Society. His son. Dr. A, W. McAles- ter, Jr., is also an active practitioner. 236 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKKTCHBS. WILLIAM ARCHIBALD McCANDLESS. Dr. William A. McCandless, of St. Louis, was born in Macomb, 111., October 28, 1849. He received his educa- tion in Macomb Academy and in Knox College of Gales- burgf, 111., graduating from the latter institution in 1871 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1878 he received the degree of Master of Arts from the same college. In 1871 he entered St. Louis Medical College and com- pleted his medical course in that college, graduating in 1873. He then entered the City Hospital as interne and served two and one-half years. He was demonstrator of anatomy in St. Louis Medical College for a number of years, later professor of Anatomy in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, and is now professor of Fractures and Dislocations and Clinical Surgery in the Medical Department of St. Louis University. Dr. McCandless is Chief Surgeon of St. Mary's Infirm- ary and of the Terminal Railroad Association. He is ex- president of the International Association of Railway Sur- geons, member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the St. Louis Surgical Society, Missouri State Medical Associa- tion, American Obstetrical and Gynecological Association and of the American Medical Association. GEORGE E. McNEIL. Dr. George E. McNeil, of Sedalia, was born at Elston, Cole County, Mo., on February 15, 1864. He was reared on a farm, attending the public schools in the winter months, and when nineteen years of age entered the Clarks- ville Academy, of Clarksville, Mo., and graduated from the Normal Department. He continued his education at Otter- ville College, Otterville, Mo., and passed the examination under the State Superintendent of Public Schools, receiv- ing a state teacher's certificate for life. In 1890 he grad- uated from the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, St. Louis, Mo., and was appointed second house surgeon in the M. K. & T. Ry. hospital at Sedalia, Mo. Subsequently he was appointed first house surgeon in the same, which posi- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 237 tion he still retains. In 1894 he took a course in post-grad- uate work in the New York Polyclinic. He is a nephew of the late Dr. Addison Elston and of Dr. J. A. Elston, of Jefferson City, Mo. Dr. McNeil is ex-president of Pettis County Medical So- ciety, and also served as secretary of the same, member of the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Med- ical Association, and medical examiner for a number of life insurance companies. MARY HANCOCK McLEAN. Dr. Mary H. McLean, of St. Louis, was born in Wash- ington, Mo., on February 28, 1861, daughter of Dr. Elisha McLean, one of the early practitioners in Washington, Mis- souri. Dr. McLean was educated in Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Mo., and later entered Yassar College, graduating from that institution in 1880. After completing her pre- paratory education she entered upon her medical studies and matriculated in the University of Michigan, graduat- ing from the medical department in 1884. Returning to Missouri after receiving her medical degree she was ap- pointed interne at the St. Louis Female Hospital and served in that capacity for one year. After completing her serv- ice in the hospital she began private practice in St. Louis and has continued to practice in that city. Dr. McLean is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the Missouri State Medical Association. TILLY ALEXANDER MARTIN. Dr. T. A. Martin, of St. Louis, was born in Miami, Mo., on January 11, 1852, and received his literary education in the Pritchett Institute of Glasgow, Mo. After graduating from this institution he went to New York and entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1870. He was then appointed house physician to New York Lunatic Asylum and retained this position for three years. In 1873 he returned to Missouri 238 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and began practice in Dalton where he continued to live until 1885. In that year he went to St. Louis and has prac- ticed in that city to the present time. In 1889 he took a special course in the ^Missouri I\Iedical College and received the ad eundem degree. In 1886 Dr. Martin was appointed clinical professor of Diseases of Children in the Missouri ]\Iedical College, and filled this chair for thirteen years. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical As- sociation and of the American IMedical Association. L. I. :matthews. Dr. Luther I. Matthews, of Joplin, ]\Io., has been in active practice close on to forty years. He was born in Gallia Comity, Ohio, July 31, 1839. He received an aca- demic education, after which he entered the L'niversity of Michigan to study medicine, and graduated from that in- stitution in 1866. He began the practice of medicine in Lebanon, Mo., where he was located until 1872. He then moved to Carthage, where he remained from 1872 to 1897, when he went to Joplin, where he has continued to prac- tice. Dr. Matthews serv-ed in the civil war 1861 to '64. Enlist- ing as a private he advanced to Lieutenant and Captain of Cavalry. Dr. 3.1atthews has served as president of his county and district medical societies, and in 1899 was elected president of the Missouri State Medical Association. He is at pres- ent president of the board of U. S. Pension Examiners and m.edical examiner for several insurance companies. He has been a faithful worker in organizing the profession in his county and promoting affiliation with the state association. CHARLES EUGENE MICHEL. Dr. Chas. E. Michel, of St. Louis, was born in Charles- ton, S. C, on May 9, 1833. He received his literary educa- tion in Charleston College from which he graduated in 1853. His medical education was obtained in the South BIOGRAPHIC Aly SKKTCHES. 239 Carolina Medical College and from this institution he re- ceived his degree in 1857. In the same year he sailed for Europe and went to Paris where for three years he contin- ued his medical studies in the universities and clinics of that place, devoting his attention to special branches. Soon af- ter iie returned to this country the Civil War broke out and he was appointed Surgeon in the Confederate Army. After the close of the war Dr. Michel came to Missouri and took up his residence in St. Louis and in that city he has con- tinued to practice his profession. For many years he has been a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and was professor of Ophthalmology and Histology in the Missouri Medical College from 1869 to 1899. GEORGE WASHINGTON MILLER. Dr. George W. Miller, of Joplin, was born at Browns- ville, Penn., on May 28, 1845. He was educated in private and public schools in his native state and studied medicine in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, graduating from that institution in 1880. He then came West and began to prac- tice in Girard, Kansas, where he remained until 1890, when he removed to Joplin,, Mo., and has continued to prac- tice in that city until the present time. In 1889 and 1890 he took post-graduate courses in the New York Polyclinic and tile New York Post-Graduate School and in 1904 he again went to New York and attended the New York School of Clinical Medicine where he took special courses in private clinics. Dr. Miller is secretary of the Board of Examining Sur- geons for Pensions, ex-president of the Jasper County Med- ical Society, member of the Missouri State Medical Asso- ciation and of the American Medical Association and medi- ANDREW WILLIAM MOORE. Dr. Andrew W. Moore, of Fayette, Mo., is a native of Tennessee and was born at Raytown, that state on the 16th day of April, 1845. His parents moved to Missouri in the forties and settled in the western part of the state. Dr. 240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHKS. Moore received his early education in the public schools of the district and later entered a private high school to pre- pare for his medical course. This latter he began in the St. Louis Medical College and was graduated from that in- stitution in 1872. Immediately upon receiving his degree Dr. Moore began practice in Owensville, Mo. Here he remained for thir- teen years actively engaged in professional work, and dur- ing this time served as president of Gasconade County Medical Society. In 1885 he left Owensville and moved to the more important town of Fayette, where he resides at the present time. He has filled the position of City Phy- sician of Fayette and in 1905 was elected president of How- ard County Medical Society. He is also a member of Gas- conade County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medi- cal Association and the National Association of Railway Surgeons. WILLIAM GRANT MOORE. Dr. W. G. Moore of St. Louis, was bom in Lexington^ Fayette County, Ky., on February 16, 1853. In the city of his birth he attended the district schools and then entered the University of Kentucky, later going to the Washington and Lee University of Virginia, where he completed his literary education. His medical education was obtained in Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia and he gradu- ated from that institution in 1876. In the same year he took a special course in Diseases of the Eye and Ear in Cin- cinnati and then came to Missouri and began practice in St. Louis where he has continued active in his profession. When the Beaumont Hospital Medical College was founded he was made professor of Clinical Medicine and in 1888 he was chosen professor of the Principles and Prac- tice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine. When this institu- tion was consolidated with the Marion-Sims Medical Col- lege to form the Medical Department of St. Louis Univer- sity he was elected to fill the same chair and still retains that position. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society T. A. Martin. W. A. McCandi,e;ss. Iv. I. Matthb;ws. Geo. K. McNeii<. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 241 and the Missouri State Medical Association and has served as president of each of them, being the World's Fair presi- dent of the State Association in 1904. He is also a mem- ber of the American Medical Association and for many years was a member of the St. Louis Board of Education. He is attending physician at St. John's Hospital and a mem- ber of the staff of Missouri Baptist Sanitarium, the Protes- tant Hospital and Consultant of the City Hospital. WINN FORT MORROW. Dr. W. F. Morrow, of Kansas City, was born in Macon County, Mo., on the 31st day of July, 1854. His literary education was obtained in McGee College, College Mound, Mo., and when he had completed his preparatory educa- tion he matriculated in the Missouri Medical College (now Medical Department of Washington University) where he took his medical degree in 1878. After his graduation Dr. Morrow went to La Plata, Mo., and practiced in that city for four years. In 1882 he moved to Kirks ville, Mo., but after five years' activity in that place he went to Kansas City. Dr. Morrow is a member of the Missouri State Board of Health and has been Secretary of that body for a number of years. He is local surgeon for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and a member of the staff of the Uni- versity Hospital. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medicine, Mis- souri State Medical and American IMedical Associations. DANIEL MORTON. Daniel Morton, of St. Joseph, was born November 25th, 1864, at Russellville, Logan County, Ky. Until 1878, Dr. Morton was a student at Bethel College, Russellville, Ky, After the removal of the family to Louisville, Ky., in 1879, he entered the High School of that city, remaining until 1882. In 1885 he began the study of medicine and was graduated at the University of Louisville, Medical Depart- ment, in 1887. In 1887-88 he attended lectures at Colum- 242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. bia College, New York City, then known as the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He left Louisville in 1888 and entered upon the practice of medicine at St. Joseph, Missouri. During the winter of 1889-90 he occupied the chair of dermatology and rectal surgery at Ensworth Med- ical College. In 1889 iie was appointed attending surgeon to the Ladies Union Benevolent Association, and has been connected with this association ever since, serving as at- tending surgeon and consulting surgeon at the Home of the Friendless, the Home for Little Wanderers and the Memorial Home for the Aged. In 1893 he accepted the po- sition of associate editor of the St. Louis Medical Fort- nightly. At this time he was appointed assistant surgeon of the St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway, and was Un- ited States pension examining surgeon from 1893 to 1899. In 1898 he was appointed Chief Surgeon of the St. Joseph & Grand Island Railway and of the Kansas City & Omaha Railway and served until January 1, 1904. In 1899 he was appointed County Physician and served until March, 1901. On June 25th, 1900, he was commissioned Major and Sur- geon of the Fourth Infantry, National Guard of Missouri, and on January 30th, 1904, was detailed Acting Chief Sur- geon of the Missouri National Guard. At present he lec- tures on Abdominal Surgery at St. Joseph's Hospital Train- ing School for Nurses. Dr. Morton has been identified with St. Joseph's Hos- pital from its very beginning and in connection with the late Dr. E. S. Garner and other surgeons of that time was in- strumental in inducing the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul to undertake the work which has grown into the present magnificent institution. In 1888 he became asso- ciate editor of the St. Joseph Medical Herald; later he be- came editor and continued as such until May, 1891. His contributions to the medical press have been numerous and along the lines of medical education and surgery. He has always been active in medical society work, belonging to all the local societies and the State and National associations. He was one of the founders of the St. Joseph Medical and Surgical Society and also of the Buchanan County Medical A Van Meter. David Morton. W. G. Moore. H. G. Mudd. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 243 Society. In 1903 he was elected president of the St. Joseph Medical Society. HARVEY GILMER MUDD. Dr. Harvey G. Miidd was born in St. Louis on August 29, 1857. He is a brother of the late Dr. Henry Hodgen Mudd, and a nephew of Dr. John T. Hodgen, both of whom practiced in St. Louis for many years, and earned national renown. After attending the public schools and graduating from the high school, and the classical department of Washing- ton University, Dr. Mudd entered the St. Louis Medical College and graduated in 1881. He at once took the ex- amination for internes at the City Hospital and received an appointment, serving for one year. He then began private practice in St. Louis, and has continued active in the pro- Dr. Mudd was a teacher in the St. Louis Medical Col- lege, almost from the time of his graduation, first as demon- strator of Anatomy, then professor of Osteology, and Re- gional Anatomy, then professor of Regional Anatomy and Fractures and Dislocations. When the St. Louis Medical College and the Missouri Medical College combined to form the Medical Department of Washington University he was elected to the chair of Fractures and Dislocations and Clinical Surgery, and retains this position at the pres- ent time. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the St. Louis Surgical Society, the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni, the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, and of the American Association of Genito- urinary Surgeons. He is surgeon and chief of staff of St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, and major and surgeon First Infantry N. G. M. FLETCHER D. MOONEY. Dr. Fletcher D. Mooney was born on a farm in Christian County, Mo., on November 30, 1856, and died in St. Louis November 8, 1897. He obtained his early education in 244 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. the public schools of the district in which he lived and then attended Drury College at Springfield, Mo. He began the study of medicine in the office of his preceptor, Dr. F. E. Ross, of Springfield, Mo., finally matriculating in the Mis- souri Medical College of St. Louis from which institution he was graduated in 1880. Soon after his graduation he was appointed assistant physician at the St. Louis Insane Asylum and served three years in that institution. In 1883 he resigned his position in the asylum and entered private practice in St. Louis. He rapidly assumed a prominent po- sition in the medical profession of that city and was surgeon on the staff of St. John's Hospital and consulting surgeon of the Female Hospital. He was clinical professor of gynecology in the Missouri Medical College, but resigned this position in 1895. At the time of his death he occupied the chair of abdominal surgery in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College and was gynecologist of the Missouri Bap- tist Sanitarium. He was a member of the American Asso- ciation of G3mecologists and Obstetricians, the American Medical Association and of the St. Louis Medical Society and had been successively secretary, vice-president and president of the last named society. Dr. Mooney was a man of brilliant attainments, possess- ing an extraordinary capacity for learning and unusual ability for applying his knowledge. Thus he was accurate in diagnosis, resourceful in treatment and skillful in opera- tions. Though he died in the prime of a splendid man- hood he lived in a few years a life full of usefulness. In 1882 he married Miss Mattie Beale, of Springfield, Mo., who survives him. LOUIS EDWARD NEWMAN. Dr. L. E. Newman was born in St. Louis, Mo., on Sep- tember 3, 1861, and received his literary education in the St. Louis University. Graduating from that institution in 1880 he took up the study of medicine and went to Phila- delphia, where he entered the Jefferson Medical College, receiving his degree in 1883. In that 3Aear the St. Louis A. H. Ohmann-Dumksnil. L. E. Newman. W. B. OUTTEN. J, B. Norman. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 245 University conferred upon him the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1890 he received the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution. Immediately after gradu- ating in medicine he went to Europe and pursued his medi- cal studies in the universities of London, Paris and Vienna, remaining abroad for two years. In 1885 he returned to St. Louis and entered private practice, and in that city he has continued to practice his profession. Dr. Newman is ex-president of the St. Louis Medical Society and the St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological So- ciety and a member of the Missouri State Medical Associa- tion, the American Medical Association, and of the Ameri- can Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. JOSEPH B. NORMAN. Dr. J. B. Norman, of California, Mo., was born in Cali- fornia, Mo., August 19, 1864. After attending the public school he entered the Hooper Institute. Graduating from that institution he took up the study of medicine at the Plospital College of Medicin-e of Louisville, Ky., receiving his diploma in 1894. He first began the practice of medi- cine at Hume, Mo., where lie remained for three years. He then moved to Pilot Grove, Mo., where he was located from 1897 to 1900. In 1900 he returned to California, Mo., and took up a permanent residence in his native town. Dr. Norman is a member of the Board of censors of the Moniteau County Medical Society. He has also served as delegate and secretary of the same society. He is ex-presi- dent of the Central Missouri Medical Society, and a mem- ber of the Missouri State Medical Association, and the American Medical Association. JAMES J. NORWINE. Dr. J. J. Norwine, of Poplar Bluff, was born on a farm in St. Francois County, Mo., on the 20th day of December, 1857, and obtained his education in Arcadia College. After completing fais studies in that institution he went to St. Louis to study medicine and entered the Missouri Medical 246 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. College from which he graduated in 1881, receiving hon- orable mention for his work in diseases of women and in nervous and mental diseases. He at once entered private practice going to Fredericktown where he remained for five years. In 1896 he moved to Bismarck and practiced in that city until 1900. From Bismarck Dr. Norwine went to Poplar Bluff and has made that city his permanent resi- dence. Shortly after his graduation Dr. Norwine was appointed local surgeon for the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway and has retained this position for twenty-three years. He is a member of the Judicial Council of the Missouri State Medical Association and has worked with untiring zeal in organizing county societies in his district. He is- president of the Southeast Missouri Medical Society, a member of the Board of Medical Education, the Butler County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Asso- ciation, the American Medical Association and the Inter- national Association of Railway Surgeons. CLARENCE M. NICHOLSON. Dr. C. M. Nicholson was born in Kansas City, Mo., Jan- uary 15, 1868. He obtained his academic education in Kansas City and in St. Louis and began the study of medi- cine at the Missouri Medical College, where he graduated with the class of 1891. Immediately after his graduation he was appointed a teacher in that institution. At various times he has sup- plemented his medical training by taking post-graduate courses in New York and Philadelphia and in the hospitals and clinics of London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin. In 1893 he was appointed junior physician to St. John's Hospital, in 18f)5 surgeon to the Emergency Hospital, in 1896 sec- retary of the State Anatomical Board, in 1897 director of the Beaumont Dispensary. He occtipied the chair of Gen- eral Descriptive Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the Beau- mont Hospital Medical College and now (1905) fills the chair of Surgical Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the J. J. NORWINE. W. p. Patterson. Charles J. Orr. Jno. W. Perkins. BIOGRAPHIC AIv SKETCHES. 247 Medical Department of St. Louis University. For several years he has been secretary of the Missouri State Medical Association and is editor of the journal of the Association. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the American Medical Association. CHARLES JORDAN ORR. Dr. Chas. J. Orr, of St. Louis, was born in Louisiana, Mo., on September 25, 1866. He obtained his education in the public schools of Louisiana, graduating from the High School in that city. His medical education was ob- tained in the St. Louis Medical College (Medical Depart- ment of Washington University) and he was graduated from that institution in 1891. After serving as interne in the St. Louis City Hospital he entered private practice in St. Louis and is still practicing his profession in that city, at different times going to New York and Boston to study in the post-graduate clinics. Dr. Orr is a member of the staff of the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium and the Good Samaritan Hospital, ex-president of the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni, member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the Missouri State Medical Association. WARREN BELL OUTTEN. Dr. W. B. Outten has practiced medicine in St. Louis for almost forty years. He was born in Lexington, Ky., on December 3, 1844. His education was obtained in the public schools of St. Louis, the academic department of St. Louis University and Wyman's University. He then entered the St. Louis Medical College receiving his medi- cal degree in 1866. Immediately after graduating he was appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army and was called upon to treat many cases of cholera occurring in the troops during the epidemic of that year. When the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons was established he was elected professor of anatomy. He was one of the organizers of the Beaumont Hospital Medical College and 248 BIOGRAPHICAIv vSKBTCHES. became dean, occupying the chair of Principles and Prac- tice of Surgery retaining this position for five years. In 1875 he organized the Medical Department of the St. Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railway and in 1880 estab- lished the hospital system of that company. In 1885 he organized the hospital system of the eastern divison of the Wabash Railway, establishing hospitals at Danville and Springfield, 111. He rebuilt the hospital at Fort Worth, Texas, and supervised the construction of the International and Great Northern Railway Hospital at Palestine, Texas, and also organized the St. Louis Hospital of the Missouri Pacific Railway. He is chief surgeon of the Missouri Pa- cific Railway System, consulting surgeon to the St. Louis City Hospital and Mt. St. Rose's Hospital. For many years Dr. Outten was editor of the Railway Surgeon, also of the Tri-Stafe Medical Journal and when this journal was absorbed by the Interstate Medical Journal he continued as editor, though recently he has given up active work on the journal while retaining a position as associate editor. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Associaton, the Na- tional Association of Railway Surgeons and the American Medical Association. WILLIAM PRESTON PATTERSON. Dr. William P. Patterson, of Springfield, was born at Sale Creek, Tenn., on October 19, 1861. He was reared on a farm near Chattanooga and obtained his early educa- tion in the public schools of his native city and later en- tered the Masonic Academy at Coulterville, Tenn. From 1880 to 1882 he attended the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. He then began his medical studies and matricu- lated in the Medical Department of Vanderbilt University from which he was graduated in 1885. For several months after receiving his medical degree he practiced in Savannah, Tenn., but in 1886 he moved to Missouri and has been practicing in Greene County ever since that time, first locating in Brookline where he remained until 1896. In J. Pitman. F. Reder. Wm. Porter. N. R. RoDES. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 249 that year he went to New York where he completed a course ill special work in the New York Polyclinic and upon his return settled in Springfield. Dr. Patterson was coroner of Greene County in 1897-8 and is now a member of the City Board of Health and the board of directors of the Y. M. C. A. of Springfield. He is president of the Spring-field Medical Society, treasurer of the Southwest Missouri District Medical Society and member of the Missouri State Medical Association, and of the medical staff of St. John's Hospital at Springfield. JOHN WALTER PERKINS. Dr. J. W. Perkins, of Kansas City, was born in Boston, Mass., on July 1, 1860. He was educated in the schools of Boston, graduating from the Boston Latin School in 1878. His medical education was obtained in the Harvard University Medical School of Boston, from which he grad- uated in 1882. Entering hospital service in Boston, he served as interne and in 1885 was appointed surgical house officer in the Children's Hospital, filling the same position in the Boston City Hospital in 1886-7. In 1887 he went to Kansas City and in that city he has continued to prac- tice his profession. Dr. Perkins is professor of surgery in the University Medical College, chief surgeon of L. K. & W. Ry., sur- geon of the Union Pacific and the Santa Fe Railways, con- sulting surgeon of German Hospital and has been senior surgeon of St. Margaret's Hospital since its organization. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medicine, Missouri State Medical Association, Massachusetts Medical Society and of the American Medical Association. He has written a number of papers on medical subjects for the medical press. LOUIS T. PIM. Dr. Louis T. Pim, of St. Louis, is the son of Dr. Louis T. Pim who studied medicine under Dr. J. N. McDowell and practiced in St. Louis for many years. 250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. The subject of this sketch was born in St. Louis on January 20, 1872, and received his early education in the public schools of his native city. He then entered the St. Louis University and later graduated from the University of Notre Dame. He studied medcine in the Missouri Medi- cal College and took his degree in 1893. Immediately after graduating he was appointed assistant to Dr. A. V. L. Brokaw and held this position for four years. In 1893 and 1894 he was assistant to Dr. T. A. Martin in the Children's Clinic of the Missouri Medical College. In 1896 when the cyclone destroyed the City Hospital building. Dr. Pirn, in conjunction with Dr. F. M, Rumbold, opened the old Convent of the Good Shepherd as a temporary hospital and the patients from the City Hospital were removed to this building which is still used by the city for hospital purposes. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and the American Medical Association. In 1901-2 he was secretary of the St. Louis Medical Society and vice-president of the same society in 1903. JOHN PITMAN. Dr. John Pitman is one of the pioneer physicians of Kirkwood, having practiced in that city for the past forty- one years. He was born in St. Charles County, Mo., on the 3d day of July, 1837, and received his collegiate educa- tion in the St. Charles College, graduating from that insti- tution in 1858. Choosing the medical profession as a life work he entered the St. Louis Medical College (now the Medical Department of Washington University) and in 1864 received his degree. Dr. Pitman took up his residence in Kirkwood imme- diately after his graduation and has continued to practice in that community without interruption up to the present time. One son, Dr. J. R. Pitman, also studied medicine and graduated with his class but shortly afterwards aban- doned medicine for other pursuits. Dr. Pitman is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and still actively engaged in professional work in St. Louis County. BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES . 251 WILLIAM PORTER. Dr. William Porter, of St. Louis, was born in Beaver, Pa,, on March 18, 1852. Plis literary education was ob- tained in Elderton Academy and Westminster College, graduating from the latter institution in 1869. The follow- ing year he entered upon his medical studies and matricu- lated in the Jefferson Medical College from which he was graduated in 1872. He went to Europe in 1873 and spent two years doing special work in throat and chest diseases in the Golden Square Hospital of London, the London Hospital and in the clinics of Paris and Berlin. Returning to America in 1875 he came to Missouri in the same year and located in St. Louis where he began private practice. Dr. Porter is physician in charge of Mt. St. Rose Throat and Chest Hospital, physician to the Protestant Hospital and professor of clinical medicine in the Medical Depart- ment of St. Louis University, He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical, Amer- ican Medical and American Laryngological Associations and ex-president of the Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- tion. He has contributed a number of monographs to the medical press, among them "The Limitations of Tubercu- losis," "Sanitarium Treatment of Tuberculosis," "Diet and Hygiene in Venesection." DAVID R. PORTER. Dr. David R. Porter, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, November 23rd, 1838. In 1858 he moved to Iowa and began the study of medicine, graduating in 1860 from the Keokuk Medical College. In 1861 Dr. Porter entered the service of the United States as Assistant Surgeon of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry remaining in the service until the close of the war in 1865. He then settled in Kansas City, where for some years he and Dr. A. B. Taylor were in partnership in the practice of medicine. He was one of the founders of the Kansas City Medical College in 1869, and has ever since remained a member of the faculty of that school teaching in various different lines. In 1874- 252 BIOGRAPHICAI, SK3TCHBS. 75 he was associated with Dr. Schauffler in the editorship of the Kansas City Medical Journal. Dr. Porter has been a member of the Common Council of Kansas City and served as City Physician in the years of 1878-79. He has always taken an active part in the work of the various medical societies of which he has been a member in coun- ty, State and National Associations. He is a member of the Masonic Order, of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. Dr. Por- ter has always been known as an especially careful and conscientious practitioner of medicine and a man alive to everything that concerns the interests of the profession. Although having accumulated no inconsiderable fortune he still remains in active practice and does a larger busi- ness as a life insurance examiner than any other man in that section of the state. JOHN PUNTON. Dr. John Punton, of Kansas City, is a native of England but came to this country when a young man. He was born in Dorking Surrey, England, on July 12, 1855, obtaining his early education in the common schools of Dorking. Af- ter coming to America he decided to study medicine and in 1883 graduated from Miami Medical College of Cincin- nati, Ohio. Soon after receiving his degree he went to Lawrence, Kansas, and began practice. In 1886 he left Lav/rence to take charge of the Kansas State Insane Asylum at Topeka, and retained this position until 1888 when he resigned and moved to Missouri, taking up his residence in Kansas City. In 1890 Dr. Punton visited New York and took up special work in the New York Post-Graduate School of Medicine. In 1893 and again in 1895 he went to New York and pursued his medical studies in the New York Polyclinic. He went to Europe in 1892 to study special work in the great universities and clinics of the continent. Dr. Punton is professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the University Medical College and Secretary of the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 253 Faculty. He is Neurologist for the Frisco Railway Sys- tem and the Kansas Southern Railroad Compmiy. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medicine which he served as president for one year, the Missouri State, Kansas State and Amer- ican Medical Associations and the American Neurological and American Psychological Associations. He is editor of the Kansas City Medical Index-Lancet and Physician in Charge of the Punton Sanitarium. FRANCIS REDER. Dr. Francis Reder, of St. Louis, is a son of Dr. Franz Reder who practiced medicine at New Athens, 111., for many years. Dr. Reder was born in New Athens, 111., on January 9, 1864, and was educated in the public schools of his native city, under private tutors and in the Washington Univer- sity of St. Louis. He took his medical degree from the St. Louis Medical College in 1884 after a full course in that institution. For one year after graduating he served as assistant physician in the City Hospital and a year in the Female Hospital and then went to New York where he took the examination for house surgeons in the German Hospital. He was appointed on the staff of this institu- tion and served two years. In 1888 he studied in the uni- versities of Berlin and in 1891 and 1901 took special courses in Munich, Vienna and Paris. Dr. Reder has been surgeon for the Burlington Railway System for many years. He was located at Brookfield, Mo., for some time, then moved to Hannibal and later changed iiis headquarters to St. Louis. He is chief of the clinic for Diseases of the Rectum in the Medical Depart- ment Washington University. He is a member of the Med- ical Society of City Hospital Alumni, St. Louis Medical Society, St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society, St. Louis Surgical Club, Verein Deutscher Aerzte of St. Louis, Missouri State Medical Association, American Asso- ciation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and of the Amer- ican Medical Association. 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Dr. Reder devised and perfected a rubber bulb for use in operations for resection of the intestines and another rubber bulb for operations upon the bladder. Both of these methods are described in articles, the one entitled "The Rubber Bulb an Aid in Intestinal Resection" and the other "The Intravesical Bulb in Operations ypon the Bladder." NED R. RODES. Dr. N. R. Rodes, of ^Mexico, ^lo., is the son of Dr. W. R. Rodes and his grandfather, Dr. Tyre Rodes, also prac- ticed medicine for many years. Dr. Rodes was born at Santa Fe, Monroe County, i\Iis- souri, on May 13, 1868. He received his early education in the public schools of Mexico, Mo., and then attended Westminster College at Fulton, ]\Io., graduating from that institution in 1889. Taking up the study of medicine he en- tered the Missouri Medical College at St. Louis and grad- uated in 1893. He returned to JMexico, 3,Io., soon after taking his degree in medicine and began practice in that city. In 1896 he took a general course in the post-graduate schools of Chicago. Dr. Rodes is physician to the Missouri IMilitary Academy at Mexico, local surgeon of the Burlington Railway system and of the Chicago & Alton railroad. He is a member of Audrain County Medical Society, the Missouri State Med- ical Association and the Linton District Medical Society. CLARENCE A. ROTHWELL. Dr. C. A. Rothwell is a great-great-grandson of Dr. Whipple who practiced medicine in Beverly, Mass. His great-grandfather and grandfather were also physicians and his father. Dr. T. P. Rothwell practiced medicine in Missouri for forty years. Dr. C. A. Rothwell was born in ^Mexico, Mo., on April 12, 1866. He was educated in William Jewell College and graduated from that institution with the class of 1887. Taking up the study of medicine he went to St. Louis and entered the Missouri Medical College, receiving his degree BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. 255 in 1891. Returning to his native town immediately after graduation he began practice and has remained there to the present time. In 1893 he went to New York where he took courses in special branches in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital. For ten years Dr. Rothwell has been iiealth commissioner of Mexico holding this position under four different admin- istrations. During this time he has treated one hundred and thirty cases of smallpox. He also served as coroner of Audrain County. He is ex-secretary of Audrain County Medical Society and is now (1905) president of the same society. He is also a member of Linton District Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association. FRANK MEEKER RUMBOLD. Dr. Frank M. Rumbold, of St. Louis, is the son of the late Dr. Thos. F. Rumbold, one of Missouri's most promi- nent physicians and the author of a text book on Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ears. Dr. F. M. Rumbold was born in Lafayette County, Wis- consin, on January 4, 1862. He was educated in the public schools of St. Louis and Washington University and after- wards entered the St. Louis Medical College from which he was graduated in 1884. He began to practice in St. Louis immediately after graduating and has been in con- tinuous practice in that city ever since with the exception of six months in San Francisco in 1897 and during the Spanish- American War, when he was commissioned captain of Light Battery "A," Mo. Volunteers, in 1898 and captain and adjutant Thirty-second Infantry Mo. Volunteers, in the Philippine Islands from July, 1899, to April, 1901. For a number of years Dr. Rumbold was editor of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal. He has served as secretary of the Western Oto-Laryngological Association and also held the office of vice-president in the same association. He is also a member of the St, Louis Medical Society, the Mis- 256 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. souri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association, CAIUS T. RYLAND. Dr. C. T. Ryland, of Lexington, Mo., was born in Lex- ington, Mo., April 20, 1874. He received his preparatory education at Lexington High School, and graduated from the Wentworth Military Academy at Lexington. He be- gan the study of medicine at the Beaumont Hospital Medi- cal College, St. Louis, Mo., and was graduated from that institution in 1897. In 1902 he took a post-graduate course at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School. Dr. Ryland served as house physician to St. Mary's In- firmary in 1897-98 and then returned to Lexington, where he has since been in active practice. He is a member of the Lafayette County Medical Society and the Missouri State Medical Association. He is secretary of Lafayette County Medical Society and surgeon for the Missouri Pacific Railway. FRANCIS EMORY ROSS. Dr. F. E. Ross has been practicing medicine in Spring- field, Missouri, for the past thirty-seven years. He was born in Greene County, Missouri, on August 26, 1838. He was educated in the district schools and in Ebenezer Col- lege, graduating from that institution in 1856. After pre- paratory training in the office of his preceptor he went to New York to take up his medical studies and entered the Bellevue Medical College taking his degree from that in- stitution in 1868. Returning to Missouri soon after ob- taining his diploma he practiced for two years when he again went to New York to pursue his medical studies and grad- uated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Medi- cal Department of Columbia College) in 1870. Dr. Ross is an active member of the Springfield Medical Society and has twice been elected president of the Society. He has also served as a member of the Springfield Board F. E. Ross. Thos. F. Rumbold. C. A. ROTHWELIv. E. W. SCHAUFFLER. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 257 of Health, His son, Dr. J. E. Ross, is also a graduate of medicine and at present associated with his father. EDWARD WATTS SAUNDERS. Dr. Edward W. Saunders, of St. Louis, was born in Campbell County, Va., on October 15, 1854, and received his early preparatory education in a private school in Charlottsville, Va. He was then admitted to the Uni- versity of Virginia where he continued his literary studies until 1873, receiving a diploma in languages from that in- stitution. His medical education was obtained in the Medical Department of the University of Virginia from which institution he received his degree in 1875. In 1876 he went to Vienna and for two years continued his medical studies in the hospitals and clinics of that city. Returning to America in 1878 he came to Missouri, settled in St. Louis and has been actively engaged in practice in that city ever since. Dr. Saunders is professor of Diseases of Children and Clinical Obstetrics in the Medical Department of Wash- ington University and physician to Bethesda Home, Epis- copal Orphans' Home, Pediatric Clinic of Washington Uni- versity Hospital and the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Associa- tion, the American Pediatric Society, St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. HENRY SCHWARZ. Dr. Henry Schwarz, of St. Louis, was born in Giessen, State of Hessen-Darmstadt, Germany, on November 14, 1855. He attended the Gymnasium at Giessen where he obtained his classical education and then came to America. Arriving in St. Louis on April 21, 1873, he found work in a drug store, attended night school to gain a knowledge of English and studied pharmacy, graduating from the St. Louis College of Pharmacy in 1876. He then took up 258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKE;TCHES. the study of medicine and entered the St. Louis Medical College (now Medical Department of Washington Uni- versity) from which he was graduated in 18Y9. Imme- diately after graduating he returned to Germany and re- newed his studies in the University of Giessen, taking his degree in 1880. He remained in Germany for three years and served as first assistant physician and assistant teacher of obstetrics to the University Lying-in-Hospital of Giessen from 1880 to March 15, 1881, and from that date until August, 1883, occupied a similar position to the University of Heidelberg. Returning to St. Louis in 1883 he began private practice. Dr. Schwarz is professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Department of Washington University, director of Wash- ington University Lying-in-Hospital and out-clinic, obstet- rician to the Jewish Hospital and consulting physician to the St. Louis Female Hospital. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, St. Louis Academy of Science, St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological Society, Verein Deutscher Aerzte of St. Louis, the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Association and the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. IRA W. SEYBOLD. Dr. Ira W. Seybold, of Poplar Bluff, is a native of Indiana, having been born in Logansport, October 7, 1869. He graduated from Logansport High School and after- wards took a course in Hall's Business College, of that city. ' He then went to Baltimore, Md., to take up his medical studies and entered the Baltimore Medical College from which he was graduated in 1893. After receiving his medi- cal degree he returned to Logansport for a few months, but in October of the same year he moved to Missouri and settled in Poplar Bluff where he practiced for several years. In 1902 he went to Oklahoma, spending a few months in Lawton, but soon returned to Poplar Bluff and has con- tinued to practice in that city. Dr. Seybold has served as a member of the city board of Henry Schwarz. R. T. vSloan. J. B. Shapleigh. Greenfield Sluder. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 259 health and of Butler County health board, as county health officer and city health officer and is now coroner of Butler County. He is a member of Butler County Medical Soci- ety, Southeast Missouri Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Association, American Medical Association and of the National Association of U. S. Pension Examining Surgeons. JOHN BLASDEL SHAPLEIGH. Dr. J. B. Shapleigh was born in St. Louis, Mo., on the thirty-first day of October, 1857. He received his educa- tion at Washington University, St. Louis, graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1878. Later on he began the study of medicine and en- tered the St. Louis Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1881. After serving as assistant physician in the City Hospital he went to Vienna where he took a post- graduate course in clinical otology. He returned to St. Louis in the latter part of 1885 and began private practice. Dr. Shapleigh is professor of Otology in the Medical De- partment of Washington University, was dean of the fac- ulty in 1901-02 and is physician to St. Luke's Hospital and the Protestant Hospital. He is ex-president of the Medi- cal Society of City Hospital Alumni, and a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Missouri State Medical Association, the Amer- ican Otological Society and the Academy of Medicine. EDWARD W. SCHAUFFLER. Dr. Edward W. Schauffler was born in Vienna, Aus- tria, September 11th, 1839. His father, Rev. William G. Schauffler, D. D., was a naturalized American citizen and his mother was a native of Connecticut. His boyhood and early youth were spent in Constantinople, Turkey, where his father was a missionary, and he received his early education at the hands of private tutors and in a German school. After having been at college in this coun- try (Williams College, Mass.) he was appointed Assist- ant Secretary of the U. S. Legation in Constantinople, in 260 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. 1859, which position he held until the spring of 1861. Returning to America he began the study of medicine in the Medical Department of Columbia University, New York. One year later he entered the Army as 1st Lieu- tenant in the 127th Regiment New York Volunteers and remained in the service until the close of the Civil War in 1865, serving in the Army of the Potomac until the summer of 1863 and after that in the operations before Charleston. After the war Dr. Schauffler completed his medical studies in New York, graduating from Columbia in 1868 and immediately came West, settling in Kansas City the same year. He was one of the founders of the Kansas City Medical College and has continued on the faculty of that institution to the present time. From 1871 to 1875 he was editor of the Kansas City Medical Journal. He was one of the translators of Ziemssen's Encyclopoedia of Medicine and contributed a number of articles to Wood's Reference Hand Book of the Medical Sciences. He served for many years as secretary of the Missouri State Medical Association and was afterwards president of the same. He is a member of the American Medical Association, of the American Academy of Medicine and of the American Climatological Association and has been del- egate to various International Medical Congresses. ROBERT TARLTON SLOAN. Dr. Robert T. Sloan, of Kansas City, is a son of Dr. Alfred B. Sloan who practiced medicine in Kansas City for many years, retiring from active work in 1893 on account of ill health. Dr. Sloan was born at Harrisonville, Mo., on March 30, 1861. After preparatory training in elementary schools he entered Missouri State University in 1880 and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1887 he received the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution. In 1884 he obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine, grad- uating from the Kansas City Medical College and imme- F. R. vSMitEY. A. R. Snyder. Elsworth Smith, Jr. H. W. SOPER. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 diately went to New York where he continued his studies in the Medical Department of the University of New York, graduating in 1885. He then returned to Kansas City and began practice. In 1885 he was appointed city chemist and served for one year. He is now dean and professor of practice of medicine in the Kansas City Medical College. Dr. Sloan is an ex-president of the Kansas City Academy of Medicine, and also a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the Missouri Valley Medical Society and the American Medical Association. He is chief of the staff of Scarritt's Hospital and consulting physician to St. Margaret's Hos- pital. GREENFIELD SLUDER. Dr. Greenfield Sluder, of St. Louis, is a native of Mis- souri, born in St. Louis on August 30, 1865. He received his education in the Manual Training School of Washing- ton University and then entered upon his medical studies, graduating from the St. Louis Medical College in 1888, He served as interne in the City Hospital of St. Louis, receiv- ing his appointment through competitive examination and then began private practice in his native city. In 1896 he went to Europe and for two years pursued his medical stud- ies in the Universities of Berlin and Vienna, taking special courses in diseases of the nose and throat. In 1900 he spent another season in the same institutions in Europe. He is lecturer on diseases of the nose, throat and chest in the Medical Department of Washington University and a member of the staff of St. Luke's Hospital and Martha Parson's Free Hospital for Children. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni and the Missouri State Medical x\ssocia- tion. FRANK R. SMILEY. Dr. Frank R. Smiley, of Boonville, Mo., was born in West Liberty, W. Va., on November 19, 1859. He was educated in the public schools and the Kemper Family school (now Kemper Military Academy) and then entered 262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the Beaumont Hospital Medical College in St. lyouis. He completed his course in this institution and was graduated in 1888. Immediately after graduation he entered the com- petitive examination for internes at the City Hospital, and received an appointment at once. Two months before the ex- piration of his term he was appointed FirstHouse Surgeon of the Missouri Pacific Railway Hospital at Kansas City. He filled this positon for three years and then accepted an ap- pointment as House Surgeon of the Kansas City Hospital where he remained for two years. In 1894 he went to New York where he took a course in post-graduate work. In 1898 Dr. Smiley settled in Boonville, and began pri- vate practice. He established the Boonville Sanitarium of which he has charge, and has been appointed local surgeon for the Missouri Pacific and the M., K. & T. Railways. He is also medical examiner for a number of Life Insurance Companies. He is a member of the Cooper County Medi- cal Society and the Missouri State Medical Association. ELSWORTH SMITH, JR. Dr. Elsworth Smith, Jr., of St. Louis, son of Dr. Els- worth F. Smith, for many years prominent in medical af- fairs of St. Louis, was born in St. Louis on January 1, 1864. Reared in his native city he obtained his early education in the public schools and his college training in the St. Louis University, receiving the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts from this institution in 1884. He then began his medical studies and in 1887 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College. Immediately after his grad- uation he took the examination for internes at the St. Louis City Hospital and was appointed junior Assistant. The next year he was appointed Senior Assistant and in 1889 was made First Assistant in the same institution. In 1890 he resigned his hospital position and entered private prac- tice. At present he is physician to St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital, and O'Fallon Dispensary and clinical professor of Medicine in the Medical Department of Washington Uni- versity. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, Jos. Spiegei^hai^ter. C. B. Taylor. Justin Steer. J. E. Tefft. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 263 the Missouri State Medical Association, American Medical Association and ex-president of the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni of St. Louis. ANDREW R. SNYDER. Dr. Andrew R. Snyder, of Joplin, is a native of New York and was born in Albion that state on October 2, 1859. His early education was obtained in the Albion Academy and from there he went to the University of Michigan to complete his literary education. Subsequently he entered the Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York where he completed his course in medicine, receiving his diploma in 1885. He began his professional life in his native town and continued to practice in Albion until 1887, but in this year he decided to come west and located in Joplin where he has remained until the present time. In 1902 he returned to New York and spent some time studying post-graduate work in the clinics and hospitals of his alma mater. Dr. Snyder was U. S. pension examiner from 1892 to 1896. He is a member of Jasper County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and the American Medical Association. He is a member of the judicial coun- cil of the State Medical Association and has been active in securing the organization of county societies in his district. He is attending physician to St. John's Hospital at Joplin and local surgeon for the Port Arthur Railway. HORACE W. SOPER. Dr. Horace W. Soper, of St. Louis, was born in Hills- boro, 111., August 25, 1867. He attended the Ramsey (111.) High School and the Jacksonville (111.) High School and obtained his medical education in the St. Louis Medical College (Medical Department of Washington University) graduating from that institution in 1894. He took the ex- amination for internes at the City Hospital and was ap- pointed to serve for one year, leaving the hospital at the end of his term to enter private practice in St. Louis. Dr. Soper was demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Department of Washington University from 1895 to 1896 and is now chief of the medical cHnic at St. John's Hos- pital. He was president of the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni in 1903 and is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the Missouri State Medical Asso- ciation. HORATIO N. SPENCER. Dr. Horatio N. Spencer who has been practicing in St. Louis for thirty-five years, was born in Port Gibson, Miss., on July 17, 1843. He received his early education in the Port Gibson Academy and was then tutored for college by a graduate of Yale. With this preparatory training he entered the University of Alabama from which he grad- uated in 1862. He then went to New York and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, tak- ing his medical degree from that institution in 1868. After completing his medical studies in New York Dr. Spencer went to Europe and spent two years doing special work in otology in the universities of Berlin. In 1870 he returned to America and at once entered upon the practice of medicine in St. Louis, devoting his time chiefly to otolog- ical practice. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the Amer- ican Medical Association and of the American Otological Society. He is professor of Otology in the Medical De- partment of Washington University, consulting aural sur- geon to the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children and the University Hospital of Washington University. He was one of the editors of the American Journal of Otology and has contributed numerous articles to medical journals on otological subjects. In 1878 Dr. Spencer received the degree of Master of Arts from the Southwest University and in 1890 the West- minster College honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws. Dr. Spencer is active in society work outside of medical societies. He is governor of the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Missouri, vice-president of the New England Flavel B. Tiffany, G. T. TWYMAN. Paul Y. Tupper. Jules Valle. BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. 265 Society, president of the Mississippi Society and president of St. Anthony's Club. JOSEPH SPIEGELHALTER. Dr. Joseph Spiegelhalter, of St. Louis, was born in Oberndorf, Wuertemburg, Germany, August 6, 1834. He attended the preparatory and Latin schools of his native city but emigrated to America at an early age. He came to Missouri in 1858, and obtained employment in a drug store in St. Louis. While thus engaged he began to read medicine and entered the Humboldt Medical Institute, grad- uating from that college in 1862. Immediately after grad- uating he v\^as appointed assistant surgeon and later sur- geon, of the Twelfth Regiment, Mo. Volunteer Infantry and served until November, 1864. During the Atlanta cam- paign he was a member of the operating corps of the field hospital, First Division, Fifteenth Army Corps. After be- ing mustered out of service he returned to St. Louis and entered private practice. Dr. Spiegelhalter was health officer of St. Louis in 1865 and 1866 and was elected coroner of St. Louis County in 1866 and re-elected in 1868 serving four years in this office. In 1871 he went to Europe and devoted the greater part of that year in studying special branches in the universities of Tuebingen, Wuerzburg and Vienna. In 1875 he was appointed medical member of the St. Louis Board of Health serving eleven years in this capacity, and was consulting surgeon to the city institutions from 1875 to 1886. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the Verein Deutscher Aerzte of St. Louis, the St. Louis Microscopical Society, the American Medical Association and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. JUSTIN STEER. Dr. Justin Steer, of St. Louis, was born in that city on March 21, 1849. He received his education in the public schools of his native city, graduating from the High School. 266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. He studied pharmacy in the St. Louis College of Pharmacy in 1866 but later took up the study of medicine and went to New York, where he entered the Medical Department of the University of New York and was graduated from that institution in 1876. He continued his studies in the East for two years, returning to St. Louis in 1878 to begin pri- vate practice. In 1880 the University of St. Louis confer- red upon him the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. Dr. Steer was formerly physician to St. John's Hospital and is now physician to the St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital. From 1886 to 1899 he was professor of Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine in the Missouri Medical College and now fills the chair of Clinical Medicine in the Medical Depart- ment of Washington University. From 1887 to 1890 he was consulting physician to the City Hospital. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and of the American Medical Association. LEON STRAUS. Dr. Leon Straus is a native of Kentucky having been born in the City of Louisville in July, 1861. He received his literary training in the University of Louisville and took his medical degree from the Medical Department of that institution, graduating in 1877. He practiced in Louis- ville until 1890 when he went to New York and after a year of study in the post-graduate schools of that city he went to Europe. In 1893 he returned to America and located in St. Louis where he has continued to practice. Dr. Straus is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the British Gynecological Society and has served as vice-president of the American Proctologic Society and of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association. He has contributed a number of articles to the medical liter- ature, among them one entitled "Primary Tuberculosis of the Rectum." BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 267 OTTO SUTTER. Dr. Otto Sutter, of St. Louis, was born in St. Louis, Mo., on January 24, 1863. He received his education in the St. Louis pubHc schools and then took up the study of phar- macy which he completed in 1883, taking his diploma from the St. Louis College of Pharmacy in that year. He con- tinued in the drug business for a number of years, mean- while reading medicine and attending lectures, and finally matriculated in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College from which institution he received his degree in 1892. He immediately began practice in St. Louis and three years later was appointed superintendent of the City Hospital. He occupied this position until 1898 when he resigned to resume his private practice. Dr. Sutter is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni and of the Tri-State Medical Society. He is pro- fessor of Gynecology and Clinical Gynecology in the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons. CALVIN B. TAYLOR. Dr. C. B. Taylor, of Carthage, was born at Rutherford, N. C, February 27, 1863. His parents moved to Licking, Missouri, when he was a boy and in that place he received his education in the high school. He entered upon his medical studies at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, Mo., and graduated from that institution in 1885. Return- ing to Licking after receiving his medical degree, he began practice in that town and remained there until 1892 when he went to St. Louis and took special courses in post-grad- uate work. In 1895 he left Licking and moved to his pres- ent location where he iias continued to practice in special branches. In 1901 he went to Baltimore and took a special course in post-graduate work in diseases of the stomach at the Maryland University. Dr. Taylor is a member of the Southwest Missouri Medi- cal Society, ex-county physician to the Jasper County poor, 268 BIOGRAPHIC Aly SKETCHES. secretary of the Board of Charities and Corrections of Jasper County and surgeon of the Taylor (private) Sani- tarium for Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines at Carthage, Mo. FLAVEL B. TIFFANY. Dr. Flavel B. Tiffany, of Kansas City, was born in Cic- ero, N. Y., on April 28, 1846. When a boy of seventeeen, he enlisted in the Union Army and served during the Civil War. On leaving the army, he finished his college edu- cation in the University of Minnesota from which he re- ceived the degree of Master of Arts. He then entered the University of Michigan Medical Department at Ann Arbor, and graduated from that institution in 1874. For about two years he practiced in Michigan and Minnesota, but in 1876 went to Europe where he remained for two years prosecuting his studies in special branches. In 1888 he made another trip to Europe and for one year worked in the clinics and hospitals. Dr. Tiffany took up his residence in Kansas City shortly after his first trip abroad and has continued to practice in that city. He is professor of Ophthalmology and Otology in the University Medical College and one of the Trustees of that institution. It was in Dr. Tiffany's office that the meeting was held late in 1880, which culminated in the for- mation of the University Medical College. As a writer on medical subjects, particularly those per- taining to his special branch Dr. Tiffany has contributed largely to the current medical literature. Among his works are "Anomalies of Refraction," "Anomalies and Diseases of the Eye," "Sojourn Among the Oculists of Europe." He has also published a record book for Aurists, one for Ocu- lists and one for Laryngologists. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, Academy of Medicine of Kansas City, Missouri State Medi- cal Association, American Medical Association, Pan-Amer- ican and International Medical Associations and honorary member of the Kansas State Medical Society. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 269 GEORGE THOMAS TWYMAN. Dr. Geo. T. Twyman, of Independence, Mo., is the grand- son of Dr. Leo Twyman, one of the earhest practitioners of Western Missouri and one of the first, if not the first, medical practitioner in Jackson Comity. His father, Dr. L. W. Twyman and uncle, Dr. J. H. Twyman, were both active practitioners, and his son, Ulmer D., is, at this writ- ing, a medical student. Dr. Twyman was born in Jackson County, Mo., Decem- ber 16, 1853. He attended the common schools and later entered William Jewell College, Liberty, Mo. He studied medicine in the Louisville Medical College, Louisville, Ky., taking his diploma in 1879. Afterwards he took a post- graduate course at the Chicago Post-Graduate Medical College, Chicago, 111. Dr. Twyman is secretary of the Jackson County Board of Health, a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Association and the American Medical Association. JONATHAN EDWARDS TEFFT. Dr. J. E. Tefft, of Springfield, has been practicing medi- cine in that city for the past forty years. He was born in Exeter, R. I., on June 22, 1836, After attending the Pierce Academy of Middleboro, Mass., he entered the Providence Conference Seminary of East Greenwich, Rhode Island and later graduated from the Brown Uni- versity of Providence, R. I. His medical education was obtained in the Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati, from which institution he was graduated in 1865. In the same year he came to Missouri and took up his residence in Springfield. The Drury College of Springfield has con- ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, In 1890 he went to London and pursued special studies in Guy's Hospital. Dr. Tefft is Lecturer on Genito-Urinary Surgery in the Medical Department of the University of Missouri, Sen- ior Surgeon of St. John's Hospital at Springfield and con- 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. suiting surgeon to the Employees Hospital of the Frisco Railway System. He was president of the Missouri State Medical Association in 1871, is ex-president of the Springfield Medical Society and ex-president of the South- west Missouri Medical Society. He is a member of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association, the American Medical Association and corresponding member of the St. Louis Medical Society and of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences. HERMAN TUHOLSKE. Dr. H. Tuholske was born in Berlin, Prussia, March 27, 1848. He was educated in the Gymnasium in Berlin and soon after graduating he came to America and settled in St. Louis. Here he began his medical studies and matricu- lated in the Missouri Medical College from which he was graduated in 1869. In 1870 he was appointed physician of the City Dispensary and instituted the ambulance system, and was at one time in charge of the Quarantine Hospital. In 1882, in conjunction with Drs. Engelman, Spencer, Glasgow, Robinson, Hardaway, Michel and Steele, he founded the St. Louis Post-Graduate School of Medicine and erected the Post-Graduate School and Hospital, the first of its kind in this country. At various times he visited Europe and prosecuted his studies in the universities of Berlin, Vienna, London and Paris. He was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the Mis- souri Medical College in 1873 and later elected professor of anatomy. He filled this chair for ten years and was then elected professor of surgery. When the Missouri Medical College was united with the St. Louis Medical College to form the Medical Department of Washington University Dr. Tuholske was elected professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery and still fills this chair. Dr. Tuholske is surgeon to the Washington University Hospital, the St. Louis Surgical and Gynecological Hos- pital, the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children and consulting surgeon to the City and Female Hospitals. He BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. 271 is a member of the St. Ivouis Medical Society, the St. Louis Surgical Society, Missouri State Medical Association, American Medical Association, Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association and of the Congress of German Surgery, He has contributed many valuable articles to the medical literature and is the author of special articles in text books on surgery. PAUL YOER TUPPER. Dr. Paul Y. Tupper, of St. Louis, was born in Washing- ton, Ga., on March 1, 1858. In Richmond, Va., to which city his family moved, he received his literary training first in the Norwood High School and then in the Richmond (Virginia) College. He then went to Louisville, Ky., and entered the Hospital College of Medicine, graduating from that institution in 1880. Immediately after graduating he was appointed assistant physician in the Louisville City Hospital and served for one year. In 1881 he came to Missouri and located in St. Louis. In 1887 he was op- pointed instructor in anatomy in St. Louis Medical College holding this position until 1890 when he was elected to the chair of Descriptive Anatomy in the same college. When the St. Louis Medical College and the Missouri Medical College were consolidated to form the Medical Department of Washington University Dr. Tupper was chosen profes- sor of Applied Anatomy and Operative Surgery and this chair he still fills. He is president of the St. Louis Anatom- ical Board and ex-president of the Missouri State Anatom- ical Board. He is surgeon on the staff of the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium, surgeon to the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children, the Protestant Hospital and the Burlington Railway System. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Asociation, the American Associa- tion of Anatomists and treasurer of the St. Louis Surgical Society and of the St. Louis Medical Library Association. Among the papers contributed to medical literature by Dr. Tupper are : "A Contribution to the Study of the Morbid 272 BIOGRAPHICAIv SKETCHES. Anatomy of Haemophilia;" "The Relation of the Perito- neum to the Urinary Bladder; Experiments on the Cada- ver;" "The Treatment of Inoperable Sarcoma with Coley's Mixed Toxins ; Report of Cases ;" "Complete Obstruction of First Portion of Duodenum due to Gall-stones; Report of Cases ;" "Simplicity in Dealing with Abscess of the Ap- pendix;" "Catarrhal Appendicitis." JULES F. VALLE. Dr. Jules F. Valle, of St. Louis, was born in St. Louis, Mo., on December 28, 1859. His maternal grandfather, Dr. L Sargent, was a physician and practiced in St. Gene- vieve, Mo., for many years. Dr. Valle obtained his education in the schools of St. Louis, attending the public schools and Washington Uni- versity. He also attended the Virgina Military institute. After completing his studies in Washington University he entered the St. Louis Medical College and graduated from that institution in 1885. Immediately after his graduation he took the examination for internes at the City Hospital and was appointed junior physician for one year. In 1886 he went to Vienna and pursued his medical studies in the universities and clinics of that city. He remained abroad for two years and then returned to St. Louis to begin pri- vate practice. Dr. Valle is physician to St. Luke's Hospital, lecturer on obstetrics and chief of the obstetrical clinic in the Medical Department of Washington University. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni, St. Louis Obstetrical and Gynecolog- ical Society and of the Missouri State Medical Association. ABRAHAM VAN METER. Dr. A. Van Meter has been practicing medicine for forty years all of this time in Missouri. He was born in Litch- field, Ky., on September 23, 1839, and obtained his educa- tion in the common schools. During the Civil War he served in the ranks for three and a half years. On receiv- C. H. Wallace. David Wise. C. W. Williamson, T. Casey Wixherspoon. BIOGRAPHICAI, SKETCHES. 273 ing his discharge he commenced the study of medicine and entered Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, from which he was graduated in 1865. He then came to Missouri to begin practice and located in Brookfield where he remained for three years. In 1868 he went to Malta Bend and practiced for six years when he moved to Wakenda.- He left Wakenda in 1881 and took up his residence in Lamar and since that time has practiced in that city. In 1895 he went to Chicago and there took an extended post-graduate course in the Chicago Post-Graduate College. Dr. Van Meter was medical examiner of the G. A. R. De- partment of Missouri, serving four terms in this position. He is city physician of Lamar and local surgeon for the Frisco Railway System. He is a member of the Barton County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical Asso- ciation and the International Association of Railway Surgeons. CORNELIUS H. VAN RAVENSWAAY. , Dr. C. H. Van Ravenswaay, of Boonville, was born in Banjermasin, State of Borneo, Netherlands, East India, on the fourth day of September, 1871. His preparatory edu- cation was obtained in his native country and when he was ready to take up the study of medicine he went to Holland. Here he entered the University of Utrecht and obtained his diploma from that institution in 1897. Soon after his graduation Dr. van Ravenswaay came to America and in 1898 settled in Boonville where he began private practice and has continued to work in that city. He is a member of the American Medical Association. CHARLES W. WILLIAMSON. Dr. Chas. W. Williamson, of Poplar Bluff, was bom at Evansville, 111., April 16, 1862. He attended the common schools until he was fifteen years of age when he was left an orphan and thrown upon his own resources. Entering the drug business he studied pharmacy and in 1883 passed 274 BIOGRAPHIC AI. SKETCHES. the examination in the St. Louis College of Pharmacy. He then went to DeSoto and continued to work as a druggist until such time as he was able to take up the study of medi- cine. This ambition was realized and in 1887 he graduated from the Beaumont Hospital Medical College of St. Louis. For one year after his graduation he served as assistant surgeon in the Missouri Pacific Railway Hospital at Pales- tine, Texas, when he accepted a position in the hospital de- partment of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company at Grandin, Mo. He retained this position for six years and then moved to Poplar Bluff to begin private practice. In 1898 he accepted a position in the hospital department of the Holliday-Klatz Lumber Company, at Greenville, Mo., which he retained until 1901 when he returned to Poplar Bluff and has remained in that city to the present time en- gaged in private practice. Dr. Williamson is a member of the Butler County Medi- cal Society, the Southeast Missouri Medical Society and the Missouri State Medical Association. THOMAS CASEY WITHERSPOON. Dr. T. Casey Witherspoon, of St. Louis, was born in Natchez, Miss., on May 25, 1868. He was educated in the public schools of Natchez and St, Louis and after graduat- ing from the St. Louis High School he commenced the study of pharmacy, but deserted this for medicine and en- tered the Missouri Medical College, receiving his medical degree from that institution in 1889. He served as interne in the City Hospital for one year and in 1890 went to Butte, Mont, where he practiced for three years. In 1893 he returned to St Louis and has practiced in that city until the present time. In 1901 he visited the hospitals of Europe and studied special branches of medicine in Berlin and Vienna. He was professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery in the Marion-Sims Medical College from 1894 to 1899 and in 1899 was appointed professor of Operative and Clinical Surgery in the consolidated Marion-Sims-Beaumont Medi- Henry L. Woi,fne;r. E. A. Wood. U. S. Wright. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 276 cal College (Medical Department of St. Louis University). This chair he still occupies. He is surgeon on the staff of the Rebekah Hospital and the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium and a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, the Medi- cal Society of City Hospital Alumni of St. Louis, Missouri State Medical Association, the American Medical Associa- tion and the American Association of Anatomists. HENRY LINCOLN WOLFNER. Dr. H. L. Wolfner, of St. Louis, was born in Chicago, III., on the first day of November, 1860. He was educated in the public schools of Chicago and St. Louis and in the Higii School at Springfield, 111. Soon after leaving the High School he began the study of medicine and matriculated in the Missouri Medical Col- lege, receiving his degree from that institution in 1881. He immediately began the practice of his profession, establish- ing himself in St. Louis where he still resides. In 1892 he went to Europe and took an extended course in diseases of the eye in the clinics and hospitals of Berlin. Dr. Wolfner is clinical lecturer on diseases of the eye in the Medical Department of Washington University, oculist to the Episcopal Orphans' Home, the Bethesda Hospital and Jewish Hospital and consulting oculist of Passovant Hospital at Jacksonville, 111. He is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society and the Missouri State Medical Association. DAVID WISE. Dr. David Wise, of Carthage, was born in the town of Beaver Creek, III., on January 24, 1870. He was edu- cated in the public schools of Greenville, 111., and gradu- ated from the Greenville High School in 1890. His med- ical education was obtained in St. Louis, first in the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons which he at- tended for two years, and then in the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, graduating from the latter institution in 1893. He has been practicing in Carthage since 1894 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. having taken up work in that city the year after his grad- uation. In 1903 he went to Chicago and spent several months in the post-graduate hospitals in that city. Dr. W^ise is medical examiner for the Mutual Life Insurance Company and the JNIontpelier Life Insurance Company. CHARLES HODGE WALLACE. Dr. C. H. AA'allace, of St. Joseph, was born on a farm in Jackson County, Missouri, on June 24, 1858. His early education was obtained in the district schools and in private schools and later he attended Westminster College at Ful- ton, ]\lo., graduating from that institution in 1880. In 1881 he completed a course in chemistry in the Missouri State University. He pursued his medical studies in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College taking his degree from that institution in 1883, and for one year served in the hospital on Black well's Island, New York City. Returning to Missouri he took up his residence in St. Joseph and has been practicing in that city ever since. In 1890 he received the degree of Master of Arts from the Westminster College and in 1902 the same institution conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Science. Dr. Wallace is professor of Emergency and Clinical Surg- ery in Ensworth Medical College, chief surgeon of the St. Joseph Railway, chief surgeon St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway and division surgeon of the Burlington Railway. He is a member of the County, State and National Medical Societies and of the Western Surgical and Gynecological Society. EVERETT A. WOOD. Dr. Everett A. Wood, of Sedalia, Mo., was born in Sedalia, Mo., March 26, 1864. He attended the public schools of that city and then entered the William Jewell College, Liberty, j\Io. After graduating from that institu- tion he began the study of medicine at the Keokuk Medical College, Keokuk, Iowa, receiving his diploma in 1895. He commenced practice at his home town and has continued W. B. DORSETT. C. M. Nicholson. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 277 to work in that city. In lOO-i he took a post-graduate course at the Chicago PolycHnic. Dr. Wood is a member of the Pettis County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medical and .the American Medi- cal Associations. He is surgeon in charge of the Maywood Hospital, Sedalia, and has served as vice-president and sec- retary of the Pettis County Medical Society. URIEL SEBREE WRIGHT. Dr. U. S. Wright was born in Fayette, Mo., on February 1, 1847. He was educated in Central College but at the age of seventeen he went to Warsaw, 111., and there worked in a drug store for two years. Returning to Fayette in 1867 he renewed his studies at Central College and com- pleted iiis course in 1868. He then purchased a stock of drugs and opened a drug store in Salisbury, Mo,, in part- nership with Dr. W. D. Wilhite with whom also he com- menced the study of medicine. In 1869 he disposed of his interest in the drug store and went to St. Louis to continue his medical education, finally entering the St. Louis Medical College. From this insitution he graduated in 1871 and at once returned to his old home in Fayette, where he began his professional work and there he has continued to. prac- tice without interruption. In 1898 he completed a post- graduate course at the Post-Graduate School of Medicine in Chicago. For fourteen years Dr, Wright has been a member of the Board of Education of Fayette and for some time was lecturer on anatomy and physiology in Howard College. He also served one term as coroner of Howard County. His oldest son, Uriel S., Jr., has been practicing medicine for seven years, having graduated from the University Medical College of Kansas City after attending two terms at the Medical Department of Washington University. Dr. Wright was treasurer of the Missouri State Medical Association for two years, vice-president one year, and in 1900 was elected president. He is also ex-president of the Moberly District Medical Society and Howard County 278 BIOGRAPHICAI, SKETCHES. Medical Society. He was a member of the U. S. Pension Board for several years and is medical examiner for all of the important life insurance companies. JOHN B. H. ZWART. Dr. John Bernard Henry Zwart was born in Carondelet, Mo., October 1, 1859. He received his education in private schools and the St. Louis University and in 1881 graduated in medicine from the St. Louis Medical College (now Medi- cal Department Washington University). Immediately after completing his medical college work he took up his residence in Kansas City, where he has continued to practice. In 1903 he spent considerable time in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and took a general course in post- graduate work. For three years Dr. Zwart occupied the chair of Princi- ples and Practice of Medicine and professor of Clinical Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Kansas City, Kansas, and for the past three years has filled the chair of Physical Diagnosis in the University Medical College. In 1901 he was elected president of the Kansas City Academy of Medicine. He is a member also of the Jackson County Medical Society, the Missouri State Medi- cal and the American Medical Associations, and physician to St. Margaret's Hospital. INDEX. A PAGE. Amyx, Robt F 180 Auler, Hugo A 180 Austin, Chas. S 179 Ayres, Samuel 181 B Banks, H. L 181 Barck, Carl 182 Barnes, A. S 183 Barnes, Jno 39 Baumgarten, G 183 Beattie, T. J 184 Berrey, R. W . . 18Y Billings, J. M 186 Binnie, J. F 185 Bitter, C. H 188 Bliss, M. A 187 Boisliniere, L. Ch 44 Boulware, T. C 188 Briggs, Waldo 189 Brokaw, A. V. L 189 Bruere, J. E 190 Bryan, R. S 191 Burnett, E. C 190 c Cadwallader, I. H 192 Cadwell, Victor 192 280 INDEX. PAQB. Callaway, L. H 193 Campbell, O. B 194 Caplan, Leo 199 Carson, N. B 194 Carver, H. N , 195 Case, Zophar 195 Cave, E. S 196 Chowning, Thos 196 Clapp, Chas. B 197 Clark, W. A 200 Clemens, J. R , 197 Cowan, W. G 198 Crandall, Geo. C 199 D Dalton, H. C 200 Dixon, Chas. H 201 Dorsett, W. B 203 Doyle, T. H 202 Drake, N. A 203 Duncan, J. H 205 Dusenbury, C. T 206 E Elam, W. T ,206 F Farrar, Bernard G 21 Farrar, W. H 207 French, Pinckney 207 Funkhouser, Robt. M 208 G Gamble, D. C 212 Geiger, Jacob 209 INDEX. 281 PAGE. Glasgow, Frank A 213 Goldstein, M. A 214 Graham, J. K 209 Graves, S. C , 210 Gregory, E. H 313 Griffith, J. D 211 Grindon, Joseph 211 H Hall, C. Lester 216 Halley, Geo 216 Haire, R. D 215 Hawkins, A. S 217 Henderson, F. L 218 Hickerson, E. R 218 Highsmith, G. R 219 Hill, Roland 220 Hoeffer, J. P 220 Hodgen, John T 42 Hypes, B. M 220 I Is'bell, John 221 J Jackson, J. N 222 Jackson, John W 103 James, S. C 222 K Kanoky, Jno. P 223 Keber, J. B 223 Kieffer, A. R 224 Kincheloe, M. B 225 King, R. M 225 282 INDEX. PAGE. Laidley, L. H 226 Lane, Wm. Carr 35 Lemen, J. R 227 Leonard, H. O 232 Lester, Thos. B 97 Loeb, H. W 228 Logan, J. E 229 Luedeking-, Robt 230 Ludwig, C. V. F 229 Luscher, L. W 231 Lutz, F. J 232 Lyon, Geo. E 233 M McAlester, A. W 235 McCandless, W. A 236 McDowell, Joseph N 37 McLean, M. H 237 McNeil, G. E 236 McPheeters, Wm. M 234 Martin, T. A 237 Matthews, L. 1 238 Michel, C. E 238 Miller, G. W 239 Mooney, F. D 243 Moore, A. W 239 Moore, W. G 240 Morrow, W. F 241 Morton, Daniel 241 Mudd, H. G 243 Mudd, H. H 49 N Newman, L. E 244 Nicholson, CM 246 Norman, J. B 245 Norwine, J. J 245 INDEX. 283 o PAGE. Ohmann Dii Mesnil, A. H 204 Orr, Chas. J 247 Outten, W. B 247 P Patterson, W. P 248 Perkins, J. W 249 Pirn, L. T 249 Pitman, John 250 Pollak, Simon 39 Pope, Chas. A 38 Porter, D. R 251 Porter, Wm 251 Punton, Jno 252 R Reder, F 253 Ridge, Isaac M 96 Rodes, Ned R 254 Ross, P. E 256 Rothwell, C. A 254 Rumbold, F. M 255 Ryland, C. T 256 S Saugrain, A. F 19 Saunders, E. W 257 Schauffler, E. W 259 Schwarz, Henry 257 Seybold, I. W 258 Shapleigh, J. B 259 Sloan, A. B 100 Sloan, R. T 260 Sluder, Greenfield 261 Smiley, F. R 261 Smith, Elsworth, Jr 262 284 INDEX. PAGK. Smith, Elsworth F 48 Snyder, A. R 26a Soper, H. W 263 Spencer, H. N 264 Spiegelhalter, Joseph 265 Steer, Justin 265 Straus, Leon 266 Sutter, Otto 267 T Taylor, A. B 103 Taylor, C. B 267 Tefft, J. E 269 Thorne, Joshua 99 Tiffany, F. B 268 Todd, S. S 102 Troost, Benoist 95 Twyman, Geo T 269 Twyman, Leo 94 Tuholske, H 270 Tupper, P. Y 271 V Valle, J 272 Van Meter, A 272 Van Ravenswaay, C. H 273 W Wallace, C. H 276 Williamson, Chas 273 Wise, David 275 Witherspoon, T. C 274 Wolfner, H. L 275 Wood E. A 276 Wood, Joseph M 93 Wright, U. S 277 Z Zwart, J. B. H 278 ^'^'«> O sTm^j O0C> v\rv V»